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Official Organ of the Wilson Ornithological Club 


An Illustrated Quarterly Magazine 
Devoted to the Study 
of Birds 


Edited by Lynds Jones 


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< MAR 20 1919 
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tional Museu" 


Nineteen Hundred and Eleven 
Old Series, Volume XXIII New Series, Volume XVIII - 
Published by the Club at Oberlin, Ohio 


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INDEX VOL. XXIII, 1911 


Accipiter cooperi, 36, 93. 
velox, 36, 93, 124° 
Actitis macularia, 25, 91. 
Adgialitis meloda, 92. 
semipalmata, 92. 
Agelaius phceniceus phceniceus, 
Zit, 8), 
Aix sponsa, 25, 88, 130. 
Anas platyrhynchos, 25, 35, 87. 
rubripes, 27, 
Anthus rubescens, 39, 109. 
Astrostomus vociferus vociferus, 
BT, its ; 
Ardea herodias herodias, 25, 41, 
89. 
Archilochus colubris, 27, 97. 
Ardetta exilis, 46. 
Arenaria interpres morinella, 92. 
Asio accipitrinus, 45. 
flammeus, 95. 
wilsonianus, 95. 
Astragalinus tristis tristis, 27, 
38, 100. 
Aythya collaris, 46. 


Beolophus bicolor. 26, 40. 
Baldpate, 31, 61. 
Bittern, 13, 19, 25, 32, 89, 120. - 
Least, 33, 46, 51. 
Blackbird, Red-winged, 8, 17, 18, 
22, 20, 29, 31, 6, 99, 120. 
Rusty, 31, 38, 42, 99, 
Yellow-headed, 50. 
Bluebird, 11, 13, 18, 21, 26, 29, 
31, 40, 42, 112, 122. 
Bob-white, 21, 22, 25, 36, 41, 50. 
Bobolink, 8, 27, 33, 54, 81, 99. 
Bombycilla cedrorum, 39, 104. 
garrula, 60. 
Bonasa umbellus, 51. 
togata, 123. 
Botaurus lentiginosus, 25, 89. 
Branta canadensis canadensis, 
88. 
Bubo  virginianus 
Bi, 25, 
Bufflehead, 31, 88. 


virginianus, 


Bunting, Henslow’s, 54. 
Indigo, 8, 18, 22, 25, 33, 51, 
104, 
Buteo borealis borealis, 25, 36, 
93. 
lineatus lineatus, 36. 
platypterus, 25, 


platypterus, 

cubanensis, 

antillarum, | (Monograph) 
rivierei, 143-320. 
insulicola, 


Butorides virescens, 25. 


Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus, 
100. 

Calidris leucophza, 90. 

Cardinal, 18, 21, 22, 28, 26, 35, 
39, 42, 50. 

Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis, 
26, 39. 

Carpodacus purpureus purpur- 
eus, 100. 

Catbird, 18, 21, 23, 26, 30, 38, 40, 
42, 80, 110, 124. 

Catharista uruba, 36. 

Cathartes aura, 36. 

Centurus carolinus, 27, 37. 

Cedar-bird, 42. 

Certhia familiaris 
110. 

Ceryle aleyon, 27, 37, 96. 

Chetura pelagica, 27, 97. 

Charadrius dominicus, 92. 

Charitonetta albeola, 88. 

Chat, Yellow-breasted, 50. 

Chickadee, 80, 111, 124. 

Carolina, 13, 18, 21, 26, 40, 
42, 

Chondestes grammacus, 27. 

Chordeiles virginianus virginia- 
nus, 27, 37, 97. 

Circus hudsonius, 25, 44, 93. 


americana, 


Cistothorus stellaris, 26, 110, 
120. 
Clangula clangula americana, 
88. 


(INDEX) 


Coccyzus americanus america- 
nus, 27, 95. 
erythrophthalmus, 27, 96. 
Colaptes auratus auratus, 37, 
134. 
luteus, 27, 96. 
Colinus virginianus virginianus, 
PAR Bio 
Colymbus auritus, 85, 133. 
griseigenus, 125, 


Compsothlypis americana us- 
nee, 105. 

Coot, American, 18, 25, 32, 76, 
mals 


Cormorant, Double-crested, 9, 
11, 19, 25, 45, 86. 
Corvus brachyrhinchos brachy- 
rhinchos, 27, 38, 99. 
Cowbird, 18, 22, 27, 31, 38, 41, 
49, bil, 59, 99: 
Creeper, Brown, 110. 
Crow, 18, 21, 22, 27, 31, 38, 42, 
80, 99. 
Crossbill, 100. 
Red, 62. 
Cuckoo, Black-billed, 19, 27, 34, 
80, 96. 
Yellow-billed, 19, 21, 22, 23, 
27, 34, 80, 95. 
Cyanocitta cristata cristata, 27, 
38, 98. 


Dafila acuta, 88. 
Dendroica #stiva estiva, 106. 
ceerulescens eczerulescens, 
106, 1238. 
castanea, 106. 
coronata, 39, 106, 124. 
discolor. 108. 
fusca, 107. 
magnolia, 106. 
palmarum palmarum, 107. 
hypochrisea. 121. 
pensylvanica, 106. 
striata, 107. 
tigrina, 105. 
vigorsii, 39. 
virens, 107. 
Dickcissel, 26, 30, 50. 
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 27. 99. 
Dove, Mourning, 19, 21, 22, 25, 
VP SWRI 3. ChIe tals HB} 


Dryobates borealis, 37. 

pubescens medianus, 27, 96. 
pubescens, 37. 

villosus auduboni, 37. 
leucomelas, 96. 
villosus, 27. 

Duck, Black, 32, 80, 87. 
Canva’s-back, 29, 31, 88, 130. 
Lesser Scaup, 9, 11, 25, 31, 

61, 88. 
Red-head, 31. 
Ring-necked, 46. 
Ruddy, 32. 
Scaup,.88. 
Wood, 9, 11, 25, 62, 88, 130. 
Dumetella carolinensis, 26, 40. 
110. , 


Hagle, Bald, 80, 93. 
Egret, Snowy, 59. 
Egretta candidissima, 59. 
Empidonax flaviventris, 97, 123. 
minimus, 98. 
traillii alnorum, 98, 122. 
Ereunetes pusillus, 25, 90. 
Euphagus carolinus, 38, 99. 
Falco columbarius columbarius, 
94. 
peregrinus, 125. 
anatum, 94. 
rusticolus, 58. 
sparverius sparverius, 25, 
36, 95. 
Finch, Purple, 32. 80, 100, 123. 
Flicker, 37, 42, 68. 124, 134. 
Northern, 18, 21, 22, 23, 27, 
31, 80, 96, 123. 
Flycatcher, Alder, 98, 122. 
Crested, 17, 19, 21, 22, 27, 
33, 80. 97, 122, 123. 
Least, 30, 33, 80, 98. 
Olive-sided, 97, 122. 
Yellow-bellied, 97, 122, 1238. 
Fulica americana, 25. 
Gallinago delicata, 25, 89. 
Gallinule, Florida, 76. 
Gavia immer, 40, 85. 
Geothlypis trichas trichas, 26. 
Gnateatcher, Blue-gray, 18, 26, 
32, Dl. 
Golden-eye, 29, 31, 88. 
Goldfinch, 18, 21, 22, 27, 88, 42, 
51, 80, 100, 122. 


(INDEX) 


Goose, Canada, 29, 31, 88. 
Grackle, Bronzed, 8, 11, 12, 18, 
21, 22, 27, 29, 31, 99, 120. 

Grebe, Horned, 32, -85, 133. 

Pied-billleds 9s it 25, 32535, 
41, 49, 61, 85.. 

Grosbeak, Evening, 60, 62, 100. 
Pine, 52, 100. 
Rose-breasted, 18, 22, 23, 

25, Bo, GO, 128}, 
Grouse, Canada, 123. 
Ruffed, 51, 55. 
Gull, Benaparte’s, 33, 45, 61, 86, 
130. 
Herring, 31, 80, 85. 
Ring-billed, 86, 130. 


Halizetus leucocephalus leuco- 
cephalus, 93. 
Harelda byemalis, 88. 
Hawk, Broad-winged, 21, 25, 51, 
143-320 (Monograph). 
Cooper’s, 32, 36, 41, 51, 93. 
Duck, 81, 94. 
Marsh, 19, 25, 29) 31, 44 51 
93, 124. 
Pigeon, 81, 94. 
Red-shouldered, 32, 36, 41. 
ail. 
Red-tailed, 22, 25, 31, 36, 41, 
Bil, OB. 
Sharp-shinned. 30, 33, 36, 
41, 8, 93, 124° 
Sparrow, 19, 25, 31, 36, 41, 


Bil, Sil, Ob), 
Hen, Prairie, 51, 62. 
Helodromas solitarius  solitar- 


Tus; 25, 91. 
Heron, Black-crowned Nicht, 32, 
Byles aly 
Great Blue, 8, 13, 19, 25, 32, 
41, 89. 120. 
Cream, G, 12, Ws WG), 25, 82, 
49, 134. 
Hesperinhona vespertina vesper. 
tina, 60, 100. 
Hirundo erythrogastra, 104. 
Hummingbird. Ruby-throated, 
23,20, 34, 97: 
Hylocichla aliciz alicia, 111, 
fuscescens fuscescens, 111, 
122. 


mustelina, 26. 
guttata palasii, 40, 112, 122. 
ustulata swainsoni, 112. 


Ieterus galbula, 27, 99. 
spurius, 27. 

Ictinia mississippiensis, 25. 

Tridoprocne bicolor, 26. 


Jay, Blue. 18, 21, 22, 23, 27, 38, 
42, 80, 98, 

Juneo hyemalis hyemalis, 38, 
102. 

Junco, Slate-colored, 38, 41, 42, 
2, 808, 102, 122, 133. 


Killdeer, 12, 13, 25, 29, 31, 36, 
41, 50. 92, 131. 

Kite. Mississipni, 11, 22, 25. 

EGhaedoieel, Wil, wy IS. BR By Bey 
80. 97, 122. 124. 

Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 31, 40, 
42, 111, 128. 

Ruby-crowned, 32, 40, 42, 111. 

Knot. 89. 

Kingfisher, Belted, 11, 19, 27, 31, 
37, 41, 51, 80, 96. 


Lanius borealis, 104. 
ludovicianus ludovicianus, 
Bo), 9 
migrans, 26. 
Lanivireo flavifrons, 26, 105. 
solitarius solitarius, 105. 
Lark. Horned, 81, 98. 
Prairie Horned, 31, 37, 42. 
Larus argentatus, 85. 
delawarensis, 86. 
philadelphia, 45. 
Loon, 32. 40, 61, 85. 
Red-throated, 130. 
Longspur, Lapland, 81, 100. 
Smith’s, 52. 
Lophodytes cucullatus, 40, 87. 


Mallard, 9, 11, 25, 32, 35, 41, 87. 
Marila affinis, 25, 88. 

marila, 88, 125. 
Martin, Purple, 11, 25, 32, 104. 


(INDEX) 


Meadowlark, 8, 27, 29, 31, 38, 42, 
il, 3% til, BEY 
Western, 27. 
Melanerpes erythrocephalus, 27. 
37, 96. 
Meleagris gallopavo sylvestris, 
41. 

Melospiza georgiana, 38, 103. 
lincolnii lincolnii, 102. 
melodia melodia, 27, 38, 102. 

Merganser, American, 33, 80, 87, 

130. 
Hooded, 40, 87. 
Red-breasted, 9, 11, 25, 87, 
130. 

Mergus americanus, 87, 130. 
serrator, 25, 87. 

Mimus polyglottos polyglottos, 

26, 39, 48. 
Mniotilta varia, 55, 105. 
Mockingbird, 21, 28, 26, 35, 39, 
41, 42, 48. 

Molothrus ater ater, 27, 38, 99. 

Myiarchus crinitus, 27, 97. 

Myiochanes virens, 27, 97. 

Nighthawk. 11, 22, 27, 34, 35, 37, 

41, 97, 123. 
Nannus hiemalis hiemalis, 40, 
110. 

Nettion carolinensis, 87. 

Nuthatch, Brown-headed, 40, 42. 
Red-breasted, 33, 111. 
White-breasted. 18, 21, 26, 

40, 42, 80, 110. 

Nuttalornis borealis, 97, 122. 

Nyctea nyctea, 44, 95. 


Old-squaw, 88, 130. 
Oporornis agilis, 109. 
formosa, 26. 
Otocoris alpestris alpestris, 81, 
98. 
praticola, 37. 
Oriole, Baltimore, 18, 21, 22, 23, 
2, 30) 33) Sille.99: 
Orchard, 18, 22. 23, 27, 33. 
Osprey, 32, 41, 61, 95, 130. 
Otus asio asio, 36. 
Oven-bird, 33. 108. 
Owl, Barn, 43. 
Barred, 51, 115. 
Great Horned, 37, 41, 95. 
Long-eared, 95. 


Screech, 36, 41, 51. 
Short-eared, 45, 50, 61, 95. 
Snowy, 44, 95. 
Oxyechus vociferus, 25, 36, 92, 
131. 


Pandion haliaetus carolinensis, 
41, 95. 

Passer domesticus, 103. 

Passerculus sandwichensis sa- 
vanna, 38, 100. 

Passerella iliaca iliaca, 39, 103. 

Passerina cyanea, 26, 104. 

Penthestes atricapillus atrica- 

pillus, 111. 
carolinensis 
26, 40. 
Petrechelidon 
frons, 26, 104. 
Pewee, Wood, 16, 19, 21, 22, 23, 
27, 34, 80, 97, 122, 123. 
Phalacrocorax auritus auritus, 
25, 45, 86. 

Phalarove, Wilson’s, 59. 

Philohela minor, 35, 89, 134. 

Phlceotomus pileatus pileatus, 

41. 
Pheebe, 11, 12, 16, 19, 22, 27, 31, 
Oi Day 

Pinicola enucleator leucura, 100. 

Pintail, 88. 

Pinilo erythrophthalmus  ery- 

throphthalmus, 26, 89, 103. 

Pipit, 33, 39, 41, 42. 81, 109. 

Piranga erythromelas, 26, 104. 

Pisobia bairdii. 90. 
maculata, 25. 
minutilla, 90. 

Planesticus migratorius migra- 
torius. 26, 40, 112. 
Plectrophenax nivalis 

100. 

Plover, Black-bellied. 62, 81, 91. 
Golden, 50, 62, 81, 92. 
Piping, 80, 92. 
Semipalmated, 62, 92. 
Upland, 53. 

Podylimbus podiceps, 25, 35, 85. 

Polioptila czerulea czrulea, 26. 

Pocecetes gramineus gramineus, 

38, 100, 
Porzana carolina, 89. 
Progne subis subis, 26, 104. 


carolinensis, 


lunifrons  Juni- 


nivalis, 


(INDEX) 


Protonotaria citrea, 26. 


Querguedula discors, 25, 88. 
Quiscalus quiscula eneus, 27, 
99. 


Rail, Carolina, 77. 
King, 33, 46, 61. 
Soral os So. 
Virginia, 32, 76, 89, 120. 
Yellow, 64. 
Rallus elegans, 46, 50. 
virginianus, 50, 89. 
Red-head, 61, 88. 
Redpoll, 52. 
Red-wing, 50. 
Redstart, 17, 18, 26, 33, 80, 83, 
109, 123. 
Regulus 
40, 111. 
satrapa satrana, 40, 111. 
Piparia riparia, 26. 
TRIO, (8, Wl; We, We aS. Bil oer 
26, 29, 31, 40, 41, 42, 80, 112, 
124. 


ealendula calendula, 


Sanderling, 62, 90. 

Sandpiper, Baird’s, 90. 
Bartramian, 32, 53. 
Least, 62, 90. 
Pectoral, 12513) 25, 82; 50) 


61. 62: 

Semipalmated, 12, 18, 25, 61, 
90. 

Solitany, 12) W385) 195 25. 32) 
Syl, 


Red-backed, 50. 62. 
Spotted, 12, 13, 19, 25° 32, 
80, 91, 134. 
Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied, 31, 
37, 42, 96. 
Sayornis phcebe. 27, 97. 
Seiurus aurocapillus, 108. 
noveboracensis notabilis, 
108. 
Setophaga ruticilla, 26, 109. 
Shoveller. 61. 
Shrike, Loggerhead, 42. 
Migrant, 26. 32. 
Northern, 39, 104. 
Sialia sialis sialis, 26, 40, 112. 


Siskin, Pine, 52. 
Sitta canadensis, 111. 
carolinensis carolinensis, 
26, 40, 110. 
pusilla, 40. 
Snipe, Wilson’s, 13, 25, 31, 50, 
62, 89. 
Snowflake, 100. 
Sora, 50, 75, 120. 
Sparrow, Chipping, 31, 35, 38, 
Ap), Weal, Wee 
Mnglish, 3, 4, 18, 23, 27, 108, 
129. 
Field, 27, 31, 38, 41, 42, 80, 
101. 
Fox, 31, 39, 42) 52, 103. 
Grasshopper, 30, 32. 
Henslow’s, 50, 53, 54, 64. 
Lark, 5, 27, 32. 
Leconte’s, 53, 54. 
Lincoln’s, 52, 102. 
Nelson’s, 50. 
Savanna, 33, 38, 42, 51, 100. 
Song, 18, 27, 31, 38, 42, 51, 
80, 102, 122, 124. 
Swamp, 31. 38. 42, 
80, 103, 120, 122. 
Tree, 52, 101. 
Vesner. 5, 27, 31, 38, 42, 51, 
83, 100. 
White-crowned, 33, 
White-throated., 32, 
42, 52, 101, 121. 


50, 51, 


35, 38, 


Sphyrapicus varius varius, 37. 
96. 

Spiza americana, 26. 

Spizella monticola monticola, 
101. 


passerina, 38. 
pusilla pusilla, 27, 38, 101. 

Squatarola squatarola, 91. 

Steganopus tricolor, 50. 

Sterna hirundo, 25, 45, 86. 

Strix pratincola, 43. 
nebulosa, 115. 
varia, 115, 117. 

Sturnella magna magna, 27, 38, 

99. 
neglecta, 27. 

Swallow, Bank, 11, 18, 32, 50. 
Barn, 32, 80, 104, 123. 
Rough-winged, 32. 

Tree, 11, 18, 26, 31, 1238, 124. 


(INDEX) 


Swift, Chimney, 11, 22, 27, 32, 
_ 80, 97, 123. 
Syrnium varium, 114. 


Tanager, Scarlet, 22, 26, 34, 81, 
104. 
Teal, 
88. 
Green-winged, 61, 87. 
Tern, Black, 10, 11, 25, 33, 50, 
61, 62. 
Common, 10, 11, 25, 33, 45, 
61, 80, 86. 
Thrasher, Brown, 18, 21, 26, 32 
4¢, 42, 110, 124. 
Thryomanes ludovicianus, 26. 
Thrush, Gray-cheeked, 30, 33. 
0 seilelale 
Hermit, 31, 40, 42, 112, 122. 
Olive-backed, 33, 83, 112. 
Wilson’s, 33. 
Wood, 18, 21, 23, 26, 33, 50 
122. 
Titmouse, Tufted, 18, 21, 26, 40, 
42, 50. 

Totanus melanoleucus, 90. 
flavipes, 90. 
totanus, 125. 

Towhee, 21, 22, 26, 31, 35, 39, 

42, 51, 103, 132. 

Toxostoma rufum, 26, 40, 110. 

Trings canutus, 89. 

Troglodytes aédon aédon, 110. 

parkmani, 26. 

Thryothorus ludovicianus ludo- 

vicianus, 40. 
Thryomanes bewickii 
40. 

Turkey, Wild, 41. 

Turnstone, Ruddy, 92. 

Tyrannus tyrannus, 27, 97. 


Blue-winged, 11, 25, 61, 


bewickii 


Veery, 111, 122. 

Vermivora celata celata, 105. 
chrysoptera, 105. 
rubricapilla rubricapilla, 105, 

123. 

Vireo, Blue-headed, 30, 38, 105. 

Red-eyed, 17, 18, 22, 26, 33, 
80, 83, 104, 123. 

Warbling, 17, 18, 21, 22 23, 
26, 33, 80, 104. 


Yellow-throated, 17, 18, 21, 
26, 33, 105. 
Vireosylva gilva gilva, 104. 
olivacea, 26. 
Vulture, Black, 36, 41. 
Turkey, 33, 36, 41. 


Warbler, Bay-breasted, 30, 34 
83, 106. 
Black and White, 32, 55, 
105, 123. 
Blackburnian, 33, 83, 
121. 
Black-poll, 34, 83, 107, 123. 
Black-throated Blue, 30, 34, 
83, 106. 123. 
Black-throated Green, 32, 83. 
107. 
Canadian, 34, 109, 121. 
Cape May, 34, 105. 
Cerulean, 33. 
Chestnut-sided, 30, 
Nate ’ 
Connecticut, 34, 109, 131. 
Golden-winged, 39, 33, 105. 
Heoded, 17, 18, 26. 
Kentucky, 17, 18. 26. 
Magnolia, 30, 38. 83, 106, 121. 
Mourning, 34, 83. 


107, 


33, 106, 


Myrtle, 32, 35, 39, 42, 83) 
106, 124. 

Nashville, 33, 105, 120, 128, 
124. 


Northern Parula, 34, 105. 
Orange-crowned, 105. 
Palm, 30, 32, 83, 107, 121. 
Pine, 38, 42, 81, 121. 
Prairie, 108. 
Prothonotary, 17, 18, 26, 
49, 61. 
Sycamore, 33. 
Tennessee, 30, 33. 
White-throated, 124. 
Wilson’s. 30. 34, 109. 
Yellow, 32, 80, 106, 120. 
Yellow Palm, 121, 124. 
Water-Thrush, Grinnell’s, 108. 
Louisiana, 33. 
Waxwing, Cedar, 29, 31, 35, 39, 
80, 104, 123, 125. 
Bohemian, 60. 
Whippoorwill, 22, 27, 33, 50, 97. 


(INDEX) 


Wilsonia canadensis, 109. 
pusilla, 109. 

Woodcock, 32, 35, 41, 61, 62, 80, 

89, 134. 
Wocdpecker, Downy, 22, 27, 42, 
80, 96. : 
Hairy, 19, 22, 27, 42. 
Northern Hairy, 80, 96. 
Pileated, 41. 
Red-bellied, 18, 22, 27, 387, 
42. 
Red-cockaded, 37, 42. 
Red-headed, 10, 11, 18, 21, 
22, 23, Ay, BA, 30, G2, C8; 
Southern Hairy, 37. 

Wren, Bewick’s, 40, 42. 
Carolina, 18, 26, 40, 42. 
House, 32, 110, 124, 128. 
Long-billed Marsh, 32, 50. 
Parkman’s, 18, 23, 26. 


Short-billed Marsh, 8, 26 50, 
54, 110, 120. 
Winter, 32, 110. 


Yellow-legs, 90. 
Greater, 32, 55, 62, 90. 
Lesser, 32. 
Yellow-throat, Maryland, 26. 
Northern, 8, 17, 18, 21, 33, 
49, 120. 


Zamelodia ludoviciana, 26. 
Zenaidura macroura carolinen- 
Sis, 25, 36, 93. 
Zonotrichia albicollis, 
122. 
leucophrys leucophrys, 101. 


38, 101, 


Vol. XXIII March, 1911. 


THE 
Wilson Bulletin 
No. 74 


OBERLIN, OHIO 


wide P pen. 
MN MAS yy 


We 
SET Ae Tia 
hy oad aT; 
: ee | 


There nent 


WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB 


es 


4 
i tes 


Summer Bird Life in the Wicwity of TAs ‘Tftinois; ix d 

: tion to the Prominent Plant Associations Frank C. GA 

Observations on the Spring Migration (1910) at. Ann Ar 

Michigan ‘ADs 

_ Bird Notes from Pinehurst, North Catofing 
Some Notes from Pickaway County, Ohio 

- A Paradise for Longspurs ; 

Leconte’s Sparrow at Home near Chicago GERARD ALAN “ABBorT : 

An Ohio Nest of the Black and White Warbler Dr. B. R. Bates: 

Editorial ; 


_ Field Notes 
Falco rusticolus in Ohio, W. F. Henninger, 58; Cowbird, B. R. Bales, « 

59; A Private Bird Preserve, B. T, G., 59; Exceptional Ohio Records, ie 

Lynds Jones, 60; Records from the Tri-Reservoir Region in Ohio in 

1910, W. F. Henninger, 61; Notes from North-eastern Ulinois,” Benj. hs 


Gault, 62. : & % te 
Personals : 63 
_ Statement _W. aE Fs 65 me 
Publications Received yi eS 65 
Election of Officers ho 
- List of Members a aa ee 
Election of Members iz rae 0. 
ca 


a _ THE WILSON BULLETIN 2 


is mailed on the fifteenth of March, June, September and December, by 
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THE 
WES ON SSVI LEDTIN 


NO. 74. 
A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY 


VOL. XXIII MARCH, 1911. NO. ! 


OLD SERIES VOL. XXIII, NEW SERIES VOL. XVII. 


SUMMER BIRD LIFE IN THE VICINITY OF HA- 
VANA; ILLINOIS, IN ITS RELATION TO THE 
PROMINENT PLANT ASSOCIATIONS. 


BY FRANK C. GATES. 


Epiror’s Nore.—Upon the earnest solicitation of the author the 
simplified spelling has been allowed to stand in the body of the 
text, but the spelling of the vernacular names of the birds corres- 
ponds to the A, O. U. Check-List. 

While the editor is personally in entire sympathy with the move- 
ment for reform in the spelling of Wnglish words, he does not be- 
lieye that the movement has yet gained such impetus that he is 
warranted in adopting it in the Bulletin. 


INTRODUCTORY. 


While attending summer school during the latter part of 
June and the entire month of July, 1910, at the biological sta- 
tion of the University of Illinois, graduate work in ornithol- 
ogy was taken under Professor Frank Smith of that Institu- 
tion. To him I am indebted particularly for helpful criticism 
of this paper. 


LOCATION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION. 


Havana, Illinois, is located on the east bank of the Illinois 
River, about forty miles south of Peoria, in the west central 
part of Illinois. Altho geografically located in this position 


ca) 


Tue Witson BuLretin, No. 74. 


the region is not typical of central Illinois in general, for, as 
it is well known, the greater part of central Illinois is occu- 
pied by crops of one sort or another, but principally corn in 
black prairie soil. 

This city, on the other hand, lies in about the center of the 
broad valley of a post-glacial stream, which was some fifteen 
to eighteen miles wide in this vicinity. The soil is either 
nearly pure sand or a sandy loam, yellowish in color, very dif- 
ferent from the character of the average soil of Central Illi- 
nois. There are extensiv bottom lands in the immediate vi- 
cinity of the Illinois River of the present day which flows 
thru the center of this sandy area. In these situations there 
is usually a coating of muck laid down over the sandy bot- 
tom of the original stream. 

The present river in this vicinity is about 4 miles wide, but 
taken together with the overflowed area it is from 0.5 to 3.5 
miles from shore to shore. The bluffs which mark the original 
valley in post-glacial times are, of course, often farther apart. 
The water and the bottomlands furnish a typical avian envi- 
ronment, which is populated by its usual associations of birds. 
The east shore of the river is a modified dune surmounted by 
oak woods. The sandy uplands stretching back from this 
dune are quite largely under cultivation, but scattered here 
and there are areas of bunchgrass, blowouts, black oak and 
blackjack oak woods. Drainage is almost entirely subterra- 
nean and consequently creeks and swamps are a very minor 
part of the sum total of avian environments. 

‘For a fuller and more extended discussion of the general charac- 
ter of this region, together with its history, consult the following: 
Torbes, S. A. The Biological Station in the Biennial Report of 


1895. the Director 1893-1894. Illinois State Laboratory of 
Natural History, pp. 1426, with excellent illustra- 
tions. 

Forbes, S. A. Biennial Report of the State Laboratory and Special 

1897. Report of the University Biological Wxperiment 


Station 1895-1896, with map and illustrations. 
Kofoid, C. A. The Plankton of the Illinois River 1894-1899, with 
1903. introductory notes upon the hydrography of the Illi- 


(es) 


GATES—SuUMMER Birp Lire In ILLINots. 


Some GENERAL FACTORS. 


Most important for maintaining an avian population is the 
food problem. This region is especially prolific in food sup- 
ply for insectivorous birds. Insects are present in vast num- 
bers, especially in the various bayous and lakes, which are part 
of the river system. Among the most plentiful insects were 
dragonflies, mayflies, beetles, flies, caddis flies, and chirono- 
mids. 

An idea of the abundance of insects, especially of the may- 
flies, may be gathered from the fact that during their period of 
emergence, the adult mayflies (or as they are called in this re- 
gion, “willow flies”) collect so thickly around the lights of 
Havana during the night that the following morning these 
insects must be swept up and carted away to avoid the stench 
from their decaying bodies. On the morning of July 7, 1910, 
the second day of the emergence of Hexagema bilineata* 
three piles of insects 3.5 feet in diameter and 1.5 feet high 
were seen on Main street in Havana. Around the lights 
at the foot of the bluff the street and part of the shore was 
carpeted with these insects to a depth of four to eleven inches. 

Herbivorous birds do not fare so well in the region during 
summer. In but very little of the area can ruderal plants 
grow and form weed patches. Most of the plants whose seeds 
are eaten by birds matur their seeds during late summer and 
autumn and in consequence are of little attraction to summer 
birds. The town, itself, is surprisingly free from weed patches 
of more than a very limited extent. For this reason, perhaps, 
the English sparrows which are naturally attracted to the 

nois River and its basin. Bulletin Illinois State 
Laboratory of Natural History, 6:98-251. 
Hart, C. A, and Gleason, H. A. On the Biology of the 'Sand Areas 
1907 in Illinois. Bulletin, Illinois State Laboratory of 
Natural History, 7 :139-148. 
Gleason, H. A. The Vegetation of the Inland 'Sand Deposits of Illi- 


1910. nois. Bulletin, Ilinois State Laboratory of Natural 
History, 9 :23-174. 


+ Determination furnisht thru the kindness of Mr. Chas, A. Hart 
of the summer session staff. 


4 Tue Witson Burrrtin, No. 74. 


dwelling places of man, not finding sufficient food there, flock 
in groups of 25 to 150 and invade the wheat and clover fields. 
It was noticed repeatedly that whenever English sparrows in- 
vaded crop lands it was virtually always in good sized flocks. 

Aside from food there are other factors in the environment 
which favor an abundant bird population. The large number 
of protected nesting sites is an important factor in this region, 
which has seemed to increase the number of individuals with- 
in a given species. The general climate is favorable and the 
duration of the warm weather is such that two or even three 
broods may be raised each year. 

Altho there would seem to be plenty of sustenance for birds 
of prey, their general absence was conspicuous. This is prob- 
ably due to the many gunners in this region, both in and out 
of season, but particularly during the early spring. By the 
end of the hunting season the hawks that would have nested 
here have found nesting sites elsewhere and their occurrence 
in this vicinity seems to be merely accidental. 

One might easily judge from the forgoing description of the 
region that, containing as many varied environments as it 
does, the bird population would be conspicuous both for num- 
ber of species and for abundance of individuals. The region 
is indeed well populated with many individuals of a compar- 
ativly few species, but the total number of species is not so 
large as might be expected, since the region lies a little ways 
north of the northern limit of the southern ayifauna and quite 
a ways south of the southern limits of a large number of 
northern species. [lowever, the bird life is rich in comparison 
with the rest of central Illinois. 

In this paper the plant associations form the basis for di- 
vision. By such a method a much better idea of the relation- 
ships of the avifauna is brought out than an annotated list 
of the species, tho it is recognized that this analytical method 
does not necessarily yield the ecological avian associations. 
They are the product of a more thoro synthetic insight into 
avain relationships. It is highly probable that avian associa- 
tions will be correlated with plant associations or groups of 


Gatres—SuMMeER Birp Lire In ILLINO!s. 5 
them, altho that can not be deduced from this paper since the 
plant associations, themselves, formed the basis of division in 
obtaining the avian groups. 

The plant life of the region is representativ of two biotic 
provinces, the southwestern prairie province and the decid- 
nous forest province, the former of which will be taken up 
first. 


EE TIVATRIE PROV INCE: 


In this area the prairie province is represented, on the plant 
side, most extensivly by crops, fairly well by the bunchgrass 
and blowout associations and to a slight degree by eight or 
ten of the more hydrofitic associations along ditches and 
streams and at the heds of lakes. 

The larger part of the available land is under cultivation in 
corn, rye, oats, wheat, or clover. Other open land is used for 
pastur and in it oceur the bunchgrass associations. Where 
pasturing becomes too intensiv blowouts usually originate, de- 
velop and finally are recapturd by the vegetation. To a lim- 
ited extent the prairie swamp associations are present along 
sloughs and ditches, of which there are very few in this re- 
gion. The best developt examples of prairie swamp occur in 
two abandond and partly draind mill ponds in Quiver Creek, 
between the Quiver and Topeka stations of the Chicago, Pe- 
oria and St. Louis Railroad. 


BuNCHGRASS PRAIRIES. In the xerofytic prairie areas there 
seems to he plenty of small animal life, but bird life is rather 
scarce. Only a few typical prairie birds are present, and 
most of these both in point of number of species and of indi- 
viduals are sparrows. In order of abundance these are dick- 
cissels, vesper sparrows and lark sparrows. They may be 
termd the dominant species of the buncherass prairie asso- 
ciation. Nests of the vesper and lark sparrows were discov- 
erd in the bunchgrass. The dickcissel is a typical prairie 
bird which, however, is much more frequently seen along the 
roadside on fence posts, wires or hedges, from which 
elevated positions it makes known its presence to any intruder. 


6 THE \Wuitson Burtetin, No: 74: 


The meadowlark, normally a dominant species on the prairies 
of Illinois, is, this year at least, merely a secondary species in 
this vicinity. It cccurs very sparingly in the prairie swamp 
near Topeka, but prefers the crop areas to the bunchgrass 
prairies. On two occasions there was good evidence that the 
meadowlark in the bunchgrass was the western meadowlark 
(Sturnella neglecta), a thoroly typical form of such habitats, 
but as the birds did not sing and were very wary of approach, 
it was impossible to settle the question absolutely. 

Aside from the dominant species which make up the greater 
number of individuals, there are but few secondary species 
occurring in the bunchgrass and blowouts. Of these the most 
frequent is the mourning dove, which is quite often flusht 
from the bunchgrass, but no chances were afforded of deter- 
mining whether these birds were feeding or not. The re- 
maining birds cccurring in this association are more typical 
of other associations and their occurrence in the bunchgrass 
is more or less accidental. Such are the bob-whites, English 
sparrows and the crows, especially in the vicinity of the oak 
woods. Others such as the brown thrasher and mockingbird 
are purely accidental in such locations. 


In the following tables the avian composition of each plant 
group is shown, together with the status of each bird in it. Pre 
ceding the name of the bird is a letter indicating the ecological 
status of the bird in that association. 


dof primary importance or abundance —a dominant species. 

sof secondary importance or abundance. 

t=of tertiary abundance but frequently associated with suc- 
eessions in the plant associations. 

a=of accidental occurrence. 


Following the name of the bird is a symbol indicating the life 
activities and a statement of the abundance of the bird in the 
plant group under consideration. The summer life activities of the 
birds are classified under three heads, which are indicated as fol- 
lows: 

i= uestiag yvetlivities, 
f — feeding activities, 
r—other activities, such as resting, sleeping, playing, ete. 


GATES—SUMMER Birp Lire IN ILLINOIS. 7 


SuMMER Birds OF THE BUNCHGRASS PRAIRIE ASSOCIATION. 


s Bobwhite j f r small flocks 


s Mourning Dove f vr twos or threes. 

a Kingbird f singly (2 records) 

s Crow f r singly 

s Meadowlark f r very few 

d Western Meadowlark n f r pairs 

d Vesper Sparrow n f r flocks 

d Lark Sparrow n f r small flocks 

t English Sparrow f flocks 

d Dickcissel n f r flocks or pairs 

a Mockingbird r one record 

a Brown Thrasher f singly now and then. 

SumMMeER Birps oF THE CRorP AREAS. 

Bob-white. Clover wheat 
Mourning Dove. Clover wheat corn rye oats 
Crow. wheat corn 
Vesper Sparrow. wheat rye 
English Sparrow. Clover wheat rye oats 
Lark Sparrow. wheat 
Dickcissel Clover wheat rye 
Meadowlark. Clover wheat 


Pasturs AND Mrapows. The development of either of 
these two types of vegetation is very meager in this vicinity 
and the characteristic birds—at best limited in numbers—are 
virtually indiscernable as such. Those birds that are usually 
to be found associated with these plant groups are the mourn- 
ing dove, cowhbird, meadowlark, English sparrow and the 
pigeon. 


PRAIRIE SwAMps. Prairie swamps are not of general oc- 
currence in this territory as the rapid drainage in the sandy 
soil does not favor the concentration of water necessary to 
their development. Before the opening of the Chicago drain- 
age canal such swamps were far more abundant, but most of 
them hay been converted into open water. On the plant side 
small! prairie swamps can very easily be detected, but usually 
they are so limited in extent that they do not attract their nor- 
mal bird population. Such areas form the minor avian envi- 


~ 


8 Tue Witson BuLietin, No. 74. 


ronments of Adams. (Isle Royal Report 1908:133.) Along 
Quiver creek in the vicinity of Topeka, however, there are two 
fair sized prairie swamps, which were a few years ago mill 
ponds. The principal plant associations represented are the 
Scirpus validus (Bulrush) association; the cattail, the arrow- 
leaf, the Calamogrostis {a meadow grass), the Lythrum con- 
socies of the blazing star prairie, and the redtop-bluegrass 
pastur associations. The birds noted there during the early 
part of July befor the return migration had set in were as fol- 
lows: one pair of bobolirks, three pairs of meadowlarks, about 
fifteen pairs of red-winged blackbirds, a few indigo buntings 
and a half dozen short-billed marsh wrens. Additional species 
were noted toward the end of July after the beginning of the 
fall migration. All of these birds which occurred here dur- 
ing the summer proper are dominant species of this associa- 
tion where it occurs in other parts of the state. Altho they 
are not abundant in this locality, they illustrate a distinet avian 
group. The bobolink and short-billed marsh wren are index 
birds of this group. This is especially true of the bobolink, 
which is here nesting rather south of its usual southern limit. 
The other birds are as typical, but they are not so limited in 
distribution to this particular prairie swamp area. 


SUMMER Birns OF THE PRATRIE SWAMP. 


d Great Blue Heron f one record 

s Green Heron f one record 

d Bobolink n fr one pair 

d Red-wing Blackbird n fr 15 pairs, later large flocks 

d Meadowlark nf r few 

s Bronzed Grackle f r flocking with the redwings 


preliminary to the fall migra- 


tion, 
d Indigo Bunting n?f r few 
t Dickcissel r two records 


Northern Yellow-throat f 
Short-billed Marsh Wren mf 
Robin f 


r one record 
half a dozen birds 
> one record 


How 


GATES—SUMMER Birp Lire IN [LLINOIs. 9 


THE FOREST PROVINCE. 


The associations of the deciduous forest province cover 
more than half of the area in the vicinity of the Biological 
Station. This province falls naturally into two groups of as- 
sociations, those of the bottomlands and those of the uplands. 
The former is composed largely of hydrofytic plants and the 
latter of those of mesofytic and xerofytic tendencies. 


Aguatic Association. Arranging the associations in a 
normal genetic series, the aquatic association comes first into 
consideration. It consists of the waters of the Illinois River, 
together with the numerous lales, bayous and creeks that 
drain directly or indirectly into it. The area is relativly very 
large in comparison to the number of birds by which it is 
populated during the summer. Even as it is, many of its 
present members are purely accidental, as it is not uncommon 
for wounded migrating ducks to remain in the lakes all sum- 
mer. The population at present is very much smaller than 
formerly, for which hunters are mostly responsible. 


Birds which are found associated with the water may be 
divided into two groups, those that are naturally in or on the 
water and those that are usually in the air above it. Treating 
of those whose essential element is water rather than air 
alone, the double-crested cormorant and the pied-billed grebe 
were the only members noticed breeding within the vicinity, 
altho the wood duck is known to hav bred there in 1909. The 
breeding range of the cormorant, as usually given, is from 
Minnesota northward. This remarkable southern extension of 
this bird’s breedimg range is described in detail by Frank 
Smith (Auk, 1911: 16-19). 

Other members of this group which are very irregular in 
number and distribution are the ducks, of which the following 
were noted during July, 1910: a red-breasted merganser, mal- 
lard, lesser scaup and a blue-winged teal. Altho occasionally 
seen in the open river they are more abundant in the north 
end of Thompson’s Lake. This region is south of the present 


10 THe Witson Butretin, No. 74. 


limits of the breeding ranges of most of our aquatic birds and 
this explains the absence of many water birds which one 
might well expect to find in such country as this. 

Speaking in the strict sense of the term, the summer’s 
work revealed but two members of the group of aquatic birds 
which spend most of their time in the air over the water, 
namely, the black and the common terns, of which the former 
was by far the more abundant. Apparently they spent most 
of their time in the northern part of Thompson’s Lake, but 
two or three birds were liable to be seen almost any time in 
the vicinity of the Biological Station, over Flag Lake or the 
Illinois River and following every brisk northerly wind flocks 
of 25-40 birds would come down the Illinois River to Havana 
Lake. : 

Aside from the strictly aquatic birds which hay been treat- 
ed of above, there are several other birds whose association 
with water is determined by the location of their food. But 
one of these birds, the kingfisher, obtains food in the water. 
The others, all of which are insectivorous birds, obtain their 
food by flying back and forth over the water. In respect to 
their other activities these birds are, however, land birds. 
The swallows are the most conspicuous members of this 
group. Little need be said of these birds as they are insec- 
tivorous and must obtain their food from the haunts of the 
insects. The presence of grackles and red-headed woodpeck- 
ers in the group seems somewhat peculiar to one used to them 
in other portions of central Illinois. The red-headed wood- 
pecker belongs rather to the bottomland forests, but these 
birds were quite often seen flying back and forth over the 
water and were observd catching insects with an agility that 
would do credit to one of the flycatchers. The grackles were 
quite fond of flying back and forth across the river, especially 
in the early dawn and in the twilight. They did not display 
markt flycatching ability, but they took what insect food they 
could obtain in flying in a course which was not character- 
ized by flycatcher-like antics. 


GATES—SUMMER Birp LiFe IN ILLINOIS. 11 


SUMMER Birps oF THE AQUATIC ASSOCIATION. 


Normal or strictly aquatic species— 
Water Inhabitants— 
d Pied-billed Grebe nf r one pair in 1910. 


d Double-crested Cormorant n f r Two flocks of 7 and 26 birds 
in Mud Lake and in Flag & 
Thompson's Lakes respect- 

ively. 

(d Wood Duck nfr irregularly, not present in 
1910) 

d Red-breasted Merganser f r two birds seen three times. 

d Mallard f r one seen a few times. 

d Lesser Scaup Duck f r one bird seen twice 

d Blue-winged Teal f r one bird seen once. 


Air Inhabitants— 
d Black Tern nf ra colony of about 70 birds 
d Common Tern n?f ra few birds with the above. 
Semiaquatic species— 
Food Submerged 


d Belted Wingfisher f common 
Food above water 

d?Mississippi Nite two birds in the air over the 

[llinois River, June 29, 1910. 

s Red-headed Woodpecker f several 

s Nighthawk f scarce 

d Chimney ‘Swift f r not common 

s Wingbird £ one pair 

s Phoebe it common 

s Bronzed Grackle f common 

s Purple Martin f scarce 

d Cliff Swallow f rare 

d Tree Swallow f abundant 

d Bank Swallow ify few 

a Robin f scarce 

a Bluebird f rather scarce 


THE SPRAND ASSOCIATIONS. 


The strand is not well represented in this region on account 
of the persistent high water in the Illinois River and adjacent 
lakes, following the opening of the Chicago drainage canal. 
Wherever it occurs it is of either a muddy or sandy textur. 


12 Tue Witson BuLretin, No. 74. 


The sand strand that was under observation formed the 
east bank of Quiver Lake and parts of the shore of Lake Ma- 
tanzas. It was not extensiv in area, even tho it was developt 
linearly for quite a distance. It did not support much of a 
bird population, altho along it there was an abundance of food 
materials, consisting largely of fish, insects, clams, snails, and 
plants, left on the beach by the slowly subsiding river. The 
summer bird population did not contain a single species typ- 
ical of this bird association. The birds noted were mostly 
birds coming to the shore to bathe. Toward the end of July 
the fall migration set in with the inroad of various kinds of 
sandpipers. This increase was added to the bird life of the 
strand and made it seem more natural. Following each north 
wind the sandpipers began to appear singly and in small 
flocks all along the river. These flocks continually workt 
southward. Most of the flocks kept at such a distance that 
specific determination was well nigh impossible. Those iden- 
tified were, for the most part, solitary, spotted, pectoral and 
semipalmated sandpipers and the killdeer plover. 

There was a much greater expanse of mud strand, which is 
submerged during the high waters of spring. When emerged 
it occurs as mud flats or as muddy strips within the willows. 
As it is not exposed during the time of the spring migration 
of mud strand birds, its avian population is very small in 
comparison with what it might otherwise hay been. As not 
many of the mud strand birds range this far south during the 
summer, the population is further reduced. However, there 
are a few typical species each represented by a few individ- 
uals. As in the case with the sand strand, the mud strand 
bird population is largest during the migrations, which is out- 
side of the scope of this article. 


SUMMMER Birps or THE SAND STRAND. 


d Green Teron 1m ab occasional 
d Phoebe f bathing not uncommon 
s Bronzed Grackle bathing common 


s Robin bathing fairly common 


GavresS—SUMMER Birp Lire in ILLinots. 13 


AFTER THE FALL MIGRATION HAD COMMENCED. 


d Spotted Sandpiper f r abundant 
d Semipalmated Sandpiper f r fairly common 
d Solitary Sandpiper f r abundant 
d Pectoral Sandpiper f rv common 
d Killdeer Plover f r several 
SumMMER Birds OF THE Mup STRAND. 
d Bittern f one record 
d Great Blue Heron f » common 
d Green Heron n f r common 
d Coot f one record 
d Wilson Snipe f one flock seen once 


d Solitary Sandpiper : n?f r one or two families in the 
summer, but abundant in the 
fall migration 


d Pectoral Sandpiper f r common in the migration 

d Semipalmated Sandpiper f r fairly common in the fall mi- 
gration 

gd Spotted Sandpiper f r abundant in migration 

d Willdeer Plover f r several in migration. 


Tur THICKET ASSOCIATIONS. 

No real mesofytic or xerofytic thickets are present in this 
region. A few birds which are elsewhere typical of such 
thickets hav adapted themselves to the more or less similar 
conditions which do exist in this vicinity, that is to say, to 
the hedges and the small orchards in the vicinity of houses. 

With the exception of three or four of locust (Robina 
pseudo-acacia) hedges are of osage-orange (Maclura pomu- 
fera), which not only fulfills the ordinary purpose of a hedge 
but also seryes as a wind break, preventing excessiv wind 
action on the mobil sand. To accomplish the latter purpose 
the osage orange must be allowed to develop to good size, 
which incidentally furnishes ample protection to many birds. 


SUMMER Birps or tHE Hepces(=Tuicker ASSOCIATION). 


s Bluebird r not common and most often 
seen on wires near hedges. 

s Robin nf r not common away from man 

d Carolina Chickadee nfra few in several different 


hedges 


14 Tur Witson BULLETIN, No. 74. 


s Tufted Titmouse 
d Brown Thrasher 
s Catbird 

d Mockingbird 


s Warbling Vireo 
d Migrant Shrike 
s Dickcissel 


s Rose-breasted Grosbeak 


d Cardinal 

t Towhee 

s Indigo Bunting 
d Field Sparrow 
s Lark Sparrow 

s Vesper Sparrow 
s Goldfinch 

s Bronzed Grackle 
s Baltimore Oriole 
d Orchard Oriole 

t Cowbird 

s Crow 

t Blue Jay 

s Kingbird 

s Northern Flicker 


n 


Red-headed Woodpecker 


Downy Woodpecker 
Ilairy Woodpecker 
Black-billed Cuckoo 


Yellow-billed Cuckoo 


d Mourning Dove 


n 


n 


n 


rh Fh hb rh 


rh Ph Rh Ph Rh Ph Fb 


ber fe Ure fhe fe rc) 


4 


a very few in hedges 

quite common 

a few especially near houses 
not many individuals, but al- 
most universally in hedges 

a few in hedges near woods 


ra very few in this region 


oR 


i) 


This bird quite commonly 
uses the hedges as a point of 
yantage from which to Jook 
and to sing. Wires are, how- 
ever, preferred to a noticea- 
ble extent when the wires are 
near the hedges. 

few and only occasionally 


* quite common 


one record 
few 

common 
rarely 
rarely 

not common 
occasionally 
frequent 
frequent 
occasionally 


r seldom 


r 


infrequent 

occasionally 

occasionally 

not infrequent 

very few 

two pairs and their young 
occasionally 

not infrequent 

common 


From the length of the list of hedge birds one might think 


that hedges were favorit places for birds, but the fact is that 
where hedges occur they are usually the only points of van- 


tage from which the birds can watch the movements of in- 


truders. 


They afford birds of the crops, of the bunchgrass 


prairies, and of the roadsides, lookout stations which virtually 


GATES—SUMMER Brrp LIFE IN ILLINOIS. 15 


no bird disdains to use. The typical hedge birds which are 
usually found in the hedges themselves are the mockingbird, 
brown thrasher, field sparrow, mourning dove, Carolina chick- 
adee, migrant shrike, cardinal and the black-billed cuckoo. 
Somewhat secondary to these are the bluebird, robin, Balti- 
more oriole, northern flicker, red-headed woodpecker, and the 
blue jay. 
Hyprorytic THIcKet ASSOCIATION. 

In this vicinity virtually all the thickets of this plant associ- 
ation hav been drowned since the opening of the Chicago 
drainage canal. Several of the plants which formed these 
thicket associations are still present in this region, but they 
are so mixt with parts of the tree associations that they 
no longer form an element in the description of the region. 
Formerly the Salir-Cephalanthus (Willow-Buttonbush) as- 
sociation was quite extensivly distributed in this region, but 
at the present writing almost everywhere the willows grow, 
they form trees and the few button-bushes that remain are 
scragely shrubs among the willows, where they are slowly 
being killed. The region around the hed of Lake Matanzas 
is a partial exception to this statement, for there this associ- 
ation is normal in structur, altho limited in distribution. 

The birds that are usually characteristic of this association 
hav adapted themselves to the changed conditions. This does 
not seem difficult, for the preferences of the summer birds of 
this region do not seem to differentiate between bottomland 
thickets and bottomland woods. Investigation of the very lim- 
ited areas that approach the former conditions indicate that 
the birds that were most typical of this association were the 
song sparrow, indigo bunting, red-winged blackbird, tufted 
titmouse, Carolina wren, catbird, and the Northern 
yellow-throat. 


Tue BorroMLanp Woops. 


The bottomlands of this region are auite extensiv, con- 
sisting of the parts of the banks of streams and lakes, to- 
gether with the “towheads” and “‘willow-islands” separating 


16 Tue Witson BuLietin, No. 74. 


some of them. Repeated high waters of long continued dura- 
tion hay caused a great increase in the number and develop- 
ment of willows of the species, Salix longifolia, which has 
largely superceded the former lowland forest. 

Virtually all of the normal undergrowth has been killed. 
When the bottomland becomes emerged in summer the ground 
is usually covered with a dense growth of composit, 1.0 to 
2.5 meters high, the most common species of which are Xan- 
thium commune (cocklebur), Ambrosia trifida (giant rag- 
weed). Solidago spp (goldenrods), Aster spp and Boltonia 
decurrans. The bottomland woods are quite free from shrub- 
by undergrowth as it cannot withstand the action of the ice, 
together with the continued submergence. In a few open 
places, however, there are small thicket-like areas composed 
of willow (Salia longifolia), Adelia acuminata, and much less 
frequently some stragely half ded buttonbush. 

The bottomland woods are not very dense and the trees are 
usually leafy almost to the very base. Spiders are very 
abundant and their webs make dense tangles thruout the 
foliage. Small insect life is also very abundant, and in ad- 
dition there is a wealth of molluskan forms. 

The bottomland woods in the vicinity of Lake Matanzas 
partake much of the typical character of a bog, and necessi- 
tates special consideration because some of the members of its 
avifauna were found nowhere else in this region. The tree 
growth, which dominates the greater part of the bog except 
at the line of springs at the foot of the bluff, consists largely 
of soft maple, elm, ashes, birch (Betula nigra) and sycamor 
with dogwood, wild rose, buttonbush and willows as the prin- 
cipal shrubby growth. The courses of the little creeks that 
flow from the springs are markt by the growth of Leersia, one 
of the grasses. bordered by willows and buttonbushes. 

Birds of these bottomland woods are fairly numerous and 
quite varied in species. Almost without exception they are 
insectivorous birds. The flycatcher family is the best repre- 
sented with numerous wood pewees and phoebes, a smaller 


Gates—SuMMER Biro Lire IN ILLINOIs. Wy 


number of crested flycatchers and a few kingbirds. The king- 
birds are essentially marginal in their position in the willows. 
The wood pewees are interior birds, while the crested fly- 
catcher and the phoebe partake somewhat of the character of 
each. The blackbird is second in importance and the vireo 
family is third. The red-winged blackbirds make their pres- 
ence known at all hours of the day by their incessant “Kong- 
querree.’ Of the vireos the red-eyed and yellow-throated are 
tather scarce, but the warbling vireo is very abundant. Altho 
abundant it is ordinarily seldom seen, as it gleans in the dense 
foliage for the many insects that are present. It harmonizes 
exceedingly well with its background, but its presence can 
always be detected by its characteristic sweet song, which is 
kept up nearly all day long. 

To this association may be accredited the warblers that re- 
mained here during the summer. Two warblers, the prothon- 
otary and the Northern yellow-throat, were quite uniformly 
distributed over the bottomland wooded areas, altho the 
former was by far the more abundant. Three other species of 
warblers were localized in the Matanzas bog, and with the ex- 
ception of one redstart in the Spoon river bottoms were seen 
nowhere else. These were the redstart, the Kentucky and the 
hooded warblers. As this bog harbored also the yellow-throat 
and the prothonotary, it contained the complete warbler list 
for the summer. The most abundant warbler — and almost the 
most abundant bird in the willows —was the prothonotary 
warbler, which finds a wealth of nesting sites in the many 
rotting willow stumps. These birds keep up a well nigh in- 
cessant chattering thruout the day. They also make their 
presence known by rapid darts from one tree to another, their 
orange to yellow colored heds and bodies appearing like gems 
in the green foliage. They quite often make excursions across 
the water during the course of which they usually fly but 
little above its surface. They are at their best when they are 
percht at the end of a limb on a dead tree, when they stand 
out quite vividly against the blue background of sky. Toward 


yo 
wm 


Tae Witson BULLETIN, No. 74. 


the end of July, just preliminary to their southward migra- 
tion, these warblers deserted the willows, in which they had 
livd all summer. and flockt together in the oak woods. A 
very few individuals remaind in the willows for about a week 


SUMMER BIRDS OF THE 


s Bluebird 

t Robin 

d Wood Thrush 

d Blue Gray Gnatcatcher 
d Carolina Chickadee 

s Tufted Titmouse 

t White-breasted Nuthatch 
t Parkman House Wren 
d Carolina Wren 

a Brown Thrasher 

s Catbird 

d Redstart 

d Hooded Warbler 

d Northern Yellow-throat 
d Kentucky Warbler 

d Prothonotary Warbler 
d Yellow-throated Vireo 
d Warbling Vireo 

d Red-eyed Vireo 

s Bank Swallow 

d Tree Swallow 

s Indigo Bunting 

s Rose-breasted Grosbeak 
d Cardinal 

s Song Sparrow 

a English Sparrow 

t Goldfineh 

d Bronzed Grackle 

d Baltimore Oriole 

d Orchard Oriole 

d Red-winged Blackbird 
Cowbird 

s Crow 

Blue Jay 

s Northern Flicker 

d Red-bellied Woodpecker 
d Red-headed Woodpecker 


n 


rh 
Fa Ey 


5 


i 


=) 
Ph Fh Fh Fh rh Fh 


r 
n(sor 
TY Tae 
ih ae we 
mh ae yp 


nfr 
re ti 


> Very, 


r few 
» few 
* occasional flocks 


BotroMLANpb Woops. 
few 
very 


very 
few 


* common 
* one record 


fairly common 


* several 
not many 
* two pairs 
* very 
r scarce 

* occasionally 

* two or more pairs 

* one scen on different days 
r few 

r at least four birds 

* very 


few 


abundant 
two pairs 
abundant 


" few 
* several 


many 
few 
few 
to several 


few 
many 
several 
few 
abundant 


» few 
: few 
> few 


few 
very few 
abundant 


GATES—SUMMER Birp LiFe IN ILLINOIS. 19 


d Hairy Woodpecker nf r few 

d Wood Pewee : nf rer very abundant 

d Phoebe nf + common 

d Crested Flycatcher n f r several 

d Wingbird n fr few ‘ 

ds Belted Iingfisher r common 

d Black-billed Cuckoo f r few 

d Yellow-billed Cuckoo f r common 

d Sparrow Hawk nf rat least two pairs with young 

t Marsh Hawk r one record 

d Mourning Dove n f r common to abundant 

t Solitary Sandpiper f rone family noted along the 
margin in Jaly 

t Spotted Sandpiper fra few along the margin. 
(These two sund-pipers come 
within this association be 
cause with the reversal of 
successions caused by high 
water the mud flat is en- 
croaching on the willows.) 

s Green Heron n f r marginal and common 

s Great Blue Heron n f r semimarginal and several 

s Bittern r one record 

t Double-crested Cormorant mn r 32 individuals in 1910. 


Tue Upranp Forest Associations. All of the upland 
woods in Mason County, in the vicinity of Havana are of one 
or the other of two plant associations, the black oak or the 
mixt forest associations. Together they cover quite a little 
of the region, particularly the ridges, with a moderately open 
growth of woods. 

The black oak is the earlier stage in a genetic series. It is 
composed typically of black oak (Quercus velutina) and black- 
jack (Quercus marilandica), the latter being more frequently 
a marginal tree. The shrubbery growth is very largely com- 
posed of the young trees of the two oaks and of a hickory. 
In addition there are a few normal shrubs, such as sumac 
(Rhus canadensis illinoensis), redroot (Ceanothus ameri- 
canus), gooseberry (Ribes gracile) and blackberry (Rubus 
Spp). This growth is largely confined to the margins and to 
the openings. The development of vines is slight and the 


~ 


20 Tue Witson Burretin, No. 74. 
herbaceous growth is largely more or less xerofytic in natur. 
Many of these black oak woods are giving place to a more 
mesofytic type of woods, to which the term “mixt forest” has 
been applied by Gleason.1. The succession is evidenced by the 
inroad of hickories and vines, which giv proof of a more 
mesofytic soil, altho the tree growth may still retain about the 
same percentage composition as befor. This is because con- 
ditions are ripe for succession, but supercedance of the domi- 
nant species takes place after the death of the dominant spe- 
cies of the first association. This is taking place slowly, giv- 
ing expression to a woods in which the trees are still largely 
typical of the black oak woods, while the undergrowth is dis- 
tinctly of the mixt forest type. 


Mrxt Forest. The forest association to which this term 
has been applied is well developt, especially on some of the 
ridges near the Illinois River. It is a forest of five or six 
principal kinds of trees, of which as high as 50% may be 
black oak (Quercus velutina). Aside from this tree the prin- 
cipal trees are hickories (Hicoria cordiformis and Hicoria gla- 
bra villosa), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), elms (Ulmus 
americana and fulva, bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) and 
white oak (Quercus alba). The ground supports a luxuriant 
growth of vines, herbs and shrubs. The vines, Virginia 
creeper, bittersweet, poison ivy, and grape are very character- 
istic of the earlier stages of this association. Later the ground 
is coverd with more typical mesofytic plants. 

Both of these two types of upland woods are characterized 
by quite a number of birds, which are not so exclusivly in- 
sectivorous as those of the bottomland woods. Several of 
these are far more often heard than seen and but very few of 
the species are obtrusiv. There is comparativly little differ- 
ence in the species list of each of these two associations as 
nearly every bird that occurs in one occurs in the other also. 

"Gleason, H. A. The Vegetation of the Inland Sand Deposits of 


Illinois, Bulletin, Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 
9:135, 1910. 


GATES—SUMMER 


Birp Lire IN ILLINOIS. 


) 


w 


There may be, however, a decided difference in abundance of 


individuals in either association. 


table of species. 


This will be indicated in the 


SUMMER [3?tRDS OF THE BLACK OAK Forest ASSOCIATION. 


t Robin 

d Wood Thrush 

s Carolina Chickadee 
t ‘Tufted Titmouse 
d White-breasted Nuthatch 
t Brown Thrasher 

s Mockingbird 

d Warbling Vireo 

d Cardinal 

d Towhee 

t Goldfinch 

s Bronzed Grackle 

s Baltimore Oriole 

d Crow 


d Blue Jay 

d Wood Pewee 

s Crested Flycatcher 

d Northern Flicker 

d Red-headed Woopecker 
d Yellow-billed Cuckoo 

d Broad-winged Hawk 
d Mourning Dove 

d Bob-white 


SUMMER 
s Bluebird 
d Robin 
d Wood Thrush 
t Carolina Chickadee 
t Tufted Titmouse 
d White-breasted Nuthatch 
t Brown Thrasher 
s Catbird 
t Northern Yellow-throat 
t Yellow-throated Vireo 


n 


i iE iP 


mets 


i Ie 


ial 18 


7 
ss 
5, 
‘ 


in iP 


f 
nf 


r 
r 


uncommon or rare 
fairly common 
few 


* not many 
* common 

* scarce 

* scarce 

> common 


few 


: few 


few 


> not very common 
r few 


scarce in this region in 
eral 

few 

common 

scarce 

very few 

common 

few 

two pairs 


n f r several 
n f 1 several 


a 


31RpS OF THE MiINxr Forest ASssocrarion. 
» searee 
' not common 


> abundant 
* scarce 


not many 


> abundant 


scaree 
scarce 


“ scarce 


one pair 


ea 
gen 


22 Tur Witson Buiietin, No, 74. 


d Warbling Vireo nf r abundant 

d Red-eyed Vireo n f r scarce 

d Scarlet Tanager nf 1 few 

t Indigo Bunting r few 

d Rose-breasted Grosbeak n f 1 few 

d Cardinal nf yr few 

s Towhee nf r few 

t Goldfinch r few 

s Bronzed Grackle r more or less common 
d Baltimore Oriole n f r common 

d Orchard Oriole n fr few 

t Red-winged Blackbird r not common 
d Cowbird eggs f 1 few 

s Crow f rv scarce 

d Blue Jay nf + common 

d Wood Pewee nf vr abundant 

dg Phebe n?t r few 

d Crested Flycatcher n?f + few 


t Kingbird r one pair 

t Nighthawk r very few 

t Whippoorwill r two or three 

d Northern Flicker nf r not many 

t Red-bellied Woodpecker n frat Jeast one family 

d Red-headed Woodpecker n f vr common 

d Downy Woodpecker n fr one pair with young 


‘very few 
r few 
r one 


d Hairy Woodpecker 
d Yellow-billed Cuckoo 
d Red-tailed Hawk 
d Mourning Dove n f r several 
t Bob-white r very few 

In addition to the groups of birds which hay been given 


= 


above there are a few birds which can not well be included in 
any of them. Birds, such as the chimney swift, the nighthawk 
and, in this region, the goldfinch, are virtually never seen ex- 
cept as they are flying about in the air. The swallows like- 
wise spend a great deal of their time in the air, flying about 
in search of food. The Mississippi kite is placed here on the 
basis of but one record. 

The open dirt banks of the river form the fysiografic basis 
for another grouping of birds, consisting of those birds which 
bild their nests in such situations. In cases where several 
strata are exposed some are pickt to the exclusion of others for 


wo 
eS) 


GATES—SUMMER Birp LIFE IN ILLINOIS. 


the tunnel, at the base of which is placed the nest. To this 
group belong the bank swallow and the kingfisher. 

Still other birds are influenced in their distribution primar- 
ily by man. Most of such birds prefer to liv near human habi- 
tations, while others seem to remain near dwelling places and, 
at least, tolerate man. In so far as was noticed during this 
summer the following birds might accordingly be classed as 
domesticated “d” or semidomesticated ‘‘sd.” 

d Robin 

sd Wood Thrush 

d Parkman House Wren 

d Catbird 

sd Mockingbird 

sd Warbling Vireo 

sd Rose-breasted Grosbeak 

d Cardinal 

d English Sparrow 

d Baltimore and Orchard Orioles 
sd Wood Pewee 

sd Northern Flicker 

sd Red-headed Woodpecker 

sd Yellow-billed Cuckoo 

sd Ruby-throated Hummingbird 


sd Blue Jay 


GENERAL CONCLUSIONS: 


Consideration of the forgoing data shows that the more ex- 
tensiv plant groups hay associated with them certain birds 
which, as a group, are partial in their habitat preferences — 
in this region at least —to those plant associations. 

Birds of the wooded areas of this part of Illinois are 
much more numerous, both in number of species and of indi- 
viduals than those of the prairies. 

Lowland woods are more plentifully and more diversely 
populated than upland woods. 

Birds are far more restricted in their daily movements than 
one would at first think possible. While birds need not neces- 
sarily be confined to one plant association or closely allied 


24. Tur Witson BULLETIN, No. 74. 


groups of plant associations, they are quite likely to be and 
most birds pursue all their summer life activities within the 
same plant formation. 

In certain cases bird activity is one of the prime factors in 
causing plant succession which in turn is followed by a change 
in the character of the bird population. Such is obviously the 
case in the transition from the black oak to the mixt forest 
associations, in which the birds play the role of seed distrib- 
utors of the vines and shrubs which hav given rise to a most 
prominent characteristic of the mixt forest. 

Studies similar to this in restricted areas thruout the coun- 
try and in every season of the year are necessary in order to 
obtain a clearer insight into avian ecology. 


DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT_ 
Phalacrocorax a. auritus 
RED-BREASTED MERGANSER 
Mergus serrator 
MALLARD 
Anas platyrhynchos 
ELUE-WINGED TEAL 
Querquedula_discors 


BITTERN 
Botaurus lengtiginosus 


CcooT 
Fulica_ americana 
WILSON'S SNIPE 
Gajlinago delicata__. 


Prairie 
Province 
a 


DECIDUOUS FOREST PROVINCE 


Sand Strand 
Mud Strand 
Woods 
Black Onk 
= Forest 
Face 


BottonJand 


w Aquatic 
Bluff 
tN Town 


1 


a 


PECTORAL SANDPIPER 

Pisobia maculata 

ISEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER 
Ereunetes pusillus 


MISSISSIPPI KITE 
Ictinia_mississippiensis 


26 


THE WiLson BuLietin, No. 74. 


fees Si |i aaa 
TOWHEE 

Pipilo e. erythrophthalmus 
CARDINAL 
Cardinalis c. cardinalis 


ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK 


Zamelodia tudoviciana 


INDIGO BUNTING 
Passerina cyanea 


DICKCISSEL 
Spiza americana t 

SCARLET TANAGER 
Piranga erythromelas 

PURPLE MARTIN 
Progne s. subis 


CLIFF SWALLOW 
Petrochelidon |. lunifrons 


TREE SWALLOW 
Iridoprocne bicolor 


MIGRANT SHRIKE 

Lanius ludovicianus migrans 
RED-EYED VIREO 

Vireosylva olivacea 


KENTUCKY WARBLER 
Oporornis formosus 


HOODED WAFBLER 
Wilsonia citrina 


Setophaga ruticilla 


Mimus polyglottos 


o 2] 2 
dlsolam 
s|S6|2 0 
23 AIS G 
=z 
Z)>> 
ln olf w 
ols 4 
aD 
0 


Dumetella carolinensis 


D 
a 
fe) 
= 
2 
a 
ad 
pl 
> 
on 
BF 
m 
2 


Toxostoma rufum 


(2) 
> 
D 
(e} 
Te 
rd 
> 
= 
a 
m 
2 


Thryothorus |. ludovicianus 


v 
> 
2 
B 
= 
> 
z 
an 
35 
° 
(=| 
an 
m 
= 
x 
m 
2 


Troglodytes aedon parkmani 


7) 
2 
° 
0 
A 
o 
| ay} 
cr 
m 
le] 
= 
> 
a 
oa 
a4 
= 
x 
m 


N 
Cistothorus stellaris 


H 
itta c. carolinensis 


=] (ES 
c 
al Sz 
AVF 5 
mm? m 
oy! o 
D 
al3 im 
alg > 
2/20 
ols 4 
m 
azo 
m 
z 
c 
= 
a 
> 
4 
° 


Baeolophus bicolor 


oO 
> 
a 
° 
cr 
Zz 
> 
oO 
ae 
is) 
rad 
> 
o 
m 
m 


Penthestes c. carolinensis 
BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER 

Polioptila c. caerulea 
WOOD THRUSH 

ylocichla mustelina 


BLUEBIRD 
S,alia s. sialis 


GATES—SUMMER Birp Lire In I[Ltinots. 27 


eae alg 
YELLOW-BILLED GCUCKCO ee 
Coccyzus a. americanus 
BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO i 
Coccyzus erythrophthalmus 
KINGFISHER i 
Ceryle alcyon 


HAIRY WOODPECKER 
Dryobates v. villosus 
DOWNY WOODPECKER 

Dryobates pubescens medianus 
RED-HEADED WOODPECKER 
Melanerpes erythrocephalus 
RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER 
Centurus carolinus 
NORTHERN FLICKER 
Colaptes auratus luteus 
WHIP-POOR-WILL 
Antrostomus v. vociferus 
NIGHTHAWK 
Chordeiles v. virginianus 
CHIMNEY SWIFT 
Chaetura pelagica 
RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGEIRD 

Archilochus colubris 
KINGBIRD 

Tyrannis tyrannis 
CRESTED FLYCATCHER 

Myiarchus crinitus 
PHOEBE 

Sayornis phoebe 
WOOD PEWEE 

Myiochanes virens 
BLUE JAY 

Cyanocitta c. cristata 
CROW 

Corvus b. brachyrhychos 
BOBOLINK 

Dolichonyx oryzivorus 
ICOWBIRD 

Molothrus a. ater 
RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD 

Agelaius p. phoeniceus 
MEADOWLARK 

Sturnelia m. magna 
WESTERN MEADOWLARK 

Sturnella neglecta 


2 
a 
ORCHARD ORIOLE 
Isterus spurius 
BALTIMORE ORIOLE 
(cterus galbula 


BRONZED GRACKLE 
souls calus quiscalus aenus 


DFINCH 

Reteanlinus t. tristis 
VESPER SPARROW 

Pooscetes g. gramineus 
LARK SPARROW 

Chondestes g. grammacus 
FIELD SPARROW 
Spizella p. pusilla ae 
ENGLISH SPARROW 

Passer domesticus Boog 


28 Tur Witson Butietin, No. 74. 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPRING MIGRATION 
(1910) AT ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN: 


BY A. D. TINKER. 


The following series of notes is a compilation of the records 
secured by Messrs. N. A. Wood, F. O. Novy, and the writer 
during the past spring. One or another of the party, and 
sometimes all, were in the field daily from the first of March 
to the last of May. making observations on the progress of 
the migration and taking specimens of the rarer species. 
Nearly all of the field work was done in the immediate vi- 
cinity of Ann Arbor. Mr. Wood made an occasional trip to 
Portage Lake, Washtenaw County, securing records of water- 
birds that otherwise would not have been noted. 

A great many of the weather conditions prevalent during 
the spring of 1910 were quite similar to those of the cor- 
responding season of 1907. However, the cold waves this 
year did not have the same effect upon the migration as in 
1907. It will be well remembered that during that spring 
bird-life in general, and warblers in particular, were very 
abundant here and prolonged their stay to an unusual extent. 
This was especially true of the later migrants (Wood—Auk, 
vol. xxv, page 10). But this year there was no such abund- 
ance of individuals of the various species, although about the 
usual number of species were recorded. In fact, the migrants 
last to arrive, that is the great majority of the warblers, and 
some of the sparrows and thrushes, were rather scarce, while 
others were not noted at all. Whether this discrepancy was due 
to the destructive force of the heavy storms that took place 
along the Gulf States when the migration was at its height in 
that region or not must remain an open question. It is also 
quite possible that other forces combined to influence the mi- 
grating hosts to such an extent as to cause them to pass on 
without stopping here, as is their custom. Whatever the 
causes may have been, field-work throughout the entire sea- 
son gave abundant evidence of the fact that there was a great 
falling off in the number of individuals of some of the species. 


TINKER—SPRING MIGRATION IN MICHIGAN. 29 


The first positive evidence of the spring migration was re- 
corded on March 2 and 3, when there was a decided rise in 
the temperature, resulting in the disappearance of nearly all 
of the snow, and by the sixth of the month the open ground 
was free from snow. From the first to the sixth the prevail- 
ing winds were southerly, and during this period the Belted 
Kingfisher, Red-winged Blackbird, Marsh Hawk, Robin, Blue- 
bird, Killdeer, Meadowlark, Mourning Dove, Cedar Wax- 
wing, Canada Goose, Bronzed Grackle, American Golden-eye, 
and Canvyas-back Ducks made their appearance. This con- 
stituted the first bird-wave of the season. 

On March 7 there was a return of low temperature and 
northerly winds, with frequent snow flurries, practically put- 
ting a stop to all northward movements of the birds. March 
10 witnessed a return of mild weather, which continued, with 
some slight changes, throughout the balance of the month. 
During this period from March 7 to 30 there was a gradual 
movement of the birds to the north, with heavier waves of 
migration on March 19, 19, 25, 27 and 28. None of these, 
however, brought in as many new arrivals as the first wave of 
the season. The total number of new arrivals noted during 
March was thirty-seven. The entire month was warm and 
remarkably free from the sudden changes which usually make 
the month so disagreeable in this latitude. On the 30th there 
was a cold wave, with heavy frosts on the evening of the 31st. 

April opened fair and warm, with south-west winds, but on 
the 7th there was a return of cold weather, with heavy frosts. 
However, on the 8th there was a warm wave, which continued, 
with some slight variations, up to the 16th of the month, 
when low temperatures prevailed again. This cold wave re- 
mained in force until the 29th, after which it was warm for 
the balance of the month. There was a steady migration 
throughout the entire month, but no decided waves were re- 
corded ‘until April 12, and then not again until the 16th. The 
heaviest migration wave during the entire month took place 
on the 30th. when eight new species were recorded and the 


30) THe Witson BuLLetin, No: 74. 


ranks of the ones already on the ground were greatly aug- 
mented. During the entire month forty-four new arrivals 
were noted, only seven more than were recorded in March, 
which had an exceptionally large number this year. 


The first three days of May were rather unfavorable to mi- 
eration, but on the fourth there was a warm wave, which 
brought in six new migrants and added greatly to the species 
already here. This warm weather continuing to the twelfth re- 
sulted in a steady migration, which apparently reached its 
height on the evening of the 10th. A cold wave struck here 
on the 12th, but was replaced by a warm one on the evening 
of the 13th. With slight variations the balance of the month 
was fairly warm and favorable to migration. During the en- 
tire month fifty-six new arrivals were recorded, some of 
which, as the Least Flycatcher, Sharp-shinned Hawk, Catbird, 
and Baltimore Oriole should have been noted during the lat- 
ter half of April. There was a general migratory movement 
throughout the month, but the heaviest waves occurred on the 
4th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th and 21st, and the last 
new arrival was noted on June 2. Although about the usual 
number of migrants were recorded during May there was a 
remarkable scarcity of individuals among a great many of 
ihe species. This was especially noticeable in the Magnolia, 
Chestnut-sided, Palm, Black-throated Blue, Tennessee, and 
Wilson warblers, as well as the Grey-cheeked Thrush, Dick- 
cissel, and Least Flycatcher. On the other hand the Blue- 
headed Vireo, Bay-breasted Warbler, Golden-winged Warb- 
ler, and Grasshopper Sparrow were unusually numerous. But 
very few of the warblers prolonged their stay beyond the 
usual period, and the majority were here only a short time. 

In the following list of 141 migrants the various species 
are arranged in the order of their arrival, the dates given 
being the earliest record for the year. Species marked with 
an -*- occur in limited numbers as winter residents, ren- 
dering it very difficult to determine the exact date of the first 
migrating individuals of these species. In view of this the 


TINKER—SPRING MIGRATION IN MICHIGAN. 31 


dates given after such species are approximately those of the 
first migrants. The 1909 and 1908 records are given as a 
basis for comparison. 


LIST OF MIGRANTS. 


1910 1909 1908 
*Prairie Horned Lark Feb. 27 Mar: 7% Mar. 10 
*Belted Wingfisher Mar. 2 Mar. 27 Mar. 21 
Red-winged Blackbird Milam; 83 Mar. 6 Mar. 9S 
Marsh Hawk War 3 Mar 2 Mar. 8 
*Robin Mar. 4 Mar. + Mar. 5 
Bluebird Mar. 4 Mar. 4 Mar. § 
Killdeer Mar. 4 Mar. 6 Mar: 12 
*Meadowlark Mar, 5 Mam i Mar. 8 
*Plicker (Northern) Mar. 5 Mar. 6 Mar. 22 
*Mourning Dove Wikue, — t Keb. 22 Mar: 18 
*Cedar Waxwing Mar 5 Feb. 28 Mar. 8 
Canada Goose Mar 5 Mar. 20 Feb. 16 
Bronzed Grackle Mar. 5 Mar. 7 Maras 9 
Golden-eye Mary 6 Mar: 7 Mar. 9 
*CTOW Mar. 6 Feb. 21 Mar. 8 
Canvas-back Duck Mar. 6 Apr. 4 
“Song Sparrow Mar. 6 Feb. 21 Mar. 15 
Lesser Scaup Duck Mar. 8 Mar, 13 Mar. 21 
Rusty Blackbird Mar. 10 Nan i Mar. 12 
Herring Gull Mar. 10 Mar. 31 Feb. 2 
*Sparrow Hawk Mar. 10 Mar: 6 Wikies Wf 
Red-head Duck Mar. 10 Apr: 4 
*Golden-crowned Winglet Mar. 11 Mar. 18 Mar. 3 
Wilson Snipe Mar. 12 Apr. 18 Apr. 4 
Red-tailed Hawk Mars 19) Mar. 7% Mar. 12 
Towhee Mar: 119) Mar. 26 Mar. 15 
Phoebe Mar. 20 Mar. 27 Mar. 13 
Cowbird Mar. 23 Mars a2) 
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Apr. 4 Mar. 27 
Fox Sparrow Mar. 8 Mar. 22 
Hermit Thrush Apr. 5 Mar. 24 
Vesper Sparrow Apr. 4 Mar. 24 
Tree Swallow Mars 27 Mar. 29 
Buffle-head Duck Apr. 11 Mar. 29 
Chipping Sparrow Mar. 27 FAN Lancs Mar. 24 
Field Sparrow Mar. 27 ATO Mar. 28 
Swamp Sparrow Mar. 270 ‘Nor Tl Mar. 29 
Baldpate Mar. 28 Apr. 15 


oo 


Pied-billed Grebe 
Woodcock 

Osprey 

Ruby-crowned WKinglet 
Bittern 

Brown Thrasher 

Loon 

Red-shouldered Hawk 
House Wren 
Long-billed Marsh Wren 
Great Blue Heron 
Cooper’s Hawk 

Migrant Shrike 

Myrtle Warbler 

Bank Swallow 

Barn Swallow 

Ruddy Duck 
*Black Duck 
*Mallard 

Coot 

Purple Martin 

Spotted Sandpiper 
Bartramian Sandpiper 
Grasshopper Sparrow 
White-throated Sparrow 
Pectoral Sandpiper 
Rough-winged Swallow 
Cliff Swallow 

Greater Yellow-legs 
Lesser Yellow-legs 
Solitary Sandpiper 
Chimney Swift 

Tlorned Grebe 
Black-crowned Night Heron 
Winter Wren 
*Red-headed Woodpecker 
Virginia Rail 

Palm Warbler 

Yellow Warbler 
Black-throated Green Warbler 
Black and White Warbler 
Blue-gray Gnateatcher 
“Purple Finch 

Green Heron 

Lark Sparrow 


Mar. 


