x - ». >), » toe iia ieeend NESE ay Heth eatele te ita a bef Liars RUT eds Reuss MSC nips i ety , xy ite 7 ae . Ts ee rt Sgtit ee) op otnay erat taro G a PPP 89d) Py PO ENO DES? +) Bias righ > reaps rh x sift Cet aeaes ih ay, Se SS as Pe, MY rey ahaa — ~ Ds. ">t i oa Hea Stleert ena tgs tee eteh Hieaiehay \ La ey hoot eg gee ere Se kal ORR ~ePE S e » THE WILTSHIRE ! Arrhealagieal ond Hatural Aistory MAGAZINE, Published under the Birection of the Saciety FORMED IN THAT COUNTY A.D. 1853. VOT DEVIZES: Henry Boz, Sarr Jomun Srreer. LONDON : G. Bex1, 186, Freer Streer; J. R. Suirn, 36, Sono Square, 1854. DEVIZES: PRINTED BY HENRY BULL, SAINT JOHN STREET. CONTENTS OF VOL. I. IEA TETONOTS Gh clog diet yO OOO RRORI SK ETC aCe: MRA RRInIRRe Raia aT MAIO SUBSCREE LION) “ont tle state ietoels Pere attics Settee neatiels oq 4s eee SVOR DTM 9 OGLE Lclveiuin cigs raves slearterstiees tyercteveues: Rieieltete Micas. ns PEEL OP ORRICHRS 12 ak a eitied cheicll dette onion SHE hee Seen waren vers PE ILO MOV MUBERS): ie lcteiceetc eral a iti asiaiaters se etsinlave i alsea lel see arg ais. cicis vse ComMeEMoRATIVE Latin Inscription: By Rev. F. Kitvert ........ GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE INAUGURAL MEETING, viz. :— Report of the Provisional Committee .............. cece eee eee IyavevRrat Appress of the President, G. P. Scropn, Esq., M.P. GENERAL ADDRESS, by the Rev. J. E. JACKSON................ On the OrnirHoLoey or Witts. No.1. By the Rev. A. C, Smite ADDEMSS SOY} J « DRLETON, HMSQi:t gets siaste cee «1sigte aiskdtorn » skevelst eaters ire relating to the Archeology, Topography, and Natural History CEA GLUT OS Se An COMn ee one Ere Coane COME OO ComencoT Rmrr an The Musrum—List of Articles exhibited ........ 0.0.0... cc eee ee ane THLE T OS: WAN TOO y a) ate savant oth tele leapel- roche, ant jee diols iste as On CreRTAIN WILTSHIRE Customs: By F. A. Carrineton, Esq. :— 1. The Wootton-Basset Cucking Stool...............-..000 cee A MPNVELTATNOES precvey sbyo9 > ACH. yacahinrctays chotejaneajetel dole eye to) 2 «Sick Soe apavat Pe ATVORtHEOMoy. st hts sat ¥.eseteociane, vet csteuettue eave sleet ahs iat elena Bee UM GW OOSCUI Spe «ays sheds te eet tate neyols: sho) ate Yoresata bs 0: Bice a heya ctevaye DPR OR ATAPPCLS tara ais ef -is¢s. 4 ij tive) ootelors ds ailertrst sd fsene 4 «oho < Hts Witrssire Cuurcn Goons seized 1553: By F. A. Carrineton, Esq. On WittsHirE Entomotocy: By Rey. W. C. Luxis .......... ... fo. Uf. Manvscriet CoLLecTIoNs FoR WILTSHIRE, in the Library of Sir Thos. Phillipps, Bart.: By the Rev. J. E. JAcKSON................05.. On OrnitHoLtocy. No.2. The Classification of Birds: By the Rev. ARC, Sxore...... SR OO OE Ee cette Ee SU ODE ODS COC EIS ah ice On Way ten’s History or MArtBoroven: By G. P. Scropr, Esq. .. Letann’s JouURNEY THROUGH WILTSHIRE, A.D. 1540-42. With a Memoir and Notes: By the Rey. J. E. JacKSoN ...............-. [Cricklade, 135. ftetsiasy. 137. Corsham, Haselbury, South Wraxhall, 142, Bradford, 148, Trowbridge, 150. Farley Castle, 152. Bath, 155. Salisbury, 157. Old Sarum, 161. Burials in Salisbury Cathedral, 164-71. Fisherton Delamere, 173. Stone- henge, 175. Ramsbury, Bedwyn, and Marlborough, 176. Silbury Hill and Avebury, 179. Ludgershall, 179. Devizes, 180, Steeple Ashton, 182. Brooke Hall, near Westbury, 182. Edington, 185. Westbury to Trowbridge and Bath, 190. Marshfield to Trowbridge and Frome, 191. Bradford, 191. Selwood Forest, 192, Maiden Bradley, 193. Stourton, 193.] Anoio-Saxon Cemetery At Harnuam Hrrt, near Salisbury: By the RAV sue pp MORMON cs icidatsis sidacos SHAM a BAL biota iitete ciale'e v5 Wits Titres’ Reaisrration: By J. WAYLEN, Esq. ............4. Matmessury AnpEy—Corrody at: By J. WaYLEN, Esq. .... ..... 97-104 105-115 116-131 132-195 CONTENTS—NO. 11. (continued.) PAGE ROMERHSTON > Max plAITlOd 2)a.o » pae-helerhis, .* i Ho pai 3e, Of s Teens a hearits Hise “ * ¢ 2 seta i " P } cat, COPIES Sie DEVIZES abss pada ae cola) ihe. a a ore a munistit "eae : ee whe aa = ; Sacen Srn age ear: <> Sot merat C Wve") 412! a ane Bt Te ON eae ic 1 y ee Bh .. POR BAe Ap aoe Fits att Y . 4 i 4 era - i ; - F Be (ERATOR LOY Aly we Locts : : arr por ind ae at, . a. ana i i Hei dt by 0 th . & bad | ul hee A j , / Hawk wok ate ' “ Maree | : Px, 1 f hy os sd fad 24 iM fe) 7 » & be - oA ” an if a 7° Sa : ae - Fi . . 4 nal ‘ Sipe ¥ a | jae foe ts ay, ‘ ie In 4 J i Ee ; 7 } Pee iyot re tire w io es lsat, PREFACE. In laying before the public, under the present form, an Account of the Inaugural Meeting of the Wilts Archeological and Natural History Society, an opportunity is offered of explaining the character . of the Publication which the Society now proposes to put forth. Tt will be seen in the Rules, that a General Meeting is to be held once in every year, at some time and place to be fixed by the Committee, for the purpose of receiving an Annual Report, transacting business, and reading such Papers as may have been prepared for the occasion. These, with the Proceedings of each Meeting, will of course appear in print. But it has been thought advisable not to confine the Society’s efforts to an Annual Report. In the hope of sustaining a more lively interest in the objects for which it has been established, it is proposed to commence, as a medium of intercourse, a series of publications, of which the present is the First, relating to the general History and Antiquities of the County of Wilts. To those who reside in the more remote