WILDLIFE INVENTORY AND HARD ROCK MINING IMPACT ANALYSIS OF THE WEST CABINET MOUNTAINS AND LAKE CREEK VALLEY, LINCOLN COUNTY, MONTANA Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks Ecological Services Division Prepared by : Gayle Joslin Wildlife Biologist April 1980 STATF DOCUMENTS COLLECTION MAY p 2 ?003 MONTANA ST '.It tjyW?v HFI FNA M'- MONTANA STATE LIBRARY »' 'liNiililiin iiiiliiiliiil.ji iiili'ill ||,„„ 3 0864 1002 0223 6 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Robert Martinka and James Posewitz for negotiating and supervising this study. Jerry Brown and Ken Knocke, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks Region One wildlife biologists, provided assistance during phases of field work. Bill Ruediger, forest biolo- gist, provided information, counseling and support during the project while he was with the Kootenai National Forest. Thanks are extended to Ed Vance for providing expertise in tracking and capturing mountain lions and to his family for their hospitality. In particular, I would like to thank Richard DeSimone, MDFWP wildlife biologist, for sup- port on all phases of this study. Thanks goes to the Montana Department of State Lands who made this study pos- sible through funds provided by mining company filing fees. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables iii-v List of Figures vi-vii Introduction 2 Description of Area Location Topography Climate ^ Geology _ Soils -. Vegetation _ Scree ~. Pseudotsuga menziesii (PSME) Series g Ahies grandis (ABGR) Series ThiLJa plioata (THPL) Series and Tsuga heterophylla (TSHE) Series 9 Abies lasioaarpa (ABLA) Series 9 Description of Mine Project 10 Methods 12 Results 14 Mamnals 14 Big Game 14 Ungulates 14 Moose 15 Elk 19 Mule Deer 22 White-tailed Deer 24 Bighorn Sheep 24 Moiontain Goat 26 Carnivores 33 Black Bear 33 Grizzly Bear 36 Mountain Lion 37 Furbearers and Predators 41 Small Mammals ^^ Birds 51 Waterfowl 51 Raptors ^1 Forest Grouse ^3 Shorebirds 69 Other Birds 69 Amphibians 70 Table of Contents (continued) Page Assessment of Wildlife Impacts 72 Comprehensive Review 72 Mine Construction and Operation 72 Expanding Human Population 73 Identified Wildlife-Mining Conflicts 75 Moose 75 Elk 75 Mule Deer 75 White-tailed Deer 75 Bighorn Sheep 76 Mountain Goat 76 Bears 76 Mountain Lion 76 Furbearers and Predators 78 Small Mammals 78 Waterfowl 78 Raptors 79 Forest Grouse 79 Shorebirds 80 Other Birds 80 Amphibians 80 Recommendations 80 Short-term Management Recommendations 82 Utility Corridor 83 Mine Site and Tailing Impoundment 83 : Expanding Human Population 84 Long-term Management Recommendations 84 Literature Cited 86 Appendix 11 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Forest habitat types in which wildlife obser- vations were recorded, 1977 and 1978 8 2. Percentage of moose, elk and deer sign observed at different aspects, elevations, slopes, habitat types, topographies, configurations and distances from cover and roads — October 1977 through April 1978 16 3. Moose, elk, mule deer and white-tailed deer sex and age classification — monthly summary 1977 and 1978 20 4. Mountain goat sex and age classification and average groups size -- monthly summary 1977 and 1978 27 5. Black bear observations and bear sign — monthly summary 1977 and 1978 34 6. Carnivore observations and sign -- occurrence in cover and habitat types 4 3 7. Small mammal observations -- occurrence in cover and habitat types 45 8. Small mammal trapline results -- spring and fall 1977 49 9. Bird species observed each month 52 10. Bird species occurrence in cover and habitat types, 1977 and 1978 57 11. Duck broods observed during 1977 60 12. Osprey nests located during 1977 and 1978 including first observation dates, site description and comments 64 13. Blue grouse sex and age classification -- monthly summary 65 14. Ruffed grouse sex and age classification -- monthly summary 66 15. Amphibian and reptile observations -- occurrence in cover and habitat types 71 111 LIST OF TABLES (continued) APPENDIX Table Page 1. Browse transect information collected on redstem ceanothus [Ceanothus sanguineus) , 1977 — A-1 2. Moose, elk, mule deer and white-tailed deer summary of habitat type and seasonal use, 1977 - 1978 A-2 3. Moose, elk, mule deer and white-tailed deer summary of elevation and seasonal use, 1977 - 1978 A-3 4. Moose, elk, mule deer and white-tailed deer summary of aspect and seasonal use, 1977 - 1978 A-4 5. Moose, elk, mule deer and white-tailed deer summary of topography, configuration and seasonal use, 1977 - 1978 A-5 6. Moose, elk, mule deer and white-tailed deer summary of distances from cover and nearest road and seasonal use, 1977 - 1978 A-6 7. Moose observations recorded during 1977 and 1978 A-7 8. Elk observations recorded during 1977 and 1978 A-8 9. Mule deer observations recorded during 19 77 and 1978 A-11 10. White-tailed deer observations recorded during 1977 and 1978 A-14 11. Mountain goat observations and sign recorded during 1977 and 1978 A-18 12. Black bear observations recorded during 1977 and 1978 A-26 13. Bear sign observed during 1977 and 1978 A-28 14. Mountain lion observations and sign recorded from 1974 through 1978 A-31 IV LIST OF TABLES - APPENDIX (continued) Table Page 15. Small maminal trapline site information A-36 16. Blue grouse observations 1977 - 1978 A-38 17. Ruffed grouse observations 1977 - 1978 A-41 18. Ruffed grouse drumming routes conducted during spring 1977 and 1978 A-45 V LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Location of mine and facilities on the study area 3 2. East exposure of Mount Vernon. Cliff face is known as the Spires. Bull Lake in foreground- 5 3. Mount Vernon with Bull Lake in foreground 5 4. Portions of the Stanley Creek drainage cleared for mine facilities construction 11 5. Tailing impoundment site along Lake Creek. Keeler Mountain in background H 6. Ungulate winter use areas identified during 1977-1978 and federal lands designated by the U.S. Forest Service as well-suited big game winter range ^"^ 7. Locations of moose observed on the study area, 1977 - 1978 18 8. Locations of elk observed on the study area, 1977 - 1978 21 9. Locations of mule deer observed on the study area, 1977 - 1978 23 10. Locations of white-tailed deer observed on the study area, 1977 - 1978 25 11. Locations of mountain goat sign and observa- tions on the study area, 1977 - 1978 28 12. Mountain goat concentration areas in the West Cabinet Mountains, 1977 - 1978 29 13. Observed seasonal use of aspects by mountain goats 30 14. Mean and mode elevations at which mountain goats were observed, 1977 - 1978 -^2 15. Locations of black bear observations and bear sign on the study area, 1977 - 1978 35 VI LIST OF FIGURES (continued) Figure Page 16. Locations of mountain lion sign and obser- vations on the study area, 1974 - 1978 38 17. Young female mountain lion being measured prior to release 40 18. Locations of furbearer and predator sign and observations on the study area, 1977 - 1978 -- 46 19. Marten observed in Ross Creek drainage 4 7 20. Locations of raptors observed on the study area, 1977 - 1978 62 21. Locations of blue grouse, ruffed grouse and spruce grouse observed on the study area, 1977 - 1978 67 22. Adult female mountain goat feeding in meadow - 77 VI 1 INTRODUCTION More metal and mineral products are produced in western North America than any other region of similar size in the world. The domestic demand for minerals has increased at an astounding rate; in fact, more metal and mineral products have been used in the United States since World War II than were used in the entire previous history of the world. The present major mining activity in the West centers upon the copper mines of Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada and Mon- tana. Copper is number one in economic importance in metal mining west of the Rocky Mountains (SEAM 1977). Over the years American mining companies have exploited the raw mineral reserves of partially developed countries, but the current foreign climate has made prospecting and development of these reserves uneconomical or politically un- available so the developers are returning to the States and will be putting more pressure on public lands to produce minerals in the coming years. Montana is feeling this pres- sure as domestic mineral promoters are strongly encouraging exploration and development of the state's mineral resources. Northwest Montana's metalliferous mineral deposits have not been thoroughly explored or developed but the area is tar- geted as having a great potential for future production (Johns 1970). Little documentation is available concerning the effects of hard rock mining upon wildlife (Hudson 1978) . Resources to research this relationship have not been available due to the unlikelihood of voluntary implementation of research recommendations by mining companies. "Pertinent data for rehabilitating mined land in ways that will promote wildlife, aesthetics, erosion control, and water quality are virtually nonexistent" (National Academy of Sciences -- taken from Sheridan 1977). The General Mining Law of 1872 is at the root of the problem. Efforts to reform or repeal this piece of legisla- tion have met with repeated obstacles. The 1872 law does not control environmental degradation even if the losses are severe and it does not balance the nation's need for minerals against other needs in a manner consistent with multiple use philosophy (NPRC 1978). These points, along with the fact that mineral production will increase in the United States, pose serious consequences for wildlife. In 19 76 ASARCO Inc. submitted a notice of intent to the Kootenai National Forest (KNF) to conduct mining operations on National Forest land and they applied for a hard rock operating permit with the Montana Department of State Lands (DSL) . The magnitude of the mine development prompted the KNF and DSL to prepare an environmental impact statement (EIS) on the project. The EIS would be the first ever pre- pared on a hard rock mine development in Montana and only the fourth in the United States. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks was enlisted by the DSL to survey and inventory wildlife species of the mine development area pursuant to requirement of the Montana Environmental Policy Act. Objectives of the study were to: 1. Determine the density, relative abundance and occurrence of wildlife utilizing the area to be influenced by mining activities; 2. Identify species which would have particular vulnerabilities to the project; 3. Predict impacts to all wildlife species from the development; 4. Provide immediate recommendations to alleviate, avoid or reduce impacts pursuant to data collected during the baseline study and available litera- ture; and 5. Obtain the necessary background information to develop long-term wildlife monitoring programs which would establish cause-effect relationships between wildlife responses and mine-related activities . The final objective would ultimately provide resource managers with the opportunity to implement recommendations which would have long-term beneficial consequences for wildlife in this particular mine area and for mines slated for other parts of Montana or the nation. DESCRIPTION OF AREA Location The West Cabinet Mountains study area encompassed ap- proximately 416 square km (160 square mi) in northwest Mon- tana about 2 4 km (15 mi) south of Troy in Lincoln County. The study area boundaries were roughly defined by the Lincoln-Sanders County line and the Montana-Idaho state line on the south and west, while the northern boundary followed the separation between Townships 30 and 31 and the eastern boundary followed Highway 202 (recently renumbered to 56) (Figure 1) . About 2 percent of the study area is under LOCATION MAP ^ IZ 4 KM 3 Mi I e> - T 31 T 30 C opp e r M tn. Grousr Mtr 1032 Cr. ^ \ " Tov ( .1. Keel*/ V FV. -7 Fiqure 1. Location of mine and facilities on the study area. state, Burlington Northern, Kennecott Copper and ASARCO ownership, while St. Regis, private and federal interests account for 9, 11 and 78 percent of the land ownership, respectively. The ASARCO copper-silver mine, known as the Troy Project, is in the southern half of the area. The study area includes the Ross Creek Giant Cedars Scenic Area and a portion of the proposed Scotchman Wilderness Area. Topography The broad alluvial Lake Creek and Bull River valleys bisect the West from the East Cabinet Mountains The last continental glacier of the Pleistocene epoch rose to the 1,370 m (4,500-foot) level and extended to the gentle divide between the Lake Creek and Bull River valleys which drain in opposite directions to the Kootenai and Clark Fork rivers, respectively. The smoothed mountain bases and deep alluvial sediments of the Lake Creek Valley are testimony to the continental glacier while the cirque basins and hanging valleys of the peaks are products of alpine glaciation. Over a dozen peaks in the West Cabinets rise from the 700 m (2,300-foot) valley floor to over 1,820 m (6,000 feet). The lowest topographical point in Montana (557 m or 1,828 feet) occurs immediately north of the study area where the Kootenai River leaves the state. Mount Vernon (Figure 2), the site of the mine development, is located 11 km (7 miles) from the Montana-Idaho border. The Mount Vernon-Spar Peak ridge lies to the west of Mount Vernon (cover photo shows Mount Vernon in the foreground. Spar Peak in the center background and the mountains of Idaho in the distance) , while Ross Creek skirts the mountain to the south and empties into Bull Lake which borders the mountain on the east (Figure 3) . Lake Creek drains north out of Bull Lake and is fed by Stanley Creek which flows from the north face of Mount Vernon. Climate The Pacific maritime air mass controls the climate of the Cabinet Mountains although on occasion an arctic air mass will push over the Continental Divide to influence winter weather. Temperatures vary from -32° to 41° C (-25° to 105° F) at Troy, resulting in a mean annual daily tempera- ture of 5.9° C (42.6° F) (National Weather Service, Troy Ranger Station) . Precipitation levels range from just under 100 cm (40 inches) near Bull Lake to near 500 cm (200 inches) at the high elevation ridges, which occur primarily in the form of Figure 2. East exposure of Mount Vernon. Cliff face, known as the Spires, is critical winter range for mountain goats. Figure 3. Mount Vernon with Bull Lake in foreground, snow. Up to 1,780 cm (700 inches) of snow may fall at these higher elevations contributing to the 3.7 m (12-foot) snow pack in some areas. Variable winds, fog, intense thunder- storms, gentle rains and hot humid days characterize the summer climate of the area. Geology The Bull River-Lake Creek Valley is a down-dropped fault block flanked on the east and west by two major north-south trending faults. Dramatic rock pinnacles and cliff terrain are evidence of these and lesser faults along the east face of Mount Vernon (known as the Spires) and along Spar and Ross creeks. In general, mineralization has occurred along the fault structures and fracture zones of the area (Johns 1970) . Strata-bound copper occurrences of known and potentially high economic benefit are known to occur in Star Gulch, near Ross Point, Spar Peak and on Mount Vernon. Gold reserves are being developed in Rock Creek and copper deposits near Seven Point Mountain, Waloven Creek, Taylor and Chicago Peaks in the East Cabinet Mountains are being studied for mineral de- velopment. Both Ross Point and Chicago Peak are undergoing exploratory drilling operations. The U.S. Forest Service delineates areas within the Forest according to mineral activity classification sub- units (MACS) which are based on available geological, geo- technical, geophysical, structural information and upon re- corded and reported mineral-related activities (KNF, Keeler Planning Unit 19 78) . Within the study area four MACS have been identified. MAC 1 has the highest potential for the discovery of economically desseminated copper-silver deposits, MAC 1 encompasses the majority of the West Cabinet Mountain range from the Clark Fork River north to Grouse Mountain, Copper Mountain, Lime Butte and Carr Draw (KNF, Keeler Plan- ning Unit 1978 and Bull Lake-Napolean Planning Unit mailer 1977). Copper, gold, zinc, lead and silver deposits have been located in the study area and a few have been developed, although increasingly refined mining technology and mounting public demand will likely increase exploration and develop- ment of the Cabinet Mountains' mineral resources. Soils Soils associated with the continental and alpine glaci- ation contain 40-65 percent rock. Soils developed at the higher elevations are sandy loam in texture and are composed of up to 80 percent angular rock. The Lake Creek and Bull River valleys have very deep, complex soils composed of layered and intermixed gravel, sand and silt. After the continental glacier retreated, a layer of wind-blown silt and volcanic ash settled on north slopes from the peaks to the valley floors and on south slopes above 1,370 m (4,800 feet) . These soils are highly productive but are also highly erodible if the vegetation is removed. In general, the soils of the study area are rich and support an extensive and diverse vegetative cover. Vegetation The maritime-influenced climate has a strong effect on the flora of the area creating some of the most luxuriant and diverse vegetation within the state. The majority of the study area would be densely timbered without human dis- turbance, but about 20 years ago extensive logging operations were initiated at upper elevations to curtail the spread of spruce bud worm infections while lower elevation private lands were being developed for summer and year-round dwellings. Five vegetation type series which include 20 habitat types as described by Pfister et al. (1977) were used by wildlife on the study area. Table 1 lists the scientific name, corresponding abbreviation and common name of these series and habitat types. The scientific name abbreviation is used throughout this report. Scree Scree is broadlv defined bv Pfister et al. (1977) as any slope covered with loose rock fragments . Such sites are not considered habitat types because they are topoedaphic cli- maxes rather than vegetative climaxes. Unstable substrates affect vegetative succession although the adjacent habitat type influences plant species composition. On the study area scree slopes were found associated with all series. Pseudotsuga menziesi (PSME) Series Seven habitat types within this series were recognized at elevations generally below 1,460 m (4,800 feet). This series and the THPL and TSHE series occupied the lowest ele- vations on the area. The PSME/AGSP habitat type is not com- mon on the study area. It represents the dry end of the spectrum and is located at or below 1,400 m (4,600 feet) on dry ridges or warm aspects. Located on all aspects ex- cept north, the PSME/PHMA habitat type occurs on steep slopes. The PSME/VAGL habitat type is rare on the study area, being found primarily on cool, steep west slopes. The PSME/LIBO habitat type occurs on gently sloping moist sites on most aspects except south. PSME/SYAL is found on warm slopes and benches and on rocky soils on the study area. Neither the PSME/SYAL nor PSME/LIBO habitat types are common on the study area. The PSME/CARU habitat type was found only occasionally on the study area, on southerly exposures, as was the PSME/ ARUV habitat type. 00 en c •H u 3 13 t3 (U XI o o <1> u (U f-l 0) s in c o •H > o O (U <4-4 o •H s c •l-l ■p +j cd ■P •H XI cd ,C +J ^ O ?r 3 O CO O ^^^^ •fi -^ -^ "(^ •^ -^ -^ -ri CO CO CO CO Q) J ^3 ^3 S S S S <» ca 05 tti E E E - « o o a « a a Cji (33 <3) Crj <33 (35 CTj 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 CO CO op CO CO CO CO +i 4^ +5 -i3 +S -io -u ca ca CO Q) Q) c» 03 05 CO 03 03 03 CO 03 o, a< (X, P^ cxj fx, Oi a. < -J o -J 3 > CA) S CJ CQ <: OS 3 cj S < t-H >- < oc: < a- > J CO u < & ta H a a a H -£. *i. -i .