THE LIBRARY OF
BROWN UNIVERSITY

THE CHURCH
COLLECTION

The Bequest of

Colonel George Earl Church

1835-1910

WILD LIFE

IN

THE INTERIOR

OF

CENTRAL AMEEICA

By GEORGE BYAM,

L(de Forty-third Li(/J/t hifantry.

LONDON:
JOHN W. PARKER, WKST STRAND.

1849.

LONDON:

Piintcd by S. & J. Bentley and Henry Fley,

Hangor House, Shoe Lane.

K?-
\^^
^

TO

MAJOR WILLIAM FRASER,

FORTY-THIRD LIGHT INFANTRY.

My dear Eraser,

I dedicate the following little Work to you, having

so often, and for so many years, enjoyed sports of

the field and flood with you in Barbary, Spain, and

Ireland, that I feel you will like to read what an old

friend has been doing, and how things are done in a

very strange land.

I am,

my dear Fraser,

very sincerely yours,

George Byam,
late 43rd.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER 1.

PAGE

REASONS Foil EXPLORING CENTRAL AMERICA. —

THE VOYAGE. REALEJO. — LEON. CLEARING LAND.

MODE OF LIFE. PROVISIONS. . ' . . 1

CHAPTER II.

INHABITANTS. — REVOLUTIONS. — TROOPS OF THE
STATES. — CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTIONS.

OFFICIAL PROCLAMATIONS. ATROCITIES BY THE

MILITARY. — DWELLERS IN THE WOODS AND FORESTS. 12

CHAPTER III.

VOLCANOES. — MY TENT. — SACATE GRASSES. AN

EARTHQUAKE. TREES. CURIOUS VOLCANOES.

26

CHAPTER IV.

MINES. EARTHQUAKI'S. COPPER MINES. GOLD

WASHING. — SILVER MINES. WILD ANIMALS. . 45

VI CONTENTS.

CHAPTER V.

PAGE

HUNTING. — THE LASSO. — WILD CATTLE. . . 58

CHAPTER VI.

DEER STALKING. — DESTROYING DEER. — DEER

SHOOTING. KING OF THE VULTURES. SIGHT OR

SMELL. 82

CHAPTER VII.

THE TAPIR. THE JAVALINO. THE PIG SIEGE.

THE SIEGE RAISED. ANECDOTE. . . . .96

CHAPTER VIII.

THE BULL AND PANTHER. PANTHER HUNTING.—^

RENCOUNTER. THE DEATH. — ANECDOTE. — A FALSE

POSITION. CURIOUS INCIDENT .... 107

CHAPTER IX.

THE PUMA. PERILOUS ESCAPE. — THE TIGER-CAT.

CAPTURE 125

CHAPTER X.

WHY A DOG BARKS. THE DEER AND THE CUYOTES.

-CUYOTE SIEGE. —ANECDOTE. — DROWSINESS CURED. 134

CONTENTS. Vll

CHAPTER XI.

PAGE
A DYING MONKEY. MONKEY GAMBOLS. THE

RACOON. THE OPOSSUM. PHENOMENA. ELEGANT

BIRDS. — THE PARTRIDGE. — BIRD-NOTES. . . . 144

CHAPTER XII.

THE ALLIGATOR. — THE CURSE OF NET-FISHING.

AN ALLIGATOR NETTED. LASSOING AN ALLIGATOR.

— A DOG AND AN ALLIGATOR. ALLIGATOR EGGS. . 160

CHAPTER XIII.

THE PYTHON. VULTURE PERFORMANCES. BOA

CRUSHING A ROEBUCK. — FIGHT BETWEEN SNAKES.

HABITS OF THE RATTLESNAKE. ANECDOTES OF RAT-
TLESNAKES.— THE CORAL SNAKE. — A CORAL AND
KITTEN, — HABITS OF THE IGUANA. . . .172

CHAPTER XIV.

REMEDY AGAINST POISONOUS BITES. SCORPIONS.

-SPIDER-BITES. ..... . . 191

CHAPTER XV.

BEE-HUNTING. ONSLAUGHT OF WASPS. AGARRA-

PATA. THE JIGGER. . . . ,199

Vlll CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XVI.

PAGE

STRANGE LOT OF INMATES. — BIVOUACKING. HOW

SOME PERSONS TRAVEL. — FONDNESS FOR SPIRITS.

STRIPPING FOR A STORM. — KEEPING ONESELF DRY. —

A PAIR OF NATIVES 208

CHAPTER XVII.

SUNDRY ACCIDENTS. THE USE OF TOBACCO.

DIFFERENCE OF OPINION. A SPECULATION. TUM-
BLE OVER AN ALLIGATOR. — RED-BEARDED MONKEY.

FRESH-WATER SHARKS. — MODE OF LIVING.

FUTILITY OF FANCIED SECURITY. — A TALE TOO TRUE.

SHE SLEEPS IN PEACE ! — STERN FOREMOST.

CARIBEE INDIANS. — REVIEW OF TROOPS. HOME. . 223

WILD LIFE

IN THE

lOTERIOR OF CENTRAL AMERICA.

CHAPTER I.

REASONS FOR EXPLORING CENTRAL AMERICA. THE

VOYAGE. REALEJO. LEON. — CLEARING LAND. — MODE

OF LIFE. — PROVISIONS.

/^NE of the reasons that induced me to ex-
plore the Interior of Central America, was
the report I had heard of the mineral riches
contained in that country, and although the
report partly proceeded from persons who
had not been far from the coast, yet I heard
enough to make me believe that in the high
mountain regions of the interior many a rich
virgin mine awaited the explorer. Another
reason was, the spirit of adventure inherent in
almost all Englishmen ; and a third was, the
wish of returning home from Chili, where I
was then residing, by some other route than

B

2 CENTRAL AMERICA.

Cape Horn. A kind friend who commanded
one of her Majesty's 1 8 gun sloops, offered
me a passage to visit Mexico, and return
with him home, via Cape Horn and Rio
Janeiro ; but at that time an Enghsh gen-
tleman, who owns a large sugar estate in
Central America, arrived at Valparaiso, and
offered me a passage to Realejo in his own
vessel, a beautiful Yankee clipping brigantine,
under United States'* colours. I accepted
his kind offer, and never enjoyed a sea
voyage more in my life ; well bred and well

read, Mr. B did the honours of his

vessel in princely style, and the commander,
a North American, was as fine a specimen of
a thorough sailor and gentlemanly officer, as
could well be met with, full of anecdote and
good humour.

They were both proud of their vessel, and
well they might be, for she was the fastest
craft on those waters, and passed men-of-war
and clippers of all nations in great style.

She was built in Baltimore, and was about
one hundred and forty tons burthen, but
when laden did not draw more than eight
feet and a half water, with a rather flat floor,
long sharp bow, but without a hollow line,
and a fine clean run.

THE VOYAGE. 3

She was brig-rigged forward, and schooner-
rigged aft, and running free, was the fastest
vessel I ever saw ; and although when on a
wind she was obliged to be kept a very clean
full, on account of her small hold on the
water, yet, by her superior fore-reaching, she
more than counterbalanced not laying very
close to the wind. Half yacht and half
bearer of the owner's estate's produce, she was
in no hurry to leave any port that might
prove agreeable ; and as she was to touch at
almost every principal town on the coast from
Valparaiso to Realejo, a distance of forty-
five degrees of latitude, I certainly antici-
pated a pleasant voyage ; and what com-
bination of sea chances could have formed a
more favourable anticipation ?

The almost certainty of a smooth sea
(which I only cared about at meal times),
the same assurance of a fair wind the whole
voyage, a perfect gentleman for host, a most
amusing companion for captain, a first-rate
cook, an abundant and well-selected larder of
preserved good things of every sort ; plenty
of live stock, a choice cellar, a good collec-
tion of books ; for those who liked them, some
of the finest cigars, and a crew of steady,
obliging petty ofiicers and able seamen.

4 CENTRAL AMERICA.

The brigantine was in very light trim,
which made her run before the wind all the
faster ; and at every port we touched at,
having plenty of time to look about us, my
anticipations were fully realised, for it was
doubtful which was the pleasantest, on shore
or at sea. On the whole, I give the pre-
ference to the many pleasant days I spent on
board the good ship A ■.

The captain was the best hand with the
harpoon or grains I ever met with ; and
though we generally went too fast to fish,
yet in calm weather we killed a fair quantity
of different sorts, principally dolphin. We
likewise beat up the river Guyaquil, and re-
mained eight days moored off the wharf of
the town ; but, as the object of this little
work is only to give a few sketches and
anecdotes, relating mostly to the wildest part
of Central America, I will pass over any ex-
cursions or observations I have made (and
of which I have notes) in any other country,
and confine myself entirely to that named in
the title of this book.

We arrived safely at Realejo after a long
voyage, very short time actually at sea, but
making the most of any agreeable port we
stopped at ; and here let me remark that,

REALEJO. 5

having lived four years in Chili, and that
mostly in the wildest part of the province of
Ooquimbo, I arrived in Central America with
rather peculiar advantages for prosecuting
researches for minerals, or for hunting in the
interior: and these advantages were the know-
ledge of the value of ores by sight, especially
copper ones, the way of searching for them,
speaking the language, a very fair use of the
lasso, in which I found myself superior to
most of the Indians, and a good acquaintance
with the breaking and bitting of horses for
the lasso. I had also brought with me an
excellent Chili saddle, with lassoing girths
and rings, several lassos, and dressed sheep-
skins, or, as they are called, pillions. I was
well provided with all sorts of fire-arms, down
to holster and pocket-pistols, plenty of pow-
der, ball, shot, wadding, and copper caps,
and, in short, was quite ready to take the
field, after having provided horses and mules
for myself and servants.

On my arrival at Eealejo, I was almost
immediately seized with the fever that is so
prevalent on the low, muddy, pestilential
shores of the western coast, and it was only
the kind attention and skilful treatment of
the gentleman who had brought me in his

6 CENTRAL AMERICA.

vessel that carried me through the crisis ;
though, one night, I overheard a conversation
between him and the EngHsh vice-consul re-
specting the spot where I was to be buried.
I shortly recovered, though very we&k ; and,
as soon as I could sit on horseback, went up
to Leon, about thirty leagues from Realejo,
to make the necessary preparations for a tour
through the interior of the country.

I now take leave of the sort of narrative
that I have given ; it was only to shew that
my objects in exploring Central America were
partly to discover some of the rich mines I
had often heard of, partly to see a country I
had never seen, and to enjoy the wild sports
of its immense forests, in many parts of which
no Englishman had ever been, and lastly, to
make my way to the Atlantic overland, and
return to England after a visit to the West
Indies.

My aim is not to give a connected account
of two years"* residence in Central America,
of which almost the whole was passed in the
midst of the forest, and near the foot of the
central ranges of mountains, but to give short,
unconnected details of the country, inhabi-
tants, produce, and minerals, but more espe-
cially of the wild beasts, birds, reptiles, &c.,

CLEARING. 7

that swarm in the forests, and with whom I
was much more in contact than with the half-
civiHsed dwellers in the towns nearer the coast.

After a fortnight's residence in Leon, which
is a large straggling town, and in which two
English gentlemen were living, I made a tour
in company with one of them through a great
part of the interior ; and, after much difficult
travelling, and plenty of " roughing it," de-
cided on a spot on which to build a couple of
large huts, that might serve as head-quarters,
the surrounding mountains shewing many
traces of very rich copper ore. We had a
piece of land cleared ; and, with the help of
some Indians, who lived in a village about
twenty miles off, these huts were built after
the manner of the country, hereafter to be
described, and of which I made a sketch
(presented in the Frontispiece).

It was situated near the boundaries of
Nicaragua and Segovia ; and, from being so
much higher than the large wooded plains
about the coast, was cooler and comparatively
healthy, especially when care was taken not
to get wet while warm with exercise, which
almost invariably produces tertian ague, from
which I suffered severely for about three
months, reducing my weight from ten stone

8 CENTRAL AMERICA.

ten pounds, hard condition, to ninety-seven
pounds weight Spanish, or seven stone and a
half. However, directly the disease leaves
a person, strength and health are rapidly
regained.

There was a cool shaded stream of deli-
cious water hardly fifty yards from the " ran-
chos," as these huts are called, plenty of food
for the horses and mules, and the distance
was about one hundred and twenty miles
from Leon, and upwards of two hundred
from Realejo. My friend then returned to
Leon, we having agreed to keep up a com-
munication by means of mounted Indians,
and I was left alone in the wilderness with a
few servants, followers, and miners in em-
bryo. My servants had been strongly re-
commended to me for honesty and fidelity,
and one at least for courage and coolness,
and he fully bore out the character given
with him, as indeed they all did : he was a
constant and faithful companion to me in
many an adventure, and we were mutually
sorry to part. This is very far from the ge-
neral character of the lower orders of Central
Americans, and I have therefore the greater
pleasure in recording the exception afforded
by my personal experience.

MODE OF LIVING. 9

Though without books, newspapers, or any
mental amusement, time did not hang very
heavy on my hands, except during a long
continuance of rain ; and, what with over-
looking some mines I was teaching a few
Indians to work, and a variety of field sports,
I was generally glad to turn in a little after
the sun set, to be up in the morning a little
before he rose.

Half tame cattle we could get in abundance
from a natural "corral" about nine miles dis-
tant, formed by rocks and steep hills, where
a great number were kept by herdsmen in
the employ of a Spaniard in Leon ; and the
forest amply supplied any extra delicacy for
the table in the shape of venison, two sorts
of wild turkey, partridges, &c. ; and, al-
though everything was served in true forest
fashion, yet in general all hands had plentiful
and wholesome meals : but this was very far
from being the case on long excursions, where
often, water failing, game failed likewise. Of
vegetables we had none, and no bread ; but
we had maize, baked over the ashes into a
flat cake, and now and then a substitute for
cabbage, when we met with a young palm-tree
(of the species that gives the palm wine).
A supply of onions was forwarded from

10 CENTRAL AMERICA.

Leon ; and, with the exception of wine or
beer, the general Hving was for better
than I have often experienced in my many
travels.

Though in latitude twelve to thirteen de-
grees north of the line, the heat was not so
immoderate as on the coast, and the vast
range of forest gave plenty of shelter; in-
deed, when the north winds rushed down
with great violence from the mountains after
the rains, the nights were often very chilly,
and the water of the stream at day icy
cold; very different from the hot moist
nights and the lukewarm water on the vast
plains below.

These " ranchos" served me as head-quar-
ters for two years ; and, though I do not
regret having thrown away such time, I
certainly would not wish to pass that time
over again in the same way, though I look
back with pleasure to many adventures on
lake and river, forest, savannah, and moun-
tain.

I shall now proceed to give a few short
chapters on the different subjects before ad-
verted to, confessing at once my ignorance of
the technical terms ascribed by the learned
to some of the different geological formations,

OBSERVATIONS. 11

and also of those used in botany and zoology.
I have written everything from what I have
seen ; and my anecdotes of the wild denizens
of the forest and flood are either the fruit of
my own observation, or collected from old
Indian hunters whom I encountered in my
wanderings.

12

CHAPTER II.

INHABITANTS. REVOLUTIONS. TROOPS OF THE STATES.

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTIONS. OFFI-
CIAL PROCLAMATIONS. ATROCITIES BY THE MILITARY.

DWELLERS IN THE WOODS AND FORESTS.

T^HERE is nothing that can strike a person,
who resides any length of time in Central
America, so much as the quiet steady de-
meanour of the great mass of the people,
contrasted with the frequency of insurrections
and revolutions, accompanied by the most
atrocious and revolting murders.

The most respectable of the better and
easier classes are chiefly Spanish, or of
Spanish origin, with some mixture of Indian,
and even African blood. Some, but not
many, boast of pure white European blood,
but the generality of the higher classes in
the towns, or " haciendas" near them, are
what we should call '' persons of colour."
The lower orders are of every shade of colour
and of vice ; the mixture of white and Indian
which greatly preponderates, being very su-
perior to the Indian and African black.

INHABITANTS. 13

In the towns there is very little pure In-
dian blood, though many villages might be
quoted that possess it ; in general there is,
even in the interior, a shght mixture of races,
but the dark red skin, and the long black
straight hair, is generally seen after leaving
the towns.

It is true that many of the upper classes
possess large herds of cattle, but still they
are very poor, as they can seldom dispose of
but a very few, and that by a sort of barter.
A good bullock is only worth from four to
six dollars, and even to obtain that, in any
number above two or three, the herds must
be driven some hundreds of miles to the fair
of St. Miguel, which occurs once a year.

Many of the cattle perish on the difficult
road ; and the expenses of the herdsmen and
horses that accompany the herd, together
with the great probability that no sale will
be eftected, render the speculation very
doubtful. The loss is, on the average, greater
than the gain. There are many proprietors
of land near the towns who cultivate indigo,
but the crop is so very precarious, and the
want of capital to keep the pits in order, and
pay the wages of working, in ready money,
so great, as to render it almost invariably a

14 CENTRAL AMERICA.

losing concern, particularly as, after the in-
digo is made, it has to be carried on mules'
backs for sale to the same place that the
cattle are driven to, St. Miguel. At the
annual fair held at that town every year,
buyers come from all parts of the American
coast as far south as Valparaiso, to make
their purchases of cocoa, indigo, cochineal,
hides, &c., the cattle purchased at that fair
being mostly intended for the Guatamala
country.

Thus the inhabitants of the towns about
Leon and Realejo, having no sure sale for
their herds and indigo, are generally very
poor, as regards the possession of money, or
even as to being able to obtain what in
Europe would be considered, not the com-
forts, but the necessities of life. They have
in general abundance of plain but very coarse
food; they are very well mannered, as all
Spaniards are; they are quiet, inoffensive,
and wish for nothing but ease and tran-
quillity ; and a stranger is puzzled to know
how the many revolutions, that prove such a
curse to the country, are brought about, when
these persons abstain from any thing like even
agitation.

The fact is, that every revolution eflfected

REVOLUTIONS. 15

in all the republics from Chili to Mexico, is
brought about bj such a mere fraction of the
population, that it seems a wonder to an
Englishman that the great majority do not
arise and speak out. " We wish to be quiet ;
we do not want revolution and murders, nor
do we wish to see our streets running with
blood; we do not wish to be subjected to
forced contributions of money, cattle, and
personal service ; and above all, we are nine
out of ten in number against your one ; and
the great majority will not consent to be
plundered by the small minority, who are
only dissolute ruffians."

This they might in truth say ; but they
do not say it ; nor do they act upon it ; and
the consequence is that they are plundered,
robbed, and murdered in the most shameftil
manner by the small minority of rascals ;
but they half deserve it, for if the nine or
the ninety and nine would make the protest,
they would have a very small per centage who
would back their protest by an appeal to arms,
even in defence of their homes and families.

In Central America every State has a
small number of soldiers, ill paid, worse fed
and clothed, and of the lowest order of
scoundrels ; the officers being hardly a shade

16 CENTRAL AMERICA.

better, but with a little more method in their
general conduct.

Leon, being the capital of the province of
Nicaragua and head-quarters for the troops,
may contain fifty thousand inhabitants and
about three hundred dissolute soldiers ; and
it is by this mere handful of ruffians, or
rather by a portion of them, that revolutions
are effected. A subaltern officer gains over
a portion of the men, with promises of plun-
der, increased pay, and promotion for the
non-commissioned officers to the commissions
soon to be vacant. They await the time
when the barrack-guard and sentries will be
all composed of the men so gained over.
The barracks are then taken possession of in
the night, the commandant's house stormed
and plundered, and the next morning a few
volleys of musketry make the people ac-
quainted with the fact that their late com-
mandant and his adherents have been placed
on the fatal "Banqueta,"* and have made
vacancies for the successful rebels, who may
most likely be destined to suffer the lex
talionis within a very few months.

Armed parties are then sent round to

* The seat upon which j^risoners are jjlaced when
about to be shot.

TROOPS. 17

every house for the purpose of gathering
forced contributions, in the name of the new
Government, from all parties, but very espe-
cially from those who are known to be
favourable to their predecessors. Those that
will not, or cannot pay, are dreadfully ill-
treated ; they are often taken out and shot,
before their families; and their houses, stores,
or shops, ransacked of everything, not " too
hot or heavy" to carry off.

These revolutions are likewise excellent op-
portunities for the most depraved (generally
allied to the soldiery) for a general plunder,
and too often enables them to satisfy their
revenge for former affronts or quarrels.

A lull of a few days, seldom more, follows
the storm. The victorious party is aware
that neighbouring towns and villages are at
their mercy, and accordingly armed parties
are again sent out to every house, with orders
to seize all the horses and mules that they
can lay their hands upon ; these are to mount
parties of the soldiers, that they may make
their predatory excursions with ease and
comparative luxury.

On their arrival at these towns and vil-
lages the above scene is re-enacted ; they sell
all the horses and mules they pressed, and

18 CENTRAL AMERICA.

plunder the inhabitants of others, which they
re-sell at some other town, eventually bring-
ing back a good quantity of plunder and a
number of animals to the place from whence
they started.

Having, by these and divers other most
oppressive measures, made themselves pretty
comfortable for a short time, quiet may pos-
sibly resume its sway, until their necessities,
discontent, or the persuasion of some other
aspiring officer may induce them to break
out into another revolution, and sacrifice
their former leaders.

The commandant, for the time being, al-
ways manages to collect a " Congreso"" or
"Junta'' of his own party; and as by the
law each member is paid, and that, too, in
preference to any other claim on the whole
country, they are perfectly willing to give
authority to the military for all their ex-
cesses. Thus are the generality of revolu-
tions effected in Central America, and, in-
deed, in many other small Republics of that
continent. I have frequently had opportu-
nities of witnessing the disastrous effect of a
paid body of adventurers legislating for a
country, and I believe it has only to be
witnessed to be abhorred.

EFFECTS OF REVOLUTIONS. 19

It is only in the large towns and villages
near the coast, and on the low flat ground,
that the effect of these revolutions is felt.
In the forest and amidst the hills a man may
remain in perfect quiet for a few months,
and on going to the capital may learn, for
the first time, that everything is changed :
on inquiring for some of his old acquaint-
ances, is told they have been shot, and that
others, from occupying the lowest seats at
the political table, have promoted themselves
to the highest ; but that another revolution
is expected in a few nights, when those
highest will, most probably, be laid low
alongside of their predecessors.

Not but in the forest there maybe " rumours
of wars," but it is impossible to get at the truth
of any rumour; and to the dweller in the
woods, or calm observer, the reason of all
these emeutes is as mysterious as the refrain of
the old song —

" Friends and foes,
To battle they goes,
But what they all fights for, nobody knoAvs ! "

In truth, these revolutions, like many other
agitations, are invariably got up for the per-
sonal profit of a few, and at the expense of
the great majority.

20 CENTRAL AMERICA.

In such a state of aiFairs to say that there
is any government, would be absurd ; and
yet the number of official proclamations that
are constantly being issued, would lead most
persons to believe that the government was
excessively active, indeed too much so, did
they not, by examining these proclamations
and laws, find them of such contradictory
tendencies as completely to defeat their own
ends. To give one example among many : —
A flaming proclamation was issued by the
Government, stating, that "an opportunity
having luckily arisen which might tend to
develope the mineral resources of Central
America, decree, &c. Sec.'"* The substance of
the decree is as follows. " That every faci-
lity and protection should be given to those
who dedicated themselves to the exploring
and working of mines. That all previous
laws which compelled owners to give a part
of their produce to the Government be an-
nulled. That no duty should be placed by
the present, or any succeeding Government,
on the exportation of any mineral ores in
their crude state, a very small duty after
having undergone smelting, and the duty
greatly reduced upon all mining tools and
implements imported. That the proprietors

OFFICIAL PROCLAMATIONS. 21

were to be exempt from taxes aud forced con-
tributions of any kind, and their horses and
mules on no account pressed for the service
of the troops or public works. That the men
working in the mines were to be exempted
from serving the number of days' labour they
annually contribute to the Government,'"* &c.

Upon the faith and strength of the above
decree, mines were explored, good lodes dis-
covered, capital invested, miners engaged,
mines opened, and fine rich ore brought to
the surface, where, by the bye, it still re-
mains at grass, and is likely to do so to the
end of time.

Another proclamation made its appear-
ance a few months after the first, placing a
heavy duty on the exportation of crude
ores, and at the same time rescinding most
of the above-mentioned privileges. Still,
under these disadvantages the works were
proceeded with, a quantity of ore was ex-
tracted, miners learnt their work, and the
appearance of the workmen in the small
villages greatly improved.

Then appeared a third decree, prohibiting
absolutely the exportation of crude ores of
any kind, and this under the pretence of
encouraging smelting in their own country,

-i

22 CENTRAL AMERICA.

at the same time knowing there was neither
a reverberating or blast-furnace from one end
of it to the other, not a single fire-brick,
and not a single person who could build or
work any sort of furnace. The decree at
the same time placed a very heavy duty on
the exportation of bar-copper of all degrees
of fineness, under the plea that it was wanted
in Central America, where there was no
person to buy above a few pounds at a time,
and that rarely. Tliis last proclamation was
the last and final one, for the party aban-
doned the undertaking, throwing many men
out of employ, and leaving the works as a
comfortable domicile for wild beasts, snakes,
and vampire bats.

The above series of contradictory and mis-
chievous decrees is only one instance out of
many that are constantly making their ap-
pearance, to their own ruin and poverty, and
to the detriment of all connected with them.

It is impossible that, with such a succession
of plundering imbecile governments, a people
can be prosperous, but, with the great mass
of the inhabitants, " sufficient unto the day
is the evil thereof;"' and, when the danger
and day of oppression is past for a while,
they talk it over with many shrugs and

ATROCITIES OF THE MILITARY. 23

" Santa ^Marias ! '' and point out what ought
to have been done, but never by any act
attemj^t to prevent the recurrence of the same
evil.

Nor are their brethren of the United Pro-
vinces one whit better off. Should there be
no revolution in Leon, Guatemala has 'pro-
nounced for something or some one ; should
Guatemala or St. Miguel happen to be quiet,
and enjoy a short breathing time, there is a re-
volt in the Honduras, or an emeutem Granada
or Segovia, and the beaten party comes to
Leon, or any other place, to request assist-
ance in regaining their places, promising at
the same time the plunder of some or other
of their native towns as the kind reward of
their aid.

This last offer I heard myself made in the
" Placa de Leon" by an emissary from the
Honduras of a party who had just been
thrashed. The offer was made to about
three hundred ragamuffin soldiers, who ac-
cepted it, and started the next morning on
their fraternal errand.

Report proclaimed aloud the atrocity of
their proceedings on the line of march. At
the first village they arrived at, after passing
the frontier, they brought out the old priest,

24 CENTRAL AMERICA.

placed him in his chair, and shot him before
all his parishioners. They then proceeded to
sack the village, and commit all sorts of
abominations. They returned from their tour
in a few weeks, leaving a desolated trail be-
hind them, and pretty well laden with spoil won
by every species of cruelty and oppression.

Ask the best educated what he thinks of
any of these actions, and the answer is al-
ways the eternal " Quien sabe?" ("who
knows r') and, lighting his cigar, takes a
swing in his hammock ; — if he does think of it
at all, he takes very good care not to let his
thoughts escape.

Not like these are the dwellers in the
woods and forests ; generally honest and in-
offensive, but bold and hardy, they seem to
care as little for revolutions as revolutions do
for them. " Remote from cities," they lead
a rather uncertain precarious life, but, with a
little hard work for a short time in the year,
they can assure subsistence to their families.
An acre of forest land, cleared, burnt, and
fenced, is sure to produce an abundant crop
of maize; and if a few join together in felling
and fencing, — of which I shall give a descrip-
tion,— the work is better and quicker done,
and the produce divided. This ground may

DWELLERS IN WOODS AND FORESTS. 25

last for three years, when another piece is
cleared in the same way. Every ranclio has
its fowls, and often wild turkeys. The man,
after he has sowed, has all his time to him-
self; he mostly possesses a tame cow or two,
to find him in milk, curds, and a coarse
cheese ; they feed in the forest, and cost him
nothing ; he fishes in the river, now and then
kills a deer, traps a rabbit, and is always on
the look out for iguanas and their eggs ;
brings home sometimes a wild pig ; he very
often possesses a young horse or mule, that he
breaks for the journey he makes once or
twice a-year to some large town, where he
sells it ; he looks after his own horse or two
that he rides about on, hunts bees, and pre-
serves the wax, using the honey at home ;
and when the day comes for him to go to the
town, he leads his colt and takes his wax
there, where he sells them both, the latter to
make tapers for the Virgin Mary and saints,
and returns home with a flare-up piece of
chintz for his wife and daughters, and a piece
of strong linen for his Sunday white trowsers
and shirt ; and is altogether as superior to
the townsman, both physically and morally,
as an English gamekeeper is to many of our
squalid operatives of Wigan and Manchester.

26

CHAPTER III.

VOLCANOES. MY TENT. — SACATE GRASSES. AN EARTH-
QUAKE. TREES. CURIOUS VOLCANOES.

I BELIEVE it is Lady Mary Wortley Mon-
tague who remarks, that the most picturesque
parts of any country are those where the
plains terminate and the mountains commence
to rise.

However I may have misquoted, and I
have no means for correction, there is great
truth in the saying ; and no country affords
a better example of it than South America
in general, but particularly Central America.
The approach to the Andes, whether you
proceed over the Pampas, or from the Pacific,
is generally devoid of trees, and it is only at
the foot of the first ranges that anything to
be called a wood is to be met with ; but in
Central America from the shore of the Pacific
to that of the Atlantic one immense dense
forest covers the whole land, except the few
spots that have been cleared near the towns,
some savannahs of small extent, and the

VOLCANOES. 2Y

central range of mountains : the forest is so
thick, and the trees so high, that a view of
these mountains can only be had in passing
some of the larger clearings.

The volcanoes near Leon are a conspi-
cuous land-mark from the sea ; and form
a view from Leon itself that may almost be
called national, as the government coins and
seals bear the impression of those volcanos ;
but the metalliferous ranges of hills are much
further in the interior, and deserve the name
of mountains; and it is near the foot of
these hills, where the different gullies or
" quebrados,"''' with generally a clear rippling
stream running in the bottom, begin to
dehouche into the plain ; and where the
forest, losing its character of sameness and
gloomy majesty, begins to break into patches,
intermixed with savannahs and modulating
hills, that the most beautiful, as well as the
most healthy spots, are found in a country
so fatal in general to European life. It was
on one of these spots I pitched my tent
in the shape of a couple of cottages or
ranchos, as they are called; and a short
account is given of the mode of building, for
the benefit of any who may come after me.

A yoke of tame oxen were procured from

28 CENTRAL AMERICA.

a village about twenty-five miles from the
spot pitched upon, and having arrived at the
scene of operations, accompanied by eight
or ten Indians, the top of an elevated patch
of grass land was marked out, and all the
trees, except three, cut down within a hun-
dred yards on every side but one, where
the clear stream rippled under the shade of
trees within fifty yards of the intended cot-
tages. Search was then made in the neigh-
bouring forest for trees uniting every requi-
site quality, viz. good hard wood ; straight
for about fifteen or sixteen feet, about the
thickness of a man''s waist, and dividing at
the above height into a fork or two branches,
which being lopped rather short might serve
as a secure support for the lateral poles. The
plan I marked out for the largest hut was
thirty- six feet in length by eighteen in
breadth, and operations were commenced by
digging six holes in the ground about seven
feet deep, one at each corner, and one at the
middle of each long side. The trees were
then, after having been lopped where they
fell, dragged by the oxen to the clearing,
and planted in the holes, taking care to turn
the forks so as to receive the side poles
firmly ; the earth was then rammed in again

SACATE. 29

hard, and the side poles, of about the thick-
ness of a man's thigh, placed at the top on
these forks, and round the whole building.
The roof must be made very steep to allow
the violent tropical rains to run off without
wetting the inner thatching, and to support
the great weight several stout and long poles
are placed perpendicularly inside the hut to
sustain the ridge, and slanting ones laid
from the eaves to the top where they are
made fast together, and the ridge-pole placed
over all. Slighter ones, like hop-poles, are
then laid horizontally and parallel from the
top of the roof to the eaves.

