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Wagiszees Te bener etre bene er bece , cenree eere ietalase tein ancien inal 2S ae a (eat WHE D AE E OF VEE. WOR ED LION AND LIONESS. PRBS ESE OF THE WORLD A IDISSCIRIUP II Ts SOUR Ole INS GBOGEIRAIP BUCA, DIST RINSW TLON OF ANIMALS BY IR, ILO IK IS IB IR, TE IRSS: ILLUSTRATED WITH OVER SIX HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS AND ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY STUDIES IN COLOUR LONDON FREDERICK WARNE AND CO. AND NEW YORK VIL CON EE Nas AFRICA ‘CHAPTER . GENERAL REMARKS ON AFRICA AND ITS FAUNA . THE ANIMALS OF NORTHERN AFRICA . . THE MAMMALS OF ETHIOPIAN AFRICA . THE BIRDS OF ETHIOPIAN AFRICA . SOME ETHIOPIAN REPTILES, FISHES, AND INVERTEBRATES . THE ANIMALS OF MADAGASCAR BIRDS, TORTOISES AND MOLLUSCS OF THE MASCARENE, COMORO, AND SEYCHELLE ISLANDS AUSTRALIA’ AND POLYNESIA . AUSTRALIAN AND TASMANIAN ANIMALS . THE ANIMALS OF NEW GUINEA. . THE ANIMALS OF NEW ZEALAND . SOME POLYNESIAN AND HAWAIIAN BIRDS Vv PAGE 201 CONTENTS vi : THE SOUTHERN AND EASTERN OCEANS “T, THE ANIMALS OF THE ANTARCTIC I. THE INDO-PACIFIC AND ITS SHORES Ill. TROPICAL AND SOUTHERN FISHES IV. LOWER FORMS OF MARINE LIFE ELS I Que Lion AND LIONESS SABRE ANTELOPE SoMALI OsTRICH : NILE CROCODILE : AFRICAN CHAMELEON. COIL@ WIRIEID ELectric Cat-FisH, BIcuir, AND TRUNK-FISH AGAMA, HoRNED VIPER, AND SACRED BEETLE 5 GORILLA : : CHIMPANZEE . GUEREZA ; GREEN MONKEY MANDRILL 5 i DoncGoLa GENET BANDED MONGOOSE . FENNEC AND JERBOA . ELAND . 3 2 Kubvu . : F SPRINGBOCK . . WATERBUCK . ; River Hoc. Felis leo Oryx leucoryx Struthio camelus s 30: Crocodilus niloticus 32 Chameleon fischeri 5 36. Malapterwrus electricus, Polyp- terus bichir, Mormyrus oxy- rhynchus % 38 Agama colonorum, Cerastes cor- nutus, Scarabeus sacer Be 40 Anthropopithecus gorilla 0 » 48 Anthropopithecus troglodytes 53 52 Colobus guereza . i : 55 54. Cercopithecus pygerythrus Fe 56 Mormon maimon : ie 60 Genetta tigrina <3 68 Crossarchus fasciatus 2 70 Camis cama, Dipus jaculus . % 74 Taurotragus oryx 3 _ 80 Strepsiceros capensis : 3 82 Antidorcas euchore 88 Cobus defassa wnetuosus 3 5 92 Potamocherus porcus a 108. vu PIL WES : Frontispiece . Facing page 22 ~vili LIST OF COLOURED PLATES HIPPOPOTAMUS. AFRICAN ELEPHANT St. PauL SQUIRREL WEAVER BIRDS ‘SENEGAL PARROT BATELEUR EAGLE ‘GIANT HERON AND SEA EAGLE Marabou AND JABIRU ‘CROWNED CRANE ‘COBRA AND Purr ADDER RinG-TAILED LEMUR . ReD KANGAROO ‘Spiny AntT-EATER DUCKBILL LEADBEATERS COCKATOO BLack Swan ‘GREAT BIRD OF PARADISE SINGLE-WATTLED CASSOWARY. ‘Kiwi ALBATROSS ‘Rock PENGUIN Hippopotamus aniphibius EHlephas africanus Fumisciwrus paula Pyromelana oryx Peocephalus senegalus Helotarsus ecaudatus Ardea goliath, Halaétus vocifer Leptoptilus crumenifer, Xeno- rhynchus senegalensis . Balearica chrysopelargus Naia hae, Bitis arietans Lemur catta Macropus rufus . Echidna aculeata Ornithorhyncus anatinus Cacatua leadbeatert Cygnus atratus . Paradisea apoda Casuarius uniappendiculatus . Apteryx mantelli Diomedia melanophrys . Hudyptes chrysocome 2” Facing page 110 126 rsa Sacred Ibis The Beatrix Oryx . Barbary Ape North African Lion Serval Arui Egyptian Jerboa Black-Backed Courser Pearly Lizard Spiny-Tailed Lizard Wall Gecko Fahaka African Civet-Cat . Gelada Baboons Dog-Faced Baboon Thoth Baboon White-Tailed Galago Jumping-Shrew The Otter-Shrew . Kafir Cat . White-Tailed Mongoose Meerkat Aard-Wolf . Spotted Hyena African Hunting-Dog Large-Hared Foxes Honey Badger Cape Buffalo OI MILICWS TRA IIL INS ——— PAGE 3 | Bushbucks. 6 | Beisa Oryx 8 | Roan Antelope 12 | Sable Antelopes 18 | Bohor Reedbuck 21 | The Duikerbok 24 | White-Tailed Gnus 30 | East African Brindled Gnu 35 | Cape Hartebeests . 36 | Okapi 37 | Giraffes- 39 | Water-Chevrotain . 41 | Wart-Hog . 56 | Black Rhinoceros . 57 | Masai Asses 58 | Boehm’s Bonte-Quagga 61 | Nubian Hyrax 64 | Fraser’s Scaly-Tail 65 | Sand-Mole . 68 | Jumping-Hare 69 | Cane-Rat 70 | Brush-Tailed Porcupine 71 | Ant-Bear 72 | Riippell’s Vulture . 74 | Long-Tailed Sun-Bird 75 | Cock-Tailed Whydah 77 | Ox-Peckers at Work 79 | Red-Beaked Wood-Hoopoe PAGE: Abyssinian Ground-Hornbill Sparrmann’s Honey-Guide Helmeted Turaco . White-Eared Mouse-Bird . Serpent Sparrow-Hawk Pileated Scavenger-Vulture Secretary-Bird Vulture-like Guinea-Fowls The Shoe-bill The Hammer-Head Nile Crocodile The Common Tsetse Coquerel’s Dwarf Lemur . The Babakoto Ruffed Lemur ‘The Aye-Aye Greater Tenrec The Foussa Striped Mongoose . The Small-Toothed Mongoose KKirombo The Thrush-Roller The Dutch Pigeon. Madagascar Kagu . Aldabra Giant Tortoises The Dodo . Bennett’s Wallaby . Jerboa Pouched-Mouse Dingo The Tasmanian Wolf Tasmanian Devil . The Banded Anteater Rabbit-Bandicoot . The Long-Snouted Phalanger Spotted Cuscus Australian Opossum LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE 149 150 Pigmy Flying-Phalanger . The Koala . Tasmanian Wombat Pie-Lark Piping-Crow Lyre-Bird . Laughing Kingfisher Great Black Cockatoo Cape Barron Goose Latham’s Brush-Turkey The Emeu . Stump-Tailed Skink Moloch Lizard Australian Lung-Fish Archer-Fish Long-Beaked Echidna Bennett’s Tree-Kangaroo . Albertis Bird-of-Paradise . Pesquet’s Parrot Western Crowned Pigeon . Schenbergia paradisea Cocoa-Nut Crab The Tuatera Male and Female Huia-Birds The Tui, or Parson-Bird . Kakapo, or Owl-Parrot Wandering Albatross on the Nest Tooth-Billed Pigeon Lesser Sheathbills . The Wry-bill The Dugong The Sperm-Whale. White-Tailed Tropic-Bird Greater Frigate-Bird Green Turtle : : 5 Galapagos Sea-Lizard Spot-Tailed Sea-Snake Koelreuter’s Mud-Skipper Four-Horned Sculpin Bristle-Fish Sword-Fish Sail-Fish Mackerel John Dory. Lump-Sucker Gapu Sucker-Fish . Scorpena . Banks’s Oar-Fish Angler-Fish Coffer-Fish Lesser Sun-Fish LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE 338 339 341 Sea- Horse Flying-Fish The Blue Shark Port Jackson Shark Saw-Fish A Sting-Ray A Coral-Reef at Low Tide A Simple Sea-Squirt American King-Crab Hyndmann’s Sea-Cucumber Scotoplanes globosa . A Medusa . Venus’ Flower-Basket Neptune’s Cup Sponge i ‘ ay A y eat vee : 2. . i ; ‘ é ‘ 2 © . 7 y ” . F , om 7 ‘ f : \ “p : i Mi f " , . i ‘ . - © ‘ = i) , ‘ 5 i ‘ IN Jel IR Ia VOL. III. —I SACRED IBIS. CHAPTER I GENERAL REMARKS ON AFRICA AND ITS FAUNA To the naturalist, and more especially to the paleontologist, Africa is one of the most interesting continents of the world, not only on account of the peculiarity of the fauna of its central and southern portion, but from the fact that it has existed as land from a very remote geological epoch, namely, from the one known as the Permian, which immediately succeeded the Carboniferous or Coal period of Europe. From the Permian and overlying Triassic formations of southern Africa have been obtained the remains of an extensive group of extinct reptiles, which are of exceptional interest on account of the fact that they include types which pass almost imperceptibly into the primitive salamanders, and others which appear undoubtedly to represent the ancestral stock from which mammals have originated. At the period when these mammal-like, or anomodont, reptiles flourished Africa appears to have been connected with India by way of Madagascar and the Comoro and Seychelle Islands; and it is almost certain that somewhere in this vast continent the passage from reptiles to mammals took place; the probability being that the evolution took place in its southern portion—that is to say, in 3 4 AFRICA AND ITS FAUNA central or southern. This event is, perhaps, the most important of those connected with the life-history of the world which ever took place, for it was the commence- ment of the chain of evolution which culminated, under Divine guidance, in the evolution of man himself. For many years little or nothing was known with regard to the past history of mammalian life in Africa, and it became an axiom among naturalists that for countless ages preceding the modern period the whole of this continent lying to the southward of the Sahara was devoid of mammals, and that it received the ancestors of its existing fauna from the countries to the north. Although this appears to have been really the case with regard to a consider- able portion of the mammalian fauna, it does not hold good for the groups now represented by the elephants and the hyraxes, of which the ancestral types have been discovered in the lower Tertiary or Eocene formations of the Fayum district of Egypt—formations which are incalculably later in time than those containing the remains of the aforesaid mammal-like reptiles. It is, moreover, highly probable that the man-like apes are also an African product, seeing that their earliest known representative flourished at the same time and in the same area as the ancient Egyptian forerunners of the elephants. Another feature of special interest in respect to the past history and evolution of Africa is the geological and paleontological evidence pointing to the existence of a former land connection between that continent and South America on the one hand and Australia on the other; these connections being the last remnants of the earlier and much more extensive land-area which has been named (from the Gond tribes of India) Gondwanaland. This great land-area appears to have been gradually broken at various epochs, and its remnants are now respectively represented by Australia, India, Africa, and Brazil. The separation of Brazil seems to have been the final stage in the dismemberment of this ancient continent ; but the geological epoch in which the severance occurred cannot yet be definitely fixed. Some naturalists believe that it took place at the close of the Mesozoic, or Secondary, epoch, which immediately preceded the Tertiary, but others, especially Americans, believe that it persisted into the latter epoch. At one time it was considered that the occurrence of an extinct genus of insectivorous mammals (Necrolestes) in the middle Tertiary Santa Cruz formation of Patagonia, closely related to the golden moles (Chrysochloris) of southern and eastern Africa, implied a very late connection between South America and Africa, but the subsequent discovery in North America of extinct genera allied to the golden moles rendered this evidence of little or no importance. On the other hand, the belief that certain extinct flesh-eating mammals from the Santa Cruz beds, typified by the genus Prothylacynus, are true marsupials, near akin to the modern Tasmanian wolf (Thylacynus), is of great importance as indicating a late land communication between South America and Australia. Further evidence in the same direction is afforded by the occurrence in the late Tertiary deposits of Patagonia and Queensland—and nowhere else in the world—of gigantic horned land tortoises (Miolania) of an altogether peculiar and isolated type. Turning to another point, it is mentioned in the next chapter that the fauna of Africa is of an entirely different type from that of the central and southern Dsl NATIVE RACES 5 parts of the continent; and it is not a little remarkable that this division of Africa into two great and distinct faunistie areas is very closely paralleled by the distribution of the various types of the human race in that continent. Northern and part of Kast Africa is, for instance, populated by tribes, such as the Berbers, the members of the Semitic group, as represented by Jews, Arabs, and Abyssinians, and the various types of the Hamitic group, inclusive of the Fellahin and Copts of Egypt, the Gallas of southern Abyssinia, the Somalis, the Bisharin and Hadendoa Arabs of the eastern Sudan, and the Bahima of Uganda, all of which are related to the Caucasian or white races of Europe and western Asia. On the other hand, the greater portion of what is conveniently termed Ethiopian Africa, or that portion of the continent situated to the south of the Sahara and Libyan Deserts, is the main home of the Negro stock, which constitutes the lowest branch of the human race. The Negro, or Ethiopian, races, it may be noted, are characterised by their dark, often nearly black, complexion and black hair, typically of the kind ealled “frizzly”; that is to say, a type in which each hair is closely rolled upon itself, and has an elliptical or flattened section. The beard is of scanty or moderate development, the skull is almost invariably of the long type, the cheek-bones are small and moderately retreating, the nose is broad and flat, with a low bridge, the eyes are prominent, the lips thick and everted, and the teeth relatively large. African Negroes are divisible into two main sections— the typical Negroes, who inhabit that portion of the continent north of a line extending from the Rio del Rey to the Albert Nyanza, and thence with a southerly trend to the coast, and the Bantu, as represented by Katfirs, to the southward of the same. The members of the first group present great similarity of physical type, and are chiefly distinguished by language; the converse being the case with the Bantu. The pigmies of Central Africa, scientifically known as Negrillos, are a dwarf race in which the hair is of the most frizzly type, and the complexion lighter than that of most Negroes; but the projecting jaws, wide nose, and pro- truding lips exhibit an ultra development of the Negro type, and thus show a low grade of organisation. Except as regards bodily size, their only essential difference from true Negroes is the tendency to a shortening and broadening of the skull. The South African Bushmen, now almost exterminated as a pure type, constitute a modification of the Negro stock in which the hair exhibits the extreme development of the frizzly type. It is, for instance, shorter and more sparse than in typical Negroes, and presents the appearance of growing in separate tufts which coil up into balls, and is hence known as the “pepper-corn” type. The beard is scanty, and little hair is developed on any part of the body except the scalp; while the skin is of a dirty yellow colour very like that of leather. THE BEATRIX ORYX. CHAPTER II Tuer ANIMALS OF NORTHERN AFRICA Ir might well be supposed that the whole of the great southern continent of the Old World would possess an assemblage of animals different from those of Europe and Asia; but, as a matter of fact, this is true only for that portion of Africa lying to the southward of the Sahara Desert, which has formed for ages an impenetrable barrier between the fauna of the northern districts and that of the vast tracts of country to the southward. The North African fauna is, indeed, practically a part of that of southern Europe and western and north-western Asia; and naturalists recognise a Mediterranean province, or transitional region, which comprises the countries on both sides of the Mediterranean, and extends eastwards to the north- western borders of the Punjab and Kashmir. The essential difference of this fauna from that of central and southern Africa will be apparent when we come to the consideration of the latter in a subsequent chapter. The southern limit of the North African fauna is approximately marked by the twentieth parallel of N. latitude on the western side of the continent. On the eastern side the valley of the Nile has, however, rendered it possible for freer communication to take place between the northern animals and those of the central and southern area; and here consequently we find the distinction between the northern fauna and that of the rest of the continent much less sharply defined. It is, in fact, impossible to draw on this side a hard and fast line between the two faunas. For this reason it has been convenient to include in the present chapter 6 . BARBARY APE 7 certain species inhabiting the Nile valley which were as important to the ancient inhabitants of that tract as they are to their present-day successors. It must be added that since the North African fauna agrees in the main with that of the rest of the Mediterranean province, the animals selected for notice will, to a great extent, be those chiefly or exclusively characteristic of the African portion of that area. The greater part of northern Africa is chiefly a mountainous and plateau country ; the main exceptions to this character being the valley of the Nile and the coast plains of Tripoli and Algeria. Much of the area is, indeed, more or less bare and desert-like; the desert conditions attaining their maximum develop- ment in the Sahara, which commences to the southward of the chain of the Atlas, and extends to the 15th parallel of north latitude, with a breadth in some parts of more than a thousand miles. This great sterile area, interspersed locally with oases, forms a plateau with a general elevation of probably not more than between 1000 and 1500 feet above sea-level. Its present barren char- acter may not improbably be attributed to the destruction of primeval forests, the former existence of which is attested by the silicified trunks of trees met with in various localities. What caused the destruction at the comparatively early epoch when these fossil trees flourished is not definitely known, but it is possible that wild camels, remains of which occur in the superficial formations of Algeria, may have been the chief agents. It may be noted that the sea around Malta and Sicily is comparatively shallow, and that another bank stretches out from the coast of Tripoli, leaving a narrow channel of not more than 250 fathoms between the two shallow areas. An elevation of some 1500 feet would accord- ingly have been sufficient to unite Africa with Italy, while a similar elevation would have connected Morocco and Spain, thus leaving in former times two immense lakes to represent what is now the Mediterranean. The only true North African monkey is the so-called Barbary ape (Macacus inwus), which belongs to a genus otherwise exclusively Asiatic in its distribution; this particular species differimge from its relatives by the complete absence of a tail,—an appendage which attains a considerable length in several of the Asiatic macaques. The Barbary ape is a native of the north- western corner of Africa, where it is specially common in the environs of Constantine. It is, however, also found on Gibraltar, but whether introduced, or whether a survivor from the time when that rock was connected by a land-bridge with Africa, is a moot point. This ape, known to the French as the magot, and to the ancients as the pithecus, was probably the only tailless member of its tribe with which the latter were acquainted. Aristotle described it unmistakably, while Galen wrote a description of its anatomy to which the ancients owed such knowledge as they possessed of the structure of the human skeleton. In size it is about equal to an average dog, and in colour is light yellowish brown above and on the outer sides of the limbs. The head and a stripe on the cheeks are somewhat darker, while the under-parts are dull yellowish white, and the bare callosities flesh-coloured. A small foid of skin, unconnected with the backbone, is the sole vestige of the tail. So common were these apes in the forests of the Atlas near the sea at the Barbary Ape. 8 THE ANIMALS OF NORTHERN AFRICA end of the eighteenth century, that they some- times appeared in crowds in the trees in the j outskirts of Stora. Associating in troops, they /, fed on pine-apples, chestnuts, figs, melons, pis- tachio-nuts, and, in spite of every pre- caution, made general havoc in the gardens of the Arabs; two or three of the troops keeping watch on neighbouring trees or rocks, whence they warned their fellows of approaching danger. Years ago they abounded on the rock of Gibraltar, where there were several distinct troops; but on account. of the damage they inflicted on fruit-gardens, more especi- ally fig-trees, they were killed off to such an extent that, in order to prevent their complete extermina- tion, their destruction was in 1858 prohib- ited, and now, after many vicissitudes, they are once more on the increase. When counted in 1856, there were found to be only four or five magots BARRARY APE. imported from Morocco, with which the three on Gibraltar, and in 1863 their number had decreased to three. The then governor accordingly introduced four young magots, two males and two females, vivors soon made friends. The party increased, how- ever, very slowly; and in the spring of 1872, two of the monkeys were killed by an officer just arrived at Gibraltar, and ignorant of the garrison-order pro- tecting the magots. These were soon replaced by two or three others from Morocco; but the latter were killed by the