^ -:i. ;S -i. CO CO c/D to CO CO to &. (X a. (X cu ex, a. T3 cd (0 XI in %"& o u e bo (D U 3 Q) crx5 •H -H -a T> c c cti rt bO bO (3 O « §1 S 33 O ^e •^ S^ w 03 03 (33 (33 03 03 S H oi ^ U (J CO tu oc CO e 53 o Ss ca 4i (3 §» 15 -a c oj CO w 1-H Qi UJ CO (3 (3 •H X Xl 03 ■— I r-H Xl Cd o (U T3 4) 3 cr a) -^-^ 3 -O -O ,:^ Q> (D O o cj o f— 1 •O -a 6 53 Q) <; uj w (jj uj l-l i-H y ti, Uh H H d^g^S^ •a; <: ^ §§§^§^§P Abies grandis (ABGR) Series Two habitat types within this series were located on the study area. This series is bounded on drier sites by the PSME series, on more moist sites by the THPL and TSHE series, and on cooler sites by the ABLA series. ABGR/CLUN occurs primarily on easterly aspects between 1,160 m (3,800 feet) and 1,400 m (4,600 feet). The ABGR/XETE habitat type only occurs on well-drained, cool sites, generally on or near ridgetops. Tsuga heterophylta (TSHE) Series and Thuja pliaata (THPL) Series Although they are separate series the THPL and TSHE habi- tat types occur in such interwoven fashion that they are usu- ally discussed simultaneously. The TSHE/CLUN habitat type is the most common type found on the study area and is distri- buted on all moist aspects below 915 m (3,000 feet). This habitat type is primarily restricted to this portion of the state since it occupies areas having a very moist ocean- influenced climate. Where TSHE and THPL occur together, TSHE is dominant except where the water table is high and then TSHE and THPL act as co-climax species within the THPL/OPHO habitat type. This type occurs in shaded creekbottoms on all aspects except south. The THPL/CLUN habitat type occurs on slightly warmer and drier sites than TSHE/CLUN. The ABGR series borders the TSHE and THPL series on slightly drier sites while the PSME series occurs on significantly drier sites. The ABLA series borders the TSHE and THPL series on colder sites. Abies lasiooarpa (ABLA) Series This series is divided into lower subalpine, upper sub- alpine and timberline habitat types. All but two of the habitat types in this series (as given in Table 1) occur within the lower subalpine category. The ABLA/CLUN habitat type is rather restricted. Due to the westerly location of the study area, this habitat type receives competition from other habitat types more able to compete under the maritime climatic conditions (THPL, TSHE and ABGR) . ABLA/CLUN is the warmest and driest ABLA habitat type on the study area. The ABLA/CACA habitat type occurs on very restricted, poorly- drained sites, usually along creeks, in seeps, or in basins at the head of drainages. ABLA/MEFE is probably the most common habitat type in this series on the study area. It is common above 1,525 m (5,000 feet) on all aspects except south. It is bordered by ABLA/CLUN, ABGR/CLUN or TSHE/CLUN below and by ABLA/LUHI above. Where Tsuga mer>te?isiana {TSl^iE) is success- fully reproducing within this series it receives the primary designation in the habitat type name. Where TSME is success- fully reproducing (and the habitat type would otherwise be ABLA/MEFE) on moist sites the habitat type is TSME/MEFE. This habitat type is known to occur on the South Fork of Ross Creek-South Branch of Dry Creek ridge and on the north- east slopes of Mount Vernon. On drier sites where TSME is successfully reproducing the habitat type is TSME/XETE and where TSME is not present it is ABLA/XETE. The TSME/XETE habitat type was found only on the northeast slope of Mount Vernon. The ABLA/LUHI and TSME/LUHI habitat types are clas- sified as upper subalpine habitat types. The ABLA/LUHI habitat type is widely distributed on most ridges within the study area above 1,700 m (5,600 feet). The TSME/LUHI habi- tat type occurs adjacent to but in the same areas as the TSME/MEFE habitat type. Although timberline habitat types do occur in the Cabinet Mountains, they were not common on the study area, and no observations of wildlife were noted in these types. The Larix lyallii-Abies lasiooarpa (LALY-ABLA, alpine larch-subalpine fir) habitat type occurred in the few sites where granitic boulders formed the walls of cirque basins or peak siimmits. Description of Mine Project ASARCO plans to extract 4 8 million tons of copper and silver ore over a 16-year period from the Mount Vernon mine, making it the second largest silver mine in North America. During the life of the mine, a total of 2,930,000 tons of tailing and 60,000 tons of copper-silver concentrate will be produced annually. Copper occurs at concentrations of 0.74 percent, while silver occurs at 1.54 ounces per ton of ore. A 3-year construction phase will preface the 16-year production phase. Adits will be driven into the north side of the mountain at the head of Stanley Creek to provide access to the ore body which is located at the 1,340 m (4,400 feet) elevation (Figure 4). The ore will be extracted utilizing an underground room and pillar method whereby 76 percent of the ore can be removed. Ore will be fed to a primary crushing mill where it will be reduced to less than 2 cm (0.75 inch) size, then moved via conveyor belt to the secondary crushing mill located at the 1,040 ra (3,400 feet) elevation on Mount Vernon. At that point it will be further reduced to the consistency of fine granulated sugar and sub- jected to a "froth floatation" process wherein the copper and silver are mechanically and chemically separated from the tailing. The mineral concentrate will be dried and then transported by truck to Troy where it will be shipped via railroad to a smelter in Tacoma, Washington. The tailing will be moved to a tailing thickener where excess liquid is removed. The thickened tailing will then be transported for 10.5 km (6.5 miles) in a slurry pipeline to the Lake Creek Valley (700m or 2,300 ft below) where it will be distributed in 10 Figure 4. Portions of the Stanley Creek drainage cleared for mine facilities construction. Figure 5. Tailing impoundment site along Lake Creek, Keeler Mountain in background. 11 a tailing impoundment covering 1.73 square km (440 acres) to a depth of 30 m (100 feet) (Figure 5) . Water decanted from the tailing will be returned to the mill site in a re- turn water pipeline system which will be buried in and along Stanley Creek. Both the tailing slurry pipeline and the re- turn water pipeline will follow Stanley Creek. In addition to the mine and mills, other facilities which will be asso- ciated with the development include: mill water reservoirs, fresh water wells, offices, warehouse, shop, vehicle scale, parking lots (will accommodate 200+ vehicles), shower and change rooms, sewage treatment plant, 3 km (2 miles) of new road, 7.7 km (4.8 miles) of existing seasonal or abandoned road upgraded to a 7.6 m (25 feet) wide all-weather road, 115 kv transmission line, power substations, fuel and water storage tanks. A work force of up to 320 people will be employed during construction and mine development. Eventually, 310 people will be employed during the production phase, which will in- volve 24-hour operations, 7 days a week for at least 16 years. Technical information for all facilities may be found in the MDSL/KNF Troy Project Environmental Impact Statement (1978) . METHODS Wildlife data from the West Cabinet Mountains study area were collected from April 19 77 through July 19 78. Ob- servations were made with the use of a spotting scope and binoculars and were recorded on a portable cassette tape recorder. The area was inventoried during 29 aerial, numerous driving and over 40 walking excursions. Twenty-two fixed- wing flights were conducted in a 180 Cessna, three were made in a 150 Super Cub and three helicopter flights were made in a Bell B-2. All observed wildlife was recorded during flights but emphasis was placed upon mountain goats and one radio- equipped mountain lion. Helicopter flights included a spring mountain goat inventory, osprey nesting survey and beaver cache count. Drivable roads on the study area were covered at least once. Ground trips were concentrated in the southern half of the area. A jet boat survey of Bull Lake and a float trip down Lake Creek were conducted to note wildlife associ- ated with water; the primary emphasis was upon waterfowl. Three big game browse transects were established and mea- sured according to techniques described by Cole (I960). Pellet group counts were made in conjunction with transect surveys by recording all lingulate pellets 1 year old or less which occurred within 1.8 m (6 feet) either side of the transect line for 91 m (300 feet). 12 Five spring and 8 fall small mammal traplines were checked for a total of 1,755 trap-nights. Four ruffed grouse drum routes were conducted a total of 2 2 times. The scientific name of each species observed on the study area is given in tables in the text. Scientific names of other species mentioned but not noted on the area are pro- vided in the text. The following information was recorded for each observed animal: date, composition, section, township and range, area, cover type, habitat type, elevation, aspect, topography, configuration, distance to cover and distance to road. Exact observation dates were noted for all big game and forest grouse. Seasonal occurrence was given for all other species. January, February and March composed the winter season; April, May and June composed the spring sea- son; July, August and September composed the summer season; October, November and December composed the fall season. Composition of an observation included the number, age and sex of individuals. Exact locations were noted by Govern- ment Land Office coordinates: quarter-quarter section (S) , township (T) , and range (R) . The name of the nearest geo- graphical entity (creek, moiontain, etc.) was recorded for each observation. Six cover types were recognized on the study area including: water, shore, shrubs, cutting units, open areas and forest. Open areas included artificial open- ings (pasture, croplands, and residential area) and natural openings (talus, meadows, sidehill parks and burns). Forested areas were classified as habitat types (see vegetation sec- tion in Description of Area) . All elevations in the tables are given in meters. Slope exposure information is coded as 1 of 9 aspects in the tables (eg: 1=N, 5=S , 9=flat) . A topography designation for each observation or instance of sign was defined as 1 of 6 categories including: ridge (1), upper slope (2), mid slope (3), lower slope (4), bench or flat (5), and creekbottom (6). Configuration referred to the lay of the land and was coded in 4 categories: convex (1) , straight (2) , concave (3) and undulating (4) . In assessing the habitat type, aspect, topography and configura- tion parameters for a given observation, the size of the area considered was approximately 375 square meters (0.093 acres) (the plot size used in determining habitat type ac- cording to Pfister et al. 1977). Cover was defined as vege- tation in which an animal is able to conceal itself. Dis- tance to cover was estimated in 1 of 5 categories: 0-10 m (1), 10-50 m (2), 50-100 m (3), 100-200 m (4), and over 200 m (5). The same categories were used in estimating distance to the nearest drivable road. Contact was made with local Fish, Wildlife and Parks personnel, trappers, sportsmen and houndsmen to obtain past and current wildlife occurrence information for the study 13 area. Region One Fish, Wildlife and Parks data files and other pertinent literature were reviewed for background and incorporation , FIESULTS Mammals Big Game Ungulates Ungulates observed on the study area during the April 19 77 through July 19 78 report period include: moose, elk, mule deer, white-tailed deer, bighorn sheep and mountain goat. Observations and sign of these ungulates were recorded during walking, driving and aerial surveys. Although the major emphasis of the aerial surveys was directed toward lo- cating and classifying mountain goats, the majority of elk and moose observations were also recorded from the air. Three ungulate browse transects were established to meet contract requirements. Browse transects on ungulate winter range have been used to document yearly trends in browse utilization (Cole 1960) and, therefore, they were thought to provide an insight into the carrying capacity of the range in relation to existing ungulate populations. However, several researchers (Mackie and Lonner 1977, and Jorgensen et al . 19 77) indicate that standard browse tran- sect methods are of limited value in this respect. Appendix 1 presents location information of the Copper Mountain, Keeler Mountain and Ross Creek browse transects. Aerial and ground reconnaissance during this investigation revealed that the Copper Mountain transect was utilized primarily by deer and moose, the Keeler Mountain transect was utilized by moose and elk and the Ross Creek transect was utilized by deer and elk. In order to establish habitat selection by wildlife, it would be necessary to determine the availability of each habitat component (percentage of the study area at different elevations, aspects, habitat types). It would also be necessary to systematically and regularly inventory each of the habitat components to determine wildlife utili- zation. Time constraints and diversity of wildlife on the study area did not allow this type of analysis. However, ungulate habitat utilization between different species can be established if it is assiomed that the likelihood of ob- serving each species is equal. Moose, elk, mule deer and white-tailed deer habitat use data were collected from 14 April 19 7 7 through July 19 78 and are compared in Appendices 2 through 6. In order to understand the overall ecology of ungulates in a particular area, several years of data are necessary to assess herd productivity, status and well-being. In the West Cabinet Mountains and particularly in the area included in the study area, limited information was available concern- ing ungulates. This investigation was conducted for 16 months and due to time constraints, the paucity of previous informa- tion and the diversity of wildlife in the area, refined life histories and population dynamics could not be addressed. Ungulate sign which were noted during fall and winter were fresh and were representative of areas which ungulates used during these seasons (Table 2). Based on the distribu- tion of moose, elk, and deer sign, there were no apparent areas used exclusively by elk or deer. Figure 6 shows federally controlled lands which the Kootenai National Forest has designated as well-suited big game winter range. This designation is based on five criteria including: elevation, aspect, habitat type, snow depth and known use areas. Distri- bution of ungulates during this study does not necessarily correspond with KNF boundaries of well-suited big game winter range because criteria restraints were not imposed and land ownership boundaries were disregarded. Moose Moose distribution in Montana has expanded considerably in the last 25 years, although this may be a reflection of the increasing knowledge concerning moose. Moose are common in the northwest portion of the state (Stevens 1971). Fif- teen moose observations were recorded during the report period and 189 instances of moose sign (tracks and pellet groups) were also recorded. Information was collected for each moose observed from April 1977 through March 19 78 (Appendix 2). Moose sign noted during October 1977 through March 1978 is summarized in Table 2 and was used to develop the map of ungulate winter distribution (Figure 6). Distri- bution of moose observed during the report period is plotted in Figure 7. Environmental parameters recorded at each moose obser- vation site are given in Appendices 2 through 6. Spring observations and sign indicate that moose were using the Lake Creek Valley although there appeared to be a movement to higher elevations by mid-May. A dead moose was found at the proposed lower plant site on Stanley Creek and another was observed along the east shore of Bull Lake during spring. Sign was noted at the site of the proposed tailing impound- 15 CO c 0 Tl ■H c -P (0 (0 > >-l 0) 0 o U3 0 +J -p U M >-l 3 0) tT> 02 ■H XI >w • 0 c 00 o r- c; U Cft tT> iH •H - 05 U) .H 0) ■H M -H H 0) x; a Q) a m >1-i E ■p QJ ra Xi 4H -p 0 0 •H 4-1 x; u 0) (0 o cnx: (0 1 +j - 1 c i/j Q) 0) tn o aTi >H 0 (0 Q) rH o cu tn u (1> Eh ^^ ^ K n W ■-H W o D M — 1 « o w ^-^ tn (T\ O CX3 O .H S -^ 2 O M > W W ,_, •K ro Pi rH| W O W rH Q ~-- fc<5 O W --I CO a^ O 00 O -H 2 — U W rH rr tX) (M n rH •>;r ro iH iH O O rr 00 f- rH r- •^ o VO iH in o <^ o 00 o o iH ro ^ rH iH O O O O O O I o VD OOOOOOOO rHv£)CNir--(NOorooo CTiOtNf^LDUDOOcyi rH iH rH iH iH nH iH I I I I I I I I >H (^ (N r- (N 00 n CTi o (N ro in >X) 00 LDLDcTv'a'Ln'^ronro rH f\) iH >H rH OVDrOt^CNiHOO^O> rH rH rH n o f^ ** '=r I.O o rH O CN w u S S w 22WWU3(/)S22 O 2 rH ■^ r^ 00 r-~ rH iH CN VO rH tn tn tn tn QJ QJ 0) 0) ■H -H -H -H ^ M !h Q) QJ 0) QJ c/:i CO CO cn !h y J w LD O o 1 CN IT) 1 1 LD O o ^ QJ r-\ (N > o CN r~- 00 ro m in O CN VD (N CM rH -5*" ro ^ in c +J -H ^ QJ -P X D^ > n3 QJ ■•-i m r-^ > (0 u :3 C Vh C Ti o ■P 0 c u en U D 'a' 00 CN VD (Tl CO CN CN o o rH in ro rH rH CN in o r~- ^ ■^ T in CM rH 0 O QJ QJ rH CX CX C/i o o rH rH QJ u ui u) x: M Cr> QJ U QJ T! aT3 3 C QJ ■H Oj-H O QJ Sh « D S h^ ffl U c en •H CT\ rH rH rH 00 t;5 •-\ r^ (0 -p (0 00 O O O CN >H rH 00 QJ QJ x: 4-1 •H 3 ro O r— 1 rH LD (Tl QJ Q xs < D O rH « o c s •H o « e tn Ih o o o o o •H U rH in o o o tn u rH CN CM QJ 2 1 1 1 1 •H < O O O O Vh (J E-i rH in O Q) QJ CO rH > a M 0 tn Q 0 4J QJ •H ^ 00 >X> O a 0 3 C 0 TJ CJi rH 3 4J CTl CM 5 tn o ^ u c o en IT! o •H u Eh e in 4J W QJ tn U o o o o o +J QJ 2 rH in o o o (0 TD < rH CN CM r-^ D EH 1 1 1 1 0 rH CO O O O O M en U h rH in O QJ c c Q -H > D •H 0 ■x 16 ^ ^ ■ ^ . Figure 6. Ungulate winter use areas identified during 1977-1978 and federal lands designated by the U.S. Forest Service as well suited big game winter range. 17 LOCATION MAP ^ 4 KM 3 Mi I «» C'. "N #|f Toylof Pk 5lZ er MIn. Kee\e> \^ FW. -7 -r- ' Figure 7. Locations of moose observed on the study area, 1977-1978. 18 ment near Camp Creek, along the north shore of Bull Lake, along lower Stanley Creek and on Moiont Vernon. During the winter months, 12 of the 15 observations were recorded. Ninety-eight percent of all recorded winter moose sign was noted in the TSHE or THPL series while slightly more than half of all winter moose sign was noted below 910 m (3,000 feet) (Table 2). Stanley Creek was the only portion of the study area which appeared to be used exclusively by moose during the winter months. Moose ranged from Stanley Creek on to the south face of Keeler Mountain, which they shared with elk. A significant omission on the KNF winter range map (Figure 6) is the Stanley Creek drainage which is heavily used by moose. This oversight may be due to the criteria established by the KNF which do not consider moder- ate elevations, north aspects or snow depths that moose are able to utilize. In delineating ungulate winter range, field reconnaissance is essential. Elk Historically elk were widely distributed throughout Montana but with settlement of the state, herds are increas- ingly limited to the mountains of western Montana (Rognrud and Janson 19 71) . During the report period 19 5 elk observa- tions werp recorded on the study area (Appendix 8 and Figure 8) . During April and May elk were observed in the Stanley Creek drainage and on Keeler Mountain and with two exceptions from June through October, elk were observed in the high ele- vation basins in the Ross Creek drainage. From January through March, elk were again observed on the Camp Creek floodplain, near Bull Lake and on Keeler Mountain. All elk observed during the April through July 19 78 period were seen in Ross Creek. During the summer one elk each was observed on Stanley Mountain and on the Camp Creek flats near the site of the proposed tailing pond. During April elk sign was noted along Stanley Creek and in May elk were observed moving up this drainage. Elk calving areas were not noted on the area although Stearns-Roger (1975) indicate that pos- sible calving areas occur on the west face of Stanley Moun- tain, along Stanley Creek, along upper Ross Creek or on the south slope of Mount Vernon. Sex and age classification of the 195 elk observations and the environmental parameters at the sites at which they were observed are presented in Table 3 and Appendices 2 through 6. Review of the data concerning each environmental parameter will familiarize the reader with the nature of the terrain in which elk were observed on a seasonal basis. 19 -p c o e c o •H ■P (0 u -H 4-1 •H t/3 cn (U c (0 X (U tn M OJ dJ -a 13 QJ .H •H -P I Q) -P ■H £ C fO U 00 QJ CT\ Ti i-l (1) 73 e QJ >1 - u QJ (0 o i o 3 QJ (t) q-uaoud^ fO Q CS. «o Cs oj CQ CKi C\) f<5 t-~( t-i '-I r-t Oj u;) to to i-i oo to t-H to c^a let^oj, m C-) CN CM i-H UGJ7 fN rH CO f\j (N "* in "^ c\) CN r-i r-\ CN n to CN CN CN to to :^d9s CTi o CN in cn in oj CN ^ rH cn '^ 00 V£) CN vo CX CN CN rH in '^ 5nv rH 00 rH in in CO rH ro cn rH rH ■<3< to rH 1-1 r-{ ,-{ rH m CvO Ainr in rH rH r~- "sH rH r-i CN t^a n rH »* N2 sunf rH i-i tx r^ n o to rH ro r- rH rH 1-H rr CN to to Aew i-i rH Cv CN CN f~i vD cn rH "* cn r-H CN fO CN rH ro to TTjdv fN in r~- ^ in in lo r- CN cn to •-{ rH r-1 QJ S QJ <: r^ W QJ QJlTSiHUHmo QJ(t3>H.H4-|(Tji^Qa)(lSrH WrHeuM4-)i^ -neoOrH+jjH -neu COfflQJCniOcs (T3QJCCfOO<»Wt3QJC OSfaDCJt^a,t>i2faDn>UEHR.^:iSfaD O t-q D 2 W S Fawn Total Percent H < Eh W EH H Male Female Unci Fawn Total Percent 20 V. Rollle Ml A 1853 ^ LOCATION MAP A KM 3 Mi I es 'Nor \ A fV Copper Mtn C'. Ta y I o r ^1 1922 Grouse Mtn. 1032 /^I922 I' ,.- /" V. \ fV. if *g. ler Mtn. 07 • • i 1004 S. 1303 CU. / Figure 8. Locations of elk observed on the study area, 1977-1978. 21 Elk and moose were more observable from the air than either species of deer. The relative abundance of elk as compared to deer was likely a factor of this observability (Table 3) . Nearly 70 percent of the elk were observed from August through October. Observability of elk at this time was related to rutting behavior, the use of higher elevations which provide a cooler climate and the availability of suc- culent vegetation (Joslin 1975). Since the ABLA habitat types are found at higher elevations and have a relatively sparce forest canopy which afforded greater observability, 84 percent of the elk were observed in this series (Appen- dix 2) . Mule Deer Mule deer occur throughout Montana and are found in more diverse habitats than any other native ;ingulate (Egan 1971). Ninety-four mule deer observations and over 1,300 instances of deer sign (tracks, pellet groups, beds, etc.) were recorded. Information collected for each mule deer observed from April 1977 through July 1978 is presented in Appendix 9. Deer sign collected during October 1977 through March 19 78 is summarized in Table 2 and was used to develop the map of ungulate winter distribution (Figure 6) . Distri- bution of mule deer observed during the study is plotted in Figure 9. Sex and age classification of mule deer observed during the report period according to month is given in Table 3. Summer fawn: doe ratios were not calculated for either species of deer because the secretive behavior of these animals com- bined with the dense vegetational cover of the area appeared to influence observability of fawns. Approximately 95 per- cent of the observed adults were classified to sex. Nearly 60 percent of all mule deer observations were recorded during the May through July period. Environmental parameters at each observation site are presented in Appendices 2 through 6. During April and May mule deer were observed along Keeler Creek, Stanley Creek and Ross Creek. Ten does, four of which were accompanied by fawns of the previous year, were noted in Stanley Creek during May and early June, and were thought to be utilizing the area for fawning although no fawns of the year were observed. The area at and below the pro- posed lower plant site in particular received use by female mule deer during the fawning period. As June progressed the elevations at which mule deer were observed increased and Mount Vernon appeared to be the route used to gain access to the ridge between Mount Vernon and Spar Peak, Although Stanley Creek and Mount Vernon were used throughout the summer, nearly 80 percent of the mule deer observations were made above 910 m (3,000 feet). The paucity of fall and winter mule deer 22 Figure 9. Locations of mule deer observed on the study area, 1977-1978. 