While the above operations are going on,
the lads that accompany the men so engaged
are picking sacate on the hills. Sacate is a
very long wiry grass, that, when young, is
willingly eaten by cattle of all sorts, but
when old is fit for nothing but thatching,
and harbouring snakes and wild beasts. A
large quantity is gathered, and laid to dry in
small bundles ; and when the skeleton of
the house is finished, half a dozen men place
themselves abreast and thatch the house with
this grass in a very neat and creditable
manner ; twisting a good ridge on the very
top, and squaring the lowest layer with their

80 CENTRAL AMERICA.

knives. Thus the house is finished but with-
out sides, — and through all this work a single
nail has not been used ; a tough pliant para-
site, " lianne," being used to fasten the larger
poles, and the inner bark of a tree for the
smaller ones and thatch : this bark being as
strong as rope, and as easily tied as bass.

There only remains to complete the sides,
which are formed of strong sticks placed ver-
tically, strengthened by two or three strong
ones placed horizontally. A door is then
made of a sort of wicker-work, the hinges
and fastenings being of the same material,
and the mansion is complete. It is true that,
snakes and other reptiles have a very free
passage in and out, by night or day ; and
we must have killed some dozens of snakes
in both the ranchos ; for that reason some
Indians fill the interstices of the side-sticks
with mud, which, when dry, makes a wall ;
but they are then nearly in the dark and get
little fresh air, so I was content with the
rancho as it was; there was plenty of light,
air, and coolness, and when the north winds
were cold and violent during a few months
in the year, some of the skins of the beasts
we killed made it more snug, by hang-
ing them up on the windward-side. The other

GRASSES. 31

rancho was built in the same way, only
smaller, and a third one for a couple of calves,
whose mothers roamed in the forest all day,
keeping near to the clearance at night, and
returning to their young at daybreak, when
they were partially milked and the remainder
left for the calves. I had a very large quan-
tity of poultry that lodged in the few trees
left on the clearance, producing plenty of eggs
and chickens to eat, when game was scarce.
And now I take leave of my head-quarters,
from whence I started on many an expe-
dition.

Having mentioned the sacate grass, a di-
gression would not, I believe, be unacceptable,
relating to the extraordinary change that
took place some years ago in almost all the
other grasses. Good grass is rarely to be
met with in a tropical climate ; but in Cen-
tral America, a few years ago, good grass
was very common, owing to the great mois-
ture combined with intense heat, which,
though so fatal to human life, is the cause of
luxuriant vegetation. After the first rains,
in two or three days the very paths and trails
are covered with a short grass, and, as men-
tioned above, a few years ago the opener
glades of the forest and the savannahs were

32 CENTRAL AMERICA.

almost always covered with a w^holesome
herbage for cattle and horses. The change
was a memorable event for some districts of
Central America. I will relate the event as
it occurred at Leon, though for hundreds of
miles around the same thing happened, with
the difference of a few hours' date from the
commencement.

Early on the morning of January 20th,
1835, a few smart shocks of earthquake were
felt, and the inhabitants, as they invariably
do, ran out of their houses into their " pa-
tios " (courtyards) or into the streets. The
alarm soon subsided, and the people returned
to their dwellings, but the earth did not
seem quiet, and continual repetitions of run-
ning out of the houses and returning, shewed
that the inhabitants were kept on the qui
mm. These shocks continued at intervals
all day, and the night was quieter ; but early
on the 21st, the people were again driven out
of their houses by a very violent one that
lasted a few seconds, and it was some time
before they would return, when, as it was
still very early, most of them turned into
bed again, or laid down in their hammocks.
But the darkness seemed most unusually
prolonged ; a feeling of suffocation was uni-

VOLCANIC ERUPTION. 33

versally felt ; and when at last the people
rose, they were still more alarmed by finding
the air filled with a fine impalpable greyish-
black powder, which, entering the respira-
tion, eyes, nose, and ears, produced a perfect
gasping for breath. The first remedy was to
shut up doors and windows as close as pos-
sible, but it was soon found worse than
useless, as the powder was so subtile that it
penetrated into every apartment, and the
exclusion of air made the rooms insupport-
able. Possibly half a dozen persons in the
country might have heard of the last days of
Pompeii, and perhaps might have anticipated
being discovered in some future ages, in a
good state of preservation ; but the remain-
der put their trust in the Virgin Mary, and
their different patron saints, especially Saint
Lorenzo, who is supposed to have a special
interest in volcanos, eruptions, and burnings
of every sort.*

The doors and windows were thrown open,

* Even in Chili the miners cannot be persuaded to
work on St. Lorenzo's day. They say, that if they do,
they are sure to be burnt by their gunpowder blasting
during the ensuing year, and if a man does get hurt
they always inquire whether he had worked the last St.
Lorenzo's feast.

34 CENTRAL AMERICA.

and, generally, the wiser plan was adopted,
of covering the head and face with a linen
cloth dipped in water; some saddled their
horses and mules, thinking to escape, but
they would only have been going to certain
death. The poor brutes were gasping for
breath, but those who had the care and
humanity to throw a wet poncho or cloth
over the animals' heads, saved their beasts,
but many died. To add to the terror of the
day, at intervals smart shocks of earthquake
made themselves felt, and a distant roaring,
like thunder afar oiF, was heard during most
part of the day ; still the ashes fell ; and so
passed that day, the very birds entering into
the rooms were candles were burning, but
scarcely visible ; and the sun went down, and
the only perceptible difference between day
and night was, that total darkness succeeded
to a darkness visible^ like that which we may
fancy was spread over the land of Pharaoh.
Night came on, and the lamp placed on a
table looked like the street lights in a dense
London fog, scarcely beaconing the way from
one lamp-post to another ; and the night
passed, and the morning ought to have
broken', for the sun must have risen ; but no !
the change was only from black darkness to

VOLCANIC ERUPTION. 35

grey darkness ; and some of the men, and
nearly all the women hurried to the churches,
their forms wrapped up, and very dimly dis-
cerned through the deep gloom, and their
footsteps, noiseless on the bed of ashes, re-
called to the imagination VirgiPs description
of the shades ; and they went and prostrated
themselves at the feet of their saints, and
beating their bosoms, vowed candles and offer-
ings for rehef ; but the saints were made of
wood or stone, and heard them not ; and
another sun went down on their agony, for
agony it was.

During the day at intervals, several shocks
of earthquake were felt, and frequently the
distant thunder, or a noise very like it, was
heard. The ashes had accumulated to some
depth ; the fall was as great, if not greater,
than ever ; the darkness as grey by day and
as black by night ; no termination of it even
to be prophecied, and a tomb growing up
around man and beast ; flight was useless ;
thousands of cattle had already perished in
the woods and savannahs, though at that
moment the fact was not then known ; and
persons seemed more inclined to meet any
fate reserved for them in the town, than to
fly to what they knew not in solitude. And

36 CENTRAL AMERICA.

SO they passed the second night. On the
morning of the 2Srd the layer of ashes had
considerably increased in depth ; but the
fall had become very much more dense, and
the natural grave of man seemed to be rising
from the mother earth, instead of being dug
into it. The women, with their heads cover-
ed with wet linen, again hurried to the
churches with cries and lamentations, and
tried to sing canticles to their favourite
saints. As a last resource, every saint in
Leon's churches, without any exception, lest
he be offended, was taken from his niche and
placed out in the open air, — I suppose to
enable him to judge from experience of the
state of affairs ; — but still the ashes fell !

No doubt, at the height of two or three
miles the sun was shining clear and warm in
the bright blue sky ; but all his power and
glory could not penetrate enough into the
thick cloud of ashes, even to make his situ-
ation in the heavens to be guessed at ; but
when he was nearly sinking in the western
horizon, a mighty wind sprang up from the
north, and in the space of half an hour allow-
ed the inhabitants of Leon just to gain a
view of his setting rays gilding the tops of
their national volcanos.

VOLCANIC ERUPTION. 37

Of course the cessation of the shower of
ashes was attributed to the intercession of
these saints, who doubtless wished to get
under cover again, which opinion was strongly-
approved of by the priests, as they would cer-
tainly not be losers by the many offerings ;
but during a general procession for thanks
that took place the next day it was disco-
vered that the paint that had been liberally
but rather clumsily bestowed on the Virgin
Mary's face, had blistered ; and half Leon
proclaimed that this image had caught the
small-pox at her residence in that city, and
in consequence of her anger the infliction
they had just suffered was imposed upon
them. Innumerable were the candles burnt
before the altars of the " Queen of Heaven,''
many and valuable were the gifts and offer-
ings to her priests for the sake of propitiating
her ladyship.

This shower of ashes, which was felt by
an English man-of-war a long way from the
coast, altered and deteriorated considerably
every grass of the country, except the sa-
cate ; whole savannahs and clearings, upon
which grew a wholesome herbage were utter-
ly destroyed, and a vile useless weed grew
up on the same spots, where cattle had pre-

38 CENTRAL AMERICA.

viously found good nourishment. This weed
perfectly resembles a tall strong nettle, but,
instead of stinging, it emits a rather fragrant
smell when crushed in the hand ; it is worse
than useless, as cattle will not touch it, and
it grows again directly when dug or turned
up, thus occupying the ground to the exclu-
sion of any other plant : it is not found on
the hills, where sacate grows, or in the forest,
but mostly on old cleared lands, savannahs
near towns, or spots that had long ago been
prepared for maize or indigo.

The cattle and the deer in the wilds suf-
fered much, and great numbers were found
dead near the rivers. The foliage of the
trees, which for some months in the year
forms the principal part of their food in the
forest, was completely destroyed, and many
animals died afterwards from starvation.
Some years elapsed before the country even
partially recovered, but no time can repair
the damage done to the grasses.

At the foot of the mountains, where the
flat forest begins to break into openings and
undulating hills, the most valuable timber is
to be met with. On the plains and near the
coast huge quantities of gigantic trees spread
their enormous branches on every side, but

TREES. 39

they are mostly of an inferior nature to
those which take root in some firmer gromid
than the rich aUuvial soil of the lower
country. The great cotton-tree is left be-
hind, or only met with near the moist banks
of large rivers ; the bannyan is unknown near
the hills ; but the mahogany, ebony, lignum
vitse, iron- wood, guanacaster, guyacan, and
many other most valuable woods, are to be
had in any quantities, but will probably for
hundreds of years to come be of use to no
one except to the hut-builders, on account of
the distance and difficulty of transport to
the coast.

The enormous cedar,* without a branch
for a great height, is as common as the oak
is in Hampshire, and so it will remain, as
there is no one to cut it ; there are some near
the coast and lake of Nicaragua, where they
are used for canoes and piraguas, but they are
neither so fine nor abundant as in the hilly
country ; in short, a treasure in woods of all
description is as much lost to the people

* The Royal Cedar, as the Spaniards call it, is a
different tree from the Cedar of Lebanon. The wood is
almost without knots, very hard, and was much valued
for ship and boat building. Many of the large canoes
are hollowed out of a sinsle tree.

40 CENTRAL AMERICA.

themselves, and to the rest of the world, as if
it never existed, owing to causes that now
appear without remedy. About three miles
from my ranchos, up a very steep, rocky
mountain, the range of pines commenced,
where the weather was really very cold some
months in the year. We used to send up
now and then to procure pine-splints and
torches.

Nature has done much for this people,
but the enervating climate, the government,
superstition, and insufferable idleness of most
of the inhabitants, together with their pride,
which makes them consider themselves supe-
rior to all nations, will for a long- time prove
a bar against improvement. In the towns,
the men would rather live miserably on an
hour's work each day (not a feast-day) than
live comfortably, which they easily might, on
six hours' work. Riding through a town
one morning at about nine o'clock, I had the
curiosity to count the relative number of
those men at work and those idle : four men
were at work, and about one hundred and
fifty swinging in their grass hammocks,
smoking cigars.

Before taking my leave of the plains, I
wish to describe a very curious spot about

CURIOUS VOLCANO. 41

fifteen miles to the north-east of Leon. Pass-
ing one night through a thick forest, about
six or seven miles from the foot of the volca-
nos, I saw a strong blue light in the wood
about a quarter of a mile from the path, but
extending over many hundreds of feet. I
asked an Indian with me what it was, and
his answer was, " a volcano turned upside
doion!''' He evidently did not like remain-
ing ; and, after having gone a little into the
wood to examine it closer, returned upon his
continually calling to me, and resumed the
journey, intending to make inquiries and
revisit it shortly.

A blue luminous vapour appeared to be
rising from the ground, covering a space of
about an acre ; but the forest was too thick,
and the Indian too impatient to wait longer.
Two days afterwards I started to inspect this
place, taking with me the same Indian and
a supply of munitions de louche. He told me
he did not care going there in the day-time,
but that in the night it had a bad name, and
so we arrived about eleven o'clock at the
spot where we had stopped to look at the
flame previously. After turning into the
wood, we proceeded about a quarter of a
mile, when we arrived at an open space of

42 CENTRAL AMERICA.

about twenty acres, but sunk in the ground,
and the descent a precipitous sand-bank, ex-
cept in one or two places where a horse could
walk down. There was no appearance of
flame, but a sort of gas or vapour might be
plainly seen issuing from an irregular broken
piece of ground in the centre, looking like a
heap of old ruins, and occupying about an
acre. This vapour appeared similar to that
which is seen sometimes to rise from a lime-
kiln, but there was nothing to indicate any
luminous appearance, such as we had seen in
the dark : the strong light of the sun had
overpowered it.

After watching it for some time, we de-
scended the bank on horseback, and found the
bottom to consist of a sandy clay, in which
the horses' feet sunk up to the fetlock. As
we approached towards the centre, the ground
got so much deeper that we were glad to
turn back and scramble out again ; so we
tied up our horses and attempted it on foot.
After walking a short distance towards the
crater, the footing became very unsound and
the earth very hot, so much so, that it was
impossible with any safety to advance, and we
were obliged to retrace our steps. We then
attempted to walk round the whole of the

CURIOUS VOLCANO. 43

bottom, approaching now and then as near
as we could to the crater, but it felt very-
hollow and very ticklish walking.

We had entered by the side furthest from
the volcanos, but on arriving at the side
nearest to them, the passage got more diffi-
cult and the ground hotter and more spongy;
however, by dint of perseverance we made
the tour of this curious place, without being
able from any point to approach the spot
from whence the vapour was issuing, but
wdien we arrived directly to leeward of it,
the smell Avas very powerful ; of that sul-
phureous description that produces violent
coughing. After returning to the spot we
entered by, we sat down under a tree, and
after our midday meal, I made a water-co-
loured drawing of this strange spot, which, I
am sorry to say, with many other sketches,
were lost in a river. It was a desolate
place, and though surrounded at a certain
distance with fine trees, not a single blade of
grass or vestige of vegetation was to be seen
within the banks of this sunken volcano ; all
was sterile and barren beyond description,
and the ruin-like convulsion in the centre,
with the sulphureous vapour arising from it,
together with the desolation around, did not

44 CENTRAL AMERICA.

fall to suggest the image, on a small scale, of
those cities of the plain, in sacred lore, after
their dread judgement, and before they were
finally covered by the Dead Sea.

The Indian could not be made to under-
stand, that the greater light of the sun over-
powered the lesser one of the vapour, and pre-
vented it being seen in the day-time, but con-
tended stoutly that it was only lighted at night
by the " Demonios," who arrived at sunset
and departed in the morning. A very little
learning is a very bad thing, and the priests
that had taught him the doctrine of demons,
might just as well have gone a little further,
and taught him that they had not much to
do with volcanos.

45

CHAPTER IV.

MINES. — EARTHQUAKES. — COPPER MINES. GOLD WASH-
ING.— SILVER MINES. WILD ANIMALS.

TN a rocky mountainous country, such as
Chili, where on the hills the soil scarcely
covers the irregular stony formation, me-
talHc veins are much more easily discovered
than in one like Central America, where the
burning and rotting of grass and leaves for
many ages have buried almost every trace of
them from twelve to twenty feet in depth :
I use, the term " vein," in speaking of a
" lode," as being the literal translation of the
word " veta," which is always used by
South American miners; " veta real," or
royal vein, being the term employed to
describe a strong regular lode.

In Chili it is an easy matter to follow up
a vein for some distance on the surface, by the
" farillons," as the Spanish miners call them,
or spirts of the ore, that make their appear-
ance now and then in the same, or nearly
the same direction ; but in Central America
the great depth of soil that covers every part

46 CENTRAL AMERICA.

of the mountains, except the crests and ridges
where the veins do make their appearance,
prevents any accurate observation being made
of their directions until further researches
give more certainty. The order of nature
seems to be perfectly in versed with regard
to the directions of metallic veins in Central
America and in Chili respectively. In Chili
every great copper vein (veta real) takes its
direction as nearly as possible north and south
(true ; not by compass) and the inclination
of the vein generally dips towards the east-
ward, but at various angles. The vertical
vein, or the nearest approaching to it, is
generally considered the most valuable and
lasting, but is rare in Chili — now, in Central
America, the copper veins are generally ver-
tical, and all the large ones I have seen run
exactly east and west. The above remarks
relate solely to copper mines, but the differ-
ence between the gold and silver ones in the
two countries (at least all those I have ex-
amined myself, and I have both discovered
and taken the bearings of many) is equally
striking. In Chili the gold and silver mines
generally run from east to west ; but in Cen-
tral America every one I have seen tend
from north to south.

EARTHQUAKES. 47

Whether these different directions of dis-
tinct metaUic veins arise from a different
species of volcanic action in the two countries,
nearly three thousand miles apart, would
require a cleverer head than mine to deter-
mine ; but I know that, to me, an earth-
quake in Chili always seemed to proceed
from the south-west towards the north-east
and the Cordilleras ; although generally the
noise, sometimes the roar, was heard as if
coming from the Andes before the shock was
felt. It may seem strange to speak of the
progress of such an instantaneous event, yet
in a hilly country the scattering of the stones
and dust, and the agitation of the trees and
shrubs does mark its passage. In Chili I
have felt very many, especially in the pro-
vince of Coquimbo ; and I once counted
upwards of thirty shocks in six hours, taking
all, as far as 1 could judge, the same direc-
tion. In Central America I could never
even guess from what point of the compass
an earthquake proceeded, or what course it
took, but they are far less frequent and
nothing like as severe as in Chili,

In Chili the inhabitants divide the cha-
racter of their numerous earthquakes into
two kinds ; the commonest and less severe is

48 CENTRAL AMERICA.

the " Temblor," or trembling ; and the other,
more frightful both in name and its ravages,
" Terremoto," or earthmoving ; the first su-
perficial, and the second felt at great depths.
I was relating, a short time past, to a mili-
tary friend at the head of a government
scientific department, on how many occasions
I had had an opportunity of observing the
effects of earthquakes at the bottom of mines ;
and how very differently the two sorts above
mentioned were felt there, and on the earth's
surface ; from which I naturally enough
drew my own conclusions, but was stopped
in the development of them by the following
remark: " We do not want conclusions or
opinions," said my friend, "we want facts ;
give us facts, and then we can see if those
facts agree with our principles, and we can
draw our own conclusions." Now I will
relate the facts I gave him, and give a very
small part of my conclusions.

1st. I have been repeatedly at the bottom
of a deep mine during a Temblor earthquake,
and have invariably heard the noise pass
high over my head, and seldom felt any
motion, although on regaining the surface I
have been informed there had been a smart
earthquake.

EARTHQUAKES. 49

2nd. I have been twice at the bottom of
a mine during a Terremoto, and a greater
difference could not well be felt ; the earth
under, over, and on every side was convulsed,
stones detached themselves from the roofs
and sides, and sauve qui peut was the order
of the day.

Now, I thought that a fair conclusion from
the foregoing facts might be that the first
was merely superficial, and the second more
ab imo pectore of the earth, and that they
were produced by different causes. "Grant-
ed, for the sake of argument," replied my
friend ; " but I should like to hear some
facts connected with the causes." I had only
one fact more to give, and that related to the
" Temblor."

3rd. Although many earthquakes are not
preceded by rain, yet in some provinces, such
as Coquimbo, and further to the north where
only four or five showers fall in the year, the
first rains after a long drought are almost
always followed by a severe Temblor, and
my conclusion was, that as the first sort of
earthquake was evidently superficial, from its
passing over the head of a person in a mine,
the earth's surface, for some little depth, and
the atmosphere had become well charged with

50 CENTRAL AMERICA.

contrary electricities, and that a shower of
rain, or sometimes a heavy clew, had proved
a connecting medium, and had produced a
shock, the violence of which depended upon
the intensity of the charge. " And what do
you think is the cause of the other, or Terre-
motoT' " Quien sabe ! who knows!" was
the answer, and an excellent one it is to
every question a person cannot, or will not
reply to.

But to return from this digression to the
subject of this chapter. The copper ores that
I have seen in Central America are almost
all uncombined with sulphur, or any other
combination that requires calcining to be got
rid of; they might all be smelted in a com-
mon blast furnace, with the aid of equal
quantities of iron-stone, which lies in large
quantities on the surface of all the hilly
country. This is the common method used
in Chili for this species of copper ore, the
copper produced is remarkably pure and
malleable ; it is called " Cobre de labra-
dores,*" or workman's copper ; it never re-
quires tinning when made into pots and pans
for all sorts of cooking. The copper ores are
what the Spanish miners call " Metal de
color ;" metal being the term they use for

MIXES. 51

ore, and are mostly red and blue oxides, and
green carbonates, with now and then the
brown and pigeon-breasted ; they cut easily
and smoothly with a knife, and yield from
twenty-live to sixty per cent. I have never
found any native copper in Central America,
though in Chili I have often found beautiful
specimens, especially from a mine that be-
longed to me in that country ; and I never
found a trace, except one, of any copper
mine ever having been worked, or even at-
tempted ; and the exception was a mere hole
six feet deep, evidently of late date. The
ancient race who lived in this country long
before they were driven out by the Mexicans,
who in turn succumbed to the Spaniards,
have left no trace of copper workmanship,
though they have of gold and silver ; and in
some of the districts in Central America
there are remains of rather extensive gold
and silver mines, and one or two of cinnibar ;
they are generally, contrary to the case in
the copper ore, combined with a large pro-
portion of sulphur, and are invariably so
hard that it is wonderful how much has
been done without gunpowder, for there is
not a single mark of a blast. They have
been abandoned for ages, and it will be

52 CENTRAL AMERICA.

long, very long ere they are worked once
more.

The difficulty of finding a pair of grinding
stones and renewing them when worn ; cut-
ting them, transporting them through track-
less forests, and making a mill to turn them ;
together with the want of quicksilver, and
the treachery of the government would prove
too much for the most enterprising ; but
there is a fair quantity of gold collected in
Central America, although in such a way
that it does not speak much for the industry
of the upper and middle classes, who might
organise a better mode of working.

Some adventurers, generally of the very
lowest class both in manners and morals,
proceed to the auriferous streams, that run
through the south part of the Honduras
nearest to Segovia, for two or three months
during the dryest part of the year, and when
the rains have entirely subsided. Their bag-
gage is very light and easily carried on a
donkey or half-starved mule, for they only
provide each for himself and his female help-
mate, a small load of Indian corn, barely
enough for the pair ; some tobacco, a small
stone for grinding the corn, an earthen pan
or two, a hatchet, and a small leathern bag

GOLD WASHING. 53

to put the gold in when found. They also
take a few half gourds dried, to wash the
earth in, and a grass hammock to sleej) in,
and away they start, driving their animals
before them, each man carrying his machete
or short heavy broad sword, and some, bows
and arrows. The part of the country is
almost uninhabited, and, on their arrival at
the different streams, they generally separate,
and each pair chooses a spot often miles
apart, where they commence operations. The
first thing is to build a " Ramada," or hut of
branches, as the name signifies ; but they
always select a place where two good-sized
trees are near enough together, to enable
them to swing their hammocks between them.
With a few poles and branches with the leaf
on, a hut is made in two or three hours ; the
man then makes a pile of dry wood near at
hand, and leaves the entire care of the house-
hold to the woman, who grinds the corn, and
every day makes a few cakes, looking like
thin pancakes, which are toasted on a flat
earthen pan over the wood ashes. Their
drink is a little maize meal and cacao nut
ground together, mixed with water and
stirred up in a gourd ; and thus the pair ve-
getate for two or three months, supported by

54 CENTRAL AMERICA.

the hopes of Hving well for the remainder of
the year. The man is always within sight
of the hut, in case assistance be wanted in
such a wild sj^ot ; and he digs holes into the
ground near the stream, and after having
piled up a heap of earth close to the water,
washes it in the half gourds, when, after
repeated changes of water, and the spot
chosen having proved a good one, a little fine
gold dust is often visible in the gourd. It
requires a great deal of nicety to balance the
gourd backwards and forwards, up and down,
and round about, so as to get rid of the
earth ; and it is still more difficult at the last
washing, to manage to leave the gold alto-
gether, at the very end of the remaining
deposit, which is generally of a black or dark
grey colour. The grains of gold are often
large enough to be picked out after one or
two washings, and often of a size to be dis-
cerned whilst digging, and a man in good
luck may find enough gold in a week to keep
him comfortably the whole year ; but money
easily got generally soon goes ; and on the
return of the lucky pair to their town, it is
too often quickly spent in gambling and low
debauchery.

The adventure altoQ-ether is a sort of

SILVER MINESc 55

gambling, which is inherent to most men,
and especially to Spaniards and Indians ; but
the stake on one side is not large, being only
labour and privation, and on the other the
prize may be considerable, though the player
mostly returns with his small leather bag in
a state of collapse.

The silver mines that I have found have
fine, broad, but rather irregular veins, and
the ore is combined with a great quantity of
sulphur and a large proportion of lead. Both
the ore and the stone are very hard, but the
former is remarkably clean ; and though, for
want of a silver assaying apparatus, I could
not get a good assay, yet by the means in
our power they would produce about fifteen
marcs of silver the ton. About twenty tons
of clean ore was extracted, broken up to a
proper size, and piled up ; they are most
likely lying there still, covered over with
some fine specimens of Central American
vegetation, and the pile itself a fine specimen
of Central American legislation.

The mineral riches that are deposited in
the bosom of these mountains are no doubt
very great ; but the working of the mines is
so difficult, from the ignorance of the work-
men, who have to be taught everything, their

56 CENTRAL AMERICA.

invincible idleness, and tlie vacillation of the
government, that T believe it will be long be-
fore anybody will be found to advance capital
for prosecuting such a forlorn undertaking:
and certainly not before civilization has made
some progress, not in the wild forest and
mountain, but in the cities and towns of a
people who consider themselves in a forward
rank of the best specimens of humanity, but
who are in reality as inferior to the wild but
generally honest son of the forest as the
" Gamin de Paris'' is to the true peasant of
La Vendee.

I shall now proceed to other subjects,
which, I trust, will prove more amusing to
some of my readers than the dryer ones which
have naturally preceded them ; I mean de-
scriptions of the haunts, habits, and modes of
killing or hunting the wild beasts of all sorts
which surrounded us on every side. Many
miles from any other hut, and more than
twenty from the nearest small village, I had
opportunities of making observations in the
wild forest that seldom fall to the lot of an
Englishman, and that, too, during a space of
two years. I had generally two Indians in
the smaller hut, and one slept in a corner of
my large one, which, being thirty-six feet by

THE RANCHOS. 57

eighteen, was consequently very roomy ; but
we seldom passed many nights without hear-
ing the roar of the panther, or more com-
monly of the puma lion, very near our " ran-
chos," and our dogs, who were very fierce,
were continually rushing into the surrounding
woods after sunset in pursuit of cuyotes,* or
other wild animals. It is true that, about
two miles off, I had about twenty Indians
located on the top of a mountain, from whence
one or two descended several times a week
for a load of provisions ; they had built them-
selves " small ramadas," which did very well
for them in fine weather, and, at the com-
mencement of the rainy season, they retired
to the villages until it was over. There was
also an establishment of a few cattle-herds
about seven miles off; but, beyond these, it
was rare to see a human being except a
tigrero (panther-hunter) and a very few In-
dians dotted here and there, but whose huts,
far apart from each other, were difficult to
find.

* Cuyote. — The central American wolf; but sup-
posed to be a large breed of dog, run wild, perhaps,
from the time of the first Spaniards. — See chapter on
Cuyotes.

58

CHAPTER V.

HUNTING. — THE LASSO. — WILD CATTLE.

A N Indian in this country has no idea of
sport ; he neither knows the name or the
thing, and when he hunts it is, very unhke
the Enghsh foxhunter, either for the purpose
of replenishing- his purse or, in the shape of
food, his interior. The first he manages by
sometimes catching horses or mules, that
have gone astray, and joined a troop of wild
horses {cimarron, as they are called), by kill-
ing a panther or puma, for which a certain
sum is paid besides the skin, or by hunting
bees, the wax selling at about sixpence the
pound to make tapers to place before the
Virgin and the legion of saints ; the second
he gratifies by killing deer, turkeys, wild
pigs, &c., for his own consumption, and in
some cases to protect his maize-field. But
an Indian never hunts for mere sport ; he
may be excited by a gallop over hill and dale
and through forest and stream, but he always
keeps in view the main chance ; and he would
no more think of hunting or shooting for the

THE LASSO. 59

sake of the thing than he would dream of
taking a ride for the mere pleasure of riding
without any ulterior object.

There are many sorts of hunting practised
by the Indians in this country. One mode,
in which they are not very expert compared
with the Gauchos and Guassos of South Ame-
rica, consists in simply riding down cattle or
horses, and lassoing them on the gallop. The
Central Americans are very inferior to the
Chilians, or any of the dwellers in open coun-
tries, in the use of the lasso ; this inferiority
is chiefly owing to the immense extent of
forest, with very little clear land except on
the mountains, and some savannahs near their
foot. The gigantic trees of the forest inva-
riably overshadow a high, thick, and, in some
parts of the year, an impenetrable underwood.
In this underwood it is impossible to whirl a
lasso over the head, much less throw it ; and
it is only on the open spots or savannahs that
it can be used.

The best time for hunting cimarron or
wild cattle and horses is just after the under-
wood and long sacate grass have been fired
and burnt, and the following first rains have
softened the ground suflSciently to allow the
"rastro" or trail to be followed on the gal-

60 CENTRAL AMERICA.

lop. The wild horned cattle of Central
America are by far the wildest of any that
have come mider my notice, though not so
savage as many that I have seen in the
sierras of Spain ; they inhabit the thickest
and most inaccessible coverts ; they are
vigilantly watchful by day and by night,
and their great power of smell enables them
to scent the approach of danger a long way
off, especially from windward. They are
often seen by those who know their haunts
standing in the rivers a little before noon,
but, on the slightest alarm or taint of man
in the air, they make immediately, in a
body, for the most impenetrable underwood,
through which their great weight enables
them to make their way; and seldom stop,
even when not hunted, until they have
placed a good distance between themselves
and the cause of their flight. If they are
hunted, the trail is first examined, and then
followed at a good pace through the under-
wood, the horses getting some aid from the
species of path pressed down by the herd ;
at the first burst the game leaves the pur-
suers far behind, but at last the condi-
tion of corn-fed horses begins to tell, and
the last mile is generally run in view ; but

WILD CATTLE. 61

seldom before a long, desperate ride through
an entangled thorny covert.

The great aim of the hunter is to drive the
cattle into any open savannah or plain near
at hand ; but many of these savannahs are
useless for lassoing, being so studded with
laro-e thorn trees that there is no room to

o

swing the lasso round the head ; the object
is therefore to drive the cattle into a clear
savannah ; then to separate them and attack
them singly.

The narrative of a day*'s hunting in this
manner will describe the sport better than
any general observations, and I will take, for
example, the first one I enjoyed in Central
America, though I had attended many very
large " Eodeos" in Chili.

Having lately arrived from the latter
country, where I had resided nearly four
years in the wildest part, I had brought with
me, as before mentioned, Chilian accoutre-
ments, such as saddle, &c. ; excellent lassos,
with strong girths and massive iron rings
to attach the lasso to ; and, in short, at-
tended the meet, to which I had been invited,
with everything in good order. My horse
was an excellent one for the country, and,
during the few weeks I had possessed him.

