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L162 L161 — O-1096 FIRST INTERIM REPORT WILL COUNTY FOREST PRESERVE DISTRICT DEPARTNENT OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN OCTOBER 21, 1975: REGIONAL DATA GATHERING FOR MASTER PLANNING TABLE OF CONTENTS: HISTORY---GREENFIELD, OWEN, BOROWSKI P0PULATION---NEILS, BLAIR, BOYCE LAND USE---KRUIDENIER, HALBERG, RUTHENBECK, KULAK, WELLS, SARRING ECONOMICS- — STAHL, TRAYSER, BUTTICE GEOLOGY- --BYE, KING GEOMORPHOLOGY---BRIGGS, DRAKE, MEDER •^«. SOILS---MCHENRY (R) ,' GOMEZ WILDLIFE---JOHNSON, DRISCOLL VEGETATION---GETZ, FIORE APPENDICES AVAILABLE: LEGISLATION - PASTERIS, ITO, KELLY {^^ , PHILLIPS, FISHER, MCHENRY HYDROLOGY - HEVRDEJS, KELLY \ \ f HISTORY PERTAINING TO THE WILL COUNTY FOREST PRESERVE DISTRICT Greenfield Owen Borowski Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/willcountyforestOOuniv The Major Events In The History Of Will County and A Historical Forest Preserve Site Inventory, 1939 To I967 ^8f 1670 73 1700 1730 1760 63 75 83 1790" 1820 09 18 1850 48 +- 52 53 1880 1910 1940 wiijL county time line Joliet and Marquette discover New Prance French Indian War, English take possession of county American Revolution, colonists take control, call the area 'The Northwest Territory' Illinois Territory declared Illinois becomes a state Illinois-Michigan Canal begun Blackhawk War, Indians forced West of the Mississippi River, settlements . lead by missionaries spring up Canal completed, Joliet and Lockport grow and flourish Rairoad completed, canal becomes obsolete >/vill Coiinty takes on its present boiandaries 30 " Canal connecting Joliet to Mississippi River" is completed Post World Ii.r Baby Boom and growth of Chicago r In order to fully appreciate tnis study on v»ill County and the Forest ireserve it is necesseury to \inderstand the historical enviroiiment from which the area has emerged. Ihe historical perspective lends information on why the area was settled, when the area was settled, and what factors le«d to the continued growth and stabilization of ttie county. This information, much like an architectural drawirg, explains the foundations of the county, points out those elements which have caused the coxinty to grow, and which ultimately have uiade at least one aspect of the county, the forest Preserve, important enou^ to merit this comprenensive study. Included below is a short concise history of mill County,^ It is meant only as a basic guide in explaining >^ill Cuixntys growth from the first v/iiite ScXtlers to ohe present, and ia by no. means comprehensive. Tue area now known as will County was originally discovered byvtxie French explorers Louis Joliet and Father Marquette in 1673. Travelling along the Illinois and Les Plaines rivers the two explorers claimed the area as French Territory, and subsei^uently t . e colony became known as n'ew France. The English inherited the area with the outcome of the French and Indian wars of 1763, but their ownership was shortlived, Ihe American Revolution, 1775-1783, gave the territory to the colonists, who promptly mapped the area as part of the Nv^rthwest Tc^rritory. In 1809 the Illinois Territory v^as aeclared, a.x-d in 1618 Illinois became a state of tlie union, will ounty took wxi its present bouiiuaries in 1&53. Ingrained in the history of vlill County are the Illinois and i^es Jrlaines n^vers. ffis files e rivers served as routes of navi^^ation for the f reach explorers arid many travelers t..ere after, tiie rivers also provided habitats for the native lottawattouiie Indians. The Indians used the rivers for their htuiting grounds and homelands. Tne Indians and white settlers tolerated eacii otiier .jitil the outbreak ^f the Blackhawk rfar of 1832. The Indians lost the war and were forced into reservations west of txie .Mississippi. wxth the territory finally free from the threat of Indians, white settlers, led by missionaries, began to migrate into will Cobuity with many settlements springing up in tlie vicinity of what is now ooliet, plainfield and later Lockport. In 1829, a canal was begun which would connect the i'ississippi Kiver to Lake «licaigan. T 'is canal v*as near completion in 184b, and m. rked the major tur-ning point in the growtli and stabilization of »»ill County, .ities and industry prospered, riesent day ooliet and Lockport began to take their present form as ma^or manufacturing, industrial and shipping centers. une Hundred years later the final stages of Joliefs canal programs were cempletod when in 1930 a series "-of locks and damy connecting J'^liet to the Mississippi River were installed. Today this final stage of the canal is used most frequentlyo -Lhe 1829 Canal between Joliet and Lake A'ichigan was only successful for a siiort while due to the progress of the railroad. In 1652 tlie railroad stretciied from the east to Joliet, , linking Joliet to v^hicago. The cheaper, faster xailroad quickly made the early phase of the canal obsolete. r < 'from the mid 1800 's until the 1940*3 Will >..ounty remained a rural, agricultural county, with the exception of the industry of ooliet and LiOokport. H(j..ever growing pressure from hiccigo has Cciused a change of character in the region. This ciiange can best be :jeen in the new town development Park Forest oouth, or the uncontrolled sprawl of Bulingbrook.The result of this expansion has been a loss of precious agricultural soil, the destruction of woodlands, decrease of good water, and a loss of 01 en space, it is essential for ct study to be carried out by the forest preserve in order to preserve these essential resources o HISTORICAL .ITE INVENTORY: 1939-1967 in aadition to compiling a broad history of tiie coxxnty, it is also impurtcint to document the nistory of each particular forest preserve site. Tnis however is easier said than done. The history of the pai-ticular sites is biiried deep within the couiity minutes, nistorical biographies, cjad local cemetaries. However, since the county has only begiiii to change in character within the the last 50 to 40 years, it was felt that a study of hov. these sites have changed within the last 3C yearts would be a valuable resource, ■fortunately, with the aid of aerial photography, such an inventory »vas successfully completed, 1939 aerial photographs for each forest preserve site, were compared with I'yo? photct<,raphs. Changes xn tiie geiieral area arond the peripiiery of eaeh site was noted, along v^ith any cnanges that nave occurred on site, VETiiHiiho iiiEii/lOnliixj reek has experienced treme. dous growth along the bouxid^-ry bordering Joliet. "hat ..'as farmland in 1939 has now been converted to industrial and residential developeoient. This impact comes light up to the periphery of the site. Much of the farmland to the east and northeast , has remained in agriculture, but the land holdings are tmaller and more laiid is in woodland than in 1939. This is in contrast to the general trend which is large farms farming &very inch of land capable of producing. Tne ^ite; In 1939 the site was primarily agricultui'al except for a treeline bordering:, Spring •Creek. The eastcentral portion of the site was partially wooded, It migiit have been used for grazing as indicated by an irregular canopy, and a lack of underatory, The 1967 site is very similiar, with many areas being' in active agriculture. Tne treeline along the creek has expanded ii'tto the area that was farmed previously, and in general the vegetation along the stream is much f\iller. The wooded" eagt^ central portion of the site has filled in , both in canopy and ujiderstory. JOSEPH ZALAR ^ ODS: General Area; Tne general area iias remained veiy much the same as in 1939. that ceing agricultural. Some small develt.pements , commercial and residential, have occurred to the north of the site, aiost major developements in the area are occuxring to the west of \J.^. 52 in the direction of ciet. x'ne Site: The site still remains primarily in active agriculture. Tne northern portion has terminated agriculture and is beginning to acnieve scrub stages of regeneration. Sometime between 1939 and 1967 a road was cut into the site, but it appears to be unmaintained . *ayne Lehnert: general Area: The general area remains virtually xmchanged. all area were and still are in active agriculture. Tne Site: The site nas also remained iinchanged, and of 1967 tlie site was in active agriculture » c (ixJLlJ^J WOODS: vieneral Area: The northern portion of the area remains in agriculture much as in 1939- The portions of land imnediately bordering the site have been subdivided and will probaMy be built upon in the next few yearr. These same areas previously in agriculture have been allowed to grow into scrub. ¥ne oite: ¥he site has remained Tjmdisturbed, MCKINELY WOODS: General Area: The general area along all portions of the site has remained in agriciilture. Most farms in the area have maintained their sizes and no significant developements hare occurred. The one exception to this is south of the Des Plaines River near the central penninsula portion of the site. Some homes have been developed in this area, but most developement is of a nature that requires large Isuidholdings , 'perhaps commercial or industrial. Some quarring is occurring along with a number of undeterminable uses. The Site: Moose Island appears not to have undergone any major changes. The vegetation has matured and invaded some of the openlandso The other island was under some program of maintainance inl939, although it didnot appear to be farmed,. The northern portion of the island was in open field, the central portion of the island was under canopy vegetation, and the southern If thl^'Jtt ^"^ scrub in 1939. As of 1967, the northern portion 01 the site was m advanced stages of open field succession th^ sn.^tr''^°'''i°" °^ '^* ^^^^^^ ^^ill under canopy^d' veL?atierwith''J'°" f '^' f ^^^ developed sporatir'anopy vegexatioH with some dense clumps. The section of the site to the west of the island has ^odJf "^ith^o'^t'Ttf ""^^^' ^" ^^'^ ^^^ -^^ wis partially o? the'srie was L?t. ^^ ^''^^^? °P^^ ^^^^^' ""^^ southern portion ox xne site was partially wooded.. The 196? site is a combinatinn ■ site'n::tr?^'':j;e ^^r'^"'"^ '^^^ ^^^ southern%o?t?.rof\"he'°" advanopro;?° ^h%°^t«^ periphery of the woodland are areas in advanced stages of open field succession, with some overstory and. some scrub. "^ similiar fT^^V'^o^a'^^"'^'"^^ °^ McKinely Woods has remained very fi^oo • ? Its 1939 appearance. Some differences include areas maintained in 1939 now have grown out and are Regenerating of the\ftri°^r"^' "^i""^ occurred in 1939 along the foSther^ fip Both^%%\\%^°2eas"Lve\eiln%^^ '^^" removed\s h.s a roadway! in stages ofop^riielTsuc^f ssioS ^^^^^^^^-^ P— s ,and are^ f> HAMMEL WOODS: General Area: The area immediately surroxinding Hammel Woods has experienced a good deal of developement . North of the woods in 1939 was farmland which is now a series of buildings. Farmland bordered the two western corners of the site in 1939 were farm- ]and, each with a homestead on it and active farmland. Now however, the northwest section, although still in farmland, has substituted two large industrial sites for what was previously active agriculture., Thus cutting the agricultural production of the site *^y about half. The southwest portion of the site has had its land and homesite replaced by a large parking lot. R.T. 66, n«t present in 1939, now cuts its way along the eastern boundary of the site. Still however the majority of the area remains in agriculture. The Site: The site has experienced a good deal of change since" 1939. The northern entrance of the site along with most of the northern rectauigle were in 1939 openfields. Now however the two areas have become wooded with a substantial canopy. A 1939 road extending south into the site has not been maintained, and is now covered over with vegetation. The southern entrance remains the same as in 1939. To the north and east of the central parking area were open fields not in agriculture, now however only the area north of the parking lot remains in open field, the area to the east has begun to regenerate and is currently in late stages of open field succession, scrub and a few canopy and clump areaso In general, however the site has kept its mature, woodland character. PLUM GROVE: General Area: The area north of Goodenow Road has undergone intensive developement including the Qalumet Expressway which divides the site, Due north of the site a major quarry has scarred the area, with another quarry occurring to the northeast. Tne land to the south has been divided by a series of roads and minor developements. The ^ite: The site has been unaltered except for 1he Calujnet Expressway. Some open spaces have been reduced in size bv invading vegetation. PORSYTHE WOODS: General Area: The general area has remained in agriculture much as m 1959. A few iiin«r developements have occurred. ^ The Site: The site has experienced a few minor alterations. Agricutural expansion has eliminated a n-umber of single trees which wer located near a farmstead, which has since been removed. A new farmstead has gone up to the west of the original structure. In order to accomodate increased agriculture 1iie treeline near the stream has been seriously cut into. Trees located toward the center of the site have matured and expanded. MESSENGER WOODS: Incomplete photos LMB WOODS i Incomplete photos CONCLUSION: The photographs substantiate the fact that the growiii of Will County has caused a careless reduction of good agricultural soil, precious woodlands, water, and open space. A.11 the sites have witnessed the loss of precious agricutural soil, with the area around Hammel Woods bearing this out quite convincingly. Housing, industry, and parking lots have taken the place of corn and soybeans. Raccoon Grove and Plum Grove indicate that precious woodlands have been stripped clean to support new housing developements. What is ironic is that although these sites were developed because of their wooded character, by the time they have accomadated all the tools and machinery of developement , they have lost theit wooded character. With each new random developement water and open space are reduced. If growth remains unplajined and uncontrolled many of the aesthetic open spaces in will county may be eliminated, and many problems with displaced ninoff water may become quite serious „ Hopefully the Forest Preserve can help in reducing thes- problems t>v an-'-' -^insc iDrecious lands, and setting an example of good land-use and public education. /> BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Chicago Bibliographical Company, ^ill County Biography. Chicago Boigraphical Publishing Company, Chicago, 1901 977.^25 G2&62 University of Illinois 2. i)rury,John, American County History. Loree Company, Chicago iy^4, 917. 75 ^^^31 V.26 University of Illinois. 5. Jones, Abner D\imont, Travels in Illinois. Boston, Weeks , Jordan and Company, Philedelphia, 1858, 917.73 J71i University of Illinois 4, Rose, James, Counties of Illinois. State Printers, Springfield, Illinois, 1906, 977.3 R72c , University of Illinois 5. Smith, HermaJi Dunlap, Pes Plaines River. Private Publisher, Lake Forest , Illinois, 1940, 977.32 Sm5d University of Illinois 6, Unknown, Will County Biography. W. Lee Baron Jr. and Company Chicago, 1878, 977.325 h629 University of Illinois 7. lill County Historical Society, Will County History. Will County Historical Society, Joliet, 1928, 917-7325 ';^66 University of Illinois • PHai'OG£«PH, o i« United States Government, Veterans Memorial Woods, 1939, University of Illinois, Map and Geography, 3-34 2. United States Government, R-unyon Vifoods, 1939, University of Illinois, Map and Geography, 3-100,99,98 3. United States Government, Messenger Woods, 1939, University of Illinois, Map and Geography, 2-154 4. United states Government ,^ Spring Creek, 1939, University of Illinois, Map and Geography, 2-43,192 5. United states Government, Joeseph Zalar j'oods, 1939, University of Illinois, Map and Geography, 2-144 6o United States Government, Hammel Woods, 1939, University of Illinois, Map and Geography, i:?-53,52 7. United States Government, Van Home ./oods, 1939, University of Illinois, «:ap and Geography, 2-104,103 8. United States Government, Hunters 'i^oods, 1939, University /^ o^ Illinois, Map and Geography, 2-100,99 9. United states Government, Lie kinei^ .Vods, 19:59, University of Illinois, _ap and Geography, i^-68,69 10. United states Governxaent , Gerdes .Voods, 19':59, University of Illinois, Map and Geography, l-62f,63 11. United states Government, Forsythe noods, 19'^9, University of Illinois, Luap and Geography, 1-169, lb8 12o United States Government, «ayne Lehnert Preserve, 19^9 University of Illinois, -lap and Geography, l-b9,70 1^. United States Government, ^.accoon Grove, 19:59 » University of Illinois, Liap and Geography, 4-18,19 14. United States Go> ernnent , Pl-um Grove, 19:59, University ot Illinois, Llap and Geography, A-Z'D, if The Will County Forest Preserve District was established on June 24, 1926. The rules and regulations of the Will County Forest Preserve District were adopted from the Du Page County Forest Preserve District. The data concerning the goals and policies of the Forest Preserve ars helpful in that they establish a broad basis of design ideas and concepts which will tie all the di,fferent sites into a Forest Preserve System with continuity. The Illinois revised Statutes specify that forest preserves may be created for the purposes of: " protecting and preserving the flora, fauna, and scenic beauties" ; " the education, pleasure and recreation of the public"; and " to store flood waters, control other drainage and water conditions " and preserve gr^'iund water. ^ The law also specifies that " gravel, sand, earth and any other material obtained from the lands and waters" owned by a forest preserve district may be sold by the district.^ State enabling legislation for forest preserve districts therefore recognizes the multiple uses and benefits that may be derived from a properly developed forest preserve. ^ Open Space is an integral part of the forest preserve system and forest preserve sites should be designed to maximize open space benefits. Open Space at the ground level has a number of practical uses, including the follov/ing: 1. The preservation of the landscape with visual variety; to prohibit seemingly endless spreads of xirbani developement* 2. The seperation of incompatibie urban develope- ments (e.g. residential and heavy industrial areas ) . 3. A subsitute for the ixnattractive and/or unstable developements that frequently occur at the fringe of a municipality. 4. The setting off of communities from one another creating a better senso of individual commujiity identity. 5. The cprotection of airfield ar)pro-ch zones for mutual safety of the aircraft and the v;ould-be local residents.. Forest preserve sites are usuallv larger than the largest municipal -oarks and are usually geared to more passive types of recreation. The locations of pr^^serves have typically been esxablished more v;ith reference to uhe site of natural resources than to the coDulation served. 7 The .use of forest ^reserve sites are tended to be more of half -day to full-day outings instead of a few hours to play ball. Forest preserves v/ere first promoted in DuPn,<^e County on ■ the basis of two concepts- public recreation and the preser- vation of flora and fauna." The latter objective v/as pursued by acquiring v/ooded lands, ponds and marshes where there al- ready existed an' abundance of living thin^^s or where reforest- ation and stocking were likely to succeed. ° Waters of present forest preserves are used during bird migration seasons to provide temporary havens for many species during their long trips. -'-^ Such waters need to be kept reasonably free of pollution and they should be large enough to afford fish and water fowl v/ith food and protection.! 1 Ani appropriate minimum size for fish and game management purposes is one acre of surface area and ten to twelve feet of water in tv;enty-five percent of the surface area. 12 o FOOTN:OTES 1. Illinois Revised Statutes, 1963, Chapter 57 ^ » Sec. 5. 2. Ibid, Sec. 6. 3. Forest Preserves Du Pa^e County, Northeastern Illinois Planning Comniission, 1965, V'S- 7. 4. IBid, pg. 7. 5. Ibid, pg. 7. 6. Ibid, pg. y. 7. Ibid, pg. 9. 8. Ibid, pg. 14. 9. Ibid, pg. 14. ■ 10. Ibid, pg. 15. 11. Ibid, pg. 15. 12. Ibid, pg. 15. BIBLIOGRAPHY Forest Preserves Du Page '^ounty. Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission, 1965. LAND PARCELS OWNKD BY THE WILL COUNTY .FOREST PRESERVE DISTRICT i> c 0 TRACT i;o. 1 ::i;s3h:ig:j:? ..O'.dl/uID I^escription of Property: S.E.J 11-2.;; and S.w.j S.ji.:? Section 27 and Z. 9 chains S.E-v N.'./.tj S.E.:^- Section 27 and E.-^ S.E.:/ Section 27 e::ceptlng the E. 6.30 chains, also excepting that part conveyed to trustees of 1\. lH. Ch.urch of Hadley Circuit. All in Tov/nshi.^ 3« i.'orth end in ?.ange 11, Ho-'er Tov/nshlp, and containing 142.81 acres. ^ Grantors ; • Fannie I.;, .ihite. Single and Flora 'niilte. Single. P.esidence, Geneseo, Illinois. Conveyance: ..arranty deed reserving a vendor's lien \antll total purchase price is paid. Date cf Deed: . ' January 20, 1930, (?.ecorded February 10, 1930, record 729, page 75.) Consider at ion: ^17,351.25 Method of Payrient : J5, 000.00 paid February 8, 1930.- ;5,000.00 and 6^ interest on balance due July 1, 1930. ;5,000.00 and c3,'o interest on balance due July 1, 1931. ,.2,851.25 and 5;b' interest due July 1, 1932. (.ill deferred paynents payable at Famer ' s ilational Bank at Geneseo, Illinois.) In re Lease: The above com.-eyance is subject to a lease to Bert C. ?urdy expiring I.^ijrch i, 1931, and assigned to the Fa? est Preserve District by Fannie and Flora V/hite on January 20, 1930. Under the ter::;S of said lease Mr. Purdy is to pay as rent the su.-. of ,;5C0.00 as follows: ^50.00 on March 1, 1930; JIOO.OO on .m^ast 1, 1930: and ;150.C0 on Decerber 1, 1950. TP.ACT NO. 2 HA!rgX WOODS / ■_, / 3 ' Bescription of* Property: lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 5 Assessors Subdn. v!.-^ S. '.';.-> also prt . of ".:..t Se'c.lC T.55 ::. R. 9, Troy Tv;p. containing 103.60 acres at -^325. CO an ac^e.^ Grantor: John J. Crunby and Sadis Crur-.by. Conveyance: ..ari^ar.ty Dsed reserving a vendor's lien until total rurchise price is paid. Bare of Deed: !!cv. 25, 1930. (Recorded in book 740, pare 98.) Consideration: ^33,670.00 payable at First national Hank, Joliet, 111. l-Ct '.oc of paynent : .J517C.C0 paid on ::over:ber 25, 1930. joOCO.OO and 6% interest fron date of deed on balenct:, c.'^e July 1, 1931. B5C00.0C and 6;o interest en balance due July 1, 193 J5000.00 anr. 5;s lnrer°~t on balance due J'oly 1, 1933. 35CCO.OO and 6/; interest on balance due July 1, 1934. ;5000.G0 and 6,^ interest on balance due July 1, 1935. o5500.00 and 5;"^ interest on balance due July 1, 1236, TRACT I'lO. 3 HAI.tEL V/00D3 *?art of Z.l S.w. i Section 10 T.35 N. R. 9 Troy Tv/p. containing 47.25 acres at „3C;; .CO in licrs. Description of F.'Oncrty J Srantors: Ch). " ::. 770 ft. £.;- rT.'.;.t; also V/. leo ft. M. 1725 ft. said IT.VI.i except II. 33 ft. thereof; also said U..i.^ except li . 1725 ft. all in Section 19, T. 34 11. R. 10, Jackson Tv/p., containing 36.95 acres at ^125. 00 an acre. r C-rar.tcr: Michael J. 3reen and ilargaret E. Breen. Jonveyanoe : \.arranty deed reservinr a vendor's lien until total pui'chase price is paid. Date of deed: "ov. 28, 1930. (Recorded in book 739, page 41C.) onslderatlor. : ,;10, 363.75 payable at Jollet KclcIo-.s.! Hank, i'eth.od of Pa:;Tient: ,5363.75 paid on !Iov. 23, 1930. ,.2500.00 and 6,1 interest on balance due July 1, 1931. .;3000.00 and 6'/, interest on balance due July 1, 1952. o L«eGcrl?tlon of Property: T.-.at Dart of S.,s'.i N.E..1 Sec. 19 T. 34 N . ?.. 10 lylr - ":. i .V. of center of Jac'r.son Creek', also N. 1725 f t . 'm .V. . ^ Sec. 19 excoDt \'l. 160 i".. . thereof, ulso except 2J . 770 ft. of Z.-h of V..::.l, also the ". 33 ft. V/. 160 ft. :: . 17'^5 ft. Il.VV.i scld Sec. 19, Jackson Tv/p. containing 31.9 acres at ^125 an acre. Grantor: ...Ibert H. 3runin3 and Vida Bruning. Conveyance: ■..arra--.t~ deed subject to tv;c trust deeds, one to V/r.. r.edr.iond, trustee, for ^3500. 00 cue -^u£. 23, 1931, and one to Charles 0. Pearce, trustee, for ^1500.00 due July 1, 1931. Lute of Deed: Kov. 20, 1930. (Recorded book 739, page 419.) Consideration: i^l0,237.50. ...ethod of Payment: J5237.50 paid on ?Tov. 23, 1930. 1^1500.00 trust deed dated Mov. 20, 1930 to Charles u. Pearce, trustee and interest at Cfo due July 1, 1931. ■ ■ VC500.00 trust deed to V.r.. Redrund, trustee due Aug. 23, 1931. Interest at 6% from Nov. 23, 1930 to Feb. 23, 1931 to be paid to Frank J. V/ise. Interest fro-. Feb. 23, 1931 to Aug. 23, 1931 to be paid to trustee. TRACT KG. 6 McKHILEy WOODS '^ Description of Property: The North fraction. North of Illinois and Michigan Canal, of Section 31, excepting and reserving therefrom, so much thereof as is occupied by said Canal, and its '■/d'O,'-'' waters, and a strip 90 feet wide on the North side of said Canal in Tovmship 34 North and in Range 9, in Channahon Township, and containing 120.46 acrea. . Grantors: Matilda A. Patterson, Howard T. Patterson, Jennie M. Patterson, Harris A. Patterson, Nellie P. Hanson, Elizabeth Patterson and Harriet A. Patterson. Conveyance: Warranty deed reserving a vendor's lien until total pvirchase price la paid. Date of Deeds: March 30, 1931. Recorded in Book 740, pages 325 and 325. Consideration: . . $18,069.00 payable at office of County Clerk. Method of Payment: To Harriet A. Patterson, the sum of 4^2582.00 as follows: $296.00 paid March 31, 1931 286.00 & %% on balance due July 1, 1932 571.00 Same " " 1933 714.00 Same " " 1934 715.00 Same " " 1935 I f e >". r"^ "^ To Matilda A. Patterson, Howard T. Patterson, Jennie M. Patterson, Harris A. Patterson, and Elizabeth Patterson, the sum of 315,487.00 as follows: ' $1,773.00 paid March 31, 1931 1,714.00 4: &% on balance due July 1, 1932 3,429.00 Same " " 1933 4,286.00 Same " " 1934 4,285.00 Same " " 1935 c^/iri3.