Gibraltar monkeys and one full-grown male fell a victim to a fire which raged on the rock in June 1874. At that time several young magots were born, so that by the spring of 1875 the troop consisted BARBARY APE 9 of six adult females, two large males, and anumber of young. Although one of the males looked in poor condition and seemed to be very old, the other was exceedingly vigorous, and took the leadership of the troop. He kept order by biting or running after obstinate members of the party, and headed the gang when changing their residence. The loss of this male, which was missed on the 17th of August 1875 and found dead in the beginning of September of the same year, seems to have hindered the increase of the troop, for between 1875 and the end of 1877 no young were born. Towards the end of that year the troop consisted of four adult and as many younger females, and of four medium-sized members of the same sex, together with one male of about the same size, and five younger males about three years old; but since the death of the old monkey, the troop did not keep so well together and its members quarrelled a great deal among themselves. In 1880 they were flourishing once more, for in the preceding spring there had been born four young, two of which, strangely enough, had short tails; and in 1893 the number had increased to thirty. The Gibraltar magots are fond of the steep slope of the rock facing the Mediterranean and inaccessible to man; but they are very sensitive to the cold damp east wind which blows against that side from time to time, and therefore move to the western slope, looking towards the town, whenever the wind blows from the east. Their favourite abode is a spot situated above the Alameda garden at the foot of Charles v.’s wall, about half-way up the western side of the rock, which is covered with bushes, and called the monkeys’ garden. Another shelter to which they retire four or five hours before a change of wind sets in is the monkey-cavern, close to the sea. The monkeys in the course of time grew so intimate with their protector, the signalman, that they ventured within the fence of the signal-station, especially during droughts in summer, in order to get water. The signalman never saw them eat any of the food put out for them, except grapes, which they seemed to appreciate; but they greedily ate grass, as well as all kinds of roots and bulbs, such as those of the yellow Cape sorrel, along with the fruits of the palmetto, which are equally appreciated by the Gibraltar street-boys, who call them monkeys’ dates. Sometimes fights take place among the monkeys; one of the offenders being chased down steep ridges, stumbling and rolling every now and then, but, if necessary, grasping twigs of bushes, or clutching projecting corners of rocks, and thus covering several hundred feet in a few moments. On one oceasion, when a large male monkey was caught in an ammunition-box, to which it had been enticed by fruits, it could not be overpowered until three artillerymen threw themselves upon it with their cloaks. After it had been chained up and become reconciled to confinement, it used to scrutinise the whereabouts of its former companions from a place overlooking the eastern slope of the rock. This, however, was a sign, not of longing for, but of fearing its fellows, as it showed the strongest symptoms of terror every time they approached. On another occasion two females were observed sitting beside each other, chattering, and comparing their young: they were soon after joined by a male, which took its place between them, and joined in the conversation for some minutes. This male used almost continu- ally to carry about one or two of the young ones during the summer. In captivity these apes are fond of taking care of smaller animals, even those belonging to quite 10 THE ANIMALS OF NORTHERN AFRICA different groups, and will carry them about, caress them with evident satisfaction, and defend them furiously in case of any attempt to take them away. They are also very sociable, and make friends with any larger animals kept in the same cages. When young they are lively, active, clever, and good-natured, but with increasing age they grow surly and often positively vicious. Among the insect-eating mammals, the pigmy Egyptian musk- shrew (Crocidura religiosa) is noteworthy as being one of the smallest of non-flying mammals; it is considerably smaller than the European pigmy shrew- mouse, being only 13 inches long, exclusive of the tail, which is just under an inch in length. Possibly, however, a Malagasy species is still smaller. There are two much larger kinds of musk-shrews inhabiting Egypt, namely C. olivieri and C. (Pachyura) crassicaudata. The bodies of all three were carefully embalmed by the ancient Egyptians. A pigmy species (C. [P.] etrusca) also occurs in Algeria, Arabia, and southern Europe, where it inhabits the south of France, Italy, Sicily, Trieste, and the Crimea. It differs from the Egyptian species in the number of its teeth. Hedgehogs are represented in north-western Africa by Erinaceus algirus, a near ally of the ordinary. European species. Egypt is, however, the home of a second and smaller kind, the long-eared hedgehog, E. auritus, which is also found in Cyprus, and on the Continent to the north extends from the Caucasus and Asia Minor into central Asia. In addition to its diminutive size and large ears, it is characterised by the absence of a bare patch on the forehead, and the longitudinal grooving of the spines, which also carry minute tubercles. The southward range of this species extends towards Nubia, but on the upper Nile it is replaced by the larger EH. wthiopicus. Of greater interest is the exclusively African family of jumping- shrews, Macroscelididw, represented in Algeria by Macroscelides rozett. Some of these animals are of the size of a rat, but all progress by hopping on their hind-legs after the manner of miniature kangaroos; and to adapt them for this kind of movement the basal bones of the hind-feet are unusually elongated. They are also characterised by the great length of the muzzle, which forms a kind of trunk, whence the name rat-c-trompe, applied to the Algerian species by the French. Musk-Shrew. Hedgehogs. Jumping-Shrews, The following account of the habits of a captive specimen of one of these elephant-shrews, as the jumping-shrews are often called, is given by Major G. B. H. Barrett-Hamilton: “Its most curious feature was its proboscis, which was never still for a moment, but seemed to be constantly affected with a kind of St. Vitus’s dance, twitching now to this side, now to that, now up, now down. When the end of the proboscis, during its twitchings, came over an ant, its motions would change slightly, and it would quiver over the ant as if aware of its presence. Then suddenly out would dart a long, thick tongue, the ant vanished as if by magic, and its fate was indicated only by the working of the little jaws of the shrew Except for the very much lesser use of the eyes, the performance put me in mind of the feeding of a toad. Nearly all its food was taken by the use of the proboscis, but occasionally by using its eyes. When hungry the proboscis was often put right into the holes of lumps broken off ant-hills placed in the box, and the ants JUMPING-SHRE WS—LION II were then taken out with the tongue. From this habit and its enormous eyes, I believe that the elephant-shrew must be largely nocturnal in its feeding. But it may certainly be observed in sunny places in the daytime, either sitting quietly in the sun, or moving suddenly and with extraordinary rapidity. I have seen it on rocks and in ruined houses, where it is evidently common, and with the colour of which its back harmonises well. In fact, on ‘No. 2’ kopje on a sunny after- noon I could always be sure of observing two or three at the same time. The individual I kept alive showed no resistance or temper. It made no attempt to bite, and if much frightened lay quite flat for some-minutes on the floor of its box, shivering all over, its ears flattened back, and its large, conspicuous eyes shut. At such times it occasionally ‘drums, like a rabbit, with one of its hind-feet.” Although common to the whole of Africa, as well as to a con- siderable portion of south-western Asia, such an important animal as the lion (Felis leo) cannot be passed over without notice in this place. This animal is too well known to need description, and it will suffice to mention that the male is distinguished from all other members of the cat tribe by the profuse mane clothing the head and fore-quarters. Young lions are marked with dark streaks and spots, and such markings persist for a long period, if not permanently, in the East African representative of the species. The lion is thus evidently descended from a spotted or striped animal. Although in South Africa both black-maned and tawny-maned lions may apparently occur in the same litter, yet there are certain local differences in regard not only to the length, thickness, extent, and colour of the mane, accompanied by differences in the general colour of the coat and by certain other peculiarities, on the strength of which the lion has been divided into a number of races, or sub- species. Among these, the North African lion (Ff. leo barbara) is specially characterised by its large bodily size, dusky ochery colour, and the long and profuse mane, which extends as far as the middle of the back, and is also developed on the under surface of the body. In the lioness of this race the inner side of the fore-legs is white. In addition to the mane, the tuft at the end of the tail is a feature common to the males of all lions. In this tuft there occurs frequently, although not apparently invariably, a small horny spur, the function of which still remains unknown. The lion readily adapts itself to the conditions of its natural surroundings, which are by no means always the same; its haunts in many parts of Africa being dry open plains, while in the valleys of the Euphrates and Tigris dense reed-bushes are the favoured places. In former times the Indian race (¥. l. gujratensis) was once common on the sandy plains of Rajputana, but it is now restricted to the Gir forest of Kathiawar. The Mesopotamian race (Ff. l. asiatica) still inhabits the swampy lowlands of the Euphrates and Tigris. In Africa lions formerly abounded in the Kalahari desert, and till quite recently, at any rate, were just as common in the uplands of Mashonaland, in the rugged districts watered by the tributaries of the Zambesi, in the thorny scrub westward of the Gwai River, and in the marshes of the Linyanti. The number and ferocity of the lions encountered during the construction of the Uganda railway have become historical. Lion, 12 THE ANIMALS OF NORTHERN AFRICA In all such diverse stations hons lead a nocturnal life, and are but seldom seen by day, when they take their rest, either in high grass or among thickets and bushes. At sunset they start on the prowl, when they make themselves heard to a greater or less degree according to the state of the weather. It is during dark and stormy nights that they are most daring and venturesome ; and they are much more de- liberate and cautious in moon- light, especially when visiting their drinking-places. Under all circumstances they are, how- ever, in the habit of roaring loudly and repeatedly, in which respect they differ markedly NORTH AFRICAN LION. from all the other members of the cat tribe, which are comparatively silent animals. ‘ Some travellers state the lion’s roar is terrifying only if heard amid pouring rain which extinguishes the camp-fire, on a dark, stormy night, lit up by dazzling lightning, with no chance of mounting a tree; and that no one sitting comfortably in a house, or beneath the tented roof of an ox-cart, would ever be startled by such a roar. It has, moreover, been definitely asserted that a European is able to distin- LION 13 guish the lion’s roar from the call of a male ostrich solely because the one is heard at night and the other by day. Other sportsmen and travellers ridicule the idea of any comparison between the roar of the lion and that of the ostrich ; asserting that while from a distance the roaring of a solitary lion has no doubt a great resemblance to the pairing-call of the ostrich, yet to compare the roar of a lion close by to the call of an ostrich would be like comparing the rattling of a carriage across a bridge to the rolling of thunder in the mountains. When lions are roaring together at a short distance in concert the combined noise has been asserted to surpass every other sound in grandeur. One traveller states, for instance, that nothing in the way of power and profuseness of sound is to be compared to the roaring of a lion, which literally shakes the earth, and that nothing sounded so grand to his ears as a lion’s roar in the otherwise completely undisturbed silence of an African desert night. Another traveller describes the power and grandeur of the lion’s roar as reaching its zenith when two or three troops of challengers approach a drinking- place, and each challenges the other troops by its roars. Nowadays every European can find at least an occasional opportunity of forming his own opinion on the lion’s roar, as these animals are kept in every zoological garden and every menagerie, when in the evening after they have been fed, as well as during the night, they raise their voices if anything too frequently. As regards the nature of the roar, one writer describes it as consisting of a five-or-six-times-repeated dull deep, plaintive sound ending in a weak sigh, which is only audible in the immediate neighbourhood of the animal. At other times he compares it to a sequence of deep, but loud, solemn rolling sounds, gradually increasing in strength until the third or fourth repetition, which at last die away in a murmuring growl resembling far-off thunder. The trembling ground, writes another observer, seems to pour forth the deep powerful roar of the lion; and this comparison is certainly not unfounded, for lions roar with their heads bent to the ground, thereby greatly strengthening the effect and reverberation of their voices. One lion, watched by a well-known traveller, used to repeat his roar for hours in this fashion. A thoroughly experienced observer, much as he may admire it, cannot be startled by the grandeur of the lion’s roar, as it does not indicate either hunger or thirst for blood. Lions, indeed, often roar when they are satisfied ; and the loudness of their voice would certainly not assist them in surprising their prey. In isolated and undisturbed parts the roar may be heard on bright, sunny days till nine or ten o'clock in the morning, and in rainy weather, or when the sky is clouded, even all day long, although in a subdued tone. Generally a lion begins to roar in the evening gloom, and continues with shorter or longer intervals through the whole night; a roaring lion, as already mentioned, not being always hungry. The roar of the lion is specially meant for its fellows; but other sounds, audible only when in close proximity, are much more alarming, as, for instance, the uninterrupted growling, when the animal, surprised in its haunts, puts down its ears, waves its tail in an uneasy manner, and, hesitating between flight and attack, examines the situation, and tries to warn off the intruder by its attitude. Neither is the angry grunting of a partially satiated lion, when surprised at its meal and unable to flee, calculated to induce any confidence. Most terrific, however, are the short, coughing sounds of a lion when preparing to attack. Although in some districts lions go 14 THE ANIMALS OF NORTHERN AFRICA about either alone or in pairs, parties of four, five, or even more are far from uncommon in the interior of South Africa, and troops of ten or twelve are not considered rare. Even in large troops each female has been stated to associate with a particular male, and that the union of a lion and lioness generally lasts for life; but the statement has recently been disputed. Although in Africa the prey of lions comprises antelopes, giraffes, zebras, and buffaloes, one observer has stated that in some districts the latter are the chief objects of pursuit, and on one occasion he saw a whole troop of buffaloes dis- persed by lions at night. On the other hand, the same observer believes that buftaloes do not form the favourite food of the South African lion, but that a lion would prefer a rhinoceros to a buffalo, and a zebra to a rhinoceros, since soft juicy fat affords him a dainty feast, and as he is unable to overpower rhinoceroses and hippopotamuses, no other animals would furnish such a large supply of such food as zebras. These animals keep, however, as much as possible to the open plains, and never approach a thicket from which a lion might be able to attack them, thus giving their enemy opportunities only at the drinking- places. On the other hand, buffaloes appear to be continually in the vicinity of the haunts of lions, although they are dangerous objects of attack. As a matter of fact, buffaloes not unfrequently wound and even kill lions, but nevertheless often form their principal food. Lions are, however, by no means restricted to animals killed by themselves; they are, for instance, partial to the flesh of rhinoceroses, and will gorge themselves from careases of these animals even when in an advanced stage of decomposition. Again, when the careases of elephants are left to decay in the rays of the tropical sun till they form a mass of corruption, lions will come and feast on them night after night, till all the flesh is devoured. This happens in districts rich in game, where lions would have little trouble in procuring fresh zebra or antelope meat. Old and infirm lions, no longer able to kill large prey, are perforce content with small animals, and will catch mice and other small rodents, and even graze occasionally, while in the neighbourhood of villages they devote their attention to the goats of the natives, or attack any women and children who may cross their paths at night. It is not improbable, were they suffered to live long enough, that some lions, when too weak to hunt game, would become, like tigers under similar conditions, regular man-eaters; but owing to the courage of the natives, which far surpasses that of most of the inhabitants of India, this never happens in the greater part of Africa. After two or three of their fellows have fallen victims to a lion, the inhabitants of the district are called together to form a hunting-party, and soon surround and kill the lion with their spears; and even if a lion kill merely an ox or a goat in the land of the warlike Matabili, he is generally doomed. In Zululand, Tongaland, and Swaziland a few man-eating lions were, however, stated to be in existence, and there are stories about one lion, apparently in full strength, or, at any rate, able to leap the high fences surrounding the Zulu villages, which killed between thirty and forty people and almost depopulated the country. Another lion had grown notorious for its frequent attacks on the hunters’ encampments, although it inhabited a country rich in game. LION 15 Apart from those to which human prey has become habitual, lions, if un- provoked, usually leave man alone. By some writers the lion is described as a bloodthirsty but noble animal, while others, perhaps with more justice, call it cowardly and mean ; at any rate, it generally avoids an encounter when possible. If it acts otherwise, there is usually some special reason; either the sportsman has come upon it unawares, so that it sees no way of escape, and, driven by this fear, ventures on an attack, or it has been half-famished and disturbed by the intruder in the act of devouring its prey, which it has no intention to relinquish. On the other hand, the lioness will invariably defend her young against any real or imaginary danger. When unmolested, lions in some parts of Africa are by no means dreaded by the natives, the Hamran Arabs of the Sudan showing, for instance, no fear of the numerous lions of their country; when much harassed, these animals are, however, looked upon with more respect. It may be added that there are a few cases in which lions have attacked man without previous provoca- tion, this holding good not only for famished, but for exceptionally disposed animals. In an event of this kind reported some few years ago from East Africa three natives were walking along the edge of a