23 observations do not allow interpretation of seasonal habitat use. It is probable that mule deer were using the higher elevations (which the investigator did not frequent during the winter months) because they were not observed as commonly as white-tailed deer, elk or moose. White-tailed Deer White-tailed deer concentrations in Montana have always been greatest in the northwest portion of the state but recently whitetails have increased their range along major river systems east of the Continental Divide (Allen 1971) . One hundred-nineteen whitetail observations were recorded during the report period. Information collected for each whitetail observed from April 1977 through July 1978 is pre- sented in Appendix 10. Distribution of white-tailed deer ob- served during the study is plotted on Figure 10. Sex and age classification of white-tailed deer observed each month is given in Table 3. Over 70 percent of all white- tailed deer were classified. Sixty-five percent of all white- tail observations were made during April and May. Environ- mental parameters at each observation site are presented in Appendices 2 through 6. Over 9 5 percent of the whitetail observations were recorded below 910 m (3,000 feet), primarily along Keeler Mountain, Grouse Mountain, Stanley Mountain and Highway 56. Distribution of white-tailed deer did not appear to change significantly during the spring, summer, fall and winter periods. Eighty percent of all whitetail observations were noted within the TSHE-THPL Series, observed use of which was significantly greater than by the other ungulate species. The north slopes of Stanley and Keeler mountains were used extensively by deer during the late fall and winter. Both sites are important deer wintering areas which were omitted from the KNF winter range map (Figure 6) . Bighorn Sheep Historically bighorn sheep were numerous in Montana, but with domestic livestock range competition, contraction of disease from domestic sheep, and hunting, wild sheep decreased markedly. Evidence indicates that bighorn sheep are not native to the West Cabinet Mountains. In 1969 and in 1975, bighorns were released by the Montana Department of Fish and Game on Berray Mountain, 11 aerial km (7 mi) from Mount Vernon, Two female bighorns, both wearing color-coded plastic neck bands, were observed on the south aspect of Mount Vernon within 500 m of the south adit on three occasions during May 1977. Identification of these collars indicated that these sheep were part of the Berray Mountain transplant. These observa- tions were made on the road at 1,460 m (4,800 ft) in the 24 Figure 10. Locations of white-tailed deer observed on the study area, 1977-1978. 25 ABLA/CLUN habitat type. One of these marked sheep was also observed on Mount Vernon on May 25, 19 77. Bighorn sheep have not been observed on the study area since that date. Local residents and sportsmen reported observing big- horn sheep on Mount Vernon in the fall of 1975. One of the neck-banded sheep observed by the investigator was also ob- served by E. Vance (pers. comm. ) on the North Fork of the Bull River on January 1, 19 76, and by G. Brown (pers. comm.) on Ibex Peak on May 29, 19 76. Mountain Goat In Montana 12 native and 4 introduced mountain goat herds have been recognized (Casebeer et al. 1950) . There have been a number of other relatively recent introductions. The West Cabinet Mountains support a native herd whose approximate range extends from Drift Creek on the north to the West Fork of Blue Creek on the south and from the east face of Mount Vernon west to Scotchman Peak No. 2 in Idaho (Figure 11) . Mountain goat observations and sign on the study area tended to be clumped in four concentration areas. The gen- eral locations of each concentration area (which have been named Mount Vernon-Spar Peak, Savage Mountain, Sawtooth Mountain and Ross Point) are illustrated in Figure 12. Some observations and sign were located outside the concentration areas suggesting that travel occurs between outlined areas. Additional field investigations will be necessary to deter- mine the degree to which mountain goats travel between these areas and whether the concentration area boundaries should be altered. Mountain goat observations and sign information col- lected from April 19 77 through July 19 78 are presented in Appendix 16. Two hundred seventy-nine mountain goat obser- vations were recorded during 21 aerial and 17 successful ground trips. Sex and age classification of the mountain goats observed each month is given in Table 4. Goats were identified as unclassified adults or unclassified goats when some or all of the characteristic features could not be assessed. Spring was the only season for which 2 years of data were collected. A combination of these data reveals that half of all observed goats were seen on a due east aspect, reflecting the observability of the Mount Vernon-Spires area (57% of all observations, see Figure 13). All spring observations occurred on one of the four concentration areas. Information collected during July 1978 was pooled 26 >1 (0 4:: c o 0) N •H tn o u C ra c o •H +J u ■H ■H w w (0 0) tr> (0 c n3 X 0) in 4-1 00 (tj r~- O cpi tT>rH ■H C (T3 fO +J C r- 3 r- O 0) •-t E ^ in (N ro ^ >^ VD iH IX) ro I— I CM 1^ CM CM (T\ n CM in in ro LO r-j in m CM ro vo C3^ n in in CN ro CN CN C30 in o CO T3 0) r— I c 4-1 o c CO 0) i-H Cn c •H o Jh 0) ^ -— -— ~ ^ ^^ CN ^-^ ^-, ,-^ ..^ ^^ ^^ ^^ . . ro 0) CN iH 00 .H ■^ rH in kD rH CM rH >^ CN !N in N •H tn 0 0 >X) 0 in in 00 CN 1 1 0 in 0 00 in 0 ^ 00 m rn in u 0 • 0) >. u CM • n •^ CM M- a, 0. M Q) Cn nH en (U X! •i •i ^4 (0 (0 3 x: rH ^q (0 -H (1) >i 3 +J 0 0) 0) 3 ^4 u ■H 0) >. < 0) U >. C rH tn a 4-) > 0 C XI u u >i rH Eh > Sf (0 llJ P 3 (U 0 0 (1) IB 0) (0 Cu (0 3 0 0 < < s •-D •-3 < w 0 2 Q ►^ &4 s ^ 2 fD •-0 Eh -II 27 ~>^^ A 1853 Study Area ^ h lOCATION MAP * KM ^ ^- y . 3 Mi I e> • obs - observation O sign Copper MIn. A Grousr MIn. 1032 'h fV- 1 > v^ ^^ Z :f ^ A\ To/ or P^ rm7 ^•-N y c FW. Spruce, Loke 29 obs Sp^rl 20or 5cotchmo|n No.2 / I j/l I e/Spar Ic 21301 'y . C-i Keel*, Keeler MIn. 1^07 A^\ -^ -^ L IQP4 0\ Z"' V""^ r ^ t^ o/ Stanley MIn'v -• j) s. ae Z m / 7 l/> / '^"^ -_/\(y } , \708 Ml. Vernon JA "^sign 124 obs _ /y\ Pot- Upho^ Cii / c<> S p 1 r e J 'a' 7 31 obs *:y- ^*^ "10 sign i/l 5 sign 84 obs BwlooThlMtn./ 2054 Y^ O Figure 11. Locations of mountain goat sign and observations on the study area, 1977-1978. 28 LOCATION MAP 4 KM FW. 3 Mile* 'Or > h fV- 1 Copper M tn. Grouje Mtr 1032 ICee\0 C'. V " Toy lor Pk /^I922 / C'j, \ \ V. --7 ftallie M'n. A 1853 ■"^■2-^09^^ , 2^^^ afo M:^ ■ — (*:4}*:*\ <\' ^v 2CMI6 MOUNTAIN GOAT CONCENTRATION AREAS I Mf. Vernon - Spat Pk JL Sovoge MIn. O Sow toolh Mtn. 4Ro$s Pi. Figure 12. Mountain goat concentration areas in the West Cabinet Mountains, 1977-1978. 29 CO \0 ON 00 in 00 ON l-H o \/ CM ON CO o OJ CM \ \ ON r- 7 r \ 2 iT) n / \ I-) — ^ \ V o: .—1 ^O a, ^ OJ en 00 r~ ON i-H I On CO u fO c X! O y-i (/) 0 c 0 x: -rH • -p +J c en fd 0 c > tn (U !-i (0 h^ 0) (U 0) tn XI • 0 ^ U) o -P U5 (0 m - -P ro c x: > a CJ U 0 (0 0) e 01 in XI >iM-l 0 £! 0 -p (fi en (0 4-1 0) o O en DN CU (0 a+J M-l in c 0 to 0) u u m !-i 0) 0 Q) 1 (U 3 tn Q) c 3 +J (0 II rH u (0 -H .^ — C 13 c 0 C ■— ' in -H CO • - 0) tn -p in u o OJ (U T! X! a OJ e tn > P to M C 0) j:; in T3 o XI c (0 O (0 OJ ro fn 30 with summer 1977 data. Summer observations on the northwest aspect were more than double the number of observations of goats made on any other aspect. The majority of observa- tions made during this season were in the Ross and Spar creek drainages. Fall observations were nearly equally distributed on west, northwest and southwest aspects, re- flecting observations made on Ross Point, Spar Peak and Sawtooth Mountain. Fall observations, however, were more diversely distributed than during any other season. A total of 18 observations was made during winter months; use of all aspects except southwest was noted. The Mount Vernon-Spar Peak concentration area accounted for 15 of the 18 observa- tions while the remainder were noted on Ross Point. During 15 aerial trips 219 mountain goat observations were recorded, while another 60 observations were noted during 17 ground trips. Average group size is given in Table 4. A group consisted of at least two animals. Fluctuations in group size may reflect behavioral traits related to the availability of forage. During April, goats were on winter range; in May and June, following snowmelt, animals appeared to disperse onto newly available range and females were seek- ing solitude for parturition (Brandborg 1955); in July females with kids and yearlings congregated (Brandborg 1955) which was the nature of the group of 13 observed on July 19; from August through October the groups dispersed, possibly in response to forage desiccation. During winter goats were primarily limited to areas having good snow shedding capabilities. Disappearance of snow in the spring, vegetation desic- cation in the fall and snow accumulation in the winter may influence group size and habitat use. Although not all por- tions of the study area were censused equally. Figure 13 reflects the number of goats using each aspect by month and provides a measure of goat concentration. Figure 14 presents mean elevation distribution of ob- served mountain goats. The elevational mode expresses the elevation at which goats were observed most often during each month. According to the mode, goats were observed at the lowest elevations in May, reaching the highest elevations during September. The double mode observed during June may reflect different groups of goats which use different par- turition areas. The Mount Vernon-Spires and Ross Point areas are the lowest mountain goat habitats within the study area. The Mount Vernon-Spires area was documented parturition range. During the parturition period mountain goats were observed at the high elevations on Sawtooth Mountain, but kidding was not documented. 31 O X O X X o B X O (s: X o X ta X o O X JULY JUNE MAY APRIL MARCH FEB JAN DEC NOV OCT SEPT AUG JULY JUNE MAY APRIL 00 r~ (Ti <-t 1 t-- en x; rH ^ JH •a S Q) > -U u (0 0) to c 43 o 0 ■H ■p (U 10 u > Q) Q) 5 rH (0 +J C (0 0 0 Di 0 C O •H IB ■P • -P w JZ c 0 4J B e c 0 0 E 0 e x: x: u QJ u •H Xi (0 j:: 0 0) s B T3 -p II QJ (0 > O »H u QJ c-ri CD 0 c XI -H (0 0 4J (0 OJ QJ > Di U QJ rtJ QJ -H U s 0) QJ > U) 0) (0 -P -a (D 0 )H 0 e 0 Cn T3 c c C m •H (0 0) n3 e ■P C c (fl II 3 0) 0 s >^ e O O O o o o o s O o O o o o o iH o O 00 r- ^o in i A-> -P (0 -p -H XI to c (0 u > o u O c U 3 U O O C Cn •H c to c o +J fO > 0) 0) XI o 0) u o > ■H c u (0 u (U to Eh iHm/vaav X aiax/viQV X X aiax/awsi. VDV3/VT[9V X X aaaw/Yiav Nmo/viav X X X X X vdHVDOisvi saiav X NmD/aHSi NmO/TdHi OHdO/ldHi X X X X X X X X en w CM >^ EH > o u siaNVHD saiav dsov/awsd vwHd/awsd IIS3.IZMM vvnsj^oanasd isanoa svaHV NadO ilNfl DNlLLI-nD sanHHS anoHS HaiVM H u M fn M Eh 2 W M U X X XXX X X XXX X X CO a CO X X CO s e s « « ti 1^ •^ ^^ ?^ !^ QD Q) E E « « CO CO Q) S -p to 5^ ?H « :=. S: s o CO CO 3 X CO s CO +:> ^C Cl, ca E CO 4-b Cm X X X X X XXX XXX X X X CO «^ 3 H s o o s o CO ca (U U3 (0 0) > X C w s 0 u t3 0) 3 2 to •rH m C 2 XI to 'O •H 0 Q) c +J 0) -P to -P M Q) 1 CM (0 4J g 0 0 ■P X en -H u B 0 >i fO U c C U ^ CJ 0 -H (0 •H 0 ■P 0 0 u CQ s s tJ 03 PQ s 43 of the Keeler Creek drainage in the 40 's. Another trapper who worked the Bull River Valley noted wolf tracks near one of his bobcat sets in the early 70 's, and felt that an occa- sional wolf still occurred in the Cabinet Moiantains Wilder- ness Area (D. Cloin, pers . comin. ) . The raccoon (Prooyon lotov ) is classified as a nongame species and although raccoon or raccoon sign were not observed by the investigator, trappers indicated that they are pres- ent but rare. Observations or sign of mammals observed on the study area which belong to the weasel family included: marten (Figure 19), mink, long-tailed weasel and striped skunk. Hoffman and Pattie (196 8) indicate that other species which belong to this family and which occur in this region of the state include fisher ( Martes pennanti) , river otter ( Lutva canadensis ) , wolverine ( Gulo luseus ) and badger ( Taxidea taxus ) . Cover type and habitat types in which these mammals were observed are given in Table 6. Locations of furbearer and predator sign and observations are shown in Figure 18. According to local trappers weasel and skunk are abun- dant, the marten population is steady and fisher or fisher sign had not been observed on the area. One trapper had caught two river otter in Lake Creek several years ago and had seen otter sign within the last two years along this drainage. Neither trapper had trapped wolverine but both believed they were present and both reported that badger occur along the Bull Lake-Lake Creek flats. The long- tailed weasel and the striped skunk are classified as predators and the marten, fisher, mink, river otter and wolverine are classified as furbearers in Montana. The badger is a nongame species. Bobcat and lynx are classified as furbearers. One bob- cat was observed running across the Copper Creek road. Eight instances of bobcat sign (tracks) were noted in the TSHE/CLUN habitat type from December 1977 to July 1978 (Table 6) . Although no confirmed lynx observations were made during this study by the investigator, a local hounds- man (E. Vance, pers. comm. ) had noted lynx tracks in the area during 1977 and Hoffman and Pattie (1968) indicate that lynx do occur in this portion of the state. Small Mammals Table 7 includes observations or sign of 14 small mam- mal species noted on the study area. Most observations were collected incidental to other activities although 5 species were captured using 13 snap-trap trap lines. 44 CD W E-" < E-" w Eh O u VDVD/ViaV iHm/viav 3J3w/vaav ai,ax/viav vdHVDoisvi saiav Nmo/aHSj, NmD/TdHI, j OHdO/adHI, i VmHZ-VDflSX dSDV/awsd vwHd/awsd iiszrztim vonszoanasd jiSaHOJ SV3HV NadO ■IINn DNItLtLnO sanHHS anoHS HaJ-VM w X X X X X X X X X X H H O Q Co Co X X CO Cl, CO S B CO ^ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X CO CO CO s S r« rS; CO CO 3 s; o CO Q) CO 4^ 3 X X X X X X X X O c:j 4^ S CO O o o E +^ O CO ^3 « 3 CO "r^ 3 O CO O .- « o +^ rs; S to +^ CO Q'r:> fl) u u 1-1 •3 (U 0 a* 3 u CO u ^ o •H TJ !U e 3 a" g ,^ X cx 03 T3 CO O 5 -a -o CJ B o O ■p c Cu +-> o 03 •H 3 T3 •H (U s X 3 XI o (U o (D 1— I 0) u x: u n T3 ^ a. m o e r-H •3 c P ^ w ■p o ■H 1 •H ^ o ■M !h - -p •T3 § jii XI c 03 cr a> ^1 s 1 0) fH 03 i) in 0) 4-> co jr 0) xx; OJ J-i ^ ?H 03 3 3 X) 1 ^-> > ^ x; 4-> CX-^ 1/1 00 ^ o 1— t ^H -a -a u 03 a> in 03 0< 1/1 01 a •H c o o 3 (U 03 _p s > (X en u o oi Oi IZ CO Q pa X C3 s 4-> X 60 o ■p oo c •H na o o o 03 t/l c u •H c o in c o o u 45 A. 18 53 ^ LOCATION MAP 4 KM _y ^■>-. > C'. 3 Mi I e» \ ^ C oppe r Mfn. A Grouse MIn. ® 1032 Taylor Pk \ 'r'^fv. /;: FW. ^\c\ Kee o o O !-i o H 0) 3 G. CO in 4-" E O -H H C CO 05 3 •^ F 'Ol o w i^ y >:, s* <^> Q) +i ^ 0) H O r o ^ a §■ 4J CJ:^— I to § CO r-i ^ S o •r^ iN S w « Uh E 03 e 1 I— 1 1 ^0 LO 0) P^ 0 i-H CM 1-H (N 1 en 03 s r-l rsi \0 r^ t^ O o o o o LO LO LO LO LO <0 o o o o o *-> 1 1 1 1 1 rt (J) o ^ LO LO Q CM to o o o (Ni 00 rM r^ CO (NJ Tj- rg vo i^ csi I— I (N o r^ to CM to CTl ■<* r-4 I I I I o \0 1(11 1 I-H to I I I ■^ LO 'S- ■* LO LO LO o o o o o w CO rt c o a. 0) ■p •H CO ■X3 C O CI. c o (U ■(-> CO CO -a o C o3 iw •H •H fH f— t .— ( M 0) •rH i-H nJ 3 01 (U •-< o H s CJ ►J a, CTl CJ^ tn 1—1 03 ■P CO O J ■P < ^^ CO p 1/) nj 0) +j O O QUO H Q CT^v0v0t-hO00^\0 i-4cnCTiooor^'^LO Lorg(Nirtot^'3-LO (N fNl (Nl tN I I I tNl S H-, t— I i-H I I r-( I 1 I (N Csl >-H I I <-l I (Nl I I CM I I I-H tH I I I >— I I— I '^ I vO I I >-l 00 LO I-H CM I to I-H -^ >— I -^ to >-l rf CM I~^ 00 I to LOCMOOOTfLO'^ CriCTlCT)CTlCT)dO^CT) oooooooo I I I I I I I I toooooooorviiocNi I— Ii-hOOO'— I"— I"— I OOOOOOOO P C -H C 03 tp •H -H -— I ,— ( f-l 03 I— ( >-i O z cu •H -H 2: 3 tl. S S CI. J w O u S ^ M "^^^ *^^ *^^ (u (1) J pj <; 3 OhB. X J 03 O^ OOhECOCO H S O J 3 F H < to vO I I 1 t^ r~~ I-H th I-H r-^ (M \0 00 W ^H OJ P CO O J p < 43 H 3 O CO H O O • X •H P Oj -H !h C P o n! o tp o c o p. 03 u p cp o 5-1 .0 03 O -I X3 t) T3 C 0) o3 13 ■H C > O 'H H T3 cfl C 13 0) 3 P cx 03 O P (/) o! .2 LO ■3 C O C 03 e X e re 13 (U c: 'p c (D O O Oh Oh fH

u 0) tn X! O U) OJ •H u Q) CU tn Ti U ■H S -ri CS CO O i-j -^ t 3 o v> G g CO tft S Q> 3 O •v^ -t^ Q) CO o +i <» 4^ O '^ CO CO "r^ o y S K S Ss G V ^ *=* CO 0 (a +^ G Cl, S 3 CO CD ca 3 G •vi 'C rC Q) O Si G lO g 3 »^ s Sin o ca CO !.-S ^ § ^-^ CO +i -vi G i~~i (0 G 0 ^^ ca +^ o o 3 t--i ^ CO CO G &* rCl « S^ « ?H i:x, ?H '-i ly 'vJ &> G Gj CO r5: 6 CO CO rs; rh ca r^ El. ex, Cl, E rC t-^ O G 3 Q) CO g 4i i G G o G G r«; ts; ,35 « +i -0 +i -V-B »~-i ca Q) Q) O 3> 3 3 Sh a, o 4^ "^ ?H 3 « O O Q) O S^ ^^ is S S ^ s ca o 3 t) ly ly 3 3 G -fi C3- 15 CL, fi) ^3: Rh ^ o OQ '^c "=i; ^ ^ '=i:S:'=i:fiQai§:i-:]CQ '^i: -^ ^ PQ « a: lo 'q; a; M Q) r-^ >1 5 M 0) X! c (0 rH yi d) (]) U U (0 s X( 0) o (U(i3 C O >, C d) d) X M (0 (D U i-l c -Pd) 0 :i d) d) m m s X U (U o 0) (0 4J.H(DQCt!c:C T3 ^ (0 O 0) XI X. s d) 73 -> Ti fO W (0 .H 4J d)d)CU{J^BUB'0^ x: u a 1 tjina tn TJ E Ti >-t tn 1 u o (U u -p en 0) c to S-l (1) CD :3 o >^ u o (1) 3 ^ CO U (U § ■p o o c fO o >-( 0) QJ QJ t^ X X X X X X X X X X s « u o Q u o 0) > o Q Cn C ■H c u 3 O X X X X X X X XXX X >i X X X s s « H t K) Co Q E o ■=i: Co o B-i (0 a s C >iO o i-< -P a: o QJ -p +J 5 to (0 I QJ -i (-( (0 03 O u o CO m u 0) o o « CJj QJ x: m •H 4-1 c •H ^ QJ 4J rH 0) 53 oaa AON X 1,30 X tLdas X onv X X X X! X X A^n^ X X XX XX HNnr X XXX X X X XX AVW X X XX X X XX lIHdV X X X X X HVW aaa Nvr X X u u M M w H u 13 Q) C •H -P c o u 0) rH W to s to c2 to S +^ to 3 E Cl, to §^ ?H CO CO to C S Q) CO CO 1 >1 ^^ c ■H ? (fl o n: Q u m 0) ^ -u U (0 +J u (0 >i U ,H fa 03 (U X TS (0 -H C CO O I T) (1) •H > e rH w o 6s H 5 o (0 en C S 0) o en (« I ■p 0) u CO ^-i o s •t^ H 'y « s +^ ex, <» to •c^ 4^ 3 ?^ Cl, ?H O •ri -fi "^ ?^ <33 K « "-^ S CX, c» ?:^ •^ +i -tJ tt; CO a: 5 O CO 01 O XT"-\ C -H •H fO 3 3 I CO C7^ c O fO X X X X X X X X X X XX ?S PS ?^ rS ?S X XXX XX X XXXXX XX X X X X X XX X XXXXX XXX X X XXXX XX X X X X XX X >1 u (1) M o u u 4-) :3 2 cc u - >1 >-i (0 w -H a; o o rH >, >-l g g -l rH O O CO u u u u (1) (0 0) A^ ti u m -H a; Q) x; U QJ U ■H T3 x: (0 T3 u a; 0) T) -H O QJ X: IT) a I 4J c 4J QJ ■H o x: CQ S U ■H ^ -p u c (T3 3 X X X X to to •^ 0 o •^ CO e .« ?^ s ts 0 J § 0) Q) "r^ K to r^ "ti rQ S3 3 r-i e P r« ro (a S 03 S S it^ •^ O Q +i (3 r^ S3 CX-vi CO 0 to O O Jj rC •?^ « ^i;^ y U 03 ^ H « to 5^1 « s^ g S S +i 3 « o s:h E -P Q) (33 o ^Q +3 Q •^ is « C t!3 CO to O O ,S^ to § rs 3 O to **-, 3 3 § « t~~i g "^ "^ g U C JS3 Q) 3 G O, ^ a c2 fX, fX, 0) •r3 u QJ a to CO C3 C +3 4^ •t~3 CO x: u 4-) (0 x: 4J 3 2 13 Q) 4-» (/} 03 0) ^4 X! I T) QJ 54 AON iDO ■Idas Dnv awnr AVM TIHdV avw aaa Nvr w 0) C •H •P c o o (0 Eh z O O U X X X X X x; X X »< XX X XXX XXXXXXX X X X X XXXXXXXXX X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X § 05 <» « « O CO "XJ tji CO 4i Co E •^i « 4i CO r-i WOW ■Xi CO S CO 4-i ^ s « G 'XS CO r^ a S 3 a S CO 3 ca 3 4^ 05 05 « 05 r-^ S •ri 4i S r« 05 •r^ 4i a 05 r^ ^ g^t t> "^ l~~i t-~i S O CO rS; Q 05 o ;; o cl, CO CO 4^ « CO •fi O 3 Q 9 05 •ri Co +i -W •^ 3+^3 C5 1^ « S •ri ^ 05 4i ?^ 2 S^ r^ +i 4^ O 3 "ai •^ « Ti O +i -P to 3 Sh 05 Cl, Cji IJ5 (S. ly 05 ci 5 0) ^^ o s g CO ^ 05 -4^ 3 CO 3 2^ 4i Ki CO t--i « Cu O +i 4i S^ S a rs; a ,9 Q> i35 « C33 3 H-, JL « a C « 3 S CO rs; a. 35 Ct-,+i -j^ s CO ^ CO CJ « r E ca CO CO CO o \ 0) rH 4-5 X3 ■^ ^ ^ •H C f-i ja jh rO U X u •H 'a 03 x: X) •H tP U Q) 0 fO 4J u (0 XJ *4 4-1 m u i< C Cn m rH Sh S >H (0 rH ^ -H •rH ^ -H ■H C 2 XI x; (0 <-\ m u X! c ■H U X! TJ jic; •H 0 u u +J 05 4-> s (t3 M !-l -H x: 0 x: x; (U Q) XS (^ S - 05 0 T! rH U 0) XI 0) C/3 U) Eh 3 C TI X C u rH iTl Tl 0) CQ "3 Qj C 0 3 3 -H 5 Q) +J (0 -H •rH X) Oc .H (0 0) fO Ti -H 0) (u a M (n u m CQ 0 c ■r4 2 g > H e 05 H iH Di 05 IT] TJ CQ 0) u x: - x: - U 5 a (T3 3 - 0) > s Q) Q) M 2 C Eh -O Eh C C O 0 ■rH C fO Cn T! S Sh TJ >• •H G X cr> tn U (0 C 0 •H 1 u cu (0 s C OJ 1 c rH (T3 c 1 c - HUT! 0) 4-1 05 (0 c o •r4 •rH >i S S (U C rH U Vh S •H )H C Q) -H Q) ^ 4-1 (U 1 u e M rH i 0) 0) (0 u 1 ■H iH C S O M 4-5 rH 1 3 O C 0) ^-1 3 >H to 0) 0 °l 4J x: T) rO T3 H H 3 g U (U 05 rH Xi (D u -H e (tj P (U s 5^ o (fl 0 0) 4J (U 05 0) O 0 m 6 05 0) 0) >H OQ S < > ^ tc in > s o « S OQ U m « >H X Eh u s H cc: CQ 55 Daa AON ■LDO idas onv xinc aNnf AVW TIHdV HVW aaa Nvr Q) 3 C •rH C o u 0) (0 Eh O U X X X X X XX X XXX XXX XX X X X X X X t^ CO ^ •r^ CO •<^ +i ^ +i O ?H « ^ ?^ la •ri rC c 0) o o « -fi fX, c a. 4^ &< « s « e « 0 •c^ to « rs; s^. « ^ « 0 "Xj 3 0 ^ 0) Cl. +i 1 3 (0 M en S 0 Q4 u (0 0 0 0 u in m Q) « 0 U Sh t7> X! X M c >H (t3 13 (0 (0 (13 -a r-{ 3 s to a, 5 0) c 0 0) (U c •H n 0 a 3 w 0 c (0 M XI C -H XI u wo M 3 Eh O m s ^ tn Ti u tH (n >H 0 0 0 en U) 0) ro tn n - ca u C tP u Sh tH 0 >i a c fo c a, u i-i c u U 03 !-l OJ if} -H OkH w 1 Q) •H 1 U 1 aw 0 Q) -P c i 0) ^ Q) Q, u Cn+J U) OJ c m c Ti u 0) ■H i< C C -r^ 0) > -H V^ -H 0) (0 U x: 0 -H 0 x: s w c^ 0 0. « Q Eh U Cm J CO S 56 Table 10. Bird species occurrence in cover and habitat types, 1977 and 1978. COMMON NAME COVER TYPES M Ben < u 2 CO 2 < E-i K w m M en W « O H 2 Cd E-i O « £-• W 2 < X K D Q. O Scncn CJ O &-. i § S < O tJ J D (X S s PQ o < a U3 5 D to BE M < >< < O ,s J p;; ci< ij > ui u <: ■^■^ u 8\ww.\ S w u u u w w li, S g S g g s tfi 03 CO w en en U3 ttl OQ f^ 0^ CU CU Oh Cli C^ •=c < HABITAT TYPES SO |g S o. ^q J E-' O U U S ►J J w 3 a< Oi K fC W X to tt E-1 E-1 E-1 z w < w 5 b. O E-i J u < w U S U X V, WW Sa < < < w H hJ .J J E 'in E-1 X W D X kJ w < < Common Loon Red-necked Grebe Horned Grebe Western Grebe Pied-billed Grebe Great Blue Heron Whistling Swan Canada Goose Milliard Pintail Green-winged Teal Blue-winged Teal Cinnamon Teal American Wigeon Ring-necked Duck Common (Joldeneye Barrow's Goldeneye Common Merganser Hooded Merganser Bufflehead Goshawk Sharp-shinned Hawk Cooper's Hawk Red-tailed Hawk Rough- legged Hawk Bald Eagle Marsh Hawk Golden Eagle Osprey Merlin American Kestrel Blue Grouse Spruce Grouse Ruffed Grouse American Coot Killdeer Comjnon Snipe Spotted Sandpiper California Gull Rock Dove Mourning Dove Great Homed Owl Barred Owl Great Gray Owl Saw-whet Owl Common Nighthawk 57 Table 10 (continued) COVER TYPES -^1 I HABITAT TYPES COMMON NAME U5 t^ M •z w D < O S tn 2 < w m H S n) E-i z O PS Eh w K EC D Oi cn tn u O f^ ft; o kJ ^J D a< K OQ O < « t« a: M < >H < o IX iJ > in cj < "^\ w. w en CO t/5 c/) CO ui g. CL g, Cb cu CL. CO i SJ o g z P ac 5 b 7 o u u S J iJ w g a &i X ^1 M < M < W T. O X Crj , , fel < < < U H J J J S 9 m ta cp CO ^ .a; < <£ f-i^ W M m Calliope Hummingbird Black-chinned Himmiingbird Rufous Hummingbird Belted Kingfisher x Common Flicker Pileated Woodpecker Lewis' Woodpecker Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker Empidonax Flycatchers Olive-sided Flycatcher Violet-grcrn Swallow Tree Swa How x Bank Swallow Rough-winged Swallow x Barn Swallow x Stellcr's Jay Gray Jay Clark's Nutcracker Common Raven Common Crow Black-capped Chickadee Mountain Chickadee Chestnut-backed Chickadee Dipper x Red-breasted Nuthatch Brown Creeper Winter Wren American Robin Varied Thrush Townsend's Solitaire Hermit Thrush Swainson's Thrush Veery Mountain Bluebird Go I den- crowned Kinglet Ruby-crowned Kinglet 58 Table 10 (continued) COVER TYPES ■Hi SO HABITAT TYPES Eh COMMON NAME H O OS 'fl ■Z 1 w fti o % ffi Ui U O Ua O J iJ D ft ffl o < « w E^^ X M . < O O Q, tj > Ul O < 9 w, w. w *^ w u y [J u [J Q^ en en ui en to en Oi Qj (X &. Oi ft I o U CJ 5: \~^-v 15 iJ J U g ft ft a S IK a en Eh EH Eh I 5 o b 2: w < < u X x; ij eo W\,-\-W cg < < < M < 5-1 0) 0] XI o U) T! O O U X! Ai U Q § tf (0 13 CO Q) (U W Z e CO 2 J2 O !