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|The Wilson Bulletin

Official Organ of The Wilson Otnitholooical Club

An Illustrated Quarterly Magazine

Devoted to the Study of

Birds in the Field

Edited by Lynds Jones

Nineteen Hundred and Six

Old Series, Volume XVIII New Series, Volume XII

Published by the Club at Oberlin, Ohio

off <i^/(pj'> '^>in»-f^

Index to Volume 18, 1906.

Acanthis linaria, 6, 15, 116.
Accipiter cooperi, 3, 52, 115, 124.

velox, 3, 52, 115, 124.
Actitis macularia, .^, 51, 114, 124.
Actodromas bairdii, 51.

maculata, 3, 51, 114.

minutilla, 3, 114, 124.
/Egialitis semipalmata, 115.
Agelaius phoniceus, 5, 54, 66, 116,

125.

neutralis, 85.
Aix sponsa, 50, 113, 124.
Ammodramus sandwichensis sa-
vanna, 6.
Ampelis cedrorum, 7, 57, 67, 87,

117, 126.

garrulus, 7.
Anas boschas, 49, 86, 114.

obscura, 49, 124.
rubripes, 49.
Anthus pensilvanicus, 59, 84, 119.
Antrostomus carolinensis, $3-

vociferus, 4, 65, 116, 125.
Aphelocoma californica, 84.
Aquila chrysaetos, 52.
Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis,

3. 115-
Ardea herodias, 2, 50, 113, 124.
Ardetta exilis, 2, 50, 113.
Arenaria interpres, 115.
Arquatella maritima, 114.
Asio accipitrinus, 52, 115.

wilsonianus, 3, 52, 115.
Astragalinus lawrencei, 86.

tristis, 6, 55, 66, 116, 126.
pallidus, 15.
salicamans, 84.
Avocet, American, 107.
Aythva affinis, 2, 50.

americana, 50, 113.

collaris, ^o.

vallisncria, 50, 113.
Rsolophus bicolor, '59, 119.
Raldpate, it;, 49, 86, 113.
Kartramia loneicauda, 3, 51.
Bittern, American, 2, 12, 14, 50, 64,

71, 107, 113, 124.

I-east, 2. i;o, 72, 113.
Blackbird, Bicolored, 13.

Brewer, 12. 13, 15, 84, 105.

Red-winged, 5, 26, 54, 66, 71,

83, 106, n6, 125.

Rusty, 5, 55, 72, 116, 125, 134.

Sandiego Ked-winged, 85.

Yellow-headed, 14, 106.
Bluebird, 10, 26, 60, 68, 71, 81, 83,

123, 127.

Mountain, 12, 13.

Western, 17, 86.
Bob-white, 3, 15, 51, 71, 81, 83,

115.
Bobolink, 5, 22, 54, 71, 81, 83, 96,

ro6. III, 112, 116.
Bonasa umbellus, 51, 115, 124.

togata, 64.
Botaurus lentiginosus, 2, 50, 64,

113, 124.
Branta canadensis, 2, 50, 113.

hutchinsii, 50.
Bubo virginianus, 4, 52, 115.

saturatus, 15.
Bufflehead, 50, 113.
Bunting, Indigo, 7, 56, 71, 82, 96,

117, 127.

Lark, 106, 107.

Lazuli, 12, 14, 87, 106, 107.
Buteo borealis, 3, 52, 86, 115, 124.
calurus, 15.

lineatus, 52, 115.

platypterus, 3, 52, 64, 115, 124.
Butorides virescens, 2, 50, 114, 124.
Calcarius pictus, 6.
Calidris arenaria, 114.
Calypte anna, 84.

Canachites canadensis canace, 124.
Canvas-back, 50, 113.
Cardinal, 18, 56, 71, 96, 97, 117,

134- .
Cardinalis cardinalis, 56, 117.
Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis,

84.

purpureus, 6, 5<;, 66, 116, 126.
Catbird, 9, 59, 71, 81, 83, 96, 106,

119, 127.
Cathartes aura, 52, 84.
Catherpes mexicanus conspersus,

84.
Centurus carolinus, 4, 53.
Ceophloeus pileatus abieticola, 125.
Certhia familiaris americana, 10,

59, 68, 119, 127.

montana, 16.

INDICX TO VOLUME XVllI. lUOG.

Ceryle alc^on, 4, 15, 53, 65, 87,

115, 125.
Chaetura pelagica, 4, 53, 65, 116,

125.

vauxi, 87.
Chamxa fasciata, 85.
Charadriiis iluminicuh, 3, 51, 114.
Charitonetta albeola, 50, 113.
Chat, Long-tailed, 87, 106.

Yellow-breasted, 9, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, 59, 71, 119.
Chen csriilescens, 50.

hyperborea, 2, 87.
Chickadee, 10, 22, 59, 68, 71, 93,

119, 127.

Hiidsnnian, 93.

Long-tailed, 17.

Mountain, 12, 17.
Chondestes giammacus, 6, 117.
strigatus, 84.
Chordeiles acutipennis texensis, 87.

virginianiis, 4, 53, 65.
Cinclus mexicanus, 16.
Circus hudsonius, 52, 124.
Cistothorus stellaris, 59.
Clangiila clangula americana, 50.

islandica, 15.
Clivicola riparia, 7.
Coccyzns americaniis, 4, 52, 115.

ervthrophthalmus, 4, 53, 115.
Colaptes aiiratvis luteus, 4, 53, 65,

116.

cafer collaris, 15, 84.
Colmnba fasciata, 86.
Colymbi!s aiiritvis, 49, 112, 123.
Compsothlypsis americana ramal-

inas, 8.

americana eiisnese, 57, 67, 118,

127.
Contopus virens, 5, 53, 116, 125.
Coot, American, 2, 51, 85, 107, 114,

129.
Cormorant, Double-crested, 2, 49.
Corvus americanus, 5.

hesperis, 85.

brachyrhinchos, 54, 66, 125.

corax principalis, 125.
Coturniculus savannarum passer-

inus, 6, 55, 117.
Cowbird, 5, 54, 56, 71, 81, 83, 97,

106, ii6, 125.
Creeper, Brown, 10, 59, 68. 119,

127.

Rocky Mountain, 16.

Sierra. 11, 12.
Crossbill, American, 6, 55, 94, 123,

126.

White-winged, 25, 130.
Crow, American, 5, 54, 66, 71, 82,

96, 106, 116, 125.

C'alifornia, 8s.
Cryptoglaux acadica, 4.
Cuckoo, Black-billed, 4, 53, 71,

"5 135-

fellow-billed, 4, 52, 71, 115,

135-
Curlew, Long-billed, 114.
Cyanocitta cristata, s, 54, 66, 116,

125.
Cyaiiospiza, amoena, 87.

cyanea, 7, 56, 117, 127.
Dafila acuta, 50, 113.
Dendroica asstiva, 8,, 57, 87, 118,

127.

auduboni, 16, 86.

blackburniffi, 9, 58, 67, 118.

casrulea, 58, 118.

ca?rulescens, 8, 57, 67, 118,
127.

castanea, 9, 58, n8.

coronata, 9, 58, 67, 118, 127.

discolor, 58, 72.

dominica albilora, 118.

kirtlandi, 58, 118.

maculosa, 9, 58, 67, 118, 127.

palmarum, 9, 58, 119.

pensylvanica, 9, 58, 118, 127.

striata, 9, 58, 67, 118.

tigrina, 8, 57, ii8.

vigorsii, 9, 58, 67, 127.

virens, 9, 58, 67, 118, 127.
Dickcissel, 7, 18, 56, 81, 83.
Dolichonvx oryzivorus, 5, 54, ii6.
Dove, Mourning, 3, 13, 52, 71, 81,

83, 84, 96, 105, 115.
Dryobates muttalli, 84.

pubescens medianus, 4, 53, 65,
116, 125.
homorus, 15.
gairdnerii, 15, 85.

villosus, 4, 53, 65, 116, 125.
leucomelas, 65.
Duck, Black, 49, 121, 124.

Canvas-back, 113.

King Eider, no.

Lesser Scaup, 2, 50, 72, 129.

Pintail, 113.

Redhead, 113.

Rine-necked, 50.

Ruddy, "JO, 113, 129.

Scaup, 129.

Shoveller, 113.
. Wood, 50, III, 113, 121, 123,
124, 129.

INDEX TO VOLUME XVIII, 190G.

Eagle, Bald, 3, 52, 72, 115, 123,

124.

Golden, 52.
Ectopistes migratorius, 52, 115.
Egret, American, 114.
Eider, King, no.
Empidonax difficilis, 87.

flaviventris, 5, 54, 125.

minimus, 5, 54, 66, 125.

traillii, 5, 54, 87, 100.
alnorum, 100.

virescens, 5, 54, n6.
Ereunetes pusillus, 51, 114.
Erismatura jamaicensis, 50, 113.
Euphagus carolinus, 5, 55, 116.

cyanocephalus, 15.
Falco columbarius, 52.

peregrinus anatum, 64, 115.

sparverius, 3, 52, 64, 115, 124.
phaloena, 84.
Finch, Cassin Purple, 12.

House, 12, 13, 84, 106.

Purple, 6, 13, 55, 66, 116, 126.
Flicker, Northern, 4, 21, 53, 65, 71,

81, 83, 106, 116, 125.

Red-shafted, 12, 13, 15, 84,
106.
Flycatcher, Ash-throated, 13, 87.

Crested, 4, 53, 65, 71, 116,
122, 125.

Green-crested, 5, 54, 71, 116,

135-
Hammond, 12, 13.
Least, 5, 54, 66, 71, 122, 125,

IBS-
Olive-sided, 12. 65, 93, 122,

125.
Traill, 5, 54, 71, 87.
V^^estern, 87.

Yellow-bellied, 5, 54, 71, 122,
125.
Fulica americana, 2, 51, 85, 114.
Galeoscoptes carolinensis, 9, 59,

119, 127.
Gallinaero delicata, 3, 51, 114.
Gallinula galeata, 50, 114.
Galliniile, Florida, 50, 72, 114.
Gavia imber, 49, 64, 113, 124.
himme, 40, 113.
pacifica, 86.
Geococc\Tc cal'fornianus, 85.
Geothlvpis agilis, 119.
fnrmnsa. 119.
Philadelphia, 9, 58, 119.
trichas arizela, 85.

brachydactila, 58, 67, iiq,
127.

occidentalis, 9.
Gnatcatcher, Black-tailed, 84.

Blue Gray, 10, 60, 71, 82, 119.

Western Blue Gray, 86.
Godwit, Marbled, 114.
Golden-eye, American, 129.

Barrow's, 15.
Goldfinch, American, 6, 55, 66, 71,

75> 81, 83, 96, 97, 116, 126.

Arkansas, 12, 13, 84.

Lawrence, 86.

Pale, 15.

Willow, 84.
Goose, Blue, 50, 129.

Canada, 2, 12, 26, 50.

Greater Snow, 129.

Hutchin's, 50.

Lesser Snow, 2, 87.
Grackle, Bronzed, 5, 26, 55, 66, 71,

75, 83, 116, 126, 134.

Purple, 83.
Grebe, Horned, 49, ii2, 123.

Pied-billed, 2, 49, 112, 124.
Grosbeak, Black-headed, 12, 87.

Evening, 6, ii6.

Pine, 25.

Rose-breasted, 7, 56, 71, 82,
117.

Western Evening, 15..
Grouse, Canada Spruce, 94, ,124.

Canadian Ruffed, 64, 94.

Ruffed, 51, 65, 72, 115, 124.

Sooty, 12.
Gull, Bonaparte, 49, 113, 124, 135.

California, 85.

Hermann's, 85.

Herring, 49, 64, 71, 99, 113,
124.

Ping, billed, 84.

Western, 12, 13, 84.
Haliseetus leucocephalus, 3, 52,

lie, 12i.

, Harelda hvemalis, 50, 113.
Hawk, American Rough-legged,
3, ii";.
American Sparrow, 3, 52, 64,

71, 115, 124.
Broad-winged, 3, 23, 52, 64,

72, 115, 124.

Cooper, 3, 52, 72, 96, 115, 124.
Desert Sparrow, 12, 84.
Duck, 64, 115.
Marsh, 52, 72, 124.
Pigeon, 52.

Red-shouldered, 52, 72, in,
115.

INDEX TU VOLUME XVI II, IDUG.

Red-tailed, 3, 52, 71, 86, 96,
115, 124.

Sharp-shinned, 3, 52, 71, 115,
1 2+.

Western Red-tailed, 12, 15.
Heleodytes brunneicapillus, 85.
Helminthophila celata, 8, 60, 118.

chrysoptera, 57.

leucobronchialis, 57.

peregrina, 8, 57, n8.

pinus, 8, 57, 118.

rubricapilla, 8, 57, 118.
Helmitheros vermivorus, 118.
Helodromas sclitarius, 3, 51, 114.
Hen, Prairie, 3, 82.
Herodias egretta, 114.
Heron, Black-crowned Night, 2,

12, 13, 107, 114.

Great Blue, 2, 12, 50, 72, 94,
96, 107, 109, 113, 124,129.

Green, 2, 50, 70, 96, 114, 124.
Hesperiphona vespertina, 6, 116.

montana, 15.
Hirundo erythrogastra, 7, 56, 66,

117, 126.
Horizopus virens, 66.
Hummingbird, Allen, 12.

Anna, 84.

Black-chinned, 87.

Calliope, 12.

Ruby-throated, 4, 53, 65, 71,
'82, 83.

Rufus, 12, 87.
Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis,

2, 85, 113.
Hylocichla alicias, 10, 60, 120.

fuscescens, 10, 60, 68, 120, 127.

guttata palasii, 10, 60, 68,
120, 127.

mustelina, 10, 60, 119, 127.

swainsonii, 10, 60, 127.

ustulatus, 87.

ustulatus auduboni, 87.
Ibis, Wood, 113.
Icteria virens, 9, 18, 59, 119.

longicauda, 87.
Icterus bullocki, 86.

cucullatus nelsoni, 87.

galbula, 5, 55, 116.

spurius, 5, 54, 116.
Iridoprocne bicolor, 7, 56, 67, 126.
Jsger, Pomarine, iii, 113.
Jay, Blue, 5, 54, 66, 71, 82, 90, 91,

115, 125.

Blue-fronted, 12.

California, 84.

Canada, 94.

Long-crested, 105.
junco hyemalis, 6, 56, 66, 93, 94,

117, 126, 135.
thurberi, 86.
junco. Sierra, 13.

Slate-colored, 6, 56, 66, 93, 94,
117, 126, 135.

Thurber, 12, 86.
Killdeer, 3, 12, 13, 26, 51, 71, 82,

87, 107, 114, 124, 129.
Kingbird, 4, 53, 71, 81, 83, 96,

109, 116, 125.

Arkansas, 86, 109.
Kingfisher, Belted, 4, 12, 14, 15,

53, 65, 71, 87, 96, 115, 125.
Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 10, 59,

71, 93, 119, 123, 127.

Ruby-crowned, 10, 12, ^q, 72,
86, 119.

Western Golden-crowned, 12,

17-
Knot, 51.
Lanius borealis, 8, 16, 57.

ludovicianus cxcubitorides, 8.
garabeli, 84.
migrans, 57, 117.
Lark, Alaska Horned, 15.

California Horned, 85.

Desert Horned, io6, 107, 108.

Horned, 5, 54, iii, 116.

Hoyt Horned, 54, 74.

Prairie Horned, 5, 54, 72, 75,
81, 104, III, 125.
I-arus argcntatus, 49, 64, 113, 124.

californicus, 85.

delawarensis, 84.

hermanni, 85.

occidentalis, 84.

Philadelphia, 49, 113, 124.
Limosa fedoa, 114.
Longspur, Lapland, 75.

Smith's, 6.
Loon, 49, 64, 113, 121, 124.

Pacific, 86.

Red-throated, 25, 49, 113.
Lophodytes cucullatus, 15, 49, 113
Lophortyx californicus vallicola.

Loxia curvirostra minor, 6, 55,

126.
Magpie, Black-billed, 13, 15.
Mallard, 49, 86, 113.
Mareca americana, 15, 49, 86, 113.
Martin, Purple, 7, 56, 71, 87, 88,

90, 91, 92, 104, 117.
Meadowlark, 5, 26, 54, 71, 8i, 83,

116.

INDEX TO VOLUME XVIII, 1900.

W^estern, 12, 13, 15, 84, 106,
107.
Megascops asio, 4, 52, 80, 115.
Melanerpes erythrocephalus, 4, 53,

116, 125.
Meleagris gallopavo cooperi, 85.

sylvestris, 51.
Melospiza cinerea cooperi, 85.

cincerea melodia, 7, 56, 66,
117, 126.
raerrilli, 16.
montana, i6.

georgiana, 7, 56, 126.

liDColni, 7, 56.
Merganser ainericanus, 49, 113,

124.

serrator, 49.
Merganser, American, 49, 113,124.

Hooded, 15, 113.

Red-breasted, 49.
Merula migratoria, 10, 60, 68,

120, 127.

propinqua, 17, 86.
Mimus polyglottos leucopterus, 84.
Mniotilta varia, 8, 57, 67, 118,

127.
Mockingbird, 109.

Western, 84.
Molothrus ater, 5, 54, 116, 125.
Myiarchus cinerescens, 84.

crinitus, 4, 53, 65, 116, 125.
Nettion carolinensis, 49, 113.
Nighthawk, 4, 12, 13, 53, 65, 72,

82, 88, 116.

Texan, 87.

Western, 106.
Nucifraga columbiana, 15.
Numenius longirostris, 114.
Nutcracker, Clarke's, 15.
Nuthatch, Pygmy, 16.

Red-breasted, 10, 12, 16, 59,

68, 71, 93. "9. 127. 135-

Slender-billed, ti, 12, 16.

White-breasted, 10, 59, 68, 71,
82, 119, 127, 134.
Nuttalornis borealis, 65, 125, 136.
Nyctala acadica, 115.
Nyctea nyctea, 115.
Nycticorax nycticorax naevius, 2,

114.
Oidemia deglandi, 86.

perspicillata, 86.
Olbiorchilus hiemalis, lo, 59, 68,

119, 127.
Old-squaw, 50, 113, 129.
Olor columbianus, 113.
Oriole, Arizona Hooded, 87.

Baltimore, 5, 55, 71, 82, 96,
116, 135,

Bullock, 13, 86, 106.

Orchard, 5, 54, 71; 116.
Ortyx virginianus, 15.
Osprey, American, 52, 99, 121, 123,

124.
Otocoris alpestris, 5, 54" 116.
actia, 85.
articola, 15.
hoyti, 54.

merrilli, 15, 54, 125.
praticola, 5, 54, 125.
Ousel, Water, 16.
Oven-bird, 9, 58, 67, 71, 119, 127.
Owl, American Barn, 52, 115.

American Long-eared, 5, 52,
72, 115.

Barred, 4, 52, 72, 115, 125.

Burrowing, 85.

Dusky Horned, 15.

Great Horned, 4, 52, 72, 115.

Hawk, 25.

Saw-whet, 4, 115.

Screech, 4, 52, 72, 80, 96, 115.

Short-eared, 52, 115.

Snowy, 24, 25, 115.
Oxyechus vociferus, 3, 51, 87, 114.
Pandion haliaetus carolinensis, 52,

124.
Partridge, Plumed, 12.

Valley, 85.
Parus atricapillus, 10, 59, 68.

inornatus, 85.
Passer domesticus, 16, 60.
Passerculus sandwichensis savan-
na, 55.
Passerella iliaca, 7, 56, 117.
Passerina nivalis, 55, 116.
Pelecanus californicus, 85.

erythrorhynchos, 2, 49.
Pelican, American White, 2, 49.

California Brown, 85.
Pelidna alpina pacifica, 114.

sakhalina, 51.
Penthestes atricapillus, 17.

septentrionalis, 17.

gambeli, 17.
Petrochelidon lunifrons, 7, 56, 86,

126.
Pewee, Wood, 5, 53, 65, 71, 81, 83,

116, 125.

Western Wood, 12.
Phainopepla, 86.
Phainopepla nitens, 86.
Phalacrocorax dilophus, 2, 49.

INDEX TO VOLUME XV 11 1, 190G.

Phalarope, Northern, 7, 123, 124.

Wilson's, 107.
Pliasianiis torqiiatus, 60.
Pheasant, Riiiy-necked, 60.
Plulohela minor, 2, 51, 114.
Phtehe, 4, 53, 65, 71, 81, 83, 116,

125.

Black, 84.

Say's, 86, 109.
I'ica pica hiidsonica, 15.
Pigeon, Band-tailed, 86.

Passenger, 52, 115.
Pinicola eniicieator leucura, 126.
Pintail, 50, 113, 129.
Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 7, 56,

117.

fuscus senicula, 84.

maciilatiis megalonyx, 85.
Pipit, American, 57, 72, 84, 119,

135-
Piranga erythromelas, 7, 56, 117.

ludoviciana, 87.

rubra, 7.
Plover, American Golden, 3, 56,

in-
Piping,. 100, III.

Semipalmated, 72, ni, 115.
Podilymbus podiceps, 2, 49, 112,

124.
Polioptila caeriilea, 10, 60, 119.
obscura, 86.

californica, 84.
Pooecetes gramineiis, 6, 55, 66, 117,

126.

confinis, 85.
Poor-will, California, 11, 12.
Porzana Carolina, 2, 50, 114.

noveboracensis, 2, 114.
Progne siibis, 6, 56, 117.
Protonntaria citrea, 8, 118.
Psaltriparus minimus californicus,

Ooeroi'edula discors, 2. 49, 86, 113.
Quiscalus quisciila aeneus, 5, 155,

66. 116, 126.
Rail. Kino-, 2, 50, 72, in, 114, 129.

Virrrinia, 2, 50, 72, 114.

Yellr>w, 2. Ill, 114.
Ralli": pipp-pns, 2. 50, 114.

virpinianiis, 2, ^o, 114.
Raven, Northern, 123, 124.
Fed-he'>d, co.
Porl-toil, Western, !<;.
Red-wing, San Diego, 81;.
Redstart, American, 9, 59, 67, 71,

82, no, 122, 127.
Regulus calendula, 10, 59, 86, 119.

satrapa, 10, 59, 119, 126.
olivaceus, 17.
Kiparia nparia, 56, 86, 117, 126.
Koad-riinner, 85.
Kobin, American, lo, 26, 60, 68,

71, 75, 8i, 83, 104, 106, 120,

123, 127, 130, 133, 134.

V\ estern, 12, 13, 17, 86.
Sanderling, 99, 114, 129.
Sandpiper, Baird's, 51.

Bartramian, 3, 51, 72.

Least, 3, 72, 114, 123, 124.

Pectoral, 3, 51, 71, 114,

PuriJJe, in, 114,

Red-backed, 51, 114, 129.

Semipalmated, 51, 114.

Solitar}', 2, 51, 71, in, 114,

135-
Spotted, 3, 12, 13, 51, 71, 107,
III, 114, 124.
Sapsiicker, Red-breasted, n, 12.
Williamson's, 12.
Yellow-bellied, 4, 53, 65, 71,
116, 125, 135.
Sayornis nigricans, 84.

phoebe, 4, 53, 65, 116, 125.
saya, 86.
Scolecopliagus cyanocephalus, 84.
Scoter, Surf, 86.

White-^yinged, 86.
Seiurus aurocapillus, 9, 58, 67,119,
127.

motacilla, 9, 58.
noveboracensis, 9, 58, 119, 127
notabilis, 9.
Sclasphorus rufrs, 87.
Setophaga ruticilla, 9, 59, 67, 119,

127.
Shoveller, 50, 113.
Shrike, California, 84.

Migrant, 57, 71, 104, 117.
Northern, 8, 16, 57.
White-rumped, 8, 14, 82, 83,
109.
Sialia mexicana bairdi, 17.

occidentalis, 17, 86.
sialis, 10, 60, 68, 120, 127.
Siskin, Pine, 130.

Sitta canadensis, 10, 16,,- 59, 68,
119, 127.

carolinensis, 10, 59, 68, 119,
127.

aculeata, 16.
pygmnea, 16.
Snipe, Wilson's, 3, 51, 114, 129.
Snowflake, 14, 55, 75, 116, 130.

INDEX TO VOLUME XVIII, lOOG.

Solitaire, Tovvnsend's, 12.
Sora, 2, 50, 72, ^2, 114.
bparrovv, lirewer's, 13.

Cliipping, 6, 55, 66, 71, Si,
S3, 117, 123, 126.

English, 16, 60, 82, 88, 97, 103.

106, 107, 122, 134.
Field, 6, 55, 71, 82, 96, 117,

127.
Fax, 7, 56, 117.
Golden-crowned, 86.
Gambel's, 86.

Grasshopper, 6, 18, 55, 71, 117.
Harris', 6.
Henslow's, 136.
House, 88.

Lark, 6, 18, 72, 112, 117.
Lincoln's, 7, 56, 71.
Merrill's Song, 16.
Mountain Song, 12, 13, 16.
San Diego Song, 85.
Savanna, 55, 72, 117, 129.
Seaside, 99.
Sharp-tailed, 99.
Song, 7j 56, 66, 71, 81, 83, 99,

117, 123, 126.
Swamp, 7, 56, 71, 126, 129.
Townsend's Fox, 12.
Tree, 6, 55, 117, 126, 129.
Vesper, 6, 55, 66, 71, 81, 97,

117, 126. '

Western Chipping, 12, 13.
Western Lark, 12, 13, 84, 106,

107, 108.

Western Vesper, X5, 106, 107,

108.
White-crowned, 6, 55, 71, 117,

122, 126. -
White-throated, 6, 55, 62, 63,
66, 71, 74, 93. 94, "7.
126.
Spatula clypeata, 50, 113.
Speotyto cunicularia hypogasa, 85.
Sphyrapicus varius, 4, 53, 65, 116,

125.
Spiza americana, 7, 56.
Spizella monticola, 6, 55, 117, 126.
pusilla, 6, 55, 117, 126.
socialis, 6, 53, 66, 117, 126.
Stelgidopteryx serripennis, 7, 57,

86, 117, 126.
Stercorarius pomarinus, 113.
Sterna dougalli, 34, 35, 40, 43, 44,.
46, 47.

hirundo, 35, 37. 40, 41, 44. 45,
46, 49, "3-

Sirix pratincola, 52, 115.
Sturneila magna, 5, 54, 116.

neglecta, 15, 84.
Swallow, Bank, 7, 56, 71, 86, 117,

122, 126.

Barn, 7, 12, 13, 56, 66, 70, 8i,

96, 99, 104, Io6, 117, 122,
126, 130, 133.

Cliff, 7, II, 12, 13, 56, 72, 81,
86, 106, 109, 121, 126.

Northern Violet Green, 86.

Rough-winged, 7, 57, 71, 86,
96, 117, 122, 126.

Tree, 7, 56, 67, 72, 99, 103,
104, 121, 126, 130.
Swan, Whistling, 113, 129.
Swift, Chimney, 4, 53, 65, 71, 81,

82, 96, 116, 122, 125.

Vaux's, 87.

White-throated, 109.
Symphemia semipalmata inornata,

131-
Syrniura varium, 4, 52, 115, 125.
Tachycineta thalassina lepida, 86.
Tanager, Louisiana, 12, 87.

Scarlet, 7, 56, 70, 82, 96, 117.

Summer, 7.
Tantalus loculator, 113'.
leal, Blue-winged, 2, 49, 86, 113.

Green-winged, 49, 113.
Telmatodytes palustris, lo, 59, 119.
i ern, Black, 2, 72, 85, 113.

Common, 35, 36, 37, 43, 45,

49, 71, 113-

Roseate, 34, 35, 43.
Thrasher, Brown, 9, 59, 71, 81, 83,

119, 127.

Pasadena, 85.
Thrush, Audubon Hermit, 87.

Gray-cheeked, 10, 60, 72, 120,
135-

Hermit, 10, 26, 60, 62, 68, 71,
120, 127, 130, 135.

CMive-backed, 10, 60, 71, 127,

Russet-backed, 87.

Wilson's, 10, 60, 62, 68, 71,
1X2, 120, 127.

Wood, 10, 60, 71, 119, 127.
Thryothorus ludovicianus, 59.
Tit, California Bush, 85.
Titmouse, Plain, 85.

Tufted, 59, 71, 119.
Totanus flavipes, 51, 114.

melanoleucus, 51, 114.
Towhee, 7, 56, 71, 82. 96, 117.

Anthony's, 84.

Green-tailed, 12, 106, 108.

INDIOX TO VOLUME XMll, VJm.

Spurred, 85, 106, io8.
1'oxot.ioma reaiviviuin pasadeii-

ense, 85.

rufum, 9, 59, 119, 127.
Tringa canuius, 51.
li'oclulus aiexanari, 87.

colubrih, 4, 53, b5, 116.
Troglodytes aedoii, 10, 59, 67, 119.

parkmaiui, 85.
Turkey, Wild, 51.
Turnslr.ne, 115.
lympanuchus ainericanus, 3.
lyrannus tyrannus, 4, 53, 109, 116,

125.

verticalis, 86.
Urinator lumme, 25.
\'ireo bellii, 8.

flavifrons, 8, 57, 118, 126.

gilvus, 8, 57, 117.

huttoiii, 85.

noveboracensis, 118.
. olivaceus, 8, 57, 67, 117, 126.

philadeiphicus, 8, 57, 117, 130.

solitarius, 8, 57, 126.
Vireo, Bell's, 8.

Blue-lieaded, 8, 57, 71, 122,
126.

Cassin's, 12.

Huttcn's, 85.

Philadelphia, 8, 57, 93, 117,
122, 130.

Red-eyed, 8, 57, 67, 71, 82, 93,
96, 98, 117, 122, 126, 135.

Warbling, 8, 12, 13, 57, 71,
82, 83, 117, 122.

White-eyed, 112, 118, 122.

Yellow-throated, 8, 57, 71,

112, 118, 126.

Vulture, Turkey, 12, 14, 25, 52,

72, 84, 95, 109.
Warbler, Audubon's, 12, i6, 86.
Black and White, 8, 57, 67,

71, 118, 122, 127, 135.
Bay-breasted, 9, 58, 71, 118,

135-
Blackburnian, 9, 58, 67, 71,

118, 130.
Black-poll, 9, 58, 67, 71, 118,

130.
Black-throated Blue, 8, 57, 67,

71, 118, 122, 127, 135.
Black throated Gray, 12.
Black-throated Green, 9, 58,

67, 71, 93. "8, 122, 127,

135-
Blue-winged, 8, 57, 71, 112,
118.

Brewster's, 57.

Canadian, 9, 59, 67, 71, 119,

122, 127.
Cape May, 8, 57, 71, "8, 122,

127, 135-
Cerulean, 58, 71, 118.
Chestnut-sided, 8, 57, 71, 118,

122, 127.
Connecticut, 119.
Golden Piloelated, 87.
Ciolden-winged, 57, 71.
Hermit, 12.
Hooded, 75, 112, 119.
Kentucky, 75, 112, 119.
Kirtland's, 58, 75, 112, 118.
Macgiilivray's, 12.
Magnolia, 9, 58, 63, 67, 71,

ri8, 122, 135.
Mourning, 9, 58, 71, 119.
Myrtle, 9, 12, 58, 63, 67, 71,
72, 93, 94, 1 18, 122, 127,
129.
Nashville, 8, 57, 71, 118, 135.
Northern Parula, C7, 67, 71,

118, 122, 127.
Orange-crowned, 8, 60, 72,

118.
Palm, 9, 12, 58, 71, 119, 135.
Pileolated, 12.

Pine, 9. 58, 67, 71, 122, 127.
Prairie, 58, 72, 75.
Prothrnotary, 8, 112, 118.
Svcamore, iiz, 118.
Tennessee, 8, 57, 71, 118, 135.
Western Parula, 8.
Wilson's, 9, 12, 59, 71, 135.
Worm-eating, 118.
Yellow, 9, 12, 13, 57, 71, 82,
87, 108, 118, 122, 127, 134.
Yellow Palm, no.
Water-Thrush, 9, 58, 71, 119, 127.
Grinnell's, 9.
Louisiana, 9, 58, 72.
Waxwing, Bohemian, 7, 14.

Cedar, 7, 57, 67, 71, 87, 117,
126.
Whippoorwill, 4, 53, 65, 71, 116,

125.
Willet, Western, 131.
Wilsonia canadensis, 9, 59, 67, 119,
127.

mitrata, 119.
pusilla, 9, S9-

chryseola, 87.
Woodcock, American, 2, 51, 72,
114.

INDEX TO VOLUME XVIII, 1900.

Woodpecker, American Three-
toed, 93, 94.
Cabanis', 12. ,
Batchelder's, 15.
Downy, 4, 53, 65, 71, 116, 123,

125.
Hairy, 4, ii, 53, 65, 71, 94,

116, 123, 125.
Northern Piieated, 65, 125.
Nuttall's, 84.
Red-beliied, 4, 53, 72.
Red-headed, 4, 53, 71, 82, 83,

106, 116.
White-headed, 11, 12, 85.
Wren, Cactus, 85.

Carolina, 59, 72, 96, 97.

Canyon, 84.

House, 10, 59, 67, 71, 81, 83,

119, 130.
Long-billed Marsh, 10, 59, 72,

119, 130.
Pacific House, 12, 85.

Rock, 13, 105.

Short-billed Marsh, 59, 72.

Winter, 10, 59, 68, 72, 94,119,
127.
Wren-tit, 85.

Xenopicus albolarvatus, 85.
Yellow-legs, 51, 70, 114.

Greater, 51, 72, 114.
Yellow-throat, Maryland, 81, 83.

Northern, 67, 91, 119, 122, 127,

.135-

Pacific, 12, 13, 85.

Western, 9, 81, 83, 106.
Zamelodia Kidoviciana, 7, 56, 117.

melanocephala, 87.
Zenaidura macroura, 3, 56, 84, 115.
Zonotrichia albicollis, 7, 55, 66,

126.

coronata, 86.

leucophrys, 7, "js, 126.
gambelii, 86.

querula, 7.

INDKX OK AUTHORS.

Burns, Frank L. — A N'lilture Pie, 25; Red-throated Loon at Cjiassy Sound,

N. J, 25.
Clarke, C. W. — Notes from Kingston, (Jnt., 103.
Craigmile, Esther — August at Lake Tahoe, 11; A Hammuck List of

Sparks, Nev., 13; Common Birds of Whittier, Calif., 83.
Dawson, W. Leon — November Aspects in Spokane Co., Wash., 15.
Hall, F. H. — Some Western Adirondack Birds, 120.
Henderson, Junius — With the Birds in Northeastern Colorado, 105.
Henninger, Rev. W. F. — A Preliminary List of the Birds of Seneca Co.,

Ohio, 27; A New Record for the Prairie Warbler in Ohio, 72;

Notes from Seneca Co., Ohio, 136.
Holmes, LaRue K. — Obituary Notice, 77.
Hunt, Chresweli J. — Two Days with the Beach Birds and Botanists, 97 ;

General Notes from Cupola, Chester Co., Penn., 133.
Jones, Lynds — The Opening of the 1906 Spring Migration at Oberlin, O.,

26; A Contribution to the Life History of the Common (Sterna

hirundo) and Roseate (S. dougalli> Terns, 35; Two All-day Records

in Northern Ohio, 68; Some Noteworthy Lorain Co. Records for

1906, 74; August Days with the Birds, 95; Some Migration Records

Along the Cedar Point Sand Spit, Erie Co., Ohio, 1906, 128; Lorain

Co., Ohio, Fall Records, 1906, 135.
Klug, A. B. — A Venturesome Nuthatch, 134.
Rogers, Charles H. — A Glimpse of the Birds of Second Lake, Coos Co.,

N. LL, 9.
Sherman, Althea R. — My Neighbors' Homes in Clayton Co., Iowa, 8i ;

Decrease of Icteridae in Northeastern Iowa, 134.
Swales, Bradshaw H. — Hermit Thrush in Winter, 26; Remarks on the

Summer Birds of Lake Muskoka, Ont., 60.
Taverner, P. A. — The Yellow-breasted Chat in Michigan, 17; A Tagged

Flicker, 21; A Purple Martin Roost, 87; Remarks on the Summer

Birds of Lake Muskoka, Ont., 60.
Wilson, Burtis H. — The Birds of Scott Co., Iowa, 3.

THE

WILSON BULLETIN

NO. 54.

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY

VOL. XVIII MARCH, 1906 NO. 1

THE BIRDS OF SCOTT COUNTY, IOWA.

BY BURTIS H. WILSON.

Scott County lies on the north bank of the ^Mississippi river,
which flows westward in this part of its course. The country-
consists mostly of rich, rolling farming land, with a few pieces
of second growth oak timber, and much willow, maple, and
elm timber along the river bottoms and on its islands. High
bluffs interrupt the narrow border of rich bottomland over
which the river often spreads during the high spring water.
During the first ten years of my studies the country roads
were nearly everywhere bordered by osage hedges, but during
the past ten years the most of these hedges have been replaced
by the more useful and effectual barbed-wire fence. These
hedges and the orchards and shade trees surrounding the farm
houses formed excellent breeding places for many species.

A muddy creek, called Duck creek, which is usually nearly
dry during the summer, but from ten to twentv feet wide dur-
ing the rest of the year, flows easterly just north of the city of
Davenport, and then into the Mississippi river about three
miles east of the city limits.

The city of Davenport, which occupies about ten square
miles of the county, has several large parks, and there are
many shade trees in the yards and along the streets, forming
ideal resorts for the town-loving birds, as well as for many
rare straggles which occasionally stop. Fully half of my ob-
servations were made within the city limits, but many of them
were in the thinly settled outskirts.

2 TnK Wilson Bulletin — Xo. 54.

The studies n\Hn \vliich this hst are based cover the years
from 1884 to 1904. The work was necessarily iregular. Doubt-
ful records are numerous, but none of them have been in-
cluded in this list.

Podilymbus podiceps. Pied-hilled Grebe. — One shot April 16, 1892.

Hydrocheiidon nigra surinamensis. Black Tern. — One shot May
22, 1892.

Phalacrocorax diiophus. Double-crested Cormorant. — 14 seen
August 9, 1892, and 6 seen August 24, 1893.

Peiecanus erythrorhynchos. American White Pelican. — One shot
October 3. 189?., on the river below the city.

Querquedula discors. Blue-winged Teal. — Common migrant.

Aythya affinis.. Lesser Scaup Duck. — Abundant migrant. March
15 to April 22, 1892. First in fall, Nov. 25.