lagoon, when suddenly a lion, which had announced its presence by nothing but a low rustling, leapt on the first and threw him on the ground. When the other two, who at first had climbed a tree but soon returned to the pursuit, were going to fire, the lion, with a terrific roar which almost prevented them from running, delivered a frontal attack. Having first caught up one of the pair, it shook him for some seconds, and then turned to the second, who had meanwhile taken advantage of his respite and fled, and by a hair’s- breadth escaped the spring of the enraged beast. The latter then returned to its latest victim, who was not yet dead, seized him in its mouth, but soon dropped him again, then threw him like a cat does a mouse to and fro between its paws, and finally killed him by one bite of its jaws. The only survivor of the party had taken refuge in a tree, where he was besieged by the lion for hours, but was eventually able, at the risk of his life, to pick up his gun and shoot the lion dead. A lion-hunter who is able to ascend a tree is always out of danger so long as he remains there, for the lion is one of the few cats incapable of climbing trees. There is not, however, always a tree at hand for the lion-hunter, when, on foot, he finds himself exposed to attack. Lion-hunting is, indeed, by no means free from danger, although not so dangerous that experienced sportsmen, who are acquainted with the habits of lions and shoot straight, should run any very great risk of their lives. Nevertheless, an English sportsman in South Africa who succeeded in killing sixteen lions, declared lion-hunting to be very much more dangerous than any other kind of South African shooting; and although he admitted that more accidents took place in buffalo-shooting, he explained this by the fact that in his time about fifty buffaloes were killed to one lion. He added, however, that the danger of lion-hunting is diminished when dogs are employed, so long as the attention of the lion is diverted by these from the sportsman. Even then, however, the lion will sometimes go straight for the hunter. On the other hand, a mounted man should generally be able to save himself on even ground, as the speed of the lion is not sufficient to overtake a horse. A lion, although he apparently never leaps, but runs like a dog in an awkward 16 THE ANIMALS OF NORTHERN AFRICA gallop, moves with relatively great speed, and even in his ordinary pace covers, owing to his long strides, a considerable distance in a shorter time than at first appears to be the case. This rapidity of movement and the capacity of the lion for hiding in long grass, in which he is perhaps cleverer than any other animal, make it a dangerous thing for a hunter on foot to pursue a wounded lion, however easy the first attack may have been. Even a wounded lion sometimes springs with lightning-like rapidity on the pursuer; and in any case the death of a hunter approaching a wounded lion is pretty certain, instances in which natives armed only with spears have killed lions before they themselves were badly wounded being exceptions. Generally a whole troop of natives, armed with spears, join in attacking a lion, which sometimes leaps at one bound over the heads of the nearest men right into their midst, rushing from one to the other, striking down a man with each blow of his paws, and at last dying pierced by innumerable spears. Whatever exaggeration may occur in descriptions of the sport, it is at any rate clear that the danger in the case of a solitary lion-hunter on foot is infinitely greater than in tiger-hunting from the back of an elephant. Lions, like tigers, attack their prey with a cough-like roar, They advance rapidly, with their bodies close to the ground (not erect as so often represented in pictures), and with their ears laid so close down as to make them look almost earless, and on reaching their foes at once strike them to the ground. One well-known traveller has related that the pain experienced as the claws and teeth of the lion pierce the flesh is less than might be expected, and that only the breaking of the bones between the powerful jaws of the beast is really agonising. The same observer states that he experienced nothing of that stupor, which has been said by other travellers attacked by lions to prevent any feeling of pain. He considers it best to keep perfectly quiet under such circumstances, as lions bite at everything that moves. Lions do not apparently dislocate the neck-vertebree of their victims in the fashion of tigers, as cows and other animals killed by lions have been found with their necks unbroken; and a lioness has been seen clutching a camel for several minutes without making the slightest attempt to break its neck. Other lions have been observed to kill a horse, a small elephant, and two antelopes by biting at the throat, and zebras by biting them close behind the head in the back of the neck. Buffaloes alone are said to be sometimes killed by lions leaping upon their shoulders and smashing their noses with one paw, by which means the necks of the victims are suddenly bent sideways, thus breaking the vertebral column. In former times lions were believed to throw large animals, such as oxen and buffaloes, across their backs and carry them off bodily in this summary fashion ; but modern observers agree in regarding this as impossible, and that the bodies of large animals are dragged along the ground. The same holds good even for small antelopes ; and in no case would a lion be able to jump over a high fence with an ox or a buffalo on its back. When dragging away their prey, lions do not present the majestic appearance which we observe in zoological gardens when we see one of these animals standing with head erect, apparently gazing into space. In Africa the lioness generally produces three or four eubs at birth, but in India the number is stated not to exceed three, and to be often only two. When LEOPARD—WILD CAT—SERVAL—JUNGLE-CAT 17 playing with their cubs, lions are remarkably like ordinary cats; and in captivity they often become almost as tame as the latter, the fact of their being more dangerous being largely due to their superior strength and size, and not to a greater inherent ferocity of character. As leopards have been referred to in the chapter on the animals of Asia, it will suffice to mention in this place that they range all over the African continent; and that in the mountains of Morocco they are represented by a large-spotted race, which, together with another from East Africa, approximates in its markings to the Asiatic races of the species much more than do the ordinary small-spotted African leopards. Yet another race (Felis pardus nimr), inhabiting the Red Sea littoral and Abyssinia, is greyish in. ground-colour, in some eases nearly black along the spine. Black leopards occur in Abyssinia and East Africa. Leopard. The European wild cat is represented in Africa by a nearly allied but shorter-haired species (Felis ocreata), of which the typical Egyptian race is believed to be the original ancestor of the domesticated cats of Europe. In both the European and the African wild cat the body is marked with transverse dark stripes; but these tend to disappear to a greater or less degree in the adults of the latter. In the African species, which is found in Sardinia as well as over the greater part of Africa, the four dark stripes on the top of the head are much less distinct than in its European relative, and if present at all on the nape of the neck are narrower and closer together. HKastwards this cat ranges into Syria and Arabia. The northern race was tamed by the ancient Egyptians, who have left at Bubastis and Beni-Hassan vast numbers of its mummified carcases. One of the ancient Egyptian frescoes in the British Museum represents a scene in which fowlers are accompanied in a boat by a tame cat which was probably trained to assist in the capture of birds. Another species of cat met with in North Africa and likewise ranging over the greater portion of the continent is the serval (Ff. serval), of which there are several local varieties or races, while wholly black individuals are occasionally killed. In consequence of the length of its limbs and the shortness of its tail (which is scarcely half the length of the head and body) the serval is by no means such a graceful animal as many other members of the cat tribe. The general colour of the fur is light fawn, with a more or less distinct tinge of orange, passing into whitish on the under-parts. Upon this are a number of solid black spots arranged in rows on the flanks and back, and on the middle line of the back becoming so elongated as almost to blend into parallel stripes. These spots are, of course, totally different from the light-centred rosettes of the leopard. Although the cheeks are devoid of dark bars, the inner side of the upper part of each fore-leg is marked by a pair of black transverse bands, and the black- tipped tail ornamented with sable rings. The ears also are black behind, although relieved by a light spot near the tip. A large serval will measure as much as 40 inches to the root of the tail, while that appendage may reach a length of 16 inches. North Africa is also the home of a local race of the jungle-cat (F. chaus), a species of which the typical race is a native of India. The African race (F. ¢. nilotica) of this well-known species is characterised by its VOL. I11.—2 Wild Cat. Serval. Jungle-Cat. 18 THE ANIMALS OF NORTHERN AFRICA relatively large size, and dark, grizzled ears, which ditter in colour but little from the rest of the head. A totally different type of cat is the caracal or red lynx (F. curacal), a whole-coloured rufous species, with black ears, which forms in some degree a connecting link between the more typical representatives of the Felide and the true lynxes of the Northern Hemi- sphere. The range of the caracal is very extensive, reaching from Cape Colony through the desert districts of eastern Africa, Syria, and Persia to the plains of India. The North African race, which is of large size, has been named Fc. berberorum. Caracal. Another member of the cat tribe common to Asia and Africa is the hunting-leopard, or chita (Cynelurus jubatus), a large, long-legged animal, with spots recalling those of the serval, but distinguished from all other Felide by its non-retractile claws. As the hunting-leopard has been al- ready referred to in the second volume, a very brief notice will suffice in this place. The distribution of the African race (C. 7. guttatus), although known to be extensive, has not yet been fully defined. The species is, however, re- ported to be generally rare in the south-east of the con- tinent, but comparatively common in the rocky ravines of the Bengo Mountains, where it frequents dense forests, from which it issues forth to hunt its prey on the neighbouring plains. Hyzna and The striped hyena (Hyena striata) is yet another carnivore Civet-Tribe. ¢ommon to India and northern Africa, its range including also Arabia and Palestine, and in Africa extending all through the northern districts and a Hunting-Leopard. SERVAL. JAKALS—FOXES—DOGS 19 considerable distance down the east coast. The northern race, as typified by the Tunisian representative of the species, has been named H. s. swilla, while to the Abyssinian race has been given the title of H. s. hienomelas, and to the East African form that of H.s. schillingst; but the differences between all of these are only slight. Of the civet tribe (Viverride) it must suffice to mention that the genet (Genetta vulgaris) is a characteristic Mediterranean species, whose range includes southern Europe, south-eastern Asia, and North Africa; and that the Egyptian mongoose or ichneumon (Herpestes wchnewmon) has likewise a very similar distribution. Passing on to the dog tribe, or Canide, we find that northern Africa has two kinds of jackal peculiar to itself. The first and larger of these is the Egyptian jackal (Canis lupaster), which is in fact the largest and most wolf-like of its tribe. True wolves, it may be added, are unknown anywhere in Africa. Measuring about 50 inches in total length, the Egyptian jackal stands as much as 16 inches at the shoulder. Its general colour above is yellowish grey stippled with black; but the muzzle, the backs of the relatively short ears, and the outer sides of the hmbs are redder; while the hairy portions of the lips are white, and the terminal portion of the tail is darker than the back, with the tip black. The range of this species in Egypt does not apparently extend south of the first cataract, or eastwards of the Red Sea. The Morocco jackal (C. anthus), of north-western Africa generally, whence it extends as far south as Senegal, is a smaller, paler, sharper-nosed, longer-eared, and more lightly built animal than the Egyptian species. The common fox (C. vulpes) is represented in northern Africa apparently by three varieties, of which the Algerian race appears indistinguishable from the south European C. v. melanogaster. The fox of the Atlas Mountains has been separated as C. v. atlanticus, and the one inhabiting the Nile Valley as C. v. egyptiacus. A very distinct and characteristic animal of this tract is the fennee (C. zerda), of which the majority of specimens that reach Europe arrive from the Sahara by way of Algeria. The length of this little fox is only about 15 inches to the root of the tail; the length of that appendage being about 7 inches. In colour it is pale reddish fawn above and white beneath, with a black tip to the tail, and the usual dark gland-patch on the upper surface of the latter near the root. The long and wide ears are reddish brown externally, with a number of long and nearly white hairs along the inner margin. Fennecs are sociable animals, making their burrows together. inncient Apart from certain undetermined breeds depicted in the monu- Domesticated ments of the Pharaonie period, mummified Canidae from Assiout and Dogs. —_ other localities in Egypt include four breeds of domesticated dogs. The first of these is the ordinary Egyptian pariah, described as a feeble repre- sentative of the typical pariah of Constantinople. The second breed is the one referred to in the papyri as tesem, which was formerly regarded as a greyhound, but which appears, both from the skeleton and the frescoes, to be more like a large mongrel terrier, with upright ears and a long tail carried curled over the back. It was a relatively long-legged dog, with a short greyish yellow coat, and broad, prominent forehead, and in size somewhat exceeded the pariah. The third type, apparently the commonest of all, may be called the Egyptian house-dog, and was Jackals. Fox and Fennec Pre) - THE ANIMALS OF NORTHERN AFRICA considerably smaller than the ¢esem, but having a skull of similar type. Compared with that of the pariah, the skull is shorter and broader, with a much more elevated and prominent forehead. The fourth and last type is termed the Egyptian spitz, or loulow, and is said to resemble a breed still existing. It is considerably superior in size to the typical large Pomeranian, or spitz, and approximates to the mastiffs. The skull, which measures about 74 inches in length, and has a highly elevated forehead, indicates a very powerful dog, agreeing in this respect with its modern counterpart, the spitz of the Bedouins. There does not, however, appear to be any skull which ean be referred to the prick-eared and long-muzzled Ibiza greyhound, or the slughi, the former of which is so often represented in the Pharaonic paintings, and still survives in Majorca, while the latter is the favourite dog of the Bedouin. In addition to domesticated breeds of dog, the mummies from Assiout include both jackal and fox. Although bears are unknown in the east of Africa, the Atlas Mountains and certain other parts of northern Africa are reported to be the home of a little-known local race of the brown bear (Ursus arctus crowthert) said to be nearly black in colour, but no specimens are now known. Passing on to the Mustelide, or weasel tribe, it may be noted that the zorille or striped polecat (Ictonyx frenata), the typical representa- tive of a peculiar genus, inhabits Egypt and Sennar, and likewise those parts of south-western Asia bordering on the African continent, as well as the districts round Constantinople. Although the colouring is of the same general type as that of the American skunks, with which the striped polecat also agrees in its insufferable odour, there appears to be no near relationship between these two groups. The striped polecat is a rough-haired animal, brownish black in colour, with yellowish white longitudinal stripes; lke a skunk, it carries its bushy tail bent forwards over its back. In general habits it appears to be very similar to ordinary polecats, which, like martens, are unknown in Africa. To the natives of the Sudan the creature is known by the name of abu-eeffu, signifying “father of smells.” Brown Bear. Striped Polecat. Wild cattle, except in the shape of buffaloes, are entirely absent from Africa, where wild sheep are represented only by the arui or udad (Ammotragus lervia), which represents a genus by itself, and inhabits the steeper slopes of the dry southern side of the Atlas range, and extends from the Atlantic coast and the desert south of Biskra to the mountains of Egypt and the northern part of the Sudan. This species is broadly distinguished from other wild sheep by the mass of long hair developed on the throat, chest, and fore-legs, as well as by the length of the tail, which is thickly haired and reaches below the hocks. The long hair of the under-parts is developed only in the rams, the ewes having much shorter hair on the fore-quarters. The horns, which are well- developed in both sexes, seldom exceed about 25 inches in length in rams, and are unlike those of other wild sheep, both in shape and in the structure of their external surface, being directed to a great extent outwards, with but little curvature, and the ordinary wrinkles replaced by finer criss-cross markings. In height the arui stands over 3 feet at the shoulder. Its uniformly pale reddish yellow colouring harmonises to perfection with that of the limestone rocks of Udad or Arui. IBEX 21 its native mountains, where it is reported in Algeria and Tunis to keep to the side facing the desert. The two species of wild goat inhabiting the African continent are the Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) and the Abyssinian ibex (C. vali). The former of these is essentially a Mediterranean animal, being represented in the Sinaitic Peninsula and neigh- \ bouring districts by a local race. It is » a slenderly built species, with a good deal of white on the legs, and long, slender, scimitar-shaped horns, marked with bold knots on the front surface, of which the outer angle is much bevelled away. One of the Asiatic representa- tives of the species shows an approxi- mation in horn-characters to thewild goat Ibex. - ARUI. of southern Europe and Asia. Westwards this ibex probably ranges into Morocco. The Abyssinian species, on the other hand, is much more heavily built, with a 22 THE ANIMALS OF NORTHERN AFRICA rich reddish brown coat merging in places into black, and enormous black horns on which the knots are but slightly developed. It is a native of the high mountains of Simien, in central Abyssinia, and has only of late years become fully known in Europe. Further evidence of the intimate relationship existing between the fauna of northern Africa and the other Mediterranean countries is afforded by the Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas), a species with the typical lyrate gazelle-horns which ranges from the wilder districts of Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli eastwards into Egypt and the Egyptian Sudan, and is represented by allied species in the deserts of Syria and Palestine. The edmi, or Atlas gazelle (G. cwviert) is, on the other hand, a mountain-species confined to the north-western corner of Africa, although possessing near relatives in south-western Asia. The rhim, or Loder’s gazelle (G. leptoceros), characterised by its slender and compara- tively straight horns, has much the same distribution, and may be found not uncommonly in parts of Tunis, Algeria and the Sudan. According to an English sportsman, the rhim—Arabie el rhime and Tamahaq hankut—is the common gazelle of the Sahara. In the neighbourhood of Rhadamis great numbers of them are killed by the Arabs for the