/l M E-« u o .^ A" w Csl M en Q O O a XI w M u w CM en 0) >l QJ C (1) H o o c o (0 3 OQ Q) Ti QJ U 2 e s s ro o en 2 •<* I >i Q) C QJ o c o o u (N yo CQ (U Ti d) W 2 D^ E (0 en ro 2 2 o CM W en W 2 QJ >i C QJ rH O a c o o u QJ 3 CQ QJ 0) w 2 a e (0 en ro ro 2 00 en w 2 Q) >. QJ C Q) 'O rH o O C O o u ( 0) C QJ 13 iH O o c o o u V£) QJ m 3 m QJ QJ W a, e en ro ro ro ro 2 2 O CTi ro rv) o IS en w 2 ro QJ >i QJ C QJ Ti rH O a c o o u i QJ C QJ 13 i-H O ejj c o o u CT> QJ QJ !-< U U (0 QJ C QJ QJ U U o CN en 5 en VD QJ en c (ej Ui >H QJ c o o u QJ CJ >-l QJ r-t QJ a) +j to ^i QJ QJ S-l u QJ QJ X ,M (fl (T3 ^A fj IS ro ro 2 o ro o (M IS 2 en in QJ en c (0 en s-i QJ c o o u QJ QJ 5-1 U S-l QJ tH QJ QJ u: 4-1 (0 >; QJ QJ S-l U Q) (0 ro ro 2 o ro IS en w en >X) >-i QJ en C itJ Cn U QJ s O o u s-l u s-l QJ iH QJ QJ X QJ Q) S-l U QJ M rfl IS ro ro en VO s-l QJ m c (0 en Sh QJ c o o s-l u s-l QJ a o u en QJ QJ U U QJ rej >^ ro ro 2 2 o o ro ro 2 IS 2 S-l QJ en C (0 cn s-l QJ c o o u s-l u s-l QJ CU o 4-1 o QJ QJ S-l U QJ M CO IS ro ro 2 o ro en en 1^ s-l QJ en c tes CP s-l QJ S c o o u M-l o I +J 3 u Q) en ifl x: CJ s-l u QJ M fd IS ro ro 2 o ro 00 2 W 2 S-l QJ en C IT3 Cn S-l QJ S C O O u s-l u QJ o en u u QJ (T3 IS ro ro en IS en s-l QJ en C (ej Cn s-l QJ S c o o u QJ M (0 3 13 c QJ x: 4-1 3 O en IS ro ro 2 2 O 00 ro r^j IS en w 2 KD QJ >i QJ C QJ 13 r-H O ej c o o u QJ M (0 3 CQ QJ 13 13 ro ro 2 IS en s-l QJ S c o o u 0) QJ (0 (0 3 OQ QJ S-l O X en 4-) en QJ o IS en en 13 S-l (0 lej 3 OQ QJ S-l O X en 4-> tn QJ IS IS IS ro ro ro ro 2 2 fN) fN 43 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r- 1 00 1 00 1 00 60 of five nests was discovered along Crowell Creek north of Bull Lake. Two nests were inactive or had been abandoned while three nests contained a total of 8 young and 2 adults when observed during a July 13 helicopter flight. All of the above species, except the whistling swan, breed in this region of the state according to Skaar (1975). Raptors Fifteen species of raptors were observed during the re- port period and included accipiters, falcons, harriers, eagles, buteos, owls and ospreys. Observations of raptors (Figure 20) were made incidental to other activities except for the osprey, for which efforts were directed specifically towards locating and monitoring nests. The osprey was the most commonly observed raptor during the study followed by observations of the red- tailed hawk (22) , the American kestrel (15) and the merlin (14). These species were observed during the summer (breeding) period (Table 9). Although definitive breeding evidence was collected only for the osprey, Skaar (1975) indicates that hard evidence of breeding (active nest or dependent young) has been collected for the red-tailed hawk and kestrel and circumstantial evi- dence (territorial males or pairs) has been collected for the merlin in this part of the state. The red-tailed hawk, merlin and kestrel were observed primarily in open areas or cutting units (Table 10). These species may not have been more abundant than the forest dwelling raptors, but they were easier to observe. Raptors observed in the study area whose habitat is confined primarily to dense forest included: goshawk, sharp-shinned hawk, saw-whet owl and great gray owl. Raptors which were observed in the timber but were not neces- sarily confined to timber included: Cooper's hawk, great horned owl and barred owl. There have been less than 10 sightings of the barred owl in Montana (Skaar 1975) and the 2 observed during this study were road kills found along Keeler Creek. The bald eagle was classified as an endangered species in February 1978 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Three sightings of the bald eagle were made during April and November, 1977 and February, 1978. These birds were observed near Bull Lake and their occurrence there is probably related to migrating waterfowl which use the lake prior to freeze- over and after break-up. The golden eagle was observed on two occasions in the South Fork of Ross Creek near the head of Dry Creek (Figure 20) . The marsh hawk and rough-legged hawk were also observed but their use of the area is probably limited to spring and fall migration. Evidence suggests the occurrence of peregrine falcons ( Falao peregrinus) in the area (Skaar 1975 and Robbins et. al . 1966). 61 W-Sowwh«t owl Figure 20. Locations of raptors observed on the study area, 1977-1978. Osprey observations were primarily confined to Lake Creek and Bull Lake. It was estimated that 48 observations were of a minimum of 13 individuals. Table 12 gives the locations of 9 osprey nests noted on the study area. Nests 1, 2 and 3 were each attended by a pair of adults who incubated and successfully hatched young during 1977. Nests 1 and 3 fledged 2 young each during the first week in August. Nest 2 was abandoned in early July shortly after logging activities com- menced in the immediate area. The fate of these birds is unknown, but no adults or young osprey were observed at or near this nest after July. Osprey were not observed on Nest 4 by the investigator but reports indicate this nest was attended by a pair early in the season. The birds on this nest were reported by locals to have been shot. Ospreys were reported during previous years on Nest 5, but this nest was not attended during 1977. Nests 6, 7 and 8 by their lo- cation and construction indicate previous use by osprey but none were observed near the nest in 1977. Nest 9 was lo- cated during March 1978 and was in good repair. During 19 78, no young were observed in Nest 1, 3 young were hatched in Nest 3, 2 young were hatched in Nest 6 and 3 young were hatched in Nest 9. Nest 2 was attended by a pair in April but no young were observed in the nest during July. Nest 4 fell from the tree and the tree containing Nest 7 fell. Nest 5 was unoccupied and Nest 8 was not observed during 1978. Forest Grouse Members of the family Tetranonidae which were observed on the study area included: blue grouse, ruffed grouse and spruce grouse. These grouse are all native to Montana and are generally limited to the mountainous regions of the state. Observations and sign of blue grouse and ruffed grouse recorded during the study are contained in Appendices 16 and 17. The distribution of these observations and the observations of spruce grouse are presented in Figure 21. The blue grouse and ruffed grouse data are summarized in Tables 13 and 14, respectively. The three observations of spruce (Franklin's) grouse occurred near Camp Creek in the area to be inundated by the tailing impoundment. The overall geographic distribution of the spruce grouse is a transcontinental band generally conforming to the boreal coniferous forest (Aldrich 1963). In Montana, spruce grouse are more limited in their range than either the blue or ruffed grouse and are generally found in the denser forest types such as subalpine fir, Engelmann spruce or lodgepole pine {Pinus aontorta) in western Montana (Mussehl et al. 1971) . 63 Table 12. Osprey nests located during 1977 and 1978 including first observation dates, site description and comments. NEST DATE NO. LOCATED 1 5-18-77 SITE DESCRIPTION COMMENTS East shore of Bull Lake along Productive nest - two young fledged Highway 202. Top of par- tially dead larch {Larix ocoidentalis) tree. first week of August, 1977. Pro- ductive nest attended by pair throughout July, 1978. Not ob- served from air during 1978. 2 6-16-77 Crowell Creek. Tree stand- ing in creek bed. Top of topped Douglas- fir {Pseudotsuga menziesii) . Within 0.4 km of Bull Lake. 6-15-77 Freeman Ridge, across from Felix Creek. Top of giant snag. Within 0.4 km of Lake Creek. Nest failure - young abandoned in early July, 1977, coincident with initiation of logging activity be- neath nest. Nest failure - pair observed in April, single adult seen in July, no young in nest in late July, 1978. Productive nest - two young fledged first week of August, 1977. Pro- ductive nest - three young in nest in July, 1978. 6-19-77 Swanson Creek. Top larch snag. Next to swamp, 0.8 km from Lake Creek. Unoccupied nest, may have had osprey pair earlier in spring, 1977. Pair is reported to have been shot off nest. Nest fell out of tree, 1978. 7-14-77 7-14-77 4-9-77 Noggle Creek. Top of larch Unoccupied nest during 1977 and snag. Near ponds, about 1978. 1.5 km from Bull Lake. West shore of Bull Lake near Emma Gulch. In dead larch snag. East shore of Bull Lake near Crowell Creek. In broken spruce (Picea) snag. Unoccupied nest, 1977. Productive nest - two young in nest in July, 1978. Unoccupied nest, 1977. fallen, 1978. Tree 5-16-77 Little Spar Lake. Top of dead unidentified tree. Unoccupied nest, 1977. Observed from the air. No osprey were ob- served from the groiuid in this area. Not observed in 1978. 3-12-78 Northwest of Schoolhouse Lake. Top of dead larch snag. Fate of this nest unknown during 1977. Productive nest - three young in nest in July, 1978. 64 O EH in KD ro in Q I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 H 65 < O 00 (N O in in CN I I I in I I I I I I f^ I I u o w I I I I I I iH 'S- I CO I -p c o e c o ■H +J u ■H n ro I CN KD i-i CM I I CTi CN f^ I U5 o n . 1X> HI 00 o • in f^ o • ro CO -:> \ I I CO I 0) (0 s to -d Ti QJ 0 ■H 0 Eh o o ■p o 2 -a (0 o c o Ti n O tT> C o >. (U 0) 66 V / 1 s ? Figure 21. Locations of blue grouse, ruffed grouse and spruce grouse observed on the study area, 1977-1978. 67 Blue grouse are present in 12 western states and 4 Canadian provinces (Aldrich 1963). The overall range of the species is closely associated with the distribution of true fir and especially Douglas-fir (Beer 1943). In Montana they are found in the coniferous forests of the west and in iso- lated mountain ranges east of the divide (Mussehl et al. 1971) In contrast to the ruffed grouse, which are generally seden- tary year-round (Gullion 1967) , blue grouse usually move to higher elevations in fall, spend the winter there, and return to lower areas in spring to breed and raise young (Zwickel et al- 1968, Mussehl 1960 and Bendell and Elliott 1967). During the report period, 57 observations of blue grouse were recorded (Table 13) . Eighty-three percent of blue grouse observations were recorded at 1,280 m (4,200 ft) and above, with all observations between 914 m (3,000 ft) and 1,830 m (6,000 ft). Blue grouse were found in 12 habitat types. Sixty-one percent of the observations occurred in subalpine fir habitat types (ABLA/XETE, ABLA/LUHI, ABLA/MEFE and ABLA/CACA) and 22 percent in Douglas-fir habitat types (PSME/SYAL, PSME/PHMA and PSME/AGSP). The ruffed grouse is the most widely distributed of all native American Tetraonidae (Aldrich 19 6 3) . They are cur- rently residents of 38 states and 13 Canadian provinces or territories (Gullion 1977) . In Montana, ruffed grouse are found primarily west of the Continental Divide and in the scattered mountains and associated drainages of Central Montana east of the divide (Mussehl et al . 1971). Although ruffed grouse are widely distributed, the uni- fying criterion is that successional or climax vegetation stages include deciduous trees, especially of the genera Betula and Populus (Johnsgard 1973). Gullion (1969) indicates that on a continent-wide basis, the highest population densities of ruffed grouse correspond to the distribution patterns of aspens {Populus spp.). Aspen is important winter and Slammer food for adults and provides valuable brooding habitat. On the study area 3 species of Populus were noted including quaking aspen {Populus tremuloides) , black cottonwood {Populus trichocarpa) and plains cottonwood {Populus deltoides) . Other deciduous trees present on the study area which may be used by ruffed grouse included water birch ( Betula oceidentalis) , paper birch {Betula papyri f era) , willows {Salix spp.), mountain alder {Alnus sinuata) and thinleaf alder {Alnus inoana) . Drumming counts have been used effectively for obtaining indices of male ruffed grouse (Dorney et al. 1958) . Appendix 18 contains results of 4 drumming routes conducted on the study area along Stanley, Keeler and Ross creeks. These 68 routes were conducted on clear mornings when wind speeds were less than 4.8 km per hour (3 mph) . Routes were usually started 1/2 hour before sunrise and consisted of 4-minute listening stops (Petraborg et al . 1953). All routes included 15 stops which were 400 m (1/4 mi) apart. Information from this study indicates that routes conducted during the last 10 days in April and the first 10 days in May will cover the peak of drumming activity in the Lake Creek Valley. During the study period, 12 3 observations of ruffed grouse were made (Table 14) , Ruffed grouse were observed more consistently at lower elevations than blue grouse. Ninety-two percent of the ruffed grouse observations oc- curred at 830 m (2,800 ft) and below, with all observations occurring between 604 m (2,000 ft) and 1,460 m (4,800 ft). Although ruffed grouse were more numerous than blue grouse, they were found in fewer habitat types. Eighty-two percent of the ruffed grouse observations occurred in the TSHE/CLUN habitat type and 15 percent occurred in three Douglas-fir types (PSME/PHMA, PSME/CARU and PSME/LIBO) . Shorebirds Five species of shorebirds were observed during the study. Observations of shorebirds were made incidental to other observations. Monthly occurrence is given in Table 9. The spotted sandpiper was the most commonly observed shore- bird on the study area and was found utilizing most lakes, ponds and streams. Dependent young of spotted sandpipers were also observed indicating that breeding does occur on the study area. Other shorebirds observed during the study included: common snipe, American coot, killdeer and Cali- fornia gull. The common snipe was observed during the sum- mer months and although breeding records were not estab- lished on the study area, they are known to breed in this region of the state (Skaar 1975) , as are the coot, killdeer and California gull. Spotted sandpipers and killdeers were observed foraging on the mudflats of a pond near Camp Creek. This area is located on the site of the proposed tailing impoiandment . Other Birds Birds of the order Passeriformes (perching or song birds) constituted 56 of the 69 birds observed in this cate- gory. The other 13 species included: woodpeckers, humming- birds, belted kingfisher, rock dove, mourning dove and com- mon nighthawk. The monthly occurrence of these birds and the cover types and habitat types in which they were observed are given in Tables 9 and 10, respectively. 69 Bird observations were collected incidental to other activities; therefore, the number of species observed should be considered a minimum figure. Birds commonly observed in the forest cover type on the study area included: gray jay, varied thrush, golden-crowned kinglet, dark-eyed junco and chipping sparrow. Birds which were regularly observed in cutting units were: Lewis' woodpecker, olive-sided fly- catcher and mountain bluebird. Birds which were consistently observed in either the shrub or forest cover type were: song sparrow, Steller's jay, Swainson's thrush and black-capped chickadee. Species which did not appear to be limited to a specific cover type included: rufous hummingbird, common flicker, common raven and common crow. Dippers were observed along most streams and the winter wren was commonly observed in dense forests along streams. Nearly all observations of mountain bluebirds were made at the site of the proposed tailing pond where the open area, abundance of perches and availability of old woodpecker holes or natural cavities for nesting (Jackman and Scott 1975) provide critical habitat. Woodpeckers were also commonly observed in this area and along Stanley Creek where feeding and nesting trees were common. A commensalistic relationship exists between mountain bluebirds and woodpeckers because old woodpecker holes are usually used for nesting purposes by mountain bluebirds (Jackman and Scott 1975). Power (1966) notes that "Highly specialized nesting requirements have pro- duced a relatively unadaptable species whose population has declined as a result of environmental changes of recent decades" . Amphibians and Reptiles Observations of herpetofauna were collected incidental to other activities and were recorded according to month, cover type and habitat type. Four species of reptiles and four species of amphibians were observed on the study area and are presented in Table 15. The tailed frog is classified as a "nongame species of special interest or concern" by the MDFWP (Flath 1977) . This species is restricted to well forested areas in the vicinity of cold mountain streams having a rocky streambed (Stebbins 1954). The tailed frog was observed in Stanley Creek in the immediate vicinity of the mine main entrance on August 2, 1977. Except for the rubber snake, all observed herpetofauna were confined to moist areas. The rubber snake was located at 1,220 m (4,000 ft) on top of Stanley Mountain in the ABGR/CLUN habitat type. 70 Table 15. Amphibian and reptile observations - occurrence in cover types and habitat types. COVER TYPES HABITAT TYPES COMMON NAME Tailed Frog Western Toad Pacific Tree-Frog Spotted Frog Painted Turtle Rubber Snake M § SCIENTIFIC NAME en <: 2 Eh « W CQ M U3 W a; D 2 Eh W Eh O « W Eh S 3 u H 1-1 X XX XXX XX XXX X X X X X X X 71 The wood frog {Rana sylvatiaa) was not observed during this study period but was noted on the area by Stearns-Roger (1975) and constitutes a unique observation because this species is not considered to be present in this area (Stebbins 1966). A total of nine species of herpetofauna have been docu- mented on the study area to date and Flath (pers. coinin. ) indicates that the very rare Coeur d'Alene salamander (Plethodon vandykei) has been collected from the vicinity of Lake Creek. Stebbins (1966) indicates that the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) , western skunk {Evmeoes skiltonianus) , northern alligator lizard ( Gevrhonotus coeruleus) , racer (Coluber constrictor) and gopher snake ( Pituophis catenifer ) may also occur in this area. ASSESSMENT OF WILDLIFE IMPACTS Comprehensive Review Developments impose a variety of inimical consequences upon wildlife from a multitude of sources. Due to legal con- straints, wildlife impact analysis is usually limited to the construction and operation of a development; the secondary, yet most serious, effect of expanding human population is left unadvilressed. This study focused primarily on mine related impacts. It did not address associated ancil- lary developments, but it i_s necessary to at least identify these factors. Mine Construction and Operation The Mount Vernon mine facilities include three general components: the actual mine site complex, the utility cor- ridor, and the tailing impoundment area (additional descrip- tion and location of facilities are presented in Description of Mine Development). Wildlife impacts generally refer to one of the above three components. Direct and indirect wildlife mortality factors are in- volved in mine construction and operation. Direct losses include death of animals which do not have the capabilities of long-ranged movement and are thus destroyed in the con- struction phase. Another cause of direct mortality involves wildlife/ore-hauling truck collisions. Most deaths are ac- cidental although malicious destruction does occur (Colorado Department of Wildlife, from Klimstra et al. 1979). Indirect wildlife attrition results from habitat de- struction or deterioration which in turn affects the quantity and quality of habitat. Food and cover will be reduced or 72 eliminated and movements of wildlife hampered with vegetation alteration or removal. Most of the length of Stanley Creek will experience construction activity which will affect much of the stream riparian zone. A well-used wildlife movement corridor will be crossed by construction and ultimately bi- sected by the utility corridor. Most large wildlife species are displaced when construction begins. Displaced animals generally do not survive; there is usually no place else to move because if suitable habitat does exist, then it is usually at or near carrying capacity with the same species which is attempting to emigrate (Thompson 1977) . If human activity causes wildlife to permanently avoid an area even though suitable habitat might be available, the avoidance is equivalent to a permanent reduction in carrying capacity (Thompson 1977) . It is impossible to predict the extent of animal losses which may result from restricted access (RAB and F&WB 1979) . In addition to reduced carrying capacity on over crowded ranges, construction and operation activity may create stress for wildlife. Stress is a nebulous but in- sidious type of impact which results from behavioral changes induced by mine facility structures or human activities. For example, slurry pipelines, haul roads and fences may create actual and psychological barriers to normal movements. Expanding Human Population The construction phase of any development involves the largest influx of workers and construction populations are typically associated with more severe impacts on wildlife than the permanent workforce. Extensive secondary land use change due to ancillary human activities throughout the area surrounding a new mine will typically cause more significant impacts than the area directly involved with the mining pro- cess (Klimstra et al . 