62 CENTRAL AMERICA.

had become pretty well up to the sharp
bitting required for Chilian lassoing ; adding
to this, that he had been born and bred in
the forest; and, on my part, with all hu-
mility, a pretty fair practical acquaintance
with the lasso, I anticipated a good day's
sport.

We mustered about ten or twelve, besides
myself, at the appointed time, and I certainly
envied them the excellent defences they had
provided against the thorns of the under-
wood ; they had deer-skin sleeves and deer-
skin breast and back pieces, like a herald's
tabard, only coming high up on the throat,
and having the edges laced together on each
side ; guards of cow-hide curled over from
the ankles to above the pummel of the sad-
dle, and attached to the forepart of it, effec-
tually protected the legs and thighs ; and a
wooden box to trust their feet into, as stir-
rups, completed their equipment ; and what
perfectly amazed me was to see the lasso
made fast, not, as in some countries, to the
overall girth, and in others to the pummel of
the saddle, but actually to the horse's tail.
I had heard of the practice before, and
having seen it used for leading horses and
mules, concluded it was used for no other

THE LASSO. 6S

purpose, but never dreamt it could be meant
thus to check a strong bull in his wild career !
On inquiring what happened when the bull
gets the best of it, the answer was cool
enough : " He goes away, lasso, tail, and
all."

" Live and learn,*" thought I, examining
the way the lasso was secured to the tail ;
but, without making any observation, waited
quietly for an opportunity of witnessing the
trial of horse xersus bull. The hair of the
horse's long tail is doubled up and packed
all round carefully with long coarse grass
{sacate) ; the end of the lasso is then wound
round both grass and tail for about six round
turns, and then secured, leaving the lasso to
act from the end of the bunch, very much
in the same way that a fish-hook is tied.
However, I had the pleasure, before I left
that part of the country, to see many of the
herdsmen adopt my method, and as I sup-
plied them with iron rings, they soon made
their overall girths out of strong bull hide,
and, I have no doubt, saved many a horse's
tail.

After waiting an hour or two to receive
reports from two or three scouts who had
been from daylight seeking trails, an old

64 CENTRAL AMERICA.

Indian at last came in, and told the leader
of our party (a very old half-caste) that there
was a herd of Cimarron cattle in a wood
near the great river's (Rio Grande) side, and
not more than a mile off; but he was afraid
that they had been disturbed either by man
or "tigre."*

There was a broad, but in that time of the
year shallow river, except occasional deep
pools, running through the forest, and to this
river we made our way. We entered the
stream about a mile below the expected
haunt of the cattle, with everything in our
favour, as we had to proceed up wind and up
the stream ; the wind being of importance in
getting near to the cattle and the stream, to
prevent our horses muddling the water, as
also to drown the noise of their splashing.
After working up stream in this manner
nearly a mile, avoiding the pools, which are
almost always occupied by a tenant in the
shape of an alligator, we turned a rather
sharp elbow of the river, and found ourselves
suddenly about one hundred yards from the
herd of Cimarron cattle, whose trail we had
been carefully searching for on both banks of

* In Central America the panther is called " tigre,"
or tiffer, and a known tjofer hunter " tisrero."

WILD CATTLE HUNTING. 65

the river. They were drinking and splashing
up the water, but directly they caught sight
of us, not one second did they deliberate on
their mode of proceeding, but dashed with
one accord into the covert, making a crash
very like what the traveller may constantly
hear around him on every side when the first
furious north winds succeed the annual fires,
and first heavy rains, and the falling of huge
trees in every direction makes the forest
rather unsafe.

Away they went ; and away we went
after them, along a trail as broad as the
wake of a steamboat, but very inconvenient
for the heads and shoulders of the riders, as
the cattle scarcely clear the way above the
saddle, and always run with their heads
low.

I made a resolution, that if I got home I
would not hunt again in a blue cloth jacket,
for mine was torn to rags before the first
half mile. The great object now was to turn
the herd, as there was no savannah or open
ground for many miles in the direction it had
taken, and the forest spread to the foot of the
mountains, which are one mass of large stones
with high sacate grass growing between them.
A clever lad, mounted on the cleverest and

66 CENTRAL AMERICA.

fastest mule I ever saw, seemed to have, pre-
viously on some former hunt, done what he
now did, for on arriving at a part of the
forest where the underwood was rather
thinner, he left us, and we saw no more of
him for some time. Still we followed the
trail as hard as we could press through the
wood ; hut after a good half hour's gallop a
screech from right a-head informed us that
the lad had succeeded in heading the cattle,
and turning them away to the left ; and on
arriving at the spot where they were turned,
we found that the herd had taken an old
trail, that led to near the spot where we first
entered the river. They could not have
taken a better direction, for we knew that
there were several clear savannahs a-head :
and so it proved ; though we had still a long
chase in store for us ; but this chase became
more exciting as we were evidently nearing
the game ; and as we slid and scrambled
down the bank into the bed of the river, the
whole herd was in view, about three hundred
yards in front, galloping furiously down the
stream, and sending as much spray into the
air as a whole schoU of black fish. The
cattle lost ground, however, for as the pools
got more frequent, the banks higher, and the

WILD CATTLE HUNTING. 67

sandy shores between them narrower, they
jostled each other so violently that their pro-
gress was much retarded, and one or two of
us had already loosed our lassos from the
saddle, when the left bank suddenly declining
almost to the water's edge, in the whole herd
went again to the forest. However, the
wood was not more than half a mile broad at
that spot, and we pressed them so hard that
they soon emerged from it into a large sa-
vannah, but so studded with thorn trees that
it was impossible to use the lasso. How-
ever, there was good smooth land to gallop
over, and consequently the pace w^as much
better, and when the cattle reached the
opposite wood they were almost in lassoing
distance. In they crashed, and in ten
minutes broke out again into a fine large
savannah, of more than a mile across, with
only one fine tree in the centre of it ; the
cattle were evidently tired, and the few that
were close up rode into them to separate
them. I had stuck close to an old dun bull,
who seemed the chief of his clan, and was
assisted by an Indian, whom I had engaged,
and who remained with me till I left the
country ; but before we could well get out
of the " ruck" (as the racing men call it), a

68 CENTRAL AMERICA.

black cow was lassoed by an Indian, with
his lasso tied to his horse's tail, and she very
nearly overturned my horse by the violence
with which she was rolled over. Such a she-
devil as she turned out to be, I never saw ;
she was jet black, and had lost one of her
horns ; but it is impossible to describe what
a ftiry she was ; but I had no time to lose,
for I had resolved to have the bull if pos-
sible. I was on the left-quarter of the beast,
and my Indian on the right, both swinging
our lassos round our heads, when he asked
me to throw, as he was afraid of his horse's
tail ; I having given him a handsome iron
grey a short time before.

I lassoed him exactly by the horns, and
my young horse behaved as well as if he
had been born and bred in Chili ; for down
came the bull completely stunned, and as his
heels flew up my companion lassoed his hind-
legs, so as to stretch him out. Before the
bull had recovered the shock we had dis-
mounted, and the horses keeping the strain
on him, we disengaged one of his hind- legs
and secured it by a hide thong to his horns,
and having cast off the lassoes, left him on
the ground, and went to give assistance
where wanted. The remainder had been

WILD CATTLE HUNTING. 69

very unsuccessful, having all missed, except
one who broke the neck of a calf; so we
had a live bull and cow, and a dead calf. On
returning- to the cow, she was standing up
with half a dozen lassos over her, and the
same number of horses standing with their
tails pointed straight at her to restrain her
from running at every live thing she saw.
A council was then held to decide whether
the hunt should- be proceeded with, as the
cattle that had escaped seemed much ex-
hausted, and fresh horses might easily have
been procured ; but an old man reminded
the remainder that we had two wild beasts
to lead four or five miles, one of whom was
more like a " tigre "' than a cow, and so it
was concluded to lay the calf on a horse, and
secure the old live ones for leading. The
old bull was easy enough to secure, as he
had one of his hind-legs tied fast to his
horns : we then made him fast to a horse''s
tail by a short lasso some three yards long,
and by another longer lasso made fast to the
pummel of a horse that followed him ; the
thong that made his hind-leg fast to the
horns was then just slackened enough for
him to put his foot to the ground, but with
much limping; so that they proceeded as

70 CENTRAL AMERICA.

follows : — first the leader, then the animal,
and behind another hunter bearing such a
press and weight on the bull as to keep him
from charging in front, or performing any
other eccentric movement. The partial con-
finement of one leg, together with the ex-
haustion produced by such a hot gallop, made
the bull submit to his fate with a sullen
resignation. Not so the black cow ; she was
thin and in good running condition, and
as they had not tied her leg up she was erect
and looked like a great black spider in the
centre of a net, as there were half a dozen
lassos at least diverging from her to the
horses'* tails. No person would approach her,
and they did not seem to know the process
used in South America on like occasions.
The way is, to lasso the animal over the
hind-quarters, and making it move, get the
hind-legs within the noose of the lasso ; when
riding off at a sharp gallop will throw the
animal a heavy fall. The cow was thrown
w^ith great violence, and a hind-leg tied to
her single horn and broken stump before she
had recovered from her second fall ; she was
also tethered to a horse's tail, and an Indian
behind her, keeping her back ; her leg was
then just so far liberated as to allow her

WILD CATTLE HUNTING. 71

to walk on slowly, but disabling her from
injuring- man or horse. It was about three
o'clock when we started to tug these wild
beasts four or five miles, and as the sun sets
at six o'clock, we had time to arrive before
dark, but the many fights we had with the
black cow detained her an hour later than
the bull. They were both secured to sepa-
rate trees, as it was necessary to keep them
two or three days in a state of tranquillity
before killing them, as the fevered state of
their blood would otherwise have rendered
them unfit for food in a very few hours. After
twenty-four hours had elapsed the bull took
the wetted grass that was thrown to him very
kindly, but nothing could induce the cow to
accept any thing : tied as she was securely
to the tree, she rushed at any man or dog
that approached, and those that brought her
wetted grass to assuage the thirst she must
have felt, were equally treated. One of her
horns was broken, and as her face and neck
were striped with parallel wounds, I con-
cluded she must have lately done battle with
a tiger or panther, and I have no doubt with
complete success, for such a savage beast I
never met with in all my wanderings.

The hides of cattle in Central America

72 CENTRAL AMERICA.

generally weigh three to the hundred weight,
or about thirty-six pounds each. The cow's
hide weighed about that average, but the
bulPs more than half a hundred weight, and
was very thick. Many hunts of the same
nature I have since enjoyed, but I cannot
say that they are so spirit-stirring as those in
Chili, where there is an open country, finer
horses to work with, and a bracing climate
instead of the enervating moisture of this,
but there is also an excitement in shooting
and hunting in Central America unknown to
most parts of South America, and that is
like fishing in the sea ; you never know what
you are to catch. In Chili, the small quan-
tity of game that exists, or rather the very
few kinds, are well known, but in the forests
of Central America no person can predict
the game, prey, or adversary the hunter may
meet with.

I will now introduce my reader to another
mode of hunting, used in some parts of this
country with great success, and might be
used witli greater by adding the lasso wield-
ed by the hand : it is employed for catching
wild cattle or horses, and the account of a
day's hunting may, perhaps, give the best idea
of it. Having lost some mules, and having

WILD HORSE HUNTING. 73

in vain searched " through the forest and o'er
the meadows "*' for several weeks, the grati-
fying intelhgence arrived, that they had been
seen in company with a troop of wild " Cim-
arron " horses, which had long infested the
neighbouring forests, where they kept close
all day, and only went out to the savannahs
by night, returning to covert at sunrise. An
old " Tigrero" {anglice^ panther hunter.) ac-
companied me to the ground, and having
examined it, and it proving suitable to his
views, it was resolved that a party should
meet an hour before sunset, to make prepa-
rations for a hunt early the next morning.
He then marked the most suitable trees on
the opposite side from the trail, remarking,
that if a •' Cimarron" horse saw a notch on a
tree, he would avoid it. At the appointed
time he met our party, and told us he had
seen a troop drinking in the great river, and
had purposely frightened them to keep them
from our preparations. The party then pro-
ceeded to fasten the end of a lasso round
some suitable strong branch, about twelve
feet from the ground ; leaving the noose
somewhat like a hare or rabbit-wire, but
about five feet diameter, and kept open by
the surroundinof bushes : in like manner, five

74 CENTRAL AMERICA.

or six lassos were suspended, one over each
well-marked trail, which proceeded from the
river about one hundred yards distant. The
party then crossed the river, and noosed
every trail that descended to the river from
that side, so that by sunset ten or twelve
lassos were set, and the party broke up,
under the understanding that we were all to
meet again the next morning, an hour before
sunrise, and muster as many hands and
lassos as we could collect.

Accordingly, all our horses were tied up
for the night, fed on Indian corn, and about
two hours before daybreak my Indian and I
started to the rendezvous. Smoking our
cigars to keep the pestilent forest damp
out, we were both surprised at our horses
suddenly stopping and snorting, and, as I
was in front, was also much surprised by see-
ing in the pathway what I took for an enor-
mous snake, of about thirty-five feet in length,
lying zigzag, and which seemed to be, by its
silvery appearance in some places, a boa-con-
strictor. I pointed it out to my companion,
and, as the moon was clear, he immediately
whispered " Bova ! " which means boa ; but,
jumping off his horse, he left it with me, and
crept into the wood as stealthily as a snake

WILD HORSE HUNTING. 75

itself, and soon made his appearance close to
the head of the supposed terrific animal, laugh-
ing very heartily, and called me to advance,
leading his horse ; both horses evinced much
aversion, and no wonder, for we found out
afterwards that a party of Indians had killed
three boas the evening before near the same
spot, and, dragging them into the path, had
pegged them head to tail in one long line,
and a formidable length the three united
appeared in the pale light. We were both
astonished at our horses being alarmed, as it
was the only instance we had either of us
ever seen of a horse being frightened at any
snake : a dog, likewise, is devoid of that fear.

But, to return to our horse-hunt. AVe met
early at the same spot as overnight, and on
inspecting the trails, lassos, and banks of the
river, found everything undisturbed, and that
no animal had been near the spot ; so we
started for a savannah about four or five
miles distant, where we were assured that we
should either find the troop grazing, or recent
traces of them.

It was of little importance their being ap-
proached up or down wind, as the object was
to drive them rapidly towards the river passes,
where the nooses were prepared for them ;

76 CENTRAL AMERICA.

SO, after making a dttour to get the further
side of the river, they were seen grazing on
a flat piece of land, studded with a round
clump-shaped tree, that bears a fruit like
a very large and most fragrant apple, but
nauseous to the taste. On seeing the ap-
proaching party, the whole troop, horses and
mules, started off at score and made for the
forest. But a hunted horse has not the same
advantage in a thick covert that cattle have :
the short horns, massive forehead, and pon-
derous weight of the latter, especially of the
bulls, who generally form the advanced guard,
bear down the entangled briars and under-
wood much more easily than the horse is able
to do, who runs with his head higher, and
consequently gets more resistance from them
round his neck. This troop, which consisted
of five horses and five mules, kept well toge-
ther ; and during the first half hour's hard
riding, in which time they were turned two
or three times, they were pressed strongly
towards the pass of the river where the
lassos were hanging ; they all passed the
nooses on the nearest side of the river with-
out any accident, or even disturbing one,
which was most likely owing to their having
been so hotly pursued that they had no time

WILD HORSE HUNTING. 77

to choose their own trails. Down they plunged
into the river, and, by giving them a little
more time, we were in expectation that some
would get into the lassos laid for them near
the opposite bank ; however, the only one
who got his head into the trap was the lead-
ing horse, the sire of the troop, and he got a
desperate fall, which turned the remainder off
to the right and left, so as to escape the re-
maining lassos. A young lad, who had joined
us during the chase, and who did not know
exactly where the lassos were placed, got an
awful purl by galloping his horse's head right
into one of them ; he was sent flying into
a clump of aloes and cacti, which broke
his fall indeed, but it was some days before
he could get rid of all the thorns he brought
out with him. One man having been left on
the spot to watch the captive horse and
lassos, the remainder followed the troop, and
soon forced the whole of them to break co-
vert on to a large flat piece of ground. All
the other horses escaped, more through our
anxiety to recover the mules, for they were
nearly done up ; but the mules were soon
lassoed, and we soon saw that they had all
once been tame and broken, which is known
by their stopping short directly the lasso is

78 CENTRAL AMERICA.

over their heads, evidently dreading a repeti-
tion of the severe falls they had experienced
during their first apprenticeship. Three of
them bore my brand, but the other two not
being marked, I took possession of them pro
tern. ; and very useful animals they turned out,
not having a chance of ever being claimed.

We all retraced our steps to look at the
captured horse ; he was a fine black horse, evi-
dently born and bred in the forest, and about
five years old ; and liking the cut of him, I
offered the party eight dollars (about 1 1. 12s.)
to keep him myself, which offer was gladly
accepted ; one man, whom I knew very well,
engaging, if I sent him some help, to drag
him to my "corral " the next morning. How-
ever, the horse made his escape in the night-
time, and was heard of no more in that
part of the country, so I lost my money and
the horse also ; the latter I was sorry for, as
he would have made a valuable hunter, from
his size, strength, and woodland education.
The forest was searched for several days
afterwards in a circle of at least five miles,
but no trail or trace of him could be dis-
covered, though there were trails of Cimar-
ron horned cattle, and also a fresh one of a
panther.

WILD HORSES. 79

Most likely, after he had escaped he had
been frightened by a panther, and had put
some ten or fifteen miles between himself and
his great terror, perhaps up a stream. It is
singular, but very true, what a difference
there is in this respect between a horse and
a mule : the first may have had a panther
spring at him and miss him, or, as often hap-
pens when the panther springs from the
ground, driven his heels so hard at the wild
beast that he gets a good start, and never
stops until nearly exhausted, and often in
that state falls a prey to some other wild
beast ; but the mule, on the contrary, often
pays dearly for his stupidity near the spot
where he is first alarmed ; he rushes away
with great speed for two or three hundred
yards, and then turns round, snorting and
glaring wdldly about him. The panther in
the meantime creeps through the bushes, and
often succeeds in getting another spring at
the poor beast.

Another w^ay of hunting Cimarron cattle
and horses is by quietly following their trail,
getting acquainted with their haunts, espe-
cially their watering-places and sleeping-
rings that they form in the forest, and then
shooting them down. It at first sight ap-

80 CENTRAL AMERICA.

pears an useless piece of cruelty to shoot a
wild horse, and so it would be unless the
skins were much wanted, and they inhabited
a country like the Pampas ; but in the forest
it is widely different, for there is no animal,
not even the panther, so mischievous as the
wild horse. If horses and mules are turned
out for a night to feed in the forest or on
the savannah, there is little dread of losing
more than one, and, that one rarely, by the
panther ; or the casualty of losing a beast's
services for six months by the bite of the
horse-spider on the coronet of the foot, when
the hoof falls off; but if your animals chance
to fall in with a troop of Cimarron horses,
they follow them to all their haunts, soon
become half wild, and it is fifty to one
against ever seeing one of your own again,
but greater odds against catching one out of
the whole, and it is no joke to be left in the
woods without any beast of burden ; there-
fore, cruel as it may seem, the safest way,
when there are no means of catching wild
horses or driving them out of your country,
is to shoot them down wherever they are
met with.

Having given a mere outline of the above
modes of hunting wild cattle and horses, I

WILD HORSES. 81

shall proceed to describe some of the nu-
merous ways of hunting other animals, trying
at the same time to give a relation of the
nature and habits of those animals, illustrated
by anecdotes connected with the chase of
them. These anecdotes may perhaps also
make the reader acquainted with some of
the habits of the hunter as well as the
hunted.

I have previously remarked, that the term
S])ort is unknown to these hunters ; they
hunt from necessity, but it is not from a love
of sport, but for their own interest or for
the flesh-pot.

82 CENTRAL AMERICA.

CHAPTER VI.

DEER STALKING. — DESTROYING DEER. — DEER SHOOTING.
KING OF THE VULTURES. — SIGHT OR SMELL.

The commonest species of deer in Central
America is a very large kind of roebuck.
The males have short horns, about ten or
twelve inches in length, with two or three
short tyne on them. Their weight runs from
one hundred and twenty to one hundred and
sixty, or one hundred and seventy, pounds,
when well grown. I have never shot any
weighing more than one hundred and seventy
pounds, of this species, but I am sure I have
seen bucks heavier, though I could not get
them to scale : also, I must remark, that it
was but seldom there was an opportunity of
weighing one ; for many were shot and left
where they fell, after having cut oiF the two
legs. In such cases, it is useless taking any
other part, unless for immediate use, not even
the haunch, as any part with bone interstices
becomes very soon uneatable.

There is nothing to distinguish the common
way of stalking these deer, or any other kind,

DEER STALKING. 83

from the way practised in Europe ; but it is
much easier to approach them on horseback,
especially when crouching behind the horse"'s
neck ; but I am now going to describe a
mode of stalking very much used in the in-
terior, and by which more deer may be killed
than by any other method with which I am
acquainted : I believe, also, the description
will be novel to most of my readers. It is
much better done by bow and arrow, than
by rifle or smooth bore, for the shot being
generally given about twenty yards off, the
arrow is as sure as the gun, makes no noise,
and has the advantage of remaining buried
in the stag, and, as it were, impeding every
motion ; for a stag can neither run nor turn
with an arrow in him almost to the feathers,
but a ball enters on one side and goes out on
the other, and unless it hits a very vital spot,
a stag may, and very often does, go a long
way before he drops, and in such a case is
generally lost.

A young good-tempered ox is selected as a
stalking beast, and though one would think
that the treatment his education requires
would be enough to spoil the best of tempers,
yet it never does ; the ox gets more docile
than before, and in the end evidently takes a

84 CENTRAL AMERICA.

pleasure in circumventing the game. This
ox is first tied up to a tree by the horns,
and he is then beaten at intervals on the
horns, near the roots, until they are sensibly
loosened and sensitive at the sockets. Should
he be restive, he is kept without food or wa-
ter, and when the roots of the horns have
gained a proper sensitiveness, the ends of a
strong thin cord, made from the fibres of the
aloe, are made fast, one to each horn like the
reins of a bridle. He is then made to move
round the tree, by being given a little more
length of tether, and guided in his turnings
by this cord, which serves exactly as if he
were bitted. He very soon learns his lesson ;
his horns get well, but he still retains the
feeling of guidance by these reins ; and,
lastly, to complete his education, he only
wants to be shewn the reason for hammering
all this knowledge into his brain. He is
taken to the woods and savannahs, and in a
very few days he learns his work, though
he may not be so steady or cunning as an
older hand, or rather horn. The Indian, his
teacher, places himself close to the shoulder
of the ox, and walking alongside, holds the
reins in one hand, and his bow with a long
arrow in the other, having, perhaps, one or

DEER STALKING. 80

two more stuck in his belt. When he sees
a stag either on the open ground or in the
cover, he directs the ox in such a way, that
the animaPs shoulder is always between him
and the stag. The deer gets alarmed, but
seeing only the accustomed appearance of an
ox, relapses into much more security : the
ox then, at first when he is being taught,
and afterwards of his own accord, approaches
gradually the victim, sometimes making a
circle round it, until he has got within twenty
yards, feeding all the time, if he is an old
ox, and approaching the poor deer in the
most hypocritical manner. When within
reach, the hunter drives an arrow up to the
wings into the game, and, unless there are
other deer in sight, calls to his dog, who has
been patiently lying down a long way off.
The deer can scarcely move, being so trans-
fixed, and is soon pulled down, opened,
drawn, and laid across the ox to carry home,
while the dog gets part of the offal.

It is really curious to watch the scientific
mode in which an experienced ox conducts
the operation on an open plain ; he must
take a pleasure in it, or else acts the part to
perfection. No sooner does he perceive a
deer on the open plain, than down goes his

86 CENTRAL AMERICA.

head, and he nibbles, or pretends to nibble,
the grass, walking in a circular direction, as
if he were going round and round the deer,
but the cunning file always takes a step side-
ways for every one he takes in front, so as to
be constantly approaching his victim, but in
such a manner as to excite no alarm.

In a large open plain the ox will make two
entire circles, or more, round the game, be-
fore he has narrowed the inner one sufficient-
ly to enable the hunter to take aim within
proper distance ; and the first notice the un-
suspecting stag receives is an arrow, gene-
rally behind the shoulders ; a gun-shot is
best directed at the neck, but an arrow as
above, for it impedes more the movement of
the deer.

An experienced hunting-ox is best left
alone, as he is far more cunning than any
hunter, and always keeps his master well
hidden ; he is only checked by a small pull
when within shooting distance. I have never
hunted in this manner myself, which is some-
times done with a rifle ; but I have watched
it from a distance that could not disturb the
sport, with great interest.

No quadruped, except perhaps a cat, is
more tenacious of life than deer ; the distance

DESTROYING DEER. 87

they sometimes run after having been shot
through a vital part is astonishing; and
more of the deer kind mortally wounded, get
away, and are lost to the hunter, than any
other kind of game ; but the vulture soon
claims it, and marks the spot where it fell
by its circling flights. As above mentioned,
the neck is the best place to fire at a stag,
and the nearer the head the better. I once
fired at a stag behind the shoulders, when he
leapt up high in the air, and fell down, but
getting up again ran with great speed in a
large circle round me, but seeming as if
blind; at last be dropped dead, and on
opening him I found a large ball had passed
through his heart, quite destroying it, and
yet he must have gone a quarter of a mile in
that state ; but I never knew one get away
ten yards when well shot in the neck.

Another way of destroying deer, for it
cannot be called sporting^ but only retalia-
tion for depredations, is practised by Indians,
who may have cleared away a plot of forest
and sown it with maize. This piece of land
must be pretty well fenced, or otherwise the
wild boar, the dante (tapir), and deer, would
destroy a crop, especially when young and
tender, in one night. The fencing is gene-

88 CENTRAL AMERICA.

rally made by driving posts, made from the
branches of the lopped trees, into the ground
in a double row, and filling up the intervals
with brushwood and smaller branches ; but
in a large fence a weak point is soon found,
or made, and the deer easily leap over the
breach that pigs have commenced.

The trail that they leave on alighting in
the field, gives the first hint of where they
may be expected the next night, and before
dark several strong sharjvpointed stakes are
firmly fixed into the earth, with the points
directed in such a position as to receive the
deer on them at the conclusion of their jump.
Down comes a small herd of deer, say three
or four ; the stag and hind, with one or two
fawns, for it is just the season for young
maize, and, unlike most deer, these pair and
keep together ; they take the leap they took
the night before in safety, and one or two
are literally impaled ahve. A man is, some-
times keeping watch at some distance ; he
runs up, finishes the ones that are taken, and
if they prove to be the old ones, his dogs
soon kill the young ones ; the spikes are
then replaced, and are ready for another in-
vasion.

These ways of destroying animals may

DEER SHOOTING. 89

be accounted barbarous ; but a person who
thinks so should imagine himself in the In-
dian's position, who has hewn down the trees,
burnt the underwood, made his fence, and
planted his maize ; and perhaps finds all
destroyed in a single night that he had
provided as part subsistence for his family
during the year. He would kill them or
trap them, as many a farmer would wish to
kill or trap (and often does) the hares and
rabbits that nip up his young wheat near
large coverts in England. The great cruelty
of the case, however, is when no watch is
kept, and in this case, which is the most
frequent one, the poor deer remains probably
suffering great agony for a long time ; and
often the cuyotes, or wild dogs and wolves,
tear them piecemeal from the stake, but it is
scarcely more cruel than leaving a rabbit in
a trap all night with its legs broken and
mangled.

The best time for shooting deer is during
a long-continued fall of rain, with boisterous
weather ; not a mere shower, however heavy
it may be, for that is the worst time, but
during what the inhabitants call a " tem-
poral," which means in Spanish a storm or
tempest, but which they apply to a set-in

90 CENTRAL AMERICA.

rain of sometimes two or three weeks' dura-
tion, but without regard to its being accom-
panied by wind or not. The reason is this :
the constant pattering of the rain on the
leaves of the trees and the droppings on the
ground, together, sometimes, with the howHng
of the wind through the branches, prevent
the deer from retaining their usual security
against the panther and puma lion : this secu-
rity is the wonderful acuteness of their or-
gans of hearing and smelling. Their anxiety
makes them wander about in an obvious
uneasy state, looking about in every direc-
tion, and very frequently brings them under
the rifle of the hunter in places where they
are never seen in fine weather.

A few months before I left the country a
pestilence (peste) broke out among the deer,
and they went down to the river's side by
hundreds to die. This murrain in general
spared the cattle, though some died; but
one could scarcely go a mile along the banks
of any large stream without seeing and
smelling the carcasses of many deer, and a
few cattle. The very black vultures, '' Sopi-
lote," or John crow of the West Indies,
would have nothing to say to them, and,
though such universal scavengers, that no

KING OF THE VULTURES. 91

animal is too foul for them to feed on, they
circled 6ver head and round about, but never
descended to the abundant repast lying
before them. The alligators, also, neglected
them, though their general habits are very
far from being fastidious, and every pool in
a river or good-sized stream is generally
sure to be occupied by one. What the cause
of the murrain was could not be discovered,
but the hunters and woodsmen ascribed it to
disease of the liver, and they remarked that
all the deer they had killed of late had their
livers in a very rotten state. We suffered
very little within four or five miles of our
ranchos ; but in the low grounds the forest
was almost cleared of deer.

Having mentioned the vulture, I cannot
let the opportunity, pass without remarking
the extraordinary respect, fear, or whatever
it may be called, shewn by the commoner
species of vulture to the king of the vultures.
In Peru I had been told that it might fre-
quently be witnessed in that country, but
never had my curiosity gratified ; but one
day, having lost a mule by death, he was
dragged up to a small hill not far off, where I
knew in an hour or two he would be safely
buried in vulture sepulture. I was standing

92 CENTRAL AMERICA.

on a hillock about a hundred yards off, with
a gun in my hand, watching the surprising
distance that a vulture descries his prey
from ; and the gathering of so many from
all parts, up and down wind, where none had
been seen before, and that in a very short
space of time. Hearing a loud whirring noise
over my head, I looked up and saw a fine
large bird, with outstretched and seemingly
motionless wings, sailing towards the carcase
that had already been partly demolished. I
would not fire at the bird, for I had a presen-
timent that it was his majesty of the vul-
tures, but beckoned to an Indian to come up
the hill, and shewing him the bird that had
just alighted, he said, " The king of the
vultures ; you will see how he is adored.""
Directly the fine-looking, bird approached the
carcass, all the " olloi polloi " of the vulture
tribe retired to a short distance ; some flew
off and perched on some contiguous branch,
while by far the greatest number remained,
acting the courtier, by forming a most re-
spectful and well-kept ring around him. His
majesty, without any signs of acknowledg-
ment for such great civility, proceeded to
make a most gluttonous meal ; but during
the whole time he was employed, not a single

SIGHT OR SMELL. 93

envious bird attempted to intrude upon him
or his repast until he had finished, and taken
his departure with a heavier wing and slower
flight than on his arrival ; but when he had
taken his perch on a high tree not far off,
his dirty ravenous subjects, increased in num-
ber during his repast, ventured to discuss the
somewhat diminished carcass, for the royal
appetite was certainly very fine. I have
since witnessed the above scene acted many
times, but always with great interest.

The above account unavoidably introduces
another digression that has been a subject of
much controversy ; viz., the cause of the
'' gathering of the vultures." Is that cause
sight or smell ? Although many respectable
authorities have decided in favour of smell,
it seems so improbable, not to say impossible,
that I am sure, if any judge and jury would
try the cause only by the evidence brought
forward, they w^ould return a verdict in
favour of sight. I will bring forward a few
of the arguments : — An animal just killed,
or even fallen from exhaustion, and not yet
dead, can give out no stench, yet in a few
minutes there will be often a large flock of
vultures at the spot where not one was
previously to be seen, and they arrive equally

94 CENTRAL AMERICA.

from down and from up wind. The fact is,
that these birds generally soar so high as not
to be observed ; but their piercing eye imme-
diately detects the fallen animal, and he
makes a straight, rapid flight towards the
spot. Now, whenever a vulture flies straight
and rapid, the others that are hovering on
high invariably follow his course, and on
arriving over the spot where the carcass lies,
their circling flights makes another signal for
those vultures who may not yet have seen
the first.