Chen hyperborea. Lesser Snow Goose. — Rare transient. Always
seen in flocks with the Canada (?) Geese. Four seen March 22,
1890; 4, April 1st, 1891; 7, April 16, 1889.

Branta canadensis. Canada Goose. — Abundant migrant in spring,
rare in fall. Feb. 17 to April 1; 50 seen Oct. 25, 1891. Only fall
record, 1885-1894.

Botaurus lentiginosus. American Bittern. — Rather rare summer
resident, probably because there are few favorable breeding local-
ties here. Arrives last of April.

Ardetta exilis. Least Bittern. — Rare summer resident. There are
few suitable breeding places. May 8, 1888; May 30, 1889; May
26, 1S92.

Ardea herodias. Great Blue Heron. — Rather uncommon. Prob-
ably does not breed. April 28 to May 16; September 6 to 29.

Butorides virescens. Green Heron. — Common summer resident.
April 25 to September 29. Eggs May 7, 1892; 30, 1889. Young out
of nest June 24, 1887.

Nycticorax nycticorax naevius. Black-crowned Night Heron. —
Common summer resident. April 23 to September 19.

Rallus elegans. King Rail. — Rare transient. One shot April 30,
1891.

Porzana Carolina. Sora. — Not common transient. May 6 to 24.

Porzana noveboracensis. Yellow Rail. — Rare migrant. One shot
September 20, 1890.

Rallus virginianus. Virginia Rail. — Rare migrant. One shot May
12. 1898.

Fulcia americana. American Coot. — Seen only in the fall. Octo-
ber 18, 1889 and 1891, and 8, 1888.

Philohela minor. American Woodcock. — Rare summer resident.
On August 17, 1890, one flushed from a clump of small trees in a
city yard.

Wilson — On Birds of Scott County, Ia. 3

Gallinago delicata. Wilson's Snipe. — Abundant migrant. April
1 to 29; September 20 to November 2.

Actodromas maculata. Pectoral Sandpiper. — Abundant migrant.
April 11 to May 20; September 17 to 27.

Actodromas minutilla. T.east Sandpiper. — Rare migrant. May 20,
1890; May 11, 1891.

Helodromas solitarius.. Solitary Sandpiper. — Abunlant migrant.
April 25 to May 7; September 3 to October 10.

Bartramia longicauda. Bartramian Sandpiper. — Rare summer res-
ident. One seen April 26, 1892. Female ready to lay in a day or
two shot May 11, 1890. No fall records.

Actitis macularia. Spotted Sandpiper. — Common summer resi-
dent. April 26 to September 13.

Charadrius dominicus. American Golden Plover. — Rare migrant.
On October 24, 1889, one was found early in the morning lying dead
under a 100-foot electric tower.

Oxyechus vociferus. Killdeer. — Not common summer resident.
March 12 to October 19.

Colinus virginianus. Bob-white. — Common resident. A great in-
crease since 1900.

Tympanuchus americanus. Prairie Hen. — Tolerably common resi-
dent. Nest containing one addled egg and shells of seven recently
hatched eggs found in tall slough grass on June 9, 1888.

Zenaidura macroura. Mourning Dove. — Abundant summer resi-
dent. Occasionally winters. March 21 to October 19. Eggs found
as early as April 12.

Accipiter velox. Sharp-shinned Hawk. — Rather rare. Seen only in
the fall. September 20 to November 2.

Accipiter cooperii. Cooper Hawk. — Common resident, but more
often seen in the fall. Four eggs, May 7, 1892; three eggs, May
9, 1891.

Buteo boreal is. Red-tailed Hawk. — Common resident.

Buteo platypterus. Broad-winged Hawk.^ — Tolerably common in
spring; rare in fall. April 21 to May 21. One seen September 26,
1891.

Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis. American Rough-legged
Hawk.^Tolerably common winter resident.

Haliaeetus leucocephalus. Bald Eagle. — Rare straggler. Seen at
every season of the year. None breed in the county Lo my knowl-
edge.

Faico sparverius. American Sparrow Hawk. — Tolerably common
summer resident. March 25 to October 12.

Asio wilsonianus. American Long-eared Owl. — Tolerably common
summer resident. Colonies of a dozen or more winter together in
evergreens in the cemeteries. Nest with five eggs, April 12, 1890.

4 TiiK W'l I.SOX r>rr.r,RTiN — No. 54.

Syrnium varium. Barred Owl. — Rare resident. One shot in a
yard in Davenport.

Cryptoglaux acadica. Saw-wliet Owl. — Rare winter resident.
April 2. 1890; February 2. 1889; Marchi 21, 1891.

Megascops asio. Screecli Owl. — Common resident. About equal
numbers found in the red and in the gray stage.

Bubo virginianus. Great Horned Owl.— Tolerably common resi-
dent. Occasionally wanders into Davenport.

Coccyzus americanus. Yellow-billed Ciickoo. — Abundant summer
resident. May 17 to October 8. Eggs found May 28 to August 19.

Coccyzus erythorphthalmus. Black-billed Cuckoo. — Tolerably
common summer resident. May 23 to August 30. Nest, May 30,
1902.

Ceryle alcyon. Belted Kingfisher. — Common summer resident.
March 19 to October 12. Two fresh eggs, May 18, 1889.

Dryobates villosus. Hairy Woodpecker. — Common resident.

Dryobates pubescens medianus. Downy Woodpecker. — Abundant
resident.

Sphyrapicus varius. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. — Abundant mi-
grant. April 2 to 29; September 16 to October 28. Stomach occa-
sionallj^ found filled with chips of sap-wood.

Melanerpes erythrocephaius. Red-headed Woodpecker. — Abundant
summer resident. Occasionally an individual or a pair winters. By
spring the white feathers are almost blackened with soot.

Centurus carol inus. Red-bellied Woodpecker. — Tolerably common
resident.

Colaptes auratus iuteus. Northern Flicker. — Abundant summer
resident. Stragglers sometimes winter. Fresh eggs. May 26, 1892.

Antrostomus vociferus. Whip-poor-will. — Tolerably common sum-
mer resident. Arrives as early as April 23.

Chordeiies virginianus. Nighthawk. — Abundant summer resident.
May 5 to October 2.

Chaetura pelagica. Chimney Swift. — Abundant summer resident.
April 15 to September 26.

Trochilus colubris. Ruby-throated Hummingbird. — Abundant
sumer resident. May 8 to October 6.

Tyrannus tyrannus. Kingbird. — ^Abundant summer resident. April
25 to September 13. Earliest eggs, May 21, 1887.

iVIyiarchus crinitus. Crested Flycatcher. — Common summer resi-
dent. April 30 to September 10. Nest, June 26, 1888. In 1887
a pair nested in the bird house which was placed in an oak tree
in a yard in the heart of the city of Davenport. Five eggs were
depositetl.

Sayornis phoebe. Phoebe. — Abundant summer resident. March
21 to November 7. Elarliest nest, April 28, 1888. Nests are occa-

Wii.sox — On Birds of Scott County, Ia. 5

sionally placed on the perpendicular walls of wash-outs in clay
soil.

Contopus virens. Wood Pewee. — Abundant summer resident.
May 9 to September 25. Earliest nest, June 15, 1889.

Empidonax flaviventris. — Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Rare. Seen
only 4 times, May 24 and September 6, 1890; June 2 and Septem-
ber 16, 1889.

Empidonax virescens. Green-crested Flycatcher. — Rare. One
taken May 21, 1888.

Empidonax traillii. Traill's Flycatcher. — Common summer resi-
dent. Earliest seen. May 1, 1888.

Empidonax minimus. Least Flycatcher. — Rare transient. One
taken May 4, 1889.

Octocoris alpestris. Horned Lark. — Tolerably common winter
resident.

Otocoris alpestris praticoia. Prairie Horned Lark. — Abundant
summer resident. A nest with half incubated eggs, April 12, 1892.

Cyanocitta cristata. Blue Jay. — Abundant resident, and even
more numerous during the migrations. Nest with five eggs. May
14, 1892.

Corvus braclnyrhynchos. American Crow. — Abundant resident.
Earliest nest, with five eggs, April 2, 1890.

Molotlirus ater. Cowbird. — Abundant summer resident. March
26 to October 1.3. Earliest eggs. May 3, 1890, in Phoebe's nest.

Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Bobolink. — Common summer resident.
Earliest arrival. April 28, 1887. Fresh eggs. May 28, 1889.

Agelaius pinoeniceus. Red-winged Blackbird. — Abundant summer
resident, and migrant. February 23 to November 11. Occasionally
a strag'gler is seen in winter. Earliest eggs. May 21, 1887.

Sturnella magna. Meadowlark. — Abundant summer resident. An
occasional straggler remains all winter. March 13 to November 2.
Eggs, May 27, 1887.

Icterus spurius. Orchard Oriole. — Abundant summer resident.
Earliest spring arrival, April 26. Three eggs, May 21, 1887.

icterus galbula. Baltimore Oriole. — Abundant summer resident.
April 27 to September 5. Five eggs, May 30, 1889.

Euphagus carol inus. Rui-ty Blackbird.- — Abundant migrant. Us-
ually found in flocks with the other blackbirds and grackles. March
23 to April 30; September 14 to December 7. A pair wintered on
Rock Island Arsenal during the winter 18991900. They became
tame and came every day to the guard house for the crumbs which
the guards threw out to them.

Quiscalus quiscula aeneus. Bronzed Grackle. — Abundant summer
resident. March 8 to November 5. Earliest eggs, May 1, 1886. A
colony of several hundred pairs used to nest in Pine Hill Cemetery,
just outside of Davenport, but in recent years it has been reduced

6 TllK W'JLSO.N IJUI.LKTIN No. 54.

to about a dozen pairs, no doubt owing to the persistent robbing
of their nests by boys from the city.

Hesperiphona vespertina. Evening Grosbeal<. — Rare winter vis-
itor. Seen from November 24 to January 21.

Carpodacus purpureus. Purple Finch. — Common migrant. March
1 6to May 10; September 7 to November 6. Several spent the win-
ter of 1889-90 in this locality, January being the only month in
which they were not seen.

Loxia curvirostra minor. American Crossbill. — Irregular winter
resident. October 21 to June 9.

Acanthis linaria. Redpoll. — Not common winter resident. Seen
as late in spring as April 1.

Astragalinus tristis. American Goldfinsh.- — Irregular winter res-
ident, abundant summer resident. Breeds very late. Nest with
three newly hatched young, August 6, 189.3, and another with young
about ten days old, September 27, 1888. Nest with four fresh eggs,
September 5, 1889.

Calcarius pictus. Smith's Longspur. — Migrant. Not common. Seen
only in spring, March 30 to April 16.

Pocecetes gramineus. Vesper Sparrow. — Common summer resi-
dent. April 1 to Oct. 26. Nest with 4 young found May 22, 1889.

Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna. Savanna Sparrow. — Tol-
erably common migrant. Usually seen only in spring, April 1 to
29. Two seen Oct. 26, 18S9.

Coturniculus savannarum passerinus. Grasshopper Sparrow. —
Common summer resident. Earliest spring record, April 30, 1891.
Nest with five eggs found May 27, 1889.

Chondestes grammacus. Lark Sparrow. — Common summe» resi-
dent. Earliest spring record, April 20, 1889.

Zonotrichia querula. Harris' Sparrow. — Rare migrant. April 16,
1891, May 3, 1891.

Zonotrichia leucophrys. White-crowned Sparrow. — Tolerably
common migrant. April 30 to May 23; September 28 to October 26.

Zonotrichia albicollis. White-throated Sparrow. — Abundant mi-
grant. March 17 to May 23; September 18 to October 29. Occa-
sionally one winters.

Spizeila monticola. Tree Sparrow. — Abundant winter resident.
Oct. 17 to April 16.

Spizeila socialis. Chipping Sparrow. — Abundant summer resident.
April 4 to October 21. First eggs (set of four). May 6, 1886.

Spizeila pusilla. FMeld Sparrow. — Abundant summer resident.
March 25 to October 29. Earliest eggs. May 1, 1886. Latest nest
with slightly incubated eggs. July 26, 1889.

Junco hyemalis. Slate-colored Junco.— Very abundant migrant.
Common winter resident some years. Sept. 21 to May 5.

Wilson — On Birds of Scott County, Ia. 7

Melospiza cinerea melodia. Song Sparrow. — Abundant summer
resident. March 14 to Nov. 3.

Melospiza lincolinii. Lincoln Sparrow. — Tolerably common mi-
grant. April 2S to May 21; October 17, 1891, is the only fall record.

Melospiza georgiana. Swamp Sparrow. — Common migrant. March
25 to May 19; September 16 to October 17.

Passerella iliaca. Fox Sparrow. — Abundant migrant. March 12
to April 23; September 2.5 to November 5.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus. Towhee. — Abundant summer resident.
March 16 to Nov. 5. A female has spent the present winter on
Rock Island Arsenal.

Zamelodia ludoviciana. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. — Abundant sum-
mer resident. April 25 to September 29. Earliest nest. May 13,
1886. Four eggs, May 30, 1887.

Cyanosplza cyanea. Indigo Bunting. — Abundant summer resident.
May 4 to September 29.

Spiza americana. Dickcissel. — Abundant summer resident. April
25 to September 28. A nest containing four eggs on April 27, 1889,
would indicate an earlier arrival than has been noted.

Piranga erythromelas. Scarlet Tanager. — Common summer resi-
dent. April 28 to September 21. Nest with four young, June 15,
1889.

Piranga rubra. Summer Tanager. — Rare straggler. One secured
April 20, 1889.

Progne subis. Purple Martin.^-Abundant summer resident. April
7 to August 28. (First, March 24, 1888, March- 29. 1892.)

Petrochelidon luniforms. Cliff Swallow. — Abundant summer res-
ident, usually seen only in the vicinity of its breeding places.
April 14 to August 31.

Hirundo erythrogaster. Barn Swallow.- — Common summer resi-
dent. April 27 to September 1. Nest with four eggs under a small
bridge, .luly 24, 1884.

Irldoprocne bicolcr. Tree Swallow. — Common summer resident.
April 1 to September 26.

Clivicola riparia. Bank Swallow. — Abundant summer resident. —
April 19 to August 31. Gathers in flocks of several thousands on
the telegraph wires along the railroads before leaving in the fall.

Stelgidopteryx serripennls. Rough-winged Swallow. — Common
summer resilent. Seldom noticed on aocount of its similarity to the
Bank Swallow. Earliest spring record, April 25, 1891.

Amperlis garrulus. Bohemian Waxwing. — One secured November
21, 1888.

Ampelis cedrorum. Cedar Waxwing. — Common summer resident.
Abundant but irregular migrant. February 2 to November 15. Nest
with four eggs about June 15, 1886. Seen feeding young in the
nest, June 28, 1887.

8 The A\'ilson Bulletin — No. 54.

Lanius borealis. Northern Shrike. — Common winter resident,
formerly much more common than the last few years. It rarely
comes into the city in pursuit of the English Sparrows, but form-
erly it frequently came even into the business districts. Oct. 24 to
April 1st.

Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides. White-nimped Shrike. — Com-
mon summer resident. March 23 to September 9. Five eggs, April
22, 1S90.

Vireo olivaceus. Red-eyed Vireo. — Abundant summer resident.
May 8 to September 21.

Vireo philadelphicus. Philadelphia Vireo. — Tolerably common mi-
gi-ant. May 11 to 20; September 21 to 28.

Vireo gilvus. "Wiarbling Vireo. — Abundant summer resident.
April 27 to September 14. Nests with one fresh egg, May 30, 1891;
June 13. 1S88.

Vireo flavifrons. Yellow-throated Vireo. — Common migrant.
Rare summer resident. May 10 to 26; September 8 to 21.

Vireo solitarius. Blue headed Vireo. — Rather -rare migrant. May
10 to H; September 21 to 28.

Vireo belli. Bell's Vireo. — Common summer resident. May 12
to August 31. Nests with eggs, July 5, 1886; June 13, 1890; June
16. 1891.

Mniotilta varia. Black and White Warbler. — Tolerably common
migrant. April 24 to May 20; September 16 to 26.

Protcnotaria citrea. Prothonotary Warbler. — Rare summer resi-
dent. Seen from Ma'y 2 to June 5, but no nests have been found in
the county. It breeds near Muscatine, commonly on the wooded
bottoms along the Mississipi river.

Helminthophila pinus. Blue-winged Warbler. — Rare migrant.
May :'. to 21. Seen only in the spring.

Helminthophila rubricapilla. Nashville Warbler. — Common mi-
grant. May 6 to 23; September IJ to 28.

Helminthophila celata. Orange-crowned Warbler. Probably a
common migrant, 1 lit seldom noticed. May 6 to 16; October 5 to 17.

Helminthophila peregrina. Tennessee Warbler. — Tolerably com-
mon migrant. May 8 to 30; September 18 to 21.

Cornpsothlypis americana ramaJinse. Western Parula Warbler. —
Tolerably common migrant. May 1 to 16, Not seen in fall.

Dendroica tigrina. Cape May Warbler. — Rather rare migrant.
May 14 to 23. Not seen in fall.

Dendroica aestiva. Yellow Warbler. — Abundant summer resident.
Arrives April 28 to May 2. Leaves very early for the south.
Earliest nest with eggs. May 24, 1887.

Dendroica cagrulescens. Black-throated Blue Warbler. — Rare
migrant. Ma> 1 to 14. Two seen September 26, 1891.

Wilson — On Birds of Scott County, Ia. 9

Dendroica coronata. Myrtle Warbler. — Our most abundant mi-
grant warbler. April 7 to May 20; September 23 to November 1.

Dendroica maculosa. Magnolia Warbler. — Common migrant. May
2 to June 1; Sept. 12 to Oct. 5.

Dendroica pensylvanica. Chestnut-sided Warbler. — Common mi-
grant. May 1 to June 2; September 9 to 23.

Dendroica castanea. Bay-breasted Warbler. — Rare migrant.
Seen only on May 9 and 26, 1888.

Dendroica striata. Black-poll Warbler. — Rare migrant. May 11
to June 3. No fall records.

Dendroica biackcburniae. Blackburnian Warbler. — Tolerably com-
mon migrant. May 10 to 30. No fall records.

Dendroica virens. Black-throated Green Warbler. — Common mi-
grant. May 10 to 16; September 21 to 23.

Dendroica vigorsii. Pine Warbler. — Rather rare migrant. April
14 to May 14. The only fall record is September 21, 1889.

Dendroica palmarum. Palm Warbler. — Abundant migrant in
spring. April 21 to May 20. No fall records.

Seiurus aurocapillus. Oven-bird. — Common cummer resident.
April 30 to October 13.

Seiurus noveboracensis. Water-Thrush. — Rather common migrant.
April 30 to May 10. No fall records.

Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis. Grinnel's Water-Thrush. — Tol-
erably common migrant. First seen in spring. May 6. Last in fall,
October 10.

Seiurus motacilla. Louisiana Water-Thrush. — Rather rare. Seen
only in spring. April 26, 1890; April 25, 1891.

Geotlilypis Philadelphia. Mourning Warbler. — Rare migrant.
May 14 to 22. No fall records.

Geothlypis trichas occidentalis. Western Yellow-throat. — Abund-
ant summer resident. April 30 to September 28.

Iciteria virens. Yellow-breasted Chat. — Rare straggler. May 30,

1889, one seen.

Wilsonia pusiila. Wilson's Warbler. — Tolerably common migrant.
May 10 to 27. One September 25, 1889.

Wilsonia canadensis. Canadian Warbler. — Rare migrant. May 20,
1890; May 23, 1888. No fall record.

Setophaga ruticilla. American Redstart. — Common summer resi-
dent on the wooded islands in the Mississippi river, April 30 to Sep-
tember 26. Four fresh eggs, May 30, 1891.

Galeoscoptes carol inensis. Catbird. — Very abundant summer res-
ident. April 28 to September 29. Nest with two eggs. May 17,
1887.

Toxostoma rufum. Brown Thrasher. — Abundant summer resi-
dent. April 14 to the last of September. One straggler, March 22,

1890. Nest with four eggs. May 4, 1889.

10 ■ The Wilson Bulletin — No. 5-i.

Troglodytes aedon. House Wren. — Abundant summer resident.
April 14 to October 17. Nest witli seven eggs, May 30, 1887.

Olbiorchilus hiemalis. Winter Wren. — Tolerably common trans-
ient in fall, rare in spring. Only four spring records. April 23, 13,
26, 30, 1888, to 1890, and 1892 respectively. Seen in fall from Sep-
tember 21 to November 8.

Telmatodytes paiustris. Long-billed Marsh Wren. — Rare migrant.
May 4, 1888; May 27, 1889; September 18, 1889.

Certhia familiaris americana. Brown Creeper. — Occasional resi-
dent, and abundant spring and fall migrant. Last seen in spring.
May 10. First seen in fall, September 19. A nest containing three
newly hatched young was found May 30, 1891, on an island in the
Mississippi river five miles below Davenport. The nest was 15
feet up behind a loose strip of bark hanging on the side of a large
dead willow stub. Both parents were seen bringing food to the
young.

Sitta carolinensis. White-breasted Nuthatch. — Abundant resident.
Seen building in a hole in an oak tree April 27, 1889.

Sitta canadensis. Red-breasted Nuthatch. Rare migrant. Seen
mostly in fall. May 1 to 10; September 21 to October 23.

Parus atricapiiius. Chackadee. — Abundant resident. Eight eggs,
May 4, 1889.

Regulus satrapa. Golden-crowned Kinglet. — Abundant migrant.
March 24 to May 7; September 19 to December 1.

Regulus calendula. Ruby-crowned Kinglet. — Abundant migrant.
April 4 to May 20; September 18 to October 26.

Polioptila caerulea. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. — Rare summer resi-
dent (?). Seen May 11 1889 and 1890. One was near Muscatine,
30 miles south-west of Davenport, June 19, 1890.

Hylocichia mustelina. Wood Thrush. — Abundant summer resi-
dent. May 2 to September 24. Nest with one egg, May 21, 1887.

Hylocichia fuscescens. Wilson's Thrush. — Rare. One shot June
9, 1889; another May 14, 1892.

Hylocichia aliciae. Gray-cheeked Thrush. — Abundant migrant in
spring, seldom observed in fall. April 24 to May 30. September
20, 1889.

Hylocichia swainsonii. Olive-backed Thrush. — Abundant migrant.
April 24 to May 27; September 21 to October 17. Most abundant
during the second week of May.

Hylocichia guttata pallasii. Hermit Thrush. — Common migrant.
April 4 to May 4; September 20 to October 5.

Merula migratoria. American Robin. — Very abundant summer
resident. February 17 to November 29. One was recorded Janu-
ary 27, 1891. Eggs, April 19, 1889.

Sialia sialis. Bluebird. — Abundant summer resident. February 4
to November 27. Five eggs, April 16, 1887.

Craigmile — On August at Lake Tahoe. 11

This list contains no doubtful records, plenty of which I have.
No special efforts have been expended upon the ducks, waders and
game birds, hence all of my records within these groups have come
in the course of my other bird studies. Attention to these groups
would almost certainly considerably increase the list of species.

AUGUST AT LAKE TAHOE.

BY ESTHER CRAIGMILE.

Lake Tahoe is situated in the obtuse angle which forms
the western boundary of Nevada, so it is the property of Cal-
ifornia as well. It has an altitude of 6200 feet and is sur-
rounded bv mountains. It is twenty-three miles long, thirteen
miles wide, and of a great depth. The Nevada side is mostly
barren, but the California region is rich in yellow pine, tam-
arack, balsam, alder, aspen, and willow. Goldenrod, asters,
and sunflowers bloomed almost as profusely as in Illinois in
the fall. Manzanita. buckthorn, elder, wild goose-berry, and
numerous shrubs unkown to me covered the mountains. Bird
life was abundant on land and water.

The White-headed Woodpecker is said to be a silent bird,
but he attracted my attention first by drumiming on a tree
trunk ; then he flew, giving a rattling call like the Hairy. He
was usually quiet in feeding, but more or less noisy in flight.

California Poor-will does not believe in corporal punishment,
so he omits the first syllable of his song and gives the mid-
dle west people a feeling of something iiicomplete.

The trees were so large that many gleaners could work
without molesting each other. A White-headed Woodpecker,
two Red-breasted Sapsuckers, and a Slender-billed Nuthatch
were seen feeding contentedly on the same tree. It was not
uncommon to see three or four Sierra Creepers climbing a
tree in regular procession. The last one seemed to find plenty
to satisfy his hunger, too.

One day I saw a creeper and a nuthatch banqueting from
the lumber of which the new car shop was constructed.

Cliff Swallows had hundreds of nests along the high banks
of the lake. A few preferred to build under the eaves of the
store which was built on the \\'harf. Hummers were omni-

13 The Wilson Bulletin — No. 5.4.

present. They were usually too hurried to foster careful ob-
servation.

The Green-tailed Towhee, with his long tail, his unexpected
crest, his spotless throat, and cat-like " mew " was one of the
camp delights, together with the friendly Black-headed Gros-
beaks who gathered crumbs from the camp stove, the noisy
Blue-fronted Jays who disputed with the dog and chipmunk
the right to the scraps, and the social Chickadees who con-
versed with us on all occasions.

Pileolated, Macgillivary's, and Myrtle Warblers were abund-
ant. The first two were so similar to \\^ilson's and Palm of

Illinois.

Belted Kingfisher, Spotted Sandpiper, Hammond Flycatcher,
Western Gull, Mountain Bluebird, Slender-billed Nuthatch, Cliff
Swallow, Western Chipping Sparrow, Cabanis Woodpecker, West-
ern Robin, Arkansas G-oldfinch, Rufous Hummingbird, Brewer
Blackbird, Red-shafted Flicker, Blue-fronted Jay, Sierra Junco,
Thurber Junco, Black-throated Gray Warbler, Mountain Chickadee,
Nighthawk, Desert Sparrow Hawk, Green-tailed Towhee, Hermit
Warbler, Yellow Warbler, Killdeer, Louisiana Tanager, Black-headed
Grosbeak, Great Blue Heron, Sierra Creeper, American Bittern,
Canada Goose, White-headed Woodpecker, California Poor-will,
Plumed Partridge, Warbling Vireo, Pacific House Wren, Western
Golden-crowned Kinglet, Pileolated Warbler, Barn Swallow, Red-
breasted Sapsucker, Mountain Song Sparrow, Myrtle Warbler, Au-
dubon Warbler, Macgillivray Warbler, Cassin Purple Finch, House
Finch, Townsend Fox Sparrow, Olive-sided Flycatcher, Western
Wood Pewee, Western Lark Sparrow, Cassin Vireo, Pacific Yel-
low-throat, Townsend Solitaire, Turkey Vulture, Sooty Grouse, La-
zuli Bunting, Calliope Hummingbird, Williamson Sapsucker, Ruby-
crowned Kinglet, Western Red-tailed Hawk, Red-breasted Nuthatch,
Black-crowned Night Heron, Allen Hummingbird, Western Mead-
ovviark.

A HAMMOCK LIST OF SPARKS, NEVADA.

BY ESTHER CRAIGMILE.

Early in May I arrived in this pioneer town among the Si-
erras. It is located in a valle}^ fifteen miles square, through
which flows the rockyTruckee river. The whole region had
been an alkali desert, but the presence of irrigation has trans-
formed it into a rich farming region. Trees are not common.
A few willovv'S grow along the irrigation ditches, and Cana-

Craigmile — Ox Sparks, Nevada, Birds. 13

dian and Lombardy poplars are seen around some of the farm
houses. Orchards are few. The moimtains surrounding the
town are so barren that sage brush thrives in few places.

Little rain fell during the three months covered by these ob-
servations. The temperature varied from freezing at night
to 135 on the warmest da}s. With the exception of one half-
day tramp across irrigated fields to Governor Sparks' gold
mines, and one all-day drive through the foothills, the list was
compiled from my hammock under the cottonwoods. An ir-
rigation ditch, an orchard, and a row of tall cottonwoods at-
tracted the birds to my locality.

Linnets (House Finch) were abundant and were as much of
a nuisance as Passer domesticus. They reminded me of the
uncouth country cousin of the refined Purple Finch. The Ash-
throated and Hammond Flycatchers were omnipresent. The
note of the latter resembles that of the Nighthawk, only it is
more refined. The Ash-throated Flycatcher is a handsome bird.
At first I pronounced him a quiet fellow as he gleaned insect
food from his perch on the telephone wires, but later I discov-
ered that he was the night musician who roused me about 2
o'clock with his chatter-box gabble, "tick, tick, tick, tick-ik, ik,
tick-ik, ik, tick-ik, ik," frequently repeated for several min-
utes. This serenade seemJed to accompany some peculiar flight.
When the young were learning to -fly the whole family ar-
ranged themselves on the wires and such "ticking" as followed
could hardly be surpassed by a whole roost of Night Herons.

Insect life was abundant, and so were Nighthawks. Al-
though the light ^\■as very brilliant they frequently fed until
nearly noon. They slept on exposed branches of the cotton-
woods and on fence posts along the road where there were no
trees. Their "beady" note might be heard any hour of the
day. Their rest seemed never quiet. The list follows :

Bullock Oriole, House Finch, Western Robin, Mountain Song
Sparrow, Western Meadowlark, Yellow Warbler, Mountain Blue-
bird, Kilkleer, Mourning Dove, Western Chipping Sparrow, Barn
Swallow, Ash-throated Flycatcher, Brewer Blackbird, Cliff Swallow,
Pacific Yellow-throat. Spotted Sandpiper, Brewer Sparrow, Red-
shafted Flicker, Hammond Flycatcher, Black-billed Magpie, Bi-
colored Blackbird, Warbling Vireo, Arkansas Goldfinch, Western
Meadowlark, Rock Wren, Western Lark Sparrow, Dusky Horned

14 The Wilson Bulletin — No. S-t.

Lark, White-rumped Shrike, Lazuli Bunting, American Bittern, Belt-
ed Kingfisher, Yellow-headed Blackbird, Western Gull, Turkey
Vulture.

NOVEMBER ASPECTS IN SPOKANE COUNTY,
WASHINGTON.

BY W. LEON DAWSON.

The city of Spokane, now boasting some 75,000 inhabitants,
is situated in a region of pecuHar interest to the student of
Washington birds, and as yet very little has been published
relating to the ornithology of this northeastern section. The
interest is largely due to the still undefined Rocky Mountain
eleniient in the avifauna of Spokane County ; and the scarcity
of published material is my only excuse for presenting the fol-
lowing meager notes, gathered at random during what is pos-
sibly the dullest mouth of the year, Novemiber. Four weeks
spent in the "Imperial City" allowed the writer three Satur-
day half-holidays at nearbv resorts, and occasioual glimpses
besides of the birds about town.

The country immediately surrounding Spokane consists
largely of lava benches and ridges, covered with a light growth
of yellow pine, and is further diversified by several deep-cut
river beds. Upon the east its timbered hills connect with the
mountain system of Idaho; while upon the west its gentler
slopes are largely surrendered to the plow. In the city itself,
Corbin Hill, with its handsome residences and its artistically
neglected corners, afifords asylum to many species of birds ;
and very commendable attention is being paid, not only here
but elsewhere in town, to the summer housing and the winter
feeding of the gallant Troubadours.

Blinding frosts, occurring regularly through the month, have
warned away the less hardy birds, while the almost constant
sunshine of the middle day has rewarded the sturdier sort who
stay. No premature outburst of cold has occurred to drive in
the regular winter pensioners from the north, — the Snow-
flakes, the Bohemian Waxwings, and their ilk, — but as I write,
on the 25th, the snow is falling and the official change from

Dawson — Ox Birds of Spokane County, Wash. 15

fall to winter is being recorded. The altitude is 3,000 feet,
so we are on the normal snow line for the season.

1. Lophodytes cuculatus. Hooded Merganser. — One seen in Med-
ical Lake.

2. Mareca americana. Baldpate. — Little Medical Lake. The
commonest market bird at this season.

3. Clangula islandica. Barrow's Golden-eye. — A flock of a dozen
males and another of three females on Little Medical Lake.

4. Ortyx virginianus. Bob-white. — Two large coveys seen near
town. Said to be thoroughly established hereabouts.

5. Buteo borealis calurus. Western Red-tail. — A small bird with
an unusually stiff, sluggish flight was repeatedly flushed from the
tops of pine trees near Little Medical.

6. Bubo virginianus saturatus (?). Dusky Horned Owl. — Only
one seen. Not common.

7. Ceryle alcyon. Kingfisher. — Two flying abcut Hangman
Creek, Nov. 4th.

8. Dryobates pubescens homorus. Batchelder Woodpecker. — ■
One seen. The pure whites of this bird are strikingly noticeable
as compared with D. p. gairdnerii found further west.

9. Colaptes cafer collaris. Red-shafted Flicker. — Common. Have
seen a dozen at once. And still the uncircumcised call him "Yel-
low-hamimer."

10. Otocoris alpestris arcticola. Alaska Horned Lark. — A close
study of a dozen individuals has left no question as to the pre-
vailing form. These birds have evidently displaced O. a. nerrilli
for the winter.

11. Pica pica hudsonica. Black-billed Magpie. — Common. They
wander abcut the country in loose companies containing a score
of birds apiece, but persecution has taught them great discretion,
and one hears oftenest the subdued query and comment of invis-
ible birds.

12. Nucifraga columbiana. Clarke's Nutcracker. — Two seen in
Minnehaha Park.

lo. Sturneila magna neglecta. Western Meadowlark. — Two seen
near Lark Street, en the 20th.

14. Euphagus cyanocephalus. Brewer's Blackbird. — One flock
encountered near Little Medical Lake on the 11th.

15. Hesperiphona vespertina montana. Western Evening Gros-
beak.— The Ccccothraustine yell, unmistakable to the initiated, was
once heard en Carncn Hill, Nov. 20th.

16. Loxia sp. A few Crossbills were seen flying about in a
snowstorm, Nov. 2.5.

17. Acarthis linaria. Redpoll. — Not yet common.

18. Astragalinus tristis pallidus. Pale Goldfinch. — A troop seen
Nov. 4th were feeding upon fallen sunflower seeds. The colors

16 The Wilson Bulletin — No. 54.

of the plumage appear sharp-cut and fresh. The wings and tail
show much pure white, and the yellow proper is now confined to
the throat and sides of head and neck.

19. Passer domesticus. English Sparrow. — A very quiet resident.
The hoodlum evidently recognizes the fact that he is still in the
minority and deports himself accordingly. A number of the local
bird-lovers are unaware of his presence in the city.

20. Junco sp. Heard repeatedly but not seen, at Silver Lake.

21. Melospiza cinerea montana. Mountain Song Sparrow. — It
may be counted presumptuous to enter the lists of the trinomial-
ists armed only with a pair of binoculars, but I was instantly im-
pressed Avith the differences of a Song Sparrow seen on the 4th at
Garden Springs. In this bird the general tone of coloration was
much lighter than in typical merrilli, with which I had abundant
opportunity to compare it a moment later. Its ashy gray and brown
of head contrasted strongly. The ashy of back and scapulars was
very extensive, the brown areas of the feathers occupying not
above one-third of the total space. Under-parts clearer white;
streaks lighter rusty and more sharply defined, more narrow on
sides than in M. c. merrilli.

22. Meicspiza cinerea merrilli. Merrill Song Sparrow. — The com-
mon bird, reputed to be sparinglj^ resident throughout the winter.

23. Lanius borealis. Northern Shrike. — Heard near Medical
Lal-e.

24. Dendroica auduboni. Audubon's Warbler. — Two birds were
seen lingering about a pleasant orchard hear the bank of the Spo-
kane River, Nov. 20.

25. Cinclus mexicanus. Water Ouzel. — A pair were seen splash-
ing about unconcernedly at the brink of one of the local waterfalls,
those Samsons which are grinding out flour and power in this pris-
on house of Spokane's prosperity. These romantic watersprites
seemed singularly rut cf place amidst the prosaic bruJling of tur-
bines and rollers — lil<e "poor Lo" trudging bare-footed and awe-
stricken beneath the skyscrapers. But also, like the Red man, the
Ouzel was "here first.''

26. Certhia familiaris montana (?). Rocky Mountain Creeper. —
One specimen heard and seen on a pine-clad hillside at dusk.

27. Sitta carolinensis aculeata. Slender-billed Nuthatch. — A
very contented dweller in pine trees, usually found associated with
its congeners.

28. Sitta canadensis. Red-breasted Nuthatch.— Fairly common,
occurring singly cr in pairs as often as in the troupe.

29. Sitta pygmaea. Pygmy Nuthatch.— Strictly social in its hab-
its: its twitterings are a pretty sure sign that you have come upon
the main army of minute bug-hunters, for which you may have
been searching diligently for the past hour and more.

Taverxer — On Yellow-Breasted Chat in Mich. 17

30. Penthestes atricapillus septentrionalis. Long-tailed Chica-
dee. — Pei'haps the birds seen really belong to the Columbian "isl-
and" of atricapillus proper, but they appear to me lighter in tone,
with more of white edging on wing and tail.

31. Penthestes gambeli. Mountain Chickadee. — Active members
of the Amalgamated Push.

32. Regulus satrapa olivaceus. Golden-crowned Kinglet. — Not so
common as on Puget Sound. Only once seen, on a densely thick-
eted hillside.

33. Merula migratoria propinqua. Western Robin. — Several lin-
gering about the orchards and shade trees of Cannon Hill.

34. Sialia mexicana occidental is. Western Bluebird. — Still com-
mon locally; a dozen seen Nov. 20th. These birds are undoubtedly
intergrades and possibly deserve to be classed as S. m. bairdi.

Seattle, Wash.

THE YELLOW-BRE.\STED CHAT IX AHCHIGAN.

p. A. TAVERNER.

Southern jNIichigan* marks the extreme northern hmit of
the range of the Yellow-breasted Chat in the Middle West.
They can hardly be regarded in the state as common or reg-
ular- visitors, except locally. They must be viewed as in-
trusive forms from the Carolinian Fauna to the south of us
that have, for the past decade or so, been extending their range
northward. In the past, they have appeared here occasionally
under pectiliar and, as yet, unknown conditions, persisting for
a while, and then vanishing more or less conipletelv for a
greater or less i>eriod of time.