sake of their hides, which are dressed and coloured with a dye made from the rind of pomegranates previous to exportation. These gazelles are especially numerous in the Ergs district, but are also found in all parts of the Sahara where there is sufficient vegetation to afford them nutriment. Northwards of El-Oued-Souf, the only places in which they are to be met with are the district lying to the south-west of Bou Chama and near Sef-el-Menadi. Their horns are offered for sale in numbers in the bazar at Biskra, where skins may likewise be occasionally obtained. Some specimens of the horns of the bucks are so like those of the edmi that they are frequently sold as such. Asa rule, however, the horns of the rhim present the appearance of a long, evenly tapering \/, while those of the edmi are more inclined to be parallel, and usually take a forward and inward turn a little below the tips. White Oryx and Most of the North African mammals mentioned above are, as Addax. already mentioned, essentially Mediterranean types, having near relatives in southern Europe or south-western Asia. We come now to two which are exclusively African, or rather we might say Ethiopian, in distribution ; the term Ethiopian Africa being a convenient one to apply to that portion of the great continent lying to the south of the northern tropic, the fauna of which is so essentially different from that of North Africa, Europe, and Asia. These are the white oryx (Oryx algazel) and the addax (Addax nasomaculatus), both of which have a light-coloured dress specially adapted to a desert existence. The white oryx has a relative—the Beatrix oryx (Oryx lewcoryx)—in the deserts of Arabia and Syria, which may be a survivor marking the route of the migration of the ancestors of the modern Ethiopian mammals into Africa from India. The white oryx and the addax have, however, probably reached their present habitat by crossing the Sahara. The white oryx, sometimes known as the sabre-horned antelope, differs from its Ethiopian relatives by its scimitar-shaped horns, as it also does by its buffish white coat with patches of bright chestnut. These chestnut patches, it may be added, doubtless indicate the original colour of this antelope before it took to a purely desert existence. Gazelles. | ANTELOPE. SABLE WHITE ORYX AND ADDAX 23 Although now unknown in the country, in Pharaonic times the white oryx was an apparently common animal in Egypt, as is demonstrated by its occur- rence in the bas-reliefs and frescoes, where it is represented in a variety of postures and under many different circumstances. In some cases, for example, it is being led by Nubian slaves, in others it is being seized by dogs or shot by archers, while there are other instances in which it is depicted as being immolated for sacri- fice, while in another it is being dismembered by slaves, apparently for the table. Some of the coloured frescoes clearly show that the white oryx is the animal intended, the sabre-like horns being unmistakable, while in one instance the red shading seems intended for the chestnut on the neck. In a few pictures, however, the horns are straight, from which it has been inferred that they are intended to be portraits of the beisa oryx (0. beisa) of Somaliland and East Africa, although, as too much stress should not be laid on the shape of the horns, it may be that all the figures relate to the white oryx. The latter theory is supported not only on distributional grounds, but from the absence in the frescoes of any indications of the distinctive black markings of the beisa. Apart from this point, the evidence of the frescoes may be taken to prove that the white oryx inhabited Egypt, as indeed might naturally be surmised, seeing that the animal is essentially a member of the North African fauna. It was taken alive or killed by hunters, and its meat offered for sale in the butchers’ shops of the day, as is demonstrated by certain frescoes other than those mentioned above; but there was no evidence that it was in any sense a domesticated animal, although specimens may have been, and probably were, kept in confinement for a time. Under the third dynasty, it appears, the oryx was known by the general term raw, which might be applied to any animal, either wild or tame, although more frequently to the latter. Under the fourth dynasty the name became particularised by the addition of the syllable hez, signifying white; so that we have raw-hez, 1.e. the white oryx, a clear indication that we have to do with O. leucoryx, and not O. beisa. On one tomb, however, the animal is designated rau-ma, the syllable ma denoting in a general way any desert beast. Finally, from this terminal ma and the adjective hez was formed the compound ma-hez, 1.e. the white beast of the desert, which became the distinctive title of O. algazel, and persisted without modification till the Greco-Roman period. It may be added that the designation ma, is frequently applied to the lion, and gave origin to the Coptic name of that animal. The full and distinctive Egyptian title of the lion was, however, ma-hes, ie. the enchanting or fascinating beast of the desert (béte fascinatrice du desert). It further appears that ma-hez, the ancient Egyptian designation of the white oryx, is the same word as beisa, more accurately beiza (with the Arabic za), the Sudani title of O. beisa; the Danakil name being beiida and the Somali beid. According to a French naturalist, in this name the final consonant is, then, either z, as in Egyptian, ord. As regards the first part of the word, it is clearly composed of two syllables, be-i, ba-i, and even ve-%, with, between the two vowels, a sound which has been considered to be the Arabic ain. It appears, however, that the supposed ain is in reality h, as is shown by a recent transcription of the Somali name bheit. Hence the various forms of the name in tropical Africa appear to follow the types behiza, bahida, behid, beheit. If instead of the 24 _ZLHE ANIMALS OF NORTHERN AFRICA initial b we may admit an m, we have exactly the word ma-hez of the Egyptians, a word which, according to the epoch, is pronounced either ma-hed or ma-het. Finally, it seems that the African names behiza, bahida, beheit, and the Egyptian name ma-hez, pronounced later ma-hed and ma-het, are in reality the same; and the only question remaining for consideration is whether the Egyptians borrowed it from their southern neighbours, or whether the latter took it from the Egyptians. The addax is characterised by the open spiral formed by the horns, which, like those of the oryx, are common to both sexes, and are ringed almost throughout their whole length, and incline backwards nearly in the plane of the face. The shoulder-height is a little over 3 feet, and the horns measure from 26 to about 35 inches along the spiral. The greater part of the body is clothed with short, close hair, but the forehead carries a mass of long brown hair, and in winter a mane of similar hair covers the neck. Yellowish tawny is the general colour of the addax in summer, but in winter the tone is greyer; at all seasons there is a white band above the eyes. Like the white oryx, the addax ranges right across northern Africa, from the Sahara to the Egyptian Sudan. The addax is hunted by the Arabs not only for the sake of its flesh, but for the purpose of training their horses and slughi hounds; the parties often remaining out for weeks together. Another essentially Ethiopian type of antelope inhabiting northern Africa is the bubal hartebeest (Bubalis boselaphus), a small- sized member of an extensive group of large African antelopes characterised by their generally foxy colour, long, melancholy-looking faces, crowned with a pair of ringed and more or less sharply bent black horns of no great length, elevated withers, and long, tufted tails. The range of the bubal includes a large part of northern Africa, but does not, as formerly supposed, extend into Syria and Arabia ; the same holding good also for the white oryx and the addax. The bubal is the smallest representative of the hartebeests, standing some 37 inches at the withers. In colour it is uniformly reddish brown. On the crown of the head is a pedicle, from which, in both sexes, spring the relatively short and thick horns; these attaining a length of from 18 to 14 inches, and curving in the form of the letter U. The bubal is exterminated from the greater part of Tunisia: in West Africa it is replaced by the much larger western hartebeest (B. major). Among the negative peculiarities of the fauna of Ethiopian Africa is the total absence of the deer tribe, or Cervidw. Northern Africa, on the other hand, shows its affinity to other Mediterranean countries in possessing a small race of the red-deer, commonly known as the Barbary deer (Cervus elaphus barbarus). This deer, which is near akin to the Corsican stag (C. e. corsicanus), is characterised by the absence of a brow-tine to the antlers of the stags, and the frequent retention of light spots in the adult, as well as by its small stature. Its chief haunts are formed by the strip of forest-country extending from the Mediterranean coast on the frontiers of Algeria and Tunis southwards to the Sahara. Although there appears to be no evidence of the existence of truly wild fallow- deer (C. [Dama] dama) in northern Africa during the nineteenth century, it seems probable that this essentially Mediterranean species once inhabited certain Bubal Hartebeest. Deer. WILD BOAR—/JERBOA 25 portions of the north-western corner of the African continent, more especially the eastern side of Algeria. True swine are likewise absent from the fauna of Ethiopian Africa, but the forests of Morocco and Algeria are the home of a race of the European wild boar (Sus scrofa ferus), which appears to have but slight claims to distinction from the typical race of this well-known species. Leaving the ungulates and turning to the rodents, we find a very characteristic North African species in the Egyptian jerboa (Dipus jaculus, or Jaculus jaculus), whose range extends from Algeria through Egypt to Algeria. All the jerboas of the same genus are characterised by having only three toes to each hind-foot. In the Egyptian species the head and body measure about 7 inches, while the length of the tail is as much as 8 inches. In colour this elegant little rodent is tawny above and white below, with a broad Wild Boar. Jerboa. EGYPTIAN JERBOA. white stripe on the hind-legs; the tail being yellowish brown above and whitish beneath, and terminating in a white-tipped black tassel. This jerboa is essentially a desert-animal, and feeds not only on vegetable substances, but also on insects and carrion. It aboundsin many districts, and affords food to fennecs, foxes, caracals, and owls, which manage to discover its whereabouts despite the fact that its colour- ing, like that of numerous other animals, such as the degert-lark, desert-courser, and various lizards and snakes, is the same as that of the desert-sand, so that it is recognisable as a living being only at a very short distance. Its extraordinary shyness makes the jerboa—which leads a generally nocturnal life, although often appearing before sunset or even in full sunlight in front of its burrow—disappear into its hole at the slightest noise. According to Arab report, several jerboas excavate their holes in company by means of their incisor teeth and small fore-feet, the latter of which are scarcely visible when the animal is jumping, or walking. If they have left their holes at a certain distance and are suddenly startled, they run, 26 _THE ANIMALS OF NORTHERN AFRICA with their long tails extended backwards, with such long and rapid leaps across the desert that they might well be taken for birds in flight. When walking quietly, however, they put down one foot after the other in a deliberate manner. Being true desert-animals, moisture, especially in the form of rain, does not suit them at all; and if wet weather continues for some time, they fall into a kind of stupor. Another common North African rodent is the Barbary striped mouse (Acomys barbarus), which abounds in the Atlas, and is found so far south as Kordofan, It belongs to the typical group of the mouse family, but is distinguished from the members of the genus Mus by its coloration, which consists of a number of blackish brown stripes running along the yellowish brown back. Striped Mouse. The common porcupine (Hystria cristata) is a Mediterranean rodent, ranging over northern and western Africa and the south of Europe. Apart from the hollow quills at the end of its tail, it possesses two kinds of spines; some being very long, thin, and flexible, and the rest, which are set between the long ones, shorter and thicker; and the head and neck are covered with long bristles, curving backwards so as to forma kind of mane. In colour it is chiefly brownish black, with a white band running across the front and up the sides of the neck, where it becomes narrower. The bristles of this mane are mostly brown at the base, but otherwise white; the long spines are white at their bases and tips, and elsewhere ringed with black and white, those on the hind-parts are black throughout, and the hollow quills at the end of the tail white, as are most of the other quills of the tail. Poreupines inhabit rocky mountains, where they spend the day in caves, crevices in rocks, or burrows dug by themselves. They feed exclusively on vegetable substances, especially roots, although they also devour wild fruits and garden-vegetables. On account of such delicate diet, their flesh, which is said to be partly like pork and partly like veal, is of excellent quality; and they have consequently a great number of enemies, among them the leopard, which kills them by a single blow of its paw on their heads. Several species of hares are found in North Africa; among them being the Egyptian hare (Lepus cwgyptiws), characterised by its relatively small size, very long ears, and pale colour. The Algerian L. kabylicus is nearly related to the small Sardinian hare (L. mediterraneus) but of larger size. The Tangier hare is known as L. schlwmbergeri, and the name L. twnetce has been applied to a hare from the island of Kerkenna, off Tunis. The absence of the European squirrel, or of any near relative of the same, is a noteworthy feature in the zoology of northern Africa. Among the birds of northern Africa are a very large number of representatives of the perching group. In this group the diadem- redstart (Ruticilla moussiert) is a native of north-western Africa, and is said to occur also in Spain. About the size of the common redstart, it is distinguished by a white stripe running from above the eye to the neck, a triangular white spot on the folded wings, and a rich red throat and breast. This pretty little bird seems indeed to combine the characteristics of the redstarts and the stonechats, constantly bowing its head like other redstarts, but lacking the vibrating movements of the Porcupine. Hares. Perching Birds. PERCHING BIRDS 27 tail peculiar to the other members of the group. It resembles the whinchat in its fondness for perching on a projecting branch so as to obtain a good view all round, but is equally at home among bushes and tree-tops. In Tunis and elsewhere it keeps to the hills with grassy slopes. The stonechats have also a noteworthy north-west African representative, which ranges into Spain and Italy. This is the black chat (Sawicola lewcwra), the male of which in the breeding plumage is rusty black in colour, save for the white upper tail-coverts. On account of its handsome plumage, the white portions of which are shown off to the best advantage by the eraceful attitudes of the bird, as well as by its liveliness and its melodious song, the black chat is one of the most striking denizens of the rocky country in which it dwells. Another songster of north-western Africa is the melodious warbler (Hypolais polyglotta), distinguished from other members of its genus by the greyish brown legs. Out of Africa, the range of this species includes Italy, Spain, and France. 373. New Zealand, 375. Prideaux’s, 300. Crabs—(continued). River, 464. Shore, 300. Spider, Great, Japanese, 373. Thornback, 300. Woolly, 300. Crab-Spider, 255. Craits, 204, 208. Crake, Baillon’s, 310. Little, 309, 408. Spotted, 308, 408. Crane, 219, 408. Cranes, Australasian, 257. Crowned, 163. Typical, 163. Demoiselle, 98. East African, 163. Ethiopian, 163. European, 33. Great Wattled, 163. Kafir, South African, 163. Manchurian, 237. Sarus, 158. Stanley, 163. Whooping, 359. Crateromys schatenbergi, 216. Crawfish, 375. Crax globigera, 400. Crayfish, 300. Australian, 269. Malagasy, 200. New Zealand, 373. Papuan, 283. River, 374. Creadion carunculatus, 288. Creeper, 135, 397. Alpine, 427. Wall, 427. Creepers, 25, 347. Crested Tit, 131, 397. Crex pratensis, 221. Cricetomys gambianus, 131. Cricetus frumentarius, 214. (Cricetulus) pheus, 47, 88. Cricket, Domestic, 270. Field, 254. Mole, 254. Crinoids, 386. Crioceris asparagi, 244. merdigera, 244. Crocidura, 190. cerulea, 145. crassicaudata, 10. etrusca, 10. murina, 145, olivieri, 10. religiosa. 10. suaveolens, 216, 258. Crocodiles, 159, 206, 207, 408, 4.09. Australian, 262. Ethiopian, 167. Indian, 34. Indo-Pacific, 336. Long-Snouted, 167. Malagasy, 198. Nile, 32, 167. Short-Muzzled, 167. Crocodilus, 159, 207. americanus, 408. johnstoni, 167. niloticus, 32, 34. palpebrosus, 409. GENERAL INDEX Crocodilus—(continued). palustris, 34. porosus, 34, 262, 336. robustus, 198. sclerops, 408. .| Crocomorphus, 393. .| Crossarchus fasciatus, 70. obscurus, 70. Crossbill, 145, 398. Larch, 27. Parrot, 146. Pine, 27. Two-Barred, 27. White-Winged, 27, 328. .| Crossomys moncktoni, 272. Crossopus fodiens, 286. .| Crotalus, 351, 411. Crotophaga, 396. Crows, 399. Australian, 249, Burmese, 186. Carrion, 105. 5 154. OR Siberian, 29. Clarke’s, 328. Grey, 28. Hooded, 105. Siberian, 29. House, 154. Jungle, 154. Mountain, 249. Piping, Australian, 249. Wacgtail, 146. Wattled, 288. New Zealand, 288. Wilson’s, 288. White-Bellied, 145. Crow-Tits, 183. Cryptoprocta, 192. ferox, 191. majori, 192. Cryptorhina afra, 146. Crypturus, 405, 406. Clenomys, 370. Ctenophores, 390. Cuberow, 72. Cuckoos, 90, 399. African, 166. Ani, 396. Australian, 253. Bush, 192. Crested, 155. Double-Tailed, 396. European, 166. Glossy, 191. Golden, 152. Great Spotted, 64. Guira, 396. Hedge, 192. Lark, 396. Rain, 348. Red-Breasted, 166. Savana, 396. Silky, Malagasy, 196. Reynaud’s, 196. Spur, 191. Cuckoo-Shrikes, 154, 187. Cuckoo-Spit, 253. .| Cucujas, 416. In. Cucullea, 381. Cuculus canorus, 90. Til. Cyanea, 311. -| Cyanecula suecica, 24. Cuculus—(continued). pallidus, 253. saturatus, 253. solitarius, 166. .| Cucumaria hyndmanni, 387. Culex pipiens, 367. .| Culicivora, 386. Curassows, 400. Curlew, 406. a 33, 78. Cursorius, 77, 158. Cuscus maculatus, 233. Cuscuses, 232. Black, 217. Grey, 274. Spotted, 233, 274. Cusimanse, 70. .| Cuttle-Fishes, 302, 303. 375, 376. wolfi, 287. Cyanocitta macrolopha, 347. Cyanocorax chrysops, 384. .| Cyanolyseus, 397. Cyanopica cooki, 454. cyanea, 237. .| Cyanopsittacus, 397. Cyanospiza, 347. Cyclanorbis, 168. Cyclemis, 202. Cycloderma, 168. Cyclodus, 264. gigas, 264. .| Cyclops coronatus, 375. Cyclopterus, 291. lumpus, 349. -| Cyclorhis quianensis, 384. Cyclostoma, 173, 199, 205, 206. Cycloturus, 205. didactylus, 379. Cygnopsis cygnoides, 237. Cygnus atratus, 258. bewicki, 7. buccinator, 329. musicus, 6. nigricollis, 423. olor, 412. Cymba, 380. Cymbium, 380. Cynictis penicillata, 70. selousi, 70. Cynips folii, 189. -| Cynelurus, 133. guttatus, 18. jubatus, 18, 67, 68. Cynogale bennetti, 170. . | Cynoglossus, 348. .| Cynomys, 336. .| Cynopithecus niger, 210. Cynopterus, 62. sphinx, 148. .| Cyphocrania gigas, 223. Cyphorhinus, 383. Cyprea annulus, 378. argus, 378. aurantiaca, 378. caput-serpentis, 378. europea, 378. mauritiana, 378. moneta, 378. tigris, 378. Cyprinodon calaritanus, 38. Cyprinus carpio, 348. Cypris fusca, 375. Cypselus apus, 260. cinereiventris, 154. melanocephalus, 154. melba, 450. pheocephalus, 154. .| Cystophora cristata, 269. Cyttus, 348. Dabchick, 328. Dace, 352. Dacelo gigas, 252. Dacnis cayana, 383. Dactylobatus, 365. Dactylomys, 370. Dactylonyx palpator, 275. Dactylopsila trivirgata, 235, 275. Dactylopterus, 351. Dafila acuta, 320. Dama, 24, 90. -| Damaliscus-albifrons, 101. corrigum, 100. gumela, 100. jonesi, 100. tiang, 100. hunteri, 99. lunatus, 101. pygargus, 101. -| Damara Bonte-Quagga, 122. -| Damonia, 159. -| Daphnia pulex, 375. -| Daphnis nerii, 82. Daption capensis, 316. .