^ ' *— ^ $ I Description of Property: That part of the S.W.^ of Sec. 10 Two. 35 N, Range 9 deacrlbed as follows: Beginning at a point In the E. line of said S.'.'l.i which is 524.45 ft. S. of the* N.E. Corner of said SW-t thence S.89°57« W. parallel to the N.llne of said S.V.-i 377.3 ft., thence 3.8° 55' E. 60-.73 ft., thence N.89057' E. parallel to the said N. line of the S.tt.:^ A 368.6 ft. to said E. line of said S.W.^, thence N. 0° 41« W. along said E. line 60.0 J^ ft. to place of beginning, containing 0.51 acres for the sum of ;$350.00. Grantors: Charles R. Curtlss and Beatrice Curtlss ^ Conveyance: Viarranty deed subject to a lease to James Pollcandrlotes expiring March 1, 1935 Date of Deed: August 7, 1951. Consideration: $350.00 paid AuGUst 7, 1931. Method of Payment: Cash. Recorded in the office of the Recorder of Deeds in Book 733, Page 203. Tract No. 8 .GERDES WOODS Description of Property: That part of Lot 8 and that part of the Wast 3 acres of Lot 6 Klbban'.s Subdn. of part of East half of Joseph Laughton' s Indian Reservation Section 10, Township 33 North Range 11 Wilton Towishlp described as follows: Beginning at the N.W. Corner of said Lot 5, thence East along the North line of said Lot 6 396 feet to the East line of said West 3 acres of Lot 6, thence South along said East line 290 feet to a point in the North line of the highway vrtiioh is 40 feet North of the South line of said Lot 6, thence V.'esterly along said North line to a point In theVi'est line of said Lot 8 wliich is 55 feet North of said South line of Lot 6 extended V/est, thence North along the West line of Lot 8 645.26 feet, thence East 380.16 feet to the East line of Lot 8 and thence South along said East line 370.26 feet to place of beginning, containing 8.26 acres.. 0 Grantors t Hariv C. Gerdes and Laura K. Gardes. Conveyance : Warranty deed conditioned that If said grantee ceases to use said real estate for Forest Preserve purposes as contemplated by law, then the title of said real estate reverts to the grantors, their heirs, devisees or assigns. Date of Deed: August 8, 1931. • Consideration: Donated by grantors to the Forest Preserve District of Will County. O Description of Property: Port of the S.E.-} of Section 14, In Township 36 llorth and in Kange 10 Epst of the 3rd rrlr.cipal ."erldlan of Lockport Township. Test of Description on l^ege 147, containing 20.9 acres. Grantors : Anna Gleason and John L. Gleaaon, her husband Theresa leach and George ^. Lesch " Albert Seller, a bachelor. Conveyance: ■•arranty Deed reserving a vendor's lien until total piirchase price Is paid, I'ate of Deed: i>eDtember 15, 1934 (Recorded In Record 811, paf:e 31) (" " " 810, '' 266) Consideration: 52900.00 Ilethod of Paynent: :>10.00 nald on May 15, 1935 ■^^/'"'. 300.00 and 5^ Interest fron date of Deed Due Sept. 15, 1935 -'-'• ' ' 300.00 and 6% " on balance due Sept. 15, 1936 >-^- '• 300.00 and 6^ " " " " " 15, 1937 .f^-' , , 300.00 and 6;g " " " " 15, 1938 '<•'■'■ /- '' 300.00 and 6?5 " " " " " . 15, 1939 '^'^J:'.. 300.00 and 6% " " " " " 15, 1940 ''^' 300.00 and 6% " " " " 15, 1941 300.00 and 6% " " " " " 15, 1942 ''^' 300.00 and 6% " " " " " 15, 1943 190.00 ard 6% " " " " 15, 1944 '.» Tract No. 10 Peter Cor.roy Property In Channahon Containing 4 '-i-racta. Description of Property: o Outlet 14, Merrtck and Schernerhom' s Subdivision; also part of the N.W.-^ of the N.'.T.V of Section 20; also parts of the ".Vest fraction of Section 29, all in Tovmshlp 34 Worth, nange 9 Ecst of the 3rd Principal Ueridian, Channahon Tovmshlp, containing 130 acres. Grantor: Receiver (V.'llllam Knutson) Joliet National Bank Conveyance: ''•arranty Deed reserving a vendor's lien until total purchase price is paid. Date of Deed: feb. 23, 1937, recorded In Book 810, page 583. Consideration: ;3250.00 llethod of Fayment: t500.00 paid Feb. 18, 1937 if2750.00 and 5/o Interest due July 1, 1937 Description of Property: » That nart of Lots 21 and 22, Irlnp i-est of the right of vmr of the ChlcaRO rnd Southern Traction (^oiTT>anr» In Oc;den Suhdlvlslon of Raccoon Grove Reserve, In the Tov.-nshlp 34 Horth and in Range 13 East of the 3rd Principal Meridian, In i.lonee "jt-mshlp, V.'ill ^ounty, Illinois, according to the Plat thereof, recorded in ^ook "U", ,5|e3 285 and 286, containing 57.72 acres. Grantors: George B. Geuther, Helen M. Gguther, -cdlth "."erner, Amelia Flaherty and Augusta Alexander. Conveyance: -arranty Deed Date of Deed: iJec. 23, 1937, recorded In Book 845, page 269 ConaiderEtion: ^5300. 00 Method of Payment: vSeOO.OO cash, raid Jan. 3, 1938. Tract No. 12 Crete Township Description of Property: "The VVest Three Fourth (3/4) of the North Half (i) of the North East Quarter H) of Section 33 in TovTnahlp 34, North, Range 14 East of the Third Principal Ileridlan, In Crete Township, ".Ylll County, Illinois, except the North 739.63 feet thereof, said tract hereby conveyed containing 26.61 acres more or less. OAlso, all that part of the North V/est Quarter of Section 33 that lies Easterly the center line of the public Highway extending Northerly and Southerly across said Quarter Section and conmonly .known as the Chicago and Vlncennes Wagon Road, the Dixie Highway and State Route No.l, except the North 739.63 feet of said "quarter Section and also except a tract ccoiprlsing 3.045 acres, more or less In the South V/est Comer thereof described as follows: Commencing at a point on the South Line of said ■-uarter Section Intersected by the center line of the said Dixie Highway end run thence East along said South Line 373.37 feet to a point; thence North at right angles with said South Line a distance of 350 feet to a point; thence V/est parallel with said South Line to intersect a point in the center line of said Dixie Highway; thence Southerly alnng said center line of Dixie Highway to the Point of commencing, said tract hereby conveyed containing 60 acres more or less." Grantors : Ferris E. Gaines and Llllle D. Gaines Conveyanc e: V/arranty Deed Date of Deed: November 1, 1938, recorded in Book 846, Page 488 Consideration: $8661.00 Method of Payment: $1861.00 Paid on November 1, 1938 01700.00 and 4% Interest from Date of Deed due November 1, 1939 1700.00 and 4=% Interest on Balance due November 1, 1940 1700.00 and 4% Interest on Balance due November 1, 1941 1700.00 and 4% Interest on balance due Novanber 1, 1942 Material reproduced from minutes of V.'ill County Forest '.Preserve District. Minutes located in the Y/CFPD office. M^ Kin ley Woods Location of Property; Section 19, Township 3^N, Range leE. Grantors: Mlcheal J. Breen and Margret E. Breen Date of Deed: Nov. 28th, 1930 Consideration: $5,500 Document No. 446131 M^ Kin ley Woods Location of Property: 19-35N-10E Grantors: Albert H. Brunlng and Vlda Brunlng Date of Deed: Nov. 20, 1930 Consideration; $10,237.50 Do .cument No. 44615? Plum Grove Location of Property: Prt Ne^ Sec. 33-34-14 Grantors: Ferris E. Gaines and Llllle D. Gaines Date of Deed: Nov. 1, 1938 Consideration: $1,861 Acres: 86.61 Document No. 512430 Van Home Woods Location of Property: Prt SW^ Sec. 17-35-12 Grantors; Abby Viola Van Home, Ernest F. Dunlop, H. Adelo Cooper, George V. Me garry, John A. Klein and Esther V. Klein. Date of Deed: April 11, 1942 Consideration: 10,000 Document No. 5565II Location of Property: Prt. NW^ Sec. 20-35-12 Grantors : Ann a W. Cleaeland Date of Deed: Sept. 10, I951 Consideration: $1.00 Document No. 696475 Van Horne Woods Location of Property: SW^ Sec. 20-35-12 Grantor: Anna W. Cleveland Date of Deed: Sept 12, 1955 Consideration: 10.00 Document No. 7951^0 Location of Property: Prt. Lot 1 Sec. 20-35-12 Grantor: Joseph H. Hartley, County Clerk Date of Deed: March 2i, I958 Consideration; No payment of taxes Document No. 9OO385 Veterans Memorial Woods Location of Property: Prt. SW^ Sec. 23-37-10 Grantor: Chawsor- Western Oil and Developement Co. Date od Deed: Feb. 1, I966 Consideration: $128,887.50 Document No. R66-2491 LamL Woods Location of Property: S| ofSE^ 25-36-10 Grantor: Vera Cagwin Dqtc of Df?ed : July 1, 1971 Consideration: ^10.00 Document No. R71-17321 Location of Property: 25-36-10 Grantcr; Dare of Deed : Ccnsideration: Document No. R71-17321 Joseuh Zalcr Preserve Locctlcn of Property: E^ of NE^ Sec. 25-35-10 Grantor: Union Bank and Trust Co. of Joliet D::-.r of Deed: Jan, 24, I972 Document No. R72-8578 Joseph Zaylor Preserve Location of Property: 25-35-10 Grantor: Date of Deed : Consideration : Document No. R72-8578 Not Named Location of Property; NE^ 36-35-10 Grantor: Chicago Title and Trust Co. Date of Deed: Aug 3, 1971 Consideration: $10.00 Document No. R7I-I7887 Hunter^ Woods Location of Property: E^ of SW^ Sec. 24-35-12 Grantor: Ellsa Welle Date of Deed: March 21, 1973 Consideration: 10.00 Document No. R73-07979 Location of Property: 24-35-12 Grantor: M.N. Elsenau Date of Deed: March2a, 1973 Document No.R73-07980 Valley Viev: Location of Property: W^of SW^- 20-35-1." Grantor: Federal Savings & Lop''. Ijisurr";?- Cc. . Date of Deed: Oct. 15, 1974 Doc-.vr/r.t No. R74-25866 Consideration: 510.00 SorlnK Creek Location Grantor 1-35-10 2-35-10 1_35_10 2-35-lc Grace M. Brumund Joseph Marino Will Co. of Transportation Date of Deed 2-13-72 5-29-73 9-13-73 Marquette National Bank 6l05 11-19-73 John Kolenc Joseph Jasurda John Freberg William E. Lindblad Emil Madarik Marie Mulholland James Balma Roscoe S. Web Bank of Napervllle l4l2 Mary Kapcan Andrew Budahazzi Joseph F. Uremovic John Valek Jr. Valentine R. Malnar Riohard Sv:ingl6: Robert Lenci Virgil Sm:itr, Rob--"t Lenci Clarence Fox Jr. Anna W. Fran s or. Laurence L. Greer. Forest Park Cnurch FTank J. Jureslc 12-04-73 12-04273 12-14-73 12-27-73 12-28-73 01-04-74 1-23-74 1-30-74 2-1-74 2-12-74 2-20-74 3-5-74 3-8-74 4-26-7^ 6-25-74 6-27-74 6-27-7i^ 2-10-75 3-31-75 3-31-75 3-31-75 7-18-75 Document No. R73-08248 R73-I6O83 R73-32747 R73-35045 R73-36168 R73-36I71 R73-36938 R73-37648 R74-OOO34 R74_00093 R74-02070 R74-02933 R74-03097 E74-03747 R74- 04180 R74-05035 R7/;_05729 R7i|.-09360 R74-10320 R74-15302 R74-15577 R74-I7647 R75-03536 R75-07276 H75-07277 R75-0739G R75-20568 Fors.ythe Woods Location Grantor Date of Deed 31_33_10 Union National Bank & Trust Co. 1001 ' 2-1-?^ Document No. R?4-02766 30-33-10 " " " " " 1522 2-1-7^ Document No. R74-02767 Thorn Creek Woods Location Grantor Date of Deed Document No. 11-3^-13 Riilip H. Hellender ' 7-20-7^ R74-18089 Document No. refers to the publication number Of the micro film deed at Will County Recorders Office. Materials recieved from Will County Recorders Office. THE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF WILL COUNTY Historically, the geolo^ of Will County is one of unique and exciting proportions. Will County has geen shaped and molded by the natural forces since the preCambrian times, and particularly because of glaciation, displays a topography with much variation. Also as a result of these natural processes Will County abounds with an abundance of readily accessible natural resources- limestone, dolomite, sand and gravel, some coal, clay, and peat. The natural processes have also created many topographical features which hold high aesthetic value-scenic rivers and stream valleys with their dramatic bluffs, bogs, and rolling moraines. The Des Planines River has become a major transportation link between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. With these abundant natural resources Will County has supported the growth of major cities, industry, and agriculture . An understanding of the geological history of Will County car aid one in understanding how man has adapted to and exploited the natural resources of the county. This understanding can also aid one in predicting what the potential future use of these natural resources may be or in establishing a base of infor- mation to back up any policy for future natural resource use. The geological history of Will County is summarized in these following pages, beginning with the earliest bedrock formations found to lie directly under the glacial till (under the assumption that they would be the deepest deposits to have much economical significance), and continues through the latest natural processes affecting the geology of the county. An interpretation of the geological history citing the relevence of this data to planning and particularly to the planning of the Will County Forest Preserve District then follows. Bedrock formation ~ The earliest bedrock formation to lie directly under the glacial till of Will County is that of the Cincinnatian Series of the Ordovician Period, (See Bedrock map) The Cincinnatian formation consists dominantly of gray and green shales, but it includes brown, red, and black shales. It has a persistant lime- stone formation in the middle. The Ordovician Period was an era in which most of Illinois was under the sea. The sea received continuous loads of sediment from the surrounding land areas which suffered great reduction under the destructive action of the atmosphere and erosion. This accounts for the early shale deposits. Then the seas became shallow and abundant with sea life. Thus the limestone formation. And then toward the end of the Ordovician Period the teas were covered by a great sheet of mud, over 100 feet thick, accounting for the i.pper shale deposits. The seas then shrank as the land emerged and the sea life had to migrate to deeper parts, but many were exterminated. Thus the Ordovician Period I cane to an end. Today we find these Ordovician deposits to be a rich source of sea life fossils, but their economic significance is minimal, With the changes which closed the Ordovician Period, most of the interior of North American continent became dry land, but as the Silurian Period advanced the epicontinental sea once more covered this area. The eaxliest of the Silurian deposits are those of the Alexandrian Series. The Edgewood and Kankakee formations are the two Alexandrian members which underlie part of Will County. (The Edgewood and Kankakee formations have not been mapped seperately from the later Silurian deposits, the Niagaran formation, ^xA thus all are included in the Silurian desig- nation, see Bedrock Map) The Edgewood formation was deposited in a sea which advanced form the south. It is composed largely of dolomite, but contains some limestone and chert. It con- tains abundant fossils of brachiopods and trilobites(both ancient sea organisms) and thus is a rich source for archeological studies. Edgewood formations have not been mined commercially though, unless their deposits were ten feet or less in thickness, and when they occured along with the later Silurian deposits. After the seas which formed the Edgewood formations withdrew, a sea advanced from the north and in it the Kankakee formation was laid down. The Kankakee formation is a dolomite formation with the dolomite occuring in wavy beds 1" to 3" thick seperated by thin partings of shale. The topmost layer of dolomite in this formation is exceptionally pure and contains an ancient sea life fossil which is used to distinguish it from the later Niagaran deposits. The Kankakee formation is widely quarried and crushed for aggregate and agricultural limestone as well as for its archeological treasures. Both the Kankakee and Edgewood formations are exposed in the southwest part of V/ill County, along the Des Plaines and Du Page Rivers. Sometime after the withdrawl of the late Alexandrian seas, another sea in which the Niagaran formation was deposited advanced southward frorr the Hudson Bay region and eventually covered a large part of North America. Over wide areas a relatively pure dolomite was formed, showing that the sea was fairly clear, the surrounding land low, and the rivers sluggish. The Niagaran formation thus abounds with a wealth of fossils. This formation is the bedrock which underlies the majority of V/ill County and has been exposed in numerous places along the Des Plaines River, the Du Page River, and their tributaries. It has become of major economic significance with much quarrying of the dclomitic limestone for use in building blocks, concrete aggregate, and as lime. It has, as mentioned, a wealth of fossils, all to the delight of the archeologist. (See Silurian deposits on the Bedrock Map) The Devonian and Mississippian Periods followed the Silurian Period but have left no traces of their presence i except in a few crevaces of the Silurian bedrock. The soft deposits of these periods eroded from this area or the area never received any sediments because it was above the sea. During the next period, the Fennsylvanian, the seas repeatedly advanced over the Will County area from the south. Consequently, the deposits are alternately marine and nonmarine. Thus layered deposits of sandstone, siltstone, shale, nodu- lar limestone, claystone, coal, and gray shale were formed. The coal in these deposits is what has made the Pennsylvanian deposits so important to man. In Will County these deposits underlie only the most extreme southwest corner and have been actively stripped of much of the coal deposits. (See Bedrock Map) There is no evidence to shovf that the Will County area was under the sea after the Ptennsylvanian Period. Probably rivers and winds caused deposition of some material, but between the Pennsylvanian and the Pleistocene period (the age of glaciation), erosion, rather than deposition, was the dominant process in this area. That sorre deposits were formed during this period is indicated by the presence of a homogeneous, light bluish-gray, non calcareous clay found in irregu- lar pockets or channels in the dolomite, Glaciation With the arrival of the ice age the bedrock became covered by deposits brought by the glaciers from farther north. These deposits, called drift, mantle more than 95 per cent of the area and consist of unconsolidated till, silt, clay, sand, gravel, and peat. They ar sharply differentiated and readily distin- guished from the much older, consolidated bedrock formations. The glaciers of the first glacial period, the Nebraskan, were not believed to have reached Will County, There is no direct surficial evidence of the next two glacial periods, the Kansan and Illinoian, but some evidence exists that the glaciers of these periods eroded the surface of the bedrock formations. Particularly evident is the buried Hadley Valley, located just northeast of Joliet. The Hadley Valley is a valley in the Silurian bedrock, entrenched nearly 100 feet. Geologists postulate that valley may have been formed by the overflow of a glacial lake, and ancestral Lake Chicago, which formed in the Lake Michigan Basin when the Illinoian glacier retreated to the north. It was then overridden by the Wisconsinan glaciers and partially filled with sand and gravel, and eventually covered by glacial till, averaging JO feet thick. The valley, filled with the sand and gravel and surrounded on the sides and bottom by a slowly permeable dolomite bedrock thus became an underground aquifer, approximately two miles wide and sixty feet in depth. This aquifer is now used as Joliet 's water supply. The glacier of the last glacial period, the Wisconsinan, made their advance as far south as central Illinois, Numerous moraines were formed as the glacier becam.e stationary while on its recessional route north. Eventually the glacier receeded into Will County area. It advanced slightly to form the oldest of the moraines in Will County, the f^inooka moraine, under its edge. The Kinooka moraine is a low ridge of drift, rarely more than two miles wide located along the west boundary of Will County, It is characterized by gentle slopes, noticeably steeper on the west than on the east, and has topography much too smooth for a typical terminal moraine. The moraine, or till ridge, seems to be cut off abruptly by the Illinois River, at which it ends in a steep bluff more than 100 feet high. This bluff is obviously due to river erosion. The moraine is one of the old moraines of the Yorkville Till Member, and is thus characterized by gray clayey till, generally with few cob lies and boulders but with abundant small pebbles. It is slightly more clayey and darker in color than the till of the younger moraines of the Yorkville Till Member (the Rockdale, Wilton , Center, and Manhattan moraines). Like the other late-Wisconsinan drift sheets, the Minnoka drift is covered in most places by a layer clayey loam, deposited by the wind after the retreat of the ice. Following the deposition of the Minooka drift, there was an extensive retreat of the glacial ice-sheet to the northeast. As it withdrew, and later, while it again advanced, the waters that flowed from the melting ice carried with them much debris from the glacier and by the deposition of this material, an extensive plain composed of sand and gravel was formed in front of the ice. Such a plain is called an "outwash plain", and the one deposited to the east of the Minooka moraine is called the Joliet Outwash Plain. (See Geological Features Map) The thickness of the deposit varied, due largely to inequalities of the surface on which it was laid down, hut also to variations in the supply of mcterials at different places. The tendency, however, was toward the formaticri of a fairly smooth sheet of gravel sloping gently downward to the west away from the ice edge. This outwash plain, along with the later Plainfield Gravel Plain, has become of major economic significance with the extraction of large deposits of gravel. Following the formation of the Joliet Outwash Plain, the edge of the ice- sheet advanced again, became stationary, and formed the Rockdale moraine (See Glacial Features Kap). That it held this position for some time is evinced by the the fact that the Joliet Outwash Plain gravels are covered Vy 50 feet or more of till deposited by the ice of this epoch. On the whole, the Rockdale till sheet, especially in the southern part is less smooth than the Mincoka drift. Gentle swells with low hillocks and shallow saucer-like undrained areas are common, and in places there are slight hints of the "knob-and-kettle " type of topography that is typical of a terminal moraine . In constitution, the Rochdale till does not differ noticeably from the Minooka. Both are relatively pure clay, comparatively free from stones larger than small grains. The Rockdale, however, has slightly less clay than the Minooka till as well as being lighter in color. In general, the Rockdale drift overlies the Joliet Gravel Plain. Where the gravel sheet is absent, the Rockdale till rests directly on the Minooka groundmoraine (that till deposited as the glacier receeded from the Minooka moraine) or on the Silurian dolomite liedrock. As the ice which deposited the Rockdale drift retreated slightly from its line of maximum advance, most of the drainage became confined to a few main chan- nels. These included the Des Plaines Valley near Lemont, the Rock Run slough, the Mink Creek slough, the Lily Cache slough, and the East Branch of the Du Page River. These channels were not pronounced valleys or sloughs as they are now, but probably only slight depressions due to the irregularities in the thickness of the drift sheet. They had channels whose floors were all nearly the same elevation, an elevation higher than the present slough bottoms. The present sloughs had their beginnings at this time, and have been valleys ever since, although with little doubt, they all owe their present depth to later erosion in connection with the outflowing waters of Lake Chicago. The glacier continued to retreat to the east and northeast-how far has not been determined. The glacier did retreat beyond the present limit of the Valpa- raiso moraines and reformed into a different shape before advancing again and depositing the Valparaiso morainic svstem, partially overlapping the Rockdale drift. The Valparaiso morainic -system is differentiated into nine moraines, which are closely spaced and appear to represent minor pulses in the ice front or per- haps only brief stands during the glacier's retreai (See Geological Features Map). This morainic system is a broad (lOmiles wide) u-shaped belt of drift which parallels Lake Michigan, about 20 miles away. The topography of the Valparaiso morainic system is rough and is the most pronounced body of morainic material of the late-Wisconsinan age in Illinois. It is more characteristic of the terminal moraine than any other drift in the area. The till of the moraine consists of gray to light brownish-gray clay, (See Geological Features Map) Rapid melting of the Valparaiso glacier produced a large volume of meltwater. Cobbly and bouldery gravel was deposited near the front of the glacier, and finer gravels and sands were carried down the valleys, primarily those valleys formed on the Rockdale drift. At the peak of meltwater discharge from the Valparaiso glacier, meltwater from other glaciers were diverted in the Kankakee Valley, thus causing the Kan- kakee Flood. A large portion of the southwestern part of Will County was flooded, forming Lake V.'auponsee. These waters