The causes of these intrusions and disappearances are still
beyond explanation. They seem to come and go according
to no law, rule or set of conditions. That they are but
accidental and the result of chance no scientific man will
for a moment admit ; but the complexity of the conditions
renders the solution very difficult indeed. In many cases, such
investigation involves an exhaustive study of the conditions
prevalent over the winter ranges of the individuals in question ;
and until we have positive data regarding where the different
individuals of the various northern races spend their winters
we cannot hope for any great success along these lines. It
mav be well to call attention to the fact that these occtirrences

18 The Wilson Bulletin — No. 54.

have not taken place as isolated phenomena, but have gen-
erally been accompanied by the intrusion of other species that
may or may not have been caused by the same set of condi-
tions. Prominent among these contemporary incursions, in
this section, has been the spread of the following species, — Lark
Sparrow, Grasshopper Sparrow, Dickcissel, and Cardinal.
Some of these have formed permanent residences, but others,
notably the Dickcissel, have, after a short persistence, vanished
again completely. In this latter case the extinction seems to
have been more general than with the rest and may possibly
have been caused by hostile influences in the southern ranges.

The data upon the Yellow-breasted Chat in Michigan is
not very voluminous, but as a matter of record it may be well
to place what can be gathered in an enduring form for the
benefit of further workers. In the compilation of the follow-
ing I have been assisted by the various people whose names I
mention below. To these and to Dr. Ned Dearborn, Mr.
Ruthven Dean and Prof. W. B. Barrows, who has kindly as-
sisted me with the benefit of the notes he has gathered on the
subject, I must extend my sincere thanks for their cooper-
ation.

The first record of the bird's occurrence in the state that I
can get track of occurs in Gibb's MS. of 1881, in which the
following note occurs : "Icfcria z'irciis. First taken Aug. 12,
1876, quite common until Oct. 2, 'TG, and not seen since. — Dr.
Atkin's MS. Birds of Ingham Co." Unfortunately the MS. of
the late Doctor has completely disappeared, and this is the onlv
authoritative record of his that we have on this subject. Prof. A.
J. Ccok had access to it when he wrote his Birds of Michigan
in 1893, and he quotes the following : "Exceedingly rare, occa-
sionally quite common" (Dr. Atkins). However, the many
misquotations in this work throw doubt upon all the rest that
cannot be ccnfirmefl through other sources, and render com-
plete acceptance dangerous.

The next observations on the species were made by Jerome
Trombley. of Petersburg, Monroe Coimty, who found the
birds, and took two nests, ]\[ay, 1877, one of which, dated the
3Gth, is now in the ?\luseum of the Agricultural College. Of

T.w'ERNER — On Yellow-Breasted Chat in Mich. 19

these Mr. Trombley writes me: "These nests were all taken
bv me in the same locality, and were the only birds seen that
year, and were the first Chats I ever saw here. After 1877,
and until 18S1, a few individuals were occasionally seen every
vear. After 1881, for a few years, they seemed to have de-
creased, so much so that I failed to detect any in their old
haunts." In 1894 the same observer took two birds, May 3
and 17, as is recorded in Butler's Birds of Indiana, and the
following mjonth, in compan\' with Mr. A. B. Covert and Dr.
Robt. H. Wolcott, the writer found several pairs on the edge
of a black ash swamp about four miles south of Ann Arbor,
Washtenaw County. Three or four birds were taken in this
instance and the following year they were found breeding in
the same locality by Prof. D. C. Worcester and Mr. Covert,
and the nest, eggs and the parent birds were taken, collected
and deposited in the Museum of the University of Michigan.
Since then, they have not been seen in this locality.

Mr. Swales, in his List of The Land-birds of South-eastern
Michigan Bull., Mich. Ornith. Club, V. p. 40, records two nests
of the bird in Wayne County, both at Grosse Pointe, dated May
29, 1898, and May 30, 1903, taken by W. A. Davidson and
Chas. E. Wisner respectively. Sept. 28, 1904, I heard a bird
whistling in some dense shrubbery to the north of the city of
Detroit. The most diligent work failed to discover sight of
the vocalist, but I had no difificulty in recognizing the voice
of the Chat. Had this been the only record of the bird's occur-
rence here I should hesitate to record it here as such. Subse-
quent developments, however, substantiated the identification
and renders the conclusion safe. INIay 20. 1905, I heard and
saw one bird near the same place, and again, on the 23d, when
I saw several, but failed to secure any specimens. Subsequent
efforts in the samie locality on June 4 and 24. and July 1 and 4,
proved equally futile and they baffled all the efforts of Mr.
Swales and myself, though we saw the birds often and posi-
tively identified them. There were at least three pairs in the
vicinity and probably more. At the time of the last date their
song season had passed and the birds were so quiet that it
was impossible to find them and we had to give up the at-
tempt for the season.

20 The Wilson Bulletin — Xo. 54.

Strangely enough, on the same date that I found the first
one this year (May 20), Mr. Swales and Prof. Barrows heard
sounds that they were very sure came from the bird on Chand-
ler's ]\Iarsh, Ingham County. Prof. Barrows is well acquaint-
ed with the species from experience with them elsewhere, and
Mr. Swales had just returned from Point Pelee, Ont., where
he became acquainted with their eminently characteristic calls.
He afterward studied them on the above mentioned occasions
and is well satisfied as to the correctness of the first suppo-
sition.

Mr. Trombley, under date of July 13, 1905, tells me, "A
pair nested here ("Monroe County) last year. It does not ap-
parently gain or decrease in numbers." And again, "I regard-
ed the Chat, at my first discovery, in 1877, as purely accidental,
at the time, but subsequent observation leads me to think that
it will be found sparingly in Monroe County every year, were
all the localities carefully searched that are favorable to it.
Of late years, I have noted it several times and I have come
to regard it as a rare but regular summer resident of Monroe
County."

In the adjoining territory to Tvlichigan some interesting data
is to be gathered.

In Ohio, Prof. Pynds Jones, Birds of Ohio, lists it as a com-
mon bird in the southern counties of his state, but becoming
less so to the north mitil it becomes almost rare on the Lake
Erie shore.

Across the Lake at Point Pelee, Out.. ^Mr. W. E. Saunders
found it in 1884, and in May, 1905, he. together with Mr.
Swales and the writer, found several pairs there.^

In Indiana, Butler lists it as common in the southern parts
of the state to rare in the northern sections, and adds, "Prior
to 1893, it was unknown in the north-western part of the state,
and the same may be said along the northern boundary in both
Indiana and Michigan." From the data I have from Illinois
about the same conditions have prevailed. It seems to have
appeared about Chicago in. 1894 ; since then it seems to have
been a more or less regular summer resident, especially in the
Calumet region and about the Skokie ^^larshes. but not reg-
ularlv common and rather local.

Taverner — On a Tagged Flicker. 21

Kumlien and Hollister record it as a regular summer resi-
dent in the southern part of Wisconsin, where it breeds in fa-
vorable localities rather commonly. They neglect to state how
long it has been so, but it has probably come into this state at
a comparatively recent date as it has in the adjoining ones.

A comparison of the foregoing leads one to the conclusion
that the extension of its range about 1893 and '94 was of pret-
ty general distribution, and must be referred to general and
not local conditions. In most places it now appears to have
made almost permanent settlements and we can hope that this
species will become firmly settled and form a welcome addi-
tion to our avi-fauna.

' Since writing the above. Dr. Wm. Brodie, of Toronto, wontes me
that he met with an individual of this species on Point Pelee in
July, 1879. He examined the dead bird in the flesh, so there can be
no doubt as to the identification. — P. A. T.

A TAGGED FLICKER.

Readers of the ornithological magazines may remember a
scheme proposed by the writer a couple of 3'ears ago for tag-
ging birds for the purpose of studying migration. The idea
was to put aluminum bands upon the tarsi of nestlings and all
other birds it was possible to capture. These bands were to be
inscribed with a number, and the words "Notify the Auk, N.
Y." For the last two summers I have been doing this on every
occasion and have been furnishing others with the materials
for following my example. Strict notes have been kept in re-
gard to each tag used, and this winter, the first fruit of the
work has been reaped.

May 29, 1905, Mr. Chas. Kirkpatrick attached 'tag No. 123
to the leg of a half-grown Flicker at Keota, Keokuck County,
Iowa. Christmas day this bird was shot by Mr. J. E. Ross, of
Many, Sabine Parish, L.a., about six hundred and fifty miles
south of the breeding grounds. The bird was not saved,^ un-
fortunately, but I have positively identified the tag used, so
there can be no doubt as to the accuracy of the record. This
gives us, I think, the first absolute data on the extent of the
individual migration of this bird, and as such, is of much in-

22 The Wilson Bi-llktin — No. 51.

terest. If the bird had l^en saved, it would have been ex-
tremely interesting as a specimen of known age, developed
under natural, wild suroundings. Data on this subject is ex-
tremely rare and mlcst valuable from a plumage standpoint.

There are many other birds whose tagging would probably
lead to interesting results. Bobolinks, from the fact that so
many are killed in the southern rice fields, would be apt to
turn up again, but are difficult to discover in the nest or to
catch when adult. Perhaps one of the most fruitful fields
would be among the gulls and terns where they nest in num-
bers. A nesting place visited, it is easy to tag many of the
}'Oung, and they are also so often shot by would-be-sports and
others that there would be fair chances of their being taken
again in other parts of their range. A few chickadees so dec-
orated would likely solve the question whether they migrate
in the winter or not. Careful traj^ping in the shrubbery about
the house might show whether the same birds migrate over
the same path year after year or not. In fact there seems to be
no other field that promises such important results with so lit-
tle hard work as this does, and it is one that almost any one
can do. I should like to see the corps of bird-taggers enlarged
this year. If any of these readers hear of any bird being taken
with the tags upon them I hope they will n>ake every attempt
to save the bird, or as much of it as possible ; a wing or a
head is often sufficient to identify the specimien. and forward
the same to me at on.ce. P. A. Taverner.

^ Since writing above tlie writer lias received a part of wing of
this bird.

SPECIAL IN\'ESTIGATI0X.

Accompanying this number of the Bulletin are copies of
blanks calling for investigation upon the breeding habits of
any and all of our birds. More of these blanks can be had upon
application to Frank L. Burns, Berwyn, Pa., or Lynds Jones,
Oberlin, Ohio. You are urged to keep one of these blanks
where it will attract your attention each day, and to answer
one or more of the questions which it asks you. The list of
points has been made rather extensive not in the. expectation

Special Investigation. 23

that any one person will be able to fill all of the spaces for a
single species, but rather in the hope that you may find some
point upon which you can give information. Any informa-
tion at all relating to any species of our birds will be received
with thanks and will be used somiehow in the final report.
Please do not neglect to return these blanks because there does
not seem to be enough upon it to pay for the postage. If
there is anything at all upon it let the compiler judge of its
value. One question answered is well worth while.

Mr. Frank L. Burns has kindly consentel to undertake the
study of the life history of the Broad-winged Hawk, with your
cooperation. He desires information past, present, and future
concerning this species, upon all aspects of its life. The ac-
companying blanks for breeding notes can be used as far as
they go in giving the life history of this hawk. You will con-
fer a lasting favor upon Mr. Burns and upon the science of
ornitholog}' if you will not allow this appeal for notes to grow
cold and so finally entirely escape your mind. Send him what
vou have now.

THE WILSON BULLETIN.

A Quarterly Magazine Devoted to the Study of Living Birds.
Official Organ of the Wilson Ornithological Club.

Edited by LYNDS JONES.

PUBLISHED BY THE CLUB, AT OBERLIN, OHIO.

Price in the United States, Canada and Mexico, .50 cents a year, 15 cents a number, post-
paid. Price in all countries in the International Postal Union, 65 cents a year, 20 cents
a number. Subscriptions may be sent to Lynds Jones, Oberlin. Ohio, or to Mr. Frank L.
Burns, Bei-wyn, Penn.

EDITORIAL.

The editor has received clippings from numerous papers which
indicate clearly that there are many alert students who are doing
good service in their own localities. It is not always possible to
acknowledge receipt of such remembrances, but the sender may be
certain that the editor appreciates these tokens, and is always
pleased to receive them.

The field work which is just now suffering to be done is that re-
lating to the life of the birds. There is no lack of systematists and
bibliographers and students of color patterns, all of whom have
their places in any study of the birds, and there are hosts of those
who enjoy the birds and are enthusiastic in their quest for new fields
where new forms may be added to their acquaintance list, but the
dearth of those who are making a careful and systematic study
of the life of even a single species is all too apparent. The blanks
which accompany this number are an earnest appeal to all to en-
ter this field even though your foot never leaves the margin. It
is a broad field, and no one can hope to cover all of it, but to be
discouraged by its breadth would be like refusing to taste of the
delicious strawberries in a large field because you could not hope
to eat all of them! The pleasures to be found in this field of bird
study are just as certain as any. and promise larger returns.

The flight of Snowy Owls, which has reached considerable pro-
portions in the eastern and middle sections of the country during
the past winter, when taken in connection with the phenomenally
warm, snow-free winter, assumes a character of great significance.

General Notes. 35

It is also true that in most sections of the country there has been
a dearth of bird life in general which has caused universal remark.
Speaking for northern Ohio, I have been unable to discover any
unusual food conditions which might explain the appearance of the
owls or the scarcity of other birds. No doubt the influx of owls
was but an unusually marked symptom of a similar southward
movement of practically all birds which habitually spend the win-
ter months in ice bound parts of the country. If all indications
are not deceptive on this point we shall have to look again for the
explanation of these southward flights. It is fnterestiug to no-
tice that these southward flights of the Snowy Owl, the Hawk
Owl, the Pine Grosbeak, the Redpoll, and the White-winged Cross-
bill, not to prolong the list, do not seem to have any cotnnection
with each other. In other words, the influences which seem to be
acting upon one of these species to bring about a southward win-
ter movement many not affect the others at all. Reports from
southern Ontario indicate that there has been no unusual move-
ment of the owls there the past winter, w^hile at places a hundred
or more miles south of Ontario the number of specimens captured
and seen was sufficient to cause general remark. Were the con-
ditions in northern Ontario, or even farther north, particularly un-
favorable for passing the winter, or were the central districts into
which the birds passed unusually favorable, or were both of these
influences combined? It is an enticing subject for practical field
work. Its solution is entirely possible.

■ GENERAL NOTES.

A Vulture Pje. — Of all the gastronomic stunts performed, the
record w^as completely shattered in this county last summer. A
resident cf Atglen, possessing much better markmanship than
judgment, and no respect at all for some of the laws of the com-
monwealth, came into town with a mixed bunch of birds, the
largest a specimen of the Turkey Vulture. Being utterly worth-
less to him he very kindly (?) presented them to an Italian work-
ing on the "Low Grade Freight Line." The dago proudly carried
the string to his boarding house shanty. The Vulture, being the
largest, was naturally considered the prize, so it was cleaned, and
stuffed with plenty of garlic, and the entire household proceeded
to make a meal of it; with the result that all were made deathly
sick. The next day one of the participants gravely observed to
the donor: "Big bird no good!" He didn't seem to appreciate his
blessings! Fraxk L. Burxs, Berwyn, Pa.

RED-TTfKOATED Loox AT Grassy Souxd, N. J. — A most interesting
New Jersey record is that of a Red-throated Loon (Urinator lunv-

2G Till-: Wilson Bulletin — No. 54.

me), June 15, 1904, at Grassy Sound. It was shot, after diving and
dotlging several bullets, by a Mr. Stanart, a local gunner of that
place, and secured by Mr. C. N. Cass, to whom I am indebted for
the skin. Mr. Cass removed the sldn the same day the bird was
shot, fearing it would spoil. Unfortunately the body was not sexed.
As far as known this is the latest summer date for Southern New
Jersey, where the species occurs rarely.

Frank L. Burns, Berwyn, Pa.

The Opening of TiiE 190G Si'king Miuuation at Oberlin, O. — Fol-
lowing an almost record-breaking winter for both temperature and
for snowfall, the spring migration opened in February with the
appearance of migrating individuals of Robin, Bluebird, MeadowlarK,
Killdeer, Bronzed Crackle and Canada Goose. There was a slight
increase in the number of individuals of each species except Kill-
deer and Canada Goose, which culminated on the 24th, when Rob-
ins, Bluebirds, Meadowlarks and Crackles were fairly common, and
Red-winged Blackbirds arrived. The cold wave which began on
the 5th checked any further adyance, and reduced most of the
birds to winter conditions again. On the 26th geese were seen re-
turning southward. Neither frogs nor salamanders were heard
piping, but some insects came out. This is the earliest wave of
migration which has been recorded for Oberlin. Lynds Jones.

Hermit Thrx'Sii in Winter. — On December 8, 1905, while work-
ing through the woods near the head of Belle Isle, Detroit river, I
met with a bird of this species. This bird was evidently in good
condition, and during the time that I watched him, was tripping
over the dead leaves in a very lively fashion. He was not at all
shy, in fact was much less so than the species generally is. The
day was a pleasant, bright one, but during the week before
(Nov. 29-Dec. 4) we had the most severe weather of the winter,
the temperature falling as low as 17° on the 30th, with about an
inch of snow on the ground on Dec. 2. This is the first record
known to me of the occurrence of this species here in winter.

Bradshaw H. Swales, Detroit, Mich.

Roll of Members. 27

ROLL OF MEMBERS.

Officers for 1905.

Prteident — Lynds, Jones, Oberlin, Ohio.

Vice-President — R. L. Baird, Denmark, la.

Secretary — Frank L. Burns, Berwyn, Pa.

Treasurer — Bradshaw H. Swales, 145 Gladstone Ave., Detroit, Mich.

Executive Council — Harry C. Oberholser, Washington, D. C; John

H. Sage, Portland, Conn.; W. E. Saunders, London, Ont.

Active Members.

Clinton G. Abbott, 153 West 73d St., New York City.

Robert L. Baird, Denmark, la.

Paul Bartsch, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.

A. C. Bent, Taunton, Mass.

Homer L. Bigelow, 511 Washington St., Boston, Mass.

Dr. Louis B. Bishop, 356 Orange St., New Haven, Conn.

Alexander W. Blain, Jr., 131 Elmwood Ave., Detroit, Mich.

Charles F. Brennan, Mt. Carmel, 111.

William Brewster, 145 Brattle St., Cambridge, Mass.

Clarence Morrison Brooks, Box 260, Keene, N. H.

W. H. Brownson, Advertiser Office, Portland, Maine.

Frank Bruen, 140 High St., Bristol, Conn.

Henry R. Buck, Box 213, Hartford, Conn.

G. M. Burdiclt, Milton Junction, Wis.

Frank L. Burns, Berwyn, Pa.

Mrs. Agnes Chase, 116 Florida Ave., N. W., Washington, D. C.

Miss Esther Craigmile, Whittier, Calif.

Maunsell S. Crosby, Beck Hall, Cambridge, Mass.

Frank S. Daggett, 441-2 Postal Tel. Bldg., Chicago, 111.

Edward M. Daniel, Lynchburg, Va.

Mrs. Elizabeth B. Davenport, 45 Green St., Brattleboro, Vt.

Rev. W. Leon Dawson, University Station, Seattle, Wash.

Walter Deane, 29 Brewster St., Cambridge, Mass.

Owen Durfee, Box 125, Fall River, Mass.

William Dutcher, Manhattan Ave., New York City.

Dr. J. Dwight, Jr., 2 East 34th St., New York City.

George P. Ells, NoTwalk, Conn.

George C. Embody, Bethel College, Russellville, Ky.

Louis J. Eppinger, 299 Gratiot Ave., Detroit, Mich.

Miss E. W. Fisher, 1502 Pine St., Philadelphia, Pa.

George L. Fordyce, 40 Lincoln Ave., Youngstown, Ohio.

Louis Agassiz Fuertes, 13 East Ave., Ithaca, N. Y.

Benj. T. Gault, Glen Ellyn, 111.

N. C. Gilbert, DeKalb, 111.

28 The ^\'Il.S(l^■ r.ri.i.i:ri x — No. .-)l.

L. N. Goodenough, Girdly, Pa.

Mrs. Stephen Cobb Goss, 5475 Ridgewood Court, Hyde Park, 111.

Hon. Junius Henderson, Boulder, Boulder Co., Colo.

Carl Fltz Henning, Boone, la.

Rev. W. F. Henninger, 206 Jefferson St., Tiffin, Ohio.

George E. Hix, 114 W. 90th St., New York City.

Ned Hollister, Delavan, Wis.

LaRue K. Holmes, Pine Grove Ave.. Summit, N. J.

Frederick C. Hubel, 112 Alexandrine Ave., Detroit, Mich.

Chreswell J. Hunt, 1.306 N. 53rd St., Philadelphia, Pa.

J. Warren Jacobs, Waynesburg, Pa.

Lynds Jones, 160 North Professor St., Oberlin, Ohio.

J. W. Kay, 62 Sheldon Ave., Detroit, Mich.

W. G. Kay, 62 Sheldon Ave., Detroit, Mich.

Miss Rebecca Moorhead Leete, North East, Pa.

Herbert H. Marble, Box 71, Fall River, Mass.

Harr>' B. McConnell, Cadiz, Ohio.

Frederick B. McKechnie, Ponkapog, Mass.

Mrs. Olive Thorne Miller, Garvanza, Calif.

Dr. Walter I. Mitchell, 202 Levy Bldg., Galveston, Texas.

C. H. Morris, McConnellsville, Ohio.

Harry C. Oberholser, 1505 Howard St., Washington, D. C.

Rev. P. B. Peabcdy, Newcastle, Wyo.

O. H. Pease, Hope, Kansas.

Clark J. Peck, 6728 Leeds St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Harold E. Porter, 101 West S5th St., New York City.

Alfred Redfield, Westchester, Pa.

Charles H. Rogers, 39 University Place, Princeton, N. J.

John H. Sage, Portland Conn.

William E. Saunders, 352 Clarence St.. London, Ont.

Orpheus M. Schantz. Morton Park, 111.

George H. Selleck, 110 High St., Exeter, N. H.

Dr. A. R. Shearer, Mont Belvieu, Texas.

Prof. P. M. Silloway, Lewiston, Mont.

H. H. Skinner, Suite 18, The Rutherglen, Cleveland, Ohio.

Clarence F. Stone, Branchport, N. Y.

Prof. H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.

Bradshaw H. Swales, 145 Gladstone Ave., Detroit, Mich.

P. A. Tavemer, 165 Oakland Ave., Detroit, Mich.

John E. Thayer, Box 98, Lancaster, Mass.

Miss Adelaide Utter, Clerk U. S. Circuit Court, Kansas City, Mo.

Warner M. VanNorden, 751 Fifth Ave., New York City.

Walter F. Webb, First National Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y.

Mark L. C. Wilde, 315 N. 5th St., Camden, N. J.

Burtis H. WMlson, 1102 Seventeenth St., Rock Island, 111.

Sidney S. Wilson, German Am. Bank Bldg., St. Joseph, Mo.

Election of INIembers. 29

Honorary Members.

Prof. H. H. Ballard, Pittsfield, Mass.
Rev. J. H. Langllle, Kensington, Md.
Prof. H. Nehrllng, Palm Cottage, Gotha, Fla.
Mr. Otto Widmann, St. Louis, Mo.

Associate Members.

Harold Bowditch, "Sunnyside," Jamaica Plain, Mass,

H. W. Carriger, 486 Eddy St., San Francisco, Calif.

Mrs. T. D. Dershimer, Square Top, Wyoming Co., Pa.

Irving A. Field, 61 Oxford St., Cambridge, Mass.

J. L. Floyd, Brvine Block, Canton, Ohio.

Harry S. Hathaway, Box 498, Providence, R. I.

Clarence E. Hefflefinger, R. F. D. No. 2, Plimpton, Ohio.

Karl J. Heilmann, 401 East Market St., Tiffin, Ohio.

Thomas D. Keim, 405 Redcliffe St., Bristol, Pa.

Miss Caroline Matthews, 90 Main St., Waterville, Me.

William J. Mills, Box 16, East Point, Ga.

G. F. Richardson, 116 South Main St., Mt. Pleasant, Mich.

Miss Isabella Sand, Ardsley-on-Hudson, N. Y.

Frank A. Schantz, Box 361 Berlin, Ont.

Dr. Charles E. Slocum, Defiance, Ohio.

Miss Marion E. Sparks, Urbana, 111.

Miss Jane L. Spencer, 239 East First St., Oswego, N. Y.

Millard Van Wagner, 47 Leonard St., New York City.

Dr. Charles Vetter, 152 Second St., New York City.

Edward R. Warren, 20 West Caramillo St., Colorado Springs, Colo.

Rev. George F. Weld, Lincoln St.. Hingham, Mass.

Miss Clara S. Wheatley, Medina, Ohio.

Norman A. Wood, 1216 S. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Emlen Wood, Devon, Chester Co., Pa.

ELECTION OF MEMBERS.

The following are proposed for Active Membership: —
Prof. Walter Barrows, Agricultural College, Mich.
J. Claire Wood, Detroit, Mich.
C. Leon Brumbaugh, Wilkinsburgh, Pa.

For Associate Membership: —
Gilbert H. Trafton, Passaic, N. J.

Fifiure 1.

Roseate Tern (Sterna dougalli) Juvenile Plumage.
Photo by Lyntls Jones.

THE

WILSON BULLETIN

NO. 55.

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY

VOL. XVIII JUNE, 1906 NO. 2

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE

COMMON (Sterna hirundo) AND ROSEATE

{S. dougaUi) TERNS.

BY LYNDS JONES.
THE COMMON TERN.

We are more indebted to Mr. George H. Mackay than to any
one other person for what is known of the life history of this
tern, as well as of the life history of the several species of the
gulls and terns which breed on the coast of Massachusetts.
Mr. Mackay's extended studies have appeared in volumes 12
to 16 inclusive of The Auk. I shall not repeat the points in
the life history of this species which he has fully covered, but
attempt to supplement what he has given, and to indicate
changes in habits where they may have occurred in the inter-
val between his studies and mine.

The studies upon which this paper are based were carried
on during parts of the summers of 1903 and 4, with Woods
Hole, Massachusetts, as a base of operations, and with all of
the facilities of the Marine Biological Laboratory, and the
L^nited States Fish Commission at my command. To the direc-
tors of these two institutions my thanks are heartily tendered.

From July 8 to August 14, 1903, and from June 28 to Au-
gust 12, 1904, the terns were under almost constant observa-
tion. Intensive studies were conducted at the Woepecket isl-
ands and on Muskeget island. The colonies on Penikese and

36 TiiF. Wii.sox llui.i.i/riN — Xo. 5.").

on Xo-nians-land islands were visited several times where
comparative studies were made. Three visits to the colonies on
the three Chicken islands and on North Harbor island in Lake
\irk\ enabled me to compare marine and inland colonies.

INIuskeget island is iy])ical of the low sandy islands to which
the \\'oepeckets and a i)art of I'nckernnck belong. Such
islands are covered with a growth of l)unch grass and poison
ivy, and with other vegetation of less consequence and rela-
tively slight in quantity. The bunch grass forms dense masses
in some places, but in others is in scattered bunches, and there
are areas of some extent devoid of any vegetation. The broad
beach is either sandy with few or no stones, or composed of
boulders ranging from the size of pebbles to several tons in
weight. Driftwood and sea weed are found everywhere.
Penikcse island is typical of the high islands which are cov-
ered with a strong turf with little or no other vegetation ex-
cept on the islands of large area where forests maintain
themselves with all the attendant vegetation. Of course the
terns and gulls frequent only the borders of forest covered
islands, and in the vicinity of Woods Hole are largely confined
to Penikese, No-mans-land, and the outlying parts of Martha's
\'ineyard at the ocean end of Katama Bay.

Mr. Mackay states that but one brood is reared in a season.
There is gcod evidence for believing that two broods are raised
by a considerable proportion of the Common Terns. About
June 10th nests with eggs are the most numerous, according
to Captain Gibbs of the Life Saving Station on Muskeget isl-
and, and also Special Policeman Small of the same island.
.A.lso according to these gentlemen, there is a second maximum
time for eggs, which occurs about July 10th. My observations
corroborate this view. Upon n-jy arrival on June 28, 1904,
very few nests coutaining eggs were to be found, while two
weeks later nests with eggs were found everywhere.

Mr. Mackay records very few nests containing 5 eggs, and
inclines to believe that in exceptional cases one bird may have
deposited all fi^'e eggs. I found three nests wdiich contained
6 eggs, and a considerable number which contained ."). In
every case where the nest contained more than 4 eggs it was

Jones — On Common and Roseate Terns. 37

clear that two females had laid to the same nest. This was
proved by the marked difference in the degree of incubition of
two or three of the eggs from the rest in the nest, or by the
marked difference in size and markings and textnre of the
shell. In a relatively small proportion of cases nests contain-
ing fonr eggs were clearly mixed sets. While many nests
contained but one egg, T never met with a case where the single
egg could be regarded as a nest complement. Either another
or other eggs were laid in the nest later, or the nest proved to
be deserted, or the egg was infertile and remained after the
others had hatched. The usual number of eggs or young was

COMMON TERN. (Sterna Hirundo.)
Egg. Young Just Hatched, Young Two Days Old.
Woepecket Id., Mass.

38 The Wilson Bulletin — No. 55.

three, but there were many nests with two eggs or young, and
a somiewhat smaller number with four eggs or young.

Contrary to manv statements, I have never met with a case
of no nest material in the case of this tern. A freshly made
nest is usually a well constructed cup of dry grass, or dry drift
seaweed, or other dry trash, arranged loosely in a depression
in the sand, on drift seaweed, or among the beach pebbles or
stones. The material is definitely arranged and pressed down
to smoothness by treading and by pressing the breast against
the nest material. Exposed nests are pretty certain to have
most or all of the nest material blown away before the chicks
leave the nest.

Nests are placed practically anywhere on the ground. The
sandy beaches as well as the gravelly and stony exposed
beaches are occupied, but there seems to be a marked tendency
for the birds to prefer the upper reaches of the islands, placing
the nests among the grasses and bushes and vines, but with-
out attempts at concealment. On the Woepecket islands, how-
ever, where great boulders of several tons w^eight are scat-
tered along certain parts of the beach, several nests were found
beneath these boulders, or even placed well back in crevices
or littles caves. The birds seem to demand a fairly broad out-
look from the nest. The upland parts of Penikese island are
covered with a strong turf which supports a luxuriant growth
of grass. Among this grass the terns' nests are often raised
from the ground by the thick matting of last year's growth.

Air. Mackay states that wherever the nest may be placed the
tern selects material which harmonizes with the surroundings.
I have not found that to be true in enough cases to indicate
any suggestion of intelligence on the part of the bird. Nests
placed among the rubble of the beach are hard to see l>ecause
the eggs resemble the pebbles, making the nest appear to be a
wisp of drift. Nests placed on the light gray sand or grass
are conspicuous objects, since both nest material and eggs form
a strong contrast with the surroundings. It would seem, there-
fore, that the upland and sandy reaches nesting habit was a
late acquisition, and that the birds have not yet fully adapted

Jones — On Common and Roseate Terns. 39

themselves to the different environment which these places
afford.

The eggs are generally deposited on successive days, rarely
a whole day intervening between the deposition of two eggs.
Incubation begins when the first egg is deposited, and the eggs
hatch in the order in which they were deposited. The period
of incubation for six nests studied was 21 days, or the same
as for the domestic fowl.

Both male and female take regular turns sitting, but my ob-
servations indicate that the female spends more time on the
nest than the male. In the cases studied, a bird later found
to be the female, approached the nest abruptly and settled upon
the eggs without any preliminaries. She remained quiet 40
minutes, when she uttered a peculiar call which was repeated
at short intervals until a bird separated itself from the hover-
ing cloud, or company at the water's edge, when she stood up,
took a few steps, and flew away. The male alighted on the
sand several rods to leeward of the nest and approached it
gradually, simulated feeding, and called loudly at intervals.
\^■hcn he reached the nest he merely stood over the eggs to
protect them from the scorching rays of the sun, and kept
calling at intervals. In 20 minutes he became more restless,
called more frequently, and soon ran some distance to wind-
ward of the nest and took wing. Within a few minutes the
female alighted on the sand near the nest and went abruptly
to it and settled upon the eggs. This maneuver was repeated
many times, with slight modifications. Upon the slightest
disturbance the birds leave the nest and circle about overhead,
calling excitedly and loudly, often making sallies at the head
of the intruder. At first it seemed impossible to select the
parents from the other scolding birds which constantly hovered
over me, and since one can seldom find a nest which is suffi-
cienitly isolated to enable one to concentrate attention upon it
alone, there might well be confusion as to the owners of any
given nest. But with the young the case is more definite.
When a young bird is picked up, two of the hovering birds
becnir.e much bolder than the rest, dashing within a few feet
of the intruder. After considerable careful studv it became

40 The Wilson Ik-LLEiiN — No. 55.

evident that while there is always a comnnuniity of interest in
the whole colony the aggressive protest against the intruder
is confined to the birds immediately interested. In cases of
doubt as to whetlier the nest under observation was that of
hiruudo or dongaUi it was only necessary to remain quietly
near the nest until all but one or two of the birds tired of the
demonstration of hostility. The female was invariably the
more aggressive.

Not much of the.incubatiou of the eggs is left to the heat of
sun and sand, but the birds brood almost constantly. Eggs
left exposed to the sun for any considerable time die. A large
number of eggs do not hatch. Some are evidently infertile,
but manv die from lack of proper care. Incubatiou evidently
begins when the first tgg is laid.

The first feather rudiments appear as little swellings upon
the skin surface on the fifth day of incubation. By the tenth
day thev have greatly elongated and turned backward to lie
parallel to the skin surface, many of them being pigmented.
These rudiments of the first or nestling downs appear first on
the tail, then successively forward to the forehead along the
feather tracts, except that in the region of the large wing
feathers they begin to appear at about the time when those on
the lower back are first seen. On the 18th day of incubation
the dowai feathers in the region of the outer primaries begin to
show enlarged bases beneath the skin. These enlargements
are the beginning of the future juvenile flight feathers. When
the bird hatches its down feathers are unexpanded and look
like wet hairs plastered against the skin. They remain in this
condition during the first day after hatching, but on the sec-
ond day the enclosing sheath dries and splits and the liberated
and dried down barbs expand and cover the skin surface with a
soft, fluffy i^lumage. On the third (la\- after hatching the flight
feathers appear at the surface of the skin and in their further
growth push the down feathers out of their pockets. At first
the new feather is enclosed by a horny sheath which keeps it
in the "pin feather" form, with the tuft of down sticking to its
pointed tip. Tn three or four days the horny sheath dries and
splits away from the tip and the new feather flattens out into

Jones — On Common and Roseate Terns.

41.

Fisrure 3.

a perfect feather. The down is seen to form a fringe along
the tip of the flattened feather (Fig. 3), each down barb being-
attached to one or more of the barbs of the new feather. This
down fringe wears off rapidly on all exposed parts, but is
sometimes found in protected places on young birds some days
after they begin to fly about. The young bird can fly feebly
by the eighth day after hatching.

The embryo, on the 18th
day of incubation, lies doubled
up in the egg, with the head
turned under the body rest-
ing on the abdomen, just in
front of the elongated yolk
sac. The bill is thrust betweeii
the right knee and elbow, in-
cliniing slightly toward the
body, tlie left foot touching
the neck, just back of the ear,

the right foot resting on the
Juvenile definitive featliers of r , , , , , , • .i „
„ , . , . , , , , forehead, almost touchmg the

S. luntndo with down barbs at-
tached to their tips, "&'"'t ^Y^-

By the 18th day of incubation the shell is cracked in one or
more places near "the large end. The cracks are radially ar-
ranged in areas, and are clearly produced by pressure upon
the shell from within. Examination reveals the fact that be-
neath each cracked area lies some protruding part of the em-
bryo— the knee, bill, or shoulder — which is in contact with the
shell when the embryo has a muscular contortion. A faint
peeping can be heard at this time.

On the 19th, in a few instances on the 20th day of incubation,
the shell was found broken through by the tip of the bill for a
space the diameter of the tip of the bill. This break was usu-
ally near the center of the first seen cracked area. I did not
find any instance in which this air hole was materially en-
larged, nor any instance in which any other holes were made
in the shell. On the 21st day of incubation the nuiscular con-
tortions of the chick resulted in bursting- off the entire large

42 The. Wilson Bulletin — No. 55.

end of the egg". Tlic chick tlien rca(hly wriggled himself free
from the remainder of the shell. The yolk sac is drawn into
the body and closed at the end of the 20th day of incubation.

During the first day after hatching the young bird lies in
an apparently exhausted condition, and receives no food.
Feeding begins on the second day. Late hatched young are
likely to be attacked by myriads of the little red ants which
infest the islands, and many are killed by them.

Regurgitation is never practiced by this tern. The fish, here
usually the sand lance {Antmodytes americantts) , is caught in
the w'ater and is held by its middle while it is being carried to
the waiting young. The fish is deftly turned head toward the
chick and thrust into its mouth or even pushed down its throat.
The size of the fish did not necessarily bear any relation to the
size of the chick. It was no vuicommon thing to find a two-
day-old chick peacefully sleeping in the nest with an inch or
more of fish protruding from its mouth. It was forced to eat
its fish by intallments ! Several fishes forcibly removed from
protesting young had the head and upper part of the body di-
gested, while the tail region was still exposed to the air.

The young usuall}' remained in the nest for the first three
days, but on the fourth day they left it but remained near.
Young hatched in nests placed among thick grass, as on Peni-
kese island, remain in the vicinity of the nest until they can
fly away from it. Here there are paths trodden in the grass,
radiating from the nest in several directions, but seldom far-
ther than a rod from the nest. The }-oung are fed by the pa-
rents or parent until seme time after the young are able to fly
about and accompany the old to the fishing grounds. I have
never seen a young bird fed while both birds were flying. In-
variably the young, at least, settles upon the water before re-
ceiving the fish, and shakes his plumage as from defilement
after receiving it.

I have never seen either the young or old birds eat the re-
mains of the egg shells, nor have I ever found remnants of the
shells in the digestive tracts of the birds, but I have found
shells from which young had unmistakably escaped in the wa-
ter where they could not possibly have been blown l)v the wind.

Jones — On Common and Roseate Terns. -lo

Shells are not left in the nest, and there is some evidence for
believing that the old birds remove them and carry them some
distance before dropping them.