| Darters, 201. -| Dasybatis, 363. - | Dasychira pudibunda, 194. -| Dasymys, 131. .| Dasypeltis scabra, 170. .| Dasyprocta aguti, 372. -| Dasyptilus pesqueti, 154, 278. -| Dasypus, 375. -| Dasyures, Papuan, 276. Spot-Tailed, 219. Dasyuroides byrnei, 220. -| Dasyurus albopunctatus, 276. demonellus, 276. maculatus, 219. viverrinus, 219. -| Daulias, 56. luscinia, 116. philomela, 445. .| Deal-Fish, 353. Death-Adder, 266. Deer, 214, 231. American, 331. Barbary, 24. Bavian, 215. Black-Tailed, 333. Brocket, 364. Costa Rica, 364. European, 9. Fallow, 41. Guemal, 365. Hog, 104. Marsh, 365. Michie’s, 233. Moluccan, 273. Mouse, 115, 177. Mule, 331. Musk, 20, 233, 234. vol. 30; 80: | ;11.} Dugongs, 138, 321. u.| Duiker, 164. m1.| Duikerboks, 41, 95. i.| Dules, 199. 1.| Dressensia polymorpha, 380. mi. Banded, West African, 96. m1. Blue, 96. ut. Jentink’s, 97. TI. Red, 96. i. Yellow-backed, 43, 97. II. Dunlin, 34, 35. Dymecodon, 236. Dynastes hercules, 416. Dytiscus marginalis, 364. Eagle, Australian, 257. Bateleur, Short-Tailed, 155... Black Cape, 155. Bonelli’s, 155. Canadian, 349. Crested, 195. Ethiopian, 155. Crowned, 155. Fighting, 155. Golden, 400, 446. 5 32, 65, 349. Harpy, 397. Harrier, 455. Hawk, Bonelli’s, 65. Booted, 65. Imperial, 93. Monkey-Eating, 195. Banded, 155. Steller’s, 32. White-Headed, 349... White-Tailed, 32. Sea, 28, 155. African, 155. Angola, 155. Serpent, 66, 195. Indian, 155. Spotted, 76, 400. op 94, 155. Tufted, 155. Wedge-Tailed, 257. White-Shouldered, 28. Eagle-Hawk, Australian, 257.. Eagle-Owl, 399. Eagle-Owls, 237, 349, 400. 28. Pale, 154. Spotted, 154, 155. Ear-Shells, 304. a 380. Earthworms, 255. Earwig, 271. Echeneis, 350. naucrates, 350. remora, 350. Echidna, 242. aculeata, 240, 242, 243. lawesi, 243, 276. setosa, 243. Echidnas, 239. Long-Beaked, Papuan, 276: Papuan, 243. Tasmanian, 243. Echinomys, 370. Echinothria calamaris, 310. . | Echinus esculentus, 310. .| Echis carinata, 159. .| Eclectus irroratus, 278. pectoralis, 278. .| Ectopistes migratorius, 350. .| Edentulina, 206. ~ .| Edmi, 22. — =| & = f= =] HBe eH. AH # FRRREE In. EEEEEEELE ERNIE 0000111 EEEEEEE! nHAa te HA Eel, 361. African, 38. Australian, 268. Conger, 294. Electric, 416. Sand, 293. Eel-Pout, 347. Eel-Salamander, Floridan, 351. Egrets, 73, 157, 198. Australian, 257. Eidolon, 191. Elands, 41, 80. Chevron-Faced, Laikipia,80. Lord Derby’s, 81. Striped, Zambesi, 80. Zambesi, 80. .| Elanoides furcatus, 349. Elanus ceruleus, 66. Elaphodus, 232. Elaphrus riparius, 364. Elaphurus davidianus, 232. Elaps corallinus, 411. Elephants, 42. Abyssinian, 126. Addo Bush, 126. African, 125, 127. Asiatic, 125, 127. Cameruns, 126. Dwarf, Congo, 127. Eastern Sudan, 126, 127. Indian, 117. 33 127. Lozenge-Toothed, 41. Masai, 126. Al Water, 127. Elephants, Sea-, Antarctic, 305. Crozet, 305. Juan Fernandez, 305, 308. Macquarie, 305. Patagonian, 305. Elephant-Seals, Antarctic, 305. Crozet, 305. Juan Fernandez, 305, 308. Macquarie, 305. _ Patagonian, 305. Elephant-Shrews, 10. Elephant’s-Tooth, European, 381. Elephas africanus, 125. capensis, 126. cyclotis, 126. knochenhauer7, 126. maximus, 117. es 125. oxyotis, 126. pumilio, 127. Elfin, Japanese, 361. Eligmodon, 369. Eliuromys, 193. Elk, 385. olde Elmis eneus, 367. Elvers, 295. Emballonura, 272. Emberiza aureola, 26, 61, 154. cesia, 61. cia, 453. cirlus, 453. cutrinella, 155. hortulana, 156. leucocephala, 26. melanocephala, 61. miliaria, 230. | | VOL. F GENERAL INDEX Emberiza—(continued). pusilla, 26. rustica, 26. scheniclus, 293. striolata, 154. | Emeus, 245, 258, 262. Kangaroo Island, 262. King Island, 262. West Australian, 262. Emperor-Fish, 343. Emydura, 263. Emys orbicularis, 331. Engraulis encrasicholus, 293. .| Ennea, 205. Ensis siliqua, 306. Epeira calophylla, 272. cornuta, 205. diadema, 205. Ephemera vulgata, 373. Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis, 29. Ephippodonta, 384. macdougalli, 384. Epiblemum scenicum, 272. Epicrates, 412. Epimachus, 277. nigricans, 277. Epomophorus, 62. Epomops, 62. buettikoferi, 62. comptus, 62. franqueti, 62. whiteleyt, 63. .| Equus, 45, 46, 117, 235. Equus asinus, 119. africanus, 120. FREBRES SI BEd somaliensis, 120. teniopus, 120. burchelli, 120. antiquorum, 122. boehmi, 122. chapmani, 122. crawshayt, 122. granti, 122. selousi, 122. typicus, 122. foai, 122. grevyi, 123. quagga, 120. greyt, 121. lorenzi, 121. trouessarti, 121. zebra, 120. Erethizon dorsatus, 324. Ericulus, 190. setosus, 190. telfairz, 190. Erinaceus albiventris, 63. algirus, 10. auritus, 54, 89. 10. collaris, 55. europaeus, 54, jerdoni, 55. macranthus, 54. megalotis, 55. micropus, 145. athiopicus, 10. pictus, 5d. .| Hriodes arachnoides, 355. IL fL- Brismatura leucocephala, 101. Brithacus rubecula, 118. 429 Ermine, 53. aD) 23, 53, 317. -| Erythrogonys cinctus, 257. Bryx jaculus, 82. Esox lucius, 357. Euchloe cardamines, 247. Euchoretes naso, 235. Euderma maculata, 345. Eudynamis honorata, 191. Eudyptes chrysocome, 318. Eugeus, 269. Buglena viridis, 382. -| Bulabes javanensis, 186. Eunectes, 411, 412. Eunetta falcata, 35. Eunice viridis, 385. ELupagurus prideauxi, 300. stewarti, 373. BLuphausia, 304, 319. inermis, 309. Euphonia violacea, 383. Huplectella aspergillum, 392. oweni, 393. Eupleres, 192. goudoti, 193. Eupodotis, 163, 257. australis, 257. cori, 163. Luptilotis, 394. Eurycephalus, 146. Euryceros prevosti, 194. .| Lurylemus sumatranus, 218. -| Lurypelma, 419. -| Burypyga, 403. ELurystomus afer, 147. orientalis, 188. .| Luthria cornea, 303. Evotomys, 339. Exocoetus, 358. volitans, 358. Eyra, 361. Fahaka, 38. Falco biarmicus, 155. candicans, 15. cenchreis, 64. cenchroides, 257. columbarius, 349. feldeggii, 64. gyrfalco, 15. aslandicus, 15. peregrinus, 73. sparverius, 349. subbuteo, 75. tinnunculus. 258. vespertinus, 92. .| Falconets, 193, 194. .| Falecon-Kites, 194, 195. .| Falcons, 14, 15, 92, 155, 329. Australian, 257. Berigora, 257. Eleonoran, 455. Red, 257. Red-Headed, 155. South African, 155. Falculia palliata, 194. Fallow-Deer, 29. .| Fan-Winged Insects, 253. Fasciolaria fasciata, 377. .| Father Lasher, 290. .| Feather-Stars, 309. British, 386. Felis badia, 212. bengalensis, 132. caracal, 49, 133. mp JES Or berberorum, 18. catus, 43. celidogaster, 67. chaus, 48, 133. bee nilotica, 17. colocollo, 361. concolor, 338. eyra, 361. geoffroyi, 421. jaguarondi, 361. leo, 49, 129. ap) tls asiatica, 11. barbara, 11. capensis, 66. guiratensis, 11. kamptzi, 66. masaica, 66. senegalensis, 66. typica, 65. lynx, 392. ny. eet manul, 22, 88. marmorata, 167. nebulosa, 167. nigripes, 67. ocreata, 17. caffer, 67. onca, 360. ornata, 50, 132. pajeros, 424. pardalis, 361. pardina, 452. pardus, 50, 129, 130, 225. leopardus, 67. melanosticta, 67. minor, 17. nanopardus, 67. nimr, 17. ruwenzorie, 67. suahelica, 67. planiceps, 168. rubiginosa, 132. rufa, 325, 338. scripta, 225. serval, 17, 67. servalina, 67. temmincki, 168, 225. tigrina, 361. tigris, 22, 126, 225. torquata, 132. tristis, 225. uncia, 225. viverrina, 50, 132. Fennec, 19, 73. Riippell’s, 53. Ferret, 52. Ferret-Badgers, 173. Fiber zibethicus, 323. Fieldfare, 115. Fieldfares, 24. Field-Lark, Australian, 246. Field-Mice, 391. Common, 41. Continental, 40, 212. Long-Tailed, 40. Short-Tailed, 212. H Bae noe He —- =| =| BRARRE ARSE RAE = q | EESEERSEH: H VOL. == == == eB 00-880 eee RAE BRE ee F GENERAL INDEX Fierasfer, 359. affinis, 359. vermicularis, 359. File-Fishes, 354. Typical, 355. File-Shells, 306. Finches, 397. D 184. Algerian, 27. Azores, 27. Blood, 142. Cherry, 28. Citril, 453. OZ: Gold-Breasted, 142. Laysan, 328. Monk, 384. Morning. 384. Orange-Cheeked, 142. Reed, Australian, 246. Saffron, 384. Satin, Bluish Black, 384. Scarlet-Rumped, 142. Serin, 148. st ees Shore, 328. Steel, 143. Striped, 141. Teneriffe, 28. White-Spotted, 142. Zebra, Australian, 246. Finch-Larks, 153. Finners, Antarctic, 309, 312. Firecrest, 127, 397. Fireflies, West Indian, 426. Fire-Horn, 304. Firetail, 119. Fischeria, 174. Fish, Angel, 362. Angler, 354. Archer, 267, 343. Beaked, Ethiopian, 172. Long-Nosed, 172. Nile, 172. Boar, 343. Bristle, 343. Cat, Eel-like, 172. Electric, 172. Ethiopian, 172. Coffer, 354, 355. Cuttle, 375, 376. Deal, 353. Devil, 363. West Indian, 363. Dog, 386. Spiny, 362. Drum, 342. Emperor, 343. File, 354. Typical, 355. Flying, 358. Globe, Typical, 355. Jelly, 390, 392. Melon, 391. Luminous, 346. Lung, Queensland, 381. Monk, 362. Needle, 356. Oar, 353. Parasitic, 359. Pilot, 345. Pipe, 356. Ii. == ie = ene = = == pe repren= ee = repre ren = eg == reer ae ee ene rene Fish, Pipe—(continued). Florida, 356. Porcupine, 355. Ribband, 353. Sail, 344. Indo-Pacific, 344. Saw, 362. Australian, 362. Giant, 362. Japanese, 362. Ray-like Typical, 362- Shark-like, 362. Shadow, 342. Star, 387. Sucker, 350. Gapu, 350. Sun, 355. Lesser, 355. Sword, 344. Tile, 342. Tobacco-Pipe, 356. Trigger, 355. Trumpet, 356. Trunk, 354. Whip, 344. Fish- Owl, Pel’s, 154. Fistularia tabaccaria, 356. Flamingo, 457. > 157, 402. Fleas, 270. Water, 375. Flicker, 348. Flies, 251. Biting, African, 177. Black, Big, 178. Blood-Sucking, 177. Bluebottle, 269. Caddis, 371. Carcase, 252. Cheese, 269. Cherry, 199. Columbatsch, 368. Dragon, 372. Gall, 189. Golden-Eyed, 202. Grub, 197. Hippo, 178. Horse, 178. House, 269. SPS Hover, 198. Ichneumon, 188, 246. Lace-Wing, 202. Mangrove, 178. May, 372. Ox-Warble, 252. Red and Green, 178. Sand, 368. Saw, 190. Scorpion, 202. Sea, 339. Silky-Haired, 340. Spot- Winged, 178. Tsetse, 175. Turnip, 244. Vinegar, 269. Florican, Indian, 158. Flounder, 291. Flower-Peckers, 183. Australian, 246. Flustra foliacea, 385. Flute-Mouths, 356. » 9326, 341. Silver, 326. Virginian, 341. Fox Shark, 361. Fox - Squirrel, 334. Francolins, 69, 156. United States, GENERAL [INDEX | Francolins—(continued). Abyssinian, 158. Cape, 158. East African, 158. Ethiopian, 158. Senegambian, 158. Francolinus albigularis, 158. chinensis, 69, 156. coqui, 158. grant, 158. gularis, 156. gutturalis, 158. kirki, 158. pictus, 156. pondicerianus, 156. schlegeli, 158. vulgaris, 69, 156. Fratercula arctica, 283. Fregata aquila, 330. ariel, 330. Fregilupus varius, 202. Frigate-Birds, 330. Greater, 330. Lesser, 330. Fringilla, 27, 28. canariensis, 27. celebs, 142. spodiogenys, 27. teydea, 28. Frog-Hoppers, 253. Frog-Mouths, 188. Wide-Gaped, 252. Frogs, 238, 413. Agile, 460. Australian, 266. Bates’s, 171. Bull, 351. Camerun, 170. Darwin's, 412. Edible, 336, 413. Fire-Bellied, 334, 413. Flying, 219. Borneo, 219. Javan, 219. Hairy, 171. Gabun, 171. Malagasy, 199. Moor, 336. New Zealand, 294. Papuan, 282. Pigmy, 412. Pouched, 413. Solomon Islands, 282. South American, 412. Spur-Toed, 170. Tiger, 219. Tree, 168. » of, 413. o IG) Australian, 267. West African, 170. True, 267. African, 169. Fruit-Bats, Australian, 214. Malagasy, 191. Solomons, 272. Fruit-Pigeons, 198. Australian, 260. .| Fulgora lanternaria, 416. Fulgur, 379. Fulica atra, 306. cristata, 29. Hanes i = = f=) =| =I =l=fen er ev) Sl el (et 43 .| Puligula cristata, 411. ferina, 321. marila, 8. rufina, 449. Fulmar, Northern, 316. -| Fulmarus glacialis, 280. .| Funambulus, 46, 120, 121. Fungia patella, 389. Funisciurus pauli, 130. poénsis, 130. Fur Seals, Antarctic, 303. Cape, 303. New Zealand, 303.. Furnarius, 386. Furze-Chat, 153. Fusus, 304. antiquus, 379. Gaddi-ducki, 94. . | Gadflies, 251. 0 178. .| Gadus, 292, 293. Gadwall, 319, 409. Galago alleni, 61. crassicaudata, 60. demidoffi, 61. garnettr, 61. lasiotis, 61. moholi, 61. monteiri, 61. senegalensis, 61. Galagos, 41, 60, 61. African, 184. Ethiopian, 187. Gabun, 61. Great, 60. Monteiro’s, 61. White-Tailed, 61.. Galatea, 174. Galaxias, 172, 267. Galbalcyrhynchus, 394. .| Galbula ruficauda, 394. Galeodes, 83. .| Galeopithecus, 166, 212.. .| Galerita cristata, 232. Galeus vulgaris, 296. Galictis, 364. Galidia, 192. elegans, 193. Galidictis striata, 192. vittata, 192. Gall-Flies, 189. Gallinago ceelestis, 299. gallinula, 405. major, 405. Gallinula phenicura, 158. Gallinule, Mantell’s, 290. White, 290. Gallinules, 79, 157. Gallirex, 153. porphyreolophus, 153. Gallus, 156, 196 Gammarus fluviatilis, 375. pulex, 375. puteanus, 375. Gampsonyx swainsont, 397. Gannet, 256. Gannets, 330, 332. Ganoids, Fringe-Finned, 171. Gaper, Common European, 306. Gapers, 379. Gardener- Bird, New Guinea, 277. Papuan, 247. Garganey, 320, 409. Garialis, 159, 206. Gar-Pikes, 358. Garrulax, 181, 186. Garrulus bispecularis, 62, 154. glandarius, 108. krynicki, 62. lanceolatus, 154. leucotis, 186. syriacus, 62. Garzetta nigripes, 257. Gasterochisma, 347. Gastropacha pini, 193. Gastrophilus equi, 252. Gastropods, 303, 305. Marine, 174. Marsh-Dwelling, 269. Gastrosteus aculeatus, 345. pungitius, 345. spinachia, 292. Gaur, 107, 174. Gayal, 108, 174. Gazella arabica, 45, 110. bennett, 45, 109. cuvieri, 22. dama, 90. dorcas, 45. fuscifrons, 45, 109. granti, 91. petersi, 91. gutturosa, 231. leptoceros, 22. marica, 45. muscatensis, 45, 110. pelaelni, 91. picticaudata, 231. przewalskii, 231. rufifrons, 91. seistanica, 45. sammerringt, 90. speker, 91. subgutturosa, 45. thomsoni, 91. yarcandensis, 231. Gazelles, 22, 62, 90, 91. Addra, 90. Atlas, 22. Baluchi, 45. Dama, 90. Dorcas, 45. Giant, 90. Goitred, 45, 231. Grant’s, East African, 91. Indian, 45, 109. Loder’s, 22. Mhor, 90. Mongolian, 231. Pelzeln’s, 91. Persian, 45. Peters’s, 91. Przewalski’s, 231. Red-Fronted, 91. Rhim, 62. Saikik, 231. Sommerring’s, 90. Thomson’s, East African, 91. Tibetan, 231. Gecinus canus, 99. sharpei, 99. vaillants, 28. BRREREEE naa de AA GENERAL INDEX Gecinus—(continued), viridis, 99. Geckos, 202, 203. 266. Bark, 199. Malagasy, 199. New Zealand, 294. Wall, 36. Gehyra mutilata, 203. Gelochelidon, 253. Gemsbuck, 41], 86. Genet, 19, 68. Blotched, 68. European, 54. Uganda, 68. Genetta tigrina, 68. victoric, 68. vulgaris, 19. ” -| Geocichla, 181. Geococcyx, 396. Geoémyda, 202. Geogale, 190. Geomys bursarius, 324, 337. Geopelia striata, 198. Geophaps, 260. reophilus electricus, 207. Geopsittacus occidentalis, 256. Georychus capensis, 131. damarensis, 132. darlingi, 132. hottentotus, 132. nimrodi, 132. Geotrygon, 218. Geotrypes stercorarius, 242. Gerardia savalia, 389. Gerbil Rat, Indian, 124. Gerbillus, 47, 88, 124. Gerenuk, 90. Gerfalcons, 14, 15, 32. Geronticus calvus, 163. sharials, 159, 206, 218. Ghaum-paauw, 163. Ghor-khar, 46. Giant-Crab, Australian, 373. Giant Storks, 199, 402. xibbons, 162, 168, 209. Gibbus, 206. Gila Monster, 409. Giraffa camelopardalis, 104. capensis, 104. peralia, 104. rothschildi, 104. thornicrofti, 104. tippelskirchi, 104. wardi, 104. reticulata, 104. Giraffes, 41, 101, 103, 104, 106. Angola, 104. Baringo, 104, 106. Cape, 104. Congo, 104. Kilimanjaro, 104. Lado, 104. Nigerian, 104. North - Eastern 104. North Transvaal, 104. Somali, 104, 106. Rhodesia, -| Gisella, 400. .| Glareola, 158, 159. pratincola, 76. Glass Snail, 210. < fe} is HAW Bee RA ade ABA of H — HAAE = Len SRAR Bas Glaucidium, 400. passerinum, 87. Glaucopis cinerea, 288. wilsoni, 288. Glis dryas, 445. esculentus, 37. nitella, 37. picta, 46. Globe-Fishes, 38. Typical, 355. .| Globe-Shell, 305. «| Globiocephalus, 244, 266. melas indicus, 328. Glomeris pustulata, 207. Glossina brevipalpis, 176. longipennis, 176. morsitans, 175, 176. pallidipes, 176. palpalis, 175, 176. Glossophaga soricina, 382. xlow-Worm, Continental, 176. Glutton, 395. es Zayolive Gnat, 367. inathosittaca, 397. Guu, 41, 97, 98. Brindled, 98. White-Tailed, 97. Goa, 231. Goats, 229. Angora, 42. Caucasian, 42. Domesticated, 42. Egyptian, 42. Mamber, 43. Rocky Mountain, 320. Sudan, 42. Syrian, 43. Gobies, 199, 349. Gobio fluviatilis, 350. uranoscopus, 351. Gobius minutus, 349. niger, 349. ruthensparri, 349. Goby, Rock, 349. Single-Spotted, 349. Two-Spotted, 349. .| Godwit, Bar-Tailed. 9. Black-Tailed, 448. New Zealand, 292. Goldcrest, 126, 397. 5 25, 58. Goldeneye, 410. Golden Moles, 65. Cape, 65. Goldfinch, 149, 398. 55 27, 62. Goliathus druryt, 174. .| Golunda ellioti, 47, 124. Gonepteryx rhamni, 191. Goosander, 411. .| Goose, 45, 159, 272, 350. Australian, 258. Bean, 408. Bernicle, 273. Canadian, 409. Cape Barron, 258. Egyptian, 31. 4 fe) 7 et Heda aaa 8 HetoHHRHE sea Bawa! HEHE a ial a m iit. Ii. Aue rHARR ARGH eH Be eet ee Bae Goose—(continued). Grey Lag, 80. 2 135. Half-Winged, 258. Lag, 315. Lesser White-Fronted, 409. Magellanic, 423. Pink-Footed, 409. Snow, 7. Spur-Winged, 164. Riippell’s, 164. Typical, 164. Swan, 237. Upland, 423. White-Fronted, 409. Wild, 31. Gopher, Striped, 392. Gophers, 321, 324, 335, 337. Goral, 114, 175, 229. Gorgonia, 389. Gorgonocephalus arborescens, 308. Gorillas, 41, 42, 43, 48, 49. Gabun, 49. Dark-Headed, 49. Red-Headed, 49. North Cameruns, 49. South Cameruns, 49. Goshawk, 79, 401. Goura beccariz, 280. coronata, 280. victoria, 280. Grackles, 186. Grallina picata, 245. Grampus, 245. Grampus griseus, 244. Graphiurus ocularis, 130. Grasshoppers, 202. African, 180. Green, 203. Grass-Parraquets, 254. Australian, 255. Grayling, 360. Grebes, 413. i OO Ske Black-Necked, 328. Crested, 327. Eared, 328. Little, 328. Red-Necked, 328. Greenfinch, 154, 398. sl 27, 62. Greenlets, American, 347, 384. Greenshank, 407. Greenshanks, 34, 100. Greyhound, Ibiza, 20. Grey Mullets, 359. Griffon Vultures, 156. Grisons, 364. Grosbeaks, 398. as 27, 328. Sociable, 141. Ground-Dove, African, 160. Ground-Doves, 218. Ground-Hornbills, 148. Abyssinian, 148. Ground-Parraquets, 256. Ground-Rats, 134. Ground-Rollers, Malagasy, 196. Ground-Thrushes, 181. Grouse, Red, 404, 464. VOL. 111.—28 GENERAL INDEX Grouse—(continued). Ruffed, 350. Sand, 79, 80, 97, 157. Pies Close-Barred, 29. Pin-Tailed, 29. Sharp-Tailed, 329, 350. Willow, 33, 329. Grub-Flies, 199. Grus americana, 350. antigone, 158. carunculata, 163. cinerea, 219. paradisea, 163. viridirosiris, 237. Gryllotalpa vulgaris, 254. Gryllus campestris, 254. domesticus, 270. Grysbok, 94. .| Guacharo, 391. Guanacos, 366, 421. Guans, 400. . Guazuti, 365. Gudgeon, 350. Stone, 351. Guemals, 365, 421. Guenon Monkeys, 54. Biuittikofer’s, 54. Congo, 55. Lesser White-Nosed, 54. Guereza Monkeys, Abyssinian, 54. Bay, 54. Bear-like, 53. Black, 53, 54. Black-and-White, 54. Crested, Light Brown,) 54. King, 53. Angola, 54. White-Tailed, 54. White-Thighed, 54. Guillemots, 281, 282, 283. Guinea-Fow], Abyssinian, 159. Black, 160. Common, 158. Damaraland, 159. Helmeted, 159. Mourning, 159. Pallas’s, 159. Reichenow’s, 159. Turkey-like, 160. Vulturine, 159. Guira, 396. Gulls, 36, 81,101, 254, 276,277,278. Black-Headed, 323. Laughing, 323. Gulo, 395. luscus, 23. Gum-Peacock, 163. Gurami, 221. Gurnards, 289. 290. Flying, 351, 358. Red, 351. Sapphire, 351. .| Gwyniad, 359. Gygis alba, 332. Gymnachirus, 348. Gymnarchus niloticus, 172. Gymnobelideus leadbeateri, 235. Gymnorhina organica, 249. Gymnotus electricus, 416. Gymnura, 165, 212, 236. Gymnuromys, 193. .| Gyopsittacus, 397. Gypaétus, 431. barbatus, 156. ossifragus, 156. Gypohierax angolensis, 159. Gyps bengalensis, 156. fulvus, 67. PD 156. indicus, 156. kolbi, 156. rueppelli, 156. tenuirostris, 156. Gyrinus natator, 366. Haddock, 292. Hadra, 282. .| Hematopota, 178. .| Haematopus ostralegus, 251. .| Hag-Fishes, 297. Hagidashia hagedash, 163. Haimora, 415. Hair-Seals, Antarctic, 303. Hakes, 293. Halcyon, 252. fuscus, 189. Haliaétus albicilla, 400. leucocephalus, 349. leucoryphus, 155. vocifer, 28, 155. Haliastur, 257. girrenera, 257. indus, 194. sphenurus, 257. .| Halibut, 291. .| Halicherus grypus, 243. Halicore dugong, 321. .| Haliotis, 304. splendens, 380. Hallomys, 193. Halobates sericeus, 340. Haltica oleracea, 244. Hammerer, Costa Rican, 388. .| Hammer-Head, 296. 0 161. Hammer- Oyster, 383. Hamster, 214, 391. 21, 47, 88. a 193. Hangman-Birds, 389. Hangnests, 347. Hanguls, 231. Hanuman. 148. Hapale, 359. Hapalemur griseus, 186. Hapaloderma constantia, 152. (Heterotrogon) vittatum, 152. narina, 152. Hapalotis, 215. Haplodactylus, 342. Haplodon rufus, 336. Haplopelia, 160. Hardella, 159. Hare, 211. Afchan, 47. Algerian, 26. Black-Eared, 338. Black-Naped, 125. Brazilian, 373. Bufi-Bellied, 338. Cape, 136. Egyptian, 26. 2 Hare—(continwed). Greenland, 316. Jumping, 133. Kerkenna, 26. Long-Legged, 338. Mountain, 391. Polar, 316. Red-Tailed, 125. Rock, 136. Sind, 47. Small, Sardinian, 26. South American, 373. Spiny, 125. Tangier, 26. Varying, 338. Harelda glacialis, 8. Hare-Wallabies, 228. Rufous, 228. Spectacled, 228. Harpa ventricosa, 380. Harp-Shells, 380. Harpy, 397. Harpyia, 272. Harriers, 401. 