parts of it, such a means of commu- nication, will be, it is presumed, particularly acceptable. In order to place it within the reach of readers of every class, it will require to be of a more inexpensive kind than is common in Archeological and Topographical works: so that illustrations in engraving or lithograph, cannot frequently be introduced, unless a2 iv PREFACE. the correspondents, or others, may have the liberality to contribute them gratuitously, as it is hoped may not unfrequently be the case. Such a form of publication presents the advantage of being open not only to original and finished Articles, as the History of an entire Parish or Manor, a series of Historical Papers, or an account of the Geology, and Botany, &c., of the County at large; but also to communications of a less original and elaborate character: as for example, extracts from, or abstracts of, rare and expensive , Books already published upon Wiltshire; casual notices and de- scriptions, however brief, of Antiquities or objects of Natural History; accounts of local customs, etymologies of names, or other miscellaneous notices upon any of the various subjects embraced within the Title of the Society: even to queries on obscure points, such as may elicit an answer in some following number. Attention is particularly requested to the Rule which forbids the introduction of political, or religious discussions. It is hoped that such a work may not only be a means of providing popular amusement and instruction, but may also serve as a valuable assistant to those who may hereafter undertake the more serious task of finishing the History of the County. The present number will, therefore, be succeeded by others, in the same form, and at a low price to the public. The Members of the Society will receive their copies gratuitously. The publica- tion will be continued, whenever by contributions or correspondence, material of sufficient amount and interest shall have accumulated to justify the issue. In the infancy of the Society it is impossible to give any pledge for its fixed and periodical appearance. But it is hoped that communications will flow in abundantly: and PREFACE. v we would invite the Members, and others, whether resident in, or only connected with the County, to further this object in any way that may be most suitable to their own convenience. It is respectfully suggested that, in order to assist this experiment most effectually, those who take an interest in the History and Antiquities of Wiltshire, natural or archeological, will support the Society by becoming Members. TERMS: Ee iS. hund. de Kinbrige Thenventorye Indented made the xxij"- of in com Wiltes maye in the seventh yere of the reyne of Wanbrough. o® sowayne lorde Kinge Edward the vj ™ of all bells and Chalices deliued by St An- thonye Hungerforde, Wyllm Sherington, & Wyllm Wroughton, Knyght, unto the custodye of John heyringe nycolas ristrope of the same pysh sauflye to be kept to thuse of o* sayd sowaugne lord the Kyng as hereafter more playnlye may Appere Inprimis A Challis of Silver weinge vij ounc Item iiij belles w" a saun* bell. Hundr. de Kingbridge The Inventory Indented made the loodington xxiij of maye in the vij yere of the rayne of our sowaygne lord Kinge Edwarde the vj of all the belles Challis of the parishe of Looding- ton delyued by St Antony hung’ford S* Willm Sherington And S* Wilm Wroughton Knyghtes Comyssoners the Custodie of Robert Walk & hary taylo of the same parishe to thuse of our said sowaigne lord the Kinge as herafter Apereth Imp’mis A Challis of Silver weyinge vy] oune i iij belles w a sauncs belle F. A. Carrineton. Wiltshire Entomology. 95 A few words to Wiltshire Eutomalagists, It is very desirable that lists of specimens which have been taken in the county should be supplied by those who have given their attention to Entomology; they are invited to do so. There are no doubt many Entomological collections in Wiltshire, which are of little or no practical use, beyond the interest and pleasure which they confer on the individual collectors. These collections may now become more generally useful, by their cata- logues being brought together and compared. But a caution must be given here, for perhaps no class of collectors are so careless as Entomologists, in the manner of keeping their cabinets and Catalogues. They do not mark their specimens with sufficient care; and it frequently happens that after a year or so, and even after a few months, they are unable to remember the exact localities where they were taken. It is not an uncommon occurrence in works upon the subject, as well as in cabinets both private and public, to meet with specimens whose localities are unknown, merely from a want of system when classifying them. In such instances the value of such specimens, especially if they are rare species, is greatly diminished. What is required are chiefly lists of specimens which are known to belong to the county. And now one word on the subject of obtaining a complete cat- alogue of Wiltshire specimens. It may be asked of what possible use can it be? Its chief utility will consist in its supplying the very kind of information that the Naturalist requires. He wants facts to aid him in elucidating the distribution of insect life. The following very excellent remarks, by John Gray, Esq., upon this subject, appeared in “the Naturalist,” (Vol. ii. p. 261-2.) “The first and indeed the great use of investigating