flooded over the Minooka moraine, washed away a large segment of it, and smoothed the surface of the remaining part. Much of the Rockdale moraine was also covered by the floodwaters, but j^everal higher segments became islands. The lake was short lived however, as the water found an outlet through the Marseilles moraine, west of Will County, and no lake deposits were formed. This same are was under a lake long before the Minooka moraine, however, and thus is still considered a lake plain, (See Geological Features Map) After the building of Valparaiso Morainic System, the ice retreated an unknown distance before readvancing to build the Tinley moraine, the last moraine deposited in Will County (See Geological Features Map). This moraine also has a rough topography, similar to that of the Valparaiso moraine. Its composition is that of gray clayey till. lake silts and clays, as much as 20 feet thick, accum- ulated in a lake which formed along the front of the moraine because the glacial ice b]ocked any eastward drainage. When the ice retreated from the Tinley moraine the surface behind the moraine was lower than the Tinley drainage through the Des Plaines and Sag channels and the meltwater soon flooded this area. Thus the initial stage of Lake Chicago, called the Glenwood lake stage, was formed. As the ice continued to retreat, the lake grew in size. The waters of this lake finally found their escape over the Valparaiso moraine and into the valleys laready formed at an earlier age- the Mink Creek slough, the Rock Run sHough, the Lily Cache slogh, and the Des Plaines Valley at Lemont. At this time these valleys were filled with gravel outwash, largely from the Valparaiso ice sheet. Gravels that had previosly been deposited in them were partially swept out to merge with gravels of the Joliet Outwash Plain, The waters which carried these gravels out form the sloughs, as soon as they were unrestricted by the slopes bordering the sloughs, spread out and formed distributaries, dropping much of their load. The lake water continued to erode the valleys until, at the 638' level, the lake became stationary. The outlet waters had encountered a sand barrier near Lemont. The sandstone barrier was eventually eroded and once more the outlet was rapidly lowered since the glacial drift offered only a slight obstacle. As the glacial outlet waters continuer to erode, the channels through the Mink Creek slough, the Lilly Cache slough, and eventually the Rock Run were abandoned as the the waters had eroded down to bedrock, at an elevation equal to the Lake Chicago level» and were no longer able to erode any farther. Consequently, the outlet drained south across an intermorainal area, continued to erode the glacial till, and formed the beginnings of what is the present Des Plaines River Valley. Erosion continued until the outlet waters encountered another bedrock sill, this time at the 590' level, near Lockport, Downward cutting of the valley was immediately arrested, while the surface of the rock was widely stripped of its covering of drift and gravel. The bedrock sill slowly eroded and eventually was removed. The outlet river once more flowed unobstructed and Lake Chicago correspondingly lowered to a level 20 feet above the present level of Lake Michigan, The glacier, which had been continually receeding, finally receeded far enough north so that Lake Chicago was able to drain to the Atlantic Ocean. The glaciers advanced twice more and twice more Lake Chicago rose to a level 12 feet above the present Lake Michigan. At this level the Lake Chicago outlet was shut off by a large reef of sand. Thus the Lake Chicago outlet was abandoned. In the place of a great river whose volume was perhaps comparable to the present St. Croix River, was left the little Des Plaines River, a stranger in the district, which struggled into the great valley as if by accident. As a result the valley of the extinct outlet was not left wholly unoccupied by drainage, but serves as a valley for a river several times too small for it. Soon after the glaciers melted, thin deposits of wind-blown silt, called loess, mantled the glacial drift. Much of this loess has been washed into the valleys and deposited in the alluvium. It is now present only on the flatter, uneroded upland areas. It is a fine grained, non-calcaireouE, clayey slit distin- guished from the till celow by much better sorting, lower clay content, and the absence of pebbles. Because of most of this loess was blown from the Illinois and Mississippi Valleys during the Wisconsinan glaciation, it is thicker in the western part of the county, where it started accumulating while the ice was still present in the area of younger drift. Other depositions which began immediately following the melting of the glaciers and that continued for some time include Parkland sand, Grayslake peat, and Gahokia alluvium. The Parkland sands consist of well-sorted, medium grained sand that was blown from the glacial outwash or from beach deposits of lakes into dunes and sheet-like deposits around the dunes. The most extensive areas of these sands are along the Kankakee River Valley south of Wilmington. They are now largely forested and most were stabilized with vegetation soon after they were formed, Many of these areas are quarried today for their high quality sands. The GrayslaJce Peat occurs in areas bordering existing lakes or in depressions which were previously lake basins. The Grayslake Peat, although dominantly peat, also includes organic silts (muck) and contains interbedded silts and sands that represent local slopewash in the basins. This peat has been collected and burned for fuel, but is presently collected and used for horticultural purposes. The Cahokia Alluvium consists largely of sandy silt that was deposited on the floodplains of streams and rivers. The alluvium generally is poorly sorted and irregularly bedded, and contains lenses of sand and gravel, particularly in the lower parts. The alluvium is largely sand and gravel at the mouths of many tributary valleys and in baxs along the present channels. Summary and Analysis To relay the geological history of Will County to the reader is only a part of the purpose of this paper. This geological history must be analyzed and interpreted to bring forth its relevence to the planning process and particualarly to the planning of the Will County Forest Preserve District, As the reader can see. Will County's geology is unique. The bedrock which underlies most of the county has will continue to provide the people with relatively inexpensive sources of dolomite and limestone. The majority of this bedrock to be mined will pobably be done along the rivers where it is already exposed. Thus there will always be an economic incentive to quarry the river beds. Thus the potential for unaesthetic conditions exist. The Pennsylvanian bedrock deposits have yielded coal for mans use as fuel. These areas which have not been mined of coal will continue to hold economic value as fuel resourcet Those areas already mined offer potential for recreational development and for studies in vegetation succession. The Hadley Valley is a unique geological feature which must be protected as a water source. Forest preservation over this buried aquifer would be ideal. The massive glacial outwash areas which exist along the streams, rivers, and in the large outwash plain in the west part of the county are presently mined and offer potential for much more mining. These also then hold economic value in their resources. Present and future mining could be coordinated with future recreational development in an attempt to keep the land under continued use, while retaining aesthetic. The glacial topography in Will County offers a unique set of circumstances relevant to planning. The glacier created a rolling topography, in which the drainage is often slow or incomplete. This, coupled with the high clay content of the glacial till, imposes restrictions on mans use, Man can only gain from studying this glacial geology and understanding these limitations. Through these studies man can also find natural areas in the county that merit preserva- tion- ie. bogs, floodplains, unique vegetation habitatsetc. The present river valleys, as a result of the Lake Chicago outlet, are quite large, quite dramatic. These offer unique potential for scenic preservation, but at the same time receive pressures from housing demands. An understanding of the geological history, if it does nothing else, can aid the people in understanding why the County is as it is today, and in partic- ular how the present Forest Preserve sites, were formed. This understanding can thus help in planning for use and enjoyment of these areas and any future sites. i BIBLIOGRAPHY Fisher, D.J. Geology and Mineral Resources of the Joliet Quadrangle. Illinois State Geological Survey. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 1925 557 Il6b V.51 Goldthwait, James Walter. Physical Features of the Pes Plaines Valley. Illinois State Geological Survey. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 1909 557 Il6b v. 11 Willman, H.B. Summary of the Geology of the Chicago Area. Illinois State Geological Survey. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois POPULATION STUDY WILL COUNTY POPULATION STUDY PoDUlation A. Regional Poculation Study 1. poiDulation % chang;e of Northeastern Illinois Counties a. 1970 - 1975 Project] ons ; Kane, Kankakee, , I nd i ana b. 1975 - 1985 c. 1985 - 2000 2. County Populations and Cook, DuT)ae:e, Crrun^y, Will, and Lake County. 3. County PoDulation Graohs 4. Northeastern Illinois County Information a. fertility rates b. net migration c. school ag:-e roDulation d. labor force ap-e ■oor^ulation e. population asced 65 & over f. rrinority race nercentae-es ^. components of -oopulation chane^e h. nes"ro and other races i. commutine- patterns B. Will County Pooulation Studv Kendall 1 2 3. 5. Townships population a. 1970 - b. 1975 - c. 1985 - 6. 7. % chanpres of Will County Townships 1975 1985 2000 Township Populations and Projections Township Population Projection Graphs Township Population Information a. male b. female c. white d. nefrro e. other f. median ase p. under 18 h. 65 & over i. households j. employment Surrounding Cities in Northeastern Illinois a. population map and information Cities in Will County a. population map and information c " 8. City Population Information a. 1970 population b. % chane'e 0. % under 1 8 d. % 65 ai^d over e. median ap-e 9. City Population Projections a. based on township population projection increases b. based on city population increases c. based on trans i^ortat ion routes C. Population Summary D. 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NO o C\J rvj CM iti CN- CTn iH u~^, !>- ^ r^ r^ [>- ^ -^ ^ [>- o CN- o GO NO -V CO o rH ^ CTN vJ-^ u^ CM cv rg o o CO o NO cc o iH CM ^ VJ^ CTn ON rH u m o VCN, c^ r^ ^ ^ ^ ^ u^ u~\ CN- o ^ u^ l^N, "^ u-N, u^ U~N u-\ u-A U-A u-^ U-N NO o o Q) O CD u^ NO CN- cc CTN o U-N, c U-N o >J^ NO bl C^ bZ t>- o- !>- t>- t>- CO CO CJN ON o ON o C C3N C ON ON ON o r-\ rH CO o iH a" o iH rH rH CM ^ 0 o J .5 0 n oo 0 3 ^ I 17 5 6 0 .0 o o '■o ^ n ;^ -8 -•33 -V ? n r S M M i J) z o ui o d CL Z o a s >- o u 0 0 0 .ft .It) L2 I I ^ I I 4 s able 1 ^ Total Fertility Rates in Northeastern Illinois, 1970 and 2000 1970 2000 i \\'Tiite Other Races Total White Other Races Total city of Chicago 2.39 3.19 2.70 2.09 2.07 2.07 Sub. Cook County 2.36 3.46 • 2.42 1.97 2.00 1.97 DuPage County 2.45 2.81 2.46 2.04 2.07 2.04 Kane County 2.79 4.00 2.84 2.45 2.47 2.45 Lake County 2.74 3.42 2.78 2.37 2.39 2.38 McHenry County 2.66 - 2.66 2.29 2.31 2.29 Will County 2.56 3.91 2.65 2.24 2.25 2.24 Total 2.42 3.22 2.59 2.10 2.10 2.10 Table 2 Expectation of Life at Birth in Northeastern Illinois, 1970 and 2000 White Other Races 1970 Male 68.6yrs, 60.8 Female 75.6 69.6 Male 71.6 71.6 2000 Female 77.5 77.5 Table 3 Net Migration in Northeastern Illinois, 1960 to 1970, 1990 to 2000 ( in thousands ) Zity of Chicago Sub. Cook County DuPage County Kane County Lake County McHenry County V/ill County 1960 - 1970 1990 - 2000 - 527.8 - 271.2 318.9 59.8 126.4 •41.1 17.2 32.7 37.1 36.7 16.5 9.8 29.4 • 28.1 Table 4 School Age Population in Northeastern Illii ( in thousands ) lois, 1970 to 2000 County Age 1970 1980 1990 2000 Cook 5-14 1081 895 932 1011 15-19 467 520 405 470 Chicago 5-14 624 507 523 520 15-19 280 262 225 234 Suburban 5-14 457 388 409 491 15-19 187 258 179 236 DuPage 5-14 117 102 117 160 15-19 45 70 51 73 Kane 5-14 54 53 69 86 15-19 23 33 32 43 Lake 5-14 83 78 100 123 15-19 47 66 57 74 McHenry 5-14 25 24 30 44 15-19 10 16 12 21 Will 5-14 57 61 74 95 15-19 22 39 35 46 Total 5-14 1417 1213 1322 1519 15-19 614 744 592^ 727 J ^ Ol CO .-• •-• ■'I' t^ r^ ir> C7» r^ w-t t^ u> CD V m CO CO V r— • • ■ • • • • • • * • • • • • • 10 CO en CO lO o CM CO «-• r~ CM rf •-» LO o CO CM CO Cv e: t^ ' —1 #-i ■c LO f^ CD CN o m lO 00 m CO CM LO CM lO o CO r^ r>. 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In order to facilitate the use of the data by planners from different organizations it has been placed in the Illinois Regional Informa- tion System (IRIS) , whence it can be retrieved through a network of telephone lines and terminals. Used in conjunction with other data files in IRIS, such as population, socio-economic characteristics, land use and natural resource data, the employment data can be used to facilitate decisions on future development. The data is also kept in printout form in the NIPC Data Center. III. CHANGES IN COMMUTING PATTERNS The changes in spatial distribution of employment are among the forces reflected in changing commuting patterns. Appendix Table A-2 shows place of work by place of residence in northeastern Illinois, as derived from the 1960 and 1970 censuses of population. Appendbc Table A-3 shows the same data as percentages of all employed persons living in the region. Both tables are subject to the limitations shown in section IV. In 1960, more than half the workers in the region both lived and worked in Chicago. By 1970, this had declined to 35.3%. Numerically, the decline was 255,400. This is partially due, of course, to the city's decline in population. However, it should be noted that the number of persons living in Chicago and working elsewhere more than doubled during the period 1960-1970 from 100,300 to 224,100. The number of workers living in suburban northeastern Illinois and working in Chicago increased by 8.2%, or 2 6,700 workers, during this decade. All suburban counties and the City of Chicago experienced an increase in the number of people who commuted from elsewhere in northeastern Illinois. Suburban Cook County experienced the greatest numerical increase of in-commuters , an increase of 153,200 in-commuters during the 1960*s. Lake County experienced the greatest percent increase of in-cominuters , an increase of 219 percent during the decade. The City of Chicago and all coun- ties except suburban Cook and DuPage experienced increases in the proportions of resident workers working elsewhere in northeastern Illinois. These findings indicate that commuting between the major parts of northeastern Illinois (City of Chicago and suburban counties) has increased during the 1960's. This phenomenon has occurred evoi though employment decentralized during the decade. Table 3 summarizes these findings. z: >- z 8 3 /3 f ^ $ ^ 2 z 5 3 2 Z e I 2 § 3 ( u >- 8 I o ON w CO <: w ttJ o o EH < o o s: CO (D (D C -P -P n? 0) w -P L (U Jh CC O OO f-, C (D O CC 0) -P cC C t- -P O +J O -P Sh CO 0 p. o^ Q) ^ -H ^ ^ E O i-H O C O CO O O CC OOOQ fcli,OD::^-3'-o^4S o '^£^or^, r^u^^oocvosOvDO\£)Or-t^o\ot>-r^ • • • c\] r^c^o r^[>-:^r^r^c^ONO->oovo\o o o^o cm r— ioo c^so r^ r^ cv cv iH r-< o- r^ r> I— I cv r-t o vo oj vo cm so rH r^^o .-i >h fH a ON < O C Q) - Xi fi -P. 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C\J • . • • ^ o vr ^ CM T) c^ or^cr vc 0 u-^ u- . •I" CM t- C^ OJ v-q [>- oc r^ t>- cd ,— (X!\0 CM ?H 5 CQ 0 ■s ^ c c c CO S- -p C x: u^ cv -p c c ^ o cc O hi r- CO c^, . • . • -P C CNJ o s: vj^{>- r^ o^ hi C u^ c o •H C^ rH c ,- r^r^ CM i:^ T— c^ . M CO •H CM r^.r^. o O s: E ^ ^ CM m -p •H :3 fn Sh (D o o w^ 1- X -^ O vrN\D C\J CN d -c cc • ^, CM ^ o ^ o • c^-.^ • • • • ^ LP O CM 0 r^ o • 0 o-o^^ ^ o >- O CP hi ^ 5- VD \0 0 . ■>- c\! c^ T- r~, o 0 -D CC CV CM CQ ^^ -P o a' c Q) CO s-H 0 o 0 O 0CX5 fn 0 C 0 O 0OC Jh 0 ^ h. c^ bl'^ 0 W -D b: i>- b|- rH 0 ti ^r) hH>- hi rH 0 hi o P C3N C > CO ON C O C > CO CT^. C O C > CO 1— 1 CO rH cc s:^ O O C TD >3 CO — 1 CO rH CO ^ O ^ x: 0 C o o t: oa CO C -H rH CO rH cr J^ O x: x: 0 c O c Tzi o8 CO C -H ^ ^ ;3u^^Ii 'fe^ ^ 3 U-,'0 ^ '^ 3 u~^, TJ vO 0 \0 0 \0 0 ^ E '^ E ^s?. E ^ ^ •e§- ^^^(CHICAt 1970-1975 1975-1985 1985-2000 Po-pulation -Drojection based on township pop- ulation increases for the perspective years. Population projection based on city population increases shows a strong growth pattern in the north- eastern section of Will County. The areas shown above are of greatest imDortance because of thoir projected increases. These satellite centers could prove to be- come population cores with population expanding out- vjards. This would then tend to have great impact on the surrounding land use. CHICAi I South VVilmipgtonQ ^ Xsi /\ Brooklyn | »/ Population pro jentions : Because of the current mic-ratorv trend av;ay from the heart of Chicaeo, it vfould be projected that increased city peculation could occur around or near major transporation routes. This would thus serve as a major transporation link into the city Joliet may serve as a central core city, providing; emoloyment and services. This would then effect the mierratorv gcrowth towards Chicago and Dut more pres- sure on Joliet and the surroundinp- areas. SUf'M^HY Past p^rowth has been :nfluenced by Chic^cco, but loresent trends s-em to draw away from this nattern, and Will County is becom'^nf^ more dependant on itself. This v;ill have an effect on the Dopulation trends in the future which v;ill take the same course exDerienced bv the s-nrawlinp: of Chicafro. People will be attracted to V/ill Count v bv what it has to offer rather than only by its rroximitv to Chic^cco. Will Countv offers a plearins: con- trast to the livine- conriitions experienced by many Cook County residents . Larg-er cities within Will County will become core-centers of ferine major industrial and commercial services. Therefore, there will not need to be as much interaction between Will County and the Chicago ar°a. A e;reater percentaece of Will County resi- dents ;-;ill seek emplovment in ar^as other than Cook County except alonpr major trnnsoortation routes, where Chicago- V/ill County :". ■. interaction will probably remain hish. a> -p O -H O r-{ X3 O 4J to O C CC O tJH O ^ cf n? C f- -tH 0- CM r> ^ C O I I 3 M r-H P- P CO > 0 0 f-, CM C-, rH rH 0 O- Cf ,P X- -P On 1- -P -P C 0) ^ O 5 ~ 0) r^\D -H x: K Cih ^ cm w p 3 w I I -H o C K E s 0 C P '-- E I O 0 0 -- o o o h, -—Oh: ivh TT C^ O Chh 3 L O -- O re -^ x: n3 o :3 0 (X, C J 0 -r^ c\3 x: c o ^ -p 0 P> I CT* 0 CT- 3 o ^ r-i x: C7- m 0 5 c^ b. Pu P ,-1 CO pQ O C 3 CO 0 O 0 W 0 c/:0Ko < NO s-,ooSh C:30X c/;c7N 0-H5:;0 O CQ +^ C P r-- e -P .H E CO •H ct'd cflo Er^f-iEP- -p -PC -P0.- Oi-i^oo3 O COcC .hP- O^^i-iuE 0 CO M c« cd P- ■'-5.r4'U! q O O0^. PCOCVp-nH ••rH0ChH^-^ C 0OP>0 O 0nH 3-P O O -H S-C CQ -H.Q i-i COPCC r-lEHP'3 -PrH CdOPCflCO r-H 0OCOCOOCOTJ o pmco ;3 3 i-H cs: ot^ •h>^ c cd CO to o u ci :=>co CC C"-^ -xi 0 C-H 00 LP C -P CO COOOO 0CO cC c c C X: rH CC CC ^ c c p' :3 ^. L -H rHC^[>-tH&P> CC T3i rHOCNOo-Hx: c l-IMrHS(X,00 (-H REGIONAL LAND USE TRENDS Will County is part of the six county planning area known as the North- eastern Illinois Planning Commission. The center of this planning unit is Cook County. Cook County has a large impact on the surrounding counties' land use. When studying land use trends, it is important to compare Will County with the other five counties in the planning unit rather than with the state as a whole. The general trend in the region is a decline in residential density. This is shown by the fact that land developed for urban uses has increased faster than the population, 22 percent versus 12 percent. All categories of land use from 1964 to 1970, except vacant and agricul- tural land, have increased in the northeastern Illinois region. Residen- tial land had the most significant increase, 12 square miles a year, followed by public open space, 8.7 square miles; streets, 5. A square miles; institutional, 4.3 square miles; TCUM, 2.8 square miles; and streets, 5.4 square miles. Figure 1 shows the percentage distribution of land use by type of land uses (1970). This map compares the percentage of land use types in Will County, with the surrounding counties that have a major impact on land use distribution in Will County. The four land use types chosen are those which are indicators of urban- ization. These percentages of land use types show that Will County is less urbanized than the other counties in the region. It also tells us that Will County is below average in the amount of public open space it contains. GENERAL LAND USE TRENDS When dealing with land use patterns, it is useful to study trends. In figures 2a-2h a breakdown of land use in acres by townships is given showing acreage in 1964 as compared to acreage in 1970. The reason for the use of 1970 data is due to the lack of up-to-date information; 1970 was the most recent published data for Will County. The purpose of these maps is to show the distribution of land uses over the county and to show which areas have increased during the six-year study period. Eight categories were mapped to show existing land use by townships. The components and general definitions of each category are as follows: (1) RESIDENTIAL. Includes land directly related to single-family and two-family houses, town houses, apartments, and mobile homes. Land within 150 feet of farm houses is considered residential. 1 page 1, Northern Illinnis Planning Commission- Regional Qata Center Bulletin 3/72. ibid. i'.'C I 1 . ■ '. ' ' r r :■ I J-! •» 1 . I . '1 .rri \ Q^^ \i^^ :2 s^ -7y/2^-$a:^r7/ nvrP2r^I^^ ^ a ^ O^ 5 3 V- v:^ 0 51 ^ ^ 0- ^^ ■S) (V 0 V- 3:- >s s^ s -5 o ■o O- ^. 0- S Is- i ! S ^ A 1 ^ Ift ! A s- 0 O f 3 ^ li « Ij- n u - 9^ :1< t- ^ % 0 N 0 1^ CO 0 0 8 i 0 $ 0 « N Q 0 5" Q o O I 6 t^ s s 0 J) ?, v^ r4 i Lf) 2 t 2 SI c^ 1* 2? II- I f^ 0 a (0 C7 O ^S t ■C: ^ oo tr> ^ Q - Q ^ r\ 1? 1 S^i ri 1 o IT — X-^ 1 N 3 — ' ^ rr s ^ ^ I It ■4- Si r4 ^ ^ ^ ^ C^ ^ 0 cr CT^ "-3 € c^ ^ ^ c- 3 o it 0 0; 7- 03 I CO CO 1 in CO r- ^0 cr cr cr ■^ ^ 31 0 5 v9 1 v9 o % in cr S GO cr Co d s In x9 v5 3 ^5 in 0 0 I '4 0 t o- M^ Of o f^ ^ 6 ^ s o vn 0 •3 s a) e. o nJ r7^ to s t Si N ^ ■5 I I 9 ■E ? ^ if vS g a 0 i3 i >- i 7i'->\y.j}-] -- INSTITUTIONAL — FIGURE 2d The Army arsenal and state penitentiary are the reasons for the large amount of institutional land found in Will County. The arsenal, alone, takes up 46 square miles. Institutional land has shown little increase. The areas that haveincreased are near Joliet. PUBLIC OPEN SPACE — FIGURE 2e The greatest increase in public open space occurred in townships border- ing Cook and Dupage Counties and areas lying within the Joliet area. All other areas showed no increase. The greatest acreage occurs along the Kankakee River and the area between the Des Plaines and Kankakee Rivers. If present trends continue, there will be a need for more open space in those townships that border Dupage and Cook Counties. These areas contain a low percentage of the total open space acreage in the county. AGRICULTURE/VACANT — FIGURE 2f During the period of 1964-1970, Will County lost agricultural and vacant land at an annual rate of 1,700 acres. The majority of this land borders Cook and DuPage Counties or lies in the area surrounding Joliet. This land use category will continue to lose acrease as the other land uses increase. TRANSPORTATION/COMMUNICATION/UTILITIES/MINES — FIGURE 2g Of the 73 townships, only 8 showed any increase in acreage. Two of those townships are in the Joliet area, but overall, there is no pattern as to where the increases occur. STREETS — FIGURE 2h Twelve of the 23 townships showed an increase in the acres of land used for streets. The increases occurred in townships bordering Grundy, Kendall, DuPage, and Cook Counties, with the largest increase occurring in the Joliet arsenal area. The existing land use map for Will County was compiled from a 1964 land use map done by NIPC which was updated by using the USGS 1^, r.inute quadrangle sheets that had been revised in 1974. This detailed Hiap was then transferred onto the base map by use of a 1/4 mile grid system. Each grid square was then colored according to the predominant land use in that square. The basic categories used were residential, institutional, open space, and agricultural and vacant land which would be defined in the same way that NIPC used them. In addition, several new categories had to be created that would involve a combination of two different land uses. The reason that this was done is that wlien napping by 1/4 section, some of the land uses, such as industrial or commercial, might never be the predominant land use in a square. Therefore, in order for these uses to appear on the map, categories, such as residential/commercial/, industrial/agricultural were devised. The categories used on the existing land use map are as follows: 1. Residential 2. Residential and agricultural 3. Residential and commercial 4. Institutional 5. Industrial and agricultural 6. Open space 7. Open space and agricultural 8. Mines and agricultural 9. Agricultural and vacant land. This map may not be exactly accurate because our data is not up-to-date. F^- r instance, there should be more industrial land in Monee Township, ir. which the Governor's Gateway Industrial Park is located. However, none of our data included its exact acreage or location. V. PROPOSED OPEN SPACE - see Figure 5 The proposed and existing open space map for the Will County region was compiled from the comprehensive visual planning maps prepared by Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission (NIPC) . The NIPC map is used as a planning tool which is reviewed monthly and updated. The first priority open space is only a projected idea — not official. They also use the map in the proposals for the i5-95 review process. NIPC uses maps like these for site suitability in accordance to transpor- tation, water^^7ays, population, and open space. In the open space map, the categories are: Existing forest preserve: land which is presently owned by the Forest Preserve Districts in their respective counties. Golf: land which is being used for public and private golf courses. First priority open space: land recommended by NIPC to be purchased either publically or privately to be left as "open space." Other open space: open space which serves no recreational purposes i.e. Army Arsenal). ENVIRONMENTALISTS' VIEW - see Figure 6 The view taken by those who would be interested in retaining and establishing open space in the Will County region is depicted in the "Environmental" map. This map is the result of the interpolation of existing first and second priority open space which was established by Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission (NIPC). If possible, the concerned environmental planner would purchase the first and second priority open space and purchase land which would connect the existing property to form a "greenbelt" system. An important consideration in planning would also be to preserve the river vegetation and shoreline. The two major river corridors through the county are the DesPlaines and Kankakee. Another concern of the environmental planner is that of placement of resi- dential areas next to open space corridors as well as away from sensitive natural areas and out of prime agricultural land. PLANNERS' VIEW - see Figure 7 This view, taken by those who are primarily interested in a balance of land uses in the Will County region, as depicted on the "Planners' map." The planners must consider all aspects of regional development which would include: (1) housing and commercial development due to increasing population v\ •• ; M-t MM j:t ■'>, ■ ■ i, 1 •jj f/^ •<''A. : • ivj ' ■.,...'