3 99, 66. Hen, 226. Marsh, 297. Montagu’s, 228. Harrimania, 369. Harriotta raleighana, 365. Hartebeests, 41, 99. Bastard, 100. Bubal, Ethiopian, 24. Cape, 99. Herola, 99. Kongoni, 99. Konzi, 99. Lelwel, 99. Neumann’s, 99. Sig, 99. Tora, 99. Western, 24, 99. Harvest-Mouse, 212. Harvest-Spider, 273. Hatteria punctata, 294. Hausen, 449. Hawfinch, 143, 397. uy SMP, 28 e Hawk, Bare-Cheeked, 155. Carancho, 398. Chanting, 397. Gos, 33. Pigeon, 349. Sparrow, 33, 66. American, 349. Besra, 155. Serpent, 155. Hawk Moths, 158, 192. Hawk Owl, 400. Hazel-Hen, 71. Hazel-Hens, 33. Hedgehog, 54, 395. Afchan, 55. Collared, 55. Indian, 145. Jerdon’s, 55. Large-Kared, 54. Long-Eared, 89. ey 10. Long-Spined, 54. Stoliczka’s, 55. White-Bellied, 63. IL. * BuoHatbaseHaBHeeaeae =| =| Basha hy BE GENERAL INDEX Hedgehog-Tenrecs, 190. Hedge-Sparrow, 119, 397. Heleioporus, 266. Helicophanta, 199. souverbiana, 199. Helictis, 173. Heliopora cerulea, 389. Heliosciurus rufobrachiatus, 130. libericus, 130. . pasha, 130. ruwenzoriz, 130. stangeri, 130. Helia, 173, 199, 282. arbustorum, 209, 436. cunninghami, 252. ericetorum, 256. hortensis, 209. nemoralis, 209. pomatia, 209, 436. Helmet-Bird, 194. Helmet-Shells, 377. Black-Mouthed, 377. Orange-Red Bull-Mouthed, eye Pale Queen-Conch, 377. Heloderma, 409. Helogale parvula, 70. Helotarsus ecaudatus, 155. leuconotus, 155. Hemicentetes nigriceps, 190. semispinosus, 190. Hemieuryale pustulata, 309. Hemigale hardwickei, 169, 226. Hemigalidia, 193. Hemiphractus, 413. Hemitragus, 112, 114. Hen, Pharaoh’s, 28. Sea, Antarctic, 315. Hen-Harrier, 226, 401. Henicognathus, 397, 423. Hercules Beetle, 416. Hermione hystrix, 307. Hermit-Crab, 300. New Zealand, 373. Herodias, 73. Herola, 99. Heron, 312, 408. Giant, 160. Night, 160. Oia 57s Purple, 160. ser. OE i Squacco, 160. 74 Sumatran, 198. White, 73, 157. Herpele, 170. Herpestes albicauda, 69. auropunctatus, 53. caffer, 69. D fulvescens, 138. fuscus, 138. galera, 69. gracilis, 69. grandis, 69. ichneumon, 53. 00 19. mungo, 54, 138. naso, 69. emithi, 138. wrva, 170. viticollis, 138. < ie) is FRESH BSR SLAB ARSE E + * * HARARE RRRARRARRARE REE S + — PHAR RRRRE ARERR REE. 8 & on EE Herpetodryas fuscus, 411_ Herrings, 293, 294. Flying, 358. Hesperia andromede, 435. Heteralocha gouldi, 287. Heterocephalus glaber, 132. philippsi, 132. Heterocerus marginatus, 367. Heteromys, 326. Heterophthalmus catoptron, 346- Heterotetrax, 163. rueppelli, 164. Hibernia defoliaria, 196. Hieracidea berigora, 257. nove-guinece. 257. orientalis, 257. Hill-Duiker, 94. Hill-Tits, 181. Himantopus, 78. candidus, 328. Himantornis hematopus, 160: Hippocampus, 356. antiquorum, 357. Hippo-Flies, 178. Hippoglossus vulgaris, 291. Hippopotamus, 110. amphibius, 110, 113. lemerlet, 193. liberiensis, 113. madagascariensis, 193. minutus, 114. Hippopotamuses, 41, 110. Cyprian, 114. Malagasy, Extinct, 193: Pigmy, 113. Hipposiderus, 272. Hippospongia equina, 393. Hippotigris, 123. Hippotragus equinus, 87. bakert, 88. gambianus, 88. langheldi, 88. leucopheus, 88. niger, 87, 88. Hirudo medicinalis, 377. Hirundo, 30, 62. rustica, 265. Histiophorus gladius, 344.. Histriophaps, 260. Hoatzin, 401. Hobby, 75, 400. Hogs, Forest, 41, 108. Black, 43. Camerun, 108. Ituri, 108. Pigmy, 116. River, 107. Abyssinian, 108. Cape, 108. Kilimanjaro, 108. Lake Mweru, 108. Nyasaland, 108. Red, 43, 108. West African, 108; Wart, 41, 108, 109. Abyssinian, 109. Holacanthus imperator, 343. macrolepidotus, 344. Holocentrum, 341. Holochilus, 369. Holothuria atra, 387. Holothurians, 359, 386, 387.. < fe} ls = GENERAL INDEX 435 -| VOL. VOL. i Homarus vulgaris, 373. m.}| Hydrocorallina, 392. Ibex—(continued). Homopus, 168. u. | Hydromedusa, 310, 408. apse » 41, 229. Honey-Badger, 76. ji. | Hydrometra lacustris, 369. Abyssinian, 21. Honey-Buzzards, 77. fi. paludum, 369. Nubian, 21. “+ —- FARR BRRR SREB * 4 BR RSBRE 5 — PAR ABA AAA BE = ri A FRBRBS * A 53 35, 155, 194. Honey-Guides, 149. South African, 143, 144. Sparrmann’s, 152. Yellow- Throated, African, 150. Honey-Peckers, 246. Hoopoe, 103, 399. 30, 63, 154. Wood, 147, 148. Hornbill, Brown, 148. EEEEE — HRAAH Hydromys, 272. beccariz, 272. chrysogaster, 216. esox, 272. Hydrophasianus chirurqus, 200. Hydrophilus piceus, 366. Hydropotes inermis, 232. Hydroprogne caspia, 254. Hydrus major, 337. platurus, 338, 374. Hyla arborea, 168. —— ARARRR a WAAR A AGE Spanish, 450. Ibis, 75, 157, 402. 163. Australian, 257. Sacred, 29. Ibis ethiopica, 29. Ichneumon, 53. 3 19. Ichneumon-Flies, 188, 246. Ichneumon pisorius, 188. Ichthyomys, 369. > + Ben BaRRRRS RR ARR RRR RRR ARE + =th 2 Great Pied, 189. Im. cerulea, 267. Ichthyophis glutinosus, 221- Ground., 148. u.| Hylactes megapodius, 423. ir Icterus galbula, 347, 384. New Guinea, 278. ut.| Hylambates, 171. Ictonyx erythree, 16. Red-Billed, 148. TI. brevirostris, 170. frenata, 20, 76. Hornet, 186. |} zane rufus, 170. lybica, 76. Horn- Wrack, Broad -Leaved, || *11.| Hylobates agilis, 162. 163, 209. TIL. senegalensis, 76. 385. f1.| Hylobius abietis, 178. TH. striata, 76. Horse-Flies, 178. Ie pinastri, 178. ut. | Idiurus zenkeri, 130. Horse-Mackerel, 345. m.| Hylocherus, 43. um. | Idotea tricuspidata, 301- Horses, 235. mm. meinertzhageni, 108. 1. | [dus melanotus, 354. Horses, Sea, 356. u.| Hylodes, 413, 425. um. | Iguanas, 411. Typical, 357. u.| Hylomys, 165, 236. mm. oe ork Horseshoe Bats, 57. 1.| Hylotoma rose, 190. um. | Ilysia scytale, 411. Horse-Sponge, 393. 1.| Hylurgus piniperda, 180. mm. | Impala, 91. Hover-Flies, 198. tm. | Hyocrinus, 386. 1m. | Indicator indicator, 152- Hubara, 99. in.| Hyomoschus aquaticum, 107. m1. major, 150. macqueent, 30. tu. | Hyomys meeki, 273. U1. sparrmanni, 152. undulata, 30. u.| Hyonetta moschata, 405. mi. | Indigo-Bird, 347. Hucho, 359. im.| Hypargus niveoguttatus, 142. ti. | Indri, 184. Huia-Bird, 287. im.| Hyperodapedon, 294. jm. | Indris brevicaudata, 184. Hulok Gibbon, 162. u.| Hyperoddon rostratus, 246. i. | Inia, 381. Humble-Bees, 244, 245. m.| Hyphantornis spilonotus, 143. 1m. geoffroyensis, 314. Humming-Birds, 348, 390, 391. im.| Hypochera chalybeata, 143. tm. | Inquisitor, 390. Humpback- Whales, 310, 323. TI. ultramarina, 143. ut. | Insularia, 282. Antarctic, 312. 1.| Hypoderma bovis, 252. tm. | Inyala, 83. Hunting-Dogs, 441. im.) Hypogeomys, 193. yu. | Irrisor erythrorhynchus, 148. Hunting-Leopard, 18. 1. | Hypogeophis, 170. mi. | Ishr, 172. African, 18. mt. | Hypolais, 57. fi. | Lulus sabulosus, 255. Hutias, 425. it, philomela, 124. Te terrestris, 207. Hyena, 54, 138. rm. polyglotta, 27. m.| Ivory-Bill, 348. brunnea, 71. | «1.| Hypsignathus monstrosus, 62. t. | Iaodes ricinus, 206. crocuta, 71. | ur.| Hypsiprymnodon moschatus, 230.| 41. | Lynx torquilla, 99. striata, 18. | m1.) Hypsiprymnus tridactylus, 229. hienomelas, 19. | wt.| Hyrax, Abyssinian, 123. tm. | Jabiru, 402. schillingsi, 19, 71. T1. Bruce’s, 124. *.| Jabiru Storks, 163. suilla, 19. 11. Cape, 124. ur. Black-Necked, 258:- Hyena, Brown, 71. mt. Nubian, 123. || 1. | Jacamaralcyon, 394. . Spotted, 41, 71. rm. Shoan, 124. || tu. | Jacamars, 393, 394. Striped, 18, 71. mr. Syrian, 46. | um. | Jacamerops, 394. Abyssinian, 19. I. =) RR | 11. | Jacana, Indian, 199. East African, 19. rm. Tree, 41. I. Australian, 257. Tunisian, 19. 1m. Algerian, 125. tt. Papuan, 257. Hyalimaz, 206. 1m. Eastern, 124. tm. | Jacare, Black, 408. Hyalonema, 393. TI. South African, 125. fi. | Jack, 357. Hydra, 390. Tr. Western, 124. tm. | Jackals, 19, 47. fusca, 381. im.| Hyrax syriaca, 123. mm. Black-Backed, 73. viridis, 381. | m1.) Hystria afre-australis, 135. Eoin Egyptian, 50. Hydra, Fresh-Water, 391. eee bengalensis, 126. ut. a 19. Hydralector, 257. 71. cristata, 451. I. Indian, 139. gallinaceus, 257. 1. ZO: TI. Maned, 70. nove-quinew, 257. Tl. hodgsoni, 125. i. Morocco, 19. Hydraspis, 408. in leucura, 48. II. North-West African, 50. Hydrelaphus inermis, 232. II. longicauda, 180. 1m. Side-Striped, 73. Hydrochelidon leucoptera, 457. It. yunnanensis, 180. tr. | Jackdaw, 261, 399. nigra, 326. u. a 29, 62, 154. hybrida, 81. ut.| Lanthina, 376. 1. | Jack-Rabbits, 338. Hydrocherus capivara, 373. f1.| [bex, 415. 1. | Jack-Snipe, 405. 436 VOL. u.! Jacobin, 72. Jaculus jaculus, 25. Jaguar, 360. Jaguarondi, 361. Jaguars, 67. Jararaca, 411. .| Jay, 108, 399. Black-Headed, 62. Black-Throated, 154. Bullfinch, 249. Burmese, 186. Crested, 347. Himalayan, 154. Lanceolated, 154. Siberian, 28. Syrian, 62. Urraca, 384. Jelly-Fish, 311. Jelly-Fishes, 181, 390, 392. Amazon, 181. Free-Swimming, 181. Lake Karun, 181. Melon, 391. Tanganyika, 181. Yang-tsi-kiang, 181. Jerboa, Afghan, 48. Egyptian, 25, 48. Five-Toed, 87. Long-Eared, 235. Jerboa- Rats, 215. Australian, 220. John Dory, 290. =D 347. Jumping-Hare, 133. Jumping-Mouse, 22, 236, 323. Jumping-Shrews, 10, 63. Jungle-Cat, 17. African, 17. Jungle-Fowl, 156, 196. Kados, 315. Kagu, Malagasy, 197. New Caledonian, 197, 296. | Kaka, 291. Kakapo, 290. Kakar, 106. Kaliella, 199. Kalong, 163. Kangaroo-Rats, 324. 337, 338. Broad-Faced, 229: Brush-Tailed, 229. Common, 229. Gilbert’s, 229. Lesueur’s, 230. Prehensile-Tailed, 229. Rufous, 230. South Australian Plains, 230. Kangaroos, 224. Antilopine, 226. Dorca, Brown, 274. Papuan, 274. Grey, 225. Musk, 230. Red, 226. Scrub, 226. Tree, 228. New Guinea, 274. Queensland, 228. .| Karabau, 213. 1m. Kea, 291. a = BA nt u.; Kehel vulha, 146. HEBHH#.He HEE * A GENERAL INDEX Kelp-Pigeons, 315. Kermes, 463. Kestrel, 258, 400. Naumann’s, 166. Kestrels, 32, 64, 155. Khertit, 117. Khoorhan, Black. 164. Black-Bellied, 164. Senegal, 164. Kiang, 235. Kilch, 359. Killer, Black False, 328. Killers, 245, 266. King-Crabs, 371. Chinese, 372. Molucean, 371. Kingfisher, 295, 399. Kingfishers, 30, 63, 155. American, 348. Australian, 252. Glossy, 392. Papuan, 278. Peruvian, 392. Pied, 189. Oriental, 189. Racket-Tailed, New Guinea, 278. Three-Toed, 189. Wide-Mouthed, 278. Wood, 189. Brown Oriental»189. King of the Herrings, 354. Kinkajou, 363. Kirombo, 195. Kite, 78, 400. Py albysy Black, 297, 400. ” , 66. ay oF Black-Winged, 66. Bramini, 194. Egyptian, 28, 166. Falcon, 195. Hook-Beaked, 397. Pigmy, 397. Red, 33. Swallow-Tailed, 349. Kittas, 186. Kittiwake, 278. Kiwis, 293. Kipspringer, 41, 94. East African, 94. Knot, 11, 34. Koala, 236. Kobs, 92. Buffon’s, 93. Mrs. Gray’s, 93. Uganda, 98. Vaughan’s, 93. White-Eared, 93. Koels, 191. Korrigum, 100. Krait, 159. Kraken, 302. Kudu, 82. Lesser, 83. Somali, 83. Kulu-Kamba, 52. Labia minor, 271. Labrax lupus, 288. hH flees) BRB R Roe TI. HaBARAEE ts) j | Labrus maculatus, 344. miatus, 344. Lacerta agilis, 160. muralis, 458. ocellata, 36. viridis, 458. vivipara, 159. Lachesis, 159, 411. Lacon murinus, 242. Lady-Birds, 182. Lagenorhynchus, 244. 2p 314. cruciger, 314. Lag-Goose, Grey, 408. Lagidium cuvieri, 371. Lagomys alpina, 391. rufescens, 48. Lagopus albus, 401. mutus, 404. rupestris, 405. scoticus, 404, 464. Lagorchestes conspicillatus, 228. hirsutus, 228. leichardti, 228. leporoides, 228. Lagostomus trichodactylus, 371. Lagostrophus fasciatus, 229. Lagothrix humboldti, 355. Lama, 366, 367. Lammergeier, 431. African, 156. Lamna cornubica, 360. Lampern, 37. Lamprey, River, 363. Sea, 363. Lampreys, 297. Japanese, 366. Lampribis rara, 163. Lamprotornis eneus, 145. chalybeeus, 145. eytoni, 145. porphyropterus, 145. Lamp-Shells, 384. Common, 384. Sharp-Beaked, 385. Lampyris noctiluca, 176. splendidula, 176. Lancelets, 298. 2 369. Land-Molluses, Mascarene, 205. Landrail, 221. 9 33. Land-Snails, Ethiopian, 173. Malagasy, 199. Orange and Brown, 173. Land-Tortoises, African, 167. Giant, 198, 202, 204. Greaved, African, 167. Langurs, 148, 149, 160, 161. Lanistes, 174. Lanius borealis, 347. collurio, 138. eaxcubitor, 136. minor, 137. nubicus, 28. pomeranus, 138. Lanner, 64. Lantern-Bearer, Surinam, 416. Lapetra mitsurikii, 366. Lapp Owl, 400. Lapwing, 304. 35: ” <4 ie} ical PRAaH: ask + = ev el EN EPs es es SLED EYE ele Ell Hew HaEe ep BER ed 4 =| a = HEHEHE RHHEBEE: In. HA HHABRHE Ana Lark-Cuckoo, 396. Larks, 397. Black, 90. Calandra, 60. Crested, 232. = 61, 153. Desert, 61. su aT Ore Field, Australian, 246. Finch, 153. Horned, 25, 323. Sand, 27. Shore, 26. Short-Toed, 60. Sky, 234. » 89, 153. Steppe, 89. Wood, 157. OL: Larus, 81, 101, 254, 276, 277. ridibundus, 323. Lasionycteris, 328, 345. Lasiurus borealis, 345. Lasius flavus, 188. fuliginosus, 187. niger, 187. Latazx lutris, 259. Lates niloticus, 172. Latirus cingulatus, 379. Latrodectes tridecemguttatus, 463. Laughing-Jackass, 245, 252. Laughing-Kingfisher, 245, 252. Leaf-Birds, 184. Leaf-Insects, 223. Lecanium racemosum, 202. Lechwi, 93. Black, 93. Leech, 377. Horse, 377. Leguan, 410. Lemming, 391. Lemmings, 6, 22, 236, 317, 339. Lemur, 184. : catta, 186. macaco, 186. mungoz, 186. rufifrons, 186. varius, 186. Lemur, Black, 186. Black-Faced, 186. Collared, 186. Dwarf, 188. Coquerel’s, 188. Gentle, 186. Grey-Headed, 186. Madagascar, 184. Malagasy, 184. Mongoose, 186. Mouse, 187. Red-Footed, 186. Red-Fronted, 186. Ring-Tailed, 186, 193. Ruffed, 186. Rufous, 186. True, 184. Typical, 186. Weasel, 187. Lemurs, 163, 166, 211, 212. Leopard, Sea, 304. Leopard-Cat, 132. Leopards, 129, 212. 7 17, 67, 68. 4 ° m AA — re =i HRRSRRRR SRA RRS PoHoSHsBHR ee HHABH HAR REAL HHRE * + =] YU edges cer ye ener es psi yes el PS) I BIEN elie) IE evlet GENERAL INDEX Leopards—(continued). African, 67. Black, 17. Clouded, 167. East African, 66. Hunting, 50, 133. ” 18, 67, 68. African, 18. Large-Spotted, 17. Manchurian, 130, 225. Persian, 130. Pigmy, 67. Small-Spotted African, 17. Snow, 22, 220. Somali, 67. White, 67. Leopard-Seal, 304. Lepas, 374. anatifera, 302. Lepidolemur, 187. mustelinus, 187. Lepidopygia bicolor, 142. Lepidosiren paradoxa, 416. Lepidosteus osseus, 352. Lepidothynnus, 347. Leporillus, 216. apicalis, 216. murinus, 216. Leptodactylus, 413. Leptonychotes weddelli, 304. Leptoptilus, 199. D 163. crumeniferus, 29. Leptosittaca, 397. Leptosoma discolor, 195. Leptus autumnalis, 207. Lepus egyptius, 26. allen, 338. americanus, 338. arcticus, 316. brasiliensis, 373. californicus, 338. campestris, 338. capensis, 136. corsicanus, 212. crassicaudatus, 136. dayanus, 47. europeus. 211. kabylicus, 26. lilfordi, 212. mediterraneus, 26. melanotis, 338. nigricollis, 125. ruficaudatus, 125. saaatilis, 136. schlumbergert, 26. sylvaticus, 338. texianus, 338. tibetanus, 47. timidus, 391. tunetee, 26. Leucaspius delineatus, 356. Leuciscus cephalus, 352. erythrophthalmus, 352. meidingeri, 352. phoxinus, 353. rutilus, 351. virgo, 352. vulgaris, 352. Leucolepia, 383. Leuconerpes candidus, 393. Leucophoyx candidissima, 251. <4 ° i Hosea tao tee RRR S AHR R AERA AR RRB Bo * HHBSSHRHEHEREHEE REE = =| Ha BEES.BB BAT Leucosarcia, 260. picata, 260. Leucosticte littoralis, 328. Tralis burtoni, 265. Licmetis nasica, 255. pastinator, 255. Licorn, 117. Ligurinus chloris, 154. Lima hians, 306. Limacomys, 131. Limaz, 269. agrestis, 256. maximus, 208. Limnea stagnalis, 378. Limnocnida, 181. Limnocodium kawaii, 181. sowerbyi, 181. Limnodynastes, 266. Limnomys asper, 273. Limosa lapponica, 9. melanura, 448. nove-zealandice, 292. Limpets. 304. Keyhole, 381. Limulus longispinus, 372. moluccanus, 372. Linaria rufescens, 429. Ling, 293. Lingula, 384, 385. Linnet, 152, 398. . Californian, 298. Canadian, 328. Linota cannabina, 152. flavirostris, 398. linaria, 27. Linsanga, 168. Linsangs, 43. African, 68. Liolophurine, 381. Lion, 11, 65, 66, 67. » 49, 129. Adamawa, 66. Camerun, 66. Cape, 66. Indian, 11. Masai, 66. Mesopotamian, ]1. North African, 11. Senegal, 66. Spotted, 66. Lions, Sea, Antarctic, 302. Australian, 303. Falkland, 303. Hooker’s, 303. Patagonian, 303. Liopelma hochstettert, 294. Liothria lutea, 181. Lipoa ocellata, 261. Trissotis, 163. melanogaster, 164. Tathocranius walleri, 90. . | Lithopius forficatus, 207. Lizard, African, 168. Agama, 199. Australian, 265. Spiny, 169. Agamoid, 202. Australian, 264. Bearded, 265. Burrowing, 169. Eared, 101. Flying, 202, 219, | Lizard— (continued). Frilled, 265. Gila Monster, 409. Girdle-Tailed, 169. Green, 458. Jew, 265. Land, Galapagos, 336. Large, North African, 34. Mexican, 409. Moloch, 265. New Zealand, 294. Papuan, 282. Pearly, 36. Sand, 160. oO! Scale-Footed, Australian,265. Sea, Galapagos, 336. Snake-like, 169. South American, 409. Spiny-Tailed, Arabian, 36. Teju, 410. Thorny-Tailed, 81. Typical, 199. Variable, 202. Viviparous, 159, 413. Wall, 458. Llama, 366. Loach, 356. Pond, 356. Spiny, 356. sole Lobivanellus, 257. Lobodon carcinophagus, 304. Lobsters, 299, 301. European, 373. Locust, African, 180. Brown, 181. Migratory, 83. North African, 181. Redwing, 181. Locusta viridissima, 203. Locustella fluviatilis, 122. nevia, 123. Loggerhead, 336. Loligo vulgaris, 302. Loncheres, 370. Long-Fins, 342. | Long-Tailed Tits, 133, 397. | Longicorns, Australian, 269. | Lophiomys imhausi, 131. Lophius piscatorius, 354. Lophoceros erythrorhynchus, 148. melanoleucus, 148. Lophogyps occipitalis, 156. | Lopholatilus chameeleonticeps, 342. Lophophaps, 260. Lophophorus impeyanus, 157. Lophortyx californicus, 350. Lophostrix, 400. Lophotis, 163. Lophura rufa, 196. Lophuromys, 131. | Lophyrus pint, 190. | Lorentzimys nouhuysti, 273. | Loriculus galaulus, 193. .| Lories, 254. Broad-Tailed, 278. Papuan, 278. Polynesian, 295. Loriquets, 254. Swainson’s, 254. .! Loris, 151, 163, 211, GENERAL INDEX Lorises, 44. Asiatic, 184, 187. Dorius, 254. ruber, 278. Lota vulgaris, 347. Lotorium variegatum, 377. Loulou, 20. Loup-Cervier, 325. Louse, Water, 375. Love- Birds, 154. Grey-Headed, Rosy, 154. Typical, 154. Loxia, 27, 328. curvirostra, 145. pityopsittacus, 146. Tnucanus cervus, 174. Incernaria quadricornis, 311. Lucioperca sandra, 344. Lug-Worm, 307. Lula, 222. Lullula arborea, 157. Lump-Suckers, 291. _ 349, Lung-Fish, 416. Australian, 267. Congo; 171. Ethiopian, 171. Gambian, 171. Queensland, 381. Lusciniola melanopogon, 58. Luth, 334. Lutra aureobrunnea, 145. barang, 53. brasiliensis, 363. canadensis, 326. capensis, 78. hindei, 78. cinerea, 174. ellioti, 53, 145, 173. felina, 363. leptonyx, 145. maculicollis, 78. sumatrana, 174. vulgaris, 283. Lycena adonis, 248. Lycaon pictus, 74. Lycodon fasciatus, 205. Lycosa tarantula, 463. Lymexylon navale, 267. Lyncodon patagonicus, 364. Lynxes, 22, 325, 338. European, 392. Southern, 452. Red, 18, 67. Lyre- Birds, 245. Australian, 250. Common, 250. Victorian, 250. Lyrurus tetrix, 70. Lysiurus unicinctus, 375. 196. Macacus arctoides, 225. assamensis, 150. cynomolgus, 161. fuscatus, 225. inuus, 7. maurus, 210. nemestrinus, 162. pileatus, 151. rhesus, 149. silenus, 150. + + HERR RRR RRS RERE e A — zi | BAEEE: + FHHH SHAR SHAR RRR ARRAS EHHERHEHS BEE Macacus—(continued). sinicus, 150. Macaque, Crab-Eating, 101. Japan, 225. Pig-Tailed, 162. Sze-chuan, 225. Macaria liturata, 197. Macaws, 396, 397. Mackerel, 346. Horse, 345. Spanish, 346. Macrochira kempferi, 373. Macroclemmys, 351. Macrodipterix vewxillarius, 146. longipennis, 146. Macrodon trahira, 415. Macroglossus, 215. minimus, 164. Macronyx capensis. 141. Macropus agilis, 227, 274. antilopinus, 226. billardiert, 227. brachyurus, 227. brunit, 274. giganteus, 225. parryi, 22'7. robustus, 226. ruficollis, 226. rufus, 226. theditis, 227. ualabatus, 227. Macrorhinus, 305. angustirostris, 308. leoninus, 260. 33 305, 308. patagonicus, 305. crosetensis, 305. macquariensis, 305. Macroscelides (Petrodromus) tetradactylus, 64. rozeti, 10. Macrotarsomys, 193. Madoqua damarensis, 95. gquentheri, 95. naso-guttata, 95. saltiana, 95. Madreporaria, 388. Madrepore-Corals, 388. Magillus antiquus, 378. Magot, 7. Magpie-Robin, 183. Magpies, 106. os 62. African, 28. Australian, 249. Azure-Winged, 454. Blue-Winged, 237. Californian, 347. Ceylonese, 154. Green, 154. Tndian, 154. Lesser, 141. Parti-coloured, 142. Senegambian Taper-Tailed, 146. Magpie-Shrikes, 146. Maguari, 402. Ma-hes, 23. Ma-hez, 23. Maho, 297. Maia squinado, 300. Malacomys, 131. GENERAL INDEX 439 | VOL. VoL. Malapterurus electricus, 38, 172. || um.| Meandrina, 388. | 411. | Metacrinus moseleyi, 309. Malay Swift, 217. | +um.| Medusas, 391. Metad, 123. Malimbus nitens, 144. mi. Amazon, 181. Metallococcyx, 152. By ARE EEE EEE EERE . ts =f, Henan HBHen Bee A ABS a HH + Be ts eink te Ets HAS e . 2 =f, na Mallard, 317, 409. Mallee-Birds, 245. Mallee-Fowl, 261. Malleus vulgaris, 383. Mallomys rothschildi. 273. Malurus cyaneus, 246. Mamo, 297. Manati, African, 138. Manatus senegalensis, 138. Mandrill, 43, 59. Mangabey Monkeys, 55. Collared, 55. Orange-Chested, 55. White-Cheeked, 55. Mango-Bird, 154. Mangrove-Flies, 178. Manis, 181. gigantea, 136. macrura, 136. temmincki, 136. tricuspis, 136. Mansarowar, 231. Mantella, 199. Mantis, Praying, 463. Mantis religiosa, 463. Mantis-Shrimps, 301. Manukodia, 276. Marabou Storks, 163. Marakina, 359. Marane, 359. Maras, 422. | Marbled Newt, 460. = FARRAR AE * =| * Mareca penelope, 409. Margay, 361. .