local fauna, consists in 96 Wiltshire Entomology. giving the student of nature a knowledge of the range of species, and what we may know of their positions of locality. A fundamental error with the majority of local faunists, consists in their limiting their observations within the capricious boundaries of counties or nations. This would be so far well, if it were intended merely as a step towards the elucidation of the entire natural range; but how seldom is this the case; how rarely do we find their interest in the subject extended to Nature’s own boundaries. Let the unprejudiced naturalist take a glance at those entomological cabinets devoted ex- clusively to British species, and he will quickly discover what a precious jumble is there made in geographical distribution. In such collections he will find two, if not three, distinct ranges of dis- tribution, illustrated by species taken within the British Isles, form- ing an arrangement to the entire exclusion of such as occur in the remaining portions of the same sphere of natural habitats. The only interest to the naturalist, in such collections, would consist in their elucidation of geographical character: this they do not possess; whilst as a systematic arrangement, the defects are still more apparent; thus leaving an impression on the mind, that such arrangements could only have been dictated by the most capricious absurdity. If such entomologists must have an arrangement of local fauna, let them study Nature’s geography and act accordingly. Another use in the investigation of local fauna, consists in the facility thus afforded, of noticing the peculiarities, and oft-times anomalies, which species exhibit in the selection of their habitats. This can only be attained by a patient tracing of the habits of the species, as shown in various localities. Thus it will be seen that local notes in the natural history of animal life, have their distinct sphere of usefulness, when viewed as a link or step towards a proper understanding of the economy of nature; but when looked upon as a topic of exclusive interest, far better would it have been had they never been perused. With this view let local investigators in this county go to work; contributing duplicates to the Society’s Museum, as well as fur- uishing catalogues of their Wiltshire specimens. W. C. Luxis. COMMEMORATIVE LATIN INSCRIPTION. XV THE FOLLOWINC INSCRIPTION COMMEMORATIVE OF THE FORMATION OF THE SOGIETY IS FROM THE PEN OF THE REV. F. KILVERT, OF BATH. Bee 7S FELIX . FAVSTVMQVE . ESTO WILTONIENSIBVS QvVI . SERO . LICET STVDIIS . NVMMISQVE ANTIQVAE . MATRIS . EXQVIRENDAE . ERGO COLLATIS ID . OPERAE . SEDVLO . DATVRI . SVNT VT . SVPERIORIS . AEVI . MONVMENTA QVIBVS . PLVRIMIS . AC . PRETIOSISSIMIS WILTONIA . GLORIATVR IGNORANTIVM . ET . MALEFICORVM QVIN . ET . IPSIVS . TEMPORIS INJVRUS . EREPTA CVRA . DEBITA . CONSERVENTYR PICTVRAE . AC . SCRIPTVRAE . OPE AD . VERYM . DESCRIBANTVR QVARVM . AVXILIO PRAESENTIA . CVM . PRAETERITIS . TEMPORIBVS . CONJYNGI ET . VTRORVMQVE MORES . HABITVS . VSVSQVE . VITAE INTER . SE . COMPARART QVEANT VNDE . SVBEAT GRATVS . ERGA . DEVM . OPT . MAX . ANIMVS QVI . VERAE . RELIGIONIS . LVCEM ET . OMNIGENAE . SCIENTIAE . VTILITATEM HODIERNO . SAECVLO AFFVDERIT, TRANSLATION, May success and prosperity attend the inhabitants of the County of Wilts, who, though late, having contributed their efforts and their means towards the investigation of their ancient Mother, are about diligently to exert themselves * for the rescue of the numerous and valuable relics of antiquity with which Wiltshire abounds, from the injuries of the ignorant and mischievous, and espe- cially of Time, the great destroyer, and for their preservation to future ages by literary and pictorial description ; by the aid of ssa the Present may be con- nected with the Past, and the manners, habits and usages of both compared cel whence may result gratitude to that All-good and Almighty Being, who has shed the light of true Religion, and the advantages of various science, upon the present age. moertul vit Ui Womans a. ep Sea Ure Fly Wiis rer ahs se ie ene aay oh wi parey oie aircaigs at [ann Ys ieee patria eran aya NagoAn va Fallin a an Peet bate an i Fern! . Lee aa nye ‘ enya, a v " 2NT A | Vs ‘iu -e wn a ; sal . hay : y wali Rin We re ae th a : . Hat bo Nk on 4 Wsary: eae oT gas } oie hibee ben ARN cole aera lt org % F ; yh oe le ee iy ae Hy tie Madly da Vasivaee ©, aitin wa’ a. ‘ “gui VAR yf iit ae : ia Ae tetas ih, i ie i are rie ee pi MO a AMIE «5 ] 7“ iat auld |; Pkt wie ret i Be le vik onentyd Ashe at We: 2 wy a! Ue pieruy tin i he AT Et ee t dying!” ts he . ay te PY OATORD 47 AMR OMTIVE ti he a a sy dame MODI IIAM ue MMP gl) ier eyie AO a0, ia aliiace - wrt |) tm. AV ee “ ‘triage artayUyh ma ee oh as ne ee CL ene Oe a i et Qin MA: Bis A. 4 WARYTONE, 2s (ae me van eit ne CALS an nk hes ; i hi hed a a hit) ee tT * syn bili rn ee vn” As SKA <1Av0 i las Se eee mvargy gen ele . oe he ae ae "eurte: wen. avitlei” «aro, bi Nts =} PR CRO OAR, hey “eRe me iy ee gen Bayt ‘an or by » AVA a pale + Pee ts eit. ; reaper as ‘waves, Fon anigpsatsic PE wa ao ee WENT OEY oe A wer f My oF ur UA ATOM, ~~ me oi ire Athy Ye) eee ae he Ai Yue oy Mes een’ Pt ee “sont hain oa | a par are i 2b 2, Aa A ea ma ley ) , rer a UY if » (ens r ryek| w wi | tie ery ai f att Med fi i . © Ae are ui Tow Beas Avera gal "| ¥ OuV oR ’ q ny Ninh a 4 ay) A A mihe " bg Se th : ae id dy ult ap te a cane Pik mii i" rai ; cowl "| FT | mi , ee Hy, ; “ Oe 4 ee im "at i aah ee THE WILTSHIRE Archwalogeal and Batwral Wratary MAGAZINE, No; TL MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS FOR Wittsuire, in the Library JUNE, 1854. Vot. I. Contents. PAGE PAGE Wilts Titles’ Registration.... 