. " . .r >■ - 3. ]- - i,r (2) Industrial development as it expands outward from the Chicago region. (3) Adequate open space for the public as well as preservation of sensi- tive natural areas. A compromise between what is considered best and what is needed must often be made and they are depicted on the planners' map. DE\T:L0PERS' view - see Figure 8 This view is taken by those who are primarily interested in developing housing in the Will County region and is depicted in the developers' map. Realizing that Will County is expanding extremely fast in population, the need for development is ever increasing. There are three major areas which would be developed: (1) Near transportation corridors (2) Expansion outward of towns and cities (3) Aesthetically pleasing areas. Taking these three points into consideration, the developer Xvfould seize opportunities for development. The map depicts the river corridors as developed primarily for housing as well as the expansion of the cities and toijns. The major corridors into Cook County have also been developed. If an airport is under consideration, the opportunities which it will create in development is very attractive to the developer. The Army ammunition property was chosen due to its proximity to Joliet and transportation routes. ENVIRONMENTAL VIEW - Figure 6 AGRICULTURE OPEN SPACE RESIDENTIAL INDUSTRY r CHICAt ille M •7'-, AUR PLANNER'S VIEW - Figure 7 AGRICULTURE OPEN SPACE RESIDENTIAL INDUSTRY E '"e Moose leart Nnrt M-}P-n^fCHICA( DEVELOPER'S VIEW - Figure 8 AGRICULTIRE OPEN SPACE RESIDENTIAL INDUSTRY r BOCK 3 AND Ri^P0RT3 (Land Use) Northern Illinois Pla-nnin.p; ComT.ission-.-.Subur'ban Factbook 1973 • TDubliohed by NIPC, Chicago , 1973. 71 1-. ^0973 c^2n2 ^eport on c^—^^vehearAve census -noncen^us dat^^ for nunicipalitiss and unincorporated areas, county and tov;nship da "".a A Comprehensive Plan Fo^ the I.ake-Porter Re.p'ion, Indiana Prepared by Lake-Porter Re,a;ional Transportation and Plannin,^; Co-imission i970 (Existin.p; Landuse data on Lake County Indiana) Transportation Study for the Urbanizing Area of Kankakee County 711. ,7 L78t Prepared by H.V/. Locrjner, Incorporated Chicsgo 1967 (Existing Landuse Mans and future trends) Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission-Regional Data Center Bulletin 3/72 (General Landuse trends of NIPC Planning Area) Kortheastern Illinois Planning Commission - Plarming Papers No.iO Sept. 1.968 Revised Jan. i972. Report on (Poplation, Sr.oloyment , and Landuse Porcasts for Counties and Town- ships' in r-:ortheastern Illinois.) 7ll.'''3 K567 Kendall County Regional Planning Commission-- Comprehensive County Plan for Kendall County 1965. 711.3 K33c (land use tables and maps on Kendall County) Northeastern Illinois Planning Comm.ission--- A Regional Open Space Plan for Kortheastern Illinois, Dec. 1970. (objectives and. recommendations for developing open space in the NIPC planniii: area. ) 719-32 :>'8l3M United States Geoloarical Survey, 7 1/2 min. Quadrangle sheets (197^ revised) Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission, Land Use map Will County 1964. M ' . ' i f, r I ' 1 • . I '- ■. i,.ri:I[l The Current and Projected Economic Status of Will County, Illinois Compiled by: Steve Buttice Mike Stahl Tom Trayser Oct. 1975 cc EMPLOYMENT Northeastern Illinois traditionally has been a center of economic opportunity. The ree-ion's industrial diversity has made it nearly recession-proof. But northeastern Illinois, like all older centers in America, is at a disadvantage for economic p:rowth compared to nevjer centers in the South and Southwest. The North- eastern Illinois Planninec Commission's economic forecasts make the optimistic assumption that this di sadvantae:e will desappear as all larere metropolitan regions diversify economically, and therefore become more like each other. Full employment of this region's grow- ing population would be possible if this occurs. V'ithin Northeastern Illinois, the most striking trend during the 1960's v;as the increasing proportion of employment in the sub- urban Cook County area. This generated inertia seems to continue through the 1980's (see table /. CM CM o CM o o c\j o cv CNJ (V u^ CJN o o ON o o 0) O •H > -p d) E >:. O iH P. E W 0) -p ct3 +J CO w •H o 5H o o .-3 -p •H S-, ^ o - o VO u^ o C^ E CN- ri c^\ ^-i 1— i ON »-i C^ CN- u^ >. 1 m. •* T— 1 •» ^ •^ • •* ^ O tN CM o CTn 1 — t CM C7N m r-t r-t ON 1-H -P NO NO G.' -p CM hi •H ;3 -P h£ C •H Sh -P O Cfl Cm 3 • P- E W Cm O CO Q) 13 CQ 0) C rH o c CD o 0) ai -P :i CO CO U Jh O E C o (^ s ^ 3 ;5 S U t>= -p 0) •iH :3 0 -P O w O O p E ^ C c sz t-{ CO ^ & r-l : bi CO o -p 3 »— 1 PL O O < s: IS o o ^ E u r-^ 1 .1-1 h CD 0 p. C rH u o C d. E O iH bL :s := W s < < f t45L^ /.5 o o o o o o o o o NO o o o T-H T-l o c^ ■k •% o on"- t-l On \o NO cv ^ ^ r> u^ «-l r^ cv o C\J o ON o o On CM O o NO o o CM o o o cc o o o v^^ o Cn -p ro C cc (U o E cu o o r-l pL, P- E O •H -P CC iH :3 P- O o, I o o cx) OnI o o EH w o Eh O Eh O On O O cvj 00 o NO o o CNJ o o -P >s c -p ;3 fii o 2 u o o Q o o o o o o o CO o o u n -p cC 30 CO o o C7N o C7N O o UN, CX) o ho Cv o -H O Cm O >j -P ■H O o o CJN o NO cn o o o 03 cn o o NO CNi c %^ 0) r' -p o cr. .H r i-) ^ 0) x: K -p S^ CO e .H S O i-l -H CC rH -P rH O l-H 0) I — 1 ,0 cC CO > cC CO H O Ph < o I— I w K o < EH W o cc w a. o r^ c^ T-l o- CV o^ • • • • • o r^ ^o o o o T-H CM u-N ^-1 o 00 r~N VO 00 00 00 On p NO NO -ch r^ o fN- • • • o • O^ CM ^ NO CO CO iH cv vo, o o r-i o o fl) bO Pi Q O o o >: C -P CO o 30 CO o CO O •H O Cm o -p tH O o -p CO .H CD 0 -p O tH :s o a r-t -p l-l O M CO 43 CO CO o (U o e o rH E W O •H -P CO iH ft O I o •H CO CQ •H E E O o ho c •H CO rH Oh CO •H o pj •H iH rH -p CO CO (D o CD o u ;3 o CO i Tuiii^ J CO +> CO ed o 0) u o Ph -p , c 5 o rH P- O o o O o o o o o o o o o CO vn T-l o ^ o m •« •• «« M •rn -p 03 3 CM r\ T-l l-H u-^ C^ CsJ OD \o 00 C^ cv C^ CO P- O Pk § o O o o o o •H CO CO •H E E O o < o o O o o o DC o ON C^ ^ o vr> Eh Ov «k •> •^ •h M T-1 »-l CJ c^ ^ ON 1 OJ vO ^ C-- C^ C/3 cv r> c^ < o o O o o o p fc o o O o o o 03 00 CO C\J rH r^ ON E-i o M •> «« •• •k Z T-i OS XA ON 00 c^ W T-l VA CM NO c^ CO s CM r^ c^ >H o Hi o •H iH iH M o O o o o -P CO ct3 Q o O o o o ts u^ ^ rN (M ^ a •k •• ~ ■» M »-l o^ o c^ NO r^ T-1 ^ o\ NO NO vH r^ NO -p h o C ^ ^ , o 0) G -p o • • CD he W -H o O CO >3 ^ 05 a hC +> o o d) (U >» a o •H ^ W -p :3 o s: -P ti o >. o ^ M 3 o c -p O -rH o 03 C Cm s o o fao t. o O r-i -H iH 03 3U !>5 CC rH fH pL, ^ -P -P iH iH :3 3 •H CM rs Q CO o E-« I a. O ' o iV o 'r. -3 . -1 r^ Al^-,j m -p to O o 0) — u - o i fe c ^ " o o o o o ^ o o o o o o r' o C\) CO rH o cv ^ o «« ^ •« •k •» u. CVi c^ r-l \o ^ On r^ ^ \c o vr> — (^ vr, O - o H Eh O < < O o O o o o o o o o o VA vn c^ o »H M •k •« •s «« -^ O VO OS r-l T-l .^ (T^ 0^ r^ ON o r- c^ ^ o c CO E^ < fr: (E O (X. Eh o (X o o o o o >i- o o o o o o CO o ^ ON o -:* ..-; ON •« •k «« ~ ~ 1-1 T-^ o CA c^ 00 o C- r^ c^ CVi (>- D^ p^ ^ ON c o CN- ON c o o o o o o c o o c r-f ^r^ v> o l-l J- •« «« •» •« «« c OD CX) o ON CD -p CM CM o ON ^ c: r^ ^ CO -P J- o • • o 4J C (D bn K ^ O >s »■-- cC c^ t:; fn -P o o 0) (D 13 >^ c o •H J^ OJ O -P 3 o x: p CO c o >5 o U CO D o S -p O -H O cc C Chh 2: o o 0 X^ 3 O C bt Jh o pH -H 1— 1 CO 20 >j Cd r-\ 1— 1 CL, ^ -P -P rH •H 3 13 -H O M rs Q CO o &H .# <• O o c ^ T3 O CO 3 > f. O O c o t, ra 0) (T3 ti -P ,-1 9-. x: o so >i 0) CO O 3 r^ rH rH rH ftoq o E o w o 'fe^ D. E 0 c c^, c^ w^ J-. c^ • m • ^ 00 cv -^ r^ 00 c^ 00 • • • T-f ON CM 00 C\) O^ r-> D- cn cc- MD On cv r-> cv 00 NO • • cv r^, cv o oc i>- Taul^ /,/ o CO ^-5 1-1 O CO <« NO O a, CO J- 0) 0 CC o u CO O OnO o. r. J~^ NO CN- nO NO O -3" VTA (1) CO CO h4 CV c^ NO CN • ^~ £V CM * ^ 0 0 CM m • NO 00 CO -p ce 0 >-. 4^ C • 3 v> 0 ^ 0 -d C CO cv 0 >: NO -P -cf •H 0 CQ •H 0 C «H rH Cvi t-1 r-\ M • • • r-i. 0) 0 ^^ :3 0 r— 1 en rH CO •d C , ':T , ^ INCOME FOR CITIES In g-eneral the Northeastern cities in the county have the highest incomes. Romeoville, New Lenox, Lockport, and Wilmington (in south- ern section of thp county) have the highest median family incomes. By the 1980"s Park Forest South, rvonee,Frankfort, . and Kokena will join Romeoville, New I.enox, Lockport, and Wilmington to lead the county in highest median family income. The people of these cities have the notental to invest a substancial amount of money in rec- reation equipment and liesure time. (see chart Z-3;2-4-) .it: a 05 r^ u>, vo CO 0) Q) S E O O O cc c Om-( o o o o o o o O CO o o CO o o o o o o w c cC (U 0) S E o o O On M -cJ- O- cv On NO CV oc -;?" T-1 .,_, Ml «? s: E o o O On M O ^ CO o_ 00 \o ,— CO CD \D CV CO C^ On >J-> U^ ft O P. O VO OS o NO oc O ~ ^ c:: o VN 00 o oc cv ^ o cv -p C 3 O o c r ^ Ti ^ c o 3 o fn o tS is CO CTJ CV cs- On CJN ^ 8- cC CD W C o 3 o o I B ■0 CD O c o 5-1 P^ t) E O o C >H CO o •H +J CO •H -H O a u c« V c J^ ;3 +^ ^ o 1 o 1-1 CO o OQ M w €) •H CV ro CO O ,-1 \o CJN CO CO O CV VO 00 CO ro o r^, c^ c^ ro c^, jo ro ^ NO ro ro < o o o h:1 o o o CV V>i xo E o o MICTn ^ ^ vj-\ -P c« C O CO o c^ o NO ro (3N ro o 1-1 CV lo o o CV 00 v^ CC ^ E o o Cjo VO ^ o o CO O CV VO r^ 1-1 1-1 o VO CV CV o o o o ft CJN as in +j m vi o •> U o ft, -p c 4} s >: O iH P- E W c C o •H +> a H ft o Ph O ^^ e 00 •H ^ E C O CC o C\J r>-N ^ vr\ sc 00 On 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CC - NO T — 1 c^ Q) rt ^ — ' cv T-l cv ,— T-l T-l T-l Cv] tH • S > 0) 0 '^ fl est <1> C/5 0) CJ •Ci C^ NO C7N CO e M U - 0 CO C P- VO vO 0 u~> 0 NO «k •« •k 0 M 5 :3 » ■» » •% t — i CM V(^ CC! o o CJ t-l CM CM c^ ^— 1 ^ i3 c 0 ^ c 0 O C^ U < OS ^ u-^ ^ •H 0 c (-H 2: 0 ex: 4J bL 0 cn t>; S tfl C ■H 13 4J rH •H hC c c 3 to CM r^ ,— : C^ CM CTN U^ ? 2 o 0 :; coc CM ^ C^ c> C\J NO CM CM ^ w 0 s &^ c ^ » M «fc <» A «« •> •k «. «k C C • « o 3: c\ T— ' ^-H t-l CM ^ 0 CA T— ' T-t -. Sh P- o f— 1 3 E o •H 0 0 00 E a: 05 fe tn 0 (x, c \r 0 ON 0 C?N CM c>- r-^ CM r^ c vi: CV t— ' [>- r^ t 1 T— r-^ T^ r> C t u~ 1— i ^^ 0 0 On NO NO C7N C\J c6 t- • A «^ •k A * - •« •k «k •H Cv CM C\J CM 0^1 1— • T— t-l ,— I— -d r- r-t ,— , T-l ,— 1 — ' ,— T-l ,—, ,— , Sh -p -. c E -H 4s: 1-{ ■H rt U) •H •H -U E s rH l-H a a rH !c''»' ".'9: .:tv7- 'III' • '-.r '!-( (. r\'- I .■H1 1 J r '' .) •■ : i 1 f>. ■--.\- best housing: regions on the most deslreable land. Troy, and Horner to increase 75-100 percent by 1980. DuPage will increase over 100 percent. The percentage of units in these townships are small indicating a high number of owner occupied single family homes, Florence and Will Townships have over 40 percent rented housing, indicating a mobile township. DuPage, Homer, Prankport, and Honee, on the other hand have a low percentage of rental housing. These townships border Cook County and may be due to commuters buying single family homes. Rental units may not have a yard as does the single family unit. (see chart 2-io f 2-''5, z-HjZ-r Z'(^ ) 2-7; t-&-i e-^.) CITY HOUSING Joliet leads all the other cities of V/ill County in number of housing units. Park Forest South, Bolingbrook, New Lenmx are building rapidly. If land is desired in these areas it should be perchased soon. (^^.e. <^^:^<^<~\ z-3fz-io Bolingbrook is building owner occupied, expensive, single family, "suburb" units. Lockport andCrest Hill are growing moderatly with much rental unit development. Open space for youthful and moderately income people s4r)uld be accessable by rental districso 1 ■^ c C c^ CNJ CO I>- \o M> o O 0) QC. cv r^ cv OJ (\? U E r-l T-^ T-l I-' T— 1 T-n 0) -p -p rt C ^ ^ \o CM ON c^ J^ 0 • • • • • • Jh V- VO r^ \D Vf> vO !>: T-H o c ni O 0 CO E V-' O- u-\ O \o t — I > o • • • • • • x r-t r-i T-i - I>- !^ C>sl vO CM ^4 EH O o M O ti. O cd I ^ o OvO ^ CV CO o ON ON ^ NO o cv cv NO 0 >i ,-, r^ (SI ^-^ U-N C r-t iH vn 1 — 1 o o 00 r^ CO hi •H -:j u^ c^ cc o u^ a) C E •« •> «^ •> •> •^ E •rH CO CO ^ ^ — 1 00 o- NO CO Vh cv r\j CvJ '~ T-' t 1 •d CD Jh •H 'fe^ ^ ^ 'fe^ (D P- «^ o c^ CO o t— 1 S^ ;3 • • • • • • 5 o Ov 00 -^ rvi CO CN o o o ~ ^ o- o- NO VO CO c-p VO ,-^ vn u^ •r-l ^ o •H • • • • • • CO C C^ r^ ■ c^ r^ r^ r^ Jh :3 (1) p^ NO T-^ NO u-> CO c^ cv iH vn o CO 00 T-H -d- OS cv •» ^ NO r^ ON ■p •> u^ •« •« «^ o NO NO I>- o CO CN- fr* C^ ^ 1 a> cv r-i CO CN- ^ cv 0) (D CO CO ^ -d iH c ^ (X, o C r-i 3 C :3 o (U •H Jh CO Q o ::< 3 o « o o m a -p p >; -P ■H o -d CO >j -p o CO 0) o o CO CV r^ u^ NO t ( ( CM CO E-i en < o o I— I 1=3 > o o o CM vn o 0\ ^ CO o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c O o o CO o ~^ ^^ ^ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o CO ON o OS i] < CO o CO o o o c rvi ON CO r^ \o u-^ r^ O CO c^ \o UA -:± c/5 ;=) o M m o O o o o o o CO o- o o o c o o o o CM o c c "^ -::t O O o c o o o o o o 3 0\ X CO o o 00 o 0\ o o o CO o o o o o o o o o o o o O- M3 U-N jj- O O o o o o o o o o o o CM vn CN o oc en CO ^ o 00 CN- o c c^ =tfc O Ql 1=3 2: h-i E-^ CO =tt O Ol. 13) M b- !^ 1-1 I ' I / I i-t — t- T^x I I 1-.. I r " ' a- - ; I en CO < Oi O M CO o M X 00 o o o eU^^miiW o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0\ o CD o On tr-i o OC ^ o o c^ vD ^J^ ^ r^ CM o o o On o o o c c o o o o o o o o o o c o o o o o o ON o cc CO Pl o CO o 0\ cc O- NO =t)^ »J^ ^ O^ CNJ ■ O Cl m) 2 M Eh en \ \ > \ > \ N \ \ ) L o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c o o o o o o o c o CO !>- NO >J^ ^ r^ Cn! o o o o o o o o o o o o c o o o o o o o c c o o CO NO ^ ^ r^ CNJ o o o CNJ C7N o CTn rr! 00 o CO CN- o c^ CJN o o o o CM u-^ On O Oi CJN as o o 00 u-^, (^ o CN- On o a M bh en I / /' / ! / 1 I »L . I ' I .L_ ' I I • r x . o CO o PL, M CO O EH O O . ,, ^^ \. : :::. o o o cvj ON M o 00 o ON oo ooooooo oo ooooooo OCC^nO U^^ r^CVrH O r^ r^ r^ r^ r^ r^ r^ r^ ^mmm^mm^m^^^lmmmaL^^^m o c O o o c c c o c o c c c o c o c c c o o o ON o On CO o CO o ON ^3 £-1 o o o o o o o o c o o c o o o o o o o o o o CO c^ \0 ^ r^. C^J o o o > o o CVJ \ o XO \ w vn On \ On O s \ \ O Eh ON O m o < \ \ w On QC O a, CD \ \ «^ J O > \ o CO \ oo v^ \ \ u^ t^ \ \ JV o On \ o On c c c :; c D C D C 3 C ~ C z c :: c 5 3 c c c 3 c c c C c c 3 c 3 C 3 tv ^ r~- c^ NO (T CN2 CC =te- O fe O ^ I— I t-" en o t 113 e: M ^ rn I I ■\ I i i i I ■^ "a CO + — ^ \.4 • o a T~l r I- :V: t I CM -J) < o n M CO O EH O O M 1 I \ \ \ \ \ "v \ \ \ y o o o c o o c o o o o o o o o c o o o o o o o o o o o o On >< o o OS z CO r? o 00 »A o o o [>- -:t r^ (^J I I I I I 1t^ o o o CM On o On o o o c o o o ON CC o o o o o o o o CS- nC o o o o c c o o o 00 o 00 o On o o o c o o o o o o o o o o c o o o o o o o o o o ON CO [>- NO >J^ ^ r^ cv o o o or o o c o o MD o o o c c u^ ^ o o r^ o o o o o c o o o CM ON ON jQ CO -r i4 o CO o o\ o o o r^i ■ o o o CM CJN O r^ OS s o o CO o CO u^ c^ o On PL, =Sfc O Cl. ::3 S m E-i o'^ O >- :3 s HH fh '-0 I— I CO :d o (^ M X zn 2: 3: o o o M o a. cc !>- u^, rA c\j O c o o o o o o o o o o o o o X) i>- ^o ^ rA (M O o o CM On O CO ^ o CD V^ C^ o 11 o o o CM o s CO c/: t>- sO VTN -^ r^ o o o cc o o o c o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o CV T- o CO o O CTv CM o o I :3 -p CO he •H CO o n3 ■(6 -P •H CO 0) o f-, o CO ^ [^ CO -p CO as o o -p c CD E o rH P. E W °8 o ■ H -P C\? P- o =tt o 3 S M E-i CO =*fc O^ :3S;;-iE-'C/: { <. 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 1 < CM CJ OS 0\ 1 |l 1 1 0 0 r^ ,-P 0 1 — 1 H t— 1 1 \r> 3j VA t— t cc 3: U\ M 0 0 U) CO — t m - % VO ^ -d (>- c^ ^ 0 r- ^^ ^^ 0 0- i C D C r 0 c c :; c 0 c c c 5 0 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 1Z. c ; r 0 c c 2 c 0 c 0 c c c 0 0 0 c =) c c 3 0 0 c r c 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c " 00 r - \c u- - t r^ r-: ,-^ ec 0- VO u^ ^ r^. cv ^ •^ 1- c/: ::: 1 . 1 , , 1 M X 00 3: \ 0 0 0 CVJ \ 0 0 0 i 0 \ \ &H \ w^ u^ \ 0 1 0 0 \ 0 \ \ 0 OS )-:! \ \ P-i ^ • \ H \ r-i M \ Eh \ S 3: CO 5 \ CO 1— 1 1 \ i ' \ 3 \ 1 0 00 \ 0 CO \ ■kA i u>, \ c^- (>- 0 \ 0 ::0 ^^ ^^ ^^ X Cs- c^^ 3 c c c c c ~ c c 0 0 0 0 0 c OS 0 30 0 c r C C C rH c C' 0 0 c C -"I c o c D 3 C D C : c 3 C D c ^ c :> c -. c ^ c 3 c 3 c D c 3 •* CO t>- vC cv cc c^ \o ^ r^. cv =tfc C :r :o O i :D 2 HH E-l CO <. V V en I— I o J J O O o o o o o-> vO ^ , 0) -d o fi o 3 r^ o o o o o o o o c o o o cv o o o o > o I—! z o M !/) ^— > I — ' -o o o Ph > (x, CO = = -- — — O S O O 3 C " cr: o CO - a: -p u O " rH iH he - s tr . C •H :=> c£i •H 2= z eu X ■ 1 ■P - CO -- c\3 -- 1 1 1 r-H 1 — ! .1-1 1 0) ^ :3 ^ rH 1 nS Green Garden •H ^~ -p ^ CD f-< M p C ji 4^ 0> ^ o a (D u J-, CL ;3 fc o 1 en 1 1 c cC -p -p CC s: c CO o 4J i-i :2 1 1 q; >< o — _. c (V i 1-5 5 ~" CD 1 1 '^-' - ■* * ' 1 4' 4 ■ " * ) c d s- c c ( — — o — . - _ :: -- P-, Q 4- -p •H _ _ -^ 0) c -- >5 CD r-t in — _ -- -- --- --■ r-H o - '-0 '- : ^-^ „ . . o ce O r-H -- - 1 1 _ _ -■ f^ ■4 - 1 1 — - ~ 0) c c - 1 c o w c E i-H •r-i 3 u: - . E 3 , i o cC cC o r-H 1— 1 c 1 1 . >: __ -- — t. -- ^' 1 ^ 1 - &H ncj 1 1 1 0 -:» — cr ( ^^ J __ I h:' {--. ■ -i h- a N M CO &^ M t— ( • o 2 C s: Dec 1— ( ON ^ O - hJ S 1 n 1-1 o CO [^ - o o >H o ^ H X »^ CO D CL, e-i O 1— 1 CO O re < 00 u U 2 Crl -1 :5 K t— 1 o o S &H &H TTjr I - 0) w CC (l> to CO CO (U (h a CO (D Sh o Q) , o ,— u u> c^ ,— 0) 1 1 1 u ■d ■fe^ ■fe?. ^ 3 CM u^ c^ O -p o :^ CO ■ X o -p CD O o (1) -P 0) 0) CD C O Sh CO C- CO +J- -P CO c CO o (0 " o s: ■ CO , c CO o - o -p • c •H to CO o -p o CD PL, o -p 03 o o o o >5 a> XQ U 0) CO :i r-i o CD CD CM o o :^ I !>= :s. -p CO h£' CO o a: CO •H -P •H 0) o o en i_ ■ ^ ( w n o I-H O o (-^ o 00 ON o ON o o o T-l U «> c 72 o o o ON ■ee- I o o o vr\ ■ee- o o o CJ -ee- I o o o ON o o o CM -ee- I o o o OJ C\J o o o CO ■fe- u > o 2; 1 ■p 3 o m c^ o O ON o K 03 •H c CO w o << 3: w X CO CO o o f-l til o W -P P CO o o X o o o o c^ ■©3- u c ■o c 3 o o o ■©3- I o o o u^ r^ o o o o CO ^e- o o o T-l -03- O O o CO -e- u > o tp CO c^ • o • O £>- u, O ON » a 1-M t); «) r-^ C >i ■H C •H M-J O t; f^ 3: rH t) 1 t3 •H P- >. 4) 3 TS CO ,o C 3 rt o -P rO 5 •H CO € -P CO c (« hf -P H C CO Vh Sm •M rt o C CO o •H 2 «) \^ O fH ^ X O «k O PlH o tH rH o Cfl * •H •D •H Sh C C^ ct b o ?H 3 O CO Q) •^ Mi o o / / / ;, / i- ■ v> r -p c w, o CO t— J s O CO -< ^ p., Eh CD CL, s cc n; -P M ^-^fc ;-; J < o -^ O Eh S Eh tH O ffi W :i: fe cc ^ o a, ;- -J Eh ^ -J 3 CO • 1- o 03 rr I o C\J I C\J o ^ — I =^ I o o ^ V-, 'fe^ o o O 1 1 u ■^ ^6^ Q) o O > AJ r^ O s K ii CITY-HORiE BUILDING IN WILL COUNTY 2-\0 1971 1972 City Number Value Number Value Rank Park Forest S. 137 1,970,720 420 7 ,162,300 1 Bolinffbrook 2,172 39 ,21^,582 134 290,237 2 Joliet 111 2 ,978,393 117 4 ,365,400 3 New Lenox 28 630,500 104 2 ,424,500 4 Frankfort 66 2 ,723,^30 96 2 ,856,980 5 Shorewood 82 2 ,127,170 87 2 ,364,200 6 Romeoville 11 239,450 85 1 ,632,756 7 Channahon 35 616,000 63 103,450 8 Steger 85 1 ,212,000 35 595,700 9 Crest Hill 24 542,300 32 774,875 10 Crete 17 391,000 30 740,559 11 Lockport 26 629,800 28 755,700 12 Manhattan 17 370,600 21 500,000 13 V/ilmington 11 242,340 21 468,500 14 Beecher n/a n/a 20 581,600 15 Mokena 6 127,000 12 350,400 16 Wo nee 12 240,000 11 231,000 17 Peotone 13 315,000 8 200,000 18 Elwood 0 — 3 60,000 19 Rockdale 2 36,000 2 26,500 20 Soueei Joliet Chamber of Commerace. CONNERCZ Cemmerce and retail sales fallows the trend set by the other economic statistics, Joliet and Crest Hill, a suburb of Joliet, are the top cities of Will County in retail sales with Bolingbrook third. ( see chart 2-n) ) COr>iPARATIVE RETAIL SALES 2-11 CITY RANK 197^ 1973 Joliet 1 333,870.875 300,^75,650 Crest Hill 2 .^0, 6^6^250 42,642.800 Boling-brook 3 33,870.875 23,427,275 Lockport 4 27,252,300 21,675,825 Romeoville 5 21,776.100 15.836,450 Frankport 6 21.378,825 19,825,250 Wilmin^^ton 7 18,298,525 18,725,550 New Lenox 8 17,127,375 14,740,050 Flainfield 9 12,377,075 11,133,675 Mokena 10 9,065,125 7,743,825 Shorewood 11 5.888.^00 3,873,925 Manhattan 12 4,271,125 3,865,250 Rockdale 13 3.M3,450 2,653,900 Source J Department of Revenue State of Illinois Joliet Region Chamber of Commerce. r '} TAX RATES AND PROPERTY VALUES The tax rates and property values of a given area can do much to give an indication as to the economic conditions and trends within an area, especially when viewed in relation to surrounding regions, (see table"^'!) The chart displaying the various municipal- ities within Will County compares these typical tax rates. It in- dicates that cities nearest the Chicago area and Joliet area generally have the highest tax rates and percent increases during the years 1 971-1 972. Another local reflecting these trends occurs around the Crete Tov.'nship area, especially the northern part. These trends also hold true for the townships as a whole, (see table ^'^^ The assessed values of property (see table ';J)-yZ.) shovjs that property within Will Countv in general has been increasing, although it has been generally decreasing around the Joliet Township area, (This trend may or rray not hold true for years since 1972.) LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCES Local government revenues and expenditures are strong in- dications to the economic situations in an areao (see table^'V) Table gives a regional comparison of the counties surrounding V/ill County in regard to government finances. The chart is based on 1 967 statistics v;hich are old, but still may give some insie:hts to future trends. Basically it shows that property taxes are higher near the Chicago area, and so is general revenue. However, government spending and debt outstanding are also higher nearer Chicago, and there is cause to believe these figures will continue to rise. TYPICAL TAX RATES 1971-1972 TABLE- -^'l i (Per $100 of Equalized Assessed Valuation) WILL COUNTY ;• Beecher D Bolingbrook Braidwood Channahon ,v Crest Hill r Crete Elwood Frankfort Godley Sr ..- Joliet Lockport i" - Manhattan ^■. . Mokena Monee New Lenox ^V : . Park Forest ^^ ' Park Forest *-■■"•'■ Peotone r^H-- Plainfield -■ _ '■ Rockdale f\ Romeoville Shorewood ti' ■ Steger h^'^% Symerton nv. Wilmington So, 1972 $4.6821 7.0381 5.3048 4.4132 6.1266 7.0608 5.2384 6.4091 4.9228 6.4556 6.7835 6.0305 6.5883 6.6007 6.6666 6.9355 6.0663 4.1587 5.9478 4.5859 6.9127 5.4931 6.7056 4.0158 5.0859 1971 $4.3347 6.0714 4.8748 4.1591 5.8697 6.1179 4.9568 6.1374 4.5628 6.2289 6.4237 6.0121 6.6830 5.6437 6.6291 6.0230 5.1267 3 . 9444 5.2266 3.5715 5.9221 5.0453 6.4992 3.7703 4.5793 % Increase 8.0% 15.9 8.8 6.1 4.4 15.4 5.7 4.4 7.9 3.6 5.6 .3 -1.5 17.0 .6 15.2 18.3 5.4 13.8 28.4 16.7 8.9 3.2 6.5 11.1 ♦Source; Joliet Region Chamber of Commerce Fact Book. f'^ft.:. ^i/-"''"' ^' ;>>•; . t^ Year Joliet ?5lncrease .V1968 $236,773,643 t .6% f.1969 238,252,497 .3 r 1970 239,031,932 7.3 1971 ^56,580.330- -2.3 1972 250.762,349' - .. ' ASSESSED VALUE OF PROPERTY TA5LE 3-z] $367,561,794 361,400,015 358,032,179 377,234,627, 372,^561.530 . -1 . 7% - .9 5.