1979). Direct wildlife mortality results from increased hunt- ing pressure and increased poaching and vehicle/wildlife collisions. Hunting should not be "viewed as inimical to the welfare of wildlife; a harvestable surplus of animals is always available if hunting is properly controlled" (RAB and F&WB 1979), but Klimstra et al. (1979) points out: Any human population is accompanied by additional hunting/fishing pressure, but the decided preference of mining personnel for these forms of outdoor recre- ation activities causes additional increases beyond what would normally be expected for that incremental increase in population. . .In the Gillette, Wyoming area, the mean number of recreation days per day of hunting season increased over 240 percent from 1971 to 1977 for antelope and by 143 percent for mule deer hunting but the human population increased by only 112 percent. 73 The problems of poaching and road-kills are aggravated when mine roads cross wildlife movement zones and when shift changes coincide with wildlife early morning and evening feeding periods. The magnitude of the wildlife-vehicle col- lision problem is pointed out by the British Columbia Re- sources Analysis Branch and Fish and Wildlife Branch (RAB and F&WB 1979 ) who indicate that "over 1.5 million deer are believed to be killed annually on highways in North America together with uncounted millions of smaller species". Road-killed deer, raptors and small mammals have been lo- cated on roads in the Mount Vernon mine area, and these losses will likely increase with increasing numbers of ve- hicles on local roads. According to Klimstra (1979): In a comparison of population and vehicle registra- tion trends in mining impacted areas of northwest Colorado, population growth rates have been 4 7 per- cent and 19 percent in 2 counties over a 5-year period. During that same period registrations for recreational trucks increased over 558 percent in 1 county and 383 percent in the other. Indirect wildlife mortality may result from the follow- ing stress inducing factors: subdivisions, domestic animal harassment and noise. Subdivisions and other conflicting land uses constitute a direct, often expansive loss of wild- life habitat which, perhaps more seriously, "could break up the continuity of winter ranges to the extent that what re- mains will not support animals" (RAB and F&WB 1979) . The DSL-KNF EIS (1979) cites that approximately 47.75 square km (11,800 acres) of land in the direct impact area (including the Troy area) are under private ownership and will most likely experience rapid land use changes. Established resi- dential areas throughout the Lake Creek Valley are likely to expand; these sites include: the areas at the mouths of Camp, Crowell, Felix, Copper, Twin, Falls and Lake creeks; east shore of Bull Lake and the west side of Lake Creek from Copper Creek north to Highway 2. Domestic animal harass- ment can significantly contribute to herd losses of wildlife (Klimstra et al. 1979) while at the same time the public will not tolerate large predatory species of wildlife and will de- mand increased predator control (RAB and F&WB 1979) . Wild- life may acclimate to constant noise, but "habituation is least likely to occur and long-term displacement is more likely when disturbances are irregular or erratic. Such is the case with sporadic traffic on primitive mountain roads" (Thompson 1977) . Ultimately, the burden of wildlife impacts from development of the Mount Vernon mine will come to rest with the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks (MDFWP) who will be responsible to deal with: industrial pollution problems, public enquiries, habitat management procedures, nuisance animal control and other demands which an increasing human population will generate. 74 Identified Wildlife-Mining Conflicts Moose The Stanley Creek drainage (site of the mine) was ex- tensively used by moose during the winter and moose were year-long residents of the Lake Creek flats at the site of the tailing pond. Moose will realize serious adverse im- pacts as a result of mining activities since these activi- ties occur coincident with known moose winter use areas. Elk Stanley Mountain, the mouth of Stanley Creek, the north end of Bull Lake and the lower section of Camp Creek as it enters Lake Creek all receive substantial winter use by elk. These areas will receive direct adverse impacts from mine development, and the surrounding areas will receive secondary human impacts. Stanley Creek was used by elk as a migration corridor to gain access to the Mount Vernon ridge. Movement along Stanley Creek will likely be pre- empted because of mine development. Mule Deer Mule deer use of the study area included the Mount Vernon ridge. The probability of mule deer losses through poaching, increased hunter access, collisions with vehicles or stress will be increased if access to the Mount Vernon ridge by either the Stanley Creek or Ross Creek road is improved or if use of either of these roads is increased by mine company personnel. Stanley Creek appears to be used as a travel route by mule deer during spring and fall. Dis- ruption of travel by deer along traditional routes and dis- placement of mule deer from regularly used areas may result in a lowered carrying capacity. Mule deer will be particu- larly vulnerable to mining activities during spring and winter. Mule deer use of the lower mill site during spring by females suggests that this area is used as a fawning ground. Numerous tracks, pellet groups and beds of deer, presumed to be mule deer, were noted during December on the slope immediately above the upper mill site. White-tailed Deer Areas receiving substantial white-tailed deer use in- cluded Ross Creek; south, west and north shore of Bull Lake; Stanley Mountain; Keeler Mountain; Lake Creek; Camp Creek; Grouse Mountain; and along Highway 202 between Felix Creek and Twin Creek. The utility corridor and tailing impoundment may constitute a real if not psychological barrier to move- ment of whitetails and contribute to direct habitat loss. 75 Habitat disruption and restricted movement may have the ef- fect of concentrating whitetails on more limited areas, re- sulting in over utilization of the remaining habitat and an overall reduction in carry capacity of the valley. Bighorn Sheep Two neck-banded bighorn ewes were observed on several occasions on the south side of Mount Vernon near the south adit. It is not known whether Mount Vernon has assumed an essential role in the life requirements of these sheep which were planted on Berray Mountain in 19 75 by the Montana De- partment of Fish and Game. Mountain Goat Mountain goats are particularly vulnerable to human developments because they exhibit strong homing tendancies (Kuck 1977) , limited pioneering abilities (Geist 1971) and phlegmatic personalities. The only two known winter concen- tration areas for mountain goats in the West Cabinet Moun- tains of Montana are Mount Vernon and Ross Point. If access for miners is allowed to the ridge between Mount Vernon and Spar Peak via either the Stanley Creek or Ross Creek road, then mountain goats may experience habitat inaccessibility, behavioral modifications from human interactions or poaching pressure. Information concerning mountain goats in the West Cabinet Mountains collected over a 3-year period will be presented in a separate report. Bears Spring green-up may concentrate bears in vulnerable situations such as along road rights-of-way where vegeta- tion first emerges (Jonkel 1976) . The haul road will be regularly plowed and in use 24 hours per day so the shoulders of the road would green-up early because the road margin will be free of snow. The attraction of bears to the road for spring feeding may result in casualties from vehicle collisions, as well as result in increased legal and illegal mortalities. The mine would have the potential of attract- ing both grizzly and black bears if food refuse accumulates or if road margins are seeded with legumes (a palatable food item) . Mountain Lion The Stanley and Keeler creek drainages and associated Lake Creek bottom were extensively used by mountain lions. Lions regularly cross Stanley Creek enroute between deer winter ranges, so the utility corridor which follows the 76 Figure 22. Adult female mountain goat feeding in meadow. 77 creek may create a barrier to movement. Secondary impacts to lions may occur from reductions of their prey species (deer, beaver, rabbit, ground squirrels, etc.). Reduction of these primary consumers may occur from habitat destruction resulting in displacement and attrition, as well as hunting, trapping and poisoning. In addition, mortality from moun- tain lion hunting would probably increase. Furbearers and Predators Furbearers and predators will experience habitat losses from construction of all mine facilities. Water withdrawals from Stanley Creek (or ground water which feeds Stanley Creek) for utilization in the mining operation may reduce flows in the creek and have an adverse effect upon beaver, muskrat, otter and other mammals using these watercourses. In addition, pollution of Stanley Creek or Lake Creek as a result of seepage or erosion from the tailing impoundment or a break in the slurry tailing pipeline could cause direct mortality to furbearers or indirect losses through damage to food sources . Small Mammals Small mammals are a diverse group of species playing an important role at the base of the food web. Alteration of their habitat may have far reaching impacts upon the variety of predators which rely upon them for survival. The 14 small mammal species observed during this study all ex- hibit small home ranges. They live out their lives within the limited confines of these ranges and are, therefore, sub- ject to direct mortality if they occur at mine facilities sites. Waterfowl Waterfowl which utilize Stanley Creek and Lake Creek (below its confluence with Stanley Creek) may suffer adverse impacts if the safety features designed for the slurry pipe- line or tailing impoundment fail and pollution of these drainages results. Waterfowl which use Stanley Creek will likely be displaced during the construction of the mine road, pipeline and transmission line. A pond on the tailing im- poundment site was used by mallards, common goldeneye (brood of 7), green-winged teal and blue-winged teal. These species as well as others which may use the pond will be displaced and this area permanently lost with regard to its feeding and brood rearing capabilities. The tailing pond is not likely to receive waterfowl use because natural shoreline habitat will not be present. Residues from reagents and the tailing deposition process would preempt future production of macroinvertebrates (important waterfowl food) or aquatic vegetation (important waterfowl food and cover) . 78 Raptors Of the 15 species of raptors observed on the study area, the osprey would have the greatest potential for receiving adverse impacts as a result of mining and related develop- ments. Threats to raptor nesting success and consequent population stability include shooting, pesticide-induced reproductive failure, heavy metal contamination, nest moles- tation and habitat alteration (Johnson and Melquist 1973) . At least three of these possibilities exist with mining development on the study area. Shooting of raptors has al- ready been reported from the area and in Idaho "shooting is almost certainly the primary cause of mortality in osprey populations" (Johnson and Melquist 1973) . Increased use of the Lake Creek Valley because of human population growth would likely add to this type of loss. Heavy metals from the mine development may escape into the environment, which was the case in Idaho where Mink et al. (1971) indicated that despite the construction of settling ponds in the Coeur d'Alene River mining area, heavy metal (cadmium and zinc) levels remained high, both from seepage and from ero- sion of old tailings. The effects upon osprey reproduction of heavy metal contamination from zinc, lead, iron and copper in the Coeur d'Alene River is lander investigation (Johnson and Melquist 1973) . Habitat utilized by both forest and open country raptors would be lost in the vicinity of mine facilities and the tailing impoundment. The clearcut area of the tailing im- poundment currently provides a food source of ground squirrels and other small mammals which are used by red-tailed hawks and American kestrels. Two barred owls and a great horned owl were found dead on roads — apparent victims of vehicle collisions. This type of loss would be expected to increase with increasing vehicle traffic in the Lake Creek Valley. Forest Grouse Adverse consequences for ruffed grouse will occur with the widening of the haul road, maintenance clearing and con- struction of the tailing pipeline and transmission line, disturbance and construction at the well field and sump site as well as inundation and maintenance of the tailing pond area. Although artificial openings such as those created through logging and fire may provide additional habitat for ruffed grouse, few areas will be opened and allowed to re- vegetate into shrubby habitat during this development. Blue grouse are not likely to be impacted from mine ac- tivities unless the road from Stanley Creek over Mount Vernon to Ross Creek is used. Blue grouse were regularly observed 79 on the south aspect of Mount Vernon on the road and on the ridge between Mount Vernon and Spar Peak, If the south adit were activated or the south side road were used regularly, blue grouse may receive increased poaching and hunting pressure. Shorebirds Mine developments which may adversely alter or diminish breeding and feeding habitat of shorebirds on the study area involve the tailing impoundment , tailing pipeline and return water system. Spotted sandpipers and killdeers were recorded using the mudflats along a pond at the tailing impoundment site. Common snipe and gulls may also use this area although they were not noted specifically at this site. Shorebirds may incur impacts similar to those which could be expected for waterfowl. Other Birds Mine facilities will occur in TSHE/CLUN and THPL/OPHO habitat types in which 45 of the 69 bird species in this category were observed. Birds occurring at the mine facility sites will initially be displaced, but most birds, because of their territorial behavior, will not allow settling of displaced birds in saturated habitats, so this "floating" component is predisposed to very high mortality rates (Klimstra et al . 1979). The mountain bluebird, for example, is a relatively unadaptable species because it has special- ized nesting requirements. Several pair of nesting blue- birds were documented at the site of the tailing impoundment. Power (1966) notes that mountain bluebirds have "highly specialized nesting requirements which has produced a rela- tively unadaptable species whose population has declined as a result of environmental changes of recent decades". Amphibians and Reptiles The relatively rare tailed frog was located in Stanley Creek in the immediate vicinity of a proposed mine adit. Water removals from Stanley Creek, erosion from mine patios, mine water discharges, or creek alterations during the course of mine developments would adversely affect this species in this area. Tree frogs were found at the tailing impoundment site and will be lost from this area. RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations are the intended product of baseline wildlife inventories. Technically, this wildlife inventory investigation was conducted to fulfill the intent of the Montana Environmental Policy Act which is to: 80 Encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment; to promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate damage to the environ- ment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man; to enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the state .... All agencies of the state are required to comply with the intent of MEPA as outlined in the Act, by identifying and developing methods and procedures, which will insure that presently unquantified environmental amenities and values may be given appropriate consideration in decision making as well as economic and technical considerations. It is a matter of interest and concern to establish at what point the decision making process has been completed. It is not within the scope of this paper to address this question, but it is the responsibility of the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks to pursue the best interest of the wildlife resources of this state. Decision making should be a continuing process which proceeds beyond implementation of a development. Environmental impact statements are Pre- dictive tools which are necessary in making a "go or no go" decision, but because they are predictive, they are fallible. Circumstances will arise for which impacts were not pre- dicted, sj the decision making tool must be available at any time. We must go one step further in protecting Mon- tana's wildlife resource by documenting whether the poten- tialities outlined in the EIS do in fact occur; and if they do, to determine what mechanisms are responsible for their occurrence, then determine how the mechanisms might be modi- fied to reduce or eliminate the negative impact. The objectives of this study were to identify the wild- life species of the project area, determine their relative abundance and distribution and identify those species which were most vulnerable (by virtue of location or behavioral characteristics) to project implementation. Once these objectives were met, the next step was to define the par- ticular species-mine facilities conflicts and then provide immediate recommendations to avoid, or alleviate detrimental consequences for the identified species. The objectives have been met, the potential impacts have been identified and immediate recommendations are provided below. These immediate recommendations are preventative measures to help maintain the status quo but it is possible to impose mea- sures having beneficial long-term consequences by using bio- logical monitoring programs to help us understand individual species needs and ultimately employ techniques to promote the long-term survival of sensitive species where they are threatened by human developments. We currently have the 81 foundation to propose recommendations to alleviate identified potential impacts, but what is needed is a long-term commit- ment to understand the relationship between wildlife and hard rock mining activities, which in turn would prove bene- ficial for the wildlife resource while at the same time allowing development of the land's mineral resources for human needs. No attempt has been made here to discuss fea- sibility of implementing mitigating or compensating measures. The primary purpose here, therefore, is to point out oppor- tunities which exist to help offset immediate detrimental effects upon wildlife resources of the Mount Vernon mine impact area and provide recommendations for the long-term benefit of wildlife through biological monitoring programs. We attempt to mitigate wildlife losses because wildlife have intrinsic and extrinsic values. In addition to the obvious monetary value of wildlife, including recreation to hunters, cash income to trappers, guides and those who oper- ate service and supply industries which hunters patronize, there are also scientific, recreational and aesthetic values which as yet we are not able to calculate but which are just as real to those who benefit as are the more obvious cash returns. Information providing equations to calculate the overall value of wildlife by converting each extrinsic and instrinsic value to dollars is being developed and revised, but the spectrum of methods and base from which they are computed vary widely. It is a fact that the monetary returns from all phases of wildlife utilization and enjoyment enrich someone's pocketbook; the cash flow pattern simply has not been worked out. The actual monetary values of wildlife were not estimated during this study but it must be acknowledged that they do exist. A balanced approach is needed to main- tain and promote all resource values so that once conflicts are identified, attempts may be made to reduce wildlife losses and improve their chances when future developments occur . Short-term Management Recommendations Short-term recommendations are preventative measures which are designed to maintain the status quo or help reduce its decline. They do not promote the long-term well-being of wildlife in an increasingly human-influenced environment. Recommendations are most f lanctionally addressed on a facility- by-facility basis but the total impact of a given development is much greater than the sum of individual impacts. In addi- tion, negative consequences of human activity are dispropor- tionately magnified when more than one development is initi- ated in a given area (a certainty in the Lake Creek Valley). The measures suggested below are itemized according to specific features. 82 utility Corridor Mass transit facilities could be employed and use man- dated, to substantially reduce wildlife-vehicle collisions and poaching pressure. Such systems have been investigated elsewhere and have proved effective. Shift changes could be scheduled to avoid early morning and late evening wildlife periods (of course, these periods will change seasonally). A maximum speed limit should be imposed on haul roads and warning signs posted at areas of regular wildlife use. Company roads should be limited to official business use. Wildlife movement at known crossing areas could be fa- cilitated by not creating difficult-to-cross barriers. Snow berms could be broken at key crossings, fences should not be installed and the slurry tailing pipeline could be constructed high enough to allow passage beneath of the tallest wildlife or low enovigh to allow crossing over by young. Clearing of vegetation should be kept to a minimum along the right-of-way, which would facilitate movement across the corridor. Necessary vegetation clearing should not employ the use of herbicides which introduce toxins into the environment and which could have broader consequences for all wildlife forms because their use would be commensurate with the Stanley Creek water course and associated riparian zone. Road margins could be seeded with unpalatable native vegetative species which would reduce wildlife use of road- sides for feeding purposes. A ban on firearms could be imposed on company property to discourage poaching and legal hunting pressure upon wild- life which would otherwise add to the stress already im- posed by facility structures and the presence of humans. Mine Site and Tailing Impoundment Garbage disposal facilities could be constructed and operated to discourage use by bears and other wildlife. The tailing impoundment could be constructed to dis- courage its use by all birds (particularly waterfowl and shorebirds) by not planting shrubs or trees in the immediate area of the impoundment banks . 