How do the old birds recognize their own young among the
multitude of young birds congregated on the beach ? was a
question which occupied a good deal of my attention and inter-
est. After the young leave the nest and its vicinity they wan-
der about aimlessly and may be at widely different places at
two visits of the old birds. Hence it often becomes a serious
question on the part of the parent how to find its offspring.
Abundant opportunity was afforded for studying this question.
Old birds with young which had left the nest, when coming in
with a fish, stooped to examine each group of young in turn until
a young bird, apparently its own, was found, when the old bird
alighted. Immediately the youngster began to dance and call
vociferously, but not until the old one had touched the young
one with its forehead was the question decided. Often this
minute inspection was immediately followed by the de-
parture of the old bird without delivering the fish, the quest
for its own young being renewed. It thus became clear that
sight alone was not depended upon for recognition, but that the
final decision rested upon the sense of smell. Sometimes the
quest resulted in failure, when the old bird swallowed the fish.
The evidence seemed to indicate that these terns feed only
their own young.

the roseate tern. (Sterna dougalli)

I found the Roseate Tern breeding only on the Woepecket.
Penikese, and JMuskeget islands. Everywhere their numbers
were far less than those of the Common Tern. On the Woe-
peckets they were largely confined to the two smaller islands,
on Penikese to the north-eastern border and on the sand shoal
locally known as Little Penikese, and on IMuskeget to the nar-
row neck extending toward the long sand pit of Tuckernuck.

This tern seems to be -far more fastidious about its nesting
than the Common Tern. I found no nests that were not in
the midst of grass, and the nest is generally well hidden by a
covering of grass. In such situations the nests are more dififi-

44 The Wilson JJulletix — No. 55.

cult to find, and the finer spotting of the eggs renders them less
conspicuous in the shade of the grasses.

Onlv two nests were studied to the completion of the incu-
bation period, but these had an incubation period of 21 days.
In general the habits do not difi:'er from those of the Common
Tern. Their instincts inclined them to be more wary, but
they were more courageous when their nests or young seemed
in danger. yVn outraged pair would even follow the intruder
from one of the Woepecket islands to the other, fighting all
the way.

THE PLUMAGE OF S. HIRUXDO AND DOUGALLL

Anv such study would lack completeness that did not men-
tion the plumages of the downy young and the young birds
in their first definitive feathers.

The downy young of hirundo is mottled wdth tawny and
black or dusky, the mottling varying within small limits with
the individual. The wdiole throat is dusky, but the rest of the
under-parts are pure white. The expanded, flufify down
leathers form a complete covering for the body, but they grow
only in the feather tracts which are characteristic of the terns.
Figure 4 illustrates the pattern of mottling. This pattern
seems particularly well adapted for the concealment of the
chick among the rubble of the beach or upon the drift seaweed.
On the gray sand or among the yellowish grass, however, the
young is readily detected because its colors are here contrasty.
While the }'oung remain in the nest they seldom show fear,
but raise their heads and open their mouths for food.

The downy young of dougaUi are tawny streaked with
dusky. One could not confuse this pattern with that of the
downy young of Junindo. The legs of the young hirundo are
coral red or lighter, while the legs of the downy young dougaUi
are invariably almost black. The streaked pattern of the
dougaUi chick renders the bird almost invisible in the grass
covered nest. The young of doitgalli flatten themselves down
into the nest in apparent fear upon the approach of an intruder.
\^^hen they leave the nest they hide away under the grass.
Their difference in color pattern seems to go with a difference
in disposition.

Jones — On Common and Roseate Terns. 45

The young in his first definitive feather plumage is, in
hirnndo, barred across the back and wings with dusky brown
and rufous. The main body of the feather is "gull blue," its
distal end is rufous-brown for the space of several millimeters
in width, and between this rufous brown distal margin and the
field of "gull blue" there is a crescent of black which is very

Figure 4

Common Tern {Sterna liirundo). Downy young, three
days old.

variable in extent. Enough of the feather is exposed to show
the three colors mentioned above. The combined effect is a
distinct barring of the color pattern of the upper parts. The
entire under parts are pure white. In doiigalli the pattern is
more varied and is well illustrated by figure 1. Here the
black tends to form more than one bar.

46 Tin: Wilson Bulletin — No. 55.

The habits of the partly fledged young, before they are capa-
ble of flight, lend color to the supposition that these color pat-
terns are protective in nature.

I could discover no evidence, however, to prove that the
young birds are conscious of the protective nature of their
color patterns. The downy young usually squatted and
"froze" when the parent uttered the alarm cry, and the partly
fledged young usually ran to hide — invariably trying to crawl
under something.

The streakiness of the doui^aHi downy young harmonizes
with the shadows which the grass overhanging the nest cast.
After they leave the nest they are difficult to see beneath it,
because the colors and pattern of the downy plumage harmon-
ize well with the grass and shadows. The blotchiness of the
Itirnndo downy young harmonizes with the rubble of the beach
and, while there is more contrast with the grass in which some
are found than with the downy young of dougaUi, there is yet
harmony enough to miake the young bird inconspicuous while
it is still.

The juvenile hintndo hides, or tries to hide, like the Ostrich
— by thrusting its head beneath the grass cover. Its head is
nearly black with a light colored frontlet, while the barring
of the rest of the upper parts with tawny and dusky or black
harmonize with the grass beneath which the head is thrust.
Persons who had not studied the terns in their nesting places
w^ere unable to see the young when so placed. Under broad
leaved plants these young were readily seen after the leaves
had been parted. The juvenile doiii^alli pushes himself com-
pletely beneath the grass or leafy retreat. When the cover-
ing is partly removed his peculiar pattern of barring and
mottling makes him inconspicuous. His habit of moving
toward deeper cover when his hiding place is disturbed betrays
him.

The pure black crown, pure white under parts, and clear
"gull blue" upper parts of both of these terns in adult plum-
age is well known. If there be any protective coloration in
the adult pattern it nuist be while the birds are a-wing, for
they are conspicuous objects when a-light.

Henninger — Ox Birds of Seneca County, O. 47

The color pattern of the downy younig is outlhied when the
down feathers first make their appearance upon the skin sur-
face of the six-day embryo. That is, the pigment begins to
develop in the down feathers which are to be black almost as
soon as the feather papilla appears vipon the skin surface. An
entire down feather is seldom all one color, but those which
are black at the tip are tawny in the middle and black at the
base, and those which are tawny at the tip are also black at
the base. This applies only to the down feathers of the dorsal
.surface. There are many down feathers on the ventral sur-
face which are wholly white.

Taking the three plumages as illustrating a process of evolu-
tion of color pattern, and taking the streakiness of the downy
young of dougalli as the more primitive, we may readily per-
ceive that longitudinal stripes of color break up into transverse
bars, and the bars give place to a uniform distribution of color.
In the evolution of the present adult coloration of the terns of
the genus Sterna, it seems probable that a primitive longitudi-
nal streaking becamie broken up into longitudinal series of spots
which were arranged in transverse series so as to give the ap-
pearance of broken bars ; these series of spots extended lateral-
ly, fused, and so became in reality transverse bars, which,
spreading and finally fusing, resulted in the uniform coloration
of the dorsal region in Sterna adults. Such a transition would
be in complete conformitv to the law announced bv Eimer
('82).

A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE BIRDS OF SENECA
COUNTY, OHIO.

BY W. F. HENNINGER.

The need of a new county list of birds in Ohio may be
questioned, with two excellent state lists — Jones' and Dawson's
— of recent issue; but it is only after every county in the
state has been, worked over with care that we shall feel war-
ranted in saying that any list is more than preliminary in char-
acter. And if this county list, though bv no means exhaustive

48 The Wilson Bulletin — No. 55.

or complete, sliall help just a trifle in clearing up some inter-
esting points of distribution, migration, breeding habits, and
life histories of the birds of Ohio, it will have fulfilled its pur-
pose. While the four years of the writer's work in the coun-
ty, from July 2G, 1902, to June 1, ]90(i. is but a short time,
and his impaired health during the winter, his frequent absence
from his field of work, and his otherwise busy life, have made it
impossible to do justice to the work, this list is the first effort
at systematic ornithological work in the county.

Seneca county belongs to the tier of counties along the
parallel of 41 °, and has more soil under cultivation than any
other county in Ohio, in contrast to Scioto and Pike counties,
my formier field of work, in which the wooded area exceeds the
arable. Seneca county was once covered with dense woods
and swamps, of which no large tracts of woods remain ; and
of swamps nothing but insignificant pools remain, even the
large Bloomville marshes in the south-eastern part of the
county having been tiled and drained. These crowded condi-
tions cause a great concentration of bird life during the migra-
tion season.

The county is level, a few ravines only being found in the
northern and southern parts in close proximity to the San-
dusky river, wdiich divides the county into two almost equal
parts with Tiffin as the center.

The climate is rather unhealthful ; the excessive moisture of
the atmosphere causing the summer heat to be very oppressive
and the winter's cold to cleave bone and marrow. The
great amount of snowfall accounts for the small number of
residents and winter visitors among the birds.

Practically the entire county has been worked over with the
exception of the south-eastern corner, the immediate neigh-
borhood of Tiffin naturally coming in for the greatest amount
of attention. The information has been gleaned from the
writer's field work and his own and several other local collec-
tions, notably that of the Heidelberg University, which he re-
labeled and rearranged in the fall of 1904. While these col-
lections show that the birds in question have been taken in the
countv. thev are greatlv deficient in exact and sufficient data.

Henninger — On Birds of Seneca County, O. 49

The same painstaking care is exercised in determining the
species as that exercised in the writer's List of the Birds of
Middle Southern Ohio (Wilson Bulletin, September, 1902).
It would not be proper to publish this list without making
grateful acknowledgment to Prof. 'E. M. Klecknier, of Heidel-
berg University, Mr. Hergenrather, of the Tififin Fire Depart-
ment, and my indefatigable young friend, Mr. Karl J. Heil-
mann, of the Tiffin High School, for much efficient help ren-
dered the writer in many ways.

1. Colymbus auritus. — Horned Grebe. A rather rare winter vis-
itor. One shot December 20, 1902.

2. Podilymbus podiceps. — Pied-billed Grebe. A rare summer res-
ident, but abundant transient. Middle of April to October 6. 1902.

3. Gavia imber. — Loon. A rare transient, more common in form-
er years.

4. Gavia lumme. — Red-throated Loon. November 7, 1904, one
was observed for ten minutes on the Sandusky river, then shot at,
when he flew away.

5. Lams argentatus. — Herring Gull. Abundant spring tran-
transient. April 1 and 2, 1904. Not seen in fall.

6. Larus Philadelphia. — Bonaparte Gull. Not common spring
transient. April 1 and 2, 1904 Not seen in fall.

7. Sterna hirundo. — Common Tern. Occasional spring migrant.
1904.

8. Phalacrocorax dilophus. — Double-crested Cormorant. Two rec-
ords, one about thirteen years ago, one shot in spring of 1902.

9. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. — American White Pelican. Two
records. See Wilson Bulletin No. 53, December, 1905, page 126.

10. Merganser amerlcanus. — American Merganser.

11. IVlerganser serrator. — Red-breasted Merganser.

12. Lophodytes cucullatus. — Hcoded Merganser.

All of the above three species are in local- collections taken in pre-
vious years in the county. Lately M. serrator has not been taken
here, while the other two have become rare.

13. Anas boschas. — Mallard. Abundant transient in both sea-
sons. Seen as late as June 3, 1904.

14. Anas obscura. — Black Duck. All specimens taken in the
county belong to this form, rubripes not having been found. Nov.
2G, 1903.

15. Mareca americana. — Bald-pate. Once an abundant migrant.
None lately.

16. Nettion carolinensis. — Green-winged Teal. Rare transient.
There are specimens in local collections.

17. Querqueduia discors. — Blue-winged Teal. Tolerably common

50 The Wilson Bulletin — No. 55.

transient. November, 1902, Bloomville; August 31, 1904, young taken.
IS. Spatula clypeata.— Shoveller. April 26, 1906, a female ob-
served on the Sandusky river. This is my only record.

19. Dafila acuta — Pin-tail. Our most common transient duck.

20. Aix sponsa. — ^Wood Duck. Rather uncommon summer resi-
dent. Nest near Old Fort in May, 190.5. Four males were shot on
October 18, 1904, by a local hunter.

21. Aythya americana. — Red-head.

22. Aythya vallisneria. — Canvas-back.

While these two ducks have been taken in former years, there is
no recent record. They were never abundant transients.

23. Aythya affinis. — Lesser Scaup Duck. Fairly common transient.

24. Aythya collaris. — Ring-necked Duck.- — Not common transient.

25. Clangula clangula americana. — American Golden-eye. Rare
transient. November 7, 1904.

26. Charitonetta albeola. — Buffle-head. Not common transient.
There are specimens in local collections.

27. Harelda hyemalis. — ^Old-squaw. A male taken in December,
1901, is in a local collection.

28. Erismatura jamaicensis. — Ruddy Duck. Not common trans-
ient.

29. Chen caerulescens. — Blue Goose. A male shot March 24, 1905,
is now in the writer's collection. See Wilson Bulletin, June, 1905,
p. 63.

30. Branta canadensis. — Canada Goose. Common spring and fall
transient. Occasionally a winter resident, as in the winter of 1905-6.

31. Branta canadensis hutchinsii. — Hutchin's Gccse. A male shot
March 24, 1905, is now in the writer's collection. Compare Wilson
Buleltin, June, 1905, p. 64.

32. Botaurus lentiginosus. — American Bittern. Not uncommon
transient.

33. Ardetta exilis. — Least Bittern. Not uncommon transient; oc-
casional summer resident.

34. Ardea herodias.^ — Great Blue Heron. Tolerably common sum-
mer resident.

35. Butorides virescens. — Green Heron. Fairly common summer
resident. Nest with four eggs. May 10, 1904; with four young, June
3, 1904.

36. Rallus eiegans. — King Rail. Rare transient. There are
specimens in local collections.

37. Rallus virginianus. — Virginia Rail. Common transient, as
early as April 20, 1906.

38. Porzana Carolina. — Sora. Common transient. Noticed as late
as June 11, 1904, which may indicate that It breeds.

39. Gallinula galeata. — Florida Gallinule. Rare transient. There
are specimens in local collections.

Hennixger — Ox Birds of Sexeca Couxty, O. 51

40. Fulica americana. — American Coot. Common migrant, April
and October.

41. Philohela minor. — American Wocdcocl-c. Still a fairly common
summer resident, this county being especially adapted to the needs
of the bird.

42. Galiinago delicata. — Wilson's Snipe. Not nearly as common
as the Woodcock. April 21, 1906, is an average migration date.

43. Tringa canutus. — Knot. The only record is the one given in
the Auk, Vol. XXI, No. 2, page 277, a specimen shot in the spring of
1894, on the banks of the Sandusky river.

44. Actodromas maculata. — Pectoral Sandpiper. A fairly com-
mon transient. May 10, 1904; May 15, 1906; August 31, 1904.

45. Actodromas bairdii. — Baird's Sandpiper. A not common
transient. May 10 and August 31, 1904.

48. Pelidna alpina sakhalina. — Red-backed Sandpiper. Not a com-
mon transient. May 10, 1904. A young female which had been in-
jured by flying against a telephone wire, October 10, 1902, is now
in the writer's collection.

47. Ereunetes pusillus. — Semipalmated Sandpiper. May 28, 1904,
I observed four specimens at close range in the muck of a deserted
reservoir along the C. C. C. & St. L. tracks.

48. Totanus melanoleucus. — Greater Yellow-legs. A fairly com-
mon transient. May 10 and August 31, 1904.

49. Totanus flavipes. — Yellow-legs. A common transient. May
10 and August 31, 1904; May 15, 1906.

50. Helodromas solitarius.- — ^Solitary Sandpiper. A common
transient. May 10 and August 31, 1904; May 15, 1906.

51. Bartramia longicauda. — Bartramian Sandpiper. A common
transient. May 10, 1904. No breeding records so far.

52. Actitis macularia. — Spotted Sandpiper. Common summer
resident. Arrivals: April 20, 1903; April 29, 1904; April 21, 1906.
Departures: September 18, 1903; August 31, 1904.

53. Charadrius dominicus. — American Golden Plover. There is a
specimen in the Heidelberg museum collected in the spring of 1894,
on the banks of the Sandusky river. This is the only record.

54. Oxyechus vociferus. — Killdeer. Common summer resident.
Arrival as early as February 7, 1906; departure as late as November
26, 1903. Nest with four eggs June 10, 1905.

55. Colinus virginianus. — Bob-white. Fairly common resident,
but not nearly as common as in southern Ohio. Nest with 15 eggs
(fresh) July 22, 1903; with 17 eggs (fresh) August 7, 1904.

56. Bonasa umbellus. — Ruffed Grouse. The last specimen of this
species was shot by a young man of my congregation three miles
north of Tiffin, in the fall of 1892. Since then it seems to be extinct.

57. Meleagris gallopavo silvestris. — Wild Turkey. Extinct. The
last record given is 1880.

52 The W'ilsox Bulletin — No. 55.

5S. Ectopistes migratorius, — Passenger Pigeon. Extinct. No
records since the '60s. Tliere were several large roosting places in
the county.

59. Zenaidura macroura. — Mourning Dove. Common in summer,
les® so in winter, but I have found it in some numbers every winter.

60. Cathartes aura. — Turl\:ey Vulture. Fairly common summer
resident. Arrives the first week in April and remams until late Oc-
tober.

61. Circus hudsonius. — Marsh Hawk. A not common migrant and
winter resident. Not seen later than March 19, 1903.

62. Accipiter velox. — Sharp-shinned Hawk. Rather rare resident.

63. Accipiter cooperii. — Cooper's Hawk. Rather rare resident.

64. Buteo boreal is. — Red-tailed Hawk. Common resident. Nests
with eggs April 5, 1905.

65. Buteo lineatus. — Red-shouldered Hawk. Common in sum-
mer, less so in winter. Nest with four fresh eggs, April 21, 1906.

66. Buteo platypterus. — Broad-winged Hawk. November 30, 1903;
March 10, 1904. Apparently not always present in summer.

67. Aquila chrysaetos. — Golden Eagle. No records since 1884, but
there are several specimens in local collections.

68. Haliaeetus leucoceplnaius. — Bald Eagle. An adult shot at
Bloomville is now in the Heidelberg University museum. There are
several young ones in other collections.

69. Faico columbarius. — Pigeon Hawk. Rare migrant, but soli-
tary individuals are seen in summer, notably July 10 and 13, 1904.

70. Faico sparverius. — American Sparrow Hawk. Common resi-
dent. Nest with five fresh eggs May 28, 1904 (this was the second
set).

71. Pandion haiiaetus carolinensis. — American Osprey. Not com-
mon migrant, but seen every spring in April along the Sandusky
river.

72. Strix pratincola. — American Barn Owl. Four records. Com-
pare Auk, Vol. XX, No. 1, January, 1903, p. 67, and Wilson Bulletin
No. 53, December, 1905, p. 132.

73. Asio wilsonianus. — American Long-eared Owl. One shot two
miles north of Tiffin, September 15, 1902. Apparently a rather rare
resident.

74. Asio accipitrinus. — Short-eared Owl. Not common spring and
fall migrant. There are several in local collections.

75. Syrnium varium. — Barred Owl. A rather rare resident.

76. Megascops asio. — Screech Owl. Common resident. Nest with
five fresh eggs April 2, 1905. Four young June 23, 1903.

77. Bubo virginianus. — Great Homed Owl. A tolerably common
resident, even inside the corporation limits.

78. Coccyzus americanus. — Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Fairly common

Hexxixger — Ox Birds of Sexeca Couxty, O. 53

summer resident. Arrival: May 9, 1903; May 7, 1904; May 15,
1906. Departure: September 15, 1902.

79. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus. — Black-billed Cuckoo. Fairly
common summer resident. Arrival: May 10, 1904; May 15, 1906.

80. Ceryle alcyon. — Belted Kingfisher. Common in summer and
a few remain all winter, even in the winter of 1903-04.

81. Dryobates villosus. — Hairy Woodpecker. Common resident.

82. Dryobates pubescens medianus. — Downy Woodpecker. Com-
mon resident. Nest with four fresh eggs May 9, 1903.

83. Sphyrapicus varius. — Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Common
transient. April 5, 1904; April 20, 1906.

84. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. — Red-headed Woodpecker. Com-
mon summer resident, arriving late in April and departing in Octo-
ber, rarely remaining all winter.

85. Centurus carolinus. — Red-bellied Woodpecker. Rare resident.
One shot November 26, 1903. Seen May 10, 1904. These are the only
records.

86. Colaptes auratus luteus. — Northern Flicker. Common resi-
dent Nest May 6, 1905.

87. Antrostomus carol inensis. — WTiip-poor-will. Rare summer
resident. Found in some of the ravines in the northern and south-
ern parts of the county.

88. Chordeiles virginianus. — Nighthawk. A common summer resi-
dent, arriving between April 20 and May 10, departing late in Sep-
tember or early in October.

89. Chaetura pelagica. — Chimney Swift. Common summer resi-
dent. Arrival: April 18, 1903; May 1, 1904; April 20, 1905; April 20,
1906, at 5 p. m. Departure: September 18, 1903; September 22, 1904;
September 8, 1905.

90. Trochilus colubris. — Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Fairly
common summer resident. Arrival: May 9, 1903; May 10, 1904; May
15, 1906.

91. Tyrannus tyrannus. — Kingbird. Common summer resident.
Arrival: May 9, 1903; May 3, 1904; April 28, 1906. Departure: Sep-
tember 17, 1904. Nest with three fresh eggs June 11, 1904.

92. Myiarchus crinitus. — Crested Flycatcher. Common summer
resident. Arrival: May 9, 1903; May 7, 1904; May 11, 1906. De-
parture: September 17, 1904.

93. Sayornis phcebe. — Phoebe. Common summer resident. Ar-
rival: Ma.rch 19, 1903; April 15, 1904; April 1, 1905; April 1, 1906.
Departure: September 17, 1904. Nest begun April 5. Five heavily
incubated eggs May 1, young May 10. Second set June 3, three eggs.

94. Contopus virens. — Wood Fewee. Common summer resident.
Arrival: May 9, 1903; May 10, 1904; May 6, 1905; May 11, 1906. De-
parture: September 15, 1902; September 18, 1903; September 17,
1904.

o4 The Wilson Bui.letix — No. 55.

95. Empidonax flaviventris. — Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Rare
migrant. .May 15, 1906, two seen. September 17, 1904, one seen.

96. Empidonax virescens. — Green-crested Flycatcher. Fairly
common summer resident. Arrival: May 9, 1903; May 10, 1904;
May 11, 1906. Last, September 17, 1904.

97. Empidonax traillii. — Traill's Flycatcher. Fairly common sum-
mer resident. Arrival: May 10, 1904; May 15, 1906.

98. Empidonax minimus. — Least Flycatcher. Tolerably common
migrant. i\lay 10, 1904; May 15, 1906.

99. Otocorys alpestris. — Horned Lark. A flock of seventeen seen
on January 2, 1904.

100. Otocorys alpestris praticola. — Prairie Horned Lark. Resi-
dent. More common in winter.

101. Otocorys alpestris hoyti. — Hoyt's Horned Lark. Two seen
March 15, 1905. They were not shy and easily recognizable.

102. Cyanocitta cristata. — Blue Jay. Common resident. In the
spring of 1903 a pair nested in a rural delivery mail-box east of
Tiffin.

103. Corvus brachyrhynchos. — American Crow. Resident. Sev-
eral large roosts were noted in the winter of 1904-5. Nests with five
fresh eggs April 5, 1905, with five incubated eggs April 21, 1906, and
four incubated eggs May 15, 1906. Four young May 10, 1904.

104. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. — Bobolink. Common summer resi-
ident. Arrival: May 9, 1903; April 29, 1904; April 28, 1905; April
21, 1906, 5:30 p. m. Departure: September 15, 1902; September 18,
1903; September 22, 1904; September 8, 1905.

105. Mojothrus ater. — Cowbird. Common summer resident. Ar-
rival: March 19, 1903; April 14, 1904; April 1, 1905; April 13, 1906.
From the middle of June until the end of August, 1905, there was a
Cowbird roost on Jefferson street, and as I sat in front of my house
every evening I could see at first the five or more advance scouts
coming in and circling around for a while, until they settled. Then
came troops numbering from 20 to 40, while over them at right an-
gles, enormous flocks of Crackles would fly to their roost at the
Heidelberg University campus. From the end of August on, however,
they deserted their own roost and joined the Crackles on the cam-
pus. In the fall they often mingle with the Bobolinks, while in the
spring they prefer the company of the Crackles and Red-wings.

106. Agelaius phoeniceus. — Red-winged Blackbird. Common sum-
mer resident. Breeding records are too numerous to mention. Ar-
rival: March 19, 1903; March 10, 1904; March 15, 1905; March 25,
1906.

107. Sturnella magna. — Meadowlark. Common summer resident.
A few always stay, even during the coldest winters. Six fresh eggs
June 3, 1904.

108. Icterus spurius. — Orchard Oriole. A rather rare summer res-

Hennixger — Ox Birds of Sexeca County, O. 55

ident. Arrival: May 1, 1903; May 6, 1904; May 6, 1905; April
28. 1906.

109. Icterus galbula.— Baltimore Oriole. Common summer resi-
dent. Arrival: May 1, 1903; April 29, 1904; April 28, 1905; April

27, 1906.

110. Euphagus carolinus. — Rusty Blackbird. Common migrant.
November and March until May.

in. Quiscalus quiscula seneus. — Bronzed Grackle. Common sum-
mer resident. Arrival: March 9, 1903; March 4, 1904; March 14,
1905; March 25, 1906. Departure: September 18, 1903; November
4, 1904; October 29, 1905. There are several large roosts in this
vicinity, an especially large one on the Heidelberg University campus.

112. Carpodacus purpureus. — Purple Finch. Occasional winter
visitor. January 6, 1904; January 5, 1905.

113. Loxia curvi rostra minor. — American Crossbill. Specimens
shot December 5 and 12, 1892, are in the Heidelberg University mu-
seum.

114. Astragal inus tristis. — American Goldfinch. Common resi-
dent. Nest with five eggs August 12, 1903, with six young August
8, 1905.

115. Passer! na nivalis. — Snowfiake. Rare winter visitor. A flock
of 50 to 60 January 2, 1904.

116. Pooecetes gramineus. — Vesper Sparrow. Common summer
resident. Arrival: March 19, 1903; April 1, 1904; April 1, 1905;
April 1, 1906. Departure: October 13, 1904.

117. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna. — Savanna Sparrow.
Two records: March 19, 1903; May 10, 1904. Solitary individuals.

118. Coturniculus savannarum passerinus. — Grasshopper Sparrow.
Common summer resident. Arrival: May 9, 1903; May 5, 1904;
April 28, 1906. Nest with five fresh eggs and one with four fresh
eggs, June 3, 1904.

119. Zonotrichia leucophrys. — WTiite-crowned Sparrow. Common
transient. September 15 to 18, 1904; May 10, 1904, May 15 and April

28, 1906.

120. Zonotrichia albicollis. — White-throate'd Sparrow. Common
transient, but rare winter resident. Arrival and departure with the
preceding.

121. Spizella monticola. — Tree Sparrow. Not common winter res-
ident, more common as a transient. It remains as late as May 10
(1904).

122. Spizella socialis. — Chipping Sparrow. Common summer res-
ident. It nests about May 10 to 15. Arrival: March 19, 1903; March
27, 1904; April 1, 1905; April 3, 1906.

123. Spizella pusilla.— Field Sparrow. Common summer resident.
Arrival: March 1, 1903; April 1, 1904; April 1, 1905; April 4, 1906.

56 The Wilson Bulletin — No. ."ir).

Nests with four fresh eggs June 11, 1904 (second set). First sets:
May 13, four eggs. May 15, three eggs, 1906.

124. Junco hyemalis. — Slate-colored Junco. Common winter resi-
dent. It arrives as early as September 22, 1904, leaving as late as
May 5, 1904.

125. Melospiza cinerea melodia. — Song Sparrow. Common resi-
dent. First nests: May 10, 1905, four eggs, heavily incubated by
May 15 and 19, 1906, five eggs. Second nests: June 23, 1903, four
eggs. Nest with one young Cowbird and one fresh Cowblrd's egg,
but without either eggs or young of the owner. May 15, 1906.

126. Melospiza lincolnii. — Lincoln's Sparrow. The only records
are two seen in the brush along the Sandusky river. May 15, 1906.

127. Melospiza georgiana. — Swamp Sparrow. Not common trans-
ient. May 9, 190:s and April 28 and May 15, 1906.

128. Passerella iliaca. — Fox Sparrow. Not common spring mi-
grant. April 15, 1904. No fall records.

129. Pipilo erythrophthalmus. — Towhee. Common summer resi-
dent. Arrival: March 19, 1903; April 15, 1904; March 14, 1905. De-
parture: October 10, 1903; October 13, 1904.

130. Cardinalis cardinalis. — Cardinal. Common resident, but fewer
numbers in winter. Nests about May 10.

131. Zamelodia ludoviciana. — Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Common
transient. No breeding records yet. Arrival: May 8, 1903; May 10,
1904; May 15, 1906; August 1, 1903.

132. Cyanospiza cyanea. — Indigo Bunting. Common summer resi-
dent. Arrival: May 9, 1903; May 10, 1904; May 11, 1906. Depart-
ure: October 13, 1904. Nest with three eggs and one of Cowbird,
June 11, 1904, with two eggs and' two of Cowbird (fresh) June 23,
1903. With 4 young. August 11, 1905.

133. Spiza americana. — Dickcissel. A somewhat rare summer res-
ident, mostly in the southern part of the county. Arrival: May 10,
1904.

134. Piranga erythromelas. — Scarlet Tanager. A common sum-
mer resident. Arrival: May 9, 1903; May 10, 1904; May 11, 1906.
Departure: September 18, 1903.

135. Progne subis. — Purple Martin. A tolerably common summer
resident. Arrival: April 15, 1903; April 1, 1904; April 21, 1905;
April 1, 1906.

136. Petrochelidon lunifrons.- — Cliff Swallow. A fairly common but
local summer resident. May 13, 1904.

137. Hirundo erythrogaster. — Barn Swallow. Common summer
resicjent. Arrival: April 3, 1903; April 15, 1904; April 20, 1906.

138. Iridoprocne bicolor. — Tree Swallow. Rare transien<. April
21, 1906.

139. Riparia riparia. — Bank Swallow. Tolerably common sum-
mer rsident. Arrival: May 9, 1903; May 10, 1904; April 21, 1906.

Henninger — On Birds of Seneca County, O. 57

140. Stelgidopteryx serripennis. — Rough-winged Swallow. Fairly
common summer resident. Arrival: May 9, 1904; May 15, 1906.
Breeds May 28, 1904.

141. Ampelis cedrorum. — Cedar Waxwing. Common resident.
September 18, 1903, a nest with three young.

142. Lanius boreal is. — Northern Shrike. Rare winter visitor. Re-
corded during the winter of 1903-4 many times.

143. Lanius ludovicianus migrans.^ — Migrant Shrike. Fairly com-
mon resident. May 5, 1904, a nest with four eggs. June 23, 1903, a
nest with four young.

144. Vireo olivaceus. — Red-eyed Vireo. Common summer resi-
dent. Arrival: May 9, 1903; May 5, 1904; April 28, 1906. Departure:
September 22, to October 13, 1904.

145. Vireo philadelphicus. — Philadelphia Vireo. Rare transient.
May 9, 1903, a pair.

146. Vireo gilvus. — Warbling Vireo. Com"taon summer resident.
Arrival: May 9, 1903; May 5, 1904; May 11, 1906.

147. Vireo flavifrons. — Yellow-throated Vireo. Not common sum-
mer resident. Arrival: May 9, 1903; May 10, 1904; May 15, 1906.

148. Vireo solitarius. — Blue-headed Vireo. Not common transient.
No breeding records. Arrival: May 10, 1904; May 15, 1906.

149. IVlniotilta varia. — Black and White Warbler. Common trans-
ient. Rare summer resident. Arrival: May 10, 1904; May 11, 1906;
September 17, 1904.

150. Helminthophila pinus. — Blue-winged Warbler. Common sum-
mer resident. May 9, 1903; May 5, 1904; May 11, 1906.

151. Helminthophila chrysoptera. — Golden-winged Warbler. Not
common migrant. May 10, 1904; May 15, 1906.

152. Helminthophila leucobronchialis. — Brewster's Warbler. One
record, September 17, 1904. See Wilson Bulletin, December, 1904,
pp. 109-10.

153. Helminthophila rubricapilla. — Nashville Warbler. Common
spring transient. May 11 and 15, 1906.

154. Helminthophila peregrina. — Tennessee Warbler. Common
transient. May 15, 1906; September 16, 1902; September 18, 1903;
September 22, 1904.

155. Compsothlypis americana usneae. — Northern Parula Warbler.
Common transient. May 10, 1904; May 15, 1906; September 15,
1902; September 18, 1903; September 22, 1904.

156. Dendroica tigrina. — Cape May Warbler. Rare transient. May
15, 1906. September 17, 1904.

157. Dendroica estiva. — Yellow Warbler. Common summer resi-
dent. Arrival: April 25, 1903; May 3, 1904; April 26, 1906. Nest
with five eggs and one of Cowbird May 21, 1904, with three young
June 11, 1904.

158. Dendroica caerulescens. — Black-throated Blue Warbler. Com-

58 The Wilson BuLLiixiN — Xo. 5.3.

mon transient. May 10, 1904; May 15, 1906; September 15, 1902;
September IS, lOo:]; September 22, 1904; September 8, 1905.

159. Dendroica coronala. — Myrtle Warbler. Common transient.
May 5, 1903; May 10, 1904; April 28, 1906; September 17, 1904.

160. Dendroica caerulea.^ — Cerulean Warbler. Rare migrant and
summer resident. May 10, 1904; May 15, 1906; September 17, 1904.

161. Dendroica maculcsa.^ — Magnolia Warbler. Common trans-
ient. May 10, ]904; May 15, 1906; September 18, 1903; September
22, 1904; September S, 1905.

162. Dendroica pensylvanica. — Chestnut-sided Warbler. Common
transient. May 10, 1904; May 11 to 15, 1906.

163. Dendroica castanea. — Bay-breasted Warbler. Common trans-
ient. May 10, 1904; May 15, 1906; September 18, 1903; September
15, 1902.

164. Dendroica striata. — Black-poll Warbler. Common transient.
May 9, 1903; May 10, 1904; May 15, 1906; September 15, 1902; Sep-
tember 18, 1903; September 17 to 22, 1904; September 8, 1905.

165. Dendroica blackburniae. — Blackburnian Warbler. Common
transient. May 10, 1904; May 15, 1906; September 17, 1904.

167. Dendroica virens. — Black-throated Green Warbler. Common
transient. May 9, 1903; May 10, 1904; May 11 to 15, 1906; September
15, 1902; September 18, 1903; September 22, 1904; September 8, 1905.

167. Dendroica kirtlandi. — Kirtland's Warbler. Two seen May 11,
1906. They were observed walking on the ground, and gleaning in
low saplings ten feet away from me. Having seen the entire series
of this species in the University of Michigan collection, in Septem-
ber, 1905, a mistake in identification is excluded. The bird bears a
certain resemblance to the Magnolia Warbler.

168. Dendroica vigorsii. — Pine Warbler. Rare transient. May 10,
1904; May 15, 1906.

169. Dendroica palmarum. — Palm Warbler. Rare migrant. May
10, 1904; May 15, 1906.

70. Dendroica discolor. — Prairie Warbler. Rare. Four seen on
May 11, 1906. See another page of this i«sue.

171. Seiurus aurocapillus. — Oven-bird. Common summer resident.
Arrival: May 10, 1904; May 11, 1906. Departure: September 18,'
1903; September 22, 1904.

172. Seiurus noveboracensis. — Water-Thrush. Rather rare mi-
grant. September 17, 1904. May 15, 1906.

173. Seiurus motacilla. — Louisiana Water-Thrush. Common trans-
ient, but rare summer resident. May 10, 1904. September 18, 1903.

174. Geothlypis Philadelphia. — Mourning Warbler. Fairly com-
mon migrant. May 10, 1904; May 15, 1906.

175. Geothlypis trichas brachydactyla. — Northern Yellow-throat.
Common summer resident. Arrival: May 9, 1903; May 10, 1904;
May 11, 1906. Departure: September 17, 1904.

Henninger — On Birds of Sexeca County, O. 59

176. Icteria virens. — Yellow-breasted Cliat. Common summer
resident, but local in distribution. Arrival: May 9, 1903; May 10,
1904; May 11, 1906.

177. Wilsonia pusilla. — Wilson's Warbler. Rather rare transient.
May 10, 1904; May 15, 1906.

178. Wilsonia canadensis. — Canadian Warbler. Common spring
transient. May 10, 1904. Abundant May 15, 1906.

179. Setopliaga ruticiila. — American Redstart. Common summer
resident. Arrival: May 9, 1903; May 5, 1904; April 28, 1906. De-
parture: September 17, 1904.

180. Anthus pensilvanicus. — American Pipit. Not common trans-
ient. May 5, 1904. September 17, 1904; October 13, 1905.

181. Galeoscoptes carol inensis. — Catbird. Common summer res-
ident. Arrival: April 20, 1903; April 29, 1904; April 28, 1906. De-
parture: September 22, 1904.

182. Toxostoma rufum. — Brown Thrasher. Common summer res-
ident. Arrival: March 19, 1903; April 14, 1904; April 5, 1905; April
20, 1906. Departure: September 15, 1902; September 18, 1903; Sep-
tember 22, 1904; September 22, 1905. Nesting May 13, 1904.

183. Thryothorus ludovicianus. — Carolina Wren. Rare. April
18, 1903; May 5, 1904.

184. Troglodytes aedon. — House Wren. Common summer resi-
dent. Arrival: April 18, 1903; May 2, 1904; April 27, 1906. Nesting
June 3, 1904.

185. Olbiorchllus hiemalts. — Winter Wren. Not common winter
resident until March 19, 1903.

186. Cistothorus stellaris. — Short-billed Marsh Wren. Rare mi-
grant. Seen May 21, 1904, when it was well observed for ten min-
utes in long, coarse grass in a low swampy place.

187. Teimatodytes palustris. — Long-billed Marsh Wren. Only a
pair or so Ivnown to breed in the remnants of the Bloomville marshes.
Otherwise a rare migrant.