^ -1.2 $978,156,286 997.856,124 1,044,229,179 1 ,174,222,481 1 ,221,095.920 2.0% 4.7 12.5 4.0 Sourcp r County Clerk; Will Co. (Joliet Region' Chamber of Commerce) TAbLE 5-^( WHEAT- LAND 1^ Ih 119^, L-?fl PLAIN- FIELD DUPAGE 3 /C-d}/99_'/z7 7 :2ip2^^ TROY CHANNAHON -> — ^ — r LOCKPORT JOLIET 1 '^l7'.6U6^o 10 JACKSON 28 WILMING- TON REED 17 /C/cc^PU' WILL COUNTY. ILLINOIS RANKING OF 1972 EQUALIZED ASSESSED VALUATIONS BY TOWNSHIPS ( see table'^3) HOMER NEW LENOX 6 ^j vu\on MANHATTAN IS I U 61 1(1 FLORENCE 1$ WESLEY 11 WILTON FRANKFORT 5^ GREEN GARDEN PEOTONE /^ UMlL^:^ / f MONEE ? WILL zo CRETE ■*-# — ■ — J WASHINGTON li *Source; JOLIET REGIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE FACT BOOK. BREAKDO'vJN OF 197.-' E(^-ALIZED ASSESSED VALUATICNS BY rOWNSHIP WILL COUNTY, ILLINOIS "^A^Lg. 3,^5^ ■"-i;. TOWNSHIP CHANNAHON CRETE CUSTER DuPAGE FLORENCE FRANKFORT GREEN GARDEN HOMER JACKSON JOLIET " . ^M >. .:i - ^ Y I \ ' LOCKPORT t'.1|.... MANHATTAN t^ll" . MONEE ■ If NEW LENOX PEOTONE PLAINFIELD F.EED .. TROY , ^ •-.. WASHINGTON WESLET - WHEATLAND / WILL - WILMINGTON WILTON :% TOTAL- WILL COUNTY UfJD ■ 19,762,875 1?, 81b, BIO 3,136,080 76,550,71!; 3,688,530 11,860,000 7,118,' 8,512,t . 5,19^,610 ^ 33,703,600 26,759,630 7,7^,335 12,135,760 6,963,17'J 7,651,760 12,093,650 2,625,0^4-0 14,071,620 . 8,6^3,190 / . 4,362,260 7,474,160 7,256,960 5,353,290 ' 7.050.410 LCTC 6,cyo,335 4:^,'>o0,020 l,4yy,180 74,2BV,C3U 4iL.5.740 ^0,1. 37,31c 6:'.-\550 ■7,21^,V;/< '3,;n8,U70 237,f''>:,720 85,809,535 5,406,870 24,900,2^0 30,008,090 8,336,175 32,443,380 6,124,360 36,938,410 6,220,560 4,454,690 6,690,700 824,600 11*855,340 527.210 PERJLNAL 6, 48-', 880 2,716,180 822,085 12,310,730 -V^5,675 4,112,600 869, •: -'A 4,077,055 1,306,B'jO 95,088,290 50,461,490 3,239,450 2,753,260 3, 151,^50 2,044,720 5,310,819 1,226,035 5,163,045 1,620,410 558,790 1,670,420 736,180 2,489,420 629.735 RAILROADS 601,508 532,058 118,540 348,352 199,248 712,480 9,126 128,735 5,962,920 1,458,458 366,556 1,785 937,168 115,250 477,656 124,575 637,872 342,076 100,624 283,404 29,145 607,649 ?9t0^2 1972 TOTAL 32,941,598 59,049,068 5,575,885 163,499,427 5,019,193 56,822,390 8,661,114 29,814,971 9,848,675 372,561,530 164,499,113 16,757,211 39,761,025 41,060,078 18,147,905 50,325,505 10,100,010 56,810,947 16,826,236 9,476,364 16,118,684 8,846,885 20,305,699 8.266.407 312,502,155 684,936,085 209,493,^3 14,164,237 1,221,095,920 CITY OF JOLIET ONLY 12,550,360 209,300,285 25,016,930 3,894,774 250,762,349 5f Jollet Region Char-^ber of Commerce, 71 N. 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C3 Q < < o C^ -— — ' Z Z C7N CNJ -^ ^~^ < 2 NO C?N CM vn CM < CO •H o c o o o ft Q Q CJ w < < h-5 < Q z w CO c CO c < (-1 CD U 3 CO o rH O CO •H ■13 t3 •H o > m CM o C^ -p c;n y-i T3 rH Jsi CD o o CQ 4J •H CO ^ -P CO • » Q n CO CD •H -P C 3 O CD o X3 ca cO rH CO •H CD CO > -P CO •H O -P o C CD O S-i <• 3 2: CJ CO e •^ BIBLIOGRAPHY County and City Data Book, 1962 and 1972. Joliet Region Chamber of Commerce: Fact Book Joliet Region Chamber of Commerce: Quick Glance Illinois State Employment Service: Will County Manpower Profile. 1970 Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission: Planning Papers. 1972 Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission: Population and Employment Forecasts, 197^ Will County, Illinois Comprehensive Planning Program: Initial Housing Study. 1972 ^ « C-:.'.0L03Y FOR FXAr:M:;G I": ..ILL COUNTY Land uso tj-p.ditionslly has been ruided by the physical attributes of ar-; area. Geology, especially in the form of min- eral' deposits, \ ater supply, and surficial characteristics, has and will coi^rtinue to have implications in 1:111 County. Thit' section of ::_GLCC-y TOR FLUNKING Iin ». ILL CObl-TY will relate important geolo-;ic fe :.tui-es to planning and serve as a guide to mere detailed study of th.;se considerations. The grc-atest portion of the m.ineral resources in i.ill County arc in the .'"orm of building materials. Limestone and Lolonite for crushed stone and building, bloclcs are the most corn.monly quarried materials. There art now several qi.i.arries along the Des Flaines River, as it is most easily found v;here rivers cut into the existing lilurian be^-'rocV. (Refer to i-iap 1) iand arid gravel a.re next in im.portance. Their uses are maay, including roads, concrete, mortar, ajid beaches, ^igain, metjor ;!rcas of prod":i.ction a.re along the Des Flaines and uux-'age Rivers. i..ajor deposit:., ar'r found along, strearabeds and glacial outwash areas. Leposits aro also found in Karnes and ^s'cers, old gla.cial Ickc beache;. Sand only i'- fo-.md in dune deposits in the southwest part of the cou.nty. (i:;ip 1) Coa.1 d'.:posit^- can be found in the southi/ert portion of .ill located in the Fennsylvanian formations. However, most of this coal is either i-haft or strip rained already and what's left is from 100 to 200 feet down. Large piles of overburden are left and con- sideration must be given to any development on old coal shafts. L other mineral popsibilities are clay, peat, and petroleum. Petroleum is the least likely. There are no v.gII^ now and deposits that could exist in Fennsylvanian anticlines woo.ld he small. There are clay deposits in the southvyest part of u'ill and a clay pit just west of 1,'ill in Grundy County. The importance of clay for bricks and pottery has been de-emphasized v.dth v/idespread use of concrete and bituminous pavement. Peat for horticultural \;scf. does exist in the form of Grayslake Peat and can be found in several a.reaG in i.ill County. Another major geological consideration affecting planning is ground-water supply. Ground-water occurs in permiable surficial or Eubsurficial materials referred to as aquifers. These deposits act as stor-age areas, to channelize movements of water, and act as avenues of recharge. Tyie nature of these materials will help deter- mine water quality, rate of yield, and design of wells. Geologic structi;.re will determine direction of ground-water movement, artesian pressures, temperature, and areas of recharge. Surficial aquifers from glacial deposits are the least tapped soiirces in Lill Covjnty. They occur in sand and gravel dev-osits that underlie glacial till and occur most frequently in valley trains and outwK.sh plains. (Map 2) There are disadvantages is using these aquifers because they are irregular in occurance and more difficult to find, but the advantages of lower pumping costs and cooler, better quality of water often offset disadvantages. I>iany times the pumping rates will be larger in certain surficial aq\iif ers . Specific loca- tions in :.ill County include the Dupage and Des Plaines River Valleys Iv L south of liaperville aaid. in the Joliet area. Good locations for sur- ficial aquifers can also be found in the Kodley Buried Bedrock Valley and the Lemont Drift of. Joliet. (luaps 2 and 3) Subsurface aquifers occur in four formations. The one closest to the surface and the youngest deposit is the iilurian Doloraite. (Map 3) It i;^ closely related to surface aquifers and is recharged through percola.tion from the surface. I.iost v.ells in this formation are in the upper 75 feet and yield as much as 1000 gallons per minute Even though occi'.rance of water is inconsistant the Dolomite shov.'s no permanent effect of pumping yet as the deeper aquifers have. Farther do\ n the Glenvvood-St . ireter Sandstone yields about 10> of the total groundvatar. It's productivity is consistant but only moderate amounts, caai be withdrawn. The area with the most possibil- ity is to the v.not of :.ill County where the sandstone is close to the surface ar.d thoy are recharged. The mor^t prodvctive layer is even farther dov.n in the- form of the Irontov.'n-Ga].Gsville :jandstone. (Llap 3) it provides 15.''^ of the total subsurface discha.rge. By 1930 it is expected to produce 92 million gallons per day. If this trend continues, the water v.dll be depleted in this aquifer. The water level in Chicago in 1953 was about 50' above sea level and by I9S0 it will be 250' below^. Separated by a dense shale, the kt . Simon Sandstone is the lov- est aquifer. The waters in it are under greater pressu.re than the Irontown-Galesville formation, but is more mineralized and a greater exp<.'nsG to pump. Evaluating the aquifer situation in Will County, it would seem L L that "v.rficial and shallow Dolomite aquifers should be developed moro intensely. There is little or no difference in nonpumping waterlevels in the area and the v/ater is of good quality. =.ith con- tinued use of the deep aquifers ve run the risk of depletin::T or contaminating them. The level has already declined as much as 70Q feet in areas since 186^. Land with access to surficia.l aquifers should be considered at having an important attribute. The characteristics of the surface deposits will affect the planning capabilities of the land. The planning ca.pabilities in (Table 1) have been generalized from other sources. For exact lo- cation of .Formations and I.iembers, refer to iiillman, Summary of the Geology in the Ghica,?ro Area. Cf special note in '.,111 County is the Sandwich Fault Zone. At itt- exposed end west of ..ill, it is about 100 feet wide and the rocks are intensely sheared. The northern section is a vertical fault with 250 feet maxim.um displacement and the north rocks on the higher side. (i-.Iap J) The south Sandwich fault section is more of a par- allel fault, offset to the south wdth the north rocks on the low side, A fault zone v;ill offer strong implications to structural design, possible fu'cure movement, resevoir siting, and obstruction of aquifer lay(;rs. -:.arthquakes have been experienced in the area and investifaticn of this area is recommended. c c 1) ( r 0 r :;.a t i c n and Me i:ib e r ) Caho^via .J.luv i.iLJ rays-la^ca T^ rarl'land ,; (o^d .quality i nr..:r ':io/. Garrai ^'ember .quality i or.'.i; tior uolton rir-'^.ibGr :.qi.iality . jf:.u tior (j-ake -lait)) r-'.' - or- :■ xx: ' r.c k in a'.v LI 3 mb e r lienry -criaticn 'Jatavia Lleniber iienry roniation ..asco i-ie:aber edron Fo^TaatJ on '.. a.dsv,'orth -leLiber 7al .oarai&o Groi.ir.dirioraine Lov; i-Iediun iiit'n T^T AFABILITIL3 OF SURFICIAL GACLCSIG MATLRIALS ""For furthi. r inf ori.iation, refer to Bibliography reference no Bibliography Circular 268. H.L. Risser. Effects of Coal Inventories on Stability of the Coal Industry. Division of the Illinois otate Geological Survey; Urbana, Illinois, 1959. 2. Circular ^19. i..K. Smith. Strippable Coal Reserves of Illinok; Part 6. Illinois State Geological Survey; Urbana, Illinois, 3 963. 3. Bulletin TJo. 3^- Carl B. Anderson. The Artesian V-aters of Northeastern Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana, Illinois, 1919: 551 Il6b V. 34. 4. Bulletin No. 61. J.E. Lamar. Rock VjooI From Illinois Mineral Resources. Illinois State Geological Survey; Urbana, Illinois, 193^: 551 Il6b, no. 6l Copy 2. 5. Suter, r.'ax. Preliminary Report on Groundwater Resources of the Chicago Region, Illinois. Illinois Geological Survey, Illinois State '^.ater Survey: Urbana, Illinois, 1959- 551 -^9 Il6c no. 1. 6. Bulletin No. 51- D.J. Fisher. Geology and Mineral Resources of the Joliet Quadrangle. Illinois State Geological Survey: Urbana, Illinois, 1925; 551 Il6b V. 51 Copy 2. Illinois Mineral's Note 53* Hopkins and Simon. Coal Resources of Illinois. Illinois State Geological ourvey: Urbana, Illinois, January, 197-^ • 8. Circular 46o. H.B. iijillman. Summary of Geology of the Chicago Area. Illinois State Geological Survey; Urbana, Illinois, 1971- 9. Report on Investigations 218. T.C. Buschbach. Cam.brian and Ordoviclan State of Northeastern Illinois. Illinois State Geological r;urvey: Urbana, Illinois, 1964. 10. Report on Ir.vestigations hi. T.A. Prickett, L.R. Hoover. Ground \ ater Development in Several Areas of Northeastern Illinois. Illinois State Vjater Survey: Urbana, Illinois, 1964. ) A G-^Or-'OHFHOLOaiC REi OKT ON :.^ILL COIM'TY l Kankakee River valleys. It is characterized, by a ■relatively flat erea vxith sandbars and sand and gravel rid:;es. The Plain -resulted from the outwash materials (r-)ck, soil) , from the meltinf? Tlacier. Till Plain The till plain in Vill County is also referred to as the I"^anhattan-'''!inooka C-roundmoraine. The area covore^' by the plain is a gently '"oiling, flat surface. Till plains are mad-e up of miscellaneeus material left covering the region formerly occupied by the glaciers. V. '.'ill Count/ Sections "^he '"hree sections throurrh the county sViov; the large di'f'ference in elevation cheated, by the morainal d.rifts, lake rlain and 5i.itv;ash 'zlain, creating a flat, then abrubtly rolling and sometimes rough terrain. There are a large number of riajor hi,!^h'..'ays and ■'^^ilroac3.s running alone; the 'Ces Plaines river valley. This is typical of inland .novenent throuj^hout the country. It is interesting to nrining of many tarns. The sloie of the sides is the main d'^tei''- minant as to 'ihether or not it will be inte:';rated into the field. ■:>' 33' 31 r Cree BLUFFS/FLOODPLAINS pOHM/V'T'TQixI CHARACTERISTi'CS In the Will County area, most of the bluff and flood r^lain areas are results of the one 3 huge outlet of the Chicago Lake (a roGalt of glacier ireltlng. Most of this area includes the Tes Flaines riV'-^r valley, the river beinr; but ? trickle of '/hat it v;as 10,000 yeirs ap;o . The bluffs which line the valley wer5 once the banks to the mighty ■!"i^'"er and the fl^'Odrlain, its bo':torr. "^he slopes are often rather stable, but still very steep. In 'olaces the floodplain ext^^nds for miles, but is an aveifare of about one half mile. In many places extensive san Ibars accomrany those tv;o formations, being mostly a r^oduct of the ancient river. -r:luff Floodplain UllBAN S-^vere Hestriotions Hiprh intensity artcnizati on is comrletely inhi'oited . Resid- ential dei'elnprrent is no'-sible bi't not clesir'atLe, rradual erosion of visual blirrht, the visibl" for miles, leading to slcoes and hluff teiri-T and, floodplain d.ansrers alv/ays present. ROADl/AY Moderate/Severe Rentricti one Roads on the bluff areas .^.re reasonable whe?' at a reasonable slope and vjhere adequate provision is made for stall- ization of slope. Floodplain restrictions are minirnal due to permanence of roadv/ay. VrOODLAND FARM AND No Restrictions ■'oodland is a desirabl- .-it- uation for both areas. On the bluffs to stabilize the slore, and on th'^ floodplain to serve as a check and ^low down flood v/aters. Rec^ea bion-Tl ocportuni' ties are limitless. Moderate Restrictions IS Farming; on the bluff area usually not possible f^r\.6. terracin,;^ not advisable. In the floodplain area how- ever, the planting of crops is uaually up to the farmer depends on the type of crop. The usual .-^reat flatness s-em to encoura,p;e most people to take the risk. and POor,«crr-j-p,Aj i^ARACT'^'^TSTI CS : STRIP KINES Strip mines are of course an entirely man- rrade fen.tu'^e, but a very predorrinate one in T^epiardn to WtII County. Most of the large rriin3s are for coal, vjhile scattered ^nialler ones operate for pcravel. Many of the mines are no lon^-ev- in use and require some form of ^"ecl.^imotion. Very rough terrain is the most common characteristic as •jell as vast amounts of unusable soils, some from as ■fr-^r as 200' b'>lov; the surface. Fonds and lakes dominate the lov7 areas, while rocks and abused ver'^tation dominate the slopes and uplands. a > A^ TTpgijT Severe ■Restrictions Unrf^'-le soils ard slope strictly prohihit any development. '^rinf?:e nreas ar^ usually just as unir.hahitahle due to over- burden det)Ositi^n. ROAT)V/AY Severe Restrictions Usually the mined area is crisscrossed v/ith numo-'^ous gravel or di rt roac v;hich m.^^y continue to te used, for li.f^ht tra'-fic only. All ■permanent road surfaces are not viatle. ^■/CODLAImD No Restrictions Restoration '^f '.'oodland. or some eour.l tyre of r^ass vee"- etatior. is commonly the best \v'Tv to rf^claim ihe strir r^^ine throiit^h p-radual stabilization' of slopes, ^ec^e-itional rot^ntials are limitless with the ■^oucrh ter^rain and countless P'^nds. FARML/ND Severe Restrictions Slope and soil determinates »re lackiiig and. usually true also for overburden area. KARST TOPOGRA: HY/SINKHOL?S FOx^MATION HAHACT^RISTICS Thi3 distintive f nature is entirely a matter of p;eolof^.v and cccures underground, with the 'effect tein<^ visible on the surf.-ce. Essentially it occurs where layer of lire- stcie or dola^ite are found relatively clo.'se to the sui-^face. Both substances b^inn; soluble, they tend be washed a-;ay from their deposits by ander'^round -vater sources or rainfall. The top soil then subsides in filling the void and results in a depression ^ink^-ol«s ar- often found in prrours and usually on rather ^lar. sur-fac-s. It is usually difflicult to determine if the subsidence is completed or if oth-rs v.'ill continue. The subsidence may be slovj or ve -y sudden. sinkhole sinkhole URBAN ROAD-./AY Severe Restrictions No urtar.izati on shoulri take pl.Tce v/ithin a nile of knovai sinkhole areas. Subsidence has been kno\-m zo have the effect of a small earthquake, Severe Restrictions No paved roads should be in a sinkhole area unless neccessarj'-. Gravel or dirt roads are acceptable but should be carefully placed. Fo Restrictions ^or^?:t cover is ^prain the ideal situation allo'./in??: for stabilization of the bank. Moderate Restrictions Since sinkholes corrmonly occur in flat areas, it is usually under arcricultural conditions. Damage to crops is variable and usually worth the expense. Heavy machinery should not be nllov;ed. ^ DRUPiLIN Drunlins in this area of the United States are rather unusual in that they are different than most. In corTi]^ari son to most, v;hich are made up of stratified riatprials, these are rock drumlins, made up nostly r.f bedrock Tt Is theorized that they are formed when the p;lacier ricks up the rock as it proceeds , . dovn the continent, accumulating it all in one spot, and '';hen the r:lac:er bep;ins ret-^^eotin^^;, the rock mass left behind . Usually founci in till or outwash are.^'S, but m.ay even b in Tiorain^s, yet they =ire very difflicu"'t to distingui Thev a"^e half ellipsoid in shape and resemble an inver spoon. The very mture of a drumlin in this area indi that it is rather rocky ?nd. probably has a very thin soil layer. Drumlin e found sh. t^d catas URBAN Moderate Restrictions The rocky soil and slore v/ould inhibit intense urban uses, but seem suitable for small residential use, affording fTOod views for the residences, while not becon^ing too pror.inent > roadi;ay Moderate Restrictions Slope is the main restriction for roads. While it is not overly steep the feature is usually just a hunp a quarter mile long which the road will usually go around. 'iOODLAND No Restrictions Prumlins have rr my j ossibili ties for recreational areas, esrecially in tne context of the usually sur-ounding flatlands. Soils "greatly limit the plant species. -) FARMLAND Severe Restrictions Soils are again the r;reatest determinate. Their rocky nature prohibits most farm activities. In some areas the farmhouse is a predominate feature of the drumlin, where a farmer may observe his surrounding land. e ) OUTV/ASH PLAIN WQRFATION: lAHACT'^^'IST'ICS Out vash plains a^^e produced by tl':e rrerginn; of -a. series of ^ut-'/ash fans or aprons resultirg frorti the r^elting waters oT a stagnate ;-''laoier. Tho plain is totaly a rro-luct of erosion and deposition. The sur^'ace is ?;enerally smooth, but t'^^ncs to be rolling due to ice chuncks which melted after layers of soil '^fhere upon it, in some cases leavinf I'tr ';e depressions refered to othervvise as kettle Soils tend to he rather rich, but are sometimes spocty. Intermitent streams ore very common, bein remiants of the channels v/hich drained th.'^ rlacier very ) A' ^ URBAN HO-DWAY r^ No ^.estri ct ions Outvrash plnins '.re the rriost suitahle ^r^r-s "^or urtenizati "'n, •..'hlch can te s'^en by otpervin.;:?; the -present rnqjor popul-^ticn centers, '^he o/ily dr-^-wbacks are the strea^i nreas =ind very close to the morainal ed.^e , "jhere seasonal flood in.'r is conimon. No Restrict! T.s Road construction is most feas==ble on this feature. Its r'elative flatness and evenness of terrain make it most accessible and feasible. Although it may becom.c too even, resulting; ir boredom for the auto, its more uneven ch?racteri5tics may be token ^v advantage of.(kertles, tarns) J^ './OODLAMD FAHFiAWD Q No Restrictions No Restrictions The only restrictions on vjood- lahd v?ould be tne overriding irrportance -f o^Vier activities, especially farminr^ on this feature. The outwash plain is most suitable for this '-ctivity in a rather large scale due to its high fertility and relative flatness. This is alre=-,dy the activity predorainatinr; in the area J FORP'ATIOM: :HARAC^'^'^^ ISTICS: Tho moraina of two glac the out wash far 'She st ed at opecific edg3 is v;he eroi-ing ituc the out'vash Troughs are manv l^rge app'Bars as bi^o.ici , flat rocicy ^' t th 1 edge is a unique corpbinati on ial features, the rroraine and plain. It represents the ge of the glacier as it stagnated point in tirre. This front re most of the melting occured h of the freshly deposited soil plain. the most common feature of the morain^^l ones mnd. many more small ones. The edge a bluff, but c->n be dif f ^renti^^.ted by the plain it often overlooks. Soils are '^fte and Prodi cing ed;'"e , often '-. -i-^ p but quite fet^tile tov;ards f'^e bottom, J r-iorainal Edge me Outvr,;sh .^lain URBAN 1 I^cderate Hestrictions S'^ils pre '-^ost usually statle enou5;h for bui lling and slcces are rather permissive. However, '■vith its overlo:)k onto the troad rl^in, too much building could, becnrre an eyesore for many ndles around. The slopes are most suited for residential building, afforiins; p,'reat views, y°t Ic^eping fairly well hi'""'den. > RQADV;AY Foaerate Restrictions Fro'' lems are much the same as Urban. A road.";ay may easily be cut alorg the ed:^;e affording fantastic views for the auto, but leavinfj a ribbon '^f concrete to be seen from many miles av/ay. WOODLAIjD No Restrictions Being such 9 r^i^iminent view from any place on the plain, '"."^odl^nd an tVils slope can be very handso:ne. Recr'='ational or-i:ortuni ti es ire also scf-eat. J FARNLAi^lD Severe Restrictions The excellent soils at the bottom of the slope would seem to encourage agriculture, but the majority of the feature is too steep to farm without terracing, which would only destroy many of the outstanding features of this formation. ^ A — J JLACIA^"''D LAXDSGAPH: / J^'^ORAinES FOI?rTATTCM: The above topo.o;ra"phy is comm eascern half of Will County, product of the last continen period to s'^^ee'- throu.r^h this Visconsinion. The resultant were not formed ^^s the e;laci froTi the North, but as it re f^ecn nelting point. P-^ost of Valorise moraine system, whi smaller mo^^aines which are p this report. Morainal landscanes are rnujh, rolling landforrns hilltops, due mostly to neltin.c^ glacier. Soils contain many rocks and s on of the It is a tel glacier area, the landforrns or descended treated, forming moraines at Will County lies within the ch is made up of several oi'nted out on maps accompanying CHAPxACTERISTICS most com.::only recognized by their , dissected by m.any streams and water erosion at the time of the are usual'y fairly rich, yet mall stones. hilltop valley f loodplain URBAN Moderate/Severe Restrictions The rocky nat^jre of the soils and lari^e total area of flood- plains greatly reduce the ■DO*".ertial urfc^m use sites. STiall residen'cial developements are rrore suitable, but should bo •'restricted to Toderate slories , HOADW/.Y Moderate Restrictions The rou>~;h and hilly terrain can make road construction expensive, but the resultant roadviay aesthitics could overcome that obstacle. Fabulous viei'7S can be obtained from tl^e hillsides or occasionally from hilltops. Construction should stay out of the floodrlains as much as ■norsible and clin,'^ to slopes and uuland flats. ■,/::''0 j^i_:U''J^ Mo Restrictions ■^orest cover is the ideal situation ■for ^hese nreas. T'he ^esthetico provides un- limited use as a recreational area '.vhile servinR" as a check against the continuin?- f^rosion processes and flood.ing. "^O-^ether '-/ith the interestin;^ terrain, fore-:*"^-] ?reas "orovide a distinct a-^ea for hikin?^ in Illinois. FAuIiLAWD rod e rate Restrictions Slopes and rocks present the greatest restriction here. Althouf^h 90^ of the soil is <:^ood for agriculture, erosion can quickly eliminate many field.s if they are operated on many of the unprotected slopes. Therefore, cro; s should also be limited to the larr;er valleys, and in special instances, the flcodplain. ^ f— A' TROUGHS /TROUGH L/'KES & STREAr'IS FOR'^z-TTON ; :haract'^ristic3 Trou-hs ^.re one of thp ■voct tyrdcil feature; of p. 'cri.qciated area, more common 5,nd r.ronovinc- pd in mountain .^lacier- than continental. ^Y.e^r qr^ for^rrr^d when the retreetin-^ .^lacier dra-- hack ",'ith it, l3r2:e rock?, or material __ "mc-.-i cause a slir^ht depression in the freshly ^ ep-sited soil ^h- 'depression becomes more exa--°rnteo when tne 'lacier^'^t^^nates and begins to m.^lt. The water, of course, follows th^"?east path of resistance and further erooes the ^oil' -any of the streams rem.ain and still carry water from fh'hi-her elevations, and many are blocked at one end o- -^mcTy stac-nate to form sometimes very large lakes. Usually su-roundin.o: terrain is rather rou.-rh, and sides- can become very steep. They usually^cpear as se/eral fin.^^rs eKterirl inp; up into n^iorainal ■:i V* r> '^ ' Trough # UREAK Severe P.estri jtions _'^lthou«^h paiiy ti^on.^hs do mt presently contain l^kes or sti^-?rir\3 post ^rs still TiRiri •..'