Tue Witson BULLETIN, No. 


Mar. 30 


Apr. 
Apr. 


Apr. 


Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 
Apr. 


Apr. 
Apr. 


Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 


Apr. 


Apr. 
Apr. 


Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. = 


Apr. 


Apr. 
Apr. : 


Apr. 


A es 


Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 


Apr. © 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 


Apr. 


Apr. 
Apr. 3 


4. 


Mar. 27 
Mar. 28 


Apr. 11 
Apr. 14 
Apr. 24 
Apr. 12 
Apr. 5 
Mar. 6 
Apr. 28 
May 31 


Mar. 24 
May 2 


Apr. 12 
Apr. 23 
Apr. 11 
Apr. 13 
Mar. 27 


Apr. 10 
Apr. 18 
Apr. 20 


May 19 
Apr. 18 


May 1 
May 1 
May 4 
Apr. 18 
May 8 
Apr. 24 
Apr. 14 
Mar. 7 
Apr. 4 


Apr. 238 
Apr. 28 
Apr. 28 
May 6 
May 2 
May 2 
Apr. 11 
May 8 


Mar. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Feb. 
Mar. 
May 


Mar. 2! 


Mar. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 


Mar. 2 


Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 


May 
Apr. 


Apr. 


Apr. 2 


Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
May 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
May 


TINKER—SPRING MIGRATION 


Bobolink 

Catbird é 
Northern Yellow-throat 
Oven-bird 

Bonaparte’s Gull 
*\Merganser 

Blue-headed Vireo 
Sora Rail 

Savannah Sparrow 
Least Flycatcher 
Baltimore Oriole 

Pipit 

King Rail 
Sharp-shinned Hawk 
Wood Thrush 
_Rose-breasted Grosbeak 
.Warbling Vireo 
Louisiana Water-thrush 
Sycamore Warbler 
Nashville Warbler 
Grey-cheeked Thrush 
Wilson’s Thrush 
White-crowned Sparrow 
Kingbird 
Whip-poor-will 
Chestnut-sided Warbler 
Red-breasted Nuthatch 
Crested Flycatcher 
Red-eyed Vireo 
Cerulean Warbler 
Blackburnian Warbler 
Golden-winged Warbler 
Redstart 

Indigo Bunting 

Least Bittern 

Black Tern 


Black-throated Blue Warbler 


Yellow-throated Vireo 
Turkey Vulture 
Orchard Oriole 
Tennessee Warbler 
Common Tern 
Magnolia Warbler 
Olive-backed Thrush 


Apr. 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 


IN 


30 
1 


je js 


Ww ko 


Hm OO oo 


> OU He oe HE EE HE 


11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
12 
13 
14 
14 
14 
14 
14 
15 
15 
15 
15 
16 
16 
16 
16 
17 


MICHIGAN. 


May 5 
May 4 
4 
5 


May 1 


June 2+ 
May 2 
Apr. 25 
May 5 
May 6 
Apr. 28 


May 7 
May 5 
May 6 
Apr. 30 
May- 1 
May 12 
May. 6 


May 6 
May 12 
June 6 


May 6 
May 6 
May 2 


May 15 
June 8 
June 26 
\MiRiye 6) 
May 6 
June 6 
May 13) 
May 7% 
Apr. 24 


May 6 
May 2 


Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
May 
May 
Jan. 


Apr. 
Apr. 


Apr. 


Apr. 
Apr. 
May 


Apr. : 
Apr. 2 
Apr. | 


Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
May 
Apr. 
Apr. 
May 


May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 


Apr. 
Apr. 
May 
May 
May 
Apr. 


May | 


May 


Oa WwW = 


bo 


34 Tue Witson Butretin, No. 74. 


Scarlet Tanager May 17 May 7 May 11 
Wood Pewee May 17 May 16 May 2 
Cape May Warbler May 17 May 6 May 15 
Ruby-throated Hummingbird May 19 May 12 Apr. 25 
Bay-breasted Warbler May 21 May 14 May 13 
Black-billed Cuckoo May 19 May 18 May 16 
Yellow-billed Cuckoo May 21 May 29 May 16 
Black-poll Warbler May 21 May 15 
Nighthawk May 23 May 29 May 17 
Northern Parula Warbler May 24 May 12 May 16 
Wilson’s Warbler May 24 Miay 18 May 15 
Canadian Warbler May 27 May 6 May 11 
Connecticut Warbler May 28 May 17 
Mourning Warbler June 2 May 25 May 24 


BIRD’ NOTES FROM PINEHURST, NORTE 
CAROLINA. 
BY C. J. PENNOCK. 

Following is a summary cf my notes taken at Pinehurst, 
Moore County, N. C., during a stay there from February 9, 
to March 17, 1910. 

This attractive winter resort settlement is about seventy- 
five miles south of Raleigh, forty miles from the South Caro- 
lina state line, and nearly one hundred miles north-west from 
Wilmington, at or near the sea coast. The elevation is about 
650 feet above sea level and is in the Long Leaf Pine (P. 
tacda) district. Until within twenty years or so turpentine 
making was the principal industry of the region. With the 
building of a railroad the timber has been largely cut off, and 
later, devastating fires of frequent recurrence have made a 
most desolate looking country of much of the surrounding re- 
gion. The aspect is rolling and many small streams are 
present. The soil is sandy, and excepting in few instances 
agricultural improvement has made slight progress. Pinus 
teda, P. echinata, White Oak (Q. alba), Post Oak (Q. obtusi- 
loba), Black Jack (Q. nigra) on the higher lands, and Sweet- 
Gum (Liquidambar styraciflua), Black-Gum (Nyssa multi- 
flora and N. uniflora), Magnolia glauce and Tulip-trees 


t 


(Sy) 
ro 


Pennock—Birp Nores rrom NorrH CAROLINA. 


(Liniodendron tulipifera) on the lower lands are the most 
common trees. Along the streams Holly (/lex opaca), An- 
dromeda nitida, and Catbrier (Smilax rotundifolia) abound, 
and Mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens) is abundant. 

There are few large bodies of original-growth timber 
within five or six miles of Pinehurst. Around Carthage, 
twelve miles distant, much old pine is still standing, and mid- 
way between these two towns is some fine oak woods. The 
villace of Pinehurst is beautifully laid out with roads and 
walks, many of which are bordered with an abundance of 
close growing shrubbery, making attractive shelter for several 
species of birds, notably Mockingbirds and Myrtle Warblers, 
while Towhees, White-throated Sparrows and Cardinals are 
seen here frequently. Probably the berry-bearing shrubs had 
much to do with the abundance of birds in the village, for I 
saw but one Mockingbird outside of Pinehurst, while they 
were numerous therein, and a flock of Cedar Waxwings fre- 
quented the locality for some time, often alighting on the 
bushes to feed on berries. The species noted are for the 
most part what one would expect to find. 

I attempted to cover the ground carefully for several miles 
adjacent to Pinehurst and believe that few winter resident 
species escaped my observations. The season was an unus- 
ually cold one there, as it was throughout eastern United 
States generally. This no doubt retarded the migration move- 
ment, for with the exception of a Nighthawk and a sudden 
influx of Chipping Sparrows little or no migration movement 
was noted. 


1. Podilymbus podiceps.—Pied-billed Grebe, 

This bird is reported as being frequently seen on Mclxenzie’s pond, 
two miles from Pinehurst, some times four or five together. I saw 
one swimming there March 15th and another that had been shot 
March ist. 

2. Anas platyrhynchos.—Mallard. 

One had been wing-tipped at McKenzie’s pond. I saw it in the 

poultry yard at Pinehurst. 


9 


38. Philohela minor.—Woodcock. 


36 THe Wirson BuLtetin, No. 74. 


Said to be rather abundant at times. I shot a male February 23. 
The only one I saw. It was seemingly close to breeding time. 

4. Oxryechus vociferus—tilldeer. 

Three came down on the golf links March 7th and six were there 
March 16th. 

5. Colinus virginianus virginianus.—Bob-white. 

Quite abundant, even within the village limits. They are care- 
fully protected, and hawks are trapped and shot to save the quail. 
Many visitors find good sport hunting them and fair bags are made. 
6. Zenaidura macroura carolinensis —Mourning Dove.. 

Abundant everywhere. On the rye field near the dairy I usually 
saw them in groups of eight to twenty. After March 2d some were 
seen in pairs, as if mated. 

7. Cathartes aura.—Turkey Vulture. 

An abundant species. Both species seem to be affected by the 
cold and were seldom a-wing until 9:00 to 10:00 a. m, when the 
mercury ranged low. 

8. Catharista uwrubu—Black Vulture. 

Numerous, and a striking feature to a northern yisitor. By 
their style of flight, contour, and one might say general effect, the 
two species of Vultures may be distinguished almost as far as they 
can be seen. My observations would indicate that the two species 
combined are not so numerous as is the Turkey Vulture in lower 
Delaware. 

9. Accipiter velor—Sharp-shinned Hawk. 

I saw but one. It was after some quarry along a clump of bushes 

bordering a stream. 
10. Accipiter cooperiim—Cooper’s Hawk. 

But one seen to be positively identified. 

11. Buteo borealis borealis —Red-tailed Hawk. 

A pair were located one-half mile back of the Dairy along a small 
stream, and on March 10 I took one egg with incubation begun. Two 
or three other birds were seen, 

12. Buteo lineatus lineatus—Read-shouldered Hawk. 

Two or three seen. All the large hawks are hunted closely, and 
steel traps are placed on high poles in exposed places. I was told 
they had formerly caught many “Chicken Hawks” in this way. I 
saw one Turkey Vulture and one Sparrow Hawk so entrapped. 

13. Falco sparverius sparverius—Sparrow Hawk, 

Not very abundant. <A lack of food supply no doubt was the rea- 
son, there being comparatively little cover for mice. The stomach 
of one shot contained remains of a White-throated Sparrow. 

14. Otus asio asio.— Screech Owl. 
For the reason just stated I surmise this is not an abundant 


PenNocCK—Birp Nores rrom NortTH CAROLINA. 37 


species about Pinehurst. I saw one sunning himself about 8:30 
a. m. February 19, in the bright sunshine, the thermometer having 
marked 22° at 7 a. m. 


15. Bubo virginianus virginianus—Great Horned Owl. 

Said to be rather common. One was captive in the park, taken 
near by in early winter, and others had been taken. They did not 
live amicably, I was told, and would sometimes fight to the death. 
16. Ceryle aleyon.—Belted Wingfisher. 

I saw one near the mill and they were reported as being rather 
common. 

17. Dryobates villosus auduboni—Southern Hairy Woodpecker. 

I saw but four or five. I referred all to this form. One shot 
measured 8.54 inch, wing 4.50 inch. 

18. Dryobates pubescens pubescens—Southern Downy Woodpecker. 

Seemingly more abundant than was the preceding species. Three 
I shot measured, length, 6.25, 6.00, 6.00 inches; wing, 2.25, 2.62, 
2.50. 

19. Dryobates borealis.—Red-cockaded Woodpecker. 

Fairly abundant; noted on eight different days, and twenty-one 
individuals counted. Possibly a few of these were seen twice. 
20. Sphyrapicus varius varius—Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. 

Not numerous. I did not see above six of them. 

21. Melanerpes crythrocephalus.Red-headed Woodpecker. 

Seen only in the village, where there were two or three, evidently 
young of the preceding year. By March 15 the head was showing 
bright red. 

22. Centurus carolinus.—Red-bellied Woodpecker, 

Saw one only. It was in the oak woods eight miles northeast of 
Pinehurst, March 4, my only trip to this region. ‘They appeared 
absent from the pine lands about Pinehurst. 

23. Colaptes auratus auratus.—Flicker. 

Abundant. ‘Seen about the village and over the country gener- 
ally. By February 23 they had become quite noisy and were loye- 
making on March 2. 

24. Chordeiles virginianus virginianus—Nighthawk. 

I was surprised to see a single bird on February 22 flying over 
the village. It was not over fifty yards distant and in full light. 
On March 14 I heard one of these birds overhead towards evening 
as I passed through the Park grove, but failed to see it. It has 
been suggested that this may have been a bird unable to make the 
southward flight last fall and remained north throughout the win- 
ter. Its appearance at the place and time is certainly remarkable 
25. Otocoris alpesiris practicola—Prairie Horned Lark. 


38 Tue Witson BuLretin, No. 74. 


A small flock was on the rye field near the Dairy. I shot one 
February 12. 

26 Cyanocitta cristata crisiata—Blue Jay. 

Quite common everywhere. Appeared to be mating March 14. 
27. Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos.—Crow. 

Not abundant; never saw more than six at one time. Usually 
three or four were together. 

28. Molothrus ater—Cowbird. 

A fiock of 800 or more appeared March 8 and remained, at least, 
until we left, March 16. They fed on the open fields and lots in 
and close to the village, keeping in a compact body on the ground, 
those from one side flying over the others and alighting on the op- 
posite side close to their companions. 

29, Sturnella magna magra—Meadowlark. 

Abundant all through the more open parts of the village, on the 
golf links, frequently seen in the open woods in flocks of irreg- 
ular numbers up to thirty, and sometimes a single bird was flushed 
in seemingly unsheltered localities. 

380. Buphagus carolinus.—Rusty Blackbird, 

A flock of about 20 remained several weeks along the small 
stream a quarter of a mile below the power plant. Were still there 
March 16. 

31. Astragalinus tristis tristis—Goldfinch. 

Never seen abundantly. At several times in small numbers. 
32. Pomcctes graminecus gramineus.—Vesper Sparrow. 

Abundant. They were usually seen in flocks. Sometimes 50 to 
100 together. 

33. Passerculus sandwichensis savannad—Savannah Sparrow. 

Only a few seen. 

84. Zonotrichia albicollis—White-throated Sparrow. 

Quite common, Found in shrubbery in the yillage, and especially 
in the low borders of streams where cover was abundant. They 
commenced singing softly March 6. 

35. NSpizella passerinad.—Chipping Sparrow. 

First seen March 2, and became abundant on the Sth. There- 

after at times in flocks of twenty or more. 
36. NSpizella pusilla pusilla—Field Sparrow. 

Abundant. Frequently heard singing after February 27. 
37. Junco hyemalis hyemalis—Junco, 

Very abundant. Found almost everywhere, and in flocks of a 
few to 100 or more. 

38. Melospiza melodia melodia.—Song Sparrow, 

Commonly distributed. 

39. Melospiza georgiana.—Swamp Sparrow. 


PENNOcCK—Birp Notes rrom NorrH CAROLINA. 39 


Not abundant; rarely saw more than one in a half day’s tramp. 
40. Passerella iliaca iliaca.—Fox Sparrow. 

I found small colonies in a few places. 

41. Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus.—Towhee. 

Rather common; usually found near the small streams. A few 

in the shrubbery in the village. 
42. Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis—Cardinal. 

Common wherever there were favorable surroundings. 
43. Bombycilla cedrorum—Cedar Waxwing, 

A flock of over 200 appeared February 27 and remained at least 
until March 16. They were sometimes seen divided in bands of 
twelve to fifty, two or more of which would occasionally unite and 
sometimes all appeared to be together. They frequented the trees 
and shrubbery through the village. 

44. Lanius ludovicianus  ludovicianus. — Northern Loggerhead 
‘Shrike. 

There were three or four pairs in the yillage. I saw none else- 
where. The two shot measured: length, 8.384 and 8.63; wing, 3.75 
and 3.68 inches. 

45. Dendroica coronata.—Myrtle Warbler. 

Abundant everywhere in the yillage, along streams, and in the 
small oaks on high sandy ground, 

46. Dendroica vigorsi—Pine Warbler. 

Fivst seen and heard singing February 18. After March 4 they 
were singing frequently. 

47. Anthus rubescens—Pipit. 

A flock of 100 or more were on the rye field at the Dairy. First 
seen February 10, and at intervals to March 16. 

48. Mdimus pclyglottes polyglottos—Mockingbird. 

It was a pleasuve to find these birds abundant through the vil 
lage. I estimated there were twenty pairs of them in about one- 
half mile square, and I saw but a single bird elsewhere. The first 
song was heard February 12, a faint, whispered ripple in the 
throat. As the weather grew warmer the songs increased in vol- 
ume and frequence, but a cold windy day checked the singing 
promptly. At first and for several days the songs were low and 
sweet, scarcely to he heard beyond a distance of fifty feet, and the 
bird did not open his bill in thus singing. With warmer days the 
songs came with open bill and poured forth in volume. At times 
three cr four birds could be heard in full chorus, and the various 
species imitated were almost legion. ‘he first early low, sweet 
song seemed to contain no mimicry and was extremely pleasing. 
Great difference was observed in the vocal powers of different in- 
dividuals. One near the station and another at the post office were 


40 Tue Witson BuLietin, No. 74. 


notable for continued song and extensive range in mimicry. 
42.) Dumeciella carolinensis —Catbird. 

A few were seen along streams where shelter was abundant. 
5G. Texrostoma rufum—Brown Thrasher, 

Seen only along streams, and not abundant. I did not hear 
them singing. 

D1. Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovictanus.—Carolina Wren. 
father abundant, and usually in pairs. 
52. Thryomanes beiwichi bewicki—Bewick’s Wren. 

The last day of my stay, March 16, the only one noted was seen 
in the village near the power plant. 

53. Silta carolinensis carolinensis—White-breasted Nuthatch. 

Not abundant. I saw nine birds only. 

D4. Sitia pusilla—Brown-headed Nuthatch. 

Seemingly more abundant than the preceding. During the latter 
part of my stay they became quite active and indicated a mating 
spirit. 

55. Beolophus ticolor—Tutted Titmouse. 

Abundant. 

56. Pernethestes carolinensis carolinensis —Carolina Chickadee. 

Quite common. 

D7. Regulus satrapa satrapa—Golden-crowned Winglet. 

Only one positively identified. 

58. Regulus calendula calendula.—Ruby-crowned WKinglet. 

Several seen. 

59. Hylocichla gutcata pallasi—Hermit Thrush. 

Irequently seen along the streams and occasionally on high 
ground. 

CG. Flanesticus migratorius migraforius—Robin. 

Abundant. Occurred in flocks of five or six to forty or more, 
G1. Sialia sialis sialis—Bluebird. 

Common. 1 found them widely distributed and generally two 
to five or more in company. 

The following species, while not seen, are given on seem- 
ingly reliable evidence: 

1. Gavia immer—tLoon. 

The “boys” at McKenzie’s mill described this species accurately, 
even to the cry. One had been on the pond for several days and 
was finally killed. 

2. Lephodytes cucullatus—Wooded Merganser. 

Several immature birds and at least one adult had been seen 
on MclWenzie’s mill pond. ‘The description as to size, bill and 
crest was beyond question. 


PENNOocK—Birpo Nores FRoM NortTH CAROLINA. 41 


3. Ardea herodias—Great Blue Heron. 

The residents told me it was occasionally seen on the mill pond. 
4, Meleagris gallopavo silvestris—Wild Turkey. 

Mr. Caddell, an intelligent resident, told me he saw one about 
February 20, six miles north of Pinehurst. Others told me thry 
were yet sometimes shot in the county. 

5. Pandion hiliaétus carolinensis—Osprey. 

A few come in the spring to the mill pond and are seen plunging 
for fish. 

6. Phiwotomus pileatus pileatus—Pileated Woodpecker. 

Several of the older residents know this bird well and report it 
as still to be seen in the back districts where larger bodies of tim- 
ber yet stand. They call it Logeock, Blackcock, and Woodcock. 

The following table indicates the number of observations on 
each species and the total of individuals. In a few instances 
this is misieading, without some explanation. I made constant 
effort to avoid a recount on any single trip; when returning 
over the outward bound route I counted only new species, 
but of course in starting out each day from the village I fre- 
quently recounted some seen on former days. This is true 
in regards to the Mockingbird, Robin, Junco, Field Sparrow, 
Cowbird, Cedar Bird, Rusty Grackle, American Pipit, and 
probably a few others. In general, however, it will indicate 
comparative abundance much more accurately than would be 
the case had I used the terms “common,” “abundant,” or 


STages: 
Pied-billed Grebe .......:.00cc0cuee ee eae 2 2 
VIGNE TG LS Ss Sich Steeles or och Seer eae mee ie Bae 1 1 
\NOCUEREKT Sibu owe corn r ae coos I 1 
NSS LS Iramtorenetere stasis ts newsisue patents detects eset efousraces 5 12 
EXO DA ADKRD. Sos cmarole baci Ulcer ee coe cee ee 12 65 
Mourmine- WOME Assis: secces «le crececonecs 44 414 
MUTI eye GVAUINEUTE Shae micvera cence oe oisheutysita a teerece 45 191 
ache aVUULbUGOx ec tare claves aeanrs Germ ead 23, 181 
Sak o-SlaiMneel IWlehwk Gaoeccoscsoususco0c il 1 
GOOMeSheblawks Srits se emteanevs ice a ciseuneaals 1 1 
IneCRIRMeG! ISK Gosesoccouscudnccoudccs T 
Red-shouldered Hawk .................. 5 5 
Syommentony IERMWIK socopepcadoobodcdbGbedas 6 7 
ISCREEC Clie Oswald Pe) ts saesevegsne ois conciescccueytiereseas aie eees 1 1 
Creare LlormedmOvwliermre ace ceo eee 1 1 
BeliedualkcmecnShermermneecerinicirccnicc ocr: alt ] 


Tue Wirson BULLETIN, No. 7 
INI SHER SW iRise nic iajers Seance oleae oho ice ei eee 2 
Hainys Woodpecker sciscchmevactis caries oe 4 
Downy, Woodpecker. --at-ilereiseeieeiser 12 
Red-cockaded Woodpecker .............. 9 
Red-headed Woodpecker ................ 3 
Red-bellied Woodpecker ................. 1 
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker ................ 5 
1 Miveatt:) Peeererta io tiecnia comcast Ore aera Ce 56 
Prairie selon eds wankers eeeeaenioe 1 
BIWG Tay, sivrtegapartaray aie tore rob ane one) ae ieee 22 
GLOW pace carey aero seice Miao Ronee 39 
Orn Hohe Mme ET a SOO MC ae cro baste GBS O. + 
Meadovwalarles 2, ciscnsscperetes si <ysuevenstornerteicre feist 45 
AY IBIEKOMRT) SesouodaasoveceehoodsaG 10 
GOIGHNEH. cis ifemispare steel Sieh el oe IO 7 
MESS SURO Soo gogoolcbosododosgooU 18 
SER eine SyoeNO My Soaoanaceaccosocedgcds 2 
ChippinawSparrowa wcrc cerechiiion eee 15 
White-throated Sparrow -...-..00-+-c-- 26 
BYel dC SPATTOW:G « -ivissuciencus exoreteetieie es eee ere 32 
Ubi Siooooo dob ooDEabomooMounoscosudeS 85 
SOME “SMMULO Ws se 0 cys seuss yes ressis sheweesiens rere eueters D4 
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BALES—PIcCKAWAY CouUNtTY, OHIO. 43 


SOME NOTES FROM PICKAWAY COUNTY, OHIO. 


BY BS Re BALES. Mi Dy CIREEE VIE, (OFLLO: 


In transcribing the following notes, it might be well to 
state for the benefit of those readers who do not reside in 
Ohio, that Pickaway County lies in the south-central portion 
of the state, and that Circleville, the county seat, is about 
thirty miles south of Columbus, the capitol. 

Barn Owl (Strix pratincola).—Since writing my article on 
this species, (Wilson Bulletin Vol. XXI, No. 1. Pp 35), I have 
observed the following instances of its occurrence here :— 
January 21st, 1909; a male that had been shot at the ice 
house, along the Ohio Canal, within the city limits, was 
brought to me. It was in good condition and had two mice 
in its stomach. January 27th, 1909; a male was found along 
a road side, seven miles north of Circleville. The bird was 
wounded in the wing and breast, and was very much emaci- 
ated. November 10th, 1909; a wounded female was found 
flapping feebly about on the ground near Stage’s Pond, five 
miles north of Circleville. It likewise was much emaciated. 
November 18th, 1909; a female that had been shot from a 
tree along Darby Creek, three miles north of Circleville, was 
brought to me. The stomach contained the remains of two 
mice: April 10th, 1910; discovered a nest in an elm tree 
along Darby Creek, three miles west of Circleville. This 
tree stands not over one hundred and fifty yards from the tree 
in which Dr. Howard Jones took the first Ohio set of this 
species. The eggs of the 1910 set were laid upon the rotted 
wood at the bottom of a cavity four feet deep and a foot and 
a half in diameter. The cavity was in the broken-off top of 
an elm tree, forty-five feet from the ground, was open at the 
top and contained five eggs, in which incubation varied from 
one-third to one-half. Both birds were in the nesting cavity 
when discovered and remained there until the climber had 
almost reached the cavity, when they emerged and flew to a 
nearby tree for a moment as if to get their bearings, when 
they flew to the tree in which the first Ohio set was taken 


44 Ture Witson BuLLetin, No. 74. 


and disappeared within the cavity. This tree is well shown in 
Dawson's “Birds of Ohio” Pp. 3738. The set taken by Dr. 
Jones was taken on May 27th, 1897, and fully one-half of the 
specimens of this species that have been brought to my no- 
tice have been taken in this immediate vicinity. It would 
seem as though most of the birds had been raised in one or 
the other of the two cavities. I have never heard of this bird 
showing a special attachment for a certain locality, but this 
case extending over a period of thirteen years, would seem 
to indicate, in this case at least, that such is the case. No- 
vember 14th, 1910; a female that was shot from a barn three 
miles east of Circleville, along Hargus Creek, was brought 
to me by a farmer who was “afraid it would take his chick- 
ens,’ unaware that he had killed a mouser that was worth 
a halt dozen cats. 


7 
> 
i 


— 

Marsh Hawk (Circus hudsonius)—On May 19th, 1910, 1 
had the good fortune to discover the fourth authentic set of 
this species ever taken in Ohio, (according to Dawson's 
“Birds of Ohio.”) I was approaching a boggy meadow over- 
grown with marsh grasses in search of rail nests, when I 
saw a hawk perched upon a fence post in the distance, and 
remarked to my companion that the bird looked like a Marsh 
Hawk, but soon dismissed the thought from my mind as im- 
probable. Proceeding well into the centre of the swamp, I 
flushed the female from her four mud stained eggs. The 
nest was built upon the ground, surrounded by a number of 
short, stunted wild rose bushes, where there was a slight el- 
evation above the surrounding marsh, and the ground was 
therefore dry. The nest was composed mainly of “tassels” 
from the tops of corn stalks; several weed stalks entered 
into the composition of the nest, among which was a stalk 
of teasle and a large smart weed stalk. <A tuft of corn silk 
lay at the edge of the nest. The female hovered about for a 
few moments, hut soon joined the male, who had remained 
at a distance, when both flew away. The eggs were fresh. 


Snowy Owl (\yetea nyctea)—A specimen of this species 


BaLEsS—PIcKAWAY COUNTY, OHIO. 45 


was taken near Ashville, eight miles north of Circleville, No- 
vember 20th, 1910. 

Short-Eared Owl (Asio atcipitrinus).—This species is 
abundant in winter, but I have taken their nests in but one 
year — 1906 —in which year | took four sets. The first set 
was taken on April 21st and consisted of four eggs; the next 
set was taken on May 1st, and also consisted of four eggs; 
the third set was taken on May 11th, and consisted of five 
eggs, while the last set consisted of six eggs and was found 
on May 19th. All of these sets were found within a radius 
of one and one-half miles, and were in corn fields close to 
Darby Creek, near the trees where the two sets of Barn Owl 
were taken. All of the nests but one were placed upon the 
ground, with but a few bits of sticks and corn stalk, and an 
occasional feather from the mother bird to serve as a nest. 
The exception to this rute was built upon a pile of drift, com- 
posed of corn stalks, sticks and trash. I have searched the 
breeding grounds carefylly each year since 1906, but have 
been unable to discover another nest, although the birds are 
as abundant as usual during the winter months. 


Double Crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax a. auritus).—A 
male that had been shot three miles north of Circleville, along 
the Scioto River. was brought to me October 21st, 1909. 
There were two birds, but the other luckily escaped. A fe- 
male was shot in almost the same locality on October 26th, 
1910. This specimen was also brought to me. A specimen 
of this species was shot while swimming in the Ohio Canal, 
within the city limits, about six years ago, but I find I have 
no record of the date, but remember it was in Autumn. 

Bonaparte’s Gull (Larus philadelphia) —A specimen of this 
species was shot while flying about the pond near the ice 
houses, within the city limits, on November 17th, 1908. 

Common Tern (Sterna hirundo).—A specimen of this spe- 
cies was shot at the State Dam across the Scioto River, three 
miles south-west of Circleville, on June 25th, 1908. I was 
told by several people that they had seen it for almost a 


46 Tue Witson Butrerin, No. 74. 


week at this place, before it was shot. It seems unusual to 
me that this species should be found away from a large body 
of water at this time of the year. The sex of this specimen 
was not determined. 

Ring Necked Duck (4yi/hya collaris)—A female of this 
species was brought to me on February 17th, 1909. It was 
taken from the Scioto River. On March 11th, 1910, two 
females were brought to me and on March 16th, 1910, I ob- 
tained another female. All were shot from the Scioto River, 
near Circleville. 

King Rail ( Rallus elegans)—While Dr. Howard Jones in 
his “Nests and Eggs of the Birds of Ohio,” mentions seeing 
young of this species in this county, the first set of eggs was 
taken May 21st, 1906. There were eleven eggs in this set. 
On May 23rd, 1907, I took two sets of this species, one of 
ten eggs and one of twelve. On May 25th of this same year, 
I found another set of ten, and on May 29th, a set of eleven. 
On May 20th. 1908, I found a deserted nest of this species 
containing two mud covered eggs. Excesive rains had raised 
the water in the swamp, and had flooded the nest. On May 
22nd, 1908. at another swamp, I discovered a nest containing 
eleven eggs. On May 14th, 1910, I found a nest containing 
eleven eggs, and on May 19th another set of eleven. One 
who has never seen a set of these beautiful eggs in the cano- 
pied nest. cannot realize the beauty from a description. It must 
be seen to be appreciated. 

Least Bittern (drdetta exilis)—Rather common summer 
resident in suitable localities, especially at Calamus Pond, 
three miles west of Circleville. This pond, or swamp, is from 
one-fourth to one-half mile across and the water is from one 
to three feet deep. It is thickly dotted with buttonwood 
bushes. Wild rose thickets fringe the shores; saw grasses, 
tall water grasses and calamus or sweet flag (from which the 
pond receives its name) are found in its shallower places and 
cat tails further out. It is an ideal nesting place for this spe- 
cies; in June, 1907, I found fourteen nests between the fourth 


BaLes—-PICKAWAY CouNTtTy, Onto. 47 


and the twenty-first. The nests are mainly placed among the 
saw grasses in shallow water and are situated from six inches 
to two and one-half feet above water; eighteen inches is the 
average height. The nests are composed of saw grass blades, 
short lengths of smartweed stalks, slender twigs from the but- 
tonwood, and about half the nests examined are lined with 
finer grasses; at the best the nests are very flimsy, frail and 
loosely put together. Occasionally a nest is found composed 
almost entirely of a tall round water grass, but nests so com- 
posed are always built in a clump of this variety of grass. 
Saw grasses are usually bent over to form a platforisi on which 
to build the nest; these grases are often bent over a small 
branch of buttonwood to give stability to the platform. An 
occasional nest is built among the diverging twigs of the but- 
tonwood bush, much in the maner of a green heron nest, but 
nesting sites of this type are rare. The full complement of 
eggs is usually four or five, although I have taken highly in- 
cubated sets of three, and have seen nests containing six 
young. Fresh eggs have been taken between June 4th and 
June 21st, although on June 18th, 1908, I found two nests con- 
taining young. The young in the first nest discovered were 
likely almost a week old and were very odd looking fellows. 
They were covered with a yellowish down except about the 
eyes, where the greenish skin was bare; the legs were yellow 
with a green tinge on the dorsal surface. Another nest dis- 
covered the same day contained six young in which the pin- 
feathers were showing. It is doubtful if this nest would have 
been discovered, had I not seen one of the young birds 
clinging to one of the round water grasses fully a foot above 
the nest. While perched upon the slender, swaying water 
grass, they have a peculiarly pert and saucy look that 
is ludicrous in the extreme. They are excellent climbers 
and use their long necks and bills in climbing by hooking the 
head over the perch and using it as a sort of hook to aid them 
in scrambling up. The feet are very strong. The young in 


48 Tue Witson BuLietin, No. 74. 


this nest tried to peck my hand as I placed it above them; 
they acted like trained soldiers, all pecking at exactly the same 
time, as if at a word of command. 

Mockingbird (JZimus polyglottos)—This species is be 
coming more common each year. Although straggling birds 
had been seen previous to this time, the first nest was dis- 
covered May 21st, 1907. It was placed among the diverging 
twigs in an osage orange hedge fence, four miles east of Cir- 
cleville, along a much travelled road and contained four eggs. 
The next set taken in the county was taken by Mr. W. Leon 
Dawson, June 2nd, 1909. Mr. Dawson was spending the day 
with me and the birds, and while we were driving along a 
road, eight miles west of Circleville, we heard the male sing- 
ing. A hedge fence grew along one side of the road, and as 
the cover was the right kind for nests of this species, Mr. 
Dawson began searching the hedge and soon found the nest, 
which contained four eggs apparently well along in incubation. 
I took another set of four of this species on June Ist, 1910, 
from a red haw bush in a blue grass pasture about a mile 
from where the Dawson set was taken. This locality has been 
noted for several years for its mockingbirds. -One pair nest- 
ing near the residence of Mr. W. H. Reid, a close bird student, 
reared three broods in 1908. I shot a male from a wild rose 
thicket at Calamus Pond on February 21st, 1909. The stom- 
ach contained fruits and seeds of wild rose. The mockers 
that breed near Mr. Reid’s arrived from the south, March 
11th, 1908, and March 28th, 1910. All of the nests of this 
species that have come under my observation have been rather 
loosely put together, but all have been distinguished by having 
the lining of fine pale yellowish brown rootlets that contrast 
sharply with the dark body of the nest. 


Errric—A PARADISE FOR LONGSPURS. 49 


A PARADISE FOR LONGSPURS: 


(Notes on the Birds of Addison, Illinois.) 
BY G. ELFRIG. 


First, a few words on the topography of this section. Ad- 
dison is a small village, twenty miles west of Chicago, in Du 
Page County, hence it is in the prairies. which, however, at 
this point, reach their greatest altitude for this section of the 
state, namely, 350 feet. It is a rather prosaic, uninteresting re- 
gion, being a purely agricultural district, with nothing but 
fields as far as one can see. There are next to no trees 
not even along ditches and creeks, excepting a few tall cot- 
tonwoods surrounding the farm-yards, and a rather large 
wood a half mile northeast of my residence. All around us 
there is more woodland to be seen, as e.g. at Glen Ellyn, about 
four miles from here, the home of our secretary, Mr, B. T. 
Gault, which is a very pretty, park-like place. The Addison 
woods is two miles long by one mile wide, and is mainly com- 
posed of Burr, Scarlet, Red, and White Oaks, Hickory, Elm, 
Ash, and Hazel, and several species of primus bushes. 

In the open parts as well as in the woods nearly every de- 
pression is a small swamp, or even pond. Those in the woods 
are grown over with Water Hemlock (Cicuta maculata) and 
Button bush (Cephaianthus occidentalis), the latter giving 
them a somewhat southern appearance. Here the Green Her- 
ons build, Yellow-throats are plentiful, and I even found a 
female Prothonotary Warbler at the edge of one of them, a 
rarity for Du Page County. The swamps in the open are 
overgrown with cattails, sparganum, scirpus, ete., and are 
difficult to negotiate, owing to the soft bottom, and to the 
hummocks and holes made by the cows, which are let in in 
the fall and late summer, when there is little if any water in 
these places. The last summer (1910) being exceptionally 
dry here, all swamps and ponds were dry, so that in one at 
least the Pied-billed Grebes, which had been there, had to al- 
low one a good look at them, as the water was too shallow for 
diving, and later disappeared entirely. One that I cornered 


50 Tae Wirson BuLLetTin, No. 74. 


lay motionless across a clump of old reeds, ete., thereby ren- 
dering itself nearly invisible. Here are also the homes of 
Rallus elegans, virginianus, and the Sora, as well as hordes 
of Redwings, Long-billed and Short-billed Marsh Wrens. and 
Swamp Sparrows. Several times I also flushed a Short-eared 
Owl. But these wet places contain rarer things than all these. 
March 28 I took a Henslow’s Sparrow, and August 31 a Nel- 
son’s in one of them. Numerous springy places in pastures or 
near the sloughs harbor many Wilson’s Snipes, Pectoral and 
Red-backed Sandpipers in migration, and a few Kildeer all 
summer. Rarities for this country that I saw here, were a Wil- 
son’s Phalarope (Steganopus tricolor) on May 12, a Black 
Tern on July 20, and near by a flock of about fifteen Golden 
Plover on May 10. It is surprising how late and how early 
Greater Yellow-legs are here: the last were here May 23, 
and the first I noticed already July 19. 

When an ornithologist goes to another place to stay tem- 
porarily or permanently, he always looks forward with keen 
expectation and pleasant anticipation, to find out what species 
of birds, hitherto not seen in the flesh, the new places will 
bring him. So it was in my case. Naturally northern On- 
tario is a more interesting place, both scenically and biologic- 
ally, than Du Page County, Illinois. And some birds I ex- 
pected to see here without going far, did not materialize till 
now, eg. the Yellow-headed Blackbird, Dickcissel, Tufted 
Titmouse. Bob-white, Cardinal, Chat, Bank Swallow, ete. 
Even the Wood Thrush is rare here in summer; also the 
Whippoorwill and the Rose-breasted Grosbeak. But. still 
there are surprises awaiting one, at least during migration, 
and mainly in the large woods, with its mysterious little 
sloughs. A rarity in most places was here in surprising num- 
bers last spring, namely the Gray-cheeked Thrush. May 24, 
T must have seen at least 200. There was a noticeable dispar- 
ity in size, (oo, among them ( Bicknell’s ?)—. I also took Ten- 


nessee, Cerulean, Connecticut, Blue-winged, Palm, and other 


Errric—A PARrApISE FOR LONGSPURS. 51 


watblers here. The other warblers and the flycatchers are 
here in proportion. The Blue-gray Gnatcatcher is also here, 
even as a breeder. 

One of the most interesting finds I made here, is a herony 
of Black-crowned Night Herons. It consisted of about thirty 
nests in a wet corner of the woods, adjoining a field. They 
were from thirty to sixty feet up in ash trees, and on June 
11 contained two to four eggs each; no young were noticed. 
Another member of the same family that I was glad to meet 
with here in the swamps mentioned above, is the Least Bit- 
tern, and naturally its larger congener also. On the other 
hand such otherwise common birds like the Mourning Dove, 
Sparrow Hawk, and even the Kingfisher are strangely ab- 
sent, although for the latter a creck with minnows and steep 
banks here and there, meanders through the landscape. 


In the line of birds of prey, we have here the Red-shoul- 
dered, Red-tailed, Marsh, Cooper's, and Broad-winged Hawks, 
the last two rare. The Barred Owl is said to be in the woods, 
and the Screech Owl is often heard singing its to most peo- 
ple unpleasant song from orchards and shade trees. A few 
Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) are said to be still in the 
woods nearby, and Prairie Chickens are met with now and 
then. One day IJ flushed a flock of about twenty-five a few 
miles from here — a new and interesting experience for me — 
and I was surprised to see how high they would rise 
flight quite different from that of the Ruffed Grouse; more 
like that of a large Meadowlark. 


a 


In the finch family we have quite a selection: Goldfinch and 
Indigo Buntings. Song, Swamp, Vesper, and Savanna Spar- 
rows, all common breeders. I gladly welcomed again an old 
acquaintance from Maryland, that I had missed in Canada, 
the Towhee. Of this I found a nest on May 28, containing two 
eggs of the owner and three Cowhbird’s eggs. Yes, the finch 
family brings us to the heading of these notes. As a place 
for Longspurs prosaic Addison shines. About the end of Oc- 
tober they come in many small flocks and take possession of 


52 THE WILSON BULLETIN, No. 74. 


the empty fields, i.e. empty for us, but full for them, namely 
full of weed-seeds. They prefer the high wind-swept fields, 
and can often be seen flying to and fro, from one rise to an- 
other. Some days they are tame, allowing of close approach, 
on others they are extremely shy. Last spring, with its cold 
weather, they stayed at least till May 5, when I took several 
in nearly full nuptial dress. Usually they are gone before 
this, as I am told. They are difficult to see when on the 
ground, especially in their winter dress. The flocks seem to 
be made up of lapponcus mainly, although on April 20 I saw 
one Smith’s Longspur (C. pictus). Nearly every field con- 
tains one or several little flocks, of from five to twenty-five 
each, busily gleaning the weed seeds, of which their stom- 
achs and crops, when taken, are full to bursting. On their 
restless days, or when being scared up from several fields, the 
air is sometimes literally alive with them, when also flights 
of up to a hundred can be seen. Their flight is somewhat er- 
ratic, but nevertheless, as well as its call and flight notes, 
characteristically finch-like. Other members of the finch fam- 
ily are the White-throated, White-crowned, Fox, Lincoln’s 
and Tree Sparrows; also Juncos, most of which are, of course, 
only migrants. while the last two are to some degree winter 
residents. Thus, to-day (December 17), I saw a flock of 
Tree Sparrows, Juncos and Redpolls. Early in November, 
Pine Siskins were common here, and a few Pine Grosbeaks 
were seen, which, together with the fact that Evening Gros- 


beaks had been seen at several places in the neighborhood, 
makes me think that somewhat abnormal food or other con- 
ditions must be prevailing up north, to bring these hardy 
northern birds down here so early. 


(Ss) 


ABBoTT—LE CONTE’S SPARROW AT CHICAGO. 5 


LECONTE’S SPARROW AT HOME NEAR CHICAGO. 
BY GERARD ALAN ABBOTT. 


Leconte’s Sparrow has been regularly observed and re- 
corded from the Calumet region, around Chicago in April. 
From then unti! September most of the migratory sparrows 
are north of Illinois and Leconte’s has been classed only as 
a transient in this vicinity. Personally | neglect small birds in 
my zeal to follow and study the water fowl. Students gen- 
erally manifest a preference for the large birds, but as their 
experience afield becomes more scientific, insectivorous and 
seed-eating birds receive attention. 

On May 21, 1910, the afternoon was cool and rainy. I 
was searching for Bartramian Sandpipers along the grassy 
fields bordering a tributary of the Calumet River. The lo- 
cality was a favorite haunt for Henslow’s Sparrow, spring 
and summer. I heard several indistinct chirps as I moved 
slowly up the incline, carefully examining each clump of 
grass. One little bird was particularly demonstrative, and 
such a ventriloquist | did not catch a glimpse of him. 

When two hundred yards above the marsh, I stooped intu- 
itively and parted the vegetation, exposing in a little clump 
of coarse grass, a neat little nest supported on a mass of 
last year’s herbage two inches high. The structure was deep 
and composed entirely of fine, dry grass, very substantial for 
a “ Ground Bird’s Nest.” 

When I returned to this meadow four days later, the nest 
was more difficult to locate than before, as I had misjudged 
the distance of my land marks. Upland Plover and Meadow 
Lark both reluctantly exposed their eggs, while I explored 
tussock after tussock trying to locate the little Sparrow’s nest. 
Finally the sign loomed up before me and I was delighted to 
peer once more into the coveted clump and observe that the 
nest now contained two freshly laid eggs of Leconte’s Spar- 
row. 


May 28, 1910, I collected the set. The bird flew from the 


54 Tur Witson Burretin, No: 74. 


nest when I was within ten feet of her. The flight was short 
and feeble as she darted slowly over the weed stalks, soon 
dropping into cover. The male though making himself heard, 
Was not conspicuous in any other way. 

The eggs show a distinct individuality. Unlike the products 
of either the Grasshopper or Henslow’s Sparrows, the back- 
ground is ashy gray, thickly and rather heavily blotched with 
shades of brick red and light brown. In shape they resemble 
the typical Bobolink’s egg. 
of our other meadow birds except the Short-billed Marsh 
Wren. 

June 12, 1910, my friend, Mr. Ford, had the good fortune 
to find another set of four within seventy-five yards of this 
spot. The nest and eggs closely resembled the former set. 
The eggs are slightly lighter in coloration and the nest less 
elaborate. This, I am quite sure, was a second set from the 
same bird. Mr. Ford; like myself, realized the value of such 


In size they are smaller than any 


a find and spent some little time in watching the parent and 
noting her actions. 

June 26, 1910, Charles Richards located a nest and three 
eggs of Henslow’s Bunting in the same area. This bird is 
not an uncommon summer resident here and I presume at 
least half a dozen pair nest along the river bottom in this 
neighborhood every June. 

Unlike Leconte’s, this nest was placed on the ground and 
lacked the substantial appearance shown in the general con- 
struction of the two nests of Leconte’s sparrow. The eggs of 
the Henslow’s Sparrow had a beautiful light green back- 
ground which partially disappeared when the contents of the 
eggs were removed. The spots are almost entirely clustered 
about the larger half of the egg and tend to form a distinct 
wreath. The markings are in the form of bright reddish 
specks and dots. In shape the eggs are quite pyriform. 


BALES—Nest or BLACK AND WHITE WARBLERS. 55 


AN OHIO NEST OF THE BLACK AND WHITE 
WARBLER. 


BY B:. R. BALES, M. D., CIRCLEVILLE, OFIO-. 


It was while on a collecting trip in Hocking County, Ohio, 
on May 29th, 1910, that I discovered this rare Ohio set. A 
Ruffed Grouse had been flushed, and while searching for a 
possible nest, my companion called my attention to a small 
bird that he had flushed from the ground. I immediately rec- 
ognized it as a female Black and White Warbler(J/imotilta 
varia. In a few moments she flew to the base of a small sap- 
ling and disappeared. Close search soon revealed her upon 
the nest. I had a small stick in my hand and pushed it toward 
her to flush her from the nest; as the end of the stick almost 
touched her, she left the nest and hopped up and perched 
upon the stick, the other end of which I held in my hand. She 
would have been a model subject for the camera, but unfortu- 
nately, I did not have it along. 

The nest was sunk into a depression in the ground at the 
base of, and overhung by, the roots of a slender sapling grow- 
ing upon a steep hillside that was overgrown with under- 
brush and saplings, and was composed of dead leaves, strips 
of inner bark of some tree and slender strips of grape bark, 
nicely cupped and lined with hairs of raccoon and opossum. 


It contained five eggs that were advanced in incubation, in 
fact, they would have hatched in another day; in color they 
were creamy white, speckled and spotted and blotched with 
red-brown and lavendar. The markings form a wreath at 
the larger end; the deep shell markings of lavendar are very 
prominent at the larger end also. 


Incubation being so far advanced, it was difficult to save 
them, in fact, one was broken, two cracked and the other two 
chipped in blowing. 

The measurements in inches of the four eggs saved, are 
as follows:— .69x 49, 68x 49, 68x .49, .68 x .50. 


The fact that the eggs were almost at the point of hatch- 


56 Tue WiLson BULLETIN, No. 74. 


ing, and that a steady drizzle of rain was falling at the time, 
probably accounts for the extraordinary boldness of the fe- 
male. 

Dawson, in “The Birds of Ohio,” states, “I am not aware 
of a nest’s being definitely reported in the state. During the 
second week in June, birds were feeding full grown young in 
the ravines opening into the valley of the Hock-hocking, near 
Sugar Grove.” This nest was found about one mile west of 
South Bloomingville, Hocking County, and is about fifteen 
miles (as the crow flies) south of Sugar Grove. 

This, therefore, is probably the first nest “definitely re- 
ported in the state.” The environment in this portion of 
Hocking County is evidently ideal for this species, as the 
land ts cut up into deep ravines and valleys with corresponding 
steep, brush-overgrown hillsides. I heard several singing 
males the same day that the nest was discovered, but could 
not locate another nest. 


eb WES ON. BUS i 1 IN 


A Quarterly Magazine Devoted to the Study of Birds. 
Official Organ of the Wilson Ornithological Club. 


Edited by LYNDS JONES. 
PUBLISHED BY THE CLUB, AT OBERLIN, OHIO. 


Price in the United States, Canada and Mexico, one dollara year, 30 cents a number. post- 

paid. Price in all countries in the International Postal Union, $1.25 a year, 40 cents 

anumber. Subscriptions may be sent to Lynds Jones, Oberlin, Ohio, or to Mr. Frank L. 
i Burns, Berwyn, Penn. 


Officers of the Wilson Ornithological Club for 1911: 
President—Frank L. Burns, Berwyn, Pa. 
Vice-President—W. EH. Saunders, London, Ont. 
Secretary—Benj. T. Gault, Glenn Ellyn, Ill. 
Treasurer—W. IF. Henninger, New Bremen, Ohio. 


Members of the Dxecutive Council—Lynds Jones, Oberlin, O.; H. 
C. Oberholser, Washington, D. C.; B. H. Swales. Grosse Isle, Mich. 


Editorial 


Before the next issue of the Bulletin finds its way into the 
mails there will have passed the twenty-fifth anniversary of the 
founding of the organization out of which our Club grew. On 
May 30, 1886, there was drawn up by one L. Otley Pinder, a con- 
stitution of the Young Ornithologists Association. Whatever of 
publication was done in the first years of the organization ap- 
peared in the pages of the old “Oologist.” Then “The Curlew ” 
spread its pinions—and died. Next the “Ornithologists and Oolo- 
gists Semi-Annual” mothered the infant \organization under a 
changed name. Next the organization essayed two numbers of 
a quarterly (The Wilson Quarterly), found the burden too heavy, 
and the following year published two abbreviated numbers of a 
“Journal.” This was neap tide. Thus ended the “Old” order. 
Accomplishment—five yolumes of varying character—a rising and 
a falling tide. The “ New’ order was ushered in with three small, 
largely business, “ Bulletins,” followed the next year (1895) with 


58 THe Witson BuLretin, No. 74. 


two Bulletins containing reports. Then began a regular series of 
six issues a year, albeit most of them were small and thin. The 
opening ‘of the new century saw the number in the year reduced 
to four, and the size more than doubled. And thus we reach the 
point of this brief sketch. The last volume was much the best 
that our organization has accomplished, but the present volume 
will surpass the last one. There are now ready for the printer 
three exceptionally fine articles which could not find room in the 
present number for the June issue, and Mr, Frank L. Burns’ mon- 
umental work on the Broad-winged Hawk will be printed as the 
September number. It is waiting for the printer. It will cover 
some 150 Bulletin pages, and will be well illustrated. This will 
be Mr. Burns’ third “ Monograph.” It is the most complete life 
history that has ever been written of any bird. 


The present number of the Bulletin has been been held up for 
want of mailing envelopes. The order was in for three months 
before it was filled. The manufacturers of mailing enyelopes seem 
to be doing a marvelous business! 


The editor's promised report of the summer work done on Pe- 
lee Island will have to be put over until a supplementary sum- 
mer’s work is done on Point Pelee under simliar conditions. Al- 
ready plans are under way for that work, to occupy the latter 
part of the coming summer. 


The Falcones series will be resumed with the June number, It 
has not been possible to secure all of the materiai necessary to 
continue the series earlier. 


Field Notes 


FALCO RUSTICOLUS IN OHIO, 

During a visit at the Ohio State University in November, 1910, 
Prof. James S. Hine showed ime a mounted specimen of falco 
rusticolus in the museum of the University. The bird was shot 
on January 30, 1907, at Washington C, T1., in Ohio. The Professor 
stated that somewhere there was a published note of this, but it 
was not in any bird magazine, and I think it worth while to bring 
this hiden record to light in our Bulletin, where the ornithologists 
can read it and have ready access to the record. 

New Bremen, O, W. I. TENNINGER. 


Fietp Nores. 59 


CowsirD.—Mr. Harry B. McConnell’s mention of the appearance 
of a Cowbird at Cadiz, Ohio, February 23, 1906, in the Bulletin in 
Vol. XXII, No. 2, pp. 125, recalls a similar incident. On January 
$, 1909, a farmer telephoned me that he had shot a black Bnglish 
Sparrow from a flock that was feeding about his hog pen; of 
course I was anxious to see it, and he sent it to me. It proved 
to be a male Cowbird in excellent condition. Inquiry elicited the 
fact that it was the only one in the flock. The date only, is un- 
usual, as I have very frequently seen mixed flocks of Hnglish 
Sparrows and Cowbirds feeding together in the fall. The only 
places I have seen them thus feeding together, however, has been 
in the feeding lots where hogs are fed the cobs of sweet corn, that 
are hauled from the canning factories. 

ALBINISTIC ROBIN.—This specimen was brought to me on Octo- 
ber 3, 1910, by a man who had shot it from a flock of robins. It 
is evidently a “bird of the year.” The bird is not a complete al- 
bino. but is colored as follows: Throat, white with dusky streaks; 
head and back, pale yellowish; primaries and tail feathers, white 
with a faint yellowish tinge; upper tail coverts, paler than the 
back; lower tail coverts, white; breast and sides, pale rufus 
(much paler than normal); bill and feet, flesh color. 

Circleville, Ohio. B. R. Bares, M.D. 


A PRIVATE BIRD PRESERVE. 


That one of the largest breeding colonies of herons to be found 
in this country is located on lands belonging to the MelIlhenny 
family at Avery Island, Iberia Parish, Louisina, may be news of 


much interest to most of our readers, 
In a letter to the writer, dated November 3, 1916, and accom- 


panied by many interesting photographs taken in the rookery, 
illustrating the nesting habits of the birds, Mr. Edwd. A. Mell- 
henny estimates that more than 15000 pairs of Gulf Coast birds 
nest annually on the “Island,” embracing several species of her- 
ons, among them 2000 pairs of the Little White or Snowy Egret 
(Loretta candidissima) which, as many of us are aware, suffered 
most dsastrously (verging on extermination) at the hands of 
plume-hunters. 

In the opinion of Mr. MecIlhenny the Avery Island Preserve is 
the most extensive one of its kind in the United States. 

Such effective bird-protection work is most commendable and 
encouraging. 

Let us hope earnestly that it may be patterned after and intro- 
duced successfully in other parts of our country as well. 

We need many such places, and, if the national and state goy- 


60 THE WiLson BuLtetin, No. 74. 


ernments cannot so readily create and perpetrate them, private 
citizens happily placed, and with the means and inclination to do 
so, can—taking the results of this Louisiana enterprise as an il 
lustration. B. Tie 


EXCEPTIONAL OHIO RECORDS. 


The unusual opening of winter in December and its continuance 
into the early part of January put the most of Ohio on the win- 
ter basis, as far as bird life is concerned, at least two weeks 
earlier than usual. From a purely local standpoint this condition 
should result in the influx of some of the more hardy winter birds 
early and bring into the region birds which pay a visit to the state 
only once in a number of years. Reports coming from northern 
Ohio indicate that there was a decided influx of at least two ex- 
ceptional species. 

Bohemian Waxwing (Bombycilla garrula). During the greater 
part of December, all of January, and until February 17, a flock 
of a half dozen birds lived in two northern spy apple trees, which 
still contained some frozen fruit, at the writer’s home in Birming- 
ham. They left when the robins came and worried them. Their 
peculiar squeaky twittering note was constantly mingled with the 
conversation coming from a neighboring hen yard. ‘This visita- 
tion seems to be the first recorded one for this county, 

Evening Grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina). Since 
the 1890-1 visitation to northern Ohio there sesm to be no other 
records until this winter, just twenty years later. The exact date 
of first occurrence is lacking, and is of minor importance since for 
Oberlin a flock of six birds haye been present (is still present) 
since early in December. Mr. H. G. Morse reports one brought to 
him on January 21st, shot from a flock which was about a mile 
south of Huron. Mr. Frank T. Cartwright, Jr., writes me that 
there have been two of these birds in Delaware this winter. Mr. 
E. A. Doolittle, of Painesville, Ohio, reminds me that the record 
of this species on March 20, 30, and 31, 1909, which he reported 
to me at that time, Dever appeared in the Bulletin, through an 
oversight of mine. I am glad to correct that omission as far as 
possible now by calling especial attention to the 1909 occurrence, 
which seems to be the only one for Ohio for that winter. Mr. 
Doolittle also reports a single bird at his home on March 18 and 
16 of this year. 

These records, with reports of another visitation to New Eng- 
land, seem to indicate that conditions north were again such that 
the birds were forced to find new feeding places. We may proba- 


Fietp NOTES. 61 


bly safely assume that these southward movements are caused by 
failure of food in the more northern parts of the bird’s winter 
range, but what seems to be corroborative evidence is usually lack- 
ing. Such evidence is given by Miss Althea R. Sherman, who 
writes that in that part of north-eastern Iowa, near McGregor, the 
severe weather of last April killed the mountain ash fruit buds so 
that the grosbeaks find none there this winter. It should he pos- 
sible to study the conditions which force these northern birds 
south periodically. Codperative study should be carried into this 
field. LyNps JONES. 


RECORDS FROM THE TRIFRESERVOIR REGION IN OHIO IN 1910. 


Besides the interesting records of Otocorys alpestris alpestris 
and Ampelis garrula given in the March, 1910, number of the Bul- 
letin, the following seem worthy of special mention: 

1. February 21st, Bonaparte Gull flying over the canal. 

2. March 3 and November 21, each date, one Short-eared Owl. 

3. March 5, first Red-winged Blackbirds. Earliest date in re- 
gion. 

4. February 16, Snow Geese seen. Hxact status of species not 
to be recognized. 

5. March 12, two male Redheads shot at Loramie Reservoir. 
First record for this reservoir, while it is common at the Lewis- 
ton. The same date brought the Baldpate female shot, also an 
early date; March 13 bringing in the first Lesser Scaup, March 
14 the first Pied-billed Grebe, both earlier than in 1909. 

6. A fine male Shoyeller shot on April 9, Loramie Reservoir. 

7. <A fine female Osprey shot on April 25, Loramie Reservoir. 

8. <A fine female Loon shot on April 21, Loramie Reservoir. 
The Green-winged Teal appeared Mareh 18, a week earlier than in 
1909, the Woodcock March 16, the Blue-winged Teal March 29, the 
Pectoral Sandpiper March 22, (earliest state record), all very 
early dates. 

9. The Prothonotary Warbler was seen, but not taken May 10 
at the Grand Reservoir; the same date the Sanderling showed up, 
my first and only spring record for this species. 

10. The Common Tern was seen May 8, the Black Tern on 
May 10. 

11. May 25 a nest of the King Rail, with eleven eggs, was 
found in the tall grass of a small pool of water not deeper than 
twelve inches, perhaps sixty feet square, not more than seventy- 
five feet away from the public highway. 

12. On September 1, a rainy, squally day, thousands of Sand- 
pipers on the Grand Reservoir. On a three and a half mile strip 
I counted over 900 Semipalmated Sandpipers, something like 300 


62 Tue Witson BuLretin, No. 74. 


Least Sandpipers, 200 Semipalmated Plovers, 18 Black Terns, 2 
Sanderlings, 1 Pectoral Sandpiper, 7 Golden Ployers, 2 Black- 
bellied Plovers, many Greater Yellow-legs and Yellow-legs and Wil- 
son’s Snipe. 

13. On October 25 I shot an immature male of the Red-backed 
Sandpiper at the Grand Reservoir, my first positive record for this 
region. 

14. On November 15 I shot and saw my last Woodcock for the 
season, a good late date, and on December 3 a fine female of the 
Wood Duck was shot at the Loramie Reservoir and brought in to 
me on December 5. W. F. HENNINGER. 


NOTES FROM NORTH-EASTERN ILLINOIS. 


The fall of 1910 seems to have been exceptional in bringing to 
us the Eyening Grosbeak at an unusual date. Other species of in- 
terest recorded were the Red Crossbill, seen here November 12, 
though unquestionably heard as early as October 10, and the Sis- 
kin, which was reported from Addison, this county, by Professor 
Hifrig. 

Here the Siskin’s movements appear to be very erratic. Lyening 
Grosbeaks were noted at Lincoln and Jackson Parks, Chicago, dur- 
ing the latter half of October, and reported from Lake Forest 
more than ordinarily plentiful. A solitary female was observed at 
Glen Ellyn by the writer November 2, the first appearance of the 
species here to my knowledge since December, 1889, during which 
season it was seen at several places in this corner of the state. 
This bird did not tarry long, as was to be expected in the short- 
age of its accustomed food, the persistent fruit of the box-elder, 
which the past spring was entirely killed in the blossom by the 
April freeze-up. This fact may account for the early arrival of 
Grosbeaks this fall, as the abnormal weather of that period coy- 
ered a wide area. It will doubtless be shown, too, that the birds 
have gone much farther south this year than usual on that ac- 
count. 
that account. 

In a letter to the writer, dated January 22, 1911, Miss Elizabeth 
Fldridge, of Plainfield, contributes some interesting facts relating 
to the present status of the Prairie Hen in this part of the state. 
She writes that during a walk last November sixty of them were 
counted in a pasture near their home, and since then others, as 
many as twenty at one time, have come about the place. 

Last season a brood of nine was hatched from a nest in the 
roadway not far from their house. Such reports are encouraging 
compared with one received last fall from St. Charles on the Fox 


FIELD NOTEs. 63 


River west of here. It was through my friend, Ruthven Deane, 
of Chicago, and to the effect that one farmer near there was 
poisoning the Prairie Hens, as a result of the damage they were 
doing to his crops. What a mind and what reasoning! This of 
course is an isolated case. Otherwise it would offer a splendid 
opportunity for effective institute work. 

Miss Hldridge mentions the Flickers as wintering in her local- 
ity this season. 

It is interesting to note that our first spring arrival here this 
year was the Flicker, two being seen February 26. To-day, March 
5, Robins are in evidence, and in song. 

December 8 was made memorable by the presence of the Pine 
Grosbeak on our place. With us, a rare late fall and early win- 
ter visitant, my records are few. ‘There were two on this occa- 
sion, one a rich red male, the other in female dress. The writer 
discovered them together at 1 p. m. feeding upon the persistent 
fruit of the snowberry, 8. racemosus. It was an interesting sight ; 
the birds, and the clusters of partly withered fruit; the snow- 
coyered ground, and bright sunlight, making in all a combination 
of rare merit. 

Glen Ellyn, 11. Banu. LT, GAULT. 


Personals 
OUR MEMBERS HERE AND THERE. 


Mr, W. M. Dutcher, we understand, is critically ill at his home in 
Viainfield, N. J. We hope he will be spared to continue his great 
work for the protection of birds. 

Lately we read in a newspaper that the father of Dr. Jon. Dwight, 
Jr., died at the ripe old age of eighty years. We extend our heart- 
felt sympathy to the Doctor in his bereavement. 

W. Lee Chambers has moved from Santa Monica to Los Angeles. 

Bradshaw HW. Swales spent the beginning of the new year in the 
Hast. 

Dr. Louis B. Bishop has been spending the winter in northern 
Africa, at Biskra, Algiers, studying the birds and mammals of the 
northern Sahara. Decidedly “dry” territory! 

Prof. Wilfred Osgood, our new member, is in Venezuela collect- 
ing for the Columbia Field Museum of Chicago. 

We welcome Dr. Howard W. Jones, of Circleville, Ohio, one of the 
famous “old timers” of Ohio in Ornithology, in our midst. 

Mr. John Lewis Childs of Floral Park, N. Y., has sent us the 


64 THE Winmson Burretin, No: 74. 


last copy of the “Warbler,” containing a catalog of the mounted 
birds, nests, and eggs of his great museum, It appears to be tho- 
roughly scientific, well equipped, and evidently second to none. 

J. Parker Norris, Jv., of Philadelphia, Pa.; Troup D. Perry, of 
Savannah, Ga.; Gerard Alan Abbott, of Chicago, Tll., all well known 
OGdlogists, have recently joined our ranks. The Wilson Club is glad 
to get good Odlogists any time. 

Isaac E. Hess, of Philo, Ill., is spending February in the Eyer- 
glades region of Florida on business. He will keep a sharp look- 
out for the birds. 

Prof. James 8S. Hine, an entomologist of international repute, and 
Prof. W. C. Mills, an able Librarian and great. archeologist, both 
from the Ohio State University, and both good ornithologists too, 
have come into the fold, the first men of that insttiution to be with 
us. We hope others will follow! 

Prof. Zeno P. Metcalf, of Raleigh, N. C., spent part of his six 
weeks’ vacation last fall at the O, S. U. in Columbus, Ohio, where 
we had the pleasure of making his personal acquaintance. 

Prof. @. Clyde Fisher, of Funiak Springs, Fla., is spending a 
year at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. 

Mr. Norman A. Wood reports quite a good many interesting bird 
potes from his trip to the Shively Islands last fall, but he says 
there were no mammals at all! 

We understand that our member, A. C, Bent, of Taunton, Mass., 
is to fill the position of the late Maj. Chas. E. Bendire and Dr. W. 
T.. Ralph, as Odlogical Curator at the U. S. Nat. Mus. We think 
the selection is a good one and that he is splendidly fitted for the 
position. Wilson Club men are rapidly coming to the front! 

Rey. P. B. Peabody was quite successful in his search for the 
pest and eggs of the Yellow Rail in North Dakota last summer, 
and also in the finding of Henslow’s Sparrows eggs at his home in 
Kansas. 

Mr. Frank M. Chapman, the distinguished eidtor of Bird-Lore, 
and Assistant Curator of the Am, Mus. of Nat. Hist. in New York 
City, ete., ete., has joined the Wilson Club. We hope the learned 
author will prove a great help to our Club and Bulletin! 

Louis Agassiz Fuertes, the famous artist, and Dr. Wells W. 
Cook, of the Biol. Survey, the great record keeper of bird migra- 
tion in the U. S., have become members of our Club, which is add- 
ing many new celebrities to its ranks. 


STATEMENT. 65 


Statement 

Through a correspondence with Prof. R. Ridgway we have found 
out that he did not receive many copies of the Wilson Bulletin in 
the past, through no fault of the editor, howeyer, to whom no 
blame is attached. Hence, of course, it was impossible for him to 
quote the Wilson Bulletin in his work on ‘““{he Birds of Middle and 
North America,’ for you cannot quote from a magazine that you 
have not received. Under these circumstances the statement that 
Prof. R. Ridgeway “persistently ignored” the Bulletin, as stated 

in the December, 1910 issue, is incorrect and is hereby retracted. 

WwW. I. H. 


Publications Reviewed 


Catalogue of Canadian Birds, by John Macoun and James M. 
Macoun. Ottawa, 1900. 


The Catalogue proper covers 761 pages exclusive of 26 pages of 
prefatory matter and index. It is avowedly a compilation, and as 
such shows a great amount of painstaking labor. Since the au- 
thors are primarily botonists rather than ornithologists, one could 
hardly expect to find in such a compilation anything more than a 
faithful reproduction, in abridged form for the most part, of pub- 
lished writings relating to Canadian birds. We miss some of the 
later publications on the region, notably the Point Pelee list by 
Taverner and Swales, which appeared in this magazine. Nor 
do we find evidence of discrimination in citing records. Rather, 
the reader is left to use his own knowledge and discrimination 
in accepting the cited records. We heartily commend the mod- 
est position taken by the authors in disclaimnig perfection for 
their work, and earnestly calling for corrections and additional 
known in order that we may have a better basis for knowing the 
reasons for the invasions of the United States by species whose 
normal winter range lies within Canada, ty Wo 

Birds and Mammals of the 1909 Alexander Alaska Wxpedition.— 
Harry S. Swirth. 

This Bulletin has noticed briefly the work of Harry S$. Swarth 
among the lower coast island of Alaska, during the year 1909, the 
published results of which expedition have lately appeared, bear- 
ing the Berkeley Press date of January 12, 1911. 

It is in bulletin form, constituting No, 2 of Vol. 7 
ical publications of the University of California. 

This expedition was organized and financed during that year by 


of the zoolog- 


66 THE Witson BuLierin, No. 74. 


Miss Annie M. Alexander, the report comprising a well printed 
document of 163 pages, including plates and maps. WHighteen pages 
are devoted to the introduction and descriptions of localities yvis- 
ited; SG pages to a check-list and notes on the birds of that re- 
gion, the remainder, for the most part consisting, of a report on 
the mammals seen and collected. 

We will not dwell at length upon the material results of the 
expedition further than to say that, of the 137 species and sub- 
species of birds listed, specimens of 106 are represented in the 
collection. 

Several localities visited were practically destitute of results, 
and animal life, generally speaking, was plentiful at compara- 
tively few places. The work among these islands was hampered 
considerably by the lack of suitable camping sites, many times 
the almost impenetrable character of the country and bad weather 
conditions. 

With the birds much space has been given to their distribution, 
relative abundance, conditions of moult and feather-coloration. 

We would like to have seen a greater number of breeding rec- 
ords and notes pertaining thereto, but conditions confronting the 
author doubtless were responsible for their crowding out, or the 
impossibility to secure. The grouse have received considerable at- 
tention, and some pertinent suggestions are made as to the possi- 
bility of recognizing a new race of the Sharp-shinned Hawk from 
that region, though in this case, as with other supposed sub- 
species, speculations are entered into cautiously. Among the com- 
mon birds of that region were the Alaska Bald Eagle, Northern 
Raven and the coast form of the Northwestern Crow. With the 
exception of the Harris, woodpeckers were uncommonly searce. 
The distribution of the Song Sparrows proved an_ interesting 
study, as also the movements of the warblers. 

The shyness of the smaller Thrushes and Robins was puzzling 
to account for, 

An unlooked for and interesting sight was the number of Black 
Swifts met with at two places. 

Several species of birds listed are considered new to the Alas- 
kan fauna, among which may be mentioned the preceding, also 
the Vaux Swift, Cedar Waxwing and Mountain Bluebird, The 
Blackpoll Warbler is remarked on as a straggler from the interior. 

The mammal portion of the report is important, covering as it 
does the larger part of the scientific results of the expedition, but 
it is outside the province of this magazine. 

Methodically, technically and typographically this publication 
ranks high; it clearly displays the zeal of its author and should 
be regarded as representative of the excellent work being produced 


PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. 67 


by the Berkeley institution, of which the following is a list of its 
most recent publications pertaining to the study of birds, viz: 
Birds of the University Campus, by Joseph Grinnell. ‘Signifi- 
cance of White Markings in Birds of the order Passeriformes, by 
Henry Chester Tracy. An Apparent Hybrid in the Genus Den- 
droica, by Walter P. Taylor. The Modesto Song ‘Sparrow, by 
Joseph Grinnell. The Linnet of the Hawaiian Islands: A Prob- 
lem in Speciation, by Joseph Grinnell. By ees 


rs 


Election of Officers 


In the recent Club election fifty-eight ballots were cast, result- 
ing in the following choice of officers for 1911, viz.: 

For President—Frank L. Burns. 

For Vice-Presidert—William E. Saunders. 

For Secretary—Benj. T. Gault. 

For Treasurer— Walther F. Henninger. 

For Executive Council—Lynds Jones, Harry C. Oberholser, 
FamesH, Bleming, Qi\ Sv alee, ©. W. G. Ernie, 

\ \ib Judge of Election. 


Members of the Wilson Ornithological Club 


ACTIVE MEMBERS. 
Abbott, Clinton G., 153 West 78d Street, New York, N. Y. 
Allen, Dr. Glover M., 16 Louisburg Square, Boston, Mass. 
Armstrong, E. E., 2148 N. Sawyer Ave., Chicago, Il. 
Baird, Robert L., Troy, Ohio. 
Bales, Dr. B. R., Circleville, Ohio. 
Barnes, Hon. R. M., Lacon, Marshall Co., Ill. 
Barrows, Prof. Walter B., Hast Lansing, Mich. 
Bartsch, Prof., Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D. C. 
Beers, Henry, 91 Denver Ave., Bridgeport, Conn. 
Bent, A. C., Taunton, Mass. 
Bishop, Dr. Louis B., 356 Orange 'St., New Haven, Conn. 
Blain, Alex. W., M.D., 131 Glenwood Ave., Detroit, Mich. 
Bowles, J. H., ‘Santa Barbara, Calif. 
Brewster, William, 145 Brattle St., Cambridge, Mass. 
Bruen, Frank, 65 Prospect St., Bristol, Conn. 
Buck, H. R., 88 Pearl St., Hartford, Conn. 
Burns, Frank L., Berwyn, Pa. 
Butler, Amos W., 52 State House, Indianapolis, Ind. 


68 THe Witson Burretin, No. 74. 


Chambers, W. Lee, Box 78, Los Angeles, Calif., R. D. No. 1. 


Chase, Mrs. Agnes, 630 Elliot St. N. E., Washington, D. 
Coale, Henry K., Highland Park, Ill. 


OE 


Coffin, Percival Brooks, 3282 Groveland Ave., Chicago, Ill. 


Crosby, Maunsell $., Grasmere Rhinebeck, N. Y. 


Chapman, Frank M., Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York City. 


Davenport, Mrs, Elizabeth, Lindenhurst, Brattleboro, Yt. 


Daggett, Frank S., 109 South Elmwood Aye., Oak Park, Ill. 


Dawson, Rey. W. Leon, Los Angeles, Calif. 

Deane, Ruthyen, 185 Adams St., Chicago, Ill. 

Deane, Walter, 29 Brewster St., Cambridge, Mass. 
Dearborn, Dr. Ned, Linden, Md. 

Dreuth, William, 1845 Oakdale Ave., Chicago, Ill. 
Durfee, Owen, Box 125, Fall River, Mass. 

Dutcher, William, 990 Central Ave., Plainfield, N. J. 
Dwight, Dr. J., Jy., 134 West Tist St., New York, N. Y. 
Wifrig, Prof. C. W. Gustave, Addison, Du Page Co., Ill. 
Ekblaw, W. Elmer, 505 E. Green St., Champaign, Ill, 
Wldridge, Miss Blizabeth, Plainfield, Will Co., Ill. 

Ells, George P., Norwalk, Conn. 

Embody, George C., Butler College, Indianapolis, Ind. 
Fisher, Prof. G. Clyde, Johns Hopkins Univy., Baltimore, 
Fisher, Miss E. W., 524 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Fleming, James H., Toronto, Ontario. 

Floyd, Joseph L., 802 Folwell Bldg., Canton, Ohio. 
Fordyce, George L., 40 Lincoln Ave., Youngstown, Ohio. 
Gano, Miss Laura, Earlham Place, Richmond, Ind. 
Gault, Benj. T., Glen Ellyn, Il. 

Hall, &. HL., Geneva, N. Y. 

Henderson, Hon, Junius, Boulder, Colo. 

Henninger, Rey. Walter F., New Bremen, Ohio. 

Hess, Isaac BE., Philo, Ill. 

Hix, George F., 114 W. 90th St., New York, N. Y. 
Hine, Prof. J. S., O. S. U., Columbus, Ohio. 

Hollister, Ned, U. 8S. N. Mus., Washington, D. C. 
Holmes, Mrs. Georgiana K., Summit, N. J. 

Hunt, Chriswell J., 28387 S. Paulina St., Chicago, Il. 
Jacobs, J. Warren, Waynesburg, Pa. 

Jones, Prof. Lynds, Oberlin, Ohio. 

King, Rev. J. W., 411 Dueper Ave, Canton, Ohio. 
Keyes, Dr. Charles R., Mt. Vernon, Iowa. 

McConnell, Harry B., Cadiz, Ohio. 

MeMillen, Wheeler, Ada, Ohio. 

MeKechnie, Frederick B., Ponkapog, Mass. 


Md. 


VIEMBERS OF THE \WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB. 69 


Mereur, J. Watts, Jv., Wallingford, Pa. 

Metcalf, Zeno P., Dep't of Agric., Raleigh, N. C. 

Mershon, W.. B., Saginaw, Mich. 

Miller, Richard, F., 3473 Amber St., Philadelphia, Pa, 

Mitchell, Dr. Walton I., Barnes Bldg., Wichita, Kans. 

Morris, C. H., McConnelsville, Ohio, 

Oberholser, Harry C., 1445 Girard Ave. N. W., Washington, D. C. 

Osgood, Prof. W. H., Dept. Zool., Wield Museum, Chicago, Ill. 

Pennock, C. J., Kennett Square, Pa., 

Pearson, Prof. T. Gilbert, Greensboro, N. C. 

Richards, Chas. C., 6549 Minerya Ave., Chicago, Ill. 

Peabody, Rey. P. B., Blue Rapids, Kan. 

Rogers, Charles H., 5 W. 82d St. S. W., New York City. 

Sage, John H., Portland, Conn. 

Saunders, William E., 352 Clarence St., London, Ont. 

Schantz, Orpheus M., 5215 W. 24th St., Cicero, Ill. 

Sharples, Robert P., West Chester, Pa. 

Shearer, Dr. A. R., Mont Belvyiew, Chambers Co., Texas. 

Sherman, Miss Althea, R. F. D. 2, McGregor, Iowa. 

Showalter, Ben R., 164 Hagle St., Dayton, Ohio. 

Skinner, H. H., 234 Mitchell Bldg., N. Yakama, Wash. 

Sloanaker, J. L., Grinnell, lowa. 

Smith, Prof. Frank, Univ. of Ill., Urbana, Il. 

Smith, Jesse Lowe, Highland Park, Ill. 

Swales, Bradshaw H., Grosse Ile, Mich, 

Swarth, Harry 'S., Mus. Vert. Zool., Berkeley, Calif. 

Taverner, P. A., 55 Wlmhurst Ave., Highland Park, Mich. 

Thayer, Hon. John E., Box 98, Lancaster, Mass. 

Tinker, A. D., 631 S. 12th St., Ann Arbor, Mich. 

Vickers, Ernest W., Ellsworth Station, Mahoning Co., Ohio. 

Wallace, James S., 69 Front St., Toronto, Ont. 

Wilde, Mark L. C., 311 N. 5th St., Camden, N. J. 

Wilson, Burtis H., 1046 Seventeenth St., Rock Island, Ill. 

Wilson, Sidney S., German Ave., Bank Bldg., St. Joseph Mo. 

Wood, J. Claire, 179 17th St., Detroit, Mich. 

Wood, Norman A., 1216 S. University Ave, Ann Arbor, Mich. 
ASSOCIATE MEMBERS. 

Bowditch, Harold, “Sunnyside,” Jamaica Plain, Mass. 

Carriger, H. W., 69 A Walter St., San Francisco, Calif. 

Case, ©. M., 7 Holcomb St., Hartford, Conn. 

Chaney, Ralph W., 6044 Woodlawn Aye., Chicago, Ill. 

FWield, Irving, A., Westminster, Md. 

Heilmann, Karl J., 4119 DH. Market St., Tiffin, Ohio. 