I believe it is Mr. Waterton who says,
that he has perfectly hidden a carcass under
trees and bushes, and yet the smell has
attracted vultures from immense distances.
I have tried the same thing ; but perhaps
Mr. Waterton was not aware that vultures
watch dogs and beasts of prey, and follow
them, and that when near the scent may
assist them.

I remember once, in Chili, a donkey being
drowned, during a heavy rain, in a stream
that might have been crossed the next day
without wetting the ankles. He was dragged
under a very large, thick tree, and was left
undisturbed by the vultures for two days,
until some village- dogs discovered him, and

SIGHT OR SMELL. 95

they had hardly been occupied half an hour
with him before the spot was crowded with
condors, who drove away the dogs, and soon
gobbled him up. Now, I think that this
case is a very fair argument, out of many as
strong, in favour of sight ; the piercing eye
of the huge bird soaring in the clouds had
caught sight of the dogs, and immediately
he winged his way in a straight flight, fol-
lowed by all who observed him, and were
on the spot in a very short time, though they
had neglected the scent for two days.

Sight I believe to be the cause of the
" gathering of the vultures," for, having Hved
for six years in countries where vultures
abound, and having examined their habits
very closely, I have often seen this opinion
confirmed. The enormous height they soar
at gives them a widely extended view, their
keen eye enabling them to perceive a dead
animal from incredible distances, and their
instinct teaching them to watch the move-
ments of dogs and other carnivorous animals,
as well as to watch the flight of their own
species.

CENTRAL AMERICA.

CHAPTER VII.

THE TAPIR. — THE JAVALINO. — THE PIG SIEGE. THE

SIEGE RAISED. ANECDOTE.

The largest of the indigenous natives of
the forest in Central America is the tapir,
called by the Indians " Dante."

As most large zoological associations pos-
sess one, there would be little use or profit to
the reader in describing him ; but it may be
as well to mention a few of his habits and
nature of haunts.

A full-grown tapir in his native forest is
a much larger animal than any I have ever
seen in a state of captivity ; he is about the
height and length of a large donkey, but
much more massive, with very short legs.
His habits are generally solitary, and he
seems t& delight in wandering about alone,
at least for the greatest part of the year. He
seldom rests near one spot for any length of
time ; indeed, were he to take up his resi-
dence near any spot cleared for maize, he
would soon be hunted down, as no fence can
withstand his weight and strength ; and they

THE TAPIR. 97

do as much damage with their feet by tram-
pling the Indian corn down, as by their
monstrous appetite. Generally speaking,
there is little chance of finding a tapir when
a party is expressly made for hunting one,
unless his trail is found and carefully follow-
ed ; but they are often met when least ex-
pected, and in places that seem the least
suited for them. The tapir cares for no car-
nivorous animal when full grown, for their
hide is so thick as to be pretty near pistol
proof, and would certainly defy the claws and
teeth of the pantherc A friend of mine was
much surprised one day to see a tapir issue
from a wood close to him ; he pulled out a
pistol and fired at him, but without any
apparent eiOfect ; the second one, howcA^er, hit
the beast in the eye, and down he dropped
stone dead ; the ball of the first pistol was
found imbedded close under the skin, which
it had scarcely penetrated.

An Italian acquaintance near the coast had
a very pretty young one, about the size of a
Chinese pig ; he followed his master about
the premises, but no further, like a dog ; but
though he was taken every care of, the poor
animal died ; the intense heat near the coast
was too much for him ; he wanted the purer

H

98 CENTRAL AMERICA.

and more bracing air of his own country,
which is more than two hundred miles from
that part of the coast.

When young they are easily tamed, but
seldom live to gain their full growth in cap-
tivity ; they are very fond of cowVmilk, and
soon acquire great affection for their master
or feeder. They use their elongated upper
lip in some respects like the elephant does
his trunk, by laying hold of branches or long-
grass, and turning them into his mouth.
They are found mostly about the wooded
hills of Segovia, but often during heavy rains
or storms wander far into the lower country.

In Central America there are two sorts of
wild pig, one called the " Javalino," which is
of the large wild boar breed, and the other
the " Savalino," which is a small black or
dark brown pig, and known in English, I
believe, under the name of Musk Pig. Both
species are gregarious, and keep together in
large herds, most likely for mutual defence
against wild beasts. The latter species,
which has something the appearance of an
English porker, has a lump on its back be-
hind the withers, which must be removed
immediately the animal is killed, or the flesh
would soon become most abominable.

THE JAVALINO. 99

The first of this kind I ever shot, the
lump was cut out from him as soon as he
had left off struggling ; and throwing him on
my horse, I took him to the ranchos and had
a leg cut off and roasted. Never was such a
delicious looking little leg of pork set before
a ravenous hunter; nor was apple-sauce at
all indispensable ; but no sooner was hunger
satisfied than the musk taste made me expe-
rience the most violent sickness for a few
hours I had ever felt, and from that day I
have had a great dislike for even the sight of
pork. When one of these pigs is shot, the
others make off as fast as possible, and a
second shot is rare, unless a right and left is
given in succession ; but very different is the
other large and awfully savage breed, for
they all congregate round their fallen com-
panion, and then proceed instantly to take
summary vengeance, if they can, on the
aggressor, and they fear neither man nor
beast.

If a javalino is shot from horseback, the
best way is to gallop off as fast as you can,
and return in an hour with assistance to
carry away the heavy brute ; by which time
they will have most likely left that part of
the country. If on foot and in an open

100 CENTRAL AMERICA.

country a herd is met with, the safest plan
is to avoid them altogether and have nothing
to say to them ; but in the forest it is some-
times a very different affair, as the following
anecdote will shew.

I was one day hunting alone, on foot,
with a double-barrelled smooth bore, one
barrel loaded with ball, the other with Num-
ber-two shot, in a rather (for that country)
open wood, when a large boar made his ap-.
pearance, about sixty yards off, and not seeing
any of his comrades, I let fly the ball-barrel
at him and tumbled him over. He gave a
fierce grunt or two as he lay, and a large
herd of these boars and sows immediately
rushed out of some thicker underwood behind
him, and, after looking a few seconds at the
fallen beast, made a dash at me ; but they
w^ere a trifle too late, for, on first catching
sight of them, I ran to a tree, cut up it for
life, and had only just scrambled into some
diverging branches, about ten feet from the
ground, when the whole herd arrived, grunt-
ing and squealing, at the foot of the tree.
It was the first time I had ever been tree'd^
as the North Americans call it, and I could
not help laughing at the ridiculous figure I
must have cut, chased up a tree by a drove

THE PIG SIEGE. 101

%

of pigs ; but it soon turned out no laughing

matter, for their patience was not, as I
expected, soon exhausted ; but they settled
round the tree, about twenty yards distant,
and kept looking up at me with their little
twinkling eyes, as much as to say, " we '11
have you yet." Having made up my mind
that a regular siege was intended, I began, as
an old soldier, to examine the state and
resources of the fortress, and also the chance
of relief from without, by raising the siege.
The defences consisted of four diverging
branches that afforded a safe asylum to the
garrison, provided it was watchful and did
not go to sleep ; the arms and ammunition,
" de guerre et de louclie^'' were a double-bar-
relled gun, a flask nearly full of powder,
plenty of copper caps, a few charges of shot,
but only two balls ; knife, flint, and steel, a
piece of hard dried tongue, a small flask of
spirits and water, and a good bundle of
cigars. As to relief from without, it was
hardly to be expected, although a broad trail
ran about half a mile from my perch ; and as
for a sally, it was quite out of the question ;
so I did as most persons would do in my si-
tuation, made myself as comfortable as possi-
ble, took a small sup from the flask, lit a

102 CENTRAL AMERICA.

i

cigar, and sat watching the brutes and won-
dering when they would get tired of watching
,me. But hour after hour elapsed, and as
there seemed no chance of the pigs losing pa-
tience, of course I began to lose mine : they
never stirred except one or two would now
and then go and take a look at his dead com-
rade, and return grunting, as if he had fresh-
ened up his thirst for revenge. All at once
it occurred to me, that though I could not
spare any lead, but must keep it for emergen-
cies, yet as powder and caps were in abun-
dance, it would be a good plan to fire off
powder alone every few minutes, and follow
each shot by a loud shout, which is a general
signal for assistance ; and, as one barrel was
still loaded with shot, I picked out a most
outrageously-vicious old boar, who was just
returning from a visit to his fallen friend,
grunting and looking up at me in the tree,
and gave him the whole charge, at about
twenty yards off, in the middle of his face.
This succeeded beyond my expectation, for
he turned round and galloped away as hard
as he could, making the most horrible noise ;
and though the remainder, when they heard
the shot, charged up to the foot of the tree.
yet the outcry of the old boar drew them all

THE SIEGE RAISED. 103

from the tree, and away the whole herd went
after him, raakmg such a noise I never heard
before or since. Remaining up the tree for
several minutes, until all was quiet, I loaded
both barrels very carefully with ball, and
slipping down to the ground ran away, in a
contrary direction to the one they had taken,
as fast as my legs could carry me.

In about an hour's time a party of us
returned to the spot on horseback and carried
the brute home, after cutting him up, as he
was too heavy to carry whole.

He was a large, strong-made beast, but
seemed more nimbly and less massively
formed than the boar of Germany or Spain ;
the colour v/as not so brindled, but more of a
dirty yellowish brown ; the bristles were also
far from being so strong or thick, owing, most
likely, to the heat of the climate. There
were no means at hand for weighing him,
but he was estimated at about three hundred
and fifty pounds, which is much under a full-
grown European boar in good condition : the
tusks were long, pointed, and very sharp
edged ; and the flesh (this was before the
dinner off the musk-pig) rather hard, but very
well flavoured. Had the head received the
same scientific preparation that a German or

104 CENTRAL AMERICA.

Strasbourg artist would have bestowed on it,
no doubt it would have rivalled a Westpha-
lian tete de sanglier.

These are the only two species of the pig
kind that came under my notice, but a
respectable cross-bred Indian told me that,
several years before, a large herd of about
sixty pigs came down into an immense sa-
vannah, about forty miles more to the north,
and that he and a few Indians followed them
on horseback with spears, lassos, bows and
arrows, and one musket, and that they suc-
ceeded in killing every one : they were a dif-
ferent breed from the above, but not nearly
so savage as the javalino, and perhaps were
a previously domesticated breed escaped into
the woods, as in some of the South Sea
Islands.

Before leaving the subject of the wild boar
and his habits, an anecdote, told me by an
old ally and friend, the " Tigrero" or panther-
hunter, may be acceptable, as shewing the
courage and savageness of the brute far bet-
ter than anything I have met with myself.

We were hunting together on foot, when,
arriving at an open spot in the forest about
forty yards across, with a single tree in the
centre, he stopped me and told me he had a

ANECDOTE. 105

curious story to tell me connected with that
place, and that if I chose to sit down on a
fallen tree at the edge, we could rest awhile.
So we lighted our cigars, and after a puff or -
two he began this little zoological tale, the
truth of which I cannot vouch for, but the
man was well worthy of credit.

" Don Jorge," he began, " I have pur-
posely brought you here to shew you the
spot where a curious accident befel a tigre
a few years since. I had crossed the trail of
a tigre, but as it was rather stale I took little
notice of it at first ; but as the trail led
towards the bed of the river, which was on
my road, I began to take an interest in it.
The trail left the river and entered the wood,
and I followed it to this very spot, but never
was I more astonished than at the sight be-
fore me. You see, Don Jorge, that large
shooting branch," pointing to a horizontal
limb that shot out at right-angles from the
isolated tree, and about eight feet from the
ground ; " well, from that branch was hang-
ing part of a tigre, with his hind claws stuck
deep into the bark. His head, neck, and
fore-arms had been torn off and mangled as
far as the shoulders, and a young pig, badly
striped by the panther's claws, was lying

106 CENTRAL AMERICA.

dead underneath him. I saw at a glance how
it had happened, as the ground all around
was beaten in by the feet of a large herd of
javalinos. The tigre had been crouching on
the bough, and the drove passing under him,
he had hung on by his hind claws sticking
into the soft bark of the branch, and swung
himself down to pick up the young grunter ;
but before he could recover himself he was
seized by the old ones, who had torn and
mangled him as far as they could reach.
When I returned home,"'"' continued the
Tigrero, " I related to my old father, who
was then a tigrero, what I had seen ; and
he told me that, when a youth, he had seen
the same thing, though how long ago that
may be, quien sahe, as I have sixty-five years
upon my head, and well counted too." He
was a fine powerful man, with scarcely a
grey hair, and could do a day's hard work,
on foot or on horseback, that might shame
many a much younger man.

107

CHAPTER VIII.

THE BULL AND PANTHER. PANTHER HUNTING. REN-
COUNTER.— THE DEATH. ANECDOTE. CURIOUS INCI-
DENT.

T^HE carnivorous beasts of Central America
are in general very inferior, both in size
and strength, to those of Africa or Asia ; the
only exception to the relative species of the
old world is the panther, who is by far the
most ferocious and boldest beast in America.
There is a good specimen of a moderate sized
one in the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park :
he is a fair sample of the massive build of the
panther, and is a remarkable contrast to the
lengthy appearance of the Asiatic tiger next
to him.

No animal springs more quickly, and no
wild beast attacks man more audaciously than
the panther when pressed, and he is equally
bold and resolute towards other animals when
hunting for his food ; but he is free from one
peculiarity or vice that distinguishes the Puma
lion, as well as the lion of Africa, and that is,
that he never follows or dodges the footsteps

108 CENTRAL AMERICA.

of man. In the event of suddenly meeting a
man, he will, unless too close, generally make
off into the wood ; but if he sees his retreat
cut off, or if even pressed by a dog, his tem-
per is roused, he will charge in the most deter-
mined and furious manner by a succession of
tremendous springs. The " rastro," or trail,
that the panther leaves is very much like that
of the Puma lion ; but there is one small dif-
ference that denotes to the eye of the experi-
enced hunter, and no other, which animal has
" passed that way." The panther (and here
let me say I must use the words tiger and
panther as synonymous) puts his foot flat to
the ground, and raises it so equally that a
perfect print is left on wet soil or sand ; but
the Puma, with a larger paw in proportion to
his size, on raising his paw throws a little of
the sand or earth behind the ball of the foot ;
and, though the difference is very trifling in
appearance, it is a great one to the hunter who
is in pursuit, as the habits also differ widely.

The j^anther does incalculable damage to
the cattle and horses straying in the forest,
but more especially to the young ; but the old
bulls, and sometimes the cows, get the advan-
tage of him.

A bull, belonging to one of my acquaint-

THE BULL AND PANTHER. 109

ances, had gored so many cattle, that he was
lassoed, and his horns were then squared or
blunted at the points to prevent him doing
further mischief. A few weeks afterwards a
panther killed a cow on the savannah ; and
from the trampled state of the ground, and
the terribly torn condition of the same bulFs
head and neck, it was very evident that he
had done battle for his cow. He was se-
cured, his wounds were plastered up, and his
horns pared very sharp ; he was then turned
again on to the savannah, where the dead
cow was still lying, the vultures and wild
dogs having been kept away from the carcase
during the day. " Well," said my acquaint-
ance, " I will bet you, Don Jorge, this valu-
able watch,*" (pulling out an old turniped-
fashioned one, worth about fifteen shillings)
" against one thousand dollars, that there will
be a fight this very night," evidently valuing
his watch at one thousand dollars. Of course
I declined his bet ; but, sure enough, as was
expected, the panther returned to his feast in
the night-time. And there must have been a
very furious battle between him and the bull
with the sharpened horns ; for the next morn-
ing a very large tiger was found dead near
the carcase of the cow, and pierced through

no CENTRAL AMERICA.

and through by a great quantity of wounds.
The greater number of these wounds must
have been given after death, as at daybreak
the bulFs anger was by no means suspended ;
he returning every now and then to the body,
and, rushing at it, drove his horns clean
through it, kneeling on it and butting at it
in desperate fury. Besides the wounds he
had received at the previous encounter, he
got very badly wounded in the last one also ;
but it was so dangerous to go near him that
it was only upon going for refreshment to the
stream (of which he had great need) that he
could be lassoed and his many gashes closed,
mostly by sewing them up. I am sorry to
say that this bull retained such a penchant
for the use of his horns that they were very
soon reblunted.

When the panther attacks large cattle, he
most likely takes them by surprise ; couch-
ing on a low bough of a tree, he jumps on the
shoulder, and fixing three of his claws into
the sides and neck, and his teeth near to the
jugular vein, with the remaining fore-paw
he gets hold fast of the animal's nose, and
forces it dov/n to the chest. If he succeeds
it stops the speed of the cow or ox, and at the
same time swells the jugular veins, which he

PANTHER HUNTING. Ill

wishes to bite through. All cattle killed by
the panther are sorely mangled about the nose.

The panther is often hunted by very
small dogs : when a trail is discovered, and
it is pretty fresh, the young dogs are brought
on to it, to find out whether they acknow-
ledge it or not ; if they are likely to turn
out good trail dogs, they immediately roll
themselves over and over on the trail, and
it is reckoned a good sign that they will
behave well in future. They are generally
small dogs, and of course are not meant to
attack a panther, but merely to follow his
trail, and either to tree him, or, if he sits
at bay, to surround him and bark until the
hunters arrive.

These panther hunters generally hunt in
pairs : one of them is armed with two spears,
formed from hard wood sharpened at the
point, but sometimes pointed with iron. One
spear is about ten feet long and the other
about three feet shorter, but they are both
held close together for fear the longer one
may be snapped. The other has either his
bow and arrows or some sort of fire-arm, but
as fire-arms are very scarce, it is generally
the former. When the panther is treeM, or
at bay, the spearsman advances, followed

112 CENTRAL AMERICA.

closely by his second, and kneeling on one
knee, plants the butt of both spears firmly
against that knee, and directs the points
towards the beast ready for his spring. The
man with the gun or the bow stands close
over him, and fires at the panther just as he
takes the last spring : sometimes the shot is
enough to stop him, especially if hit in the
centre of the head or in the neck ; but, if
not, the animal gives a tremendous roar, and
makes a furious spring at his assailants ; and
now comes the nervous part of the conflict.
Should the panther spring with his fore-legs
wide apart, as he almost invariably does,
there is not much danger ; as he spits liim-
self with the longest spear, and often with
the shorter one also, and the hunter may
remain without any fear quite close to him ;
but, which sometimes but rarely happens,
the tiger springs with his forelegs close or
crossed, he will then with a blow of his paw
break or turn away the stoutest lance, and
in such a case the hunter is in what is called
a considerable fix. The only remedy, then,
is to fight it out with the machete^ or any
other arms at hand. A short account of one
of these hunts will best explain the way of
proceeding, and, as it in every particular so

RENCOUNTER. 113

different from the mode of East Indian tiger
hunting, may be new to some of those fine
fellows in India to whom nothing comes
amiss, whether it is tiger, boar, Affghan or
Chinaman.

A yoke of tame oxen had been fastened
together by the horns, with thongs of hide,
giving them enough play to feed. Early the
next morning an Indian came in to say that
the yoke had disappeared ; that there was
a good deal of blood on the ground where
he found the trail, and that the rastro^ or
trail, was as big as the stream hard by.

My old friend the Tigrero, being then
close at hand, was sent for, and a party, con-
sisting of himself with his spears, and two
others, one with a double smooth bore, and
the other with a single one, and attended by
a few little cur-looking dogs, took up the
trail about eight o'clock in the morning. The
large dogs had been all shut up, as they could
be of no use, and would have surely been
killed.

The trail was four or five yards broad, and
shewed fierce struggling up the side of a steep
hill, and at the top of the hill, over which
many vultures were wheeling and circling,
the two oxen were found, one dead, much

114 CENTRAL AMERICA.

mangled and partly eaten ; but the other was
without a mark on it, and it was no doubt
the live animal that deterred the vultures
from finishing his defunct companion : from
the spot where the bullock had been killed,
to the top of the hill, could not have been
less than half a mile, but there was only the
trail of one panther ; a large heavy foot-
mark ; and at the top of the hill two more
trails were found, evidently of the female and
cub, or " cachorro,*" as he is called. What
amazing strength the male must have exerted,
not only to have dragged the ox he had
killed up such a steep, but also the live one,
struggling, as the trail shewed, against his
savage leader ; he must have been half para-
lyzed by fear.

The little dogs were then put on the scent,
and merrily they went away with it, though
the trail was visible on the sacate, but very
difficult to follow without dogs ; but at length,
after about an hour's fast walking and run-
ning, the party arrived at the foot of a sandy
mount, where the trail was so clear, and
other signs so fresh, as to leave no doubt the
depredators were close at hand. The little
dogs were kicked back into the covert, and
told to keep quiet ; the party then ascended

THE DEATH. 115

the mount as fast as they could, without
being blown, and on gaining the summit,
after having followed close on the trail, a
large male panther, a female one, and a stout
cachorro, were seen about thirty yards off,
rolling over and over on the sand, and clean-
ing themselves after their late bloody repast.
The female and cub made for the further
thicket immediately, and one barrel of the
double gun, and the single barrel, were both
discharged at her, but she got to the jungle.
Very diiterently did the male behave ; he
faced the party, and walked steadily towards
them, growling furiously, until about ten
yards off, when he received the contents of
the remaining barrel in the neck ; but, as it
turned out, too near the breast to produce an
instantaneous effect ; for, nothing daunted,
he suddenly crouched, and made a tremendous
spring, preceded by a double roar, which roar
I wish I could describe ; it is Hke '' Ugh !
ugh !" pronounced like two small sharp claps
of thunder. He sprang, as nine out of ten
spring, with his forelegs well open, as if he
was going to grasp something or some one,
and received at least four feet of the tigrero's
lance into his body. The point entered in
the middle of the chest, and actually spitted

116 CENTRAL AMERICA.

him to at least four feet depth or length, but
with one blow from his powerful fore-paw, he
broke the lance off near his body as easily as
if it had been a carrot ; but as his spring had
been stopped, and the three hunters had
jumped aside, they could watch him in com-
parative safety, as he could not turn to fol-
low them. He at length slowly, and with
difficulty, got round, but not ten yards from
the hunters, who took the opportunity to load
again ; and he then tried to gain the shelter
of a bush in the centre of the hill top ; there
he laid down, but very slowly, as every
movement must have given him very great
pain ; but when he was well sheltered under
the bush, he gave every now and then a very
peculiar cry, which was nothing like his com-
mon roar ; but as the old Indian said, was
crying for help from his female, and was re-
calling her to his assistance, but she came
not ; and for a very good reason, for had she
heard him, no doubt she would have flown to
him. Blood was flowing from the animaFs
mouth and nostrils ; his cry got weaker and
weaker; he tried in his suffocation to rise,
but could not, for his strength was gone,
though vitality remained some minutes more ;
and at length he laid his head between his

THE DEATH. 117

fore-paws, and, after a few choked groans, ex-
pired : his couched form as he stiffened would
have made a beautiful model for the sculptor.

Another spear having been cut and set,
the little dogs were called up, and laid on the
trail of the pantheress and cub, but on ar-
riving at the edge of the thicket, she was
discovered lying on her side, about two yards
beyond, stone dead ; she must have received
a mortal wound from one of the two barrels
that were fired at her^ and was hit in the
neck close to the head ; so no wonder she
did not respond to her mate's call for rescue;
had she been alive, though badly wounded,
she would have done so. Though the ca-
chorro was hunted till nightfall, neither man
nor dog could find a track or trace of him,
and he most likely escaped by getting into
some hollow tree, as there were many about.

The party then returned to relieve the
poor living ox from his unpleasant situation,
which could not have been done before, as
there was no body to do it. He was led
down to the stream, and the quantity of
water he drank shewed the feverish state he
must have been in from fear and exertion,
and the way he kept close to the habitation
of man for some time afterwards shewed

118 CENTRAL AMERICA.

that the feeling of self-protection, if not gra-
titude, actuated the poor ox.

In connexion with panther hunting, T can-
not help relating a story of a very vaunting
Spaniard, which story I should certainly not
relate, had I not been convinced that these
pages could never by any possibility be seen
by him, or any of his friends, to occasion him
annoyance.

One evening a Spanish traveller from the
coast arrived at a rather large rancho on the
borders of Segovia, and asked shelter for
the night from the owner, who was in charge
of a herd of about two thousand cattle half
wild ; the greater part of them were safely
ensconced in a vast natural amphitheatre of
steep rocks, with only one entry, and that
very difficult of access ; but a few hundred
were dispersed in the forest on the lower
gi'ound.

The traveller had eaten for his supper a
good fat fowl, and having produced a bottle
of aquardiente^ was, wdth the help of a little
hot water and cigars, making himself exceed-
ingly comfortable. At another apology for a
table sat two Englishmen, who had done,
and were doing precisely the same thing, and
were making themselves equally at their ease,

ANECDOTE. 119

when the herdsman, having lighted his cigar,
began to speak about the ravages a tiger had
been committing in the woods, not far from
where they were sitting. The Spaniard,
whom I will call Don ^liguel, and who was
evidently making his debut in the forest, and
that only in transitu, began to declare that
the tiger was a humbug, un engano, a mere
cat ; that he had seen one in a cage at Cadiz,
and that it was only the want of courage
and enterprise among the natives that pre-
vented the whole race being exterminated.
Several Indians^ had by this time joined the
audience, and one old man, with that natural
politeness that often characterises a savage
people, remarked that, " though the Oaballero
had seen a cat in a cage, he might perhaps
not have seen a tigre in the forest ready to
spring, with his eyeballs like two red hot
coals, and roaring like thunder ; and he
thought that the Senor might perhaps make
a mistake between two different animals."
To this the Don would by no means agree ;
but, excited no doubt by the subject as well
as the " hot with'' that he was imbibing,
swore he should like to see the " tigre that
would not run away from him ;*" and pulling
out a long Toledo sword that was buckled to

120 CENTRAL AMERICA.

his waist, invited the party to read the in-
scrij^tion on the blade : — those who could
read did so for the benefit of the rest — " No
me tiras sin razon ; no me envaynas sin
Jtonor^'' — " Do not draw me without cause ;
do not sheath me without honour ;" which
inscription seeming to have a great effect
upon the audience, the Don gave himself a
few thumps upon the breast, and remarked
he was a true Spaniard and a descendant of
the conquerors of the whole world ; which
was tacitly agreed to by all parties; the latter
assertion being not worth while refuting in a
wild forest.

The head herdsman made him a very quiet
remark, that the tiger had that evening killed
a calf within a mile of the rancho ; and,
though he had been driven away, no doubt
he would be at the same spot the next morn-
ing, and that it was close to the path he in-
tended to travel ; upon which the Spaniard
l^ronounced the tiger " a doomed animal,"
" un condenador

Very early the next morning the same
parties had to follow the same route for three
or four miles before they separated. Accom-
panied by the herdsman and two more Indi-
ans, they arrived at an opening of the wood

A FALSE POSITION. 121

that looked like a broad avenue, but covered
with short wild indigo. The herdsman had
before pointed out a flock of hovering vul-
tures ; and, looking down this avenue, shewed
the party, who were hid from view, the pan-
ther tearing away at the calf, but with his
tail turned towards the horsemen, and very
quietly told Don Miguel that now was his
time, and hoped he would dispatch the
enemy.

To do the Don justice, he dismounted,
drew his long sword, and walked towards
the panther, who was about one hundred and
fifty yards off, the remainder of the party
sitting quietly on horseback, looking on, but
quite concealed. After having walked about
half the distance, he stopped, brandishing his
sword, and bawled out to the beast, " JIA/
tigre! tig re! Afuera! AfueraT — "Beoff ! be
ofi" !" The panther only jumped over the
calf, so as to face the Spaniard, and began
growling so that the party could plainly hear
it. The Don finding it of no use to remain
where he was, advanced a little further, and
again flourishing his toledo^ began to adjure
him in the most expressive terms to be ofi^,
adding a great quantity of those sayings in
which the Spanish language is so fertile, but

122 CENTRAL AMERICA.

which scarcely bear being transcribed : but
it seemed that at last the panther's patience
was fairly exhausted, for seeing only one man
before him, he gave a sharp roar, and went
right at the Don in a loose disjointed sort of
a canter, something like a calf's gallop : when
he was about thirty yards from him, whether
the Spaniard found out that a tigre was quite
another affair from the cat in the cage at
Cadiz, or whether a sudden panic seized him,
which may happen to anybody, the sword
dropped from his paralyzed hand, and at the
same time ne gave such a dreadful piercing
shriek, that the panther, either from the effect
of the fearful cry, or from seeing the whole
party galloping as hard as possible to save
the poor man, turned tail and was soon out
of sight in the covert.

Luckily, in the Don's saddlebags, there
was the remainder of the bottle he had re-
galed himself with the night before ; but it
was a long time before he could speak, or in
fact do anything but take short pulls at the
bottle. The parties separated about two
miles further on, but not one word was men-
tioned about the tiger ; there was a hearty
laugh after parting, but not before, though it
was very difficult to restrain.

CURIOUS INCIDENT. 123

Before leaviug the subject of panthers, I
must relate a very curious accident that hap-
pened to an old tigrero, about a year before I
left the country. During some of my wan-
derings, I happened to arrive at a cleared
piece of ground, where there was a rancho
built, and went to it to rest during the mid-
day heat. I found the owner of it an old
man, but disfigured in the most frightful way
possible to conceive ; he had little or no flesh
on one side of his head and face, and his
right shoulder and side were also dreadfully
torn ; the wounds were all healed, but fright-
ful to look at. I asked one of his sons to get
his horse and accompany me when I started,
as I had never been in that part of the forest
before, and was alone. As we rode together
he told me the reason of his father's mis-
fortune.

'' My father," he said, " was a tigrero, and
had killed so many tigres, that he had got a
good number of cattle, and we lived very
comfortably ; but the " peste'"' (murrain), got
among them and destroyed them all, but one
cow and her calf ; so we collected our horses
and mules and resolved to seek another
" localidad." We selected this spot, and
having cleared away the ground, built our

124 CENTRAL AMERICA.

rancho, and turned out our horses and mules,
together with the cow and calf, into the forest.
We had scarcely heen a week settled, when
my father happened to be returning from a
maize field he was fencing not far off, and on
arriving at the clearing saw a tigre spring at
his only remaining calf ; he had no arms with
him, which was a very rare thing for him ;
but he ran to the panther, who did not see
him, and seized it by the tail and actually
pulled it off the calf, calling out loudly for his
three sons to bring their spears. We all ran
out directly, but my poor father who was
pulling backwards, tripped over the trunk of
a tree and in a second the panther was over
him tearing great strips of flesh from him
with his claws. We killed the tiger and
pulled him oif our father, who was to all
appearance dead; he recovered at last, but
will always be terrible to look at.

The next chapter will contain some remarks
on the puma lion and tiger cats.

Note. — Every man who kills a " tigTe " is entitled

125

CHAPTER IX.

THE PUMA. — PERILOUS ESCAPE. — THE TIGER-CAT. —
CAPTURE.

T^HE Puma, or, as he is called in Central
and South America, the Leon, is a far
less dangerous adversary than the panther ;
he is smaller and not near so bold, even when
hard pressed ; indeed, when pressed, he still
almost always tries to escape, which the pan-
ther never does when once he is at bay, and
that is the reason that for one leon that is
killed in the course of a year, at least a
dozen panthers are destroyed. There is one
peculiarity, however, in their habits that dis-
tinguishes them very remarkably : — the pan-
ther, as remarked before, never follows the
footsteps of man ; if he meets him by chance
he will light or escape, but he never pursues
him ; but the puma will, and almost always
does, follow the trail of man, especially near
sunset ; should the man stop, the puma will
stop : should the man advance towards him,
he will retire ; but when the traveller con-
tinues his journey he will hang on to his foot-

126 CENTRAL AMERICA.

steps, perhaps looking forwards to a chance
during the night ; and a chance he does
sometinies get by following some weary foot
traveller and catching him asleep.