83 Parking facilities could be designed to use as little ground as possible by promoting efficient parking patterns. Boundaries could be established around mine and tailing sites (either actual in the form of fences or technically on paper and enforced by the project manager) within which all human activities would be confined and thus reduce the tendancy of development to sprawl and encroach further upon wildlife habitat. Expanding Human Population The use of all-terrain vehicles could be confined to areas specifically set aside for their use. Educational campaigns could be launched to inform the general pijblic, contractors and employees associated with the mine about the requirements of wildlife, thus promoting a personal interest and pride in their resource and avoiding unnecessary damaging activities (importance of snags for cavity nesters, harassment and attrition of wildlife emi- nating from free-ranging domestic animals, harmful construc- tion side effects) . Private land could be zoned to acknowledge wildlife needs (wintering areas, traditional parturition sites). Wildlife habitat could be optimized in areas not di- rectly affected by mining activities to realize the greatest wildlife return possible from those areas. Areas of important wildlife use which occur on private lands could be purchased to permanently ensure wildlife needs at those sites. A sincere integrated approach to land use allocations throughout the valley could be taken through cooperation commitments from resource management agencies. There are undoiobtedly other temporal, spatial or opera- tional measures which might be implemented but knowledge of these measures may only come to light if there is an oppor- tunity to identify them through a long-term commitment to understanding particularly vulnerable species needs. Long-term Management Recommendations The purpose in implementing biological monitoring pro- grams is to actually benefit wildlife through an under- standing of their needs which otherwise would not have been discovered. Long-term biological monitoring would not be 84 necessary if an area of development were eventually allowed to revert back to a natural state, but that circumstance will never occur in this era of intensive technology and ever increasing demands for natural resources. So, the only way in which we can hope to benefit or even sustain our wildlife resources is to also become technology intensive, so that wildlife may exist in association with human develop- ments . Key wildlife species on the West Cabinet Mountains- Lake Creek Valley study area are mountain goat, osprey, moose, mountain lion and mountain bluebird. Comprehensive monitoring programs could be developed for each. Any moni- toring program would establish set techniques and time periods with which and during which monitoring would be carried out. Such programs are cost and energy effective because baseline information has already been collected and informational needs have been identified. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks is charged with collecting quantitative wildlife information which it in turn must provide to State agencies responsible for making the decisions to issue various permits to developers Time, finances and effort will, in the long-run, be conserved if the Department is encouraged to follow through on a project to answer the impact questions and develop pertinent measures which will reduce or avoid conflicts with future developments. The Mount Vernon mine is only one large mine being developed in Montana today; there will be other mines of the same or larger magnitude planned for tomorrow. If we do not answer the questions which have been raised during this development we will find it necessary to address the same questions when the next development gets underway -- again without concrete answers. It is senseless to exploit one natural resource at the expense of another when care and wise management decisions could produce benefits from both. 85 LITERATURE CITED Aldrich, J. W. 1963. Geographic orientation of American Tetraonidae. J. Wildl. Mgrat . 27:529-545. Allen, E. 0. 1971. White-tailed deer. Pp. 69-79. In: T. W. Mussehl and F. W. Howell (Eds.) Game Management in Montana. Montana Fish and Game Dept . Fed. Aid Proj. W-3-C. Beer, J. 194 3. Food habits of the blue grouse. J. VJildl. Mgmt. 7:32-44. Bendell, J. F. and P. W. Elliott. 1967. Behavior and the regulation of numbers in blue grouse. CWS Rpt. Ser. No. 4. 76p. Blanchard, V. personal communication. Trapper and resident of Troy, Montana. Brandborg, S. M. 1955. Life history and management of the mountain goat in Idaho. Idaho Dept. Fish and Game, Wildl. Bull. 2. 142p. Brown, G. personal communication. Montana Dept. Fish, Wildlife and Parks Region One wildlife biologist. Burrell, H. personal communication. Mont. Dept. Fish, Wildlife and Parks Region One game warden. Calhoune, J. B. (Ed.) 1956. 1951 annual report — North American census of small mammals; Population dynamics of vertebrates ,Ccsp pi lat ions of research data. Admini- strative pub. Release No. 5, U.S. Dept. H.E. and W., Inst. Mental Health, Bethesda 4, Md. Casebeer, R. L. , M. J. Rognrud and S. M. Brandborg. 1950. Rocky mountain goat in Montana. Fed. Aid Proj. Bull. No. 5. 10 7p. Cloin, D. personal communication. Trapper and resident of Libby, Montana. Cole, G. F. 1960. Key browse survey method. Proc. Ann. Conf. Western Assoc. State Game and Fish Comm. 39:181-186. Dahl, B. personal communication. Kootenai National Forest Troy District Ranger. 86 Dorney, R. S., D. R. Thompson, J. B. Hale, and R. F. Wendt. 1958. An evaluation of ruffed grouse drumming counts. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 22:35-40. Dzubin, A. 1969. Assessing breeding populations of ducks by ground counts. Pp. 178-230 In: Saskatchewan wet- land seminar. CWS Rpt. Ser. No. 5. Dept. of Indian Affairs and Northern Dev. , Ottawa. Egan, J. L. 1971. Mule deer. In: T. W. Mussehl and F. W. Howell (Eds.) Game Management in Montana. Montana Fish and Game Dept. Fed. Aid Proj . W-3-C. Erickson, A. W. 1977. Cabinet Mountains grizzly bear man- agement study. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Contract No. 730-14-76. Kootenai National Forest. 26p. Errington, P. L. 1963. Muskrat populations. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa. 665p. Flath, D. L. 1977. Montana nongame species of special interest or concern. Montana Dept. of Fish and Game. Helena, Montana. . personal communication. Montana Dept. Fish, Wildlife and Parks nongame biologist. Geist, V. 1971. Mountain sheep - a study in behavior and evolution. Univ. of Chicago Press. Chicago and London. 3 8 3p. Greer, K. 1976. Field record for captured lion. Montana Dept. of Fish and Game. Research Lab. Bozeman, MT Greer, K. and V. Craig. 1971. Bear hunting in Montana. Montana Fish and Game Dept. Helena, Montana. 7p . Gullion, G. W. 1967. The ruffed grouse in northern Min- nesota. Univ. of Minn. 20p. . 1969. Aspen-ruffed grouse relationships. Abstract of paper presented at 31st Midwest Wildlife Conference. St. Paul, Minnesota. . 1977. Forest manipulation for ruffed grouse. Misc. Journal. Ser. Paper No. 1651. Minnesota Agri- culture Experiment Station. St. Paul, Minnesota. Hoffman, R. S. and D. L. Pattie. 1968. A guide to Montana mammals: identification, habitat, distribution and abundance. Univ. of Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. Univ. of Montana. Missoula, MT. 87 Hornocker, M. G. 1970. An analysis of mountain lion preda- tion upon mule deer and elk in the Idaho primitive area. Wildl. Monogr. No. 21. 39p. Hudson, T. R. 1977. Hard rock mining: modern industry under an ancient law. Natural Resources Council of America. Washington, D.C. 102p. Jackman, S. M. and J. M. Scott. 1975. Literature review of 2 3 selected forest birds of the Pacific Northwest. Region 6 U.S.D.A. Forest Service. 382p. Johns, W. M. 1970. Geology and mineral deposits of Lincoln and Flathead Counties, Montana. Bureau of Mines and Geology. Bull. 79. 182p. Johnsgard, P. A. 1973. Grouse and quail of North America. Univ. of Nebraska Press. Lincoln. 553p. Johnson, D. R. and W. E. Mequist. 1973. Unique, rare and endangered raptorial birds of northern Idaho -- Nesting success and management recommendations. Univ. of Idaho U.S.D.A. Forest Service Publ, No. Rl-73-021. 42p. Jonkel, C. J. Border Grizzly Project Annual report. School of Forestry, Univ. of Montana. Missoula. lllp. Jorgensen, H. E., J. G. Miller and L. Eddleman . 1977. Evalu- ation and development of range survey concepts, methods and criteria. Job Proj. Rept. Fed. Aid Proj . W-120-R08. Montana Dept. of Fish and Game. 12p. Joslin, G. L. 1975. Behavior and environmental selection by elk ( Cerviis aanadensis nelsoni) during summer and fall in the First and Second Yellow Mule drainages, Madison County, Montana. M.S. Thesis Montana State Univ., Bozeman. 65p. and G. Brown. 1978. Capture and reintroduction of a mountain lion kitten. Montana Dept. of Fish and Game. In house report. 7p. Klimstra, W. D. , S. G. Martin, R. T. Moore, J. J. Skinner, R. G. Streeter, J. Tate, Jr. and T. L. Terrel. 1979. Energy mining impacts and wildlife management: which way to turn. Presented at: 1979 North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conf., Toronto, Ontario. 47 p. KNF 1977. Kootenai National Forest Bull Lake-Napolean Planning Unit mailer. 4 3p . 1978. Kootenai National Forest Keeler Planning Unit. 98p. Knocke, K. personal communication. Mont. Dept. of Fish, Wildlife and Parks Region One wildlife biologist. Kuck, L. 1977. The impacts of hunting on Idaho's Pahsimeroi Mountains goat herd. First International Mountain Goat Symposium. Idaho Dept . of Fish and Game. Pp. 114-125. Lentfer, J. N. 1955. A two-year study of the Rocky Mountain goat in the Crazy Mountains, Montana. J. Wildl. Mgmt . 19(4) :417-429. Mackie, R. J. and T. N. Lonner. 1977. Evaluation and ef- fectiveness of the key browse survey method. Annual Wyoming Shrub Ecology Workshop. Buffalo. MDSL/KNF 19 78. Montana Department of State Lands and Kootenai National Forest Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Proposed plan of mining and reclamation Troy Project ASARCO INC. Lincoln Co., Montana. Vol. 1. 4 5 8p. Mealey, S. P. 1977. Method for determining grizzly bear habitat quality and estimating consequences of impacts on grizzly bear habitat quality. Final Draft. U.S. Forest Service. Region One. 36p. Mink, L. L. , R. E. Williams, and A. T. Wallace. 1971. Effects of industrial and domestic effluents on the water quality of the Coeur d'Alene Basin. Idaho Bur. Minec and Geol., Pamphlet 149. 102p. Mitchell, J., K. Greer and R. Weckwerth. 1971. Furbearers . In: T. W. Mussehl and F. W. Howell (Eds.) Game Manage- ment in Montana. Montana Fish and Game Dept. Fed. Aid Proj. W-3-C. Mussehl, T. W. 1960. Blue grouse production, movements and populations in the Bridger Mountains, Montana. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 24:60-68. , P. Schladweiler and R. Weckwerth. 1971. Forest Grouse. In: T. W. Mussehl and F. W. Howell (Eds.) Game Management in Montana. Montana Dept. of Fish and Game Fed. Aid Proj. W-3-C. NPRC 1978. Northern Plains Resource Council. Hard rock minerals policy: recommendations for replacing the General Mining Law of 1872. NPRC Publication. Olson-Elliott & Associates. 1977. Grizzly bear habitat study. U.S. Forest Service Kootenai National Forest Contract 262-50. Petraborg, W.H., E. G. White and V. E. Gunvalson. 1953. Roadside drumming counts a spring census method for ruffed grouse. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 17 ( 3) : 292-295 . 89 Pfister, R. D. , B. L. Kovalchik, S. F. Arno and R. C. Presby. 19 77. Forest habitat types of Montana. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Ogden , Utah. 174p. Power, H. W. 1966. Biology of the mountain bluebird in Montana. Condor 68 (4 ): 351-371. RAB and F&WB 1979. Resources Analysis Branch (Ministry of the Environment) and Fish and Wildlife Branch (Ministry of Recreation and Conservation) . Wildlife resources of the northeast coal study area 1976-1977. RAB Bull. 6. A technical supplement to the northeast coal study pre- liminary environmental report on proposed transportation links and towns ites. 59p. Robbins, C. S., B. Brunn, and H. S. Zim. 1966. Birds of North America. Western Publishing Co. Inc. New York. 340p. Rognrud, M. and R. Janson. 1971. Elk. In_: T. W. Mussehl and F. W. Howell (Eds.) Game Management in Montana. Montana Fish and Game Dept. Fed. Aid Pro j . W-3-C. Ruediger, W. C. 1977. Inventory data - Bull Lake Planning Unit. Kootenai National Forest. . personal communication. Kootenai National I Forest wildlife biologist. SEAM 1977. Surface Environment and Mining. Anatomy of a mine from prospect to production. General Technical Rept. INT-35. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Ogden, Utah. 69p. Sheridan, D. 1977. Hard rock mining on the public land. Council of Environmental Quality. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 37p. Skaar, P. D. 1975. Montana bird distribution. P. D. Skaar. Bozeman, Mt. 5 6p. Stearns-Roger , Inc. 1975. Environmental baseline information of the Mount Vernon Region, Montana, for American Smelt- ing and Refining Company. Denver, Colorado. Stebbins, R. C. 1954. Amphibians and reptiles of western North America. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 536p. . 1966. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 279p, 90 Stevens, D. R. 1971. Shiras Moose. In: T. W. Mussehl and F. W. Howell (Eds.) Game Management in Montana. Mon- tana Fish and Game Dept. Fed. Aid Pro j . W-3-C. Thompson, L. S. 1977. Wildlife and land use change -- some considerations in assessing impact risk. Western Wild- lands Spring 1977. Pp. 19-24. Tisch, E. L. 1961. Seasonal food habits of the black bear in the Whitefish Range of Northwestern Montana. M.S. Thesis Montana State Univ., Missoula, Mt . 108p. Vance, E. personal communication. Cooperator in Montana Dept. of Fish, Wildlife and Parks mountain lion tagging program; houndsman and resident of Troy, Montana. Wright, P. D. 19 76. Montana mammals. Montana Dept. of Fish and Game. 6p. Zwickel, F. D. , I. 0. Bass and J. H. Brigham. 1968. Autumn movements of blue grouse and their relevance to popu- lations and management. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 32:456-468. 91 I APPENDIX to c» s; •<^ <3 CO CO O C 3 •M o c (J E c o o 0) ft DO c •H X ■)-> O ^^ < ^1 (D o -a 0) -J o o CM to 00 00 O O o CM u w CO H u CO ^0 O to H 00 00 o to 0) t^ u ■ U CN (-> to C -— ' 0 -^ !h 00 -I to 1 * ft-a -X" ft rt £ O O sua; O 00 1-5 to c •H 6 C o c U -H t+H oo oi o -^ r-j vo o S a. a. < i/i ■^ 00 t-n en 0) 1- 01 & to2§§ (D S H -J a. -J J •^ J a. o cj u h u ♦J I ^ — ^ P -J M -" 1 a. X cu 0) -^ rt U5 a: *-> !J •H SS^S §9 f2 3 MEFE CACA XETE LUHI « < -1 o => > J u < ^^ ^ ^^ ^^ 3333 to [ij yj (ij [ij [ij 03 03 CO oq < < < < UJ CO t/3 en LO C/l S a. CL a. cl. a. to a. r-4 (M A-2 M-i O S O tn 00 00 (N r- \0 3 to CTl 1/3 O S t-> T) in O O T3 Ofl lO (1) CJ o .rH •rH t1 *-t a, ID iA o- > c rt ;h o 0) ■H c t/1 *-• rt XI to D. o > < O *J U 4-1 C 0) o " D. (- A- 3 ■a c o H c < C/5 O. t/5 3 o to CO O "* 00 ^ r- o CTl 00 (M to r^ ^ LO Ln U^ 00 OO 00 o yD (O ro vD og n rt 9> *-» Q> j: tA J= *j « IJ h Ol 3 o O z in o 3 x: 4-) 3 O -0 *-> ^ a o o o lU x: !- c t~i o H-l o ♦J ^1 q ^ u < o ^^ « t— a. A-4 r^ ro C 3 (N l/l ,-, < CM t^ rs Ln r-4 Ci -3- r^ tH f^ r^- r^ 1^ (N u^ rsj ^ 3 S O o r-l t^ CN rj r-j 00 a. a y at o & \D t- LO rsj a: O o o r-j rj to ^ CO (vj LO p. ■o c < o s >> a. o CLi ^H « to tl DO (U ^1 O 00 v a, ■o o. .2 § 'I O. -H ^ 3 3 .-< Oi rs) ro LO 00 r- < DO X ^ H OJ t> o tw > 0) f- C c ^1 o o u u u X DO > *-> ^ r-) a) s- 'J C 3 g t/1 5 s a, J3 o A- 5 I < UJ ^1 ^H ^ to ,-H .-I ro \0 rr r>j lO to n) 3 5- 8 ^O to rH u o e o J J J o o -1 c > m o o (N < rt o i-H (N H <-> u 1 1 h e in o o o O u ■rH O LO o > Q <-> o ^ e 3 -o ^ o ■o oc i x: en ■rH CO m 2 o W 2 &4 in 04 4-J c o s a o u n 2 o ro W CO u in in in (N fN (N ro m «^ ^ <7\ 1 (D iH C (0 -P w 2 CO 3 C/} &4 (0 +J G o u o u 2 o S CO X! DC in 03 -P O 0) a Cu o u m 2 o (N r-l Cm < < fNI ^ 1 o 1 00 CM rH i-H rH rH 1 in I 1 1 •-i 1 (N CM 1 1 >X) >x> o o ■a (t3 u CO CU U u rn 2 rsi [>H CN I in rH (0 o II u n3 e (1) Ph (U rH (13 I e o 'd 0) o Cn C •H ■p rt3 rH TI - § <§ in II I o ■^ -H T3 II C rc CM 3 Ti (t3 0) 0) II cn xs dJ •H •H cn cn (C rH o C (0 ■P 'S' cn (D - 5 ■p s: tn -P (13 Sh cu o c 00 -P ^ cn -P fd m Q) (0 u c o o ro s o rH I o -p tn cn O •H rH (0 rH n o -P >H tn CN T) (U u Xi XI IT3 CU U (T3 tn c o -H +J (0 > 0) tn XI o > c o u CN tn cn CJ 0) T! C - S -H cu II x; x; u xi +J +J rH o o c tn II II II o u tn 0) in Ti C (T3 g o o CM I o o vo tn O cn O o IP tn (C3 Tl (U T) O U O CU tn CN o IP tn (C3 Ti Q) T) O U >i x: (0 >H cn O a o ro U c (t3 -P cn •H TI cn (C3 Ti C O CM Ti (U T3 O U C o -H -P (tj Vh Cn •H IH C o u (0 ^^ (U > o o o -p i X! TI tu Ti ■H > O u CU T in ^ A-7 gOvoy-a 9y3A03-a pNOiivyn -9IdN03 ^aodOi i33dS\/ N0IiVA3"13 ,3d0lS 00 en ■o c CTl S- X) O 00 ■a c Ol Ol Q. Ln in in in in in CO •:* in CO CO r-H CO CO o o o cvj o o CO •— < <— < t^ CO o o CTl O CO «* ■^ ^ CO CO CO un in CO o o o 00 CO r^ in 00 r~~ •"cd- ^a- '^ CM CO C\J o o o 00 CO o in 00 00 in in in in in I— I c\j .— I ^ CO CO C\J CO CO I— I lO CM •— I CM ^ r-l CO 00 o o o o o CM o in CM o 00 CO lO CTl 00 \y o in I in csj o s- c CD Jk: cn o ■o S- 3: s: CO CO I— D- T3 -r- O o C/1 jNOIilS -OdWOO § O) TO CO CO cri CM CM 00 I o S- ai (U Ol CO CO o CO o CO C>0 ro O CM I o in I in CM jQ o in in CM CM I I o o Cl. :3 o 5- to to O o: j^ s- o ro 00 CM 00 CM CO (J +J o o t/l to in ■o OJ OJ E <: CO c_> to l/l o s- o co 00 CM 00 CM CM I 00 I 00 CM I en to s: CM CM I en I CTl O .— I U- CM cn I en A- 8 LnLnLnuiLnminir) CO CO CO c^ oo u-) c^ r^ ri lO UDir)>£)Coii^e:iDi£i ic «* "^d- CO CVJ CM OJ CO c. c o O o o o o o 00 VO in VD Ln 00 CO oco-^cooo LnLDLDCVICTlCvJOOCri Ln VO U5 LD cr ^ LD r- to LD CO O LD o LO c LD LD CM o LO O LD C\J LO LD CM o I— 1 LO CO V LO LO CM CM I ( o o OOOlOOOOO 1 — li — I* — ICM« — <« — I* — 1< — I vVVcis/VN''*^ LO CM LO CsJ LO CM C' o c (U (U S- OJ ■o -o Ol S- J3 I/) 3 S- J3 x: (/I 3 JO >> .^ (/I O 3 o s- 3 3 3 ^ -c js.: CO 1/1 QJ 3 3 0) S- S- S- JO Xi O 3 3 UJ ^ 1 LU UJ LU LU LjU LU LU UJ LU #1 LU LU LU LU LU z LU LU LU Ll_ n: Lu U- U. Ll. U- 1— U- Ll- Ll- Ll_ U_ Ll. U- Ll_ ZD li- LJ- U- LU =j UJ UJ LU LU LU LU LU LU LU UJ LU LU UJ LU _I LU LU LU ^ _i :^ e: ^ s: 2: X ^ s: s: ^ s: s: 21 (_) 5; ^ t: <. ^ <: cC cl (_) 1/1 l/l to (/> 00 l/l to OJ l/l t/i 1/1 to : J^ .^ .^ .:^ .i<; j^ .^ .^ .^ .^ s- s- S- s_ i_ s^ s_ s- S- s- s_ s- S- i- S- s- s_ s- s- s_ o o o o o o o o o o o o o O o o o o o o Ll- U- U- Ll. Ll_ Ll. u_ Li_ LL. Ll. U- Ll. Ll. U. Ll_ LU u. u. u_ u_ s: 21: co CO ro CO CO CO ro CO CO CO ro CO ■^d- fo CO CO co ^ CO CO •a- CO T3 a» 3 C C o o CO J3 CO CM CO CM LU I/O C_) LO LD I CTl CO CM CTl 3 1/1 CTl I cn 00 CM CO C\J 00 CM 00 CM OO O U- CM •a: s: en I en en I CTv I cn 00 CM 00 CM <: CO I cr> CO C\J CO CSJ I cr> CO CVJ CO CO I CTl 00 CM 00 CO CM I cn CO CM 00 CO CM en t/1 00 3 3 c/1 t/1 CO CM t^ r^ r^ CM CM CM I I I en c?^ en CO CM o LU OO CO CM CO CM CM LT) CO n CTi ^ «=}- CO CO ro CM "^ Ln r~- en ro LO en 00 — I CO CO CO «* CO Ln CO in en r^ r^ o ^ 00 <— I CTl O CTl CM CO CM o 1^ cx) Ln CO in CM o « — 1 in CM o Ln o Ln O Ln o Ln O in o 1—1 o CM Ln CM 0) -i Ln CM in CM Ln CM Ln CM Ln Ln CM CM I I I o o o Ln CM o s_ in S- s. i/i 4-> CO CM CO CM CM CM Ln CO CO ^ cn CO o o .— I Ln I Ln LlJ z: z ■z. Z rf cC z: ■zn ■ZL 2: LU LU Z Ll_ rj :3 rs ro > s: r5 ZD Z3 ZD 1— Ll. :o LlJ _j _1 _i _i nr 3: _i _J _J _J LU LU _i s: o o CJ 0 0. Q. 0 0 C_) 0 X •Si C_3 < LU LlJ UJ LU LU LU LU cC < ■=£ 0) Ol OJ CU (U i- c QJ 0) cu cu 0) cu <_) • f— i- S- s- S- s- s- s_ s- 03 0 C_) C_) C_) CJ 0 0 0 (/) ■(-> (/) c 1/1 irt 10 10 Ul 10 1/1 CO o ^ rj -^ 1/1 in 1/1 01 Ol CO in CO a: OJ o OJ i: jx: .;ii^ js: Ll. i- fO 3 ^ C/l CO 0 u. u_ U- u_ Li. u. Ll. U- 2: (_> :^ CO oo CC z z •SL s: s: 2: ■Si z 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ^ CO "* CO CO •d- «;t ^ ^ ^ ^ ■^ «^ ^ CO CO CO CO CO 00 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 2 z z 2; ^ Z z: ■z. z 2: z z ^ z 00 en en en en 00 CO CO 00 00 00 00 CO CO CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM ,_^ CO Ln t— 1 eg CM .—1 .—4 CM CO 00 CO 00 I— 1 cn 3 f— t CO CO ( — 1 c— 1 CM CM 3 LU LlJ 3 3 LU LU 3 C Z z C/0 (yO ^ Z Z Z C o CJ o CM CO 00 0) r-^ CM 00 J3 1 1—1 (T3 0 1 Si CM «— 1 Si 1 — 1 CM CM ID CO CD 0 f— 1 <* CM CM CM CM CM CM 1 — t CO CO ^ in in r^ CM •a: CM <: CM i — 1 « — 1 1 — 1 '3- i — 1 P~. [^ r-~- r^ 10 CJ c IT3 ■•-> s- CU -tJ 0 "4- CO (U j= 0 II 2 0 0 t— 1 u. CU 1 0 «s 0 in (U in II * r— II 0 (0 II Ln 0 E • CO CM CO w\ CD .^ II cu c ^ Q. • r- 0 II Si .c 0 ■l-> in •4-> ro 1 in »> 3 n r— 0 ■!-> 0 3 ^ T3 t— 01 4- -0 c: 3 cu c: II ro T3 II 2 13 fO 0 CM 0 in r-~ II 0 ■0 - CM I— 1 «^ 0 0 • ro c in 4-> Ol 0 3 CJ c • • II CU ■D 0 in II CL •r- 0 s- «:3- m E QJ ct *- ro II II CU #1 4J 0 CO E ■iii 01 c CO r^ ro #* c (U CU II *> cu 4J x: •■" T3 II cn CL Ol in Ol 0 • r— 3 •r- CO -0 ro 0 M- c in 1- •r— #1 ro • ■!-> r^ l/l 4-> S- E in 0 in 01 +J cu 0 l+- ro ro 01 CX+J II r— CU (U CL-t-> 01 0 .n. S 3 0 CM ro C +J -C XJ 3 s_ 4-> II •« T3 0 S- J^ X CU II c: 0 CM cu CU T3 c cu > 0 ^ II «» s- c U II CU u 0 CM cn 0 T3 . . CD X3 II ro in »• •f— II 0 S SI ^ s- CO S- 0 +-> +-> 1— ( s_ 01 II ■0 0 f— 0 CU c 4-> 0 c S T—^ ro . • 4- 01 CU II II 2 0 in 0 c ro 1 — 1 r-^ 01 3 , ro in 0 0 01 C . . 4- 0 in r— ■0 ■r— 5 0 01 ■M 0 4- ro -0 0 ro cu O) ■ M- "O s- J- 1/1 T3 0 cu jQ (U n j:3 (U ro X) 0 ro s_ 0 c 0 CD ■0 U 0 c QJ , +J ■!