=it'^r outlet r Guri>".g the peak T^ain^all per-iods. Erosion which has h'^en checksd hy ve'^^et^tion i^.lcn"]; the cides can ^asily resume i^ this is ■j^erroved. Sinyl-r residences can te ailo'.7ed on tie upland areas 3nd. f'reat viei-fs afforded, over the trou£"h. ROADV,AY Foderate/Se ■Restri ctions Yearly flcodinr; of '^ost troughs also 3'''eatly limits r'^ad. construction in the basin, but roads ;raj' be alloived alons moderate slopes ^'CDLrUD No Re.: trictio---s Ve-^etation should be af^orc^ed on as rruch of the sides as' possille to stsblize slopes. P.accged t'^rrai"! usually ideal for recT-eation, hiking. FAH-IiLAMD Koderate Restrictions Should not be crop farrried, but hi^h potential exists for :Tra2inr;. Forage material is usually present as 'a'cII as v/ater sources. Very care- ful check should be maintained, to prevent over-'jrazing. ^ Ei3LIw*.rHArHY 'ri v-i*^ T VI T DeT^k, JaroTar: yanuel of Detailed 3eorT;orpholo:ric^\l ; .\c?.d?:^ia, Czechoclovak Acad-.'ny of Scien :■■? I V : , y - . - ■: ^ - -; 111' ,re C; Leaflet for Jolie*- A--^'^^^ T^.j^r-.--) r» '-'^ ^ .1 -I- of '^o?ri G t rfl t i on s.^i'^ ^dMc-Ltio7i n'!^t^;i3. Til. ''.'^'''0 'PC'' '*'*r' ^ - .-<' ^>r> r".--; o- U "-^"c^ri.n-i 1 11 i nolo 1 '^ "^^ --;"'- -n; ,<-,'.-. ■;i^v;at ■7nhn '.-'il^y «>,• Sonc, Inc., Me',-/ York T^5'-i- 551 .^ 137,: rincipleG '^■'^ ^^ V/illr^ar, H. ' ' . : SuT^ma' :eolc;-:y o f ^-',-> "h''C3r:o 'Vrca; Illi.ioi:: State C^eolO/^ical Curve;;-, ''i'-'bano. Illvioi 1 c^n states Department of Agriculture: "AcL-ial G^;-aon 1- .^f T ,7^ -1 T ^ -,, .-, # SOILS Al^ALYSIS %) I. Major associations "A soil association is a landscape that has distinct pro- portional pattern of soils normally consisting of two to three major soils and at least one or more soils of lesser extent. This type of soils information is for those who are in- terested in a "broad picture of the soils resources and soil con- ditions of the entire suryey area. It is useful in comparing soils in different parts of the area and in larger tracts of land that may be suitable for special purposes." A list of all major soil associations in Will County and their most important characteristics follows in the next page. '"'--- 7iy=. . . 2 I. Major Soils Associations A. Lorenzo-Warsaw-Wea 1. dark-colored 2. level to sloping 3. developed from 1 to ^4^ feet of medium-textured material over calcareous sands and gravels B. Rodman-Casco-Fox 1. light-colored 2. nearly level to steep 3. developed from 1 to 4 feet of medium- textured material over calcareous sands and gravels C. Saybrook-Drummer-Lisbon 1. dark-colored 2. level to sloping 3. moderately permeable 4. developed from 20 to 40 inches of loess over calcareous loam glacial till D. Druomer-Brenton 1. dark-colored 2. nearly level 3. moderately permeable 4. samewhat poorly and poorly drained 5. developed from medium- textured materials over stratified outwash E. El liot-Ashkum -Varna 1. dark-colored 2. gently sloping to sloping 3. moderately slowly permeable 4. developed from calcareous silty clay loam glacial till F. Milford-Martinton-Toledo 1. dark-colored 2. nearly level 3. moderately slowly permeable 4. developed from moderately fine-textured outwash or lakebed sediments G. Symerton-Andres-Halfday 1. dark-colored 2. gently sloping to sloping 3. moderately slowly permeable 4. developed from 20 to 40 inches of medium- textured material over calcareous silty clay loam glacial till H. Morley-Blount 1. light-colored 2. gently sloping to steep 3. moderately slowly permeable 4. developed from calcareous silty clay loam glacial till I. Bryce-Swygert-Mokena 1. dark-colored 2. gently sloping to sloping 3. slowly permeable 4. developed from calcareous silty clay glacial till or lakebed sediments J. Sawmill-Otter-Lawson 1. dark-colored 2. nearly level 3. moderately permeable 4. developed from medium to moderately fine-textured alluvial materials K. Maumee-Selma-Plainf ield 1. dark- and light-colored 2. nearly level to strongly sloping 3. rapidly permeable 4. developed from loose outwash or aeolian (wind-blown) sands L. Hitt-Plattville-Channahon 1. dark-colored 2. nearly level to steep 3. moderate to rapidly permeable 4. developed from 1 to 3 feet of coarse or medium-textured materials over limestone bedrock ^ II. Agricultural suitability of major soil associations: In terms of agricultural suitabilities, each soil association was either classified as Excellent, Cood, Fair, or Poor. This classification is based on produc- tivity of grain crops under a high level of management. Excellent and Good mean that soil is very productive and best suited for grain crop production. Pair mean^ soil is not very productive and not very suited for grain crop pro- duction(usually due to steep slope or poor drainage cha- racteristics) . Poor means soil is not suited at all for grain crop production due to defficiencies and limitations in the soils. •ic 3 II. Agricultural Suitability of Major Soil Associations f Excellent Saybrook-Drummer-Lisbon Drummer -Br enton SaxiTmill-Otter-Lawson Good Ell iot-Ashkum-Varna M ilf ord-llart inton-Toledo Sytnerton-Andres-Halfday Mcrley-Blount Bryce-Swygert-Mokena Fair Lorenzo- warsaw-Uea Rodman-Casco-Fox Maumee-Selma-Plainf ield Poor Hitt-Plattville-Channahon strip mine area c Ill, Agricultural suitability of individual soils: To get to a higher level of detail that will benefit on-site studies and land-use decisions, a classification of agricultural suitabilities for individual soils was made. This classification was made using the Productivi- 4 ty of Illinois Soils circular I0I6, pp. 13-17 > we were able to find productivity indexes for all of Illinois' soils. We chose to use the Grain Crops High Management productivity index ^or this purpose since this is what we most commonly encounter in the area. We compared these in- dexes to the classified grades of soils for high manage- ment Vv'hich apoears in Dr. Pehrenbacher 's Prime Agricultu- 5 ral land in Illinois, article , Each soil was compared with the grades of soils set out in this article and 4 gr Clips were arrived at: Grade A; 140-160 productivity index Grade B: 125-145 " " Grade Cj 100-135 ." " Grade D: 0-166 " " This classification follows on the next page. c III. Agricultural Suitability of Individual Soils Grade A 59 Lisbon 73 Huntsville 107 Sawmill 149 Brenton 152 Drummer 197 Troxel 219 Millbrook 293 Andres 442 Mundelein 451 Lawson Grade B 62 Herbert 67 Harpster 69 Milford 82 Hillington 102 LaHogue 103 Houghton L45 Saybrook 148 Proctor 189 Mart in ton 206 Thorp 232 Ashkum 294 Symerton 295 Mokena 300 Abington 343 Kane 443 Barrington 697 Uauconda Grade C 23 Blount 27 M iami 60 T7ka 311 Ritchey 313 Rodman 314 Joliet 315 Channahon 318 Lorenzo 320 Frankfort III. i^a iTiciiltural suitabixity-continued) It seems clear that the prime agricultural land should be kept in this activity. This would place grade A and B soils as exclusively agricultural and would leave the other grades of soils to other USES (residential, commercial, industrial, roads, forest preservation, etc.). This of course is not enough to fom a land-use criteria pased on soil quality and cha- racteristics. It was then pertinent to study soils on spe- cific contexts, for specific uses which are under demand in the County. f IV. Soil/Use Groups The limitations of each soil occuring in Will County were studied for the following usesj* Dwellings with "basements Streets and roads Sanitary landfill areas lawns and golf fairways Campsiteel and picnic areas Playgrounds Path and trails 7 Using the Will County Soil Manual , limitations for the preceding uses were checked for each soil, then the soils which had similar limitations were grouped into soil/use groups A total of eleven of these groups was derived. Following the groupings, the limitations of the major soil/use groups for the uses studied are charted. IV. Soil/use Groups Group I Group VIII Group X 53 Blooraf ield 241 Chats^TOrth 20 Roby 54 Plainf ield 311 Ritchey 67 Harpster 270 Oquawka 315 Channahon 69 Mil ford 313 Rodman 503 Rockton 80 Proctor 504 Dunbarton 82 Millington Group II 89 Maumee 98 Ade Group IX 130 Pittwood 190 Onarga 23 Blount 152 Drummer 290 Warsaw 59 Lisbon 201 Gilford 62 Herbert 206 Thorp Group III 73 Huntsville 228 Nappanee 145 Saybrook 91 S^jygert 232 Ashlcun 157 Rankin 102 LaHogue 300 Abington 240 Plattville 132 Starks 314 Joliet 443 Harrington 146 Elliot 316 Romeo 698 Grays 149 Brenton 317 Millsdale 151 Ridgeville 321 DuPage Group IV 184 Roby 329 Will 294 Symerton 189 Martinton 347 Canisteo 192 DelRay 441 Monee Group V 197 Troxel 451 Lav;son 25 Hennepin 219 Millbrook 88 Sparta 293 Andres Group XI 90 Plainf ield 295 Mokena 103 Houghton 93 Rodman 298 Beecher 107 Sa^raill 131 Alvin 320 Frankfort 210 Lena 134 Camden 326 Homer 235 Bryce 148 Proctor 343 Kane 238 Rantoul 194 Morley 365 Aptakisic 330 Peotone 224 Strawn 442 Mundele in 318 Lorenzo 697 T7auconda 325 Dresden 327 Fox Group VI 27 Miami 60 LaRose 196 Harpster 223 Varna 531 Markham 696 Zurich Group VII 49 Watseka 220 Plattville t This matrix can be used as a fast easy-to-use checklist for site-scale land-use decisions. As foixnd in the Will County Soil Nianual , the meanings of the limitations ratings are as follows: "ratings of Slight indicate that for a given use, the soils have no limitations or the limitations are easy to overcome. Mode- rate ratings mean that for a given use, the soils have limita-- tiohs that can "be ovei-come by average management and manipula- tion. Severe ratings mean that, for a given use, the soils have limitations that are difficult to overcome. Very severe ratings indicate that the soils have limitations that generally preclude any type of development. 30IL LniIT.\TIONS USES J2 •r-l C CO C o B o CO m c •3 CO •p o o (^ ■p 03 XI ta o c C8 ,J >> (0 •P • 1-4 c CO CO CO ctt (U -a C CIJ I CO •r-l s ««•■» a VL'J ^ c CO o •p •r4 CO CO to o •r-l CO -O C D O to >. 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I ■ i| ^ a aaa-aaaaaa r.:.:::m ■ ' ^ f.::::: aaaaaaaaai i:::::3a aaaaaaaaa F-'^'f a t :::::9_a aaaaaaaai h:::::ra a ^aaaaaaaaa h i a i aaaaaaaaa* 5:::;::'a a iiHi:^: aaaaaaaaa ]::::::■ a i aaaaaaaaai I '^a a aaaaaaaaa |::::::i a I Baaaaaa«aa !::::::: a a ■ ■« a ■ ■ I ;r a a ■ ■ :■ a a B I ......a a a a ::::> Bar TT^^a- a a ::::::■» a a i :: a B a :;4 a a L --» a a a a "4 a a a ::<■ a a a :^ a a a :: a a a - Tta a a zn-'fimMtMi ::;;: a a a a :::::!• a a b i ::::: a a a a :::::!■ a a a i ::::; a a a a • ::;!■_ a a a i ■■■»■ ■n-'" •■<^- T iiiij-:-' iiiif:-:- ^m :::::J,^j Tl^.V-'L-B-t ••"•S a J 1:::::: a a a a: :::::a« bT J-^-a Baa) ;:;::9 a ■ i:::::; a a a a' --'--ka a I 1::::-^ a a a i ::::.■ a ^ ::::; a a ...'>■ a r- ::::3 a a I ■ ■ I ■ ■ ■ .1 a I -ilti ^aaaaa fa'a'a'a'a'a'a* • aaaaaaa* CaJ a bT F i*.".' -"an ^ -a-a-; I jV. . - a a a a a I a a a -a a - 1 a a a a a a I a a a a a a -a aaBaaaa(aaaaaaB.aaBBaB-aa ± I a a a a a a a^a BaaaaaaaBBaaaBt t .aaaa'Baaaaaaa^^B-aa.aaa a^a w- i.m. m ^ ^ j ,_ .■^_-_.* ~ r B_B B_B a^a a a a a aaaaaaaaaaaa aTTa a a a a a a a a a iTirSi'^a a -mr'a^r^B-r-TTi-aVB- Baaaaaaa----- ~~BBBBB~ XaaaaBaaaBaaBBaaaaBaaaaaaaBaaaBaBBBaBBaBaaaBBBBBaaBBBaBa la'BBBBaaaaBaBaBaBaBaBaa-BB-BaBBaaBBaaBaaaBaBBaaaaaBaaaaaBa -aaaaaaaaaaaaaaB-aaaaaa'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaB laaa-aaaaaaaaaaa a a aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaj aaaaaaaaaaa«a^a a^ a a-a aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa^^ I O 6? BS b« r>> ii-i slope classes '■*a*a*a'a*>*4 slight mocJerate severe yery severe f ( V. Best uses Tor soils: ' ' '■ For our purpose of coming up with a classification of locations where soils are best suited for forest preser- vation, we can conclude that soils that fall within A and B grades of agricultural suitabilities should be left as prime agricultural lands. Looking at C and D grade soils the chart on the following page shows recommended uses for each soil. We have added a Conservation column into which all soils that are not usable for any otirier purposes fall in. This is ideal land to be put into forest preserve. These soils best suited for Forest Preservatiojn are listed on the page following the chart for more convenience, Another list is included to list soils that are bes|; suited for Forest Preservation if their slope exceeds 15%. ( Best Uses For Soils Prime agricultural soils *o* 59 Lisbon 62 Herbert 67 Harpster 69 llilford 73 Huntsville 82 Millington 102 LaHogue 103 Houghton 107 Savmill 145 Saybrook 148 Proctor 149 Brenton 152 Drunner 189 Mart in ton 197 Troxel 206 Thorp 219 Millbrook 232 Ashkum 293 Andres 294 Symerton 295 Mokena 300 Abington 343 Kane 442 llundelein 443 Barrington 451 Lav7son 697 IZauconda Best uses for remaining soils in soil/use groups USES w 1-1 n3 r-I cfl •r^ jC o w CO 4J b; •T3 >. • -4 C tS ? TJ > c to c a CO U Cii |i< •r-I g 4J OJ CO r-l 0) flj -p nj CO «-( i-H CO Q) • r^ cj C i-l Q) CS M C M 3 O a" 4J to < nJ o OO w hJ I Hi in !:;• "'^''" " " ■■■■ II IH TJ CO d to — best use not applicaple if slope exceeds 15% Ideal soils for forest preserves under all conditions 23 Blount .^9 Watseka S9 IJauraee 91 Sv/ygert 130 Pittv7ood 132 Starks 146 Elliot 151 Ridgeville 184 Roby 192 DelRay 201 Gilford 210 Lena 220 Plattville 228 Neppanee 235 Bryce 238 Rantoul 298 Beecher 314 Joliet 317 Hillsdale 320 Franl;fort 321 Duy age 326 Homer 329 17 ill 330 Peotone 365 Aptakisic when slope is in excess of 15% 25 Hennepin 27 lliani 60 LaRose 88 Sparta 90 Plainfield 93 Rodman 131 Alvin 134 Camden 194 Morley 223 Varna 224 Stra^Tn 241 Chats^TOrth 311 Ritchey 315 Channahon 318 Lorenzo 325 Dresden 327 Fox 531 Mark.hem 696 Grays VI. Topsoil soiirce suitat)ility-soil/vegetation relationships. Finally we have included a list of the suitability of Q soils as a soxorce of topsoil for all soils in the County, Following this we've repeated the list with only soils sui- ted for forest growth. These groupings give an indication of the vegetation types needed to deforest a particular soil, because vegetation types vary by quality of soil. i i VI. Topsoil Source Suitability GOOD 59 Lisbon 73 Huntsville 80 Proctor 102 LaHogue 1J^9 Brenton 151 Ridgeville 184 Ro by- 189 Hart inton 197 Troxel 293 Andres 321 DUPage 451 Lavrson FAIR-GOOD 145 Saybrook 146 Elliot 148 Proctor 157 Rankin 194 llorley 195 Harpster 240 Plattville 290 Warsaw 294 Synerton 295 Ilokena 343 Kane 442 Ilundelein 443 Barrington FAIR 23 Blount 27 lliami 60 LaRose G2 Herbert 91 S\7ygert 131 Alvin 132 Starks 134 Camden 190 Onarga 192 DelRay 219 Millbrook 220 Plattville 223 Varna 293 Beecher 320 Franl^fort 325 Dresden 326 Honer 327 Fox 329 iJill 365 Aotakisic 503 Rock ton 531 Markhem 697 w'auconda 698 Grays POOR-FAIR 194 llorley 311 Ritchey 696 Zurich POOR 20 Roby 25 Hennepin 49 ^7atseka 53 Bloonf ield 54 Plainf ield 67 Harpster 69 liilford 82 nil ling ton 38 Sparta 89 Maumee 90 Plainf ield 93 Rodman 98 Ade 103 Houghton 107 Sa^'TOill 130 Pittwooti 152 Druuimer 201 Gilford 206 Thorp 210 Lena 224 Stra^Tn 228 Keppanee 232 Ashkum 235 Bryce 238 Rantoul 241 ChatsiTorth 270 0quav;l;a 300 Abington 313 Rodman 314 Joliet 315 Ghannahon 316 Romeo 317 Millsdale 318 Lorenzo 330 Peotone 347 Canisteo 4iH Monee 504 Sogn SoilA'^egetation Types for Ideal Forest Soils always ideal soils GOOD 151 Ridgeville 184 Roby 321 DuPage FAIR-GOOD 146 Elliot FAIR 23 Blount 91 SxTygert 192 DelRay 220 Plattville 298 Beecher 320 Franlcfort 326 Homer 329 Will 365 Aptakisic POOR 49 V/atseka 89 liaumee 130 P ittwood 201 Gilford 210 Lena 228 Ileppanee 235 Bryce 238 P^ntoul 314 Joliet 317 Hillsdale 330 Peotone +15% ideal soils FAIR-GOOD 194 Morley FAIR 27 Miami 60 LaRose 131 Alvin 1 34 Camden 223 Varna 325 Dresden 327 Fox 531 Markhera POOR-FAIR 311 Ritchey 696 Zurich POOR 25 Hennepin 88 Sparta 90 Plainfield 93 Rodman 224 Strawn 241 Chatsvrorth 315 Channahon 318 Lorenzo VII. Conclusion Vv'ith all this information The Forest Preserve District can identify areas best suited for agriculture, for other uses, and for forest (even particular types of forests)- all according to the soils found in the area "being consi- dered or studied. I POOTIDTES Soil Survey: Chanpaign-Urbana Area, Illinois, J.D. Alexander, J.B. Fehrenbacher, et. al.. University of Illinois Departnent of Agronomy, Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1974, p. 22. 2 Resource Study of Northeastern Illinois, Soil Conservation Seervice, Illinois Area 2, 1967, pp. 4-6. 3 Ibid. , pp. 7-8. Productivity of Illinois Soils, R.T. Odell, University of Illinois College of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service, Circular 1016, 1970, pp. 9-11 & 13-17. Prime Agricultural Land in Illinois, J.B. Fehrenbacher, reprinted fron Illinois Research, University of Illinois Agricultural Experi- ment Station, Fall, 1974, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 14-15. 6 Uill County Soil Manual, IJill County Regional Planning Coranission, June, 197 5, appendix. Ibid. , appendix. Ibid. , appendix. Ibid., appendix. BIBLIOGRAPHY ^ Alexancer J .D. , Fehrenbacher J .B. , e . al.,Soil Survey; Champa Ign-Urbana Area, " Illinois, University of Illinois Department of Agronomy, Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1974. Fehrenbacher J.B., Prime Agricultural Land in Illinois, reprinted from Illinois Research, University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Fall, 1974, Vol. 16, No. 4. Odell, R.T., Productivity of Illinois Soils, University of Illinois College of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service, Circular 1016, 1970. University of Illinois A; INTRODUCTION; THE WILDLIFE PICTURE An important part in the formation of any coimty preserve system is an adequate understanding of those significant types of natural features that exist there, such as terrestrial and aquatic wildlife. It is often difficult for urban residents to recognize that they share the ecological vulnerability of existing wildlife and vegetation in all corners of their county. The complex web of plants and animal life in and near urban areas is valuable both in its own rignt and for its environ- mental, scie..tific, educational, and esthetic benefits for all the people of V/ill County, the State, and the Country ijow and in fuxure decades to come. AS Will Coiinty co.itinues to urbanize rapidly the in- creasiiig population will have more leisure ti"ie , increased wealth and -.lobility v/ithin the county itself. It should become immediately evident then, thnt the purpose of a ^ountv-wide preserve system should concern itself with p-'-otecting natural wildlife ranges or remnants, rare and existi..g native animal species, and also to provide those i icreasing nu.ibers of urbanites within the county and those ■surrounding Will Con.nty with access to those areas. RftTING- In generally appraising the condition and extent of entact wildlife ranices, species diversit}% and existing ■f'-^una nuTibers, the countv would have to receive a .■T.^-'-dium to low rating, v/ith some important exceptions. While V-'ill County retains some very special indifrenous ■^auna populations, found onl^'" in limited numbers elsewhere in t.ie state, urban population migration and expansion "from the continued decentralization of the Chicago metro area -2- h-'VP "bloomed at the expense of a mpjorit^' o'f wildii'f'e inhabitants in the northern portion of the rountv. ^anu- ■f^""turini? and he'iArv industrial -^rowth have helped 'replete the npitive faiin^ numbers and have exterminated rountless others over the vears thou"^h -pollution aad disruption of various wild'^ife habitats and food so^'r^es, thus contribi't- ins- to the medium to low ratine;, countv-v/ide . rjut small areas in a varietv of scattered locations throughout tne southern portion of the countv, retain hi^'h ratiiip-s. Tho natural Integrety of various stream corridors connected to the Kankakee Hiverj the Des Plaines Con<=!'^rva- tion Area, and small tracts of V.'ill Countv Fo-^est Preserve District land, have excellent water qualitv. food and cover "for larffe numoers of native aqu=itic and terrestrial f -'una . H^rvestable ''a.aie species in the !^outhern a "-ricultuT^^l loortion of the coi^ntv also r^^ceive hi,^ounty exclusivelv. Briefly, t,b€ Northe-'stern Hoi^^inal Division is that r°;t:ion of most recentlv giaciation in Illinois. n-l-^cial landforms are common features ^nd are responsible for the rough topograohy and relief so uncharacti^ristic of Illinois A varietv of plant 'communities once provided excluf^^ive wildlife habitats for several species of animals known here and nowhere else in Illinois. Larre patches of forest were -^- in evidence and in presettlement days part of this portion of county was roii-'':hly 60% prairie as well. Before 1850, approximatelA'' . p. m-^.iority of the ?^quatic wildlife habitats were contained primarily in this part of the county. i'ens, marches, sed.-e meadows., and V>oe"s were in evidenr^p. These wa i,er areas once af"rorded a habitat which supported mptnv species of wading and shore-line birds, s\ich as ducks, .-eese, marsh wrens, and other birds renuiring water related cover and protection. Also the countv's small population of mallard and teal du^ks were known to have nested here at one time. Swans and possioly even cranes were suspected here also. Many aojuatic fur-bearin;^; animals once proliferated in these areas of distinctive water character. Mu^'Vrats, mink, raccoon, and beaver were r sidents whir^h ■f'ed alonp^ the marf/ins of these water areas and or adiacent "prairie T^nds, The countv deer population, now virtually non-existent, once was well established here. Waterfowl passing through Will Countv from i^'orthern Canada via the Hid p.merica fly way. "frequently nested here and were humted. But l-^rp-e oodles of water are not sufficiently in evidence at this time to provide food and protection to attract larfi;e numbers. An apDreciable number of v/ood ducks have been found nesting in these =^reas also, "Parm related wildlife and ga^^e are found in this portion of Will Countv as well. Larp"e popul^^tions of rabbit, f-^x, badger, skunk, racoon, weasel, oppo^um, ^nd gophers are reported in abundance. Some la^d orien+ed birds inc''uded in this ^rea onr^e in s"' zable numbers, were quail, pheasant, v;-"odco^k, and dove. This area more than a"ny other in Will Countv h-^s felt the urban adva re and expansion from f^e Chicago metro area -"^nd t'-^e Jo''"' at area most heavilv. Th'^e urban advances have caused large sca"^e destrur"i.xon, wide spread pollution, and VI rtuol extermination of many s"riec"ies. The loss of native -4- habitat, fcod, and protective c^-er are the ultimate end results. Stead;/ mirrations of the remaining wildli"fe are expected to follow past trends of previous species to the South and West, to escape the on slaught oft^ose p:rowing urban areas. GR-^NT) PRAIRIE DIVISION The remaining half of Wi"!! County is included in the Grand Prairie Division includin;': mopt of Cent'^^c,'' Illinois ^.e'^tab"' is'i^ed by Illinois Natural preserve Commission) snecif ically the Kankakee Plain, a. nc^theastern sub-region of this major area. This d:'vipion enc^-mpasses that area West and South of the Va^Pnrso and Manh'^ttan morains system to the cr^unties borders. As probably on the more abundant formally "natural" features of the state, f^is vast plain was occupied prim^"^ily by tall-grass prairie vegetation a^d related association. Forests still border the views and ravines in this area of the county. In the recent p^st occasional tree groves on the Val Parso and Manhatten morains were prominent. At one time as in other sections of the Grand Prairie, bison grazed and water f o.'l occupied m-^'.rs'^es and potholes in Wi"'l County, Consequenf y technology reached the prairies in xhe fo^-m of the steel plow, ditches, till lines, and a new awareness f-^at thp prairie was vastly more fertile for grov/ing various or-^ps than forests soil. The bison then varis'^ed, the abmdant waterfov;l moved out of the area and other characteristic species f the area disappeared or became scarce. The Grand prairie legacy, "... once seemingly limitless is now one of the rarest plant communities in Illinois, with only pitifully small and often degarded patches remaining." I -5- This former prairie area is now farmed and cropped extensively. Cropping practices have drastically changed and altered its natural appearance aia function considerably m will County. Previously, general f arms v,'ere less inten- sively cultivated and included a variety of crops and harvest refuse beneficial as feed fortnegame. Horse drawn mowers of Che past now have been replaced by hign powered tractors, combines and harvesters. These cnanges as well as many other neglected farming practices have reduced the availability of feed as well as safe nesting ^jlaces for existing wildlife. x^ven though new qgri cultural modifications and pressures, seem to be threatening the existance of pheasant, quail, rabbit, squirrel, snipe, v/oodcock, fox, badger, raccoon, weasel, opossum, gopher, and woodchuck. Their numbers are m fact stable md remain high compared to otner counties throughout the state, where natural areas, food and cover are more abundant. T:iis phenomenon may be due m part for a number of reasons; {!) the m migration of wilalife and harve stable game from other areas of the county, specifically xhe north and northeastern half of the county, wnere the urban j^ressures, each of food and cover and polluted habitats, make existance there impossible, or difficult; (,2) the largely rural cnaracter of this part of the county makes an attractive home for these displaced and existinj^ fauna; v3J stocking and conscious management practices onthe part of farmer, hunter, and interest groups have improved natural breeding, stock and provided, food ana shelter for those species. \^A) less intensive hunting tnougn recent years has let species number increase; ^,5) and other unrecoraable factors. nowever, tnis stability, migration trends ana even proliferation on tne part of some species nas not been exnibited or extended to all former inhabitants. The bobcat, lynx, and coyote are no longer found m v.'ill County. -6- D'^;'Il-!.ArT'T: S^STI'^S A'!T VIT/^LIFl^ j^ '^.SOCIA^IONS vatcr resouces arc extrsinely valuable for scenic, recrr;;3ticnal, arid x^fildlife biomes, rivers, ond str^-r^ms, can be so sa:rily destroyed by the encroachraent of industry, urban development, channelization, flood control projects, nnd the like. Yet the natural prcserv::' tion of these s;irQe aquatic corridors and wildlife habitats arc much more difficult to pctuplly achieve and/or maintnin. ■'■.'ill county, then, possesses within its boundaries two river and stream synitcms v.'hich contrast directly in natural habit and disrupted conditions-- the P'ankakce ^^iver, and stream systems, and the Kankakee River and strorim systems. The DCS pl'^ines i^iver (including the nu page River, salt creek, .spring cre:;k. Hickory cr'sck, and Jackson creek )-- Rating; poor, fish species present ; 63 (out of 200+ possible, associated semi-aqui' tic and terrestrial species present -- low.'