An accident of this kind occurred very near
my ranchos to a sort of government messenger
called a " Proprio," who had been sent by
the soi-disant Government of Nicaragua to
the equally estimable Government of Guati-
mala, and, wishing to travel on neutral ground,
took his way by the south of Segovia.

He had called at the ranchos, and I had
offered him food and shelter for the night, as
he had travelled on foot a very great distance
that day ; but, after taking some refreshment
he started, against our advice, a little before
sunset, hoping to reach a cottage about ten or
twelve miles off; but he never did, for he
was found next day about eight miles on his
road dead and partly eaten. We concluded
that he had been very tired, and, overtaken
by the pitchy darkness of the forest, had lain
down to sleep close by the trail ; also that he
had been followed by a puma, who had
tracked him and caught him asleep. The
trail shewed it had been a leon, and not a
panther, that had done the deed, for there
was, for upwards of a mile, the trail of the

THE PUMA. 127

puma's foot, with the small peculiarity that
distinguishes it from the panther's, and already-
mentioned, viz., the throwing behind a little
dirt or sand after the print of the ball of the
foot, which the panther does not do, but
leaves a clean trail.

I believe that the African lion possesses
the same peculiarity of tracking the human
footstep, though perhaps without any imme-
diate purpose of attacking the man, and I
have also been told that a careful observer
will find the same dust thrown back in the
trail as the puma one.

It is impossible to obviate the use of the
•personal pronoun on all occasions, however
desirable, and more especially when the re-
lator is describing what only happened to
himself ; so, without any further excuse, I pro-
ceed to tell an anecdote of a puma : — I had
a horse so perfectly broken to firing from his
back, that in a partly open country I always
used him for all sorts of shooting, instead of
going on foot. Looking after deer one day,
I crossed a very broad but then shallow
river, and ascending the other bank, met two
little children, of about five years of age,
carrying between them an earthen pot to
fetch water from the river. Knowing that

128 CENTRAL AMERICA.

there was only a single hut about half a mile
off, and no other for many miles, I stopped
them, and asked them where they came from,
and who sent them. They replied they came
from the said rancho, and that their aunt had
sent them for water. Passing on, and think-
ing how negligent it was to send such mere
infants through such a wild forest, where
even a wild cuyote or a tiger-cat might have
destroyed them, I determined to go to the
hut and acquaint their father with it, for I
knew, as a woodsman, he would be aware of
the danger, which the aunt was not, and I
had a regard for the man ; but scarcely had
I made up my mind when my horse came to *
a sudden stop, as he always did on viewing a
stag or any large game. I looked towards
the spot where his ears were pointed to, but
was certain, from his low snorting and hard
breathing, it was not a stag ; but it turned
out to be a very large puma-lion laying upon
a great branch some twelve feet from the
ground, that actually spread over the path
these two children had passed by. My horse
was so steady that I almost used to believe
that he held his breath when he heard the
click of the rifle-lock, and the leoKi was
knocked off the branch, but where he was

PERILOUS ESCAPE. 129

hit I could not exactly tell, as he made for
the underwood close at hand. As the beast
had taken the direction of the river I got
alarmed about the children, and hesitated
whether to ride to the hut for the man's dogs
or back to the river, in case the wounded
beast had taken his way towards the children ;
but, deciding on the last, went as fast as I
could to the river, and pulling the two children
on to the saddle, took them to the hut, where
the Indian had already arrived, alarmed by
the report of the rifle. The children were
gladly received, and the father, with his
dogs, was on the trail in a few minutes; the
dogs acknowledged the scent directly ; but
no long pursuit was required, as the big brute
lay dead about a hundred yards inside the
covert. He was shot in the best spot, that
is to say in the neck, a few inches below the
head. The children must have had a narrow-
escape, for whether the puma was on the
branch when they passed or not it is im-
possible to say, but he would have been
pretty sure to be there on their return. He
was a filthy, aged brute, with teeth as
rounded and blunted as a finger ; he was
scabby and mangy all over, but of a large
size ; I was, however, surprised to see his

K

130 CENTRAL AMERICA.

long claws so sharp. He was pulled to the
path side, and in a few hours the vultures
had cleaned his bones most thoroughly. A
few days after I put his bones into some
form, and they remained on the path side for
many days, until the cuyotes found them
and made no hones of them.

Though I heard the puma lion crying al-
most every night in the forest close to my
rancho, and though the good dogs I had were
continually rushing into the covert after them,
this above-mentioned one was the only one 1
ever shot in that country. Their cry is not
like the roar of the true lion, or the roar of
the panther ; it is what a person might con-
ceive to issue from an enormously overgrown
tom cat, with several extra pairs of lungs.
I had no means of measuring the old one I
shot ; he was about the height of a large
mastiiF, but a great deal longer in the body.

A puma will not attack a full-grown bull
or cow, unless he happens to catch one bogged
in apantano, or slough, and then he does the
same as the condors of Chili do, who will very
soon despatch a bull in a deep bog, that pre-
vents resistance : he is very mischievous
amongst the calves, and even two-year-old
cattle. A stag has not the remotest chance

THE TIG^ER-CAT. 131

with him, and there are few horses he cannot
master, if he gets a jumji on their back from
the branch of a tree ; but, in general, the
Central American puma is a larger and more
savage breed than I have seen in Chili or
other American countries.

There is a great variety of smaller tiger-
cats that do much mischief to the poultry and
tame birds belonging to the inhabitants of the
woods ; small when compared to the panther,
they are large and dangerous compared with
the cat, and also are great enemies to deer,
both young and old.

A very large tiger-cat had a haunt near
the rancho of a red friend, and vain were the
endeavours to kill him. He had been con-
stantly seen, tracked, hunted, and laid watch
for, but all to no purpose ; at last we resolved
to build a trap for him, which w^as done in
the following manner: — strong sticks were
driven into the ground, so as to form an ob-
long quadrangle of about six feet by three,
the sticks being placed rather close together
and a roof made of the same. One of the smald
ends was left open, with a door suspended
over the entry in such a way that, upon any
animal seizing the bait, which was a live
cock, the door would fall, and, closing the

]32 CENTRAL AMERICA.

entrance, the animal would find itself a pri-
soner ; the said door's falling to be announced
by the ringing of a small bell, lent by me for
the occasion, and which was to arouse us all.

The poor cock began to crow, as usual in
warm climates, at midnight, and ten minutes
had hardly elapsed before the bell was heard,
and we all got up and ran towards the trap
to behold the prisoner, but, on arriving at the
cage, it was empty ; the door had fallen, the
bell had rung, but was then silent, and the
only noise heard was the scream of the poor
cock as he was carried away into the woods.

The next morning the trap was altered,
the slides of the door taken more care with,
the spring better set, and, towards nightfall,
another cock was tied up to the further end
of the cage. About midnight the cock crew,
and a short time after the bell rang, and con-
tinued to do so very violently, giving pretty
good assurance that the cage was tenanted by
something more than a cock. Running out
with our split pine torches, the cage was soon
found to be occupied by a very large speci-
men of the tiger-cat kind. When the lights
came near him, he dashed at the bearers of
them with great fury, shaking and trying to
break down the bars, but they were too

CAPTURE. 133

strongly rooted in and secured ; and at last
a pistol-shot put an end to his violence. I
am glad to say the second cock was scarcely
touched. A more beautiful animal than this
cat appeared on the following morning it
would be impossible to see ; the belly and
ground was a pale yellow, the back almost
black, with a succession of black spots in re-
gular stripes from the back to the belly, but
the spots diminishing most beautifully and
regularly as they approached the stomach.

After he was skinned, the flesh looked so
very white that I had a piece of his back cut
into thin slices and broiled over the wood-
ashes, but it was so tough that it was impos-
sible to masticate the smallest mouthful. The
doofs refused it, but the vultures finished the
carcase in a very short time. This cat was
about the bulk of a moderate-sized pointer
dog.

134

CHAPTER X.

WHY A DOG BARKS. THE DEER AND THE CUYOTES.

CUYOTE SIEGE. ANECDOTE. DROWSINESS CURED.

nPHE origin of the " cuyote," or wild dog,
in Central America is not known, and
never will be : they are often called wolves,
but they are not wolves, and yet they are
very different in their habits from dogs. The
cuyote cannot bark, but his howl resembles
that of a dog baying the moon, and also very
much the cry that is often heard from dogs
in a barrack yard when they hear the sound
of a bugle. They seem to be of the large
Cuba bloodhound breed that were at one time
much used for hunting down the natives ; I
have had them very young, and brought them
up with dogs who would face anything, and
yet they always proved dunghill when any-
thing in the fighting line was going on. They
were afraid of facing the meanest depredatory
animal, yet they were always carrying on a
cunning stealthy war against the poultry and
tame animals they ou2"ht to have defended ;

WHY A DOG BARKS. 135

and I have been obliged to shoot them all
before they were nine months old, though
they experienced the kindest treatment and
had plenty to eat, for they never could be
induced to accompany their master in his
wanderings, when they might have been on
short commons. Many persons have tried to
reclaim the cuyote to the second and third
generation, and all have failed as well as
myself.

A remark made by an old Indian on the
subject struck me very much. " Why won't
these cuyotes bark like other dogs V I said
to him, pointing to one I was trying to re-
claim ; " and why do they only howl, and the
pups grunt V His answer was, " Now, look
at that dog — he cannot bark, and never will ;
for he is of a cuyote breed, and won't learn.''
— " Not learn !" said I, " what do you mean T
— " No," he replied, '' not learn ; for, if he
was of an honest breed, he would bark, to
try and imitate his master, or at all events
the other dogs : but all barking proceeds from
dogs imitating their master's shouts." — " The
master shouts to frighten awa?/ cattle from
his maize-ground — the dog barks directly;
the master shouts to drive in his cattle to
the corral, and the dog barks also ; in short,

136 CENTRAL AMERICA.

the clog imitates his master when he barks :
he tries to speak, but cannot." — " I Hve," he
continued, " in a place surrounded by great
numbers of cuyotes, but I never keep any of
my puppies that do not bark at an early age."

The cuyote is a formidable adversary, and,
in a close encounter, there would be little to
choose between him and a large wolf; I have
seen a good many during my lifetime, of
both, and I think that the cuyote is much
the heavier and more massive, but, as for
courage, both are arrant cowards unless hard
pressed. He is generally of a reddish or
yellowish colour, and stands about as high as
a large Newfoundland dog, but with short
hair ; and though the ears are naturally rather
pendant, they can be pricked forward until
only the tips hang down. I have often seen a
cuyote on a savannah standing up on his hind
legs for a few seconds to obtain a good view
of all around, and then the ears look long
and pointed.

A j)ack of cuyotes will hunt as regularly
as a pack of hounds, and, should they throw
up the scent, make casts in every direction :
they never gallop when they hunt, but, like
the wolf, run in a long swinging trot, and
trust to time and perseverance. It is truly

THE DEER AND THE CUYOTES. 137

pitiable to see a poor stag, with his tongue
swollen and lolling out of his mouth, take to
water, cross and recross the rivers, and shape
his course up and down the stream to destroy
his scent and make the pack throw up. It is
of little use ; the gaunt cuyotes appear shortly
on their long trot, and, on arriving at the
river, some take one side and some the other,
some go up stream, and others down ; and
the successful party acquaints the remainder
of the scent being recovered by a peculiar
howl. It would be no use for the hunter to
shoot the stag if he passed close even, espe-
cially if he had been long hunted, as the flesh
would, from being so heated, in that climate
turn putrid in two or three hours. But it is
possible sometimes to save the poor beast's
life ; for, except the first time, when, not
being aware the deer was hunted he got a
ball from me, I have always let him pass,
and, hiding myself near the trail, given a
couple of shots to the leading cuyotes, which
is quite enough to make the remainder turn
tail and give up the pursuit. If the poor
stag has been long on foot, he seldom benefits
by his escape ; he makes to the nearest
stream, and a circling flight of vultures soon
gives notice that the struggle for life has been

138 CENTRAL AMERICA.

too long and severe, and he has died by the
water's side.

A strange story has been frequently told me
by Indians at different times, and in far apart
places, relating to the habits of the cuyote.
The different accounts agreed in every ma-
terial point, and only varied as the localities
would ; and I relate one of them as I heard
it from an old Indian ; but first must remark
that a great enmity exists between the cuyote
and the panther, and whenever the latter
falls in with a pack of the former it generally
ends by his death. A pack of cuyotes will
not take up the trail of a panther they may
cross and follow it up, but they will do so
when seriously offended by any act of the
panther; for instance, should the spotted
beast find himself suddenly in the midst of a
number of cuyotes, he would very likely
knock two or three of them over with his
tremendous paw-blows, and escape with all
speed ; these wild dogs close on his trail.
The panther gets tired first, and then takes
refuge on some bough of a tree eight or ten
feet from the ground : the dogs soon discover
him, but as he is not to be reached, a siege or
blockade, in form, is established, and is al-
ways successful, unless the pack is alarmed

CUYOTE SIEGE. 189

by the approach of man : — the following is
nearly in the words of the narrator : —

" The tigre was tree'd, Don Jorge, and the
cuyotes were about fifty in number, and they
kept continually walking round and round
the tree where the panther was sitting, utter-
ing now and then a fierce growl. I saw this
in the forenoon,'" said the Indian, " from a
high tree which I had climbed up in search
of honey ; and towards sunset I mounted
the same tree, and the tigre was still there,
with the cuyotes under the tree ; but only
about half the number, as the others had
most likely gone in search of food, but at
sunset they returned and took the others'
places, who then took their departure. I
went to my rancho, and at sunrise was again
at my post, for I was very curious to see
how it would all terminate : the tigre and
the cuyotes were still there, but the smell
even where I was was horrible ; and if I
could smell it so strong, what must the tigre
have done, who was only a few feet above
it ; at last he took a leap into the middle of
the pack, and though he killed and disabled
a few, he was soon pulled to pieces."

I cannot vouch for the truth of this strange
story of a siege, but have often heard it

140 CENTRAL AMERICA.

corroborated ; and I have no doubt the
panther was worn out, and very much dis-
gusted.

The wild dog is very subject to hydro-
jihobia, and when this frightful malady makes
its appearance in a pack there is no telling to
what disasters it may lead. A mad cuyote
loses all dread of man or tame dogs, seeks
dwelling places, enters villages, and flies at
everything he sees : many instances annu-
ally occur in villages amidst the woods of
cuyotes entering them both by day and
night, and committing great ravages, as all
the tame dogs they bite must be destroyed,
and few months elapse without some ru-
mours of deaths of human beings occasioned
by their bite.

They are sometimes bold enough, of which
I will give an instance : — One fine moonlight
night I started on a journey to avoid the
heat of the sun, an Indian guide riding a
few yards in front of me ; having passed
through a dense forest, we emerged into a
large savannah, which seemed to be pretty
well stocked with wild beasts, if we might
judge from the howling in every direction.
I had kept my eye upon a very large cuyote
that had followed us some hundred yards,

ANECDOTE. 141

partly hid by some low, straggling bushes
that fringed the path, but when these bushes
were passed he came coolly round the last
one, and walked deliberately between the
two horses, and seemed as if he was deciding
which of the Indian's naked legs he would
choose. Pulling out a holster pistol, I sent
a ball through his body that knocked him
over on the side of the path, but though he
was not quite dead, he neither howled nor
made any noise. The report of the pistol
put a very sudden but short stop to the dis-
cordant concert in the savannah.

I had frequently taken journeys through
parts of the forest with a very amiable and
enterprising English gentleman. He was
one of the most indefatigable and also abste-
mious travellers I ever met with : no bed was
too hard for him, no food too coarse, and
no drink too poor for him ; but he had one
peculiarity that, as soon as ten o'clock at
night arrived, no earthly power could keep
him awake, and he could not keep his saddle
without a short sleep : he did not require
more than two or three hours' repose, and
w^ould then be quite ready for any hardship.

One night, travelling with him and an
Indian servant, the said hour of ten arrived.

142 CENTRAL AMERICA.

when he said he could go no further, for in
another minute or two he should tumhle out
of his saddle, and that he only wanted a
few minutes' sleep, after which he would be
ready for the rest of the night. Picking out
the clearest spot we could find at hand in
the forest, we dismounted, and my friend,
throwing his pillions, or sheep-skins on the
ground, was fast asleep before we had even
decided what to do with the horses, so we
left him where he was, and the Indian and I
led the three horses to the nearest spot
where they could pick up a little food, and
having secured them with our lassos, returned
to the sleeper, carrying our own pillions and
my pistols. On arriving at the place where
he was lying, we found him in rather a
perilous position, as at least a dozen cuyotes
were round him, with their noses sniffing
and smelling at him, but he perfectly un-
conscious of their close vicinity : we both
flung our sheep-skins right in the middle of
the group, which startled them, as well as my
sleeping friend, who, jumping up, was rather
surprised at finding himself in such company.
It was well we arrived when we did, for they
seemed to be on the point of pitching into
him, and I was afraid of making use of my

DROWSINESS CURED. 143

pistols, for they were so close to him. How-
ever, away they went, and my friend's
drowsiness was very effectually cured ; so,
rebridling our horses, we travelled all night,
and found ourselves earlv the next mornino-

•J o

at breakfast in his well known hospitable
house.

144

CHAPTER XL

A DYING MONKEY. MONKEY GAMBOLS. THE RACOON.

THE OPOSSUM. PHENOMENA. ELEGANT BIRDS. THE

PARTRIDGE. — BIRD-NOTES.

T^HERE is no great variety of monkeys in
Central America, but in the forest those
few varieties abound. In general they are a
very wandering race, for a troop of monkeys
may arrive at a spot, stay a few days and de-
part, nobody knowing from whence they came
or where the}^ are gone to ; and in this respect
they very much resemble the racoon. Very
often in my travels I have had the luck to
take the noon of day rest under a clump of
trees by a stream's side, with a large troop
of monkeys over my head ; — how different are
their playful ways, their leaps and antics,
assisted so much by their prehensile tails, from
the solemn buffoonery of the Gibraltar tailless
ape ! I have never but once fired at a monkey
and would never do it again, except at a
troop of plunderers, — and then a good example
is not lost on their little community ; wan-
tonly shooting them is cruel and useless ; but

A DYING MONKEY. 145

let us always except from the list of the cruel
those who are making collections of skins for
stuffing; those who have fruit-grounds, and
wish to keep them far away ; and above all,
those who are hungry, and like a tender roasted
monkey, which, setting prejudice aside, is as
good a dish as it is possible to eat. But if a
sportsman for mere sport's sake could see, as
I have seen, a monkey with a rifle -ball through
him, laying on his back on the ground, putting
his hand upon the wound, and then raising
the hand to the glazing eye to look at the
blood, together with the anguish plainly shewn
by the almost human distortions of the face,
he would never fire at one a second time, or,
if he did, his heart must be of strange stuiF
and in a strange place.

The Baron von Humbolt, I believe, speaks
of a large monkey which congregates in large
groups on the same tree, and utters most
horrible groans and unearthly cries. This
must be the same monkey that inhabits the
forests surrounding the great lake of Nica-
ragua, and is an exception in his habits to
the wandering disposition of all the other
species.

I have never met with this kind in any
other place than the above-mentioned forests,

146 CENTRAL AMERICA.

where they seem stationary ; but, contrary to
the Baron's account, I have never seen more
than one, or at the most two, on the same tree.
They generally appear to choose trees about
a hundred yards apart, and there the great
red bearded monkey sits making, what seemed
to me a booming noise, but very horrible and
without much variation. The cry is responded
to by others, and taken up again by those
more distant, and the forest resounds and
echoes with the most unearthly sounds. The
first time I passed through a forest peopled,
or tenanted, by this monkey, a young horse
that I was riding got so frightened that he
was trying to dash into the underwood in
every direction, and it was only the enormous
spurs and sharp bit of Chili that could persuade
him to keep the path.

Some persons call this monkey " Mono
Colorado," or red monkey, and others by a
name I forget ; but I asked a woodsman one
day what the Indians called it, and he said
" Jibbon." Now, can that name be the same
as Gibbon, which, I believe, is that of a
monkey in the old world ?

All the other species of monkey have no
fixed residence; they wander from tree to
tree ; from river to river ; from forest to

MONKEY GAMBOLS. 147

forest ; and from province to province : they
are seen one day in one place and the next
miles off; but they always travel by night.

There is no prettier sight than to see and
watch the gambols of a large troop of monkeys
playing in the enormous trees that grow near
the rivers ; and many a day while resting my
horse and myself during the fierce noon sun
(being scarcely fifteen degrees from the line),
laid on my back in the shade, after the mid-
day meal, and lighting a cigar, I have much
enjoyed their amusing pranks : every move-
ment they make in the wild state is amusing ;
their extraordinary bounds from branch to
branch, sometimes catching with their hands
or feet, and sometimes with the tail. I never
molested them except on the occasion alluded
to, and with any party I had any influence
over, used it to save them : for I am sure,
after witnessing the gambols of these interest-
ing animals for an hour or two, I resaddled
my horse and rode oiF with a lighter heart
than before.

The affection they shew for their young is
very remarkable, and I once saw an instance
of it I shall never forget : — A person with me
wishing to secure a young monkey alive, fired
at the mother in whose arms it was, thinking

148 CENTRAL AMERICA.

she would fall and the baby be unhurt;* how-
ever, the ball only broke her arm, when she
shifted her child to the other arm, and tried
to climb but could not. She then placed the
little one on her back, and, with the assist-
ance of another monkey, who was also
wounded, raised herself from branch to branch
of the surrounding trees and, I was very glad
to see, escaped.

However affectionate they may be one
to another, they are treacherous beasts in
general ; a great many called tame, will, on
no provocation, bite very severely. I believe
there are many officers, and civilians also,
who remember old " Bob,'' the great ape
chained up in the forty-third barrack-yard at
Gibraltar ; though petted and never teazed,
he would often bite the hand that fed him.
Eheu ! poor Bob ! he was bit in the lip by a
small dog, and died forty hours afterwards of
hydrophobia : — there are many who still
remember his dreadful fits and sufferings.

The racoon is called by the Indians " Pi-
sote," and so much do some of his habits re-

* The easiest way to procure a young monkey is to
look out for a she monkey, with a young one in her
arms ; if she falls down she is generally between the
ground and the young one, who is seldom hurt.

THE RACOON. 149

semble those of monkeys, that the first troop
of racoons I fell in with I took to be monkeys
until near enough to make out the diiFerence.
The animal is too well known to require
description, but a short notice of their wild
habits may perhaps be acceptable. They
wander about the country in troops of fifty or
more, and, like the monkeys, are seldom seen
many days near the same spot ; they are
often seen playing on the ground, but much
more often in the trees; and as they are much
used in some parts as food, and I had not the
same compunction at shooting them as the
monkey, had many opportunities of examining
them both before and after cooking. There are
two sorts of racoon, yet they are precisely
the same species ; there are those that go
about in troops, which are generally lean and
dry, and those that are found by themselves,
now and then, and are really excellent eating ;
but any roasted racoon is an excellent sub-
stitute for going to sleep empty.

From one cause or another, which I could
never discover, a racoon separates himself
from the troop and turns hermit, and thus
gains the name given him " Pisote solo/' I
had long been looking out for a " soHtary
racoon ;" but though I had met hundreds and

150 CENTRAL AMERICA.

hundreds in troops, I had never been able to
find a true hermit ; for a racoon separated
from his troop hy accident is not a " Pisote
solo." But one day, having just cleaned a
double-barrelled smooth bore, and loaded it
carefully with ball, inside my rancho, an
Indian, who was at work also inside the
rancho mending a lasso, listened a short time
and whispered ' ' Pisote solo." Looking outside
I saw a fat lazy racoon climbing leisurely up
a small tree left in the middle of the clearing.
Now here was an animal that I had been
some months in search of, actually walking
into the larder. Sending a bullet through
him, he came out of the tree much faster than
he went up it, and he went away very slowly,
leaving such a bloody trail behind him, as
plainly to shew it would be his last. Two
good dogs were upon him in a few seconds,
and brought him back, but they also brought
back on their own sides a few scratches, or
rather gashes, that required sewing up. The
Indians say, only one dog should be run at a
racoon. Their bite is very severe, something
like a badger's, but their principal defence
lies in the power, length, and sharpness of
the claws, and they often make short work

THE OPOSSUM. 151

with a dog by cutting the veins of the throat
with them.

This was a true solitary racoon ; he must
have abjured the gambols of the troop, and
sedulously taken to a hermit's employment,
viz., eating, drinking, sleeping, and getting
fat. There had been no racoons near the place
for weeks, and he was far heavier than his
livelier brethren ; also, when the skin was off,
the fat was half an inch deep on his back, and
half of him roasted the same day proved a
most excellent feast for several persons : the
weather would not allow of its being hung up
for a few days, which no doubt would have
improved it. The meat was like excellent
roe venison with plenty of fat, which that
sort of venison does not possess.

Though I shot many others by themselves
subsequently, yet I am sure the above was
the only true " solitary racoon'' that I saw
within range of my gun, and that the others
had only been separated from their companions
by accident.

The sight of the first opossum I ever
killed strongly incited me to make myself
acquainted with the natural history of this
strange marsupial animal ; but with all my
trouble I could obtain no more information

152 CENTRAL AMERICA.

than I previously possessed from books. I
was trying- to breed some of the magnificent
wild turkeys, and had set a hen in my own
rancho upon two of the large turkey eggs. I
was awakened in the night by the cries of the
hen who had been pulled out of her nest and
carried bodily off. Thinking it was a large
snake, I jumped out of my hammock, and
picking up my machete, ran out of the rancho,
and by the clear moonlight saw the hen
making her way to the woods at a great pace,
but evidently nolens volens^ for she was
making a great fuss about it, but there was
no appearance of a snake. Having overtaken
her, I found her abduction was performed by
a long pole-cat looking animal, who never saw
me, so eager was he on his prey, and so I
dispatched him with a slash on his head ; and
sticking the machete through his neck, carried
him back, and threw him down near the
rancho, thinking he was only a specimen of
the larger weasel kind ; there was not much
the matter with the hen, who resumed her
seat on the eggs. The next morning, about
sunrise, a servant came up to where I was
washing, and asked me to go out and look at
the beast I had killed. I went out and saw
an animal of about the size of a large pole-

PHENOMENA. 1 53

cat, with the same small head and thick neck ;
the colour was a yellowish white, but my at-
tention was directed to a pouch under the
belly, where there were five young ones, still
alive. They were each hanging by the mouth
to a separate translucid tegument, through
which the blood might be easily seen flowing
to and from the young. I tried to separate
them, but found they were fixtures, and they
were still moving their limbs, and the blood
was still circulating several hours after sunrise,
when the red ant, having found them out,
the old one was thrown into the stream : how
much longer they might have remained alive
it would be difficult to say. The Indians
told me that the young grow in the pouch,
and may be found, from the size and shape of
a peppercorn, until fully formed and ripe to
drop off, which the above would have done in
a few days. After birth the young make the
pouch their hiding place in case of alarm.

I have killed them since, with the young
in the pouch, from the size of a pea until
nearly fully formed, but never have been able
to find out the exact time of their appearance
in the pouch. Accident alone will reveal it ;
and by accident I mean killing one at the
moment the transition takes place.

154 CENTRAL AMERICA.

There is a fair quantity of rabbits in the
forest, especially near the mountains, but
they are preyed upon by all classes of carni-
verous animals, and also by the larger sort of
snakes ; but there is a larger sort of animal,
looking half pig and half rabbit, which is
very superior eating ; I believe it answers to
the animal known as the " agouti." The
flesh is white, and makes an excellent dish
in the woods, as its own fat assists the
cooking.

Before passing to perhaps the more amus-
ing subjects of alligators and snakes, I wish
to conclude this chapter with a few remarks
on some of the principal birds of the forest,
and will commence with the wild turkey.

There are two species of wild turkey in
Central America, differing widely from each
other, both in appearance, and value as an
article of food. The commonest is the al-
most black turkey, with a grey spotted breast
and red crest ; their form is elegant, and their
movements resemble the peahen ; they are
abundant near rivers or water, and it is not
difficult to bag five or six in a day's shooting;
but the flesh is dark and rather coarse when
roasted, but makes splendid soup, very like
hare soup, and slices cut raw from the breast

ELEGANT BIRDS. 155

and fried in a pan, are capital. They are
fond of living in very high trees on the
banks of rivers and streams, and do not shun
much the ranches built in the forest.

The other, and much rarer, is a most mag-
nificent bird, and gains the greatest perfec-
tion at the foot of the mountains. The male
bird is splendidly plumed in white and me-
tallic lustred greenish black, with a superb
orange-coloured crest on his head. The
female is very different in appearance, and
also possesses great beauty, but of another
class ; the colour of her plumage is more a
mahogany, but variegated on the breast and
neck like a pheasant, and she has a fine black
comb, or rather crest. They are as good to
eat as beautiful to look at, but are very diffi-
cult to get near to, as they are extremely
shy, and avoid human habitations ; but when
they are caught young, or hatched under a
hen, they soon become so tame as to be
quite troublesome. Passing one day under a
clumpy, thick tree, I was startled by a great
commotion in the branches, when out flew
a fine cock turkey, which I knocked over
with one barrel ; the report sent out a hen
bird, which shared the same fate from the
other barrel ; thinking there might be some

156 CENTRAL AMERICA.

young ones, I climbed up the tree, and found
a nest with two large eggs in it : the nest
was very clumsily made, but strongly secured
by being placed in the fork of several diverg-
ing branches ; the eggs were much larger
than those of the common turkey. I took
them home and put them under a hen that
wanted to sit, and they almost wore her pa-
tience out, by sitting so much longer on them
than is required on hen's eggs; not to men-
tion her being run away with one night by an
opossum ; but her patience was at length re-
warded by the appearance of two fine turkeys.

These birds were never touched by our
own dogs or by those belonging to Indians
accustomed to call at the ranchos ; but a
stranger arrived one day, and his strange
dog made a dash at them and killed them
both, though they were in the midst of poul-
try he did not touch ; however, our dog-s
very nearly pulled him to pieces for his
pains ; but it was vexing to lose them in
such a way, as no doubt the pair would have
bred.

I made the same remark of this bird as
upon deer, that they are more easily met
with during heavy, stormy weather than in
fine weather. One week a party were de-

THE PARTRIDGE. 157

tained by the swollen river for a few clays,
and came up at last to the ranchos for shelter
and food, and a miserable, starved set of mor-
tals they looked. I had no food to give them,
but got my horse and gun and started out in
the heavy rain, and came back within an hour
with a fine stag and two of these fine birds.

The partridge is abundant, but never
leaves the forest, and is not seen on the
savannah. It is unlike any other partridge
I have seen in America, but very far better
eating ; the only time they can be easily
killed is for about two months after the
burning of the forest underwood, at which
time only can they be discovered on the
ground ; and if the hunter wants partridge
for dinner he must condescend to shoot them
tJiere^ for they will not rise, and if they did,
could not be shot in such a cover. Snakes,
cuyotes, foxes, and tiger-cats are their only
enemy, for an Indian would never waste a
charge of powder and shot on so small a bird.

There is also a wild, moor-looking fowl
found in some of the woods, about the size
of a black-cock, but slighter made, colour
brown, with a handsome black tuft on the
head : it is a game-looking bird, and very
well flavoured^

158 CENTRAL AMERICA.

There are also a great many species of
birds in the forest with very beautiful plu-
mage, but very disagreeable voices, such as
the red makavv, parrots, parroquets, little
love-birds. The variety of the parrot tribe
is very great, from the large green parrot to
the most diminutive. They are all of the
green species, and the young of the large are
much better to eat than young pigeons. The
smaller ones, roasted like larks or fried in a
pan, are also very good, but it seems canni-
balish to eat an animal who can learn to
speak English.

The traveller, passing from the " tierra
caliente,'' or low, hot plains, to the " tierra
fria," or upper table-lands, both sees and
hears many strange birds ; but the plumage
is almost invariably finer than the voice.
One bird, however, I heard a few times, had
such a remarkable song that I learnt it by
whistling, and on returning home took the
notes from a guitar, and wrote them down ;
I also wrote down the curious call of another
bird, that sounded exactly like the lower
octave of a clarionet, running down the scale
from the key-note to the third, fifth, and
octave, slow but rich and powerful. I never
could see one of these birds, though I have

BIRD NOTES.