208 Corrody at Malmesbury Abbey 210 131 of Sir Thos. Phillipps, Bart. 97-104 “Garston” explained ...... On OrnitHoLoey. No. 2. The Natural History. Rare speci- Classification of Birds .... 105-115 mens occurring in Wilts:— Wayten’s History or Mart- a Orbe Campylodon, BoROoUGH, Reviewed ...... 116-131 (EE OEBEE) i Pies vier 214 LELAND’s JOURNEY THROUGH Testacellus Maugei........ 215 WILTSHIRE, A.D. 1540-42. Snake Fly ee 215 With a Memoir and Notes. 132-195 Chalcis aptera nee [Cricklade,135. Malmsbury, Wits Notrss & QuERtIEs:— 137. Corsham, Haselb CaING AEE So. Scere heat ote 131 South Wraxhall, 142. Brad- Dog-Whippers .......... 212 ford, 148. Trowbridge, 150. Stonehenge (a Pastoral).... 212 Farley Castle, 152. Salis- Rey. Wi Harte” 00/6. 5... 212 bury, 157. Old Sarum, 161. Queen Anne at Whetham.. 212 Burials in Sal. Cath.164, 171. The Princess Wilbrahama.. 213 Stonehenge, 175. Ramsbury, Penates found at Devizes .. 214 Bedwyn, Marlborough, 176. Silbury, 179. Devizes, 180. ILLUSTRATIONS. Steeple Ashton, 182. Brooke The Rudge Cup ............ 118 Hall, 182. Edington, 185. Castle Grounds at Marlborough 128 Trowbridge, Bradford, Mai- Farley Castle in a.D. 1645 .. 152 den Bradley, Stourton, 193] Old Stourton House, dented ANGLO-SAxoN CEMETERY AT AD MAO! | arctetaisreis Gite ere's Harnuam Hit, near Saris- Anglo-Saxon Relies ........ 200 SIRES. AM einige: « iidhas 20) 4:00 196-208 DEVIZES: Henry Burt, Sart Jonn Srreer, LONDON: G, Berri, 186, Firerr Srreet; J. R. Smiru, 36, Sono Square. DEVIZES: PRINTED BY MENRY BULL, SAINT JOHN STREET. In WILTSHIRE MAGAZINE ‘‘MULTORUM MANIBUS GRANDE LEVATUR ONUS.’’—OVID. Manuscript Callections for Wiltshire, THE POSSESSION OF Srr Tuomas Puiturprs, Bart., or Mmppie- Hitt, NEAR Broapway, WorcESTERSHIRE. (EXTRACTED FROM THE PRIVATELY PRINTED CATALOGUE, Parr hy OF THE “BIBLIOTHECA PHILLIPPSIANA,” OF WHICH THERE IS A COPY IN THE British Museum Lisrary. Press Mark, 577, 1. 12.) 162 Wilts Visitation, 1565, copied by Hensley; fol. ch. Chartulary of Bradenstoke Abbey, (Transcript by Careless) ; fol. ch. Ditto of Malmesbury Abbey, (Transcript by Hensley) ; 4to., ch., s. xix. Ditto of Wilton Abbey, (ditto) 18mo. Ditto of College de Vaux at Salisbury; 2 vols., Fol. Drawings of Brasses ;—Wilts and Oxon; 4to. Testa de Nevil, Co. Wilts, in Tables; by Thos. Phillipps; fol. Lords of Manors, Co. Wilts; 2 vols., fol. ch., by T. P. Glastonbury Abbey Terrier, for Co. Wilts; fol. ch. Wilts Inquis. p. M.; fol. ch. Ditto Deeds; fol. ch. Ditto Collectanea; 4 vols., fol. ch., s. xix. Ditto Pedigrees; fol. ch. North Wilts Collectanea; fol. ch., s. xix. Wilts Monumental Inscriptions; 4to. ch., s. xix. Wanborough Court Rolls; 2 vols., fol. ch., s. xix. (Trans- cript). Marriages of Wiltshire Wards; fol. ch., s. xix. Wilts Inquisitions; fol. ch. VOL. I.—NO. II. 8) 4254 4741 4742 4743 4744 4745 Manuscript Collections for Wiltshire. Sarum Cathedral Library Catalogue; fol. ch., s. xix. Chartulary of the Tropenell Family, (Extracts) ; fol. ch. North Wilts, Church Notes; small oblong 4to., red leather. Pedigrees and Wills, &c.; 12mo. Extracts from the Registers of the Bishops of Salisbury; fol. ch. Charters of Stanley Abbey, (near Chippenham). Durnford Parish Registers; (Transcript). Wilts Visitation, 1565; 4to. Arms of Wilts Gentry; 18mo. Wilts Inscriptions; 6 copies, 8vo., with MSS. notes. Ditto Pedigrees. Names of places in Co. Wilts; 4to. Parish Register Extracts for the Family of “Long” of Wilts; 4to. Osborne’s Letters from Wilts; 4to. Wilts Monumental Inscriptions; 7 vols., 4to., by Thos. Phillipps. Litelton Court Rolls, Wilts. Scudamore Papers. Deed of Confirmation of the Foundation of the Priory of Eston, (near Pewsey), in Co. Wilts. Date: xvi century. Genealogy of the Family of Grove, of Ferne, in Wilts. By Robert Grove, Bishop of Chichester, (1691). Will of John Bignell of Wilton, Co. Wilts. Deeds about Wilts. Collections from Wilts Pedigrees of Long and Goddard, &c; Query, if these are part of the Collections of Gore of Alderton, Wilts ? Names of places where it is necessary to search for Wilts descents. Pedigrees from Inq. p. M. Sarum Chartulary; 12mo. Wilts Extracts from the Court of Wards and Liveries in the Chapter House, Westminster; 12mo. Wilts Inquis., p. M.; Ditto Fines; MSS. in the College of Arms; 12mo. Wilts Church Monuments; Parish Register Extracts; 12mo. NO. 4746 4747 4748 4749 4750 4751 Manuscript Collections for Wiltshire. 99 Deeds in Chapter House, Westminster ; Wilts Deeds in Augmentation Office; Ditto Pedigrees, from Inq. p. M.; Ditto Index to Fines; Pedigrees from Dodsworth; Ditto from Glastonbury Chartulary ; Ditto from Malmesbury Chartulary in the Exchequer ; Ditto fromthe Feodary of Beauchamp of Hache; 12mo. Pedigrees from Sir Harris Nicolas, I. p. M.; Ditto from Malmesbury Chartulary ; Wilts Fines, Edw. IV.; 12mo. Index to Deeds relating to Co. Wilts in the Harleian Col- lection of Charters. Lands held by Monasteries in Wilts. 1. Extracts from Deeds about Swindon. 