-> •r— 0 .C ro ■f-> C S- (^ c 0 0) (J C31 •r- ro Q. cn. CU 0 4- *■> E 0 Q- CL C in 0 r— 10 0 0 •r— c_> Ul <: 1— C_) Q in CO A-10 ~y3A03-a ^a3A03-a t^NOiivyn -9IJN03 ^90d0i 2i33dSV N0IiVA3n3 CO c r-. en c z. ■o O) ■o S- o (J CIJ S- s- - CO un Ln 1— 1 •:*«:^^«*CvJ'd-^«d-^^•=^•^3■«:J■C^J>— ""d-^ n>^ir)ninLr)^^3-oooo^«^«^^t— icviro ^ ^d- fO CM f— I t^Ka-r-^r-~cocOm^cnLnro 000-Hi — coi^r^ocooi^f~-C7iO'— 'focx3C»Lnt~~.co o I— cC CO o —1 J? Jv'' ^NOIilS -OdWOD : 0) 0) c S- S- .^ s_ s- s_ s- S- J^ CU c c: .^ o o 0) ^ s- i- >, >> t- >. >, >, >^ >> s- -V > > s- UJ CJ i. i cC I/) U- OJ c c c OJ c c c c c (/I Li_ c c CO (/) .^ 3 rtJ fO .^ n3 n3 lO 10 ro CO 3 3 en o . fO o 4-> 4-> (0 ■*-> +-> +-> -»-> -!-> o . o O O c^ ^ _i s: CO 00 _l 00 oo OO OO OO Qi z s: s: Qi CO (>0 00 CVJ OO OO CO o CO OO OO CO o OO CO ro CTl CM LT) CM CO en CM CO cn CM CM CM I CM I I en I CD CO I ID CO I en CO CO CM CO CO 00 I to OO CO cr> CM 00 I CO CO cyi CM CO CO I en CO CTl CM CM CO en CM en CM OO en CM uo CO OO CO 00 CM CO CO o OO OO CM OO •5f CO en CM CO OO OO 00 CO en CM co CO CO en CM CO 1 Ll. I en CO I en cvi CO I en in OvJ I en en CM I en CO I CO I CO A-11 irjLDLn.— iLDLnunLDLnLni— ii— iLnLnLDLOLT) I— ( I— I ro LT) I— 4 ^ I— I CVi I— I «d-cvi.— ic\jcNj^^«;d-^CMCO^c\j>!d«^ro^^^c\j oorococounrororocMncorocororovC'VD'— i«d- CMLOcoc\jcriooLncvir-.LororoLnrooo.— icM^rocn oooooooooooooooooooo I— lOirHOLncoocTiOoocOr- 1«^<— ii-HCOLncorocri Oi-HO"5j-tD*r)^LOoococor-~tooo«a- —J O _i o _j o u_ UJ 2: U_ UJ s: =3 0 U- UJ UJ X U- UJ 1— UJ X UJ _I CO < UJ UJ H- CQ UJ 1— —1 CQ •a: _l CQ •a: _j CQ _j CQ CQ <: c o (_J <_3 (/) 0) cr on ct et <: •a: ■a: _l _l _j _j _j CQ CQ CQ CQ CQ ■=C ■a: •a: <: <: Ol .^ .^ > ^ .^ ^ Ol -i^ Jii .^ QJ OJ OJ 0) QJ OJ s- OJ Ol QJ QJ •I— S- c s- S- S- 0 s_ 0) S- S_ 03 c 0 3 0 CJ 0 0 S- 0 (_J ■\-> • 1— ^ 0 .i£ CO 0 .k: ^ c 03 l/l Ol s: l/l 0) 1 QJ 0 (/) l/l 0 > s_ >> > s^ -iii > j^ , >, -i^ Jx: -t-J s- O) 0 dJ i~ s- i. Q. 0 i~ 0 Ni QJ QJ S- S- 0 QJ 0 r— r— -(-> 0 0 ■!-> 0 u_ 0 ,— r^ 0 0 0 CD u. c CO C c u_ U- c: u_ S- u_ i- C C C Li- u_ +-> m (T3 (/> ro 3 3 03 T3 03 • 1— ro 03 S > T3 +J 0 4-> 0 • • 0 • Q. •f— • Q. 03 +J 4-> ■ • 03 03 00 Qi OO 2: OO z s: oo Ul 2: 3 00 ^ OO 00 OO 00 OO OO £ ro CO CO CO ■53- 00 "=1- CO CO 00 ro CO CO uo CO CO CO •5t co CO CO co CO CO CO C\J So (XI OJ CTi CM 00 00 CO OsJ 00 CO cvj CO OvJ TO CM z CO CXI z CO CNJ z 0 CO z en CM CM CO CM CO CM z CO CXI z en CXI z CO CM ■0 CSJ LO CNJ ID CNJ C\J CTl <^ CO <^ in 1 — 1 Ln ro CM CXI CM CM CO 1^ CO cr. CM Z3 3 3 00 3 UJ 00 3 00 UJ 3 3 UJ 00 UJ 00 3 00 3 00 00 3 00 i^ UJ 00 t^ 3 z 3 Z 3 z C 0 0 3 3 I/O 3 UJ 00 3 OO UJ UJ UJ 3 UJ 00 3 ■z. UJ z 3 00 3 00 3 z 3 00 - UJ 00 ■0 c QJ ex Q. 'd- tn r-H 1 — 1 <: 1 lO 1 10 CO t— 1 0 CM 0 CM CM VD UD r^ r^ CO C\J CXI CO CO CO CO CO I CO >^ I CO I CO I CO r-~ CO .—I CM CM I I I CO CO CTl A-12 LnLf)>— '■-'Ln '^ LD LT) t— 1 LD ■— I Lf) LO LD LD «-HC\JCNJ'— 'CM"— I"— 'LO 4J • l/l «4- S- 0 ro CM ro ro CM CM ro CO ro ro CM CM CM CM CM ro (U s x: 0 c +-> (U ■ 3 JO »• ^ CM 00 r-H CM CM LT) ro CM "^ ID .—1 ro CD •* r~- ro 4- 0 t/i II II LD E 0 0 1 — I O 0 0 0 0 VO V£> cn CM 0 LD ^ r- cn cn VO II ^o r- cn 1 0 01 ro CM cn ro r--. r^ I— 1 0 ID 00 LD 0 00 ID ^ (U c: LD CO I— 1 CO I— 1 CM 1 — 1 .— 1 00 1—1 * — 1 1^ .—1 CM r-l 1 — 1 CM 1—1 LD r-l ID I— 1 i-H CO .—1 CO 1 — 1 «3 I— 1 z U- -0 ro cu ro E <£? II u. +J 3 0 to II l/l ro 3 Q. 0 00 S_ (U 3 0 II QJ CL 0 +-> ro '3 -0 c 3 II «d- -a c ro OJ > II ro #t E 0 Lf) 1 •—< II CM E E 0 0 CM II ID T3 C ro E 0 0 CM ro c ro +j c 0 2: ro cu OJ to +-> t/1 0 »-H 0 l/l 1— < ■z. ■z. t— * UJ UJ ^ z UJ Z UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ ro 0 c 1 0 OJ 4- 3: ZD ZD ni 1— 1- rD :d t— ID U. 1— h- u. U- E II OJ ■0 0 0 1 — 1 +-> aj => _l _J =) UJ UJ _j _j UJ _I UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ CL •r— 0 ro 00 _J CJ <_) _J X X 0 0 X C_3 •SL x X 2: 2: II ^ oo ro E II II II CJ <: cC UJ L±J <: •=c 0 ro to CQ CO C>0 CO CO CO CQ (/I 00 t/O OQ CQ CO CQ CQ CQ #< 00 c ro to •a: <: (— 1— <: ■=t <: h- 1— D. a> 0 to r~~ 01 s- OJ T3 OJ 0) c ro I/) CL+-> II ro UJ (U ro O) ro QJ dj 3 0) ^ CL+J 1 S- Q. S- 0 S- S- x: 5 3 0 CM -0 c 0 00 C_J a: 0 .^ .^ -^ 0 .^ II -t-> S- x: II JO »^ •0 0 to CQ J^ S- S- ■^ S- cc Q. S- CQ 0 0 t_) CQ • • II n S- c ■0 4- to OJ 0) ro Ol Oi ^ to II 0) 0 0 ro 0 -iC > a> >• .^ >, > jx: >. S CM cn u 0 5- O- Q- s- 1/1 O) S- OJ O) (U s- 0 0 00 "O II S- ^— 0 -!-> -!-> 4-> 0 OJ +-> 0 Q. ■0 0 0 ^— rt •r— II 0 • 4J x: -C • ro 4- s- 0 s: UJ 00 3 1— UJ 00 co ro -0 0 II 0) 3 II f—H C ro to 3 0 4- 0 00 CL 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 a> .—1 r^ Ol r— ro >1 ^ ^ 'S- >d- »* ^ «^ ro ■=d- ro ^ ^ ^ ID «* ■* +-> 3 1 — 4-> .a CO ro CO ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro CO ro ro ro •r- , , 0 0 4- l/l X3 z: ^y z: z z. z z z z z z •^ z z z z > tn 1— •0 OJ ^ — ^ 00 00 CTv en CO cn 00 CO T3 C\J CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 1- 0 4- ro T3 i- O) X5 ^— C 0 3 ro «^ U3 un ^ ^ *:*■ ID cn UD •ir ID en rH ro 00 J3 ^— to ■0 ro Q. C ro CM ro ro ro ro CM i — 1 ro CM ro 0 ro 0) o ro ro -0 0 • o 3 3 1 UJ z. 3 Z 3 z 10 0 ■a 0 u c 0 4-> u 0 -l-> cn I— 1 • •r— 0 -C ro CT> ^ U- u_ 2: 4-> 0 CL s_ 0) 4- (NJ 1 — 1 Ll. Ll_ «— ( U- rD < U- u. 2: Ll_ Ll_ CM s: 2: ro ro 3 u 0 X 2: 2: CM CM s: CM I— 1 I— 1 r-H . — 1 I— 1 CM 1 — 1 U_ r— 1 ro > ■<-> s- cn c 1 — 1 ro ro rH S- u cn • r— ro 00 T3 c C <£> cn 10 CL CL C to 3 S- (U I/) J3 O S- Ol (U ■o OJ I CO ro CO cvj c\j .— I cvj .— I ^ ^ C\lCMCSJCMC>0C^JC\J«a-«d-'=^'3■C^JC^JC0CMC^J mLnLr)Lr)^LnLr)LOLr)LOLO^^"^Lr)Ln CTicncTiCT>^coro«Ticn ooooocoooooooooo CTiOif—icococrii^cooroo~ivDCOoooo y£> (_) 00 on q; o I— rs r3 >, »— 1 _l _J —1 _J <: _j _i _i —J _I _i _i -M _i O O O o <_> (_) o o CJ) t_) o <_) LlJ LU LlJ _1 LU —1 LU LU LU LU LU LU LU LU 2: s: n: Q. n: Q. s: DC zn. n: n: 3: n: ■ZL OO OO OO :n OO :r OO OO OO OO OO OO OO OO D. Q. 1— 1— 1— 1— Q- 1— 1— ■o 1— ■o y- ■D 1— 1— 1 (O QJ -^ .^ .^ sl CM jii: QJ jii 1 S Qi S- Q) QJ QJ o O CM O) S- s- QJ QJ -C o S- S_ S- C\J OvJ 0) C_) QJ 0) -^ en J«: C_) C_) CJ >, S- S_ t3 *r- QJ Ol >, >1 fO o QJ QJ o _J 31 0) .^ s- S- S- 03 m S -^ QJ S- (O Q) 0) Q) 3 S -C QJ fO i^ Q. r— QJ (_) _l r— f^ r— -C ^ ai -i^ _I B r— -^ 1 QJ QJ QJ Ol C71 •r— 03 1 -^ ITJ 3 n3 >, >-, QJ QJ OJ •1— •f— 3: _l Q) S- o V— ' CQ _l QJ QJ i^ 1 1 3: 3r Ll- r^ c c QJ QJ o; r^ (C fO -^ .^ QJ • 3 -l-J -l-J 03 03 i0 o OO 00 OO CO 00 CTl cn CJl OJ I — t f-H CM .— 1 OO OJ ^3- CM OO OO OO CM <* "JT ^ 'd- "d- «3- •^ '^ ^ •d- ^ <- LD in OO A-14 t— 1 CM r— I OO CVI CM .— I CM I— 1 LO CM C\J <^CM^CM«^CMCM^CMCMCM^CM^"^^"^^«:^'d- «*ro«a"*'^LnLr)LninLnun«vi-':d-^^ir)Lr)«;j-Lr)LO coro<)c^'^{^CMCMCriCMroron^d-^cricr-. oococTi ooooooocoooooooooooo cTioocorocMOOOf^CMOncnrocTicriOOcrivoro c_) <_5 <_) C_) <_> c_) CJ _J o 3: > -:»i OJ OJ -^ i~ n3 CH j»i -^ Qi d; .^ OJ QJ (O QJ .^^ • S- S- 3 QJ S-. S_ QJ QJ QJ S- i-> o en CM o S- QJ o QJ .^ O QJ (_> o QJ QJ QJ o (_) ^ >> >, ^- QJ -C S- S_ S- S_ >, >, 3Z >, 1/1 ro OJ QJ s_ QJ QJ r— o s- s_ o (_) C_J S- QJ QJ 1 m -M QJ .^ >, o rO Q) OJ fO re o QJ ■t-> ■4-> S- -^ QJ 3 OO OO >^ o QJ OO O) _1 1 OJ .^ (0 —1 ^ _l _) cc ^ oo 00 o Q. E nr o OO i^ Cfl OO CO 00 CO oo OO OO oo OO oo oo OO CO OO oo OO CO OO oo 00 oo oo 00 OO OO oo oo oo OO OO OO CM o CO ■z. o oo o CO en CM 1 — 1 CO o oo o CO ■z. o OO o oo 2: o oo CO CM o oo en ( — r en CM CM o CO 00 CM ■Zi o oo 2: CO CM CO 1— 1 en 1 — t oo CM CM CO CM en 1 — 1 CM 1 — 1 en r— 1 00 t-H CO en 1 — 1 CO i — \ CM un en CM CTl CM CM ^ — I C^J CO oo •t3 C O) Q. in ic <^ l£) VO vo r~- <: IT) uo LO LT) un LD LD r-~ r-~ oo 1 — 1 CO I— t uo CM en CM en CM ID ID LT) uo uo UO uo uo VO CXD I I I A-15 LniDr— ILn^LDLnLDi— ti— I CVJ CNJ CJ «:J-C\J«a-C\J«cr«*C\IO0^CM^^^3-OJ«d-CSJ^ mLncvj^c\j*r~0i— I csjco«d"0£>i-nooc3~ii— •cncTicri'— i^^f^ C_) _i_j_j_j— J— I— I— I (_> O Q- <_3 t/1 3: :n 3: n: IE ni 3: m 00 00 00 I/) oo 00 oo oo a: t/1 I/O 00 t/0 oo T3 •1- •1- -^ J^ to T3 ns fO QJ O) 0 .:^ ^ ^ j^ 4-> QJ OJ ex: .^ OJ OJ 0 <0 c: QJ QJ c S- s. Ol OJ O) q: 0 3 QJ 0) 3 0 0 .i^ cu S- S- q: -i^ 0 ^ -iii .^ .^ S- S- 0 j>i: -^ tu S- t_J 0 S- OJ s: 0) 0) QJ QJ 0 0 2: QJ QJ OJ >, QJ <_) dJ ^ OJ QJ QJ QJ QJ C QJ QJ s_ S- 0) >, OJ s- >, S- S- S- S- >l >-. >5 •r- t- S- Q 0 S- .^ OJ cu (U (_) OJ (_) 0 0 0 OJ QJ QJ Q. 0 0 Ol fO ^— QJ s_ 1 — r— r— r— 3 x: OJ —I c i«i 0 Q. c QJ , -(-> >, >1 n3 +-> (O 0 0 0 +-> +-> +-> 0 (O 2 (O _l :^ 0) t/1 3? 0) 0 1/1 _J a: q; Di t/1 lyO U'l D- _J 1— S- ^— r^ ^— CQ (T3 00 00 •a- 00 CO ro •IT CO ro CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 1 — 1 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 00 CO CO 00 CM 0 CO 0 ro ■z. en OJ ■z. cr> CM z. 0 CO z. 0 CO CM z. cri CM z. 0 CO £0 CM z. CO CM ■z. CM CM z. CM ZL en CM z: 0 CO z. .—I CO z. 0 CO LD CM I^ 0 ro r~~ CM 1 — 1 00 1 — 1 1 — 1 00 LO CO I— I CO CO IT) 00 r~^ r^ 00 1 — 1 cri CM 0 ro t— 1 CM -a Ol 3 c UJ ■z. LlJ LjJ 00 3 00 00 3 00 3 ■z UJ z. UJ z. UJ z. 3 z. 3 z. UJ z. 3 l/J 3 00 3 z. UJ 00 UJ ■z. 3 ■»-> c 0 3 UJ 3 UJ 00 3 Z. UJ 00 UJ z. 3 CO 3 z. UJ z. UJ oo UJ z. UJ UJ •z UJ 00 UJ 00 UJ 00 z. u c o. Q. v£>r^"^'^°0<^'^'^ O I/O t/1 <_> l>0 I/) Q- Q- •a: 00 Q. O _I o. OO a. <_3 _j CJ C/0 «_) 00 10 c 3 O a; oo oo o CO (U en E O) o oo oo oo oo CM CO C o o cu S- S- 0) 0) o CD oo CO cri CM oo oo oo CM CO O) O) s- S- 0) oo CO o CO o CO OJ s- <_) o Ol s- OJ CO oo 00 CM OO OO CM OO O) s_ C_3 QJ 00 CO cr> CM <3- CM Z3 CO CO 00 CM s- C_3 U- O) Q. Q- O oo o CO •o c (U «=j- CL CM Q. 1 <: t-t « — 1 U- I — 1 I— I U- « — ( CM CM >— 1 I — 1 <—< CM uo CM LD CM uo CM CM CM CM o CO 1 1 — 1 1 .— 1 « — t 1 1 1 1 •* 1 ^ LD UO 00 CM CM CM I UO ^ S- ■!-> o (/) (U JZ 5 u .c: c -t-> 0) :3 J3 o to II +-> c o (O l/l (L) II 03 U1 E (U •■ M- -!-> l/l II 13 (V ' 3 OJ O • I— (/) ■•-' (O O E II O •> to C •a ro OJ O) II t- II CTl to CO "O to c Q. o s- OJ o II OJ Q- O to -o ■r— E II CO E o o CD O c uo T3 c 3 II o o CO CM .A O II uo II I tn o ^ I— I "O c ■a II "3 fO c^ E O • o CM O I r-l O I o O '-1 Ol > o c o u 3 to o to +J n3 tn x: s- -!-> o s- c O c II II CM 00 +-> 4-> S- to O (U C 3 I II II O) ■— I r — +-) > to O) 3 s- o JD ■— Xi .— (O O to 3 O S- 13 to c o n3 > S- O (U Q. to 0 Q. (O S- cn O Q. o II II .—I "^ OJ Q. O to i~ E OJ o Q.+J Q.+-> 3 O II CM O) a; » s- 0) (J cr> -O II s- to II -o c .—I re -t-> to J= 3 en o re I— s- o to re o to to re ■o o o •.- o 4-) ■*-> re 3 o CTl c ■I- re T3 O) c T3 O Q. re -»J re x: t(- 4-) O c to re o • r- X o Q LiJ «^ LD A-17 9a3A03-a 9a3A03-a cNOiivyn -9IJN03 ^lD3dSV N0Ii\/A3"13 ,3d03S 00 ■o c en z. -a -a 0) ■o 5- O o CT) (/) ■o c ra I/) c o 1T3 > 1- o o o IT) 00 o CM C\J CD CM ID tX) O 00 »£) O O C\J VO CTi «^ O O o^ o o en o en o o t^ CM O O O O O >:3- r~~ t^ ^a- O 1^ r~, r^ ^ ^ O LD A o Ln o LO o LT) CD -o 0) CJ> ■a OJ c a; C71 -a OJ c CO 10 0) CD TD c UJ <: _>? I NOIIIS -OdWOD a. Q. o o o Ln Ln CM (J O S- 0) a. 00 o. o Ln A Ln Ln CM CM t I o o Ln CM I o Ln CM I o o Q. Q. 1 o s_ CD E o o o o Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln in A CM CM CM >> o o s- (J o o o 00 CO car IT3 TO O) O) Q. Q. •r- O Q- (/) 10 O OH CO CO CM OO LlJ OO •r- C o o o +-> 3 fO OO ro 00 CM 00 OO +-> c CD > 00 Ln CO en CM Ln CO c o o o +-> 3 OO CO CO CM CO CM S- Q. OO I o c 0) o c o c S- O) ■M c o s- (T3 O. OO I c c o o c: c t. S- 0) OI c 3 o CO ro (U D. S- (O Q. 00 I o 0) o 03 c 3 o CO <: ra OI CI- S- IB CL OO I c o c s_ OI c 3 o O r-H I 00 CM I tX> 00 CM I I ^ Ln o Ln A * "Si- 'O- CO CO CO CO (^ CO CO CO ro ro CO co CO CO 2: ^ z ^ ^ 2: z ^ ■z. z: z: z: cn en en CTv en en en cn en en CO cn CM CM OJ CM CM CM CM OM CM CM CM CM to to ^ Ln Ln CO ro ^ 'S- 'd- in t— < ro CO CO CO CO ro ro CO co CO CO UJ LU UJ 00 3 LlJ 3 3 UJ UJ UJ 3 00 00 z CO 00 00 00 00 00 z 00 3 LlJ 3 3 UJ 3 LjlI LlI UJ 3 uu 00 Z 00 Z t/1 Z 00 ^ ■z. 2: 00 i/i i/l in to in to u. S- -t-j -i^ j^ ^0 .^ 4-> .^ f— 1 ■< ■( — OI 0 0 CM 0 OJ 0 ct •=r #» 1 — ) (O , — fO ra rt ra 1 — 00 ro CO 1— I l-H CO 00 00 00 00 o o o o O o O O o o O o o O O O o o o o o CM en 00 CM ^ r^ CM CTv o 00 ro UD o ^£) CO CM ic CM C71 < — 1 C\J I— ( 1— 1 in 1— ) CM .— 1 o 1 — 1 1 — t CM » — 1 t-H 1—1 CM 1— ( 00 00 .— 1 1^ 1 — 1 00 1—1 CO 1—1 o CM 1 — 1 CM 1 — 1 CM 00 1—1 o O Ln o O o o in O O in o Ln Ln o o o O o o ID un C\i in in in Ln CM in Ln CM in OJ CM Ln Ln in in in in A /\ 1 o I— I 1 in A /v 1 in CVJ 1 o 1 — 1 1 in CM 1 in CM o .— 1 A 1 o 1—1 o 1 — I A s- A A to A to A r— A «/> .^ i OJ .^ ^ c ■+- 4- •^ 3 o a. •r— U1 •* JD c o E •r— 4- 4- ^ ^— 4-> o >, r^ 10 LO E i- o •1— to •r- •r— QJ lO Z3 i- +j o re <+- 3 s- 4-> re ,~- ^— ■o 4-> O M t/) #» s- M- 4-> J3 n •V JD o U to 5- (/) J3 • s_ CD • 1 — n *N s~ to to QJ *» (0 J3 3 -Q 0) ^— >. >^ QJ J3 #• #1 »> ^ C71 U1 0) 3 S- re J3 c O -it: ^ XI 3 QJ QJ QJ QJ T3 (V 4- t— S- cu ^ ^ E > >, >, >, ^— S- • r— l/l S- < +J O re re S- S- ■t-> LTI +-> -l-J +J +-> o ^— #* •^ o »* _j #« Cl di ■o 1/1 U UJ UJ to _1 CQ z _l c (—1 1 — 1 LU t-~i • > ■ ■ c U- U- <: •a: 13 CD f—~ nz DI 1— 31 jQ J3 JD X3 re •N M- UJ LlJ r- >- _1 ■sC r— en t- ZD =3 LlJ =) re re re re to O s: s: • r— c 0) _i _J X _l x: -C j= -C 00 H- ■^^i^ ^t- >, •^-^^ ^s^ J= •1 — J3 ■^-^ ^*^ ^•^^ ^-^ 4- M- 0) ^ ct M- LlJ -ii LlJ LU 0) c E <: < < < <: ct ■=x. _i _i • r— s: o IC s: -o CO CQ CQ CQ CQ CQ oa CQ r— o ca c re re _j . to c C c c c c c 3 E c 3 +-> 0 to 3 o o o o o o o o o o c S- ^ .^ .^ 0 0 c c c c c c s: c c 2: •M 3 re Q) QJ on s: s_ i. S- s- S- S- i- s_ c: ^ 0 Q. -!<: C QJ O) QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ Q) -C QJ > > > > > -»-> > > 4-> 0 QJ QJ E C_) 0 s- +-> o 0 Q. O- QJ Q) Q. j= 0 0 +J +J +-> 4-> 4-> -!-> o +-> +-> 0 CD 0 +j +-> Ll_ 0 c c c C c C +j c c 4J to s- re 4-> s- +-> 4- 4- +-> 3 3 3 3 3 3 s 3 3 2 to re > •4-> re 0 CO CO CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM in CM CM CM CM "O 1—1 1 — 1 vn 00 1 — 1 Ln 00 to 10 1—1 1 — 1 ^ Ln LO '^ in 00 CO 0 00 QJ 00 ro ro ro ro CM ro CO CM 1—1 CM 1—1 r— < 1 — 1 CM CM 3 oa C t^ •r— 3 3 3 3 3 UJ CM UJ UJ UJ UJ 3 LU LU 3 LU LU LU 3 LU ■M C 0 00 00 oo CO 00 z 00 oo 00 00 z 00 00 00 z z Z 00 Z 3 UJ UJ 3 LU 3 3 3 LU 3 3 LU LU LU 3 3 3 3 u 00 z 00 Z Z to Z CM 00 r< Z Z 1 — 1 00 z z 00 00 00 CM Z 1 — 1 ili ^ => r^ -^ «« i *<, 1 — t 1— < in •r- #1 I— < 1 — 1 1—1 CM #t X Li_ s- cC i- •* U_ ct i^. #> *t re z: n •a: •1— 1 — 1 1— r— ( l— < CM 1— ) 1 — 1 et rD 3: 1 — 1 cC CO QJ 1—1 1—4 CO CM 0 CO CTl 0 0 0 en CTl 0 r^ r^ CL CL «:* ^ in LD LD 1 — I 1 — 1 1 — 1 CM CM CM 1—1 1 — 1 1 — 1 CM CM en I— 1 t-t 1—1 1 -l LD ro o o O o o O O o o o o o o O o o o o o o CO 1 — 1 f-H UD oo CTi O r^ oo ro CO CO o O LO r^ 00 (^ 00 1 — 1 00 o ro ^ 00 00 1 — I 1^ 00 00 00 00 •* -* r^ LO 1^ LO 1^ oo . — 1 .— t .—1 1 — I CM t — t 1 — 1 I— I 1 — 1 .— I » — 1 1 — t r— 1 1 — r « — I r-l »— t 1 — t o o O o o o O o o o o o LO o o LO o o o o LT) Ln ID LO LO LO LO LO LO LO LO LO CM LO LO CM lO LO LO LO A A 1 1 LO /\ 1 LO A LO A A 1 LO A o 1 LO LO 1 o 1 LO 1 LO ^ 1 LO C\J CM 5- >> CJ CM «v CM I— 1 0) XI CM to XI CM I— t CM CM CM XI ^ en s- Ul X3 E S- x> ^ J3 E o T3 Q) 4- B •r— ^ _E o E o O) -^ XI M- J^ +-) i/i o •r- -13 s- O E ■r- U -i-j 4-) S- 4-> •K ^ .^ r" o •r- r— o »* rt .^ *l 1/1 T3 0) O) (_) dJ S- +-> U S- ^ 0) >, #» o to »> to XI U1 (T3 Q. a. o Q. #« to Q. l/l to o XD to 4- :3 4- O >, >, S- >, M- (/) >, M- XI >, to J3 s- Z3 to XI >t- s- ^- S- +? -4-> ■!-> f~^ M- -i.; r— 3 -t-> m 3 i- :3 3 ■ r- .c 13 M- r— • JZ •f— o x: x: • en x: r-~ to (O ^ O JD o XI XI 0} XI l/l t^ S- to to XI to 0) *« 4-> to #\ lO <0 -E to (J s_ (O #> -C to 14- 1/1 >, *« .c -C LO ^ n •* r* cu »< «^ -C to n 1/1 (X) n #> o M- (/I 0) 0) X) Ol , JC to to H- I/) 0) LiJ et 0) <: o u oo 0) o fO (U o S- fO O C£5 oo fl. ct CQ O) OJ 0) s_ J- 0) CU O) c 0) 0) s_ OJ c c to U1 1/) +-> n to to c +J to l/l 3 to c 3 o o o o o c o O o O c O o o o 3 c c ai oc Dc: 3 s: od q: c 3 ciC Qi s: q: o m u s_ j«: o s_ o J^ -ii: s: OJ > OJ s- s- S- ■(-> s- i- > 0) i~ QJ s- +j s- 0) t- Q. o o o 0) o o o Ol Cl- o Q- o o o o 4-> ■4-> LL. Li_ Ll_ o U- Lu 4-> C71 u_ Ll_ o u. ^ U- c c S- ^ +-> C ro S- $- +-> ■o 3 3 fO "O ■a ■o -a s -o •o 3 > (B ■o o 3 z: 3 3 3 00 3 00 LU ■21 r-\ s :^ t— ! s- •—1 CM u. • »— •t •« t— t X fO <: Li. • r— nr COf,, T3 C (U CO CO cn CJ. 1— 1 ■— 1 1— t CL 1 1 1 cn er 1 — 1 Ni cn cn 1 — 1 1 — 1 r— 1 CM CM CM CM cn cn cn ^ <- 00 CO ID IX) CM O O ID f-~ o CM ^ CM '^ VO Ln Ln 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 CM CM .—1 1 — I 1 — 1 1 — 1 1—1 .—I in I— 1 t— 1 1 — 1 . — 1 CO t — 1 t — 1 Ln 1 — 1 ro 1 — 1 Ln 1 — 1 ID » — 1 i-H 1 — 1 I— 1 « — 1 CM i — 1 in ID o o o o o in o o o o o o o o O o in Ln o CM I CM 1 ID 1 ID 1 ID 1 1 LO CM 1 in LD in 1 Ln 1 Ln A Ln Ln 1 Ln 1 in CM CM LO A o o IT) \D LO in in o in Ln in in Ln in in O o 1 — 1 I— 1 CM S- CM (/> 0) o c a.' CM in <*- CM CM r-l CM CM CM CM CM CM CM M t— * I-H >, >, JD M- ^ 3 ^ «•- I/) l/l E «\ •r— CO o i. O •^ , M- o (/> x: ^— (T3 CO ■(-> *4- o .^ M- S- ^ «n «t O S- i. «♦- o • r- 3 (/) CD Ol c • r— ^ o r— «« S_ A 0) M r^ ct S- «J UJ LU LU jc: UJ LJ •1- ^c fS #^ o 2: u. Ll_ u. to U- U- s^ ^^ iA lO CD :r #» #1 LU LU LU LU LU QJ ni 0) OJ c «\ c^ 1/1 S- 5~ s: s; ** U1 2: 2: to Q- -C x: • r— OJ ^^ M- O) **^ 0) a> QJ ■^-v^ ''*«»^ CT1 C71 QJ O) OJ S- s_ s_ c c c QJ O) 0) •r— • r— •r— •r— •f— •r— S- $- S- Q. C3. o. c c c o CJ <_) 1/1 1 OO 1 oo OJ OJ 4-> OJ .^ 1/1 LO l/l C c c -C .c jc O) (/) Qi q: c c s_ s- s. _J _1 _i o .^ .:.<; C c •r- •^- O) a) O) ra fO .c •1 — .c -i^ x: •r— .i^ .^ o o > > > .:^ -i o 4-> s_ ■(-> o s- i- D- a. S- S- s_ -(-> +-> o o o ■o o o LU o 0) QJ u. U- co in c: c c: Ll_ U- U- c S- S- +-> 1/1 -t-> +-> l/) S- S- 1/1 m 3 3 3 3 rO ro 2 m 2 T3 3 1/1 •r— •r- • • O O o o o • • • ^ Q. a. (O o ro •r— (0 o Q. Q. oo oo a: oc s: s: s: UJ LU LU I— 00 oo oo cc: oo 2: 00 Qi oo OO ^ ^ "^ «=«■ «;r oo CO Ln in Ln Ln ^ "^a- <=J- ^ «cj- ^ "^r ^ oo CO ro CO ro ro ro oo oo CO oo CO CO CO CO CO OO CO CO CO CO CO CO z z z ■Zi ■Zi z ■zi z ■z. ■21 Zl ^ ■zi ^ ^ ■z. z. z: ■z. ■z ■z 00 00 CO 00 00 CJ1 en en en en en en en CO 00 00 00 CO 00 00 Ol CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM OJ CM CM CSJ CM oo CM CM TD ^ •=J- «:3- 1 — 1 in .—4 1 — 1 ^ «d- ^ CO r-H CM 1— ( CO 1 — 1 CO ^ 1 — 1 Ln o 0) 3 1—4 f— t 1 — 1 "-" CO ro CM CNJ CM ( — 1 CO CO CNJ CM CM CM CM 1 — 1 CO C 3 3 3 3 LU 3 UJ 3 3 3 3 LU 3 LU -^ LU 3 LU LU LU 3 +-> C o OO OO Z OO 7^ OO z t/0 00 OO 00 OO OO ■ZL ■zi ■z. oo OO OO ■z oo LU LU LU LU LU LU LU 3 3 3 3 LU 3 LU LU 3 3 3 o ■21 i>i OO OO i»i If. OO ■21 ■ZL \ — 1 z: OO OO ■Z. CM ■z. Z m to OO ■z u. CM I-H 1 — ( CM *— < •a: <: 1 — 1 <: 'O X <; Ll_ cn en en en « — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 I — t » — 1 1 — 1 r— 1 T— 1 1 — \ I-H t— 1 I-H •-H t-H A-21 ID Lf) CO Cvj U5 «D 00 eg Lf5 CO CXD CO 1 — 1 .— 1 CNJ . — t o LD . — 1 « — t C\J I— 1 cn t— 1 .—1 1 — 1 CM c— 1 CO in .—1 c— 1 00 in 1 — t I — 1 CTi CO 1 — 1 f — 1 1 — 1 CTv CO in 1— ( < — 1 cn o « — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 cn 1—1 O 1 — 1 o 1 — t 1^ O 1—1 CM CO I— t cn CM 00 1—1 o o o LD o Ln o IT) O in o in o in in CM in CM o in o in o 1—1 O 1 — 1 o 1— < O 1— t in CM in CM o in in CM in 1 CVJ A LO LD CSJ 1 in 1 in CM in CM 1 o 1 — 1 o 1— 1 1 in CM 1 in CM v V V V 1 o r-H 1 o 1—1 in CM 1 o r— I O #> i/) 1/1 i/i r. 0) 0) 0) cc •f— T- 'P- s: s- i- S-. DZ CU 0) > Ll_ fO ro • 00 00 LLJ 0) c IT3 n3 (O iB .^ C C s_ Q. a. Q. Q. 1 1 1 1 1- 0) a. CL O) 10 to 10 (/) to to C c C C 0 a. 0) OJ 0) 0 0 0 0 (/I LO S- s_ s- s~ S- s- S- C c c c c s- s_ to I/) r— 3 S- i- s- s- 10 <0 0 0 Q. Q. Q. 0. 0. C2. Q. Q (U QJ >• > > 00 00 cn cn CO ro tn ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro c>o ro ro ro ro cn cn cn <* 00 ro ro ro ro ro CO CM p~. tn 2: tn ■z. cn CM Z. CO CM 00 CM z. cn CM Z. cn CM 2: cn CM ■21. CT. CM z. CT) CM Z. CO CM cn CM CT, CM z. CT, CM z. cy\ CM 2: CT) CM ■z. CT. CM z. CO CM CM XI QJ Z3 in 00 00 CM 1—1 1 — 1 1 — I ro 1 — 1 ro 1—1 ro ! 1 ro 1 — t ro LD 1 — 1 ro in ro ro ro ro ro CM ro in <* C •M C 0 0 UJ 3 00 3 00 3 1/1 3 3 00 3 00 3 00 LU 00 3 00 UJ Z. 3 -z. LlJ 00 LlJ 00 3 00 3 UJ 00 UJ oo 3 Z. 3 3 3 3 LU UJ 00 I— 1 :^ . •* to #> *t to to ro OO to to to to to to to to to 1—1 <: ct ^ Ji^ LL. "O ii^ .^ ..V «% ^ .^ J^ J^ -^ .^ .i^ .^ -i.: J^ 1 — 1 CM *-H t— 1 SL tJ 1-1 CM 1—1 0 u rs 0 (J 0 0 0 0 (J 0 0 0 < «\ »• •* 1 — 1 (O 9\ »\ 9\ IB n3 1—1 (O i- 2: «a: u. S- S- «f t. i~ S- S_ s- S- s_ s- S- s- f— 1 I— 1 1—1 t— 1—1 1— ( T— 1 1— 1— u. 1— t— 1— 1— 1— 1— 1— 1— h- 1— T3 ro c 0 0 0 0 0 0 a) ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro 0 ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro CL 1 1 1 1 1 1 CM CM I — 1 r-i . — 1 1—1 1 — 1 1—1 1— t 1 — 1 1—1 1—1 1 — ) 1—1 Q. r-\ 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — ( 1—1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 cC i-H r-K 1 — t 1—1 1—1 1 — 1 r-H 1 — 1 CM CvJ CM CM OJ CM CM CM CM CM CM CM A-22 CO CO C\J ro CO CO 00 CO 00 «a- ■— I o 1 — 1 CTv C-J 00 . — 1 00 LD 1— 1 .— 1 00 un »— 1 t— 1 00 CM 1 — t r— ( 00 CM r— ) .— ( t— 1 CM I— t o o I — 1 Ln en CO Ln 1 — 1 I— I o I— 1 .—1 CO 1— 1 Ln 00 Ln I— 1 CO CTv « — 1 00 Ln I— 1 en t — 1 CM <— 1 CO 1— 1 »-1 CO 1 — 1 CM CM ID CM CM o LD o un o o IT) o in o Ln o Ln Ln C\J o 1 — 1 Ln CM Ln CM O Ln O Ln o o Ln 1 o .— 1 1 o 1 — 1 1 o t — 1 1 o 1 — 1 1 un CM 1 CM 1 CM 1 Ln 1 Ln CM 1 Ln CM o V 1 o 1 — 1 o I — 1 A ^ \/ h •r- 3 -I- •<- (J -Q O O (/I lyl I/) 4-> 4J +-> O) Ol O) E E i- •.- ••- (J +J ■!-> I/) ■i J3 CJC_><_3CJ2:C_>C_)OC_)_l LULjJLjjLjLjctLlJULjUJLLjea; COOOOOOOCQOOOOOOOOCQ I— I— I— h-< _i CO CO I .^ 0) a> (U (U (U cn en C31 XJ s- T3 ■o ■o •r— o 'r- •r- •r- d; 3 OT Jbi oc c q: -i<: o: i. o «fl (D i~ o s_ +-> -!-> +J o CL o C c c C Cd S- o. s- Q. s- D. c OO 1 o _J o o o •r- o -^ C_J CO 1 0) > OO o OO 1 •r— o c D. Q. Q- Q. t. I/) f^ to LO c CO c 1 — CO c CL o 3 o CD cu 0) CT O O O O « CL (U CL Q. Ol CL o 0) OJ CL Ol o > OO D£ OH Qi cc OO OO 3 00 OO >• OO s: >• 3 t/0 > cc CO co CO CO CO CO co CO CO CO CO CO OO CO CO <* CO CO OO ■=i- co CO CO OO CO CO CO CO en CM CM 00 CM 00 CM 00 CM 00 CM 00 CM en CM en CM 00 CM CM cn CM cn CM CM en CM en CM CO CM CTv CM ■z. 00 CM -o OJ 3 CM CO CM I— t 1 — 1 1 — 1 f — 1 1 — 1 i — I CM .—1 CO o CO Ln »— 1 CO CO CO t — ( CO CO CO CO o CO Ln CO CO 1 — t c +-> c o o LlJ OO 3 3 3 3 2: 3 OO OO UJ LlJ 00 3 00 3 00 LlJ CyO 3 t/1 3 OO UJ 3 OO 3 00 3 1/1 (O 1—1 to CO co co CO co co to co co co -ii J^ -^^ -ili ■^ -^ .^ .^ J^ V .^ o u o u o u o o o o o fO (O (O lO (O fO no 03 rtJ 4-> j3 +-> #\ ^ •* «\ W\ ^ #t #» »^ n »1 3 r- ^ •» #> ID —1 cu