188. Certhia familiaris americana. — Brown Creeper. Fairly com-
mon in winter. November 7, 1904. April 29, 1904.

189. Sitta carolinensis. — White-breasted Nuthatch. Common resi-
dent.

190. Sitta canadensis. — Red-breasted Nuthatch. Common trans-
ient. May 21, 1904; June 10, 1905; May 15, 1906.

191. Bseolophus bicolor. — Tufted Titmouse. Common resident, buc
less common in winter.

192. Parus atrlcapillus. — Chickadee. Common resident. Nest with
seven young May 19, 1906.

193. Regulus satrapa. — Golden-crowned Kinglet. Common mi-
grant. October 6, 1902. May 15, 1906.

194. Regulus calendula.— Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Rather rare mi-
grant. May 10, 1904, is the latest spring date.

GO The Wilson Bulletin — No. 55.

195. Polioptila caerulea. — Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Common mi-
grant, but not common summer resident. April 18, 1903; April 1.1,
1904; April 20, 1906.

196. Hylocichia mustelina. — Wood Thrush. Common summer rer--
ident. Arrival: May 9, 1903; May 5, 1904; April 28, 1906. Depart-
ure: September 17, 1904. Nest with two eggs May 28, 1904.

197. Hylocichia fuscescens. — Wilson's Thrush. Common migrant.
Arrival: May 9, 1903; May 10, 1904; May 11, 1906. September 17.
1904.

198. Hylocichia aliciae. — Gray-cheeked Thrush. Not common mi-
grant. \ May 11, 1906. September 17, 1904.

199. Hylocichia swainsonii. — Olive-backed Thrush. Common mi-
grant. May 10, 1904; May 15, 1906. September 22, 1904.

200. Hylocichia guttata pallasii. — Hermit Thrush. Common mi-
grant. April 18, 1903; April 15, 1904; April 20, 1906. October 13,
1904.

201. Merula migratoria. — American Robin. Common summer res-
ident. It arrives early in March and departed November 7, 1904. A
few remained all winter 1905-6. An albino was' noted June 11, 1904.
There was a roost in the trees of Jefferson street. Tiffin, in the fall
of 1904, from 120 to 180 Robins resorted to the roost.

202. Sialia sialis. — Bluebird. Common summer resident. Arriv-
ing March 1, departing in November. A few remained all winter
1905-6.

203. Helmintophiia celata. — Orange-crowned Warbler. May 10,
1904. Observed singing. Rare transient.

Introduced Species.

204. Passer domesticus. — English Sparrow. Abundant. Several
albinos noted.

205. Phasianus torquatus. — Ring-necked Pheasant. Not common,
but breeding. Nest found in 1901.

REMARKS ON THE SUMMER BIRDS OF LAKE
MUSKOKA, ONTARIO.

CY B. H. SWALES AND P. A. TAVERNER.

During the summer of 1904 we were able to spend a short
tim/e on Gibralter Island, situated in Lake Muskoka, Muskoka
District, Ontario. This is one of the largest of the many lakes
of various sizes that fill the glacial furrows in the heart of the
Latirentian formation back of Georgian Bay. The country is

Swales and Taverner — On Lake IMuskoka Birds. 61

noted for its rocky wildness and, although the shores are here
and there occupied by the summer cottages of the tourists,
their influence scarcely extends back from the lake farther than
the eye can reach. The country has been lumbered over and
all marketable timber extracted, but if it were not for the rot-
ting pine stumps one sees on every hand the observer, when
out of sight of the sparkling waters of the lake, might imagine
himlself buried in the primeval forest unprofaned by the intrud-
ing foot of civilized man. The country has, it is true, suffered
the concomitant evils that follow the lumbermen, as the great
expanses of burnt ridges manifest, with their gaunt gray skele-
ton pine standing like the monuments of a vanished age
scarred black with fire and bleached with storms to every shade
of soft and solemn grey. Scattered clearings exist here and
there hemmed around with forest except where they manage
to break through the leafy barrier to the lake or run up to the
barred ridges from which the life of the soil has been burnt by
repeated forest fires.

The Beaumaris side of the lake is settled to a greater extent
than the opposite side, and the stage road from Beaumaris to
Bracebridge runs through clearings of an older and more set-
tled type. The Bala side, towards which Gibralter Island lies,
exhibits all the characteristics of a new country whose agricul-
tural future is almost hopeless. Hay and fodder for a few-
cattle and sheep and a little green stuff for home and tourist
consumption is about all that is raised, and the harvesting
among the stumps and rocks has to be done with the almost
vanished scythe, while oxen and jumpers largely take the place
of horse and farm wagon.

The principal forest growth is pine, both Norway and white,
with considerable masses of hemlock scattered about and cedar
thickets in the lower parts. Deciduous trees are, however,
plentiful and "beech flats" are common enough, while the rest
of the land is filled with forest growths of oak, maple, bass-
wood, American hornbeam, and other hardy timber. The sec-
ond growth is generally poplar mixed with white birch which
usually succeeds the former short-lived growth and is in its
turn replaced by mlaple and oak. In the latter stage in ex-

G2 The Wilson Bulletin — No. 55.

posed places a few struggling pines, pushing their way up and
between their neighbors, give a forecast of what final type would
triumph in the end if nature had full sway when the cycle is
completed.

The shores are natm^ally wooded to the water's edge, and
are gienerally rocky : marshes or swamp, except of the sphag-
num order, about some little land-locked lake are very rare and
in consequence the water birds that the innumerable little lakes
would otherwise attract are almost entirely absent. The main
body of the water fowl pass over this, what would otherwise
be to them an attractive land, as quickly as possible and. if
they stop at all, make as short a visit as is compatible with
their needs.

One of the most interesting features of the avi-fauna of this
country is the difference between the settled and the unsettled
portions. The birds of the open are gradually increasing in
the most extensive clearings around Bracebridge, but are never
seen in the little slashings made by the homesteader on the
other side of the lake. In the forest itself during the summer
months bird life, to the observer, seems almost entirely absent,
although in spring the woods are alive with migrants and the
glorious summer evenings are filled with the melody of the
Hermit and Wilson's Thrushes, with the silver whistle of the
White-throated Sparrow rising above it all. During the
period of our stay, however, all this was passed — the sweet
songsters had left before the hosts of the fall migrants had ar-
rived. We tramped often all day over a varied route that af-
forded a variety of country and for hours saw scarcely a single
bird or heard a note in spite of the closest attention. General-
ly, however, early in the morning and before sunset we could
find little bunches of warblers around a certain shore of the
island, but it required quick work to observe or collect them as
they were gone in but a few minutes, not to be found again.

The fact that struck us with most force during this time was
the apparent absence of any strong migratory movement.
There were migrants present, but their numbers were as noth-
ing, considering the time of the year. When we left Detroit
the great rush of migration had already started, and small and

Swales and Taverner — On Lake Muskoka Birds. 68

large groups of migrating birds were to be met with at almost
any point. We naturally expected to find analogous
conditions up here, but in this were disappointed. During this
same time at Guelph, about one hundred and twenty miles to
the south, the migrations were in full swing and the northern
forms were coming in almost daily. Many of the common
summer residents had left Muskoka before we arrived. These
were not in all cases species that hurry through the southern
stations early in the season, but the late comers and long stay-
ers, as White-throated Sparrows, Magnolia and Myrtle Warb-
lers, and ethers. These birds all breed in Muskoka, the first
very commonly, but of it we only saw one and of the others
only one or two. Nor were other species from farther north
much more common and it looked as if the resident birds had
left before the more northern breeders had started to migrate.
It may be held, of course, that in this vast extent of wooded
territory, the nugrants were so widely scattered as to be more
easily overlooked than seen, but this hardly satisfies the condi-
tions as we found them. The amount of hard work we put in
and the ground we covered would in fJiis case have yielded
more individuals if this were the whole explanation.
Be the reason what it may, the fact remains, that up here, just
when we should expect the first great rush of the migrations,
we found the forest and fields ornithologically almost dead and
more resembling the quietness of the mid-breeding season than
the first flush of the migrating one.

From August 24 until September 4 we were able to record
a total of oiJ species ; a number of these were represented but
by one or two specimens and few were common in the ordinary
acceptation of the term. These peculiar conditions are inter-
esting and suggestive and may give this report of the trip a
little more value than it might otherwise have as a mere cata-
logue of birds seen.

Gibralter Island is about one half mile long and in places
not more than half that distance in width. It is directly across
the lake from Beaumaris. The rocks rise abruptly from the
lake shore and form an extensive ridge heavily wooded, in
the center, which culminates at the north end in a high promon-

64 The Wilson Bi'li.ktix — Xo. 55.

torv from wliicli one may view the beautiful lake country,
(lotted with its numerous wooded islands, for many miles.

Gavia imber. — Loon. One seen on September 2 flying down the
lake in a driving rain storm. This species is decreasing in numbers
each year at Muskoka. Formerly Taverner heard them on nearly
every summer night from the island and they bred here and there
throughout the region.

Larus argentatus. — Herring Gull. Fairly common. A few individ-
uals were seen every day following the wake of the little lake steam-
ers that pass up and down each day. The birds hang around Mus-
koka wharf and Gravenhurst Bay until the steamers go out, when
the gulls follow ^fter. They undoubtedly breed in Georgian Bay
about thirty miles west.

Duck.— Species? A small flock of six birds passed down the lake
on Sept. 2. We saw no others as there are no suitable feeding
grounds to attract the birds.

Botaurus lentiginosus. — American Bittern. One bird flushed from
a small marsh on Tondern Island on August 29. There was scarcely
room here for the bird to turn around in. This is rather a rare spe-
cies here, a pair or two breeds in Bear Bay, near Gravenhurst, and
Taverner has seen it on Black's Creek on the west side of the lake.

Bonasa umbellus togata. — Canadian Ruffed Grouse. Fairly abund-
ant. The extreme tameness of these birds was astonishing to us in
contrast with the Michigan birds. One could approach at will within
almost striking distance of the parents and brood and even then they
would generally simply run out of the path without any attempt at
flight. Of course when the shooting season is on this all changes.

Buteo platypterus. — Broad-winged Hawk. But two seen, one on the
mainland August 29, the other lived on Gibralter and was observed
every day. This is, however, the most abundant hawk here.

Faico sparverius. — Am. Sparrow Hawk. One seen August 29 fly-
ing over the clearing on Tondern Island. It is only on the eastern
side of the lake where the most extensive clearings are that this spe-
cies is to be seen here. Perhaps the lack of grasshoppers explains
its absence elsewhere.

FaIco peregrinus anatum. — Duck Hawk. During our present stay
we failed to observe this species. It has, however, bred foir many
years on Crown Island just north of Gibralter and the nest has sel-
dom been disturbed. Notwithstanding this fact the number of birds
in this region seems to be restricted to a single pair. Taverner took
a set of four eggs from this nest on May 23, 1898, and it is upon this
one record that the various Ontario records in Macoun's Catalogue
of Canadian Birds are based. On August 30th we visited this nest,
which is situated on the side of a cliff on the highest portion of Crown

Swales and Taverner — On Lake Muskoka Birds. 65

Island about 75 feet above the lake. The nest contained many bones
of the Ruffed Grouse, Flicker, Blue Jay, and Pileated Woodpecker.

Antrostomus vociferus. — Whip-poor-will. One bird heard calling
on "the evening of August 26, two birds on August 27 from the main-
land directly across from our cabin. None were heaid after this
date and we naturally supposed that they had left.

Ceryle alcyon. — Belted Kingfisher. One pair observed each day
during our stay in the vicinity of the Island. Where this species
nests is unknown as the nearest place known to Taverner is around
Bracebridge river which has in some places banks of considerable
heights. In our vicinity on the lake rarely more than a single pair
is seen and these are generally roaming about.

Dryobates villosus. — Hairy Woodpecker. — But one bird seen — on
August 28. This is, however, a common resident species. There is
some doubt as to the occurrence of leucomelas here. All specimens
so far taken have been villosus.. .

Dryobates pubescens medianus. — Downy Woodpecker. A common
species in all sections visited.

Sphyrapicus varius. — Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Not uncommon
in the higher portions of the island and on the mainland. Is much
less abundant on the islands. Breeds.

Colaptes auratus luteus. — Northern Flicker. Fairly abundant on
the adjacent mainland, rarer on the islands.

Chordeiles virginianus. — Nighthawk. One noted August 31, appar-
ently one of the last birds of the season. A common summer resi-
dent.

Chaetura pelagica. — Chimney Swift. A number were seen hawk-
ing over the lake every evening during our stay and were still pres-
ent when we left September 4th. As there cannot be in this region
enough chimneys to afford all the birds a nesting place the main
body must use hollow trees. Every flue is, however, occupied.

Trochilus colubris. — Ruby-throated Hummingbird. One male seen
August 31. This species is quite common here in the clearings, es-
pecially if there are any flowers about. Otherwise the bird would
appear quite rare.

Myiarchus crinitus. — Crested Flycatcher. We observed but one
bird, on August 29. The species is, however, quite common here,
especially on Gibralter.

Sayornis phcebe. — Phoebe. An abundant bird on the island and in
the various clearings around Beaumaris. One pair has nested for
many years on the porch of the Taverner cottage and also against the
smooth sides of the boat-house.

Nuttalornis borealls. — Olive-sided Flycatcher. In the wooded sec-
tions of the mainland we observed what we were certain were this
species, but as we did not take any specimens did not prove the
matter. The birds in question were generally confined to the dense

66 The Wilson Bulletin — No. 55.

woods, where they were perched at the top of some tall dead pine.
This species is, however, an abundant bird in this region.

Horizopus virens. — Wood Pewee. This was one of the most abund-
ant species on the islands and mainland until September 1, after this
date we failed to either see or hear it.

Empidonax minimus. — Least Flycatcher. Not uncommon, noted
about every day on the island and mainland.

Cyanocitta cristata. — Blue Jay. We were able to find but one bird,
which was rather surprising, as this is usually an abundant bird
here. The only explanation we can offer is that the resident birds
had left and the northern birds had not yet come down.

Corvus brachyrhynchos. — American Crow. Abundant.

Agelaius phoeniceus. — Red-winged Blackbird. But one male seen,
generally common in certain localities as Bear Bay, or back of Ton-
dern Island. Unless one happens to meet with a flock in these suit-
able localities the species appears to be quite rare.

Quiscalus quiscula aeneus. — Bronzed Grackle. One seen August
26, another at Gravenhurst walking on the logs in the bay, on Sep-
tember 4. They are generally common here and on parts of Ton-
dern Island.

Carpodacus purpureus. — Purple Finch. Three birds were met with
near the head of Gibralter Island on August 27, another on Septem-
ber 3.

Astragalinus tristis. — American Goldfinch. A common species in
the cleared portions of Tondern Island and on the mainland back of
Beaumaris.

Pooecetes gramineus. — Vesper Sparrow. We found this well dis-
tributed in the fields running back from Beaumaris on August 29.
Three more were noted on August 31.

Zonotrichia albicollis. — White-throated Sparrow. We saw but one
bird— on the day of our arrival. This is another case of the mi-
grants leaving before the northern birds come in. This is a regular
common breeder on Gibralter. Mr. A. B. Klugh at Guelph reported
many migrants there some time before we left Muskoka.

Spizella social is. — Chipping Sparrow. Rather common on Tondern
Island, near Beaumaris. A few were around our cabin on Gibralter.

Junco hyemalis. — Slate-colored Junco. Abundant all over the isl-
and and the country bordering the lake shore — much rarer inland.

Melospiza cinerea melodia. — Song Sparrow. Rare except in the
immediate vicinity of the clearings on Tondern Island and on the
mainland. Is generally common directly across from the island on
the edges of Broadlay's farm.

Hirundo erythrogaster. — Barn Swallow. Observed in some num-
bers on August 28 and 29 near cleared land. Formerly nested in
Broadley's barn on the adjacent mainland.

Swales and Taverner — On Lake Muskoka Birds. 67

Iridoprocne bicolor. — Tree Swallow. In the little marsh back of the
hotel at Beaumaris we saw one flying over the water on August 29.

Ampelis cedorum. — Cedar Waxwing. An abundant species every-
where— we found it present on all the islands visited, on the main-
land, etc.

Vireo olivaceus. — Red-eyed Vireo. A common tipecies on the isl-
and. Several nests we examined of the past summer's construction
were beautiful little affairs constructed on the outside mainly of
white birch bark.

Mniotilta varia. — Black and White Warbler. Fairly common in
all parts of Gibralter Island.

Compsothlypis americana usneae. — Northern Parula Warbler. Fair-
ly common, on August 28 and 29 we saw two on each day and one on
August 31 and September 1.

Dendroica caerulescens. — Black-throated Blue Warbler. A pair or
so seen thi'oughoyt our stay on the island, several seen August 29
on the mainland.

Dendroica coronata. — Myrtle Warbler. Only one bird noted, a fe-
male, taken in the pines directly back of our cabin.

Dendroica maculosa. — Magnolia Warbler. But three birds found —
two on August 29, and one on September 4. This is a common mi-
grant here and we think that a few pairs remain and breed.

Dendroica blackburniae. — Blackburnian Warbler. Fairly common,
three seen August 29, a few individuals at different times during our
stay. This is a fairly common breeder here. Taverner shot quite a
large, young Cowbird being fed by one of these warblers in Septem-
ber, 1896.

Dendroica striata. — -Black-poll Warbler. One taken September 1.
No others recorded.

Dendroica virens. — Black-throated Green Warbler. This was by
far the most abundant warbler present until September 2d, after this
date we failed to find it. A common breeder here.

Dendroica vigorsii. — Pine Warbler. Rather common until Septem-
ber 1st. we did not find it later.

Seiurus aurocapillus. — Oven-bird. While working through a low
part of the island on August 29th we flushed one bird. Is a common
summer resident.

Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla. — Northern Yellow-throat. We
secured a male in the small marsh back of Beaumaris on August 29.
This is not a common species here.

Wilsonia canadensis. — Canadian Warbler. Not uncommon. Noted
at various times during our stay.

Setophaga ruticilla. — American Redstart. Fairly common, ob-
served every day.

Troglodytes aedon. — House Wren. We found this common on the

68 TiiF. W'lisox rUi.r.ii'iix — No. of).

outskirts of Beaumaris on August 29. It was confined to the brush
heaps and the snake fences.

Olbiorchilus hiemalis. — Winter "Wren. But two birds seen — one on
September 1, another on the 4th. This is a fairly common summer
resident on the island and breeds in the dense brush.

Certhia familaris americana. — Brown Creeper. Very common
everywhere.

Sitta carol iensis. — White-breasted Nuthatch. Common.

Sitta canadensis. — Red-breasted Nuthatch. On September 1 we saw
one in a small birch near the cabin which was secured. No others
were noted.

Parus atricapillus. — Chickadee. An abundant species everywhere.

Hylocichia fuscescens. — Wilson's Thrush. Two birds seen, on
August 27 and :!(». This is a common summer bird on the island.

Hylocichia guttata pallasii. — Hermit Thrush. On September 3rd
we secured one bird in the center of the island. A common breeder
here.

Merula migratoria. — American Robin. On the island this was far
from common but we found it much more numerous on the mainland
near Beaumaris.

Sialja sialis.— Bluebird. On August 29, on quite an extended trip
on the mainland back of Beaumaris, we found this present in some
numbers in all cleared land. Five were seen August 31.

Detroit, Mich.

TWO ALL-DAY RECORDS IN NORTHERN OHIO.

BY LVXnS JOXES.

There are migrations and migrations of the birds in ALiv.
and the migrations which appeal most to the most ardent
among us are those which certain conditions of weather make
conspicuous by reason of the great abundance of bird Hfe t n
one or more days. As far as northern Ohio is concerned the
experiences of miore than ten years in the study of tlic mi-
grations make it possible to formulate certain laws wiiich gov-
ern the movements of the birds northward across that region.
These laws are not new, ncr arc they laws which ha\e not
been announced already, but they arc of sufficient inport-mcc
to bear repetition.

Considered purely from the standpoint of migration, warm
weather accompanied by clear or fair skies during the night

JoxES — Two All-Day Records in Xortherx Ohio. 69

incite the birds to movement northward. Cloudy nights —
with the sky obscured — are unfavorable for bird movements
even if the weather be warm. Cold nights, even if the sky be
clear, do not induce much movement. Some birds migrate
on cold clear nights. For a large movement of the birds, as-
suming that the time of year has arrived for such movement,
at any given place which will be manifest on the next day, two
conditions seem to be necessary. First, the temperature must
be relatively high and the sky clear or nearly so for many
leagues south of the given place ; and second, to the north of
the place the sky must be overcast, or the temperature low, in
that place or immediately north of it.

During the present season the weather conditions during
the last week in April and the first week in May were favor-
able for the northward movement of the smaller and later mi-
grating birds over most of the Mississippi Valley, and eastward,
at least as far as Lake Erie and southern Michigan. Most
of the second week in May was cold, with northerly winds pre-
vailing. Many birds had arrived during the favorable
weather, but remained in northern Ohio and adjacent regions
because of the storm and cold of the second week in May.
Then followed favorable weather south, but cloudiness over
Lake Erie nights up to May 16. The birds moved up to the
cloud barrier and remained there. On the 14th and loth the
country teemed with all sorts of birds except the divers and
ducks which had gone north earlier. Not only were species
unusually numerous, as the appended lists will prove, bur
individuals were enormously numerous.

These two lists — Rev. W. F. Henninger, for Tiffin. Ohio,
Jllay 15th ; and the writer, for Oberlin, May 14th — are given
together, and the appended list of birds which were not seen but
were clearly present, for the purpose of indicating the status
of bird life during these two days as far as could be deter-
mined. It will be noticed that the 129 species found at Ober-
lin on the 14th establishes a new record for that place. How-
ever, the conditions which so profoundly influence so large a
proportion of the whole bird life of a region and not the size

70 TiiK \\'ir.sox Bulletin — No. 55.

of the list, are the important things. These "All day" studies
merely furnish the data.

The two lists whieh arc appended may be considered fairly
representative of the north-western parts of the State of Ohio
during May 14th and 15th. It may be argued that because
the lists were not made on the same day they are not therefore
comparable. To that I would reply that the weather was such
that the bird population must have been practically the same
on the two days. The region about Tiffin is further removed
from Lake Erie than Oberlin. and nowhere approaches near
enough to it to be inHuenced by it, rmd that fact will explaui
the lack of the distinctively water birds, but otiierwise the two
regions are alike. The Oberlin region, therefore, supplies the
lake shore conditions which complete the northern Ohio condi-
tions affecting bird movements.

At Oberlin, on the 14th of May, the day opened rainy, with
nearly continuous showers until nearly mid-dav, wilh clearing
skies in the afternoon. At 2 :30 a. m. the temperature stood at
f/8, but a northerly breeze, shifting to north-easterly, and in-
creasing to brisk, cooled the air to 48 during nearly the entire
day. The early part of the day was spent in the woods, fields,
and orchards south of Oberlin, the afternoon in work along
the lake shore and the woods, fields and swamps bordering the
lake. Thirteen out of a possible sixteen hours were spent
a-field.

At Tiffin, on May 15th, the day began partly cloudy, but
clearing, with a temperature of 50, ranging to 80 by mid-after-
noon,, with almost no wind. The work covered the region
about Tiffin, including every sort of topography. The work
began at 3 ::30 a. m., and closed at 8 :30 p. m., with about two
hours lost during the day at times when there was little prob-
ability of loss in records.

The participants in this work w-ere Rev. W. F. Henninger,
Tiffin, and Lynds Jones, Oberlin. It is to be regretted that
other regions in the northern parts of the state are not also
represented.

Species recorded at both places — Tiffin and Oberlin.
Green Heron, Scarlet Tanaser.

Yellow-legs. Barn Swallow. .

Tones — I'wo All-Day Records ix Northern Ohio. 71

Solitary Sandpiper.

Spotted Sandpiper.

Killdeer.

Bob-white.

Mourning Dove.

Red-tailed Hawk.

Sparrow Hawk.

Yellow-billed Cuckoo.

Black-billed Cuckoo.

Belted Kingfisher.

Hairy Woodpecker.

Downy Woodpecker.

Red-headed Woodpecker.

Northern Flicker.

Chimney Swift.

Ruby-throated Hummingbird.

Kingbird.

Crested Flycatcher.

Phoebe.

Wood Pewee.

Green-crested Flycatcher.

Traill's Flycatcher.

Least Flycatcher.

Blue Jay.

American Crow.

Bobolink.

Cowbird.

Red-winged Blackbird.

Meadowlark.

Orchard Oriole.

Baltimore Oriole.

Bronzed Grackle.

American Goldfinch.

Vesjier Sparrow.

AYhite-crowned Sparrow.

White-throated Sparrow.

Chipping Sparrow.

Field Sparrow.

Song Sparrow.

Lincoln's Sparrow.

Swamp Sparrow

Towhee.

Cardinal.

Rose-breasted Grosbeak.

Indigo Bunting.

Grasshopper Sparrow.

Birds recorded at Tiffin by W.
lin.

Sharp-shinned Hawk.
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.
Purple ^lartin.
Bhie-headed Yireo.
Pectoral Sandpiper.

Birds recorded at Oberlin by
Herring Gull.
Common Tern.
American Bittern.

Rough-winged Swallow.

Bank Swallow.

Cedar Waxwing.

Migrant Shrike.

Red-eyed Vireo.

Warbling Vireo.

Yellow-throated Yireo.

Black and White Warbler.

Blue-winged Warbler.

Golden-winged Warbler.

Nashville Warbler.

Tennessee Warbler.

Northern Parula Warbler.

Ca])e May Warbler.

Yellow Warbler.

Black-throated Blue Warbler.

Myrtle Warbler.

Magnolia Warbler.

Cerulean Warbler.

Chestnut-sided Warbler.

Bay-breasted Warbler.

Black-poll Warbler.

Blackburnian Warbler.

Black-throated Green Warbler.

Palm Warbler.

Oven-bird.

Water-Thrush.

Northern Yellow-throat.

Yellow-breasted Chat.

Wilson's Warbler.

Canadian Warbler.

American Redstart.

Catbird.

Brown Thrasher.

House Wren.

White-breasted Nuthatch.

Tufted Titmouse.

Chickadee.

Blue-gi'ay Gnatcatcher.

Wood Thrush.

Wilson's Thi'ush.

Olive-backed Thrush.

Hermit Thrush.

American Robin.

Bluebird.

F. Henninger not recorded at Ober-

ilournincr Warbler.
Pine Warbler.
Red-breasted Nuthatch.
Golden-crowned Kinglet.

Lynds .Jones not ''ecorded at Tiffin.
Great Horned Owl.
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.
Whip-poor-will.

Till-: W'lLsox BuLLE'iix — No. o5.

Kiiiir Rail. I'rairie Ilonu'd Lark.

Virixiiiia Kail. Rust.y Blackliird.

Sora. Savanna Sparrow.

Florida Gallinnle. Cliff Swallow.

American Woodcock. Tree Swallow.

Least Sandpiper. Oranse-crowned AVarhlor.

Greater Yellow-legs. I'rairie Warbler.

Bartraniian Sandpiper. Louisiana Water-Tlirusli.

Seniipalniated riover. American Pipit.

Marsh Hawk. Winter Wren.

Red-shnnldered Hawk. Short-hilled Marsh Wren.

Bald Kanle. Lons-l)illed Marsh Wreu.

Barred Owl. Rnby-crowued Kinglet.

Screech Owl. Gray-cheeked Thrush.

Species not recorded which were certainly in northern Ohio on
the days when these records were made.

Black Tern. Lesser Scaup Duck.

Least Bittern. Great Blue Heron.

Ruffed Grouse. Turkey Vulture.

Cooper's Hawk. Broad-winged Hawk.

American Long-eared Owl. Red-bellied Woodpecker.

Xighthawk. Lark Sparrow.
Carolina Wren.

It thus appears that there were not less than 150 species of birds

in northern Ohio during the period covered by May 14 and 1.5. Of
these 138 were actually recorded.

A NEW RECORD FOR THE PRAIRIE WARBLER

IN OHIO.

BY W. F. HENNIXGER.

On ]\Iay 11 th. at about 3 p. m., I ran across four individuals
of the Prairie Warbler (Dendroica discolor) in our favorite
Warbler woods here, one and one-half miles south-east of
Tiffin. Some of the tall timber in these woods was cut a year
ago and on some saplings, with Myrtle Warblers all around
me, I spied these rarities, and was favored by all four with
their song, so frequently heard last year in Virginia and south-
ern Ohio. Evidently they were migrants, as on May 15th, on
our "All day with the birds," when I wanted to show Mr. Karl
Heilmann these birds, none were to be found, in spite of the
most diligent and painstaking search. This is a new record
for the Prairie Warbler in the state, and especially interesting,
as none seem to have been reported from this corner of our
commonwealth.

THE WILSON BULLETIN.

A Quarterly Mag&zine Devoted to the Study of Living Birds.
Official Organ of the Wilson Ornithological Club.

Edited by LYNDS JONES.

PUBLISHED BY THE CLUB, AT OBERLIN, OHIO.

Price in the United States, Canada and Mexico, 50 cents a year, 15 cents a number, post-
paid. Price in all countries in the International Postal Union, 65 cents a year, 20 cents
a number. Subscriptions may be sent to Lynds Jones, Oberlin, Ohio, or to Mr. Frank L
Burns, Berwyn, Penn.

EDITORIAL.

This Issue of the Bulletin will follow some of you to the field
of your summer outing, and will find others in the midst of prepa-
rations for carrying out the plans for the summer. To such, and
to all, we wish to offer this word of greeting, and this expression of
the hope that the summer may be full of all best things. May one
of the best things be some new information of the lives of some
birds.

Studies of the birds in the summer are not usuallj" pursued with
the vigor which is given to studies of the migrations, because or
the natural difficulties which summer conditions present. It is for
that reason that we" urge more persistent study on the part of all
during this time. Did you ever notice that most of our bird litera-
ture is either strangely silent or at least very general in statements
about the summer habits of most birds? The summer field is such
an untrodden one that one cannot enter it without the assurance
that new facts await him. Surprises quite as exciting as any
which the migrations bring await the summer student of the birds
Plan your work for it this once.

Tlie editor spent a delightful three days with Dr. W. E. D.
Scott and his family of birds at the newly established Worthington
Society for the Investigation of Bird Life, at Shawnee-on-Delawart.
early in May. He never before saw our native birds so thoroug-hiv
contented and normal in their captivity that it was impossible to
tell the captives from the wild birds which alighted upon the cages.

74 TiiK Wii.sox Bulletin — No. 55.

except that tlic captives seeiued to be the better favored. If one
were inclined to conscientious scruples against keeping wild birds in
confinement the sight of this happy and contented family would
certainiy sweep the scruples away. We feel a lasting gratitude to
Mr. Worthington for his interest and liberality in making this ven-
ture possible, and we heartily congratulate Dr. Scott upon the be-
ginning of a realization of the fruition of a life given to a greatly
needed work such as he has undertaken. May his work prosper and
his days be nnilti plied to carry forward this work.

Carefully prepared lists of summer birds from regions not al-
ready fully covered by publis hed lists, are solicited. Faunal studies
of this sort will be worth publishing until the country is fully
covered, or until we have learned everything there is to learn about
distribution. Along with any list there should go such notes re-
lating to life histories as can be learned, particularly as to the
close of the season of song, and exact dates of nesting. Copious
notes made while one is working in the field with the birds are valu-
able assets. Often what seem to be purposeless notes at the time
they are made later prove to be the key to the solution of some
vexed question. The best memory may prove fickle.

Before the next number of the Bulletin goes to press the south-
ward migrations will have begun. How nnich do we really know
about when the southward movement begins in our own locality, or
where we spend the sununer? Isn't it worth while to begin to learn
about it? Here on Lake Erie some of the sandpipers which nest
about Hudson's Bay, supposably, are to be found on the sandy shores
and in the mud flats early in July, and some of the warblers art*
evidently moving southward early in Auaust. On the other hand,
some birds seem to leave for the south before they actu.il ly do.

SOME NOTEWORTHY LORAIN COUNTY RECORDS FOR 190C.

A solitary White-throated Sparrow was found wintering in tue
gorge of Vermilion river near Brownhelm Mills, on January 1. The
bird was clearly in good physical condition. This is the first re-
corded instance of the wintering of this species.

Hoyt's Horned I;ark was again found, in company with Prairie
Horned Larks, four individuals on February 22. The difference of
coloration and size was marked. These four inclined to separate
themselves from the others and grouped together.

Papers and Publications Received. 75

A company of six Bronzed Grackles spent the winter in Oberlin.

Two or more Robins were fed all winter in Oberlin.

Only two Lapland Longspurs have been recorded for the connty
— March 5. Many more are usually found during the spring weeks.

A solitary SnoAA'flake was found feeding with a company of
Prairie Horned Larks, on February IG. No others were seen during
the winter.

A Kirtland's and a fine male Prairie Warbler were recorded on
May 2. The birds were feeding close together and permitted an ap-
proach within twenty feet, singing all the time. The Kirtland's
w'as without markings on the center of the breast. This is the third
record for Kirtland's Warbler.

A solitary Hooded and a solitary. Kentucky Warbler were record-
ed on May 15, both singing lustily. These birds have recently made
their appearance in the county. Neither have yet been found ex-
cept during the height of the spring migrations.

There was a notable scarcity of Goldfinches during the last week
in March and the first three weeks in April. Only a few were re
corded during the winter. The birds became common again by the
30th of April, and before any had completed the spring moult. A
similar scarcity is reported to me from south-eastern Michigan.
Were they common anywhere during this period?

SPECIAL PAl'ERS RECEIVED.

Cassinia, A Bird Annual. Proceedings of the Delaware Valley
Ornithological Club of Philadelphia. 1905. Issued February, 190G.

On a Collection of Birds and Mansmals from the Colorado Delta,
Lower California. By Witmer Stone, with Field Notes by Samuel
N. Rhoads. From the Proceedings of The Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, September, 190."). Issued December G, 1905.

On a Collection of Birds from British East Africa obtained by
Mr. George L. Harrison, Jr. By Witmer Stone. From the Pro-
ceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, No-
vember, 1905. Issued January 24, 190G.

The Mammals of Colorado. By Edward R. Warren. Colorado
College Publications. General Series No. 19.

CURRENT PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

American Ornithology. Vol. V. No. 12; Vol. VI. Nos. 1 to 5.

Bird-Lore. Vol. VII, No. G; Vol. VIII, Nos. 1, 2.

Boys and Girls. Vol. V. Nos. .3 to G ; Vol. VI. Nos. 1 to 5.

76 TiiF. Wilson Hullktin — No. 55.

Bullotiiis L'."!.') to 2.">7, Micliiir;iu Agricnlturnl Collejie Kxi)erinient
Station.

Comlor. The. Vol. VII, No. G; Vol. VIII, Nos. ], 2.
Journal of tlie Maine Ornithological Society, \'ol. \U, So. 4;
Vol. VIII. No. 1.

Nature-Study Review, ^'ol. II, Nos. 1, 2.

Ornithologisches Monatschrift, Vol. XXX, Nos. 9 to 11; Vol.
XXXI, Nos. 1 to «.

Monthly Bulletin. The I'ennsylvania State Dei)artMient of Agri
culture. Vol. Ill, Nos. 0 to 12.

Oologist, The, Vol. XII, Nos. 11. 12; Vol. XIII, No. 1.

Ohio Naturalist. The. Vol. VI. Nos. 2 to 7.

Ontario Natural Science Bulletin, The, No. 2.

Zoological Society Bulletin. Nos. 10. 20, 21.

NOTICES OF RECENT LITERATURE.

I. r.irds from Mindoro and Small Adjacent Islands.

II. Notes on Three Rare Luzon liirds.

By Richard C. IMcGregor. Bureau of the Government Labora-
tories. No. 34. October, 1905. With 18 plates and 27 figures.

These two papers continue the excellent work which Mr. Mc-
Gregor is doing toward completing our knowledge of the birds of
our far eastern island possessions. Three new species are aescribed,
and much information concerning life history and more extensive
descriptions of plumages are given. L. J.

A Hand-Li.st of the Birds of the Philippine Islands. By Richard
C. McGregor and Dean C. Worcester. Bureau of the Government
Laboratories, No. SCt. .January, lOOG.

This "Hand-List" follows the form of Dr. R. B. Sharpe's "Hand-
List of Birds." Dr. AVorcester prefaces the Hand-List profjer witii
an interesting and valuable discussion of the zoological relationships
of the islands among themselves. The Hand-List is concerned chief-
ly with giving the names of the species and their distribution. Ad-
ditional information is supplied in foot-notes where it seems called
for. There is a complete index to genera and s))ecies, and another
index to the orders, suborders, families, and sul)-families of the Phil
ippine birds. It is a valuable and timely contribution to ornitho-
logical literature. L. j.

The Grouse and Wild Turkeys of the Fnited States, and Their
Economic Value. By Sylvester D. Judd. P.ulietin No. 24, Biologi-
cal Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

In this valuable paper Dr. Judd gives us the distribution, food
habits, and methods for preservation and propagation of this group
of game birds. Especial attention is called to the great economic

Notices of Recent Literature. 77

value oC the grouse aud wild turkeys, both from their habit of
eating insects and weed seeds, and because of their value as an arti-
cle of diet. It is earnestly to be hoped that active measures will
at once be taken to repopulate the regions now depopulated by theso
birds, which were once well stocked. L. J.

Bird Photography in Norway. By R. W. Shufeldt. Reprint
from The Popular Science Monthly, May, 190G.

Dr. Shufeldt here gives us a delightful glimpse of Norway bird
life in pen and "-amera pictures. Certainly Norway is not a whit
behind America in catching the birds with the lens. L. J.

An Ecological Survey in Northern Michigan. Prepared under
the direction of Chas. C. Adams. A Report from the University
Museum, University of Michigan, published by the State Board of
Geological Survey as a part of the Report for 1905. Copiously il-
lustrated with maps and half-tones.

This ecological study covers "the plant and animal life of the
Porcupine Mountains in Ontonagon County and on Isle Royale."
The Porcupine Mountains wei'e studied from July 11 to August 13,
and Isle Royale from August 13 to September 5. As far as the birds
were concerned they were seen only under the conditions of fall
migration. Eighty-nine species of birds were recorded on the Por-
cupine Mountains, and 81 on Isle Royale. It is to be hoped that
this work can be supplemented by studies during the breeding sea-
son of the birds. L. J.

We are pained to learn of the death of our fellow member, a
sketch of whose life from the pen of one of his close associates is
here quoted from a local paper.