Keim, Dr. Thomas D., 405 Redcliffe St., Bristol, Pa. 


TO Tur Witson BuLLETIN, No. 74. 


Kuenning, Gustay A., First City Bank, New Bremen, Ohio. 
Moline, Arthur W., 7622 Ingleside Ave., Chicago, Ill. 
Schantz, Frank A., Berlin, Ontario, Can, 

Schantz, Mrs. O. M., 5215 W. 24th St., Cicero, Ill. 

Sparks, Miss Marion B., Urbana, Ill. 

Shankland, F. N., Willoughby, Ohio. 

Van Wagner, Millard, Salt Point, N. Y., R. F. D. 

Vetter, Dr. Charles, 50 Central Part West, New York, N. Y. 


DECEASED MEMBERS. 


Ferry, John Farwell. 
Holmes, La Rue Klingle. 


ELECTION OF MEMBERS. 

The following nominations for membership in the Wilson 
Club have been approved by the Executive Committee. Members 
will therefore confer a favor in notifying the Secretary at once if 
objections to any of these are offered. In the absence of objec- 
tions, candidates are considered duly elected, according to our 
Constitution : 


For ActTIVE MEMBERSHIP, 


Abbott, G. Alan, 945 Marquette Bldg., Chicago, Ill. 

Brown, W. J., 250 Oliver Ave., Westmount, Quebec, Can. 

Cox, Prof. Ulysses ©., Indiana State Normal ‘School, Terre 
Haute, Ind. 

Childs, John Lewis, Floral Park, N. Y. 

Cooke, Prof. Wells W., 1450 Fairmount St., Wahsington, D. C. 

Fastman, Francis B., Fort Benjamin Harrison, Ind, 

Flanagan, John H., 392 Benefit St., Providence, R. I. 

Fuertes, Louis Agassiz, Cornell Heights, Ithaca, N. Y. 

Hathaway, Harry §8., Box 1466, Providence, R. I. 

Holmes, Fred W., Jerome Ave., Bristol, Conn., R. F. D, 

Howell, Alfred B., 250 N. Orange Grove Ave., Pasadena, Calif. 

Jessee, Dr. R. L., Philo, 11. 

Jackson, Thomas I1., 804 N. Franklin St., West Chester, Pa. 

Jones, Dr. Howard, Circleville, Ohio. 

MeAtee, Wialdo Lee, Biological Survey, Wishington, D. C. 

Mills, Prof. W. C., O. S. U., Columbus, Ohio. 

Norris, Joseph Parker, Jr., care Evening Bulletin, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Norris, Roy C., 725 N. Tenth St., Richmond, Ind. 

Perry, Troup D., 116 82d St., Savannah, Georgia. 

Perry, George P., Sterling, Ill. 

Shufeldt, Dr. R. W., 3356 18th St., Washington, D. C, 


MEMBERS OF THE WILSON ORNITHOLOCAL CLUB. 71 


Smith, Hlbert H., Bristol, Conn., Edgewood, R. I’. D. 

Terrill, L. Mcl., 354 Him Ave., West Mount, Quebec, Can. 

Todd, W. W. Clyde, Carnegie Mus., Pittsburg, Pa. 

Warren, Hdward R., 20 W. Caramillo St., Colorado Springs, Colo. 
For ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP, 

Bagg, Egbert, Utica, N. Y. 

Hickox, Wm, 8., Middletown Springs, Vermont. 

Philips, Prof. Jesse, Kennett Square, Pa. 

Thomas Aubrey, Kennett Square, Pa. 


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Vol. XXIII June, 1911. 


THE : 
Wilson Bulletin 
- No. 75 


OBERLIN, OHIO 


ps> JUN 29 1911: 


N57: (ede 
“tonal Museo é a 


CONTENTS. rks 


DNotes on Capaee Ealieolee ahh oe 


Use The Results of the Mershon meatean to the ache ty Islan 
. Lake Huron WAS 


ne Plumages of the Young of the Barred Owl eas 


Birds of a Canadian Peat Bog C. W. Errrig 
"Two Species New to the A. O, U. Check-List W. F. HENNINGER 
i & \ a ai 
. Editorial ny 2 % 
cy Field Notes me 
Raa A House Wren driven from its nest by spiders, Harry Ss. Hathaway, y 4 
Aue 128; The Village English Sparrow in the grain-raising region, © i 
- Althea R. Sherman, 129; Rare birds at Canton, Ohio, Hdward D.  ~ 
4 Kimes, 129; Bird Notes from Northern New Jersey, Louis 8. Koh- e 
z ler, 130; The Connecticut Warbler in Mahoning County, Ohio, Re 
Ernest W. Vickers, 131; The Chocolate Towhee, Ernest W. Viek- 
> ers, 132; Notes on courtship of Juncos, Ira Gabrielson, 133; Ad-— 
ditional vernacular name for the Plicker, Louis S. Kohler, 34, wr 
‘Educational Work 5. CG ee £5 1 
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‘THE WILSON BULLETIN 


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‘Tlé6l uel SLU yt] wosy sayrjeys saye (vu17017/) vunz107) TIA VUOS 


Thus 
eve SON BULEETIN 


NO. 75. 
A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY 


VOL. XXIII JUNE, I9II. NO. 2 


OLD SERIES VOL. XXIII, NEW SERIES VOL. XVII. 


NOTES ON CAPTIVE PALUDICOLAE. 
BY ROBERT J. SIM. 


To a naturalist whose home is far from any extensive 
marshes the opportunity to study rail-birds seldom comes. 
Even a month’s stay in the neighborhood of acres and miles 
of swamps may result in only a few glimpses of the birds 
in question. And in such cases the rails are usually on the 
alert. They seem to fancy that danger lurks in every move- 
ment the observer may make. Now imagine trying to study 
intimately the ways of a human being if that person contin- 
ually labored under the impression that his observer was bent 
on killing! 

On April 29, 1907, an adult Sora Rail was brought to me. 
It was alive and in good condition except that one wing was 
a little stiff. Here was a chance to become acquainted with 
a rail and prove to him that there were no evil intentions or 
blunderbusses concealed about my person. He was liberated 
in a large room and provided with a dripping-pan of water, 
some mud, and, just for the sake of old times, a bunch of 
cat-tails. We spent many hours together studying each other. 
The world will never know what has been lost through the 
rail’s inability to keep notes. 

For several hours he skulked in dark corners and always 
succeeded in keeping some object between himself and the 


n 


76 THE WILSON BULLETIN—NO: 5. 


human. but with increasing appetite and growing curi- 
osity he became bolder. An earthworm was tossed to the 
floor a few feet away. The rail walked slowly out, picked up 
the worm, then dashed back to cover. After all this was 
repeated a few times with no ill results he stepped out more 
promptly and retired more slowly. From then on our fa- 
miliarity grew. I have had several species (alive) of nearly 
every order represented in Ohio, and have yet to see the bird 
that will not resume its usual actions after it has once be- 
come accustomed to the presence of man. 

A rail which is quite at ease is very different in appearance 
from one that is frightened or at all nervous. Most birds 
of this kind to be seen in taxidermial collections look as if 
they had been “scared stiff’””’—a state of things which is, 
perhaps, consistent enough. But a live, comfortable rail going 
about his own business is as graceful a bird as you could 
find, and plump like a guinea-hen or a Hubbard squash. The 
tail is carried in a horizontal position or droops slightly. On 
the other hand, when filled with apprehension the bird is very 
slim, the head is lowered and extended, and the tail is cocked 
up or is twitched up at every step. All the above in this para- 
graph applies as well to the Virginia Rail, the Coot and the 
Florida Gallinule. (The Sora shown in my drawing is in 
the act of pausing to inspect something on the ground be- 


‘ 


fore him). 

As you know, all rails have long toes which enable them 
to keep up where the walking is soft. Without being in the 
least awkward about it my bird often stepped on his own toes, 
and nearly always stood with the inner pair crossed. When 
walking his movements were quick and noiseless even on the 
bare floor. I could never touch the bird, but his shyness was 
exceeded by his curiosity; and whenever I sat still for a little 
while he would walk round and round my chair, finally jump- 
ing up to my foot, knee, shoulder, and head, pecking at ev- 
ery thing on his way up. All drawing and writing had to be 
done slowly; for any quick movements would scare my sub- 


ject away. 


~? 
2 


Stm—On CApTivE PALUDICOLAE. 


A Carolina Rail, it will be remembered, is scarcely more 
than eight inches in length. But when running it can set 
an astonishing pace, leaving tracks a foot apart! At such 
times the feathers are pressed close and the body is tilted up 
astern. 

While in captivity my bird fed upon small beetles and 
earth-worms. One or two large “ night-walkers” sufficed 
for a meal, but if the worms were smallish eight or ten were 
not too many. Considerable water was used inside and out. 
After a bath the wings were held in a roof-like position — 
like the wings of a Noctuid moth. In similar circumstances 
coots and gallinules expose their primaries to the sunlight in 
the same way. 

At night the Sora roosted in some dark corner on the 
floor. He stood up on both feet with his head turned around 
and tucked under the humeral feathers from above. 

A druggist in Jefferson once kept a live Coot in the store- 
window for some time. A corn-field was reproduced, for 
effect, in miniature. This bird ate all the insides out of a 
jack-o-lantern, reaching in thru the eyes and nose to do it, but 
instead of “ shinning up a corn-sta!k”’ to roost—as the owner 
declared—the coot spent his nights on the floor. His attitude 
in sleep was like that of the rail—excepting that he stood on 
one foot only. The other was quite concealed. 

To me the marsh-hirds have always had something of 
mystery about them. They seem to have been handed down 
to us from an earlier epoch and undergone little change. 
The robins, wrens, and other familiar birds quite likely looked 
on with approval when our hairy, low-browed ancestors gave 
up their arboreal habits and took to the ground; but the rails 
and mud-hens, or birds not far different, must have skulked 
in the shadows of huge amphibious animals in times when 
there were no men. There is something peculiar in the quiz- 
zical, half sinister glance of a rail-bird. One feels that this 
little dark eye had vague memories of sights which would 
make a man’s blood run cold. It is at once alluring and for- 
bidding. We are never taken fully into the confidence of a 


; 
: Tur Wirson BuLttes¥in—No. 75. 


és 


=? 


marsh bird. Compare the loot of a’ Rail with the honest, open 


regard of a robin.......All tltis, as you will say, is quite sub- 
jective and unscientific: but,I leave it to you —isw't there 
something uncanny about a rail-bird? : 

‘ 


THE RESULTS OF THE MERSHON EXPEDETION 
TO THE CHARITY ISLANDS, LAKE HURON: 


BIRDS. 


BY N. A. WOOD. 
INTRODUCTION. 


As may be inferred from the title, this paper is one of a 
series that is to appear on the fauna and flora of the Charity 
Islands, as the result of investigations carried on by different 
members of the Mershon Expedition of the University of 
Michigan Museum. A brief account of this expedition * by 
Dr. Ruthven has already appeared. It will be sufficient 
to say here that the work was made possible through 
the generosity of Hon. W. Bb. Mershon, of Saginaw, 
Michigan, and that it was carried on under the direction of 
Dr. Ruthven during the summer of 1910 by six men, each 
of whom gave primary attention to a particular group. The 
writer was given charge of the vertebrate work, and, the mam- 
mals, reptiles and amphibians being few in number, was able 
to devote nearly the entire time to a study of the birds. He 
arrived at the Charity Islands on August 16 and remained 
there until October 11. During a part of the time he was 
assisted by Mr. Frederick Gaige, who was on the island from 
September 7-28, and considerable assistance both in the way 
of specimens and data was received from the light-house 
keeper, Captain Charles C. McDonald, and his assistant, Mr. 
Joseph Singleton. Captain McDonald’s assistance was par- 
ticularly valuable as he had resided upon the island for 

* Science, N. S., xxxiii, pp. 208-209. 


BAY. 


OF 
DRAWN FROM LAKE HURON « 


SAGINAW 


LAKE HURON 


COAST? CHART ™NO.2; , 
US. LAKE SURVEY 
SCALE=4MILES TO / INCH: 


BON 
Eg 
2s 
aS 
&E 
=| 


POINT LOOKOUT ~ 


SAGINAW. BAY’ 


y 


fae 


——" 


TPN S WH 4 


ie iy, far 4 ey 
. et} F th APTS, 


AORTY 3 Sua 


rs 
OF 


SAGINAW BAY! 


2 


Bs * 


BRAY FROM LAKE ORGY 4 
COAST CHART NO9> 
US. LARE SURVEY 
Stalk ea COWLES FO s Ade 


Woop—MrrsHon EXPEDITION, CHArRiTy ISLANDS. 179 
twenty-nine years, and was familiar with a considerable num- 
ber of species. 

Charity Island, the largest of the islands in the group, is 
situated in the mouth of Saginaw Bay just above the parallel 
of 44° north latitude. It is owned by the United States Gov- 
erament and is used as a light-house station. The light is of 
the fourth order and stationary. The island comprises about 
650 acres of sand and rock, and is covered with a natural 
forest of oak, maple and scattering Norway and white pine. 
A shallow pond of several acres lies near the west beach, and 
in the low land east of it is a fine growth of white birch. 
This pond is bordered on the north and west sides by a cran- 
berry marsh which is now quite marrow although formerly 
quite extensive. The foundation of the island is the Maxwell 
sandstone which out-crops as ledges on the north and east 
sides of the island but which also appears on the other sides, 
especially on the five points, which are bare rock. Between 
these rocky points there are sand beaches of more or less ex- 
tent, and, back of these, old beaches or low sand dunes of 
nearly uniform height cover nearly all of the island. 

Most of the ridges are thickly wooded, but south of the 
center is an open area with a few scattered red oak trees, and 
on the west side there is a high dune covered with tall beach 
grass and scattered juniper bushes. The island is about seven 
miles east of Point Lookout on the west’side of Saginaw Bay, 
and about nine and one-half and seven and three-fourths miles 
northwest of Caseville and Sand Point in Huron County. 

Most of the work was done on Charity Island proper, and 
the observations recorded in this paper apply to that island 
unless otherwise stated. 

The resident birds are few in number, but our list of 
breeding birds cannot be considered complete, for when work 
was begun (August 16) the nesting time for most of the 
birds was past.* The species that with little doubt bred on 
the island this summer were: 

*The Michigan Geological and Biological Survey plans to carry 
on biological investigations on the islands early in the summer of 
1911, and the resident ornis will then be investigated in detail. 


80 Tue WILSON 


Merganser. 

Woodcock ? 

Spotted Sandpiper. 

Baid Eagle. 

Yellow-billed Cuckoo. 
Black-billed Cuckoo. 

Belted Kingfisher? 

~ Northern Hairy Woodpecker. 
Downy Woodpecker. 


3GLLETIN—NO. 7d. 


Goldfinch? 

Field Sparrow. 
Song Sparrow. 
Swamp Sparrow? 
Barn Swallow. 
Cedar Waxwing. 
Red-eyed Vireo. 
Warbling Vireo. 
Yellow Warbler. 


Northern Flicker. Redstart. 

Chimney Swift. Catbird. 

Kingbird. White-breasted Nuthatch. 
Crested Flycatcher. Chickadee. 

Least Flycatcher. Robin. 


Wood Pewee. Common Tern 

Crow. Black Duck? 

Herring Gull? 

Piping Plover, in other years 
but not in 1910 (see p. 92). 


Purple Finch. 
Blue Jay. 
. 
The absence of many of the species that occur commonly 
on the mainland is easily accounted for. As the island is 
small, there are only a few habitats, and these are mostly of 
very limited extent. Then again many plants and many spe- 
cies of animals other than birds are absent from the island. 
For instance, on the mainland one of the most common trees 
in the sand region about the bay is the jack pine but this 
species is represented on the island by only one small tree, 
and it is doubtless owing to this that, although on Sand Point, 
less than eight miles away, we found the pine warbler a 
common and breeding species in 1908, and it is known to 
breed commoniy in the counties just across the bay to the 
west, the species was not seen on the islands even during mi- 
gration. Its absence can be accounted for by the absence of 
the jack pine. which seems to be its favorite tree for both 
nesting and feeding. The absence of the scarlet tanager and 
Baltimore oriole cannot be explained in this way, but many 
other species of birds, as the meadowlark, bobolink, rails 
and bitterns, do not find suitable habitats on the islands, and 


Woop—MersHon EXpepirion, CHARIty ISLANDS. “ 81 


the hawks and owls cannot find suitable food there, as mice 
and other small mammals are absent. 


Novrrs ON THE FALL MIGRATION. 


It is no doubt largely owing to their situation that the 
islands are used as a stopping and feeding place by the birds 
on their migrations. As it is, thousands of individuals alight 
here on the spring and fall migrations. 

Nearly all of the waders came to the island during the day 
time. Most of the flocks were seen just at daylight or sun- 
set, coming from the direction of the mainland, but others 
arrived at other times during the day. Several hawks, in- 
cluding the duck hawk, pigeon hawk, sparrow hawk, and 
sharp-shinned hawks, were also seen as they came to the 
island from across the bay, generally early in the morning or 
in the forenoon. On September 10, about 11 A. M., eight 
black-bellied plover and six golden plover came to Light-House 
Point, and small flocks of the former were seen coming from 
the west all day. 

The winter species invariably came just before or during a 
cold north wind, and the American pipits, horned larks and 
Lapland longspurs came during the daytime. In Michigan 
we have very few records of the horned lark (Ofocoris 
. alpestris alpestris). Our resident form is O. a. praticola, a 
prairie form that has entered the state from the south and 
west, probably since it became settled. The first record for 
the horned lark was on September 18, for the pipit September 
19, and for the longspur September 30. This was before the 
last great migration wave of warblers, which occurred Octo- 
ber 5-6. The theory that the northern species are driven 
south by severe storms or a scarcity of food in their summer 
home is hardly in harmony with these facts. The snowflake 
was found on the beach at Caseville on October 12, and the 
northern shrike was found on the island October 7. 

The species that migrate at night were studied by observ- 
ing them as they passed the light, and by making a careful 
daily census of the bird life.of the island. While it is a well 


THe WiLson BuLteTIN—No. 75. 


ioe) 
© 


known fact that light-houses are quite destructive to birds on 
their migrations, it is not so well known that only a very 
small percentage of the birds that pass such lights ever strike 
them, while the number that are killed is even smaller. My 
observations confirm those of other observers in that the birds 
seemed to strike the light only under certain conditions. Dur- 
ing my eight weeks stay on the island I found dead birds on 
but two occasions, althcugh I saw birds fly around and past 
the light in great numbers nearly every night. As a rule, the 
weather was fine and the nights clear with the wind generally 
north or south, and birds do not generally strike the light 
under these conditions. 

One of the most notable bird waves occurred on the night 
of September 4, when I noticed numbers of small birds flying 
past the light soon after it was lighted (which was always 
at sundown). The night was cool and cloudy and there was 
a light north wind. The birds came from due west and con- 
tinued to increase in numbers until midnight, when a severe 
thunder storm came up from the northeast accompanied by 
strong wind and driving rain. This with the darkness seemed 
to confuse the birds, which came to the light in great num- 
bers. From the west side of the platform which surrounds the 
light, I watched the migration until the storm was over, and 
at daylight the birds stopped flying. The wind and the rain 
did not seem to stop the migration and dozens of birds were 
in sight all of the time. Most of them came from the south- 
west and flew directly against the wind, which no doubt had 
forced them to the south of their line of flight while over the 
water. Most of them flew very slowly, and as they entered 
my vision they looked like drifting leaves, and, as they neared 
the light they went over, below, and all around it. A few 
fluttered against the glass and I caught several in my hands. 
A very few struck the glass with a dull thud, which I could 
hear even when on the other side of the light. Some of them 
fell dead on the platform, others bounded off to the ground. 
The majority of the birds that struck were only stunned and 


~~ s 


yy 
(38) 


Woop—MersHon ExXpepition, CHARIty ISLANDS. 


soon fluttered into the darkness. At two o'clock the storm was 
at its height and the birds seemed to be as plentiful as at any 
time during the night, but were more confused and kept up a 
continual loud chirping, particularly the thrushes and vireos. 
These calls seemed to be of alarm, for on other nights they 
were more subdued. In the morning after the storm the whole 
island, but particularly the clearings and the willow bushes, 
was alive with birds. On the ground about the light I picked 
up twenty dead ones of seven species as follows: six olive- 
backed thrushes, seven hay-breasted warblers, one black-poll 
warbler, one magnolia warbler, one mourning warbler, one 
blackburnian warbler, and three red-eyed vireos. 

Another large migration wave occurred on the night of 
September 6, but the night was clear and no birds struck the 
light, although many were seen flying past it. The wind was 
light and from the southwest. On the night of October 5 
occurred the last and largest migration of birds that I saw 
on the island. October 5 was warm, clear and still, and the 
wind was southwest until about midnight, when it changed 
to the north and by morning was blowing a gale. It also 
became very cold. No birds were seen until after the wind had 
changed, when they commenced to fly and by early daylight 
were coming from the southwest across the bay. Under the 
light I picked up a dead male and female black-throated blue 
warbler, a redstart, one myrtle warbler, and one palm war- 
bler. Thousands of these species with some black-throated green 
warblers. vesper sparrows and flocks of juncos also came. 
The migration continued long after daylight, and the birds 
flew low, many of them lighting on the roof, window ledges 
and steps of the light-house and on the ground in the clear- 
ing, especially under the shelter of the willow and other low 
bushes. The bulk of the migrants were myrtle and palm war- 
blers, although there were many of the other species men- 
tioned. 

Captain McDonald toid me that during the spring migration 
of 1910, he picked up one hundred and seventy-four dead 
birds in one morning under the light. These were mostly 


84 Tur WiILson BuLLeTIN—NOo: 75. 


small birds, many of them no doubt warblers, as he said 
they were brightly colored, and it was in May. He said that 
the birds never struck the light unless it was misty or foggy 
and very dark. Dixon™* says, “It has been universally re- 
marked by light-keepers that birds strike most frequently on 
dark cloudy nights, with fog, haze or rain. Instances of birds 
striking on clear nights are excessively rare.” Writing of 
the large number of migrants taken on Heligoland, Gatke + 
says, “ A necessary condition for this capture is a dark uni- 
formly overcast sky, especially if there be at the same time a 
very fine precipitation of moisture.” This almost exactly de- 
scribes the conditions that occurred at the time the birds 
struck the Charity Island Light. Captain McDonald also 
told me that as a rule many more birds were killed during the 
spring migration, when the birds seemed to migrate more 
during cloudy and showery weather. Cooke % says “ Fully 60 
per cent of the spring migration of 1884 took place in cloudy 
weather. It is probable, though I am not aware that it has 
yet been proved, that in the fall migration the reverse is the 
case, and the larger movement takes place in clear weather.” 
This was certainly the condition of the fall migration of 1910 
on Charity Island, only three of the twelve distinct bird waves 
occurring on dark or cloudy nights. It is to this fact that is 
due the lesser mortality of birds about this light in the fall. 

The following localities are mentioned in the list of species: 

Charity Island —the easternmost and largest island in the 
group. 

Light-House Point—the northernmost point on Charity 
Island, on which the Light-house is situated. 

East Point —the most eastern point. 

Rattlesnake Point —the point lying between Light-House 
Point and South Point, on the west side of the island. 

*The Migration of Birds, p. 269. 

y+“ Heligoland as an Ornithological Observatory.” p, 57. 

i“ Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley.” U. S, Dept. Agri., 
Beon, Ornith., Bull. 2, p. 17. 


Woop—MerrsHon EXPEDITION, CHARITY ISLANDS. 85 


Little Charity Island—the westernmost island in the 
group, lying southwest of Charity Island. 

Gull Island —a small islet a little west of south and about 
one-half of a mile from South Point. 


LIST OF SPECIES. 

1. (3) Colymbus auritus. WorNeED GREBE.—This species was 

first seen near the east end of Little Charity Island on September 
25, when one was noted feeding in company with a pied-billed 
grebe. On September 27, nine were seen diving and feeding near 
the end of Light-House Point. These birds were all in juvenile 
and winter plumage. 
2. (6) Podilynbus podiceps. PIED-BILLED GREBE.—This grebe was 
first seen in company with a horned grebe near the end of Little 
Charity Island, September 25, and was next seen near the end of 
South Point of Charity Island, September 30. At Sand Point, 
three were seen on August 24, 1908. At Sand Point and on the 
Charities the fishermen said that the “hell divers were common in 
spring and later in the fall.” 

3. (7) Gavia immer. Loon—On August 25 an immature bird of 
this species was seen near the south point of Charity Island, and 
another was seen near the island on October 4. The fishermen told 
me that numbers of them occur on the Bay every spring, and that 
they are very troublesome, as they light in the pounds and chase 
the fish around, causing the death of many and filling the meshes 
of the net with them. The loons are unable to get out of these 
pounds, and the fishermen kill numbers of them, sometimes tying 
five or six together and then setting them adrift on the water. 

4. (51) Larus argentatus. Werrinac GuLyi.—This was one of the 
very few species seen every day and was abundant when we 
arrived at the island on August 16. A small sandy island with a 
long rocky point (Gull Island) about a half mile south of Charity 
Island, was used as a headquarters for a flock of about two hundred, 
many of which were immature. Some of these birds were always 
flying about Charity Island, and I saw them drop down and pick 
up floating fish in their bills. After the fishermen set their nets 
(about September 10) these birds always followed the boats and 
were on hand to catch the small and injured fish that were re- 
jected when the nets were lifted. These they picked up while on 
the wing, turned them head first and swallowed them. Fish of a 
pound or more in weight were taken. After the fish had been 
eaten, the birds sat in flocks on the water or on the fish stakes 
that held the nets and were often seen perched on the rocks of Gull 


86 Tar Witson BuULLETIN—No:. 75: 


Island. The species formerly nested in small numbers on Gull 
Island and no doubt on the Charity Islands, and some may be 
seen here at nearly all seasons of the year. 

5. (54) Larus delawarensis. RiNG-BIrLED GuLL—This_ species 
was not noticed about the island, but it no doubt visits them on the 
annual migrations up and down the lake, as numbers were seen 
by the writer at Sand Point in 1908. 

6G. (GO) Larus philadelphia. BoNaApartEe’s GuLut—On August 25, 
five birds of this species were seen fiying near the east beach, and 
on August 27 and 28 nine were seen on the same beach. On Oc 
tober 12, the writer made a trip to Oak Point, where he saw a 
flock of about two hundred feeding along the beach. The fisher- 
men e¢all this species the “little herring gull” and told me that 
they occur in flocks of thousands later in the fall, when the her- 
ring are being taken in the nets. 

7. (70) Sterna hirundo. ComMMon TERN.—This is another spe- 
cies that was seen every day. Two or three hundred made their 
headquarters on Gull Island, and most of these bred there. The 
fishermen said that the island was covered with the nests and eggs 
every spring. Some of the young were still being fed when I ar- 
rived on August 16. On Charity Island, I saw old birds feeding 
young that were able to fiy but not to catch fish for themselves. 

Individuals were often seen to drop into the water and catch and 
eat small fish. On several occasions birds with small fish eross- 
wise in their bills flew across Charity Island on their way to Gull 
Island. At other times dozens were seen dipping down to the 
water of the bay to pick up the flying ants that were strewn over 
the surface. 

Captain McDonald said that in June and July the ants fly all 
over the bay and are sometimes seen in “windrows” on the beach 
like the May flies. The assistant keeper, Mr. Joseph Singleton, 
said that during the summer these ants were found in large num- 
bers on the stakes and the parts of the nets that were out of the 
water, and were a nuisance to the fishermen who had to handle 
the nets. Tle said that these were large black ants, mostly with, 
but some without, wings. These no doubt form a large proportion 
of the tern’s food at this time of year, for as late as August I saw 
them continually dipping down to the surface, and the stomachs 
of several taken on September 15 were packed with ants. One 
Was opened and was found to contain 144 ants. This same spe- 
cies of ant was found under stones at the water’s edge on Charity 
Island. 

8. (120) Phalacrocorar auritus auritus. DousnLte CRESTED CoR- 
MORANT.—The only bird of this species seen was flying across 


Woor—MerrsHon EXPreprrion, CHARITY ISLANDS. 87 


Light-House Point on the evening of October 10. It is, however, 
occasionally seen in the fall about the island. Mr. McDonald has 
tried several times to shoot one, and one was obtained by Mr. 
Singleton near North Island (about ten miles south of Charity 
Island) on November 25, 1909. This bird was sent to Detroit to be 
mounted, and is now the property of Mr. John Bell of Pontiac, 
Michigan. 

9. (129) Mergus americanus. MerGANser.—This species was 
first ‘seen on August 17, and after this date flocks of eight to 
twenty were seen nearly every day, feeding and swimming about 
the shores of the island. These birds were still in the down and 
were unable to fly until about September 15, although they made 
rapid progress over the water by the combined use of their feet 
and wings. In feeding they swam along the edge of the rocky 
beach and seemed to scoop up the small fish and crawfish which 
formed their principal food. The only adult male seen was during 
a short visit to the island on June 38, when a pair was seen flying 
along the shore near the light-house. Seyeral broods were raised 
on the island. , 

10, (180) dMergus serrator. RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.—None of 
this species were seen, but it is included on the authority of the 
light-house keeper, who said that in spring and late fall it is com- 
mon about the island. 

11. (181) Lophodytes cucullatus. looped Mirrcanser.—This 
species was not seen, but it is common in fall and spring, accord- 
ing to the keepers of the light, who have often shot them at the 
island in the fall. It was said to have formerly bred on Charity 
Island, which is possible, as the species has been found breeding 
about the shores of Saginaw Bay. 

12. (122) Anas platyrhynchos. Martarp.— The mallard was not 
seen during my stay on the island, but Mr. Singleton shot three 
on the pond in October, 1909. Small flocks occasionally stop here 
to rest and feed, both in spring and fall, and the species breeds 
at Sand Point, only eight miles south of the island. In a letter 
Captain McDonald says that late in October, 1910, one of this spe- 
cies was shot on the island pond. 

13. (133) Anas rubripes. Brack Duck.—This species did not 
breed on the island, but a flock of nine was seen several times 
about Gull Island. These may have bred there as they could not 
fly when first observed. On ‘September 17, three black ducks flew 
quite close to Light-House Point, and on October 2, a larger flock 
was seen flying near the island. 

14. (189) Nettion carolinense. GrRrEN-WINGED TEAL—This spe- 
cies was not seen by the writer, but was taken at the island in 


ss Tue Witson BuLLETIN—NO. 7d. 


October and November, 1909, by Mr. Joseph Singleton. 

15. (140) Querquedula discors. BLUE-wINGED TEAL.—This teal 
has, according to the keepers, also been taken at the island, both 
in spring and fall, but was not seen by us. 

16. (143) Dafila acuta. PinTat~L—The pintail was reported as 
not uncommon about the island, in spring and late fall. 

17. (144) Aix sponsa. Wooo Dvuck.—This species was said to 
have once bred on the island, and has been seen by the keepers 
in the spring and fall. 

18. (146) Marila americana. RepDHEAD.—The redhead occurs 
about the island in spring and fall, and has often been seen and 
occasionally shot by the light-house keepers. 

19. (147) Marila valisineria, CANVAS-BACK.—This species 0c- 
curs with the redhead in migration, and is sometimes taken by 
the keepers. 

20. (148) IJlarila marila. Scave Duck.—Mr. Singleton informed 
me that the blue-bill is common about the island during migrations. 
He shot an adult female on November 10, 1910, and sent it to the 
Museum. 

21. (149) IMarila affinis, Lesser Scauep DucKk.—This species is 
no doubt more common than the preceding, and probably composes 
the bulk of the blue-bills seen here. 

22, (151) Clangula clangula americana. GoLpEN-EYE—The first 
record for this duck was obtained by the writer on October 4, when 
an adult male was noticed feeding off the end of Light-House 
Point. The species was seen again at the same place on October 
9. The keepers said that it was very abundant in November and 
December all about the island, and that they shot more of this 
species than of any other. Mr. Singleton sent to the Museum two 
adult females that were taken at the island on November 12, 1910, 

25. (153) Charitonetla albeola. JUPFLE-HEAD.—This duck was 
not seen by the writer, but Mr. McDonald said that it occurred on 
the pond both in spring and fall. 

24. (154) Harelda hyemalis. OLp-sQuaw.—The old-squaw is a 
very common species about the island in fall, winter and spring. 
The first ones were seen by the writer on October 11, but the fish- 
ermen said that they made their appearance about their nets on 
Sepember 25 of this year. They call the species “ Cow-een” and 
“squealing duck.” 

25. (172) Branta canadensis canadensis. CANADA GoosE.—Not 
seen by us but said to be abundant during migrations both in 
spring and fall. Mr. McDonald said that several were once killed 
as they were crossing over the island. 


Woop—MerRsHON EXPEDITION, CHARITY ISLANDS. 89 


26. (190) Botaurus lentiginosus. BrrrerN.—This species was 
first seen on August 17. It may have bred on the island, although 
only one or .two were observed. They were generally found about 
the shore of the pond, but one was seen on South Point and one 
on Rattlesnake TVoint. The last one seen was on September 15, 
near the pond. 

27. (194) Ardea herodias herodias. Great BLUE Heron.—This 
species did not breed on the island, and it was usually seen only 
as it flew across from the west side of the Bay. It was first noted 
on August 21, when the writer saw one come from the west and 
fly across the island to the east; and others were seen on Septem- 
ber 1, 5, and 25. The only place where it was seen to alight was 
in the pond, where it was observed on two occasions. 

28. (212) Rallus virginianus. YVirerNtA Rait.—This rail was a 
rare migrant on the island, being seen only twice—on ‘September 
2, in tall rushes at the edge of Rattlesnake Point, and on Septem- 
ber 11. 

29. (214) Poreana carolina. Sora.—The sora was more common 
than the preceding, and was first seen on August 27 at the edge 
of the pond. Two others were flushed from this place. It was also 
seen in the rushes at the edge of Rattlesnake Point, where the 
last one was seen on September 27. 

30. (228) Philohela minor, Woopvcock.—This species may have 
bred here, for on August 17 the writer saw where they had been 
feeding, and later (October 8) a very large female was taken near 
an old garden. This bird had not finished moulting. One or two 
smaller birds were also seen at different times at the same place, 
but there seemed to be no migration to or across the island. 

31. (230) Gallinago delicata. WuiLson’s Snipe.—This snipe was 
first seen on August 24, on the mud flats about the pond. After 
this date one or two were usually to be found at this place. It 
was also found on the beaches about the island, and on one occa- 
sion was taken on the high open sand dune in the interior. The 
last bird was seen at the edge of the pond, on October 8. 

32. (234) Tringa canutus. Wnor—The only birds of this spe- 
cies seen were two found on the west beach, on September 1. 
They were feeding in shallow water, and the one taken proyed to 
be an adult female in full winter plumage. This species is either 
raely seen in Michigan, or is not well known to local ornithologists, 
for very few have been recorded. It is, however, a regular (if 
rare) migrant along the shores of the Great Lakes. Near Little 
Oak Point, three of these were seen on August 20 and 21, 1908, 
by Dr. Ruthven. 


9() Tut Wirson BuLLeETIN—NOo. 75. 


33. (241) Pisobia bairdi. Barro’s SANDPIPER.—This species was 
first identified on August 25, when two specimens were seen in a 
flock of Jeast and semipalmated sandpipers. On August 24, three 
more were seen, but these were the last ones noted. This species 
is not well known, but doubtless is a regular migrant on the shores 
of the Great Lakes. At Point Pelee, Lake Erie, the writer found 
them rather common on August 24-26, 1907, and secured several. 
It also occurs rarely inland, and there is one in the Museum col- 
lection that was taken at Ann Arbor on August 15, 1893. 

34. (242) Pisobia minutilla. Least SANpDPIPER.—This sandpiper 
was found on the island the next day after we arrived there, Au- 
gust 17. It had probably been there for some time in company 
with the semipalmated sandpiper. It was not common and was 
last seen on August 29, when an adult female was found in a 
flock of semipalmated sandpipers. The species is one of the earli- 
est fall migrants in this section, and has been noted at Ann Ar- 
bor as early as July 21 (1908). 

25. (246) Breuetes pusillus. SEMIPALMATED SANpPIPER—This 
species was present when the writer arrived at the island (noted 
on August 17), and was seen in varying numbers until September 
25. On the last date only two were seen. It was the most numer- 
ous and tame of all the waders. It also migrates through the in- 
terior of the state, and has been noted at Ann Arbor as early as 
August 8 (1908). 

36. (248) Calidris leucophaca. SANDERLING.—During the night 
and early morning of August 20, small fiocks of this species came 
to the island from the northwest. The wind was south and south- 
west for twenty-four hours, but was not strong. It was last seen 
on the island on October 7, but a flock was seen at Oak Point, on 
the mainland, on October 12. This is one of the most common mi- 
grants along the shores of the Great Lakes, but is rarely seen in- 
land. The only Ann Arbor record is the four that were seen on 
August 23, 1899. 

37. (254) Totanus melanoleucus. GREAT YELLOW-LEGS.—The first 
bird of this species was noted on August 28, at Rattlesnake Point. 
No more were seen until October 6, when a pair of birds was seen 
at the same place. The species also migrates through the interior 
of the state, and has been taken at Ann Arbor as early as Sep- 
tember 21 (1907) and as late as October 22 (1907). 

88. (255) Totanus flavipes. Yer.ow-Lecs—On August 19, two 
yellow-legs were seen on the beach near the light-house, but these 
were the only ones observed on the island. It also migrates 
through the interior of the state, and has been seen near Ann Ar- 


Woopv—MersHON EXPEDITION, CHARITY ISLANDS. 91 


bor as early as July 14 (1909) and July 21 (1909), and as late 
as October 3 (1908). 

39. (256) Helodromas solitarius solitarius. Sonirary SaAwNp- 
PIPER.—This species was on the island when we arrived (August 
17), and was generally found on the mud flats about the pond, al- 
though it was also occasionally seen on the sandy beach on the 
east end of the island. The last one seen was on September 24. 
The species also migrates inland, and has been seen at Ann Ar- 
bor as early as July 15 (1910). 

40 (268) Actitis macularia. SPorreD SANDPIPER.—This sandpi- 
per was very common on the island and bred in numbers on the 
‘sandy beaches. On my first visit to the island (June 3), I saw 
several pairs on the sand dune near the light-house, and on August 
16 it was a very common bird all about the island. The other 
species of waders came and went, but a few of this species might 
be seen every day until September 28, when the last one was seen. 

41. (270) Squatarola squatarola. BULACK-BELLIED PLOVER.—The 
plover was first seen on August 20, when three birds were ob- 
served on the beach at Rattlesnake Point. These were all adults; 
two were in nearly full spring plumage, and the other was partly 
changed. On August 22, a flock of twelve adult birds came to the 
island. Six of these were in the black plumage with only a few 
white feathers on the throat and neck. These were very conspic- 
uous on the sandy beaches. The other six were more or less spot- 
ted with white, and were not so conspicuous. This flock fed on 
the beaches about the island, but preferred the rocky ones, where 
I often saw them perched on the big boulders or feeding among 
the rocks. In these places they fed upon the small water snails. 
On September 26, only three of this flock remained, one of which 
was still in the black plumage with some scattered white feath- 
ers. The latter bird, with a young one, was secured, and were the 
last ones seen in this plumage. These adult birds were very shy 
and difficult to secure, but the young birds, which first made their 
appearance on September 10, were easily approached. No adult 
birds came to the island after August 22, and the twelve adults 
that came at that time, with the addition of the three that came 
August 20, were the only adult birds seen in a total of over one hun- 
dred observed. The keepers of the light said that they had never 
seen this species on the island in spring, although it no doubt mi- 
grates northward along the shores of the Great Lakes. The keep- 
ers have seen them as late as November 21 (1909). The species 
does not usually migrate inland, and has been recorded from Ann 
Arbor but once, October 5, 1876. It was found in numbers on 


92 Tue Wirson BuLLerInN—No. 75. 
Sand Point by Mr. Joseph Singleton,.on September 15, 1910, “but 
was not seen there by the Biological Survey party in 1908. 

42. (272) Charadrius dominicus dominicus. GOLDEN DPLOVER.— 
The golden plover was not seen until September 9, when a single 
bird, an adult male, came to Light-House Point. On September 
10, a flock of six came to the Point in company with a flock of 
black-bellied plover, and the only one secured was an adult 
female. The remainder of this flock flew off to the south 
and was not seen again. The next record was on September 
27, when a lone bird, an adult male, was secured on Light-House 
Point. These birds were all in fall plumage and had no black 
breast feathers. The last one seen on the island, an immature 
male, was secured at Rattlesnake Point, by the writer, on Octo- 
ber 1. The species is found inland more often than the preced- 
ing, and migrates throughout the state, feeding on the dry mead- 
ows (in the greatest numbers in the fall). The writer has seen 
it but once in the spring at Ann Arbor (April 20, 1890), and very 
few have been recorded. On October 1, 1890, the writer saw a 
large flock feeding on a high meadow near Ann Arbor, but it has 
not been seen now for many years in that region. The one se-— 
cured on October 12, 1895, near Gibralter, at the mouth of the 
Detroit River. seems to be the only record for the Detroit River 
region (Auk, 1907, p. 141). 

45. (273) Owyechus vociferus. IWiILtLpEER.—This species was first 
seen at Light-House Point on August 25. On September 21, an- 
other was seen at the end of South Point, and one was taken on 
the east beach September 27. The last was a juvenile male and 
still had some down on the ends of the tail feathers. 

44. (274) Acgialitis semipalmata. SeEMIPALMATED PLOvER.—The 
first bird of this species was seen on August 20, on Light-House 
Point, and on August 21, small flocks came in company with semi- 
palmated sandpipers and sanderling. From the latter date to Sep- 
tember 30, they were seen but rarely. Only one or two adult birds 
were seen, and these were among the first arrivals. 

45. (277) Aegialitis meloda, PiP1ING PLover.—None of this spe- 
cies were seen on the island by the writer, and Captain McDonald 
said that he had not observed it in 1910, but that a pair nested 
near the light-house in 1909. The species was found breeding on 
the island on May 20, 1908, by Arnold.* 

46. (283) Arenaria interpres morinella. Ruppy TuRNSTONE.—A 
single bird of this species was seen on the light-house beach on 
the morning of August 19. It was an adult and partly in spring 
plumage. The next one seen (August 24) was also an adult bird 


*Bull. Mich. Ornith. Club, Vol. IV, No. 8, p. 74. 


Woop—MersHon Expeprrion, CHArity ISLANDS. 93 


in nearly perfect spring plumage. These were the only adult birds 
seen. On August 6, a flock of six was seen on Rattlesnake Point. 
These were young birds and so fearless that we could walk by 
them at a distance of fifteen feet without frightening them. The 
light-house keepers said that the species was common in May and 
that some were seen as late as June 15. At Point Pelee, Ontario, 
the earliest record given (Taverner, 1907), is August 24. The 
turnstone is a regular migrant along the shores of the Great 
Lakes, rarely going inland. There is no record for Ann Arbor. 

47. (816) Zenaidura macroura carolinensis. MouRNING Dove.— 
The mourning dove was a rare species on the island, being seen 
but once, August 19. This bird was no doubt a straggler. It is 
doubtful if it breeds on the island. 

48. (3381) Circus hudsonius. MarsH Hawk.—This species did 
not breed on the island, and was first noted on August 23, when 
an immature bird was seen sailing about over the east end. On 
August 258, and at various subsequent dates, a few others were 
seen. The only adult bird (male) was observed on October 8. The 
rarity of this species on the island is probably caused as much by 
the absence of mice and the small number of frogs, as to the small 
number of suitable nesting sites. 

49. (332) Accipiter velor. SHARP-SHINNED HAWk.—The sharp- 
shinned hawk was first seen on September 3, and, while seen at 
various times after this date it did not become very common at 
any time. The light-house keepers said that in the spring hawks 
were abundant and many of them are no doubt of this species. On 
the east side of the Bay, about twelve miles from the island, a 
hunter told the writer that small hawks were very abundant for 
several days in the spring, and that he once shot twenty-seven in a 
short time. He thought they were of this species. The last birds 
seen on the island were two that were observed on October 5. 
No adults were observed. 

\0. (333) Aeccipiter cooper. CoopER’s WAawk.—Cooper’s hawk 
Was seen but twice on the island, on September 6 and 20, These 
were immature birds. 

ol. (8387) Buteo borealis borealis. Rep-rattep WHawk.—This 
hawk was not seen on the island, but the light-house keepers said 
that it comes there in the spring. On October 12, the writer saw 
an adult bird soaring over the woods near Oak Point. 

\2. (802) Haliwetus leucocephalus leucocephalus. Bap BEAGLE. 
—This species breeds on the island, where there is one nest in an 
old Norway pine. This nest is mentioned by Arnold,* who says, 


* Bull. Mich. Ornith. Club, IV (1903), p. 74. 


94 THE Witson BuLLETIN—NO, To. 


“a pair of eagles has nested there for many years.” One or two 
birds were seen nearly every day, and they were still there when 
we left the island, (October 11). These birds fed on fish, which 
were abundant on the shores of the island. On one occasion the 
writer saw an adult bird drop into the water and rise with a good 
sized fish in its talons, and at other times it was seen perched on 
the big boulders on the east point, where it seemed to be watching 
for fish. Generally, however, the birds were to be seen perched 
on the tall dead trees along the shore, or soaring about over the 
water. 

53. (356a) Falco peregrinus anatwn. Duck Hawk.—This rare 
and beautiful hawk was first seen on September 20. On this date, 
as the writer was walking along the east beach, a dark-colored 
young bird flew past over the water. <A long shot failed to bring 
it down, but it was wounded and was later found in the top of 
an oak on the sand dunes. On September 22, another dark-colored 
bird was seen early in the morning, chasing a flock of sanderling 
at the end of Light-House Point. When it captured a bird it 
carried it away to a dead cedar tree near the beach and ate it. 
This hawk was not seen again, and no more came to the island 
until September 80, when a large bright-plumaged bird was seen 
but not secured. On October 3, another dark-colored bird was seen 
on the rocks at the water’s edge. This bird Hew along the beach 
and lit on a dead tree on the first sand dune. It was also an 
immature bird, and on October 5 still another dark-colored bird 
was observed but not secured. The island seemed to be only a 
stopping place for this species, which probably does not find much 
food there, and no ducks at all at this season of the year. The 
keepers said that it was more common during the spring migration. 

54. (857) Falco columbarius columbarius. Pigeon Hawk.—On 
August 30, a hawk of this species was seen on the dead tree where 
the duck hawk was secured. This bird was eating a small bird. 
On September 6, another one was observed chasing thrushes, 
which seemed to be the principal food of the species and which 
came to the island on the night of September 4-5 in great numbers. 
The writer’s experience with this falcon at Isle Royale, Charity 
Island, and elsewhere, seems to show that it migrates at the same 
time as, and no doubt follows, the thrush migration. Wight or 
ten of these falcons were seen on the island by the writer, and 
whenever one appeared it was usually seen flying along the 
beaches, where they sometimes perched on rocks at the water's 
edge, or on old dead stubs or trees. One was seen chasing a 
flicker, but the latter with a frightened cry dodged through a tree 
and escaped. This falcon is even more bold and fearless than the 


Woop—MersHoN EXPEDITION, CHARITY ISLANDS. 95 


duck hawk and often flew straight at and over the writer when in 
plain view. It also came to Light-House Point and often flew over 
our work camp. Only one of the birds seen (a male) was in the 
beautiful blue plumage, although one or two others seemed fully 
adult. On October 10, two of these birds were seen perched on 
dead trees not far apart, and seemed to be in company. They 
proved to be an adult male and female and were possibly a pair. 

55. (360) Falco sparverius sparverius. Sparrow Hawk.—The 
first sparrow hawk seen on the island was on August 22. Two 
others were noted on September 5 and 18, and on September 19 
three were seen flying about over the beach near the pond. The 
latter were the last ones seen, and none of those observed stayed 
more than one or two days on the island. This was no doubt 
owing to the fact that there were few grasshoppers or other insects 
for them to feed upon. 

56. (3864) Pandion haliaetus carolinensis. Osprey.—One_ osprey 
was seen soaring about over the Bay near the island, on August 
21. The keeper said that it was more common in the spring. 

57. (866) Asio ailsonianus. LONG-EARED Owlu—This_ species 
was not seen by the writer, but Mr. Singleton shot one on the island 
early in the spring of 1910. This was no doubt a straggler. 

58. (367) Asio flammeus. SHorT-EARED OwxL.—This owl was first 
Seen on September 7, when one was flushed from the rushes on 
Rattlesnake Point. Others were seen on September 9 and 26, at 
the same point. It was seen twice at the end of South Point, and 
once on the sand dune on the east beach. It seemed to be but a 
rare visitor on the island. 

59. (3875) Bubo virginianus virginianus. Great HorNED OwL.— 
The writer did not see this species, but, during the winter of 1902- 
1903, three came to the island and were shot in the spring by the 
keepers because they caught their chickens. Captain McDonald 
had a photograph of one of these. 

60. (876) Nyctea nyctea. SNowy Owt.—This species is given 
on the authority of Mr. McDonald, who has seen a number on the 
island in past years. It no doubt occurs there nearly every year, 
but during migrations only, as there is no permanent food supply. 

61. (887) Coccyzus americanus americanus. YELLOW-BILLED 
Cuckoo.—The yellow-billed cuckoo was seen the first day the 
writer went over the island (August 17), and no doubt belongs in 
the list of Summer residents. It was seen again on August 20 and 
at later dates until September 10, when it left the island. It 
seemed more common than the next species, although as shy and 
hard to observe. 


96 Tue Wirtson BuLLeTIN—No. 


G2. (388) Coceyzus erythrophthalnus. BLACK-BILLED CUCKO00.— 

This species was seen first on August 22 and again on September 
7, 15 and 20. It no doubt bred on the island, as immature birds 
were found, and it was probably more common than the number 
seen indicated, for it is a shy bird and no particular effort was 
made to find it. 
(390) Ceryle alcyon., BELTED IKINGFISHER—When the writer 
arrived (August iG), there were several kingfishers on the island. 
These birds remained until October 9, but only che stayed after 
this date. It no doubt breeds on the island, but onty in small num- 
bers, owing to the lack of suitable breeding sites. 

G4. (293) Pryobates  rillosus —leucomelas. NORTHERN JTArRY 
WoopreckeR.—This woodpecker is a rare resident and breeds on 
the island. Only a few were seen by the writer. Captain McDon- 
ald told us that it remains all winter in small numbers. 

65. (394e) Dryobates pubescens —medianus, Downy Woop- 
PECKER —Like the preceding this species breeds only in small num- 
bers on the island. 

G6. (462) Sphyrapicus varius varius. YELLOW-BELLIED  SaAP- 
SUCKER The yellow-bellied sapsucker was first seen on Septem- 
ber 15, when a single bird was observed. The species did not be- 
come common until September 21, when there occurred a migra- 
tion wave. It became abundant at this time and continued so un- 
til September 29, when most of them passed on. <A number were 
still left, however, and a few were seen as late as October 9. The 
writer never saw so many birds of this species on a given area as 
on the island during this migration, and Mr. McDonald said that 
it is even more abundant in the spring. The bark of almost every 
suitable tree on the island was nearly covered with their work. 
No nesting cavities were seen, and it probably did not breed there. 

67. (406) Melanerpes erythrocephalus, RED-HEADED Woop- 
PECKER.—The red-headed woodpecker is a rare breeder on the 
island and very few, probably not more than one or two broods, 
were seen. There seemed to be no increase in numbers during any 
of the migrations. The last one was seen on September 28. 

6S. (412a) Colaptes auratus luteus. NORTHERN  FLICKER.—A 
few flickers were on the island on August 16, but only a few 
broods were seen until September G. On the latter date it became 
very common and was seen feeding everywhere, on the sand dunes 
as well as in the forest, on ants and the berries of the poison ivy. 
(The latter grows as a dwarf shrub, one to four feet high, on the 
islands.) The species continued abundant until October 2, when 
they nearly all left the island. A few, however, lingered, and two 
more were seen as late as October 10. 


Woop—MersHon EXPepition, CHArity IsLANps. 97 


69. (417) Antrostomus vociferus vociferus. WHIP-POOR-WILL.— 
This species evidently did not breed on the island, as none were 
seen until September 9. On this date, the writer flushed one from 
the side of the path. This bird was the only one seen and was no 
doubt a straggler from the mainland. 

70. (420) Chordeiles virginianus virginianus. NigHTHAwk.— 
The nighthawk was not a breeder on the island, and none were 
seen until August 21, when eight flew over the light-house clear- 
ing. It was seen again in the evening on August 22, 28, 25, 28, 
and September 7. 

71. (423) Chaetura pelagica. CHIMNEY Swirr.—A family of 
four inhabited the light-house chimney during the summer. These 
birds were seen last on August 19, and no others were observed. 

72. (428) Archilochus  colubris. RUBY-THROATED JIUMMINGBIRD. 
—The writer did not see this species until August 27, and only a 
few times during migration. It is doubtful if any bred on the 
island this summer, although it was an abundant migrant in May, 
when the keepers saw thirty at one time about an apple tree in 
bloom. 

73. (444) Tyrannus tyrannus. iINesrry.—Kingbirds were found 
on the island on August 16, and no doubt bred there. They were 
common and were noted daily until September 5, but after the lat- 
ter date it was seldom seen. It was not observed at all between 
September 15 and 27, when the last record was secured. 

74. (452) Myiarehus crinitus. Crestep WLrycaAtTcHEeR—This spe- 
cies was also found on the island on August 17,, and no doubt 
nested there. Several were obseryed until August 19, after which 
date it was not seen. 

75. (456) Sayornis phoebe. PHoErBE.—The first record of the 
occurrence of the phoebe on the island was September 19. It was 
again observed on September 24, but only rarely between that date 
and October 8, which was the last time it was seen. 

76. (459) Nuttallornis boredlis. OtviyE-stppp WLrycatcHEr.—This 
flycatcher was first seen on August 18. It was not a common mi- 
grant, although several were noted previous to August 31—the last 
date upon which it was observed. It seemed to prefer the tops of 
old dead trees along the east beach. 

77. (461) Myiochanes virens. Woop Prwrr.—On August 17, the 
pewee was common on the island, and it was seen nearly every 
day until September 20. The last one was observed on the latter 
date. 

78. (463) Empidonar flaviventris, YeLLow-BELLIED FLYCATCHER. 
—The first record for this species was secured on August 29. After 
that date, it was common until September 6, when it left the 


98 Tue WiLson BuLLETIN—NO. 75. 


island. It was found feeding in the willows and poplars along 
the beaches, and was seldom seen in the forest except at the edge. 

79. (466a) Empidonar trailli alnorum. ALDER FLYCATCHER. 
This flycatcher was first seen on August 27, in the willows at the 
edge of the pond. It was rather common in the bushes about the 
beaches until September 6, after which it was not observed. 

80. (467) Empidonax minimus. LEAST FLycatcHErR.—As it was 
found on the island on August 18 and was occasionally seen until 
September 21 (the last date on which it was observed), it seems 
probable that the least flycatcher bred in small numbers on the 
island. 

81. (474) Otocoris alpestris  alpestris. Hornep Lark.—The 
horned lark was first seen on the island on September 18, when 
one bird was observed on the rocky beach at Rattlesnake Point. 
It was not seen again until the morning of September 24, when a 
flock of fifty came across the Bay and lit on the ground about the 
light-house, where the birds fed on the seeds of the beach grasses. 
On the next day this flock passed on, and no more were seen until 
September 27, when a smaller flock was seen on the rocks at the 
end of Light-House Point. This flock passed on the same day, 
and the species was not seen again until October 1 and 6, a single 
bird being seen on each of these days. The latter were the last 
birds seen by the writer, but Captain McDonald said that they be- 
come more abundant later in the season. 

All of these birds were typical O. alpestris and many of them 
were bright adult birds. Cook * says of this species in Michigan, 
“Rather rare; irregular fall and spring visitor.’ The records fo1 
Michigan are few, and in the University of Michigan Museum 
there are but three birds that have been taken in Michigan, one 
from Montcalm County, one from Isle Royale, and one from 
Houghton. The reason why only the form praticola is found in 
the interior of the state is perhaps that the typical form follows 
the shores of the larger bodies of water during migration, prefer- 
ring to find its food upon the sandy and rocky beaches rather than 
in the woods and fields of the interior. At Point Pelee this spe- 
cies has never been observed, although, as Taverner (1907-8) has 
pointed out, “it might be expected to occur.” 

82. (477) Cyanocitta cristata cristata, Brior Jay.—Although a 
summer resident, few blue jays were seen until September 17, 
when a flock of about thirty was observed high in the air and 
coming from the west. When over the west beach, this flock de- 
scended to the tops of the high trees. The resident birds of the 
island seemed to unite with these and were seen every day flying 

* Birds of Michigan. Mich. Agri. Col., Bull. 94, p. S4. 


Woop—MersHon EXPEDITION, CHARITY ISLANDS. 99 


about the island in a loose, irregular flock, which was still present 
when we left, October 11. On several occasions this flock was seen 
to start from the south point, and, after flying out over the water, 
turn and come back to the island again. Mr. McDonald said that 
some blue jays generally winter on the island, but these are proba- 
bly migrants from farther north. 

83. (488) Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos. Crow.—The 
crow was a common breeder on the island and was seen and heard 
every day during our stay. It was very tame and, during the 
summer robbed the nests of the poultry at the light-house. On 
September 14, a large flock of about one hundred came to the 
island, but this flock was seen only on this day and went on, leay- 
ing about the same number of resident ones as before. The keep- 
ers said that a few generally stay all winter. 

S84. (494) Dolichonyx oryzivorus. BosorinK.—This species was 
not seen by the writer, but it is listed on the authority of the keep- 
ers, who said that flocks are seen here during the spring migration. 

85. (495) Molothrus ater ater. Cowxsirp.—The cowbird was 
very rare on the island, being seen only once, September 11, when 
a single individual was observed by the writer. Its absence is 
peculiar, for on Sand Point, where the conditions are very similar, 
it is a very common resident. 

86. (498) Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus. RED-WINGED BLACK- 
BIRD.—The writer saw no specimens of this species even during mi- 
gration. This is rather singular, as it is a not uncommon breeder 
on Sand Point. 

87. (501) Sturnella magna magna. MbrapnowriarK.—The only 
bird of this species seen, a beautiful adult male, came to Light- 
House Point earls on the morning of September 29. The keepers 
said that it is common in spring, migrating in flocks to and across 
the island. 

88. (507) Jcterus galbula. BaALtiIMorRE ORIOLE.—The writer did 
not observe the oriole on the island, but lists it on the authority of 
the keepers, who said that it was very common during the spring 
migration in May. 

89. (509) Hiuphagus ecarolinus. Rusty Brackpirp.—The first 
record for this species was secured on ‘September 13. After that 
date it was seen at various times, and some were still present when 
the writer left the island. It generally fed along the beaches and 
near the edge of the water. On October 2, flocks were seen feed- 
ing about the heaps of fish refuse on Little Charity Island. 

90. (511b) Quiscalus quiscula ceneus. BrRonzED GRACKLE.—This 
species is listed on the authority of the keepers, who said that it 
was a common spring migrant. 


100 Tur Witson BuLLETIN—NO. 75. 


91. (514) Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina. EEVENING GROS- 
BEAK.—Captain McDonald informed us that he has occasionally 
seen this species on the island during the winter and early spring. 

92. (515) Pinicola enucleator leucura. PINE GRosBEAK.—Captain 
McDonald informed us that during the nine winters which he has 
spent on the island this species has been seen nearly every year, 
in some years being quite common. 

93. (517) Carpedacus purpureus purpureus. PURPLE FINCH.— 
The purple finch was seen in flocks on August 20. Another flock 
of about fifty was seen on August 23 and again on August 25, but 
none were seen after the last date. It may nest on the island, as 
it was found breeding on Sand Point in 1908. 

94. (521) Loxria sp. Crosspiri.—Captain McDonald informed 
us that a crossbill winters on the island, but the species could not 
be determined from his description. 

95. (529) Astragalinus tristis tristis. GoLprrncu.—The  gold- 
finch was rare on the island and was not seen until August 26. It 
may breed on the islands. 

96. (534) Plectrophenar nivalis nivalis. SNOWFLAKE.—This 
bird was not seen on the island, but it was found on the shore near 
Caseyville (ten miles to the southeast) on October 12. The keepers 
told us that it comes to the island in large flocks in late fall and 
winter. 

97. (536) Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus. LAPLAND LONGSPUR. 
—The writer was surprised to find two of this species on the beach 
near the light-house on the morning of September 380. Again, on 
October 2, two were seen at Little Charity, and on the next day 
two more on Charity. These were all the records secured, but the 
species is no doubt abundant later in the fall and winter. 

98. (540) Pooecetes gramineus gramineus. VESPER SPARROW.— 


This sparrow was first seen on August 31, but was quite rare un- 
til the migration wave of September 20-21, when it came in some 
numbers with the Lincoln sparrow. Another wave came on the 
night of October 5-6, and it was first seen in abundance at this 
time. It was still common on the island on October 11. 

99. (542a) Passerculus sandwichensis savanna, ‘SAVANNA SPAR- 
row.—The first bird of this species was seen on August 29, on the 
west beach of the island. Only a few were seen after this date, 
until the night of September 8, when great numbers came to the 
island and were found the next morning on all the beaches and 
sand dunes, feeding on the seeds of beach grasses and the insects 
found at the water's edge. These birds were very tame and could 
be observed at close range. <All of them, with the other sparrows 


Woop—MersHon Expepirion, CuArity IsLtAnps. 101 


on the island, migrated on the night of September 10, and the 
next day only a very few were to be seen. On the night of Septem- 
ber 12-13, another wave occurred, and the next day they were as 
numerous as before. Many more came on September 14-15, so 
that literally thousands were on the island by September 19. Most 
of them were gone, however, on September 20, and on October 7 
the last bird was seen. At Ann Arbor, this species has but once 
been observed in the fall, September 17-30, 1916. 

100. (554) Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys. WHITE-CROW NED 
‘Sparrow.—The white-crowned sparrow was first seen on Septem- 
ber 19, and came on the same migration wave with the Savanna, 
white-throated and Lincoln sparrows. The white-crowned were at 
this time all about the light-house clearing, feeding on the seeds 
of beach grasses, and when alarmed sought cover in the small wil- 
lows on the first sand dunes. They were also observed feeding 
and drinking along the beaches. Many of these passed on during 
the next night, September 19, but another great wave of sparrows 
occurred on September 29, and this species was to be seen eyery- 
where except in the thick forest. It seemed to prefer the more open 
areas, such as the sand dunes and beaches, which swarmed with 
them. Nearly all left the island on the night of October 4, and 
only a few were seen as late as October 11. At Ann Arbor, the 
species is rare, and the earliest record is October 3 (1906). 

101. (558) Zonotrichia albicollis, WH1ITE-THROATED SPARROW.— 
On the morning of September 13, the white-throated sparrow was 
seen for the first time, and was then generally distributed over the 
island. As a rule, it kept in the woods and thicker cover than the 
white-crowned. The most of them passed on during the night of 
September 19. The largest migration of the species occurred on 
the night of ‘September 21, and on the following day thousands of 
this species were seen, generally in the thick forest, but many in 
the willows on the sand dunes. Another waye came to the island 
the night of September 28, and the birds that came at this time 
had mostly moved on by October 1, and by October 5 nearly all 
had gone. On October 11 only five individuals were to be found. 
At Ann Arbor, this species arrives as early as September 23 (1906). 

102. (559) NSpizella monticola monticola. Trem SPparrow.—This 
Sparrow was first seen on October 3, on the sand dunes on the west 
side of the island. It became common on October 6, when hun- 
dreds of them were seen. It was still common when the writer 
left the island, October 11. At Ann Arbor, the species arrives as 
early as September 20 (1907). 

103. (563) Spizella pusilla pusilla. Frr~p Sparrow.—The field 
sparrow probably bred on the island, as it was observed as early 


102 Tue Wirson BuLLeTIN—No. 75. 


as August 18. But few were seen, however, until September 27, 
when numbers came to the island. Some were still to be seen on 
October 11. 

104. (567) Junco hyemalis. SLatE-coLorED Junco.—The first 
record for the junco was on September 9, when a few were seen on 
the high sand dune near the light-house. It became common on Sep- 
tember 22, and hundreds were seen on that date. Some of these 
birds passed on in a few days, but the species was common when 
we left the island, October 11. At Ann Arbor, the earliest record 
is September 20 (1908). 

105. (581) Melospiza melodia melodia. Sona Sparrow.—This 
species was found on the island on August 18, and was a not un- 
common breeder in the bushes about the cranberry marsh, the edge 
of the pond and the shores of the island. It was seen every day 
until October 19. 

106. (583) Melospiza  lineolni  lineolni. LANCOLN’S SPARROW.— 
The first bird of this species was observed on September 7, when 
one was flushed from the ground under a juniper bush. It only 
flew a short distance and lit in another bush, from which it was 
flushed with difficulty. It then fiew a few feet and lit in a low 
tree and behind the trunk, where it peered out from one side and 
then the other at its disturber. The species was not seen again 
until the migration wave of September 14, when several were seen 
on the first sand dune on the west side, apparently feeding on the 
seeds of the beach grasses. When flushed the birds would fly to 
the nearest cover and hide. On September 17, it was found that 
these birds had gone, but on the night of September 18, another 
wave arrived, snd the birds were common, but only for one day, 
as they disappeared on the night of September 19. More came on 
the night of September 21, and were found in numbers on the west 
beach. Flocks of five and six were constantly seen and readily 
identified by the short and warbler-like flight. When alarmed they 
also had a short characteristic call note. The species was last 
seen on October 1, when five were seen near the pond. Birds that 
came during each wave were usually found the next day, feeding and 
resting on the first sand dune on the west side of the island, but 
those that remained more than one day were found in the interior 
and about the inland pond, where they fed in the open cranberry 
marsh, but never far from the border of thick bushes, to which 
they retreated when disturbed. The writer found, howeyer, that 
like many of the sparrows and warblers, they could be called by 
chirping, which made it possible to identify many birds that could 
not otherwise be seen. By walking quietly along, these sparrows, 
When flushed, would fly but a short distance, sometimes only a 


Woop—MerRSHON EXPEDITION, CHARITY ISLANDS. 103 


few feet, and then when called would generally hop on a dead limb 
in plain view and would often come quite near to the observer. At 
the slightest movement, however, the birds would take fright and 
disappear. 

The writer has been unable to trace the migration route of this 
species through the southern part of Michigan or Ontario, as it 
has but once (Octcber 8, 1881) been observed at Ann Arbor in the 
fall, and there are but two fall records for Point Pelee, Ontario. 
W. EH. Saunders * found twelve dead birds of this species on the 
southern shore of Lake Huron, on October 21, 1906. 

107. (584) Melospizea georgiana. SwaMr Sparrow.—The swamp 
sparrow was first seen on August 27, but, as it frequented the thick 
vegetation about the pond, it was no doubt on the island when we 
arrived, and probably bred there, It was rarely seen until Octo- 
tober 4+, when it became rather common on the low wet beach on 
Rattlesnake Point. It was seen there until October 11, and seemed 
to feed on the open beach close to thick rushes and tall beach grass. 
These birds were no doubt migrants, as none were seen in this 
habitat earlier in the season and, in fact, very few anywhere on 
the island. 

108. (585) Passerclia iliaca iliaca. Fox ‘Sparrow.—Thbis bird 
was first seen on September 25, and on this date numbers were 
seen about the pond, where they were feeding on the mud flats ex- 
posed by the low water. When alarmed, they flew into the thick 
willow and rose bushes at the edge of the pond. This was a fa- 
vorite resort, and most of the birds seen at this time were near 
this habitat, although it was later seen nearly everywhere on the 
island, except on‘the open beaches. It was last seen on October 
6, when a single bird was observed. The species appeared to mi- 
grate alone. At Ann Arbor it has been seen as early as October 
4 (1908). 

109. (—) Passer domesticus. WNcrisH Sparrow.—None of this 
species bred on the Charities, and it was only seen when birds came 
to or across the island. On October 8, a flock of several hundred 
lit on the old dock and in the tall trees near the light-house. One 
of the keepers said that he had seen a flock a few days before this. 

110. (587) Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus. TowHrr.— 
The towhee did not breed on the islands, and was not seen until 
October 2 and 3, when a single bird was observed—on the first 
date at Little Charity and on the next day on Charity. This may 
have been the same bird. The species was not seen again during 
our stay. 

*Phe Auk, Vol. XXIV, pp. 108-110. 


104 Tur Witson BULLETIN—NO. To. 


111. (598) Passerina cyanea, Inpico Bunrinc.—This species 
evidently did not breed on the island, as it was not seen until Sep- 
tember 9. Two birds were seen on that date, and this was the 
only record secured. 

112. (GO8) Piranga erythromelas. SCARLET TANAGER.—The 
keepers informed us that this bird is common during the spring 
migration in May. It was not seen by the writer. 

113. (611) Proyne subis subis. PurPLeE Martin——On August 
16, birds of this species were seen flying about over the light- 
house. It apparently did not breed on the island, although a com- 
mon breeder at Caseville and Bayport, and no doubt about the 
towns on the west shore. The ones seen were doubtless birds from 
one of these places, that had come out to feed over the bay. 

114. (612) Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons. CrLrr SwaLLow. 
—The cliff swallew did not breed on the island, but a few were 
seen flying about the light-house clearing on August 17. These 
were the only ones seen and may have been migrating. 

115. (613) Hirundo erythrogastra. Barn Swatitow.—This spe- 
cies was a rare breeder on the island. One pair was seen on 
August 16 and subsequently, that had a nest in the top of a partly 
underground chicken house. The keepers said that another pair 
tried to build inside of the boat house, but after several succes- 
sive nests had been destroyed they gave up the attempt and left. 
On August 20, 2 flock of about thirty came to the island. They 
fed and rested for five days and then passed on. The swallows 
that bred on the island did not migrate with this flock, but dis- 
appeared two days later. 

116. (G19) Bombyecilla cedrorum. CEDAR WAXWING.—This  spe- 
cies bred on the island and was not rare, being seen nearly every 
day. Young birds just able to fly were observed on August 17, 
and many in the immature plumage were seen until September 
29, when the last birds were noted. 

117. (621) Lanius borealis. NorruerN SHRIKE.—Only one of 
these birds, an adult female, was seen, October 7. It was in the 
top of a tall Norway pine near the light-house. 

118. (624) Vireosylva olivacea, Rep-zyEp Vireo.—The red-eyed 
vireo bred on the island, and was seen from August 17 to Septem- 
ber 28. A nest was found in a tree near the light-house and young 
and immature birds were common. 

119. (627) Vireosylva gilva gilva. WaArBLING YVrirREO.—This  vi- 
reo probably bred on the island, but not so commonly as the pre- 
ceding species. It was first seen on August 17, and but a few 
times afterward, never becoming common. 


Woop—MersHon EXpepition, CHARITY ISLANDs. 105 


120. (628) Lanivireo  flavifrons. YELLOW-THROATED  VIREO.— 
Single birds of this species were observed on September 19 and 
20. Both were in oak trees near the edge of the forest at the east 
end of the island. 

121. (629) Lanivireo solitarius solitarius. BLUE-HEADED VIREO. 
—A bird of this species was seen on September 23, in an oak tree 
near the north shore. Another was observed on September 27, in 
a poplar tree near the path across the island, and, in the same 
place, two more cn September 28, one on September 29, and one 
on September 30. No others were seen on Charity Island, but 
one was found on Little Charity on October 2. This species seemed 
to preter the deciduous trees of the interior of the island. 

122. (6386) Mniotilta varia. BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER.— 
This species was first seen on August 26. It became quite common 
on Aveust 28, and was mostly in company with red-breasted nut- 
hatches. In its search for food, it acted very much like the latter, 
creeping about on the dead limbs of the trees. After August 29, 
it was not found again until September 17 and 28, when single 
birds were seen. 

123. (642) Vermivora chrysoptera. GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER.— 
An adult male of this species was found feeding on the poplar 
trees at the edge of the pond, on September 16. 

124. (645) Vermivora rubricapilla rubricapilla. NASHVILLE 
WARBLER—The Nashville warbler was first seen on August 26, 
but no more were observed until September 21. A few were seen 
again on September 23. 

125. (646) Vermivora cclata celata. ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER. 
—On September 29, the writer observed a small flock of this spe- 
cies feeding in small poplars at the edge of a white pine grove. 
The birds flew from tree to tree and were very restless, only stop- 
ping for a moment to feed. One or two flew down to low bushes 
to look for food. The only fall record we have for Ann Arbor is 
October 3, 1906. 

126. (648a) Compsothlypis americana wsnee. NorTtTHERN PARULA 
WARBLER.—Two parula warblers were seen in oak trees near the 
west side of the island, on September 26. This species is also 
rarely seen at Ann Arbor in the fall; the earliest record is Sep- 
tember 27 (1908). 

12%, (650) Dendroica tigrind. CAPE May WARBLER.—The first 
record for this species was secured on the morning of August 22, 
when the writer saw several in company with prairie and bay- 
breasted warblers. This flock had evidently arrived in the night, 
and when seen the birds were feeding in some low trees near the 
light-house. After this date the species became quite common, and 


106 Tue Wirson BULLETIN—NoO. 75. 


was seen at intervals of a few days until October 3, when the 
writer observed three. It has been seen at Ann Arbor as early 
as September 9 and as late as September 27 (1908). 

128. (652) Dendroica stiva estiva. YELLOW WARBLER.—The 
yellow warbler was a rare breeder on the island. It was seen on 
our arrival, and after this until September 9. 

129. (654) Dendroica caerulescens ce@rulescens. BLACK-THROATED 
BLUE WaARBLER—This species was first seen on August 31, in low 
trees near the path across the island. No more were seen until 
September 13, and it did not become common until September 26, 
when a migration occurred. The bulk of the birds that arrived 
on this date passed on the next night, and only a few were seen 
on the island until the night of October 5, when hundreds of them 
arrived with great numbers of palm, myrtle and black-throated 
green warblers. These passed on the next night, and no more 
black-throated blue warblers were seen. 

130. (655) Dendroica coronata. MyrrLte WaARBLER.—The first 
myrtle warblers were seen on August 28, when a few were found 
in company with the bay-breasted near the light-house. No more 
were seen until September 15 and 16, after which a few were ob- 
served on the island until the night of October 5, when thousands 
of them arrived in company with other warblers, mostly the palm. 
The last of this migration crossed the bay early in the morning, 
and, as the wind blew very strongly, they flew low and alighted 
on the ground all about the light-house and in the clearing. The 
bushes and tall grass surrounding the clearing were alive with 
them at this time. I noticed them feeding on seeds of the beach 
grasses and also on the flies that covered the sides of the house. 
The birds fed on the latter until they were gone, and then left 
the clearing (about 10 a. m.) and scattered over the island in 
search of food. The birds were very tame. On October T, only 
ten were found, and this number was about all that were seen on 
any day afterward. 

131. (657) Dendroica magnolia. MAaGNoria Warster.—The first 
bird of this species was seen on August 18, when an immature 
specimen was found in low willows near the east beach. It was 
next seen on August 24 and 26, near the light-house, and after this 
from one to three birds were seen on various dates until October 6. 

32. (659) Dendroica pensylvanica, CrmEsTNUT-SIDED WARBLER.— 
This warbler evidently did not breed on the island, owing perhaps 
to the absence of favorable conditions. A few were seen on Sep- 
tember 15 and September 29. 

138. (660) Dendroica castanea. Bay-BREASTED WARBLER.—This 
species was first seen on August 27, when a small flock came to 


Woopv—MeErsHON EXPEDITION, CHARITY ISLANDS. 107 


the island and fed in some trees near the light-house. After this 
date, the species was seen every day until October 12, and was by 
far the most abundant bird on the island. It was found every- 
where, feeding on the ground as well as in the tallest trees, and 
even at the water’s edge on the rocky beach. On the night of Sep- 
tember 3, a large migration occurred, and the bulk of the migrants 
were of this species. Thousands were seen about the light-house 
at this time, and considerable numbers in the trees all over the 
island, but on September 13 only three could be found. On Sep- 
tember 16, it was again common and continued so until October 
6, when nearly all disappeared. At Ann Arbor, it has been taken 
as early as September 5 (1896), and is often very common. 

134. (661) Dendroica striata. BusacK-POoLL WARBLER.—This war- 
bler was one of the rarest on the island and was only seen but a 
few times. The first one observed was on September 5. Two more 
(the last seen) were found on September 9. At Ann Arbor, this 
species has been seen as early as September 9 (1907), but it is 
never as common as the preceding. 

135. (662) Dendroica fusca. BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER.—This 
warbler was first seen on August 26, but not again until September 
5, when one was found dead under the light-house. The latter was 
the last record secured. Its rarity is surprising, as it was found 
to be rather common on Sand Point in June, July and August, 
1908, and it also breeds on the mainland west and northwest of 
the island. At Ann Arbor it has been seen as early as August 23 
(1908). 

136. (667) Dendroica virens. BULACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER. 
—The first record for the black-throated green warbler was secured 
on September 8. After this date, a few birds were seen on Sep- 
tember 19, 21, 27, 28 and 29. On October 6, the birds came to the 
island in numbers with the myrtle and black-throated blue war- 
blers. All disappeared on the next night and no more were seen. 
The species may breed on the island, as it was found breeding on 
Sand Point in June, 1908. It is a common breeder on the main- 
land west and northwest of the island. It has been observed at 
Ann Arbor as early as September 8 (1907). 

157. (672) Dendroica palmarum palmarum. PatmM WaARBLER.— 
On August 24, the first individual of this species was seen in the 
trees near the light-house. It was not observed again until Sep- 
tember 5, when it came ,in small numbers with a big migration 
wave of warblers, thrushes and vireos. It did not become com- 
mon, however, until September 13, when there occurred another 
big migration wave of warblers and sparrows. This species was 
then represented by considerable numbers. Another wave occurred 


108 Tue Witson BuLLeTIN—No. 75. 

on the night of September 18, and on the morning of the 19th the 
species was very abundant. There must have been thousands of 
individuals about the light-house, where they fed partly on flies 
that collected on the window screens and sides of the house, and 
apparently also on ground insects, and possibly seeds of the beach 
grasses. Over the rest of the island they were rather generally 
distributed, but showed some preference for the open beaches and 
sand dunes. These birds all passed on during the next night, and 
on September 20, and afterward, only a few were seen until the 
night of October 5, when the largest wave of warblers and spar- 
rows reached the island. Among the birds in this movement there 
were thousands of this species and of the myrtle, and large nun- 
bers of black-throated blue, and black-throated green warblers, 
American redstarts, juncos, vesper sparrows, and a few horned 
larks. These all came about the light-house and buildings and lit 
on the ground, on the steps, window ledges and screens, where 
they soon devoured most of the numerous house flies. By October 
11 the palms had disappeared, with the exception of a yery few. 
But one fall record is known for Ann Arbor, October 1, 1896. 

138. (6783) Dendroica discolor, PRAIRIE WARBLER.—This war- 
bler was first seen on the morning of August 22, when seyeral 
were observed with Cape May warblers in small trees near the 
light-house. On August 24, the writer saw three more, the last 
found. 

1389. (674) Seiurus aurocapillus. OVEN-BIRD.—The — oyen-bird 
wis found on August 31, when the writer saw several along the 
path through the woods. It was not seen again until September 
5, and after this only occasionally until September 30, when the 
last one was noted. These birds were always on the ground under 
low bushes and tall ferns, and could only be seen by calling, when 
they would fiy up into a low tree or on a bare log, often coming 
within a few feet of the observer. 