159

often searched for them ; the tone of the
latter was superb in his four notes, and the
former so correct in his semitones that I am
induced to give them as I learnt them : I
call the latter Clarionet-bird, and I hope I
have not usurped a name already given to
some other bird.

FIRST JIEXTIOXED BIRD.

Allegro.

5^^^^^^P§EP^^I

^=ff

u-^a-

Andante.

I

CLARIONET-BIRD.

E

321

There are likewise a few ducks to be met
with, and among others the large muscovy
duck, which is a very fine bird, but in general
they are rare, and are only met with on broad
streams, where the water is very shallow, on
account of the alligator. Central America is
the only country I have ever been in where I
have never seen a snipe.

160

CHAPTER XII.

THE ALLIGATOR. — THE CURSE OF NET-FISHING. — AN AL-
LIGATOR NETTED. — LASSOING AN ALLIGATOR. — A DOG
AND AN ALLIGATOR. ALLIGATOR EGGS.

T^HE alligator of Central America is dis-
tinguished from the crocodile of the East
by outward appearance ; but they agree, I
believe, in their habits. One distinction is,
the formation of the jaws, which are longer,
thinner, and narrower in the alligator than
in the crocodile, though there is not much to
choose in the length and sharpness of their
teeth. Another distinction is the comparative
softness of the alligator's skin about the throat
and lower sides of the neck ; it yields to the
thrust of a spear or sword, and is about the
consistence of thick buck-skin, the jugular
vein running on both sides close beneath it.

The rivers that during the rainy season
are generally violent, impassable torrents,
subside during the remaining part of the year
into rushing, but shallow streams ; yet, accord-
ing to the nature of the river's bed, deep pools
are met with at shorter or longer intervals.

THE ALLIGATOR. 161

The intervals between the pools are generally
from a quarter of a mile to one mile, rarely
more and often less. Every deep pool is as
sure to have an alligator for its tenant as a
fresh-spun web to contain a spider. And now,
I confess feeling it more dangerous to attack
the subject of alligators in print than I have
ever found it to be with the live animal, for
they are very easily destroyed, unless they are
very large, and in that case are seldom met
with, unless in the lakes and largest rivers.

Few persons forget how Mr. Warterton was
handled by critics for the graphic account he
gave of his ride upon an alligator ; for my
part, I believe his description to be perfectly
correct, and my belief does not only rest upon
the high character given him by all who have
the pleasure of knowing the gentleman, but
also on the knowledge of the animal itself,
acquired by a long residence near its haunts.
The only possible danger Mr. Warterton could
have been in, was from a blow of the tail ;
but the beast was doubtless too much occupied
with the anchor in his mouth to use that
powerfol limb. In the water, the alligator
almost always stuns any large animal swim-
ming, by a heavy blow of his tail, and then
seizing his prey, drags it down to the bottom ;

162 CENTRAL AMERICA.

but the buoyancy of the water helps him to
turn and use that Hmb in a way he cannot do
on shore.

Again, I have never known or heard of an
aUigator biting any man, even in self-defence,
unless with the object of food, and when he
has the man at disadvantage, such as when
swimming, when he drags him to the bottom
and drowns him ; his teeth also are not made
for any bite, such as severing an arm or leg,
like those of the shark, but are well adapted
for holding his prey fast and tearing it in
pieces wdth the aid of his claws. Another
peculiarity of the alligator, which reminds
one how the ostrich is said, when hunted, to
thrust his head into the sand, thinking that
seeing nothing he is himself unseen ; and that
is, when he takes to water ; let it only cover
him, and he be at the bottom, he thinks him-
self as secure as if he had twenty feet of
water over him.

These few remarks on the habits of the
alligator, are not given as a prelude to any
individual risks run, during a long residence
in the w^oods, for of all wild animals, killing
them is the safest sport ; but as one to a
few anecdotes illustrating the habits of the
undoubted lord of the river.

THE CURSE OF NET-FISHING. 163

A party of Indians told me one day that
they had got a fishing-net from some Segovian
travellers in exchange for some provisions, and
an arrangement was made to go and drag
some of the large pools in the Eio Grande
(great river). The party consisted of six or
seven Indians, naked, with the exception of
an apology for drawers ; three of them were
armed with axes; light heads on long handles;
the others carried the universal weapon, the
machete, and I was the only one on horseback
with the lasso, without which I never got into
the saddle.

On arriving at the nearest pool, it was
decided to try it first, and then proceed up
the river, taking the pools in succession, which
were here about a quarter of a mile apart.
Now, the great curse of net-fishing, in these
rivers, is the alligator, who, if he gets enclosed
in a net, either breaks his way out and
destroys the net, or, as he generally does, by
keeping perfectly still, renders it necessary to
get him out of the net. The breaking through
was easy enough to understand, but it was
more difficult to comprehend how the other
was performed, though often assured it was
of common occurrence. However, the net
came up easily enough from the first pool.

164 CENTRAL AMERICA.

and the produce amounted to about twenty
fish, of from one to three pounds weight, but
not of any species I had seen in Europe.
The second pool was drawn in the same way,
though no doubt there was an alHgator in
each, and the party then proceeded to the
next, which was larger and deeper than the
former.

One bank was nearly perpendicular, but
with a good passage between it and the water,
which was on that side deep ; the opposite
bank was flat and sandy, with a very gradual
deepening of the water; both above and below
the pool huge boulder stones, that in the rainy
season are covered with a raging torrent, al-
lowed the net to be carried round as usual,
and the two ends brought together to the
sandy beach. All hands then turned to drag
the net in, and the nature of the ground
allowed my horse and lasso to take one of the
ends, while the remainder of the party took
in the other : when the bag of the net had
arrived on the slope, there was a dead stop,
and the men whispered " lagarto" (alligator).

Now, thought I, is the time to see the ope-
ration performed of taking him out of the
net ; but no man seemed to hesitate about
what to do, for the nearest one to the lasso

THE ALLIGATOR NETTED. 165

unbuttoned it from the net, and entered coolly
but slowly into the water just outside the
net, peering into the clear water. He then
managed to drop the noose so that the beast
put its fore-leg into it, and having gently
drawn it close, retired quietly out of the
water. Directly he was on shore, they called
to me, who was ten or twelve yards off, with
the lasso rather slack, to gallop up the slope,
while the axemen stood at the water's edg-e
with their axes uplifted, and the moment his
head appeared on the beach, they brained
him without resistance or even struggle.

The horse pulled him on shore with scarcely
an effort, and without nearly the strain that
a yearling colt would have made; but if both
his fore-legs had been firm on the ground and
the lasso round his neck, I doubt a horse
being able to have pulled him up ; but with
one paw lifted up in the air, he had no
chance.

The net had a fair quantity of fish in it,
and other pools were dragged with various
success, but no more alligators were netted
that day : the one killed was not large, and
was about nine feet in length. In the great
lake of Nicaragua and the river St. John's,
and, indeed, in all the rivers that run to the

166 CENTRAL AMERICA.

Atlantic, the alligator is much larger than
on the Pacific side, that is to say, in Central
America ; for further south, in the Guayaquil
river, they attain a monstrous size ; but on
the western shore they grow in the large
rivers to a very great length, and when the
waters are high, and travellers can scarcely
get their horses across the fords, it is pitiable,
the fright the poor dogs are in, as they well
know their danger."^

Alluding to lassoing one of these monsters
round the neck recalls an anecdote to the
point.

There was an alligator, who had taken up
his abode near a ford, had given a dusky
acquaintance of mine a great deal of vex-
ation, and had occasioned him much loss by
pulling into the water calves, and even cattle,
that came to drink. He told me that one
day, being on horseback, he caught the alli-
gator in shallow vv^ater, a good way from his
accustomed pool, and having his lasso with
him, but attached to the pummel of his sad-
dle, he galloped after him, as he was making
for his haunt, and lassoed him round the
neck, and tried to drag him to a tree on the

^ Dogs are often pulled down while swimming close
alongside of their- masters.

LASSOING AN ALLIGATOR. 167

bank, but his horse was completely over-
powered and brought down on his knees.
He had no remedy left him but to follow the
beast and try to get rid of his lasso, but it
was too fast to the saddle, and he was drag-
ged right through the pool and out at the
other side. He tried to cut the lasso with
his machete, but it was so blunt he could
not cut through the hide-thongs, so, nolens
volens, down stream they all went together,
through pools and shallows, till he remem-
bered he had a knife in the pocket of his
sheep-skin, and after some trouble in getting
at it, managed to sever his tow-rope.

" Never, Caballero," said he, " did a man
take such a journey, — sometimes in the shal-
lows,— but the bottom all large stones and
rocks ; then splash into deep water ; then
deep mud ; then stones over again ; and,
worse than all, I knew if I had gone a very
little further, there was a fall of water as
high as this rancho, and I to have gone down
it without having even confessed myself!
No, seiior, there never was, nor ever will be
again,such ^ paseo (promenade)."" However,
my dark friend did at last circumvent his
enemy, and I will continue his tale in his
own words.

168 CENTRAL AMERICA.

" For nights after, Don Jorge, I could
not sleep, or, if I did for a moment, awoke,
fancying going again on my maldito voyage
down the river, sometimes soused to the
bottom of a pool, and sometimes tumbling
and rolling about among the big stones, until
at last I took such a violent hatred to this
particular alligator that I used to lie awake
all night thinking how to be revenged. I
used to go to the pool every morning to try
and get a sight of him, and one morning I
did see him ; but what made me still more
angry, was to see the loop of the lasso still
round his neck, for all the world like a neck-
lace : he must have gnawed off the remainder
about a yard from the noose. I then went
home, loaded my long Spanish gun very
carefully with two balls, and, taking with
me a cur of a dog, who could do nothing but
yell and howl, I returned to the pool and
tied the dog to a tree close to one of the
alligator's paths. I then took a long string,
and, making it fast to the cur's leg, hid my-
self behind another tree, and began to pull
hard at the string, and the dog began to
howl lustily. In a short time the lagarto's
nose appeared above water, and then his
eyes and head : both dog and alligator must

A DOG AND AN ALLIGATOR. 169

have seen each other pretty clearly, which
made the dog howl more than ever. The
beast, after looking round to see if the coast
was clear, made straight for the shore, and
was just creeping up the steep bank to seize
the dog, when I fired my long barrel at him,
not five paces distant, and sent a ball just
into his eye ; he was dead before you could
say ' Ave Maria,' and, Don Jorge, I slept
soundly that night, and gave the cur-dog a
good supper.*"

The old fellow often repeats the tale, but
the pantomimic way of relating his journey
down the stream rendered it very amusing to
me. The mixture of bonhomie and pomp-
osity rendered him always entertaining. One
day he ordered his son to mount a horse
and go in search of another one I wished to
purchase ; he returned without him, and the
alternate anger and kindness of the father
diverted me much ; at length, turning to me,
he said, " I do not know what to call him."
He would not call him an ass, mule, or lazy
dog, because he would have involved himself,
as the father of the animal, and that would
have been too much for his dignity, but he
compromised by saying, " Don Jorge, my
son has eaten a he-mule for his breakfast."

170 CENTRAL AMERICA.

Like John Gilpin —

" When he next rides down the stream,
May I be there to see !"

The fresh-water shark is very abundant in
the lake of Nicaragua and the rivers running
out of it towards the eastward ; many of
them are just the same as the sea-shark, and
are equally ferocious, but there is one species
tliat the Piragua men call the "tigre tiburon'"*
or tiger-shark, that is very much spotted,
and unlike any I have seen at sea.

Wherever the alligator and shark are
both found, the turtle are also found in great
quantities ; they bury and conceal their eggs
in the same way as the alligator, and often
close to each other. They generally choose
some dry spit of sand in the middle of the
river or some very salient point, and having
scooped out a hole, deposit their eggs, and
cover the spot up so carefully that it is very
difficult to discover them without much prac-
tice.

On discovering a nest of either kind, the
first thing is to find out whether the eggs
are fresh or not. If the alligator's eggs are
fresh, they are taken, as the Indians eat
them ; but if they are not, they are always

ALLIGATOR EGGS. I7l

destroyed ; but if the nest contains turtle's
eggs, if fresh, they are also taken ; but if
not, they are very carefully covered up again
and the sand smoothed over, both of which
proceedings are very considerate for Indians.
An alligator's egg is strong and nauseous,
but turtle eggs are very delicate.

172

CHAPTER XIII.

THE PYTHON. — VULTURE PERFORMANCES. — BOA CRUSHING

A ROEBUCK. FIGHT BETWEEN SNAKES. HABITS OF

THE RATTLESNAKE,, — ANECDOTES OF RATTLESNAKES.

THE CORAL SNAKE. A CORAL AND KITTEN. THE

IGUANA.

QENTRAL AMERICA actually swarms
with snakes of every size and almost every
description. Some very venomous species,
such as the Cobra capella and others of the
East, are unknown here, but they would be
well matched by the Campanilla (rattlesnake),
and, still more deadly, the Coral. The Indians
consider the rattlesnake as the only viviparous
one in the country, but there must be others,
as there are many sorts of vipers.

The two commonest sorts are the Bova or
boa-constrictor, and the black snake, but the
boa is found much oftener than any other
species. Near towns and woodlands much
frequented, they are seldom found more than
six or seven feet in length, and never thicker
than a man's arm ; they are found of all sizes
less than that, down to a few inches ; but go

THE PYTHON. 178

a few hundred miles into the forest, and animal
nature is much changed. The tiger-cat that
infests the woods near towns, is still in the
forest, but the " tigre''' rare, in the former
place, becomes common enough in the latter.
The deer are better grown ; the snakes are
very much larger, for with them size is gained
by age. The forest scorpion attains a size, and
powder of sting, not possessed by the house
scorpion ; in short, in the interior they run
little chance of being molested, especially by
man, and therefore attain their full growth.
The boa-constrictor is often found of fifteen
feet in length, and some few two or three feet
more, wdth the thickness of a man's thigh. I
have been told, however, that nearer the
eastern coast they are found much larger and
of a blacker colour, which snake, I suppose,
is the " Python," but never saw one : however
since my return home I saw one in France,
of an enormous size and weight ; it was car-
ried about as a show in a sort of caravan, and
I was told it was called a python, and was
brought from the Mosquito shore. '

The first acquaintance I made with a fair
sized boa was in riding over the top of a range
of hills with an Indian servant, occupied in
tracing the direction of a rich vein of copper

174 CENTRAL AMERICA.

ore, which made its appearance every now and
then on the surface of the ridge ; when one
of those dark black clouds, that fly across the
sky every afternoon for three months in the
year, charged with whole batteries of light-
ning, and literally floods of rain, was gaining
the meridian so fast, that we agreed to take
shelter under a shed built over the mouth of
a new shaft ; the shed containing a large heap
of dry sacate grass for repairs in the thatch.
We reached the entrance just as the storm
began, and hurried into it, leading our horses.
We had both drawn machetes in our hands,
as is the usual custom in the country, especially
when fire-arms are not carried. I was leading
the way in, when a great big coil loosed itself
from the grass on which it was lying, and
made a dash at the entrance, evidently solely
to escape ; however, I hit it with my machete
pretty hard on the head as it passed, and it
coiled itself up again on the desmo7ites, or pile
of rubbish thrown out of the shaft : its head
was erect in the centre of the coil, with the
blood running down from the cut it had got
in the head ; but the Indian, whom it had
very nearly knocked down in trying to escape,
took up one of the spare rafters for the roof
of the shed, and dealt it such a double-handed

VULTURE PERFORMANCES. 175

blow, that he broke its back, so that it could
not move from the fracture downwards to the
tail. After a few more blows from both of
us, we regained our shelter thinking it
dead.

Two days afterwards I had occasion to
pass the same spot, being alone ; there were a
good many vultures about, and I concluded
that they had made a meal of the snake ;
but, on approaching, I found it much better
than when we left it, but only in the upper
part, the lower being still paralyzed.

A few of the larger vultures were standing
close to the head, as if only awaiting death to
fall on ; and yet they durst not do it while
the head was still erect and the eye living ;
though I have seen them begin on a poor
broken-down horse long before life was
extinct. Two or three blows from my ma-
chete finished it, and having a string-measure
with me, I drew it out and found it was fifteen
feet six inches in length, and eighteen inches
round the thickest part of the body ; but it
must have fasted some time, besides having
passed two days in such a miserable state.
Repassing that way a couple of hours after-
wards, there was nothing but the skeleton left,
without the slightest particle of flesh or skin.

176 CENTRAL AMERICA.

Vultures make clean and quick work of what
they undertake.

One more anecdote of the boa, and we
will proceed to another description of snake.

An Englishman and an Indian were pass-
ing along by a very narrow trail through a
thick forest, when a cry was heard in the
wood like a child in great pain, or more like
the noise a hare makes sometimes when in
the fangs of a dog. They neither of them
knew what it could be ; but, pulling out their
pistols, and tying up their horses, worked
their w^ay into the wood in the direction of
the cries, which were still heard. About a
hundred yards inside the wood there was
a rather thinner space, and as the cries
seemed nearer, the party approached with
more caution, until the Indian caught the
other by the arm and pointed to an object
that had already caught his eye : it was a
boa crushing a young roebuck — young, but
still with short horns. If the sculptor of the
famous lacoon had had an opportunity of
studying nature, he would have simplified
the folds of his serpents : it is true the ele-
gance of the varied twinings would have been
lost, but what would be lost in beauty would
be gained by the strength of truth. There

BOA CRUSHING A ROEBUCK. 177

were only two folds of the heaviest part of
the snake's body fairly round the body of the
deer, just behind the shoulders; one fold over
the other to increase the weight and power
concentrated upon one spot. The head and
neck of the boa passed under the neck of
the deer, and rising high on the other side,
held fast by the teeth upon the back of the
deer's head. The tail had two turns round
a young tree close by.

So furiously was the boa engaged with his
prey, that he never remarked the observers ;
it is true they were well concealed by the
underwood, but no doubt, if he had not been
so well occupied he would have been aware
of their presence, and glided off. On a pro-
position to pitch into the snake and save the
deer, the Indian answered by walking very
gently off and signing to the other to follow
him.

On regaining the horses, the Indian re-
marked that it would have been madness to
have fought such a large, irritated brute like
that, as one or other of them would most
likely have got such a squeeze he would not
soon forget. This was about seven o'clock
in the morning ; so, after marking the trees
carefully with the machetes, the party went

178 CENTEAL AMERICA.

on to an Indian village, where they had some
business, and on their return, about four
o'clock in the evening, stopped once more at
the notched trees.

Dismounting, they proceeded cautiously
towards the spot where the unequal contest
had been going on in the morning, and nearly
upon the same spot, extended straight on the
ground, was the porpoise-looking brute, with
one of the small horns of the roebuck pro-
truding from one corner of his mouth, and
the other seeming as if it would perforate the
neck every instant : the tail was still coiled
round a small tree, though not the same as in
the morning, and the centre of his body looked
like a nine-gallon cask. " Stand clear of the
tail," said the Indian, and a few blows from
their sharp machetes soon finished him : he
was perfectly powerless ; tried to throw up
the deer, but could not, and made no resist-
ance. ' When stretched out he measured six
good paces.

The smaller kinds of boa may be met with
constantly : they prey on rabbits, lizards,
and other small animals, and also climb trees
in search of birds' nests, and soon empty
them of their contents.

The black snake is the next in size and

FIGHT BETWEEN SNAKES. 179

strength to the boa, but is far more agile.
Neither of them are poisonous, nor have the
moveable fangs ; but the black snake is quite
harmless to man, except in frightening those
who are not acquainted with his habits, for
he is the most vicious and ill-tempered of all
the species : he will fly at any creature, and
springs much farther than any other snake ;
a full-grown one may measure nine or ten
feet in length. The most curious peculiarity
of this snake is the mortal antipathy he has
for the rattlesnake, and they never meet
without a pitched battle, which, if they are
anything like equal in size, always ends in
favour of the black snake. Whether snakes
bite each other in fighting I cannot say,
though most probably they do not, from
having no room to dart, but if they do, the
venom has no effect upon the black snake ;
though I have read an account of some ex-
periments being made at Boston on the rattle-
snake, who was irritated to bite himself, and
died of the effect. I was witness to a fight
between two of the snakes one afternoon ; it
is the habit of all snakes to go to drink at
the small, hidden streams at about four
o'clock in the afternoon, and a rattlesnake
and a black one were both descending op-

]80 CENTRAL AMERICA.

poslte banks when I saw them. The little
stream was about a yard broad, with a good
sandy arena for the champions on either side,
and the black snake began by springing over
the stream, when they joined instantly in
conflict. They twined themselves together
like the caduceus of Mercury, but it was evi-
dent from the first that the rattlesnake had
not half the muscular power of the other,
and in less than half an hour's fight the first
was dead, when the black snake swallowed
him with the greatest ease, and was not long
about it ; it is true that the black snake was
much the largest, but I have been told the
result would have been the same had the
proportions been equal. The conqueror look-
ed nearly twice as thick as he glided slowly
into the thicket, and I determined never
again to kill such a very meritorious animal.v
The rattlesnake is viviparous, and the
young are born about two or three inches
long, with only a single rattle under the tail.
The Indians assert, that the birth of the
young always costs the mother her life,
which they say is the reason that whenever
a large rattlesnake is killed it is always a
male, and that no female is ever killed of a
larger size than could be attained in a year's

HABITS OF THE RATTLESNAKE. 181

growth. How far they are right it would be
difficult to discover ; but it is universally be-
lieved iu all parts of the country. As every
one knows the bite is deadly, and it is very
rare for any one to recover, there would be
little use in enumerating the cases that have
come under my observation ; but there is one
peculiarity about the rattlesnake that very
few persons are acquainted with, and perhaps
the following little anecdote will best de-
scribe the way I became acquainted with it.

Passing through a large straggling town not
far from the coast, and knowing there a dusky
caballero, who had once held a high position
in the Commonwealth, but, luckily for him-
self, escaped being shot, I paid him a visit,
and finding no one at the door, walked into
his reception-room^ such as it was. In the
middle of the room was a large rattlesnake,
playing up and down the back of a chair :
immediately on seeing me he slid down on
the floor, and coiling himself up, with his
head and neck in the centre of the coil,
began to rattle furiously.

It is a great mistake to imagine that the
rattle is a warning for men to avoid them :
when they are moving about they make no
noise, and they never sound the rattle but

182 CENTRAL AMERICA.

when they are irritated and ready to spring ;
never when crawling about in the woods.

Not fancying much my companion in the
room, I shut the door, and seeking about, soon
found the owner of the house, who welcomed
me, took me back to the same room, and
having called the snake " picaro," and other
friendly slang names, told him to go into a
corner. He then related how the snake had
been given to him some three years past ;
how he had extracted his fangs, and that he
was as tame as a kitten.

Having arranged to take our " Onze"*
with him the next day at noon before start-
ing, the horses were only ordered at one
o'clock, and I walked to his house, where I
found him with the same snake on his lap,
rattling furiously and held fast by the neck
by a servant, my friend being occupied with
a pair of pincers in the reptile's mouth.
After the operation was performed and the

* In many places of South America, as also in
Central America, it is usual to take some slight refresh-
ment of fruit at noon, but they call it the '^ onze,"
which means the eleven o'clock. An ex-president of
Chili explained to me, that formerly it was the custom
at noon to take a glass of brandy, or other spirit, and
that it was called " onze," from there being eleven letters
in the word A-of-u-a-r-d-i-e-n-t-e.

ANECDOTES OF RATTLESNAKES. 183

snake loose, I inquired the nature of it : he
told me that the snake was in the habit of
climbing up his chair at breakfast-time, and
that that morning he had been so importunate
for milk, that he had given him a good rap
on the head with a spoon, and that he had
sprung on the floor, coiled up and rattling
furiously, erected his head, shewing two fangs
projecting. Having quieted the snake, he
took him, a few hours afterwards, by the
neck and was extracting the second pair when
I entered ; they had not grown from the
place where the former ones were extracted,
but from higher up in the upper jaw, and
seemed as if intended to supply the place of
the first pair in the event of their being
broken or injured : the last pair were move-
able and hollow, the same as the first, and
both had the small bag at the root containing
the poison. I am sorry to say that this snake
was killed by a strange Indian, who, entering
the room, found no one to answer his call,
but the serpent with his rattle : not knowing
it was tame, he killed it with his machete,
and deprived the worthy owner of a semi-
sagacious companion, who could readily
distinguish between his master's friends
and strangers.

184 CENTRAL AMERICA.

Anecdotes of rattlesnakes are very nume-
rous, but it would swell this little work to a
greater extent than contemplated to relate
any of them ; however, I have a promise from
a person in that country to acquaint me if he
can ascertain anything to be depended upon
respecting the viviparous birth of the young
occasioning the mother's death.

The next snake I would mention is, I
believe, one of the most deadly, if not the most
deadly poisonous snake in the world. The
Cobra Capella, or any of the Eastern snakes,
gives a man, after he has bitten him, time to
make a short will, and if a Roman Catholic,
to confess himself, if he can find a priest;
but the Coral gives no such time. Should a
man be bitten, he falls almost immediately ;
his blood curdles into a thick coagulated
state, and he dies in a very short time,
becoming putrid soon.

The Coral snake is of a red coral colour,
with rings of some other colour round the
body; these rings are of the same colour in
the same snake ; but, if ten were together,
perhaps each would have different coloured
rings, though the ground colour would be the
same in all, red. The Coral is also differently
formed from most snakes : the body is of an

9

THE CORAL SNAKE. 185

almost uniform thickness from head to tail.
I have killed many dozens of them, generally
about daybreak, when they are going home ;
their food seems, by the few I have opened,
to consist of small lizards and very young
birds. Many remarkable escapes have come
under my immediate notice, but I can only
find room for one, almost miraculous.

Two travellers were benighted in a huge
marsh, and, retracing some of their steps,
gained a small rising ground, that had, at
least, the advantage of affording a drier bed
than the deep mud.

The horses were tethered, and, after a
woful scanty supper and cigar, they laid
down, and, being very tired, did not awake
till the sun was well up, when they resumed
their journey. About a league from the
hillock they had passed the night on,
another hillock was passed, and low groans
were heard to proceed from a man lying
on his back at the top of the rising
ground. Seeing the horsemen, he beckoned
them to approach, which, after a little
hesitation, they did ; though a decoy is
often laid in that manner. On approaching,
they were told that while he was asleep a
snake had crept up his loose drawers ; that

186 CENTRAL AMERICA.

it was then lying on his stomach, and that
he had seen part of a Coral. He was naketl,
except a very short loose pair of drawers and
a coarse poncho over his head, but the form
of the snake was very visible under the
drawers. Having dismounted, the travellers
put on thick gloves, and taking a pair of
scissors from the saddle-bags, cut through the
drawers carefully until the head of the snake
was seen fast asleep, when one of them seized
him by the neck and drew him off the poor
man's stomach. The Coral was a large-sized
one, nearly three feet in length, and of the
uniform thickness from head to tail of a stout
walking-stick. Colour, coral red with yellow
rings : the only danger was, the animal biting
the man, for there was none to the other two,
as the Coral cannot strike half his own length,
and that very slowly.

The poor fellow said, that he had passed
two or three hours that had appeared to him
longer than two or three weeks of any tem-
poral (set-in rain and storm) he had ever
been in ; and that he had called to one or
two passers by, but they had all avoided him,
thinking he was a decoy for marauding In-
dians. He was completely prostrated in
mind and body, and it was some minutes be-

A CORAL AND KITTEN. 187

fore he could stand or walk ; however, an
Indian (one of the travellers) put a calabash
of something stronger than water to his
mouth, and after one or two hearty pulls he
was able to move on. This " Snalve-trap,"''
as the Indian persisted in calling him, a year
afterwards evinced his gratitude to the same
party by introducing them, one scorching hot
day, to his wine-cellar in the forest, which
consisted of about a dozen felled palm-trees
in full wine-bearing, which pleased the Indian
very much, drinking his health, " Salud 1
Senor trarapa culebra !"" but it was taken as
meant, in much good nature.

A British vice-consul, at a port in the
Pacific, had a little kitten about four months
old, which one day had a beautiful fight with
a coral : she had followed her master to the
custom-house, and on some dye-wood being
removed, a coral-snake was discovered, upon
which the kitten immediately gave it battle.
Every time the snake made a dart towards
her, a smart blow of her paw, sometimes right
and sometimes left, knocked it away, and at
last completely stunned it, but she still kept
hammering away at the head and neck, until
the coral was quite dead; the smallest scratch
from the fangs would have killed her instantly ;

188 CENTRAL AMERICA.

but she was far too quick, and beat her
antagonist by the most skilful sparring ever
witnessed.

There are very many other poisonous
snakes, such as the Tamagasa, and a very
large flat-headed snake, with a thick lump in
the neck close behind the head ; but there is
not room for a description of them ; yet there
is a curious fact connected with one species
of snake that I should like to be able to
account for.

This is a long, slender, and harmless snake
of about three or four feet in length, and is
generally found climbing on the bushes that
grow about the sides of small sheltered
streams; the colour is of a most brilliant
green ; but if one is killed and thrown into
the sunshine, the colour gradually changes
until, in an hour or two, it becomes a pale
sky-blue. The change is very much like
that indigo undergoes : when the indigo is
taken from the pit, it is quite green, but by
exposure to the air in very small lumps or
rather wet dabs, it gradually becomes blue
by the absorption of the atmosphere. Is it
not possible that a similar change may take
place in the colouring matter of this snake,
after death, that vitality resists during life ?

HABITS OF THE IGUANA. 189

In my chapter of reptiles the " Iguana"
may be mentioned, for they abound in Central
America, more perhaps than any other coun-
try, and may be seen of every colour that it
is possible to imagine, from dirty white to
dirty black. Red, rose, crimson, blue, yellow,
green, brown, and every intermediate tint
may sometimes be met with in a morning
ride, and precious ugly beasts they are. They
are very like alligators, and (as of the Sauria
tribe) have, no doubt, great anatomical affinity
with them ; but I mean the resemblance of
some of their habits. They have a sort of
scale all over them, and have the same formid-
able jaws and teeth on a small scale, and are
very different from the large green lizard that
is sometimes called " iguana ;" they have also
a property that the alligator possesses, of
being able to walk at the bottom of a river,
which they always resort to when near at
hand, and hard pressed ; and there, as the
alligator does, consider themselves safe how-
ever little water may be over their heads or
rather backs. I have never seen this obser-
vation remarked before. They have a sort
of crest along the upper part of the back that
is very like the back fin of a perch when
elevated.

190 CENTRAL AMERICA.

The iguana is most delicate to eat, after
having overcome the aversion the ugly reptile
naturally inspires ; and if stewed with rice is
so like an excellent chicken pillaii, that one
would turn iguana hunter for the sake of
another dish : the eggs are also very delicate,
and resemble small turtle eggs both in the
taste and the integument that covers them.

The larger sorts of snakes prey upon the
iguana, and follow them up the high trees
and bushes, which makes it dangerous for a
canoe or any boat to brush under the branches
at a river's side, as frequently a snake is
brushed off into the boat, and at first has it
pretty nearly his own way : but it takes a
strong powerful serpent to crush an iguana,
on account of his strong jaws and teeth;
and even a large snake sometimes gets very
much mauled by this miniature alligator.

19J

CHAPTER XIV.

REMEDY AGAINST POISONOUS BITES. SCORPIONS. SPIDER

BITES.

npHE effect of the scorpion's sting lias been
much exaggerated, though no doubt it is
painful enough for a short time, but it seldom
produces any bad effect, except causing a
sort of a paralysis or numbness of the lower
jaw and tongue, and that may almost imme-
diately be removed by swallowing about a
wineglassful oftany raw spirit, though most
likely the remedy would not have the same
effect upon a great consumer of that article.
The Indians think that there are two sorts
of scorpions, and call them " Alacran de la
casa," and "Alacran del monte;" or the
house-scorpion and forest-scorpion, but they
are the same ; and the apparent difference
is, that the forest scorpion is generally a
much larger and blacker animal, owing to
its attaining its full growth, and I believe
great age ; while the house-scorpion is gener-
ally killed before it gains much size. I must
say, however, there is a great deal of differ-

192 CENTRAL AMERICA.

ence in the pain of their stings ; and as I
have been stung many dozens of times by
both, have a sort of a right to know ; the
forest-scorpion's is a genuine sting, that,
what with the pain and the effect it has on
the mouth, makes you literally " hold your
jaw*" for a shorter or longer time, according,
if a remedy be at hand or not ; but the
house-scorpion, unless he is a large one, does
not sting much worse than an English w^asp,
and not half as bad as one of the country's
wasps ; but scorpions are nasty animals, and
are always found where least expected ; they
are very fond of a dirty clothes-bag, and are
often found among linen and the rugs put
under saddles.