2. Wilts Pedigrees from Inquis. p. M. 3. Coats of Arms. Rectors and Vicars of N. Wilts; Enford Church Notes; Coat in Sevenhampton Windows, Col. Warnford’s; 12mo. Inquisition of the Forest of Braden; I. p. M., co. Wilts; List of Knights’ Wills; Pedigree of Berkeley, Darell Chartulary, Extracts from; 18mo. References to North Wilts Documents; Malmesbury Chartulary Extracts; Edyngton ditto; thin 12mo. Sarum Cathedral Chartulary; 18mo. Wilts Ing. p. M., temp. H. III.; Pedigrees from Close Rolls; 18mo. Hungerford Family Chartulary Extracts; 18mo. Copies of Ancient Charters at Longleat, Wilts, in 1717. (Rev. George Harbin). Extracts from Glastonbury Chartulary at ditto; 7 parts, 4to. Ditto; from Register of Maiden Bradley Priory. (The Register belonged to Thos. Lord Foley, in 17386.) Thos. Spenser of Wilton.—Genealogical Collections of his own descent from Burnell. Tenants of the Crown in Chief, in Co. Wilts, 28, KX. I. Collections for Wilts, &c. Ditto for North Wilts. 100 NO. 6492 6493 6494 6496 6497 6499 6501 6502 6503 6506 6508 6513 6517 6543 6623 6627 6628 6644 6803 6804 6857 6872 7109 7428 8142 8144 8515 Manuscript Collections for Wiltshire. Wilts Extracts from Originalia in the Exchequer. Ditto from Duchy of Lancaster Office. Wilts Pipe Rolls, Extracts; Ditto Fines; 12mo. Index to Wilts Wills, from 1559; 12mo. Ditto ditto 1648. Philipps Descents. Monuments, Co. Wilts, and Collections for Bendry Family. Pedigrees from Wills, Co. Wilts, &e.; 12mo. Wilts Domesday; 4to. Wilts Collectanea, beginning with Roman Pavement at Deane. Stratton St. Margaret, Wilts, Collections for; 4to. Wilts Collectanea, begins “Records of Wanberwe;” Fol. Wanborough Parish Register, 1582—1652; long Fol. Extracts from Matriculation Books, Oxon, for Co. Wilts. Pedigrees of Wilts Yeomen matched with Wilts Gentry. Biographical Memoirs of Bishops of Sarum; 2 vols., 4to. Wilts Documents. Index of Pedes Finium, for Co. Wilts, from A.D. 1558 to 1602; Fol. Ditto, from 1602 to 1624. Views in Wilts, drawn for Watson Taylor, Esq. of Erle- stoke; Fol. Extracts from Lydiard Milicent Court Rolls, Wilts, 5 Eliz. Pension of the Vicar of Chippenham, Wilts. Extract from the “‘Nonarum” Rolls about Rodbourne, Wilts. Church Surveys at the Rolls Office, for Wilts, (amongst other counties). Extracts about Chippenham, from Torre’s MSS. Sherfield’s Case, at Salisbury. Institutions of North Wilts Clergy, in order of Parishes ; (in the hand writing of Edwin Offer). Papers found in the library of Ferdinando Gorges of Ashley, Wilts; Fol. Visitation of Wilts, 1565. Gilpin’s Description of Salisbury, Wilton, &c. Hobbes’s Memorable Sayings. Deeds; Edmund Hinton of Ashton Keynes to Mary Tomes of ditto, lease 1714. Ditto; to Stephen West of ditto, 1702. NO, 8537 8690 9405 9601 9734 9742 10387 10388 10394 10414 10423 10459 10473 10475 10476 10477 10479 10484 10486 10487 10489 10490 10491 10492 10493 10494 Manuscript Collections for Wiltshire. 101 Edyngdon Priory, Transcript of Chartulary, copied from Lansd. MSS., 442, 2 vols., Fol. Sotheron Pedigree. Extracts from Aubrey’s Lives, chiefly about Wilts persons. Arms of Peers, emblazoned; thick small 4to., formerly belonged to Thomas Gore of Alderton, Co. Wilts. A Copy of Thos. Gore’s (of Alderton) Arms of Wiltshire Families, beautifully emblazoned. He was High Sheriff of Wilts. 1680. Arms in Wilts. North Wilts Musters, in the Chapter House, Westminster, copied by Fred. Devon. Sir Thos. Phillipps’s Collections for Wilts, &c.; 4to. Thos. Gore’s “Spicilegia Heraldica,” 1662. His arms and quarterings before the title, and his own coat on the cover, viz., “3 bull’s heads cabossed.”’ Rental of the Manor of Calne, Wilts, I. H. 8., (1509) 8vo. Orders and Regulations of Corsham Almshouses, founded by Margaret (Halliday) Lady Hungerford.—Autograph of Sir R. Hoare. Papers relating to the Election for Calne, Wilts. Valuation taken at Box; (from the library of G. Jackson). North Wilts Clergy Institutions, in Alphabetical Order of Parishes. Collectanea Wiltoniensia; begins “Pipe Rolls, Dorset and Wilts,” 5 Steph., (1139). Wilts Collections; begins “Aldbourne Vicarage.” Ditto begins “John Herrimg—Martha, d. of.” Ditto begins “Inter Recorda,” &c. Pedigrees of Ancient Wilts Gentry before the Visitations. Wilts Barons. Wilts Visitations, 1565 and 1623 continued; and modern Families since 1623. Aubrey’s Natural History of Wilts; 2 vols. Fol. Copied from the original in the Royal Society. Aubrey’s Antiquities of Wilts. Fines in Co. Wilts; 4, Jas. I., (printed for Sir T. Phillipps). Wilts “Pedes Finium,” 1 to 9, James I. Ditto Institutions, (by R. Careless). Ditto Pipe Rolls; 31. H. 1., 2. H. 2., 11. H. 2., 20. H. 2., 28. H. 2., 30. H. 2., 1. R. 1., 1. John, 3. John, 8. J., 9.J.,2.H.3. 10. H. 3., 20. H. 3., 30 & 40. H. 3, Manuscript Collections for Wiltshire. Clyve Pypard Register, 1597 to 1679. Wanborough Court Rolls; 2 vols. Arms in Churches in Malmesbury Hundred, tricked by W. #., (Wm. Harvey ?) Forest Charters for Co. Wilts. Wilts Collections; and Charters of Compton Basset. Wills of Phillipps of Wilts. (Rev. John Offer’s Collection, given by Sir R. C. Hoare, Bart). Pedigrees of South Wilts. . References to Wilts in Originalia; and remenre . Pedigrees for South Wilts ; Collections for Branch and Dole Hundred, &c. . Extracts from Public Documents, Chartularies, &c. . Collections for Heytesbury; 4to. . Lands belonging to Churches, Religious Houses, Hospitals, &c., Co. Wilts; 4to. . Extracts from the Registers of the Diocese of Sarum, viz., “St. Osmund,” “Wm. de Wanda,” “Simon de Gandavo,” “ Mortival,” &e. . Extracts from Dean Chaundler’s Register; begin- ning A.D. 1404. . Ing. p. M. for South Wilts, 1. R. 2. . Notes from Longleat Evidences. . Wilts Notes from Hutchins’s Dorset. . Ditto from Public Records, Chronicles, &e. . Ditto from Public Records, for Heytesbury, Branch and Dole, Warminster and Westbury; vol 3. The other 2 were not sent to me by Sir R. C. H. (See below, No. 11662). Offer’s Church Notes in South Wilts, for Kingston Deverell, with plans of churches. Wilts Collections; begins with a Pedigree of “Brynd.” begins “Mr. and Mrs. Montgomery.” Wilts Rotuli Chartarum. Ditto Ing. ad. q. Damnum. Ditto Abbrev. Placit. Ditto Abbreviatio. Placit. Ditto Matriculations at Oxford. Ditto Barons’ Pedigrees. Salisbury Cathedral Register Extracts. Ing. p. M. for Co. Wilts, H. 3., E. 1., E. 2. 