140. (675a) Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis. GRINNELL’S WaA- 
TER-THRUSH.—What seemed to be a family of this species was 
found on August 17. The probabilities are that these were mi- 
grants. It breeds in the northern peninsula and migrates early, 
as it came to Sand Point on August 5, 1908, and was present there 
until August 14. The last one seen on Charity Island was on 
August 22. <All of the Michigan water-thrushes seem to belong to 
this sub-species, and it is doubtful if any typical noveboracensis 
are to be found in the Great Lakes region. On the other hand, 
many birds that are intermediate between the two forms are 
found, which seems to show that the forms intergrade near this 


region. 


Woopv—MerrsHon EXPepITION, CHARITY ISLANDS. 109 


141. (678) Oporornis agilis. CoNNrEctTICUT \WARBLER—This spe- 
cies was first seen on the morning of August 31, near the path 
across the island. The preceding night had been clear and cool, 
with a strong northeast wind. ‘The species arrived with the oven- 
bird and mourning warbler, remained fairly common until Sep- 
tember 9, and was seen as late as September 19. It was only ob- 
served in the interior of the island, where it fed under tall ferns 
that grew in profusion there. By walking quietly and slowly and 
stopping to call, birds of this species, if within hearing, would usu- 
ally hop or fly up into the low branches of trees or on logs. They 
would come quite close to the observer, but generally disappeared 
promptly when they got a good look at the intruder. Some were 
called out of low thickets, but most of them seemed to feed in the 
thick ferns in the more open places in the woods. 

142. (685) Wilsonia pusilla pusilla. Witson’s WARBLER.—The 
first bird of this species was seen on September 7, when the writer 
secured one in the poplar trees near the path across the island. 
This.was the only one seen in the interior, but a few hours later 
another was seen in a low maple near the beach at the south end 
of the island. 

148. (686) Wilsonia canadensis. CANADA WaARBLER.—On August 
27, several Canadian warblers were seen in low willow bushes on 
the first sand dune on the west side of the island. It was not 
noted again until September 8 and 9, and other records were se- 
cured on September 138 and 15. At Ann Arbor, the species has 
been seen as early as August 28 (1908), and at Point Pelee on 
August 15 and 16 (1908). 

144. (687) Setophaga ruticilla. Repsrart.—This species was a 
not uncommon breeder on the island. On the night of Septem- 
ber 4, numbers came with the migration of warblers, thrushes and 
vireos, but by September 10 none could be found. On September 
13, a few more came and were seen almost daily until the night of 
October 5, when their number was increased by hundreds that ar- 
rived with the migration of palm and myrtle warblers. ‘The red- 
starts all disappeared on the next night, and no more were seen 
on the island. 

145. (697) Anthus rubescens. Preir—WHarly on the morning of 
September 19, the writer observed a flock of about twenty of this 
species on the west beach. The birds were walking about and 
feeding among the rocks. This flock was very wild, and when dis- 
turbed flew off toward Sand Point. No more were seen until Sep- 
tember 23, when a flock of fifteen came to the light-house beach. 
This flock was increased to about fifty the next day, but these 
passed on during the next few days, and on September 27 but one 


110 THe Wirson BULLETIN—NO. 7). 


was to be found. On October 1, two more—the last ones—were 
seen. This species always lit on the rocky beaches and fed there, 
and in the beach grass on the first sand dune. ‘They were rather 
shy and quite difficult to approach. 

146. (704) Duwmetella carolinensis. Ca tsBrrp.—This species was 
found on our arrival at the island, August 16, but could only haye 
been a rare breeder, as this bird was the only one seen during our 
stay. 

147. (705) Toxrostoma rufwm. BrowN THRASHER.—The brown 
thrasher was not seen until September 15, when one was observed 
in the willows on the west sand dune. The next day several were 
seen in the same locality. These probably came to the island with 
the migration of thrushes on the night before. On September 21, 
one was seen at the west side of the pond, and single birds were 
noted on September 26, 29 and 30. 

148. (721) Troglodytes aédon aédon. Wousr WrRreN.—This wren 
was not found on the island until September 8 (one specimen). 
Another was noted on September 9, and a third and last one on 
September 15. The birds were found in the more open part of the 
island, about the tops of fallen trees and the brush piles. 

149. (722) Nannus hiemalis hiematlis, WINTER WREN.—A 
single bird of this species was seen on August 29, in the low 
willows that border the first sand dune on the west side of the 
island. Another was noted on September 15, and on September 
19 several more were observed. After the latter date. it was 
rather common until October 8, when it was last seen. 

150. (724) Cistothorus — stellaris. SWortT-BILLED MARSH WREN. 
—Only one specimen of this marsh wren was seen on the island. 
This bird was secured in the cranberry marsh at the edge of 
the pond on September 16. It flew up from the coarse grass and 
lit in a willow bush. This record is the most northern one known 
to the writer. 

151. (726) Certhia familiaris americana. BrowN  CREEPER.— 
The first record for this species was secured on September 3, 
when one was observed climbing up a large oak tree near the 
path across the island. Another was seen on September 6, but no 
more until September 14, when several were seen. On Septem- 
ber 26 it came to the island in some numbers, twenty being seen 
on that date. The last one was seen on October 6. 

152. (727) Sitta carolinensis carolinensis, WHITE-BREASTED NutT- 
HATCH,—If this nuthateh bred on the island it was in very small 
numbers. A single bird was observed on August 31, another on 
September 14, a third on September 28, and a fourth and last on 


Woop—MersHon EXPEpiIrion, CHARITy IsLANps. 111 


October 1. The scarcity of the species is hard to account for, as 
there were plenty of hollows for nesting sites, and no evident 
scarcity of food. 

153. (728) Sitta canadensis. RED-BREASTED NutTHatcH.—This 
species was found on the island on August 18. It may have 
bred there, as several were seen on that date and the species 
breeds on the mainland in this latitude. It became common on 
August 26 and continued so until September 7, when it became 
abundant. Most of them passed on within a day or so after the 
latter date, leaving only a few on the island. Two more were 
seen on October 11, the last day of our stay. At Ann Arbor, 
this species has been seen as early as September 10 (1908). 

154. (735) Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus. CHICKADEE.— 
The chickadee was found on our arrival at the island, on August 
16, and a few no doubt bred there. Small flocks were seen almost 
daily until October 8. The birds were found in low willows along 
the beach, as well as in the pines of the interior, often in com- 
pany with the red-breasted nuthatch and flocks of warblers. 

155. (748) Regulus satrapa  satrapa. {OLDEN-CROWNED IXING- 
LET.—This kinglet was first seen on September 20, but it did not 
become common until September 26, when it came to the island 
in some numbers with the next species. It was found all over 
the island, but seemed to prefer the tops of the pines as a feed- 
ing place. The numbers appeared to increase until September 29, 
on which date hundreds were observed. On September 350, only 
a few birds were seen, but it was still on the island when we 
left it, October 11. At Ann Arbor, it has been seen as early as 
September 23 (1906). 

156. (749) Regulus calendula calendula. RuBY-CROWNED IKXING- 
LET.—The ruby-crowned kinglet was first noted on September 19. 
It became common on ‘September 26, when it was observed in large 
numbers all over the island, with flocks of the golden-crowned. 
This species also fed mostly in the pine trees. Most of the birds 
disappeared on September 29, but a few were seen as late as Oc- 
tober 11. 

157. (756) Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens. VrERy.—Three rec- 
ords of this species were secured, September 3, 5 and 7. It no 
doubt came with the migration of thrushes, mostly olive-backed. 
It has been found nesting at Ann Arbor by the writer (May 24, 
1904), but as a rule it breeds farther north. 

158. (157) Hylocichla alicie alicie. GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH.— 
This thrush was first noted on September 14, and the next day 
numbers were seen all over the interior of the island. On Sep- 


112 Tue WiLson BuLteTrin—NOo. 7o. 


tember 28 and 29, a great increase in numbers was noted, but 
most of these passed on during the night of October 2, and the 
last were seen on October T. 

159: (1582) Hylocichla ustulata — sivainsoni, OLIVE-BACKED 
THRUSH.—On the night of. September 4, there occurred a large 
migration of thrushes, mostly of this species. The night was 
warm, and at midnight a storm came up from the northeast. 
Thousands of birds came to the light, and great numbers were 
seen to be of this species. ‘The darkness and the rain confused 
them, and many came close enough to the light to make identifi- 
cation certain. Some struck the glass and were killed, while oth- 
ers fiuttered around and against it, calling loudly all the while. 
All the thrushes that were killed belonged to this species. By 
September 10, it was scarce and remained so until September 28. 
when it again became common. The last were seen on October 7. 

160. (759d) Hylocichla guttata  pallasi. TerRMir THRUSH.— 
This species was first seen on September 15, and it was only occa- 
sionally observed after that until September 29, when hundreds 
came to the island, with the olive-backed and _ gray-cheeked 
thrushes. These nearly all left the island on the nignt of October 
5, and none were seen after October 7. 

161. (761) Planesticus migratorius migratorius.  Rosin.—A few 
robins were found on the island when we arrived, and both old and 
young birds were noted. The keepers said that a few were seen 
about the pond during the summer. Only a few were seen until 
August 381, when some migrants arrived. The birds were often 
seen on the mud flats at the edge of the pond, and they also fed 
on the bearberries at the edge of the woods near by. On October 
1, they became common and continued so as long as we remained 
on the island. 

162. (766) Sialia sialis sialis. BLUEBIRD—No  bluebirds were 
seen by the writer, but Captain McDonald said that the species is 
very common during migration in the spring and fall. According 
to him, it comes in flocks in the latter part of October and early 
November. 


— 


Fig. |. Nestlings of the Barred Owl (Syrvium warium) at the time of 
leaving the nest. Dr. Shufeldt photo: from life. 


SHUFELDIT—PLUMAGES OF YOUNG BARRED OwL 115 


PLUMAGES OF THE YOUNG OF THE BARRED OWL. 


IBN? IDR, IR, Wi, SIHNOAPIBILIDNN, I AN, ©, Wing IAC. 


WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Photos from Life by the Author.) 


Ornithologists in this country have, as a rule, paid but little 
attention in their writings to the characters and coloration of 
the plumage of the nestlings of birds, or during the various 
stages of their sub-adult life. This fact I have pointed out 
in various articles published during the past twenty-five years 
or more,. and especially in one entitled “ The Study of Nest- 
ling Birds,” which appeared in The Atlantic Slope Naturalist 
in 1903 (Vol. 1, No. 4, Sept. and Oct., p. 37-44), and an- 
other which gopcaied in Natur wnd Plas during the same 
year, entitled, “ Das Studium der Nestlinge” (Jahr. xii. Heft, 
4, p. 49-53). 

In the present article this important subject will be further 
illustrated by selecting the first plumages of the Barred Owl 
(Strix varia varia) as an example of the extent of the at- 
tention ornithologists have bestowed upon such matters. 

For instance, if we choose Wilson as an authority we find 
he states in his own account of that bird that he “At 
another time, in passing through the woods, perceived some- 
thing white, on the high shaded branch of a tree, close to 
the trunk, that, as I thought, looked like a cat asleep. Un- 
able to satisfy myself, I was induced to fire, when to my 
surprise and regret, four young Owls, [Strir nebulosa| of 
this same species, nearly full grown, came down headlong, 
and, fluttering for a few moments, died at my feet.” Here 
was an excellent opportunity to describe in a few lines the 
plumage of the young of this Owl, but he never availed him- 
self of it. That these four young owls looked like a “ white 
cat’ im the tree goes for little, especially in view of the fact 
that there were probably plenty of black cats in Wilson’s time. 

Audubon, who enjoyed for many years abundant opportun- 
ity to study the Barred Owl, makes no reference whatever to 


116 THE Witson Burtiterin—No. 75: 


the young of that species in his Birds of America, and his de- 
scription of the plumage and its color in the adult is ex- 
tremely vague and unsatisfactory. 

Coues in the Fifth Edition of his Key to North American 
Birds, has nothing to say about the young of any of the Barred 
Owls, at any stage of their development. 

Ridgway in his Manual of North American Birds, under 
the description of the Barred Owl (S. nebulosum) offers us 
one of the plumages of the young of this species, with respect 
to color and character of markings. This description evi- 
dently refers to the young at the time of leaving the nest, 
although the author does not so state. This I take to be so 
from the fact that he says of the “ Young: Head, neck, and 
entire lower parts broadly barred with rather light umber- 
brown and pale buffy and whitish, the brown and lighter bars 
about equal in width.” Now if Figs. 1 and 2 of the present ar- 
ticle are compared, it wi!l be observed that in the nestling the 
markings consist of very irregular lines, and by no means 
definite bars (Fig. 1), while in the young bird-of-the-year, 
the lower parts are marked by broken longitudinal stripes. 
(Fig. 2). Hence, Ridgway’s description, to say the least, is 
rather faulty. As a matter of fact the lower parts in the nest- 
ling are both irregularly “barred and spotted with shades 
of brown,” as I state in my Chapters on the Natural History 
of the United States (1897, p. 240). 

In the work referred to I give a full-page plate of a nest- 
ling of the species, which is a reproduction of a photograph 
from life made by myself. The markings are here beauti- 
fully shown, and these instead of being transverse bars, are, 
in reality, short, irregular, broken lines and, in some in- 
stances, spots. 

So it goes for the most part throughout ornithological liter- 
ature,— the descriptions of the plumages of the nestlings or 
the sub-adult forms of most species of birds have been either 
entirely omitted, or else incorrectly, shiftlessly or insufficiently 
recorded. In nearly all instances, a knowledge of such mat- 
ters is of the greatest importance as shedding light upon the 


Fig. 2. Barred Owl: young bird of-the-year (Syrmium varium) 


Photo. from life by the author. 


Errric-—Birps OF A CANADIAN PEAT BoG 119 


subject of the ancestry of birds and their affinities within the 
Class, and to this truth the Owls form no exception. 

I have made and published numerous photographs from 
life of the Barred Owl and other species of the Strigide, but 
the figures illustrating the present article have never hereto- 
fore appeared in any ornithological publication, and, in the 
case of Figure 2, anywhere at all. 


BIRDS OF A CANADIAN PEAT BOG. 


BERGA Wi Gee SUES RE Ge 


A Canadian peat bog is a thing at once sought and de- 
lighted in, and on the other hand shunned and abhorred. It 
is shunned and avoided by nearly all classes of human so- 
ciety, that know of nothing but work, the amassing of money, 
and of pleasure in the old, accepted sense of the word. Such 
people cannot understand why a person should go to such 
an uninviting place, where one is drenched from underneath 
by water, visible or invisible in the deep moss, and also by 
the perspiration, wrung out of a person by the hot sun, 
under which one has to wade through the deep vegetation, 
without being able to walk in the shade. Add to this the 
hordes of mosquitoes, Jack of drinking water, the distances 
one usually has to tramp, often enough in wet clothing, etc., 
makes a condition of things which to invade without neces- 
sity, yes, even to find pleasure and profit in, seems to them 
nothing short of a sign of a serious affection of the brain. And 
yet, naturalists of several kinds, the botanist, entomologist, 
particularly the ornithologist, congratulate themselves, when 
they have such a bog in their neighborhood, and go there 
as often as they have an opportunity. 

Six miles east of Ottawa, the beautiful Capital of Canada 
and the former place of residence of the writer, there is such 
a bog of ample dimensions and bogginess, called the Mer 
Bleue. It is about ten miles long by one to four miles wide, 


120 Tue Witson BULLETIN—NO. 15. 


and is situated between the Ottawa-Montreal branch of 
the Canadian Pacific and Grand Trunk railways. There is 
farming country all around, terminating in low ridges or 
rounded bluffs at the margin of the bog, showing plainly its 
lacustrine origin. Some of these ridges in fact penetrate into 
the bog from the western end or from the sides, and here and 
there in the bog are elevations of rock and solid earth, evi- 
dently islands of a former time. Into this bog the writer 
has made incursions in June, July and August of nearly 
every summer during the six years of his residence here. One 
cannot go much before June, as the water is then too deep; 
and, as the breeding species of birds have then not yet settled 
down, it would not be so profitable. 

Like most, if not all peat bogs, also this one has a zone or 
fringe of quite different appearance than the bog itself. It is 
a fringe of typical s7vamp, not bog, with much — uncomfort- 
ably much, visible water. This fringe of swamp, in most 
places only twenty-five to fifty feet in width, is effectual in 
keeping out all but the most ardent naturalists. Here we find 
the typical swamp flora, alder, cat-tail, poplar, bog-bean, 
Lysimachia thyrsiflora, etc. The typical birds of this sec- 
tion are, the Red-winged Blackbird, with a few Bronzed 
Grackles mixed in, also the Swamp Sparrow, Yellow War- 
bler and in some of the poplar stands is found the Nashville 
Warbler. Now and then a Bittern or even a Great Blue 
Heron is made to rise and heavily wing away. Also Soras 
and Virginia Rails are found in here, as well as a few loudly 
rasping, scolding Short-billed Marsh Wrens (Cuistothorus 
stellaris). Of these the Yellow-throat and Nashville War- 
bler are also found in the bog proper. 

The appearance of the bog is such as to at once arouse at- 
tention. The vegetation is so different from that of any 
other kind of territory, that one is almost forced to under- 
stand that the biological conditions obtaining here are mark- 
edly different from those of most other places. The covering 
underneath, into which the foot sinks deeply, consists of 
sphagnum moss, one of the characteristic plants of the peat 


E1rric—Birps oF A CANADIAN Prat Boc W2iL 


bog. In most places water gathers at once around the foot 
in the moss, which is like a sponge soaked full of water. 
Soon the eye is attracted by the odd leaves and flowers of 
the pitcher plant (Sarracemia purpurea), most of whose 
leave-pitchers, bristle-beset, are filled with water also. When 
one comes upon a colony of large, luxuriant pitcher-plants, 
it is a sight not soon forgotten, during the spell of which, 
while gazing on, one is apt to forget all about birds. Be- 
sides sphagum the characteristic peat bog flora consists of 
such thick-leaved, glaucous bushes as Cassandra, Chamae- 
daphne calyculata, Andromeda glaucophylla, Kalmia_ pro- 
lifolia, Ledum groenlandicum, different kinds of huckle- and 
blueberries, also large and small cranberries. [lere and there 
are a number of small, stunted black spruce and tamarack 
trees, which in places form thickets, with now and then a 
patch of deciduous bushes, as Cornus, alder, viburnum, etc., 
between. In such patches are found the Canadian and Chest- 
nut-sided Warblers, also a few Maenolia and Blackburnian 
Warblers. 

But these are not the characteristic bog birds. Out in the 
open, where grow small, dwarfed spruces, with much space 
between them, we hear a song much like that of the Pine 
Warbler, or Chipping Sparow. There the bird is perching 
in a spruce. It turns out to be a Yellow Palm Warbler, 
Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea. Vhe Palm Warbler, D. 
palmarum, also occurs in the region, but apparently only as 
a migrant, and it seems as if fy pochrysca arrives here before 
palmarum, as a nest of the former, containing four eggs, 
was found as early as May 23, (1908). Here, where single 
stems of wooly-headed Eriphorum callitris stick up from the 
sphagnum, and, in August, the beautiful White-fringed 
Orchis. Habenaria- blephariglottis, is also the home of the 
White-threated Sparrow. His slow, measured song of vari- 
ous numbers of syllables can be heard on all sides. Cana- 
dians make it say, Dear, dear, Canada, Canada, Canada. 
Once, while resting from the laborious, heavy walking or 
wading under a hot sun, one struck up his tune near me, and, 


122 THE Witson BULLETIN—NO. 70. 


having note book and pencil in hand, I noted down the num- 
ber of syllables, with this result: 

Four times a song of three syllables. 

Once a song of four syllables. 

Once a song of five syllables. 

Twice a song of six syllables. 

Once a song of seven syllables. 

Twice a song of nine syllables. 

Once a song of ten syllables. 

All this in less than fifteen minutes. Here, in the open 
spruce and tamarack stands, may also be heard the songs of 
the Hermit Thrush and the Veery, Hylocichla guttata pal- 
lasi and H. fuscescens, often during the greatest heat of mid- 
day. Of other thrushes I have seen only one Wood Thrush, 
and, strangely enough, the Bluebird. . Beside Zonotrichia al- 
bicollis the following members of the finch and sparrow family 
are met with: the Song Sparrow, Swamp Sparrow, Chipping 
Sparrow, many Goldfinches, and a few Juncos. 

In such a paradise for mosquitoes, flies, and moths, as a 
peat bog is, flyeatchers are to be expected. And accordingly, 
on the various visits, | found no less than seven species here. 
Out in the alder fringe, which is repeated around every 
“island.” the Alder Flycatcher, Empidonax trailli alnorum 
is to be heard more than seen. This species certainly knows 
how to keep out of sight. In the open bog the twittering 
song and rapidly vibrating form of our old orchard acquain- 
tance, the Kingbird,may be heard and seen. This is a rather 
common species here. June 16, 1905, I found a nest in a 
cavity on top of a stump of a small spruce, containing three 
eggs, with very little nesting material in the cavity. At the 
edge of some of the taller and denser spruce thickets may be 
heard the Hood take care, of the Olive-sided Flycatcher, 
Nuttalornis borealis, a bird extremely partial to black spruces, 
preferably at the edge of some open water. If one is fortu- 
nate he may also hear another flycatcher call, similar to that 
of the Pewee, but richer in quality, resembling in that the 
Crested Flycatcher. This is the elusive Yellow-bellied Fly- 


Errric—Birps OF A CANADIAN PEAT BoG 123 


catcher, Empidonar flaviventris, in his breeding haunts. To 
me his call sounds, oi de woit! The mosquitoes, however, 
are too thick, the spruces too dense, and the heat too great 
in the thickets, to look for nests. When going to an island in 
the bog, the only places where one may sit down without get- 
ting wet, and eat his lunch, the other members of the fly- 
catcher family may be seen, the Crested, the Pewee and even 
the Phoebe. Here also the Canadian Ruffed Grouse, Bonasa 
umbellus togata, may be flushed, and the Nashville Warbler, 
Vermivora rubricapille, heard to sing his little ditty, C/iippa 
chippa chippa chit churr, or, tshewit, tshewit, trr. Other 
common terra firma species here, are the Purple Finch, Rose- 
breasted Grosbeak, Northern Flicker, Red-eyed Vireo, Red- 
start and Black-throated Blue Warbler, Dendromica caeru- 
lescens. 

However, the thicket where lives the Yellow-bellied Fly- 
catcher harbors another interesting tenant. He announces 
himself by a very unusual song. This is a thin, high, wiry 
performance, reminding one at once of the songs of the 
Black and White, Blackpoll, and Nashville Warblers. But 
this has a queer, ventriloquial quality about it, one never 
knows where it emanates from. It sounds as if it started on 
the interior of the tree, and, rapidly accelerating, it becomse 
a little louder, as if the bird came out along the branch to 
its end. This is the Golden-crowned Kinglet, also in its 
breeding haunts. To look for a nest here, would be like look- 
ing for the proverbial needle in the haystack. The Black and 
White Warbler is found here also. 

The flycatchers, however, are not the only ones reaping a 
rich harvest from the innumerable insects flying about dur- 
ing a warm sunny day. Those past masters in the art of fly- 
ing, the Chimney Switts, Nighthawks, Barn and Tree Swal- 
lows, and even Cedar Waxwings ar found plying the same 
trade. The Barn Swallows and Swifts, of course, come from 
the adjoining farms, unless there are some hollow trees large 
enough for nesting and lodging quarters for the latter on 
one or the other of the islands; in the bog there are none. 


n 


124 THE. Witson BuLLETIN—No. 75. 


The tree swallows rest in the alder-poplar fringe on the mar- 
gin and around the islands. The Cedarbirds later on, when 
the berries ripen, reap a rich harvest in them. Toward the 
end of August these various large and small berry-bearing 
shrubs, such as high and low huckleberries, large and small 
cranberries and blueberries Viburnum alnifolium, \emopan- 
thus mucronata, ete., are fairly alive with birds. Then the 
Cedarbird is in its glory, but also the Robin, Catbird, Brown 
Thrasher, Flicker and others invade the bog and share in 
the rich feast. Then also the Myrtle Warbler, Dendroica cor- 
onata, is more apparent than earlier in the season; it breeds 
here sparingly and its soft, babbling little warble, Whit, whit 
whit whit drrrr, something like the Nashville Warbler, is 
seldom heard— Of the wren family, the House Wren only 
is by no means rare in the bog: and in the spruces Blue Jays 
and Chickadees are frequently heard or seen. 

Of birds of prey, I have seen comparatively few. Now 
and then a Marsh Hawk gets up and circles overhead to 
watch the movements of the intruder. But the Sharp-shinned 
Hawk, Accipiter velox, seems to prefer the little, thickly 
branched spruces found here for his nesting sites. On June 
8, 1909, I found the rather bulky nest of a pair in the top of 
a small spruce, about twelve feet up, with four eggs. The 
female stayed on till the ascent was begun, then she flew 
off noiselessly. Not so noiseless, however, were a pair or 
two in a stand of larger spruces at the eastern end of the 
bog, near some fine Arethusa bulbosa and Pogonia ophio- 
glosscides. These had the young ones out of the nest —it 


was August 23,—and resented any intrusion with loud pro- 
tests, showing little fear of me. 

Another interesting feature in connection with visits to 
the bog, is to see how on different days in the summer 
months, the different birds in turn predominate, or make 
themselves most apparent. While at one time the White- 
throats are most noticeable, and the Yellow Palm Warblers 
are out of sight, the next time the reverse may be the case. 


Thus on August 5, 1909, hypochrysea was very apparent, 


HENNINGER—SpeEcies New to A. O. U. CHECK-LIstT 125 


wandering with their fuily grown young even on the farm- 
ing land adjoining the bog. On some days the Cedar Wax- 
wings play the leading role, then the ISingbirds, another time 
the Tree Swallows or even the Song Sparrow. Thus the peat 
bog, so dreary and monotonous to the uninitiated, presents 
many delightful and varying aspects and pictures to the 
devotees of nature-lore, who venture into it. 


TWOlSPHCIES NEW DO THE A ©, U. CHECKLIST. 
BY W. F. HENNINGER. 


In the “ Dansk Ornithol. Foren Tidskrift IV ” on page 130 
there is an article by O. Helms entitled: “ Nye Arter for Oest- 
groenland,” which mentions four species new to East Green- 
Jand, Maria marila, Falco peregrinus, Colymbus griseigenus 
and Totanus totanus. ‘here is no particular interest attached 
to the first two, but the other two, Totanus totanus and Co- 
lymbus griseigenus are new to the A. O. U. Check—List. The 
former has a hypothetical record for North America, but this 
is the fitst time we have a positive record, while the second 
one has never before been recorded from the neararctic region. 
I propose that these two species be therefore added to the 
A. O. U. Check—List and interpolated at the proper places. 


THE WILSON BULLE 


A Quarterly Magazine Devoted to the Study of Birds. 
Official Organ of the Wilson Ornithological Club. 


Edited by LYNDS JONES. 


PUBLISHED BY THE CLUB, AT OBERLIN, OHIO. 


Price in the United States, Canada and Mexico, one dollara year, 30 cents anumber, post- 

paid. Price in all countries in the International Postal Union, $1.25 a*year, 40 cents 

anumber. Subscriptions may be sent to Lynds Jones, Oberlin, Ohio, or to Mr. Frank L. 
Burns, Berwyn, Penn. 


Officers of the Wilson Ornithological Club for 1911: 
President—Irank L. Burns, Berwyn, Pa. 
Vice-President—W. H. Saunders, London, Ont. 
Secretary—Benj. T. Gault, Glenn Wllyn, Tl. 
Treasurer—W. I°. Henninger, New Bremen, Ohio. 


Members of the Executive Council—Lynds Jones, Oberlin, O.; H. 
C. Oberholser, Washington, D. C.; B. H. Swales. Grosse Isle, Mich. 


Editorial 


The September number of the Bulletin will be wholly given over 
to Mr. Frank LL. Burns’ “A Monograph of the Broad-winged 
Hawk.” It will cover some 150 pages of the regular size, and 
will be amply illustrated. This is the work upon which Mr. 
Burns has been engaged for a number of years, and will come 
nearer being a complete life history of this hawk than anything 
that has been done for any other species thus far. This paper is 
an illustration of what the Wilson Ornithological Club was _ or- 
ganized to accomplish through its method of codperation in bird 
study. We have no need to commend the paper to anybody, for 
it commends itself. 


In another place in this issue there will be found a brief ac- 
count of a summer bird course which is being offered to inter- 
ested persons in general. In continuation of the work attempted 
last summer on Telee Island, Ontario, by the writer and his com- 
pany of eight students, August and the first half of September of 


EDITORIAL 127 


the present summer will be spent on Point Pelee, Ontario, in fur- 
ther studies of the southward movements of the birds in that es- 
pecially favored place. Ten students will participate in the work, 
and it is hoped that they may be so distributed as to trace the 
direction of large flights, if any such occur. It is hardly neces- 
sary to state that these late summer classes are the direct result 
of the attention which has been given to the study of birds at 
Oberlin College since 1895, when the first class for bird study 
was organized in any American college. Now that the birds are 
receiving some attention, at least, in the public schools and in 
many colleges, we may confidently expect that there will be 
many young men and women with sufficient knowledge of and in- 
terest in birds to make many other special summer investigations 
possible. There is great need for studies of this special nature 
at all times of year, and we expect to see something of this kind 
done in the not distant future, especially for the spring move- 
ments in especially favorable places. Is it too much to expect 
that ere long the present practice of so many people of rushing 
off to some popular or fashionable summer resort, from which they 
are more than likely to return more worn than when they went, 
will give place to plans for spending that time in some healthful 
place where birds and other creatures may be studied and enjoyed, 
and where some real rest and recreation may be gained along 
with keen pleasure in delving into the secrets of this wonderful 
world all about us? 


The first article in the May-June number of “The Condor,” 
“The Literary and Other Principles in Ornithological Writing,” 
by Milton S. Ray, is, to our mind, well chosen and well done. Mr. 
Ray’s plea for readableness in ornithological writings, and his 
protest that simply because it is readable it is therefore not scien- 
tific, ought to be given honest consideration. It is too true of 
scientific writings in general that they are put into such unneces- 
sarily technical language, often, that they become wholly unavail- 
able to any but the initiated in that particular branch of science. 
This ought not so to be. The world is entitled to the results of 
investigations for which it is always paying in the setting apart 
of such investigators for their special work and thus removing 
them from the great army who are carrying the burden of the 
“day's work.” We earnestly second Mr. Ray’s plea for “set ver- 
nacular names based on the true relationships of birds.’’ There 
is really no sound reason why this cannot be done. If it be ob- 
jected that by so doing much of the sentiment of bird study would 
be sacrificed, we reply that this would be true of only those per- 


128 Tire Witson Burrasrn——No: 75: 


sons who would not in any event use names accurately. We have 
neyer been quite able to understand why a paper which states at 
the outset that the names used in it conform strictly to the latest 
A. O. U. list, but in which its author chooses to use the English 
instead of the classical names, of that list, should be stamped at 
once as unscientific and unquotable. Why isn’t one set of names 
as accurate as the other? In the long run it has proved true that 
the vernacular names of the A. O. U. list have been more stable 
than the classical names. Scientifi¢e accuracy is, of course, abso- 
lutely necessary in any event, but are the arbitrary rules which 
have been laid down to measure the degree of accuracy wholly 


tenable? 


During the absence of the editor, from July 28 to September 12, 
the indulgence of correspondents is asked. Letters addressed to 
Oberlin or to Birmingham will receive attention, probably after 
some little delay in many cases. 


Field Notes 


A Tloust WreEN DrivEN rFrRoM Irs Nest BY SpPipeRS.—On the 
niorning of June 12, 1910, I was greeted in my garden by the song 
of a House Wren. At first I thought it must be a straggling bird 
that had dropped in to glean a breakfast among my trees, but on 
the following morning it was singing as usual, and close by a 
Downy Woodpecker’s stub that I had cut down and fastened in a 
tree, thinking thus to attract some bird to it as a nesting site. I 
soon discovered the female busily looking the trees over, and now 
and then inspecting the stub. 

The next day I saw Mrs. llouse Wren carrying sticks into the 
hole and T felt quite satisfied in having a pair of House Wrens for 
tenants, this being the first pair that had ever nested in my place. 
About a week after I missed the delightful song, so started to in- 
vestigate. Rapping on the stub no bird appeared, and I soon saw 
that the edges of the hole were alive with small spiders. I took the 
stub down and opened it, and found the nest swarming with these 
spiders. The birds in building the nest had used small twigs en- 
tirely and had thickly stuecoed them with the white egg saes of a 
species of spider, that had hatched before the Wren had deposited 
her own eggs, and instead of making a home for her young, she 
had unwittingly gathered together a fine family of spiders and pro- 
vided them with a well sheltered retreat. 

South Auburn, Rhode Island, Tlarry ‘8. HATHAWAY. 


Frei.p Notes 129 


THE VILLAGE HNGLISH SPARROW IN THE GRAIN-RAISING REGION.— 
In the admirable article by Mr. Frank C. Gates, which appeared 
in the last Wilson Bulletin, in speaking of Havana, Illinois, there 
occurs the following: ‘The town, itself, is surprisingly free from 
weed patches of more than a very limited extent. For this rea- 
son, perhaps, the Hneglish sparrows, which are naturally attracted 
to the dwelling places of man, not finding sufficient food there, 
flock in groups of 25 to 150 and invade the wheat and clover 
fields. It was noticed repeatedly that whenever English sparrows 
invaded crop land it was virtually always in good-sized flocks.” 
This calls forth two questions: Does the English sparrow eyer 
eat weed seed to any appreciable extent when a grain diet is pro- 
eurable? And is not the habit above described, one that is common 
to all English sparrows in the grain-raising belt? 

Year after year my observations have been, that as soon as the 
kernels of growing grain are of edible size all the village spar- 
rows, not held by nest duties, fiock daily to the nearest grain 
fields; and that there is no cessation of their visits until the last 
shock of oats, rye, and barley has been taken to the threshing ma- 
chine. Frequently, with the flocks may be seen young birds not 
yet able to feed themselves, to which their mothers. bring food, 
sometimes feeding them with six or eight insertions of the Dill, 
each insertion unquestionably showing the delivery of a_ kernel 
of grain. The toll upon the farmers’ unharvested crops in the 
aggregate must be a vast amount. At this season, while driving 
along country roads, one sees the Hneglish sparrows that usually 
swarm about the farmers’ pig-pens and chicken yards have de- 
serted these resorts for a time and have betaken themselves to the 
grain fields. 

This “avian rat” proves a pest to the poultry raiser, because 
of its pilfering the soft foods prepared for little chicks. Some 
people have dealt successfully with the thief by catching it in 
traps placed on the tops of the coops. For this purpose mouse- 
traps are used—the sort that consists of a wire spring fastened 
upon a small block of wood; merely one more device against the 
forces of the mighty. 

National, Towa. ALTHEA R. SHERMAN. 


Rare GBrrps ar Cannon, Onto.—The spring migration of 1911 
has been especially interesting here, because of the visitation of 
seyeral rare species. These were, with one exception, water fowl, 
and were observed chiefly on Meyer's Lake, a sheet of water about 
three-quarters of a mile long and a quarter of a mile wide, sit- 
uated two and one-half miles west of Canton. 


130 Tue Witson BuLLETIN—No. 75. 

The first of the rarer species to be noted was the Red-breasted 
Merganser, on April 2, when six individuals were seen, the males 
simplifying identification. 

On the same date were also seen the Canyas-back and Old-squaw 
ducks, two individuals of each. Gunners also report the shooting 
of several Old-squaws. Dawson, in The Birds of Ohio, says this 
latter species is a rare winter visitor on Lake Erie, and casual in 
the interior; while the Red-breasted Merganser is stated to be a 
rare migrant. The Canvas-back, although less rare here than the 
others, is till entitled to mention. 3 

April 9, and Osprey made its appearance here, staying in the 
vicinity of Meyer’s Lake about a week. I had not met with an 
Osprey since January, 1904; long enough, certainly, to permit the 
species to be called rare. 

Two Ring-billed Gulls were observed April 16, and one April 
30. This species, Dawson states, is a rare migrant for the state 
elsewhere than on Lake Erie. Both observations were at close 
range under fayorable conditions, and presented the peculiar con- 
dition of the first birds seen, being in full summer plumage, while 
the one observed a half-month later still bore some of the streak- 
edness of head and rear neck of the winter plumage. 

April 25, two flocks of Bonoparte Gulls were met with, twelve 
and seyen individuals respectively. Several times in years past 
early cottagers at the lake have reported gulls which, from de- 
scription, were possibly of this species, but so far as I know this 
is the first time the species has been definitely identified here. 

The Red-throated Loon, two individuals were observed April 30, 
by an ornithological friend, Edward Jacot, and myself. This spe- 
cies, also, is reckoned a rare migrant for Ohio, especially in the 
interior. 

Canton, Ohio. Epwarp D. KIMEs. 


Birp NOTES rROM NORTHERN NEW JeERSEY.—American Merganser 
(Mergus americanus). At Pompton Plains, Passaic County, on 
January Ist, 1911, I found a drake of this species on the Pompton 
River in behind a cluster of willows. The ice had thawed slightly 
the night before and quite a pool had formed and in this the bird 
was floating and bathing. This is rather a rare bird in this lo- 
locality. On February 18th, two more (drake and duck) on the 
viver about two hundred yards from where the one of January 
Ist was found. 

Wood Duck (Air sponsa). At Pompton Plains on March 26th T 
found a pair of these beautiful ducks floating on the river near 


Firetp Nores 131 


the Canal feeder. The male was full grown and had a crest which 
fell on its back as it rested on the water. The female was not fully 
grown and its plumage was very much ruffled up. The birds were 
quite fearless, as they allowed me to approach within fifty feet 
before rising to wing, and on rising just moved far enough off to 
be at a safe distance. On following them up stream they kept about 
160 feet ahead of me for over a mile. 

Willdeer (Oxryechus vociferus). At Pompton Plains on March 
26th, four of these birds were found on the banks of the river 
searching the sand for food, which they were finding in great 
abundance. This bird is not as abundant of late as formerly and 
only found occasionally during the vernal migrations. 

Bloomfield, N. J. Louris S. Konwuer. 


THE CONNECTICUT WARBLER IN MAHONING Co., OHI0.—October 3, 
1910, early in the morning, I started a Connecticut warbler from 
the rank encircling growth of a button-bush swamp. He flew to 
a twig and sat intently regarding me, while I just as intently ex- 
amined him through the binoculars as he paused in the effulgence 
of the ascending sun. His yellow was not strong nor was the 
slaty gray of the throat and fore-breast, but the eyes were plainly 
encireled by that white.ring which it is so important to look for 
and which distinguishes him from the mourning warbler. 

A moment more and he was satisfied with his examination and 
dashed from sight like a tiny olive-backed or gray-cheeked thrush, 
to which, in expression of eye, attitude, and general behavior he 
bore no little resemblance. By no amount of beating about the 
bush or wading through the wet outer tangle of jewel-weed, span- 
ish needle, fire weed and wild-rose bushes could he be forced to 
reveal himself again. Z 

Dawson, in his Birds of Ohio, regards this as one of the rarest 
warblers of the state, and evidently not without reason. 

This is the writer’s third record for this bird during a period of 
eleyen years’ observation at this station. This was in all proba- 
bility a male. The first record was a female secured from high 
tree-tops in September, 1906. While the second bird was observed 
in the low herbage of a hillside thicket May 28, 1909. This bird, 
like the one of last autumn, was examined carefully at short 
range and identified beyond any doubt. 

It may be noted that so far IT have never recorded the mourn- 
ing warbler in autumn. 

Bilsworth, Ohio. EXRNEST WATERS VICKERS. 


132 Tue Witson BULLeETIN—No. 75. 


THe Cuocorare TowHEE.—On October 25, 1910, after three 
weeks of fruitless effort I secured a bird in unique plumage, which 
I called the Chocolate Towhee. 

Iixtremely shy and skulking in his ways, dodging in and out of 
the tops of the felled trees where the withered leaves elung thick, 
now in the brush-heaps or through the wood-side bramble-patches, 
he had led me a merry and discouraging race full oft; nor yen- 
tured to drop a single note that would lead to his identity. Nor 
was it my fortune to get one satisfying view of him through the 
glasses. So I began to fear that he might flit for the south some 
fine night, and leave me a sadder but no wiser man. 

IIe was almost always alone, as though considered the black 
sheep of the family by his species, who did not appear to take 
kindly to his wild, furtive ways. 

Nature was evidently in sportive mood when she made him. but 
as is often the case with freaks, he was no improvement on the 
beautiful colors or elegant color pattern of the towhee, as every 
bird-lover knows him in thicket and forest. 

And the camera failed to give a definite conception of the odd 
mixing of dark brown and black in his plumage. 

The idea seemed to have been to make an out and out chocolate 
bird of him, but the black persisted. Evidently a male bird, his 
measurements tallied so closely with those of other males of his 
species as to require no comment. 

Ilis only white feather was a single one on his throat just be- 
low the bill. Otherwise the white was replaced by dark brown 
or chestnut—a shade or two deeper than normally—so that the en- 
tire throat, breast and belly, including the vent and under-tail 
coverts. were all of one color without shading. This dark brown 
replaced the ordinary black on rump and tail-coverts, which, how- 
ever, were marked or tipped with black. And the black of the 
back was irregularly splashed with brown. The crown and nape 
partook of the brown of the lower parts, extending around and 
uniting with it on the throat, but enclosing the black auriculars, 
lores, and line over the eye. The spot at the base of the primaries 
with the outer tail feathers, usually white, presented the palest 
brown in the plumage, being quite light. And there was brown 
where the primaries are normally edged with white, and likewise 
on the tertials. The greater coverts were also carefully edged 
with brown. The bill was dark horn instead of black as the male 
chewink. 

Thus in this bird we have the untire underparts captured by 
the brown, likewise the head, nape and rump, with the black re- 
duced to a scuare block on the back, on his wings and upper tail- 
feathers and the cheek spots. ERNEST W. VICKERS. 


Fietp Norrs 133 


Nores ON CourTSHIe or JuNcOos.—These observations were all 
made in South Rayine, as it is locally called, near the Floyd Mon- 
ument. On the eigth day of March the Junco males were seen 
driving the females. They were driving in and out among the 
bushes in a deep gully, the males uttering the characteristic Junco 
“tsip” repeatedly. On the nineteenth of March the males were 
again seen driving the females, but did not confine themselves, to 
the bushes. The males uttered the characteristic Junco call re- 
peatedly, and on this date I heard for the first time the love song 
of the Junco. It consisted of a low, simple song and a trill. 

On March 26, at 10:30 a. m., in company with V. J. Hayes, I 
watched a pair of Juncos courting. The birds had been flying 
about abundantly all morning, and one pair was finally located in 
a small scrub oak. When they first attracted attention the male 
Was perched on a small limb above and to the left of the female. 
He was bobbing and bowing his head to her; his wings were droop- 
ing and fluttered slightly at times. He uttered almost continu- 
ously a faint twittering song. The female was also bobbing and 
bowing to him and jumped from the branch she was perched on to 
another one to her left and then back again; this was repeated 
three times. The male kept up his bobbing and bowing, but 
turned on his perch so that he faced her all the time. After the 
third repetition of this the female hopped onto the same twig with 
the male. They stood facing each other, bills nearly touching, and 
bowed solemnly, both bobbing their heads at the same time. The 
male’s wings were still dreoping. Then the female hopped back 
to her original perch and the bowing and hopping from one perch 
to another continued for 4 short time. The female for some un- 
known reason flew away, and after about thirty second the male 
followed her. The time consumed in the whole performance was 
about two minutes. 

Sioux City, Towa, April 6, 1917, TRA GABRIELSON. 


TIORNED GREBE AT NEWARK, New JeRSeY.—On April 23, 1911, a 
pair of Tlorned Grebes (Colymbius auritus) appeared on the lakes 
in Branch Brook Park, Newark, N. J. One of the birds was in the 
summer phase and the yellow feathers which form the horned 
crests were well developed and conspicuous. The other still re- 
tained much of its winter plumage and the crests had not ap- 
peared at all. Both birds were yery tame, as they approached 
within seventy feet of the shore where a number of persons were 
congregated and watching the birds performing their expert dives 
and for their reappearances after these numerous submergings. 
There were a nifmber of canoes about them and when these ap- 


134. Tut Witson BULLETIN—NO. To. 


proached the birds would suddenly disappear and come up some 
distance off. This is rather a rare bird in this locality and this 
is the first time I have found them personally, although I have 
been told by competent observers that they occasionally appear 
from year to year during the vernal migrations in this park. 
Louris S. KOHLER. 


ADDITIONAL VERNACULAR NAME FOR THE FLIcKER (Colaptes aura- 
tus).—The residents in several sections of Northern New Jersey 
speak of the Flicker as the “Woodcock.” There is no confusion 
between this bird and the real Woodcock (Philohela minor), which 
they call ‘“Mud Hen,’ as on numerous occasions I haye asked 
them to show me the bird they term as the ‘“ Woodcock” and they 
have pointed out the Flicker each time. 

The young of this bird in many instances fall prey to pot 
hunters, as they are prized by some of the lesser intelligent of the 
country folk and nearly all of the resident aliens as a table deli- 
cacy. The Game Commission has put forth their best efforts to 
stamp out this traffic, but in some of the isolated portions the 
practice is successfully carried on and heavy inroads are made 
upon their numbers each year. 

Bloomfield, N. J. Louts S. Kowrer. 


Educational Work 


A COURSE IN Bird Stupy.—For the last five summers there has 
been given a regular course in bird study at the marine biological 
laboratory of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, The 
laboratory is located at Cold Spring Ilarbor, Long Island, New 
York. %It is thirty miles east of New York City, on the north side 
of Long Island, near Qyster Bay. Dr. Charles B. Davenport is 
director of the laboratory. and he is also director of the Station 
for experimental Evolution of the Carnegie Institution of Washing- 
ton, which is located on adjacent grounds. 

The surrounding country is quite diversified. In the immediate 
vicinity are sphagnum bogs, pine barrens, forest-clad hills, briery 
thickets, salt marshes, four beautiful fresh-water lakes, and an 
arm of Long Island Sound. This variety of habitat is conducive 
to a variety of birds. The Spotted Sandpiper, the Little Green 
Heron, and the Black-crowned Night Heron nest in the vicinity. 
and besides these, a great many land birds. During the six weeks, 
the bird class locates and identifies about three hundred nests, 
either in use or abandoned. This gives some notion of what a 
bird’s paradise the region is. 


PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED 135 


The course, which consists of twenty lectures and daily excur- 
sions for field identification and study, is in charge of Mrs. Alice 
Hall Walter, who is well known to the bird students of this coun- 
try. ‘She is the efficient editor of the Audubon Societies School 
Department of Birp-LoRE, but perhaps she is best known as the 
co-author of ‘Wild Birds in City Parks,” a very useful little 
book which has gone through several editions. In addition to the 
regular course, special problems for individual study, relating to 
the food and habits of birds, are given. During the session a 
beginner can get an introduction into ornithology, and can become 
more or less familiar with some sixty species of nesting birds. 

The subjects of the lectures given are as follows: (1) Nesting 
Birds of Cold Spring Harbor; (2) *Skeleton; (3) Study of a Bird 
Family—Warblers (4) *Anatomy; (5) Study of a Bird Family— 
Sparrows; (6) *Feathers and Molt; (7) Other Passeriform Fam- 
ilies; (8) Water and Shore Birds; (9) *The History of Bird 
Classification; (10) The Facts of Migration; (11) *Theories of 
Migration; (12) The Ancestry of Birds; (18) Distribution; (14) 
Distribution in America; (15) *The Bird’s Place in Nature; (16) 
*The Hconomic Value of Birds; (17) HWnemies and Protection of 
Birds; (18) Methods of Study in Schools; (19) * General Meth- 
ods; (20) Literature. The lectures marked with an asterisk are 
given by Dr. H. E. Walter, Professor of Zoology in Brown Uni- 
versity. 

The course will be given again this summer beginning July 5th. 
Excursions to the American Museum of Natural History and to 
Bronx Park Zoological Garden will be arranged if desired. 

G Ch in, 


Publications Reviewed 


The Home-Life of a Golden Eagle, Photographed and Described 
by H. B. Macpherson, with thirty-two mounted plates. Witherby 
& Co., London. Second revised edition. 

In this brochure of forty-five pages the author has told in a 
simple manner of the difficulties attending a study of the home 
life of this “Wing of Birds.” Only one whose heart was in the 
work could brave the difficulties and endure the almost impossible 
weather conditions which he endured. We wonder at his suc- 
cess in keeping his plates dry. The mounted photographs accom- 
panying the descriptive matter make a collection of unique and 
enduring yalue, illustrating, as they do, nearly every phase of 
the home life of young and parents. Mr. Macpherson must find 


136 THe Wirsom BULLETIN—No, 15: 


his reward for the hardships endured and the discomforts which 
attended his work in the certain knowledge that he has here ad- 
vanced our knowledge of this “King of Birds” in no small de- 
gree. 3 Td 


Our Great Travelers. Birds that fly from pole to pole and shun 
the darkness: Birds that make 2,500 miles in a single flight. By 
Wells W. Cooke, of the Biological Survey, U. ‘S. Department of 
Agriculture. Reprinted from the National Geographic Magazine, 
April, 1911. 

Ilowever, one might feel disposed to differ with Professor Cooke 
in regard to his expressed theories of the origin of bird migration 
as set forth in this article, he must agree that the twelve ac- 
companying Maps are of the greatest value to the student of bird 
moyements. Professor Cooke's close studies of the migrations of 
the birds in compiling the reports of voluntary observers gathered 
by the Biological Survey, have made him our authority upon this 
subject. We are particularly glad to receive this latest contri- 
bution from his pen. Le ae 


Methods of Attracting Birds. By Gilbert II. Trafton, Super- 
visor of Nature Study, Passaic, N. J. With illustrations. Pub- 
lished under the auspices of the National Audubon Societies. 
Houghton Miffh Co. $1.25, 7et. 

In this 171 page book we have almost a companion piece with 
Martin Tliesmann’s hook reviewed aboye Indeed, frequent ref- 
erence is made to this book and some of the illustrations are taken 
from it. Mr. Trafton has gone more into detail as regards spe- 
cies, adapting everything to our somewhat different conditions. 
The book should prove of genuine value to teachers and to others 
who desire to entice the birds into the vicinity of their homes 
for more intimate study than the open field affords. It should 
also aid in the preservation from destruction of some of our 
weaker and less adaptable species. Le ds 


Ilow to Attract and Protect Wild Birds. By Martin Tiesmann, 
translated by Imma S$. Buchheim, with an introduction by Her 
Grace the Duchess of Bedford. Second edition, with many reyis- 
ions, with many illustrations. London. Witherby & Co. 1911. 

This little book of a hundred pages is especially coneerned 
with the birds of Germany, but it contains many hints which 
should prove useful in any region. ‘The author follows a general 
discussion on bird protection in Europe and particularly in his 
own state with detailed descriptions of nesting places and nesting 


ee 


PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED 137 


boxes, and methods of feeding, and concludes with statements re- 
garding the necessity of suppressing the enemies of birds and the 
necessity for cooperation if a rational protection of the birds is 
to be brought about. We are pleased to note that progress has 
been made both in Germany and in our own country in the di- 
rection of saying from extinction certain species which are not 
able to cope with changed conditions resultant from the coming 
of civilization into these countries. With the author of this lit- 
tle book we hope that the time is not far distant when other 
countries of the world will heartily join in the movement. 1. J. 


Significance of White Markings in Birds of the Order VPasseri- 
formes. By Henry Chester Tracy. University of California Pub- 
lications in Zoology. Vol. 6, No. 18, pp. 285-312. December 28, 
1910. 

This vexed question is discussed by Mr. Tracy, not in the hope 
that he might be able to finally settle it, but rather “for the pur- 
pose of testing the validity of one of the earliest recognized cate- 
gories of coloration, that of “Directive Markings,” in a single or- 
der of birds.” His discussion takes the form of a review of the 
discussion of Thayer, who regards white markings as ‘ Conceal- 
ing,” since the two supposed functions might be regarded as an- 
tagonistic. Under the heading of “Intrinsic Factors in the Hyo- 
lution of Color” he properly questions the presumption of Riddle 
that color patterns, particularly the white patterns, may be due to 
rhythms of blood pressure. Under the topic of “ White Markings 
as Visual Clues,’ much evidence is submitted to prove that white 
markings do often serve as clues, even though they may, under 
certain conditions, also serve the purpose of concealing colora- 
tion. This is true of the birds of the forest as well as birds of 
the open. The paper is a welcome contribution to the study of 
this difficult problem. Te, do 


Photography for Bird-Lovers. <A practical guide. By Bentley 
Beetham, F.Z.S. With photographic plates. London: Witherby 
& Co. 

After some pertinent remarks concerning the comparatively 
greater satisfaction resulting from this method of hunting birds 
as against the hunt with a gun, the author proceeds to give de- 
tailed directions for pursuing this “sport” in ten chapters. The 
author gives unmistakable evidence of being master of his sub- 
ject in all its details. The directions for making pictures of birds, 


138 THE Witson BULLETIN—NO. 75. 
coat 

their nests, and surroundings are specific and detailed, and much 
valuable informttion is given relative to the most successful meth- 
ods of approaching birds in their natural habitats. The illustra- 
tions convey an idea of what the camera may catch and hold 
when in the hands of a person who knows how to use it and how 
to approach the birds. The book should prove of great value to 
those who desire to undertake this fascinating work. L. J. 


Election of Members 


The following nominations for membership in the Wilson Club 
haye been approved by the Executive Committee. Members will 
therefore confer a favor in notifying the Secretary at once if ob- 
jections to any of these are offered. In the absence of objections, 
candidates are considered duly elected, according to our Consti- 
tution : 

For ActTIvVE MEMBERSHIP, 

Bailey, Mrs. Florence Merriam, 18354 Kalorama Road, Wash- 
LON Ones 

Ball Dr. J. P., 4445 Frankford Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Braislin, Dr. Wm. C., 556 Washington Aye., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Burtch, Verdi, Branchport, N. Y. 

Carriger, H. W., 69 A, Walter St., San Francisco, Calif. 

Hankinson, Thos. Leroy, Charleston, Ill. 

Messenger, G. H., Linden, Towa. 

Newberry, F. E., 210 Port St., San Francisco, Calif. 

Pope, E. F., 1305 Nevada Ave., Trinidad, Colo. 

Ramsden, Chas. T., Guantanamo, Cuba. 

Rathbun, S. F., 217 14th Ave., North Seattle, Wash. 

Read, A. C., Melinley, Isle of Pines, Cuba. 

Richards, Miss Ilarriet E., 36 Longwood <Ave., Brookline, Mass. 

Riley, J. H., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 

Stephens, Dr. T. C.. Morningside College, Sioux City, Lowa. 

Walter, Dr. Herbert E., Brown University, Providence, R. I. 

ACTIVE MEMBERS. 

Wheelock, Mrs. Irene G., 1040 Hinman <Ave., Evanston, Tl. 

Wilson, Herrick E., 6024 Ellis Ave., Chicago, Ill. 

Wilson, Mrs. Julia W., 6024 Ellis Ave., Chicago, Tl, 

For ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP, 

Burrows, Daniel, Lacon, Marshall Co., Il. 

Crispin, Wm. B., Salem, N. J. 

ITamlin, Geo. I... 46 Washington Ave., Danbury, Conn. 

Law, J. Eugene, Ilollywood, Calif, 


two Punibers each, Vol. III, one one “(Only Ne 
ee ~ of Vol. I, and No. 1 of Vol. III are obtainable.) 
Hee cents a number. a 


Wilson Quarterly, Vol. IV, two numbers. 25 cents: a num- 
ber. oe: 


The Journal, two numbers. 10 cents a number. 
: P . 1 + 


The whole series (available numbers) $1.00, 


Wilson Bulletins, from 1 to 75 inclusive. (Nos. £12) 6% 
: 8, 24, are out of print.) 
- Of the Wilson Bulletins, No. 15 is a study of “ The Oren 
rackle Roost,” 18 pages, by Lynps jones. Price 15. cents. 
Jo. 30, “ Warbler Songs,” 56 pages, by Lynps Jones; in 

hich all North American Warblers are discussed, the songs 
re nearly all described, and a field key to the adult males Sot 
Price $1.00. No. 31, “A Monograph of the Flicker,” 82 pages, 
ce Frank L. Burns. Price 50 cents. No. 33, “A Summer aa 
C nnoissance in the West,” by Lynps Jones and W. L. Daw- 
son, being a study of the birds in fourteen states during ats 
Journey of 7000 miles. Price 20 cents. No. 3%, “A Sectional — 


rd Census.” By Frank L. Burns. Price 50 cents. 


ae other numbers consist of ‘General Notes.” Bye 15 : 


@ Among the special features for 1911 (Vol. 
XIII) will be colored plates of our Sparrows, — 
by Fuertes, with migration tables by Cooke jj 

- and notes on their identification by Chap- 
; man, a series of illustrated papers on the © 
Be “Birds of my Garden” by Mabel Osgood ~ 
Wright, a new. department for teachers 
and students edited by Alice Hall Walter, 
and Teachers’ Leaflets with colored plates 


by Sawyer. 
a 
- Subscription $1.00 per Year : 


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Harrisbur g, Pa. 


Vol. XXII 1911 Nos. 3 & 4 
September and December 


THE 
Wilson Bulletin 


“Nos. 76-77 


OBERLIN, OHIO 


A oe of the Browiinged Hale 
Preface 3 
Broad-winged Tage Gee : 
“Illustrations— : ee 
: _ Juvenile Female “Nip” , 
Adult Female “Nip” 
ug Juvenile, ‘“Fluffed Out” to Resist Cold Wind 
Np omion” of Nest 
sfc Top and Side Views of Nest and Eggs 

IA Series of Eggs in the Collection of H. W. Beers 
_ Nestlings About Two Weeks Old 
“Nip” and “Tuck” Twenty-three Days Old 
“Nip” and “Tuck” Twenty-nine Days Old 


THE WILSON BULLETIN 


is mailed on the fifteenth of March, June, September and Dece 
the Wilson Ornithological Club at Oberlin, Ohio, edited by 
__ Jones. eM 

‘Subscription: One Dollar a year, including postage, strictly 
vance. Single numbers, 30 cents, unless they are “Special” 1 
5 r iahes a special price is fixed. The BULLETIN, including all “Sp 
“numbers, is free to all paid up members, either Acai Associat 
Honorary, after their election. 
¢ Subscriptions may be addressed to the editor, or ig Mr. 
se ey Burns, Berwyn, Pa. 
a Advertisements should be addressed to THE Witsen 
| Oberlin, Ohio. Terms will be made known upon application. 
All articles and communications intended for publication, 
publications and books for review, should be addressed to Lynds 
Oberlin, Ohio. 

Articles of general interest relating to bird life are solicited 
should be in the hands of the editor ‘not later than the fifteenth. Bi 
month preceding publication: é 


need 


Sig yee ese 


i 


| 


BROAD-WINGED HAWK (Buleo platypterus) 


Adult female 


(Photographed by Alfred C. Redfield) 


A 


MONOGRAPH 


OF THE 


Broad-winged Hawk 


( Buteo platypterus ) 
BY 


FRANK L. BURNS 


With the co-operation of over one hundred American 
ornithologists, and the compilation of the 
world’s literature. 


BERWYN, PENNSYLVANIA 
1911 


Copyrighted November. 1911 
By Lynds Jones 


3 THE 
WILSON BULLETIN 


NOS. 76 AND 77. 
A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY 


VOL. XXIII SEPTEMBER AND DECEMBER, I9SII. NOS. 3& 4 


OLD SERIES VOL. XXIII. NEW SERIES VOL. XVIII. 


BROAD-WINGED HAWK 
(Photo by Isaac HE. Hess) 


Le n 
(eat att4 
Me 2 
‘ 
y 
4 
r 


PREFACE. 


Twenty-two years of personal observation and five years 
of close study of the literature of the subject of this paper, 
is perhaps none too long for the object in view, namely the 
inclusion in a single volume of the sum of our present knowl- 
edge of the life history of the species. In its ninety-eight 
years of history, the Broad-winged Hawk has always been 
considered rather rare, and for this, more than any other 
reason, perhaps, it has received a far greater amount of at- 
tention in a literary sense than the experience of the average 
observer would seem to warrant. With chastened spirit, one 
may trace many of the inaccuracies step by step back to the 
original statement. [ven with the expectation of a vast 
amount of reiteration, and the possession of the saving sense 
of humor, the lack of originality of so many writers in ref- 
erence to this species is all too painfully evident. | therefore 
point to the above in excuse for my frequent sacrifice of 
brevity in an honest endeavor to cite all statements in as 
nearly the exact words of the observer consistent to plain, 
comprehensive language. This has been a co-operative work, 
as well as a compilation of all the literature obtainable, and 
the credit has been given in the text wherever it is due. I 
am greatly indebted to the following persons for notes, 
specimens, excerpts, citations, photographs, or other assist- 
ance : 


Abbott, Alan Gerard. 
Alexander, Chas. P. 
Allen, Dr. Glover M. 
Allison, Andrew. 
Angell, Walter A. 
Arnold, Edward. 
Arnow, Isaac F. 
Atkinson, Geo. HE. 
Atwater, Hl. P. 
Bacon, C. C. 

Bagg, Egbert. 
Bishop, Dr. Louis B. 
Bowles, J. H. 


Brewster, H. BH. 
Brimley, C. C. 
Brimley, H. H. 
Burtch, Verdi. 
Carroll, J. M. 
Christy, Bayard H. 
Colvin, W. 8. 
Comeau, Nap. G. 
Cooke, W. W. 
Crandall, C. W. 
Crispin, Wim. B. 
Currie, John D. 


Davenport, Hlizabeth B. 


144 Tur WiLson BuULLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


Dean, R. H. 

Deane, Walter, 
Dille, Fred. M. 
Drowne, Dr. F. P. 
Dugmore, G. Radcliffe. 
Eastgate, Alfred. 
Hitrig, G. 

Embody, G. C. 
Evans, William B. 
Ferry, John F. 
Fisher, G. Clyde. 
Fuertes, Louis A. 
Hales, Henry. 
Hankinson, T. L. 
Harlow, Richard C. 
Hess, Isaac E. 
Hickox, W. S. 

Tlolt, Ernest G. 
Howe; BR. Ee, Jn 
Howland, Randolph IT. 
Hoxie, Walter J. 
Hoyt, R. D. 

Jacobs, J. Warren. 
Jones, Lynds. 

Judd, Elmer T. 
Ikent, Geo. H. 
IKkimes, Edward D. 
Kirkwood, F. C. 

La Prade, Rev. Wim. H. 
Laurent, Philip. 
Law, J. Hugene. 

Le Chasseur, A. 
Lee, H. E. 
Leibelsperger, W. IT. 
Loonis, J. F. 
McKechnie, F. B. 
Mercur, J. Watts, Jr. 
Miller. Richard F. 


Montgomery, Thos. H., Jv. 


Morgan, T. A. 
Morris. Robert O. 
O'Conner, Haldeman, 
Peabody, Rey. P. B. 
Pearson, Leonard. 
Pearson, T. Gilbert. 
Pennock, Chas. J. 


And particularly to Me 


Perry, Troup D. 
Pierce, A. K. 

Piers, Harry. 

Poling, T. C. 

Pope, EB. F. 

Price, A. EB. 
Rathbun, Samuel F. 
Rawson, Calvin L. 
Read, A. C. 

Roddy, H. Justin. 
Sass, Herbert R. 
Seton, Ernest Thompson. 
Shoemaker, Frank H. 
Short, Ernest H. 
Smith, Austin Paul. 
Smiths 2 swe dite 
Smyth, Ellison A., Jr. 
Sprague, William A. 
Stansell, S. 8. 

Stoey, W. W. 

Stone, C. F. 

Stone, D. D. 

Swales, B. TH. 
Swayne, Norman H. 
Swenk. Myron H. 
Mayverncr, Pa AS 
Thaver, John E. 
Todd, W. E. Clyde. 
Townsend, Dr. Charles W. 
Townsend, Wilmot. 
Trostler, Dr. I. 8. 
Vutts, E. PP: 

Verrill, A. Hyatt. 


, Visher, Stephen 8. 
ty 


Wayne, Arthur 
Wetmore, Alex. 
Widmann, O. 
Willard, B. G. 
Williams, R. W.. Jr. 
Wentworth, Irving HH. 
White. Geo. R. 
Wisler, J. Jay. 
Wood, J. Claire. 
Worthen, Chas. K, 
Wright, Albert H. 


H. W. Beers, R. M. Barnes; 


A. C. Bent, F. H. Carpenter, Owen Durfee, John H. Plan- 


agan, James H. Fleming, Benj. 
George S. Hamlin, Harry 


B. Klugh, Arthur H. Norton, J. H. 


Thomas H. Jackson, A: 


T. Gault, Benjamin Hoag, 
Hathaway, Ned Hollister, 


Burns—On BrOAD-WINGED HAWK. 145 


Riley, Chas. C. Richards, Chas. H. Rogers, Alfred C. Red- 
field, F. B. Spaulding, Robert P. Sharples, and Norman A. 
Wood, for long continued aid and encouragement. 1 am 
also indebted to the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sci- 
ences, Mercantile and Philadelphia Libraries for many of 
my references, and to Mr. Witmer Stone for use of his files 
of periodicals. 

With a few exceptions, the method of treatment requires 
no further comment than the various sub-heads afford. 
Ridgway’s “ Nomenclature of Colors” is the standard for 
all color descriptions, and for obvious reasons the measure- 
ments of skins are given in millimetres following the Eng- 
lish inch and hundredth thereof, but for the nest and egg 
measurements, the latter is ‘employed exclusively because 
consistency requires uniformity throughout “ Nidification,” 
including distances from nest to ground. Knowing that the 
metric system is practically meaningless to the American 
oologist, it has been omitted. As far as the literature with 
its often contradictory reports can be relied upon, suppli- 
mented by the manuscript notes in which several state and 
numerous county records are for the first time recorded, both 
the past and present status of the species is indicated under 
the head of “ Geographical Distribution,’ which should be 
used in conjunction with the “ Bibliography.” The import- 
ance of the latter, if measured by the time and trouble it 
took to secure the more than seven hundred titles, is not to 
be told in words. The writer assumes the responsibility for 
the correctness of all citations not otherwise accredited. 
Palpably erroneous records are here corrected and with all 
doubtful ones, are excluded from the body of the work. In 
conclusion I would beg that my studied omission of all per- 
sonal titles which would involve tiresome repetition, should 
not be attributed to a lack of respect and civility. 


FRANK L. BuRNS. 
Berwyn, Pa., Feb. 23, 1911. 


Broad-winged Hawk 


Buteo platypterus 
Diagnosis of Genus. 


The Buteos, Buses or Buzzard-hawks, forming the central 
or typical genus of the Accipitrinee, are found more or less 
numerously in all parts of the world except Australia. Diff- 
cult of difinition except by process of exclusion. Form ro- 
bust and heavy, flight vigorous and sustained. Bill short, 
wide at base, intermediate between that of Astur and that 
of Parabuteo. Tarsi and toes moderate and robust, claws 
strong. Wings long and rather pointed, the third to the 
fifth quill longest, the first shorter than the eighth, outer 
three or four with inner webs emarginate. Tail moderate, 
rather wide, from slightly rounded to almost even. In the 
adult plumage the best specific characters may be found in 
the color and markings of the tail. The synonymy of the 
genus is as follows: Buteo Lacepede, Tableaux Ois., 1799. 
Type Falco buteo Linneus, S. N. ed. 10, I, 1758, 90. Buteo 
buteo Licht. Nomencl. Mus. Busl. 1854, 3; European Buz- 


zard. 
Distinguishing Specific Characters. 


Buteo platypterus may be readily distinguished from Buteo 
swainsom and B, albicaudatus, by its smaller size, its shorter 
wings, the tips of its primaries reaching only to the middle 
of its tail, and by its fewer and comparatively distinct tail 
bars; from B. brachyurus, by its well marked underparts; 
and from all other species of North American Buteos, by its 


three primaries emarginated on the inner web. 
Description and Measurements, 


The juvenile or first year phase of Buteo platypterus pla- 
iypterus may be easily recognized by the broad rufous or 
rusty edging of the upper parts, the longitudinal markings 


BrRoapv-wincep TWawnk (Buteo platypterus) 


Juvenile female “ Nip.” April 5, 1908 


(Photographed by Alfred C. Redfield) 


Burns—On Broav-wINcep HAwK. , ey 
a 

of the lower parts, and the five to seven dark bars on the 
tail. The second year plumage by the transitional markings 
beneath, and of the four or five dark bars on the tail, the 
outer pair frequently as in the first year. In the adult there 
is considerable individual variation. In the United States 
the dark phase appears constant in the fall, and I have met 
with the gray-brown phase only in spring and early summer, 
and then considerably abraded as from: wear and weather. 
Of the series of skins in the Academy of Natural Sciences 
of Philadelphia, a single adult taken at Brownsville, Texas, 
is the only spring example of the dark type, and even in this 
the mantle is grey; an immature taken about the same time 
from that locality is very pale. “ In the adult the principal va- 
riation is in the continuity or distinctness of the anterior 
light band on the tail, and the extent and depth of the brown 
beneath. The first is characteristic of most specimens; it is 
broadest and most conspicuous, as well as less concealed by 
the coverts, in the females, and this appears to be the prin- 
cipal sexual difference.” Ridgway. Excepting Cuban and 
perhaps Porto Rican specimens, there appears to be no con- 
sistent geographical variation. Two Florida birds differ not 
at all from the northern examples. Riley states that he has 
found no individuals corresponding to the gray-brown phase 
in a series of Cuban skins, but that the dark phase is hardly 
or not at all different from the eastern United States exam- 
ples. The most constant differentiation between the Conti- 
nental and the Lesser Antillean forms, aside from the size, 
appears to be in the number and width of the barring of the 
thighs, the latter forms averaging narrower. 

An adult sexed as a female, taken at Baydte, Santiago de 
Cuba on Feb. 2, 1906, has the upper plumage seal brown 
narrowly edged with russet, fading into sepia on wings and 
mantle; upper tail coverts seal brown, barred with white 
and narrowly tipped with wood brown. Underparts pale 
buff to white, handed with mars brown, confluent on breast: 
thighs and tibe buff, banded with russet; under tail coverts 


148 Tur Wirson BuLLerrn—Nos. 76-77. 


buff white with obovate spots of wood brown; lining of 
wings buff imperfectly banded with russet. Wing—10.50 
(266).  Tail—6.25 (159). Tarsus—2.16 (55). Middle 
Cat6g (17). Hind claw—.78 (20). Bill from cere— 
80 (20). Cere—44 (11). A juvenile male taken at Hol 
guin, Santiago, Cuba, Aug. 5, 1904, is not at all different 
from my local birds of the same age, except the dark upper 
plumage covers the white bases more perfectly, the abdomen 
is almost spotless and the thighs have heavier obovate mark- 
ings. The measurements exceed that of my Salema Naas 
example of perhaps six weeks less growth, in all but tarsi 
and talons, which are less. The Cuban differs from the Con- 
tinental bird in being slightly smaller, lacking the grayish 
phase of upper plumage and also seems to be comparatively 
heavier marked on thighs and lining of wings, our typical 
form frequently has the wing lining immaculate. On the 
other hand a specimen from Moose Factory, Hudson Bay, is 
as heavily marked on the thighs as the bird from San Diego, 
de los Banos, Cuba, in the National Museum; though as 
J. H. Riley points out to me, the latter seems to have fewer 
bars. I have not a large suite of skins to prove the differ- 
ence between the mainland and island birds, between which 
no communication exists apparently. To justify recognition 
of a Cuban form the difference would have te be fairly con- 
stant. It must be remembered, however, that of the St. Vin- 
cent and Dominican birds examined by Clark and Verrill, 
upon which they based their forms, every one was taken in 
September and October, presumably at the time of the dark- 
est phase; and the single adult from Antigua upon which Ri- 
ley bases his form, was taken in May when pale, faded out 
specimens might reasonably be looked for in this species. 
Nevertheless all appear worthy of separation, as the Cuban 
and Porto Rican bird will eventually, and for which I offer 
Buteo platypterus cubanensis. Sub-spec. nov. 

The average measurements of a series of 37 specimens 
taken on the mainland, follows: 


Burns—On BrOAD-WINGED HAWK. 149 


Bill Middle 
I5 Males— Length Extent Wing Tail Tarsus from cere Cere Claws 
15.41 34.45 10.48 6.44 2.46, 0 AB 58 
(417) (875) (266) (164) (62) (18) (11) (15) 
22 Pemales— 15.98 35.57 10.94 6.46 2.56 ee) AG 63 
(431) (903) (278) (164) (65) (19) (12) (6) 
Primary formula—4-3-5-2-6-7-8-9-10-1. | Lores whitish 


with black bristles, the latter extending in a thin line on 
malar apex and under chin (mental apex); rectrices nar- 
rowly tipped with wood brown, in all specimens. About 
fifty per centum of the adult and second year birds examined 
personally, had yellow or straw-colored irides; but collectors 
of greater experience state that brown is the usual color in 
North ‘America. In Cuba, Gundlach gives it as ochraceous 
with an inclination to dark gray; Riley notes the color on 
three eastern Cuban specimens is given as straw yiellow 
with a brownish wash, while in two apparently fully adult 
birds shot by Palmer and himself in western Cuba, the irides 
were brown; and of two skins in my own collection taken in 
Santiago de Cuba, the adult is labeled “iris yellowish, brown- 
ish near pupil,’ juvenile “e@ray brown.’ The Porto Rico 
specimens show ochraceous-yellow, with a gray wash—Gund- 
lach. United States of Columbia—male and female, brown- 
ish yellow—Sclater. Northeastern Peru, female, light chest- 
nut brown—Taczanowski. Ecuador, light hazel brown, Ber- 
lepsch and Taczanowski; female, whitish, brownish in lower 
part—Taczanowski and Berlepsch. dirty white—Sclater. 
Rarely, both ovaries are developed in females, and as 
Bishop suggests, may account for some unusually large 
“males.” The peculiar malformation of a supernumery toe 
has been noted once by Coale, and twice by Beebe. 

Buteo platypterus antillarwm “differs from the Cuban se- 
Ties principally in size, being smaller; in having the throat 
generally darker and the barring on the thighs averaging 
narrower; there are apparently no other differences.’—Riley. 
According to Clark the irides of the St. Vincent bird are 
yellowish-white in all stages, and it is given by Lister as 
vellow. ‘ 


150 THE Witson BULLETIN—NOsS. 76-77. 


Buteo platypterus rivierei— ‘The series from Dominica 
are darker than specimens from St. Vincent, more sooty 
above, more heavily marked below, and with the bars darker. 
In size there is very little difference between St. Vincent and 
Dominica specimens. This is probably a fairly well-marked 
insular form, depending upon its darker coloration for 
recognition.”—Riley. The irides “are white or pale straw at 
all ages and in both sexes *“—Verrill. Ober, however, gives 
it as umber—Lawrence. 

Of Buteo platypterus imsulicola the describer states: “ The 
adult is much lighter and smaller than B. p. antillarum, and 
the bars below are narrower and less sharply defined. It 
is certainly a well-marked insular race, not coming into close 
contact with any of its relatives on the north er south.”— 
Riley. 

3ULTEO PLATYPTERUS PLATYPTERUS. 


Natal Down, Young, One Day Old—Well covered with 
the palest possible yellowish-white down, bill blue-black, cere 
very pale yellow, edge of mouth, feet and tarsi flesh color, 
irides blue-black. Examples: Berwyn, Pa., June 12, 1901; 
Daylestord, Pa., June 3, 1906. 

Juvenile First Year, Male—Upper parts deep rich brown, 
almost black; head, hind neck and back edged with rufous, 
the basal portion being pure white; primaries and secondaries 
fading on the inner webs to white and barred with deep 
brown, tipped with gray; tail clove brown fading on inner 
webs to white, with six bars of deep brown about one- 
quarter of an inch wide, except terminal bar, which is from 
half to three-quarters of an inch wide and narrowly tipped 
with ashy white; upper tail coverts white tinged with ru- 
fous on outer vane and imperfectly barred with deep brown. 
Beneath impure cream buff with guttate spots of fuscous 
clustering on breast, sides and flanks; abdomen and under 
tail coverts immaculate; tibee vermiculate near body, acicu- 
lar near heel; throat with a few pencilings of deep brown; in- 
cipient malar stripe dusky brown; under primary coverts 


BurNS—ON BrROAD-\WINGED HAWk. 151 


white faintly stained with buff and spotted irregularly with 
deep brown; lining of wings cream-buff unspotted with the 
exception of bend of wing—deep brown arcular’spots. Irides 
pearl gray. Bill and claws black. Feet and tarsi yellow ochre. 

Length 14.75 (375). Wing 9.05 (230). Spread 33.00 (838). Tail 
6.25 (158). Tarsus 2.51 (64; middle claw 54 (14); hind claw 
.06 (17). Bill from cere .66 (17; nostril to tip .68 (16). Cere 
.B8 (10). Weight 914 oz. About two months old. No. 889, coll. F. 
L. B., Salem, N. J., Aug. 9, 1905. 


Juvenile, First Year Female-—Upper part rich clove brown; 
outer webs of primaries, secondaries and rectrices barred with 
black or very deep brown, inner vanes fading to white and bar- 
red with deep brown; wing coverts, greater and middle, edged 
with wood brown; rectrices fading to pale cream on outer | 
webs, and nine dark bars; upper tail-coverts broken bars of 
clove brown on white of outer webs; hind head narrowly 
tipped with cream and three-quarters basally; sides of head 
pale cream tipped with clove brown; malar clove brown; chin 
pale cream with center penciling of brown; breast, sides, 
abdomen and under tail coverts white, posteriorally immacu- 
late, anteriorally broken ovate spots of olive; tibize pale wood 
brown, handsomely marked with cordate spots; lining of 
wings ‘pale wood brown with olive markings, laneolate and 
acicular in form; axillars broken spots of olive; under pri- 
mary coverts pale cream white, spotted with olive. Irides 
wood brown. Beal and talons black, under mandible fad- 
ing to gray posteriorally. Cere, feet and tarsi yellow ochre. 

Length 14.70 (373). Wing 9.25 (235). ‘Spread 33.25 (846) 
broken and worn at tips. Tail 6.10 (155). Tarsus 2.71 (69). Mid- 
dle claw 54 (14); hind claw .75 (19). Bill from cere .73 (lS) 


from nostril .73 (19). Cere 51 (18). Weight ilb. 1 oz. 8% 
months old. Berwyn, Pa., Feb. 16, 1907 (captive). Coll. F. L. B. 


This specimen was raised in a large cage in the open air 
and lost by abrasion the rufous edging to the feathers of 


the upper plumage. It is in all respects a bird of the year, 
no winter moult having occurred. 


152 Tur WiLson BULLETIN—NOS. 76-77. 


First Nuptial, Second Year Male—Upper parts deep van- 
dyke brown, almost black, fading to hair brown on scapulars, 
and confined to narrow bars and edgings on primaries, sec- 
ondaries and tertials, the bars often ending in russet jon the 
inner webs which are two-thirds white except at the tips; 
hind neck basal three-quarters white; sides of neck, middle 
of the back, scapulars, greater and middle wing coverts edged 
with mars brown; upper tail coverts rich vandyke tipped 
and barred with soiled white or else hair brown; tail hair 
brown fading on inner vanes to white, crossed by four bands 
of deep vandyke brown. Beneath soiled cream-buff with lance- 
olate markings on throat, and large imperfect cordate spots 
on breast, sides and abdomen, confluent on sides of breast, 
of pure vandyke and burnt umber; narrow malar stripes of 
clove brown; under tail coverts of soiled white with nar- 
row spots, mainly sagittate, of clove brown; lining of wings 
cream. Irides pearl gray. Beal and talons black. Feet and 
tarsi yellow ochre. Cere yellow ochre. 