"Alternately reciting the apostle's creed and repeating parts of
the Lord's prayer the soul of LaRue K. Holmes, son of Colonel B.
P. and Georgiana K. Holmes, passed to its eternal reward. The
end came suddenly at his home on Pine Grove avenue, early Thurs-
day morning. The immediate cause of death was rheumatism of
the heart complicated with other weaknesses. Though a young man
of quiet, studious tastes, young Holmes was well known in Summit.
N. J., and his death will come as a shock to his many friends.

"Born December 2nd, 1883, he was little over twenty-two years
of age. At an early age he became a communicant in the Episcopal
church and died in that fellowship. A profound lover of nature,
he developed while still a boy into a zealous student of natural his-
tory. Botany, entomology, and ornithology claimed his attention
according to his varying mood. He could not cross a field or pass
through a belt of timber without exploring hidden nooks for speci-
mens of interest to the naturalist.

78 The Wilson Blli.etix — Xo. 55.

"His great |»assi(Hi was lor liirds. wlioso habits and liahitat lie
studied with iiuweariod interest. Had he lived he might have won
distinction as an ornithologist. Already he had served as curator
in the nuiseuni of Natural History, New York, and achieved hon-
orable mention for his work in classifying the recent accessions to
their department of ornithology. He was also a correspondent ol"
the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, and exchanged specimens
with them. Though affable and gracious in manner, he was natur-
ally reserved and preferred solitude to society. His bereaved
mother and father will have the sympathy of this entire community
in an affliction which removes their last child and leaves their home
without one for whom they lived and labored." — W. W. Giles.

It is my sad duty to chronicle the death of our fellow member,
LaRue K. Holmes, at Sunnnit, N. J., on May 10th, 1906, at the home
of his parents, Colonel B. P. and Georgiana K. Holmes. The fol-
lowing touching note from the bereaved mother gives the particulars
far more fittingly than pen of mine :

Dear Sir : — Our precious LaRue, recentlj' assistant curator at
the Museum of Natural History. New York, entered into rest yes-
terday, after intense suffering for foiir months, from rheumatism of
the heart, singing a hymn and repeating the Apostles' creed and
Lord's I'rayer. Patient lieyond words, almost unspotted by contact
with the world, ai'tistic in nature and devoted to the study of his
beloved birds, he passed to the spirit world in triumph through Christ.

Yours, in sorrow, which should be rejoicing.

Georgiana Klingle Holmes.

He was elected an associate member of the American Ornithol-
ogists T'nion in 1902, and a corresponding member of the Delaware
Valley Ornithological Club in 1904, and his most elaborate paper.
"The short-billed Marsh Wren {Cistothorus stellaris) in Eastern
Pennsylvania and New Jersey," in the Cassinia for 1904, suggests
careful and critical research and exceptional ability.

The writer had the pleasure of meeting him at a gathering of
ornithologists in Philadelphia a few years since and found him quiet,
affable, enthusiastic, peculiarly attractive, and soon after entering
into correspondence with him, induced him to join the Wilson Orni-
thological Club as an active member. He contributed an excellent
paper entitled "The Sunnner P>irds of Summit, Union County, N. .T.."
to the WiLsox P.llletix for March. 190.5. In their Itereavement for
this their last child, the sorrowing parents will have the sympathy
of all the mendters of the Wilson Ornithological Club.

Frank L. Burns.

SCREECH OWL (Megascops asio)
young of the year.

THE

WILSON BULLETIN

NO. 56.

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY

VOL. XVIII SEPTEMBER, 1906 NO. 3

MY NEIGHBORS' HOMES IN CLAYTON COUNTY,

IOWA.

1!V AI.'iUEA R. SUKRiMAN.

In suniniier I liavc many neii^libors, Ijut in one class only do
I feel a consnniing interest — an interest that consumes much
time and energy. Within one-fourth of a mile of our home
thirty species of birds are likely to breed every year. Some
years there may be a failure on the part of two or three of these
species to come quite within this limit, but they are very near.
The nests of sixteen of these, besides the eggs of the Cowbird,
have been found upon our grounds, and there is very good
circumstantial evidence to show that four common birds, the
Bobolinks, Meadowlarks, Dickcissels and Maryland Yellow-
throats have had their nests here, although I have failed to
finfl them.

In the summer of liHi.j on our home plot eleven species nested
whose nests were found, nine being occupied at one time. These
eleven were the Alourning Dove. Flicker, Kingbird, Phoebe,
Red-winged Blackbird, American Goldfinch, Chipping Spar-
row;, Brown Thrasher, House Wren, American Robin, and
Bluebird. The five species that have nested with us but did not
that year were the Bobwhite. Chimney Swift, Song Sparrow,
]5arn Swallow and Catbird.

Of the other species within the quarter of a mile limit the
Clifif Swallow breeds abundantly if undisturbed; Vesper Spar-
rows, and Prairie Horned Larks are common awav from the

82 Tin-: W'lr.sox r)ri.Li:TiN — No. M\.

houses. The nearest ravine is the haunt of a Killdeer whose
nest is somotinies found Ix-side a hill of corn ; for years a pair
of I'.altimore Orioles have swung- their nestlings' cradle from
the twigs oi a large Cottonwood in preference to a widespread-
insr ehu directlv across the street. Red-headed Woodpeckers
have tlirec nesting sites, two are in maple trees in private yards,
and the third is in the stuni]) of a cottonwood tree near the
school-house. .\ W'arhling \ireo sings from the tops of the
tall trees and it is difficult to locate his family nursery.

A ]>air of ]^)lue Jays, contrary to their general reputation for
slnness while ])reeding, have chosen hotel life, and on? summer
huilt their nest in the hranches of an apple-tree overhanging
the garden walk. The second summer thereafter they built in
a small spruce tree whose boughs nearly touched the front
porch of the hotel. Chimney Swifts build in the chimneys of
the }ilethodist church and in a store building, while the White-
rumped Shrikes choose for raising their young the evergreen
trees in the cemetery and certain trees fin the County Fair
grounds. Hummiingbirds are not uncommon, but their nests
have not been found in this particular territory.

Were our bird neighborhood described by a radius of two
miles the area would embrace a large grove to the westward
and on the east reach to the woodlands of the ^lississippi River.
Here are found the breeding places of Hawks, Owds, the Prairie
Hen, Sora, Cuckoos, Xighthawks. \\'ood Pewee, Crow. Field
Sparrow, Towhee, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Indigo Bunting,
Scarlet Tar.ager. Red-eyed \"ireo. Yellow^ Warbler, American
Kedstart, \\'hite-breasted Xuthatch, Bhie-gray Gnatcatcher,
and ])rnbably other species.

That pestiferous nuisance, the English Sjjarrow, claims a few
words. In a great grain-growing region such as is Iowa he
thrives wonderfully, every old straw stack and straw-covered
shed affording nesting places for a score of his kind. His
ability to carry from farm to farm the germs of contagious
diseases of poultry and swine make him a serious menace to
the farmers and the children would do well to hunt sparrow
eggs as diligently as those of the fowds.

In a census for July 4th, lOOC, the birds observed from my

CkAinAriLF. — On CoM^rox WriiTrrRR, Cal.. P)[Rns. So

own doorway arc those ,G^ivcn here. In taking" such a census
it is difficult to say. for example, whether one sees several
Aleadowdarks, or sees the same bird several times, therefore I
number only those of a species that were observed at the same
time. They were: 1 ^Mourning Dove, -i Flickers, 1 Red-headed
Woodpecker, 1 female Hummingbird, a pair of Kingbirds
nesting, 1 male Phoebe, numerous Bobolinks, -i male Red-
winofcd Blackbirds, 1 Aleadowlark, 2 male and 2 female (iold-
finches, Chipping Sparrows, a pair of Song Sparrows having
nest with four eggs, 1 male Dickcissel. numerous Swallows.
3 White-rumped Shrikes, 1 Warbling \'ireo. •? male ^Maryland
Yellow-throats, a pair of Catbirds nesting, a pair of W^rens with
nestlings, numerous Robins, a pair of Bluebirds, nesting.
Twenty-one species in all and on^ days closely following Bob-
whites, Cowbirds, Purple Crackles and Brown Thrashers
were seen.

COMMON BIRDS OF WHITTIFR. CALIFORNIA.

BY ESTIIKR CRAIGMILE.

Whittier is located fourteen miles southeast of Los Angeles,
and twenty miles from the Pacific Ocean. It is a hillside town
standing on the mesa of the Puente Hills, which bound it on
tlie north and east, and commands a fine view^ of the rich val-
ley to the south and west. Beyond the hills lies the .San Ga-
briel Valley bounded on the north by the Sierra Madre range.
Promi the summit of the Puentes one gets a good view of the
patchwork efifect of the valley ranches with the variegated foli-
age which orange, lemon, olive, and walnut produce.

Pepper and Eucalyptus trees are conspicuous in town, while
live oaks and sycamores are found in the canyons. The hills
are green after the rains begin. Bright yellow mustard assum-
ing the proportions of small trees covers all uncultivated re-
gions. Weeds of all kimls thrive during the rainy season.
These weed patches are an eye-sore, yet they afford desirable
shelter for birds and abundant food during the dry season.

This list is taken from mv notes wdiich date from November

SI Tttf. \\'ir.sox T'.iit.khx — Xo. ")C>.

;, llMi.'i, to .\|;i\ 1. I'.'iMi. It CDwrs (il)scr\alii)iis in W'hilticr,
till' riKMitr Mills. San ( labrirl valUy and llu' l);-acli. Mrs.
r.aiKx's r.irds n\ Wislcrn I'nikd Stales. Mrs. W lu'clock's
r.irds (if California, and a short interview with I'rofessor Jo-
seph ( iriiniell. wert' the sources of my authority.

Residents.

Sayornis nigricans. Black Plioebe. — Cdninioii Nesting, or
I)()rclies.

Scolecophagus cyanocephalus. Brewer's Blacl;l)ird. — Ahuiidant.

Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis. House Finch. — Abundant. —
Dest ructivL' to fruit buds.

Zenaidura macroura. ^Mourning Dove. — Common, especially in
the hills and canyons.

Lanius ludovicianus gambeli. California Shrike. — Especially com-
mon in town.

Pipilo fuscus senicula. Anthony's Towhee. — Abundant in town'--,
hills, and valley.

Astragalinus psaltria. Arkansas Goldfinch. — Abundant.

Astragalinus tristis salicamans. Willow Goldfinch.

Polioplila californjca. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher.

Cathartes aura. Turkey Vulture. — A constant sight soaring abovv?
hills.

Calypte anna. Anna's Hummingbird. — Common.

Faico sparverius phaloena. Desert Sparrow Hawk. — Common in
the hills.

Mimus polyglottos leucopterus. Western Mockingbird. — Not
much in evidence in fall and early winter. Adorning almost every
chimney in spring when they sing jubilantly.

Sturnelia magna neglecta. Western Meadow'lark. — Common.

Aphelocoma californica. California Jay. — Common in canyon
trees, rare in town.

Colaptes cafer coilarjs. Red-shafted Flicker. — Common in trees
of canyons, rare in town.

Catherpes mexicanus conspersus. Canyon Wren. — Three records
in canyon walks.

Chondestes grammacus strlgatus. Western Lark Sparrow. — Found
in large and small flocks in winter, in pairs in spring.

Anthus pensilvanicus. Pipit. — Two records. Solitary birds in
ranch fields.

Dryobates nuttalli. Nuttal's Woodpecker. — Rare in canyon trees.

Larus occidental is. Western Gull.— Abundant on the beach.

Larus delawarensis. Ring-billed Gull.— Rare. Only two records
on the beach.

Craigmii.k — Ox C()^r^Io^• \\'[1!ttier. Cal.. Birds. S5

Geococcyx californianus. Road-rumier. — Two records. Seen in
the valley from the electric car window.

Fulica americana. American Coot. — Commonly seen from Novem-
ber until May. They may nest in this locality.

Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis. Black Tern. — One doubtful
record on the beach.

Melospiza cinerea cocperi. San Diego Song Sparrow. — Common.

Corvus americanus hesperjs. California Crow^ — Fairly common.

Parus inornatus. Plain Titmouse. — In trees of canyons.

Lophortyx californicus vallicola. Valley Partridge. — Abundant in
hills and canyons.

Toxostoma redivivum pasadenense. Pasadena Thrasher. — Com-
mon resident.

Xenopicus albolarvatus. White-headed Woodpecker. — Rare in
large sycamores in canyons.

Heleodytes brunneicapillus. Cactus Wren. — One record, in dry
San Gabriel river bed.

Pooecetes gramineus confinis. Western Vesper Sparrow. — Rare.
One small flock in the valley is the only record.

Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis. San Diego Red-wing. — Abundant
in the marshes.

Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea. Buriowing Owl. — Common. Nest-
ing in holes in the ground.

Psaltriparus minimus californicus. California Bush Tit. Rait in
my records.

Troglodytes aedon parkmanii. Pacific House Wren. Singing wild-
ly from February through spring. Nesting in hollow trees or in holes
in the canyon.

Geothlypis trichas arizela. Pacific Yellow-throat. — Commonly
seen from February. Perhaps resident.

Pipilo maculatus megalonyx. Spurred Towhee. — Common in
weedy fields or orchards.

Pelecanus californicus. California Brown Pelican. — Common at
Long Beach in spring.

Larus hermanni. Hermann's Gull. — The most common gull on the
beach.

Numenius sp.?. Curlew. — A flock of nine long billed specimens
w'ere seen at Long Beach in April, but the species could not be de-
termined.

Larus californicus. California Gull. — Rare.

Otocoris alpestris actia. California Horned Lark. Reported as
common, but I have but one record.

VIreo huttoni. Hutton's Vireo.

Dryobates pubescens gairdnerii. Gairduer's Woodpecker. — Com-
mon in lowlands willows.

Chamaea fasciata. Wren-tit. — Rare.

8() Till-: Wilson IU i.lktin — Xo. 06 .

Polioptila caerulea obscura. Western Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. —
FduiuI in winter in large llucks feeding among weeds along arro>os.

Winter Visitants.

Sialia mexicana occidentalis. Western Bluebird. — Found in small
flocks (luring the winter.

Dendroica auduboni. Audubon's Warbler — Abundant.

Regulus calendula. Ruby-crowned Kinglet. — Abundant.

Buteo borealis. Red-tailed Hawk. — Possibly a resident.

Merula migratoria propinqua. Western Robin. — Common in
flocks. Found in ])arks, in town, or in canyon trees.

Oidemia deglandi. White-winged Scoter. — Abundant in surf at
Santa Monica and Venice in November. Possibly a resident.

Gavia pacifica. Pacific Loon. — Common on the beach in Novem-
l)er.

Mareca americana. Baldpate. — Possibly resident.

Querquedula discors. Blue-winged Teal. — Common. Possibly
resident.

Anas boschas. Mallaid. — Common.

Junco hyemalis thurberi. Thurber's Junco.^One large flock re-
corded in San Gabriel Valley. Rare in town.

Columba fasciata. Band-tailed Pigeon. — One record of four in a
canyon.

Sayornis saya. Say's Phoebe.— Commonly found in fields all win-
ter.

Astragal inus lawrencei. Lawrence's Goldfinch. — Rare.

Zonotrichia coronata. Golden-crowned Sparrow.

Oidemia perspicillata. Surf Scoter. — Abundant in the surf at
Long Beach in April. Perhaps resident.

Zonotrichia leuccphrys gambeli. Gambel's Sparrow. — Abundant,
dant.

Summer Residents.

Tyrannis verticalis. Arkansas Kingbird. — Common.

Tacliycineta thalassina lepida. Northern Violet Green Swallow.

Icterus bullockj. Bullock's Oriole. — Common after the last of
]\Iarch. Nests largely in canyon trees.

Phainopepla nitens. Phainopepla. — Common in small flocks
amtmg pepper trees after the middle of March.

Petrochelidon lunifrons. Cliff Swallow. — Common, nesting inside
of barns and imder eaves.

Riparia riparia. Bank Swallow. — Abundant, nesting in high banks
along the ocean at Long Beach.

Stelgidopteryx serripennis. Rough-winiged Swalliow. — Common,
nesting in the banks at Long Beach.

T.WERXER — Ox A Purple ^Fartix Roost. 87

Dendroica estiva. Yellow Warbler. — Common.

Zamelodia melanocephala. Black-headed Grosbeak.

Chordeiles acutipennis texensis. Texas Nighthawk. — Common.

Cyanospiza amoena. Lazuli Bunting. — Common in Puente Hills.

Myiarchus cinerascens. Ash-throated Flycatcher. — Common.

Trochilus alexandri. Black-chinned Hummingbird. — Most com-
mon hummer in summer.

Icterus cucullatus nelsoni. Arizona Hooded Oriole. — A common
town bird, nesting on the under side of palm leaves.

Wilsonia pusilla chryseola. Golden Pileolated Warbler. — Common
among scrubby willows.

Empidonax difficilis. Western Flycatcher. — Recorded on May day.

Icteria virens longicadus. Long-tailed Chat. — Singing among wil-
lows on ]\Iay first.

Empidonax traillii. Traill's Flycatcher. — Common in canyon trees.

Hyiocichia ustulatus. Russet-backed Thrush. — One May record.

Transients.

Chen hyperborea. Lesser Snow Goose. — Migrating in February.

Hyiocichia ustulatus audubcni. Audubon's Hermit Thrush. — Two
records in the spring migration.

Ceryle alcyon. Belted Kingfisher. — One record on the beach.

Oxyechus vocifera. Killdeer. — A flock of fifteen recorded in No-
vember.

Ampelis cedrorum. Cedar Waxwing. — Two records: One flock of
twenty in the live oaks on the first of January, and a flock of five in
Whittier Park in March.

Selasphorus rufus. Rufus Hummingbird. — Common in the spring
migrations after March 31.

Cha2tura vauxi. Vaux's Swift. — Commonly seen during April and
May.

Piranga ludoviciana. Louisiana Tanager. — Two records in May.

A PURPLE ^lARTIX ROOST.

nv p. A. taverxer.

The Pitrple Afartin is a strange bird and one that miy ex-
perience points out as a slowly vanishing race. Otttside of the
late cases in the east where their local extinction was clearly
dtte to the inclement weather, the\- seem to be on the downw^ard
path. Old established colonies are being reported deserted
without, as far as I can discern, any adeqttate increase in other

88 'I'm-: W'li.sox lU LLiniN — Xo. ■")(').

(|uarkTS. A record of all the Martin conuininitics in .Miclii<;an
State with an estimate of thi" numbers reported every few \ears
wonld he a \aluahU' ac(|uisitirn to our ornithological data.

The birds are. however, far from being extinct or even un-
common Init ver\- local in their distribution. They are never
seen in the country excej^t during the migrations or in estab-
lished colonics about certain human habitations. Indeed they
are peculiarK haunters of civilization and are about the business
sections of our cities, where the Hat gravel roofs and overhang-
ing cornices are tenanted by these birds together with House
Sparrows and .Xighthawks. Toward the middle of .\ugust.
however, the outlying colonies are deserted and the birds gather
in large flocks ])reliminary to the southern migration. At
these times they are generally to be found roosting at night in
great numbers in the long grass and reeds of the swamps and
marshes.

In IIM);;, the middle of August. I saw a large flock about the
b^eld-Columbian Museum, Jackson Park, Chicago. The near-
est marshes of any extent are some miles away from this point
and our little circle of bird men were much interested in dis-
covering where they passed the night. Every evening about
five o'clock they gathered about the great dome of the museum
perching in long rows, like beads on a thread, on the guy wires
of the smokestack. One evening I counted one hundred on one
w ire. There were three other lines ecpiallv well filled, making
four hundred birds. Uesides. there were. I should judge, nearly
half as many more fl}ing around in their aerial acrobats; so an
estimate of six hundred birds would not be far from their true
numbers.

The spacing of the individuals upon the wires was exceeding-
ly regular and even — about twelve inches on centers in each
case — and I do not think the largest space between exceeded
the smallest i)\ more than two inches. This is a phenomenon
that can also l>e noticed among Swallows when they perch upon
the telegraj)]! wires in numbers. The cause of it used to puzzle
me a little until 1 watcheil these Martins on the guys of the
museum stack. IJeing long-w'inged birds, thev require a cer-
tain space in which to fold their wings on alighting and it is

Taverner — Ox A Pl-rple Martin Roost. 89

this wing spread that governs their relative positions on a Hne
or perch hke a wire where they have to sit side by side in the
same plane.

The air as well as the wires was filled with their wheeling
forms, and the soft chattering of their numbers formed a con-
tinuous soft monotone very pleasing and cjuieting to the senses
and conducive to musing and meditation. Indiviluals were
continually forsaking their perches and hurling themselves into
the giddy evolutions of their comrades on the wing and their
places w^ere shortl\ taken by others that had been but waiting
for a vacancy. Starting from the highest point of the wire
one of the rest-seekers would gradually flutter down its length
emitting half-angry warnings, answered in a like manner from
the seated ones, until a space was found that had been deserted
by its occupant when the new comer would settle down just
about a foot from the neighbor on either hand ; perhaps I should
say wing.

Thus it continued each evening. As evening advanced the
birds became more restless and uneasy and the occupants of the
wires kept continually changing until just about sundown,
when up they all flew, circled a few times overhead and then
away to the westward — straight up the Alidway and so vanished
in the distance. They were followed a couple of evenings on
a bicycle but that they soon left far behind and we were as ig-
norant as ever of their destination. At last, on August 21st,
Mr. J. L. De Mne ran them down. Stationed at the far end of
the Midway, he watched for their coming. True to their usual
hour they came straight up the broad ]\Iidway. Flying swiftly
they passed directly over the observer's head and dashed into
the trees in the corner of Washington Park just across Cottage
Grove Ave., joining others of their kind already there ; and the
problem was solved. The next evening found the three of us.
Mr. De Vine, Professor Ned. Dearburn and the writer tliere
waiting. The spot chosen for the night roost was peculiar and
worth a passing mention. In all Chicago I know of no spot
that would seem more unlikely to be used for such a purpose.
Cottage Grove Ave, runs north and south, bounding Washing-
ton Park on the east. It is bi-sected by GOth street, and in the

!Mt Till, Wilson Bit^letix — Xo. 'A\.

an.q'lc thus foriiiccl. lies the southeastern corner of the park. On
the avenue is a double line of noisy, clangino^. banging cable
cars, running a three-minute service. Diagonally across there
were a number of pop-corn stands, gypsy fortune tellers with
their array of gasoline jacks and the usual quota of loafers.

Automobiles, delivery wagons, trucks, and all manner of
vehicles are continually passing, and the street is generally well
filled evenings, with a throng of saunterers. sightseers and
loafers. Directly across GOth street is San Soucci. a large beer
garden, redolent of vaudeville sights and sounds. Arc lights
sputter and sizzle, gasoline jacks tiare and wave, and above all
the sounds of the street and crowd rise the noises of the brass
band and the roar of the "shoot the shoots," continuing from
seven o'clock in the evening until nearly twelve at night. Yet
right there midst all this noise and confusion was where these
strange and unaccountable birds had chosen to take their night's
rest, unmindful of the acres and acres of quite lofty shade that
stretched away to the north and west in the quietness of the
great park.

When we arrived there were already quite a number of >Iar-
tins flying about and dotting the telegraph wires in the im-
mediate vicinity. Soon a flock wns seen coming in from the
north, then one from the west, until shortly, to whatever point
of the compass we turned, we saw numbers of them hastening
to the rendezvous. As they gathered, and as it grew later, they
forsook the telegraph wires and circled round and round the
small clump of trees in the very corner of the park, almost over-
hanging the noisy avenue and looking directly into the blare and
glare of the garden. The museum delegation came at their
appointed time, and their numbers were lost in the great flock
that wheeled about this spot. By degrees, bunch after bunch
settled down in descending spirals and sought ])laces in the
small, three corner trees, until most of the flock had vanished
therein.

It was getting dark now. when, with a flutter of wings and
a deafening clatter from a multitude of tiny throats, they all
rose again into the air in an agitated, boiling mass, and coinci-
dently. the half-drowned screams of a couple of Blue Jays were

Taverner — On A Pl'Rple Martin Roost. 91

heard coming from the deserted fohage. As they rose and
joined those few that were still in the air, they fairly darkened
the sky. Their numbers could not be estimated. There may
have been one thousand, there may have been twent}-. They
formed a solid ring, I should judge, two hundred feet in di-
ameter, a short way above the topmost branches, and whirled
round and round in a dizzy circle. To look at them made the
eyes ache and the head reel.

Again and again they attempted to re-settle in the branches
of the trees, onl}- to burst up again as the protesting noise of the
Jays was heard. They broke away from the attractive spot
now and again, and made a wude detour of the park, only to
return and resume their mazy, wheeling flight. By and by the
Jays were heard in another quarter, and by degrees the Alartins
all settled in the desired trees. The three little trees spoken of
before seemed to be the coveted positions, but were scon filled
to overflowing. A bunch would dash into the covering, and,
failing to find foot-room among the densely packed branches,
would, in their efforts, knock dozens cfif their perches, and a
mass of fluttering, scolding birds would burst out again. Some
would regain their lost perches, and the remaining unsuccess-
ful ones would be forced to seek places in the trees adjoining.
In no case did any birds alight in these neighboring trees of
second choice until the fytility of finding places in the desired
three corner ones was proved by actual experience.

Slowlv darkness settled down and slowly all were accommo-
dated in the lofty cover and the noise of the combined twitter-
ings grew less and less insistant until quietness covered all, ex-
cept when a belated delegation from some probably distant
part of the city dashed into the crowded branches and raised
a momentary uproar once more. These outbreaks grew less
and less frequent until, by the tini'" the noises of the street and
San Soucci were at their height, the Martins were silent.

• Then, approaching the little patch of bush, we looked up
through the dark branches against the sky, illuminated by the
thousands of electric lights of the city. Every branchlet and
twig had its burden of little flufify feather balls, each with its

93 rill-- Wilson lin.i.i.rix — Xn. .')(i.

head tucked Ix'twecn the joint of -ts ample \vinii:s. and covered
with the sj^read of sliinins: scapular feathers.

A policeman on nii^lit duty in tlu- ])ark was the only one in the
crowd that seemed at all aware of the interesting occurrence
that hapixMied night 1\ at this spot. He told us the birds re-
mained (juiet until alx)ut four o'clock in the morning, when the
noisv clattering recommenced in full force, continued for half
an hour or so. and then the assemh'ed host gradually broke u]),
each division de])arting separately cnid si)reading out over the
citv. souglu their day time haunt's. It would have been inter-
esting to learn how many more such roosts there were in and
about the eit\. and to know how large an area was nightly
drained of its Martins to supply each roost; but this was too
great a task for a few observers to do in one season. A week or
so more and all the Martins had left for the winter. I left this
city the following spring and so did not see this sight again.

However. I hear from Mr. De \ ine. that the same scene saw
the recurrence of the roost the ne.'^-t summer of 1904 and again
in the same season of 1905. Without doubt, unless some radi-
cal change has taken place in the locality or status of the species,
as I ]>en these lines, the Martins are once again in possession of
the three little trees in the southeast corner of Washington
i'ark. ami are daily re-enacting what 1 have attempted herein to
describe.

A GTJMPSE OF THE BIRDS OF SECOND LAKE.
COOS COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

UV CHARLES IT. ROGERS.

Coos is the most northern county of New Hampshire and
occupies most of that state north of the White JNIountains.
l*ittsburg township, in its turn, covers the northern end of
Coos county, an end twenty-four miles long. The Connecticut
lakes are nominally four. Fourth Lake, a tiny pond and the
source of the Connecticut River, lies in northernmost Pittsburg
township next door to Canada. The infant river flows thence
to Third Lake a little below, next six miles through the forest

Rogers — On Second Lake Birds, Co()s Co., X. H. i*;?

to Second Lake, and then eight miles to birst Lake, the higgest
of alL South to First Lake all the land is forest, part of it
virgin.

At Fourth Lake there are no buildings : at First Lake a num-
ber. I had nothing to do with either. I arrived at Second Lake
August 2Sth, 1905, and stayed at Idlewild Camp at about the
middle of the west shore.

My first hunt was to ]>addle along the north-west shore and
go up the river a short distance. I found what the rest of my
two-weeks' stay confirmed, that the characteristic of the forest
bird life at that season was large flocks of small birds. A char-
acteristic flock would consist of Chickadees ( the first in num-
bers as in gaiety ) with a lesser number of their Hudsonian bro-
thers (easily distinguished at a glance or as far as they could
be heard), several Red-bellied X'uthatches ( hardlv second to
the Chickadees in volubility), several species of warblers (the
commonest was the Myrtle, with the Black-throated Green sec-
ond), a few Golden-crowned Kinglets, some Juncos (most
abundant of the Fringillidse) and White-throated Sparrows in
the brush, and ]>erhaps a Red-eyed \"ireo or two, a Flycatcher
and one or two other species. This afternoon the Flvcatcher
was an Olive-sided and one of the " other species " was my first
Philadel])hia \'ireo, most obliginglv low down in the alders
along the river. I saw four other individuals of this species
during my stay and all were in alders.

It seemed strange to find a gull in this " world of green hills,"
but I saw one of some small species fl}ing over the lake, Aug-
ust oOth.

I did not see an owl of any kind. The only one I heard, a
Great Horned, began hooting back of camp about five o'clock
one sunny afternoon- " Hoo hoo-hoo hooo hoo." He varied
this remark only by occasionally slurring and once or twice
dropping the last syllable.

On September ^d I took the trip to Third Lake and back
with a fellow camper. Nothing unusual appeared till we were
nearly there, when a search for a woodpecker hammering
overhead brought to light one with a white-barred back. — my
first of the American Three-toed species. The lake proved to

04 'I'm: Wilson TlrLLEXix — Xo. 50.

be a inilc-lon<;- s^cm set in forest clad hills risinj:;- directly from
the watei;. We ate lunch at a jnst vacated cam]) alive with
Juncos. Myrtle Warblers. White-throated Sparrows, etc., clear-
ing away the crumbs. A Hairy Woodpecker and a couple
of Canada Jays also made themselves at home in camj). ^\'hile
out paddling- after lunch a Great TUue IJeron flying over the
woods north of the lake got himself put down as my farthest
north bird, and a Winter Wren at the water's edge loudly as-
serted his claim to second place. The return trip to Second
Lake vielded another 1liree-toe of the same species, which came
quite close in answer to my "squeaking."

Ten (lavs passed without mv seeing a single Canadian Si:)ruc(.'
Grouse, a species which I had particularly hoped this locality
would add to m}- life-list, so on September Sth I made a special
hunt for it along what I was told was the best trail for it. one
running east from the opposite shore. I followed it as long
as I had time without seeing any grouse but the usual Canadian
Ruffed, which that morning I heard drummiing for the first
time. I started back through the woods a Httle to one side of
the trail and ahnost immediately flushed three of my longed-for
Spruce " Pa'tridges." Instead of thundering off through the
woods as Bonasa does they flew to low branches and looked
at me. I got within six feet of one, and then she merely flew
to the ground a few paces off. Though they were all hens or
young birds I felt repaid for my hunt, but before I regained
the trail I put uj) a fourth bird, a cock, a very handsome little
fellow with his inky breast and bit of scarlet skin over his eye.

In such a country I had expected to find plenty of Crossbills
of both species, but on the afternoon of the day when I saw
Canachites a male which visited a tree outside of my window
at camp was the first I saw. Alas, his wings were plain and I
have yet to see a White-wing. The next day he came with his
mate and both flew to the ground near the kitchen after scraps.
The next afternoon I left and w^as once more in the land of the
English Sparrow.

Jones — August Days With the Birds. 95

AUGUST DAYS WITH THE BIRDS.

BY LYNDS JONES.

Because the ten-day camp was primarily a family plan car-
ried into execution from the l-ith to the 24th inclusive, should
not create prejudice against the work with the birds. A family
camp entails more labor and attention in the stages preparatory
to being comfortable than a purely stag bird camp, to be sure,
but it takes the birds some little time to adjust themselves to
the intrusion. Besides, camp preparation should never be al-
lowed to wholly eclipse the birds.

A camp site on a grassy bench just below the level of the high
plain of the country, and some sixty feet above the river, called
Vermillion because its flood waters are stained red by the dis-
integrating red Bedford shale, with a clear spring, a spreading
oak, and the river valley bending to right and left, and little
else may be wished for — except fair weather.

Meadows, wheat stubble, hay land, corn fields, gardens, or-
chards, fence tangles, pastures, on the uplands : berry, grape,
burning bush tangles, brush thickets, well grown trees, on the
steep slopes of the river valley ; shale cliffs, willow islands,
and across the river a deep and extensive w'oods with here and
there thickets of white cedar and white pine, constitute a well
diversified environment. Swamps and extensive water surface
are not found anywhere in the region.

Midsummer temperatures prevailed. The mercury stood
about 70° during the night, and frequently reached 84° during
the day, once mounting to 80°. Breezes were light to brisk,
always from the southwest, .except during the numerous thun-
der squalls, when they became high and blew from every di-
rection except east. The sky averaged fair. There were no
dark days.

^Mosquitoes, gnats, and horse flies there were, but in endur-
able numbers. Of the hosts of common flies no account need
be taken. Ants figured only in the vicinity of the sugar can.

While the tent was being pitched a Turkey \"ulture called to
inquire about our garbage, but departed red-headed when he

9() Till'. WlI.SON lUl.MCTIX Xo. .")().

learned that there was to be none. Later I saw him. with five
of his fellows, impatiently wheeling- over a woods i)astiire.

A Coojier Hawk was chased into our trees by ten Crows,
and held there for half an hour despite his eiiforts to evade
them. We brou,c:ht no gun. Afterward I saw him worrying
a Red-tailed Ihuvk several planes above the Crows.

Field Sparrows and Wood Pewees sang all day and every
day. but the l\ed-e\ed N'ireo seldom sang except during the
early morning and evening hours. When heard at all at mid-
day he was fretfid and scolding. A young Baltimore Oriole
in full song visited us regularly about noon, and again about
four iu' the afternoon. Once a Scarlet Tanager sang at mid-
day. From nine in the morning until three in the afternoon
there was so little bird life evident that the casual observer
would i)ronounee birds almost absent.

As evening approached many of the birds sang in nearly full
voice. Towhees mounted the tree-tops in the river valley ;
Cardinals whistled from thickets or responded to call and paid
a visit to the camp environs ; Indigo Buntings adorned the
leafless tops of trees everywhere ; Carolina Wren echoed from
the distance, then startled us by bursting forth in the bush by
the hammock ; Mourning Doves crooned fromi the dead elm
just around the bend. Catbirds, Goldfinches, Kingbirds, Bal-
timore Orioles, Robins, Chickadees, and Flickers sang lustily.
Barn and Rough-winged Swallows and Chimney Swifts swung
back and forth through the gorge at our feet, and Great Blue
and Green Herons and Belted Kingfishers flashed in and out
over the river on' their way up and down.

As silence fell with the gathering shadows, the distant qua-
ver of the Screech Owl grew more and more distinct, answer-
ing back and forth from grove to bank, until the approaching
bird stood just above the tent \X)\e. A low answering quaver
from inside the tent brought him to the canvas for the second
before the strangeness reached his brain — that was enough. No
other owls were heard during the ten days and nights.

The species represented by the greatest number of individu-
als was clearly the Bobolink, every bird in the fall dress. There
was not a minute durinsj the dav when either manv of the birds

HiTNT — With Beach Birds and Botanists. OT

were seen or the tinkling of their calls was heard from the fields
or from the air as they flew over the valley from field to field.
It has never been my lot to see as numierous a host of these
birds. They associated with Vesper and English Sparrows,
and with Cowbirds, and were more numerous than all of them
together. Some of the young were molting, but all of the adults
had completed the molt before the beginning of my observations
at the camp.

Sallies into the woods and fields from the camp brought to
light forty-seven species for the ten days, of which twenty-
seven might be said to be singing birds, and of this number
fifteen were in full voice, at some time during the day. It
should be remarked, however, that the singing individuals
seemed to form a small minority of the individuals of the
species, except in the case of the Goldfinches, Carolina Wrens
and Cardinals.

I was unable to find a single migrating bird. This was some-
wliat of a disappointment, since migrating individuals of certain
species had been reported from Detroit before the lOth of the
month. If southward migrations occur in this part of the state
they must be represented by very few individuals or there would
be some records made. Possibly we are so far out of the line
of southward movement that it is only at flood tide that the mi-
grants reach us.

To the doubting Thomases I am glad to be able to say that
bird study in August is both pleasant and feasible. The ter-
rors of heat and insect are mlore in the imagination than reality.
I say this not after a single experience, but after a trial of
several years in regions which insects infest in numbers, and
under conditions of high temiperatures. The profit in the study
is s:reat.

TWO DAYS WITH THE BEACH BIRDS AND BOTAN

ISTS.

i;V CHRlvSWKI.l, HUNT.

When asked to accompany the Philadelphia Botanical Club
on a field trip to Stone Harbor. X. J., on September ;5d and Jth,
I gladly accepted the invitation. To be sure it was not an or-

!)S Till. \\'ii.S(».\ lUi.i.iriix — Xo. 5G.

nith()l()i;ical expedition, but the l>ir(l sUulent should know at
least a little botany and entoinoloi^v, each overlapping- the other.
We tind a bird's nest in some bush and right away we ask,
" What kind of a Imsh is th.is ? " We catch a bird dining- upon
some insect and ag-ain we want to know what species of insect
it is. I recently heard a bird student remark that he did not
know a chestnut tree from an oak. How much pleasure he
must miss when afield ! The trees are the best of companions
when one is on speaking terms with them and especially are
the}- the friends of the bird student : for are they not the very
homes of the birds ?

And what bird-lover is there but knows how the wild flowers
till in the little gaps in a day spent afield? Especially is this
true during the long summer noons when bird-life is so quiet —
all save the warble of the Red-eyed Vireo and the occasional
long-drawn note from a Wood Pewee. All the birds seem to be
taking a mid-day nap. Perhaps we have been on the bird quest
since early morning and now we begin to realize how hot the
day is. The vireo's warble grows monotonous and we think of
turning homJeward. But instead let us turn to the wild flowers
and who knows but that while stooping to examine some plant
we may unexpectedly flush a bird from her nest? How many
an ornithological treasure would have remained hidden had not
some flower's bright color lured me thither !