102 NO. 10495 10496 10497 10498 10499 10500 10501 Vol. 1. 10502 — 2 10503 — 3 10504 — 4 10505 — 65 10506 — 6 10507 — 7 10508 — 8 10509 — 9 10510 — 10 10511 — ll 10512 — 12 10513 — 138 10514 — 14. 10537 10538 Ditto 10542 10548 10544 10548 10549 NO. 10551 10555, 10556 10560 10564 10565 10574 10639 10644 10646 10710 10821 10997 10998 10999 11182 11183 11184 11431 11433 11437 11438 11441 11455 11456 11461 11462 11499 11513 iJ Manuscript Collections for Wiltshire. 108 Stratton St. Margaret Register Extracts. History of Farley Castle; (? by Wansey), 4to. Osborn’s Church Notes for Highworth and Kingsbridge Hundreds, Co. Wilts. Hensley’s Wilts Fonts and Arches. North Wilts Manors and Lands, by T. Phillipps. Wilts Visitations, 1623; 3 vols., thin 4to. Epitaphs in Swindon, Co. Wilts; 2 thin vols. Wilts Ing. p. M., temp. Eliz.; Ditto Visitation,—autograph of T. P.; Miscellaneous Wilts Pedigrees; given by Charles Bowles, Esq. Collections for Genealogy of Phillipps. Wilts Visitations, 1565; begins with two printed sheets of ‘Wiltshire Articles, in Harl. MSS.” Britton’s Beauties of Wilts; 2 vols., interleaved, with some MS. notes of his own. Knights made by K. James I., at Salisbury and Wilton, 22nd Sept., 1603. Autograph Letters of Bp. Tanner and John Aubrey, (with others). Collectanea, by Sir Thos. Phillipps. Ditto by Sir R. C. Hoare and others. Wilts Visitation, 1565, with some additions to 1650. For- merly belonging to Sylvan Morgan, with his monogram on the back. Wilts ditto, 1565, copied by Longmate. Le Neve’s Notes for Crudwell, Wilts. Will of Nicholas Daniel, of Sutton Benger, 1714. Wilts Visitation, 1565, part only. Ditto Fines, temp. Phil. and Mary. References to Parish Registers for Wilts Gentry; vols. 1 & 2. Wilts Ing. p. M., E. TTI. Extracts from Close Rolls, 1. E. 3., ex libro “Grafton.” The History and Praises of Milicent Scrope. Extracts from the Chancellor’s Pipe Rolls for Wilts. Extracts from Deeds relating to Savernake. Pedigrees from Wills at Sarum. Miscellanea; containing “Benet of Sarum.” Dates of Parish Registers in Wilts. Bounds of the Forest of Selwood. 104 NO. 11652 11653 11654 11655 11656 11657 11662 11663 11664 11665 11666 11667 11668 11669 11769 11820 11842 11958 Manuscript Collections for Wiltshire. (MSS. given by Rev. Wm. C. Lukis, all Autograph). Burials in Bradford, Wilts, 1579—91. ’ Marriages in ditto, 1580—1644. Baptisms and Burials at Steeple Ashton, 1559—80. Ditto at Great Chaldfield, 1549—1685. Ditto at Keevil, 1559—1664. Ditto at Bradford, 1579—1623. Ditto ditto 1623—1681. Semington Baptisms, 1586—1706. Ditto Burials, 1588—1729. (Rev. J. Offer’s MSS., all in his Autograph). Rev. J. Offer’s Records for Heytesbury, &c. These are the 2 vols. which are by mistake said to be missing 10513. Ditto Notes from Visitations, Pole’s Devon, &c. Ditto Pedigrees of Wilts Barons; ending with Church Notes in Great Wishford. Ditto Extracts from the Deeds of Master Darell of Littlecote. Ditto from Visitations; Chartulary of Bradenstoke Abbey; Queen’s Coll. (Oxon) MSS.; Hussey Pedigree; Dods- worth; Vincent’s Ing. p. M.; Wards and Marriages; Pedes Finium, &c.; vol. 1, with the motto, “Sic vos non vobis.” Ditto Extracts from MSS. in British Museum. Ditto from MSS. Phillipps, (see No. 95), vol. 2., dated London, Aug. 1822. Ditto from the Chapter House, Westminster; Cole’s Es- cheats; Augmentation Office; Visitation of Wilts; &e.; vol 3. Ditto from Augmentation Office, Chantry Rolls, &e. Ditto from the Register of Deeds of the Hungerford Family ; 12mo. Star Chamber Proceedings against Henry Sherfield for breaking the window in St. Edmund’s Salisbury, 1632. Charters, &c. of Castlecombe. Wilts Visitations, 1623. Ditto Collections; viz., Memoranda, Originalia, Pleadings in Duchy of Lane.; Lans. MSS.; Quo warranto; Patent Rolls; Inq. p. M. J. E. Jd. On the Ornithology of Wilts. 105 On the Ornitholagy of Wilts. No. 2. ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS. Having in a former paper briefly introduced the subject of the Ornithology of Wilts, I propose in a series of papers, to lay before the readers of this Magazine, a succinct account of the various species of birds which occur amongst us: but before I proceed to do so, it will be necessary, for the better understanding of those who have devoted little attention to the subject, and also for the assist- ance of those who are beginning to investigate it, and would know something more of the habits of the feathered race around them, to devote a few papers to the general subject of the classification, the structure, and the faculties of birds, without which previous know- ledge I fear it would be impossible to convey to any one more than a confused idea of the admirable, and indeed perfect organization, of this most interesting class of creatures. With