^ The main rivL;r body itself, and a majority of its. tributaries, are domestically and industrially polluted heavily. Extensive modification of the major rivers, some stream courses (Chicago sanitary and ship canal, and Illinois- Michigan canal), and the original wil-ilife habitats associated v;ith dir.tinctive vegetation types, has been vjidely occuring -7- for years. It is remarkable that so mnny streams sLill con- tain fish. jackaon creek still has good aquatic and terrest- rial diversity however, but Hickory creek is the outstanding stream in this syntem. it contains populations of such unusual fish specif;s as the northern hognose sucker, rosy face shinor, and slender ma Itom as well as abundant numbers of game species such as sunfish, crapoies, pumpkinsecd, north- ern pik-i, large mouth bass, yellovj bullhead, redfin shiner, bluegill and perch as v;ell. The oressnce of these spocles indicates the excellent vjater quality of those streams. only I4.O miles of the r)8s uiaincs River flov; in a souther- ly direction through '■■ill county. The extent of the river and its stream tributaries cover a much broad ir area however, cook county, Kenosha county, '^'isconsin are drained by the nes plnine;^- drainage basin. In prcsettleraent days this route provided wildlife in the northern portion of Illinois and southern ''isconsin with easy access to the Illinois p.ivor yalley, the Grand prairie area and beyond. Tremendous quantities of food and excellent cover prevailed in the river and stream edL';';s and beyond in varying widths in floodplain areas, valleys, and ravines. Tuck, g3-30, swan, crane, marsh wrsn, mallards, teal, v/ood duck, a:)d other indigenous birds vjcre present in great numbers throughout the Des plaines River course. sizable nutnber.': were concentrated in '•.'ill county along vjide stretches of the river before it join'^d the I'ankakee to form the Illinois % -8- Kiver. Also muskrat, beaver , mink, raccoon, fox, squirrel, lynx, and deerfound food and cover in great abundance aid they multiplied m great numbers. Now, nowever, the situation has drastically cnanged . The Dps Plames River and some of it's tributaries not only flow througntne major urban areas cf Will County, namely J'-^liet, but also one of the most polluted sections of mid America - the Chicago metro area. The consequences seem s elf-explamitory The "natural" condition of the Des Plames River and stream system (except forthose previously sited examples) is now characterized b^' a silty-sludge bottom, a septic odor, low oxygen, levels, heavy algal blooms mtne summer months, numerous locks and dams, canals and impounaments , frequent channelization aad periodic dredging, num erous industrial and domestic pollutants, vegetation removal and alteration of natural river associations. In general, poor water con- ditions exist. As tae v;ater quality \as reduced native fish were destroyed and replacecLby inferior species. And as the vegetation, food sources, ana protection cover for terrestrial mammals, reptiles, amphiuians, and birds v/ere destroyed and altered, they to either perisned or moved out of the area, i'jow only a vestigial number of representive species linger m the 40 mile portion of tne Des Plames River and its tributaries in Will County. KANKAKEE RIVER BASIN AND TRIBUTARIES • The Kankakee Kiver System (^including Prairie Creek, Forked Creek - South Brand, Horse Creek - Nortn and South Branch, Rock Creek, Deer Creek 'I'rim Creek and numerous bloughs and drainage ditches in marshes and sand areas J nating: excellent, Fish species present: 7Z- , associated semi-acquatic and terrestrial species prestn: very nigh. This river and stream basin exhibits out standing water quality in nearly all it's tributaries and even exhibits those chnracteristics inthe 20 mile portion of the Kaij.kakee that flows across the Southwestern corner of the county. This condition can be attributed to a number of reasons: {1 ) The Kankakee Kiver and its tributaries do not f low t nrough any large metropolitan areas or neavily industrial zones that could contribute toxic pollutants and domestic waste; (,2j Those numerous streams in the soutnern portion of the county flow in a soutn westerly direction away from the Manhatten and Val Parse ..oraines in their journey to tne Kankakee tnough areas of exclusive agricultural usage that are virtually pollutant free (even tnough fertilizer usage may contaminate these streams, samples taken in 1967 show only minute traces;; (3j These streams are shallow compared to the Des Plaines River arid its tributaries and consequently are unfavorable for a large amount of disruptive barge traffic; {A) Due to this rather shallow condition, large scale stream modification, channelization, dredging, and so on have been present but not as extensive as in counties of low relief where drainage is a problem; ^, 5 ) Vegetation bordering stream flood plains, drainage corridors and ravines have remained entacted and limited wildlife habitats here correspond specifically to vegetation types alongthese streams. [Oi) In open areas, where sunshine reacnes tne water, growths of Dutton bush, rose mallow, water willow and a few otner plants proviae homes for frogs, turtles, small mammals and fisn. ($r) Grasses, sedges, ragweeds, milkweeds, dock ana several composites along small streams passing throUt^jh flat ana open farmlands abound witn rabbit, quail, pheasant, fox, mice, raccoon, moles, shrews, and numerous Gird and fisn species. vc.j m some reacnes of tnese streams willows and scrubly growons of a few otner deciduous trees overnang tne v/ater. Turtles, frogs, snakes, tats, oppossums, rabbits, squirrels, ana substantial song birb populations ana game fish are abunaant. vdj Tall trees such as silver maple, sugar, maple, cottonwoou, sycamore, elm, white oaks, ana some uplana trees and unaerstory association line banks -lu- of most large streams . Alltne animals representatives in tne previously mentioned habitats and possibly deer are found nere. Tne unique cnaracter c^r often "natural" status of many of the streams associated witn the Kankakee River in the souxhern portion of V/ill County, would seem to indicate tne possibility of instituting preservation corridors. Purtner more specific locational studies of these streams, tneir vegetation, water quality, wildlife types, availability and food sources would be necessary. However, the potential for sucn a natural corridor system should not be ignored m future planning proposals and alternative design scnemes. SPECIEIG WILDLlJ'-b; HAiJlTATlp AIND JMUTED VARIETIES J^'ARiiLANI) V/iijULIEE Typical locations f or farmland wildlife m Will county are open fields, meadows, pastures, thickets, hedgerows, brushy abandoned fields, and edges of woodland. The most evident kinds of farm game (mammals j found m these areas are the cottontail, raboit, pocket gopner, skunk, red fox, woodchuck, little brown bat , tnirteen-lined grouna squirrel, last shrew, prairie vole, and the deer mouse. Also there are numerous above ground creatures sucn as birds. The most typical birds found mtnis areaare the starling, house sparrow, horned lark, reawmged blackbird, meaaow lark, common grackle , bobolinic, and pheasant. The birds tend to be found in trees, small shrubs, fences, and a great majority of them can be found mthe few hedgerows now m existence in Vill County. These hedgerows, and shrub edges ;nay nave higher population densities of birds than any otner form of haDitat found. It may be necessary to recreate some of theae hedgerows ana shrub areas in order to maintain the variety and density of tne avifauna now evident mtnese few remaining areas, -11- xIMBER ^ihUhiFii The timoer wildlife of Wx±x County ^^oes much farther tnan The eye can perceive. UnaerneaLh the foreat floor are mammals sucn as shrews, moles, ana voles, while aoove exists such mammals as sicunks, raccoons, foxes, opossums, chipmunks, and. wtiite-footea mice. Other mammals include deer, silver- haired bats, fox squirrels, gray fox, and flying squirrels. Also the most predominant timber birds are the starlings, Eastern «ood Fewees, housewrens, blue jays, Indigo buntings, ana robins. Tne timber environment then offers a great variety of habitats for numerous mammal ana bira species. The timoer environments also offer a greater diversity of wildlife and the greater the area of these environmental types, the greater the aensity of wildlife. Therefore, it IS quite necessary to preserve wnat timber area now exists, ana ^roviae a means of increasing the amount a timber area in order to efficiently maintain ttie original diversity of wildlife. AQUATIC '.VI LU LIFE Aquatic wildlife areas may best be described as open water areas, sucn as lakes, rivers, or streams, marshes, ponds, sloughs, and swamps. These areas usually contain mammals such as the golden mouse, raccoon, mink, beaver, muskrat, cotton mouse, swamp rabbit, and tne rice rat. The beaver and muskrat build their homes intne water v/here tne remaining mammals live around the aquatic areas, feeding along the margin of tne water areas or surrounding agricultural land. The redwinged blackbira, mourning dove, bobolink, and some pheasant are also evident in tnese areas. The most common amphibians and reptiles in these aquatic areas are salamanders, frogs, toads, turtles, lizaras, and a good number of snakes. Beside these existing aquatic wildlife species waterfowl also pass tnrougn will County during the fall ana spring migrations, There are some streams aid farms ponds in the -12- in the county that are inhabited by geese and aucks, Dut these are just periodically because tnese bodies of water do not usually proviae enough protection atia food to attract large number of geese and ducks. The migration routes include the Dabbling Duck route in which a moderate amount of ducks pass through .vill County, the Diving Duck route which consists of a large a.iiount of ducks, the Canada Geese route is a moderate size, ana the Bluel and i^now Geese route whicn is light in the summer. Large number of geese pass over during their fall migration. Preservation of large protected water areas with a generous amount of food could, encourage grcaxer areas to be inhabited by these ducks and geese. ENDANGERED SPECIES OF TKE COUNTY A very significant finding in Will County is that it has some very rare and endangered species of wildlife. it has been found that the blacknose shiner ^fishj, sriotted turtle ^reptile;, and the blue spotted warbler (^bird;, are all very rare. They are contained in swamps, and marshes, which are distinctive ecological habitats for a number of triese species. But not only does '«Vill County contain many endangered species, but the county also has many semi-endangered species that are primarily located in Will County, aid are located in only a few other areas statewide. These smi-endangered species are V.'ilsoni iialarope (.Bi^^dj (found in a few areas in Will County alongthe Des Plaines River), Canada Warbler, long eared owl (.found around swainpsj. Brown Creeper (found in bottomlands). Morning W?)rbler (found along the Des Plaines River), xhe pigmy shrew (found along the Calumet J^iver), the Plains Pocket Gopher (found on Kakakee tributaries), the blue spotted salamander, and the spotted turtle. These semi- endangered wildlife apparently can only be found in Illinois and primarily in Will County which gives the county's wildlife some definite uniqueness. I -13- HUNTING ivESOURCES Must 01' xne hunting activities m Will County are confined, to private farm lands '^.^le re the hunter getstne permission of tne landowner. The hunting trend of Viill County decreasea at tne time the Federal Gun Control was enforced, but m the recent years it is gradually increasing once again. Game kill surveys conducted m Will County by the State Department of Conservation showJiat V/ill County, as compared to tne other 102 counties m Illinois, ranks very high in the harvest of pheasants (ranked 5th), muskrats \,ranked Ibtn;, doves vi"a-nked ^Ist;, and more modest quantities of cottontail rabbits. Among the otner counties, hov/ever, Will county ranks one of the lowest m harvest of bobwhite ana squirrel. Among the many types of wildlife harvested m v/ill county are pheasant, white-tail deer, cottontail rabbits, woodcock, and waterfowl. The pocket gopher is quite abundant m tnis county m pastures and roadsides. ihis animal can cause severe aaraage to alfalfa and clover crops. The presence of tfiis small animal can be detected by the mounds of dirt above ground wnich it has dug from its burrows beneath tne ground surface. Tne fox squirrel is the most frequently killea squirrel m :illl county, because of its vast tolerance of wildlife habitats throughout the county. It can be found most frequently in open woodlots/pastures situation while other species of squirrels are most likely to oe found in wooded areas with heavy underbrush. As farming oecame more intensive and extensive over the decaaes, and as human population increased, the killing of deer occured more frequently here. xhe deer populations demmisnea until about lylb wnen no deer were left m V/ill County. Restocking of white-tailed deer since that time, m this portion oi tne county has been a slow process. Again, in-migration of deer from tne northern portion of the county, from nearby counties, and Indiana iias largely accountea for tne reappearance, in small numoers of aeer m Will County. I -14- TRAPPUnG Trappin-g in Will Gouiixy is raoaerate as determined by trie price oi furs eacn year. i^jaturally during a year v/here prices are nigner, xne trapping will also increase some. Wuskrats are tne iriost trappeu aninjdls along witn some sizaole numbers oi mxnKs, raccoons, anu opossum. The beaver is also trapped, out tne recent low fur prices for oeaver nave significantly discouraged neavy trappings. At one time in tne counties recent nistory, beaver naa virtuously been exterminateu . But in 1935 tJie Department of conservation released Deavers witnin tne state ana along witn m-migration from surrounaing counties ana states the beaver population nas increasea tnougn tney are still relatively scarce. Strip mine areas oifers potential habitats for travelable mammals, and upland game species such as aeer, pheasant and rabbits. Reclamation oi strip mine areas coula offer new naoitats for tnese animals along witn tne return of some bird species wnen vegetation begins to establish itself. FISHING The trend of recreational fishing in Will County is beginning to raise once again. Pishing licenses issued were down 40% in iq57 through 1967, but the number of licenses being sold now IS gradually beginning to increase. Fishing is most prominant in rivers and lakes while fishing on streams is decreasing because of pollution and difficult accessibility to streams. Some streams and the ues I'laines Kiver are now primarily innabited onlyby species of fish that are tolerant cf silt and sewage. Such fish found in the ves Plaines Kiver are goldfish, golfish-carp hybrids, and green sunfish. i;ven t o find these fish is remarkable due to the domestic and industrial pollution. Uf^er fish found in will County are: carp, black crappie, bluntnose minnow, pumpkmseed sunfish, northern pike, largemoutn oass, yellow bullhead, redfin shiner, white crappie, bluegill, ■na yellow perch. Udditional species -15- caii be found in tne attached list of Will County wildlife.; EFFECTS OF FARMIi^O PKACTiCi^S Oi^ WILDLIFE As stated earlier, modern farm technology has been increasingly changing the face of many farm operations. xhis condition nas been brougnt about by increased production costs, labor shorxages, hign machinery cost, fuel shortages, tremendous fertilizer expenses and high land taxes and prices. In recent years reducea pasture areas and decreased hay and oat production have reduced the amount of wildlife cover all over Will County. Otner recent trends include: {!) more wide spread weed control in field and field edges; \Z) large field sizes at the expense of hedgerows and field fences; ^.3J fall plowing practices; \^A) gigantic mono- culture crop fielus; ^,5j earlier more expedient and efficient harvests; (,6; close mowing of roadside grasses and weeds; \^1 ) improved roads and more intensively used hignways; ^,8; and clean farm appearance nave caused wildlife to lose food, cover and nesting places during all seasons of the year ana nave made winter existance a real hardship for some species. Also artificial drainage systems of farms nave nad a detrimental effect on tne existance of wildlife as well. Open ditches and tilling systems have been extensively used to improving farming efficiency and productivity but nave caused tne destruction of wet areas and tne elimination of trees anu snrubs that nave stifled fisn and wildlife population. Even though some game species associated witn these agricultural areas still remain hign in Will county, tnese trends could sharply begin to cnange if current farming practices continue to reduce wildlife food, cover, and nesting areas. -lb- It may oe recommended, for example to reintroduce, on a limited scale, certain gram varieties and legumes on field edges tnax are now used strictly as heavy machinery turnabouts. Also transition strips between crop fields and woodland, only 10' wide, could De developed as habitable zones for a tremendous number of wildlife and game species. As critical fuel shortage and prices become more accute permitting fewer .trips in and out of fields, it seems highly feasible to leave some areas of crops residue and stubble stana. aIso as county farmers Decome even more specialized in tneir raising monoculture crops of corn and soybeans and less specialized in their raising of livestock and other less productive cash crops, it could De determined usefulfor these reasons to leave fall harvest residue and stuDble in tne fields, tnrougnout the winter. xnthis way soil productivity could be increased by less depletion of soil minerals and nutrients througn the removal of crop vegetable matter for silage. aIso less farm capitol would nave to appropriated eacn spring to insure bountiful harvests. This field residue and stuDole, thea would insure farm wilulife ana various game species with adequated food and cover through- out the late fall, winter ana early spring months. Therefore, aiding in winter survival rates ana in species proliferation tnrougnout tne county, MANAGEMENT 0^ '-.'TT.DLIFij: m WILL COUN'Ii Three key words keep reappearing througnout tne context of this wildlife report - food, water, and cover. It's quite obvious that tne various indigenous bird, mammal, reptile amphibian and fisn population tnrougnout the county all have an incredible aiversity of food, water ana cover requirements. Even though it would be virtually impossible ana unrealistic to fulfil all those requirements for the I -lY- respective I'auna that exist in will i^ounty, it is important to remember tnat these animal requirements do exist, are quite specific ana vitally important to fauna in question. It is important to rememoer also tnax tnese require- ments are vixal m tne formation of a county-wide wildlife program wnich snould contain tne following simple program planning elements: 1. Careful management of food, water, ana cover is fundaraenxal to tne existance of all tne V/ill County fauna. Z.. Also, native or characteristic haoitates of wildlife throughout the county, should be further determined, tneir extents estimated, ana their fulfilling character to tne native animal populations examinedclosely . 3. Common stocking and remtroduction of various species should only take place if original fauna numbers nave oeen heavily depleted through hunting, and only if fooa, cover, ana water exist m sufficient quantities ^,witn otner associatea factors involved; to support tnose inhabitants. 4. Habixat improvement and protection are manditory to the survival of ail existing animal species of the county, wildlife in general can only begin to reappear in large numbers if tneir former habitats are: a. clean D. well supplied witn natural food sources c. ample quantities of unpolluted waxer are present d. large enough in character to supply tnose inhabitants with adequate space for their natural activities without the disruptive encroachment of urban areas, industrial development, etc. 5. Strict enforcement of hunting rules and regulations on tne limitation of such practices should be initiated to help stimulate wildlife numbers to multiply for time. 6. Formulation of criteria for the determination of preserve and conservation land should "be devised. 7. Existing preserves, refuges and future related land acquisition and conservation projects should be analized for tneir fulfillment oi animal needs ana requirements v/hen planning for countrywide land use policies. -18- 8. Any planning practices or programs tnax are undertaKen Dy the county should be feasible and practical in design making. 9. Local, state and. federal agencies snould be con- sulted during many levels of the design and planning process for this specific purpose of inquiring what g-uidelines, legislation, and funds exist and are available for the implementation of county wildlife programs. 10. iMumerous private ana semi-privaxe groups should oe determmea and contacxed for tneir information research publications, offered planning and consulting services, and program eligibility that pertain to county wilalife preservation. RECOMMENDED WILDLIFE PROGRAMS 5 Land use trends, modern practices, and decimating factors are all uetrimental effects on wildlife and are often complicated by public misunderstanding and apathy. For too long, nabitual adherence to the dictates of the profit motive has resulted in indifference to wildlife preservation. This situation only intensifies the need for a sound program of wildlife conservation. It is recommended that a countrywide program be developed and follow these recommendations: 1. To preserve adequate samples of all natural land types occurring in this county. 2. To preserve natural areas in all portions of the county . 3. TO preserve unique and outstanding natural areas. 4. To preserve wilderness remnants. 5. To preserve habitats for rare and endangered species of plants and animals. 6. To provide perpetual protection for nature preserves against external intrusions. f -19- 7. To provide management of nature preserves which will assure their perpetual maintenance as nearly as may be in their natural condition. 8. To provide for the accumulation of knowledge concern- ing features and conaioions witnin nature preserves. 9. To allow and facilitate the conduct of research studies in nature preserves in such m anner ana to such degree as will not modify natural conditions. 10. To allow and facilitate tne visiting of nature preserves for purposes of observation and study for education and pleasure in such manner aid to such degree as v/ill not modily natural conditions. 