The New Jersey coast is cut up by inlets and sounds. These
sounds are separated from the ocean by stretches of salt marsh
and sandy beaches. Stone Hollow is situated at the southern end
of what is knowiii as Seven ^lile Beach in Cape INIay County.
It is the terminus of a little branch railroad which runs south
from Sea Isle City and, as one of the Botanists expressed it,
"is the only place yet wild." Here we have the natural beach
(unbroken by unsightly board walks) with the sand dunes
stretching away 1)ehin(l it, amd behind them the salt marshes.

September 2d was a rainy day and when we arrived at Stone
Harbor we found there were only four in the party. We went
to sleep that night with a southeast gale blowing in from the
ocean and the waves thundering along the beach. The follow-
ing morning the wind continued southeast with a cloudv sky

Hunt — With Beach Bnws and Botanists. 99

and occasional showers. We explored the salt marsh and the
sand dunes. Birds were not very plentiful. Although there,
should have been and possibly were Seaside and Sharp-tailed
Sparrows in the marshes, where they breed, I failed to find any.

Soing Sparrows were not imcommon among the sand dunes
and thickets of Bay bushes. The marshes were studded all
over with the handsome flowers of the Seaside Pink and stately
Mallows waved among the grasses. It did one good to watch
the enthusiastic botanist who would wade knee-deep into the
treacherous " salt holes " to procure some coveted specimen.

Am Osprey was almost always in sight either headed out to
sea or returning with a fish in his talons.

We came upon an open space — a sort of amphitheater as it
were — surrounded h\ sand dunes upon which waved the clumps
of grass. In this open space were congregated thousands of
Tree Swallows, some flitting about, others resting upon the
sand. When we reached the spot we foumd that the sand was
dotted all over with their excrement, which seemed to be en-
tirely composed of the seeds of the Bay berries. These birds
had undoubtedly roosted here upon the sand all night where
they were protected from the strong southeast wind. Later we
saw the swallows in the bay buslies feeding upon the berries.
These berries are covered with a thick coating of wax and this
wax coating seems to be the only digestible portion, as the ex-
creta showed the rest of the berry entire.

The mosquitoes at last became unbearable and we retreated
to the beach. One of the greates*^ tests of patience I ever wit-
nessed was to try to place a specimen nicely in the plant press
while a miyriad of these attentive insects settled upon one's face
and neck. To say the least it was not calculated to economize
one's vocabulary.

There were quite a number of gulls along the beach, all
that I could identify with certainty being Herring Gulls.

Barn Swallows flew to and fro, barely skimming the sand
and apparently having to hustle for what food they secured.
I wondered why they did not cross the dunes to the marshes
where the mosquitoes were so plentiful, but perhaps a mos-
quito diet was not desirable. Small flocks of Sanderlings and

100 Till, Wilson IW iMcri n — Xo. "•«'>.

ripini;- 1 Movers ran alon^' the iK-acb al the water's edi^e proljiiig
into the sand with their liiHs. It was amusing- to watcli them.
'lliey would run out after the receding- surf only to rush hack
ag-ain at the incoming wave's approach and barely escaping it.
Occasionallv they would be overtaken and then they would re-
luctantly take wing- to drop ag^ain behind the receding surf.

WANTED.

In attempting to determine the forms of certain of our l)irds
which represent the species in northern Ohio, I find myself
g-reatly hampered by the lack of specimens from neighboring
localities. I desire to examine specimens of the Empidonax
traillii or alnorum forms which have been collected in western
Pennsylvania, Ohio, IMichigan, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Wis-
consin, Missouri, and Kentucky. If readers of this notice have
such specimen's ( skins) which thev are willing to loan for a few
days I will gladly pay transportation both ways and guarantee
safe return. I also wish skins of Telmatodytes from the same
regions. The range of these forms has not yet been accurate-
ly determined. Anv aid in establishing their range will be
greatlv appreciated.

Readers are also advised to» scrutinize carefully their speci-
mens of Agelaius phoeniceus and A. p. fortis. There seems to
l)e some confusion about these two forms which ma\- be elimi-
nated by careful study.

Address information or specimens to Lynds Jones, Oberlin,
Ohio.

THE WILSON BULLETIN.

A Quairterly Mag&zine Devoted to the Study of Living Birds.
Official Organ of the Wilson Ornithological Club.

Edited by LYNDS JONES.

PUBLISHED BY THE CLUB, AT OBERUN, OHIO.

Price in the United States, Canada and Mexico, 50 cents a year, 15 cents a number, post-
paid. Price in all countries in the International Postal Union, 65 cents a year, 20 cents
a number. Subscriptions may be sent to Lynds Jones, Oberlin, Ohio, or to Mr. Frank L.
Burns, Berwyn, Penn.

EDITORIAL.

The southward migraticns are in full progress. Don't slight them.

How would it do to sit down and compile your notes on the Broad-
winged Hawk and send them to Frank L. Burns at once? He would
greatly appreciate your help. Not a member of the Club has done
anything for him yet!

You have filled out some of the life history blanks which were
mailed with the last Bulletin. Don"t wait to All every space of every
blank, but send at once to Mir. Burns before you lose them. The>
are valuable.

Don't fail to plan a strenuous winter campaign with tlie birds,
Thisi early caution is made because the editor will have no other op-
portunity to remind you of the w'inter study before the winter has
begun. The early weeks of the winter are the important weeks.
Try to determine what influence the approach of cold has upon each
species. Also what effect snow has.

The editor is making a card catalogue of faunal lists if birds,
from lists comprising the whole of North America down through
regions covering parts of the country, states, counties, and even
parts of counties, such as Christmas and New Years and May Day
censo-horizons. His object is to have ready to hand a reference list

!()•? Till'. W'li.sox r.ri.i.i'.Tix — Xo. ,")(>.

to which he may tuin to quickly determine whether any given rc^-
gion is covered b.\ a faunal list. If any one knows of such published
lists in obscure papers or masiazines the editor would ,<:;reatly ap-
preciate a note to that effect.

The editor spent a delightful week, terminating on the last day
of August, at Shawnee-on-Delaware, where Mr. C. C. Worthington
has established a Bird Farm under the direction of Prof. W. E. D.
Scott. The place is unrivaled for the study of birds and of forestry.
We are pained to have to announce that the ill health of Prof. Scott
has made it necessary for him to retire to northern New York for a
season.

In the last Bulletin a plea w^as made for summer studies of the
birds. The Bulletin for December will be largely devoted to reports
of the summer work if you who read this will see that the material
you have secured reaches the editor before the middle of November.
Remember that summer studies are few and that there is room for a
great deal that is interesting and valuable. A single note upon a
single species is not too small and insignificant for permanent rec-
ord. Do not fail to send in what you have.

THE ANNUAL ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

It is important that every member should make nominations for
the entire list of officers who will serve us for the year 1907. A full
list of members was published in the March number. Any active
member upon that list may be nominated for any office. Such nom-
inations should reach either the president. Lynds Jones, Oberlin,
Ohio, or the secretary, Frank L. Burns, Berwyn, Pa., not later than
the fifteenth of October.

ELECTION OF MEMBERS.

The following persons are presented for Active membership in the
Club. Objections to the election of these persons as members
should be sent to the Secretary. In the absence of obections this
announcement stands for their election.

Edward E. Armstrong, 5468 Washington Ave., Chicago, 111.

J. L. Sloanaker, Newton. Iowa.

Clarke — Notes from Kingston, Ontario. 103

NOTES.

The following extracts from my diary may prove of interest in
regard to the habits of the Tree Swallows:

Kingston, March 24, 1902.

Today the Pierr^pont made her first trip, breaking through the ice
between Kingston and Nine Mile Point with the greatest of ease.
It is an unusually early opening as the ice rarely breaks up before
the 9th of April, and I have seen it in the harbor as late as April 26th,

The first trip of the Pierrepont is always one of the events of the
season and that must be my excuse for recording it. We have so
few really great things happen that it seems a pity to miss any of
them. If this fine weather holds on, and a south wind develops, we
may look for Tree Swallows, early and all as it is, because there must
be food for them, and the first sailings of the Pierrepont and the ar-
rivals' of the Swallows generally occur about the same date. For a
few years, the name Tree Swallow seemed almost a misnomer. If we
cannot say much in favor of the English Sparrow, we may at least
give him the credit of causing both the Swallows and the Blue-birds
to return to their original nesting places. It is now possible to find
Tree Swallows nesting in hollow trees instead of bird boxes, although
they seem to dearly love a hollow fence post, or a convenient cavity
in a telegraph pole. I have even found this swallow breeding in a
hollow in a bank, and in my collection there is a beautiful set of
seven eggs taken from suuch a I'ocation on an island in the St.
Lawrence, near Brockville. The site of the nest was quite as re-
markable as the number of eggs found. In the apple trees in the
very old orchard at New Court, the Tree Swallows breed pretty
regularly.

March 28th, 1902.

After all there is some satisfaction in being able to say, "I told
you so." That is my position in the present instance, and who can
blame me if I swell with pride when turning back to the swallow
notes made on the 24th. Everything happened just as expected:
there was food for the birds, the wind veered to the south and the
Swallows came here in numbers today. It is one of the earliest
arrivals I have ever known.

April 15th, 1902.

Yesterday a fine south wind blew and swallows came up with it in
large numbers. They were very tired and little inclined to fly, but
sat about on the telegraph wires. Those reported earlier did not
remain, the cool weather, no doubt, forcing a retreat.

Last year the swallows came long before the usual date, and as
this spring was even earlier it seemed as if they should have
beaten the record, but I could not place them until to-day — a time
they should not have appeared, if my theories are correct. The

10}- The Wir.soN P.ri.LiniN— No. 5G.

wind was in the north, a niihl relapse into winter was being exper-
ienced and yet four Tree Swallows were flitting over the Bath Road
Creek — two more were seen further on. I strongly suspect they
have been here for several days and are hoping for better things in
the way of weather.

April 23rd, 1903.

The weather has been very cold and discouraging to bird life iu
general, the wind ordinarily in the north and frost nearly every
night; frost severe enough to make a quarter of an inch of ice on
the pools. In spite of it all Shrikes, Robins, and Horned Larks
have built their nests and laid their eggs, and on Tuesday I saw a
Tree Swallow invading a post hole as if it had affairs of state on
hand. The swallows must have had a hard time finding insect food,
but as the Barn Swallows and Purple Martins have arrived, flies
must exist in sufficient numbers to support them. On Tuesday some
thousands of Tree Swallows were circling in a sheltered spot in
the rear of the Institution. It was a most interesting sight, as the
winged insects evidently flew within a circumscribed space, not
more than eighty yards in length, and this kept an immense body
of Swallows in close quarters. One solitary Barn Swallow gave
quality and tone to the assemblage.

March 26th, 1904.

Although this is one if the latest seasons recorded, the Tree
Swallows are here in numbers. On March 24 I thought I saw one,
but it seemed too good to be true; to-day they are everywhere and.
as usual, on their arrival, tired out.

The foregoing notes would lead one to suspect that the Tree
Swallows frequently arrived at a very early date. A few years ago
T kept in touch with several observers of the early arrival of Swal-
lows in the western part of Ontario, and it seemed about an in-
variable rule that they reached there a day ahead of their coming
here. The average date was about April 8th, but of late years they
seem to be putting in an appearance earlier.

C. W. CLARKE.

THE

WILSON BULLETIN

NO. 57.

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY

VOL. XVIII DECEMBER, 1906 NO. 4

WITH THE BIRDS IN NORTHEASTERN
COLORADO.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

On June T, 190G, the writer with three assistants started
northeastward from Boulder, for a month's geological and bio-
logical expedition to the Chalk Blufifs and Pawnee Buttes re-
gion in northern Weld County, in the interests of the Uni-
versity of Colorado. It being the nesting season and the ma-
jority of the nests containing young birds, we did but little
bird collecting, but contented ourselves, so far as our feathered
neighbors were concerned, with photographing them and
studying them in relation to their environment.

Our course lay at first along the edge of the plains border-
ing the foothills, then gradually swinging outward through
the irrigated valleys to Greeley, then northward over the
higher plains, above reach of irrigating ditches, to Chalk Blufifs
eastward to Pawnee Buttes, back to Greeley by way of Crow
Creek and home by the shortest route.

The great difference in conditions between the streams and
timbered valleys of the foothill region and the drv, treeless
plains of the northern area was nc ticeably marked by a change
in the avian fauna. Among the pines of the foothill ridges
were magpies. Long-crested Jays and Brewer Blackbirds, and
on the rocks of the f( othill slopes were innumerable Rock
Wrens, scolding and singing as we passed by. On dry, open
mesas adjoining the foothills between the streams Mourning

106 The W'h.son Bulletin — No. 57.

Doves and Meadowlarks were abundant, while Lark I'untings,
a half dozen at a time, rose into the air antl sang tlieir breezy
songs as they dropped back to the earth on a long slant, re-
minding one forcibly of the Bobolinks in moist meadows just
east of Boulder — indeed, these Buntings are commonly called
Bobolinks by people who are not observant. On these same
mesas Lark Sparrows, Vesper Sparrows and Desert Horned
Larks crouched on the ground, concealed by the blending of
their colors with the dry mesa grasses, testing our ability to
distinguish them from each other as they darted from almost
beneath our feet, the tail being the chief distinguishing char-
acter in receding flight. Western Nighthawks, which at twi-
light pursued their zigzag courses in quest of insects, at noon-
tide were flushed from among the pebbles of the mesas where
they remained invisible until disclosed by sudden flight, and
their eggs were difficult to see even when the bird left them
within a few feet of us. In the artificial groves surrounding
"ranches," as every out-of-town habitation is called in Colo-
rado, were found Robins, Yellow Warblers, House Finches,
English Sparrows and other birds which haunt the streets of
the towns. Wherever there was swampy ground Red-winged
Blackbirds congregated, with occasionally a few Yellow-
beads. In the pastures Cowbirds followed the cattle as they
were once wont to follow the bison in the same region. In
woods and brushy patches which line the streams as they break
from the mountains into the valley Bullock Orioles called
through the treetops, Catbirds, Spurred Towhees and Green-
tailed Towhees flitted through the shrubbery and the notes of
the Long-tailed Chat and . Western Yellow-throat frequently
greeted our ears. By watching diligently we could sonie-
tinies obtain a tantalizing glimpse of the latter, and the Chat
regaled us with weird and plaintive notes throughout the night
when we camped near his nesting site. Further out in the
irrigated valley, the larger trees along roadsides and ditch
banks harbored Red-shafted and Yellow-shafted Flickers and
Red-headed Woodpeckers. Lazuli Buntings sang to us from
telephone wires, upon which balanced Barn and Cliffy Swal-
lows in regular rows so spaced as to barely permit a good
spread of wing as they took flight. Crows, which have nearly

Henderson — On Northeastern Colorado Birds. lOT

disappeared from the foothill region, were sometimes seen
here. Around the shores of small lakes and irrigating reser-
voirs stalked Great Blue Herons, Black-crowned Night Herons,
Avocets, Bitterns and Wilson Phalaropes, and among the cat-
tails and other swamp vegetation Coots, etc., were found nest-
ing. Killdeer were everywhere in evidence arid Spotted Sand-
pipers were common, a nest of the latter being found at Love-
land.

Beyond the abrupt line of irrigated fields, above reach of
irrigating ditches, a decided change takes place as we break
suddenly upon the open range. Here treeless plains, with
tone, color and a fascination all their own, stretch away for
miles. Green fields give way to brown, half-dried buffalo
grass, cactus and other plants indicative of arid or semi-arid
conditions. No perennial streams water or drain these plains.
Between storms the stream beds are nearly as dry as the adja-
cent divides, except for occasional waterholes which retain a
little water. A few trees along the channels mark their posi-
tions and courses to the plainsman. No words or pictures can
convey to the reader a just idea of these plains. They must: be
seen to be comprehended.

The robins, warblers, watcrbirds. shorebirds, flickers, wood-
peckers, lazuli buntings, blackbirds, jays, magpies, wrens,
finches, catbirds, orioles, towhees and English sparrows have
disappeared, but the mesa birds of the irrigated section are
still with us — the A'esper Sparrows, Lark Sparrows, Desert-
Horned Larks, Lark Buntings and Meadowlarks. In entering
upon the open range we at once encounter a bird unseen before,
the Mountain Plover, which, despite its popular name, is a
bird of the high plains rather than the mountains, though found
in mountain parks up to an altitude of 9,000 feet. They were
nearly all accompanied by young birds, and now for an un-
blushing confession. Behold the edifying spectacle of a solemn
scientific expedition stopped for an hour on the plain, while
four robust, sun-burned, grave and wise-looking fossil diggers
fondled and played with a baby plover, photographed it and re-
stored it to an anxious mother, who' had watched the proceed-
ings with dark forebodings at a distance of a rod or two. Color

108 'I'm-: W'li.sdx Uulletix — No. 57.

protection, ditl you say? The yuung" plovers simply disap-
peared the moment they stopped running'.

Insistence upon the idea of color protection seems to have
been overdone in some cases, and the subject may never be
perfectly understood. In the woods and brush patches, where
hiding is so easy and color contrasts so abundant, there are
many apparent anomalies. For insta'nce, why should the
Green-tailed Towhee among the brush patches of the foothills
wear a coat of such a color which so blends with the foliage
as to render the bird nearly invisible while the Spurred Towhee
in the same habitat is very conspicuous as it darts through the
shrubbery? However, no matter what theories we may have
or how we ma}' disagree in our attempts to account for seem-
ing anomalies found where cover is plenty, when we reach the
open range we may at least agree on the great central fact that
the birds and mammals of the plains are rendered inconspicu-
ous and thus protected by their lack of conspicuous colors.
We are here dealing with facts, not theories. An animal the
size of an antelope, if it w-ere black or wliite, would instantly
attract the attention of every hunter, two-legged, four-legged
or winged, whereas, in its proper dress it is overlooked in the
majority of cases until it moves or spreads its flash disk, and
even the flash disk helps it to disappear when it suddenly at a
distance changes its course and "closes" the disk. The coyote
and jackrabbit are safe if thev keep their nerve and remain
quiet. This is true of the plains animals generally, but the
bison, which was in need of no such protection, was a con-
spicuous object — ves, was. for he is no longer conspicuous in
the land which once knew him. Among the plains birds the
Plover, Desert-Horned Lark, Vesper Sparrow and Lark Spar-
row are exceedingly difficult to distinguish until one flushes
them. In the sage brush near Slayton's Ranch. Brewer Spai-
rows blended so perfectly with the shrubbery that it required
sharp vision to Iccate them even when they were singing as if
to attract attention.

Among the Tertiary bluffs of northern \\^eld County another
change of conditions takes place, accompanied by a change in
the avifauna. Abrupt blufifs rise from the plains, dissected by
gulches several hundred feet in depth, the rocky walls bearing

Henderson— On Northeastern Colorado Birds. 109

small pines and cedars, the gulch beds in many places covered
with dwarf chokecherry trees, rose bushes and other shrub-
bery. Throughout the irrigated section we had seen numerous
Kingbirds [T. fynviniis) and Say Phoebes, but these had
been left behind' Throughout the bluff region there were
great numbers of Arkansas Kingbirds, but not one of the
other members of the family did. we see there. Early the first
morning in camp we were delighted to hear the Mockingbird
which we had missed up to that time during the whole journey
of 150 miles. They were abundant all along the bluffs and
often gave us moonlight matinees in addition to the daylight
concerts. White-rumped Shrikes were resting in the gullies.
In this region, however, the birds of transcendent interest
were the hawks and White-throated Swifts. On every inac-
cessible pinnacle on ledge of rock we were sure to see a nest
of some species of hawk. On one occasion a member of the
party was let down from the top of a cliff to a ledge, from
v/hich three young hawks were hoisted to the rocks above,
photographed and then restored to their nest. Here we had our
first and only experience with White-throated Swifts, wdiich
nest in holes in the rocks in such situations that we did not
succeed in reaching them in a single instance, though we could
at almost any time see them flitting to and fro. Clinging to the
walls in many places were the mud habitations of Cliff Swal-
lows, which, unlike the Swifts, nested within easy reach. Tur-
key Vultures, which were once abundant throughout the region
traversed by us, were seen ou this trip only on one or two oc-
casions, a pair being constantly in sight of our camp at the Da-
vis Ranch, ten miles east of Grover.

As we drove down Crow Creek, we noticed ahead numbers
of Great Blue Herons passing each other, some headed south-
westward, others northeastward. This is a familiar sight every
summer among the big cottonwoods on the St. Vrain. Big
Thompson and other streams where water is abundant, but
was somewhat surprising miles from running water. Never
did we expect to see a hercnry in such a place, }'et in a few
moments the trees, in the dry channel of Crow Creek, came in
sight, every tree bearing several heron nests, all containing
young birds waiting the results of parental fishing excursions

110 The Wilson Bulletin — No. 57.

to the Cache la Poiidre River. The unusual situation of this
heronry and the small size and gnarled appearance of the
trees which supported the nests, made this the most interest-
ins: one we had ever visited.

THE BIRDS OF CLEVELAND, OHIO, AND VICINITY.

[The list of birds which follows has come into my hands with-
out the name of the author attached, and without any internal
evidence of who the author may be. I judge that it must be
something more than ten years since the records upon which
the list are based closed. The lack of an author's name and
the lapse of time since it should have appeared in print may
seem to make the printing of it at this time inadvisable or even
questionable. However, the clear internal evidence that it has
been prepared with considerable care and after a long period
of study, and apparently after consultation with at least two
other bird students of the same city whose high standing in
bird studies is unquestioned, and because the region has never
been fully covered in any published list, seem to me sufficient
arguments for placing it on record now. If anv reader can
throw any light upon its authorship such information will be
greatly appreciated.

The list which follows has been edited only to the extent of
bringing the nomenclature up to date, and in the elimination of
the Yellow Palm Warbler, which is given as rare, but without
the record of specimens ; the elimination of the "Black Scoter
Duck, rare migrant. Noted one inside breakwater, October
16, 188G," because it is not possible to determine which of the
two Ohio scoters is meant ; and in the elimination of the "King
Eider," given as a tolerably common migrant on Lake Erie,
because such a record seems wholly improbable. A few verbal
changes have been made, but none which in any way afifect the
list as I have it.

I cannot- forbear a few comments upon this very interesting
list in the light of some familiaritv with a region only thirty
miles to the west, which presents practically the same condi-
tions, except the presence of a large river whose course lies

Birds of Cleveland, O., and Vicinity. Ill

nearly due north and south, and whose headwaters mingle with
the headwaters of the great Aluskingum river. Such physical
features argue a richer fauna during the migrations, in which
there might well be expected a few rarities.

Evidence goes to show that however common the Pomarine
Jaeger may have been previous to 1890, about the Cleveland
harbor, it is not more than a casual visitor there now. An
occasional specimen is still taken near Lorain, in Lorain county.

The numbers of both teals and Wood Duck have been great-
ly reduced since this list left the hands of its author.

It will be noted that the record for the American Egret is a
new one.

The growing rarity of the King Rail is corroborative evi-
dence that this bird is being rapidly crowded from its former
haunts into the great marshes which still remain unexploited
by steel works and ship yards.

The record of the Yellow Rail as a rare migrant is interest-
ing.

The occurrence of the Purple Sandpiper, if given now,
should be casual.

The Solitary Sandpiper must have avoided that vicinity, or
else been confused with the Spotted Sandpiper, for it is com-
mon enough each spring in Lorain county.

Piping Plover was given in the list, but I took the liberty of
assuming that the Semipalmated was meant, because our Pip-
ing Plovers do not have a complete black band around the
breast. The statement that it is more common in fall than in
spring accords with my experience with the Semipalmated
and is at variance with my experience with the Piping.

It seems singular that the Red-shouldered Hawk was not
found during the summer. The proximity of the city may well
account for this. It is our common large hawk at Oberlin all
the year.

In Lorain county the Saw-whet Owl is practically unknown
during the last ten years. Occasionally one is heard.

At Oberlin the Horned Lark is a strictly winter bird. The
Prairie Horned Lark breeds comJmonly, and many individuals
remain all winter.

The note on Bobolink indicates that a favorite southward

11-2 The Wilson Bulletin — No. 57.

migration route leads up the Cuyahoga river valley, thence over
the divide to and down the Muskingum valley. There is no
unusual acciuuulation of Bobolinks anywhere in Lorain county
in the fall.

The remark that the Lark Sparrow is a tolerably common
summer resident is out of accord with my experience in Lorain
county, where it is rare, as it is in Geauga and Ashtabula coun-
ties. There may be unusually favorable conditions for its
breeding near Cleveland.

The Yellow-throated N'irco is tolerably common all summer
in Lorain count}-, Init the \\'hite-eyed Vireo has never been
taken there.

The record of the Prothonotary Warbler at Cleveland is
probably the one given by Prof. A. W. Butler in "Birds ox
Indiana." It is unfortunate that the date is not given. There
are three Lorain county records.

The Blue-winged Warbler breeds in considerable numbers
all about Oberlin every summer.

The first Sycamore Warbler has yet to be found in Lorain
county. The local conditions seem to be unfavorable.

This record of Kirlland's W^arbler is the fifth for Cleveland.
I am informed that two have been taken at Lakcwood, a sub-
urb, within the last five years. The conclusion that the Mus-
kingum and Cuyahoga valleys are a migration highway for this
warbler seems clear, rather than that these warblers follow
eastward along the south shore of lake Eric from the west end.
as argued by C. C. Adams.

The statements that the Kentucky and Flooded Warblers are
tolerably common migrants, possibly breeding, indicate that
Cleveland lies in their path of migration and their rarity at
Oberlin indicates that they must reach that place bv means of
a lateral movement along the lake shore.

Wilson's Thrush breeds regularly at Oberlin, but it is far
more common during the migrations.

Lynds Jones.]

Colymbus auritus. Horned Grebe. — Coinmon on Lake Erie in the
misrrations.

Podilymbus podiceps. Pied-billed Grebe. — Common on Lake
Erie in the migrations. As yet I have not found it breeding.

iilRDS OF CLliVELAM), O., AND X'lCINlTV. 11.3

Gavia imber. Loon.— Common on the lake in the migrations. It
is contini:'<dly getting caught in the fish nets.

Gavia lumme. Red-throated Loon. — Occasionally seen on the
lake.

Stercorarius pomarinus. Pomarine Jaeger. — Common on the
lake in the migrations. Sometimes remains all winter

Larus argentatus. Herring Gull. — Common migrant, occasional
in winter.

Larus Philadelphia. Bonaparte Gull. — Common migrant on the
lake.

Sterna hirundo. Common Tern.^ — Common migrant on the lake.

Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis. Black Tern. — Formerly com-
mon, now rare migrant on the lake.

Merganser americanus. American Merganser. — Tolerahly com-
mon migrant on the lake. I feel sure that this duck breeds, since I
have seen a male in July.

Lophodytes cucullatus. Hooded Merganser. — Common migrant.

Anas boschas. Mallard. — Common migrant.

Mareca americana. Ba]di)ate. — Toleral)]y common migrant on
the lake.

Nettion carolinensis. Green-winged Teal. — Common migrant.

Querquedula discors. Blue-winged Teal. — Tolerably common mi-
grant on the lake.

Spatula clypeata. Shoveller. — Tolerably common migrant on the
lake.

Dafila acuta. Pintail. — Tolerably common migrant on the lake.

Alx sponsa. Wood Duck. — Common migrant.

Aythya americana. Redhead. — Common migrant on the lake.

Aythya vallisneria. Canvas-back. — Tolerably common migrant
on the lake.

Charitonetta albeola. Bufflehead. — Found everywhere in the mi-
grations.

Harelda hyemalis. Old-squaw. — Common migrant on the lake.

Erismatura jamaicensis. Ruddy Duck. — Tolerably common mi-
grant on the lake.

Branta canadensis. Canada Goose. — Common migrant.

Olor columbianus. Whistling Swan. — Frequently seen and shot
on the lake during the migrations.

Tantalus loculator. Wood Ibis. — One captured on Rocky River,
west of Cleveland, by Mr. H. E. Chubb. (See Jones. The Birds of
Ohio, 1903, p. .51.)

Botaurus lentiginosus. American Bittern. — Tolerably common
migrant and summer resident.

Ardetta exilis. Least Bittern. — Tolerably common in the migra-
tions, and may breed.

Ardea herodias. Great Bli:<2 Heron. — Common summer resident.

114 The Wilson Bulletin — No. 57.

Herodias egretta. American Egret. — In August, 1889, one speci-
men was found under the electric light mast on Water Street.

Butorides virescens. Green Heron. — Comttion summer resident.

Nycticorax nycticorax naevius. Black-crowned Night Heron. —
Toleral)lj' common summer resident, breeding in suitable localities.

Rallus elegans. King Rail. — Now rare, formerly more common.

Rallus virginianus. Virginia Rail. — Tolerably common summer
resident.

Porzana Carolina. Sora. — Common migrant, tolerably common
in summer.

Porzana noveboracensis. Yellow Rail. — A rare migrant.

Gal I inula galeata. Florida Gallinule. — I secured one under the
electric light in the Public Square, October 4, 1885.

Fulica americana. American Coot. — Common summer resident
and migrant.

Philohela minor. American Woodcock. — Tolerably common sum-
mer resident, less common than formerly.

Gallinago delicata. Wilson Snipe. — An irregularly common mi-
grant.

Arquatella maritima. Purple Sandpiper. — Reported as rare by
Mr. W. W. Woodruff.

Actodromas maculata. Pectoral Sandpiper. — Tolerably com-
mon migrant. I have found them under the electric light masts
and on the breakwater.

Actodromas minutilla. Least Sandpiper. — Common on the break-
water in the migrations, less common in spring.

Peiidna alpina pacifica. Red-backed Sandpiper. — Common on the
breakwater during migrations, less numerous in the spring.

Ereunetes pusillus. Semipalmated Sandpiper. — Common on the
breakwater during migrations, less numerous in the spring.

Calidris arenaria. Sanderling. — Common on the breakwater dur-
ing the migrations, less numerous in the spring.

Limosa fedoa. Marbled Godwit. — Rare migrant. I shot two in
the spring of 1892.

Totanus melanoleucus. . Greater Yellow-legs. — Tolerably common
migrant.

Totanus flavipes. Yellow-legs.— Tolerably common migrant.

Helodromas solitarius. Solitary Sandpiper. — Rare migrant.

Actitis macularia. Spotted Sandpiper. — Common summer resi-
dent.

Numenius longirostris. Long-billed Curlew. — September 15, 1885,
I noted one individual of this species on the breakwater.

Charadrius dominicus. American Golden Plover. — Reported as a
rare migrant by Mr. W. W. Woodruff.

Oxyechus vociferus. Killdeer. — Common summer resident.

Birds of Cleveland, O., and Vicinity. 115

y^gialitis semipalmata. Semipalmated Plover. — More common in
fall than in spring as a migrant.

Arenaria interpres. Turnstone. — More common in the fall than
in the spring as a migrant.

Colinus virginianus. Bob-white. — Tolerably common resident,
but less common than formerly.

Bonasa umbellus. Ruffled Gi'ouse. — Tolerably common resident.

Ectopistes migratorius. Passenger Pigeon. — Once a common
summer resident.

Zenaidura macroura. Mourning Dove. — Tolerably common resi-
dent.

Accipiter velox. Sharp-shinned Hawk. — Tolerably common mi-
grant and summer resident.

Accipiter cooperi. Cooper Hawk. — Rare summer resident.

Buteo boreal is. Red-tailed Hawk. — Common summer resident.

Buteo lineatus. Red-shouldered Hawk. — Tolerably common mi-
grant. (?)

Buteo platypterus. Broad-winged Hawk. — Tolerably common mi-
grant and summer resident.

Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis. American Roiugh-legged
Hawk. — Rare as a migrant.

Hallaeetus leucocephalus. Bald Eagle. — Tolerably common in the
migrations. They probably breed at Rocky River.

Faico peregrinus anatum. Duck Hawk. — Rare migrant.

Faico sparverius. American Sparrow Hawk. — Common summer
resident.

Strix pratincola. American Barn Owl. — Rare.

Asio wilsonianus. American Long-eared Owl. — Tolerably com-
mon resident.

Asio accipitrinus. Short-eared Owl. — Common except in summer.

Syrnium varium. Barred Owl. — Tolerably common resident.

Nyctala acadica. Saw-whet Owl. — Common in liate fall and win-
ter.

Megascops asio. Screech Owl. — Common resident.

Bubo virginianus. Great Horned Owl. — Common resident.

Nyctea nyctea. Snowy Owl. — Usually a rare winter visitor, but
it may become fairly common after severe northern storms.

Coccyzus americanus. Yellow-billed Cuckoo. — Common summer
resident.

Coccyzus erythrophthaimus. Black-billed Cuckoo. — Common sum-
mer resident.

Ceryle alcyon. Belted Kingfisher. — Common summer resident.

IIC) ' The \\'ir.sox IJullktin— No. 57.

Dryobates villosus. Hairy Woodpecker. — Tolerably common res-
ident.

Dryobates pubescens medianus. Downy Woodpecker. — Common
resident.

Sphyrapicus varius. Yel'ow-bellied Sapsr«cker. — Tolerably com-
mon misranl.

Melanerpes erythrocephalus. Red-headed Woodpecker. — Com-
mon sumnuM' resident.

Colapates auratus luteus. Northern F.icker. — Common summer
resident.

Antrostomus vociferus. Whip-pooi'-will. — Tolerably common sum-
mer resident.

Chordeiles virginianus. Nighthawk. — Over our city on summer
evenings they are as numerous as the Purple Martins formerly
were.

Chaetura pelagica. Chimney Swift. — Common summer resident.

Trochilus colubris. — Ruby-throated Hummingbird. — Common
summer resident.

Tyrannus tyrannus. Kingbird. — Common summer resident.

Sayornis phoebe. Phoebe. — Common summer resident.

Myiarchus cri.nitus. Crested Flycatcher. — Tolerably common
summer resident.

Contopus virens. Wood Pewee. — Common summer resident.

Empidonax virescens. Green-crested Flycatcher. — Common sum-
mer resident. ,

Otocoris aipestris. Horned Lark. — Comm^on migrant.

Cyanocitta cristata. Blue Jay. — Common resident.

Corvus brachyrhyuchos. American Crow. — Common in summer,
sometimes resident.

Dolichonyx oryzi\ onus. Bobolink. — Tolerably common summer
resident, abundant during the fall migrations.

Molothrus ater. Cowbird. — Common summer resident.

Agelaius phoeniceus. Red-winged Blackbird. — Common summer
resident.

Sturnella magna. Meadowlark. — Common summer resident.

Icierus spurius Orchard Oriole. — Common summer resident.

Icterus galbula. Baltimore Oriole. — Common summer resident.

Euphagus carolinus. — Rusty Blackbird. — Common migrant.

Quiscalus quiscula aeneus. Bronzed Grack'.e. — Common summer
resident.

Hesperiphona vespertina. Evening Grosbeak. — Rare in winter.

Carpodacus purpureus. Purple Finch.— Sometimes comTnon in
winter.

Acanthis linaria. Redpoll. — Rare in winter.

Astragal inus tristis. American Goldfinch. — Common resident.

Passerina nivalis. Snowflake. — Tolerably common in winter.

Birds of Cleveland, O., and Vicinity. IIT

Pooecetes gramineus. Vesper .Sparrow. — Common Summer resi-
dent.

Passerculus sandwichensis savanna. Savanna Sparrow. — Toler-
ably common migrant. I have secured a great many under the
electric lights.

Conturniculus savannarum passerinus. Grasshopper Sparrow. —
Tolerably common summer resident.

Chondestes grammacus. Lark Span'ow. — Tolerably common
summer resident.

Zonotrichia leucophrys. White-crowned Sparrow.- — Tolerably
common migrant. I have secured a great many under the electric
lights.

Zonotrichia albicoilis. White-throated Sparrow. — Common mi-
grant.

Spizella monticola. Tree Sparrow. — Common during the winter.

Spizella socialis. Cliipping Sparrow. — Common summer resident.

Spizella pusilla. Field Sparrow. — Common summer resident.

Junco hyemalis. Slate-colored Junco. — Common in winter and
during the migrations.

Melospiza cinerea melodia. Song Sparrow. — Common resident.

Passerella iliaca. Fox Sparrow. — Tolerably common migrant.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus. Towhee. — ^Common summer resident.

Cardinalis cardinalis. Cardinal. — Most common during the win-
ter.

Zamelcdia Judovjciana. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. — Common sum-
mer resident.

Cyanospiza cyanea. Indigo Bunting. — Common summer resident.

Piranga erythromelas. Scarlet Tanager. — Common summer resi-
dent.

Progne subis. Purple Martin. — Tolerably common summer res-
ident. Formerly very common in the city, but the English Spar-
row has driven him off.

Hirundo erythrogastra. Barn Swallow. — Common summer resi-
dent.

Riparia rjparia. Bank Swallow. — Common summer resident.

Stelgidopteryx serripennis. Rough-winged Swal'ow. — Tolerably
common summer resident.

Ampelis cedrorum. Cedar Waxwing. — Common resident. In se-
vere winters it disappears for a short time.

Lanius ludovicianus migrans. Migrant Shrike. — Common sum-
mer resident.

Vireo olivaceus. Red-eyed Vireo. — Common summer resident.

Vireo philadelphicus. Philadelphia Vireo. — Tolerably com-
mon migrant.

Vireo gilvus. Warbling \ireo. — Tolerably common summer resi-
dent. I. have secured specimens under the electric light masts.

118 Tiii: W'l I.SOX I '.r 1.1. ill IN — No. ~u.

Vireo flavifrons. Yellow-throated Vireo. — Tolerably common mi-
grant. I have found specimens under the electric light masts.

Vireo noveboracensis.. White-eyed Vireo. — Reported as a toler-
ably common summer resident by Mr. W. W. Woodruff.

Mniotilta varia. Black and White Warbler. — Common migrant,
tolerably common summer resident.

Protonotaria citrea. Prothonotary Warbler. — A specimen tlew
into Mr. H. K. Chiil)l)'s establishment of this city.

Helmitheros vermivorus. Worm-eating Warbler. — Reported as
a rare migrant by Mr. W. W. Woodruff.

Helminthophila pinus. Blue-winged Warbler. — Reported as a
tolerably common migrant by Mr. W. W. Woodruff.

Helminthopila rubricapilla. Nashville Warbler. — Tolerably
common migrant. I have secured dozens of specimens under the
electric lights.

Helminthophila celata. Orange-crowned Warbler. — Reported as
a rare migrant by Mr. Woodruff.

Helminthophila peregrina. Tennessee Warbler. — Common mi-
grant. I believe this warbler breeds here, as I have shot young in
the middle of Jrly.