this view, and to start from the very beginning, or, as in speaking of birds I may say, “ab ovo,” I devote this paper to the somewhat dry but impor- tant subject of classification, giving a general outline of the rules by which birds are classed, and the divisions and subdivisions now usually accepted. The student in Ornithology desirous to attain to a comprehensive knowledge of birds, must not expect to gain even a superficial acquaintance with them, or to grasp in his mind any definite and precise idea of the positions they severally occupy, without a certain amount of labour. The school boy in his research after knowledge must toil through many a weary and irksome task; the linguist in acquiring a new language, must pause over dry rules of grammar; the eminent statesman, the victorious general, the brilliant orator, gained not their proud positions, without industry and diligence: Pp 106 On the Ornithology of Wits. and so to compare smaller things with great, before we proceed to investigate the several properties, peculiarities, and habits of indi- vidual birds, it will be necessary first to understand thoroughly the relative positions they occupy: and in order to do this we must devote a little attention, which will be amply repaid by the result. In Ornithology, as in other sciences, we must not attempt to run, before we can walk: we must not rush headlong “in medias res:” step by step we must be contented to advance: but our way will not be weary, if we give attention to surmount the little obstacles which at first sight seem to oppose us: our journey will not be irksome, if we pause to smooth away the little inequalities of the path; and the more we advance, the easier becomes the way, the smoother the road, till at length we find ourselves unincumbered by hinderances, and surrounded by all the sweets and pleasures of this most fascinating study. Now one of the very first requirements in every branch of Natural History, is method; one of the most indispensible is order: without this it will be impossible to progress, and Ornithology, like a skein of silk, which if handled with due order is easily unwound, deprived of method, soon becomes a tangled mass of knots, which defy the skill of the extricator to unravel them. The very first lesson then that we must learn, and one which we must never forget, if we would know anything of Ornithology, is a little insight into the classification of birds, whereby what before seemed hope- less confusion, becomes by the touch of this magic wand, the very perfection of order. There seems at first sight to be a wide differ- ence between the gigantic ostrich and the diminutive creeper, between the glorious eagle and the insignificant sparrow, between the noble bustard and the tiny wren; but by methodical arrange- ment, we see how, link succeeding link, and species being connected by the strongest affinity with species, these are all integral parts of the same great chain; united by many intermediate bands, but still component parts of the same great whole: nay, not only so, but by the help of classification, we can not only assign to each bird, quadruped, insect, fish, or reptile their own appropriate By the Rev. A. C. Smith. 107 place, but beginning with the noblest of God’s creatures, with man, we can pass gradually through all the animal kingdom, stopping to admire with what excellent method, and by what almost insensible degrees, the race of quadrupeds merges into that of birds; how the race of birds is intimately connected with fishes; fishes with rep- tiles; reptiles with insects; insects with animals of inferior order, and these again with the vegetable, and (as some affirm) even the mineral kingdom. These are surely wondrous facts and of ex- ceeding interest: to follow up and pursue this chain requires time indeed, and skill, and opportunities, such as few can command: but to gain an insight into this beautiful order and arrangement is within the reach of all, and the more we investigate it, the more we shall learn how true it is of the Almighty Creator, that “God is not the author of confusion, but of peace.” Before I proceed to examine in detail the modern method of classifying birds, as generally adopted at the present day, it will be well briefly to observe the several stages by which it has arrived at its present excellence. Among ancient writers on Natural History, there are but two, viz. Aristotle and Pliny, who have professed to give any general description of birds; and interesting, and in some cases instructive, as their treatises in many respects certainly are, they are mixed up with such a mass of absurdity and fable as very much to mar their intrinsic value. In that early stage of Ornithological knowledge, of course anything approximating to systematic arrangement was not to be expected. But to come down to more modern times, the first approach to order is traced to Belon and the French naturalists, who in the middle of the six- teenth century began to classify after a certain system: As the ground work of their scheme was however derived from the habitat and food of birds, it was necessarily in many respects very incorrect. In the next century, Gesner at Zurich, and Aldrovandus at Bologna, struck out a plan in the right direction, by dividing the whole class into /and and water birds; but then, as if satisfied with this good beginning, they deduced their subordinate divisions from the nature of the aliment. It