| Markhors, 42, 43. Marmosets, 358, 359. Marmot, 422. African, 46. American, 334. Bobace, 21. Hoary, 334. Hodgson’s, 121. Prairie, 335. Yellow-Breasted, 334, Marsh-Deer, 365. Marsh-Harrier, 401. Marsh-Shrew, 344. Marsh Tit, 130, 397. Alpine, 427. Marten, American, 326. Ss 2oso26: Yellow-Breasted, 144. Yellow-Throated, 53. Martinetta, 406. Martins, 29, 62, 154, 347, 348, 385. House, 266. Sand, 295. Mastacomys fuscus, 215. Mastiff-Bat, 381, 382. Mastodon, 125. Matamata, 408. Mats, Sea, 385. Broad-Leaved, 385. Mazama, 331, 333, 364, 365. Meal Worm, 268. SRRHR NH A Waa RR RHR RRRR SHARE ap Ht AHA c tae EU ei fel peieuenielerelicllel — a FRRRRES 4 A HAE dH Lake Karun, 181. Tanganyika, 181. Yang-tsi-liang, 181. Meerkat, 70. Megachile centunculus, 185. Megaderma, 215. lyra, 146. Megaladapis, 184. Megalestris antarctica, 315. Megalixalus, 171. Megalobatrachus maximus, 237. Megaloglossus woermanni, 63. Megalotractus aruanus, 377. Meganyctiphanes norvegica, 309. Megapodes, 260. Freycinet’s, 279. Papuan, 279. Megapodius freycineti, 279, 280. Megaptera, 248. boéps, 310, 323. nodosa, 323. Meladomus, 174. Melanatria. 199. Melania, 199. Melanocorypha, 60, 89, 90. Meleagrina jucata, 382. margaritifera, 382. maxima, 382. Meleagris, 350. Meles, 53. taxus, 48. Melia tesselata, 373. Meligethes eneus, 241. Melittophagus swinhoei, 188. Mellinus arvensis, 246. Mellivora cottoni, 77. indica, 145. ratel, 76. signata, 77. Meloe proscarabeeus, 243. Melolontha vulgaris, 175. Melon-Shells, 380. Melophus melanicterus, 154. Melopsittacus undulatus, 254. Melursus ursinus, 141. Menura superba, 250. victoria, 250. Mephitis, 343. Mergansers, 411. Mergus albellus, 36. merganser, 411. serrator, 412. Merlin, 400. Little, 32. Merluccius vulgaris, 293. Mermaid’s Glove, 393. Merops, 63, 155. Mesenas variegatus, 197. Mesites, 296. variegatus, 197. Mesocalius palliolatus, 253. Mesophoyx, 257. plumifera, 257. Mesoplodon australis, 313. bidens, 246. densirostris, 313. gray, 313. layardi, 312, 327. Mesoprion, 342. Hed htha ann HRHHRHR SAW HBA SRB as Baw = = === perenne renee n= =r == == ee = == eee = |e = Methone anderssont, 181. Metopoceros cornutus, 411. Mhor, 90. Mias, 209. Microcebus coquereli, 188. pusillus, 188. Microgale longicaudata, 190. Microgaster nemorum, 189. Microglossus aterrimus, 279. Micro-hierax cerulescens, 194. Micrommata smaragdula, 206. Micropallas, 400. Micropteropus, 62. Microsittaca, 397. Microsorex, 346. Microsticus fulvus, 218. Microtus, 339. agrestis, 212, 214, arvalis, 212. campestris, 214. glareolus, 41. melanogaster, 180. nivalis, 425. e@conomicus, 22. pennsylvanicus, 323, ratticeps, 391. 22. savit, 451. subterraneus, 214. Midas rosalia, 359. Midges, 198. Black, 368. Pear, 198. Plumed, 368. Millepora, 373. Miller’s Thumb, 349. Millipedes, 207. Brush, 273. Milvago, 398. Milvulus tyrannus, 336. Milvus egyptius, 28, 166. ater, 28. ictinus, 78. migrans, 297. Mimus carolinensis, 347. Miniopterus, 56. schreiberst, 215. Mink, American, 394. European, 393. Siberian, 23. Minnow, 353. Miolania, 263. Mirunga, 305. Misgurnus fossilis, 356. Missel-Thrush, 115, 396. Mite, Bird, 273. Cheese, 273. Flour, 273. Grass, 207. Spinning, 206. Velvet, 206. Mithan, 174. Mitre-Shells, 380. Indian, 380. Mitsukurina oustoni, 361. Moas, 293. Elephant-Footed, 293. Mocking-Birds, 347, 383. Australian Master, 248. 4 bt = H itabtss be) fe fest fd fest peal te Merisia, 181. Mole-Rat, 445. op 48, 236. - 132. Great Blind, 133. Moles, 215, 395. » 24, 236. American, 345. Bles, 131. Buluwayo, 132. Damaraland, 132. Mashonaland, 132. Golden, 41, 65. Cape, 65. Hairy-Tailed, 345. Indian, 145. Marsupial, 223. North American, 345. Quetta, 47. Sand, 131. Savi’s, 452. Short-Tailed, 164. Star-Nosed, 345. Mole-Vole, 236. Molge alpestris, 337. aspera, 460. boscai, 460. cristata, 337. marmorata, 460. montana, 460. palmata, 338. rusconit, 460. vulgaris, 338. waltli, 460. Molluscs, 302, 305. Cephalopod, 375. Fresh-water, Mascarene, 206. Papuan, 282. Gastropod, 376, 394. Land, Australian, 268. Mascarene, 205. Papuan, 282. Univalve, 376. Molly-Mauk, 315. Moloch horridus, 265. Moloch Lizard, 265. Molossus rufus, 382. Molva vulgaris, 293. Momoirosango, 390. Monacanthus, 355. Monachus, 343. Mona Monkey, 55. Monal, Himalayan, 157. Mongooses, 69. Banded, 70. Brown-Tailed. 193. Bushy-Tailed, 70. Crab-Eating, 170. Cusimanse, 70. Egyptian, 53. 19 Five-Toothed, 70. Four-Toed, 70. Giant, 69. Indian, 295. D438 Small, 53, 54, 170. Large Grey, 69. Large Red, 70. Long-Nosed, 69. Malagasy, 192. Nilgivi, 138. = ra 4 RAAB AE =| =| BSEEH: H be T | VOL. FERRER = A cE GENERAL INDEX Mongooses—(continued). Ruddy, 138. Singalese, 138. Slender, 69. Small-Toothed, 193. Striped, 192. Stripe-Necked, 138. Water, 69. White-Tailed, 69. Monias benschi, 197. Monitors, 199. Australian, 264. Banded, 202. Desert, 35. Egyptian, 34. Monkeys, 225. Black-Faced, 55. Campbell’s, 55. Capuchin, 354. Diadem, 55. East African, 55. Diana, 55. Douroucolis, 355. Golden, 231. Gray’s, 55. Guenon, 5+. Bittikofer’s, 54. Congo, 55. Guereza, 41, 53. Abyssinian, 53. Bay, 54. Bear-like, 53. Black, 53, 54. Black-and-White, 54. King, 53. Angola, 54. White-Tailed, 54. White-Thighed, 54. Howler, 357, 358. Langur, 160, 161, 210. Lion, 56. Macaque, 149, 150, 151, 161, 225. Mangabey, 55. Collared, 55. Orange-Chested, 55. White-Cheeked, 55. Mona, 55. Moor-Macaque, 210, Moustache, 55. Nisnas, 55. Patas, Large Red, 55. Pig-Tailed, 162. Proboscis, 210. Saki, 356. Snub-Nosed, 225, 229, 230. South American, 354. Spider, 355. Squirrel, 356. Titi, 356. Uakari, 356. Vervet, 55. Western Green, 55. Wolf's, 55. Woolly, 355. Monk-Fish, 362. Monodon monoceros, 272 Monotremes, Papuan, 271. Montagu’s Harrier, 401. Lesser White-Nosed, 54. Light Brown Crested, 54 * B= N= 0-1 ene —+y— Heeb asttee espe BA Ae ee ae Sey w — Aa +H HH BA AAR a Aaa HHH = A Beak =F —+ BREE H =I i) | M onticola cyanus, 56. saxatilis, 452. Montifringilla nivalis, 428. Moor-Frog, 413. Moorhen, 308, 408. Indian, 158. Moose, 385. soli Morenia, 159. Mormon leucopheus, 59. maimon, 59. Mormops, 191. blainvillei, 382. Mormyrus kannume, 172. oxyrhynchus, 38. Morpho, 417. Moruk, New Britain, 281. Moschus, 20, 233, 234. Motacilla alba, 292. borealis, 26. flava, 232. lugubris, 293. maderaspatensis, 153. melanope, 293. Mother Carey’s Chicken, 316. Moths, 82, 222, 417. Antler, 249. Black-Arches, 195. Bordered White, 197. Burnet, 248. Clearwing, 192. Clothes, 268. Codlin, 197. Death’s-Head, 248. Goat, 192. Hawk, 192. Lackey, 194. Lobster, 196. Magpie, 197. Mottled Umber, 196. Pale Tussock, 194. Pine Lappet, 193. Procession, 195. Puss, 196. Tawny-Barred Angle, 197. Turnip, 250. Winter, 197. Motmots, 392. Mountain-Crow, 249. Mountain-Hare, 391. Mourning-Bird, 384. Mouse, Australian, 215. Dancing, Japanese, 236. Deer, 336. Field, 22, 46, 122. Continental, 212. Short-Tailed, 212. Harvest, 212. Jumping, 22, 236, 323. New Guinea, 273. Malagasy, 193. New Guinea, 272. Palm, 180. Pouched, 220. Brush-Tailed, 220. Jerboa, 220. Narrow-Footed, 220. Common, 220. Queensland, 220_ < fe) F RAE SHRARR RRR AB BE = —- BAe PAHH eae a — i=} ee tal y une 4 4 FaBHRE Haba HAe aes. S+HoHB Hees HRA pea an etn ae Mouse, Pouched—(continued). Papuan, 276. Yellow-Footed, 220. Sea, 386. Spiny, 47, 123, 125. Striped, Barbary, 26. Tree, Little, 131. Wagner’s, 236. Mouse-Birds, African, 153. White-Eared, 153. Mouse-Dog, 76. Mouse-Lemurs, Malagasy, 187. Mud-Skippers, 338, 349. Koelreuter’s, 339. Malay, 339. Muflon, 451. Mugil capito, 359. Muishund, 76. Mulita Armadillo, 376. Mullet-Kings, 342. Mullets, Grey, 359. Red, 343. Striped, 343. Mullus barbatus, 343. surmuletus, 343. Munias, 184, 185. Muntjacs, 106, 177, 232. Murex, 304. brandarius, 378. tenuispina, 378. Murrayona, 394. phanolepis, 393. Mus, 215, 271, 273. agrarius, 40. arianus, 46. bastrianus, 46. buduga, 122. concolor, 180. fuscupes, 215. metada, 123. minutus, 212. musculus, 257. aa 122, 236. norvegicus, 257. platythri«, 123. rattus, 257. » 46, 122. sylwvaticus, 40. wagneri, 236. Musca domestica, 269. Muscardinus, 39. Muscicapa atricapilla, 141. collaris, 141. griseola, 139. Mushroom-Coral, 389. Musk-Kangaroo, 230. Musk-Ox, 316. Musk-Rat, 145, 323. Musk-Shrews, 216, 258. Malagasy, 190. Pigmy, 10. Egyptian, 10. Musophaga violacea, 153. Musquash, 323, American, 272. Mussels, 379, 382. Pond, 269. River, 174, 382. Mustela americana, 326. cathia, 144. ermined, 53. flavigula, 53, 144. * HA EERE aa A # HE * FREEAHE es AA Aa H * Po Ete ee ens HHP EHH E a Hae HHH Beate GENERAL INDEX Mustela—(continued). foina, 51. frenata, 364. lutreola, 393. martes, 49. pennanti, 326. putorius, 52. sarmatica, 53, 89. sibirica, 23. vulgaris, 54. zibellina, 23. Mustelus vulgaris, 236. Mutela, 174. Mutilla europea, 246. Mutton-Bird, 317. Mya arenaria, 306. Mya, 379. Mycteria americana, 402. Mydaus meliceps, 213. Mygale vestiaria, 419. Myiobius swainsoni, 387. Mynas, Talking, 186. Indian, 296. Myogale moschata, 443. pyrenaica, 452. Myonycteris brachycephaia, 63. Myopotamus coypu, 370. Myopsittacus monachus, 397. Myosciurus, 130. Myospalax fuscicapillus, 47. Myotalpa fontanieri, 236. Myotis, 56, 146. bechsteini, 58. dasycneme, 287. daubentoni, 59, 287, 396. emarginatus, 59. murinus, 258. mystacinus, 59, 287. nattereri, 59, 258, 396. welwitschi. 63. Myripristis, 341. Myrmecobius fasciatus, 221. Myrmecophaga, 379. Myrmica levinodis, 188. Mystacops tuberculatus, 287. Mystromys, 131. Mytilus edulis, 382. Myxine glutinosa, 297. Myzomela sanguinolenta, 246. Myzopoda aurita, 191. 191, Naia, 159, 203. 204. haie, 37, 169. nigricollis, 169. Nais proboscidea, 377. Nékhiru, 327. Nakong, 84. Nandinia, 43. binotata, 69. gerrardi, 69. Nandu, 406. Nankin Nesumi, 236. Nannosceiurus, 43. minutus, 130. whiteheadi, 216. Nanodes discolor, 254. Nanonycteris, 62. Narcine brasiliensis, 364. Narwhal, 272. op Sulit, Nasalis larvatus, 210. — HAHHAW.BHE —- Eleiefen ede ter eaceatener rele) cia) SNe VRIRIENE elegy ei = H =I 5 FARHHR ARR ERA oa 44u Nasiterna bruijni, 279. pygmed, 279. Nassa callosa, 379. reticulata, 304. Nasua, 363. Natterjack, 414. Naucrates ductor, 345. Naultinus, 294. Naunopterum harrisi, 428. Nautilus, 302. oe 375. | Nautilus pompilius, 375. | Necrolestes, 65. Necrophorus germanicus, 240.. vespilla, 241. WNecrosyrtes monachus, 156. pileatus, 156. Needle-Fishes, 356. Nemachilus barbatulus, 356. Nemesia cementaria, 463. Neobalena marginata, 309. Neoceratodus, 416. forstert, 267. Neoctodon, 370. Neomeris phocenoides, 327. Neomorphus, 396. Neomys anomalus, 286. fodiens, 286. milleri, 286. Neophema petrophila, 255. Neophocena phocenoides, 327- Neophron, 68, 156. percnopterus, 28. Neosorex, 346. Neotetragus sinensis, 236. Neotis, 163. caffra, 164. ludwigi, 164. Neotoma, 337. Neotomys, 369. Neotragus batesi, 95. harrisont, 95. livingstonianus, 95. moschatus, 95. pygmeus, 94. Nepa cinerea, 369. Nephelis vulgaris, 378. Nephrops norvegicus, 301. Neptune’s Cup, 393. Nesocia, 47, 123. Nesolagus, 125, 217. Nesomys, 193. Nesonycteris, 272. woodfordi, 272. Nestor meridionalis, 291. norfolcensis, 291. notabilis, 291. productus, 291. Nettopus coromandelianus, 200. Neurotrichus gibbsi, 236. Newts, 338, 414. Alpine, 337. Bosca’s, 460. Crested, 337. Iberian, 460. Marbled, 460. Mountain, 460. Pyrenean, 460. Rusconi’s, 460. Webbed, 338. Nicoria, 159. Nicoria, 174. Night-Heron, 160. Nightingale, 116. » 56, 347. Northern, 396, 445. Nightjar, Pennant-Winged, 146. Nightjars, 60, 100, 399. 3 30, 62, 188, 348, 390. Nilgai, 45, 111. Ninox, 257. boobook, 257. strenua, 257. Nisaétus, 65. Nisnas Monkey, 55. Noctilio leporinus, 381. Noctiluca, 386. Noddies, 332. Notechis scutatus, 266. Nothocercus, 405. Nothoprocta, 406, Nothura, 406. Nothurus, 406. Notidanus, 362. Notiomys, 369. Notomys, 215. cervinus, 215. longicaudatus, 215. mitchelli, 215. Notonecta glauca, 370. Notophoyx, 257. nove-hollandie, 257. Notopteris, 272. macdonald, 2:72. neocaledonica, 272. Notornis alba, 290. mantelli, 290. Notoryctes typhlops, 223. Nototrema marsupiatum, 413. Nucifraga, 108. caryocatactes, 28. columbiana, 328. Numenius arquatus, 406. pheopus, 33. tenuirostris, 78. Numida cornuta, 159. coronata, 159. marungensis, 159. meleagris, 158. mitrata, 159. ptilorhynchus, 159. reichenowi, 159. Nutcracker, 108, 399. Nutcrackers, 28, 328. Nuthatch, 134, 397. Nuthatches, 25, 59, 153. Nutria, 370. Nyala, 83. Mountain, 83. Nyctala, 30, 329, 400. Nyctea, 13, 329. Nycteris, 63. Nyctibius grandis, 390. Nycticebus tardigradus, 151, 163. Nycticorax griseus, 74. Nyctimene, 272. aéllo, 272. cyclotis, 272. geminus, 272. papuanus, 214, 272. robinsoni, 214. Nyctinomus plicatus, 146. Nyctiornis amictus, 189. Nyctipithecus trivirgatus, 356. GENERAL INDEX Nymphon, 371. Nymphon gracile, 299. stremit, 370. Nyroca ferruginea, 321. Oar-Fish, 353. Obisium muscorum, 206. Ocapia johnstoni, 102. Oceanodroma leucorrhoa, 255. Ocelot, American, 361. Ochotona, 391. alpina, 20. rufescens, 48. Ocneria monacha, 195. Octodon degus, 370. -| Octodontomys, 370. Octopus, 302. Octopus, 376. vulgaris, 376. Octopuses, 386. Ocyale mirabilis, 206. Ocydromus australis, 289. Ocyphaps lophotes, 260. Odobenus rosmarus, 269. Odocoileus, 331, 334, 364. demia, 9. (Edicnemus, 164. capensis, 164. natalensis, 164. scolopax, 217. Gstrus ovis, 251. Ogmorhinus leptonyx, 304. Oil-Bird, 391. Okapis, 41, 42, 43, 44, 101. Oliva ispidula, 380. Olive-Shells, 380. Olm, 462. Ombre, Mediterranean, 342. Ommastrephes sagittatus, 302. Ommatophoca rossi, 304. Onager, 45, 117. Onchorhynchus, 37. Oniscus muraria, 273. Onychogale frenata, 228. lunata, 228. unguifera, 228. Onychomys, 338, 369. O-O, 298. Ophidium barbatum, 353. Ophiocephalus striatus, 222. Ophisaurus apus, 81. Opisthocomus cristatus, 401. Opossums, 345, 346, 380. Australian, 231, 234. Ring-Tailed, Australian, 235.) Orang-Utan, 209. Orca gladiator, 245. Orcella, 179. brevirostris, 328. fluminalis, 328. Orchesia micans, 177. Oreamnus americanus, 320 Oreas canna, 80. Oreotragus saltator, 94. porteusi, 94. schillingsi, 94. Orfe, 354. Organ-Bird, Australian, 249. Oribi, Abyssinian, 95. Black-Tailed, 95. Cape, 95. | East African, 95. | VOL. —+ wHatRA SAREE Se BHEHES * Bd BRR e a = Aaa Ae ee III. Oribia haggardi, 95. montana, 95. nigricaudata, 95. scoparia, 95. Oriole, Golden, 112, 399. Naked-Lored, Australian, 246. Orioles, 28, 154, 347. Oriolus galbula, 112. Ormers, 304. m. Beil Ornithorhynchus anatinus, 243. Orthagoriscus mola, 355. Ortholophus, 148. Orthorhamphus magnirostris, 257. Orthotonus sutorius, 182. Ortolan, 156, 399. mD 61. Orycteropus afra, 137. Oryctes nasicornis, 175. Oryctolagus, 39. crassicaudatus, 136. Oryx algazel, 22, 23. beatria, 45. 2 beisa, 23, 86. annectans, 87. callotis, 86. gazella, 86. leucoryx, 22, 23. Oryx, 41, 86. Beatrix, 22, 86. Beisa, 23, 83, 86. Fringe-Eared, 86. Laikipia, 86. | True, 86. White, Ethiopian, 22. North African, 86. Oryzomys, 338, 369. Oryzorictes hova, 190. tetradactylus, 190. Osmerus eperlanus, 360. Osmotreron, 157. Osphromenus olfax, 221. Osprey, 298, 400. » 39, 66, 155. White-Headed, 257. Osteoglossum leichardti, 267. Osteolemus tetraspis, 167. Ostracion, 355. quadricornis, 355. Ostrea, 306, 307. Ostriches, 31. African, 164. American, 406. Somali, 165. Southern, 165. Sudan, 165. Otaria, 261, 262, 264. australis, 303. forsteri, 304. hookeri, 303. jubata, 303. lobata, 303. pusilla, 303. Otidiphaps nobilis, 280. Otis, 163. tarda, 218. 0 tetrax, 455. » 30. Otocompsa emeria, 184. HoehaBasa dese Ao mete HAA .| Otocorys, 25, 26. | Otocyon curvipalatus, 76. megalotis, 75. virgatus, 76. Otogyps auricularis, 156. Otomys, 131. Otter, 283. Otters, 24, 259. African, 78. Brazilian, 363. Canadian, 326. Cape, Large, 78. East African, 78. Clawless, 145, 174. Elliot’s, 53. Golden, 145. Indian, 173. Malay, 174. Pigmy, 363. Smooth, 145, 173. Spot-Necked, 78. mt. .| Otter-Shrews, 41, 43, 64. 1.| Ouacaria calva, 357. Ouistiti Marmoset, 359. Ounce, 225. -| Oven-Birds, 386. -| Ovibos moschatus, 316. -| Ovis ammon, 20, 229. canadensis, 20, 319, 320. ispahanica, 44. musimon, 451. orientalis, 44. vignet, 44. Owl-Parrot, 290. Owls, 399. POO: Acadian, 329. African, 154. Australian, 257. Barn, 259. © > 930, 64, 155, 400. Australian, 257. Silky-Plumaged, 257. Burrowing, 399. Canadian, 329. Dwarf-Horned, 454. Eagle, 399. » 2, 155, 237, 400. 28: Pale, 154. Eared, 154. Cape, 154. Fish, 155, 193. Pel’s, 154. Forest, 155. Grass, 193. Lapp, 31. Little, 86. cy eh Long-Eared, 85. 32 Masked, 155, 193. North Acadian, 400. Pharaoh’s, 28. Pigmy, 87. Prairie, 349. Scops Eared, 64. Screech, 155. + BERRA HHA eee HAH HHAR Ree ae, = ray 8 bt io PH. »HHARAR ARASH AR RR HR RAR PARRA 4 + eS Lal in! ts AHA HHE GENERAL INDEX Owls—(continued). Short-Eared, 32, 329. Snowy, 13, 31, 329. Sparrow, 87. Tawny, 85. 3 64. Tengmalm’s, 30, 329. Ural, 329. White-Eared, 154, Wood, 329, 400. Ox, Wild, 175. Ox-Bird, 144. Red-Beaked, 144. Ox-Hye, 360. Ox-Peckers, 144. 145. Oxymycterus, 369. Oyster-Catcher, 251. Oysters, 367, 379. American, 307. Atlantic, 306, 307. Common, 306. Edible, 307. Hammer, 383. Mediterranean, 306. Pacific, 307. Pearl, Black-Lipped, 382. Ceylon, 382. Golden-Lipped, 382. Typical, 382. Window-Pane, 383. Paca, 372. Pachnodus, 199. Pachynus, 397. Pachyornis elephantopus, 293. Pachystyla, 206. Pachytylus migratorius, 83. Pachyura, 10. Pachyuromys, 131. Pagophila eburnea, 278. Pagrus auratus, 289. Pagurus, 373. Pala, 91. Angola, 91. Paleeudyptes antarcticus, 319. Paleornis docilis,154 . torquatus, 193. a) 154. Paleospheniscus, 320. Palamedea cornuta, 405. Palingenia virgo, 373. Palinurus tumidus, 373. vulgaris, 300. Palm-Civets, 69. Gerrard’s, 69. West African, 69. Palolo, Fijian, 385. Japanese, 385. Samoan, 385. Paludicola, 412, 413. Paludina contecta, 379. vivipara, 379. Paludomus, 199. Pampas Deer, 365. Pandas, 172, 226. Pandion haliaetus, 298. leucocephalus, 257. Pangolins, 136. Chinese, 181. Giant, 136. Indian, 151]. Long-Tailed, 136.