i >. >> >> >. >> >^ >, >1 >i >i I/) >> >, >. LU >~, CO -tJ -I-) +-> -!-> -l-> ••-> +J -!-> +-> -(-> -!-> +J +J +-> 2: +-> 10 ii M- rt 3 •+- LlJ LlJ UJ LlJ 0 00 CO CO CO CO CO 00 00 C3. 00 00 00 CQ 00 1— (— 0 Qu Q. O- a. ct < cr < < CL Ci. 0 CL CL CI. •a: Q. 10 to 10 01 t/1 to 10 to CO to to on (0 QJ D- to QJ C 00 1 t/1 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 c c c c c c c 3 3 3 3 c c: C c c: c c c o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c c E c c c c s: ^r 2: 2: 4J E c c c c c c c s- s_ i- s- s- S- s- C i- S- s- s_ s- s- s- s- QJ a; > >■ > > > :> 4J 0 0 ■M 0 0 0 > >■ > s> > > > > ■(-> +j +J +-> +-> +-> -i-j 0 0 0 0 -»-> +-> +-> 4-> ■(J ■I-J ■U +J c c c c c c c +-> +-> +-> +-> to C c c c c C c C 3 3 3 3 3 3 => 3 3 2 S to 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 ro (C fC rtJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Q 2: 2; 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 00 00 00 oo on 2: 2: 5: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2! 0) CO CO CO CO CO CO CO c^ CO CO 00 en CO 00 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 00 CO CO CO CO 00 CM CTl CM CM 00 CM cn CM 00 CM CM 00 CM 2: 00 CM 2: 00 CM ■z. CO CM 00 CM ■z. 00 CM cr> CM cr, CM en CM z: cri CM en CM CTl CM ■z. 00 CM in « — I CO f — 1 CO un <— 1 00 Ln c— 1 CO 00 CM CO CM 00 CM 00 CM f — 1 .—1 in 1 — 1 CO *— 1 CO to CO , — 1 CO . — 1 CO in CO in 00 00 0 LU 3: 3 3 LU 3 0 ■ZL 1/1 00 -M 4-> CM to I— 1 •» i^ #* n QJ QJ QJ 1 J>^ t— 1 i u_ •s #> ro (O 0) OJ QJ QJ s- •^- U- t — 1 Ll- u_ n: 3: Q. Q- Q. CO 1— •0 CM CM 1 — 1 c (U ^ CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM cu CO CO a~l CO CO Q. CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CO in CL 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 < "* in in in tn un in in Ln in in Ln in in in Ln in Ln 10 sJ CO t — 1 O LT) CO o in in o LD O U") o LD O IT) o IT) o tn o LT) A 1 o I — 1 1 LT) 1 o » — t 1 CSJ A A CVJ A ^ ir> 4- 3 C_) to 3 IT3 1/1 Z3 1- J3 Q. 4-> CQ o o S- S- O) O) -C 00 .a o o > S- 1/1 to o o H- H- c 4- n- (U #\ • r- • r— ^ LU r~ r— U- CJ o -a IjJ 01 ^ o n i. 0) (U c c J^ .^ 3 OJ QJ s: s- c S- s_ O) -i<: (U o QJ QJ o > > S- dJ s- C_) o +j Q_ <_) CL t_) 0) o +J +-> +-> en M- +-> o c to c c s- i- s- n3 it- 4- +J 3 to :3 n ro rO fO > .,— •r— 3 o O o o Q. Q- Q. (O r^ S- (O £: cc s: ■Si CO OO 00 OO o Q oo CO •^ CO CO «* •=J- •* LTJ CO «* ■=J- CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO oo ■z. ^ z h: z z ■zi Z. ■z. s: z: CTl 00 en en 00 00 00 CD r~. cri CO OvJ Z z ■ ■Z. z z 2: ■z. Z. "^ 00 OO c o 3 3 UJ o oo oo oo 1 — 1 <: cC ct ^^ r-H ?- 1 — t r-H t— 1 CM •* f— 1 X •« u. • r- ■a: \ — 1 T3 «5t C QJ CTl cn cn cn CM CO Q. 1 — 1 f — t « — t • — 1 1 — 1 Q. 1 1 1 1 1 1 <: to to to to r-~ p-~ CO I <: CM I 4-) o re o ■o CM •r- i^ I .i<: *> S- o o II to o 1 — 1 ^ QJ s o II ^ .^ c: •^ cu +-> Q) n— 3 JD r> fO o E E to II o QJ 4- II tn o \ — t II to QJ cn c o LO U_ Q- O -t-j II " ■M re Qi 3 00 CO r— o 3 f3 I/O S- ■o #* E II QJ 5 c 3 E o II tn O II 1 SL •^ II <=f o 1 — 1 «N +-> . -I-) to ^ T3 II E ^— rtJ C o rj QJ r* re CM o TD -C Q) CM >T3 3 Q. O QJ > E /v . II O • re O re (/) +-> to o *— ( II c ct o c: 1 re II QJ -o o o LO +-> * Q. ■1— o c +-> >* to E II ■o o ro re II c s: O r> II r-K re CD , +-> to o c: CO CO re -o QJ l/l QJ •I— •p- QJ -C 3 4- C II cn Q. cn O "oJ •r- Q) O •1— r— 3: to > CO ■o r— re 1 — to 3 c to s- o *^ fO •<-) * re • +-> 4- to +J S- E to QJ O II to ■M QJ O 00 +J c n3 to C3.+-> II re re 3 •-3 QJ QJ D.-!-) -C 3 3 O CM X) u II •o -(-> -C J3 QJ o C S- +j II •* -D on ID fO O i- -^ X O to c o CM QJ QJ QJ > <_) cC • • II *\ S- C T3 oa T3 II OJ o o re QJ CM cn o o -M ■)-> CO T5 II s- +J n3 #« •r- II O •r— -C #> i. to E •r- > +J +J 1 — I o r— QJ S- to II ■o s. ^i_ i- o QJ c tt- UJ -Q c S 1 — 1 re > > 1 J3 to QJ c fO II II , , 3 o o to QJ 1 — f r^ t/5 r— re r^ s- 3 r^ +-> o n3 , , O o 4- to 4- O) to r-— ■o O +-> S o to 1- o 4- re -o ^— O r^ c QJ £3- ^— 00 X3 re C QJ o re QJ c i- to 4- -o o s- QJ o to C QJ to QJ o > s_ o QJ fO •o O QJ J- o c u CL +-> C71 ■o o o 1 > ■a •o >, +J +j J2 s_ O -c: re Q) c O Q- i- QJ -a to •1— re 3 (J QJ X3 4-> S- cn c •*-> O QJ O cn '^* re t. ca. QJ O 4- 4-> o r— o Q. CL c to CL r^ ^— to o o ■(— OJ - CTl ■o c to CTl en •r- S- Z3 T3 "O O) > L. (U - O Q. LnLnunLr)nLnc\jc\jc\jc\) ^C\JC\J"*C\J^i—lC\J^«^i— ICO«:^ CO 00 ro 00 <£> CO 00 .—I o o o o o o o o O O CO yo o «=t- lO ID <£> i£> CTl CT^ r^ "=i- ^ CTl r^ ■* ^ 'S- >* ■=a- 1 — 1 T— t f— ( 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 O Lf) uo o o Ln o Ln O o 1 — 1 CM CM 1 — 1 I— 1 Od 1 — 1 C\J IX) ID V O 1 o \/ V 1 o V 1 o 1 ID ID I — 1 t— 1 1 — I i-H CVJ CM o o o o oo Ln 00 CO 00 V V o ID o o o (X5 <£> 1X3 r-^ p^ r^ V V O c c c c c 3 3 3 3 3 +-> +J +-) +-> ■M :3 3 3 3 3 (_) O O O O 13 U- U- r) =D u. Ll_ u_ Ll- U- U- :d Z3 ^ =) ZD ID _J LlJ LU _i _l LU LxJ LlJ UJ UJ LU _i _I _l _l _I _J <_) s: s: CJ C_) s: s: s: s: s: •Si C_) _J s_ o (O -iii -^ -i^ .i<: c c » >> r— o o r— c o o o o o 00 CU cu (U cu S- S- ^- c c CJ o 1 1 CO cu Ol i^ 1 — 1 QJ > 1 > > s» > > c >, >^ >, >> s_ sJ -o • S- S- cu cu cu (U C_) o c +-> -t-J .^ 0) +-> 4-> +-> +-> ■4-> QJ QJ c c Ll. I— C c c c c ;> c 'c c c CU cu 3 3 (U 3 3 3 3 3 ■ ro CO lO to -i.: -^ • o o • ■M +J 4-) CO (T3 oo 5! s: ■zi :^ s: s: ^ s: s: 5: CT) OO oo oo _J _l CO CO CO CO CO CO CO oo CO OO CO >* CO oo CO OO oo CO CO CO OO CO CO CVJ 2: CT. CM 00 oo O CO o CO en CM en CM en CM en oo z: en CM en CM en CM CT^ 00 en oo en oo en CM en oo CTl Ln CO CO Ln 1 — 1 oo CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO IX) CO CO oo CO 1 — 1 CM 1 — 1 p~. 00 CO 3 LlJ OO LU 3 3 3 00 3 OO ^ 3 00 3 C/1 LU C/) LU LU t/0 LU OO 3 1/1 3 1 i-H CO CO 1 — 1 1 — 1 I-H I— 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 . — t T— H .— ( .—1 I-H O OO +-> O OO 4-) IT3 U C/1 +-> CJ oo 4-> o 00 +-> o oo ■4-> O C/1 (a o oo u fO CJ to -l-J ro U I/O 4-> ro CJ OO to CJ oo ro O 00 ro O 00 4-> ro (J 00 CM I 0000:3 t- S- S- i- o c ■o 3 o u s- ::d =) ZD ZD _J _l _J _J 00 to 00 00 LT) 00 o LtJ zc C_3 or oo _l o — _l C_) CO < 00 CL oo 00 D- o (J ca c_> < CO s: 00 Q- CO CJ3 CO <: (U 10 3 CO OJ 0) o Q- 00 0) o s- Q. 00 s o S- c_) S- C_) S- S- C_) en S- o c 3 o o c S- cu +-» c: o c: o c s_ Ol o to 0) I o c: s- to (U t- •r— Q- CO I c o c s- C7) a: I LO (/) o C_) >. S- O S- co OJ (/) 3 o C_3 (T3 3 O cu 1 cu fO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO •3- co CO CO CO CO CO Ln CO ■ti- ro CO CO CO CM CTv CM ■z. en (NJ en CM •z. CO CM ■z. 00 CM Z. CO CM Z. cn CM z. en CM z. cr. CM ■z cy> CM ■z. en CM z. 00 CM z. CO CM z. 0 CO CTv CM ■z 0 CO z. 0 CO en CM cn CM T3 3 0 CM CXl «:!• 1 — 1 CM CM CO CM CO CM to 00 to CO to to CO to CO to CO to CM 0 1 — 1 CO I-H Ln CO Ln CM tn CM tn CM +-> LU 00 LlJ 3 00 3 ■Z. 3 liJ 00 3 00 3 t/) 3 00 3 00 LlJ 00 3 Z. LlJ 00 LU UJ 00 UJ z. UJ 00 LlJ UJ z. 0 0 r-H t — t r-H 1 — t 1 — 1 CM CM 7—\ OJ CO CM "^ CO CO CM 1 — ( 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 . 4-) +-> +-> +J +-> +J -M +J -M +-> 4-> +-> +J +-> +-> +-> ■M ■<-> -!-> +-> CO f-H lO u 00 u 00 (J 00 0 t/0 rt3 0 00 (t3 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 fO 0 00 IT3 0 00 03 0 00 0 OO fO 0 00 (T3 0 00 (13 U 00 t3 00 0 00 (T3 0 00 (D 0 00 Q. < CM 1 — 1 CM 1-H CM 1 — 1 CM 1 — 1 \ — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 0 CM 0 CM 0 CM 0 CM 0 CM CM tn CM CO en I — t r-H 1 — 1 1 — 1 CM r-H CM to to to to r^ r^ i~-- r^ r-- t~~. r^ P-~ r^ r^ CO CO 00 CO 00 00 A-29 00 C£. X UJ (/I t3 O I— UJ o a. Q. ■M c o u =1 (_) o c Q- I— Q. et CT> CTi < =* #t TJ •1— .^ O S -O •M 0) (U J= S- ro +J ■(-> =«= S >— •M 4-> 1 — ■!-> +-> ■(-> +J 4J .^ -(-> -i-> ■!-> 4-> •r— +J 3 3 '3 3 3 '3 3 "3 3 '3 3 3 3 3 '3 -o X) ■0 ■0 ■a ■0 ■0 T3 ■0 0 -a ■0 -0 ■0 T3 0 -0 < 4J -P 5- QJ QJ (0 S- 0) QJ S_ QJ QJ 1— (O 10 > • r- n3 .^ • r— • r- (O .^ ■•-> QJ J^ Qi C3i ■4-> QJ c QJ QJ c QJ 3 -C S_ QJ r— r— 3 S- .:>i^ 0 0 0 S_ ^— ^— 0 0 QJ 2: r— 0 3 3 s: QJ 3 >i ca CO >, S_ S- 0 QJ i~ S- QJ 0 0 r^ QJ ■ • QJ ^— 'D C r^ -^ J^ r— C QJ >> £ TJ QJ u. Ll_ QJ 10 ^ (O £ ■(-> Q) • • CU +-> (0 (— UJ CO ^ OO LO ^ 00 _l J^ • r— >,— QJ (0 10 ^ QJ +J ■4-> Q) S- c c= .i<: QJ 0 3 3 QJ S- Q 0 QJ 0 E ^^ z: $- (0 0 s_ s: >» i- QJ to W^ QJ QJ ^— s- -^ QJ r— S- 'oJ 10 r^ r^ vo ID ro QJ QJ S- C_3 to to O a: CM QJ QJ S- >> QJ CM ro A-32 00 X LlJ 00 o I— on UJ o Q. Q. >- UJ I— ai T3 > -o »4- o i- sz I/) c: +j 4-> o 3? ■fJ 0) (/) •I— c c 0) •r- 4-> U +-> •r- •( — > C o 2 ■M (/) -i^ -C u 4-> ro •1— i. s 4-) fO 4-> +J -l-> -l-> +-> 4-' +-> 4-> +J c C 4-) +J ■M -f- +J +-> +J -r- +-> ■1 — +-> •»— • r— OJ -!-> 0) 4-> r— ^— 1— -li ^— ^— >— -:»: r— .:^ r^ Jii -b^ -!-> r^ 4-> r— 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4-> 3 +-> 3 ■o T3 T3 O ■o XJ "O O TD O ■a o o •r- ■o •r— ■o =t <: 2 < 2 cC 2 .2 ii^ ct v: <: «) 0) (/> -^ -ii: CL .^ "O -ii -iii o +J (J (O +-> u cu O u (O (O (O 1- (O (O 0) rtS IT3 S- (J i- u o s- s- s- 1- t— CO 1— 00 oo l— H- h- t— l/l to ■o ^ -o .:^ -^ J>li CD -^ O ^— OJ (_) u u -^ O fO r— Ol rC fO ro s- nj s- •r- i- S- i- i_ ro s- OJ c 1/) I/) 00 Dl •n- O) OJ CD c ■a (O s- S- 1- •r— 1 'r— +-> •r— •^- •r- (O c cc c Q. Q. Q. -u o 3 00 LO 00 c c ^ 0 1 1 1 3 s- « s: cu CD CD 0 OJ QJ -i^ -it: J^ s: :> Q. >i CO IB 13 OJ _I —I —1 S- +j i- CD C fO c r— r-> f— 3 Q. l« ^- , — ^-> 'oJ O OO 4-> 3 3 3 CD 2: 00 CQ CC CQ ^ CO CO CO m CO r^ r~- r-^ r~~. r^ r^ r-~ r--. r-~ 1 — ^^ -^^ ^-^^ r^ --^^ ^^^ CTl en C3^ r^ CO C>0 » — ( f — 1 r— 1 *^^ 0 1—1 ■^, ~-^ ^^ OJ i- S- CD (U > > • ^ •r— a: a: -V ^— f— CD ^— t— CD 3 3 S- OD CQ 0 .^ .^ CD LU LL. 1!) CD ^ ^ CO f-^ r-. r-~. P^ r-^ r~-, un LD >X) 0 0 1 — 1 (U ■0 J^ q: (O T3 C _J C to c •r— r— 4-> J^ (T3 -^ -^ 1 -ie: .^ C CD 4-> CD CD 3 CD CD 3 CD C CD CD CQ CD CD 0 S- 3 J^ -^ S_ S- 1 S- s- s: 0 0 CD CD 0 0 ■ C_) CJ 2: CD , S_ s- s_ s- 0 s- s- CD CD S- c_) C_3 CD CD CD CD 0 r— f— l/l r— r— 'oJ c ^— Q_ CD , E .^ CD CD 0 CD CD ^ 4-> re ro re :i.i i^ Cd ^ «* iii 00 h- 0 _i r^ r-~, r^ r--- f^ CO m CO 1 — r^ r^ r-« CO CO CO CX3 CO — ^ "^^^ --^ -^^ r~-. r-~. r^ r~. r-~ r-^ r~~ V£> en ^^^ -^^^ ^.^ ^^ N*.^ « — t .— 1 CM CM i£> 0 CM CO ^ *^^ ^^ — ^ 0 1 — I CM CM CM C30 A-33 CTl c to a> c •^* •a o o u c o •r- +-> ta B i- o <+- c •♦-> c: Q. 03 E t/0 a. (/) < h- Q. 1— < >- en fo • o c ■^ , =' 0) o 4-> l/> (/> fO IT3 O O) -D ro E O . O S- +J r-~ J3 S- 3 O • -M 4-> rs 3 o o s- S- (T3 (U fo oj r- oi f— +J r— <_) a>LjLi 4- S-O o 'o o 1 — LD x: 1/1 +J o :d +-> +-' O C (D •^•^^ E E a* i^ :>;: 01 CO CVJ c o c^ -J LlJ (/I a. (jO < I o C3 o o o 1-^ CO CO OJ •.- o I/) CO O CO D- 00 CD J? C LlJ (O UJ v> s- O) cu E ID CO "d- -—I • 3 O) O CTl S- •o re •r- QJ S_ I— J3 O Lu s-o 1— ■(-> C (O • m c +-> +J s- OO O) 3 to JD O O) +-> c en .C T- (O -!-> _J O rtJ o E _l T3 rj QJ O J3 to • S- •o 3 E re 4J i^ O to S_ -r- ■* -o . "4- C O O 3 T3 re o »/l OJ E to x: t^ to c\j to re s- oi • re O) QJ CT> >, • "O to •r- -M •!- s- to s- J3 re J3 _l OJ • j^ -a -a QJ o O) • TJ -r- s- UJ c s- c_)o re QJ o Q. OI l/> to Q. r— re re C 4->i— s- re re to +-> 4-> 00 +-> .^ r— QJ O r- 4- to -r- re o .c i*- QJ -l-> ■c c >, 4-J •!- " X3 3 _J 4-> O 3 T3 to O QJ E -O C ^ ixi re o Q. o •■- LO S_ 4-> c r-~ u QJ • <4- QJ QJ to O r— J3 <_> O +J to to O in 3 • o QJ to CTl "O QJ •r- 3 S- X> J3 ■»-> .:>i: OJ OJ to OJ S- O) <_) c QJ c • re j^ +J c oo re 4- O +-> SI O +J 3 CL O 3 to E re i«i o S- • 4- r- o O) T3 QJ S- QJ J3 E • •r- +J I— 3 O SI • OI +J 3 3 O 0 S- Sl o •r- -13 -I-' QJ U t/1 OJ s- 1— QJ 01 Q. (/) to <+- "CT O to QJ re en QJ -O S_ UJ re s- o o QJ to O O 00 QJ ■31 00 o o vo o _1 Q. o -o o UJ re — I 3Z Q- t>o :r to re 4J s- o o OO 3 "^l- c co o a: • r— +J z re -(-> CM (/) 1— J3 3 CO I/O «-H CO ■a c A" re UJ z f— 1 — -v* QJ UJ 3 to t/1 '^ CO T3 CC C o z D. CTl CM C 1— o CO 4J .— 1 re 1/1 o Af >t^ 3 'f— Z s- re A* CO Qi QJ CTl ■»-> CM CO QJ CTl -!-> CM to CM CO A* J^ to I— CM I— t/) IE A* UJ s- 2: QJ Q-A" a.uj ■ZL QJ E -r- QJ i^ _1 s- - -o S- QJ O J3 QJ .^ CD QJ ■O QJ •I- S- S- (J -Q >i^ J^ S_ 0) X3 QJ S- C tJ -1- Q) 3 o to > • QJ >, -O S- O X 4-> -l-> to ■r- S- 3 Q) TJ ?"■ ^ i- 3 O -t-" to to C S- S- OJ OJ > 4- O -o i- c •r- re re s- I— QJ CDJD 3 QJ O r— E TD •>- c x: re ^-^ s_ « re J3 +J "O 3 4- QJ OI I — o to u u o c • S- 3 OJO >• o CO i CM C re to t) x: CM •ri 00 fX^ A"» ■^3 UJ _C '^ Z S l{ A" ^ O UJ ti fs; CO QJ o ^^ QJ QJ o ■o • C -CT re c JD o re Q. o -o -!-> t. re E 5 ^ o UD J3 o re en o C C fO -r- S- Q. en re " to .ii o U S- O QJ I— "CT E c QJ O x: Cl. tl- o c S- QJ +J to QJ QJ 3 to to re s- cn . QJ >, c s- r- O Q.+-> to - S- S- QJ QJ 73 S c O 3 ID CO 3 o XI to O O) >, • 5 QJ x: XI -t-" C 3 S- E O 3 tn to +-> •=!- QJ CM C 3 O QJ "CI CO x: >, QJ re «" to 3 c X -r- QJ CDXl C •r- re •>- o M- >^ D. c re QJ -r- S- cn s Q. T5 +-> I/) o c 1— X re +J QJ o.r- O s- 3 o 4- >,T3 S- c I to O re +-> 1 — to CTl i- 3 QJ o > QJ _I O O Xi OJ c o in QJ 3 Q.CO 4-> q: s; to « r^ ■!-> Z Si re O ^ -(-> CO a.--- t- o XJ ?, re CM X CO 00 CD O O 3 B'Sa-' Eh S CO ^ A- 36 on o CO <: uj h- a. 1—1 >- CQ <: CJ Q. <: z 3 C +-> c o o ID T3 C d) Q. Q. o o ■•-> C (/) +J O) (O c: ^ OJ 3 +J 4-> o -1- O-cC ^ S 1 to o 0) o < CD C •>C_) t. s_ --^ O C T3 •r- +- _l >,x: o 1 CQ (U 4-> s_ to <: ^— n3 c - c .— i*- to B ■•- cn O 4-> i^ 3 C/1 -O O to 1 LD C Q 0) J^ . C E o - s- •^- o: c o a. CD O C .— c e c (T3 ■•- o S- E jo > S- 0) o 3 (0 u- :> ro OO -C CQ to o LT) ID ■o (U i. 3 •♦-> (/) ■o c 3 C c to i- Cl. > ^ -a 0) ■«-> (U r^ «o f -o c o o. ez o •1— +-> (T3 • O ^ • r— •4J s- (O ■(-> r^ (0 o 4-> •r— (U -Q -C rO +-> x: S- z o =3 <4- _j (_) to ■^•^ c LU ro in CO Q. I— I-H A-37 avoy-a cb3A03-a -Tl9IdN03 r AHdVy -OOdOi i33dSV NOIi -\/A313 >- CO 00 I/) c o > ^f')LnLn^^«3LOLncMroi— 1C^^CM oooooooocroooocro .— ic^LOt— ivor^t^^oc:;^oorno>-H LU L±J LU 1 — 1 UJ _1 —1 _1 _J z UJ z 1 — 1 a. ct H- Li_ Ll_ IE 1— cC <=c <: ct ZD 1— =3 a: oo (_> LU UJ LxJ => UJ >- >- >- >- _J UJ _l r> CJ3 .^ Js^ CT) cn C71 c c c c c c OJ O) ■o ■o -o o o o o o o O) OJ c c c c c c S- s_ c ai CC. a: QJ O) QJ 0) OJ (_> o m c c: c c > > > > > > to 01 -M o o o o 1 1 1 1 1 1 to to c c c c c J!<: -i^ j!«: .^ .^^ -v o o 3 QJ s- S- S- s_ O) (D > > >• >■ S- S- S- 5- S- S- -v -^ QJ —1 o C_) <_) O (J (_) S- s_ d. QJ •t-> +-> -!-> +-> o o to +J c c c c (/) to to (/) 1/1 to u_ U- S_ 3 »♦- 3 3 3 3 to to to to to to TJ O •r— O o O o o o o O o o • • a. S- S- ^ ^ s: s: q; Qi d; UI_ a: 0£. oo oo 00 cs Q CO CO CO CO CO CO C>0 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO (>0 CO CO CO tn CO 2: CJ-. CM 00 Cvj z: cri CM CTv CO CM TO CM 00 CM z: 00 CM CM CM ■z CO CM 00 CM CJl CM 0 CO cri CM 00 to CO «3- co LD UO UO Ln LO LO to CM CO CM to CO 0 .—1 CO 1 — 1 3 00 UJ 3 t/) 3 00 UJ ■z. UJ UJ UJ UJ ■z: S 3 00 3 UJ 00 UJ UJ 00 UJ UJ ■31 00 UJ 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 Z. 3 00 UJ I/) UJ t/0 QJ to 00 en 01 c C •r— • ^ +j +J to to 0 0 0 ;-:• «a: 0 CC « — 1 1 — 1 q; 00 <£l 1 — 1 1 — 1 CM CO LD un IX) to to 1 — 1 » — 1 « — 1 i-H « — 1 0 t — 1 .—1 <-H 1 — ( r-H LO LD 10 to CM CVJ CM CM 00 cn to to to to r-^ r-~ t~-- CO oo CO A-38 LnmLDLnt-ii— iLf)Lr)LnLn>— tLnLDLOrHLnLT) ununun «:^«:i-^^C\Jr-IC\JC\JC>J<:i-OdO0^^CMOJCM ,— i ro CO I— I i-H CO r— I Lnioi-Hco.— ii-H^3-coooro rorooocMC\j^TO". r-.f--'— 'corocri.— iLDcoco oicoro OC:OCCCOOOOOOOCOO«:i-CO ^CJD-a- vDC0000OOLnr^f^00c\ji— iLOLOOi— iiD ooiooo «;i-«3-c\jCM>-H^cv;cTicr>LnLr)r^i— I Lnr^in zr <: el <: «a: LlJ ■Z. r> o s: 2: Ll_ ■=) _i •a: :r IC n: LlJ _l <_) o Q. D- D- 2: <_) --^ -^ "*^ '^^ *-^ ""^^ ^•^ Di <: UJ LlJ LU C_) S- s- S- 0 1T3 03 03 03 03 fO fO 03 ■(-> 0 0 0 -(-> +-> t_ s_ -l-> +J +-> 4-> -l-J +-> c 03 m > >> >i (/I 0 3 3 S_ 1_ 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 £ £ s- S- s_ 0 c 0 0 TO {^ 0 0 0 0 0 0 2: LlJ LlJ js<: Q Q Q ct: s_ 2C Q. Q. \ 5: ^ J *_ 1 1 a; Ol I/O 00 QJ >, >> >> QJ ^ ^ ^ -i^ > >5 >l 1 1 > S- s_ S- S- S- S- , 3 03 fO s_ s_ Ol O) 0) OJ O) OJ -t-J +j +J S- • • • • 0 ■!-> ■M QJ Q) > 0 i^ i>.i i^ i-i i^ :^ oo oo C/1 Q ■z. ^ z 00 2_ (/O 00 > 0) 3 C CO CO 3 CO «3- co 3 CO CO 3 CO CO CO CO CO 3 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 3 CO 3 <* CO 3 CO 2: 0 ro 0 CO 2: 0 CO 0 CO 0 CO 2: c CO Ol C\J C\J z: CM 2: 00 CM 2: 00 CVJ CM z. 00 CM CM 00 00 z. CM z. CM z 00 CO 2: CTl CM z CO CO CM 0 CO 0 CO CO en 1 — 1 Ln CM in 00 CO CM CO CM to C\J CO 1^ CO un t^ r-^ CO CO CO ID CO 3 LlJ LU t/1 2 00 s 00 z LU ■z. LlJ ■z. LlJ 2: LU 3 ■z. LU z. 3 00 3 Z. 3 00 3 I/O 3 z 3 00 LU 00 LlJ 3 LlJ 3 3 I/O Co 3 3 3 00 3 3 Z. 3 Z. i^ +-> 0) 0 0 •»-> 0) t/1 +J en 00 c cr> - >- ■(-> >- c CM CM r^ (/) * — 1 t .> X <: >- l-H Ll. T— ( •a: .—1 Li- .— 1 <: I— 1 t-H .—1 l-H 3 Q >- CO Ll- 1 — 1 2: t— 1 1 — 1 l-H 1 — 1 I/) 0 ■0 0 c Ln r^ r^ q: QJ Q. 1 — 1 t— 1 . — 1 i 1 <— 1 1—1 OJ CO CM VO «J3 U3 i£) 1^ 1— 1 CM CO C\J « — 1 ro 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 .— 1 CO 00 CO CO CO 00 CO CO 00 CO 00 CO CO CO 00 .—1 r— 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 CO LO A-39 nj r~ *♦- #» s- 4J o «/) *» Q. •1— CM r— x: O +-> II 3 ■t-> (0 s- ■o 3 1/1 t— CO 0) (D O 3 > 10 S- XJ " o II QJ c E II s 3 O II cf O ID Lf) ^— II 1 to ■o o c •^ II «3- •-1 -o (O 4J c 01 Q. QJ "O >i 3 O > E CM o • ^— fO O 1 II (/) o to o r-l O 1 o >- II Ol Q. -o o o O '-I #> ^ t/1 'i II II 0) (0 II •* II r-i ^ O CO E to c ro ** II cu II QJ to 3 s: II (Ti Ol O cr> o n CO 73 (O f^ QJ C tT S- o •^ to • +J QJ o lO (LI ft3 to Q.4J II ro «♦- OJ 0) Q.+-> x: 3 3 o CM ■o II +J x: XI QJ s- +-> II *\ XI U. o i. -it: X O c o c C\J QJ QJ (V > O • • II M i~ c XJ (/) II QJ O o ro o CM 00 C71 -a II (J e r*— •^ • r- II ^— -C n s_ to E o 4-> +-> 1 — t O <4- S- 1/1 II T3 s- o +- • r— *^-«* > to t— T3 ■o w 2 o Ol M- -o S- c o na fO o o c CJ (/) ■o o o c O) •r- o • o ■o >> -!-> 4-> U3 *r— o J= ro .-H +-> o a. S- QJ ■•-> ^ O) c •^ J- o en >i— ro T3 0) QJ O M- +-> C 00 Q. Q. C - 00 CTi c o > S- (U j:) o 0 3: D- <_5 C_J O O <_) LU UJ LlJ UJ UJ III III III III 111 LlJ UJ UJ UJ UJ U-l LJ-I l-LJ L x:3rn:3r3:3:ni3::x3r2:3i3:3:3::^ iNOIi •isudwo: X) (O O cai j^ OJ OJ s- tJ o I — I I i- OJ OJ CO o CO 00 UJ oo m o a: CO .^ ro 0"( CO CO CTl CM UD o QJ OJ S- o OJ CO cn CM ro o .^ OJ O) s- CJ >> ro 1/1 CO CM ■o ro o OJ 0) S- OJ c ro +-> 00 CO CO en cvi oo O) s_ C_) ro .^ QJ ■o QJ ro S- OJ o o J^ Di ro s_ .i o QJ m o o QJ >, S- S_ >l ^ >> OJ s- CJ ■o S- s- CJ QJ S_ QJ Q) c QJ QJ r— o ^~ c f— l/l QJ Q. Q. Q. C U- C ro 0) (/) □. a. £ ro ro 4-> 0) o • o o ro +j • ^-> OO :i.i Qi Z o o <_> oo z: oo ro CO O CO O CM co CO CO OO oo CO ro CO CO CO CO ro CO 00 CM o CO 00 CM en OJ o CO en CM ■z. en CM en CM o CO en CM CO f — 1 CM cn CO 1 — 1 CM 1 — 1 CM 1 — 1 LD VD CM ro 1 — 1 00 oo oo oo oo oo LO oo I I I o CM 1— 1 CM f— t CM CM in CM CM LT) CM O CO .—1 I— I >* ^ •* ^ ^1- ^ ^ cricrvcrvc\jCMcricr>«^n ooooLnooooooooooooooo covoLDcjii— iCTiunr^Lncor-ocMCMOoooooroio lO DC =3 a: :d rD r) rD a. _) ca: _i _i _i _i o cj) <_) cj <_) o <_) O- ZD >> -J 4-> O O 00 l/)(/iai000000O0C/)00(/10OO0O0 (—1— (— I— Q-l— H- I— I— D-H- Q-l— oo o o n: ^ n: 3: a: ^ CO I/) t/1 oo C/1 00 0) -o TD 0) ■o 03 fO s. (t) o o <_) o or a: q: jk: -i<: JK^ ^ o j^ OJ QJ Ol Jui OJ .^ c -ij O) cu Oi OJ QJ QJ QJ CO QJ ■D XJ CM CM 03 QJ 0) s_ S- S- Q) S_ QJ o ju: -i^ -^ -i.: -i^ OJ 03 O O S- QJ S- C_) o o S- C_J S- CM QJ QJ OJ QJ QJ O o CM CM CO S- CJ c_> o QJ QJ QJ _l QJ QJ Ol Qi o >1 >> >^ >> >i S- S- -ii: S- S- >, >, .:>: S- OJ 0) O) i. QJ S- to C_) CJ> ra i- CJ <_3 S- t- 03 03 s- S- O) f^ r— f— OJ r— OJ S _J o OJ QJ 3 s o QJ r^ c c c r^ C 1— j= l/l C2. c QJ QJ r— sz -C u. O) in +-> +-> QJ +-> QJ •I— o 03 3 • r- 03 (O Q) QJ •r— • QJ i^ 3: o; C_> s: s: _J _J i.^ ^ 31 in z i0 oo 00 oo CO CO OO oo oo CO CO oo CO oo CO oo oo oo C>0 oo oo oo oo o oo CM CTv CM en CM o CO CT^ o CO ■z. CM CO CTl CM oo z. t — 1 CO z. CM z: en CM o oo o oo ■z. o oo ■z. o oo z. 00 CM z. o oo T5 CM CM « — 1 CO .-H to o oo CM I — 1 o 00 1 — ( CO ^ o oo en CM I— 1 to CM CM CM o CM OO CM CTi 1 — 1 UJ UJ UJ 3 3 oo UJ oo 3 oS 3 z: 3 ■z. UJ UJ oo 3 Ul oo Ul 3 UJ oo UJ Ul OO 3 OO o o UJ UJ Ul t/1 UJ UJ UJ 3 UJ 3 z: 3 •z. UJ Ul oo 3 Ul oo UJ oo 3 OO UJ oo OO oo >- oo >- Ln T3 >- Q. CJ- <: 00 *— 1 CM CO VO r~- 00 r-t 1— H 1 — 1 LT) LD UO LD Ln LT) LO LD LT) CO *^ CM r-( CM CM .— I I I I I ID UO kD VD I I O O un CM CM CM I I I r^ r~~. 1^ I CO A-42 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOLD.— I,— I CT^cr>rooo'X)<£iooco«— iroro o X o LlJ ef LxJ 3: _J ^ I/O o o o CJ) (_) CVJ (O CVJ -t-> o -o -o u ■D T3 T3 CM re (O ■o ■o ■o c 03 -o ifl m ■D O o ro fO (O 3 O 03 O o n3 >-> d; Di O o o ^ Ol O c cn en O fO cn d: a: -o Ol -o -o Qi 2 i_ S- fO -a i- 03 fO 05 -i^ c -c: QJ QJ .^ .:>^ JxC o ro O) j«: o o ji<: +J O) J^ J^ *r— .2^ CD r— r^ QJ QJ QJ ai O r^ QJ Ol q: O) C OJ O) O) n3 O) •f— QJ QJ QJ 0) QJ q: Q) QJ Ol 13 S- QJ 3r OJ OJ S- S- S_ .^ QJ S- .^ .^ s_ o <_) S- S- o o C S- i^ i^ o o CJ QJ QJ ^ o QJ QJ <_) s: ej o 3 C_) c 1 1 QJ ■^ 1 QJ QJ >. Z3 3 o o >. >. >1 >> >> S- fO >, >^ S- S- S- s- Ol s- s- C5 o s: s_ •r- QJ QJ QJ tt) QJ o _J QJ QJ (_) <_) QJ QJ f — tu OJ QJ ■(-> r— r— 1 — ^— 1 — 1 ^— 1 — Q. r— c r— (0 n3 c Q. o C C C c C c c C C c c Ql 0) fO OJ OJ E E o Q. c m (O fO re O) 0) E E s- O 3 -(-> +-> +-> 4-) +J s_ S- +-> *-> S- s_ O ^ oo ^ Ix. LU UJ t— 1 O ^~j oo OO 00 OO 00 1— 1 t— t oo OO >— 1 •— • ro CO ro CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ro ro ro CO CO CO CO CO ro CO ro ro CO CO ro CO o o CO CM o CO o CO CM CTi CM ■z. .—1 CO ■z. o CO z. .—1 CO z. o CO z. o ro z. CTl CM CM z. o CO z. o CO z. o CO z. o ro z. en CM o CO o CO XJ OJ 3 (XJ 1 — 1 ro l£> CM en I— < CM ID CM CM 1 — I en 1 — I CO r-^ t~~- r~~ LD CXD CO t— 1 o CO vo UD CO UJ oo 3 3 UJ Co UJ UJ 3 2: 3 z. UJ 3 z. 3 Z. 3 Z. (^ 3 z. UJ 00 UJ z. 3 00 3 oo t^ o 3 oo UJ oo UJ oo 3 OO 3 OO 3 OO 3 OO 3 oo UJ ■z. 3 Z. UJ oo UJ z. UJ z. 3 OO 3: UJ z. 3 z. UJ z. 3 00 i7i x> c QJ CL Q. >- O CO I 00 00 >- CO I 00 I CO >- I 00 CO I 00 >- uo CO I CO >- CO CO I 00 00 I en I en I CTl en I CTl I en cr. I en I en I CTl CM I O A-43 Appendix 18. (continued) DATE to >-> 1— UPPER STANLEY CREEK ROUTE STOP NUMBER 5/ 1 2 3 o. o • I— O OO ^ -^ 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ° <§ 4/27/78 5:10 6:35 222022010001000 10 0.66 • E e * (O ro — Qi <: Q 4/30/78 6:00 7:15 350045402001230 29 1.9 y Route started 3.25 miles (5.5km) up N. Fk. Keeler Creek from junction of roads 404 and 473 and was run down the drainage and onto the road which skirts Lime Butte for 3.75 miles (6km). y Stops were made at one quarter mile intervals. y Number of drums heard during the 4 minute stop. 4/ Route started 1.1 miles (1.77km) south of Stanley Creek bridge (S13, T29N, R34W) and was run down the drainage then up to the Spar Lake road then down that road for a total of 3.75 miles (6.0km). y Route started 0.5 miles (0.8km) below junction of Spar Lake road and Stanley 6/ Creek road, S14 T29N R34W. Route turned down the Stanley Creek road and continued to the washed-out bridge site on Lake Creek, NE's S7 T29N R33W. Route started 3.75 miles (5.5km) up the Ross Creek campground road, NW?a S7 T28N R33W and was conducted downstream to Highway 202. A-46 I