Compsothlypis americana usnese. Northern Parula Warbler. —
Common migrant.

Dendroica tigrina. .Cape May Warbler. — Common migrant. I
have found dozens lender the electric lights.

Dendroica aestiva. Yellow Warbler. — Common summer resident.

Dendroica caerulescens. Black-throated Blue Warbler. — Common
migrant. I have found many under the electric lights.

Dendroica coronata. Myrtle Warbler. — Common migrant. I have
found many under the electric lights.

Dendroica maculosa. Magnolia Warbler. — Common migrant. I
have found many under the electric lights.

Dendroica caerulea. Cerulean Warbler. — Rare in summer, com-
mon during the migrations. Many under the electric lights.

Dendroica pensylvanica. Chestnut-sided Warbler. — Tolerably
common migrant. I have taken many under the electric lights.

Dendroica castanea. Bay-breasted Warbler. — Common migrant.
Many under the electric lights.

Dendroica striata. Black-poll Warbler. — Common migrant. Many
under the electric lights.

Dendroica blackburniae. Blackburnian Warbler. — Tolerably com-
mon migrant. Many under the electric lights.

Dendroica dominica albilora. Sycamore Warbler. — Tolerably
common migrant. I have found it under the electric lights.

Dendroica virens. Black-throated Green Warbler. — Common mi-
grant. I have taken it under the electric lights.

Dendroica kirtlandi. Kirtland Warbler. — The last record is of one

Birds of Cleveland, O., and Vicinity. 119

found under the electric light mast on October 14, 1886, by Mt. H. E.
Chubb. (This is the first report of this capture. — Ed.)

Dendroica palmarum. Palm Warbler. — Tolerably common mi-
grant.

Seiurus aurocapillus. Oven-bird. — Tolerably common summer res-
ident.

Seiurus noveboracensis. Water-Thrush. — Tolerably common mi-
grant.

Geothlypis formosa. Kentucky Warbler. — Tolerably common dur-
ing the migrations. I think that it breeds here.

Geothiypis agilis. Connecticut Warbler. — Tolerably common mi-
grant. I have found dozens of them under the electric lights.

Geothlypis Philadelphia. Mourning Warbler. — Tolerably common
migrant. I have found a few imder the electric lights.

Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla. Northern Yellow-throat. — Com-
mon summer resident.

Icteria virens. Yellow-breasted Chat. — Rare in summer; formerly
common.

Wilsonia mitrata. Hooded Warbler. — Tolerably common migrant.
Wilsonia canadensis. Canadian Warbler. — ^Common migrant.
Setophaga ruiticilla. American Redstart. — Common summer res-
ident.

Anthus pensilvanicus. American Pipit. — Tolerably common mi-
grant.

Galeoscoptes carolinensis. Catbird. — Common summer resident.
Toxostoma rufum. Brown Thrasher. — Common summer resident.
Troglodytes aedon. House Wren. — Common summer resident.
Olbiorchilus hiemalis. Winter Wi'en. — Tolerably common in
winter.

Telmatodytes palustris. Long-billed Marsh Wren. — Common sum-
mer resident.

Certhia familiaris americana. Brown Creeper. — Tolerably com-
mon migrant and winter resident.

Sitta carolinensis. iWhite-breasted Nuthatch. — Common resident.
Sitta canadensis. Red-breasted Nuthatch. — Tolerably common
migrant.

Baeolophus bicolor. Tufted Titmouse. — Common resident.
Parus atricapillus. Chickadee. — Common resident.
Regulus satrapa. Golden-crowned Kinglet. — Common migrant and
winter resident.

Regulus calendula. Ruby-crowned Kinglet. — Tolerably common
migrant.

Polioptila caerulea. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. — Tolerably common
in summer.

Hylocichia mustelina. Wood Thrush. — Commlon summer resident.

120 The Wilson Bulletin — No. 57.

Hylocichia fuscescens. Wilson Thrush. — Tolerahly common mi-
grant. Many under the electric lights.

Hylocichia aljciae. Gray-cheeked Thrush. — Tolerahly common
migrant. Many under the electric lights.

Hylocichia guttata pailasii. Hermit Thrush. — Tolerably common
migrant.

Merula migratoria. American Robin. — Common summer resident.

Sialia sialis. Bluebird. — Common summer resident.

SOME ^^■ESTERX .AIMROXD.XCK BIRDS.

F. II. HALL.

Four weeks dttring late August and early September, 1906,
were spent by a companion and myself in a canoeing trip
through about twenty beautiful lakes of the western Adiron-
dacks. In ni}^ anticipations, not a small part of the pleasure of
the trip lay in the expected opportunity it would give to see the
birds, both new and old, in strictly "wild" surroundings. We
found, alas ! that the wildness of a quarter century ago is truly
a thing of the past. These lakes have beconije most popular as
summer resorts, and cottages and hotels almost line the shores
of those not on "State Land." Hardly a day passed during
our loO-mile trip from Old Forge to Saranac Lake on which
we did not hear the querulous voice of the quarrelsome Eng-
lish Sparrow — striking evidence of fairly permanent human
occupancy of the wooded hillsides and foliage hidden valleys
that border these sparkling lakes. For considerable distances
in any direction from a summer hotel, lakeside village, or lum-
ber camp, this "rat of the air" was liable to be the principle
bird in range of eye or field glass. Wild, still, however, are
many square miles of territory adjacent to Fulton Chain, Ra-
quette, Blue Mountain, Forked, Spectacle, and the Saranac
Lakes, but the forests are hardly primeval. Any considerable
areas untouched by the lumberman's ax are hard to find even
on lands supposedly protected by the Constitution of the great
state of New York. Too often, we fear, the protectors of the
forests have been friends of the lumbermen, and have been
guided by the significant query, "\\'hat's the Constitution be-
tween friends ?"

Hall — Ox \\'esterx Adiroxdack Birds. 1"21

But we are inclined to think, contrary to Professor Eaton's
conclusion from his month's investigations about Mt. Marcy,
that human occupancy is not so much a menace as a protection
to much of the bird life in these regions. We certainly found
both species and individuals most numerous along the lakes
and carries most frequented by resorters ; and it was about lum-
ber camps, rather than in the heart of the woods, that we
learned to look for our most interesting "birding." It is true
that boys carry rifles, shotguns, and revolvers into the woods,
and they probably have materially reduced the numbers of large
woodpeckers, herons, Ospreys, Loons, grouse. Black Ducks,
Wood Ducks, and similar birds once a noticeable feature of this
S'Xtion. So far as our observations extended, however, small
birds suffer far less from the summer resorter's rifles than do
the red squirrels that are undoubtedly the greatest obstacle to
the stocking of these woods with thrushes, sparrows, wrens,
flycatchers, vireos, and warblers.

It would certainly be an interesting and valuable study to
trace the development of bird life during the next ten vears in
this rapidly settling section.

Opportunity for careful study was not as good on our trip
as I had hoped for, for the length of the journey made it neces-
sary to set up camp a dozen times, and this operation, with the
daily routine when established, and with the long stretches of
paddling through waters barren of bird life, used up a sur-
prising am.ount of our time. On side trips, however, to Lime-
kiln and Little Moose lakes, Brown's Tract and Clear ponds,
and Bald, Black Bear, West, and Blue Mountains, as well as on
the "carries," and on our exceedingly pleasant paddles on Ra-
quette River. I was able to spend some time in noting the birds,
though even here I hardly felt like trespassing too long on my
partner's forbearance, since he was not a bird enthusiast. How-
ever, some notes upon the birds we saw may interest others,
since the field is one not yet thoroughlv covered bv ornitholo-
gists.

At Fulton Chain station are the holes of a large colony of
swallows, presumably the Cliff Swallows, since we saw many
of these, as well as of Tree Swallows, at various points along
the route. Their butterfly-like flitting over the lakes at first

122 ■ The Wilson Bulletin — No. 57.

made me think them the Rough-winged, since I am not very
familiar with either species, but a closer view showed plainly
the light rump, placing their identity beyond question. At
Ivaquette Lake two telephone wires extend from the mainland
to an island, unsupported for 400 or 500 feet, perhaps more ;
and for more than half this distance swallows lined these wires
at sunset one evening as we paddled below them. We esti-
mated the number of birds on the wires at fully 500, and the
air over the lake as far as we could see was lively with
others. It was almost too dark to be certain of the identity
of these swallows, but they were probably Tree Swallows. At
other times we saw both the Bank and the Rough-winged Swal-
lows, while Barn Swallows and Chimney Swift were noted
near the village of Old Forge, Blue Mountain Lake, and Long
Lake.

In nearly all our camps the early morning call of the Red-
eyed Vireo was almost as penetrating and insistent as the scold-
ing of the English Sparrow near the settlements. Yellow-throat-
ed and Blue-headed Vireos were also seen, though rarely : but
no Warbling, White-eyed, or Philadelphia Vireos were either
heard or seen ; possibly because they had already begun the
fall migration. This was certainly true of many warblers, since
only late stayers were in evidence — Myrtle, Black-throated
Blue, Black-throated Green, Pine, Canadian, Yellow, and Black
and White, were fairly common, as were the Oven-bird and
Water-Thrush ; while one or more individuals were seen of
Northern Parula, Cape May, Magnolia, and Chestnut-sided
W^arblers, and American Redstart and Northern Yellow-throat.

The calls of many flycatchers were heard at various times,
but upon one of our side trips — ^to Little Moose Lake — we
found about an old lumber camp what appeared to be a para-
dise for these alert insect hunters. In less than ten minutes,
and without leaving my seat upon a convenient stump beside
the road, I was able to identify positively the Kingbird, Phoebe,
Wood Pewee, Crested Flycatcher, Least Fhcatcher, and Yel-
low-bellied Flycatcher, wdiile what was probably the Olive-
sided obstinately kept disappointingly out of range. All of these

Hall — On Western Adirondack Birds. 123

species were also seen at other times, but nowhere else were
more than two species seen simultaneously.

Other birds were also quite plentiful about this camp, among
those noted being Hairy and Downy Woodpeckers, Golden-
crowned Kinglet, Bluebird, Robin, White-crowned Sparrow,
Song Sparrow, and Chipping Sparrow. Many of the warblers
listed above were seen at another partly cleared area along the
road leading past this old camp.

On another side trip, by steamer from Raquette Lake station
to Blue Mountain Lake, we had our best opportunity to study
the Osprey, though several of these were seen at other times.
The steamer runs for several miles through Marion River, a
very tortuous channel through timber killed by high water, and
for much of the distance an Osprey kept just ahead of us, evi-
dently hunting the fish that were frightened into shallow water
by the advancing boat. Several times the bird's headlong
plunges into the water were profitless, but at other times small
fish were caught and hastily eaten upon some dead branch.
Finally a fish of som-e size was caught and the Osprey flew
back over the woods toward Raquette Lake.

Perhaps the greatest surprise of our trip, in the bird line, was
the lighting, only a few feet from our canoe, of a Northern
Phalarope. I had never seen these birds before, and to have a
"sandpiper," as I thought it when in flight, calmly drop into
the water and paddle about in circles almost within paddle reach
of us, marked that day with a star in my bird calendar. Later
in the same day two more of these peculiar long-legged swim-
mers were seen, but not so close at hand.

Other days similarly honored were those which brought with-
in sight the Bald Eagle, the fast vanishing Northern Raven,
the American Crossbill, a flock of mergansers just before our
tent door, a Least Sandpiper "scuttling" along the rocky shore
of an island in Saranac Lake, and a Wood Duck leaving her
tree nest to land in the water through which our canoe had just
passed. All these were new or rare birds on my list.

The full list of species seen so as to be positively identified
•is as follows :

Colymbus auritus. Horned Grebe.— Few seen; two on Fourth
Lake.

1::?4 Till'. W'li.sdx Bulletin — No. 57.

Podilymbus podiceps. Pied-billed Grebe. — One, on Marion River
inlet of Raquette Lake.

Gavia imber. Loon. — But one seen; on Eagle Pond.

Larus argentatus. Herring Gull. — Seen in small flocks or singly.
on Fourth Lake, Raquette, Long, and Saranac lakes.

Larus Philadelphia. Bonaparte G'Ull. — With Herring Gulls on
Fourth Lake; mainly immature specimens.

Merganser americanus. American Merganser. — A flock of eight
remained for a day on upper Stony Creek Pond (Spectacle Lakes).

Anas obscura. Black Duck. — A pair seen on Third Lake; two
paii's or a pair and young on Eagle Pond; small flocks or individ-
uals in flight on South, Raquette, and Long lakes.

Aix sponsa. Wood Duck. — One female on Raquette River.

Botaurus lentiginosus. American Bittern. — One seen, others
heard in the marsh along the west side of Long Lake.

Ardea herodias. Great Blue Heron. — Seen on Seventh, Raquette,
Long and LTpper Saranac lakes and Raquette and Saranac rivers.

Butorides virescens. Green Heron.- — One kept just in advance
of us for two miles on Raquette River below Long Lake.

Palaropus lobatus. Northern Phalarope.— One in the water on
the Raquette River outlet of Raquette Lake; others on the shore.

Actodromas minutilla. Least Sandpiper. — But one seen; on the
rocky shore of an island in Upper Saranac Lake.

Actitis macularia. Spotted Sandpiper. — OccasionrJly seen, but
not common.

Oxyechus vociferus. Killdeer. — One seen, others heard near Blue
Mountain Lake (village).

Canachites canadensis canace. Canada Spruce Grouse. — Three
disturbed in a new growth along the road from Raquette Lake to
Brown's Tract Pond.

Bonasa umbellus. Ruffed Grouse. — A single specimen only.
Eighth Lake carry. Reported quite plentiful and tame.

Circus hudsonius. Marsh Hawk.

Accipiter velox. Sharp-shinned Hawk. — Hawks were quite num-
erous over the entire forest area passed through. Marsh and Red-
tailed Hawks were the most numerous.

Accipiter cooperi. Ccoper Hawk. i

Buteo borealis. Red-tailed Hawk.

Buteo platypterus. Broad-winged Hawk.

Haliaeetus leucocephalus. Bald Eagle. — In flight over Raquette
Lake; apparently large speciments of a mature eagle.

Faico sparverius. American Sparrow Hawk. — A specimen pos-
itively identified at the upper end of Eighth Lake, others seen but
at a distance. Less common than the larger hawks.

Pandion haliaetus carolinensis. American Osprey. — A single
bird seen on Fourth, Raquette, and Lower Saranac lakes and on

Hall — Ox Western Adiroxdack Birds. 1"?5

Marion River. A nest near the railroad south-east of Brown's
Tract ponds.

Syrnium varium. Barred Owl. — A pair on the trail up Black Bear
Mountain; others, as well as smjal'er owls, occasionally heard.

Ceryle alcyon. Belted Kingfisher. — Numerouis on all lake shores.
Very common along Raquette River.

Dryobates villosus. Hairy Woodpecker. — But few seen.

Dryobates pubescens inedianus. Downy Woodpecker. — Quite
common.

Sphyrapicus varius. Yellow-bel ied Sapsucker. — Only one
noticed.

Ceophloeus pileatus abieticola. Northern Pileated Woodpecker. —
Seen by my friend at camp on Seventh Lake.

Melanerpes erythrocephalus. Red-headed Woodpecker. — A pair
seen near the village of Long Lake; others occasionally noticed.

Colaptes auratus luteus. Northern Flicker. — Seen at O d Forge,
but not noticed during last half of the trip.

Antrostomus vociferus. Whippoorwill. — One heard on Spectacle
Lakes.

Chaetura pelagica. Chimney Swift. — A few near villages.

Tyrannus tyrannus. Kingbird. — Seen only occasionally.

Myiarchus crinitus. Crested Flycatcher. — Fairly common.

Sayornis phcebe. Fnoebe. — Common aboait villages and camps.

Nuttalornis borealis. Olive-sided Flycatcher. — Occasional.

Contopus virens. Wood Pewee. — Several seen about lumber
camps.

Empidonax flaviventris. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. — Occasional

Empidonax minimus. Least Flycatcher. — Quite a few seen.

Otocoris alpestrjs praticola. Prairie Horned Lark. — Seen only
on cleared land near Long Lake and Saranac villages.

Cyanocitta cristata. Blue Jay. — Very common.

Perisoreus canadensis. Canada Jay. — Only one pair seen — on
West Mountain. Apparently quite local in distribution.

Corvux corax principalis. Northern Raven. — One seen at Spec-
tacle lakes. Said to be common in p'aces.

Corvus brachyrhynchos. American Crow. — Many seen, but not
in large flocks as about Geneva.

IVIolothrus ater. Cowbird. — One small flock heard, two birds seen
on Seventh Lake inlet, apparently migrating.

Agelaius phoeniceus. Red-winged Blackbird. — No large flocks
Been, but specimens noted frequently along inlets and reedy shcres.

Srturnella magna. Meadowlark.- — One seen on the road to Lime-
kiln Lake.

Scolecophagus carolinus. Rusty Blackbird. — A small flock seen
near Inlet.

12G TiiF. Wilson Bulletin — No. 57.

Quiscalus quiscula aeneus. Bronzed Grackle. — Less numerous
than Red-wing.

Pinicola enucleator canadensis. Canadian Pine Grosbeak. — One
pair seen on Harding Island, Raquette Lake.

Carpodacus purpureus. Purple Finch. — Not common — at least
not often seen. Noticed at the Inlet, at Eighth Lake carry, and on
Hen Island, Raquette Lake carry, at the foot of Eighth Lake. Very
tame.

Loxia curvirostra minor. American Crossbill. — Only one seen,
though specially sought.

Astraglinus tristis. American Goldfinch. — Quite common, es-
pecially on elevated clearings.

Pooecetes gramineus. Vesper Sparrow. — A few seen, most on the
meadow w^est of Long Lake village.

Zonotrichia leucophrys. White-crowned Sparrow. — Call note fre-
quently heard: none in song. Fairly common.

Zonotrichia albicollis. White-throated Sparrow. — But few seen.

Spizella monticola. Tree Sparrow. — Some seen on mountain
trails; not common.

Spizella socialis. Chipping Sparrow^ — Fairly common, but less
numerous than in more open country.

Spizella pusilla. Field Sparrow. — Only a few seen.

Junco hyemalis. Slate-colored Junco. — Very common, especially
on the borders of mountain streams.

Melospiza cinerea meiodia. Song Sparrow. — Common.

Melospiza georgiana. Swamp Sparrow. — A few seen about
Raquette Lake station, and the railroad west.

Cyanospiza cyanea. Indigo Bunting. — Only one seen; near.
Raquette Lake.

Petrochelidon lunifrons. C'iff Swallow. — A colony at Old Forge.
Seen over the lakes in considerable numbers.

Hirundo erythrogastra. Barn Swallow. — A few near the villages.

Iridoprocne bicolor. Tree Swallow. — Very numerous about
Raquette Lake.

Riparia riparia. Bank Swal'ow. — A few. near Limekiln Lake.

Stelgidopteryx serripennis. Rough-winged Swallow.- — Seen on
Long Lake, but not common.

Ampelis cedrorum. Cedar Waxwing. — Not uncommon on the
higher lands. Particularly noticed on Bald Mountain.

Vireo olivaceus. Red-eyed Vireo. — Very common throughout the
entire trip.

Vireo flavifrons. Yellow-throated Vireo. — A few seen near Eighth
Lake and Limekiln Lake.

Vireo solitarius. Blue-headed Vireo. — Only two seen.

Mniotilta varia. Black and '\ATiite Wa rbler. — Several — Eighth Lake
carry. Limekiln Lake trail, road west of lower Raquette Lake.

Hu\LL — On Western Adirondack Birds. 1.27

Compsothlypis american usneae. Northern Parula Warbler. — A
few seen near the railroad west of Raquette Lake station.

Dendroica tigrina. Cape May Warbler. — One, at Eighth Lake
carry.

Dendroica asstiva. Yellow Warbler. — Several seen.

Dendroica caerulescens. Black-throated Blue Warbler. — A few on
Eighth Lake carry.

Dendroica coronata. Myrtle Warb'er. — Fairly common along
open trails.

Dendroica maculosa. Magnolia Warbler. — Stragglers only seen.

Dendroica pensylvanica. Chestnut-sided Warbler. — Not common.

Dendroica virens. Black-tnrcated Green Warbler. — Less num-
erous than Myrtle.

Dendroica vigorsii. Pine Warbler. — Only one seen.

Seiurus aurocapilius. Oven-bird.— On the trail from Seventh
Lake up Black Bear Mountain. Probably fairly common.

Seiurus noveboracensis. Water-Thrush. — One seen along the
shore of Long Lake.

Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla. Northern Yellow-throat. — Not
common as expected. Probably most individuals had migrated.

Wilsonia canadensis. — Canadian Warbler. — Several seen.

Setophaga ruticiiia. American Redstart. — But one recorded —
Eighth Lake carry.

Galeoscoptes carolinensis. Catbird. — Occasionally seen.

Toxostoma rufum. Brown Thrasher. — Rare.

Oibiorchilus hiemalis. Winter Wren.^ — Several seen in Brown's
Tract section.

Certhia famiiiaris americana. Brown Creeper. — Only a few seen
Less numerous than White-breasted Nuthatch and Chickadee, with
which it was commonly seen.

Sitta carolinensis. White-breasted Nuthatch. — Fairly common in
places.

Sitta canadensis. Red-breasted Nuthatch. — Perhaps one to ten
of the last.

Parus atricapillus. Chickadee. — Common.

Regulus satrapa. Golden-crowned Kinglet. — Only a few seen.

Hylocichia mustelina. Wood Thrush. — Seen at various points.
Hylocichia fuscescens. Wilson's Thrush. — Several seen near
Seventh Lake; a few elsewhere.

Hylocichia swainsonii. Olive-backed Thrush. — One seen near
West Mountain.

Hylocichia guttata pallasii. Hermit Thrush. — Three seen.
Merula migratoria. American Robin. — Not common except near
villages.

Sialia sialis. Bluebird. — A few seen about lumber camps.

r.'s TiiK Wilson Buli.ktin — No. 57.

SOME MIGRATION RECORDS ALONG THE CEDAR
POINT SAND SPIT, ERIE COUNTY, OHIO, 190G.

BY LYNDS JONES.

It has been my good fortune to spend the better part of one
dav each week from October 15 to November 3G, along this
stretch of sand beach which separates the extensive marshes
east of Sandusky from the free waters of lake Erie. The rich
fauna of the marshes on the one side and the distinctively open
water fauna of the lake on the other, combined with the dis-
tinctly land fauna of the sand spit itself, forms a combination
unsuspected for interest and value.

The part of the seven and a half mile sand spit traversed
varies from about 4 to over 20 rods in width, and ii\ m a low
sand bank over which the storm waves wash to considerable
dunes and ridges perhaps fifteen feet above the surface of the
marsh. The sand supports a thicket growth of bushes which
are tangled with wild grape vines in luxuriant fruitage, and
many trees of considerable size, mostly willows and cotton-
woods. A rank growth of coarse grass fronts the lake out of
reach of the waves, and the marsh side of the sand is sharply
defined by a rank growth of reeds and swamp- vegetation. The
surface of the marsh, particularly at its eastern end, is nearly
covered with dense vegetation, but here and there open water
still remains. There are no dry islands in the marsh. At its
western end the marsh merges into the open water of the bay.

]\Iy route lay from the town of Huron, at the mouth of Huron
river, where the marshes are fast disappearing before the on-
slaught of the dock and land makers in preparation for a
mammoth ore dumping ground or else another huge steel
works, westward along the beach some six miles, to a little
west of the middle of the sand spit proper. The best feeding
ground for gulls and shore birds seemed to be the beach in
the immediate vicinitv of Huron, where quantities of garbage
are washed ashore during northerly winds. More or less exten-
sive fields lie immediately south of the marshes, where geese
are wont to spend the early morning hours. It has frequently
happened that the part of the route between Huron and the

Jones — On Cedar Point Migration Records. 129

head of the marsh — the beginning of the sand spit — proved the
key to the day, for it is across here that many of the birds fly
from the lake to the fields and back again. Many ducks passed
across the sand spit to and from the marsh and lake, and
grebes fed in the surf or mingled with the Coots in the open
waters of the marsh.

Tree Sparrows were first seen on the sand spit on October
22, some days before any were noticed elsewhere in the region.
White-throated Sparrows were common everywhere in the
thickets of the sand spit up to and including October 19, but
none were seen there or anywhere else after that date. Sa-
vana Sparrows remained until the 23d of October, and were
not found elsewhere as late into ten days. Swamp Sparrows
were fairly numerous up to October 29, and one was found
as late as November 20.

Black Ducks appeared in the marshes in considerable num-
bers on October 29, and are still (Nov. 26) very numerous.
The first Mallards were seen in the marshes October 23, the
first Lesser Scaups on the 15th, the first Pintails and American
Scaups on the same day, and a female Wood Duck on the 23d.
Old-squaw, American Golden-eye, and Ruddy Duck were first
found on the lake adjoining the marshes on November 12. A
flock of Greater Snow Goose numbering more than 60, and a
flock of 30 Blue Goose passed inland on October 29, and a
flock of 38 Greater Snow, and of 18 Blue were studied at close
range in the snowstorm of November 12, on which date a flock
of six Whistling Swans flew low eastward along the sand spit.

Three companies, aggregating 35 individuals of Whistling
Swans, were recorded November 19.

Wilson's Snipe lingered in the marshes until October 23,
when five were noted. On the beach two Greater Yellow-legs
and five Red-backed Sandpipers were found on October 27,
■and one Sanderling on the 29th, and 14 Killdeers were recorded
on November 12. They were gleaning at the water's edge in
the rubbish of the beach.

Two King Rails were noted October 15, and one on the 23d.
Coots were present in great numbers on November 26, and at
that time gave no indications of departure. The last Great Blue
Heron was recorded on October 15. His tracks indicated that

130 The Wilson Bulletin — No. 57.

he was feeding upon the dead fish cast upon the beach by the
storm of the previous week.

A flock of 20 or more Pine Siskins have ranged along the
sand spit ever since they were first seen, on October 15. Three
\\'hite-winged Crossbills, two bright males and one female,
were found just east of the eastern end of the sand spit on No-
vember 5. Their occurrence in northern Ohio even in midwin-
ter, is rare.

A female Blackburnian Warbler, in excellent condition, was
found on the sand spit October 15. Myrtle Warbler was com-
mon there up to October 29.

The last House Wrens found anywhere were noted in the
shrubbery bordering the marsh, October 15, and three Long-
billed ]\Iarsh Wrens were found here on November 5. anfl one
was heard singing on November 19.

The last Hermit Thrushes to be found anywhere were seen
here October 29, when three were found. Robins are still nu-
merous, and find the abundant crop of wild grapes an easily
obtained food supply.

Two Snowflakes were found on the beach on October 29,
and every time since then numbers have been seen ranging
along the beach.

A single Barn Swallow was hawking over the marshes on
October 15, and on the 22d three Tree Swallows were there.

These unusual records, when combined with others less note-
worthy, go to show that great possibilities lurk in this thin arm
of sand which reaches far out into the waters of lake Erie. It
is within reason to presume that there is no other region within
such narrow^ bounds which would prove richer in bird life
during the season of southward migration. This, the region
west of Sandusky, and the chain of islands stretching across
to Point Pelee will prove to be the key to the solution of some
problems of migration and northward distribution of our birds..

TWO BIRDS NEW TO LORAIN COUNTY, OHIO.

BY LYNDS JONES.

Jlrco philadclphicus. Philadelphia Vireo. A single indi-
vidual was seen on September 21st, and again on the 24th, at

Jones — On Two New Lorain County Birds. 131

Oberlin. On May 24th, two were found at Ruggles Beach in
Erie county, somie seven and a half miles west of Lorain coun-
ty, and one of them taken, but the above record. constitutes
the first actual county record for this vireo. The bird was in
good plumage, and seemed to be singing softly.

Syuiphemia scmipahiiafa inoniata. Western Willet. The
specimen taken on September ITth, at Oak Point, on lake Erie,
is an adult male in fall dress. There remains little doubt in
my mind that the specimens recorded from this state will prove
to belong to the western race. All of the specimens should be
critically examined. This record is not only the first one for
this subspecies, but is the first for the species taken as a whole
for this county. Lake shore records seem to be practically
wanting on this side, although there are several for the Ca-
nadian side. The wing marks of this species would be certain
to attract attention wherever the bird might be, hence, the ar-
gument that it has been overlooked, and will prove not so rare
as it is now supposed to be, fails. Its occurrence in this re-
gion must be practically accidental.

THE WILSON BULLETIN.

A Quarterly Magazine Devoted to the Study of Living Birds.
Official Organ of the Wilson Ornithological Club.

Edited by LYNDS JONES.

PUBLISHED BY THE CLUB, AT OBERLIN, OHIO.

Price in the United States, Canada and Mexico, 50 cents a year, 15 cents a number, post-
paid. Price in all countries in the International Postal Union, 65 cents a year. 20 cents
a number. Subscriptions may be sent to Lynds Jones, Oberlin, Ohio, or to Mr. Frank L.
Burns, Berwyn, Penn.

EDITORIAL.

The response to the call for more local lists is highly gratifying.
We have in prospect for succeeding numbers several interesting lists
from little known localities which will be contributions to our knowl-
edge of distribution, of which we stand in need. If this number of
the Bulletin reaches any person who lives in some outlying region,
or in some region whose bird inhabitants have not received deserved
attention, let it be the means of setting you to work compiling such
a list. But bear constantly in mind that it is not the length of the
list which is of the most importance, but rather the accuracy of
the identifications. Be certain of each identification, or else relegate
uncertain records to the Hypothetical list.

While we are earnestly calling for local lists, because sut-h work
is usually the work which first attracts bird students, we would not
wish to give the impression that the compilation of a local list is
the most important work before you in bird study. We have so
many times reiterated the importance of life studies that it must be
to some "as dry as Niagara." Go over your own experience in try-
ing to find in the literature on birds the corroboration of some of
your own observations, and then ask yourself how much remains to
be done in life studies. Remember that both the editor and Mr.
Frank L. Burns, Berwyn, Pa., are anxious to supply everybody who
will undertake life studies of however little seeming importance with
blanks for recording the facts learned. Plan to use several of these
blanks the coming spring.

Unusual field activity during November h;is i-csulted in the finding
of several species of birds which have not liitliertu l)eeii recorded in

General Notes. 183

northern Ohio before late December or early January. This seems
to presage an unusual southward movement of northern birds for this
winter, not only in Ohio, but the country over, since Ohio is the
key state in this respect as well as in politics. We feel confident
that activity in the field during this winter will result in the finding
of many unusual birds. Let us have your winter experiences in
time for the March Bulletin.

It has been a constant regret to the editor that the department of
General Notes has been so lacking for the last two years. In every
observer's experience in the field there must be many things of inter-
est which cannot well be worlced into an article. These minor mat-
ters, as far as length of exposition is concerned, are therefore lost to
others because they do not find their way into print. This ought not
so to be. Send them in without waiting for the time for making up
the copy for the next Bulletin to come. Fresh experiences from
your field work are what enliven the pages of the Bulletin.

For the sake of getting this number of the Bulletin out promptly
the result of the election of officers for 1907 will not be announced
in it, as has been the custom, but will be deferred uutil the March
number. It is always necessary to hold the Bulletin over for a week
or more in order to receive the result Qf the balloting.

GENERxVL NOTES.

Cupola, Chester County. Pennsylvania. In the early morning of
July 11, it was rather foggy. Insect life was evidently not very high
minded that morning, as the Barn Swallows were skinnning low over
the fields and apparently had to hustle for what food they secured.
I was bringing the cows in from pasture, and was a little surprised
to see a Barn Swallow fly up to one of them, snatch a fly from her
back, and then skim over the fields.

One morning I was attracted by a great commotion among some
Robins, and going to ascertain the cause I found a nest of this spe-
cies, which was placed upon a horizontal branch of a willow. It
was evident that there was something wrong about this nest, since
the pair of Robins were flying about it and making a great noise.
As I could see nothing from the ground below I climbed to the level
of the nest and there came upon the offender. A red squirrel sat
upon an adjoining branch holding a Robin's egg in his paws, coolly
sucking it. I had long known this mammal to be called a nest robber,
but here he was caught in the act.

134 Till- Wilson r.ULLETix— No. 57.

I'onsauken Creek, New Jersey. May 28, 11)05. I found a Yellow
NN'arhler's nest to-day whicli contained four youni? birds. The nest
was placed in the crotch of a willow bush five feet from the ground.
In another crotch of the same bush, on almost the same level — about
four feet and six inches up — and only forty-six inches in actual
measurement away was a Cardinal's nest, also containing four young
birds of al)out the same age as the Yellow Warbler's. They were
very close neiiilibors and apparently were living in harmony with
each other. Would the warblers have nested as close to any other
species? Ac-cording to my observations the Cardinal seems to be -i
very peaceable bird. I once caged a male Cardinal with a female
Red-winged Blackbird, and although he had a good weapon in his
thick beak he, from the first, let her have her way, even to the ex-
tent of taking food away from him. and sex seemed to have nothing
to do with it. Chreswell J. Hunt.

[Here at Oberlin a Robin had built her nest in a cozy nook in an
evergreen tree and had brought the three eggs almost to the hatching
point when a pair of English Sparrows decided that they must have
that spot. War was declared and waged fiercely for three days, one
or the other liobin remaining on the nest during the battle. A truce
must have been agreed upon, for the sparrows proceeded to build
their trashy nest upon the same branch, so close to the Robin's nest
that they actually used one side of the Robin's nest for theirs. In
due course the young sparrows appeared, and both families lived on
peaceable terms during the week which the young Robins remained
after the hatching of the sparrows. The impudence of the sparrows
was certainly typical. — Ed.]

Decrease of Icteridae in North-eastern Iowa. In the Upper Mis-
sissippi Valley the influence which the Landshark has upon the migra-
tion of man into the Dakotas and Manitoba is apparent to all. There
may be a close connection between this great migration of mankind
and the paucity of blackbird life seen this autumn. In this locality,
where flocks of blackbirds numbering at least thousands of individu-
als were seen no longer than three years ago, this fall there was seen
one small flock containing ten Rusty Blackbirds, and another com-
pany of about 300. And of Bronzed Grackles one was seen at one
time and four at another. During migration a year ago these species
were not numerous at this place. Althea R. Sherman.

A Venturesome Nuthatch. For several days past, just at 1
o'clock p. m., a White-breasted Nuthatch has flown into my yard,
perched on the sill of my neighbor's pantry window', crawled in
through the slit in the bottom of the double window, and helped him-
self to the butter and cheese. It usually brings out a small piece
of Initter or cheese, but one day made off with a piece of cheese as

General Notes. 135

large as its head. I can imagine tliat my neighbors think that a very
funny sort of mice are visiting their pantry, but it is too good a per-
formance to watch to tell them what the visitor really is.

Kingston, Ontario. A. B. Klug.

LoRAix CorxTY, Ohio. Fall Records, 190G. October 1st marked
the culmination of the southward warbler migration, when the fol-
lowing were recorded for the last time. Black-throated Blue, Black-
throated Green, Bay-breasted, Black-poll. Black and White, Cape
May, Magnolia, Nashville, Tennessee, Palm, and Northern Yellow-
throat. With these were found Red-eyed Vireo and Yellow-billed
Cuckoo, both singing.

The first American Pipit was found on September 14, and another
one on the 2J:th. The only other fall record for this species is Octo-
ber 19, 1897. It is usually fairly numerous in the spring.

The last Black-billed Cuckoo was found September 21. Except for
the September 24, 1900, record, this is the latest for this species. Oc-
tober 1 is the latest for the Yellow-billed Cuckoo.

Bonaparte Gulls were first seen on October 1st, and are still pres-
ent in considerable numbers in the region of Huron, Ohio.

Nine Solitary Sandpipers were found feeding at the Oberlin Sewer
Farm on September 1.3, which is the latest fall record.

Two Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers were seen September 24th, which
is the earliest fall record for this species by more than a week.

Green-crested Flycatcher was heard singing September 21st, and
was not seen afterward. This is the latest record by just one week.

For the first time the Least Flycatcher was found September 14.
The last were seen on the 21st. There are no other fall records of
it in this county.

The last Baltimore Oriole was seen September 21, which is later
by 15 days than any other record. It was a young male in full song.

The return of Slate-colored .Junco on September 24 is a full week
in advance of all other records. It became common by October 1st.

The finding of five Wilson Warblers, three of them in full dress,
on September 14, is the second fall record for the county.

The return of Red-breasted Nuthatch on September 5th is unusu-
ally early. This species has been found in greater numbers than at
any time hitherto in this county.

For the first time in the fall during my studies at Oberlin the Gray-
cheeked Thrush was certainly identified on September 14, and was
again seen on October 1. No doubt it regularly passes through this
region on its way southward, but has hitherto been overlooked.

Hermit Thrush returned September 24, and became common Octo-
ber 1. It remained common until October 15, and the last were seen
October 29.

There were no frosts until October 10, so that the foliage remained

loG The Wilson Bulletin — No. 57.

so dense that birds were hard to see until the migrations of the
smaller birds were almost over. Individuals of most species seemed
to be less numerous than usual during the southward migrations.

Lynds Jones.

Notes From Seneca County, Ohio.. On September 25th of this
year I observed two Henslow's Sparrows at close range in a mass of
tangled weeds on the banks of Wolf Creek. Being acquainted with
this bird from observations in former years west of the Mississippi
River, I was certain of the identification. This is the second published
record for Ohio. It is an addition to my list of Seneca County birds.

On October 12th, I saw what I took to be a solitary individual of
Nuttalornis borealis in a large elm tree. Never having met with this
bird before I can add this bird to my Seneca County list only ex
hypotJtesi. W. F. Henninger.

Tiffin, Ohio.

ELECTION OF MEMBERS.

The following names are proposed for Active membership. Objec-
tions to any of these persons should be sent to the Secretary, Frank
L. Burns, Berwyn, Pa. :

W. B. Barrows, Agricultural College, Mich.

J. H. Fleming, Toronto, Ont.

C. J. Pennock, Kennett Square, Pa.

B. W. Griffiths, West Philadelphia, Pa.
F. H. Hall, Geneva, N. Y.

W. C. Staat, Grinnell, Iowa.
Zeno Metcalf, Columbus, Ohio.

C. C. Maxfield, Hartford, Ct.

For Associate Membership, T. E. Ilaughey, Mt. Vernon. Ohio.

nosj