. 03, 185 V58! Great, 405. Jack, 405. Painted, 160, 257. Seed, Undulated, 423. Summer, 301. Snow-Bunting, 328. Snow-Cocks, 94. Snowfinch, 428. Snow-Mouse, 415, 425. Snowy Owl, 400. Soldier-Bird, Scarlet and Black, 246. Solea vulgaris, 291. Solenodon, 424. Solenomya, 381. Solitaire, 203. Somateria, 274, 275, 276. Sorex, 344. alpinus, 425. araneus, 55. minutus, 55. Sotalia, 381. borneénsis, 328. lentiginosa, 328. sinensis, 328. teuszi, 138. Spalax typhlus, 445. 3 48. 5 133. Spanish Fly, 177. Sparrow-Buntings, 347, 384. Sparrow-Hawk, 81, 401. American, 349. Malagasy, 155. Serpent, 155. Sparrows, 397. Diamond. 151. Hedge, 25. House, 263. », 28, 62, 184. Spatula clypeata, 319. Spelerpes fuscus, 461. Speothus, 362, 363. Speotito, 349, 399. Spermestes cucullatus, 141. Spermophilus citillus, 444. |) VOL. ts HoHRHRRB A WHe eee + — = Lon! HHA E i as BaHRaRAAR RSE Bak Ee eee iene nen ee ene iene eres 451 Spermophilus—(continued). eversmannt, 21. grammurus, 339. tridecemlineatus, 321, 335. Sperm-Whale, 324. Lesser, 327. Spherium corneum, 379. ovale, 379. Sphargis coriacea, 334. Sphecotheres, 246. Spheniscus, 317. demersus, 317. humboldti, 318. mendiculus, 428. Sphinx ligustri, 158, 192. Sphyrena vulgaris, 359. Sphyropicus, 393. Spider, Bank, 373. Bird-Catching, 419. Bird-Eating, 200. Cross, 205. Emerald, 206. Harlequin, 272. Harvest, 273. House, 272. Hunting, 206. Mason, 463. Net, 463. Trap-Door, 463. 200. Velvet, 373. Water, 373. Weaver, 206. Window, 272. Wolf, 374. Spider-Crab, Great, 373. Spider-Hunters, 183. Spider-Monkeys, 355. Spiders, Sea, 299. 6 371. Spilogale putorius, 343. Spilographia cerasi, 199. Spilernis, 155, 195. Spine-Tails, 386. Spinus cucullata, 384. Spiroglyphus cwmmingi, 394. Spirographis spallanzanii, 308. Spirula, 375. Spirula peroni, 375. Spitz, Egyptian, 20. Spizaétus bellicosus, 155. caligatus, 195. coronatus, 155. occipitalis, 155. Spondylus gederopus, 306. Sponges, 392. Bath, 393. Bay of Bengal, 394. Christmas Island, 393. Flinty, 392. Glass-Rope, 393. Horny, 393. Horse, 393. Mermaid’s Glove, 393. Neptune’s Cup, 393. Pond, 381. River, 381. Turkey, 393. Venus’s Flower-Basket, 392. -| Spongia officinalis, 393. mollissima, 393. Spongilla lacustris, 381. | Star-Gazers, 352. Spongoscites topsenti, 394. | Spoonbills, 76, 157, 402. Australian, 257. Equatorial, 163. South African, 163. West African, 163. White, 163. Sporeginthus, 185. melpodus, 142. subflavus, 142. | Sporophila nigro-aurantia, 384. Sprat, 294. Spreo bicolor, 150. Springbuck, South African, 89. Spring-Haas, 133. Spring-Tail, Hairy, 204. Tree, 204. Spur-Cuckoos, 191. | Spy-Slange, 169. i Squatarola helvetica, 9. Squatina vulgaris, 362. Squids, 302. Squilla mantis, 301. | Squirrel, 34. Fernando Po, 130. Flying, 391. py PAL, bey lee), 322. African, 43. Fox, 334. Grey, 333. Groove-Toothed, 216. Ground, 21, 321. Be 130. Indian, 120. Malay, 179. Palm, 46, 120. Pigmy, 216. ay CBE CEE Gabun, 130. Red-Bellied, 130. Liberia, 130. Monbuttu, 130. Ruwenzori, 130. St. Paul’s, 130. Scaly-Tailed, 129. Black-and-White, 129. Congo, 129. Flightless, 129. Fraser’s, 129. Long-Tailed, 130. Nyasaland, 129. Pigmy, 129. Red, 129. Uganda, 129. Sharp-Nesed, 216. South American, 369. Spiny, 130. Abyssinian, 130. Stanger’s, 130. Striped Jungle, 121. Whitehead’s, 216. Squirrel-Phalanger, 235. Squirts, Sea, 367. Staphylinus erythropterus, 240. Star-Corals, 388. Starfishes, 308, 309. si 387. Starlings, 399. 3 28, 154. Amethyst, 145. GENERAL INDEX Starlings—(continued). | Black, 384. Bronze, 145. Common, 384. Copper, 145. Bi Glossy, 186. 99 145. a Green, 145. Pied, 202. Rosy, 90. Sardinian, 62. Tree, Malagasy, 194. White-Necked, 217. Stauropus fagi, 196. Steatomys, 131. Steatornis caripensis, 391. Steganura paradisea, 148. Steinbok, 415. Sharpe’s, 94. Stellio vulgaris, 81. Steno, 328. perniger, 328. Stenodelphis blainvillet, 314. Stenostira scita, 146. Stentor polymorphus, 381. Stephanolepas, 374. Stercorarius, 278, 279. Sterlet, 449. Sterna, 252, 253. fluviatilis, 325. fuliginosa, 332. Sternotherus, 408. 35 168, 198. Stick-Insects, 222, 223. Sticklebacks, 345. A 292. Stiltta tsabella, 257. Stilts, 78. Black- Winged, 328. Sting-Rays, 363, 365, 386. Stints, 10, 11, 34. Stipiturus malacrurus, 246. Stoat, 53. ay leh Stock-Dove, 88. Stomatolepas, 374, 375. pregustator, 374. Stomoxys, 177, 178. calcitrans, 269. Stone-Bass, 289. Stonechat, 229, 396. Stonechats, 56, 317. Stone-Creeper, 207. Storks, 408. Abdim, 163. Asiatic, 157. Black, 312. a ose Black-Necked, 199. Ethiopian, 160. European, 75. : Giant, 199, 402. Hungarian, 166. Jabiru, 163. Black-Necked, 258. Marabou, 163. Marabout, African, 29, Prussian, 166. Saddle-Beaked, 29. Shell, 199. White, 310. 5 OB) GY, Storks—(continued). White, 166. White-Necked, 198. Wood, 199. Storm - Petrel, 316. Strepsiceros capensis, 82. chora, 83. imberbis, 83. Strepsilas interpres, 251. Streptocitta albicollis, 217. Streptostele, 206. Stringops greyi, 290. habroptilus, 290. Strix, 193, 400. delicatula, 257. flammea, 259. nove-hollandie, 257. Stroan, 164. Strombus, 377, 382. gigas, 377. Struthio australis, 165. camelus, 31, 165. molybdophanes, 165. Sturgeons, 362, 449. es 352. Sturnus unicolor, 62. » vulgaris, 399. Succinea putris, 379. Sucker-Fishes, 350. Gapu, 350. Sugar- Birds, 383. Sugar-Squirrel, 236. Suallomeles hispida, 276. Sula abbotti, 332. bassana, 256. cyanops, 332. piscatrix, 332. sula, 332. Summer-Chafer, 242. Summer-Duck, 351. Sun Animalcule, 382. Sun-Birds, 183. African, 140. Long-Tailed, 140, Sun-Bitterns, 403. Sun-Fishes, 355. Sunis, 95. Suricata tetradactyla, 70. Surnia ulula, 31. Surukus, 191. Sus attila, 87. barbatus, 177, 216. celebensis, 216. cristatus, 116. niger, 273. oi, 216. papuensis, 273. salvanius, 116. scrofa, 31. 5 OT4. attila, 87. ferus, 25. verrucosus, 177, 215. on 273. vittatus, 177, 215. 273, 274. Australian, Suslik, 444. Susliks, 21, 321, 335. Susu. 153. Indian, 314. Swallow, 265, 399. 3 HAS nth % —< i BARRE oS —) oy! fal pl eel le EEEEEEEEEE wea A wHteH eae eH eoBtH BREE Swallow-Parrot, 254. Swallows, 29, 62, 154. European, 166. Wood, Australian, 246. Swamp-Parraquet, 256. Swamp-Quail, Australian, 260. Swan-Goose, 409. x 237. Swans, 412. Australian, 258, 260. Bewick’s, 7, 35. Black, 245, 258. Black-Necked, 423. Coscoroba, 423. Mute, 35. North American, 350. Trumpeter, 329. Whistling, 6. Whooper, 6. Swifts, 260, 399. » 30, 62, 154, 188, 218. Alpine, 430. Swine, 31. Wild, 215. Swine-Fish, 292. Sword-Fishes, 344. Sycalis flaveola, 384. Syconycteris australis, 215. Sycotypus, 379. Sylvia, 57. atricapilla, 120. curruca, 121. hortensis, 121. nisoria, 122. rufa, 121. sarda, 453. undata, 27. dartfordiensis, 27. toni, 27. Synecus australis, 260. Synallaxis, 386. Synancia, 351. Synaptomys. 339. Synaptura, 348. Syncoryne sarsi, 310. Synetheres, 370. Syngnathus, 356. pelagicus, 356. Sypheotides, 158. Syrnium, 31, 329. 400. aluco, 85. uralense, 400. Syrphus ribesii, 198. Syrrhaptes paradoxus, 97. Tabanus africanus, 178. biguttatus, 178. bovinus, 251. maculatissimus, 178. Tachina larvarum, 199. Tachyglossus aculeata, 240. lawesi, 276. Tachyphonus luctuosus, 383. Tadorna casarca, 100. cornuta, 252. Tahake, 290. Tahrs, 112, 114. Tailor-Bird, 182. Tailor-Birds, 143. Takins, 229, 231. Talpa, 145, 164. ceca, 215, 452. <4 ° io + PAE HRHE SARAH BabHea. GENERAL INDEX Talpa—(continued). europea, 215. romana, 215, Tamandua, 379. Tamanoir, 378. Tamarao, 213. Tamarins, 359. Tamias, 21, 321. asiaticus, 392. Tanagers, 383. Tanagra, 383. Tanygnathus, 278. Tanysiptera galatea, 278. Taoniscus nanus, 406. Taphozous, 63, 272. Tapiranga, 383. Tapirs, 179, 368, 369. Tapirus, 179, 368, 369. Tarantula, 463. Tarantula renijormis, 419. Tarentola mauritanica, 36. Tarsiers, 211. Tarsipes rostratus, 232. Tarsius, 211. Tatouay Armadillo, 375. Tatusia, 376. Taurotragus derbianus, 81. gigas, 81. oryx, 80. livingstonet, 80. pattersonianus, 80. Taxidea, 343. Tayra, 364. Teal, 320, 409. 33) 30, 200! Tegenaria domestica, 272. Teju, 410. Telespiza cantans, 328. Tellina, 306. Telphusa fluviatilis, 464. Temora longicornis, 310. Tench, 354. Tenebrio molitor, 268. Tengmalm’s Owl, 400. Tenrecs, 189. Black-Headed, 190. Greater, 190. Hedgehog, 190. Long-Tailed, 190. Rice, 190. Four-Toed, 190. Hova, 190. Striped, 190. Telfair’s, 190. Terebratula vitrea, 384. Teredo, 305. Termes lucifugus, 178. Termites, 178. Terns, 252, 253, 254. Arctic, 317. Black, 326. op ota tile Common, 325. Fairy, 332. Sooty, 332. Whiskered, 81. White-Winged Black, 457. 06 81. Terpsiphone affinis, 187. Terrapin, 174. Terrapins, 101, 202, 351, 408. Tesem, 19. voL. * BH HHBRHGEAWBHH HH! H = j= HaSaHHHHA. AE H a = SHS ARRAS HRAAW ARR BRHE Panrd Ee asHee Testudo, 159, 202. ammon, 204. calcarata, 167. daudini, 205. ephippium, 205. gigantea, 204. gigas, 204. greca, 457. grandidieri, 198. marginata, 458. radiata, 167. sumeiret, 204. vosmeri, 205. Tetraceros quadricornis, 110. Tetracus nanus, 236. Tetragnatha extensa, 373. Tetramerium cespitum, 188. Tetranychus telarius, 207. Tetrao urogallus, 67. Tetraogallus, 94. Tetrapteryx paradisea, 163. Tetraroge, 351. Tetrastes bonasia, 71. severtzowt, 33. Tetrax, 163. Tetrodon, 355. fahaca, 38. Textor albirostris, 144. niger, 144. Thalassaétus pelagicus, 32. Thalassochelys caretta, 336. Thamins, 175, 176. Thelyphonus caudatus, 223. Theridium benignum, 206. Theropithecus gelada, 56. Thicknee, 217. 55 158. African, 164. Australian, 257. South African, 164. Thomomys talpoides, 324. Thorny Woodcock, 377. Thread-Fins, 359. Three-Toed Woodpeckers, 399. Thresher, 361. Thrips cerealium, 255. Thrushes, 153. Babbling, 181. Burmese, 181. Dark, 23. Fieldfare, 115. Ground, 181. Himalayan, 181. Missel, 115. » 24. North American, 347. Pander’s, 92. Red-Necked, 24. Rock, 24, 56. Siamese, 181. Siberian, 25. Song, 114. ads South American, 383. Thrush-Roller, Malagasy, 196. Thryonomys swinderianus, 134. Thryothorus, 347. Thrysaétus harpyia, 397. Thylacine, 216. Thylacynus cynocephalus, 216. Thymallus vulgaris, 360. Thynnus mediterraneus, 346. Thynnus—(continued). pelamys, 347. sardus, 347. Thyroptera tricolor, 381. Tiang, 100. Tichodroma muraria, 427. Tick, Dog or Sheep, 206. Tiger-Cat, 361. African, 67. Red, 43. Tigers, 22, 50, 126, 212, 22. or pp Bre Tiger-Snake, 266. Tilapia nilotica, 173. Tile-Fish, 342. Tiliqua, 264. Timelia pileata, 182. Timsa, 32. Tinamotis, 406. Tinamus, 405, 406. Tinca vulgaris, 354. Tinea granella, 269. pellionella, 268. sarcitella, 269. tapetzella, 269. Tinker - Barbets, 148. Tinnunculus naumanni, 166. Tirsen, 32. Tits, 153, 347. Alpine, 427. Azure, 25. Bearded, 25, 58. Blue, 131, 397. Ethiopian, » 25, 58. Coal, 130, 464. 4» 25, 5S. Creeping, 383. Crested, 131, 397. wes Crow, 183. Great, 129. ees Hill, 181. Long-Tailed, 133, 397. 0 25. Mandarin, 25. Marsh, 130, 397. sae ee Siberian, 25. Sombre, 58. Tityra cayana, 390. Tmetotrogon, 394. Toad-Frog, 413. Toads, 234, 414. Australian, 266. Garlic, 237. Green, 333. ello Horned, 412. American, 265. Jackie, 412. Midwife, 236. Natterjack, 235. South American, 412. Surinam, 170. Water, 413. Tobacco-Pipe Fish, 356. Todies, 425. Tolypeutes tricinctus, 375. Tomistoma schlegeli, 219. Tongue-Animalcule, 381. GENERAL INDEX VOL. m1. | Zonicia chiloensis, 381. wm. | Took-ra, 185. i. | Tooth-Shells, 381. 11. | Tope, 296. in. | Topi, 100. uu. | Torpedo nobiliana, 297. w.| Torsk, 293. u.| Tortoise, Aru, 408. yu. Big-Headed, 202. I. Box, 351. Tir. Fresh-water, New Guinea, 282. Il. Galapagos, 427. I. Giant, 204. +1. Aldabra, 204. 205. Im. Mascarene, 204. In. Rodriguez, 205. wt. Greaved, Sudani, 204. ine Greek, 457. Ii. Horned, Queensland, 263. I. Land, 159, 202. Tt. African, 167. TH. Giant, 198, 202, 204. mm. Greaved, African, 167. Ii. Malagasy, 191, 198. wi. Marion’s, 204. m1. Matamata, 408. TI. Pond, 331. I. River, 408. TI. Soft, 32, 168. i. Saddle-Backed, Galapagos, 205. Ii. Side-Necked, 269. i. Australian, 263. im. Fresh-water, Malagasy, 198. Il. Soft, 159, 202. Ti. Water, Pleurodiran, 168. Ilr. Side-Necked, 168. Il. | Totanus, 10, 34, 100. I. calidris, 406. uw canescens, 34. I. Juscus, 10. I. glareola, 303. I. hypoleucus, 301. I. ochropus, 302. Il. stagnatilis, 100. u-| Toucans, 393. u-| Touktar, 203. {UL | Toxotes jaculator, 267, 343. i-| Trachelotis, 163. ri. cerulescens, 164. u-| Trachinus draco, 29}. u-| Trachyboa, 412. mu-| Trachyphonus cafer, 148. m-| Trachypterus arcticus, 353. I. | Trachys minuta, 242. yur | Trachysaurus rugosus, 264. m-| Tragelaphus angasi, 83. I- buaxtoni, 83. In- euryceros, 43. III scriptus, 85. Tit: decula, 86. IIr- sylvaticus, 86. TI spekei, 84. Ti gratus, 84. Ir: selousi, 84. yu: } Tragulus, 115, 177. ’ 1} Trap-Door Spiders, 463. tt | Tree-Creeper, 135. II ; 153. 1.| Tree-Dormouse, 445. = RHEE A RRR Tree-Ducks, 164. Tree-Frog, 168, 4.14. Australian, 267. Martinique, 425. West African, 170. Tree- Kangaroos, 228. Bennett’s, 274. Black, 274. Brown, 274. Doria’s, 274. New Guinea, 274. Queensland, 228. Tree-Peckers, 385. Tree-Pies, 154, 186. Tree-Pipit, 397. Tree-Runners, 385. Tree-Sbrews, 165, 212. Tree-Snakes, Australian, 266. Tree-Sparrow, 145. Tree-Starlings, Malagasy, 194. Tree-Swifts, 188. Tregadors, 385. Treron, 198. Trichobatrachus robustus, 171. Trichoglossus nove - hollandie, 254. Trichosurus caninus, 235. vulpecula, 234. fuliginosus, 235. Trichys guentheri, 217. Triclaria, 397. Tridacna, 384. Trigger-Fishes, 355. Trigla, 290. cuculus, 351. hirundo, 351. Trigonia pectinata, 381. Trimeresaurus, 411, 412. Tringa, 10, 11, 34, 35. Triodon bursarius, 355. Trionyx, 202, 351. so 68. triunguis, 32. Triton variegatum, 377. Trivia, 378. Trochilium apiforme, 192. Trochilus, 31. Troglodytes vulgaris, 127. Trogons, 190, 394. Ethiopian, 152. Trogosita mauretanica, 266. Troides, 283. priamus, 283. Tropic- Birds, 329. Red-Tailed, 330. White-Tailed, 329. Yellow, 330. Tropicoris rufipes, 200. Tropidonotus natrix, 329. tesselatus, 459. ~ Troupials, 347, 384. Trout, Lake, 357. River, 357. Sea, 357. 69) Sle Trumpet-Animalcule, 381. Trumpeters, 404. Trumpet-Fish, 356. Trumpet Shells, 377. Trunk- Fishes, 38, 354. Trygon, 365. Trygon, 297. HEE WHEE! =H, 4 be oh, PARRA ESHER K BE = HE bl ip FERRE that, ie be beMant fl a dl = ee ad ad | Drygon—(continued). pastinaca, 365. sephen, 365. walga, 365. | Trypanosoma brucei, 177. | Trypanus cossus, 192. Tsetse-Flies, 175. Livingstone’s, 176. Tuatera, 294. New Zealand, 381. Tube-Worms, 308. - 386. Tubicinella, 374. Tubifex rivulorum, 377. Tubipora hemprichi, 389. musica, 389. Tuco-Tucos, 370. Tucuxi Dolphin, 381. Tui, 288. Tunicata, 367. Tunny, 346. Tun-Shells, 377. Tupaia, 165, 212. | Tupinambis teguexin, 410. Turacos, 152. Giant, 153. Helmeted, 152. Turacus buffoni, 152. Turbinaria peltata, 389. Turbinella rapa, 379. Turbot, 291. Turco, 423. Turdus iliacus, 396. merula, 113. musicus, 114. naumanni, 24. obscurus, 25. pilaris, 115. ruficollis, 24. sibiricus, 25. torquatus, 396. alpestris, 426. viscivorus, 115. Turkey-Buzzard, 349. Turkeys, American, 350. Brush, Australian, 260, 261. Latham’s, 261. Papuan, 279. .| Turkey-Vulture, 349, 399. Turnix, 199. sylvaticus, 29. .| Turnstone, 251. Turs, 86. Tursiops, 244. 5 catalania, 328. .| Turtle, Edible, 335. Green, 335. Hawksbill, 336, 374. Indo-Pacific, 334. Leathery, 334. Loggerhead, 374. Turtle-Dove, 89. aa 33. Senegal, 160. Turtur, 72, 157. communis. 89. senegalensis, 160. Turturena, 160. Twait-Shad, 294. Twite, 398. Tylomys, 369. GENERAL INDEX Tympanuchus americanus, $49. Typhlociba rose, 200. Typhlops braminus, 82, 205, 412, Tyrannulus elatus, 387. Tyrannus pipiri, 347, 348. Tyrant-Birds, 386, 390. Tyrant-Flycatchers, 386. Tyroglyphus faring, 273. sira, 273. Uakari, 356. Udad, 20. Umbra krameri, 449. Umbrella-Bird, 388. Umbrina cirrhosa, 342. Unau Sloths, 378. Ungalia, 412. Ungaliophis, 412. Unicorn, 117. z Unicorn-Shell, 379. Unio, 269. : margaritifer, 380. pictorum, 380. -| Upupa epops, 103. indica, 154. | Ural Owl, 400. Urania, 417. Uranoscopus scaber, 352. Urchin, 310. Uria, 281, 282. Urial, 44. Uroaétus audax, 257. Urochroma, 397. Urogalba, 394. Urogymnus, 365. Urolestes melanoleucus, 146. Uromastix spinipes, 36. Uromys, 215, 270, 271, 273. Uroplates fimbriatus, 199. Urospatha martii, 392. Urotragus, 114, 175, 229. Urotrichus, 236, 345. Ursus americanus, 342. arctus, 437. > 23, 53, 140, 326. crowtheri, 20. cinnamomus, 342. horribilis, 326, 327. kermodei, 327. leuconux, 226. malayanus, 171, 213. ornatus, 363. priuinosus, 226. toryuatus, 53, 146. Vaginula, 282. Valvata piscinalis, 379. Vampire, Great False, 215. Vampires, 146, 345, 382. Vandeleuria oleracea, 180. Vanellus cristatus, 304. Vanessa antiopa, 191. atalanta, 246, 247. cardut, 247. io, 191. polychloros, 192. urtice, 247. .| Varanus griseus, 35. niloticus, 34. salvator, 202. oy 264. Il. — = rs A _ AA les! A HH aces a HBF dan BAP aoe AR RREREE Fee oEElElea& -| Vasa Parrots, 196. Lesser, 196. Velella spirans, 311. Venus, 379. mercenaria, 306. -| Venus’s Flower-Basket, 392. .| Vervet Monkey, 55. Vespa crabro, 186. Vespertilio borealis, 395. Suscus, 345. murinus, 58. serotinus, 58. Vicuna, 366, 367. Vidua hypocherina, 144. serena, 144. principalis, 144. superciliosa, 144. Vinago, 160. Violet-Snails, 376. Vipera, 170. aspis, 459. berus, 164. Vipers, 168, 412. 36 39 Ethiopian, 170. Gabun, 169. Horned, 37. Mountain, 159. Pit, 159, 411. River Jack, 169. Russell’s, 159, 203. Sand, 82. Saw-Scaled, 159. Southern, 459. Water, 351. Vireo noveboracensis, 347. Viseacha, 371. Vitrina, 210. diaphana, 436. Viverra, 135, 136, 168, 212. civetta, 68. Voetgangers, 181. Volatinia splendens, 384. Voles, 212. 9) 22, 180) 235, 323; 337. Alpine, 415, 425. Savi’s, 451. Voluta vespertilio, 380. Volvox globator, 382. Vultures, 66, 67, 68, 156, 349, 399. Bearded, 431. Ethiopian, 156. Riippell’s, 140. White, 28. Wagtail-Crow, 146. Wagtails, 397. Blue-Headed,. 252. * 26. Cape, 141. Grey, 293. » 26, 61. Grey-Headed, 26. Pied, 293. a LD3: White, 292. 3 AB, Gil Yellow, 61. Walghvogel, 202. Wallabies, 225, 226. Agile, 227, 274. Aru Island, 274. Wallabies—(continucd). Banded, 229. Black-Tailed, 227. Bridled, 228. Brush-Tailed, 227. Crescent, 228. Hare, 228. Rufous, 228. Spectacled, 228. Nail-Tailed, 227, 228. Pademelon, 227. Parry’s, 227. Red-Bellied, 227. Red-Necked, 226. Rock, Australian, 227. Short-Eared, 227. Short-Tailed, 227. -| Wallaroo, 226. | Walrus, 269, 270, 271. Wapiti, 20, 231, 318. Warblers, 397. Aquatic, 289. Barred, 122. Bonelli’s, 453. 5p 57. Cetti’s, 58. Chiffchaff, 125. Dartford, 27. Eversmann’s, 25. Fan-Tailed, 153. Furze, 27. African, 27. Garden, 121. 25. arasshopper, 123. Greater Reed, 291. Marsh, 290. Melodious, 27. Olivaceous, 57. Olive-Tree, 57. Orphean, 57. Pheasant-Tailed, 246. Reed, 290. River, 122. Sardinian, 453. Savi’s, 57. Sedge. 289. Moustached, 153. Superb, 246. Tree, 124. Water, 289. Willow, 125. Wood, 124. Wart-Hog, 41, 108, 109. Wart-Pigeons, 197. Wasps, Sieve, 246. Social, 185. Tailed, 190. Water-Boatman, 370. Waterbucks, 92. Defassa, 93. Sing-sing, 93. Water-Flea, 375. Waterhen, 308. Blue, 259. Water-Louse, 375. Water-Ousel, 287. Water-Pheasant, 200. Water-Rail, 304, 408. 3p 33. Water-Rat, 282, 391. Yellow-Footed, 227. .-| Water-Shrew, 286. | Water-Toad, Surinam, 413. .| Water - Tortoises, .| Waxwings, 29, 347. .| Weaver-Birds, 154, 184, 185. .-| Weaver-Finches, Australian, 246. -| Weka Rail, 289. -| Wentle-Traps, 376. .| Whales, Antarctic, 308. GENERAL INDEX Water-Rat—(continued). Black and White, Guinea, 272. European, 272. Golden-Bellied, 216. Monckton’s, 272. Yellow-Bellied, Australian, 272. Water-Scorpion, 369. New 272. Pleurodiran, 168. Side-Necked, 168. Water-Viper, 351. Weasel, 54, 393. Snake, 76. Striped, 76. Weasels, 23, 53, 144, 213, 364. 352. Australian, 246. Buffalo, 144. Red-Beaked, 144. Bush, 144. Crimson, African, 142. South African, 142. Masked, African, 142. Parrot, 144. White-Browed, 144. Red-Headed, 142. Shining, 144. Sparrow, 144. Red-Headed, 144. Tropical, 144. Tree, 143. Velvet, African, 142. Weever-Fish, 291. Weevil, Apple-Blossom, 179. Branch, 179. Pine, 178. Vine, 178. Wels, 347. Bahia, 312. Beaked, 246. Antarctic, 312. Arnux’s, 313. Cuvier’s, 327. Gray’s, 313. Layard’s, 312, 313, 327. | Black, Antarctic, 308. Bottle-Nosed, 246. Fin, 246, 247, 266. Greenland, 308. Grey, Pacific, 266. Humpback, 310. 311, o2a0 Hump-Backed, 248, 266. Indo-Pacific, 323. Killer, 245, 266. Pigmy, Antarctic, 309. Pilot, 244. Right, 266, 267, 271. Black, 309. 312, | Greenland, 311. North Pacific, 323. H A H ta I -HEBREGRee SE Whales, Right— (continued). Southern, 323. Southern Black, 323, 374: Sperm, 246, 266. po) Or Lesser, 327. Whalebone, 246, 247, 266. White, 272. Whale-Shark, 362. Wheatear, 228. Wheatears, 24, 56. Whelks, 303, 304. D 379. American, 379. Common, 379. Dog, 379. Purple- Yielding, 379. Red, 379. Whimbrel, 33. Whinchat, 230, 396. 56 Whip-Fish, 344. White-Ants, African, 178. White-Eyes, 183, 184. Whitethroat, 121, 397. Lesser, 121. White-Throats, 25, 57. Whiting, 292. Whydahs, 142. Cock-Tailed, 142. Paradise, 143. Pied, 144. Widow-Birds, 185. Wigeon, 409. 35 Wild Boar, 31. Wild Cat, 43. Wildebeest, Black, 97.. Blue, 98. Wilde-Paard, 120. Willow-Grouse, 401. 3 329. Willow-Wren, 125, 397 Wing-Shells, 377, 383. West Indian, 377.. Wireworms. 242. Wolf-Fish, 291, 292. Wolverine, 395. os 23, 137. Wolves, 22, 317. Aard, 41, 70. Abyssinian, 72. American, 325. Antarctic, 302. European, 393. 138. Falkland, 302. Indian, 393. a 00) 138: Maned, 361. Tasmanian, 216. Timber, 325. Wombats, 237. Bass’s Strait, 238. Hairy-Nosed, 239.. Tasmanian, 238. Woodchat, 138, 399. 62 Woodchuck, 334. Woodcock, 62, 405. wD 33. 78, 158. Thorny, 377. Wood-Hare, 338. Wood-Hen, 289. Wood-Hoopoes, 147. Red-Beaked, 148. Woodlark, 157. Wood-Lice, 208. Wall, 273. Wood-Nightjars, 390. Wood-Owls, 329, 400. Wood-Partridges, 195. Woodpecker- Parrots, 279. Woodpeckers, 399. American, 329, 348. Crested, 393. Great Black, 97. Great Spotted, 97. Green, 99. African, 148. Algerian, 28. Grey, 99. Leaf, 393. Lesser Spotted, 98. THe eI + H Pitts ee ts pH AB ete ARR R a HHRAA BS Powdered, 218. Red-Winged, 348. | Sharpe’s, 99. | Stump, 189. | Sultan, 189. F Tiger, 189. White-Backed, 97. White-Headed, 393. Wood-Pigeon, 87. Wood-Rats, 337. Wood-Storks, 199. Py =e ences sien set sits : Wood Wren, 124, 397. t.| Worms, 377. p Oi, stds ~ ty Middle-Sized Spotted, 98. Wood-Swallows, Australian, 246. GENERAL INDEX Worms—(continued). Acorn, 369. Alaskan, 369. New Zealand, 369. Arrow, 376. Earth, 255. Palolo, 385. Sea, 385. Gulf of Tokyo, 385. Tube, 386. Wrasses, 344. Ballan, 344. Coral, 344. Striped, 344. Wren, 127, 397. oy 3, NEBL B¥47, BEBE Wry-Bill, 314. Wryneck, 99, 399. op 30. Xantharpygia, 62. Xema furcatum, 277. Xenelaphus, 365. Xenopus, 413. levis, 170. Xenorhynchus asiaticus, 199. 59 OS: senegalensis, 163. Xenotherium, 65. Xeromys silaceus, 216. myoides, 216. Xerus rutilus, 130. Xiphias gladius, 344. Xiphorhynchus procurvus, 385. Xysticus viaticus, 255. Yak, 226. | VOL. Oi) 457 Yapock, 380. Yurumi, 378. Zabrus gibbus, 239. Zaglossus bruijni, 276. Zamensis mucosus, 205. Zanclostomus javanicus, 192. Zapus, 22, 236, 323. Zarthe, 355. Zebra-Finch, 246. Zebras, 41, 120, 123. Burchell’s, 120. Foa’s, 122. Grévy’s, 122, 123. Mountain, 120. Zebu, 109, 175. Zenkerella insignis, 129. Zeus faber, 290. ee Otc Zingel, 344. Ziphius, 313. cavirostris, 246. cuvieri, 327. Zoarces viviparus, 291. Zokors, 236. Zonifer tricolor, 257. Zonotrichia pileata, 384. -| Zonurus cordylus, 169. | Zoophytes, 182. Zope. 355. .| Zorilla striata, 76. Zorille, 20. -| Zesterops, 183, 184. -| Zygena exulans, 435. filipendula, 248. lonicere, 248. malleus, 296. (Sphyrna), 360. ~ eryisy a nya qe Din i) HOD H SPAS th Hae he) WML 9088 01252 2868