11. TO provide for the interpretation of nature preserves to visitors to ennance their understanding and enjoyment. ^ -20- Illinois Portion Fishes known to occur in the Des Plaines Watershed in Lake County are (Muench 1968; Tichacek and Wight 1972): Bowf in White sucker Carp Golden shiner Redfin shiner Blackchin shiner Spotfin shiner Sand shiner Fathead minnow Bluntnose minnow Channel catfish Black bullhead Yellow bullhead Stonecat madtom Tadpole madtom Central mudminnow Grass pickerel Northern pike Blackstripe topminnow Pirate perch White bass Yellow bass Walleye Johnny darter Smallmouth bass Largemouth bass Green sunfish Pumpkinseed sunfish Bluegill Redear sunfish Rock bass White crappie Black crappie Brook stickleback Fishes known to occur in the Des Plaines River Watershed in Cook County are (Harry Wight, 111. Dept. Cons., pers. comm.) Rainbow trout* White sucker Carp Goldfish Creek chub Golden shiner Emerald shiner Redfin shiner Bigmouth shiner Bluntnose minnow Stoneroller Channel catfish Black bullhead Yellow bullhead Central mudminnow Northern pike Yellow bass Yellow perch Walleye Largemouth bass Green sunfish Pumpkinseed sunfish Bluegill White crappie Black crappie Fathead minnow ^Stocked Wildlife Listed below are amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals known to be or likely to be found in the Des Plaines River watershed. Preferred habitats of species occurring in Illinois are included. Animals in the list that are included in the Illinois Nature Preserves list of Rare and Endangered Vertebrates of Illinois are identified by foot- notes . -21- The bird list was provided for the Cook County portion of the water- shed by Peter Bring, Little Red School Nature Center, Cook County Forest Preserve District and for the Lake County portion by Charles Clark, Des Plaines, Illinois. Birds listed are those breeding in the area. Many other birds migrate through or are residents at other times of the year. Waterfowl using migration corridors that pass through the area include 600,000 mallards; 35,000 baldpates; 25,000 pintails; 100,000 black ducks; 280,000 scaup; 117,000 ring- necked ducks; 160,000 Canada geese; and 9,000 snow geese. The list of animals occurring in the Wisconsin portion of the watershed is taken from: "Fish and Wildlife Resource Inventory, Des Plaines Watershed, Kenosha and Racine Counties, Wisconsin" (Strieker et al. 1972). Key to Preferred Habitats A. Open water on lakes or rivers B. Ponds or sloughs C. Shores or lakes, ponds or rivers D. Marshes (not wooded) E. Swamps (wet, wooded land) F. Bogs G. Open fields, meadows, pastures H. Thicket, hedgerows, edges of woods, brushy abandoned fields I. Woods J. Parks, cemeteries, farms, orchards K. Urban and suburban areas L. Sand areas and hill prairies Illinois Portion - Des Plaines Watershed Amphib ians Habitat Blue-spotted salamander — E Spotted salamander H Eastern tiger salamander FH-J Central newt BH Four-toed salamander— K Red-backed salamander—' H Mud puppy A American toad F-I Fowler's toad CL Blanchard's cricket frog BD Western chorus frog F Northern spring peeper H Eastern gray treefrog H Bullfrog CD Green frog CD Pickerel frog BCE Leopard frog C Eastern woodfrogi' jj -22- Reptiles Habitat Common snapping turtle Musk turtle Blandings turtle Painted turtle False map turtle—' Map turtle—' Eastern spring softshell Western slender glass lizard Six-lined racerunner Five-lined skink— ' Eastern hognose snake Western smooth green snake Western fox snake Eastern milk snake Western ribbon snake—' Eastern plains garter snake Chicago garter snake DeKay's snake Northern red-bellied snake Graham's water snake Kirtland water snake Queen snake Northern water snake Eastern raassasauga— ' 1/ ABD AB AB AB A A AB F L GHJ GH FIJ F H CDE FJ G GI FGH ABD BJ AH AC DFK Birds Pied-billed grebe Great blue heron Green heron u^ Black-crowned night heron— Yellow-crowned night heron^i' ■J / ° Least bittern^' American bittern^'' Canada goose—' Mallard Blue-winged teal Northern shoveler Wood duck Coopers hawk—' Red-tailed hawk Red-shouldered hawk—'' Broad-winged hawk Marsh hawki' "^ American kestrel Bobwhiteil/ Rinp-necked pheasant King rail2' ABD B-E B-E B-E B-E B-D B-D A-DG A-E A-E B-E A-EI HI GHJ EHI HI DGHJL GHJK G-J DGHJL CD « -23- Birds 3/ Virginia rail—' Sora Common gallinule— ' American coot Killdeer American woodcock, 2/ '^ Upland sandpiper—' Spotted sandpiperrL' Black tern^' Rock dove Mourning dove Yellow-billed cuckoo Black-billed cuckoo Barn owli' "' Great horned owl—' Screech owl Barred owl^./ 1 / v-' Long-eared owl—' Short-eared owl-i' ' Whip-poor-will Common nighthawk Chimney swift Ruby-throated hummingbird Belted kingfisher Common flicker Red-bellied woodpecker Red-headed woodpecker Hairy woodpecker Downy woodpecker Eastern kingbird Great crested flycatcher Eastern phoebe— Acadian flycatcher Traill's flycatcher Least flycatcher Eastern wood pewee Horned lark Tree swallow Bank sv7allow Rough-winged swallov; Barn swallow Purple martin Blue jay Common crovj Black-capped chickadee Tufted titmouse Unite-breasted nuthatch House v.nren Habitat CD CD B-D A-E CGJKL CHIJ G BC ACD GJK CG-K H-K H-K GJK EH-J EG-K EHI I DGJ EG-J G-K ACDG-K HIJK BCDGJ EG-K HJ EG-K EH-J EH-K CDEGH EH-K CEG-K EHJ EHJ CH EHIJ GJK BCDG CBD A-J A-K BCD GJK EG-K C-K EH-K HIJ . EH-K EH-K -24- Birds 3/ Carolina wren— Long-billed marsh wren Short-billed marsh wren—' Gray catbird Brown thrasher American robin Wood thrush Veery— '^'' Eastern bluebirdcL' Blue-gray gnatcatcher Cedar waxwing Northern shrike—' Starling Bell's vireo— Yellow-throated vireo Philadelphia vireo Warbling vireo Golden-winged warbler—' Prothonotary warbler Blue-winged warbler—' Yellow warbler Cerulean warbler Chestnut-sided warbler Ovenbird Common yellowthroat Mourning warbler^./ Yellow-breasted chat- Hooded warble ri.'. 3 / Canada warbler—' American redstart House sparrow Bobolink Eastern meadowlark Western meadowlark Yellow-headed blackbird Red-winged blackbird Orchard oriole—' Northern oriole Brewer's blackbird—' Common grackle Brown-headed cowbird Si -rlet tanager— ' Cardinal Rose-breasted grosbeak Indigo bunting Dickcissel American goldfinch Red-eyed vireo 3/ ,1/- Habitat H-J B-D B-D H-J G-K EH-K I HI G-J H-J H-K GHJ GHJK H-J H-J H-J H-J H CE EI GHJ I D-K HI GHJ H H-J EI I C-K CGHJK DGJL GJ GJ D CDG HJK HJK G EGHJK DEGHJK H-J H-K H-K GH-K G GH-J HJK p -25- Birds Habitat Rufous-sided towhee H-J Savannah sparrow GH Grasshopper sparrow H Henslow's sparrow^' ' DG Vesper sparrow GH Chipping sparrow GJK Field sparrow GJL Swamp sparrow DJ Song sparrow EGHJK Mammals Opossum G-K Eastern raole G-K Masked shrewy' HI Pigmy shrew— HI Short-tailed shrew GHI Least shrewd' GH Little brown bat 1-K Keen's bat^' H-K Silver-haired bat I Big brown bat G-K Hoary bat-' I Red bat HI Evening bat H-K Raccoon ■ C-J Least weasel GHJ Long-tailed weasel HJ Mink C-EI Striped skunk G-J Badger^' G Red fox G-J Gray fox^^ HI Coyote-' . GH Woodchuck H Thirteen-1 ined ground squirrel GJ Franklin's ground squirrel GHJ Eastern chipmunk I Eastern gray squirrel I-K Eastern fox squirrel H-K Southeri) flying squirrel I Beaver^' BC'^ Deer mouse Gj White-footed mouse HI Meadov; vole GJ Prairie vole GJ (f » -26- Kammals Habitat Fine vole G-J i-luskrat BCD JMorway rat G_K House mouse G— K Keadow jumping mouse CG Eastern cottontail G-K White-tailed deer GHJ ]_/ Kare in Illinois 2_l Endangered in illinois 3/ Kare in watershed area 4/ Uncommon in watershed area c ? 'Schwegman, John £. (.principal author), JMatural Division oT Illinois. Part 2, Prepared by Xhe Illinois Nature Preserve Commission, ;,June iy73j. 2 Smith, Philip ¥. , Illinois Streams. Illinois Natural history Survey, Urbana , Illinois, U'Jovember 1971j. ^IBID Smith, Karen, Rare and .g^ndangered Species of Illinois, Bureau of Environmental :>cience - Illinois department of Transportation ;,August 1975J. 5 Office of the Secretary, The Illinois Nature .Preserve System, what is is. How it Functions. r BI"i^Tloa.UPHY Books Burt, V/illiam B., and Ri-^hard P. Grossenheider , A ""^ield Ouide to the H^^mmals. Boston: H-^v^ht^n Mi"^"^in Co., 1964. Ho-ffmei ster, Donald F., -nd C-^r"" 0. Mohr, Fleldbook of Illinois MaTn''nals. New York: Dover Pub] i rat ions', In^. 1972 Bo oklets University of IlDinoi'^ De'n^rtment o'f L-^-dsrape Architecture in conjunction with Ch^m^r= i p:n Covn+'^'^ Pep-ionnl Plnnnine: nommission . N'^U]^^! RP-^ur^ps p-tq DP"clot)ment : A. Portrqit of Three To\Arnsh_ir>s . June, 3 975. Illinois Natural History Survey : ^ Bi olo^gi cp ^__Ijot p^s St^^rret, -^nd P-^r, "Pishing of I'']inois River. A ^-^ tisticol Report, 1965. J^me 1965.^ B^'.N. 25. '" ' '" Smith, M'='-n:" Effect on Vnrious Illinois Ri"ers» i^'oveniber 1971. B.iM. 77. Brllro^p, Pr^'nk, and Sta"^:^et, Illinois St-^^eams, C spif irotion. Analysis, and F'^ct^rs Responsible fcr the Disappearance of iNj-^ture Species. November "1971. B.K. '57. Be"' "'rose, Frank C, VJ^terfowl Hi^-rat-ion Corridors Eqst of th_e _Ro CK-"- H^unta'^ ns in f^e United St^t e s . Jwoe . 1958 . B.N. 61 "" Lapina+ , P:<^lieger, and Smith, A Distribution Atl^^s of the Ur)-ner Mi ;; sissi pui and Tr:^" butarv _ Fishes . May 1 9 7 1 . B.N. 73 " Smi'h, Philip V/., Illinois Streams. Nove-ber 1971. -B.N. 76. Graber, Richard R. and Jean W. , Illinois Birds. Illinois Natural History Survey. 3iologic='l notes. B.N. 68 - Mimidae . September 1970 B.N. 75 - Turdidqe. Nove-ber 1971 B.N. 80 - Hi^undinidae. Au-Tust 1972. B.N. 83 - L^^iidae^ June 1973 B.N. 86 - Tvr^nnidae . February 1974 Illinois Nat'ira"' History Surveys; _ Bullet ''ns Anderson, Harr-' G. . Food Habits of l-Iigr^tory Du^ks in Illinois. AU'^'st 1959' Volume '27, Article 4. -2- Gr^ber, Richard R. thcI Je.in V>/ . , A r'ornj^nrative Studv of Bir^d Populations In II "i Inois . 'l 906-1909^ajnd2_T956"-^9S8 . October""] 9"^ 3". Volume 28, Article 3. "" ~ Smit^. Phillip W., The Amnhibia^s and Re-'-iti^e of Illinois. November 1961. Volume '28, Art'''c]e'lV "" '~ ^lli n 0 ip Nature Preserves Gommi s i_o n : Pu b "i i c aJj_on s ?ell, (Ex. Se-^.)' Gomprehe_^si^ve Plan _fqr_J;]^e_ 111 inois^ Nature Preserves Systems: Part I' Guidelines. June T972. ' S'^hweieman ^chief a^''thor). I_yi^°i?. N^tu"^al Preserver - Two Year Report 1971-72". June 1973."'"" "" S chwe gm an , ^] linois Nqtur e_Pr e^se r v e r , Part I Svstems. June 1973. " " " ' " '" Sohwegma^, a^d iihepard. Rare and E^dpn>-ered Vertebrates of Illinois (preliminary draft). De c em b^r 19717 Paulson, Inventory of Net^'-^al Areas in f^e l\lortheastern horainal J^lat^i^-al Division - Boone, Cook, Du Page~Kqne , La'-e, i^ic He-ry, Wi^l a^d V/inneba|°:o Counties. Sept. 1972. Paulsen, Will County: Messenger Woods Forest Preserve. December 1972. Sc''''wegman, John E. (principal aut'^or), Natural Divisions of Illinois, Part 2. June 1973. i-iiscellaneous Office of the Ser:rrtary, The Illinois Nature Preserves System, Wh^t is is. How it Functions. Preno, William L. and Robert F. Labi sky, Abundance and Harvest of Doves, Pheasants, Bobwhites, Squirrels , and Cottontails in Illinois, 1936-69. Illinois Department of Conservation Technical Bulletin Number 4, October 1971. Hamilton, Rex, and Rich-'rd W. Lu+z , Inventory of Fish and Wildlife Resources of the Des Fl-ines River Watershed. 197'^. Smith, Karen, Rare and Endangered Specie's of Illinois. Bureau of Environmental Science - Illinois Department of Transportation. August 1975. f Team Fiore/Getz 2C October, 1975 VEGETATION Vegetation may be defined as the mosaic of phytocenoses in the landscape. A phytocenose is the same as a plant commxuiity. It consists of £ given combination of competing taxa with relatively uniform ecological requirements. A. vV* Kuchler, in his book, Potential Vegetation of the Conterminous United States, says that Will County consists of two basic commiinities, the the prairie and the oak-hickory forest. The prairie consists of dense vegetation of tall grasses and many forbs. It's dominants are: Big Bluestem ( /mdropogon gerardi), Little Eluestem (Andro- pogon scoparius), Switchgrass (Panic-um virgatum) , and Indian Grass (Sorghasrum nutans). The oak-hickory forest consists of medium- tall tc tall broadleaf deciduous trees. The commimity is the dom- inant forest association of Will County. The association follows the floodplain and lowland that drains into the Des Plaines River and it's main tributaries. The dominant species for the o^ik-hickory forest are: Bitternut Hickory (Carya cordif ormus ) , Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata), ,Vhite Oak (Quercus alba), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), and Black Oak (Quercus velutina). Classification of Vegetation Vegetation is a term used to designate the total plant cover of a region, area, or site. Vegetation is, generally made up of one or more plant communities or aggregations of plants, usually forming a mosaic or complex. It is a geographic feature of importance, as it determines the appearence and general character of a site. If such a classification is to be serviceable, it must contain five featiires. It must be possible to apply it, even with the minimum of available information. Secondly, it must be applicable to all macroscopic vegetation, or at least be capable of expcnsicn to accommodate all types that cover mappable areas at ordinary scales. It must convey or be addaptable to pace 2 the kinds of informaticn useful to a wide range of users of vegetation. It must be capable of refinement to utilize and convey detailed and quantitative information v/hen it is avail- able. Lastly, it's terminology must in itself convey a substan- tial amount of information ^bout the vegetation. Classification of vegetation h: s aw primary objectives to facilit9.te recording of -information in an orderly manner, to aid in storage and prompt recovery of such information. There are several cl -ssif ication factors, among them are climate, to.-ography , ground water, soil, land-use .activity (natux-al versus man-made), and other biotic influences. Llany authors of vegetation studies frown on vegetation studi-^s thct show supple- mentary information on other organic resources. This attitude is easily justified in that th^ studies become detailed in things other than vegetation. This study will attempt to define, briefly, ^ 2 the relet icnship of these biotic influences with vegetati'.n. Climate's influence is rather obvious, but it is a regional factor having little ir_fluence on vegetation vari- tion of a site l^^'a't o^xc sc'jle. Topogrophy is a more important factor since it affects other factors. Both climate and ground water are affected by topography, getting colder and dryer as the elevation is in- creased. Even tha slight :st rise will occasion an increased run- off and erosion of the finest soil particles. I.'ore prcnoxAnced - elevations nearly always result in anlocalized microclimate v/ith it's ov/n contrasts. In depressions, on the other hand, no mattei- ho., shallo.v, soil and water accumulate, prom.oting growth, but snow and cold air accumulate as well, retarding gro"-vth. Soil and ground water both have e direct affect on the types of plants 1^0 be foiznd on a site and their growth rete. : The last factor .is land use and it's impact on the vegetat- ation. This factor rel.ites to planning priorities and goals along with it's implications on existing policies and recommendativ.ns. Land use directly efrects the potential vegetation and what might page 3 have grown there had the existing lend use not been there, alro land use affect v/hat m^y be there due to cultivation or domestica- tion. Vegetation Analysis Criteria •Ve v/ill discuss four criteria elements, they consist of hysiognomy, structiire, composition, and ecosystem classification. ±^ In physiognomy, the emphasis rests on the appearance of the veget- 4 ation, regardless of it's flouristic composition. The appearance of the vegetation can be broken dov;n into forest, scrub, grassland, iesert, steppe, and oth;rs. This represents the roughest and leest pr^ci;e of the classes of information. Gross compositional features, luxurience, seasonality, biotic influences, and reletive influences, ..nd reletive xeromorphy and the like s'low up here. Classifications besed on physiognomy are about the easiest to agree en and also the easiest to uee in cartography. Their categ- ^ories, however, are usually extremely broad and their si;gnif icence Ts often highly debatable. They are also hard to refine in a 5 Quantitative manner. Structure is here defined as the arrane^ement in space of the components of vegetation. Earlier definati:. ns have varied eccor- ding to different authors, some having restricted it to sxratific- tion and spacing, others including de-ta on life-form.s, grcth- forms, leaf characters, fionctional adaptations of various sorts, and even dispersal mechanisms. .Ve could stick to the phenomena of heigth of plants, branching habit, size of stems, size of crowns, thickness end density of canopy, layering or stratif icatien, and depth, density, spacing end stn tii ication of root systems. V/e then heve a logical concept, which v/e will use due to it's simpli- city, dealing only with s^-acing and size phenomena. The purpose of all this is to come u with a classification . of ecosystems end ho. they rel.te to -^ach oth^.r, the site, and the ueer. page 4 ^egetation Survey .'Jialysis Since there are no concise and detailed reports on veget- ation in ..ill County, asurvey form was compiled so th t the survey for the study can be gotten first-hand through site visits. This survey form and how to use it will be expl: ined Izter on in the secticn entitled "Survey Packsge." This package will be set up for use in field surveys. ,Vith the results of this survey, vie hope to come up with a prediction on vegetation trends as v/ell as the actual vegetation, it's l.ndmarks and signif ic.nce. ,.hen this analysis is put together with existing compositicns , extinct or rare pl.nts may come to light. Existing sources siiow that Me:-ds Iv.ilk-.veed (Asclepias me.dii), Oval l.Iilk-.veed (Asclepic.s ovalifolia), Leafy Fr: irie Glover (Kulilenbergi: cuspid, ta), Ruth Aster (Aster unciformus), Tennessee L^ilkvetch (Astragalus tennessoensis) , and Actinea herbacea. IJost of these pi nts are vanishing members of the ^Illinois prairie. Cthar rare and \Anusu.l plants found in .Vill -Soiinty are: Turtlehead (Chelone glabra), Ilodding L: dies Tresses Orchid (Spiranthes cernua), Swamp betony (Feiicularies lanceolata), Ohio Golderarod (Solidago ohiensis), five species of orchids, colicroot, seven species of ferns and several sedges. I.Iapping is done in term: of cl ssific::tory iinits which can be used to characterize and designate areas which are then outlined on a map. Taken together these areas form patterns representing different f ea: tures and factors, to detect correlations. An im- portant feature of vegetation is the degree of it's stability. A high degree of stability occurs often in nat-ural vegetation. ]^ut the natural vegetation can also be unstable, depending on local circumstances. Stability in cuiltural vegetation occurs primarily in regions that have been occupied by man for many centuries. Unstable vegetation implies that a change is taking place. A change may be brought about by a natural phenomena. Unstable pi nt communities suceed one another in series in the # page 5 Itered environment, eventually leading to a t/pe of vegetation o at is in harmony with the prevailing environmental featiires. Vegeti-tion becomes ^ mapping component in that it ba seen ho., it is coming and going throiigh the natural vegetation, the original and actual vegetation. The natural vegetation exists in the l_ndscape lonaffected by man. The original vegetation exi^-ts in the landscape before man affects it significantly. As much of the surface of the earth hcs been populated for a long time, the original vegetation is often clii^-fly of historical interest. In the field, the m pper finds him.self surroixnded by a variety of plant comE'iunities . This v getation is termed the :"ctual veget- -ition. The ictu-l veg-.. tation is therefore that vegetati^,n which actually xists at the time of the observ... ti.,ri, regcrdlcss of the ch racter, condition, and stability of it's components communities.- Specific Vegetation Survey >Vith the information compiled thjrcugh thj field form, specific site surveys can now be done. The field study establishes a rela- wi-"oriship to plarinin^' priorities .-.nd goi^ls, their implications on existing policies . nd policy recommenaaoioric. txib^c sxurvey reports v/ill give an indication of land use suitability, whether specific sites need special consideration like preservation or strict dev- elopement control. Perhaps the study may bring out the need for game preserves, historic sites, or visual improvement. The compo- site of : 11 this will allow a ranking of r^reas and priorities and the classification of unio_ue or important areas or define areas of vulnerability to development pressures. page 6 POOTKOTES 1. Kuchler, A. W. , Potential Vegetation of the Conterminous United States, American Geographic Society, 1964, p.l 2. Kuchler, A. W., Vegetation Mapping, Ronald Press Company, New York, 1967, p. 39 3. Ibici, p. 40 4. Ihid, p. 19 5. Peterken, G. F. , Checksheet for I.E.F. Areas, Blackwell Scientific Iiihli cations', Oxford, 1970, p. 75 6. Ibid, p. 76-7 7. Swink, Floyd, Plants of the Chicago Region, Morton i'lrboretura, Lisle, IL. , 19o9 7. Betz, Robert P., "Lockport Proirie," Northeastern Illinois University 8. Kuchler, A. ,7. , Vegetation Mapping, p. 22 9. Ibid, p. 22-3 10. Nelson, J, , and Becker, D. , "Natirral Resources Data Development for. Champaign County Regional Planning Commission," University of Illinois, Urbana, IL. Team Pi^re/Getz 20 October, 1975 VEGETATION ) Survey Package By using the Vegetation Field Svirvey form for veget^ti.n siirvej, we hope to pionesr a vegetation for specific sites in ./ill County owned by the Forest Preserve District. Given the Survey Form, individuals or groups of individuals or groups of individuals v/ill take note of significant elements of the veget- ation mosaic of ecch site. The survey consists of a map drawn by the surveyor of his observations in the fi.ld, a m.-.trix containing the vital iriform- ati.n necessary to determine the plant association present. A third pi:rt consists of a conci;e report of m.an-:r.ade structiu'es and disturbances, snd Isstly, a somev;hat detailed evaluation of the site. As the map is drav/n and sectioned off according to vegetation groupings, notes shculd be written to correlate to all other entries on the form. As the matrix is filled out an indication 'should be made on the m_ p excctly where the condition occurs. The matrix is set up so that the surveyor need do nothing more than check the appropiate box or write a number for the proper co composition percentage and size. A place is also provided to mark the presence of the understory and the density of the canopy, understory, or gro-undcover. After the matrix is finished (and during if necessary) and correlated to the map, then an indication of man-made structures is made. Last of all the survey is sLunmarized and correlsted in a thorough analysis. Field S\irvey Checklist Analyzing the site will vary considerably depending on it's character: .Vhether it is clear of intensive human use or heavily occupied; whether it is a matua-e, stable landscape or one tiiat is S. p. , page 2 A changing rapidly; whether it is dominant or recessive, intended for conservative or radical. **Checlclist*->^ I. Physical Data A. Geology and soil 1. Underlying geology 2. Soil type 3. Pill, slides, subsidance B. .Vater 1. Existing water bodies 2. Natural and man-made drainage channels- flow, capacity, piirity 3. Surface drainage pattern, amount, blockages, depressions C. Topography 1. Pattern of landforms ^ 2. Slope percentage 3. Visibility analysis 4. Unique features D. Climate 1. Sound levels, smell, atmosphere cuality 2. Shade, heat reflection, wind deflection E. Ecology 1. Dominant plant conmiunities, location and relative stability 2. Dependence on existing factors 3. Specimen trees to be retained f 4. Percentage of canopy f 5. Height 6. Percentage of understory P. Ivian-made structures lo Existing b\iildings : type, use, condition ^ 2. Circulation facilities (roads, paths, etc.) ^ 3. Utilities (Storm and sanitary sewers, water, telephone, etc. ) S. F. page 3 G. Sensuous o^ualities r 1. Viewpoints, vistas, focal points 2. Visual seouences 3. Quality of variation of light, sound, 3nell,and touch Source: Site Planning-, Lynch, Kevin, JJ.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Llassachusetts, 1971 Definitions Adjacent ground form- land form in and around designated area. Closed vegetation- when crov,nis or peripheries of plants mostly t ouching . D, 13,11.- Diameter of tree Breast High "Dense shrub- vegetation dominated by thick shrub planting. Density of area- the thiclcness of the vegetation composition and related to open and closed vegetation. Disturbance- physical evedence of man's presence, on or near the site. Exotic- plants that are not native to the area. 4'orest- a physiognomy classification group that is dominated , by trees. Grassland- a physiognomy classification group that is dominated by grasses and forbs. S.P. page 4 ^Definitions continued: Native vegetation- vegetation that is or wl,s a part of the original or historical landscape. Percentage of cover- the percentage of the sub-total compos- ■ ition of an are... e.g.- what io are the black oaks from the rest of the trees. Physiognomy- the general category to classify vegetation by the general appear ence. e.g.- forest, scrub, grassland, etc, Open shrub- vegetation dominated by sparse shrub plantings. Open ve.^etation- when crowns or peripheries are not touching. Scrub- a closed scrub layer ■^iiqueness- being of unusual and aesthetic quality. Visual blight- objects or vistas perceived to be nonces the tic. L ve 5stq 1" I o n : f i el d s arvey c^ ^ con?\^tA ^ioi\^w() COLMtY fwp_ R. 906. ■ IXU^hh .qj <7l^U1^'^3'Akl6f^; r|c?WlM6i C{1^7-lMC| fll^ t^Of? o^ h'

k^ w^^ W^f >\QV- ITRY q-I^A'Z'^'P r^oW^-t? ki^ukau 9fcq^^^^z^^ 1^ii^'A1^^ ■-lo'^^^' MAe^ IT^MTAI?^ <7ofR^^'^^J^ tJ^^tff-AI^^!. i \^ ^ I 1 TA § I I L general: -field suryex -^orth WAfm ^UAtrfY*- V^^-fAfpU : W^D^^AKJt? W^UlUP -WAKl^ , uo^\b O Wii-PMf^:. 0) _ C £ /iUdUD€. ^r?e A^e ^fJtTrfio^J j VDUk\\6^ ) . MAfii;^ \yti^^fAfir?iU :, i\h\\ti -enAiK*. UUi^m^nJ^'^'b: o z^^^lr^^M1^: <.. c TRS3 LIST FCR "VrCLL COUMTY" In 02'der to distinguish the vegetation of '.'ill County, a tree-list has been arranged to be used as a guide with the vegetation survey. HopefuJLly, it will injure a quicker and norc accurate identification. The list is divided into different associr.tions. The trees were found most frequently uder these associations in 'Jill County. It also nust be understood that the trees to appear in other associations; (exanple) VJhite oak is found inostljr in )-ioist woods, but also appoars on wooded slopes, and dry woods. 6^