Length 14.50 (565). Wing 9.75 (247). ‘Tail 6.25 (158). Tar- 
sus 2.58 (65). Middle claw .56 (14 ; hind claw .66 (17). Bill from 
cere .65 (17); from nostril .50 (17). Cere 41 (.10). Weight 18 oz. 
15144 months old. 3erwyn, Pa. Sept. 26, 1908. No: 925, ‘coll: 
105 1B 183. 


First Nuptial, Second Year, Female-——Upper parts fuscous, 
narrowly tipped with rufous; basil portion of nape pure white, 
sides of head with lateral streaks of ashy and rufous; ex- 
posed parts of primaries deeper fuscous or vandyke brown, 
indistinctly barred with ashy on the outer web and the fus- 
cous forming bars on the white inner web from the notches 
to insertion; secondaries and coyerts fuscous, fading grad- 
ually toward the edges to ashy; upper tail coverts tipped 
and banded with white; tail vandyke brown, with four bands 
of grey, white en inner web; the last band indistinct and fad- 
ing terminally into white, the second one-half to three- 
quarters of an inch wide, and the basal about one-quarter of 
an inch wide and partly concealed by the coverts; the outer 


BurRNS—ON BROAD-WINGED HAWK. 153 


pair of rectrices similar to that of young, indistinctly crossed 
with seven ashy bars; inconspicuous mustache of fuscous 
running from rictus across cheek; underparts white; chin, 
throat and breast suffused with pale buff and streaked with 
brownish-rufous, becoming oval on breast, and cordate and 
transverse on flanks; under tail coverts white, unspotted; 
lining of wing delicate cream-white with dusky acicular mark- 
ings; under primary coverts white with cordate spots of fus- 
cous; tibiee buffy-white with cordate spots of rufous. Irides 
Naples yellow, obscured on the inner rim by a semi-trans- 
parent raw umber stain. Buill—upper mandible-black, fading 
to a plumbeous about the base ; and lower mandible plumbeous 
and intensifying to dull black from anterior half. 

Claws black. Feet and tarsi yellow ochre. Length 15.60 (396). 
Wing 10.60 (269). Spread 34.55 (877). Tail 6.10 (155). Tarsus 
2.64 (67). Middle claw .73 (18). Bill .77 (21); nostril to tip .65 
(16). Cere .88 (8). Weight IIb. 314 oz. No. 883, coll. F. L. B., 
Berwyn, Pa., Apr. 27, 1906. 

Another example—Upper parts light olive, deeper brown 
on back, primaries and secondaries broadly tipped and nar- 
rowly barred, and wing coverts centered with same, the last 
edged with broccoli brown; back of neck edged with cinna- 
mon; tail broccoli brawn fading into pearl gray on inner 
vane and crossed by three broad bands of deep brown, nar- 
rowly tipped with pearl gray, outer pair broken in numerous 
barring as in first year bird. Beneath white, broken by trans- 
verse markings on the breast, of dull rufous, shafts deeper; 
throat yellowish-white, streaked with burnt umber; malar 


deep brown; tibize wood brown barred with rufous; under 
primary coverts white barred with olive; lining of wing 
cream-buff, occasionally streaked with tawny olive. Irides 
yellow. No. 64, coll. F. L. B. Berwyn, Pa., May 11, 1888. 

Adult Female, Dark Phase-——Upper plumage deep rich 
vandyke brown almost black, fading to wood brown in nar- 
row edging and mottling on wings and mantle, narrow edg- 
ing of russet or mars brown between shoulders, mantle, cov- 
erts, sides of neck, nape and sides of head, growing almost 


154 THe WILSON BULLETIN—NOos. 76-77. 


wood brown anteriorally; inner webs of quill feathers of 
wings above emargination wood brown, fading to pure white 
and imperfectly barred with deeper brown; tail coverts pure 
white barred with clove brown; broad malar and narrow 
streaks at the middle of the throat clove brown. Beneath — 
soiled white from chin to and including breast, and cream- 
buff to tail; wood on tibze, spotted with prout’s brown in hour 
glass markings on breast almost confluent, cordate below 
less frequent; under tail coverts unspotted; chin and throat 
have a few acicular markings; lining of wings, axillaries and 
under primary coverts buff with sagittate spots in mars 
brown except last, which are dusky. Beak and talons black. 
Cere, feet and tarsi yellow ochre. Irides yellow. 

Length 16.00 (406). Spread 35.50 (901). Wing 10.90 (276). 
Tail 7.00 (177). Tarsus 2.88 (71). Middle claw. .65 (16); hind 
claw .70 (17). Bill from cere .76 (19); bill from nostril .70 (17). 
Cere .52 (13). Third season. No. 349, coll. F. L. B., Newton, Del- 
aware Co., Pa., Sept. 1, 1892. 


Adult Male, Gray-brown Phase.—Type, Academy of Nat- 
ural Sciences, Philadelphia, No. 1551. (Orig. No. 407). 
Philadelphia, May 6, 1812. Collected by Alexander Wilson. 
“Length fourteen inches, extent thirty-three inches; bill 
black, blue near base, slightly toothed; cere and corners of 
the mouth yellow; irides bright amber; frontlet and lores 
white from the mouth backwards runs a streak of blackish 
brown; upper parts dark brown, the plumage tipped, and the 
head streaked with whitish; almost all the feathers above are 
spotted or barred with white; but this is not seen unless they 
be separated by the hand; head large, broad and flat; cere 
very broad, the nostril also large; tail short, the exterior and 
interior feathers somewhat the shortest, the others rather longer, 
of a full black, and crossed with two bars of white, tipped 
also slightly with whitish; tail coverts spotted with white; 
wings dusky brown, indistinctly barred with black; greater 
part of the inner vanes snowy; lesser coverts, and upper 
part of the back tipped and streaked with bright ferruginous ; 
the bars of the back are very distant on the lower side of 


BROAD-WINGED TIAWK (Biteo platypterus) 
Adult female “ Nip.” Nov. 21, 1909 
(Photo by Alfred C. Redfield) 


BurNsS—ONn BROAD-WINGED HAWK. 155 


the wing; lining of the wing brownish white, beautifully 
marked with small arrowheads of brown; chin white, sur- 
rounded by streaks of black; breast and sides elegantly spot- 
ted with large arrow-heads of brown, centered with pale 
brown; belly and vent, like the breast, white, but more 
thinly marked with pointed spots of brown; femur brownish 
white, thickly marked with small touches of brown and 
white; vent white; legs very stout, feet coarsely scaled, both 
of a dirty orange yellow; claws semi-circular, strong and 
very sharp, hind one considerably the longest.” Alexander 
Wilson, American Ornithology, V1; 1812, p. 93. 

Adult Female, Gray-brown Phase-—Upper parts wood brown, 
with seal brown centers, especially on head, neck and middle 
of back; primary secondary and tertial bars and tips seal 
brown, save a narrow border on tips which shows a very 
light wood brown conspicuously, also on the inner webs 
which fades to pure white; basal three-quarters of nape white 
as usual, and feathers of sides and neck edged narrowly with 
russet; tail gray with three broad bands of deep seal brown, 
and upper tail coverts tipped and barred with white; broad 
malar, and lanceolate streaks of deep brown on chin and 
throat. Below white, with the sides, flanks and abdomen 
banded with brownish-gray; breast and jugulum except upon 
center, same color almost solid and with shafts much deeper; 
under tail coverts unspotted. tibe lighter cordate in wood 
brown; under wing coverts, axillars and primary coverts 
ivory-white with a few sagittate spots of clay color. Irides 
straw color. Bill and talons black. Cere, feet and tarsi yel- 
low ochre. 

Length 15.75 (400). Spread 35.75 (907). Wing 10.80 (261). 
Tail 6.75 (171). Tarsus 2.52 (62). Middle claw .67 (17); hind 
claw .67 (17) Bill from cere .78 (20); from nostril .73 (18). 
Cere 43 (11). Aged three or more years. No. 547, coll. F. L. B., 
Bradford Hills, Chester Co., Pa., Apr. 16, 1895. 

MELANISM.—The melanistic phase is not wanting, though 
with one possible exception, all examples have appeared in 
Towa, Minnesota and Manitoba. On Feb. 23, 1908, Mr. J. H. 


156 THe WiLtson BULLETIN—NOos. 76-77. 


Riley saw a very dark bird pass almost directly overhead at 
Fall Church, Va. He informs me that he had a fairly good 
look at it, and that it had some white on the breast, but ap- 
peared to be very dark otherwise; whether upon being shot 
it would be as dark as it appeared, it would be hard to say. 
Worthen mentions one specimen from Minnesota, of a solid 
dark umber, showing dark bars on tail and primaries; and 
Seton another collected by A. Calder, Apr., 1907, Winnipeg, 
Manitoba, sex not stated; fortunately, however, | am able to 
give descriptions of perfect specimens of both male and fe- 
male : 

Male—Portage la Prairie, Mana., May 30, 1900; coll. 
Geo. E. Atkinson. It was found in company with another 
in normal plumage which was not collected. This specimen 
was in excellent plumage, entirely sooty black and very dark 
brownish, except the light tail bars. The entire head, above 
and below, is as dark as the breast. Length 16.00 (406). 
Wing 11.00 (279). Tail 6.50 (165). Atkinson ms. 

Female.—Crystal Lake, Hancock Co., Iowa, May 3, 
1883, No. 107,427 U. S. National Museum. Collected by J. 
W. Preston. “Plumage of head, neck and body, entirely 
continuous dark sooty brown, without the faintest indication 
of markings even on the lower tail-coverts or lining of wing; 
back darker, with a chalky cast in certain lights. Wings 
similar to the general plumage, but somewhat lighter brown, 
on account of paler, but not well defined, borders of feath- 
ers; secondaries lighter brown than coverts, without a trace 
of markings except near the end, when crossed by a broad 
dusky subterminal band and very narrow paler terminal mar- 
gin; primaries uniform dusky brown on outer webs, grow- 
ing gradually blackish terminally, inner webs of the three 
outer quills chiefly white anterior to their margination (the 
portion near the shaft brownish), the white crossed by sey- 
eral very distinct but irregular bands of blackish; inner 
webs of remaining primaries and also of secondaries brown, 
with a greater or less number (according to the length of 
the feather) of dusky bands, the webs mottled with whitish 


Burns—On BroAD-WINGED HaAwkK. 157 


along the edge. Upper tail-coverts with concealed pale gray- 
ish brown, crossed at about 1.50 in. from the end by a broad 
band (about 1 in. wide) of brownish-gray, becoming white 
on the edges of inner webs, and approaching white on the 
anterior portion of the band on the middle rectrices; another 
much narrower and much less distinct dull grayish band 
crosses the tail about 4.75 in. from the tip, the portion on in- 
net webs more or less whitish on some of the feathers, but on 
none extending clearly to the edge of the webs; extreme base 
of the tail light sooty grayish. Feathers of the head, neck 
and body, above and below, sooty grayish beneath the sur- 
face, the extreme base even scarcely approaching white; the 
feathers of the entire occiput, however, abruptly snow-white 
for about the basal half. Forehead entirely sooty blackish, 
but anterior portion of the lores grayish white, finely streaked 
with black. Wing 11.50 (291). Wing form. 3, 4-5-2-6-7-8- 
9-1, 10; outer three primaries abruptly and deeply emargin- 
ated on inner webs; tail 7.00 (178); culmen. 80 (20); tar- 
sus 2.40 (61); middle toe 1.40 (36). Mr. Preston says: 
“This is the third specimen that I have seen, 12 years since 
my attention was called to a peculiar little black hawk flying 
with a number of B. pennsylvanicus. In the spring of 1884 
I came very near securing another which was in migration 
with others of the species. The present example was shot by 
myself in a small oak grove. A number of Broadwings were 
sheltered in the woods at the time, as a cold storm prevailed. 
Oya much enlarged and iris red. Ridgway. 
BUTEO PLATYPTERUS ANTILLARUM. 

“Type—From Chateaubelair, St. Vincent (British West 
Indies), Sept. 24. 1903) No. 12°825, male adult, coll. E. A. 
and O. Bangs. Characters—Somewhat similar to Buteo 
platypterus Vieill., but smaller and more rufous, the rufous 
edgings to the feathers above wider, the underparts more ru- 
fous, and the thighs buff, more thickly barred than B. pla- 
typterus. In the young the ground color below is buffy- 
white, becoming darker on the abdomen and thighs. Iris 


158 Tue WiLtson BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


yellowish white in all stages, not brown as in B. platypterus. 
Cere yellow. Feet orange yellow. Bill dark slaty. 

Male—Wing, (9.45-9.77) 240-248; Tail (5.99-6.07) 152-154; Tarsus 
2.09-2.17) 53-55. Female—Wing, (9.97-10.71) 253-272; Tail (5.95- 
6.50) 151-165; Tarsus (2.09-2.17) 53-50.” Austin H. Clark, Proc. 
Biol. Soc. Wash., XVIII, Feb. 21, 1905, 62. 

Later a more comprehensive description is given: “Above 
brown, the feathers white at the base and margined with ru- 
fous to the tips, the white bases showing through the nape, 
and giving that region a mottled appearance. Wing coverts 
margined all around with rufous, lores whitish; head brown 
all around, the feathers margined with rufous, being dark- 
est at base of bill and under eyes. Throat light buff, more 
heavily toward abdomen, which is mainly light buff, barred 
with rufous brown. Under tail coverts light buff. Thighs 
buff, barred with many transverse lines of rufous. Under 
wing coverts buff like thighs, many of the feathers having 
small black central streaks. Upper tail coverts tipped with 
white. Tail brown, tipped with light grayish brown, with 
white at the extremity, crossed by two bands and an indi- 
cated third band of light grayish brown, becoming white on 
the inner webs of the feathers. Iris yellowish-white; cere 
yellow; feet orange; bill dark slaty.” Clark, Proc. Boston 
Soc. Nat. Hist. XXXII, No: 7, Oct. 11905; 241. 


BUTEO PLATYPTERUS RIVIEREL. 

Dominica, West Indies. Type specimens in the collection 
of Dr. L. B. Bishop, New Haven, Ct. Original description: 
“Much smaller, darker, and with relatively heavier feet and 
legs than any other form. Adults: Above deep umber or 
dusky brown or even blackish. Back, scapulars and upper 
wing coverts always edged with deep rusty or rufous. Prima- 
ries plain dusky on outer webs pure white with no indication 
of darker bars. Under wing coverts rich rusty or orchreous 
with narrow median lines and subterminal bars of dusky. Up- 
per tail coverts broadly tipped with white. Tail feathers 
dark grayish or dusky, crossed below by about six white, 


No} 


BurRNS—ON BROAD-WINGED HAWK. 15 


and above by three or four brownish gray, bands. Occiput, 
forehead, crown and neck, deep umber brown; each feather 
edged with dark rufous and often with medial streaks of the 
same color. Lower parts whitish, becoming rusty on flanks, 
sides and lower tail coverts and rich rufous on chest, thickly 
and heavily marked with hour-glass shaped patches of rich 
ferruginous or sienna brown; the markings becoming con- 
fluent on chest and sides and forming narrow distinct bars 
on flanks and thighs. Lower neck, throat, loral region and 
sides of head, deep rufous brown with indistinct narrow 
longitudinal lines of darker umber brown. Chin pale rufous, 
contrasting sharply with dark dusky mustache. Young: 
Above, much as in adult. Below, ochreous or pale rufous; 
lighter posteriorly and more heavily marked with tear-shaped 
umber brown spots most numerous on chest. Eyes white 
or pale straw at all ages and in both sexes. Biull bluish horn 
color; cere yellowish or sap green. Feet and legs greenish- 
yellow. 

Length 15. to 16. (330 to 406), Wing 8.50 to 9.50 (216 to 241) ; 
Tail 4.72 to 5.50 (125 to 140). Culmen .90 to 1.10 (23 to 41). Tar- 
sus 1.20 to 1.50 (80 to 38). Mliddle toe 1.25 to 1.60 (32 to 40).” A 
Hyatt Verrill, Addition to the Avi-fauna of Dominica, West Indies 
[Oct. 1965, unpaged]. 


BUTEO PLATYPTERUS INSULICOLA. 


~ Type, U. S: Naticnal Museum, No. 119,349, male adult, 
Antigua, British West Indies, May 29, 1890. Collected by 
Cyrus S. Winch. Frontal apex, lores, and a narrow line 
above and below eye whitish, with some stiff black bristles; 
top of head and auriculars grayish brown, with darker shaft 
streaks ; rictal streak darker; ccciput white, with the feathers 
tipped rather broadly with sooty brown; back and rump 
blackish brown, the feathers of the upper back barred at their 
bases with white, and slightly edged with wood brown, up- 
per tail-coverts black barred with white; tail black, tipped 
rather narrowly with dark drab and crossed by two rather 
wide white bars and an indication of a third that does not 


160 Tue Wirson BuLLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 

reach the shaft on individual feathers; scapulars color of the 
back, strongly barred with white fer about two-thirds of their 
length, basally; primaries dull black on the outer web and 
tip, white on the inner web as far as the emargination on the 
outer feathers, but not reaching the shaft except at the base, 
the black increasing in area from the outer feathers inward 
and turning to dark brown at the base and tip, leaving a large 
subterminal black band, a small black spot appearing on the 
inner web on the edge of the white of the second outer 
feather, increasing in number and intensity inwards on the 
other primaries, where they become interrupted bars not 
reaching entirely across the white to the inner web, however; 
secondaries and tertials grayish brown with a dull black sub- 
terminal band, the inner webs of the outer and the inner 
webs and bases of the inner feathers white, barred with dark 
brown; wing-coverts grayish brown; primary coverts dull 
blackish brown, irregularly barred with white on basal two- 
thirds of inner webs, the white extending to only webs at 
extreme base; lining of wing cream buff; sparsely spotted 
with small cinnamon spots; axillaries creamy white, with 
rather narrow bars of mars brown along the shaft; chin and 
throat white, with narrow dark brownish streakings; rest 
of underparts white, barred spotted or streaked compara- 
tively lightly with mars brown, the streakings barring heavier 
on the chest, decreasing on the abdomen, and ceasing en- 
tirely cn the under tail-coverts; thighs narrowly barred with 
mars brown. 

Wing (8.94) 227; tail (5.68) 143; culmen, from cere (.71) 18; 
tarsus, (2.20) 56; middle toe, (1.10) 28.5 mm. J. H. Riley. Auk, 
XXV, July, 1908, pp. 273-274. 

Synonymy. 


Wilson being the first to properly figure and describe this 
species, in 1812 bestowed upon it the name of Falco pennsyl- 
vanicus (Penn's Woods Falcon); but as he had previously 
so-named his Slate-colored Hawk, an immature Accipiter ve- 
lox, and did not live to correct his error, it of course resulted 


Burns—On BrOAD-WINGED HAWK. 161 


in confusion. In 1824 Bonaparte proposed F. Wilsonm (in 
honor of Alexander Wilson), but immediately announced in 
a footnote that Ord, who was Wilson’s editor and immediate 
successor, had informed him of his intention to substitute 
F. latissimus (broadest) for F. pennusylvanicus in the 1824 
reprint of Wilson’s American Ornithology; and which was 
done accordingly.- Bonaparte did not formally withdraw his 
own appellation, but merely added that Ord’s name must be 
adopted, if not pre-occupied. Indeed, Ord had already made 
use of this name in a list appearing in Guthries’ Geography, 
1815, but unfortunately neglected to add description or re- 
fer to Wilson’s figure or description. In the 1828 edition of 
Wilson, Ord is made the authcrity for the statement that he 
was responsible for the change in the reprint, and the declar- 
ation that should F. pennsylvanicus Slate-colored Hawk and 
F. velox Sharp-shinned Hawk prove to be the same species, 
the former name should be retained for the Broad-winged 
Hawk and F. velox for the Slate-colored or Sharp-shinned 
Hawk. In 1829, Griffith and Pidgeon, and in 1840, Brewer, 
quoted /. latissimus Ord; demonstrating the fact that no 
confusicn existed at the time over the authority of the name. 
Audubon found the Slate-colored and Sharp-shinned Hawks 
identical, immature and adult in differeyt plumages; and 
velox being the first named as well as the adult, that name 
was retained; and pennsylvanicus now a synonym, fell in dis- 
use in this instance, but was revived and came into general 
use for the Broad-winged Hawk. However, trusting to the 
failing memory of the aged Ord, Cassin in 1854 stated that 
Wilson himself had corrected the name to Jatissimus in the 
later copies of the original edition. The very existence of 
the reprint of 1824, which retained the original date, was 
forgotten; and when Sharp revived Buteo latissimus in 1874 
in accordance with Cassin’s erroneous conclusions, the editors 
of the /bis protested against the change, based as it was upon 
sirained application of the laws of priority, after remaining 
practically unchallenged for over sixty years; yet the law 
“cence a synonym always a synonym” relegated pennsylvan- 


162 THe WiLson BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


icus to the ornithological limbo, and Jatissimus came to its 
own only to give way at last to the long ignored platypierus 
of Vieillot, in 1901, when Faxon reasserted Ord’s editorship and 
the existence of the 1824 edition or reprint of Wilson’s Ameri- 
can Ornithology; and as he states, both Ord’s and Bonaparte’s 
names are anticipated by the Sparvius platypterus of Vieillot, 
1823! Riley and Richmond burrowing through musty vol- 
umes of ancient ornithological lore, have recently discovered 
in the Falco fuscus of Miller, 1777, an immature Buteo, prob- 
ably B. platypterus; considered a fairly good representation 
for an old plate, “though the tail is too fulvous and the dark 
brown subterminal band is much too narrow.” Here again, 
the Broad-wing and the Sharp-shin clash, for until recently,- 
fuscus, based primarily upon this drawing, was the gener- 
ally accepted specific name for this Accipiier. 

“? Falco fuscus Miller, Various Subjects Nat. Hist., Pt. 8, 1777, 
pl. 18—Shaw, Cimelia Physica, 1796, 35, pl. 18. ? [Falco] fuseus 
Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, i, 1788, 280 (based on Miller pl. 18; not of 
Gmelin 271). Latham, Index Ornith., I, 1790, 48, No. 108 (same 
basis). ? /’[alco] cinerascens Bechstein, Latham’s allgemeine, Ueber- 
sicht der Vogel, IVY, 1811, 36 (based on Lathan, Index, I, 43, 
No. 103)).” 

Wilson suggests, Am. Orn. IV, 1812 92; and Coues, Cent. Dict. 
I, 1891, 748; considers the probability of the Buzzardet Falco albi- 
dus Pennant Arctic Zool., II, 1785, N. 109; being identical with this 
species. 

Buteo platypterus platypterus (Vieillot). 

Falco pennsylvanicus Wilson, Am. Orn., VI, 1812, p. 92, pl. 54, 
fig. 1 (type in coll. Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci.; not of Wilson f¢. c. 
13, pl. 46, f. 1).—Latham, Gen. Hist. Bds., I, 1821, 268—Bonaparte, 
Sp. Comp. D. Orn,, 1827, 19; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y¥., II, 1828, 
29; Oken’s Isis, XXV, 18382, 1187.—Audubon, Bds. Am. I, 1828, pl. 
XCI; Orn. Biog., I, 1832, 461: 7bid. V, 1839, 377.—Jardine, Wilson’s 
Am, Orn., IT, 1832, 298.—Nuttall, Manuel, I, 1832, 105.—Temminck, 
Index de oseaux, G6, 18386, 5; Nouv. Reg., I, 1837>—Magiet, Cat. 
Magn., 1846, 2—Chartrouse, Cat. de Ois., 1856, 5—Holmes, Rep. 
Conn. Patents, 1856, Agri. (1857), 118—Samuels, Bds. N. Eng., 
1870, 40; Our N. and E. Bds., 1888, 40. 

Falco pensylvanicus Bonaparte, Cat. Bds. U. S, 1827, 10. 


Burns—On Broap-wincep Hawk. 163 


[Palco] pennsylvanicus Michener, Hist. Chester Co., Pa., 1881, 
441. 4 

Falco Pennsylwanicus ‘Swainson and Richardson, Fauna-Borealis, 
II, 1831, 66—Jameson, Wilson’s Am. Orn., I, 1831, 65.—Baker, Am. 
Orn. Index, 1835, 10.—Kirtland, Rep. Ohio Geog. Sur., 1838, 161, 
178.—Brewer, Syn. Bds., 1840, 684. 

F [alco] Pennsylvanicus Griffieth and Pidgeon, Class Aves, 1829.— 
Griffeth, Animal Kingdom, VI, 1829, 49.—lLinsley, Am. Jour. Sci 
and Arts, XLIV, 1848, 252. 

S[parvius] platypterus Vieillot, Bucy. Meth., III, 1823, 1273. 

F[alco] Wilsonii Bonaparte, Jour. Acad. Nat. ‘Sci. Phila., III, 
Apr. 1824, 348. 

Falco latissimus Ord, Wilson’s Am. Orn., VI, 1812 (1824 reprint), 
92.—Bonaparte, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y¥., II, 1828, 29 

F [alco] latissimus Ord, N. A. Zool., 1815, 315; Wilson’s Am. Orn., 
II, 1828, 92 (footnote)—Bonaparte, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 
III, 1824, 348 (footnote). 

Astur pennsylvanicus Bonaparte, Oss. Cuvier Reg. An., ed. 2, I, 
1829, 332.—Richardson, Rep. Brit. Ass. Ady. Sci., 1836 (18387), 
168.—Sundevyall, Dis. Acc. Hem., 1874, 24. 

Astur ? latissinus Jardine, Wilson’s Am. Orn., II, 1832, 294. 

Buteo Pennsylvanicus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 3.— 
Gray, List Spee. Bds. Coll. British Mus., I, 1844, 16. 

—Brewer, Syn. N. A. Bds., 1840, 684; Trans. Boston Soe. Nat. 
Hist., VII, 1860, 806—Read, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1854, 
396, Hincks, Canad. Jour. Ind., Sci. and Art, IV, 1859, 445—Good- 
rich, Ill. Nat. Hist., II, 1861, 31.—Schlegel, Mus. D’ Hist. Nat., II, 
1862, 20.—Samuels, Rep. Conn. Agri., 1864 (1865), 390.—Turnbull, 
Bds. . Pa. and N. J., 1869, 7—Maynard, Trans. Boston Soc. Nat. 
Hist., XIV, 1872, 382; Bds. E. N. Am., 1881, 315—Wheaton, Am. 
Rep. Ohio State Bd. Agri., 1874, 570.—Snow, Cat. Bds. Kas., 3rd 
ed.. 1875, 10.—Venner, Our Bds. Prey, 1876, 61.—Merriam, Trans. 
Conn. Acad., IV, 1877, 87.—Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., III, 
1880 (1881), 71..—Wintle, Orn. Isl. Montreal, II, 1882, 117.—Morden 
and Saunders, Can. Sports and Nat. II, 1882, 192.—King, Wis. Geo. 
Sur., 1888, 587.—Mayuard, Naturalist’s Guide, 1885, 157.—James, 
Cat. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1886-87, GO. 

Bluteo] Pennsylvanicus Edson, Bds. Chautaqua Co. [N. Y.], 
1886, 12. 

[Buteo] Pennsylvanicus Gundlach, Poey’s Rep. Fisico.—Nat. Isle 
Cuba, I, 1866, 228; Jour. f. Orn., 1874, 310; Zbid. XXII, 1878, 158 — 
Coues, Key, 1872, 217.—Kirkland, Proce. Cleveland Acad. Nat. Sci., 
1874, 221.—Minot, Land and Game Bds., 1877, 454 (index). 


164 Tue WiILson BuLLETIN—NOS. 76-77. 


B{[uteo] Pensylvanicus Ridgway, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., X, 
1874, 381. 

Butco pennsylvanicus Bonaparte, Oss. Cur. R. G., 1829, 55.—Au- 
dubon, Synop., 1889, 7; Bds. Am. I, 1840, 48—Thompson, Nat. His. 
Vermont, 1840, 61—DeKay, Zool. N. Y., II, 1844, pt. Il, 11—Nutt- 
all, Manuel, 2nd ed. 1840, 107.—Giraud, Bds. L. I., 1844, 5.—Gray, 
Cat. Gen. Bds. Brit. Mus., 1855, 85—DLembeye, Aves Isle de Cuba, 
1850, 19.—Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V1, 18538 (1854), 
451; Ill. Bds. Cal., 1856, 100; Hist. Del. Co., Pa., 1862, 437—Tay, 
Proc Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 806—Cabanis, Jour. f. Orn., II, 
1855. Ixxxii—Strickland, Orn. Syn., I, 1855, 82—Putnam, Proce. 
Essex Inst., I, 1856, 203.—Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. xxv, 
1857, 211, 261; Jbid. 1858, 451.—Brewer, N. A. Gol. XI, 1857, 8; 
Proc. Boston ‘Soc. Nat. Hist. NVII, 1875, +44—Baird, Bds., 1858, 
29.—-Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 217; Proc. Zool. ‘Soc. Lon., 
1864, 369 ;—Jbid. 1869, 129.—Gundlach, Jour. f. Orn., IX, 1861, 403; 
Ibid. XIX, 1871, 266; Orn. Cubana, 1876, 41; Anal. Soc. Esp: Hist. 
Nat., VII, 1878, 160.—Lawrence, Rep. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, 
1861, 288; Tbid. 1866, 280; Tbid., IX, 1868, 138.—Miles, Geo, Sur. Mich, 
(1861), 223.—Coues and Prentiss, Ann. Rep. Smith. Inst., 1862, 402.— 
Boardman, Trans. Boston Soc. Nat. Iist. IX, 1862, 122.—Verrill, Proe. 
Pssex Inst., IIT, 1862, 187 (Separate p. 6); Blakestone, Tbis, 1863, 45. 
—Dresser, Ibis. IX, 1865, 325. Wamlin Cat. Rds., Waterville, | Me.], 
1865, 2.—Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., TV. 1864-65 [1866], 51: Bull. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., Il, 1871, 331—Mellwraith, Proc. Essex Inst., V, 1866, 
82.— Baird, Ibis. NI, 1867, 273—Coues, Vroc. Hssex Inst, WW, 
18G8, 257, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., NII, 1868, 120; Check List, 
1873, 71: Bds. N. W., 1874, 360; Check List, 1882. 89.—Frantzins, 
Jour. f. Orn., 1869, 368.—Gray, Tland List, I, 1869, 7--Salvin, Proe. 
Zool. ‘Soc. on., 1870: 215; Nom. Avi, Neo. 18130 D19eeibiSn Ne 
1875, 50; bid. IV, 1880, 177: Tbid. Cat. ‘Strickland Col., 1882, 486.— 
Gregg, Cat. Bds. Chemung Co., N. Y., 1870, 5.—DPelzehn, Orn. Bras., 
1871, 396. —Schlegel, Mus. D’ Hist. Nat., 1878, 109—Scott, Trans. 
30oston Nat. Hist. Soc., NV, 1873, 226; Bird Studies, 1898, 197.— 
Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, N. A. Bds., ITI, 1874, 259.— Ridgway, 
Trans. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1873, 65; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
TIT, I88i, 39; bid. 194: Bulk Wl. Nous: Naty (Sst eeNGme soos 
184.—Bois, Cat. Bds. S. Mich. 1875.—Jouy, Field and Forest. 
II, 1877, 170.—Gundlach, Orn. Cubana, 1876, 41.—Gentry, Bds. 
Eastern VPa., II, 1877, 266.—DLangdon, Cat. Bds. Cincinnati, 1877, 
18; Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1879, 110, 180.—Sharp, List Vert. 
Ani. Z. S. Lon., 1877, 281.—Allen. Bul. Essex Inst.. X, 1878, 22.— 
Sennett, Bul. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Sur. Ter., IV, 1878, 43; /bid. 
V. 1879 [1880], 420.—Davis, Oologist, 1879, 51.—Hatch, Bul. Minn. 


BurNS—On BroAD-WINGED HAWK. 165 


Acad. Nat. Hist. Soe., I, 1879, 51.—Merrell, Bul. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 
1878 [1879],.154.—Rathbun, Bds. Cen. N. Y., 1879, 28.—Roberts and 
Benners, B. N. O. C., V, 1880, 17.—Gibbs, Bul. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. 
Sur. Ter., V, 1879 [1880], 491 Jeffries, /bid. 161—Gregg, Revised 
Cat. Bds. Chemung Co., N. Y., 1880, 5——Merriam, B. N. O. C., V1, 
1881, 233.—Batchelder, Zbid. VII, 1882, 151—Brown, Cat. Bds. Port- 
land, Me., 1882, 22—Chamberlain, Ottawa Nat., I, 1882, 49.—Ier- 
nandez, Aves de Costa Rica, II, 2882, 482—Nehrling, B. N. 0. C., 
VII, 1882, 174.—Taczanowski. P. Z. S. L., 1882, 47; bid. 1885, 110.— 
Wheaton, Geol. Sur. Ohio, IV, 1882 428.—Bailey, B. N. O. C,, 
VIII, 1882, 41.—Berlepsch, P. Z. S. Lon., 18838, 574; Ibid. 1902, 
42—Coues and Prentiss, Proc. U. 'S. Nat. Mus., No. 26, 1883, 88.— 
Goss, Cat. Bds. Kas., 1883, 22—Stearns and Coues, N. Eng. Bd. 
Life, II, 1883, 125.—True, List Vert. Ani. S. C., 1883, 225.—Abbot, 
Nat. Rambles About Home, 1884, 469.—Banks, Auk, I, 1884, 95.— 
Bracket, Quar. Jour. Boston Zool. Soc., 111, 188+, 14—Gurney, Diur. 
Bds. Prey, 1884, 67; Ibis, ILI, 1891, 23; Cat. Bds. Prey, 1894, 24.— 
Warren Diur. Bds. Prey, 1883 [1884], 99—Zeledon, Proc. U. 8. Nat. 
Mus., VIII, 1885, 27.—Capen, Ool. N. Wng., 1886, 79.—Werrari- 
Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 167.—Davidson, I. and §&., 
XXXIII, 1889, 164—Dionne, Cat. Ois. Proy. Quebec, 1889, 55.— 
Langelle, Our Bds., 2nd ed., 1892, 99.—Wayne, Auk, NIII, 1895, 
364.—Studer, Bds. N. A., 1897, 85.—Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, 
N. A. Land Bas. [reprint] III, 1905, 256. 

B[uteo] pennsylvanicus Waup, Archiv. f. Naurgeschichte, 1850, 
39.—Michener, Agri. Rep., 1868, 291—Gundlach, Anales Soc. Hsp. 
Hist. Nat. Madrid, II, 1873, 99—Coues, Key, 3rd., 1887, 548. 

[Buteo] pennsylvanieus Gundlach, Poey’s Repert, Fis-Nat.-Cuba, 
I, 1865-66, 223; Jour. f. Orn., 1878, 158—Cory, List Bds. W. I., 1885, 
22) (part). 

Bluteo| pennsyl[vanicus] Wirtland, Proc. Cleveland Acad. Sci., 
1874, 221. 

[Buteo] pensylwanicus, Gundlach, IX, 1861, 322. 

[Buteo] pennsylvanicus Gray, Gen. Bds., I, 1849, 12.—Gundlach, 
Jour. f. Orn., 1874, 310.—Minct. Land and Game Bds., 1877, 365. 

Buteo wilsonii Waup, Oken’s Isis, 1847, 880. 

Buteo Wilsoni Bonaparte, Cons. Gen. Avi., I, 1850, 19—Barboza 
du Boecage, Cat. D. Coll. Orn. Mus. Nac. D. Lisboa, 1869, 37. 

Pecilapternis wilsoni Kaup, Fale. Cont. Orn., 1850, 75. 

Buteo (pecilapternis) pennsylvanicus Baird, Cat. N. A. Bds., 1858, 


xxvi. 

Bufteo latissimus Lembeye, Avesde Cuba, 1850 19—Sharp, Cat. 
Ace., I, 1874, 193; List Gen. and Spec. Bds., I, 1899, 257—Boucard, 
P. Z. S. Lon., 1878, 448.—Allen, Bul Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1886, 243; 


166 THE WILSON BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


Auk, X, 1893, 1883; Bul. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 180.—Butler, 
Bul. Brookville Soc. Nat. Hist., No. 2, 1885, 283.—A. O. U. Code Nom, 
and Check List, 1886, 190; 1895, 188 (part)—Ralph, and Bagg, 
Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., III, 1886, 118—MeclIlwraith, Bds. Ont., 
1886, 142; Jbid. 1894, 205—Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 
1886, 248; Manuel, 1887, —.—Beckman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 
687.—Chamberlain, Cat. Can. Bds., 1887, 57.—Clark, Bds. Amherst, 
1887, 47.—Cory, Auk, IV, 1887, 40 (part); Bds. W. I., 1889, 198 
(part) ; Cat. Bds. W. I., 1892, 99 (part)—Everman, Auk, V, 1888, 
350.—Ixeys, Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., 1888, 15.—Taylor, 
Ann. Rep. State Bd. Agri., 1887 [1888], 114—-Swift, F. and S., 
XXX, 1888, 104—Zeledon, Am Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica, I, 1887, 
126.—Bergtold, Bul. Buffalo Nat. Field Club, 1889, 10.—Cairns, O. 
and O., XIV, 1889, 18—Davie, Nests and. Eggs N. A. Bds., 3rd ed., 
1889, 178 (part); Jbid. 5th ed., 1900, 212—Taylor and Van 
Vleet, O. and O., XIV, 1889, 164.—Baker, Ann Rep. Smith, Inst., 
July, 1890.—Barnes, O. and O., XVI, 1890, 114.—Butler, Cat. Bds. 
Ind., 1890, 47; 7bid, 1898, T88.— Cantwell, O. and O., XV, 1890, 1382. 
—Downs, Proc. and Trans. N. S. Inst. Nat. Sci., VII, 1890, 158.— 
Warren, Bds. Pa., 2nd ed., 1890, 1280 (part) ; Diseases and Enemies 
Poultry, 1897, 187—Chamberlain, Nuttall’s Handbook, 1891, 49: 
Ibid. 1903, 49.—Colburn and Morris, Bds. Conn. Val., 1891, 11.— 
Goss, Hist. Bds. Kas., 1891, 267.—Kingston, Lees and Macoun, Ot- 
tawa Nat., V, 1891, 38—lKumlein, Wis. Nat., I, 1891, 181.—Thomp- 
son, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890 [1891], 522.—Bendire, Life 
Hist., 1892, 242—Hatch, Bds. Minn., 1892, 190.—[Smith, Jour. Cin. 
Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1892, 114—Cook, Bds. Mich., Apr., 1893, 64.— 
Keys, Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., (1898), 127—Fleming, Cat. 
Nat. Hist. Exhibit, 18958, 15; Auk, XVIIT 1901, 31.—Riechmond, 
Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., XVI, 1893, 522—Stone, Bds. BE. Pa. and 
N. J., 1894, 87.—Fisher, Year Book, 1894, 217 (part).—Chapman, 
Bds. I. N. A., 1895, 204; Bul. Mus. Nat. TlTist., X, 1898, 85.—Gund- 
lach, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 21.—Jacobs, Eggs Nat. Pa. Bds., 1895, 7.— 
Kirkwood. Trans. Md. Acad. ‘Sci.. 1895, 802.—Rotzell, Bds. Nar- 
berth, Pa., 1895, 4.—Bruner, Ann. Rep. Neb. State Hort. Soc., 1896, 
91.—Fisher, Nid., IIT. 1896, 120.—Short, Bds. W. N. Y., 1896 
1i.—Howe, Bvery Bd., 1896, 187; Bds. R. I., 1899) 58) Sut 
Ulrey and Wallace, Proc. Ind., Acad. Nat. Sci. 1896, 151.— 
Cram. Pop., Sci. Mo., 1897, 51, 599:—ISnight List Bds:!, i189, 
60.—Bangs, Proc. Biog. Soe. Wash., 1898, 132—Blanchan, Bds., 
1898, 322.—Merriam, Bds. Village and Field, 1898, 275.—Bever, 
Proc. La ,Soc.. Nat., 1899, 152—Kobel. Field Key, 1899, 9.— 
Lantz, Trans. Kas. Acad. Sci., (1899), 255.—Dugmore, Bd. Homes, 
1900, 127.—Farr, Bul. N. Y. State Mus., VII, 1900, 287.—Faxon and 


Burns—On BROAD-WINGED HAWK. 167 


Hoffman, Bds. Berkshire Co., Mass., 1900, 40.—Macoun, Cat. Can. 
Bds., I, 1900, 257.—Nash, Check List Bds. Ont., 1900, 29.—Preble, 
Md. Geol. Sur., 1900, 298.—Haton, Proe. Rochester Acad. Nat. Sci., 
4, 1901, 12, 35.—Morris, Bds. Springfield, [Mass.], 1901, 19——Reed, 
Am, Orn., 1901, 208.—Geeldi, Bul. Mus. Para., III, 1902, 279—Good- 
fellow, Ibis, II, 1902, 221.—Coues, Key, 1903, 688—Perkins and 
Howe, Rep. Ver. State Bd. Agri., 1901 [1903], 18—Snow, Trans. 
Kas. Acad. Sci., XVIII, 1903, 169.—Dubois, Syn. Ay., 1904, 857.— 
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centrali-Am. Aves, Aves, III, 1904, 69; 
Geog. Hist., Zbid. V. 190, xxxii—Grundtoig, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., 
Arts, and Letters, X, 1905, 108, Kopman, Gulf Fauna and Flora 
Bul., 190, 57. 


B{uteo] latissimus Lembeye, Aves de la Isle de Cuba, 1850, 127. 
Atkinson, Jour. E. Mitchell Soe. XIV, 1887, 638.—Ridgway, Orn, 
Ill., I, 1889, 465.—Wintle, Bds. Montreal, 1896, 52.—Anderson, List, 
1897, 7—Jordan, Man. Vert., 1899, 258.—Ridgway, Manuel, 1887, 
236; Ibid. 1896, 287 (part).—Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 
LXI, 1909, 358. 

[Buteo] latissimus Brewster, Minot’s Land and Game Bds., 1903, 
381.— Ihering, Cat. Fauna Brazilira, I, 1907, 90. 

Buteo catissimus (misprint) Avery, Am. Field, XXXIV, 1890, 
584. 

Buteo platypterus Faxon, Auk, XVIII, 1901, 218—A. O. U. Com., 
Tenth Suppl., Auk, July, 1901, 299—HEmbody, Bds. Madison Co., 
N. Y., 1901, 15.—Allen, Proc. Manchester, Inst. Arts and Sci., IV, 
1902, pt. 1, 99; Auk, XXV, 1908, 59—Preble, N. A. Fauna, No. 22, 
1902, 106; Ibid. No. 27, 1908, 357—Boardman, Hist. Bds. Me. and 
N. B., 1903, 308—Chapman, Forest, Fish and Game Com. N. Y., 
1903, 27—Dawson, Bds. Ohio, 1908, 409.—Jones, Bds. Ohio, 1903, 
93.—Kumlien, Bul. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., 3, 1903, 64——Macoun, Cat. 
Can. Bds., IT, 1908, 287.—Hoffman, Guide Bds. N. Eng. and BH. N. 
Y., 1904, 240—McAtee, Proc. Ind. Acad. ‘Sci., 1904, 83, 194.—Reed, 
Am. Orn., IV, 1904, 217—Darlington, Oologist, XXII, 1905, 156.— 
Nash, Check List Vert. Ont., 1905, 41.—Townsend, Mem. Nutt. Orn. 
Club, III, 1905, 210.—Childs, Warbler, II, 1906, 80.—Dionne, Ois, 
Proy. Quebec, 1906, 202.—Woodruff, Cassina, IX, 1905 [1906], 47.— 
Anderson, Proc. Davenport, Acad. Sci., XI, 1907, 251.—Davenport, 
Vt., Bd. Club Bul. 2, July, 1907—Shufeldt, Wils. Bul., XIV, 1907. 
59— Widmann, Per. Cat. Bds. Mo., 1907, 19, 98—Woodruff, Bul. V1, 
Nat. Hist. Sur., Apr. 15, 1907, 96.—Knight, Bds. Me., 1908, 231.— 
Trotter, Cassinia, XI, 1907 [1908], 22—Taverner and Swales, Wils. 
Bul., XIV, 1908, 96.—Stone, Bds. N. J., 1908 [1909], 164.—Cory, 
Bds. Ill. and Wis., 1909, 467. Seton, Fauna Mana., 1909, 25.—A. O. 


168 THe WiItson BULLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


U. Com. Check List N. A. Bds., 3rd ed., 1910, 159.—Wayne, Bds. 
South Carolina, 1910, 75. 
Buico platypterus platypterus Riley, Auk, NXYV, 1908, 269.—Car- 


viker, Bds. Costa Rica, 1910, 458. 
Buteo plaiypterus antillarum (Clark). 

Buteo pennsylvanicus, Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. I, Oct. 15, 
1S78, 194 (St. Vincent) ; Jbid. Feb. 13, 1879, 273 (Grenada); Jbid. 
May, 1879, 487 (part).—Lister, Ibis, 1880, 48 (St. Vincent).—Allen, 
B. N. O. C., VY, 1880, 169 (Santa Lucia)—Wells, List Bds. Grenada, 
1886, 6; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. IX, Feb. 11, 1887, 622 (Grenada — 
Sclater, P. Z. S. Lon., 1889, 395 (Santa Lucia).—Sharp, List Vert. 
Ani. Zool. Soc. Lon. 9th ed., 1896, 382 (Grenada). 

[Buteo| pennsylvanicus Cory, Hist. Bds. W. I., 1885, 22 (part). 

Buteo latissimus Sharp, Cat. Ace., I, 1874, 193 (part).—Cory, 
Ibis, IV, 1886, 473 (St. Vincent) ; Auk, 1887, 40 (part); J/bid. 96 
(Martinique) ; Bds. W. I., 1889, 198 (part); Cat. Bds. W. I., 1892, 
99 (part).—TFielden, Ibis, I, 1889, ——Davies, Nests and Eggs N. 
A. Bds., 5rd ed., 1889, 178 (part —Warren, Bds. Pa.; 1890, 2nd ed., 
30 (part).—Tisher, Hawks and Owls, 1898, 79 (part).—A. O. U. 
Com., Check List, 2nd ed., 1895, 183 (part). : 

B[uteo] latissimus Ridgway, Manuel, 1887, 236; 2nd ed., 1896, 
237 (part). 

Buteo antillarum Clark, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVIII, Feb. 21, 
1905, 62 (Chateaubelair, St. Vincent; type coll. KE. A. and O. 
3angs); Proc. Boston Soc, Nat. Hist., XXXII, No. 7, Oct., 1905, 
241. 

Buteo platypterus antillarum Riley, Auk, NXV, 1908, 271. 


Buteo platypterus rivierei (A. TW. Verrill). 


Buteo pennsylvanicus Lawrence, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, July 
30, 1878, G5 (Dominica); Jbid. May, 1879, 487 (part)—wSclater, P. 
Z. S. Lon., 1889, 326 (Dominica). 

Bluteo| pennsylvanicus Cory, List Bds. W, 1.. 1885, 22 (part). 

Buteo latissimus Sharp, Cat. Ace., I, 1874, 198 (part).—Cory, 
Auk, 1887, 40 (part); Bds. W. I., 1889, 19S (part); Cat. Bds. W. I., 
1892, 99 (part): Dominica)—Davie, Nests and Eggs, 1889, 178 
(part).—Warren, Bds. Pa., 1890, 180 (part).—Verrill, Trans. Conn. 
Acad. Arts and Sci. VIII, 1892. 325 (Dominica).—Fisher, Hawks 
and Owls, 1898 (part).—A, O. U. Com., Check List, 1895, 188 (part). 

B{uteo] latissimus Ridgway, Manual, 1887, 236; 1896, 237 (part). 

Buteo (latissimus) rivierei A, TW. Verrill, Add. Avifauna Domin- 
ica, [about Oct., 1905], [unpaged]. 

Buteo platypterus rivierci Riley, Auk, XXYV, 1908, 272. 


Burns—On Broan-wIncep Hawk. 169 


Buteo platypterus insulicola Riley. 

Buteo pennsylvanicus? Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, Dee. 
10, 1878, 286 (Antigua). 5 

|Butco] pennsylvanicus Cory, List Bds. W. I., 1885, 22 (part). 

Buteo latissimus Sharp, Cat. Ace., I, 1874, 193 (part).—Cory, 
Auk, 1887, 40 (part) ; Bds. W. I., 1889, 19S (part; Lesser Antilles) ; 
Auk. 1891. 47 (Antigua; crit.); Cat. W. I. Bds., 1892, 99 (part; 
Antigua). Davie, Nests and Eggs, 1889, 178 (part)—Warren Bds. 
Pa., 1890, 130 (part).—VFisher, Hawks and Owls, 1893, 79 (part).— 
A. O, U. Com., Check List, 1895, 138 (part). 

B(uteo] latissimus Ridgway, Manuel, 1887, 236; 1896, 237 (part. 

Buteo platypterus Riley, Smith, Mis. Coll., XVII, Noy. 8, 1904, 
282 (Crit.). 

Bluteo] platypterus insulicola Riley, Auk, XXY, July, 1908, 273 
(type, U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 119, 349, adult male, Antigua, British 
W. 1, May 29, 1890. Cyrus S. Winch, collector). 


Vernacular Names. 


Broad-winged Hawk. “Its great breadth of wing, or width of 
the secondaries, and also of its head and body, when compared 
with its length, struck me as peculiarities,’ (Wilson). 

Broad-winged Buzzard, (Coues). 

Broad-winged Falcon, (Latham). 

Broad-wing, (Of many writers). 

Broud-winged Hawk, (Vieillot). 

Broad-billed, Brown-winged and Road-winged WHawk—doubtless 
typographical errors (minor oological periodicals). 

Chicken Hawk. In common with the Marsh, Red-tailed, Red- 
shouldered, Rough-legged and Cooper’s Hawks. (Coues, and Pren- 
tiss, Surface, Widmann, and others). 

Falcon de Monte, Cuba, (Brewer). 

Gahilian, Minea, Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Venezuela, 
(Slavin and Godman). 

Wen Hawk, Hohawk Valley, N. Y. (Willard); Maryland;. The 
three Buteos, (Kirkwood) ; Massachusetts, (Maynard). 

Halcon pinto, Mexico, (Ferrari-Perez). 

L’Autour de Pennsylvania, Canada, (le Moine). 

La Buse de Pennsylvania, Quebec, (Dionne). 

Pennsylvanian Buzzard, (Sharp). 


Buteo platypterus antillarwm. 
Antillean Chicken Hawk, St. Vincent, (Clark). 
Broad-winged Hawk, (Of earlier writers). 
Chicken Hawk, St. Vincent. “The name by which this bird is 


170 THe Witson BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


known throughout the island led me to suppose that it was an 
enemy to chickens. I never observed it molesting the poultry,” 
(Lister); ‘St. Vincent, (Ober); Grenada, (Wells). 
Gree gree, Grenada, (Wells). 
Buteo platypterus rivierei. 


Broad-winged Hawk. This is a book name never used by the 
people in general, though very appropriate and sanctioned by al- 
most a century’s usage in literature. 

Mal fini, St. Marie, Indian Country, Dominica. “This bird 
courses above the valley, uttering its ery of ‘Wal fini, fini,” (Ober). 

Malfeenee, Dominica, (Verrill). 

Rivieri’s Hawk, Dominica. In honor of Dr. Rivieri (Verrill). 


Geographical Distribution. 


The summer range of Buteo platypterus platypterus ex- 
tends from Cape Breton Island to central Alberta (northern- 
most records—Moose Factory, southern extremity of Hudson 
bay, Ontario; and 12 miles west of Ste. Anne, Alberta) ; south 
to Florida and central Texas. The western limits correspond 
substantially to the western limits of the humid province in 
the United States. Resident in Cuba and Porto Rico. Local 
throughout its range. Reported more or less abundant as a 
breeder in northwestern Florida, Adirondack mountains, Con- 
necticut valley, Umbagog lake region, New Brunswick, in- 
terior of Quebec, Muskoka and Parry Sound districts of On- 
tario, wooded districts of Manitoba and Minnesota. Replaced 
in the West Indies (except Cuba and ? Porto Rico) by B. 
p. msulicola in Antigua, B. p. rivierei in Dominica, and B. p. 
antillarum in Martinique, Santa Lucia, St. Vincent, Bequia, 
Mustique, Cannouan, Carriacou, Grenada, and ? Tobago, 
where it is resident. Extinct in the Barbadoes. The winter 
range, extends from southern New Jersey, Maryland, West 
Virginia, southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, southward 
through Mexico, Central America and western South Amer- 
ica to Peru and the head waters of the Amazon river. 
Rather uncommon in the United States during the winter 
months. Rare straggler north to Connecticut and Massachu- 


setts. 


BurRNS—ON BrROAD-WINGED HAWKE. 171 


LOCAL DISTRIBUTION. 


Carpe BrREeTON ISLAND.—One seen (Towmsend); not uncom.— 
Townsend (Macoun); Macoun has evidently misquoted. I have 
looked up my notes on the subject and find that I saw the bird 
at Ingonish on Aug. 29, 705; and from my notes and my memory 
of the case I think the diagnosis was correct (Townsend ms.). 

Nova Scorra.—Very rare, two doubtful records, one obtained in 
the market Sept., 88, and another supposed to have been shot at 
Stewiacke (Downs). Rare S. R. according to H. F. Tufts (Ma- 
coun). 

I took an immature male at Sherbrooke, Guysboro Co., in Aug. 
703, the only definite data, although in Kings and Annapolis Cos., 
at different times, I ‘have seen hawks that J identified as the 
Broad-winged (Tufts ms.). 

New BrRuNSWIcK.—Given by Boardman in 1903 as abundant, and 
by Macoun, same year, as a rather rare S. R. About the Islands 
of the Bay of Fundy, S. V., com., breeds (Boardman). Occurs in 
St. John and King Cos., Dr. Adams states that the Red-tailed and 
Broad-winged are the most abundant Hawks in the interior (Cham- 
berlain). St. John’s, breeding (Banks, Dayie). Victoria Co., 
Grand Falls, not com. (Batchelder). 

QUEBEC.—Saguenay Dist., Godbout, very com., some years very 
abund. migrant and apparently does not nest much along our coast 
line, but seems.to direct itself much further north (Comeau ms.). 
Temiscouta Co., Trois Pistoles, one capture in five years’ study, an 

‘immaturé, about Oct. 5, 06 (Le Chasseur ms.). Stanstead Co., 
Coaticork [Coaticook], Mr. Woodward sent up a female, lately 
doubtless nests in the Province (Couper). Montreal, not com. 
(Wintle) ; mention (Shaw); 8S. R., com., more plentiful during the 
migratory period (Wintle). Quebec, Mr. John Neilson considers it 
com. near the city (Chamberlain). Labelle Co., Inlet.—50 m. N. E. 
Ottawa—single individual Apr. 25, 27 and 28, ’05 (Wifrig ms.). 

OnTaARIO.—In 1886 MelIlwraith gives it as very com. in spring in 
southern part, a few remain to breed, but the greater number pass 
on N. W., and in the western part Morden and Saunders find it 
sometimes com. in flocks during migrations, at other times single 
individuals are rather rare. In 1890, a very rare S. R. according 
to Thompson. In the southern part one of the commonest hawks 
(Fleming). Macoun states that it is increasingly com. as we go 
west in the valley of the St. Lawrence and found all over Ontario. 
He also quotes Rev. C. J. Young, under the head of the Red- 
shouldered Hawk, that this bird becomes rare in eastern Ont., 15 
to 20 miles north of the St. Lawrence, and 50 miles back it is al- 
most unknown, its place seemingly taken by the Broad-wing. Rev. 


172 Tur Witson Burtetin—Nos. 76277. 


Young gives but a single record of its nest—May 24, "99, though 
the immatures are com. near the St. Lawrence in Sept. and Oct. 
Nash gives it as S. R., breeds throughout. Wm. L. Scott thinks it 
is the commonest hawk in the Ottawa valley (Chamberlain). 
Prescott Co., specimen (Worthen ms.). Carleton Co., Ottawa, S. 
R., com., breeds (Kingston, Lees and Macoun): a regular S. R. 
(White ms.). It seems to be decreasing, have not met with it as 
often as formerly. A male that came to my hands May 8, ’09, was 
probably one of a pair breeding (Wifrig ms.). It is the commonest 
hawk in the county of Renfrees, near the Ottawa river, and is also 
com. in the county of Lanark (Macoun). York Co., Toronto, ac- 
cording to Mr. Passmore a considerable number of both young and 
adults were met with (Venner). Ernest Seton in ms. list of 'To- 
ronto birds, written in °85, gives it as “com., breeds,’ but I have 
not heard of any breeding records, and in my Toronto list I give it 
as a regular migrant. I haye seen few mature birds from Toronto, 
while immatures are often abundant (Fleming ms.). Tolton Co., 
scarce migrant (Brooks); Glenwilliams, Esquesing Twp., May 4, 
710, about a dozen observed on the wing, all in adult plumage 
(Fleming ms.). Wellington. O.. Gueph, spring and fall visitant, 
frequent (Klugh, Sweet). Wentworth Co., Hamilton, extensive mi- 
grations in March, those met with in the woods appeared to be 
stragglers from the main body (McIlwraith). Elgin Co., large 
flocks in fall sometimes, but this is the only time I have observed 
them (Farley); found breeding (Anderson). Middlesex Co., Ton- 
don, reported (Venner, MeclIlwraith, Fisher). Essex Co., Point Pe- 
lee, fall transient, not more than a dozen seen at any one time, no 
spring records (Taverner and Swales); Grassy Island, have been 
unusually abund. (Swales). Muskoka and Parry Sound Dist., com., 
a large number breed (Fleming, Macoun). Breeds commonly in 
Muskoka, 36 m. back from Georgian bay, and its squeaky ery ean 
be heard any time of the day throughout the summer (Taver- 
ner ms.). 

Lake Muskoka, one seen on the mainland, the other at Gibralter. 
This is. however, the most abundant hawk here (Taverner and 
Swales); Emsdale, breeding (Irleming, Macoun). I think the 
breeding range is possibly north to the height of land and south 
to Muskoka. I have always found it well distributed over the 
country in both Muskoka and Parry Sound, in the breeding season. 
but have only twice found its nest (Fleming ms.). Annina, Nepis- 
sing, near Latchford, a pair of juveniles almost fledged, taken from 
nest (Fleming ms.). Lake Restoule, com, in Aug. (Eaton). Al- 
gonquin Park, quite com., breeds (Burtch ms.). Algoma Co., 
Mosse Factory, a specimen taken in 1862 by James Melkensie 


BurNS—On BROAD-WINGED HAWK. 173 


(Turner); male (Ridgway); June, °96, Spreadborough found it 
common on Moose river, but hone were seen north of Moose Fac- 
tory. This may be considered its northern limit (Macoun). 
Southern extremity of Hudson bay (Blakeston). 

Maniropa.—Reported from yarious parts of the Province, where 
well timbered, and is generally distributed, though not abundant 
(Seton); abound everywhere (Brodie); very rare 'S. VY. on the 
Big plain. More com., and probably breeding in Red river valley 
(Seton). Fort Garry, Selkirk settlement (Ridgway). Winnipeg, 
S. R., rare breeder (Thompson); extends westward to Winnipeg, 
where it breeds (Macoun); abundant as well as Swainson’s (St. 
Croix); Carberry, doubtful record (Thompson); Carman, breed- 
ing (Forge) ; Woodland, set of eggs taken by W. Raine (Macoun), 
and by C. FP. Forge (Sharples col.) ; Ravenwood, sets of eggs collect- 
ed by Forge (Price col., Jacobs col.). Vivde Paik Dist., Duffryn 
Co., sets of eggs collected by Forge (Jacobs, Jackson and Sharples 
cols.). Portage la Prairie, regular and common breeder in the wood- 
ed districts. My first record was on May 1, 1897, when I collected a 
male, within the week I received a female—both of which I 
mounted. In May, 1900, between the 12th and 22nd, I took a trip 
on the Assinaboine river to Winnipeg and noted it regularly all the 
way down, and on the 16th a nest was found but it contained no 
eggs (Atkinson 21S.). 

SASKATCHEWAN.—I think that doubtless it will be found in the 
Alleghenian region of the Manatoba and Saskatchewan. that is 
reaching the Saskatchewan river on its easterly half. I cannot at 
present lay my hands on any records west of Manitoba (Seton ms.). 

ALBERTA.—Apparently a regular summer inhabitant of the south- 
ern part of the Athabaska region. On May 8, °03, we saw one in the 
wooded valley of the ‘Saskachewan near Hdmonton. It was in sus- 
picious proximity to an old nest and possibly intended to reoccupy 
it. Alfred E. Preble and Merritt Cary saw one on the Athabaska 
a few miles above Athabaska Landing on Sept. 5 of the same year. 
J. Alden Loring found a nest containing two eggs on Jasper House 
trail, 12 m. west of Ste. Anne, Alberta, May 27, °96. The female 
was shot as she left the nest and is now in the collection of the 
Biographical Survey (Preble), 30 miles N. W. of Edmonton, 114° 
W. long., and 53%° N. Jat. Fairly common, breeding preferably 
in low birch trees (Stansell). 

Maine—Uncom. §8. R. (Allen). Aroostook Co.; breeding at 
Houlton (Batchelder), not rare S. R. (Knight); Washington Co., 
Calais, Com. §S. R., breeds (Boardman); Milltown, young birds 
scarcely fledged (Ridgway); Grand Lake stream, present in June, 
and also at Alexander, where a set of eggs was collected (Carpen- 


174 Tue Witson BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


ter ms.). Hancock Co., quite generally found as a 8. R. (Knight). 
Penobscot Co., breeds quite generally, not quite so commonly of 
late years as formally (Knight); Holden, May 21, ’88, set of eggs 
taken by Manly Hardy (Bendire). Orono, Apr. 11, ’96 (Sweet). 

Piscataquis Co., Moosehead Lake, one shot in July (Storer) ; 
com., breeds, according to Homer (Knight). Somerset Co., Dead river 
region, several individuals were seen in the vicinity of Flagstaff, 
and a specimen secured. I have seen the species on every visit ex- 
cepting winter (Carpenter); Orland, Alamoosoak lake, present 
(Merrell) ; Skowhegan, spring date (Swain) ; Pittsfield, two sets of 
eggs collected by Clarence H. Merrell (Crandall coll.). Franklin 
Co., Rangeley Lakes, June dates (Childs) ; Avon, spring and fall 
dates (Sweet); Kingsfield, Jerusalem Plantation and base of Mt. 
Abraham, sets of eggs, 189495 (Carpenter ms.) ; New Vineyard, set 
of eggs by J. L. Colcord, ’05 (Carpenter ms.) ; Farmington, spring 
dates (Sweet). Oxford Co., com. S. R. (Maynard); Umbagog 
Lakes, abund., apparently the most com. hawk (Verrill) ; Norway, 
S. V., breeds (Verrill); breeds commonly according to Nash 
(Knight) ; fall date (Johnson) ; Hebron, May 20, 06 and May 21, 
708, and Buckfield, May 5, ‘96 (Sweet). Waldo Co., not rare §. R. 
(Knight) ; Lincoln, 3 sets of eggs, 1899 and 1900 by W. J. Clayton 
(Crandall, and Dille coll.). Knox Co., migrant ace. to Rockliff 
(Knight). WKennebee Co., Waterville, found previous to 1865 (Ham- 
lin) and at present time by Royal (Knight) ; spring date *02, Swain 
(Sweet). Sagadohoe Co., com., spring and fall, ace. Spinney 
(Knight). Androscoggin Co., fairly com. S. R., acc. to Johnson 
(Knight) ; Livermore, June 9, 97 (Briggs) ; Lewiston, Sept. 8, “02 
(Sweet). Cumberland Co., com. S. R. ace. to Mead (Knight) ; 
Portland, uncom. S. R. (Brown); Freeport and Portland, spring 
and fall dates (Brownson) ; Brunswick, Apr. 8, 709 (Sweet). York 
Co., Adams (Knight). 

New HaAmpPsnire.—Breeds (Samuels); uncom, migrant and 'S. R. 
(Allen) ; com., breeds (Childs); fairly com. S. R. of the densely 
mixed woods of the sub-Canadian area. In the White mts. region 
and northward, it is the commonest breeding hawk, but with cen- 
tral and southern N. Tl. it is less com., except along the ridge of 
the western part (G. M. Allen). Coos Co., com. S. V. (Maynard, 
Clark); Mt. Washington, 8 sets of eggs, ’90 (Clark); Laneaster 
and Jefferson, by far the most com. hawk, probably outnumbering 
all other species put together, though the cutting off of the old 
growth trees is forcing it further back, as I have never found it 
nesting in second growth timber (Spaulding ms.) ; Chickora, White 
mts., breeding (Bowles); Monadnock, not uncom. ace. to Gerald 
Thayer (G. M. Allen). Carroll Co., North Conway, breeding, ’89 


BurNs—On BROAD-WINGED HAWKE. 175 


(Nash) ; Intervale, nest and eggs (G. M. Allen). Grafton Co., not 
uncom, (Sherman) ; West of Newfound Lake, where it breeds up to 
the limit of large tree growth, about 2500 ft., 'S. R., rare (G. M. 
Allen). Belknap Co., Alton, two records, May and Aug (Dear- 
born). Merrimac Co., Webster and adjoining twps., rare only a 
few seen (Goodhue). Hillsborough Co., Milford, set of eggs (Til- 
ton) ; Amoskeag, considered irregular visitor until ’92, when about 
4 pairs undoubtedly nested (Farmer) ; Millis, set of eggs May 18, 
‘06, by S. P. Willard (Rawson) ; our rarest hawk (B. G. Willard 
ms.) ; Hollis, Dr. W. H. Fox found nest and eggs years ago (G. M. 
Allen) ; Hudson, female, May 25, ’83, by F. F. Jenks (Phil. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. coll.). 

VERMONT.—Not uncom., but seen now and then, breeds (Cut- 
ting) ; not uncom. (Howe); not com. S. R. (Perkins and Howe) ; 
uncom. §S. R. (Allen). WHssex Co., Lunenburgh, com. breeder 
(Spaulding ms.). Chittendon Co., Burlington, female shot while 
building nest in Apr., “40 (Thompson). Washington Co., Mont- 
pelier, one taken in summer, early *70s (Briggs). Addison Co., 
Middlebury, Prof. Adams found nest some years since (Brewer). 
Rutland Co., migrant, rare (Ross); Middleton Springs, not at all 
com., except during a flight in the fall of ’04 (Hickox ms.). Wind- 
ham Co., rare S. R. (Davenport) ; Londonderry, one observed sey- 
eral times in summer of 95 (Allen), Bennington Co., rare S. R., 
found most frequently in autumn along wooded streams (Daven- 
port) ; Bennington, seen June 30, 09 (Ross). 

MASSACHUSETTS.—Quite rare (Samuels); to be seen during sum- 
mer and occasionally winter, but more com as a migrant (Minot) ; 
rather rare 'S. R. (Allen); rare S. R. and not uncom. spring and 
autumn migrant (Howe, Allen) ; uncom. migrant and rare S. R. in 
remote districts (Allen). Eastern, not very com., perhaps breeds, 
I have not seen it in winter (Maynard). Wssex Co., winter, rare 
(Putnam); not uncom. T. V., very rare S. R. Boxford and George- 
town, breeding; Chebacco Lake, July dates (Townsend); set of 
eggs coll. by Walter C. Jones (Flanagan ms.). Middlesex Co., New- 
town, nest and eggs, ’63, and Tyngsburgh, present (Maynard) ; 
Farmingham, set of eggs (Norris); Weston, Natick and Concord, 
spring dates (Peters) ; Cambridge, T. V., sometimes com. in Sept., 
rare in spring ace. to Brewster (Chapman). Suffolk Co., during 
the migrations by no means com. about Boston (Brewster). Nor- 
folk Co., West Roxbury, nest May 20, ’64 (Samuels) ; Brookline 
(Ridgway); single egg May, ’61, by Richie (Bendire) ; migrant 
(Howe); Sharon, set eggs May 30’ ’96, at the time very rare 
(Bowles ms.) ; Ponkapog, sets of eggs May 18 and 31,.’92, and May 
21, ‘04 (2); two yg. females shot near residence in early July, 710, 


176 THE WiItson BULLETIN—Nos. 76-77- 


undoubtedly hatched in pine grove nearby (McKechnie ms.). 
Greylock, June 13, “08, and June 19, ‘10 (Bridges) ; Bristol Co., 
very rare, breeds (Andros) ; comparatively scarce, I have only met 
with it from early May to late summer, perhaps half a dozen nests 
—the bird is gradually increasing in numbers (Durfee ms.) ; Acush- 
net, instance of capture by Brown, Apr. 12, “S2 (Read). During 
the early years of my collecting, say 10 or 15 years prior to ‘97, I 
never even heard of it in this region, though I spent much in the 
field and was fairly successful in finding all the other common spe- 
cies of hawks and made a specialty of the Raptores. I cannot help 
thinking that it was much less common than now. It was not 
until I met Rev. H. K. Job, then living in N. Middleboro, that I 
began to realize that it was a regular breeder. Te showed me two 
localities where ‘he had taken the eggs in °95, “96 and ‘97. Mr. 
Owen Durfee of Fall River also found a nest in the ‘hardwood tim- 
ber west of Taunton. On May #0, °99, I found my first nest. This 
Was shown me by a young man who claimed to have found a mum- 
ber, and said he considered the species fairly common. Sets were 
taken in the same locality, near Taunton, in “CO and °01, from the 
same pair presumably.. My experience during the past 10 years in 
Bristol and Plymouth counties has taught me that it, though hardly 
common, is by no means rare. As compared with the Red-shoul- 
dered, which is our commonest Buteo, 1 should say that there were 
at least six pairs of the latter to one pair of the Broad-winged. In 
the region that we hunt most thoroughly in the western half of 
Bristol Co., comprising an area approximating 10 miles square, we 
count on locating from 25 to 30 pairs of Red-shoulders, whereas 
we can hardly expect to find over +4 or 5 pairs of Broad-wings 
(Bent ms.). From ’81 up to 1900 IT spent fully as much time each 
season afield here in Bristol and Plymouth Cos. as I have since, 
but not until May 27, 1900, did I ever find a nest, and only one 
shot in 1892—and but two surely identified birds seen previous to 
that; since then it has established itself locally, so much as to he 
recorded as fairly common (Carpenter nis.). 

Plymouth Co.: Caryer, three sets of eggs (Bent ms.); Fairly 
com, S. R. (Carpenter ms.); East Whitman? male, Feb. 29, ‘92 
(Cc. C. F.). Barnstable Co.. Wood's Tole, one noted July 4, “04 
(Jones). Worcester Co.: breeds rather commonly (Brewster) ; 
nesting (Reed); Lancaster, our commonest hawk with the excep- 
tion of Buteo lineatus. IT have found a great many nests that I 
have left unmolested (Thayer mws.). Tampshire Co.: tol. com. S. 
R. in Connecticut valley (Colburn and Morris) ; Amherst and nearly 
the whole county, recorded at Leverett and Pelham (Clark) ; Mon- 
son, set of eggs col. by Milton C. Ilowe (Crandall col.). Hampden 


BurNs—On BRrOAD-wWINGED HAWK. ye 


Co.; Springfield (Stearns and Coues); quite rare, breeds (Allen). 
Breeds regularly and commonly in the mountains west of Westfield, 
rare in the river town[ships] during the spring and autumn (Mor- 
ris). Berkshire Co. Rare S. R., found breeding by Mr. Archibald 
Hopkins, near Williamstown, identified by Mr. Brewer. Mr. R. T. 
Fisher found a pair nesting near the Cheshire reservoir. 'Speci- 
men killed in Dalton, Apr. 2, 98. From advice received we believe 
that this hawk is a tol. com. S. R. on the eastern slope of the Green 
mts. in adjoining counties of Hampshire and Hampden (Faxon and 
Hoffman). 

RHODE ISLAND.—Large flights in certain sections (Dunn): an 
uncom. migrant and rare 8. R. (Mowe, Allen). It is of very local 
distribution and I am not aware of it nesting east of the Narragan- 
sett bay and the Providence river. The most northern breeding 
record is Gloucester, Providence Co., and the most southern at 
Wakefield, Washington Co., May 10, ’03, nest completed but not 
revisited. The woods in the western part of the state have been 
eut in recent years, greatly reducing fayorable localities for all of 
the hawks to nest in. If any one was to ask me to find a nest this 
year I do not think I could do it, with the possible exception of 
South Kingston, where I found a nest but no eggs some 4 or 5 
years ago. There is a probability of one or two pairs in the neck 
of woods in the northern part of the state, however. At Charles- 
town, in the open woods just north of Quawchontang pond, I saw 
a young bird Aug. 4, 706. A nest with two young just hatched and 
an egg which was pipped, was found June 19, ‘O07, by Walter A. 
Angell in West Greenwich. On June 9, 710, I saw two birds in open 
woods near Summit (Hathaway ms.). My experience has been 
that Broad-wings do not return to the same locality year after year. 
In only one instance have I found a nest in the same grove in two 
successive years. The four nests taken in 06 were all within an 
area of two square miles, yet not a single pair returned to this 
locality in *O7 (Flanagan ms.). Records of the collection of sets 
of eggs: Providence Co., May 27, '05, by I. and J. Flanagan; Glou- 
cester, May 13, (90, by Wm. A. Sprague; May 19, 02, by Walter 
A. Angell; Cranston, May 11, 700, and May 24, ‘01, by H. S. Hatha- 
way; Smithfield, June 2, ‘94, by W. A. Angell, who shot the female; 
Kent Co., May 19, ’04, by J. H. Flanagan and C. H. Remington; 
May 26, 00, May 26, 01 (2), May 13, 19 and 27 (2), ’06, by TI. and 
J. Wlanagan; Washington Co., Bast Greenwich, occupied nests 
found May 13, ’00, and June 9, ’01, by F. BE. Newberry; Kingston, 
by Prof. Geo. Field, while at the Agricultural Experimental Sta- 
tion, eggs since destroyed and no date kept (Hathaway ms.). 
(Merriam) ; found breeding (Wood); S. R., but breeds sparingly ; 


178 Tue Witson BULLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


CoNNECTICUT.—Rather rare resident, seldom seen in winter 
very regular and abundant in flights from the middle to the last 
of Sept. (Trowbridge) ; uncom. migrant and rare §8. R. (Allen) ; 
Western Conn., not our commonest hawk by any means. Found 
nesting along the mountain streams (Job), Southern Conn., com. 
(Job); New London Co., Norwich, two sets of eggs, ‘84 
(Rawson); regular S. R., breeds, formerly rare, 6 sets taken 
by Thos. B. Trumbull and Lorenzo Blackstone, ’95-99, Chauncey 
Brand showing the former his first nest (Richards ms.) ; Middle- 
sex Co., 3 sets of eggs between °99-’03 (Beers ms.) ; Portland, Mr. W. 
W. Coe has taken quite a number of its nests, together with sev- 
eral of the finest birds I have ever seen (Merriam); present 
(Sage); Middle Haddam, breding (Case); specimen (Fisher) ; 
Chester, sets by C. H. Watrous and H. Bennett (Beers coll.), and 
by J. B. Canfield (Crandall col.) ; New Haven Co., it breeds spar- 
ingly about New Haven (Merriam); a very rare bird (Linsley) ; 
2 sets, 1906 (Beers ms.) fall migrant (Trowbridge); Seymour, 2 
sets "06 by A. A. Lockwood (Beers ms.) ; Northford, set taken by 
A. M. Linsley (Lattin) ; Northfield Co., 3 sets June 8, 04 (Beers 
ms.) ; Torrington, several sets coll. by John Gath (Jacobs, and 
Price coll.) ; Winchester, 7 sets, *86-96, 3 sets in one day, by Chas. 
H. Williams (Crandall coll.) ; Fairfield Co., com. breeder (Ham- 
lin ms.); an uncom.. resident (Wright); 23 sets of eggs “96-06 
(Beers ms.); Bridgeport, resident [?], sometimes com. in migra- 
tion (Verrill); Bethel, 12 sets coll. by Geo. L. Hamlin, *86"96 
(Jackson coll.) ; Monroe, set May 24, 98, by H. W. Beers (Cran- 
dall coll.) ; Fairfield, set May 15, °99, by Beers (Sharples coll.) ; 
Stratford, female taken, spring of ‘41, compared with spec. in 
Peale’s museum, New York, and identified by Audubon (Lindsley). 

New York.—Rare (DeKay): not com. permanent resident (Chap- 
man). Hudson Highlands, our most abundant hawk, a permanent 
resident, but only occasional in winter, breeds (Mearns). Mohawk 
Valley,, it is doubtful if in any one district it is to be found in 
greater numbers (Willard). Adirondack Region, rather com. S. R., 
breeding about the lakes (Merriam). Western Adirondack Region, 
present (Hall). Western N. Y., S. R., breeds, not always as com. 
as B. borealis and lineatus (Short, Eaton) ; rather rare 8. R., breeds 
(Reineck), Tong Island, exceedingly rare (Giraud); Bay Ridge, 
fall migrant (Townsend); Long Island City, 3 spec. Sept. 28 and 
24, ’8ST (Fisher); Orient Point, one seen Dee. 25, 05 (Latham) ; 
College Point, one Dec. 29, ’97, (Abbott and Harper). Franklin 
Co., one shot Aug, 24, °74, (Roosevelt and Minot); Saranae Lake, 
one spec. (Baird). Clinton Co., Upper Chateaugay Lake. Sept. 
(Howe). Warren Co.. Lake George, Aug. 2 (Fisher). Ham- 


Burns—On BrRoOAD--wINGED HAWK. 179 


ilton, Herkimer, and Oneida Cos., found in considerable num- 
bers by Dr. Ralph (Bendire). WHerkimer Co., Wilmurt, breeding 
ace. to Ralph (Bendire). Oswego Co., Oswego, regular breeder 
(Stone) ; the Broad-winged and Red-tailed Hawks used to be here 
in goodly numbers, but I have seen only 1a single one in years (D. 
D. Stone ms.) ;'set col: by L. C. Snyder (Short ms.). Saratoga Co., 
Outlet creek, Balston Spa, set of eggs (B. A. G.). Fulton Co., 
Mountain Lake, rather rare, one seen Aug. 26, ’07; I have seen 
many specimens in EH. P. Hotaling’s taxidermist shop at Glovers- 
ville (Alexander ms.). Oneida Co., not com., breeds (Ralph and 
Bagg); Utica, two eggs (Willard); generally distributed, nowhere 
com., breeds (Trembly); found nesting in °73, and later at Mud 
ereek (Davis); one of our rare hawks, have collected but two 
sets. I have just finished rewriting my List of Oneida County 
Birds and will give this species as “A com. 'S. R. in West Canada 
Creek Valley. Not com. elsewhere. Breeds. Several nests on 
record in the town[ship] of New WHartford.’” Dr. Langworthy’s, 
Trembley’s, Davis’, and my own nests were all taken in that town- 
[ship]. I have spent at least part of every year for the past 35 
years in West Canada Creek Valley and am disposed to consider 
it the commonest hawk. Here in Utica, I think I would place the 
hawks as follows as to abundance: MRed-shouldered, Red-tailed, 
Sparrow, Sharp-shinned, Broad-winged. Others follow. I do not 
think it is a very rare breeder with us, but the two larger hawks 
are sO much more common that this bird is considered rare by 
comparison (Bagg ms.). Rensselaer Co., Troy, Sept. specimens 
(HWisher) ; Stephentown, tol. com., four nesting places within five 
miles (Hoag). West Chester Co., one May 8, ’04, F. C. Hubel 
(Jones) ; breeding (Burroughs) ; Sing Sing, tol. com. acc. to Fisher 
(Chapman). Orange Co., Highland Falls, Apr., May, and Aug. Speci- 
mens (Fisher). Rockland Co., Mr. Bell informs me that he killed 
several in one day (DeKay); specimen Aug. 17 (Fisher). Ulster 
Co., near Wilenville and Lake Minnewaska, large flights in Sept. 
(Barbour); Valley of Navesink river, pair July 27-Aug. 5, ‘98 
(Bent ms.). Madison Co., S. R. (Embody). Cayuga, Onondago, 
Seneca, Wayne and Yates Cos., rare S. R., breeds (Rathbun). 
Onondago Co., Syracuse, spring specimens (Fisher). Cayuga Co., 
Auburn, rarest of all the family that breed here, I found one set 
only (Wilson) ; nest May 18, ’83, not very com., but was regularly 
met with (Rathbun ms.). Cortland Co., rare (M. D. M., Jr.). 
Tompkins Co., Ithaca, one shot Aug. 25, 98, by Mr. W. C. Thro 
(Tiankinson ms.). Cayuga Take Basin, transient (Reed and 
Wright) ; Chemung Co., I have not heen able to obtain a specimen, 
altho’ } have no doubt it will be found here (Gregg) ; Elmira, June 


180 THe Witson BULLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


27, ’85; Apr. 9, ’86; July 23, ’87 (Swift); specimens in spring and 
summer (Fisher). Yates Co., rare, one Sept. 10, °75 (Gilbert) ; 
Branchport, dogs not occur, have not seen one in 20 years’ study 
(Burtch ms.). Monroe Co., Rochester, abundant migrant, does not 
breed (Eaton). Orleans Co., taken by Fred Lusk (Posson). Ni- 
agara Co., rare, I do not know that it breeds (Davidson) ; Lock- 
port, spring date (Fisher). Erie Co., Buffalo, rare straggler 
(Bergtold). Probably breeds (Reineck). Chautauqua Co., rare 
(Edson). Medina and Albine, Orleans Co.; Lockport, Niagara Co.; 
Naples, Ontario Co.; Rochester and Brockport, Monroe Co.; Erie, 
Cattaraugus, and Genessee Cos., S. R., breeds (Short). 