At the end of their long tail there is a
small curved and very sharp sting, but hol-
low like the fang of a snake, with a small bag
at the root, containing a very acrid and partly
poisonous fluid. When a scorpion, by his
feelers or claws, finds he has an enemy to
deal with, he turns his tail over the back
until the point is struck down with force
in front of the head, and the pressure on the
little bag injects a small quantity of its con-
tents into the puncture made by the sting.

That the bag contains a sort of poison is

REMEDY AGAINST POISONOUS BITES. 193

inferred from the mortal effect it has on
small animals, and I have often heard that a
stmg on the stomach from a large scorpion
will kill a pig. Upon man the effect is only
sharp pain and the numbness above men-
tioned, but the larger the reptile the more
serious are the effects, and some constitutions
are very susceptible, while others are scarcely
at all. I have never felt half the pain from
a scorpion I did once from an enormous red
forest wasp that stung me exactly on the tip
of the nose ; but that sometimes the effect
is more serious the following little anecdote
will shew.

I was talking to a friend near the coast
one day on the subject of bites from snakes,
stings from scorpions, and the nasty slough-
ing wounds occasioned by the centipede ; he
told me he had an infallible remedy for every
bite or sting, except from a few snakes, such
as the rattlesnake, coral, or tamagasa. This
remedy was a very strong infiision of the
root of a small plant called " gnaco," and is
made by carefully scraping the root very
fine, putting a quantity of the scrapings into
a bottle of brandy or some other strong
spirit, and after submitting it to a very gentle
heat, corking it well up ; for the first two or

194 CENTRAL AMERICA.

three months it ought to be shaken well two
or three times a-week, and the longer kept
the better. My friend had laid in a good
store, made of strong cognac twelve years
previously ; it had become a very strong in-
fusion, and had performed a number of cures :
he was not then aware how soon his remedy
was to be tested. Seeing one of the Indians
attached to his plantation idling about, he
told him to go and remove some loose timber
that was lying near an out-house, and put it
under shelter. The man came back in a few
minutes, looking more like a blue Indian
than a red one, and having only time to say
he had been stung, dropped down in a sort of
fit : my friend said it must have been done
by a snake ; but a bottle of this tincture was
quickly brought out, and about a wineglass-
full poured down his throat : he was then
laid on a bench and covered up with a
poncho, and in a few minutes he burst out
into a most profuse perspiration and fell
asleep. " All right," said my friend ; " he is
all right now." And several men having col-
lected, we started off to kill the snake that
was supposed to have bit him. On turning
over the piece of wood he had been raising,
we found, not a snake, but the largest and

SCORPIONS. 195

blackest -looking- scorpion any of us had ever
seen before; having secured it alive, we
brought it into the house and put it under a
bell-glass to observe it ; it must have been
six inches long, and had claws as large as
those of a small fresh- water cray-fish.

The man awoke in a couple of hours quite
well, but rather weak from the violent per-
spiration, occasioned by the dose, and he then
said it was a large forest scorpion that had
stung him.

That the scorpion can sting without turn-
ing the tail over the back may be inferred
from the following:— In saddling a horse in
Central America, two or three clothes or
skins, called " sudaderos," or sweaters, are
always placed under the saddle; but hearing
a shot in the forest, followed by a "hollo'' (a
sure sign of help being required), I threw
the sudaderos, saddle, and all at once upon a
horse tied up in front of the ranchos ; girted
him up, and bridled him, and jumping on
him, tried to gallop towards the spot where
assistance was required; but he would not
go on, and kept kicking and plunging like a
newly-backed colt. I was much surprised,
as he was my favourite lassoing horse, and
more so when he reared up, fell back with

196 CENTRAL AMERICA.

me, and tried to roll. Suspecting there was
something the matter under the saddle, I
got him on his legs and took oiF the saddle,
and found on the cloth next the skin two
large scorpions : they could not have turned
over their tails, as there was no room. The
cause removed, the horse went willingly to-
wards the spot, and the assistance wanted
turned out to be to recover a large wounded
armadilla.

The Indians believe guaco to be a very
valuable medicine in almost every way it is
used, but they consider the fresh root much
superior to the dried. The serpent-eating
birds seek eagerly the young, fresh guaco, it
may be fairly supposed either as a remedy
for a past or an antidote for a future bite.
With man it has the effect, especially in hot
climates, of producing, in a very short time,
profuse perspiration. I have often tried an
infusion of it in hot water when I have been
lying in the hot, burning stage of ague, and
when the skin is almost painful to the touch;
a small drink of the infusion, followed by a
plentiful one of hot cream of tartar, opened,
in a very few minutes, the pores of the skin,
and changed the state of dry, burning fever
into one of languid ease.

SPIDER-BITES. 197

The Indians also use it in case of spider-
bites. A spider-bite may sound odd in
European ears, and the wound is rarely met
with on man or woman ; but it is a sore
plague to the owners of horses and mules :
I never heard of horned-cattle being* injured
by them.

This disgusting looking animal, that does
more harm in one night than seven or eight
months of time can repair, is an immense
hairy spider, with a large, round, but flat
body, something like a crab ; the legs are
rather short for spiders ; the body may
measure three or four inches across; and the
mischief this spider does consists in biting or
sucking the coronet of horses'* and mules' feet
at night when they are feeding in the forest
or on the savannah. The next day the coro-
net inflames, swells, and in a few more days
there is the evident mark of the hoof sepa-
rating from the foot : the poor animal suffers
dreadfully, which may be inferred from the
fact, that he will lie down and nibble all the
grass within his reach, and will then rather
go a day without eating than rise to change
his berth. The hoof soon drops off, and a
new hoof begins to grow over the sensible
foot, as also does the wall or crust, but it is

198 CENTRAL AMERICA.

at least seven or eight months before the
animal is of any use.

Besides the loss of the beasfs services for
so long a time, he never regains his former
usefulness, as the new hoof is never so strong
or hard as the former one, which is a serious
defect in a country where horse-shoeing is
unknown.

The time of the year that these horse-
spiders (Arafia de cahallo) do most mischief
is during the dry season, before, in the first
place, the fires ; and in the second, the rains,
make them disappear for some months. Hav-
ing a large number of horses and mules, I was
so far a sufferer as, at first, generally to have
two or three on the sick-list ; but having
procured some coal-tar from the coast, I
found that a slight application of it round
the coronet, once or twice a-week, was a
most effectual preventive against the spider
touching them.

In the next chapter I mean to lay before
the reader some remarks on bees, bee-hunt-
ing, &c., and also a few observations on some
of the myriads of insects that infest this part
of the world.

199

CHAPTER XV.

BEE-HUNTING, — ONSLAUGHT OF WASPS. — AGARRA-PATA.-
THE JIGGER.

B

EE-HUNTING is a favourite amusement
and profitable occupation of the Indians
at most times of the year, but it is mostly
for a few weeks before Easter that they
employ themselves in that way, on account of
the comparatively high price they can obtain
for wax at that time in the towns and vil-
lages ; it being then in great request for
tapers and candles to be devoted to the graven
images of their religion. I say their rehgion,
for though in the towns they profess to be of
the purest kind of Roman Catholics, yet they
grovel to saints, carved and painted as gro-
tesque as a good Guy Fawkes in London on
the 5th of November ; and the only religion
they have been taught is to pray to these
caricatures, and to the Virgin ; but above all,
to make them presents and burn candles
before them.

In Central America there are several sorts
of bees, of different sizes, and with a slight

200 CENTRAL AMERICA.

variation of colour, but all agreeing in their
habits ; some are almost as large as the
European bee, and some very much smaller
than the smallest house-fly ; but they are all,
without any exception, stingless. They all
form their hives in hollow trees, and bee-
hunting consists in following a bee from
its feeding-ground to its domicile. A man
ought to have a good eye to " line a hee^'''' as
the North Americans calls it, and he ought
to know something of the habits of the insect.
A bee on a prairie or savannah may be flying
irregularly from spot to spot, and is never
followed beyond the first flight ; but when a
bee rises well in the air to the height of
fifteen or twenty feet, and then flies in a
straight line, the bee-hunter knows it is well
laden and is making its way home. As long
as the ground remains open and clear of trees,
it is not difficult for a sharp active fellow to
follow the bee, at least to the nearest cover,
unless the sun is in his face ; but it is very
diflicult and almost impossible to follow it
when it gets into the forest, as it flies over
the underwood, and there is hard enough
work getting through the underwood, without
watching an insect overhead.

The tree nearest to the spot where the bee

BEE-HUNTING. 201

entered the wood is then marked, together
with the line it took inside the wood. If
there are three or four bee-hunting, most
likely each has lined his bee to the cover's
edge, and also marked its direction. They
then go to one of these marked spots, and
walk a few yards apart, straight into the
forest, in the direction marked out, watching
for any hollow tree they may pass, and also
for a few small birds that frequent the vicinity
of hives, to pounce on the little bees. The
Indians call them " honey-birds," or rather
" honey-mouth" (Boca Miel). The object of
the search is soon found, being generally
within two hundred yards from the edge of
the wood, unless the bees, as they sometimes
do, build near a river's side for the sake of
the water.

The hunter has always with him his
hatchet, a large gourd for the honey, and a
sort of havresac for the wax. There are
very few axemen so handy as a woodman of
Central America ; and in a very short time a
fine tree is hewn down for the sake of a little
wax and honey. In some places bees are so
very numerous that they alight in numbers
on the hands and face, and as they are very
small are often taken for sand-flies, and are

202 CENTRAL AMERICA.

brushed off or killed ; and they emit, when
crushed, a most fragrant smell.

The wasp is very different from the Euro-
pean wasp, being two or three times the
length, and each variety of different colours,
blue, purple, and dark red being the most
common. They generally build their nests
curiously suspended from the bough of a tree,
and are very often found in the lime or lemon-
trees that mostly grow by the banks of
rivers.* There are some, however, that
build their nests of clay, plastered against the
side of a tree or in a fork of the branches,
leaving an entrance near the bottom : — these
nests must be well made, since the heavy
tropical rains never wash them away, owing,
most likely, to the clay being tempered with
some strong glutinous substance. Those
suspended from the boughs of trees hang
down like a large oblong bag, and seem to be
made fast to the branch by divers stringy-
looking fibres. It is dangerous to disturb
them, as they sally forth, often without provo-
cation, and attack furiously both man and

* Though I have found hundreds of wild lime-trees
by the rivers, bearing the most beautiful fruit, I have
never seen a single wild orange-tree ; and those that
are cultivated near the towns are more peel than fruit.

ONSLAUGHT OF WASPS. 203

beast : their sting is very painful ; much
more so than the common scorpion, for it
goes much deeper.

A friend of mind, riding an excellent quiet
mule, stopped one day under a lime-tree to
pick some fruit : he had hardly given a couple
of shakes to the tree when a s\varm of wasps
issued forth and attacked man and mule.
There was nothing to be done but to gallop
for it, the wasps following them over a sa-
vannah some hundreds of yards across ; when
the mule, on arriving at the edge of the next
wood, quite mad with pain, made a dash into
the underwood to brush off his winged foes.
The consequence was that my friend, what
with the stings, and the bruises he received
by being carried, against his inclination,
through the covert, was laid up for some
time, and the mule suffered much for several
days.

Another incident will shew that they will
attack sometimes without any provocation.
A fine young mule was tied up inside my
" coral,"" near the ranchos, where there was
not a wasp's nest near. On returning home
from hunting in the afternoon, I saw the
mule lying on the ground, and by her groans
and struggles shewed she was in great pain.

204 CENTRAL AMERICA.

A large swarm of wasps were hovering about
her and stinging her cruelly. I immediately
cut a good switching branch from a tree, and
wrapping my head up in a poncho, so as only
just to see, went to her assistance, and soon
dispersed them. There is nothing like a
springy branch for clearing away a swarm of
wasps, as each sweep brings down a good
many. Having made the poor beast get up,
I led her down to the stream, and, bathing
hex all over, found she was perfectly covered
with large lumps. She was in such a state
of fever, that I was obliged to bleed her
freely, and it was several days before she
was well.

For four or five months in the year there
is the greatest possible plague in the shape of
an insect that infests the woods, savannahs,
sides of rivers, and, in short, every spot
except the towns and sandy places. It is
called by the natives the " Agarra-pata,"
from the tenacious way it holds on by the
claws. It is a species of diminutive crab, at
first not larger than the point of a pin, but
growing in a short time to the size of a pin''s
head. They congregate during the dry season
on the extreme ends of leaves and points of
grass, and whether a person is on horseback

AGARRA-PATA. 205

or on foot, as he sweeps past the branches he
brushes off some of these insects, which soon
make their way in great quantities under the
leather or skin leggings. They create such
an intolerable itching by crawling all over the
body, and burrowing with their sharp claws,
as effectually to drive away sleep from the
traveller, who has not the opportunity of
taking off his clothes to get rid of them.
Everybody travelling, during that season, car-
ries with him a lump of well-worked wax,
and when an opportunity occurs, such as a
rest at noonday on a sandy bank of a river-
side, where there are no agarra-patas, he gets
rid of these insects by pressing the wax
wherever a black spot is seen ; the insect
comes off in the wax, and this is the only
way of getting rid of the nuisance. When
the rains and fires make their appearance this
plague ceases, and only reappears eight
months* afterwards. If the wild beasts, and
more especially the cuyote, did not effectually
prevent any breed of sheep or goats being
kept in the more open parts of the country,
the agarra-pata would very soon worry them
to death.

Another curse to comfort, but which* is
confined to towns and villages, is the " nigua,"

206 CENTRAL AMERICA.

or what the West Indians term Jigger. It
was originally imported into the towns near
the coast at the same time as the African
negroes, and from the same places ; but now
it attacks all races indiscriminately : it is very
like a diminutive flea, and burrows in the
flesh, but most commonly under the toe-nails.
If not taken out immediately with a needle
(in which the Indian women are very exj)ert),
it digs itself a hole about the size of a pea
and spins its nest in it, which nest consists of
a finely-spun bag containing a quantity of small
eggs. If, at this stage the bag be not taken
out, the eggs are soon hatched, and the con-
sequences may be serious ; at the same time
care must be taken, when extracting it, not
to break the bag, as some eggs might remain
in the wound. It is usual to fill up the hole
with cigar ashes, but the Indians think it
dangerous to bathe for two or three days
afterwards, as they say it produces lockjaw ;
but when they are under the necessity of
crossing water and wetting their feet, they
fill up the hole with wax.

Children are often crippled for life by their
mothers neglecting to examine them very
frequently. Dogs gnaw the nigua out from
their toes very cleverly ; but when once they

THE JIGGER. 207

attack domestic pigs, they must be extracted
by men or their feet would rot and fall off.

It would be tedious to enumerate any
more of these beasts, birds, reptiles, and in-
sects, and so I take my leave of them, and
although heartily glad to get rid of them
bodily, yet I often wish for the possession of
that wonderful small carpet in the " Arabian
Nights,"" that transported the owner, who sat
upon it, in a moment to where he might wish
to go. I could not wish a 'party better sport
than they would find within ten miles of my
ranchos ; but then I believe they would wish
themselves home in time to dress for dinner.

208

CHAPTER XVI.

STRANGE LOT OF INMATES. BIVOUACKING. HOW SOME

PERSONS TRAVEL. — FONDNESS FOR SPIRITS. STRIPPING

FOR A STORM. KEEPING ONESELF DRY. — A PAIR OF

NATIVES.

TT is scarcely possible for any European
that has not been in a tropical cHmate to
conceive the force of an *' aguacero," or storm
of rain, that may last from half an hour to
three or four. It is very different from the
long steady rain that comes down now and
then during the wet season for two or even
three weeks in succession, without a moment's
intermission. The latter is never accom-
panied by lightning and thunder except at
the very end of the bad weather, w^hen the
grumbling of the thunder on the West Coast
proclaims the speedy breaking up of the
" temporal," as the long rain is called, and
also the release of the impatient prisoners in
the different ranchos or huts.

This confinement is truly insupportable.
Every traveller or stray Indian that cannot
pass the swollen rivers, or who cannot bear a

STRANGE LOT OF INMATES. 209

fortiiight\s rain without shelter, asks, as a
matter of course, hospitality for the time the
rain lasts, and also till the rivers are passable.
As food is generally very scarce to those sort
of persons, they generally make some inquiry
respecting what ranclio is most likely to
afford them something to eat, and for that
reason I have been frequently honoured for a
fortnight and more with a most strange lot of
inmates ; they generally bring with them
food for a day or two, and then they request
for food, if they are half-caste ; but if they are
Indians, will sit and starve unless they are
invited to eat. Often and often I have been
obliged to go out with my rifle for half a day
in the heav^j rain to seek a deer or two and
some wild turkeys, to supply the wants of my
hungry visitors. Hunting in this weather is
very unhealthy, but it is almost always sure
to be attended with success, and also by ague
or fever. Success seldom fails in such weather,
as the deer, and indeed all game, are constantly
on the move, which the Indians attribute to
the pattering of the rain on the leaves, which,
preventing game from being aware of the
approach of wild beasts, makes them un-
easy, restless, and constantly changing their
position : the heavy rain also destroys

210 CENTRAL AMERICA.

their power of scenting their enemies from
afar.

The heavy aguaceros or stormy showers
are, on the contrary, always accompanied
by tremendous thunder and lightning ; and
the rain comes down in large sheets of water,
as if every drop had fused into one another.

After having experienced one of these
long "temporals,'' and having seen it, and
also heard it finished off with the most violent
and awful thunder-storm it had ever been
my lot to witness, I took the opportunity of
anticipated fine weather to make ready for a
journey that might last for three or four
days.

. An Indian and I started the following day,
but wishing the hot sun to dry the paths, we
started rather too late than was prudent, to
enable us to gain the shelter for the night we
had promised ourselves. W.e trusted to gain
an old Spanish ruin before dark, but night
set in before we arrived there, and we had
great difiiculty in finding it.

This place we had fixed on for our night's
lodging was an ancient ruin, but evidently
of Spanish origin, on account of the piazzas,
supported by columns, that surrounded every
side of the oblong square, that barely marked

BIVOUACKING. 211

out the proportions of the old mansion. The
house itself was entirely gone except the
outer walls touching the corridors, which
were from four to six feet high : the partition
walls had also crumbled away, and large trees,
of naturally very slow growth, were proudly
erect in the very rooms where once Dons and
Donnas had lived, and perhaps commanded.
The corridor was nearly entire, having been
built on two open rows of stone pillars, with
a slab stone slanting roof, which appeared to
defy time.

Having been there before, and knowing
the place pretty well, we gained the spot in
such utter darkness that we had nothing to
do but tie up our horses close to us, unsaddle
them, and give them a feed of Indian corn
(that the spare horse always carried), and
then tried to make ourselves comfortable for
the night. Having struck a light and kindled
a fire from a lot of dry wood, that was lying
about, we lighted our pine splints and went
to seek for more dead wood, at the same
time putting the little copper jug, that every
woodsman carries, on the fire, to make a little
hot mixture, to prevent the wind from whist-
ling right through us. When we returned
with the wood a strange sort of lamentation

212 CENTRAL AMERICA.

was heard from another side of the quad-
rangle ; we hstened, and soon found out
the cause. "Oh ! friend," said a strong
sonorous voice, " what a night to pass with-
out a drop of anything to drink !" — " Si
Senor," answered another very squeaky voice,
" No tengo poncho ni ponche," meaning he
had neither a poncho to cover his outside nor
punch to warm his inside. Taking up a pine
splint, I went round the corner of the cor-
ridor, and there found the two speakers, who
were surprised and rather alarmed, to see a
man with a light in one hand and a naked
sword in the other ; but their previous me-
lancholy was soon changed to allegro when
they were informed that not only a fire and
hot water were in the next corridor, but also
the very liquor after which they were sigh-
ing.

They lost not one moment, but installed
themselves by the cheerful blaze. Having
performed the duty of host by supplying them
with what they wanted, I began to examine
my new acquaintances. Never was there
such a diiFerence in outward appearance as
they presented, and the only resemblance
that could be detected between them was
upon subsequent acquaintance ; and here let

HOW SOME PERSONS TRAVEL. 213

me say, that the only object in view, in
relating the remainder of the journey I took
in company with my new friends, is solely to
give an idea how some persons travel, who
wish to save their health and clothes, and
who have not much regard for decency. The
great resemblance was the surprising fondness
they both had for strong drink, and also the
marvellous facility with which they carried
it under their belts. The stout sonorous
voice belonged to a sort of gentleman who
might have seen fifty-five summers pass over
his coal-black head of hair, about five feet nine
inches in height, and pretty nearly the same
round his waist, weighing at least twenty
stone. He was truly enormous to look at,
and yet with all his obesity I found afterwards
that he had a certain activity in mounting
and dismounting from horseback that shewed
he had seen more agile days. The thin weak
voice was the organ of speech of a very great
contrast to the above ; it was the property
of an old-wizened looking man of less than
five feet in height, and who could not have
weighed much more than five stone ; but,
with the exception of two Moorish officers
of the custom-house in the river of Tetuan on
the coast of Barbary, I never met with the

214 CENTRAL AMERICA,

equal of these two in the way of drinking.
My stock of liquor for some clays' journey
was three bottles of rum, two of which the
Indian carried in his " alforcas,'"* or saddle-
bags, and one was in my own, which I gave
them, but it was emptied in a very short
time, and I was rather puzzled to know
where it had gone to, until the Indian told
me they had drunk it nearly pure, and with
only a little hot water, " para desenfriarlo,"
to take the chill off. I had turned into my
hammock, but these two managed to get
possession of the saddle-bags, and with the
slightest assistance from the Indian, they
finished oiF the other two bottles, and went to
sleep on their saddle-cloths and sheep-skins,
I verily believe not a bit the worse for what
they had swallowed, though it must be told
the spirit was not exactly proof.

The next morning broke with a drizzling
rain, and was very raw, owing to the height
we then were above the plains. A fire was
lighted, water boiled, and I then discovered
that the last bottle was empty, by my fellow-
travellers lamenting there was nothing to mix
with it. However, while they were sipping
their hot water, flavoured with a bit of orange-
peel and burnt sugar, and repeating how they

FONDNESS FOR SPIRITS. 215

should enjoy something better such a cold
morning, they were answered from another
and opposite side of the quadrangle ; and it
then turned out that a muleteer, with two
mules laden with aguardiente, had passed the
night in the vicinity. I filled my three
bottles for the journey, and my two facetious
friends (for they were very droll, especially
the fat one) filled a bottle each, and were
soon seated before the fire again, where, after
eating a little dried venison, they resumed
their cigars.

I was wandering about the strange old
ruins, and watching the weather, when, seeing
it partially clear up, I returned to the party
to say they had better get ready for a start,
and saw their two bottles lying on the sides
without corks, and concluded their contents
had followed those of the night before ; how-
ever, they were in no way affected by the
liquor, but saddled their horses and made
ready with wonderful agility, asked if we
were ready ; and having mounted, came and
asked for an " estrivera," or stirrup-cup, with-
out which they could have no luck on the
journey. They took a pull of almost a
quarter of a pint a-piece, and we proceeded
on our journey at about eleven o'clock, trust-

216 CENTRAL AMERICA.

ing to reach a populous village, or rather
large straggling town, about two or three in
the afternoon ; meaning, after a short rest
there, to travel about two hours further. At
noon my companions called on me for their
onze, so called, as previously explained, from
there being eleven letters in the word "aguar-
diente/' We travelled on until about five
miles from the said town, both my fat and
thin friends keeping us in roars of laughter,
when the Indian remarked we had better get
our ponchos ready, as a very heavy thunder-
storm was close behind.

My friend, looking up at the sky, jumped
out of his saddle with surprising activity,
considering his huge size, and followed by
the thin one, asked the Indian if he did not
know how to prepare for an aguacero ; to
which the Indian replied, that both himself
and his patron knew well enough how to
prepare in the forest, but not in a cleared
country, as it was not decent. " Vaya,'"* said
they both, and with a speed quite marvellous,
they stripped, putting their clothes, linen,
shoes, leggings, and the one poncho under
their saddle- skins, or pillions; they then
replaced their broad-brimmed straw-hats on
their heads, their large silver spurs on their

STRIPPING FOR A STORM. 217

naked heels, and buckled their machetes
round their ditto waist: they then mounted
on horseback again.

There could not have been a more ludicrous
sight than our two fellow-travellers. Fancy
two men, with handsome skins, and trappings
on their horses, but with nothing on them
but large straw hats, huge silver spurs on
their heels, and a short hunting sword strap-
ped round their waists ; and such a contrast
of waists ! the Silenus-looking fat man hav-
ing his buckled close under his arms; and the
thin one's belt hanging over his hips There
could not have been a better representation of
Plenty and Famine.

In the forest it was my frequent practice to
strip for a shower, and keep my clothes dry,
on account of the ague wet clothes invariably
produce, and also for the reason that there is
no one to see you ; but in a partially cleared
country, where men and women are met
with, and in the vicinity of villages, it is dif-
ficult to throw off every feeling of shame or
modesty, and so we contented ourselves with
taking off all our clothes, but putting on the
large ponchos that cover all but the feet.

Down came the rain, as if hundreds of
buckets of water were being continually

218 CENTRAL AMERICA.

emptied over our heads, but our two friends
only laughed at us for wetting the ponchos
we should want to cover us at night, and
made an excuse of the weather to get two or
three more pulls at the liquor. We arrived
within a short distance of the town, but the
rain still came down in sheets, and as we
pulled up under an immense tree, I thought
it was for the purpose of dressing before
entering such a populated place. Jumping
off our horses, the Indian and I hastily put
on some very necessary articles of attire, and
asked our friends if they were not going to
do the same. " No," said the fat man, " I
am not going to spoil my clothes, or sleep
wet to-night, for all the women in Central
America, ' ni de Londres tampoco ; "* but,*"
said he " amigo mio ! my skin is completely
wet through, and if it sinks deeper it will get
to my bones, my heart, and stomach, and if
you do not give me a good drink before we
arrive at this town, then, Don Jorge, you
will have to answer for my death."" Of
course there was no possibility of incurring
such a heavy responsibility, and so, having
supplied them with another pull, we com-
menced our rather comic procession through
the town.

KEEPING ONESELF DRY. 219

I had never been there before, but knew
two or three of the inhabitants, and had a
small parcel to deliver to the Padre of the
town. It turned out that my fat friend had
also a i^arcel to deliver to the same person,
and so we made our way to the " Plaza,'' or
square, in which the Padre's house was situ-
ated. In passing through the straggling
streets there was great merriment occasioned
by our two fellow-travellers : the loud re-
marks of the inhabitants standing at the
doors were very amusing, especially those of
the women. One woman asked how many
yards of calico it took to make the fat man a
shirt, and how many for the "hombrecito," for
she thought the diiference would make one
for her husband. Another remarked that one
looked like a javalino and the other like a sick
savalino, alluding to the two sorts of wild
pigs, — one very large, the other small ; but
all these remarks made no more impression
on our friends than the heavy rain seemed to
do, and at last we reached the " Plaza," and
drew up before the priest's archway-like door.
The old man came out to welcome us, but no
sooner did he see my two fellow-travellers
than, crying out, "Women, escape! — women,
hide yourselves !" he began to reprimand

220 CENTRAL AMERICA.

them very severely for their indelicacy, with-
out, however, making the smallest impres-
sion. They got coolly off their horses, gave
them in charge to us to keep dry, (as we
were invited in, and they were not,) and,
having asked for another drink, the fat man
took his purse from the saddle-bags, and put-
ting it into his straw-hat, sallied forth, at-
tended by his lean companion, to purchase
fruit and other eatables at a few stalls in the
square. Having bought a very large quan-
tity of different things, he and his small
friend carried them to some stone-steps round
a crucifix in the very centre of the Placa,
and having sat down in the rain, commenced
their meal.

I could see them from the gratings of the
Padre's window, and a more curious pair it
would be difficult to meet with. The little
one had not much appetite, but my Indian
told me that the fat one began with dried
venison ; he then finished twenty large plan-
tains, and concluded with three melons.
They then contrived to make the Indian go
to them, and, as the rain had ceased, re-
quested him to bring their clothes, and also
sent their compliments for something to wash
down their dinner with.

A PAIR OF NATIVES. 221

Having partially dressed, they very coolly
paid their respects to the Padre, who soon
recovered his good humour, and laughed
heartily at the droll figure they had cut.
The women also made plenty of amusing
remarks, especially on the surprising way
that dress and covering improved some
shapes, but our two friends paid the ladies
back in their own coin, and most certainly
had the best of it, keeping the Padre and
all who heard them in a continual roar of
laughter.

I here took leave of my two fellow-
travellers, and wish them luck and plenty to
drink wherever they go. They certainly
kept my Indian and myself in a fit of laugh-
ter pretty nearly all the time we were to-
gether, but we were almost tired of them at
last. The fat one did not laugh aloud, but
had a droll twinkle in his eye, and gave forth
a quiet chuckling and curious grumbling, as
if he were actually laughing inside his fat
carcass : the little thin man, who looked up
with great reverence to his fat friend, had
the most shrill, ridiculous, crying laughter
ever mortal heard. Famine was on a very
inferior level to Plenty in the eating depart-
ment, but in the drinking and smoking de-

222 CENTRAL AMERICA.

partment, together with their faciUty of
stowing away without being top-heavy, such
an equal pair were never seen.

I soon afterwards made a water-coloured
drawing of the pair on horseback during the
rain, and can scarce look at it now without
being amused.

223

CHAPTER XVII.

THE USE OF TOBACCO. TUMBLE OVER AN ALLIGATOR.

RED-BEARDED MONKEY. FRESH-WATER SHARKS.

MODE OF LIVING. A TALE TOO TRUE. SHE SLEEPS IN

peace! CARIBEE INDIANS. — REVIEW OF TROOPS.

HOME.

TTA VING very nearly completed two years'
residence in Central America, and that
principally in the wildest part of the interior,
I own I began to be weary of the half-savage
life I had been so long leading.

A very severe wound I received on a hunt-
ing party decided me to set my face stead-
fastly towards the east, as soon as I should
be sufficiently recovered to undertake a long
journey on horseback and in canoes. I was
undecided which course to pursue, but at last
resolved to travel back to Leon ; go from
thence to the Pacific coast, for the purpose of
making arrangements respecting funds, and,
returning by Leon, proceed on to the Lake of
Nicaragua, and take my chance of finding a
" piragua," or large canoe, to take me to the
east shore of the lake and down the river St.

224 CENTRAL AMERICA.

Juan to the Boca, or mouth of the river, on
the Atlantic.

I had been lying in my rancho for a
week, very much exhausted, and weak from
extreme loss of blood, when, finding myself a
little stronger, I determined to start for Leon
the next morning, as, at least, I could there
get some little surgical aid, of which I stood
much in need, being obliged to dress my
wound myself.

Having selected my steadiest horses and
mules, I started the next morning, taking
with me everything I meant to take home,
and leaving a great many things for the In-
dians who came in to take leave of me : two
Indians accompanied me who had been with
me from the first, but the journey was more
full of accidents to me than all the previous
ones put together. We had hardly travelled
two leagues than my horse, always used for
the lasso, and a favourite, from his sure-
footedness, came down, for the first time,
right on his nose. On the spur of the
moment I disengaged the left arm that was
bandaged to the side, to pull him up, and
burst afresh the large artery that had been
severed, and I had only time to dismount,
when I had another fainting-fit. However,

SUNDRY ACCIDENTS. 225

we managed to get to an old deserted ruin by
nightfall, and the night was passed bj me in
much suffering.