New JERSEY.—Frequently more numerous than supposed to be. 
Breed every season in the hilly, wooded districts (Abbott): a res- 
ident species in the southern part, and S. R. in the north, but no- 
where common in the winter and not as abundant as the Red- 
shouldered Hawk in summer (Stone); occupies certain sections to 
the exclusion of its congener (Red-shouldered Hawk), the habi- 
tats of the two being complimentary (Miller) Pine Barrens, tol. 
com.. no actual record of breeding but individuals are seen dur- 
ing the summer (Stone). Joln Krider has several times met with 
nests near Philadelphia (Brewer). Passaie Co., Greenwood Lake, 
one observed in June, “9 (Baily). Sussex Co.. Stag Lake, ex- 
tensive autumnal migrations, transient (Von Lengerke); Wawa- 
yanda Lake, one ob 


ved in June, “69 (Baily). Bergen Co., 
Ridgwood, rare (Hale ms.). Essex Co., Montclair, frequent trans- 
ient, spring and fall (Howland). Union Co., Summit, very rare 
S. R., (Holmes, Hann). Somerset Co., Plainfield, spring date 
(Miller). Middlesex Co., South Amboy, fall flights (Muirhead). 
Monmouth Co., Atlantic Highland and Sandy Hook, autumnal 
flights (J. P.). Mercer Co., rare, more frequently seen in winter 
(Abbott). com. S. R. and migrant, breeding (Babson); Feb. 7, 
Apr.-June, Dec. 9 (Rogers). Camden Co., Haddonfield, May 16, ‘82, 
by S. N. Rhoads (Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. coll.). Burlington Co.. 
Moorestown, IT am not certain T ever saw the bird alive here; Anna 
A. Mickle mounted a female shot at Mount Ephraim, on May 12,01 
(Evans ms.). Salem Co., Salem, very rare breeder, rarely seen at 
any time, I am not certain but that it is a resident the whole year. 
Three nests; May, ‘98, May 27. ‘00, and May 28, *00 (Crispin ms.) 3 
set May 20, ‘97, by B. A. Carpenter (Crandall ms.). Cape May 
Co., Wm. B., Crispin thinks a few pairs breed, and Alfred C. Red- 
field has also met with it in summer. Atlantic Co., Somer’s Point. 
set of eggs, *69 (Jackson mis.). 

PENNSYLVANIA.—Dr. Trudeau found nest and eggs (Brewer); 


=. 


rare, most frequently seen in winter (Turnbull); uncommonly 


BurRNS—ON BrROAD-WINGED HAWK. 181 


scarce, but few individuals being observed during the autumnal 
and winter months (Gentry); least abund. of all the Buteos, a 
native and resident (Warren); rather scarce resident (Stone) ; 
among the least numerous, S. R., migrating southward (Surface). 
Sullivan and Wyoming Cos., summer (Stone). Pike Co., dead bird se- 
cured from a farmer’s barn door, Sept. 9, °02 (Laurent ms.) ; noticed 
in 05 (Harlow); set of eggs coll. for Rath (Crandall coll.) ; Mil- 
ford, not com., breeds (Woodruff) ; Monroe Co., breeding (Davie, 
Norris); Broadhead’s Creek, pair breeding (Weygaundt) ; North- 
ampton Co., breeding (Davie) ; two sets coll. for J. Rath (Crandall 
coll.); Blue Mts., two sets (Norris). Bucks Co., frequent 
(Thomas); ‘Spring Valley, one spec. (Fisher). Montgomery Co., 
Fatland Ford, first nesting record, May 27, 1812 (Audubon); set 
of eggs coll. by Dr. W. E. Hughes (Del. Valley Orn. Club data) ; 
Lower Merion Twp., set of eggs May 12, ’89, by Harry K. Jamison 
(Crandall coll.) ; Narberth, resident, not abund., apparently breeds 
(Rotzell) ; Oaklane, several noticed in Sept. °06 (Harlow). Berks 
Co., Fleetwood, nest and eggs, 62, ‘03 and ’07, also one nest near 
Moselem, ’07 (MLeibelsperger). Philadelphia Co., Gray’s Ferry, 
pair seen, male shot May 6, 1812—the type specimen (Wilson) ; 
Germantown, spring spec. (Fisher); Holmesburg, May 17, ‘08 
(Miller) ; Fox Chase, young male Sept. 8, 08; and Frankfort, lined 
nest May, ’02, one bird about for a time, but female probably shot 
(Miller ms.). Delaware Co., occasional in winter (Cassin) ; win- 
tering (Moore) ; set of eggs, May 14, °85 (Parker) ; Radnor Twp., 
3 spee. by Dillon (Phila Acad. Nat. Sci. Coll.), breeds, uncom. 
(Rogers); nest and eggs (Harlow); ‘Swarthmore, spring date 
(Roberts) ; set of eggs, May 6, 05 (Swayne ms.); Marple Twp., 
nest May 18, ‘09 (Mercur ms.). Elwyn, spee. Apr. 26, ’98, GC. S. 
Welles (Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. Coll.) ; Castle Rock, nesting 
(Sharples) ; Grant Groff found it breeding near Radnor Hunt, ‘94 
and 95; Alfred C. Redfield near Wayne, ’0S8 and ’09; and the 
writer in Newtown Twp. (Burns ms.). Chester Co., I found 4 
nests (Warren); resident, breeds (Ressel); Avondale, resident 
and quite rare (Michener) ; Hast Marlboro Twp.. set of eggs May 
20, 06, resident, I never considered it an abundant breeder (Pen- 
nock ms.) ; West Chester, adult shot (Montgomery); set of eggs 
May 24, °75; by J. T. Price (Jackson) ; West Goshen Twp., set col. 
May 28, ’96, by Chas. Darlington, three sets ’86, ’8S and ’90 by 
Thos. H. Jackson. I have known 4 or 5 pairs which nest here every 
year. Some years ago the Red-tailed Hawk was a com. nesting 
bird, but lately it has almost disappeared and the Broad-wing ‘has 
taken its place until. it is one of the most abund. (Sharples ms.) ; 
Marshallton, May 19, ‘00, set by Frank Marshman; Brandywine yal- 


182 THe WiILson BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


ley, May 19, 04, and near West Chester, May 16, *03, sets by R. P. 
Sharples; Hershey’s Mill, set May 3, ’91, by S. B. Ladd (Jackson 
and Sharples ms.) ; West Bradford, breeding (Burns ms.) ; Brandy- 
wine Hills, sets May 15, ’05, and June 1, °06, by W. Woodward 
(Sharples ms.) ; near Coatesville and near Downington (Sharples) ; 
Malvern, nest, by Wm. Everett, May, ’86 (Jackson); Paoli, Dayles- 
ford (earliest breeding record, May, °84, by Wayne Baugh), and 
Berwyn and Devon regular S. R., breeding, first set May 11, ’88 
(Burns ms.). Lancaster Co., rather rare (Libhart); Columbia 
not com. (Wisler ms.). York Co., one noted May 1, 704, first in 16 
years’ observation (Wisler ms.). Dauphin Co., Harrisburg, by no 
means com. I have but one record, a male, taken Mar. 21, °95, 
though I do see some birds flying high over the city during mi- 
grations (Stoey ms.). Cumberland Co., Carlisle, rare (Baird). 
Perry Co., Pilot Knob, com. transient visitant in flight during Sept., 
’*88 (Roddy ms.). Clinton Co., Renova, one of our most com. hawks 
and regular breeder (Pierce ms.). Erie Co., Erie and Presque Isle, 
recorded by our party on but two occasions, but probably a S. R.. 
immature male shot May 26, and one seen Sept. 21; Mr. Bacon 
saw one from this locality (Todd), Clarion Co., Maysville, spec. 
shot June 15, ‘94, my nearest Pittsburg record (Todd ms.). Green 
Co., in the summer of °04 a pair inhabited a large strip of woods 
south of Waynesburg (Jacobs ms.). Fayette Co., Leckrone, Sept. 
24-Oct. 8, ’01, one or two in woods back of station during my stay 
(Burns ms.). 

DELAWARE.—Resident (Rhoads and Pennock). Neweastle Co., 
Townsend, one recorded June 28, 00 (Burns ms.). 

MARYLAND.—Resident except severe winters, but at no time 
abundant (Fisher); resident, but not com., eggs Apr. 27, ’90; May 
19, ’92—Blogg; May 23, ’98—J. H. Fisher, Jr. (Kirkwood). Anne 
Arundel Co., West River, fall *89, appeared in greater numbers than 
ever before (Ellzey); Montgomery Co., Sandy Spring, number of 
spring and summer records (Fisher); eggs, May 10, ‘87, col. by 
Dr. A. K. Fisher (Bendire); one set in 91 and three in °92 (Kirk- 
wood); near Tacoma Park, nestlings, “97 (Shufeldt). Toward Co.., 
fall, *°89, extraordinary numbers of hawks, Broadwings predominat- 
ing (Ellzey). Alleghany and Garrett Cos., not com. (WHifrig ms.). 
Allegany Co., one on Wills’ Mt., July 28, ’02, and numerous Sept. 
4-Oct. 17, also records from various localities, one Dee. 31, ’01 
(Bifrig ms.). Garrett Co., one taken on summit of ridge about 3 
m. east of Grantville (Preble); Occident, July 22, 08, immature 
female brought to me (Wifrig ms.). 

WEsT VIRGINIA.—Resident, tol. com. (Edwards); tol. com.. sev- 
eral spec. taken (Doan); com. (Brooks). Monongalia Co., Mor- 


9 


BurNS—ON BROAD-WINGED HAWRE. 183 


gantown, while hunting here below town in the fall of ’06, a man 
killed one and brought to me for identification, the only one I ever 
saw about here (Morgan ms.). Upshur Co., remains throughout 
the year (Brooks) ; Buckhannon, Aug. 12, ’88 (Fisher). Kanawha 
Co., com., found mostly in the mountains, breeds (Scott) ; Coal- 
burg, com. and breeding (Scott). Putnam Co. In the spring of 
701, my brother and I found a nest in a tall hickory tree; he shot 
one of the birds, and a few days later he killed another in a dif- 
ferent part of this locality that acted as though it had a nest close 
by. I have not found it very common in the parts of the state I 
am acquainted with (Morgan ms.). 

VIRGINIA.—Occurs (Whitehead); occasionally seen, but not of 
sufficient abundance to make it of much economic importance 
(Smyth). Montgomery Co., saw Sept. 93, a flock of 18, all flying 
south and very high (Smyth); Blacksburg is in a valley on the 
top of the Alleghany system, about 2020 ft. above sea level, and the 
country around it is rugged, with many wooded and wild ravines. 
I believe that it nests regularly though sparingly throughout the 
mountainous section. In past years, nearly every spring, in late 
April or early May, when I used to be out frequently after insects, 
observing bird arrivals and collecting flowers for my botany class, 
I saw these hawks, usually very tame and acting as if nesting, and 
I once saw a pair attacking and driving away from their chosen 
haunts a Red-shouldered Hawk. I never, however, saw its nest 
until May 18, ’06, when a farmer brought me an incubating female. 
I went with him intending to get the nest and eggs, but it was in 
an enormous white oak. It is not abundant, tho’ I count it in my 
list of regular breeders (Smyth ms.) ; Fairfax Co., near Washing- 
ton, found breeding by Dr. Fisher and Mr. Henshaw in ’85, rare 
resident (Rives) ; Centerville Twp., set May 19, 91, by Harry K. 
Jamison (Crandall coll.) ; Falls Church, not uncom. breeder (Ri- 
ley) ; numerous breeding records (Riley ms.). Hanover Co., Ash- 
land, one seen Mar. 15, (06 (Embody ms.). Warwick Co., I saw 
one a negro had shot, May, ’87 (Phillips). “ 

DiIsTRICT OF COLUMBIA.—(Jouy) ; very rare, only occasionally ob- 
served (Coues and Prentiss) ; rare, probably resident, more in win- 
ter (Coues and Prentiss); not com. (Richmond); nesting in the 
National Zoological Park (Baker); rare and occasional (Rives) ; 
not com. W. V., rare S. R., according to C. W. Richmond (Chap- 
man); breeding (Maynard); permanent resident (Cooke); not 
uncom. breeding bird (Riley). 

NortH CaroLina.—Wake Co., Raleigh, specimens May 23, ’88, 
Aug. 26, ’89, May 8, ’95, and sets of eggs: Apr. 25, 90; May 18, ’91; 
and May 11, 16 and 22, ’95 (Brimley ms.). Mitchell Co., Roan Mt., 


1s4 Tue Witson BULLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 

Aug. 10, °8T (Fisher). Buncombe Co., 8S. V., com. (Cairns); set 
May 28. °01, for S. B. Ladd (Sharples coll.) ; Weaverville, found 
breeding by John S. Cairns (Bendire); Grace and Craggy moun- 
tain, sets of eggs June 18, ‘94, and May 8, °86, by Cairns (Crandall 
coll.). McDowell Co., Black Mts., 6,000 ft., single bird (Brewster). 
Jackson Co.. Webster, a pair (Brewster). 

SoutH Carorina.—Listed by True; probably occurs, but I have 
no evidence that such is the case (Coues). The record by Mr. F. W. 
True is based on presumptive rather than positive evidence. The 
list is crude and full of errors. Coues’ list is full to overflowing 
with errors. I have but two records on or near the coast. On April 
26, 86, while in the company of Dr. A. K. Fisher, he identified a 
bird of this species which was about 400 yards away. The second 
record is of a specimen that I shot near Charleston on June 15, “89. 
It seems to be very rare even in the primeyal forests. As far as 
I am aware, it does not breed. While it is possible that it breeds 
in the primitive forests, the fact remains that no well authenticated 
record is extant (Wayne ms.). It probably occurs, however, along 
the upper Savannah river (Wayne). 

GerorcIA.—Resident (Cleckly). Does not appear to be common. 
Hawks seem to be less abundant than in any other section where I 
have been, Red-tailed, Cooper's and Sparrow Hawk being the only 
species that abound. MRed-shouldered, Sharp-shinned and Marsh 
Hawks being less in abundance. The Broad-winged Hawk and 
Mississippi Kite being rare—though I am fortunate to have a fine 
pair of the latter—and the Duck and Pigeon Hawks and Swallow- 
tailed Kite being very rare (La Trade ms.). While labeling up our 
collection—Savannah, Natural History Society—recently, I came 
across a hawk which I was convinced was originally wrongly 
marked, and upon close investigation it turned out to be a Broad- 
winged Hawk, immature male taken Mar. 11, ‘O08. It is the only 
one in our collection, and in fact the only specimen I have ever 
taken (Iloxie ms.). Cherokee Co.. on July 11, °05, I found one 
nailed to a tree, having been shot by some hunters some days be- 
fore. I had previously seen a pair in this vicinity, but failed to get 
close enough for positive identification, tho’ my impression was 
that they were of this species (a Prade ms.). Fulton Co., June, 
06, exact date not recorded. I heard the Willdeer-like ery in 
some heavy timber. ‘The bird flew before I got in range and I 
failed to get it in the chance shot I tried. W. J. Mills, formerly of 
Bast Point, but now of College Park, has a set of eggs taken in 
the county that I consider probably of this bird; though I am not 
oologist enough to be a competent judge. Tle took them some years 
hefore he was acquainted with our birds, being a native of Eng- 


ee 


BurNS—Own BROAD-WINGED HAWK. 185 


land (la Prade ms.). Atlanta, six seen Dec. 25, 03 (McDaniel). 
Newton Co., Oxford, I have for seven years been trying to secure 
one for the Emory College collection. Yesterday, Apr. 27, ’08, I 
took an immature male in thick woods (La Prade ms.). In a 
memoranda of a collection of eggs made chiefly on St. Simon’s 
Island (Glynn Co.), Wayne and McIntosh Cos., during °55-’65, by 
the late Dr. S. W. Wilson; H. B. Bailey notes the species—“nests 
in high trees, eggs two or three.” Camden Co., St. Marys, it does 
not breed. In fact I have taken but one and seen one other, both 
in winter. It may, however, breed in other parts of the state, as 
it is no more rare here than the Mississippi and Swallow-tailed 
Kites, and the latter at least is quite common in some sections 
(Arnow. ms.). 

Wtoripa.—There is a specimen in the Museum of Comparative 
Zoology labeled as having been taken in Florida (Allen). One 
spec. each by Dr. E. G. Abadie and Thos. McHuen (Phila. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Coll.). Bird appears nowhere a very common species, 
with perhaps the exception of the peninsula (Brewer). Eggs found 
by Gustavus Wordemann (Baird, Brewer and Ridgway). Kissim- 
mee Valley, one seen Feb.-Mar., ‘95 (Palmer). Jefferson Co., one 
of the commonest hawks found breeding in the hill country and on 
the Wacissa river (Wayne); while I did not collect any sets of 
eggs, it is a common breeder near Waukeenah. Shot a female Apr. 
21, 94, that contained an egg ready to be laid (Wayne ms.). Leon 
Co., Tallahassee, common resident, breeds (Williams); there is 
scarcely a strip of woods of 50 acres or more wherein are not found 
a pair of these birds (Williams ms.). Walton Co., De Funiak 
Spring, somewhat rare, May 2, ’08, I shot an adult female and ob- 
served another Apr. 23, *10, at Lake Cassidy, and an adult male in 
a cypress swamp, June 23, °10 (Fisher ms.). Scambia Co., Pensa- 
cola, one seen, spring of ’86 (Hverman). Volusia Co., Coronado, 
Dec. 30, (08 (Longstreet). Hillsborough Co., not present to my 
knowledge (Hoyt ms.) ; reported breeding (Bendire). Manatee Co., 
it has been reported breeding and an egg collected by H. B. Moore, 
Manatee, spring of ’72, and now in the U. 'S. National Museum col- 
lection, entered as one of B. lineatus, seems much more likely to 
be referable to this species (Bendire). Lee Co., Fort Myers—Ca- 
loosahatchie region—migrant (Scott); seen (Maynard) Key West, 
single one Peb. 3, °88; 150—mostly of this species.—Oct. 21, ’87 
(Scott). 

ALABAMA.—Found (Oberholser) Hale Co., only one specimen has 
come under my observation, that was shot and mounted by Dr. J. 
M. Pickett of Cedarville. I have the specimen in my collection 
(Avery). Coosa, Clay and Talledega Cos., abundant soon after 


186 Tue Wirson BULLETIN—NoOs. 76-77. 


May 25, ‘08 (Saunders). Mobile Co., Mobile, Dr. A. K. Fisher tells 
me that he saw a pair in May, ’86 which acted as if they had a 
nest in the yicinity (Bendire). 

MIssIssippr.—Resident, rare breeder (Stockard). Not a common 
resident. It gathers in small flocks for migration together with 
Ictinia in late summer and usually all are gone by the first of 
Sept. I have not seen it in winter (Allison ms.). Pine flats re- 
gion (Kopman). Tishomingo Co., the commonest of the hawks— 
Apr. 17-May 17—I found no nests, but saw and heard the birds 
often (Allison). Lafayette Co., three sets of eggs in one season ~ 
(Norris). Franklin Co., ‘Suffolk, not met with up in this section: 
its occurrence has been reported to me from near the Gulf (Kent 
ms.). Wilkinson Co., Woodville, two observed Dec. 25, ’09 (Me- 
Gowan). Coast of Mississippi, com. S. R. (Kopman). 

Outo.—Not com. resident except perhaps in winter, breeds. In 
the vicinity of this city it is rare. Dr. Kirtland says that it is 
com. and breeds in Northern Ohio. Mr. Read that it is frequently 
seen (Wheaten). Not com. S. R. (Dawson). Little known, not 
because it is rare, for it is present in some numbers throughout the 
state; but because it apparently differs but little from several me- 
dium sized hawks. It should be found wintering south of Columbus, 
but probably in small numbers (Jones). Stark Co., Canton, single 
individuals, Apr, 18, 09, Mar. 27, Apr. 24 and May 15, *10 (Kimes 
ms.). Mahoning Co., Youngstown, one seen Dee. 25, ‘06 (Fordyce 
and Wood); Poland, male adult—Kirkland (Sharp); spec. in Brit- 
ish Museum (Gray). Cuyahoga Co., Cleveland, tol. com. migrant 
and S. R. (Anon.); Brooklyn, May 10 (Fisher). Lorain Co., Ober- 
lin, rare permanent resident (Jones); spring dates (Baird); pres- 
ent, noted in May, ’97 (Dawson); two, winter of '02, usually near 
Lake Erie (Dawson); Cedar Point, sometimes com. for a day or 
so during migration, unusual in winter and rather scarce in sum- 
mer (Jones). Wayne Co., rare, probably S. R., only two records 
available: that of an adult shot on the grounds of the State Agri. 
Exp. Station at Wooster, July 4, 938; and one seen about six miles 
north, July 9 same year (Oberholser). Knox Co., breeds (Davie). 
Franklin Co., Columbus, S. R., com. (Davie); resident (Dawson). 
Auglaize Co., one seen May 14, ‘OS (Henninger and Kuenning). Mi- 
ami Co., Troy, male killed Apr. 27, 07 (Fisher ms.). Green Co., 
Yellow Springs, nest and eggs by W. M. Wilson (Wheaton). War- 
ren Co., rather uncom. S. R., Apr. to Noy. (Smith). Hamilton Co., 
Cincinnati, S. R., and Madisonville, Apr. (Langdon). Scioto Co., 
Southwestern, May 28, ‘96 (Henninger). 

INDIANA.—Rare in most localities; resident in southern part, S. 
R. northward, not com., most often seen in spring and fall (Butler). 


BurNsS—On BROAD-WINGED HAWK. 187 


Lake Co., breeds—Aiken (Butler). Wabash Co., two spec. taken 
(Ulrey and Wallace). Carroll Co., occurring occasionally (Ever- 
man). Franklin Co., rare, probably resident (Butler) ; Browns- 
ville, Apr. 19, ’87, and Decatur Co., Apr., 22, ’87, spec. (Fisher). 
Monroe Co., rather rare R., not reported before 92, more often 
seen in recent years, commonest in Apr. and Oct. (McAtee). Knox 
and Gibson Cos., breeds (Ridgway). 

ILLINOIS.—Resident, one of the rarest species in most localities 
(Ridgway) ; transient, breeding in the northern part (Ridgway) ; 
not uncom. first week in May and during Sept. in N. B., a few breed 
(Nelson) ; com. during migrations and more or less com. S. R., 
breeds in many localities (Cory); fairly com. during migrations, 
isolated pairs breeding here and there, but not com. as a S. R. in 
any given locality (Gault ms.). Lake Co., Lake Worest, fall 795, 
one in company with other species in flight (Ferry). Cook Co., 
Chicago, present 88 (Pratt); abund. trans. (Dunn); not uncom. 
S. R. (Woodruff); South Chicago, flight Apr. 27, ’92 (Dunn) ; 
Grand Crossing, Sept. 6, 84, male shot (Coale) ; River Forest, male 
taken May 11, °81 (Gault ms.). Du Page Co., Glen Ellyn, not 
com. T. V., one or more recorded every spring and fall, with 
few exceptions, since ’93, evidently breeding pair noticed May 1-24, 
710, but no nest located (Gault ms.). Will Co., Joliet, set of eggs 
May 10, ’06 (Cory). Marshall Co., rare, confined to river bottoms 
(Barnes). Fulton Co., Bernadotte, Spoon river region, pair Jan. 
13, ’87 (Strode). Hancock Co., Mallard, spec. Oct. 8, 700. (Flem- 
ing coll.). Adams Co., Quincy, found breeding by Poling (Davie, 
Bendire). Champaign Co., Philo, breeds, 4 yg. taken from nest 
(Hess ms.) ; not rare 8. R., seen each season at Lynn Grove and 
Salt Fork (Hess). Bond Co., not very plentiful, the country is 
right for it, but its place seems to be taken by the Red-tail and Red- 
shoulder, almost every grove containing one or two pairs of the 
former (Smith ms.). 


MicHican.—(Stockwell, Miles); nesting (Herbert); S. R., breed- 
ing (Steere); rather rare, breeds (Gibbs); com. 'S. R. (Cook). 
Southern, trans. (Bois); cannot be called com., neither is it rare; 
I have never known it to breed (Covert). S. E., it is rather an un- 
com. but regular migrant, extreme dates: Mar. 10, ’94, and Oct. 
24, 97; normal Apr. 20 and Oct. 5 (Swales ms.). Washington Isl- 
and, S. W. end of Isle Royale, 5 observed Sept. 5, 705 (N. A.Wood 
ms.). Ontonagon Co., Ontonagon, Aug. 04, not com. (N. A. Wood 
ms.) ; Porcupine mts. 1 yg. male and ad. female Aug. 12 (Wood. 
Peet and McCreary). Iron Co., one each on Menominee river, Aug., 
and upper course Iron river, Sept. (Blackwelder). Dickinson Co., 


188 THE WILson BULLETIN—NoOs. 76-77. 


Iron mt., not uncom. in summer, but never found its nest (Brews- 
ter ms.). Chippewa Co., set May 16, ‘01 (Stone coli.).  Macki- 
nac Island, one Sept. 1, °89, rare (White); Huron Co., Port Austin 
Twp., annual spring flight (J. C. Wood ms.). Emmet Co., Weque- 
tonsing. nest near golf links (Widmann). Kent Co., breeding— 
White (Cook). Eaton Co., Lansing, one shot at Agri. College and 
another Sept. 10, °96, by E. M. Sedgwick, now in my coll. (Hankin- 
son wes.). St. Clair Co., Pt. Gratiot. set May 15, "98 (Arnold ms.). 
Wayne, 8S. Oakland, BE. Macomb, 8. ‘St. Clair Cos., fairly abund. mi- 
grant. I am positive it breeds, but to my knowledge no eggs have 
been taken (Swales). Wayne Co., most com. during the latter half 
Apr. and early May, when from singles to 200 or 300 may be seen 
at one time in the air, few adults alight, but many of the juniors 
do so and some remain in suitable Jocalities until middle of June, 
four breeding records (J. C. Wood ms.) ; Highland Park, only one 
breeding record, Apr. 29, ’93 (Swales); Nankin Twp., nest ‘01, no 
eggs (J. C. Wood ms.) ; Detroit, male shot June 7, ‘07, non-breeding 
upon dissection (Swales ms.) ; I have seen more birds passing over 
city than elsewhere (J. C. Wood ms.). Genosee Co., Goodrich, spee. 
(Spicer). Washtenaw Co., Ann Arbor, com. (Steere): not very 
com. migrant, one breeding record, June 25, ‘01, birds taken but 
nest inaccessable (N. A. Wood). Monroe Co., Petersburg, not un- 
com., breeding (Trombly, Cook); Portage Lake, fall record, Oct. 
12 (N. Az Wood ms.): 

Summerfield, set col. by Jerome Trombly, May 18, ‘92 (Jackson 
eoll.). Hillsdale and Lenawee Cos., a retiring bird found only in 
deep woods (Gibbs). Kalamazoo Co., as an evidence of its rarity 
here, in over 500 nests of the Buteos robbed, only one set of this 
Buzzard was taken—May 27, °75 (Gibbs). 

Wisconsin.—Com. (Hay, Goodrich); com. in northern portion 
where it breeds in the heavy timber (King); not rare, especially in 
the oak openings: as far as my experience goes, it seems to prefer 
second growth black “jack” or “pin” oak forests (Kumlien). East- 
ern Wis., rather com. spring migrant, especially commen in fall; 
by no means com. nesting species, but is a 8. R. and breeds from 
the southern tier of counties northward. According to our obser- 
vations this is the species that flocks (Kumlien and Hollister) ; 
male and female, Sept. 9 and 21 (Ridgway); com. during migra- 
tions, more or less com. S. R., breeds in many localities (Cory), 
Dunn Co., Mr. Clark considers it on the whole uncom., but has seen 
and taken it a number of times (IKumlien and Hollister). Clair 
[Clark?] Co., a spec. taken—Cowper (King). Ontegamie Co., com. 
in large woods (Grundtaig). Waukesha Co., Pewaukee, I found 
them nesting and most com. (Goss); breeding, set June 8, ’88 (D. 


RuRNS—On BROAD-WINGED HAWK. 189 


C.). Jefferson Co., Lake Mills, breeding—Cantwell (Bendire). 
Richland ‘Co., Twin Bluffs, com. (McCallum). 

Kentucky.—Fayette Co., Lexington, my records are all queries, 
I have never examined it in hand. The ms. in Bird Lore Christ- 
mas Census had it and some of the Ducks queried; the one we 
called Broad-winged Hawk was never identified with any centainty 
(Dean ms.). May 7 and Dec. 25, °04, March 18, *05—[Dean?] 
(Cook ms.). Logan Co., Nov. 28, 703 (two); Oct. 25, '04; Apr. 9 
and 14, May 5, 14 and 26, ’06, single individuals. While I have 
not found in the nest, the above data shows that it occurs well into 
the breeding season. I am inclined to consider it a rather rare 
breeder and uncom. migrant and winter yvisitant (Wmbody ms.). 

TENNESSEE.— Hast: This is the most abundant hawk, especially 
so among the mountains, where I found it at the loftiest mountains 
(Rhoads). Near Roan Mountain Station, July 24, 95, seen (Cooke 
mMms.). 

Minnesora.—sS. R., fairly com. from the border of Iowa to Lake 
Superior, rare in the N. W. sections (Hatch). Very numerous, the 
most abund. of all the hawks (Brackett, Cantwell). Headwaters 
of streams that feed in Red River of the North, breeding abund- 
antly (Preston). Polk Co., Red Lake Falls, male by F. Guy May- 
ers (Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. Coll.). Atkin Co., Farm Island Lake, 
com., breeding (Peabody); Atkin and MHickory, several no- 
ticed (Gault ms.). Beeker Co., abund. (Roberts); Floyd Lake, 
several sets (Norris). Otter Tail Co., Mr. Washburn found it 
rather com. -(Hatch) ; Pelican river, set of eggs (Norris) ; one pair 
nested near Crystal lake, two eggs were taken May 28, ’93, and 
afterwards found to be the commonest hawk in nearly all the lo- 
calities visited. Almost every piece of woods of any extent was 
found to harbor a pair, Another set was taken at Linda June 3. 
Not found at Pelican Rapids (Gault ms.). Grant Co., Herman, 
single individual (Roberts and Benners). lLac-qui-parle Co., breed- 
ing (Cantwell). Hennepin Co., set taken by H. M. Guilford (J. C. 
Wiood coll.) ; Minneapolis, com. 7 sets within 5 m. radius of cen- 
ter of city (Currie); breeding (Patten, Cantwell); set taken by 
H. B. Hurd (Crandall coll.) ; breeding frequently (Hatch); Lake 
Harriet, breeding (Currie); Lake Minnetonka, breeding frequently 
(Hatch) ; Fort Snelling, spec. May 2, ’89 (Fisher), ‘Steele Co., Owa- 
tohna, breeding Apr. 29, ’°99 (Springer); breeding (Peabody). 
Waseca Co., Woodville and Goose Lake, breeding (Peabody) ; 
Woodville, several sets col. by D. A. Kinney (Jacobs coll.). 

NortH Dakora.—I am quite certain it does not breed in the 
woods of the prairie region, but suspect that it may do so rarely 
in the Turtle mountains, though I believe I have never seen it there 


190 THe Wirson BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


in summer. On July 12, 02, I found at Fish Lake, Turtle mts., a 
dead ad. Broad-wing hanging in a small tree. This bird had been 
dead so long that it was dry, but may have been breeding there. 
It had evidently been shot. The female I took at Rock Lake was 
not a breeding bird, and I have no other record that I can find of 
any baving seen the species in summer (Bishop ms.). Tower Co., 
Rock Lake, June 4, 95, yg. female shot (Bishop ms.) ; Cando, oc- 
curs as a fairly com. migrant. I have no records of its breeding, 
though I have seen it in season. Specimens are hard to get as it 
does not stop long in open country (Judd ms.). Ramsey Co., 
Devil’s Lake, May 4 and 11, ’02, two adults, the former a female, 
by C. W. Bowman (Bishop ms.). Nelson Co., Stump Lake, May 1, 
ad. male by Alfred Eastgate (Bishop ms.) ; Talma, transient visi- 
tant, spring and fall, Apr. 4-20, and Sept. 10-Oct. 20 (Eastgate ms.). 
Griggs Co., Red Willow Lake, May 16, 02, yg. female by Alfred 
Eastgate (Bishop ms.). 

SourH Dakora—Sanhorn Co.,. Forestburg, on two occasions, 
one June 6, 05, I have seen a hawk, which I took to be of this 
species, but was unable to secure it. My friend, Frank Patton, of 
Artesian, after years of thorough collecting, must still question its 
oceurrence in Sanborn and Minor Cos. (S. E. Central) at least. 
He has thought that he saw it once or twice. H. B. Lee of Hu- 
ron (Beadle Co.), a careful observer and collector, has not found 
it in his vicinity, at least up to two years ago (Visher). Hughes 
Co., Pierre, I have two records. One dated Mar. 25, ’06, and one 
Apr. 12, ’07. The first occurrence I am absolutely positive as to 
its identification, as I shot the specimen out of a large flock—for 
hawks—perhaps fifteen individuals, and identified it as a male 
Broad-wing. It was very emaciated, seemingly nothing in its stom- 
ach whatever. The one I saw last spring was some little distance 
away, but I am sure it was this species (Lee ms.). 

Iowa.—I found it very plenty, never found it breeding (Krider) ; 
not uncom. from Apr. to Oct. (Keys and Williams); fairly com. 
on the average, being quite com. in some portions and almost lack- 
ing in others (Keys); appears to have been somewhat irregularly 
distributed, as far as a number of observers fail to report its oc- 
currence, some reported it as a com. migrant, and others as rare 
(Andersou) Kossuth Co., W. H. Bingham reports it as com., a 
few breed (Anderson). Mitchell Co., spee. 80, by Dr. W. L. Ab- 
bott (Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. Coll.). Winnebago Co., I found it com. 
in spring and fall, and rare in summer (Anderson); Lake Mills, 
breeding June 30, set of three eggs; another nest same date, a 
mile or so away, but the one egg broken. In late June, ’07, I vis- 
ited this locality and noted one individual, unquestionably a 


ee 


BurRNsS—On Broapd-wINGep Hawk. 191 


Broad-wing, sailing leisurely above the timber (Law ms.) ; Forest 
City, Apr. 28, 94, saw a pair about a small grove, probably nested 
there a little later in the season (Anderson). Benson Grove, spec. 
May 15, 75, D. Hill (Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. Coll.). Hancock Co., Sil- 
ver Lake, apparently com. May 3, ’83, and at various other times, 
as a migrant (Preston). Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos., Oniota 
valley, several seen between June 11 and July 10, ’95, but none 
secured (Bartsch). Black Hawk Co., Laporte City, migrant, 
trans. (Cooke). Scott Co., tol. com. migrant in spring, rare in 
fall; spring dates and one fall record (Wilson). Poweshiek Co., 
trans. visit., tol. com. (Kelsey) ; Grinnell, migrant, trans. (Cooke). 
Hastern Jasper and Western Poweshiek Cos., tol. com. S. R. 
(Jones). Pottawatomie Co., set eggs, ’92 (Trostler). 

NEBRASKA.—Rather com. during the fall along the bluffs of the 
Missouri river (Taylor); a regular and rather com. S. R. and 
breeder along the Missouri and its tributaries in the eastern part, 
rare in the interior and a straggler in the western part (Bruner, 
Walcott and Swenk); used to be a rather frequent 8S. R. and 
breeder throughout the eastern portion, but it is becoming scarcer 
every year (Trostler ms.). Cuming Co., West Point (Bruner). 
Douglas Co., Omaha, set of 2 eggs May 15, ’92; not so com. as 
B. swainsoni (White) ; breeding—L. Skow; rather rare, breeds in 
May—I. S. Trostler (Bruner); set of 2 eggs May 19, 01, in 
Child’s Point woods, six miles south of Omaha, taken by Roy Mul- 
len—the only nest that has come under my notice (Shoemaker 
ms.). Becoming scarcer every year, especially in Douglas and 
Sarpy Cos. (Trostler ms.). Otoe Co., Nebraska City, male shot 
July 17, °09 (Burnett ms.). Nemaha Co., Peru, spec. killed fall 
’88 and brought to the Laboratory of the State Normal (Taylor 
and Van Vleet). Lancaster Co. Lincoln, (Bruner). Antelope Co., 
Neleigh, four seen in the Upper Hlkhorn valley, flying northward, 
Apr. 26, °00, and one secured (Carey). Rock Co., Long Pine, ob- 
served by Bates (Bruner, Walcott and Swenk). Sioux Co., Har- 
rison, observed (Bruner). 

Missouri.—S. R., breeds in all parts except the swampy S. EH. 
counties (Widmann ms.). Fairly com. S. R., mainly eastward, 
less commonly westward. It prefers undulating ground where 
wooded tracts, even of medium trees, adjoin creek bottoms, wet 
meadows and cultivated fields. Such localities still exists in spite 
of the universal devastation of timber, in most parts of the State. 
It seems to shun the swampy southeast and the bottoms of the 
large rivers as well as the dry ridges of the Ozarks and the dryer 
stretches of the prairie region. None winter with us (Widmann). 
I have taken their eggs (Smith ms.). Cooper Co., Mt. Carmal, 


192 THe Wirnson BULLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


Mar. 23, ’85, transient—Mrs. M. Musick (Cooke). St. Louis Co., 
abund., migratory, Sept. 21 (Hurter). Carter Co., Grandon. nest 
found ’O7 in the valley of the Little Black river (Woodruff). 

Kansas.—Rare S. R. in eastern (Snow, Taylor). The only dis- 
tinctly eastern hawk occurring in the Mississippi valley. It is 
found rarely as far west as Kas. (Cooke). S. R. in eastern part, 
rare, arrives about the first of Apr., leaves by the first of Noy.— 
at least I have not seen them later (Goss). Although I haye no 
record of its breeding, I believe it will be found a rare S. R. in 
the timber bottoms (Wetmore ms.). A rare S. R. in eastern Kas. 
(Lantz). Douglas Co., Laurence, May 4, ‘04, female, by Leverett 
A. Adams; and another female May 17, ’07, collector unknown— 
both records in the museum of the University of Kansas (Wet- 
more ms.). Shawnee Co., Topeka, migratory, rare, taken by BH. U. 
Prentice (Snow). Montgomery Co., Independence, I observed the 
species in Apr., and May 6, °06, while collecting, although none 
were taken I am reasonably sure of the bird, as I am familiar 
with it (Wetmore ms.). Ellis Co., the most westerly record being 
that of Dr. Watson at Ellis (Cooke). 

INDIAN TeRRITORY.—Occurs during the summer months occasion- 
ally (Goss). 

OKLAHOMA.—Stillwater, one shot Apr. 9, ‘9T (Cooke ms.). 

ARKANSAS.—I have, so far, not run across this species in the 
State. It should occur in some sections in the northern part, but 
I have been too busy to do much field work (Smith ms.). I haye 
no positive record of its appearance here during my 14 years resi- 
dence at Imboden, by actually getting specimens, but I feel rea- 
sonably sure I have observed them in flight while hunting on the 
lower White river. Quite a number of hawks frequent our State, 
and I have observed Swallow-tailed and Mississippi Kites here, 
but never found their nests (Bacon ms.). Van Buren Co., Clinton 
(on the Little Red rivyer—a tributary to the White river), breeds, 
seen Feb. 18 and June 5, ‘90 (Cooke ms.). 

LovuIsIaANna.—It is believed that the Broad-winged Hawk is never 
seen in the State except during the severest winter in the middle 
and eastern districts (Holmes). A fairly com, resident and breed- 
ing (Beyer). S. E., pine barrens, com. S. R.; fertile district, rare 
if not unknown (Kopman). Long-leaved pine flats region—at a 
distance varying from 50 to 75 miles from the coast on slightly 
higher grounds—S. E., com. 8. R. (Kopman). Chiefly if not en- 
tirely a S. R. and confined as a breeder to the upland region, es- 
pecially pine wood sections (Beyer, Allison and Kopman). Prairie 
Mere Rouge, one spec. (Baird). 

TexAs.—Southern, Nueces river eastward, not uncom. In May 


BURNS—ON BROAD-WINGED HAWK. 193 


shot yg. bird on the Medina, and early in June found a nest with 
young near the Colorado river (Dresser). Western; the eastern 
Broad-wing has been found along wooded rivers (Bailey). Neo- 
sho Valley, during the summer months (Goss). Tyler Co., rather 
vom. §. R., breeds, does not winter here (Pope ms.). Waller Co., 
Brazos river valley, yg. birds of B. lineatus, or perhaps B. pennsyl- 
vanicus were noticed, but none were killed (Kumlein). Houston, 
Harris Co., and Montgomery, Galveston and Ford Bend Cos., not 
uncom. during the winter months and a few remain to breed 
(Nehrling). Travis Co., Colorado river, I have personally ob- 
served a pair during the past two springs in a large wood on the 
outskirts of Austin,- probably they were breeding (Montgomery 
ms.). Wendall Co., winter resident—Sept. to early spring—fre 
quenting the heavy timber bottoms and along streams (Wentworth 
ms.). Bexar Co., found (Beckman); San Antonio, fall and win- 
ter, pretty com. Nov., seven shot during the winter (Dresser). San 
Patrica Co., Mission of San Patrica, Sept. (Beckman); Barton’s 
Rancho, fall and winter (Dresser). Nueces Co., Corpus Christi, 
male, Mar. 14, ’99 (Fleming ecoll.). Cameron Co., Fort Brown— 
Brownsville, uncom. W. R. (Merrell) ; spec. Apr. 9 and 12, 94, by 
F. B. Armstrong (Phila. Acad. Nat. Sei. Coll.) ; I cannot recall 
having taken or seen it (G. P. Smith ms.). Hildlago Co., Hildalgo, 
male shot May 7, ‘77 (Sennett); Lomita Ranch, not uncom. dur- 
ing Apr. ’78. On Apr. 11, we saw 50 or more flying about over 
the woods. A few were taken in May. It is probable that a few 
remain to breed (Sennett). 

Mexico.—Lower California; Colorado delta, two or three were 
seen by S. N. Rhoads (Stone). Sinaloa: near Presideo de Ma- 
zatlan, by Forrer (Salvin and Godman). Jalisco: Volean de Co- 
lima, by W. B. Richardson (Salvin and Godman). Vera Cruz: 
Jalapa, male collected (Ferrari-Perez) ; Los Vigas, two specimens 
secured (Chapman); Mirador, female. Sept. by Dr. ‘Sartorius 
(Ridgway); Orizaba, taken by Batteri (Sclater); Coatepec, M. 
Trujillo (Salvin and Godman). Oaxaca: Santa Efigenia, Tehu- 
antepec, immature, Dec. °68 (Lawrence); F. Sumichrast (Sal- 
vin and Godman). 

SPANISH HonpuRAS.—Occasionally met with in winter (Goss). 
(Salvin and Godman). 

GUATAMALA.—Mr. Skinner reports its occurrence (Gentry). I 
have occasionally met with the birds in winter in the eastern part 
(Goss). Santa Rosa above Salma, and Duenas, San Geronimo 
(Salvin and Godman). Coban, Vera Paz, Jan. by Q. Salvin 
(Ridgway. ) 2 

San Sartvapor.—(Salvin and Godman). 


194 THe Wirson BuLLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


NicakaGuA.—Rather com. on the Escondido during the winter 
menths, frst seen in Sept. (Richmond). La Libertad and Santa 
Domingo, Chontales, Leon—W. B. Richardson (Salvin and God- 
man). 

Costa Rica.—Coll. by A. Goering (Lawrence); ambas especies 
se encuentra en las alturas y desfidaderos de las montanas que 
circunba la altiplancia (Frantzins); breeds (Zeledon); noted 
during Dec. and Jan. ’89-'90, one seen Apr. 20, 90 (Cherrie) ; spec. 
by Frantzius (Ridgway). The most abund. and widely spread of 
the migrant species of hawks, being found in the low lands of 
both Carribbean and Pacific and over the central plateau region. 
It seems quite partial to the trees along the edges of streams and 
isolated patches of woodland (Carriker). San Jose—C. T. Under- 
wood, J. Carmial (Salvin and Godman); one spec. killed in Jan. 
(Boucard) ; last of Noy. to first of May (Cherrie). Jimenez (Zel- 
edon). Angostura.—J. Carmial; Carrillo, Barba—C. F. Under- 
wood and San Lucas, Talamanca—Mus. Nac. Costa Rica (Salvin 
and Godman). Carrillo, ad. female Apr. 5, ’95, and juy. female 
Noy. 6, ‘98; and Escazu, juv. males Dec. 15 and 26, ’99 (Fleming 
coll.) ; also spec. in Bangs coll., by Underwood (Carriker). Rio 
Frio (Richmond). Guayabo, spec. by Ridgway and Zeledon, in 
U. S. Nat. Mus.; Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, C. H. Lankester coll.; 
Guapiles, El Hogar, Tucurriqui, four skins in Carnegie museum 
(Carriker). 

PANAMA.—(Sclater and Salvin, Sharp; Lawrence); Paraiso Sta- 
tion—Hughes, and Volean de Chiriqui—h. Arce (Salvin and God- 
man). Boquete de Chetra, Calovevora, Calobre, V. de Chwequi 
(Salvin). Boquete—a small village at the foot of the voleano— 
and Volean de Chiriqui, 4000 to 7500 ft., two ad. and one yg., all 
males, Feb, 27, Mar. 10 and Apr. 19, by W. W. Brown, Jr. (Bangs) ; 
Boquiti Chiriqui, alt. 4000 ft., ad. female Apr. 25, ’03, Dwight coll., 
and juv. female, alt. 3000 ft. Dec. 16, 04, Dwight coll. (Fleming 
ms.). Chitra, Veragua, ad. female (Riley). 

VENEZUELA.—(Salvin and Godman). Caracas (Gray); individ- 
ual presented by Wm. von Lawsberge to the Museum D’Histoire 
Naturelle des Pays-Bas (Schlegel); female (Sharp). Merida, alt. 
2000 metres, ad. male Dec. 20, ’08, No. 6375 Fleming coll., and ad. 
female Mar. ? 24, ’03, No. (2) Dwight coll., and juv. male Oct. 29, 
703, No. (3) Dwight coll. (Fleming ms.) ; specimen (Ibering). 

Unitep States or Corompra.—(Schlegel, Salvin and Godman, 
Salvin); coll. by James McLeannan (Lawrence); winter resident, 
female (Barboza du Bocage). Santa Marta district, male, female 
ad. and female yg., winter resident (Bangs); Minea, Sierra Ne- 
vada, 2000 ft., male, Jan. 17, female Jan. 22 (Salvin and Godman) ; 


VV —— ee 


BurNsS—ON BROAD-WINGED HAWK. 195 


Bonda, Noy. 13, ’*88 to Mar. 26, ’90, and Valparaiso—alt. 5000 ft., 
Mar. 21, seven spec. coll. by Herbert H. Smith (Allen). 

Ecuapor.—(Baird, Salvin and Godman); in winter (Dresser). 
Western, deux males adults, et deux jenne males, tuees a chimbo 
en octobre, novembre, et decembre (Berlepsch and Taczanowski). 
San Rafaet, deux femelle tuees en mars, col. by M. Stolzmann 
(Taczanowski and Berlepsch). Gualaquiza, male by H. W. Bates 
(Sclater). Two males from the forest of Archidona, and a female 
from the summit of the high forest covered Guacamayo range, 
which has to be covered in descending to the Napo forests after 
leaving Baeza (Goodfellow). 

Preru.—Upper Amazon (Dresser,. Salvin and Godman). Rio 
Javari, spec, secured by H. W. Bates (Sclater and Salvin, Sclater). 
Chamicuros, Peruvian Amazons, ad. male, Jan. 1, ’68, and ad. fe- 
male Dee. 3, ’67, by E. Bartlett (Sharp); (Goeldi). Huambo, une 
femelle tuce le 9 Mar. ’80 (Taczanowski). Maraynioc, une paire 
de novembre, ’90, researches by M. Jean Kalinowski (Berlepsch 
and Stalzmann). Palcaju, female ad., Nov. ’02, Dwight coll., and 
San Domingo Carabaya, Dept. Puna, alt. 6000 ft., female juv. Nov. 
1. °02, Fleming coll. (Fleming ms.). 

Cupa.—(Lembeye, Cabanis, Gundlach); resident (Gundlach) ; 
Dr. Gundlach informs me it is a resident species and breeds in 
the island, which Mr. Lembeye also confirms (Brewer); female 
juy. (Ridgway); Sedentario, se encuentra muchas veces in vere- 
das y orellas de los montes (Gundlach) present (Cory). Gundlach 
usually found it on the border of woods along the roads that pass 
through them, and although the species is common, he has never 
found a nest; an example examined marked “male, but of the size 
of female, may possibly be wrongly sexed (Clark). Remedios, yg. 
male, June (Ridgway). Pinar del Rio Province, at San Diego de los 
Banos, a pair was seen, and a female shot on Apr. 7, ’00, and on 
the 11th William Palmer shot a male at the same spot, probably 
mate of the former, that had remated. Previously while going up 
a tropical ravine in the mountains at El Guama, Mar. 21, with an 
Italian resident, we came upon a single bird perched in a tree, and 
as my companion was ahead of me, I handed him the gun to shoot, 
but he missed. Hl Guama is a valley in the mountains about four 
miles north of the city of Pinar del Rio. San Diego de los Banos 
is at the base of the chain of mountains that runs with the axis 
of the island in the western part (Riley ms.). Santiago de Cuba, 
Bayate. adult female, Feb. 2, 1906, and Holguin, juvenile male, 


‘Aug. 5, 1904, col. by O. Tollin (Burns coll.). 


ISLE oF Pinrs.—A pair observed circling about the crown of La 
Tres Hernvanos mountains, Nueva Gerona, Apr. 3, 1910, about 2 


196 THe Wirson BuLLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


p. m., offering an excellent view with the field glass from the top 
of the mountain (Read ms.). 
Porto Rico.—Specimen (Ridgway). com. resident (Gundlach), 
present (Cory). 
BUTEO PLATYPTERUS INSULICOLA. 


ANTIGUA.—Resident, seen by Ober (Lawrence); taken (Cory) : 
one adult male May 29, ’90, coll. by Cyrus S. Winch, and three im- 
mature females, Sept. 7 (2), and Nov. 26, ’03, coll. by H. G. S. 
Branch (Riley). 

BUTEO PLATYPTERUS RIVIEREI. 


Dominica.—Not abund., found by Ober (Lawrence) ; coll. by Mr. 
Ramage (Schlater); (Cory); very com. all over (Clark); com., 
widely distributed and much more tame and unsuspicious than in 
the U. §.; particularly com. in the yicinity of Bass-en-ville; ob- 
served from time of my arrival until departure (Verrill). 


BUTEO PLATYPTERUS ANTILLARUM, 


MARTINIQUE.— (Lawrence) ; found present by W. B. Richardson 
(Cory). 

Sanva LuctA.—(Allen); collected by Mr. Ramage (Selater) ; 
(Cory). 

BARBADOES.— Ligon’s History shows clearly that when the greater 
part of the island was clothed in natural fortests, a species of Buz- 
zard was indigenous. This may have heen B. latissimus [—platyp- 
terus]. Ligon writes: “The birds of this place (setting two 
aside) are hardly worth the pains of description; yet in order, as 
I did the beasts, I will set-them down. The biggest is a direct 
Bussard, but somewhat less than our grey Bussard in Hngland, 
somewhat swifter of wing; and the only good thing they do is, 
sometimes to kill rats” (Fielden) ; (Cory); locally extinet (Clark). 

St. Vincent.—Everywhere abundant—Ober (Lawrence); found 
all over the island and is very com., breeds (Lister): (Cory) ; 
very com. all over; spring of ‘08 a nest was found in the Botanic 
gardens at Kingston (Clark). 

Brequia.—(Cory) ; it occurs regularly on the northern end—north 
of the Spring estate—where it breeds; Ober gives this bird as oc- 
curring on the Grenadines, but this must be a mistake, as except- 
ing Bequia and Mustique, it is wholly unknown to the natives, nor 
could I find any trace of it (Clark). 

Mustiqur.—Occasionally visits (Clark). 

CANNOUAN.— (Cory). 

Carracou.—(Cory) ; I saw one on Aug. 27, ‘04, near the late John 
Grant Wells’ residence at Hermitage, but as he does not record it 
from that island, it must be a rare straggler there (Clark). 


—— 


Burns—On BrROAD-WINGED HAwk. 197 


GRENADA,— Not abund. resident, at this time—Mar. 25—it is en- 
gaged in incubation—Ober (Lawrence) ; numerous, breeds (Wells) ; 
living specimen presented by Hon. Sir W. Francis Helz-Hutchinson, 
July 20, 791, to the Zoological Society of London (Sharp). 

Topaco.—Collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., during Apr. and May, 
792 (Cory) ; immature female in U. S. National Museum (Riley). 

Flight. 


This bird is an easy, graceful, and at times, quite rapid flyer. 
Buteo-like, it is fond! of soaring in circles. It can move with 
the ease and silence of an owl. Indeed, Sennett informs us 
that when he shot one in a dense woods on the lower Rio 
Grande, he was quite surprised that it was not an owl when 
he picked it up. When disturbed in the timber, its flight 
seems heavy ‘and sluggish. Audubon, Gentry, Preston, 
Blanchan and perhaps others have noticed a peculiarity of its 
amusement flights, which take place occasionally during mi- 
eration as well as during the breeding season, which is best 
discribed by Gentry: “It moves in wide spiral circles, without 
apparently vibrating the wings. ‘These movements are pro- 
longed at will, and often last for a considerable time. Their 
object cannot be the detection of prey, which such great height 
would assuredly favor, as it is seldom that its apparent absorp- 
tion is broken, even when its most favorite quarry comes in 
full view. It is purely the result of pleasurable emotions. 
When weary thereof, it glides earthward with a momentum 
truly wonderful; but just before it reaches the ground, it 
cheeks its velocity with surprising skill.” 

Without attempting a display of mere words, Preston’s ac- 
count adds something to our knowledge: “On warm summer 
days, this bird forsakes its ordinary flapping flight and the 
shadows of the woods, and indulges in a series of zrial per- 
formances befitting a bird of higher station. Suddenly, one 
will start up briskly from some dead tree in the forest, and 
begin its upward course in short circles, rising quickly and 
easily, by gradually widening spirals, assisting itself by vigor- 
ous flapping until well up, when the metallic scream ceases, 
and with full spread wings and tail it soars lightly back and 


198 THe Witson BULLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


forth, still tending upward until almost out of sight, and with 
arrowy swiftness the gay fellow descends with long sweeps 
and curves, closing the act with a horizontal dash far over 
the woods and marshes.” 

A. B. Klugh, Guelph, Ontario, informs me that on Septem- 
ber 11, 1903, he observed a flock going through a performance 
never before or since witnessed by him. They were sailing 
around at various altitudes over a large “bush.” Every few 
minutes, one would close its wings, shoot down a sharp in- 
cline almost to the tree tops, and then swoop upwards again. 
As they checked their descent, they produced a tremendous 
noise almost like an’ explosion. This noise gave one the im- 
pression that he was about to be hit on the head, and it made 
him duck every time, even though aware of what produced it. 
Gentry thinks its flight recalls that of B. lineatus, and Saun- 
ders likens that of Archibutco lagopus sancti-johannis to it, in 
method of execution. 

Food. 

The rather sedentary Broad—wing most frequently waits for 
its prey while perched on a convenient stub or dead limb. A 
slight stir below and it bends forward with dilating pupils, 
cat-like, with twitching tail, swaying body, light foothold; it 
springs forward with marvelous quickness, snatching up the 
object with its talons; if its captive is not too heavy, it carries 
it to one of its favorite perches, there to devour it unless dis- 
turbed, when it reluctantly retires after a whistled protest. 
Very small mammals are swallowed whole, and the larger 
skinned and even the leg bones clean-stripped and left at- 
tached to the hide. Birds are plucked of primaries, rectrices 
and a few breast feathers, flinging them aside with a quick 
flirt of the bill; after tearing off and devouring the head, the 
body is ripped open and the intestines eaten, piece by piece the 
limbs and body follow. Large snakes, toads and frogs are 
usually skinned, and smaller ones torn in sections after the 
head has been disposed of. Crawfish are eaten piecemeal, and 
insects, spiders, etc., usually disappear intact. I have seen it 
fly toward its nest with a mouse dangling from a single 


a 


— 


Burns—On BroOAD-wINGED HAwk. 199 


sharp talon in its throat, and a medium-sized snake grasped 
firmly with both feet; yet kite-like, it will sometimes securely 
hold an uninjured beetle, grasshopper or earthworm, in one 
foot bent forward to breast, and resting on the other, delicately 
pick the tidbit to pieces: At times it is said to hunt on the 
wing, circling in the air, upon sighting its quarry it becomes 
stationary for an instant and then descends with considerable 
velocity, thrusting forward its feet with lightning-like rapid- 
ity, securely grappling its victim only when its body follows or 
its legs bend in the rise; unlike the Osprey which seems to 
have the power to clutch with extended leg, its hold is secure 
only upon this movement. Digestion is. comparatively rapid 
and the indigestable parts, consisting of the nicely-cleaned 
bones enveloped in the hair, feathers, etc., are regurgitated in 
the form of pellets before fresh food is taken. 

After going to considerable pains to secure most of the lit- 
erature bearing on the food subject of this species, | find little 
of it available because much can be traced back to the often 
careless statements of the early writers, and some of it un— 
doubtedly original, seems to lack authenticity. For instance, 
after informing us that it very rarely feeds upon small birds, 
one writer includes in a partial inventory of its fare, eight 
species of birds ; a number equal to the examination of at least 
one hundred stomachs though he nowhere states that he ex- 
amined a single one ; moreover, corroborative evidence is lack- 
ing, not a single species given by him appearing in the com- 
piled list I shall presently offer. 

' Dr. Fisher, who has devoted much time to the food habits 
of the Hawks and Owls from an economic standpoint, states 
in regard to this species: “Among the mammals the smaller 
squirrels and wood mice are the most frequently taken, though 
field mice and shrews also are found in the stomach contents. 
During August and September a considerable portion of the 
food consists of the larve of certain large moths which are 
common at this season, and it is the exception not to find their 
remains in the stomach examined. Grasshoppers, crickets and 
beetles are also greedily devoured. The only act which seems 


200 Tue Witson BULLETIN—NOoOs. 76-77. 


to be injurious to agriculture is the killing of toads and small 
snakes; the former of which are exclusively insect-eaters, the 
latter very largely so. In one respect the enormous value 
ranks above all other birds, and that is-the destruction of im- 
mense numbers of injurious larve of large moths, which most 
birds are either unable or disinclined to cope with,” 

Bristol Co., Mass. Nest of two young, three or four days 
old, also contained a full grown red squirrel (Carpenter ms.). 

Godbout, Quebec.——The food of some I examined here, 
seem to consist of mice and small birds, and in one case I 
found remnants of the Northern Hare, but I do not think 
it kills them regularly, it was probably found dead—(Comeau 
ms.). 

Ottawa, Ont-—Those that I] examined apparently fed on 
insects, small mammals, snakes and frogs. In fact it appears 
to be very fond of small wood frogs and grasshoppers. A 
favorite locality is a cedar swamp where there are lots of 
frogs and garter snakes.—( White #.). ; 

Portage la Prairie, Manitoba——While with us it feeds upon 
mice and small rodents, I never had any complaints of its in- 
terfering with poultry and never found bird remains in its 
stomach —( Atkinson ms.). 

Norwich, Conn.—Chipmunks, red-squirrels and snakes.— 
(Richard #s.). 

York Co., Pa—On May 1, 1904, I was much surprised to 
see one swoop down, sieze and carry off a red squirrel from 
the middle of the road, not more than thirty feet ahead of me. 
It then flew to a tree some hundred yards away, where I 
watched it through my field glass, tear and devour the ani- 
mal.—(Wisler wrs.). 

“Seldom committing depredations in the poultry yard and 
rarely killing a small bird of any kind.”—( Keys). 

“Never have I known them to molest poultty.”—( Preston). 

“There were never any signs about the nest that birds or 
poultry formed part of the food of the young—( Burroughs). 

“Rarely kills birds and is distinctly a benefit to the agricul- 
tural interests.”—( Roberts). 


Burns—On Broap-wiNGep HAwk. 201 


“Tt does little or no harm to poultry and but little to birds, 
except in the breeding season when it has young to feed, when 
it occasionally catches some of the smaller birds.”—( Riley ). 

“Blacksburg, Va.—Principally mice, insects, frogs, etc., and 
occasionally small birds..—(Smyth). 

“Howard Co., Md.—This morning, Dec. 30, 1889, my son, 
Mr. J. Murry Ellzey, surprised and shot a Broad-wing which 
had seized near the house a large Plymouth Rock rooster, 
which he had lacerated and almost denuded of feathers along 
the back, and certainly would have killed but for timely rescue, 
in a very few minutes. This is the second instance this season 
in which Mr. Ellzey has shot this species in the act of seizing 
poultry. At West River, some weeks ago, it appeared in 
greater numbers than ever before remembered and numerous 
complaints of its attacks upon poultry were made.”—( Ellzey. 

Doubtless there are a few individuals in a hundred thousand 
of this species, possessing the strength and spirit, and at some 
period sufficiently near starvation, to attack and kill a fowl 
many times its own weight, but the evidence here presented 
would scarcely convict. I know of several pairs nesting within 
sight almost, of several thousand domestic fowls, and in the 
twenty-two years I have known the species as a local breeder, 
never heard of it molesting poultry in any way. Prof. Ellison 
A. Smyth, Jr., of Blacksburg, Va., informs me that on May 
18, 1906, a farmer brought him an incubating female and 
said it had a nest near his house. His wife claimed it was 
killing her chickens, so he shot it. Its stomach contained part 
of a young rat. Wm. B. Crispin, Salem, N. J., says it never 
molests poultry. 

Samuels writes of an individual missing a red squirrel, then 
dash at and kill a white-throated sparrow—a feat worthy of 
one of the 4Accipiters; and Maynard relates at some length 
the movements of one which had killed and eaten an adult 
Brown Thrasher. Maynard was better acquainted with the 
species than Samuels, whom J] suspect of not infrequently 
confusing his birds. T have an immature bird which was 
shot-as it dashed in the midst of a flock of Red—winged Black— 


202 THE Wirson BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


birds; its stomach, however, contained grasshoppers and fid- 
dler crabs. In a nest deserted by the lusty young, July 10, 
1900, I found pellets and other evidence of the forbidden food: 
(1) hair, skin and jaw of wood mouse, interscapulars of a 
young Flicker, (2) feathers of a young Wood Thrush; the 
nets also contained the rectrices of one or two young Flickers. 
Dr. Mearns found no trace of feathers or other evidence of 
its feeding upon birds i the numerous specimens dissected. 
Banks found three unfledged Thrushes in a specimen taken in 
New Brunswick, and Swift a small bird too decomposed to 
identity, in an Elmira, N. Y., bird. Chas. C. Richards of 
Norwich Conn.. notes that the Blue Jay, Oven—bird and other 
small birds do not mind this species in the least, and some- 
times nest almost under the tree cccupied by it, but never so 
near the Accipiters. 

(Buteo platypterus antillarum), Grenada, W. 1. “Lizards, 
rats. snakes, young birds, etc., and occasionally makes a 
raid on the poultry yard.”—( Wells.) 

St. Vincent, W. I. “In the stomachs of all specimens I 
examined I found the remains of lizards and snakes. The 
name by which this bird is known throughout the island 
(Chicken Hawk) led me to suppose that it was an enemy to 
chickens. I never observed it molesting poultry. A female 
was feeding on one of the enormous earth-worms common in 
those parts.’-—( Lister.) 

(B. p. riviert), Dominica, W. I. “ Eats lizards as well as 
small birds.”—(Ober.) 

“In several of the specimens taken, the stomach contained 
nothing but large caterpillars.’”—(Clark.) 

Returning to B. p. platypterus, Henshaw states that its 
bill of fare includes snakes, toads and frogs, but not many 
mice and very few birds of any sort; and Allen found por- 
tions of two or three garter snakes in a nest containing two 
young ready to fly on Tuly 22, 1898, in New Hampshire. J. 
H. Fleming informs me that one of the nesting birds of 
Emsdale, Ont., had a large garter snake on May 18, 1897; 
and Chas. C. Richards writes that in going to a patch of 


BurNsS—On BrOAD-WINGED HAwk. 203 


woods in Ledyard, Conn., Apr. 28, he saw a Broad-wing sit- 
ting on a dead limb overlooking huckleberry pasture and 
cultivated land. It was looking intently at something in the 
bushes, which proved to be a blacksnake at least five feet 
long. Doubtless the bird was waiting for the reptile to get 
clear of the bushes before tackling it. MclIlwraith states 
that near the end of April or early May, it may be met with 
in the woods of Southern Ontario, usually sitting quietly on 
the lower branch of a tree near some wet place, watching for 
frogs; Bagg finds it in like situations on the shores of the 
little lakes of the Adirondack region, feeding to a consider- 
able extent on frogs; oné killed had two pairs of frogs legs 
‘in its stomach; and. Sage states that all specimens examined 
at Pertland, Conn., show that it feeds upon frogs. 


The male apparently carries food to the sitting female. 
Henry W. Beers observed at Trumbull, Conn., May 12, 1903, 
a male perched near a nest with three eggs, with a fish in 
-his claws; and John L. Caleord, New Vineyard, Me., flushed 
a female from her nest and eggs, May 30, 1905; the male 
came about carrying a wood mouse in his claws. F. B. 
Spauldings, Lancaster, N. H., May 13, 1898, found a nest 
of fresh eggs containing a dead snake about a foot long. 

“Tt is fond of the larvae (or caterpillars) of the big 
night-flying moths.”—(Henshaw.) 

“Have examined the stomachs of a good many and found 
principally catepillars and grasshoppers.’ —(Kumlien.) 

“In July, 1882, my nephew, Malcolm Storer, being at 
Moosehead lake, (Maine), had the curiosity to examine the 
stomach of a (Broad-winged) Hawk he had shot there, and 
was surprised to find that it contained a large number of 
catepillars in all stages of decomposition through digestion. 
‘They were of greenish color, with yellowish ring or blotches, 
and were as thick and almost as long as a man’s little finger.” 
—(Storer). | 

“Minea, Sierra Nevada of " Santa Marta, Venezuela. 
Stomach of specimens taken Jan. 1% and 22, 1879, were full 


204 THe Wirson BuLLerin—Nos. 76-77. 


of large grasshoppers, spiders, etc..—(Slavin and Godman.) 

“Western Ecuador. Dans l’estomac des chenille de lepi- 
doptre, et des morceaux de blatte.’—(Berlepsch and Tac- 
zanowski. ) 

“Gualequiza. Ecuador, male, fish scales, locusts, beetles and 
frogs.’ —(Sclater. ) 

“Making a specialty of the large caterpillars of the sphinx- 
emperor moths, such as the cecropia caterpillars so destructive 
to shade trees. This is one of the few birds that venture to 
attack these formidable-looking creatures.’—(Weed and 
Dearborn. ) 


The young are well cared for and fed with insects or 
small bits of flesh soon after leaving the shell. F. H. Car- 
penter found a full grown red squirrel in a nest of small 
young, Bristol Co., Mass., June 14, 1901; and my own notes 
read as follows: June 10, 1906, freshly killed meadow 
mouse, and small pellet of mouse hair; young & days old. 
July 2, 1907, frequent pellets the size of the end of my 
thumb, of mouse hair and some bones; also bits of crawfish 
and a decayed wood mouse under several layers of leaves; 
young 22 days old. July 1, 1906, no pellets but numerous 
tufts of mouse hair; young 29 days old. July 23, 1901, large 
ground mole freshly ‘killed, young 41 days old. 

“The stomachs of four birds examined, one had just eaten 
a part of a rabbit, one a red squirrel, one a snake, and the 
crop of the fourth was filled with bones of young birds taken 
fromthe nest. I have several times seen ‘this hawk catching 
grasshoppers, but never a mouse.”’—(Hardy.) 


Clark says: “This hawk [Buteo platypterus antillarum)] 
is a great plague to poultry raisers on St. Vincent, but on 
the other hand ‘it is. of use to the agriculturist, as it feeds 
largely on the mole-cricket, which, since the introduction of 
the ‘mongoose and the consequent ‘killing off of the large 
ground lizards, have increased to an alarming extent. I 
once took 18 of these insects from the stomach and crop of 
a single hawk.” i 


BurNs—Ow Broap-wINGepD Hawk. 205 


RESULIS OF TITE EXAMINATION OF TWENTY-ONE STOMACHS. 

Linda, Minn., June 3, 93, female, sm. garter snake and bunch 
of hair, Benj. T. Gault. 

Mt. Hphraim, N. J., May 12, 01, female, sparrow, phoebe, fledg- 
ling size of robin, Anna A. Mickle. 

Raleigh, N. C., August 26, °89, male, 1 beetle, 1 green grasshop- 
per, C. 'S. Brimley. 

Raleigh, N. C., May 28, °88, female, mouse fur, C. S. Brimley. 

Raleigh, N. C., May 23, °88, female, remains of crawfish, ©. S. 
Brimley. 

Troy, Ohio, April 27, “O07, male, 2 toads, G. Clyde Fisher. 

Wayne Co., Mich., April 28, 99, female, 3 sm. garter snakes, -and 
beetles, J. Claire Wood. 

Wayne Co., Mich., April 30, °99, female juy., 3 beetles, 1 craw- 
fish, parts of mouse, J. Claire Wood. 

Wayne Co., Mich.,May 5, ’07, female, 1 sm. garter snake, 1 hy- 
la, 1 crawfish, J. Claire Wood. : 

Wayne Co., Mich., May 19, ’07, male juv., 1 crawfish, J. Claire 
Wood. 

Wayne Co., Mich., May 19, °07, female, 2 green frogs, J. Claire 
Wood. 

Wayne Co., Mich., May 26, 07, male, parts of warbler, J. Claire 
Wood. ; 

Blacksburg, Va., May 18, 06, female, parts of young rat, Elli- 
son A. Smyth, Jr. 

Ottawa, Ont., May 8, ‘09. male, large beetles, G. Hifrig. 

Berwyn, Pa., September 1, ‘91, female, large green caterpiller, 
mouse hair, F. L. Burns. 

Bradford Hills, Pa., April 16, 94, female, large bull frog, F. L. 
Burns. 

Berwyn, Pa., Apr. 27, “05, female, field mouse, bull frog, F. L. 
Burns. 

Salem, N. J., August 9, °05, male im., remains fiddler crab, 1 
red-legged and 1 leather-backed locust, F. L. Burns. 

‘Paoli, Pa., October 5, '06, female, May beetle larve, 3 red-l. lo- 
custs, FE. L. Burns. 

Berwyn, Pa., April 25, ‘09, female, 1 thousand-legs, F. L. Burns. 

Defuniak Springs, Fla., June 28, 10, male, 2 or 3 grasshoppers 
and 1 katydid, G. Clyde Fisher. 


Summary: Langdon, Warren, Fisher, Burns, et al. 115 
stomachs examined; 11, contained birds; 31, mice; 17, other 
mammals; 17, reptiles; 22, batrachians; 45, insects; 10, craw- 
fish; 2, spiders; 1, thousand-legs; 2, earth worms; and 7 were 


206 THE WILSON BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


empty. The Broad-winged Hawk has been known to have 
eaten the following species: 


Lepus floridanus Cottontail Rabbit,, (Fisher), Lepus americanus 
Northern Hare, (Nap. A. Comeau), MWicrotus pennsylvanicus Com- 
mon Meadow Mouse, Microtus pinetorum Short-tailed Meadow 
Mouse, Hvotomys gapperi Red-backed Mouse, Peromyscus leucopus 
White-footed Mouse, JZus musculus House Mouse, Mus norvegicus 
Norway Rat, Arvicola austerus Wood Mouse (Langdon), Tamias 
striatus Chipmunk, Sciurus hudsonius Red Squirrel, Blarina brevi- 
canda Short-tailed Shrew, Blarina brevicanda carolinensis (Fisher), 
Putoris noveboracensis Common Weasel, (Keys), Colaptes auratus 
luteus Northern Flicker, (Burns), Sayornis phabe, Phoebe (Anna A. 
Mickle), Zonotrichia albicollis White-throated Sparrow, (Samuels). 
Passer domesticus English Sparrow, (“C. C. F.”) Seiurus duro- 
capillus Oven-bird, (Fisher), Torostoma rufum Brown Thrasher, 
(Maynard), Turdus mustelinus Wood Thrush, (Burns), Hnmeces 
sp.? Lizard (Langdon). Thamnophis sirialis Garter ‘Snake, Stor- 
eria occipitomaculata Red-bellied Snake (Fisher), Liopeltis vernalis 
Grass Snake, Natrir sipedon Water Snake, Bufo lentiginosus 
americana Common Toad, Rana clamita Green Frog,Rana pipiens 
Leopard Frog, Rana sylvatica Wood Frog, Hyla sp.? Tree Toad 
(J. Claire Wood), Ceratomia amyntor Elm Spinx larve (Fisher), 
Samia cecropia Cecropian Moth larvee (Fisher), Telea polyphemus 
larvze Polyphemus Moth (Fisher), Lachnostuna fusca Bay Beetle 
larye Polyphemus Moth (Fisher), Lachnostuna fusca May Beetle 
(King), Tibicen septendecim Seventeen-year Cicada (¥Fisher), 
Melanoplus fermur-rubrum Red-legged Locust (Burns), M. bivitta- 
lus Two Striped Locust, WM. atlantis Lesser Migratory Locust, 
Leather-backed Grasshopper (Burns), Thousand-legs (Burns). 
Black Spider, Dragon Fly, Black Ant (Case). Fiddler Crab 
(Burns), Astacus fluviatilis Crayfish, Sitones hispidulus Clover- 
root Cuculis (McAtee), Lumbricus terrestris Earthworm, 


Voice. 

This species is one of the most musical of its tribe. Its 
characteristic notes have been variously, though not always 
satisfactorily described. It may be that it is somewhat dif- 
ferent in the various localities and that individuality occurs in 
some instances, or perhaps we do not all hear alike, at any 
rate the numerous interpretotions are at variance. Samuels 
gives it as a shrill “Key, ky-ah, Ky-ah-Ke-ce.’ To Gentry 
it sounds like ‘“Ke-ou.” Reed, “Cree-ce,”’ Job, a_ shrill 


Burns—On BroAb-wiIncep Hawk. 207 


scream “Whee-e-e.” Blanchan, “Che-e-e-e.’ Preston likens 
it to the Killdeer Plover and tolerably well represented by 
the syllables “Chee-e-e-e,’ sharp and piercing when the bird 
is angry or drawling and pitiful when an intruder comes too 
near the nest. Frequently he had almost decided to leave 
the humble parent in possession of her treasures, so pleading 
was she, and her attitude so indicative of sorrow. Jackson 
likens its voice to the grating of a large door on its hinges, 
and Reed to the creaking of branches. Abbott decribes it 
as a rather prolonged, mellow whistle that is pleasing and 
very different from the cat-like scream of the Red-tail; Mi- 
not who was not very familiar with the species, thinks it not 
unlike the familiar cries of the “Hen Hawks.” Burroughs 
calls it the smoothest, most ear-piercing note he knows of 
in the woods. Mearns calls it a squealing note. 

In Minnesota it sounds like “Siggee, siggee,’ something 
like a Killdeer, a Rose-breasted Grosbeak or the alarm. cry 
of a Red—winged Blackbird to Currie; while Peobody hears 
a shrill shriek of ‘“ Tig-g-e-e-e tig-g-e-e-c”’ that stirs his 
blood. Widmann describes it as a piercing “ Ré ee,” and it 
sounds almost exactly like the whistle of the Killdeer to 
Ralph, which agrees with the description given by Riley 
“ Kill-e-e-e.” According to the latter’s experience this cry 
is never given in a hurry or in quick succession. It might 
with propriety be called the nest call, as he has never heard 
it except in the vicinity of a nest. White also favors the 
Killdeer note. Wintle heard it utter a note very much like 
a Cowbird. The manuscript notes are almost as widely at 
variance. A. C. Bent describes the bird whistling her char- 
acteristic note, so different from that of any other hawk 
“Kwee-e e e e @,’ a shrill whistle on a high key, long drawn 
out, plaintive and diminishing in force. The Red-shouldered 
occasionally utters a somewhat similar note, but on a lower 
key and not so prolonged. He also heard a “Ker-weee ee ee’ 
uttered by a bird sailing over the tree tops. Henry W. 
Beers and Harry S. Hathaway think squealing describes its 
notes better than whistling, and the latter has heard the East 


208 Tur Winson BurreTiIn—Nos. 76-77. 


Greenwich, R. I., birds give the Killdeer Plover call several 
times; he describes the usual cry as “A-a-nee.” Prof. El- 
lison A. Smyth aptly terms it a whining whistle. The Rey. 
P. B. Peabody lately describes it as “ 7’-c-e’-e-e.” This note 
is often heard while the bird is on the wing, which gives 
the note, under this circumstance, a softened ringing timbre. 

The Florida bird utters a shrill “Chip-pec” with pronoune- 
ed accent on last syllable, according to R., W. Williams. 
It has also a subdued note that is so accurately reproduced 
by the Florida Blue Jay. that one is often mistaken for the other 
until the bird is seen. E. F. Pope of Colmesneil, Texas, says it 
has a habit of circling high overhead and uttering its rather 
plaintive note of “Zigee-c.’ John E. Thayer calls its cry 
Phoebe-like. Dr. Fisher tells us that one of its notes re- 
sembles quite closely that of the Wood Pewee. I have no- 
ticed the similarity, however, the first syllables are not alike 
and the whole lacks the penetration in the instance of the 
last named species. With the Broad-wing it is a subdued 
and plaintive “ Che-wee’” or Che-wee-e-e.’ When mating 
or locating for the season, it lazily skims through the air 
just above the tree tops, uttering a frequent metallic 
“ Chu-e-e,” which, unlike the former and more domestic 
note, is perhaps not wholly a whistle nor more than a sug- 
gestion of a scream. Once when a captive was harried by 
a band of Grackles, and again when a female was disturbed 
repeatedly at its nest containing small young, I heard it utter 
a peculiar harsh distressed cry ‘“ Ka-Ka-Ka-Ka”’ Owen 
Durfee once only, detected a difference in the notes of the 
sexes. May 21, 1904, at Lancastor, N. H., that of the fe- 
male presumably, being more rattcous, and that of the male 
more shrill. I have ncticed it in a pair found nesting May 
12, 1907, near Berwyn. The female flushed from the nest 
and perched in a nearby tree, the male soon appeared from an 
opposite direction and his “Che-zwee-e-e-c ” was answered in 
ten seconds by the female on the near side of the ravine: if 
she failed to reply in the allotted time, he waited ten seconds 
longer and whistled again, and she replied after about the 


Burns—On BROAD-WINGED HAWK. 209 


usual interval; a single whistle sufficed, it was not repeated 
until after the regular period. The whistle of the male was 
an octave higher always. The female loomed up large and 
light in the clear sunlight, without leaves to obstruct the 
view, as I passed almost directly under her. 

Chas. C. Richards likens it to the Wood Pewee’s last syl- 
lable, longer drawn out, tone between Wood Pewee and Kill- 
deer. He has heard its note when it sounded almost exactly 
like a young Beetle-head’s (Black-breasted Plover), as it 
came back to decoy after one of the flock had been winged. 
In one instance where the second egg was very small and 
doubtless the bird aged, it had a cracked whistle on the last 
of the note. Full note “ Peeo-we-e-e-c.’ Male different 
from female. Knight gives it as a shrill whistled “Kuw-e-e-c.” 
It is worthy of note that Dr. Coues found the young cap- 
tive Swainson’s ‘Hawks, a closely related species, uttering 
a “peculiarly plaintive whistle to signify hunger or a sense 
of loneliness, a note that was almost musical in its intona- 
tion. The old birds have a harsh scream,” and.the Verrills 
state that the note of their newly described Buteo tropilis 
Tropical Buzzard of San Domingo, resembles that of B. 
flatypterus. Ober states that the Dominican form of Broad- 
wing,B. p. rivieriet, courses above the valley uttering its cry 
of mal fini fini.” 

Enemies. 

Man is the chief, and it may be said with almost equal 
truth, the only deadly enemy with which the Broad-winged 
Hawk has to contend. Some years ago I noticed a fine 
specimen nailed in the prevailing spread-eagle fashion to a 
barn door at Paulding’s bridge, within a stone’s throw of 
the Bakewell estate where Audubon captured his first ex- 
ample. I thought that if this was a lineal descendant of that 
historic bird, inheriting a portion of its peculiar disposition, 
the hunter responsible for this one’s death had no great rea- 
son to feel proud of either his markmanship or woodcrait. 

Every person possessing a gun seems to take a peculiar 
delight in persecuting this and all other species of the Rap- 


210 Tur Witson BULLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


tores. Truman Yarnall, a sporting Quaker of Willistown, 
Chester Co., Pa., made the killing of hawks an especial 
hobby. His method was simply to ride up within short rifle 
shot, which he could easily do on horseback; dismount, pass 
his arm through the reins and adjust the sight—about this 
time his horse would toss his head, anticipating the report 
of the gun, usually eliciting an impatient “I do wish thee 
would be quiet!” from his master. I am informed that he 
killed 130 hawks in a single winter. Lancaster County, Pa., 
is agricultural to a fault, and J. Jay Wisler writes that the 
Raptories have a rough time of it; ornithologists, who 
might spread the gospel of protection, being few. J. Claire 
Wood reports that the local hunters of Port Austin Twp., 
Huron Co., Mich., spoke of having shot hundreds for sport 
in the annual spring flight; and at Point Pelee, Ont., a farmer 
sat in his front yard one afternoon and shot 56 without leay- 
ing his chair! (Taverner and Swales). 

But from northern New Jersey come the most shocking 
reports of slaughter: ‘The sportsman who this season 
(1900) has done the greatest execution is J. Elmer Apple- 
gate, and he it was who expressed to 318 Broadway such a 
bunch of hawks as was probably never seen in this city be- 
fore. So unique was the display that the birds were strung 
upon a line and hung outside of the show window facing 
Broadway, where, suspended by the heads in a festoen the 
birds attracted an enormous amount of attention from pass- 
ing pedestrians.”” “‘A flight very much in evidence on April 
16. As usual Gil Spear was there to meet them, and he and 
two of his friends shot close to a hundred during the two 
days occupied in the passage.’ Ajgain, “J. P.,” writing for 
Shooting and Fishing, XXIV-XXVIII, 1898-1900, states 
that Hank White and William Little shot fifty the first day, 
and the next day when the main flight came along, the 
former and Howard Hance “killed 298 in all from largest 
to smallest.’ C. H. Muirhead of South Amboy, writing 
for the same journal, states, “J remember after a morning’s 
shooting at Dad Applegate’s several years ago, we counted 


BurNS—On BROAD-WINGED Hawk. 211 


more than six hundred dead hawks, and there were many 
more killed on the other side of the creek that were not 
counted.” 

Dr. Shufeldt, in commenting on the above, says: “People 
entertain terribly mistaken ideas about the part hawks—and 
owls too, play in nature. A great many farmers have a notion 
that there are but two kinds of hawks, a big chicken hawk 
and a little chicken hawk, both of which menace their pros- 
perity by attacks upon the poultry yard. * * Greedy men! 
Doubly greedy farmer! * * It is said, and with truth, that 
they prey upon our smaller game birds—yes, and always to 
satisfy the instincts of hunger, and never simply for the 
sport of the thing, as men do all over the world.” 

Not content with the constant unorganized slaughter, 
many of our state legislatures have passed bounty laws from 
time to time in recognition of the supposed interests of the 
rural population. Rhode Island has been swept bare of 
breeding Broad-wings owing to recent “scalp act” and to 
the destruction of timber. Near Toronto, Ont., it seems to 
be decreasing, one woods usually inhabited, suffered badly 
from last year’s fire and the ax (Eifrig ms.) In the vicinity 
of Tallahassee, Fla., it invites its own destruction in a man- 
ner which is characteristic of the species. Just as soon as 
one enters its haunts it sets up its shrill cry. It is only a 
matter of locating the nest-tree within the circumscribed area 
the bird has marked out (Williams ms). Owing to the fe— 
male’s solicitude for its nest during the breeding season, it 
falls victim much oftener than the male. I believe most col- 
lections will show a marked excess of the former over the 
latter. 

Disposition in the Presence of Other Birds. 

It is not quarrelsome: as a rule it will dwell in peace with 
its neighbors. I have found crows nesting all around it in 
perfect harmony apparently ; and was once almost mobbed, my- 
self, while robbing a Broad-wing’s nest, byi a party of Fish 
Crows. Its comparative immunity from attacks of the semi- 
domesticated species, is doubtless due to its habit of confining 


212 Tue Witson BurtetiIn—Nos. 76-77. 


its operations within its natural bailiwick—the timber, swamp, 
and waste places. The few instances of disagreements that 
have come under my observation, are appended. 

In common with the Buzzards, it is often teased by King- 
birds and Crows, but on such occasions shows a quiet dignity 
and unconcern, which is very striking.”—Minot. 

“Tt seldom pursues other birds of prey, but is itself fre- 
quently teased by the little Sparrow Hawk, the King-bird or 
the Martin.”—Holmes. 4 

“Though usually a sluggish bird, it will at times show con- 
siderable courage and dash at an intruder. I have noticed two 
such instances. Once while in a tree watching a Swallow- 
tailed Kite, a male Broad-wing Hawk which was guarding a 
nest, fought another bird of this species, driving and pursu- 
ing it a great distance. Then suddenly it turned back ‘and al- 
most struck me in the face as it came on with arrow-like swift- 
ness.” —Preston. 

Wilson lost the mate to the one he shot, because it was at- 
tacked and driven away by a Kingbird. R. P. Sharples writes 
me of a pair near West Chester, Pa., found in the same woods 
for a number of years until 1907, when they were driven out 
by a pair of Cooper’s Hawks, nesting in the next ravine. [ 
have found the Accipiter and the Buteo dwelling amicably in 
the same neighborhood. A. C. Bent found the Crows making 
life miserable for a nesting bird, at one time three chased her; 
and on the other hand a nest found May 17, 08, at Rehoboth, 
Mass., was hardly 100 vards from that of a Cooper's Hawk, 
and there was also a Red-shouldered Hawk’s nest within a 
quarter of a mile; showing that the three species can live in 
harmony as near neighbors. ; 

John D. Currie found it nesting in close proximity to the 
Cooper’s Hawk, American Crow, Long-eared Owl and Black- 
crowned Night Heron. At Chester, Ct., J. B. Canfield found 
its nest within 100 feet of the domicile of a Sharp-shin; and 
Chas. C. Richards. Norwich, Ct., relates an instance of a pair 
of Broad-wings actually ‘assisting a nesting Red-shoulder in 
her endeavors to scare the intruder from her nest. 


Burns—On BrodAv-wINcep HAWK. 213 


Disnosition in the Presence of Man. 

Wilson, who ‘secured the type specimen in Bartram’s own 
woods, had little opportunity to study the bird’s natural tem- 
perament. His specimen was secured but a short time before 
Audubon had taken the same species from a nest a few miles 
further up the Schuylkill. The former figured the male life 
sizé in a spirited attitude for his sixth volume of American 
Ornithology which appeared in 1812, while the latter drew the 
female early the same year: each unmindful of the other's 
greeat work in Nature’s realm. In the exact language of Wil- 
son: “It was perched on the dead limb of a high tree, feeding 
on something, which was afterwards found to be the meadow 
mouse, figured on Plate L. On my approach, it uttered a 
whining kind of whistle, and flew off to another tree, where [| 
followed and shot it. ... It seemed a remarkably strong built 
bird, handsomely marked, and was altogether unknown to me. 
Mr Bartram who examined it very attentively, declared he had 
never before seen such a hawk. On the afternoon of the next 
day, I observed another, probably its mate or companion, and 
certainly one of the same species, sailing about over the same 
woods... 1 was extremely anxious to procure this also, if pos- 
sible; but it was attacked and driven away by the Kingbird 
before I could effect my purpose, and I have never since been 
fortunate to meet with another.’ The date was May 6th, 1812. 
Audubon’s account, though verbose, is full of interest: “One 
fine May morning, when nature seemed to be enchanted at the 
sight of her own great works, when the pearly dewdrops were 
yet hanging at the point of each leaf, or lay nursed in the blos- 
soms gently rocked, as it were by the soft breezes of the early 
summer, I took my gun, and, accompanied by my excellent 
brother-in-law, William G. Bakewell, Esq., at that time a youth, 
walked toward some lovely groves, where many songsters at- 
tracted our attention by their joyous melodies. The woods 
were all alive with the richest variety, and, divided in choice; 
we kept on going without shooting at anything, so great was 
our admiration of every bird that presented itself to our view. 
As we crossed a narrow skirt of woods, my young companion 


214 THE Witson BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


spied a nest on a tree of moderate height, and, as my eye 
reached it, we both perceived that the parent bird ‘was ‘sitting 
on it. Some little consultation took place, as neither of us 
could determine whether it was a Crow’s or a Hawk’s nest, 
and it was resolved that my young friend should climb the 
tree, and bring down one of the eggs. On reaching the nest, 
he said the bird, which still remained quiet, was a Hawk and 
unable to fly. I desired him to cover it with his handkerchief, 
try to secure it, and bring it down together with the eggs. All 
this was accomplished without the least difficulty. I looked at 
it with indescribable pleasure, as I saw it was new to me, and 
then felt vexed that it was not of a more spirited nature, as it 
had not defended itself or its eggs. It lay quietly in the hand- 
kerchief, and I ‘carried it home to my father-in-law’s, showed 
it to the family, and went to my room, where I instantly began 
drawing it. The drawing which I then made is at this moment 
before me, and is dated ‘Fatland Ford, Pennsylvania, May 27, 
1812.’ I put the bird on a stick made fast to my table. It mere- 
ly moved its feet to grasp the stick, and stood erect, but raised 
its feathers, and drew in its neck on its shoulders. I passed 
my hand over it to smooth its feathers by gentle pressure. It 
moved not. The plumage remained as I wished it. Its eye, 
directed toward mine, appeared truly sorrowful. I measured 
the length of its bill with the compass, began my outlines, con- 
tinued measuring part after part as I went on, and finished the 
drawing without the bird ever moving once. My wife sat at 
my side, reading to me at intervals, but our conversation had 
frequent reference to the singularity of the incident. The 
drawing being finished, | raised the window, laid hold of the 
poor bird, and launched it into the air, where it sailed off until 
out of my sight, without uttering a single cry, or deviating 
from its course.” 

Incredible as Audobon’s account may seem to many, due 
allowance being made for the embroidery of retrospection, it 
is no doubt true in the main. There are times when individ- 
uals of the most timid or the most wary species may be ap- 
proached and handled, especially during the most critical period 


BuRNS—ON BROAD-WINGED HAWK. “215 


of incubation. Nor is his experience altogether unique; 1 have 
perfectly authentic evidence of a similar instance in recent 
years. I regret that my correspondent has withdrawn its pub- 
lication at this time. 

“T have always found it cowardly, and to evince no disposi- 
tion to repel an invasion of its nest. It would seem, however, 
that the disposition of this bird under certain circumstances is 
very variable. Mr. A. G. Boardman, of Maine, who has found 
several nests, and secured the eggs, finds it to be couragous and 
spirited. A man whom he had employed to obtain a nest, was 
attacked with great fury, while ascending the tree; his cap 
was torn from his head, and he would have been seriously in- 
jured if the bird had not been shot. Another instance is men- 
tioned by Dr. Wood, where the hawk had attacked a boy climb_ 
ing to her nest, fastened her talons in his arm and could not 
be removed until beaten off and killed with a club.’”—Warren. 

“Last summer, when in company with the Bangs brothers 
at Tyngsborough, I noticed a small hawk perched on top of a 
dead stub in a wood. While I was endeavoring to obtain a 
shot, it flew a short distance, alighting in'a spot where I could 


not see it, but I continued to walk in the direction it took and, 


after going as far as I thought it had flown, stopped to examine 
the branches of the trees, when I was surprised to see the ob- 
ject of'my search, sitting on a low limb a few yards away, gaz- 
ing quietly at me.”—Maynard. 

“They are gentle in disposition and never attempt to strike 
a person, although they are very solicitous about their eggs 
and young. For days after they have been robbed, these birds 
will utter their complaints when anyone approaches their 
homes.’’—Ralph in Bendire’s Life Histories. 

“One day while ‘stationed’ in a tall larch [N. W. Minn.] 
watching a pair of Swallow-tailed Kites which ‘were nesting 
not far away, a Broad-wing seemed much disturbed at my 
presence. Perching himself on'top of a dry larch, within easy 
gunshot of me, he kept up a continual cry, screaming forth his 
shrill e e e. Now and again he darted by me so close as to fan 


me with his wings; then he resumed the same perch where 


216 Tae Wintson BuLLertn—Nos. 76=77- 


he poured forth his doleful strain. This was the first attempt 
at resistance | had witnessed, as when frightened from the 
nest, the female will fly heavily away a little distance and re- 
main among the tree tops, an anxious witness of the collector’s 
depredations.”—Preston. 

“The collector does not have to reconnoiter around two or 
three hundred yards to get a shot at a Broad+wing, but can 
walk deliberately up to within easy range and collect his bird. 
Last summer, one allowed me to approach so near him that | 
killed it with a stone from a ‘sling. They are beyond doubt 
the least suspicious of any of our hawks.’—Cantwell. 


Edward J. Kimes, Canton, Ohio, relates another instance of 
the consuming curiosity of the bird. On Mar. 27, 1910, when 
it was approached along the edge of a wood in the hope of a 
nearer view, it Hew slowly out and above him at the height 
of the tree tops and then leisurely back again, alighting face 
about and scrutinized him closely, this was repeated three or 
four times. 


At Middletown Springs, Vermont, during the autumnal 
flight of 1904, one was caught on a fence close to a house. 
The people watching, unintentionally attracted its attention 
while a boy crawled along the fence and grasped it by the 
legs. This sounds unreasonable, but never-the-less it is a 
fact told me by the boy and by his father who saw him do it; 
both are well known to me and reliable. I saw the hawk, which 
showed no signs of haying been kept in captivity. It never 
became at all tame and was given its liberty before winter.— 
W.S. Hickox ms. 

Philo, Ill. A boy brought me one which he says allowed 
him to knock it off a limb with a ten foot stick. Last year I 
kept a wounded one captive until his wound healed. He be- 
came a model pet and when a week after I released him in 
Lynn Grove, he allowed me to catch him again, I felt that he 
had not forgotten me.—Isaac E. Hess wis. 

In North Carolina it is a little:‘tamer than the other Buteos, 
C. S. Brimley mys.; and at Tallahassee, Florida, it appears 


Burns—On BrRoAD-wINGep Hawk. my 


timid and spiritless, yet it selects a nesting site in the close 
vicinity of man.—R. W. Williams, Jr., ms. 

At Gualaquiza, Ecuador, Sclater registers it as exceedingly 
shy ; while Lister found the form now known as B. p. antillar- 
wm, at St. Vincent, West Indies, very bold in defense of its 
young and unlike the Black Hawk, very tame and permits a 
near approach. 

We may call the species tame, stupid, cowardly, spiritless, 
anything that may seer to imply lack of energy, courage or 
‘enterprise; but nevertheless it has retained its independence 
of man, and as man’s hand has cut off its more enterprising 
competitors, it has quietly filled their places without attracting 
attention by dashing boldness nor injurious habits. 

Disposition in Captivity. 

“In the spring of 1871, a nest was built in the woods adjoin- 
ing my house, from which I took one of the young birds. It 
became a very interesting pet, quite gentle, and fond of me, 
but refused to submit to being handled by anyone else; but it 
was prone to wander abroad, and so was lost.”—Mearns. 

“Unlike liveatius, it is a very disagreeable and surly pet, in- 
dignantly refusing proffered food. It maintains the unen— 
viable disposition for nearly a week, when being sorely pressed 
by hunger, and seemingly convinced that escape is hopeless, 
it ultimately hecomes reconciled to its condition, and learns 
to come at the call of its master, and even to accept food from 
his hands. In the presence of strangers, it manifests marked 
reticence, and instantly repels any attempted familiarity.’— 
Gentry. 3 

“Side by side with dccipiter cooperi | reared a Buteo penn- 
sylvanicus of about the same age (probably two weeks). The 
erce aspect of the Accipiter showed itself quite early, and in- 
dicated by its every action, its rapacity and daring. The 
Buteo, on the:other hand, was mild in appearance and never 
exhibited the fierceness nor voracity of the Accipiter. But I 
succeeded hetter in petting the latter. It seemed to grow rap- 
idly fond of my company. The Buteo, however, neither ex- 


218 THE Witson BULLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


pressed pleasure, nor showed displeasure upon my coming 
near it, though it would make itself felt when one attempted 
to handle it. It never, however, used its claws with the same: 
spirit as the Accipiter. I could handle the latter with im- 
punity after it grew to know me. Strangers, it fought with 
spirit and resisted all their attempts ‘at familiarity. The Buteo 
regarded all alike, seemingly neither as friends nor foes.”— 
Roddy. 

“A trio of fledglings, which came into my possession, de- 
voured almost everything offered them, even cooked beef. It 
was really amusing to watch them. One, who was the strong- 
est, asserted his powers by gathering everything to himself, at 
which he was kept very busy, as his weaker nest-mates would 
slyly purloin a portion, even at the risk of a flap over the head. 
They were always quarrelsome and never satisfied.’—Preston. 

“They were very noisy and resented being handled very 
much. though among themselves, good nature prevailed.” 
(Three young 3-4 weeks old.)—Shufeldt. 

We kept a family of four young for two weeks or until 
three had disappeared one at a time down the throat of the 
largest. He was a regular cannibal—Isaac E. Hess ms. 

Some ten years ago we took one from a nest and kept it sev- 
eral years in a cage in the yard (winter in the basement.) It 
was not at all wild when’ one approached the cage and took 
food out of one’s hand. It knew all those that belonged to the 
house. When a stranger entered the yard it always uttered 
its “pewee,’ but never when one of the family entered. It 
was as good as a watch dog and was particularly loud when 
a begger came sneaking around the house into the back yard 
when he had to pass his cage to go to the kitchen door.—O, 
Widmann ms. 

My first captive was a female raised from the nest. I had 
named it “Buteo.”” When three months old I considered it 
quite as able to take care of itself as if it had the teachings of 
the parent. At this age it frequently uttered the single sylla— 
bled “flight” cry, harsher at the end, and which I interpreted as 
the hunger cry, as it was perched upon or just above the feed- 


BRoAD-WINGED Hawk (Buteo platypterus) 


Juvenile “fluffed out” to resist cold wind. Noy. 30, 1907 
(Photographed by Alfred C. Redfield) 


uy 


2  eEEeEeeeeEeEEeEeEeEeEeEewrooereeeereerr ee 


er EL ———— ee 


i 


eer 


Burns—Own Broavd-wiINnceD HAwek. 219 


ing board, evidently waiting to be fed. The fat of beef, or mut- 
ton was invariably rejected, beef liver and lights, toads, fish, 
the body of an owl, and tainted meat were not to its liking un- 
less it was very-hungery. Large, fat, corn-fed meadow mice 
and fresh, warm sparrows appeared the favorite food, though 
any species of mouse or mole, rat, skunk, rabbit, squirrel, kit- 
ten, puppy. chicken, snakes, frog, lizard, turtle, crayfish, insect, 
and scraps of raw beef were eaten eagerly Live food was pref- 
erable to dead food, always; and anything larger than a young 
rat usually had to be slit up the breast to enable it to get at 
the flesh. In all the years I kept this and others captives, not a 
drop of water was consumed directly. This bird would occasion- 
ally hop awkwardly about the ground snapping at flies and bugs. 
Two or three meals daily, after it had attained its growth, 
seemed to keep it in good condition If a meal was occasionally 
dropped, it would often be hungry enough to blanket the first 
few morsels, from which I infer that this action relates more 
intimately to an instinctive fear of being robbed of its food | 
than to timidity of being observed; however, it always abso- 
lutely refused to eat in the presence of any one but myself. 
When desperately hungry it would carry a bit of bone, wood 
or any foreign object it could gather from the ground to its 
feeding board; or a bit of rabbit skin was plucked free from 
fur and the skin eaten.’ By the third week in September when 
its brethern were retiring southward, it attempted to obey the 
“call of the wild,” refused to eat and beat ceaslessly against 
the wire of its enclosure until its cere was bleeding and fore- 
head bare of feathers. A small, dead viper afforded it some 
lively amusement, and though it had probably never seen the 
like before, it displayed an instinctive caution in disposing of 
it Stretching head and neck to ascertain what sort of food it 
had before it, it instantly sprang upon the reptile, catching it 
in its left foot, and with poised wings, whirled around with 
raised right foot, evidently eying its prey for a possible strike; 
as usual with all prey, its head was first torn off and eaten. The 
quickness of the bird is wonderful, now and then it strikes 
my fingers before I can throw the food upon the stand, and the 


220) Tue Wirsen BuLLetIn——Nos. 76-77. 


other set of claws fly out like a flash to secure the prey falling 
from the board. Its grasp is painful and not easily loosened, 
though it will ordinarily rest harmless on my extended hand 
and playfully nibble at my fingers. 

When five months old its actions gave the lie to the oft re- 
peated assertion that the species was given to cowardice. One 
foggy morning a skunk harboring peacefully under one of the 
buildings. attempted to dig its way into the enclosure, doubt- 
less tempted by the scraps dropped from the feedmg board: 
the hawk sat as motionless as an owl, directly over the place 
where the animal’s paws sought entrance, prepared to spring 
upon its bulky visitor. My scientific researches did not include 
a possible disablement of my pet nor the pollution of the at- 
mosphere, besides | kept a box tortoise in the cage to act as a 
general scavenger, which duty it performed to my satisfaction ; 
and I was not sorry to have the skunk retire before any dam- 
age was done. One or two days later, our cat, an immense 
tom, climbed to the top of the cage out of curiosity perhaps, 
and with sinewy yellow paws extended through the wire mesh, 
excited the hawk to an upward attack, flying against the wires 
much to the cat’s discomforture. On Nevembeer 15, I placed 
it in its winter quarters in the barn loft and the next day dis- 
covered that it had escaped by dashing against a window sash, 
dislodging an 8x10 giass, a sufficiently large opening to afford 
an exit. It apparently roosted in a spruce in front of the 
house, and the next day I discovered it twenty-five feet up in 
a maple across the road Shooting a couple of English spar- 
rows, I threw them on the snow near the tree and tried to 
coax it down. In response to my whistle which always meant 
food, it flew lower and again dropped a few more feet, hut 
reconsidered the matter and retired to the former position. 
Toward evening it retired to the evergreens on my neighbor’s 
place; again and again I almost had my hands on it only to 
have it take wing in the peculiarly exasperating manner of a 
half-tamed pet. The third day it came down to the line fence, 
heing unable in its half-famished condition to make headway 
against a very high wind. though it fought its captor savagely. 


BurNS—Own Broap-wiNGEp Hawk. 221 


Captivity had unfitted it for the strenuous life, and the deep 
snow prevented it picking up anything at all; returned to its 
old quarters in a highly excited state, it nevertheless broke its 
fast very willingly 

This hawk’s eyesight appears better in the dark than most 
diurnal birds, it was.enabled to pounce upon and devour a 
bird thrown near it, long after twilight in the gloomy loft. 
When it was about seven months old, | gave it a five days fast 
before introducing an ancient Bantam rooster, which it refused 
to touch, so I placed the fowl to roost upon the pole alongside 
of it that evening and the next day removed the chicken. Ten 
days later the Bantam was again placed on a bench within three 
feet of the hawk. Buteo observed it intently for awhile and 
then deliberately walked over, giving it such a clout with its 
claws that the rooster set up a despairing cackle as it scuttled 
to the far end of the bench, while the hawk retired to its first 
position. Again Buteo advanced with outstretched neck and 
raised crest, little Dick believing his time had indeed arrived, 
made a great outcry, but the hawk took wing flying backward 
and forward over him, making a downward feint just above 
the ancient creature. time and again, adding to his alarm with- 
out doing any harm; and another day found him without in- 
jury. Meat, however, was growing scarce, the English sparrow 
no longer came upon the place, the enforced fast of the hawk 
sometimes extended for days together and the bantam con- 
stantly underfoot in the stable, so in February I found Buteo 
perched upon the dead body of the little fowl and seemed quite 
proud of its feat in bringing down such bulky game. It was 
an unfortunate kill, however, and resulted in the hawk’s own 
death a few days later 

My second captives, taken in 1907, were of opposite sex, 
designated Nip and Tuck, the latter being the male as found 
later, developed an altogether untamable disposition. I was 
compelled to wear gloves when handling them, and even then 
was occasionally cut through the leather. Strange to say, 
neither one uttered the characteristic whistle throughout the 
following winter and not until April 30, 1908, when about 


222 Tur Witson BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


nine months old, though chattering excitedly whenever I came 
near. A young Screech Owl was an inmate of the flying cage 
for several hours without being molested. The species pen- 
chant for snakes was again shown in the actions of Tuck when 
a house adder was admitted. He ran along the entire length 
of the shelf in a curious springing gait, with extended neck; 
the reptile was immediately seized and the head torn off, al- 
thought the bird had! just been fed. Each bird had its favor- 
ite perch and feeding place Tuck was found dead Sept. 27, 
1908. His body was unusually large for a male’s and layers 
of fat were found under the skin and about the intestines. 
Nip lived through three spring and summer moults and would 
probably have survived a long time but for my inability to 
provide a sufficiently varied fare. Lack of change from beef 
lights without doubt contributed to the development of faint- 
ing fits upon the least excitement. She would fall upon her 
back with half-spread wings, flutter desperately for a short 
time and then lie motionless and stiff until | feared it was 
death. or about four months she was subject to this land 
finally I found her dead beside the body of a hen I had given 
her the day before from which she had been unable to tear a 
single morsel, September 19, 1910. This hawk was peculiarly 
fond of live catfish 
Miaration. 


VERNAL—The more or less abundant migratory species of 
the Hawk tribe in North America (especially the Accipiters 
and Buteos) representing considerable areas of the more north- 
ern breeding grounds, apparently migrate in convergent lines 
and fairly consistent routes. These routes are as natural and 
as prone to error as the highways and bypaths of man. To all 
appearances, they simply follow the paths of least resistance 
‘as though not endowed with wings, following the coast line, 
river valleys, coursing around high elevations and large bodies 
of water, or crossing at the narrowest point. The flights are 
not so often what might be termed flocks, but rather a steady 
increasingly abundant stream of independent units at a height 


3URNS—ON BROAD-WINGED HAWK. 228 


varying from easy gunshot to or beyond the power of human 
vision. Social instinct being largly wanting, this migratory 
segregation is rather the inevitable result of a simultaneous 
crowding at the “fords or causeways” affording the most fa- 
forable passage; for remarkable as it may seem, these fierce, 
strong-winged birds of prey are adverse to crossing large 
bodies of water. 

My data tends to the conclusion that the vast bulk of migra- 
ting Broad-wings ascend the Mississippi valley, distributing 
its quota near the mouth of every river valley. Natives of 
Minnesota and Manitoba region have a comparatively simple 
journey after entering the United States, but the vast horde 
pouring into the Ohio valley enroute for Ontario, Quebec and 
possibly northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, 
have a more intricate and fatiguing journey. As few, if any, 
migrants appear from the West Indies, the Gulf States must 
receive their supply from the Mississippi valley also; and the 
Atlantic States from North Carolina to Pennsylvania and New 
Jersey, overland from Tennessee, Cumberland and possibly 
Ohio valleys. More complete data may show a South Atlantic 
coast migration, of which I have no hint. 

The arrival! of the transient before the summer resident 
would seem to indicate that the more northern bird did not win- 
ter so far south as the latter. No doubt the vast flight trains 
originate in the leisurely forward movement of the van, until 
the constantly increasing hosts accelerate the leaders to swifter 
flight in order to reach a field less open to competition. Sennett 
observed fifty or more Broad-wings on the lower Rio Grande, 
April 11, 1878. According to E. F. Pope, it does not winter 
at Colimsneil, Tyler 'Co., Texas; arriving about the middle of 
March and from then on seldom out of sight or hearing. It 
usually makes its appearance in southern Louisiana about the 
end of March (Beyer, Allison and Kopman) ; and Andrew Al- 
lison states that he has not seen it in winter in Mississippi, ar- 
riving about April 1, not earlier than March 20; and at Wood- 
bine, Coosa Co., Alabama, Aretas A. Saunders first records it 
in 1908 on March 25 and it soon became abundant. It is 


THe Witson BuLtetin—Nos. 76-77. 


ca 
(a0) 
USS 


rather irregular in Missouri, seldom seen in March, oftener in 
early April, but summer residents cannot be expected with 
certainly before the latter part of the month (Widmann. ) 

Mixed flocks of Red-tailed, Red-shouldered, Broad-winged 
and Cooper’s Hawks were encountered in Iowa, April, 1862, 
when “hundreds slowly sailed over in the peculiar gyrating 
manner of these birds. They formed a long loose flock, ex- 
tending both to the northward and southward as far as could 
be seen, the whole company occupying more than an hour in 
passing a given point” (Allen). 

The earliest during 16 years’ observation by Dr. I. S. Trost- 
ler in Douglas and Sarpy Cos., Nebraska, was April 1; yet H. 
E. Lee noted a flock of 15 on the Missouri River at Pierre, 
Douglas Co., South Dakota, Mar. 25, 1906. Preston mentions 
the many pleasing freaks oi flight as the great company moves 
onward in the regions of the Red River of the North. Geo. 
E. Atkinson finds it early in May regularly, his first or earliest 
record being May 1, 1897, at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. 

On April 27, 1892, a flight of hawks which lasted all day, 
was observed at Chicago by Dunn. At one time in an opening 
of a small woods called Hog island, 14 birds were in sight. 
Most of them appeared to be medium-sized, perhaps one-fourth 
were small. Mr. Craig shot one of the latter which proved to 
be a Sharp-shin, and Mr. Dunn shot two of the former which 
were Broad-wings. They were rather tame, several alighted 
among the trees. They were all flying south or perhaps S. W., 
while the woods was full of other birds migrating northward. 
The day was warm and pleasant, with light thunder showers 
in the morning and the wind south, strong. 

J. Claire Wood writes that along the Port Austin shore in 
Huron Co., Michigan, there is an annual spring flight. The 
local hunters spoke of shooting hundreds for sport and Arnold 
met with flocks there while after Eagles’ eggs in April. They 
follow up the shore of Saginaw Bay. The village of Port 
Austin is separated from the extreme north point (Point Aux 
Barques) by two miles. more or less wooded and he could get 
no information from this point but believes they crossed easter- 


, 
4 
} 


Or 


Burns—On BroOAD-wWINGED Hawk. 22 


ly into Ontario. In Wayne Co. he finds it most common dur- 
ing the latter half of April and early May when all the way 
from singles to two or three hundred may be seen at one time, 
always circling high in the air and gradually working north- 
ward. The earlier birds are all or nearly all adults and the 
majority ‘from the middle of May to June are birds in the 
plumage of the second vear. Few adults alight in the county, 
but many of the junior do so and some remain in suitable lo- 
cealities. until the middle of June. At Detroit he has seen more 
of the birds passing over the city than elsewhere (probably 
from more frequent opportunity) but they do not seem to be 
concentrated at any special point along the river, and all cross 
into Ontario. Detroit is practically at the head of Detroit river 
and while this hawk is rare north of the city limits (Lake St. 
Claire), it is more or less common on the south side (Detroit 
river). He believes that the bulk of the S. E. birds work N. 
and E&., and the Michigan examples are all from the eastern 
Mississippi valley. 

Swales gives the time of arrival in southeastern Michigan, 
as late April and early May. Norman A. Wood gives four 
dates for Ann Arbor, the earliest being April 15, 1905, and the 
latest May 25, 1897. 

For Oberlin. Ohio, Baird gives March 1-10 for the earliest 
arrival based upon ten vears records, while Jones gives about 
the middle of March for same localities. Prof.’ Jones gives a 
very interesting account of several flights witnessed by him 
near Cedar Point, Ohio, (which lies nearly opposite ‘Point: 
Pelee, Ontario). The two most conspicious of these flights 
were May 2, 1904, when a large company, associated with 
6 Red-tailed, 4 Red-shouldered, 3 Rough-legged, 3 Sparrow, 
2 Marsh Hawks and 2 Bald Eagles, were watched from the 
top of a sand-stone knoll two miles south of Oak Point. The 
Broad-wings disappeared to the N. E., but all the others re- 
turned apparently to their nesting places. The other occasion 
was April 29, 1907, at Rye Beach, when the numbers were too 
great to be counted. These Broad-wings were near the ground 
when first seen, but rapidly ascended in spirals, all the while 


226 THr WILson BULLETIN—Nos. 176-77. 


moving nearly parallel to the lake shore in an easterly direc- 
tion. When they disappeared from view high up they were still 
drifting eastward over the land. In this company there were 
Sparrow, Marsh and Rough-legged Hawks, four of each. 
which did not accompany the Broad-wings far. | When the 
birds were first seen they were about two miles west of the 
east end of the marshes, and therefore within plain view of 
Kelley’s Island. It seems likely that they had arrived over the 
Sandusky River route, and therefore reached the lake shore, 
or the marshes near Sandusky. It is difficult to account for 
their easterly course if, as it seems almost certain, they were 
bent on reaching the Canadian side. At their elevation of sev- 
eral hundred feet they must have been able to see not only 
Kelley's, but also Pelee Island, and probably also Point Pelee, 
Ontario. 

Eaton of Rochester, N. Y., confirms the story of the incred- 
ible number of hawks passing each spring along the southern 
shore of Lake Ontario and toward the east over the country 
south of the lake,. evidently making their way around its east- 
ern end toward the north. The height of these migrations 
occurs during the latter part of April and the first week in May. 
The birds are mostly Sharp-shinned and Broad-winged, with 
a sprinkling of Marsh and Pigeon always present, but surpris- 
ingly few Cooper’s Hawks. At a time when the Red-tailed 
and Red-shouldered Hawks are nesting in western New York, 
it is surprising to see many of these species also soaring high 
in the air and wheeling toward the east. When the wind is 
high the hawks fly low, with less circling; the Sharp-shinned 
lowest of all. The writer was surprised to learn how many 
of the migrants were Broad-winged Hawks and states that 
they were certainly a conspicuous part of the procession, 
from April 21 to May 17. 

J. H. Fleming writes me that near Glenwilliams, Halton 
Co., Ont., May 4, 1910, from the top of the ridge behind the 
quarry, he saw about a dozen Broad-wings high up over the 
ravine, later they descended, flying east, on cr about his level 
along the ravine, then mounting and circling until at the 


_ 


BurNs—Own BroAD-WINGED Hawk. 220 


west end of the ravine, when they again came east, repeating 
this as long as he remained. The hawks were all in full 
plumage and afforded a close view as they passed on the 
near side of the ravine. 

Mcllwraith states that in southern Ontario, toward the 
end of April or early May, should the weather be clear, great 
numbers are seen soaring at a considerable height and mov- 
ing in circles toward the northwest. It is a regular transient 
at Toronto and Fleming says that mature birds are rare. 
G. R. White informs me that it arrives at Ottawa about the 
28th of April; and the Rey. G. Eifrig records it at the same 
place on April 24, 1908; also at Inlet, Labelle Co., Quebec 
(which is 50 miles northeast of Ottawa), on April 25, 1905. 
At Godbout, Quebec, Nap. A. Comeau finds it a very common 
migrant, apparently not nesting much along the coast line, 
but directing its flight further north. The bulk of the north- 
ern migration is about the middle of May. 

Cairns stated that it arrived in Buncombe Co., North Caro- 
lina, about the end of March and C. S. Brimley finds it at 
Raleigh about the middle of April. The earliest record, 
March 20, 1896, in the vicinity of Berwyn, Pa., was made 
under peculiar conditions. The bird was found clinging 
with outstretched wings and tail to the leeward end of a 
cord of firewood, during a great wind storm, and was utterly 
unable to breast the gale. A. K. Pierce writes that it usually 
arrives at Renova, Clinton Co., Pa.. the second week in 
April. 

“J. P.” commenting on the vernal flight of hawks which 
is of yearly occurance near New York city, says in 1890: 
Much of what was learned was due to the expert knowledge 
of the late Hank C. White, of Red Bank, N. J... . These 
hawks follow certain well-known ccurses on their passage 
north. This course seems to follow along the whole sea 
coast of New Jersey until Sandy Hook is reached. The birds, 
upon reaching Sandy Hook refuse to cross the lower bay, 
but double back, and passing the highlands of Navesink, 
strike inland. One of the most favored spots has been for 


228 THE WILSON BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


years at Morgan’s station, a place where Cheesiquake creek 
flows into the lower bay. It was a few miles further to the 
southwest of Morgan’s station that White stationed himself 
each spring, and remained there day after day, until the very 
laggards of the flight had passed along. . . . Since the pre- 
ceding lines were written I have learned that the flight of 
hawks which passes northward over what is known as the 
Crow's Nest, a prominent height to the westward of the 
semi-mountain overlooking Mountclaire, was very much in 
evidence there on April 26. Ordinarily nearly every variety 
of hawk known is found in this annual flight. 

In 1898 the same sportsman writes: The flight this sea- 
son commenced the last Saturday in April. The first saw 
the vanguard straggling along one after another at slow 
intervals. The next day found the main body in full advance. 
The birds do not come in flocks; instead, it is a continuous 
current of birds, one following ancther with the regularity 
of clockwork and the precision of machinery. The greatest 
number ever seen at one time this year was ten, and these 
separated at about qual distances. Why they shculd follow 
the coast line is a puzzle. On the other hand, why should 
the birds leave the coast at one particular point and turn in- 
ward? To my certain knowledge this has been the case for 
thirty years past. The spot where they male this detcur in- 
land is a little south of Atlantic Highlands and over what is 
knowr as Mount Mitchell. If by chance a few of the birds 
pass that point and fly along the coast until Sandy Heck is 
reached, they invariably turn back and make use of the usual 
passageway. Possibly the birds are daunted by the long 
width of the waters of New York bay. Another thing that 
impresses one is in the fact that the returning flight south- 
ward in the fall does not take this direction. The movement 
is only in the spring time. 

The birds fly in a straight line over the spot where the 
men locate themselves, and, with the exception of the larger 
birds, show no fear in their approach, even when the shooter 
stood out perfectly unconcealed. The big fellows appear to 


Burns—-On Broap-wINGep Hawk. 229 


be more wary, aud these will make a detour to one side or 
the other from where the men stand. The little and medium 
ones come right along in straight line, the fall of one when 
shot disturbing not a whit the fellow in line behind it. Ask- 
ing White how many he thought passed along on that day, 
he answered that he had not he slightest idea. It was a con- 
tinuous stream of birds without a moment’s cessation from 
daylrght to the time the sun went down. 

Muirhead also writes from the same locality: The idea is 
popular here (Cheesequake creek, South Amboy, N. J.) that 
the hawks fly in the wake of other species of migrating birds, 
which they overhaul and feed upon. We never have good 
hawk shooting unless all conditions are favorable—wind 
westerly and brisk. If there is little or no breeze the birds 
pass over high, most of them out of range. The reason given 
for seeing the hawks here when on their northern flight is 
explained in this wise: The wind must have been westerly 
for a day or two, and far enough inland to incline most of 
the birds in its area toward the ocean. When they come to 
this they resist the wind enough to keep them over the beach, 
and so string out along one after another until they come to 
Sandy Hcok; then seeing nothing but water ahead, they 
change their course, following the beach up Sperm City cove 
and Raritan bay, and then continue their flight overland 
again; that is, those that escape, for many are killed. 

“J. P.” has already intimated that the flight occurs inland 
as far as Montclair, N. J., and (Karl V. S.) Howland, in 
1873, says the hawks begin to pass through Montclair on 
their way north in the latter part of March. Since then he 
has shot specimens of the Red-tailed, Red-shouldered, Spar- 
row, Cooper’s, Sharp-shinned, Broad-winged, and American 
Osprey. Randolph H. Howland, in answer to a recent in- 
quiry from me, states that no large flights of the Broad- 
wings have been observed by him, although he has seen the 
bird in small groups, namely: a flock of 7 on Apr. 18, and 
5 on May 9, 1905; and 11 on May 13, 1906, At Hartford, 
Conn., Sage gives the average date of arrival as Apr. 10- 


230 THE Witson BuLLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


20; and in Maine by Knight as early in April. Wm. Wood, 
East Windsor, Conn. (Am. Naturalist, V, 1871, p. 759-60), 
informs us that in 1856 his attention was called to twenty 
or more hawks—species not stated—that were diving, 
screaming and going through various gyrations high in the 
air, and passing to the N. E. in the early spring. Early in 
April, 1860, a similar migration was witnessed, when the 
number in sight at one time was about fifty. About the 
last of March or first of April, 1870, a friend of his observed 
a flight, when the air seemed filled with diving and scream- 
ing hawks passing northward and seventy were counted in 
sight at one time. In all of these flights they were not in 
flocks according to the common acceptance of the word, but 
were in pairs or groups of about four usually. Rev. Job 
states that about the middle of April or later there is some- 
times witnessed a great flight, especially of the Broad- 
winged Hawk. Along the Housatonic Valley, in Conn., he 
has seen loose squadrons of them. Dr. Allen mentions flights 
at Springfield, Mass., for several years quite regular in ap- 
pearance, in autumn as well as spring. 


FBarliest Latest 

Locality ; Yrs. obsery. Av. date. date. date. 
Lexington, Ky. 2 Apr. 18,05, May 7, ’04. 
Chicago Vic. 8 Apr. 22, Feb. 11,’97, May 5, ’00. 

Lorain Co., O. 7 Apr. 17, Mar. 13, May 10, 
Toronto, Ont. 11 Apr. 22, Mar. 6,’97, May 13,799. 

Ottawa, Ont. 4 Apr. 29, Apr. 24,’08, May 19, 
Pierre, S. Dak. 2 Mar. 25,’06, Apr. 12, 07. 

Tolma, No. Dak. 2 Apr. 4, Apr. 20 
Winnipeg, Man. il May 3, 05. 
Edmonton, Alb. 1 May 8,03. 
Philadelphia Vic. 12 Apr. 14, Mar. 1,’04, Apr. 30, ’05. 
Princeton, N. J. 3 Feb. 7,’06, Apr. 22, ’07. 
Franklin Co., Me. 11 May 1, Apr. 14,’96, May 28, ’06. 


AUTUMNAL.—The retrograde movement can be traced in 
the east through Rhede Island, Connecticut, southeastern 
New York, northern New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, and 
Maryland and Virginia, when it is lost. No general move- 
ment in the middle west south of the Great Lakes appears. 
The Canadian contingent does not utilize the various pas- 
sages between these large bodies of water to any extent as 


a 


BurNsS—On BROAD-WINGED HAwk. 231 


far as I have been able to obtain information; doubtless 
many cross the St. Lawrence and join the eastern flight of 
mixed species, and probably many take the westerly course 
until Wisconsin offers an unobstructed passage south. At 
Godbout, Quebec, Napoleon A. Comeau writes that the re- 
turn or southern migration is in the first week in October. 
Some years it is very abundant. This was especially the 
case in the fall of 1904, when hundreds were seen daily. 
In the migrations it flies high and nearly every one keeps 
to the same line of flight. J. H. Fleming noted a flight 
along the ridge north of Toronto, Ontario, Sept. 21-22, 1905; 
and various writers report flights of regular occurrence in 
the province. 

iA visitation of Broad-wings occurred at Middletown 
Springs, Vt., in the fall of 1904, but W. S. Hickox informs 
me that it did not compare to the invasion of Goshawks in 
the fall of 1906. Dr. Shufeldt, commenting on the large 
mixed flights of annual occurrance in Connecticut, says: 
“The latter part of October is a good time to see it, es- 
pecially after there has been a sharp frost or two. Any 
high, cleared land is the locality to be sought, and if the 
movement is on and the day clear, one will soon be struck 
by the number passing. They do not fly very high as a rule, 
and here the trend is westward, while after they arrive on 
the Atlantic coast the flight is southward. They seem to 
pay but very little attention to objects below, and one may 
shoot at them all day without very materially changing po- 
sition. On they come, flying in undeviating files, and often 
the individuals not more than five or ten minutes apart, or 
even less. They come at random, regardless of kin or kind, 
and they keep coming until the sun goes down.” 

In certain sections of Rhode Island, according to Dunn, 
large flights of hawks may be seen during the latter part of 
August, and through September and October, whenever 
there is a stormy N. W. wind. They seem to follow the 
coast, as three miles back from the shore only a few strag- 
glers can be found. Specimens of the Marsh, Sharp-shinned, 


232 Tur Witson BuULLETIN—NOos. 76-77. 


Cooper’s, Goshawk, Red-tailed, Red-shouldered, Broad- 
winged, Duck, Pigeon and Sparrow Hawks were obtained. 
H. S. Hathaway writes me that quite a few are shot for the 
bounty offered by the state during the fall flight in Septem- 
ber, which follows the southern shore. 

At Bay Ridge, Long Island, Wilmot Townsend observes: 
“T have not seen them save on the annual flights, which oc- 
curred very regularly each autumn, Sept. 24 to 27. I say 
occurred, for I have not observed them for some years past, 
—say five or six, the neighborhood being all built up and 
the birds finding no place to halt, have largely deserted us. 
1 remember the flight of Sept. 27, 1892, was marked by the 
unusual number of Broad-wings that appeared, circling as 
is their habit, by hundreds, high in the air. It was a very 
unusual flight, both as to numbers of various species ( Broad- 
wings predominating) and as to weather conditions, Temp. 
53°. Wind light N. N. W., with high barometer and a crys- 
tal sky.” 

Trowbridge has given a great deal of time and attention 
to this phenomenon. He informs us that “at New Haven, 
Conn., Sept. 16, 1887, there occurred another great flight 
of hawks, and I was again fortunate enough to witness it. 
There was little wind at first, and the hawks did not appear 
until nine o’clock in the morning, when a few Sharp-shinned 
Hawks were observed. But later on the wind increased in 
force. Thousands of hawks of different species flew past, 
and Broad-winged Hawks, both adults and young, appeared 
soaring in immense clusters. In one great flock alone there 
must have been 300 hawks, the greater part were undoubt- 
edly Buteo platypterus, although with field glasses I dis- 
tinguished several species in the flock, one week later, on 
Sept. 24, after a number of days of southerly winds, there 
occurred a flight which lasted from six o’clock in the morn- 
ing until noon. I was informed by several collectors, who 
were out shooting at the time, that three flocks of Broad- 
wings passed over them, and they were able to secure a num- 
ber. Sept. 18, 1890, when a large flight occurred, the day 


Burns—On Broav-wincep Hawk. 233 


was warm and partly cloudy, but there was a light breeze 
from the N. W., and there had been southerly winds for a 
Ieng period previous, which seemed to show that the south 
winds had temporarily checked the migration of the hawks. 
During this flight, the hawks flew higher than usual, but I 
observed two immense flocks of Broad-wings, and I saw 
several of them shot down, together with Sparrow, Sharp- 
shinned and Cooper’s Hawks, all of which were plentiful. 
Sept. 20, 1893. Few hawks noted this date. Obtained two 
Broad-winged, a Sparrow and a Pigeon Hawk. Sharp-shins 
were very abundant. Sept. 21, early in the day there ap- 
peared a flock of about 25 Broad-wings circling low over the 
city. I hastened out and soon stood in a position favorable for 
observation, where I saw hundreds of them and secured 
eight beautiful adults with the greatest ease. I even took 
a selection of plumage, as the birds passed a few yards over- 
head, battling against the strong wind which blew from the 
N. W., as they flew along the coast.” 
Trowbridge’s List of Hawk Flights, which have occurred 
in Southern Connecticut During the Years 1885-1894: 
Date. Weather. Wind. Broad-winged Hawk. 
Sept. 22, 1886. Clear. N. W., light. Abundant. 
Sept. 16, 1887. Clear and cool. N. W. very strong.” 
Great flight all day. 
Sept. 17, 1887. Clear and cool. N., light. 
Abundant early in morning. 
Sept. 24, 1887, Clear and cool. N. W. to N., strong. 
Abundant also A. velo. 
Sept. 18, 1890. Fair and warm. N. W., light. Abundant. 
Sept. 20, 1893. Clearand warm. N. W., mod. fresh. Abundant. 


Sept. 21, 1898. Clear and cool. N. N. W., very strong. 
Great flights. 


Willard says its numbers are most noticeable at Utica, 
N. Y., during the months of July and Angust, when the 
appearance of so many in the air at a time, one might con- 
sider it a very abundant bird; and Barbour of an extensive 
flight at Lake Minnewaska: “The birds were in most cases 
circling, sometimes sailing straight forward, beating of the 
wings being extremely rare. As, in clear weather, the birds 
were very high, and in bad weather the light was very poor, 


234 THe WiItson BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


I will not insist too strenuously upon my identification of the 
hawks as Broad-wings, but I am substantially certain. The 
flocks were moving, in the main, from N. E. to S. W., but 
parts of some of the flocks turned off to the west. They 
were accompanied, or followed, occasionally, by Red-shoul- 
dered; once or twice, apparently, by Fish Hawks; twice by 
Marsh Hawks, and once by an Eagle. The flocks seen by 
me then, numbered as follows: Sept. 15, 30; Sept. 16, 15; 
Sept. 17, 11 and 30; Sept. 20, 35, 35, 50, 66, 10, 23, 50, 15, 
40; Sept. 21, 30.” He also publishes a letter from Kirk 
Monroe, who observed the same phenomenon at the Ice 
Caves of the -Shawangunk mountains, near Ellenville: 
“Sept. 18, the forerunners were a few stragglers that only 
caused comments by their undeviating and unhesitating 
southward flight. These leaders were, however, quickly 
followed by other birds in ever increasing numbers until the 
marvelous flight extended as far as the eye could reach to 
the eastward; and upward to a point when the great birds 
appeared no larger than sparrows. When the hawks first 
aroused curiosity by their numbers, one of my companions 
undertook to count them, but having counted 50 in less than 
one minute, he gave up the attempt, and was glad to have 
done when, at the end of an hour the incredible flight still 
continued without pause or diminution. I cannot venture 
even to guess how many hawks passed above us during 
that time; but know that they numbered well up among the 
thousands. I would add that three days after encountering 
this remarkable flight, I witnessed another of the same char- 
acter, only this time numbering but two or three hundred 
individuals, taking the same southerly direction over Sam’s 
Point, but a few miles from the caves visited on the previous 
occasion.” Sixty miles S. W. of Ellenville and Lake Min- 
newangunk, N. Y., in Sussex Co., N. J., von Lengerke has 
observed for a number of years the migration of thousands 
of hawks. He says: “On Sept. 22, ’07, the number ex- 
ceeded any ever observed before. I was on the top of a 
mountain near Stag Lake, about 1200 ft. above sea level. I 


BurNsS—ON BrROAD-WINGED HAWK. 235 


was armed with a Hensoldt binocular eight power glass. 
The day was clear, and at one time late in the forenoon, sev- 
eral thousand hawks, Broad-wings mostly, were in view. 
They came from a northeasterly direction. A constant 
stream, very high up, could be seen for a long while, and 
they were going in the direction of the Delaware Water 
Gap. Over the valley to the S. W. the birds seemed to col- 
lect into an immense flock, while hundreds, if not thousands, 
of birds were gyrating around and around; describing 
smaller and larger circles in the air, in height of from, I 
should judge, 600 to 2000 ft. above the earth. Most birds 
were Broad-wings. There were, however, other hawks, such 
as Red-tails and Red-shoulders among them, while the Ac- 
cipiter genus was represented by some Cooper’s and more 
Sharp-shinned, which, however, were mostly flying lower 
and took no part in the general evolution. Some days I 
have observed about every species of hawks that we find in 
this part of the country, from the same stand. The most 
extensive migrations occur just before a storm.” Horsfall 
adds his observations while at Shawnee, Pa.: “The line of 
flight for hawks, and also other birds, such as Crows, Black- 
birds, Nighthawks, etc., was down the west side of the Del- 
aware river just below the crest of the hills, until reaching 
a point about two miles above the Delaware Water Gap, 
when they would invariably rise over a low corner of the 
hills and pass on to the S. W. by W,. going north of the 
Kittating mountain range. No birds were observed to go 
through the Gap, though I would not say that none do.” 
Randolph H. Howland observed at Upper Montclair, N. 
J., a flock of 5 on Nov. 29, ’04, and 8 on Aug. 30, 705. 
(Karl V. S.) Howland records at the same place, Sept. 18, 
1893, 37 shot from three blinds on Orange mountain, and 
others seen. The most common were the Broad-winged and 
Sharp-shinned Hawks. Babson mentions large flocks of the 
Broad-wings migrating high in the air, over Princeton; and 
Philip Laurent that he never at any time found the latter 
common, although he saw a flight of the Pigeon Hawk, 


236 THE Witson BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


some sixteen years ago on Five Mile Beach, which at that 
time was not the summer resort that it is today. He saw 
at least 50 birds in the air at one time, and they were work- 
ing southwest. 

Leonard Pierson reports a flight of 15 at Wayne, flying 
S. W., between 2:30 and 4:30 p. m. Sept. 25, 07. 

William B. Evans saw a flock or about 30-50 individuals 
on Sept. 13, 1905, between Clifton and Burmont, on the P., 
B. and W. R. R., Delaware Co., Pa.; and extensive migra- 
tions of unidentified hawks occur near Berwyn, but at so 
great a height few are reported. The Red-shouldered Hawk, 
which does not summer with us, outnumbers, ten to one, any 
other species coming to earth at this season. I am informed 
by H. Justice Roddy, that he noted in Sept., 1888, while at 
a signal station on top of Pilot Knob, Perry Co., Pa., a 
great migration of the Broad-wing. He counted not less 
than 1000 individuals moving S. E. An occasional Cooper's 
and Red-tailed Hawk accompanied the flight. 

y. H. Riley, Fall Church, Va., has upon one or two occa- 
sions seen a dozen, probably more, during a day’s shooting 
late in the fall, and always supposed they were migrating, as 
they were nearly always flying toward the south. Rey. G. 
Eifrig noted, near Cumberland, Md., Sept. 21, ‘01, 11 a. m., 
a flock of about 25 circling in a very picturesque way over 
Will’s run. The circles of the several birds had different 
centers, but overlapped more or less. Fine sunny day, no 
wind. Ellzey mentions the extraordinary number of hawks, 
Broad-wings predominating, during the fall of 1889, in 
Howard Co., Md. 

Prof. Ellison A. Smyth saw a flock of 14 in pairs, and in 
threes and fours, but nearly all in sight at once, near Blacks- 
burg, Va. All were flying very high toward the S. W.- 
They would stop and circle for a minute or two then con- 
tinue until all had disappeared. 

Scott quotes Atkins to the effect that on Oct. 21, 1887, he 
saw at Key West, Florida, a large flock of hawks, 150 or 
more, mainly of this species. Andrew Allison says that it 


BuRNS—Own BROAD-WINGED Hawk. 2a0 


gathers in small flocks for migration, together with the 
Ictinia in late summer, and usually all are gone from Mis- 
sissippi by Sept. 1. 

Taverner and Swales, who have made extensive observa- 
tions on Lake Erie at the southernmost point of Canadian 
mainland, Point Pelee, Ont., inform us that it arrives about 
the last of August, but does not appear in any numbers until 
the main body comes down with the Sharp-shins. Even 
then not more than a dozen have been seen at any one time— 
Sept. 18, 06. Keays listed but three in Sept. 01. Later, B. H. 
Swales writes me that as yet no spring records, but in the fall 
he has found the birds in small numbers from Aug. 20 (10) 
to Oct. 14 (06). The birds cross the lake in sight of the 
chain of islands extending to the Ohio shore. J. Claire 
Wood has observed no autumnal flight in Wayne Co., Mich., 
even when the southward movement is at its height in Sep- 
tember, not more than 6 or 7 birds are seen in a day, and 
more often none. 

At Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, George E. Atkinson re- 
ports that about the middle of August the young and fall 
plumaged birds are noted commonly about the city. It seems 
more affected by low temperature than the other hawks and 
leaves usually in September. Hatch states that it departs 
from Minnesota about Sept. 1. J<umlien says it sometimes 
appears in Wisconsin in immense flocks, many hundred can 
be seen at cne time, remembering one such flight in 1871, 
when he killed six at a single discharge. At the time of the 
autumnal flights they are very fat and seem to be principally 
young birds. Later Kumlien and Hollister state that this 
migration seldom lasts but a day ‘or two and is of irregu- 
lar occurrence, and the flocks are invariably of this species 
alone. 

In Missouri, Widmann finds the migration from the north 
brisk during the fourth week in September, when on some 
days dozens may be seen sailing over in loose flocks. It 
does not stop over as long as the Red-tail and Red-shoulder, 
but small parties may be met with during the first half of 


238 THe Witson BuLLtetin—Nos. 76-77. 

October, after which it becomes rare, though the last may 
be noted a month later (Nov. 11, 97, Keokuk-Currier). He in- 
forme me that on Sept. 22 and 23,, during a little migration at 
Washington and New Haven, Mo.—55-65 miles west ofSt. 
Louis, on the Missouri river: 20 were seen on the forenoon 
and afternoon of the 22nd and 9 at 8:30 a. m. on the 23rd. 
They went south soaring at a considerable height, but the 
light being good the color of the underparts, especially the 
two whitish bands or the tail, could be plainly seen, and to- 
gether with the general contour, madq identification easy. 
(There was also a migration of Cooper’s Hawks going on). 
3road-wings do not winter in Missouri; all are gone by the 
end of October. 

Irving H. Wentworth writes me that they arrive from the 
north about the first week of September and remain until 
early spring, frequenting the heavy timber in “bottoms” and 
along streams, in Kendall Co., Tiexas. 


FHarliest Latest 
Locality. Yrs. Obsery.Ay. date. date. date. 
Franklin, Me. 4 Sept. 27, Sept.12,°04, Oct. 7, ’05. 
Montclair, N. J. 3 Sept. 26, Aug. 13,05, Nov. 29, 04. 
Princeton, N. J. 2 Oct. 31,’07, Dee. 9, 06. 
Philadelphia Vic. 4 Sept. 14, Sept. 1,°92, Oct. 5, 
Toronto, Vic. 7 Sept. 18, Sept. 11, 03, Sept. 28, 
Edmonton Alb. i; Sept. 5,703, 
Chicago Vic. 6 Sept. 10, Aug. 9,’98 Oct. 4,94. 
Tolma, N. Dak. 2 Sept. 10, Oct. 20, 
Station. 


Blanchan “No retreat is too lonely fer these de- 
voted mates, that ever delight in each other's company. 
While its range is wide, it is locally common in few places 
and rare in others, a lover of wild, unvisited regions.” 
Reed states: ‘‘ Some localities seem to have a strong attrac- 
tion for them, particularly heavy pieces of woodland, and 
near some lake or pond, and they return to the same place 
Willard has found that it is found in 
some numbers in all upland wood tracts,” while Ralph, writ- 
ing of same locality, says it is “the Hawk of the Adiron- 
dack wilderness, and it replaces in this locality the Red- 


says: 


year after year.” 


Burns—On BrROAD-WINGED HAWwR. 239 


tailed and Red-shouldered Buteos, which are so common 
in the smaller woods of the more settled parts of this state. 
TI think that with the exception of the Pigeon Hawk and Gos- 
hawk, which probably breed here also but are very rare, 
they are the only Hawks that nest in the interior of these 
woods, but along the borders they are sometimes found 
breeding in the same situations as the more common species. 
They are very fond of living near water in close proximity 
to the lakes and streams which are so numerous in the Ad- 
irondack region. The smaller lakes especially are favorite 
places of resort, and when a pair takes possesion of one they 
apparently hold it against all intruders of their kind.” In 
Minnesota, Preston graphically describes the “hidden re- 
treats, where the tangled wilderness of lakes and forests 
guards in lonely silences the streams which feed the Red 
River of the North, I found the Broad-winged Hawk breed- 
ing abundantly. At home with the Barred Owl, and unmo- 
lested by stealthy tread of wildcat or lynx, he is im this re- 
gion indeed a ‘bird of the wilderness.. He chooses the 
heavy, close woods about small lakes, where food is abund- 
ant and shelter near, and where he may hide himself.” 

In Ontario, “unlike the Red-shouldered Hawk, it is par- 
tial fo the thick swampy woods near a creek” (Macoun). 
Bendite says it is “most often found in the more, extensive 
woods near water and in swamps, and much less frequently 
in the more open and cultivated sections.” While Gentry 
finds “it prefers high open woods and waste grounds chiefly 
of a marshy nature, seldom venturing near human habita- 
tion.” 

In the vicinity of Lancaster, N. H., a mixed growth of 
woods seems to be preferred, and many times, trees beside 
small streams are chosen for the nest. Rarely is the bird 
seen away from the woods in which its nest is located, dur- 
ing the breeding season: and it is very much attached to its 
old nesting haunts, returning for several years in succession 
(Spaulding ms). In the western part of Bristol, Co., Mass., 
where the prevailing heavy timber consists of hardwoods, 


240) Tur Witson BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


its chosen haunts are in the more remote and largest tracts 
of medium-sized chestnut and oaks, usually in high and dry 
woods. In Bristol and Plymouth counties, it is a quiet, re- 
tiring, forest-loving species, and for that reason may be eas- 
ily overlooked. I have never seen it circling high in the air 
and screaming as both the Red-tailed and Red-shouldered 
Hawks are wont to'do, and almost never see it except in the 
breeding season, and then only in the deep woods. AI- 
though it breeds on the average a month later than the Red- 
shouldered, it frequents practically the same localities 
(Bent ms.). 
In Fairfield Co., Ccnn., its persistancy of nesting is not 
so marked as with the Red-shouldered, and my experience is 
rather at variance with other writers in this respect. It pre- 
fers to take rather open situations for nesting, and very fre- 
quently the nests are located close to where woodchoppers 
have just finished off chopping (Beers ms.). About Nor- 
wich, Conn., the nest is generally found near the head of a 
small ravine; if a brook runs through it, from brook to 
quarter way up hill. Any little gullies in outskirts of heavy 
timber near a pond hole or where the ground is fairly clean; 
and when the above conditions do not exist, not over 75 
yards from the edge of the woods and near a cart read. 
Whichever location is selected, nest will be within sight of 
water and near farms, never in a wilderness. My experience 
is that it never travels far, and I have not seen one half a 
mile from its nest (Richards ms.). At Stephentown, N. Y., 
the nesting sites are all in the vicinity of water, swamps. 
small streams or ponds. and often close to wood roads, wood 
paths or little cpenings in the woods, or near edge of large 
tracts, not far from open pastures or meadows. These nest- 
ing sites were all mixed woodland, in which hemlock or 
pines were well represented (Hoag ms.). Near Auburn, N. 
Y., a nest was built near the edge of a quite heavily timbered 
small swamp, perhaps 20 acres in extent, having standing 
water. The principal growth of trees were elm and_ black 
ash: on the west and S. W. sides of the swamp was upland, 


Burns—On BROAD-WINGED HAWK. 241 


timbered with beech and maple (Rathbun ms.). Four or five 
pairs are known to nest near Wiest Chester, Pa., year after 
year.. The nest is always in the deep woods, and as it is not 
built until the leaves appear, it is not so apt to be seen as the 
nests of the earlier hawks (Sharples ms.). In Pennsylvania 
it haunts the wild rocky wooded ravines above the small 
streams and close to small ponds and swamps. While it is not 
unknown to the large grove, it loves the continuous woods over 
which it can pass undisturbed and unseen from one feeding 
ground to another; shunning the cultivated area altogether or 
traversing it only to visit some nearby swamp or pond (Burns 
ms.). Near Washington, D. C., it departs from its usual 
habit, selecting rather open timber probably because heavy 
timber is scarce near the District (Riley). 

In Florida it was found in the center of 50 acres wood- 
land (Williams ms.). 

In Illinois and Missouri it prefers small woodland areas, 
or groves, of some few acres in extent (Smyth, Jr. ms.). 

Near Edmonton, Alberta, a nest was located in the dense 
woods, and was found by the bird calling when close at 
hand (Stansell ms.). 

In the vicinity of Minneapolis, Minn., there seem to be 
more Broad-wings nesting than any other place J know of. 
The country is wooded with hardwood, slightly rolling, with 
some high hills and considerable bodies of water. There are 
a good many marshes also, and low places, and in and 
around such places I always found it nesting invariably in 
thick woods of good-sized timber, near the edge, with a free 
sweep in one direction. Three or four nests were in tama- 
rack swamps where the water was a foot deep during nest- 
ing time. Every year I could count on finding the nest of 
each pair that I knew, usually within half a mile at the ut- 
most of last year’s nest. One nest which was within ten 
feet of a highway but in thick woods and invisible from the 
road in summer. was used three times with an interval of 
one year between each using. With rare exceptions I found 
only one pair nesting in each piece of timber and always 


242 THe Witson BULLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


within a few hundred yards of water, and in fact many times 
right on the bank of some water (Currie ms.). 

The single nest found near Omaha, Neb., was in a woods 
half a mile distant and 150 feet above the Missouri river, 
mear the crest of a ridge (Shoemaker ms.). 

In Tyler Co., Texas, it is confined exclusively to the oak 
ridges in the dry pine woods, at least I have never found a 
nest in any other kind of locality (Pope ms.). 

The ideal station, and I refer to a definite existing local- 
ity in S. E. Pa., would seem to be a tract consisting of up- 
land, hillside and swamp, well covered with mixed hard- 
wood timber, with here and there an unoccupied clearing, 
an unfrequented public highway, cart road or path, with 
room enough for the silent deadly swoop after the unfortu- 
nate mouse or red squirrel; also a small stream or pond, in 
the shallow reaches of which it can snatch the crayfish, and 
surprise the frog or trout-eating water snake on the borders 
of the pools. The verdant foliage supplies it with number- 
less insects and fat larve. As it sits upon one of its favorite 
perches, well hidden by a leafy screen, should a chance hu- 
man intrude, it cranes its neck and utters its plaintive whis- 
tle, which the uninitiated attributes to the cry of one of the 
numerous small woodland birds or the creaking of two op- 
posing branches in the wind. Fortunate indeed is the na- 
ture student who is familiar with the Broad-winged Hawk 
in its home. 

Mating. 

I believe this species frequently if not always mate for life, 
but unfortunately direct evidence is wanting. Circumstantial 
evidence in the way of certain peculiarities of situation, nest 
building and material, individuality of the shell markings, etc., 
may apply only to the female. However, the fatalities con- 
stantly occuring in the ranks of the adults, and ithe yearly 
accession of the increase, make the business of mating fairly 
brisk, though so seldom reported. The birds are then posi- 
tively noisy, and very restless. That keen oologist, Preston, 
reporting from the small tributaries of the Red River of the 


me 


BurNs—Own Broap-wIncep HAwK. 243 


North, Minn., states that “ during the mating season (which 
begins about the first week in May), the clear, shrill screams 
constantly echo in the dim woods, as one answers back to 
another from some chosen perch.” Rev. Peabody observed 
“at the margin of a field, a pair copulating, the male swooping 
down upon his mate as she rested lightly in a sapling top.” 
Mearns, Cantwell and Swales have found the adult mated to 
an immature. in one or more instances. 

Situation or Nest—Almost every variety of forest tree 
has been utilized at one time or another, but the most abundant 
or characteristic species of the locality is apt to be the favor- 
ite. In central Alberta it is found in birch or poplar. In 
the vicinity of the Muskoka lakes, Ont., Spreadborough al- 
ways found its nest in the large black birches; while White 
found it to prefer a hemlock ior swamp ash near Ottawa, and 
Young of the same Province, states that the black or yellow 
birch seems to be the favorite. In Maine, New Hampshire, 
and Vermont, yellow birch is used more than all other species 
of trees combined, and as one collector writes, most of them 
are pretty difficult to climb. Jn the western part of Bristol 
Co., Mass., it seems to prefer to nest in chestnuts, though there 
are numerous groves of white pine. In the eastern part of 
Bristol Co., and Plymouth Co., where the large tracts of 
heavy timber are principally white pine and where chestnuts 
are rare or almost unknown, it nests almost invariably in the 
pines, though oaks are frequently available (Bent. ms.). 

In Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York and Pennsylvania. 
chestnut is the favorite, with more than an occasional beech, 
hemlock, oak, maple, birch, or hickory. Babson of Princeton. 
N. J., found the several nests which came under his observa- 
tion, to be in low oaks. Renova, Clinton iCo., Pa., the oak, 
maple, black birch and chestnut are chosen, never an ever- 
green (Pierce ms.). Fleetwood, Bucks Co., Pa., all have been 
in chestnut ‘trees (Liebelsperger ms.). In Chester Co., Pa., 
it has a strong preference for the chestnut (Sharples ms.). 
Shufeldt describes a nest in Maryland, near Tacoma Park, 
fifty feet up in an‘ill-shapen oak with short crooked limbs, in 


244 THE WiILson BULLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


a rather open piece of woods of some extent, and near the hilly 
bank of a small stream. One nest in Putnam Co., West Vir- 
ginia was in a tall hickory (Morgan ms.) ; and another near 
Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Virginia, was in an enormuos 
white oak, fully seventy feet up, the main trunk about five feet 
in diameter (Smythe Jr., ms.). Virginia and North Carolina 
nests have usually been found in pine, maple, oak, chestnut, 
tulip poplar and magnolia; and Florida birds seem to prefer 
pine with an occasional magnolia. In the middle west or Great 
Lakes States, it seems to be uncommon enough as a breeder 
to have developed no marked preference; but in Minnesota, 
Preston found it in the basswood, elm, oak, and larch. Cant- 
well says small red oaks are favorites and others have found 
it in oaks, poplar, beech, maple, pine and walnut, with the oaks 
and basswood the favorites. Dresser states that it nests high 
up in cottonwoods almost inaccessible, on the Colorado in 
Texas, and at Colmesneil, Tyler Co., Tex., it seems partial to 
large red oaks and as a rule doesn’t place the nest very high 
up, one nest however, was sixty-five feet up in a pine (Pope 
ms. ). 

On St. Vincent, West Indies, Lister says of Buteo platpyerus 
antillarum, that its nest is often built in a bread-fruit tree ; and 
Clark states that it is usually placed in a large tree, often a 
bread-fruit or cabbage palm. While on Grenada Island, Wells 
has found its nest on the fronds of the palmetto, and on large 
trees like the silk-cotton (Ceibra). Verrill states that B. p. 
rivieirti of Dominica builds a nest of sticks, grass and trash in 
high trees or on cliffs. 

The nest is usually placed in the many-forked crotch of the 
main stem, which not only forms a secure base but also often 
the substantial supporting timbers of the rudely constructed 
home. Sometimes it is placed on several small branches 
against the trunk, an old nest of some sort furnishing the 
foundations usually. Rarely is it found well out on a forked 
branch away from the main bole. Preston mentions one in a 
drooping branch of an elm on a steep bluff, 30 feet above 
the Pelican river, Minn., which was visited at risk of life and 


Burns-—ONn BroAD-WINGED HAWK. 245 


limb; and another instance near Fairfield, Conn., May 14, °89, 
by a pair very much attached to the home site on Heatherstone 
hill, built 15 feet up and 12 feet out fromthe body of a large 
white oak (Hamlin ms.). A set was taken by Forge in Man- 
atoba from the top of a stump 30 feet high (Jackson ms.). 
The height from the ground varies from 3 feet in the broad- 
forked bole in Minnesota as recorded by George Cantwell, to 
the 87 foot oak of Delaware Co., Pa., essayed by Harry G. 
Parker, and the 90 foot biack ash of Kalamazoo, Mich., made 
famous by Dr. Gibbs. 

One hundred and sixty-seven nests in the Canadian and 
Transition zones average 33 feet from the ground, the west 
averaging 10 feet less than the east. Massachusetts much low- 
er than those of the heavy timber of New Hampshire and Con- 
necticut, Manitoba and Minnesota not infrequently exhibit 
nests at altitudes of 10 feet. In the upper Austral zone, 112 
nests average 40 feet; and 12 nests in the lower Austral zone 
average 49 feet. Occasionally we hear of some inaccessible 
(Swales, Wayne Co., Mich.; N. G. Wood, Ann Arbor, Mich. ; 
Smyth, Blackburge. Va., all in large oaks; and Fleming, Ems- 
dale, Dist. Parry Sound, Ont., in large tamarack). 

Owen Durfee writes me that at times, it uses'a flat platform 
on the top of a branching stub and this seems to be more of 
its choice for a site in the heavier timber on the Connecticut 
coast and in the northern woods. Jn this case, when the tree 
branches evenly making a flat platform, the nest will often 
have barely enough sticks on its circumferance to keep the 
eggs from rolling out. At such times it is difficult to locate 
the nest, if elevated, unless the bird is seen leaving it Chas. 
C. Richards descrihes a nest 70 feet up in a hig hemlock, made 
of hemlock sticks and twigs, almost invisible from the ground. 
Harry S. Hathaway and John H. Flanagan found a singular 
nest ‘containing a runt egg, May 13, 1906, in Rhode Island. 
It was 15 feet up in a red! maple, the nest was about as large 
as the sitting female, and had the appearance of having lodged 
in the forks formed by a limb about 114 inches in diameter 
growing almost parallel with the trunk of some 6 inches. 


246 THe Wirson BuLLetin—Nos. 76-77. 


Doubtless verbose accounts of the adventures of collectors 
are out of place in a paper of any scientific pretentions, but it 
seems almost a crime not to chronicle the accomplishments 
of some one of that nervy and self-reliant class known as field 
oologists. Calvin 1. Rawson, the famous “J. M. W..,” than 
whom there does not exist a more genial writer; says few 
sports are more dangerous, and no work more exhausting 
than long hard climbs to the nests of rapacious birds. 


I here record the species of trees used by the Broad-wing 
as nesting sites, according to their popularity :Castana dentata 
chestnut, Quercus sp. oak,Pinus sp. pine,betula lutea yellow, 
or gray birch,Acer saccherinim sugar, hard or rock maple, 
Fagus americana heech, Betula sp. birch, P. strobus white 
pine, Q. alba white oak, Q. velutina Q. rubra black oak, QO. 
prinus chestnut oak, Tilia americana American linden or bass- 
wood.7suga canadensis hemlock,Populus grandidentata pop- 
lar, Flickoria alba hickory, H. ovata shellbark, A. sacchdrinum 
white or soft maple, Q. maerocarpa burr oak, A. rubrum ted 
maple, Jfagnolia virginiana magnolia, B. lenta, B. niger black 
birch, B. populifolia white birch, Populus deltoides cottonwood, 
Fraxinus niger black or water ash, F. americanus white ash, 
Q. pelustris pin oak, Ulmus sp. elm, U. fulva red elm, Juglans 
wiger black walnut, J. cinerea white walnut, Picea sp. -spruce, 
Populus candicaus Balm of Gilead, P. pennsylvanicus wild 
cherry. 

Nidification. 

CONSTRUCTION AND ‘Composir1oN oF Nest—During the 
often protracted period of hesitation as to the availability of 
the various nesting sites, the former nests are visited and the 
birds are quite noisy, but soon after the site is selected by the 
female, silence is observed and hoth sexes assist at nest build- 
ing, gathering the dead sticks from the ground, carrying them 
to the tree in their talons. Chas. C. Richards saw a male with 
a piece of bark about 4 inches long in one set of claws, at 
right angles with his body, fly toward the nest from the south, 
while at about the same time the female appeared from the 


Copyrighted 


BROAD-WINGED TIAWK (Buteo platypterus) 
Position of nest. tchoboth, Mass., May 20, 1906 


(Photographed by Owen Durtee) 


Burns—On BroOAD-wWINGED HAWK. 247 


east with a small stick 4 to 6 inches long’, in the same position. 
The species is a very crude builder and prefers to utilize an 
old structure of the crow, hawk, or squirrel, if the situation is 
favorable, rather than build the foundations itself; though not 
infrequently it does so, dropping more or less material at the 
base of the tree. Love for a former home will often influence 
it to return to a former site in a few years, even after every 
vestage of its former nest has disappeared. G. M. Allen 
has recorded a pair at Intervale, N. H., which nested for sev- 


_eral seasons in a large beech. The nest was a high pile of 


sticks, evidently the accumulation of years. Rarely, however, 
it will occupy the nest of the previous year, either using it as 
a foundation for a new structure, or pulling out the old, re- 
line it. F. E. Newberry gives an instance'of a nest of a Red- 
shoulder robbed at East Greenwich, R. I., and a Broad-wing 
taking possession after removing the old lining. The period of 
construction is ofttimes protracted, but too much curiosity 
leads to the desertion of the location and no time of its dur- 
ation can be given. An occupied and newly built nest taken 
by me at Berwyn, May 13, 99, was found ‘to contain the fol- 
lowing material: 20 white oak twigs, 6 to 10 inches long; 26 
chestnut twigs, 4 to 16 inches; 50 chestnut oak twigs, 5 to 16 
inches long and many-branched ; 77 dead sticks probably prin- 
cipally chestnut; 2 chestnut blossoms, 46 chestnut bark scales, 


* 1x2 to 2x6 inches; and a few leaf sprays. It was placed upon 


a foundation consisting of a Crow’s nest, from which it was 
separated. 