The next morning I mounted a very quiet
mule, thinking she would never start or
stumble ; but as we were going along a nar-
row trail in the forest a crash in the under-
wood on one side frightened her, for she no
doubt took it for a wild beast, and in she
bolted to the underwood on the opposite side,
bruising the wound very much : many other
little accidents also occurred, which, when in
health, no one thinks about, but are severely
felt by the suffering.

By the time we arrived at Leon, what
with loss of blood and pain, I could scarcely
keep my saddle, and was agreeably surprised
to find a North American surgeon, who had
taken up his residence there for a short time.
He came immediately to see me, and if ever
this meets his eye, I here return him most
grateful acknowledgments for his kindness
and liberality, for he not only attended me
with the care of a brother, but absolutely
refused to take the smallest remuneration for
his services, and when I went to Granada he
accompanied me, for fear the wound should
break out afresh. However, the doctor's

Q

226 CENTRAL AMERICA.

care, rest, and a strong constitution set me
lip in two or three weeks ; and having gone
to the coast, arranged all my affairs, and
obtained two or three letters of introduction
for Granada, I hired an Indian guide, took
my leave of the cities and villages of the low
plains, and started with my friend the doctor
for Granada.

There is a sameness in travelling through
Central American forests that renders the
description of one that of all. Unlike forests
in some countries, where often the trees have
little save grass underneath them, and the eye
penetrates far into the glades and recesses of
the forest, these trees invariably overshadow
a tall, dense, matted underwood, and render
one path absolutely like any other. The only
difference on the road to Granada is, that the
ground is much more undulating, though still
covered by the same sort of forest. These
woods were absolutely swarming with game in
the shape of deer, wild turkeys, and a sort of
moor-fowl ; but we only shot enough for the
use of the party, consisting of six persons, in-
cluding guide and servants, one of whom was
an Englishman in the service of the doctor.

We travelled about twenty leagues the
first day, and slept at a village where we

THE USE OF TOBACCO. 227

were able to purchase some Indian corn for
our horses, but found the people the most
morose set of beings we had ever met with
in the country. They seemed to be all a bad
sort of half-caste Spaniard, without an Indian
among them.

When we started the next morning, we
had scarce got three hundred yards on our
road, when our guide, whom I had remarked
seemed sadly out of temper, turned round
and began to spit towards the village, reviling
its inhabitants and the fathers and mothers
from whom they descended, in the choicest
" Chabacano." He would not tell me what
had got his back up so high, but he seemed
very irate, and said that, on his return, he
would rather sleep in the forest than in that
" Maldito lugar."

A well-known author writes, that "tobacco
soothes the turbulence of the mind," so. giving
him a few choice cigars, he soon regained his
good humour, and began, when we were half
way to Granada, to descant on the beauties,
as he considered them, of his own country, for
he was a native of Granada domiciled in Leon.

As we got nearer to his native place —
" See," said he, " Don Jorge, what a fine
road," pointing down to a good track about

228 CENTRAL AMERICA.

fifteen feet broad ; "there are no roads like
this anywhere else."" — " Certainly not/' was
the reply (it is always best to assent in such
cases), " but what is the name of that beau-
tiful lake on the left V

" Quien sabe ?" who knows, — was the reply
of one who saw nothing beautiful in a mag-
nificent sheet of water, surrounded by pictu-
resque wooded hills, rocks, and mountains.
" But see," Don Jorge, " here is a bresil-
tree (logwood) ; there has been a great deal
cut down and sent to the coast."

" I know it, but surely that lake must
have some communication with the end of the
Nicaragua lake ; they are so near, and there
seems a quebrada, or gully, that joins them.'''

" Quien sabe ? Ah, this cigar, Don Jorge,
is from the ' llanos ; ' you must have had it
sent you from Granada," — and so on.

I have always found that the most beau-
tiful and romantic sites of nature fail to
rouse up one single particle of enthusiasm,
or even common admiration, in a wild, un-
educated mind. I remember once travel-
ling over about fifty miles of almost a desert
in Chili, when my jwoii said to me, " When
we get to the top of those small sand-hills
we shall see the most beautiful view in the

DIFFERENCE OF OPINION. 229

world/' — and accordingly, in a short time, we
saw stretched at our feet the pretty fertile
valley of the river Limari, as rich in all sorts
of vegetation as the desert we had just passed
was sterile : it was fresh and green, with its
clear river rippling and winding through the
valley, which was dotted, as far as the eye
could reach, with white cottages, even one or
two gentlemen's houses, and a white church-
tower. I asked the peon in what consisted
the great beauty he had spoken of. He was
astonished at my (to him) want of taste, and
replied, " That valley would feed all the
mules in the province of Coquimbo." The
man was a muleteer !

My Granada guide told me that on the
summit of the next hill we should see a
beautiful view, and so we did ; but I asked
him the same question that I put to the peon,
and, as I expected, the beauty of the view
consisted in his native town, lying at our
feet, while he entirely neglected the beautiful,
— nay more, — the majestic view of mountain,
forest, and lake, that was before us, on as
grand a scale as nature can produce. We
approached near the western end of the lake,
but on the south side, and the opposite shore
was clearly visible about fifteen miles distant.

230 CENTRAL AMERICA.

backed by strange-looking volcanic mountains.
On the east side the blue horizon was alone
visible ; and on the west, about sixteen miles
from us, the north and south shores had
contracted to a sort of canal, about half a
mile in breadth, and which seemed to com-
municate with the former-mentioned lake.
From this spot all the canoes and piraguas
that are going to the eastward take their
departures during the north winds, that
throw a great surf upon the coast near
Granada ; but I had no time to explore, as
my stay was only six days, which were fully
occupied in seeking out a good piragua, with
a trust-worthy crew of Indians, and laying in
stock and provisions for a three weeks' cruize,
though our voyage only lasted a fortnight.
Granada, at the time I was there, was in a
state of excitement, produced by a curious
cause.

A Frenchman, who called himself the
vice-consul, and who hoisted the tri-coloured
flag over his store, or rather shop, had just
returned from France, and among many
speculations, had hit upon the following
one : — He had found an old book in France,
written during the time of the empire, when
French hatred, and ignorance of everything

A SPECULATION. 231

English, is well known. The speculator had
it translated into Spanish, and arrived at
Granada with a large edition of {on dit) two
thousand copies, one volume each ; price one
dollar ; to be sold in all the cities of Central
America, for the instruction of the natives, to
the prejudice of English, and for the benefit
and glory of his own pocket and France.

The speculation was an excellent one, for
the whole edition was sold oiF in a few days ;
it was bought up by French and Spanish
merchants and shopkeepers, to disseminate
through the whole country, and, as every-
body believes, in a half-barbarous country,
that what is in print must be true, so every
one I spoke to firmly believed that this
atrocious book was fact. Some idea may be
formed of the book when the first line of it ran
thus : — " TJie English cannot fight ; they can
only assassinate /" and the whole tenor of the
volume was either the same or much worse.
There is not a crime on the statute book that
was not made to appear as the common mode
of English life.

I went with others to the soi-disant French
Consul's, and having paid my dollar, opened
the book, and on reading the first line, told
him in Spanish, politely but very plainly, and

232 CENTRAL AMERICA.

before all the crowd, what a rascally liar he
must be to circulate such falsehoods. After
reading the book, I sent it by the guide, who
was returning home, to H. B. M., vice-consul
at Eealejo, but I heard nothing more of it.
Such a mode of doing a rival country harm
could never possibly enter into an English-
man's steadier brain.

By the letters I brought with me I was
enabled to make a bargain with the patron
or owner of a good strong piragua, to take
me down to the Boca St. Juan on the At-
lantic, and if I remember right, the price was
very moderate. I had a patron and ten rowers
for a fortnight's voyage, to victual themselves,
and I think I only paid five pounds for every-
thing, but laid in my own provisions.

Having made an appointment to be at the
above-mentioned canal-looking spot at one
o'clock the next day, my servants and guide
started with me on horseback early in the
morning, as, by the road, the distance is more
than twenty miles. My good friend, the
doctor, also came to see me off.

On leaving Granada, the road for many
miles is the lake's sandy shore itself, bounded
on the left hand by a dense forest, and on
the right hand by the lake ; but the lake is

TUMBLE OVER AN ALLIGATOR. 233

very shallow near the shore ; it forms a sort
of long lagune, about a quarter of a mile
broad, bounded on one side by the shore, and
on the other by the heavy surf that breaks
from the deep water on the shallow bank ;
this lag-une is clear and tranquil, and never
more than three feet in depth.

Along the sandy beach that forms the
road a great many alligators come out of the
water every night to sleep, but they are all
small, averaging about three feet in length,
and are seldom seen there above five feet.
The larger alligators avoid the vicinity of
man,* and generally keep in deeper water, but
they frequent much the north side of the lake,
which is absolutely uninhabited, and where
my rifle turned a good many of them over.

* I must except one instance in the city of Guayaquil,
where a party of English merchants were engaged one
night at whist during a tremendous long-continued rain,
that had flooded the great river into the streets. One
of the party, afraid of staying out late, went out into
the flooded street on his way home, but fell over what
he took for a trunk of a tree. His cries soon brought
out lanterns and arms, when it was found he had tum-
bled over an immense alligator, who had come up with
the flood, and was more frightened than the man who
tumbled over him. The beast did not make the
slightest resistance, and was easily killed.

234 CENTRAL AMERICA.

It is a common amusement with the In-
dians or the muleteers to hunt these alli-
gators, and it is curious how easily they are
killed. When any one passes by the shore
early in the morning, these animals awake
and run to the water, but, as I have remarked
previously, directly they are covered with
water they fancy themselves secure, although
only a few inches of water may be above
them, and three or four men on horseback
circling round them. They are killed either
with a spear or a machete thrust, or cut at
the soft place on the lower side of the neck :
a large vein or artery runs under this soft
spot, which, being wounded, the animal curls
his tail towards his head, and soon dies.
We killed several small ones on our way
along the shore.

After three or four leagues' travelling along
the lake, the road strikes off to the left, and
runs for some miles through a very thick
forest.

I had recognised, before we left the shore
of the lake, the strange booming cry of the
red-bearded monkey, that I had seen and
heard a year before in another part of that
coast. The cry is the most melancholy noise,
breaking on the otherwise oppressive silence

RED-BEARDED MONKEY. 235

of the forest, that it is possible to conceive.
In passing through the forest we had an op-
portunity of observing several over our heads;
they seemed to take no notice of us, and I
made the same remark as I had done before,
that they were all seated on separate trees,
and at a distance fi'om one another : perhaps
Baron Von Humboldt saw them in another
time of the year.

They seemed savage, unsocial, and sulky
animals, very different from the lively monkeys
that are so often seen in troops playing in
the tree-tops. I was half inclined to send a
ball through an old savage-looking one for
the sake of his curious skin, but, reflecting
that a canoe would be a bad place for drying
a skin in a hot sun, passed on and arrived
at the opposite side of the creek, from where
my piragua was waiting. Here I took leave
of some of my horses that had carried me
many a weary journey, and made presents of
them to those I knew would take care of
them.

We had to cross over in a sort of ferry
canoe, and on our arrival found six Indians,
with their horses, were waiting for our de-
parture. The six horses were driven into
the water, and their heads made fast to the

236 CENTRAL AMERICA.

gunwales of the boat, three on each side,
and then we shoved oiF; but as the boat
pulled much faster than the horses could
swim, before they were half way across,
they were being towed along half dead, and
on their arrival could not stand for some time.

I now took a view of the piragua in which
I was fated to live a fortnight. It was a
large canoe of about forty feet in length, by
about eight feet beam, with five thwarts for
ten men to pull double-banked. It was hol-
lowed out of a single magnificent tree, but
the sides raised upon about two planks on
each side.

The patron, or steerer, had a small com-
partment aft, in which he kept the provisions
for his crew, his tobacco, and jar of spirits :
my ramada, as it is called, occupied the part
between the patron and the crew.

The ramada is a semi-circular shelter, made
sometimes from leafy boughs, from whence
the name ; but mine was made of bent sticks
covered with a tarpauling ; it is a very useful
shelter against the great heat and the fierce
showers constantly occurring in the river St.
Juan. It was one of these ramadas that

occasioned the death of poor Captain ,

of H.M.S. , in the river Chagres ; he

FRESH-WATER SHARKS. 237

was climbing over the top of the ramacla
when he lost his balance and fell overboard.

My crew consisted of a respectable-looking
patron and ten Indians, all dressed in white
trowsers, white shirts, and red sashes ; but
after we had started and pulled up to the
northern or weather shore, to avoid the heavy
sea, all the rowers, but not the patron,
stripped themselves perfectly naked, and re-
mained so day and night until about a mile
before our arrival at the sea-coast, when
they again put on the trowsers and shirts.
They had each a heavy poncho, which they
put over them during the night, but never
during the heavy showers that only come in
the afternoon. On the south side of the
lake there are two large towns, and some
small villages, but on the north side there
is not a hut or cabin ; it is quite uninhabited
and savage.

I here, for the first time, saw a great many
fresh-water sharks, called by the same name
as the sea-shark, " tiburon." They are very
large, for they have never been molested,
and are much dreaded by the boatmen ; and
one day that I was sitting in the boat, while
the men were cooking their dinner on shore,
I saw six or seven, with their back-fins well

238 CENTRAL AMERICA.

out of water, swimming round the canoe, and
when one of the men waded out to bring me my
dinner, I shot right and left at two that were
going towards him. He would not go back
alone, but said, when they were all together
there was not much fear ; but they always
go on shore with naked swords in their
hands.

The wind at this time of the year blowing
off the shore, we were able sometimes to use a
square lug-sail, hoisted on a spar, without stay
or support of any kind, but the hallyard
made fast to windward, and the description
of one day's living will serve for all.

An hour before sunrise, up anchor and
away; just as the sun rose the men left off
pulling, and, with all heads uncovered, the
patron commenced prayers in a half-chaunt-
ing voice, which was now and then re-
sponded to by the crew : they then sung a
hymn in very fair time and tune, but in
unison, and after it was concluded, had a
ration of spirits served out equally. The
voyage was then proceeded with, either by
rowing or sailing, until about seven or eight
o'clock, according to the convenience of a
spot for cooking breakfast. A sandy spot
was always chosen, and while two or three

MODE OF LIVING. ' 239

were cooking on shore, the remainder se-
parated to look for alligators' and turtles'
eggs, and also for the purpose of killing
iguanas and other small game.

Their usual breakfast was boiled rice, with
a little charque or dried meat, and they
added to the mess whatever they might have
killed, which, if it was iguana and stewed in
the rice, was excellent. The breakfast over,
the voyage was prosecuted until about mid-
day, when the canoe was run on to a sandy
spot and the same sort of meal done over
again, but few of their meals took place
without having some material addition made
to it from the produce of my gun or rifle ;
such as deer, wild turkey, or now and then a
wild duck or two, a bird very scarce in the
country.

After dinner, under-way again until sun-
set, when the patron again chaunts his prayers,
and they sing together an evening hymn to
the Virgin Mary. They soon after come to an
anchor, taking care to keep well away from
the shores and from under trees, on account
of wild beasts, and, still worse, snakes drop-
ping down from the branches. After eating
the cold remains of their dinner, they have
another ration of spirits served out to them

240 CENTRAL AMERICA.

(which they always take pure), and wrapping
themselves up in their j^onchos, stow them-
selves away on the thwarts or the bottom of
the boat for the night,

I was much struck with the pleasing sim-
phcity of their morning and evening worship,
and the more so as I had never seen the
slightest sign of any worship in the woods ;
the gross adoration of saints, carved and
and dressed in the most grotesque, ridiculous
mode, is just as barbarous as the fetish wor-
ship on the west coast of Africa. I can truly
say I joined with pleasure in their devotions,
and they were pleased to see it.

The third day of our voyage produced a
very different change in the appearance of
the lake ; instead of the vast expanse of
water, only bounded on the east by the hori-
zon, we had just rounded a head-land, and
our view was soon beautifully contracted by
a large group of small islands. The largest
of them could not be much more than two
hundred acres in extent, and the smallest
seven or eight ; but there were hundreds and
hundreds of them as far as the eye could
reach : but so lovely were they, so luxuriant,
so graceful in shape, form, and clothing, so
beautifully reflected from the transparent

FUTILITY OF FANCIED SECURITY. 241

water, that no pen could do justice to them,
though I have seen a pencil that could.

Each of these islands looked as if a faiiy,
or, at least, a romantic tale, was connected
with it ; and each appeared as if it might, at
least, be the abode of happiness for those who
cared not for the world's passing show. But
how futile are even such fancied securities
from the strange vicissitudes of fate, the fol-
lowing little simple but, alas ! too true, tale
will shew.

Passing by one of those islands, I pointed
out to the patron the appearance of ruins and
the remains of cultivation. He answered,
''' Helas ! it is very true; and I often used
to carry the produce of that gentleman's
island to the Boca St. Juan, and bring him
back European goods and silver money."
I knew too well, hefore^ the romantic story ;
for it happened the year before, when I was
not far from that part of the lake's coast, but
wished to hear it as the boatmen repeated it.
I will give the story as it happened.

Once upon a time, not long ago, a German
student fell in love with a German mddchen;
but, as the course of true love never does run
smooth, so father, and mother, and relations
on both sides were against the union of two

R

242 CENTRAL AMERICA.

simple souls, who loved each other clearly.
They then resolved to hreak all the ties of
nature or of friendship that bound them even
to their old fatherland^ and they both deter-
mined to go and live in some wild part of the
world where, at least, they could live for each
other. They had heard of this archipelago of
uninhabited fairy islands ; and, having turned
all their effects into ready money, embarked
for the Boca St. Juan : he there engaged a
piragua to take himself, wife, and a large
quantity of baggage up to the islands. As
the German had engaged the piragua for a
couple of months, the men assisted him in
building temporary huts on the island he had
picked out and taken possession of: he then
authorised the patron to send him a major-
domo and workmen, and they were left to
enjoy each other's society.

The servants did arrive, and the head one,
or major-domo, was a strong, powerful, half-
caste, who brought with him a very good
written character, though the event proved
it was not deserved.

The German cleared his island, planted
sugar-cane, had a small crushing-mill and
sugar-pans, &c., and managed to send enough
coarse brown caked sugar and poultry, either

A TALE TOO TRUE. 243

to the Boca St. Juan or to Granada, to pay
all expenses and save something besides. He
even cleared a small adjacent island, and built
a sort of four-oared gig to communicate be-
tween the two islands. He planted the
second small island with sugar-cane, and was
superintending it with his boat's crew, when
the dreadful catastrophe alluded to took place
in the larger one.

The major-domo had been strongly stricken
with admiration for the fair German lady of
the isles, and had told her so in very plain
terms for several weeks before the tragical
occurrence. She very foolishly never ac-
quainted her husband with the fact, for fear
he should involve himself in a quarrel with
one who might be too much for him ; but,
the evening before the fatal day, she told her
husband that she could no longer live in a
place where insulting proposals were being
constantly made to her. He promised to
arrange it all the next day, and that the
major-domo should be sent to the main land.

Early next morning, the German went with
his boat's crew to the small island, leaving,
very imprudently, nobody but the major-
domo on the island except his wife. After
two or three hours'* work on the small island.

244 CENTRAL AMERICA.

the party was alarmed by seeing a thick
smoke arising from the larger island, and,
manning the boat, they soon regained it ;
when, on arriving at the hacienda, to the
horror of husband and Indians, the house
was discovered on fire in several places, and
the unfortunate young German lady lying
on the floor with her throat cut from ear to
ear, and with every evidence that she had
been shamefully abused.

The major-domo, after committing this
atrocious violence, had taken his own canoe
and escaped to the south side of the lake,
where he thought to find refuge in the thick
woods ; but he was shot down three days
afterwards, but not in consequence of any
exertions of the afflicted German. Poor fel-
low ! he was perfectly stunned and over-
whelmed by the blow.

" It was a trying moment that which found him
Standing alone heside his desolate hearth,
Where all his household gods lay shiver'd round
him."*

And so it was a trying one for the German
enthusiast ; it was months before he could
recover so far as to superintend his affairs.
He then went to Germany, and, strangely

* Byron.

SHE SLEEPS IN PEACE ! 245

enough, returned to the Boca St. Juan the
day I arrived there, and a rascally half-caste
custom-house officer asked him if he had
brought out another wife for his next major-
domo.

He was going back to the island, and would
never leave it, for his wife was buried there.

Poor young woman ! she sleeps in peace ;
her bed is shaded by a few splendid trees ;
and many a beautiful shrub ornaments the
little spot where she lies, free from the troubles
that might have been her fate to endure.

The last day we were on the lake we kept
under-way, till midnight, when we made the
entrance of the river St. Juan and cast anchor
till daylight. After prayers the next morn-
ing, we unshipped the mast, and it was hidden
in the forest, to be taken up on the voyage
back. All the rowers went to a pebble beach
not far off, and came back with their ponchos
full of large round stones ; what for, I could
not conceive, but waited patiently to see to
what use they were to be put. After break-
fast we started down the river, which, for the
first mile or two, is about the breadth of the
Thames at Kew, but soon narrows to about
seventy or eighty yards. The use of the
pebbles the crew had on board was soon

246 CENTRAL AMERICA.

apparent : pulling about eight or ten yards
from the left bank, we saw many iguanas on
the branches of the bushes, and these Indians
were such capital shots, that they knocked
over several in the course of the day. After
all their stones were exhausted, they asked
me to try shot, and they soon found out that
a double-barrelled gun obtained them more
iguanas than their volleys of stones could ;
but it is rather dangerous work pulling in
under the bushes to pick them up, as we
brushed off several snakes from the branches
into the boat, and the boatmen in general
take great care to avoid all overhanging
branches.

The third day on the river we came to the
great rapid, as it is called, which, after a
little preparation, we shot down ; it is more
than a mile in length and runs with great
rapidity. When we were half way down,
the stream overpowered us, and, instead of
keeping the channel, we ran right on a heap
of rocks in the middle of the river, and about
a foot under water, and if the canoe had not
been excessively strong, and framed out of a
single tree, we must have been smashed to
pieces, we hung in this position for about a
quarter of an hour, when, by dint of exertion.

STERN FOREMOST. 247

the after part of the boat swung round, and
away we went stern foremost at a merry rate
down the rapid, and got safely into still
water.

Below this rapid the river (for it was in
the dry season, though we had one or two
tremendous showers every day) got very
shallow, for, the lake being low, the river
was so likewise. At last we stuck fast in
the sand, and all hands, including myself,
turned overboard, to dig a channel to the next
deep water. We were two days digging the
channel and hauling at the piragua, and had
only got half way when we discovered an
easier way, and going back by the channel
we had dug, soon got afloat again.

On getting within two or three days'
journey from the coast, there are a great
many creeks that join the main river, and as
we were breakfasting one morning, a small
fast-pulling canoe, containing three men,
made its appearance from one of them. The
men seemed much alarmed on seeing us, and
they all fitted an arrow to their slight-looking
bows. Our patron said to me, " They are
Caribees ; do not say you are Inglese ; for
they are so dreadfully alarmed at the name
of English, that there is no knowing what

248 CENTEAL AMERICA.

they may do." On their coming within hail,
they cried out " IngleseT' and on the patron
shaking his head, and answering " No," they
laid down their arms and came alongside.
They were all naked, except a very slight
covering round the loins, and were of a much
lighter hue than any Indian I had ever seen
before. They were more of a yellow brown ;
and the two young men who were fishing and
paddHng were well made, but rather fat;
the third, a very old man, and who was
steering with a paddle, was the most extra-
ordinary-looking being I ever met with. His
long white hair reached his waist, and covered
his breast and shoulders, but his skin looked
more like an alligator's back than that of a
human being, and was of various colours.
We gave them something to eat, and I then
gave them some cigars, which they all enjoyed
very much; before we started, however, I
pointed to myself, saying Inglese^ giving them
to understand I was an Englishman. Their
sudden alarm was excessive, for they sprung
to their paddles, and hurried off with the
greatest speed.

I tried to get at the story of these Cari-
bees, and how they had got to that part of
the world ; and partly from our patron, but

CARIBEE INDIANS. 249

principally from some Mosquito Indians on
the coast, I learnt the following particulars
about them.

A long time ago (when I could not make
out, but I thought about a hundred years),
these Caribee Indians lived on some of those
small islands in the Caribean seas, that were
the haunts and rendezvous of the pirates and
buccaniers of that epoch. These pirates were
mostly Enghsh, or from the North American
colonies, and the habitual violence and bar-
barities they practised upon the unfortunate
natives induced the latter to abandon their
homes and country, and seek that quiet on
the main land they were denied on their own
islands. They landed on the Mosquito shore,
and established themselves on the coast be-
tween the spot now called Bluefields and the
Boca St. Juan ; but the life did not suit
them. The Mosquito Indians used to jeer at
them for their want of skill and enterprise in
striking turtle and taking their boats through
the heavy surf, until at last, having discovered
an inland lake connected with the river St.
Juan by a creek, or " estero," as they call it,
they abandoned the sea- shore and took up
their dwellings on the banks of this lake, and
sometimes, but not often, a few of these

250 CENTRAL AMERICA.

Indians may be seen fishing on the river,
rather far from home, in their small but fast
canoes.

They have no trade, commerce, or even
barter with other tribes, and certainly have
a dread of the English, which has probably
been handed down to them by tradition from
their forefathers. Judging by the rather fat
condition of the specimens we saw, they could
not be in much want of food.

The morning we arrived at the Boca we
got under-way two hours before daylight,
and after pulling until sun-rise, the men laid
in the oars and sung their morning- hymn,
after which the patron chaunted a prayer
different from what I had yet heard, and
which was a thanksgiving for having per-
formed our voyage in safety. They then
washed themselves and the piragua and re-
sumed their white shirts, trowsers, and red
sashes, that had been carefully stowed away
since our departure. We then proceeded on
our journey, and soon landed at the Boca,
which consists of a few miserable huts and
a shed that does duty for a custom-house.

This poor village is built on the western
end of a slip of low sandy land on the left
bank, about two or three hundred yards in

REVIEW OF TROOPS. 25]

breadth and about half a mile in length,
bounded to the north and to the west by a
dense jungle, with a small fresh-water stream
at the edge, and on the south and east by
the river and coast. Towards the eastern
end stands a very curious but very com-
fortable dwelling, built of wood, and occu-
pied by an old English gentleman of the
name of Shepherd, who exercises great hos-
pitality to any one in want of it, and pos-
sesses much authority among the Mosquito
Indians all along the coast. He was kind
enough to receive me until an opportunity
should occur to enable me to proceed to the
West Indies. I stayed with him five days,
when a man-of-war schooner packet came in,
and taking my berth, I sailed for Jamaica,
touching at several places on the main — Salt
Creek, Chagres, and Carthagena. I was
lucky enough to meet at Chagres a vice-con-
sul whom I had known on the Pacific coast,
and we agreed to travel home together. We
stayed twelve days at Jamaica; from thence
went to Cuba, and on to St. Domingo, where,
having to remain three days in expectation of
a Falmouth packet, we had an opportunity
of seeing a little about us, and had the
pleasure of witnessing a review of troops and

2e52 CENTRAL AMERICA.

National Guards to celebrate the anniversary
of some saint or revolution ; I forget which :
such talking and squabbling in the black ranks
I never heard, and I certainly never saw so
much gold embroidery or gold lace on any offi-
cers of any army as upon the coats, trowsers,
and caps of these negroes. They marched on to
the ground by different regiments commanded
by their respective colonels, but the covering
Serjeants of all had been sent on before to
take up company's distances, and, when on
the ground, each company filed on to its own
covering serjeant, so that about forty or fifty
companies coming from different directions
were jostling and almost fighting, and it was
a long time before they got into open column,
right in front. Then came a general with his
staff, who was afterwards to receive a greater
general than himself. The command equiva-
lent to our " Left wheel into line," was then
given, but the companies' distances had been
taken up in such an absurd way that some
companies had at least half their files in the
rear of its right company ; and others left
vacancies of ten or fifteen files ; so after
closing right and left for a good half hour,
they were obliged to give it up, and form
close column in rear of the right company, and

HOME. 253

then deploy into line. That operation at last
being effected, three guns were unlimbered
on each flank, and the whole awaited the
approach of the great man. At last he came,
mounted on a small ewe-necked white horse,
or rather pony, looking very like a goat, and,
surrounded by a " Brilliant Staff," he ad-
vanced towards the centre, when the word
" Present arms," being given, round turned
the Httle horse and left the great man on the
ground. They then marched past and then
home, and we returned to our ship, but I
could not help comj^aring what I had seen
with my old regiment, the Forty-third, and
thinking it would not be much for them to
do to walk over them all. We shifted our
berth on board a Falmouth sailing-packet,
and, after a very fast passage, arrived in
England on the same day of the year I left
it, having been a wanderer in America for
six years.

THE END.

London :

Printed by S. & J. Bentley and Henry Fley,

Bangor House, Shoe Lane.

mw EOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS.

THE HOLY CITY : Historical, Topogra-
phical, and Antiquarian Notices of Jerusalem. By George
Williams, B.D., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge.
Second Edition, with considerable additions, including

THE ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF THE HOLY
SEPULCHRE.

By Professor "Willis.

With this Edition is also published

A PLAN OF THE TOWN AND ENVIRONS OF
JERUSALEM,

Copied, by permission of Field jNIarshal the Marquis
OF Anglesey, from the Original Drawing of the Survey
made by Lieutenants Aldrich and Svmonds, of the Royal
Engineers, under the orders of Lieutenant Colonel Ander-
son, Commanding the Royal Engineers in Syria. Two
Volumes, 8yo., with Illustrations, 21. 5s.

*«* The Sun-ey, of which this is a copy, is the only one that has
ever been made by professional Sun-eyors. The forms of the moun-
tains and valleys are for the first time rendered with the accuracy
of a model from the contour lines of the original Drawings.

The Plan is beautifully engraved by Mr. Lowey, and is published,
with an Historical and Descriptive Memoir, reprinted from Williams's
" Holy City," price 9s. Also Mounted on Canvas, with Rollers, for
use in Libraries, Schools, &c. ; fine, las.

THE ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF

THE HOLY SEPULCHRE. By Professor Willis. Re-
printed from the above work. 8vo., Illustrated from Draw-
ings never before published. 9s.

ON THE INFLUENCE OF AUTHORITY

IN MATTERS OF OPINION. By G. Cornewall
Lewis, Esq., M.P. 8vo., 10s. 6d.

WALES : The Language, Social Condition,

Moral Character, and Religious Opinions of the People
considered in their Relation to Education. By Sir Thomas
Phillips. 8vo., 14s.

New Boohs and New Editions.

THE COLONIES OF ENGLAND; a Plan for

the Government of some portion of our Colonial Possessions.
By John Arthur Roebuck, M.P. 8vo.

A VIEW OF THE ART OF COLONIZA-
TION ; with Present Reference to the British Empire. In
Letters between a Statesman and a Colonist. Edited by
(One of the Writers) Edward Gibbon Wakefield.
8vo., 125.

THE EVILS OF ENGLAND, Social and
Economical. By a London Physician. 2s. Qd.

THE INTRODUCTORY LECTURES de-
livered at Queen's College, London. By

W. S, Bennett, Rev. S. Clark, Rev. C. Kingsley,

Dr. Beolchi, Prof. Hall, Prof. Maurice,

Prof. Bernays, John Hullah, Rev. C. G. Nicolat,

Prof. Brasseur, Rev. T. Jackson, Prof. O'Brien,

Rev. A. B. Strettell, and Henry Warren.

Foolscap 8vo., bs.

MINERALS AND THEIR USES. In a

Series of Letters to a Lady. By J. R. Jackson, F.R.S.
With a Colom-ed Frontispiece. 7s. Gd,

THE HAND-BOOK FOR NEW ZEALAND.

The most recent Information compiled for the Use of Intend-
ing Colonists. By a late Magistrate of the Terri-
tory. 6s.

RAPHAEL; or, Pages from the Book of
Life at Twenty. By A. De Lamartine. Translated with
the sanction of the Author. Qs. 6d.

LONDON : JOHN W. PARKER, WEST STRAND.

m