Dead sticks, twigs and pieces of bark principally, occasion- 
ally corn husk, bits of moss and live twigs of any easily obtain- 
able variety of tree; lined with a quantity of rough bark scales 
from the trunks of the chestnut, oak, maple, beech, balsam, 
spruce, hemlock, pine or birch, according to locality, only one 
kind being ‘used in a nest; often a few green twigs of the 
spruce, poplar, hemlock, fir or red cedar are added ; more rare- 
ly, strips of inner tree bark, or red cedar, wild grape vine or 
pine bark, or bits of moss, usnea or lichen-covered bark may 
be used ; and in two instances (Mass., N. 1D) pine needles, and 


248 Tur Witson BULLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


in one instance (Florida) chicken feathers, formed the lining 
in part Audubon, followed by brewer, Zadock Thompson and 
Holmes, and later by Gentry, Goss, Hatch and Dugmore; have 
stated that the nest is lined variously with strips of bark, root- 
lets, moss and feathers of the domestic fowl. Lining of this 
nature appear more characteristic of the Red-shouldered Hawk, 
and the error probably originated with Audubon taking the 
description at second hand from his brother-in-law or from the 
fact of the nest being profusely feathered by the moulting fe- 
male. 

Entirely new. nests have better and more bulky appearance 
than the old patched up ones. In Central America, Salvin and 
Godman found no marked difference in the nest, roughly made 
of sticks, with a lining of bark and a few live twigs, some- 
times built very near the ground. The Grenada bird builds a 
large bulky structure of dry sticks, according to Wells. 

An ‘almost invariable custom of the Broad-wing is that of 
placing sprays of fresh green leaves and sometimes blossoms, 
of the chestnut, oak, poplar, maple, wild cherry, basswood, cot- 
tonwood, elm, pine. spruce, hemlock, balsam, and in one in- 
stance. evergreen vine and swamp grass, in the nest, under 
and around the eggs or young; seldom more thanione kind of 
leaf used in the individual nest, though it is frequently renewed. 
The sprays are broken from'the tops of trees and carried to 
the nest by means of the beak. In rare instances when the 
leaves have not appeared, green twigs with buds and blossoms 
attached, have been employed. 

Rev. Job has shown in photographic reproduction, the fe- 
male on a stub close to the nest, with a piece of bark in her 
bill, evidently for the purpose of adding to her nest, and he 
informs me that on May 18, ’08, he photographed the same 
bird as she brought a long strip of bark into the nest. Rarely, 
a few evergreen vines, wood plants or swamp grass may be 
used. Various reasons have been advanced for this very com- 
mon trait of the Broad-wing, but all appear to be equally fal- 
lacious. There is very little ground for the theory of ornamen- 
tation or that the bird possesses the artistic sense in the slight- 


teats 


Burns—Own BrROAD-WINGED HAWK. 249 


Raptorics should require protection from predatory animals. 
It is more likely the lingering vestige of the instinct that led 
its reptilian ancestors to employ decaying vegetation to de- 
velop the embryo. No doubt the moist tender leaf imparts 
more or less heat to the eggs, and as the habit is not abandoned 
until after the brood is able to clamber to the side of the nest, 
it serves the treble purpose: first a soft and warm bed for the 
callow young. and as the decaying refuse accumulate and the 
large tree ants, wood lice and ticks multiply, the successive 
layers become a matter of sanitation and protection. Almost 
all or our nest building Raptores are more or less addicted to 
this habit, none to the extent of this member, however. It 
seems to have an overpowering desire to bear something green 
to the nest after the real drudgery of construction is past. The 
references following the species below, give a more or less de- 
tailed account of green leaves in the nest, though seldom in 
the quantity and certainly not so consistently as in the instance 
of Buteo platypterus. 

Ictinia mississippiensis Mississippi Kite, Goss, Bendire’s Life 
Hist. N. A. Bds., 1892, 177; Singley, Davies’ Nests, and Eggs, N. A. 


Bds., 3rd ed., 1889, 166; Short, Oologist, XXI, 1904, 37-39; Peabody, 
O. and O., XVII, 1892, 170. 


Accipiter velox Sharp-shinned Hawk, Fisher, Hawks, and Owls 
U. S., 1892, 34. 

Astus atricapillus Goshawk, Wifrig, Auk, XXIII, 1906, 314; Ma- 
coun, Cat. Can. Bds., II, 1908, 229. 

Parabuteo unicinctus Harris’s Hawk, Goss, Bendire’s Life Hist., 
235. 

Buteo buteo Wuropean Buzzord, Seebohm, British Birds, p. 205. 

Buteo borealis borealis, Red-tailed Hawk, Burtch, Oologist, XXI, 
1904, pp. 42-48; Sharp, J/bid. XXII, 1905, 43-44. 

Buteo borealis calurus Western Red-tail, Dunn, Oologist, XIII, 
1906, 73. 

Buteo lineatus lineatus, Red-shouldered Hawk, Burtch, Oologist, 
XXI 1904, 42-43; Wood, /bid. XXIII, 1896, 5; Brooks, Jbid. 21- 
22. Wisher, Hawks and Owls U. S. 65. 

Buteo lineatus -alleni Florida Red-shouldered Hawk, Singley, 
Davies’ Nests and Hggs, 1889, 175. 

Buteo VUineatus elegans Red-bellied Hawk, Bendire, Life Hist. N. 


250 THE WILSON BuLteTIN—Nos, 76-77. 


A. Bds., 228; Sharp, Oologist, XXII, 1905, 4844; Condar, VIIT. 


1906, 145. 
Buteo abbreviatus Zone-tailed Hawk, Mearns, Bendire’s Life 


Hist. N. A. Bds., 230-31. 

Buteo swainsoni Swainson’s Hawk, Bendire, Life Hist. 239. 
Fisher, Hawks and Owls, 77; Sharp, Oologist, XXII, 1905, 43-44; 
Wheelock, Bds. Cala., 152; Seton, Bds. Manitoba, 284; Macoun, 
Cat. Can. Bds., 236, quoting Raine. 

Buteo brachyurus Short-tailed Hawk, Pennock, Bendire’s Life 
Hist. N. A. Bds., 247. 

Asturina plagiata Mexican Goshawk, Bendire, Life Hist. N. A. 
Birds, 252-3; ‘Stephens, Davies’ Nests and Eggs N. A. Birds, 179-80. 

Aquila chrysactos Golden Wagle, Bendire, Life Hist., 96; Cam- 
eron, Auk, 1908, 252.. 

Measurements cannot be had with any degree of accuracy. 
especially in diameter, on account of the nests’ irregularity ; 
but it varies from 11 to 30 inches in outside diameter, 36 aver- 
aging 19 inches. Outside depth 6 to 18 inches, averaging 10 
inches. Inside diameter 6 to 9 inches, averaging about 7.50) 
inches ; and inside depth from a fraction to 5 inches, the average 
2.50 inches. It is somewhat smaller and lacks the neatness of 
the Cooper’s Hawk nest. The exterior as well as the interior 
soon becomes flecked with the down feathers of the moulting 
birds and is a sure indication of its occupancy. 

A. C. Bent found a nest at Rehobeth, May 17, ’08, contain- 
ing three eggs 24 feet up in a small white birch which was 
but 4 inches in diameter immediately beneath a most insignifi- 
cant nest, flimsily built, about 14x12 inches outside and 6x7 
inches inside, lined with a few slabs of outer bark. Wm. B. 
Crispin, Salem, N. J., found a nest on May 27, '00, in a crotch 
of small pine, 15 feet up. The nest was small and flat, made 
of a few sticks, and lined with pine needles only. The nest was 
so small that it would probably have been overlooked but for 
the sitting bird. 

Derosirion—At Berwyn, Pa., one day intervenes deposi- 
tion, ordinarily, i.e. in a set of three eggs, the order is: first, 
third and fifth day. Sometimes two or more days intervenes. 
J. H. Flanagan found a nest in Kent Co., R. I., containing one 
egg, for which a fresh hen’s ege was substituted, May 19, 06. 


BurNns—Own Broap-wINGED HaAwkK. 251 


On the 27th the nest contained a second egg which showed no 
incubation, while the hen’s egg upon being broken exhibited 
incubation of about a week. 

Datres FoR CompLete Sets—Audubon states that the eggs 
“are deposited as early as the beginning of March . . . but not 
_ until a fortnight later in mountanious parts of the districts in 
which the birds most frequently breed. Yet the only set of 
eggs he mentions having seen, was as late as May 30. Some 
of his immediate successors compromised upon “early April,” 
and a host of later writers, even up to the present time, either 
boasting of their utter lack of personal experience with the 
domestic calendar of the species or distrusting their own ob- 
servations; blindly accept the rather general statement of Au- 
dubon or his imitators, causing endless confusion in the ranks: 
of the amateurs. The number of sets of eggs of Buteo lineatus 
and other early breeding Accipitrines innocently masquerading 
under the name of B. platypterns is appalling. Any one con- 
sulting the Bibliography at the end of this paper will see a 
number of corrections, preferably by the collector or writer 
acknowledging erroneous identification; and there can be little 
doubt that others would be discovered were it possible to have 
an expert handle the specimens. 

The date for fresh eggs in complete sets varies according to 
locality, of course, but it is coincident with the bursting of the 
leaf buds on the surrounding deciduous timber, and right here 
it might be remarked that the immunity from persecution en- 
joyed by this species during the breeding season is as much 
due to the thickening screen of leaves nature speedily throws 
around its habitation as the birds’ inoffensive habits. As C. L. 
Rawson says: "Not one farmer in fifty has ever seen the bird 
to know it. ... Even the Lillibridges whose homestead has 
lone been hetween two of the best breeding stretches of chest- 
nut timber in many a furlong, did not know it, though they 
had shot, trapped and robbed nests of all the other local birds 
of prey.” 

Some latitude is to be expected in my averages through the 
probable inaccuracies in the reported state of incubation, there- 


~ 


252 Tuer Witson BULLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


fore to be regarded as approximate only. 15 sets from the 
Lower Austral zone average April 28, extremes April 9—May 
18. 3551 nests from the Upper Austral and Transition zones 
average May 16, extremes April 24--June 25. 37 sets from the 
Canadian zone average May 25, extremes May 5—June 22. 
Western sets appear to average about two days later than cor- 
responding territory in the east, and sets found in evergreen 
trees appear to average about the same period earlier than those 
in deciduous trees. The extreme dates are for the most part 
unimportant, representing as they do single instances of ex- 
tremely early laying and of final effert after repeated failures. 
The normal egg producing period in a given locality is con- 
fined within about two weeks time, although the females may 
be about the nest for a month previous to deposition. | have 
in my possession a female shot from the nest April 17, “95, at 
Bradford Hills, Chester Co., Pa., in which dissection showed 
the ege developed to the size of large shot. In respect to the 
set recorded from Oneida Co., N. Y., on April 24, a very un- 
usual date. Egbert Bagg writes: Langworthy was a good ob- 
server and perfectly trustworthy. He is dead many, many 
years, so I can get no information from him, but I am almost 
certain that Dr. Ralph authenticated this record before we 
used it. We were very particular in this respect and 25 years 
has not disproved a single record on our list. I have looked 
through my journal and can find only one other record and 
that was for a full set of four May 14. 

Red River of the North, Minn. The time to expect eggs in 
this region is during the latter half of May (Preston). At 
Minneapolis, Minn., May 12 to 30. I never look for its eggs 
any other time, though T have found a set or two both before 
and after. I always figured upon starting out to collect its 
eggs on the first date and felt confident of finding complete 
sets of fresh eggs (Currie ms.). Tn Ontario it is a late breed- 
er, seldom laying its eggs before the last week in May, though 
once I found its eggs earlier, May 8, ‘88 (Macoun quoting Rev. 
C. J. Young). Lancaster, N. H., May 4, ’91, the earliest date ; 
June 3, ’04, the latest date: no second sets taken (Spaulding 


BROAD-WINGED Hawk (Buteo platypterus) 


Top and side views of nest and eggs. Berwyn, Pa., May 25, 1909 


(Photographs by Alfred C. Redfield) 


a 
¥ 
ji a <¥ 
2 hs 

. Gi 
; - aA i 
= et 

5 
es ~s 5 A 


BurNS—ON BROAD-WINGED HAwkK. 253 


ms..). Franklin Co., Me., Fresh sets are secured as late as 
June 2-7 (Carpenter ms.). Bristol Co., Mass., May 14-18 is 
the local date for fresh eggs in complete sets (Carpenter ms.). 
Fairfield, Conn. The time of nesting varies but little, the ex- 
iremes for first sets being May 9 to 19, with one exception, an 
instance of unusually early nesting that I could never account 
for, viz: May 17. “94, visited the Strong Hill tract and soon lo- 
cated the nest in a tall chestnut some 50 feet from the ground 
and a short distance from the old nest of 92. Upon ascending 
I was surprised to find it contained 3 young about 10 days 
old. thus showing that the eggs must have been deposited as 
early as the middle of April. My other birds in their chosen 
localities nested at usual time (Hamlin ms..). N. W. New 
York. Average about May 22, with a range of from May 15 
to 30 (Short ms.). Renova, Clinton Co., Pa. Earliest, May 5, 
latest May 12 (Pierce ms.). Chester Co., Pa. Average date 
for fresh eggs in complete sets is May 15, extremes May 3-19 
(Burns ms.). Illinois and Missouri, average May 14, 1891- 
1905; earliest. May 4, ’91; latest, May 19, 00 (Smith ms.). 
Washington, D. C. Fresh eggs may be looked for from the 
first week in May until the first week in June (Riley). Leon 
Co., Fla. The average date for fresh eggs is May 1. [ think 
is would he very difficult matter to find a nest with eggs before 
the last of April (Williams ms.). In Illinois and Missouri it 
prefers small woodland areas or groves of some few acres in 
extent (Smith, Jr. ms.), and in Florida it was found in the 
middle of a fifty acre woodland (Williams ms.). While col- 
lecting in conjunction with Mr. William Palmer in Pinar del 
Rio Province, Cuba, at San Diego de los Banos, we had some 
experience with this hawk. While making my way back to a 
temporary camp on April 7, 1990, I ran across a pair in the 
edge of open pine woods that bordered a thick tropical growth 
along the small river that flows by the town, and shot the fe- 
male which upon skinning, was found to have an egg in the 
oviduct ready for deposition, but which was unfortunately 
broken when the hawk was shot or upon handling. Upon vis- 
iting the same spot with Palmer on April 11, there was an- 


254 THe WILsoNn BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


other pair acting as if they had a nest in the vicinity and gave 
the same note as far as | could tell as the ones found around 
Vashington. Palmer shot the male and it was probably the 
mate of the one I shot on the 7th, already remated (Riley ms.). 
B. p. antillarwm is engaged is incubation as early as March 25, 
in Grenada, W. I. (Ober). 

NuMBER OF EGGs IN Set.—The pioneer writers give the 
maximum number in a set as 5, and Cory has recently reassert- 
ed it. Zadock Thompson gives an instance of a female shot 
while building her nest in April, 1840, near Burlington, Vt. 
Within her were found 5 eggs in different stages of enlarge- 
ment, one appeared fully formed with shell quite hard and ina 
condition to be deposited in a nest. Bendire gave an apparently 
authentic instance of a set of 5 eggs collected at Quincy, Ill. 
and I have made an earnest effort to locate this unique set for 
the purpose of verification. The collector, T. C. Poling, mforms 
me that he has given no special attention to ornithology for 
over 15 years; his collection and-records were disposed of to 
Adolph Sutro of San Francisco, Calif., many years ago. J. 
Eugene Law writes me that Adolph Sutro was one of the 
city millionaire pioneers and the owner of a fine park in the 
vicinity of the Cliff House, which was destroyed. Sutro mu- 
seum stood in the near vicinity. The set is probably now non- 
existant, and the few other claims have easily resolved into 
sets of 5 eggs of B. lineatus. J. D. Currie informs me that in 
Minnesota, out of about 40 sets found, 10 had 2 eggs each, 20 
had 3 eggs each, 4 had 4+ eggs each, and he considers four 
eggs in a set extraordinarily rare. Preston found a majority 
of sets taken in 1896 contained 3 eggs, while those of 1887 
had, with few exceptions, but 2 eggs; however, in the total 
for the seasons, more sets of 3 than 2 eggs were taken. 

The 406 sets, of which I have record, are divided as follows: 


Canadian Zone........... lset of 1, 26 sets of 2, 23 sets of 8, 9 sets of 4 
Transition Zone......... 7 sets of 1, G5 sets of 2, 98 sets of 3, 4 sets of 4 
Upper Austral Zone..... 6 sets of 1, 80 sets of 2, 66 sets of 3, 5 sets of 4 
Lower Austral Zone..... 1lset of 1,12setsof2, 3 sets of 3, 0 sets of 4 


OMEN! Seo enone oor s0 15 188 190 18 


BurNs—On BrROAD-wWINGED HAwk. 200 


Tt will be seen that we have here another instance of a sub- 
stantial increase in the number of eggs in a set from the south 
northward. The number of eggs in a set is therefore 2 or 3, 
oecasionally 1 or 4. When the first complement of eggs has 
been destroyed, the second clutch usually contain one less egg 
and the individual ege may suffer only a slight diminuation in 
size, or diminish in length and increase in short diameter (Rich- 
ards, Spaulding, Hoag and Currie ms.). A third set seldom 
consists of more than one egg of inferior dimensions. 

NUMBER OF SETS IN A SEASON.—This hawk, undisturbed, 
produces but one set in a season; and when the nest is dis- 
turbed, not all have the vitality to attempt a second set in the 
midst of the moulting period. Riley states that he believes but 
one brood is reared, unless the first is destroyed, when another 
set may be laid. Flanagan never found a second set after the 
first was taken, but on the other hand, Richards gives two in- 
stances, one pair producing the third set. Spaulding recalls 
two second sets of two eggs each which had previously sets 
of three eggs, laid in the very same nests. Hamlin collected 
a set of three eggs on May 14, °89, and a few days later on 
ascending to the nest he found a new lining had been added 
and three more eggs deposited. These were allowed to hatch 
but later the young were taken by a friend and reared in cap- 
tivity. The bird then built in a tall chestnut some 10 rods dis- 
tant and brought forth their young in safety. Currie writes 
me that he used to collect a few sets each year and in every 
case the birds would lay a second clutch of one less egg and 
always hatch them in peace. Bendire is without question cor- 
rect in his statement that a single brood is reared in a season. 

MerASUREMEN’T oF Eccs.—In selecting the eggs figuring in 
the averages | have used only well authenticated sets carefully 
measured by competent persons. Eggs abnormal or infertile, 
and those known to be the second or third laying of the sea- 
son. have not been used in this connection. The value of any 
set of eggs would be greatly enchanced, were each egg marked 
according to the incubation or the succession in which they 
were deposited. The few sets | have been able to thus sep- 


256 THe Wiuson BuLLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


arate, prove in four instances out of five, that the smallest was 
also the initial, Dr. Coues remarked that he had noticed that 
the variation, however great, is less in absolute bulk than con- 
tour in eggs in general. : 


eggs 
Total 
Eggs Set AY. Max. lgth. Max.sm. di, Min.gth. Min.sm.di. 


9 1 1.89x1.50, 2.00(x1.44), (1.91x)1.57 1.72 (x1.42), (1.72x) 1.43. 
182. 2 1.91x1.52, 2.12(x1.54), (2.06x)1.69,1.74 (x1.52), (1.76x) 1.30. 
274 3 1.98x1.54, 2.15(x1.51), (2.02x) 1.64, 1.75(x1.53), (1.92x) 1.50. 
44. 4 1.89x1.52, 2.09(x1.52), (1.96x) 1.58, 1.80(x1.47), (1.82x)1.40. 


509 averaging 1.92x1.53, (49x39 mim.). Sets of 1 average .05x.03, 
sets of 2, .01x.01, and sets of 4, .03x.01 less, and sets of 3 (which 
are with sets of 2, the typical number) .01x.01; more than the 
general average. 

There appear no consistent geographical variations in size. 
whatever advantage is gained by the increase in the size of the 
set northward, up to the maximum dimensions in sets of three 
eggs, is lost again in the smaller measurements of sets of four 
eggs which are the production of northern birds exclusively. 
Minnesota is apt to produce the slim egg of maximum length 
and minimum diameter, while Pennsylvania, with New York 
second and New Hatnpshire and Verment third, produces an 
egg of average length and maximum diameter; in reality the 
egg of the greatest capacity. Ernest IH. Short gives the aver- 
age size as 1.93 and 1.55, and the largest egg he regards as 
really authentic 2.06x1.61, taken by L. C. Snyder in Oswego 
Co., N. Y. Some of my correspondents as well as myself have 
remarked upon the variation of individual eggs in lesser di- 
ameter, often exhibiting from .01 to .03 according to position 
af calipers. Offering a layman's explanation, this may be due 
to uneven pressure before deposition, or perhaps the weight 
of the bird’s body after deposition when the shell is more plas- 
tic C. F. Stone has noticed this variation in eggs of the Red- 
shouldered Hawk he has measured, also. In the oviduct of a 
breeding Broad-wing shot on April 28, ‘06, by a friend, were 
three eggs in formative process; the largest would probably 
have heen dropped in a short time, the shell was of a leathery 


Burns—On BROAD-WINGED HAWK. Qi 


texture, pale blue in color and even a few shell marks present ; 
this could be subjected to considerable pressure without break- 
ing, immediately after removal. 


Old works on the science almost invariably give the dimen- 
sions of the B. lineatus for B. platwpterus, and the archaic 
methods of measurement were not wholly to blame. Errone- 
ous identification is responsible for a great many specimens of 
the former labeled as the latter. When Chas. C. Richards 
measured the Lorenzo Blackstone collection of Broad-winged 
Hawk eggs in the State Hall, Norwich Free Academy, he 
also measured the smallest set of Red-shouldered Hawk’s eggs 
in a series of 37 sets. They were 1.96x1.64, 1.97'%2x1.68, 
2.0614x1.86%4, and were the smallest he ever saw of the spe- 
cies. His own smallest specimens in a set, of the same bird, 
are 2.02x1.64, 2.04x1.66, 2.0014x1.65. In the matter of ex- 
change, when a so-called Broad-wing’s eggs runs over 1.60 in 
width, he thinks the collector’s reputation should be O. Kd. 
That the dimensions of the eggs of the two species overlap, 
there can be no question, and in a region where both species 
occur, the oologist cannot be too careful in his identifications. 


H. W. Beers took a set of eggs in Fairfield Co., Ct., on 
May 14, 96, which is unique in the wide range in individual 
shells, 2.08x1.53, 1.92x1.55, 1.57x1.27, the last named being a 
runt measuring little more in length than the smaller diameter 
of the first egg. An egg collected by T. and J. Flannagan in 
Kent Co., R. I., on May 19, °06, in a maple at the edge of a 
swamp takes the palm for dimensions. It is 1.30x.96 and is 
well marked with splashes and blotches of rufous brown and 
lilac. The texture of the shell is coarse and somewhat gran- 
ulated and a little malformed on one side, and of a dull finish. 
The nest was found on the 13th with the bird sitting on this 
runt, which proved infertile. |. H. Flanagan states that he 
has more than 200 sets of hawk’s eggs of the different species 
of his own take and this is his only runt in hawk eggs. Prob- 
ably the parent would have proved an aged bird, perhaps un- 
mated. 


258 THE Wirson BuLteTIN—Nos. 76-77. 


Verrill gives the measurements of B. p. rivierei eggs as 
1.80x1.50 to 1.85x1.55. 

DESCRIPTION OF EGGS—Someone professes to see only two 
points of interest in a bird’s egg—‘‘One is what the egg is in, 
the other is what is in the egg.” However, there are some 
very good people interested in the shell. Fragile, exquisitely 
beautiful specimens, more precious to their possessors than 
the finest old china, have passed from one generation of oolo- 
gists to another, gems that love or money could not buy. A 
series. and sometimes the eggs of a set, show considerable 
variation in shape, ranging from elliptical ovate to oval; short 
ovate being the most typical, and ovate-pyriform the rarest. 
Of the latter type are a set collected at Chippewa, Co., Mich., 
and described by C. F. Stone; and another taken at Salem, 
N. J., by W. B. Crispin. 

The ground color runs from pure white to grayish, bluish, 
greenish, and cream-white, grayish-white being the most fre- 
quent; the “dirty-white” ground color of most writers being 
exactly what it seems—dirty, soiled by the bird’s feet. The 
shells exhibit almost maximum range and development of col- 
oration in North American Raptores, and a typical set very 
rarely contains more than two eggs of the same type; not 
infrequently all are different. In sets of two or three, one 
egg is almost certain to be of the gray or lavender sub-shell 
type and the remainder overlaid with pigment. In sets of four, 
the second egg may be an example of heavier sub-shell mark- 
ings or lightly overiaid with russet or brown. The eggs of 
this species also present the odd characteristic of confluent 
pigmentation at the smaller end or apex as frequent as at the 
base. Six fairly distinct types are discernable without resort 
to combinations: (a) Immaculate, or with faint shadow mark- 
ings. Not so infrequent as generally supposed. (b) Semi- 
obscured sub-shell markings of impure black or red and violet, 
producing the different grays, and the lilac-gray, heliotrope 
and lavender. Present in at least one egg of almost every set. 
(c) Sub-shell markings and surface stains of ecru-drab, fawn 
and drab. A rare form of coloration. (d) Surface pigmenta- 


3URNS—ON BROAD-WINGED Hawk. 259 


tion of yellow-browns, wood-brown, tawny-olive, cinnamon, 
raw sienna, raw umber, russet, etc. A not uncommon type pro- 
ducing perhaps the least attractive coloration. (e) Red-browns. 
mars, prouts, burn-umber, walnut, vandylse, chocolate and seal 
brown. The most common pigmentation, occuring in fully 
half of the eggs. (f) Subdued reds, rufous, brick, hazel, chest- 
nut, burnt sienna and claret brown. A not infrequent pigmen- 
tation and producing very rich combinations; usually when 
present at all, occurs more or less on all eggs of a set. Ap- 
pears most frequently on Minnesota specimens. 

A white ground shows off the pigments to the best advant- 
age, but the tinted grounds often aid the production of beauti- 
ful combinations. The most varied and brilliant series comes 
from Connecticut, though New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa- 
chusetts, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia ~ 
and in the west, Manitoba and Minnesota, produce many beau- 
tiful eggs, greatly eclipsing the series from which Major Ben- 
dire took his descriptions. Mr. Riley recently informed me 
that the U. S. National Museum now has a series of 76 eggs 
and the variations are very great. Most of them have come in 
since Bendire composed his work, and many of them are much 
handsomer than any he figured. My own personal experience 
in southeastern Pennsylvania has been that the eggs taken by 
myself pale into insignifcence in comparison to the brilliant 
examples taken by H. W. Beers in Connecticut. In descrip- 
tions, the blotches represent the larger, the spots the medium 
and the dot the smallest markings. In nearly all of the pairs 
visited by Beers, there has been a striking resemblance of eggs 
for two or often three years, and then perhaps a jump from 
one extreme to another: from very plain to the most remark- 
able type or vice versa. 

Chas. C. Richards describes a set taken at Norwich, Ct., 
May 15, 08, in which one of the eggs was a solid bluish-white 
like a Cooper's Hawk, only smaller, the other shell markings 
of lavender heaviest at the large end, and over this a few light 
brown spots and blotches. He finds that the texture of the 
shells of tis species is so porous that if the surface be damp- 


260 THE Wttson BULLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


ened, the markings in the shell will come out quite strong. 
R. M. Barnes gives at some length the markings upon a set 
collected June 10, °07, at Hyde Park, Mana., by C. P. Forge. 
All three show the effects of rotary action in the oviduct before 
the excessive deposition of pigment had thoroughly set, but 
curiously spiral or screw-like in formation, as if in progression. 
H. S. Hathway took two sets at East Greenwich, R. I., in which 
some of the eggs were strikingly similar to specimens of the 
Red-shouldered Hawk. Referring to Bendire’s plate 7, No. 1 is 
like his figure 2 of the Red-shoulder, No. 2 like his figure 12 but 
more evenly speckled, and No. 3 similar but more color on small 
end, and all in size and shape as his figure 12 of the Broad-wing. 
No. 1 of his second set is almost identical with figure 13, No. 2 
like figure 3 of the Red-shoulder, only more heavily marked, 
and No. 3 similar to figure 5 of same species, only more evenly 
marked. A set in the collection of T. H. Jackson, was taken 
by G. L. Hamlin at Bethel, Ct., and is described as of the size 
and shape of Swallow-tailed Nite’s:eggs and almost as hand- 
somely marked. Ground-color, creamy-white, heavily blotched 
with two-shades of brown, heaviest about larger.ends. On the 
surface of one egg in a set of three collected by Albert Lock- 
wood for John Gath, Lorrington, Ct., and described by J. 
Warren Jacobs, there appear markings in the form of the bust 
of a man in colonial dress, holding cocked hat in hand near 
left shoulder. Placed under a glass the blotches lose all re- 
semblance of course. J. H. Flanagan tock a set in Kent Co., 
R. I. on May 19 and 27, 06; the first heavily marked with ru- 
fous. the larger end covered as thickly as a Duck Hawk's egg, 
the remainder more sparingly and evenly marked; the second 
beautifully marked over the entire surface with large splashes 
of lilac and a few of rufous. Gerard A. Abbott describes a set 
in his collection selected from over a hundred eggs, taken at 
Minneapolis, Minn. Two eggs are almost completely covered 
over one-third with a peculiar brick-red on the smaller ends; 
the third is blotched about eaually over entire surface and some 
of the markings are heliotrope. A similar set is described by 
Richards from the collection of Lorenzo Plackstone, Norwich, 


fj 


BurRNS—ON BroAp-wINGen Hawk. 26 


Ct. H. W. Beers took a set at Bridgeport, Ct., in ‘09 that is 
~ described as different from any in his really wonderful series. 
Vhe markings on both eggs are confined to the small end 
which is nearly solid bright rose-pinkish tint, and when fresh 
he thought them more beautiful than anything he had hereto- 
fore taken. 

Second and third sets of the season are easily recognized. 
Richards gives the following instances in detail: First set, May 
12, 08, dDluish-white, (1) heavily sub-marked with lavender, un- 
der a bright rich hazel in spots and blotches, heaviest at larger 
end ; (2) heavily sub-marked all over in spots and blotches with 
avendar, heaviest at ends, two or three brown spots over this, 
compar. ‘e to Fig. 10, pl. 7, Bendire’s Life Histories. Second 
Set, May 29, 08, (1) similar to first described in previous set, 
acking heavy markings at large end; one blotch about an inch 
square of lavender, center of shell has about two-dozen dark 
brown spots from the size of a pin to No. 12 shot; (2) dull white, 


heavily blotched and spotted with chestnut, a few pale lavender 
spots and small blotches at large end. The second series-first 
set, May 5, 08, bluish-white, spotted and blotched all over 
with pearl-gray and heliotrope, giving a marked appearance, 
and a few fine spots of rich hazel-brown on surface, looking 
like a large whip-poor-will’s eggs without gloss: (2) faintly 
spotted all over with hazel-brown, brick red and small blotches 
of bright chestnut, with a wash of claret stain nearly all over, 
have never seen any egg colored like this; (3) greenish-white, 
shell markings of lavender with a pinkish tint, spotted and 
blotched all over with light brown. Second set, May 20, ’08, 
200 yards from first nest, (1) almost exactly like first ege of 
first set, except brighter and shell markings are all heliotrope 
and has a few blotches and spots of rich hazel-brown; (2) 
greenish-white, beautifully spotted and blotched all over with 
rich hazel and chestnut, forming a ring around larger end, one 
small blotch in the center of the shell has a wash of the pecu- 
liar claret on the second egg of the first set. Third set, June 
8, °08, incubation four or five days, 100 yards from the second 
and 250 yards from the first nest. The single ege a composite 


262 Tue Witson BULLETIN—NoOs. 76-77. 


of the first and second eggs of first set, the color all run to- 
gether and bleached out as if pigment was about exhausted. 
Around the smaller end are streaks of lilac and brown that 
look as if laid on with a brush foul with lint. 

Buteo platypterus antillarwm according to Wells, deposits 
two eggs, buff color, spotted and blotched with reddish-brown. 
Clark, however, states that three eggs are usually laid and that 
he has had the opportunity of examining through the kindness 
of Dr. Dunbar B. B. Hughes, a number of eggs of this bird, 
in the collection of the late John Grant Wells, which were ob- 
tained in Grenada, W. I. Six sets were represented. The 
eggs were all bluish-white, unspotted. The natives at St. 
Vincent also informed him that this bird laid unspotted eggs. 
Buteo platypterus rivieri eggs are described by Verrill as dull 
white, heavily washed and blotched with rufous, umber and 
greyish-brown. 

DESCRIPTION OF A SERIES OF SETS—From over 100 sets never 
before described I have selected 15 sets showing, it is believed, 
every type of coloration known; the whole, added to those al- 
ready described under previous sub-heads, making a truly mag- 
nificent series, which, aside from their value as natural history 
specimens are a delight to the eye of the lover of the heau- 
tiful. 

Set I. Easton, Ct., May 30, 08, col. H. W. Beers, chestnut, 35 
ft. Ground color white with very slight gloss and just a sugges- 
tion of green, 1.98x1.58, quite lightly but regularly spotted and 
blotched with a stain-like light mars brown, 1.96x1.60, shell mark- 
ings so far beneath the surface or so light as to suggest a shadow 
rather than a describable tint. A few faint flecks of mars brown 
dispersed over surface, comparing with the typical Aeccipiter cooperi 
egg except in size, shape and texture: slightly granular at large 
end. 1.97x1.55, practically if not actually unspotted. T could de- 
tect a few faint flakes of undeterminable color besides the nest 
stains. Shell slightly granular at large end. The palest set IT ever 
examined. Ovate. Desc. by IF. L. B. 

Set II. Chester Co., Pa., May 12, ’SS, col, by Thomas H. Jackson, 
chestnut, 48 ft. Dull grayish-white ground. 1.94x1.62, almost 
plain, sprinkled with dots size of pinhead all over, running into 
fine lines at greater end similar to markings on an Oriole’s egg. 


3ROAD-WINGED TLAwk (Buteo platyptcrus) 


A series of eggs in the collection of H. W. Beers, Bridgeport, Conn 


f 
Fi 
* 
‘ Sy 
ie, 


Burns—On BroAd-wINGED HAWK. 263 


1.93x1.61, very similar though much more heavily marked at 
greater end. 1.95x1.65, quite heavily marked around small end 
with olive brown blotches and dottings. 

Set. III. Waston, Ct., May 18, ’08, col. H. W. Beers, chestnut, 
30 ft. Almost dead white. 2.04x1.61, smaller end and almost to 
the middle scratched with countless microscopical hair lines of 
pale vandyke brown with a few spots and scrawls of a heavier 
ealibre over two-thirds of this area. 1.97x1.57, almost entire sur- 
face clouded with longitudinal shell markings of smoke and drab, 
heaviest in a broad ring about one end, possibly the larger, though 
the egg appears an almost perfect oval. There are three or four 
tiny specks of walnut or pale yandyke brown. Oval. Desc. by 
10) Ibe 183, 

Set IV. Trumbull, Ct., May 19, ’99, col. H. W. Beers, chestnut, 
25 ft. Dead white. 1.90x1.44, palest possible shell markings of 
drab gray, most numerous about larger end, with scattered stip- 
pling of walnut at base, thicker and paler at apex. 1.79x1.39, shell 
markings of ecru drab and drab, the latter confluent in broad 
band around smaller end principally, overlaid on surface of minor 
third and a few scattered to base, with fine spots and blotches of 
burnt umber. This is a most remarkable looking egg, one which 
would attract attention in any collection. Ovate. Dese. by F. L. 
Burns. 

Set V. Berwyn, Pa., June 5, ’95, col. F. L. Burns, chestnut, 47° 
ft. White ground. 1.76x1.45, wood brown appearance, heaviest at 
larger end, stippled or flea-bitten look more often present in the 
eges of the Sparrow Hawk. Short ovate. 1.83x1.51, surface stain 
in large blotches confluent on one-half of the smaller end, extend- 
ing on this side out to the center, of a very pale mars brown, al- 
most faun. <A few shadow-like shell stains of no definite color. 
Ovate. 

Set VI. Calais, Maine, May 17, ’94, col. George A. Boardman. 
Dull white. 1.92x1.52, evenly sprinkled all over with fine dots, 
small spots and irregular blotches of pale tawny olive and raw 
sienna. 1.99x1.50, more sparingly splashed with irregular small 
blotehes and scattering dots of wood brown and raw umber. 2.01x 
1.51, irregularly splashed with blotches, chiefly about the smaller 
end, with wood brown and prout’s brown. All of these colors have 
probably faded. Oval to elliptical oval. Desc. by A. C. Bent. 

Set VIT. Garver, Mass., May 22, ’01, col. A. C. Bent, white pine, 
40 ft. Dull white. 1.93x1.53, partially clouded with lavender 
gray, heavily blotched, particularly about the small end, with vin- 
aceous and heliotrope purple, underlaid with irregularly broken 
blotches or clusters of confluent small dots of cinnamon rufous. 


264. THe Witson BULLETIN—Nos. 16-77. 


1.89x1.50, heavily clouded with lavender and pale heliotrope purple, 
particularly about the small end, nearly concealing the ground 
color, also sparingly washed with vinaceous cinnamon, with one 
blotch and a few dots of chestnut. Ovate to oval. 

Set. VIII. Carver, Mass., May 26, 06, col. A. © Bent, white 
pine, 24 ft. Dull white. 1.95x1.52, heavily blotched, principally 
about the larger end, in an irregular and open pattern, with cinna- 
mon, overlaid with spots of burnt umber and chestnut. 1.93x1.50, 
nearly covered with small dots, confluent into blotches and con- 
cealing the ground color of the larger end, of russet, overlaid with 
spots of burnt umber and washed at the large end with bright 
vinaceous-rufous. 1.92x1.50, uniformly spotted with lavender gray, 
and sparingly with russet and chestnut. Ovate to oval. 

Set IX. Berwyn, Pa., May 11, ’88, col. F. lL. Burns, chestnut, 
838 ft. Cited as deposited. White. 1.96x1.54. speckled and spotted 
over the entire surface, blotched at smaller end, with mummy 
brown; on the smaller end the blothes are laid on so ‘heavy in 
places as to appear deep vandyke brown. 1.88x1.65, infinitisimal 
dots and specks over surface, assuming an almost solid stippled- 
like appearance on minor third, all of a walnut brown. This flea- 
bitten semblance gives the ground a creamy-white look whenever 
visible. 1.88x1.60, under shell markings gathering at the minor 
end. A few surface markings of mars brown. This egg is of the 
type illustrated by Bendire in fig. 12. 

Set X. Monroe, Ct. May 15, ‘05, col. H. W. Beers, chestnut, 
40 ft. Dead white. 1.90x1.56, spotted and blotched with mars brown, 
the centers of the largest splotches suggesting burnt umber, con- 
fluent in broad band just back of middle and extending almost to 
base. 1.91x1.51, heavily stained about smaller end with chocolate, 
overlaid with walnut, scattering irregularly to base in detached 
spots. <A richly marked set of the most frequent type. Ovate 
Dese. by F. L. B. 

Set XI. Monroe, Ct.. May 24, °06, col. H. W. Beers. chestnut, 
25 ft. Pale greenish-white. 1.92x1.49, a band of vandyke brown 
confluent blotches centered with the darker seal brown, forming 
a cap about larger end and has the appearance of having been 
so thin a stain and the shell so absorbent that it spread and 
blurred as upon blotting paper, the color regularly punctured with 
minute bubble-like dots showing the ground color beneath. Two- 
thirds of the shell unspotted. 1.94x1.58, desultorily smeared in 
blotches about larger half with clove brown, which appears half 
obliterated as from a wash before wholly dry. Most of the shell 
unspotted entirely. A unique set. Ovate. Dese. by F. lL. B. 


Burns—On Broap-wincen Hawk. 265 


Set NII. Easton, Ct., May 15, 02, col. H. W. Beers, chestnut, 
35 ft. White. 2.00x1.50, heavily blotched with burnt umber and 
walnut, forming a whorl about the base and practically covering 
the ground. 1.90x1.49, heavily marked with mars brown, ground 
invisible at base, which has a few scrawls of walnut overlying 
confluent mars brown. 1.91x1.47, so heavily clouded with shell 
markings of drab and fawn as to render the ground nowhere 
plainly visible and about the greater end completely obscured. An 
almost invisible stippling of pale walnut over entire surface. 
Quite unique. Ovate to elongate ovate. Desc. by F. L. B. 

Set NITI. Trumbull, Ct.. May 12, °03, col. H. W. Beers, chest- 
nut, 50 ft. Dead white. 2.02x1.58, very large blotches, some of 
them .50x.75 in diameter, of a desp rich walnut, almost liver 
brown, over the larger end and extending in lesser spots on one 
side only, to near apex. 2.00x1.55, comparatively immense shell 
markings of drab-gray, one being .50x1.25, chiefly back of greater 
diameter and spreading in smaller spots toward smaller end, which 
remains unspotted. These shell markings are partly overlaid with 
pale vandyke brown, with here and there a spatter of mars brown. 
A very striking and handsome set. The second not so richly col- 
ored as the first, is of the tvpe exemplified in Bendire’s fig 11, but 
much better colored. Ovate. Desc. by F. L. B. 

Set. XIV. Carver, Mass., May 25, ’07, col. A. C. Bent, white 
pine, 31 ft. Pale bluish-white. 2.03x1.51, heavily marked with 
Jarge irregular blotches, spots and dots of cinnamon rufous, brick 
red and burnt umber. the latter overlying the lighter colors. 1.92x 
1.51, heavily marked, principally about the small end with vinac- 
eous rufous and burnt sienna, the latter on top of the lighter 
spots. 1.89x1.49, more sparingly blotched and spotted, principally 
in a ring near the large end, with cinnamon rufous and burnt um- 
ber. Ovate to oval. 

Set XV. Hyde Park, Mana., June 12, ’07. col. C. P. Forge, wil- 
low bush, 10 ft. Ground color white to soiled white. 1.89x1.49, | 
almost completely obscured by. vast numbers of small irregularly 
shaped bluish-gray markings, darker at smaller end and showing 
a slight rusty tinge of color. 1.87x1.48, very thickly marked 
about the smaller end with very light rusty red in small blotches, 
almost running into each other and scattered over the large end. 
1.96x1.55. heavily marked over the larger end with a mass of light 
rusty. reddish markings, almost obscuring the ground color on that 
end. and scattered rather thickly over balance of the surface. 
1.82x1.40, rather thickly marked with vrey many irregularly shaped 
blotches of bluish-gray and lavender, a few bordering on a light 
tusty red in color. Dese. by R. M. Barnes. 


266 THe Witson BULLETIN—NOos. 76-77. 


Incubation. 


This bird is a devoted brooder, both sexes assisting, as tes- 
tified by Messrs. Banks, Bendire, Knight, and verified by my- 
self. An almost invariable sign that incubation is progressing, 
is the down feathers adhering to the nest. Chas. Richards 
nicely illustrates the secretiveness and close sitting of the 
species in his notes of a set taken in an open wood or park, 
Norwich, Ct., May 20, ‘0S. He says that on the 17th a man 
and woman were practicing at a mark with a 22 calibre rifle 
within 100 yards of the nest where the hawk was sitting. On 
Sunday afternoon 54 people were counted within sight of the 
nest at one time, and a woman with a couple of children roam- 
inf around was actually sitting on a rock under the nest, all 
unconscious of its tenant. George L. Hamlin relates an instance 
where the birds had been sitting about ten days when a neigh- 
bor to whom he had revealed the nest, from a mistaken sense 
of duty, shot the female from the nest. The male completed 
the incubation, and later, the single young was procured and 
reared in confinement when nearly fledged. Again, early in 
May, ’93, a nest was found just completed. No eggs were 
ever deposited and but one bird seen in the vicinity. At every 
visit he showed as much solicitude as if it was occupied, and 
several times upon ascending, fresh green poplar leaves had 
been added to the lining. The nest was not deserted until the 
latter part of June; the conclusion that it was built by an un- 
mated or bereaved male, seems well founded. 

An ancient trick, often very much abused, is to replace an 
incomplete set with the eggs of the domestic hen, and the 
Buteo’s utter lack of discrimination is evinced by brooding 
over it for many days. The female not infrequently sits on 
the nest a short time every day for several days before an 
ege is laid. J. Claire Wood adds his testimony to mine in this, 
having witnessed an instance. 

John H. Flanagan believes incubation begins with the first 
egg. In support of this he relates two instances: Nest found 
in Kent Co., R. L.. May 18, ‘01, contained one egg, and two on 
the 26th, one well begun in incubation and one fresh. A set 


BurNS—On BroAD-WINGED HAWK. 26 


~z 


of four taken May 27, '05, incubation varied from fresh to 
above one week in one egg. Other sets, however, exhibited 
uniform incubation, which is the rule. Walter A. Angell took 
an egg and two young just hatched, from a nest on June 19, 
1907, and the egg hatched under a hen the next day. 

Bendire places the period of incubation at from 21 to 25 
days. Near Berwyn, on May 19, ’01, at 12 M., I flushed a fe- 
male from the same nest as that used in 94. Two large eggs 
lay on a bed of chestnut bark scales, and a single ‘bunch of 
green chestnut-oak leaves, just garnered. Bird not on at 5:14 
P. M. On May 30, I found the lightest marked egg standing 
on its greater end, punctured by a nest twig. It contained a 
rather medium-sized embryo. The bird was not seen, though 
the sound egg was warm. May 31 the male was flushed, no 
additional lining except a single moulted secondary. June 10, 
at 7 P. M., flemale flushed: sides of nest built up neatly, fence- 
like and about three inches all around with green chestnut-oak 
leaves and several clusters placed under the egg, the latter 
slightly cracked at one side. Female protested at the slowness 
of my decent. June 12, 7 P. M., parent stole off silently and 
unseen. I heard the faint peeping of the nestling before I was 
within ten feet of the nest. It had just hatched and not yet 
entirely free from the large end of the shell, sprawling upon its 
breast with chin resting on the side of the nest' The female 
uttered a protest from a nearby tree, and I hurried down, be- 
ing just seven minutes from time of strapping on climbers un- 
til on my road home. I would place the period of incubation of 
this egg at fully 24 days, as to the best of my knowledge the 
egg was perfectly fresh on the 19th of May. I regret to say 
that all other of the several tests made by me, were less per- 
fect through my inability to ascertain the exact dates of com- 
mencement, though I have been fortunate enough to be pres- 
ent within an hour of the hatching on more than one occasion. 
Fred H. Carpenter offers two instances for calculation, both 
from Bristol Co., Mass.; May 17, 03, two eggs; June 4, no 
change; June 12, one young at least two days old, and one ad- 
dled ege. May 17, ’03, three eggs, one taken proved fresh; 


268 THE WiLson BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


June 4, no change; June 12, one young and one pipped egg. 
Apparently a period of 23 to 25 days. 
Young. 


CARE OF THE NESTLING—I have studied the nestlings of five 
different nests. So silent and secretive are the devoted parents 
that only one nest was discovered after the brood had appear- 
ed. I had passed and repassed almost daily the white oak 
which stood at the juncture of two woodland paths, without 
discovering the hidden nest, and it was not until | had finally 
tarried awhile at the nest of an Oven-bird close by, that I no- 
ticed the ground within a radius of perhaps twenty feet plenti- 
fully besprinkled with the excrement of the three young larger 
than squabs. that the female at last betrayed, June 19, “00. 
Contrary to the general belief, the forcible ejection of excre- 
ment is not peculiar to the young alone as any one having an 
adult captive may discover. In another instance the single 
nestling hatched on June 12, and left the nest July 23, “01, a 
period of 41 days. In another instance two out of three 
eggs hatched on June 3, 96, and the infertile egg disposed of 
soon after. Later one of the young died and was probably car- 
ried away. The remaining nestling was taken by me on July 
1, after it had prematurely flushed from the nest on my unex- 
pected appearance: the period was 29 days. Abundance of 
food is provided and the nest supplied daily with green leaf 
sprays. by the parents. The tender young are protected from 
the hot summer sun, inclement weather and cool nights. I 
have found the male covering 5 days old hawklets. Even when 
they have become fairly well fledged, one or the other of the 
birds seem always in attendance in a nearby tree top. The 
whistled protest of the parents as they shadow one through the 
woods, is all the hint one often has of their presence and un- 
ceasing vigilence. How long they are guarded after leaving 
the nest, I am unable to say, but for a week or two after the 
nest is vacated, a protesting whistle from a hidden form 
in the neighboring foliage informs one af the jealous care of 
the juveniles doubtless also hidden nearby. The immatures 


VRCAbD-WINGED Hawk (Buteo platypterus) 


Nestlings about two weeks old 


(Photographed by Thomas H, Jackson) 


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BurNs—On BrROAD-WINGED HAWK. 269 


are unmercifully driven out of the adults territory the follow- 
ine spring, should they attempt to invade it. Parental care 
does not survive the winter's frost. 

DiIspeosirIon oF THe NeEStLING—The spirit of adventure and 
acquisition which leads men to oological fields, fails to attract 
many to the equally important study of the young; therefore | 
am compelled to rely almost wholly upon my own data in this 
respect. I] appreciate the fact that in viewing the beautifully 
painted shell ruined by the struggling chick, the feelings of the 
oologist are akin to those of the orderly collector of skins ob- 
serving the plucking of the feathers of a rare bird; or the 
photographer, seeing the bird he is about to picture, fall be- 
fore the gun of a sportsman. i 

The chick utters a peeping cry as soon as out of the shell 
and appears hungry as soon as its down has dried. | have 
seen it turn its head and bite at my thumb, when less than a 
day old. For some days the adults dismember the food and » 
the young soon learn to snatch it piecemeal from their beaks. 
When from five to eight days old it sits erect and its mouth 
flies open at every sound; it is able to disgorge a pellet the 
size of a hazelnut, scratch itself and behave as' well to its mates 
as the best tempered of birds. 

DEVELOPMEN?T OF JUVENILE PLUMAGE 


The young upon 
hatching June 3, 06, was well covered with white down, eyes 
and hill blue-black, cere very pale yellow, feet, tarsi and edge 
of mouth flesh color; and eight days later the feet and tarsi 
were the palest possible flesh tint with incipient yellow cast, 
and the talons blue-black. Another about 10 days old June 20, 
‘07, was entirely covered with down except the abdomen, which 
was bare; the skin around the eyes greenish-yellow ; midway 
between tip and beginning of the curve of the beak was a 
whitish protubrance; in all other respects as described in last 
year’s nestling, 

For my own convenience my subjects have all been taken 
from the nest at some period and reared in ‘captivity. I en- 
deavored to supply them with their natural and as varied food 
as they would have received in their nests ; therefore the growth 


270 THE WILSON BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


of the feather tracts was perhaps altogether normal. Chester 
Co., Pa., June 12, "10, one young about 10 days old, weight 4 
ounces, still in its nestling down, pupil appears blue and iris 
deep brown. June 17, about 15 days old, primaries and sec- 
ondaries developing in quill; June 18th, greater coverts appear- 
ing in quill; 19th, alula, scapulars, inter-scapulars in quill; 21st, 
coverts coming out quite regularly, also nape and rectrices; 
22nd, 20 days old, primaries, secondaries and tertials bursting 
sheath, nape down to middle of back, upper tail coverts; 23rd, 
sides of breast, irides wood brown; 24th, interscapulars show 
through white down quite prominently, rump pin feathers 
(compared with young bird in nest July 4, ‘00, known to be 
22 days old; down covered head, neck and thighs, primaries 
and secondaries broken sheath and partly developed, breast 
feathers dashed with tawny hut not to middle, irides hair 
brown) ; 25th, colors distinguishable; 26th, pin feathers down 
back to rump, under tail coverts; 27th, pin feathers spreading 
on abdomen and breast. July 1st I was compelled to kill this 
bird. Onithe 27th [ was away all day and left word that it 
should be fed often, hut my niece neglected it, and the poor 
little creature, frantic with hunger, tumbled out of its box in 
its efiorts to meet me as | entered in the evening, breaking its 
right lee above the heel and since almost refused to eat. De- 
scription: feet and tarsi straw yellow, cere citron yellow, edge 
of mouth, skin of lores and lower eyelids, pale greenish-blue; 
irides mouse gray, weight 9 oz., about 29 days old. 

Two captives taken on July 2, 07, 22 days old, were “Tuck” 
the larger, older and male bird; and “Nip” the female; natal 
down, except as herein noted, humeral tract or scapulars evi- 
dently first showing two or three days back; alar tract, second- 
aries. terials, greater upper wing coverts, followed by the pri- 
maries, primary coverts and alula, rectices less than one-half 
inch in sheath; ventral tract, patch appearing on side of breast 
but not below; spinal tract, first traces between shoulders; fe- 
moral tract, first traces; irides slightly lighter. July 3rd, spi- 
nal tract, first traces appearing prominent ; humeral, spreading, 
showing a V-shaped tract when wings are closed ; altar-primar- 


BurRNs—ONn BroAp-wINGED HAWK. 271 


ies evidently later than secondaries, middle wing coverts as well 
as lesser coverts not yet in evidence except a few scattered 
feathers, primaries 3.40 on Tuck, 1.70 on Nip; caudal, rectices 
1.87 Tuck, 1.40 Nip. upper tail coverts just appearing; fe- 
moral, first appearance beyond down; vental, slightly extend- 
ing; capital, dark feathers appearing on crown on Tuck, July 
4, humeral tract spreading out over shoulders; ventral spread- 
ing a little on breast and extending slightly towards abdomen, 
crural—scattering, femoral extending downward. 5th, 25 days 
old, spinal tract spreading out over shoulders, ventral spread- 
ing a little on the breast and toward the abdomen, crural, scat- 
tered feathers appearing on the legs and flank extending down- 
ward to legs. 6th, spinal tract extending toward neck, a thin 
line from back of shoulders to almost small of back and ap- 
pearing again at rump; humeral well grown, femoral extend- 
ing rapidly to tibe; capital extending on hind head of Tuck, 
malar in dusky dots, dark feathers just appearing under down 
of crown in Nip; alar filling out rapidly, lining of wings devel- 
oping, ventral filling out and extending; caudal, greater upper 
tail coverts well along and lesser spreading, under tail coverts 
growing rapidly. 7th. spinal tract broadening between shoul- 
ders and at rump and scattered almost to hind neck, erectile 
upon excitement, rump almost complete on Tuck, scattered 
and less complete on Nip; alar, upper wing coverts almost all 
showing, only considerable gaps about median, under wing 
coverts starting, lining well along, feathers of thumb one inch 
out of sheath, as they have been for some time; capital. feath- 
ers extending downward to and on hind head under down, 
crown feathers appearing above down on Tuck; lores appear- 
ing in dark dots, ventral feathers practically complete below 
breast, first band of tail of Nip and second of Tuck. Head, 
neck, middle of breast, edge of wing, median wing covert re- 
gion, back of shoulder to rump and under wings, downy. July 
8, Tuck has the richer underparts and more rusty edging of 
upper plumage so far, and a scattering of dark feathers all 
over center of crown and hind head, lores extending to eyes 
and malar to ear coverts: Nip’s rump not at all complete, con- 


272 THe Wirson BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


sisting of a scattering of feathers, median coverts with frequent 
bare spaces, first evidence of dark feathers above down on 
crown, ear patch and lores broadening, second tail band clear 
of sheath, primaries and secondaries not wholly clear but the 
dark bands have become prominent; cast sheaths plentiful. 
July 10, 30 days old. Tuck has an increase in feather tract 
of crown, hind head, and almost complete from forehead to 
shoulders, lores connected with check by broken line over eye, 
chin feathers appearing on either side, forehead only immacu- 
late down; lining of wings almost complete, downy tract at 
base of quill feathers: spinal tract complete from shoulder to 
rump, thighs and spots on the middle of breast downy, irides 
plumbeous-gray. Nip, spinal tract almost to rump and creep- 
ing up back of neck, vental shows a downy line down the cen- 
ter of breast, breast feathers extending toward throat; middle 
of crown and hind head exhibiting a sprinkling of dark feath- 
ers, wing lining not yet complete, eyes darker than Tuck's. 
July 11, Tuck almost completed juvenile plumage with the 
exception of inner thighs, anal region, area under wings be- 
tween rump and femoral tract ; down also remains on the mid- 
dle of throat, sides and back of neck, forehead and supra- 
orbital region, though the darker feathers have developed un- 
der all except the middle of the throat, third band appeared 
on tail, a sub-malar streak and under primary coyerts have 
appeared. Nip is not so well along, though the spinal tract is 
complete; the head almost as far along except forehead, chin 
and throat; wing lining shows a downy line at roots of quill 
feathers. scattered feathers crecping up on throat; 12th, Tuck 
still has some down areas on a line over eye, middle of fore- 
head, eyelids, posterior half of orbital ring, just back of ears, 
and middle of chin. Nip has a greater extent on the same 
places; 18th, little change, less down; 14th, Tuck, under wing 
coverts; 15th, third dark band on tail. Tuck’s eyes almost 
pear gray, down almost absent except on middle of chin. 
Nip, down above eye and to a small extent back of it, a little 
on forehead and more on middle of throat and chin; July 
17th, fourth dark tail band on Tuck: 19th, fourth dark tail 


1 TAwK, 23 days old. “Nip and Tuck.” 
Photo by Lucy Sampson 


3ROA D-WINC 


BurNs—On BrROAD-WINGED HAWk. 278 


band on Nip; 20th, fifth dark tail band appearing; 23rd, Tuck 
has lost all traces of down; 28th, Nip has six bars on tail, 
same as Tuck, and has no longer traces of down under chin 
or about eyes. August 3rd, seven bars on tail; 9th, both 
hawks’ eyes at last a clear pearl gray without the brownish, 
cloudy effect. 

A female designated * Buteo ” was taken from the nest July 
1, (06, when 29 days old, when the juvenile plumage was de- 
veloping under nestling down, the tips of nearly all the feath- 
ers bearing tufts of down, the occupit, lores, middle of breast, 
etc., only in the natal stage, irides pearl gray. July 4, wing 
15:50, tail 3.50; 6th, second bar appearing on lengthened tail, 
barring appearing on primaries and secondaries; 7th, down 
off of back and wings, confined to ends of rectrices, wing 
coverts and head; 9th, tail shows five narrow dark bars, down 
almost absent from head and chin, whole upper plumage ex- 
hibits silky sheen; 10th, down yet present on wing coverts, 
strip over eye, middle of forehead, middle of chin, scattered 
on malar; 15th, down disappearing from all but middle of 
chin and throat; 22nd, chin down absent; 23rd, seven dark 
bars on tail, irides darker; August 5, rufous edging of upper 
plumage worn away; Sept. 17, irides a light burnt umber. 

It will be noted that the irides became pearl gray in 29-34 
days. Juvenile plumage shows first signs of development when 
the bird is 15 days old and is completed by the 45th—51st day, 
a period of about one month to five weeks. Jefferies notes 
eleven primaries. ten coverts, and a terminal claw, in the 
young examined. 

DrVELOPMEN? OF INstINCTIVE Haprrs—A nestling at 10 to 
12 days of age snatched bits of meat from my fingers, reject- 
ing a bit with a piece of bone in it, throwing the morsel some 
distance; and peeped lustily for more. It could turn about the 
box very quickly, prance on one foot at the time and go through 
the motions of preening its own feathers, and slept with the 
crown of its head on ‘the bottom of its nest with its beak be- 
tween its thighs. First attempt to pick up food was when it 
had attained the age of 17 days, unsuccessfully attempted to 


274 THe Witson BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


hold the meat in its claws by one foot then the other forward. 
Fed to the limit of the capacity of its crop, it would flatten 
out on its breast with extended wings and head for a sun bath, 
and learned to pull food from my hand with the twisting mo- 
tion of the adult. 

As my head came to the level of the nest of a pair of nest- 
lings 22 days old, they arose upright with wide open mouths 
and while they almost fell over backwards with surprise, they 
seemed as yet devoid of fear. The female, for so it proved, 
showed the most spirit and enterprise though a day behind the 
male in growth. At 23 days of age they stood upright in home- 
made nest, dressed their plumage, whistled in a chucking voice, 
picked the dismembered bits of 4 English sparrows from my fin- 
gers, gathered them up from the nest and snatched them from 
one another. When 24 days old the wing and leg exercises be- 
gan They danced with raised wings, heads bent toward lifted 
toes and wings almost touching above. During the day they 
occasionally lay on their sides with extended legs and slept at 
night squatting on their keels with heads partly under left 
wings. The next day they fought one another over the food, 
plucking at one another’s heads and necks, the male, which is 
the largest, on the defensive. Both whistle, grasp and tear 
food with talons and beaks. On the 26th day the male grew 
timid, dined with its back toward me, blanketed its food with 
its wings; the female on the contrary fearlessly faced me, con- 
tinued its whistled “chucks,” and then turned upon its nest 
mate and whipped him thoroughly. 27th day both could he eas- 
ily handled. When full to bursting, they moved their heads and 
necks backward, forward and sideways. Female fought for 
and obtained from the larger male, two live English sparrow 
nestlings which she killed. I reduced their meals to four a 
day. On the 28th day, male showed fear plainly, no longer ac- 
cepted food from my hands, the next day absolutely refused 
to eat while IT was looking, and the day following flew about 
to avoid me, while the female continued gentle and fearless. 
On the 31st day the female ate 12 good-sized crayfish, seemed 
to relish tearing them apart and devouring the pieces, though 


BurNS—On BROAD-WINGED HAWK. 275 


when one big fellow caught her by the leg, she backed away, 
and did not appear anxious to risk another nip. The male would 
not come ‘down to feed. The next day the female refused for 
the first time to take food from my hands, and the following 
day began to fly about. When 37 days old, just before a thun- 
der storm, both retired to the shelter of a box and huddled to- 
gether in a crouching position, timidly peeped their fears ; but 
two days later during a very heavy shower I observed both 
now, nearly of a size, exposed to the full force of the storm. 
They drooped their spread wings forward slightly above the 
level of their backs at times, seeming to enjoy the bath. When 
4() days old both were very wild and made constant attempts to 
escape thrugh the wire enclosure. This is the age of departure 
from the home nest. The next two days both birds clawed me 
fiercely, whistling excitedly, and would not touch food until 
I departed. When 46 days old the female which has at last 
outgrown the male, swooped down, snatched a piece of meat 
and carried it to a favorite perch ;and by another week or two, 
learned to whistle insistantly when hungry, until fed; a long 
drawn harsh shrilling che-e-e-e-e-the-c. My first and in some 
respects most interesting captive was taken when at the age 
of 29 days. It flew from the nest when | ascended but unable 
to sustain flight, came down on the banks ofia creek below and 
was captured aiter it had turned upon its back and fought 
savagely, uttering a repeated Chic-chic-chic. It proved to he 
a female. It refused to eat at first. I had to force food down 
its throat, but it rapidly responded to kind treatment and by 
the next day perched upon my hand. It made several at- 
tempts to swallow a mouse whole when 35 days old, then 
turned its back to me, blanketed its prey with spread wings 
and tail, for the first time used its beak in conjunction with 
talons to tear and feed; and in consequence grew fierce and 
wild over night since it could help itself, and pounced upon 
a dead mouse and various sparrows with great gusto. When 
39 days old it eyed live and fully fledged English sparrows 
before striking with right foot, and listened momentarily to 
their cries. This was its first kill and attempt to pluck feathers 


276 THE Witson BULLETIN—NOos. 76-77. 


before eating. On the 40th day it learned to spring from my 
hand to sieze its prey in its beak before placing it under its 
talons. Could fly wel! and began to long for liberty. One week 
later it beat against the window. It learned to eye its feeding 
board whenever I appeared, and a stranger so fiercely as to 
have the appearance of about to attack him; and for the first 
time used its left foot in striking its victims. It was not until 
it was 89 days old that it uttered its first “rusty hinge” whis- 
tle, the adult and harsher cry than the juvenile. 


Moult and Renewal. 


Much to my surprise I could discover absolutely no litera- 
ture on the subject except the following eight words from 
Maynard: “Like most hawks, these birds moult in August.” 
Of the closely related Swainson’s Hawk, Dr. Coues writes: 
“A moult occurs in August and September; it is protracted, 
the feathers being very gradually renewed, almost one by one; 
the fresh heavily colored feathers contrasting strongly with the 
ragged and faded ones worn during the summer. The young 
have no moult at this season. I have no observations upon a 
spring moult, which probably occurs in both old and young.” 
Newton intimates that Diurnal Birds-of-Prey generally moult 
in mid-winter or even later. Under the title of “Observations 
on the Color Changes in the Genus Buteo, Apparently Due to 
Aptosochromatism” (cf. Bul. Hadley Climatological Labora- 
tory University, New Mexico, U1, 7, July, 1903, 1-14) the late 
Frances J. Birtwell gave the results of the examination of an 
adult and juvenile Buteo swainsom on Dec. 7 and May 6, and 
an adult Buteo borealis calurus on Dec. 7, and April 1, con- 
fined in a basement during the winter, to prove color change 
without moult. Unfortunately May 30 witnessed the only 
collection of moulted feathers and the search for new growth 
on the birds at the time of skinning. 

Plucked of feathers the adult is found completely covered 
with a heavy coat of down, even to the tips of the wing bones 
and heel joints; white, except a dusky streak along the wing 
bones at the insertion of the greater coverts. 


BRoad-wINcEp Hawk, 29 days old. ‘Nip and Tuck.” 


Photo by Lucy Sampson. 


—~2 


BurNs—On Broap-wINcep HaAwk. rae 


Oologists, with their intimate knowledge of the ‘breeding 
habits of the bird, frequently note traces of moulting about 
the nest. Fred E. Newberry writes of a bird sailing over the 
tree tops dropping a large quill feather at his feet, and of oc- 
cupied nests profusely feathered; Chas. C. Richards of three 
tail and numerous body feathers under a nest in June, from 
which the young had fled; and J. Claire Wood observed traces 
of the adult plumage in the lingering migrant immatures in 
June, suggesting a transformation into adult plumage during 
the summer of the second year. J have frequently gathered 
moulted feathers in the woods and under the nests, recently 
dropped, during the nesting period. A skin in the collection of 
the Phi, Acad. Nat. Sci., taken at Hudson, N. Y., as late as 
May 25, shows no evidence of moulting, however. Trowbridge 
states that he has found several of the adult specimens shot 
in Sept. 24, °87 ,at New Haven, Ct., moulting about the head- 
He fails to inform us, however, that otherwise these were in 
fully renewed plumage. 

My captives passed through the annual moult I believe in 
no wise different from the average bird of the same species 
in a state of nature. They received sufficient natural and va- 
ried food, were kept in the open and altogether in a healthy 
condition. I gathered the moulted feathers once or twice each 
day and placed them in dated envelopes, and the birds were 
examined as frequently and as critically as it was possible to 
do where the subject was a biting, clawing and struggling sav- 
age. The feathers on one specimen dying in February were 
actually counted. numbering 2842; the smaller feathers of the 
head, chin, throat. lesser wing coverts and under wing lining, 
about totaling 1805 feathers, were largely lost in the open 
cage, but most of the balance and more important plumage, 
saved as above related. My notes follow: 

First Mout, Posr JuvENILE—The spring moult began with 
the ‘female “Nip” on the morning of April 19, when the 10th 
and 9th pairs of primaries and first scapulars dropped; by the 
24th the 8th primary and first scapulars were cast, followed by 
the 7th the next day when the 10th, 9th and 8th primaries 


278 Tue Wirson BuLLeTIN—Nos. 76-77. 


and coverts broke sheath marking the commencement of the 
renewal. May 5th the right 6th primary fell and the first alula 
followed on the 6th. On the 8th, the right 5th primary, several 
great and middle wing and under tail coverts fell. 9th the 
6th left primary, first indication of interscapular and. side of 
breast moult ; renewal of last three primaries and coverts about 
completed, and the 7th a little nearing bursting quill. 10th, 
first scapular moult of moment. 11th, middle rectrices, middle 
tail coverts, smaller alula, increase in scapular and wing covert 
moult. 14th, beginning of wing lining moult, 7th primary 
more than half complete, 6th bursting sheath, one tertial cast. 
17th, right primaries several days ahead of left, 4th right pri- 
mary cast, middle tail coverts breaking sheath ahead of rec- 
trices. 18th, increase of under tail covert moult and first flank 
feather cast. 19th lesser coverts at hend of wing lost. 22d, 
4th primary on right nearly three-quarters grown, 6th and 45th 
not more than one-half, 4th primary on left, 3rd on right and 
2nd left secondaries cast. 24th, outer pair of rectrices, increase 
in median coverts and first cervix feathers fell. 25th, middle 
rectrices and coverts one-third grown, last four primaries full, 
6th two-thirds, and 5th and 4th bursting quill. 26th, first ab- 
domen, increase in breast, side, flank and scapular moult. 29th, 
jugulum moult, rectrices 3rd from center, 3rd primary dropped. 
June 2, 3rd primary almost complete on right, in quill on left, 
middle rectrices show the second dark bar, 3rd from center ap- 
pearing out of quill. Sth, alula moult complete, secondaries 
one pair about 2nd half completed, another about 6th one-third 
grown, corresponding coverts bursting quills, interscapulars 
in two lines up the back, half size and conspicuously dark, hind 
head renewing and two scattered lines on either side of the 
breast half size; long flank, side and abdominal feathers loos- 
ering up. 9th, left 3rd and right 2d primaries, many breast 
feathers, throat, first rump, tibee, several tail and wing coverts 
cast. 10th , middle and lesser coverts with but a scattered re- 
newal, bend of wing and lining practically renewed, middle 
rectrices almost complete, outer pair one-half and but two old 
pairs remaining, upper and under tail coverts but little ad- 


BurNS—ON BROAD-wWINGED HAWwkr. 279 


vanced in pin feather stage, a row of barred feathers appear 
on either side of the breast and a solid row of interscapulars 
on back. 14th, primaries—1st old only remaining, 3rd and 4th 
not quite full length on right side; on the left 2nd and Ist old 
remaining ; secondaries, right, about 3rd and 6th almost three- 
quarters leneth, left, 2nd, 5th and 6th same length, middle 
coverts everywhere in pin feather stage, 2nd greater second- 
ary covert almost complete. 18th, no marked moult for three 
or four days, middle rectrices complete, 2nd primary on right 
and 8rd on left appearing, greater coverts keeping pace with 
secondaries, middle coverts breaking sheath, and scattering of 
lesser coverts in quill, scattered row of pin feathers running 
up to crown of head from back, also renewing on forehead, 
two rows breaking sheath on either side of abdomen and one 
more on breast, chin naked except from under coat of down. 
22nd right Ist primary dropped. 23rd, under tail coverts 
equally along with corresponding rectrice. 27th, left 2nd pri- 
mary one-half grown, 1st not yet cast, scattering of new feath- 
ers On crown, new growth extending out moderately on breast 
and back. July 5th, 4th from central rectrice appearing, breast 
and abdomen well covered through new feathers constantly 
appearing, interscapulars spread over the middle of the back, 
outside row practically completed, new pin feathers on neck 
and crown. 8th, extremely heavy moult including last remain- 
ing left Ist primary. 12th, renewal of primaries complete ex- 
cept left first, which is one-half. 19th much down pulling out on 
perch and twigs, secondaries apparently 7th to 10th just out 
of sheath, 1st and 4th not vet cast; last two pairs of rectrices, 
next to outer one-half, next to middle just breaking sheath; 
breast, abdomen, back of neck and head still with many pin 
feathers: inside of tibae almost featherless. 26th, inside of 
tibee and under wings next to body almost bare, some incoming 
pin feathers; still renewing on breast, and heavily on back and 
head; long axillars dropping rapidly, tail almost complete. 
28th much down from under wings and flanks being moulted. 
August 2, primaries complete except left 1st which is three- 
quarters; secondaries and tertials scattering, five pairs com- 


280 THe Witson BULLETIN—NOs. 76-77. 


plete and four pairs two-thirds grown; two under primary 
coverts two-thirds only, all the rest complete; under wing coy- 
erts mostly complete toward tip, yet contains some pin feath- 
ers well forward, and gaps near body; lining of wings almost 
complete, greater wing coverts and scapulars apparently com- 
plete, middle and lesser coverts less forward; tail, except re- 
newa! of a broken middle rectrix, complete; all body feathers 
including inside of tiba, complete. 28th, full feathered some 
days past, including completed length of second new middle 
rectrix. A little richer buff and not so heavily marked on 
breast as the male. Eye growing lighter, ashy-brown. 

Moulting commenced with the male “Tuck,” on May 8th 
when the 10th primaries and coverts, also alula, were cast in 
pairs, and completed September 5th with the renewal of the 
secondaries. 

RECAPITULATION—Female, primary moult began April 19 
with the 10th, continuing in regular order in increasing inter- 
vals until 1st quill on left side was dropped July 9. The new 
quills generally breaking sheath in from 5 to 10 days after 
moult, 10th and 9th breaking forth April 25th, complete by 
May 9; after which there was a gradual slowing ,up the first 
requiring 24 days to perfect itself. Primary coverts moult 
and renew simultaneously with primaries. 

Secondary moult May 8—July 20; renewal complete about 
August 28; occurs in rather irregular order, apparently in 
groups of 2nd and 3rd, 6th and 7th, then a break about 9th, 
several falling together, 4th and Ist completed last. Second- 
ary coverts a little later than corresponding secondaries. Rec- 
trices May 11-July 5, new breaking sheath May 17—July 19, 
complete June 18-August 2. Sequence—Central, outer, 3rd, 
2nd from central, next to outer, next to central, 4 and 3, 5 and 


2 coming in almost together. 

Male 
Aug. 1; renewal, Oth on June 10, Ist on Aug. 28, complete. 
Rectrices, moulted May 2S—July 25, sheath breaking June 2— 
\ug. 2, complete June 23—Aug. 16. Sequence—Middle, outer, 
3rd, 2nd from central, next to central, next to outer. Feath- 


Primary moult began May 11, completed with Ist, 


BURNS—ON BROAD-WINGED HAWK. 281 


ers nearly always moult and renew in pair on opposite sides of 
wines, tail or body, sometimes one feather will fall a few days 
ahead of its counterpart, and it has usually been on the right 
side. 

Srconp Post NupriaL—lIn 1909 the female began moulting 
on April 11 and completed by August 31, the periods of heay- 
iest moulting of the body feathers occurred June 21-22, July 
10-12, 24, 30-31. The renewal was visible about May 4, and 
the new plumage entirely completed on Sept. 6. The sequence 
of the primaries was the same as the first moult except that 
the 10th did not fall until after the 2nd and previous to the Ist. 
IT was unable to solve the sequence of the secondaries, the 
moult and renewal taking place almost simultaneously about 
1-3, 7-9, and 4-6. Sequence of rectrices—central, outer, 3rd, 
2nd from central, next to central, next to outer ; the central and 
outer, 3rd and 2nd from central, next to central and next to 
outer moulting and renewing almost together. Alula—srd, 
2nd, Ist and 4th, May 28-Aug. 22. The medium scapulars are 
the first to moult. 

TuHirp Post NupriAr—The full, rich plumage of last fall 
bleached out wonderfully during the winter, and the perfect 
adult plumage was attained under the same conditions and in 
the same order as last year’s, except as follows: 


PRIMARY MOTI. SECONDARY MOUE'L, 1910 
May 15, left 9th; May 21, right 9th, June 8, left 5th: May 31, right 5th. 
May “8th; May “8th. June 20, © 2nd;Junels, “Ist. 
May 22, ~“ th: May 22, ~ ‘th. July 5 “© 6th; July 1, ~ 3rd. 
June 1. “ 6th; May 24, “ 6th. dnsiky 7 eae aiotky 3, Gan, 
June “5th: May 31, “ 5th. July 17, “ 4th; July 18, ~ 4th. 
June 5, “ 4th; June 8 “ 4th. analy 2, Slee aieihye, Bisel. 
June “8rd; Junel3. “ 3rd. 

June 22, ‘ 10th; June 22, “ 10th. 
June 26, ~ 2nd. 
July 22, “* ist; July14, “ Ist. 


The moult began about May 15, and was completed by Aug. 
13; the renewal was complete by September 1. The upper and 
lower tail coverts agreeing in time of renewal with correspond- 
ing rectrix. The under primary coverts began with the short- 
est, about the time the 3rd primary is dropped, and the longest 


282 Tur Witson BULLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


axillers were dropped on June 18, followed irregularly by 
the smaller feathers. Up to July 24+ the new underparts ap- 
peared devoid of yellow, but by the last of the month com- 
menced to take on the rich tint' Freshly cast primaries, sec- 
ondaries and scapulars, gathered about the nests of breeding 
birds, seem to indicate that my captive began and continued 
moulting several days in advance of the wild birds of this 
locality. 

If this species has a regular winter moult in its southern 
home, I can find no evidence of it. All spring migrants I have 
seen with the exception of one Cuban specimen taken Feb. 2, 
1906. which shows little wear, have the bleached out, well 
worn plumage similar to my captives of the same period. To 
me the dark phase is synonymous to the new, and the gray 
phase to the old, well worn plumage of the spring and early 
summer months. 

The specimens J. I!. Fleming has examined from his own 
and the Dwight collection, contain some very interesting South 
and Central American skins. An adult female, Palcaju, Peru, 
Nov. ’02, has fresh primaries and secondaries, the latter prob- 
ably the newest; all wing coverts are worn, there is a good 
deal of chestnut on scapulars and interscapulars. An adult 
male, Merida. Venezuela, Dec. 20, ’03, is almost fully adult; 
first primary is nearly full grown, but still in quill at base of 
both wings, the second primary is new as are all the others 
except the third on the right which is slightly worn; the sec- 
ondaries are slightly worn, the secondary coverts more so, a 
good deal of chestnut shows on the scapulars and back of the 
neck ; the tail feathers are nearly fresh. Adult female, Merida, 
Venezuela, Mar. 24, 03, the secondaries and tail feathers are 
worn and some chestnut 6n interscapular region. Adult 
female, Carrilla, Costa Rica, April 5, 95, the feathers of wings 
and tail very little worn, the bird practically in full plumage. 
Adult female, Boqueti Chiriqui, Panama, April 25, 03, two of 
the secondaries very much worn, the rest and the primaries 
are fresh; the chestnut on interscapular region almost worn off. 


BurNS—ON BROAD-WINGED HAWR. 283 


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—" - - 


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4 


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318 THE WiLson BULLETIN—Nos. 76-77. 


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