was reserved for our own countryman, pQ2 ~ 108 On the Ornithology of Wiits. Willoughby, at the latter end of the seventeenth century, to lay the foundation of a more accurate arrangement; for, accepting the grand divisions already laid down, of terrestrial and aquatic, he made his subdivisions from enquiries into the general form and structure, and especially from the distinctive characters of the beak and feet: still he seems to have been unable to shake off completely the prejudices of his time, for he allows varieties in size, the different kinds of food, and such trivial things to bias him in his arrangement. Ray and Pennant followed up the course so well begun by Willoughby, and the close of the last century saw this systematic arrangement from the anatomical structure of birds, very generally established. Since that time all the numerous systems of classifi- cation have proceeded from the same principle of structure; various indeed have they been, adopted by Ornithologists of this and other countries; some fanciful, as the “Quinary System,” or “series of circles,” established by Vigors: others complicated and puzzling from their needless minuteness: others positively erroneous, as from a farther acquaintance with birds is shown: but the method which I here set forth, adopted by modern Ornithologists, and more parti- cularly by those of this country, has this great advantage over all that have preceeded it, in addition to its superior accuracy, that it is simple and plain, as well as comprehensive; neither from over minuteness burdening the memory unnecessarily, nor from an opposite extreme of indefiniteness leaving any deficiency or doubt. This moreover is the system adopted by Yarrell, Hewitson, and the principal British Ornithologists of the present day.* To proceed then with the classification of birds, I must repeat what I touched on in my former paper, that birds are commonly placed in two grand divisions, viz: ‘‘LAND BrRDs,” or those whose habitat is the land: and “waTeR BriRps,”’ or those which principally * I should add that though I now confine my observations to birds of this country, yet the same arrangement applies equally to birds generally throughout the globe, bik] Sinresand ee Pe ED) Merrie Mord wh VOTH ThA" Pra) +; : . wo) } PF ’ Re OR LEU Ce a . ( [ eo = . . . - Br sine iis) is tit ait. es 3% Olg Dsbry <—t OY Ae mV . . . el beilis * ‘ er . Ww ral ' > “ere yas 1H Hb.) ) ey CF mii.) ° nt ay ‘ (yet at } o> . : 4 A ' +4 * * Ne ; Aad +4 > ‘ ‘ : 11 1 et *% # . wie way . AS rae) “pe » y yeh OA hs toga Hite # Pwo") 190) Of Wiiy BE eae CO * ‘ . eA acnty NG vi : , . POON? yireit Hite { gud i'l : , ‘ Pe yr” é CS VIKA tt eis) Ay * 7 a UAL A . 1t''> ) os ry > y Ty : asa by y WERASWE HON) oonoi 4 ae v : yanks # +) t : ; ¥ P : AAS rire. + | \ se CALI: bp 69 sa SNOT Ww Vea Lt prney 4 ‘ et . COUN “Nee eae es ae | : r. ni: 4 : ‘ P ihe | é 7 ve ’ ni wh [ori AL. ' Ook #00.) Ae i 1 fh y ly ' ‘y Toe | 5) - Ms \ - { ? 7 if th LI bilfiend i CHULA) - emporre Pp ast f ae IU i eTostie t i tet he i . inhe obrgs " 0 i re if if hroovoll cybinthreirt i LO rangi G » i s htiah vats at, elo This fa bith iy bibeqre: f nbisal mbideayl ODA fi bagts pil aul ORDER. (perchers) *BIRDS..— 3. Rasores __ (ground birds) | 4. Grallatores (waders) | WATER....— 5. Natatores (swimmers) 2. Insessores — TRIBE. mel Raptorescres ere ctercatcieas eras (birds of prey) ~~ Dentirostres. . (tooth-billed.) Conirostres . (cone-billed.) Scansores.... (climbers.) Fissirostres . . |__ (wide-billed.) ee eee were eee FAMILY. LATIN NAME. ENGLISH NAME. / Vulturidee Vultures Falconide Falcons |__ Strigide Owls ~~ Laniadee Butcher birds Muscicapidee Fy-catchers Merulidee Thrushes Sylviadee Warblers Paridee Titmice Ampelidee Waawings Motacillide Wagtails __ Anthidee Pipits ~ Alaudidee Larks Emberizide Buntings Fringillide Finches Sturnidee Starlings _ Coryidee Crows ! Picides Woodpeckers Certhiadee Creepers | _Cuculidee Cuckoos —Meropide _Bee-eaters Haleyonidee Kingfishers Hirundinide Swallows Columbidee Phasianidse Tetraonidee _Struthionide | Charadriide Gruidee Ardeidze Scolopacidee Rallidee __ Lobipedidee ~~ Anatidee Colymbidee Alcadze Pelecanidse |__Laride |_ Caprimulgidee Groatsuckers Pigeons Pheasants Grousterctis Bustards Plovers Cranes Herons Snipes Rails Coots Ducks Divers Auks Oormorants Gulls GENUS. Each family is still farther di- vided into cer- tain Sets called GENERA, par- taking of the same family character, but with ‘generic’ differences, for example :— | Tetrao (true Grous) Lagopus (Ptarmigan) iRerdisxryepeterers (Partridge) SPECIES. Each genus is again subdi- vided into se- veral closely allied species, partaking of the same gene- ric character, but with speci- fic differences, Jor exumple :— -_ Cinerea (Common) Rufa (red-legged) Petrosa (Barbary) By the Rev. A. C. Smith. 109 court the water, as their names respectively imply. These are two great classes, separating our British birds into two nearly equal parts; the number of land birds amounting to about 171, the water birds to about 166 species. The first great division of these two classes is, into the five “orDERS;” the members of which are of somewhat similar habits and formation, and partake of the same general characteristics. Of these five, the first is the “Raptorial” order, composed of those birds usually known as ‘birds of prey;’ and, as their natural habit is the destruction of the feebler tribes and the smaller animals, they have been most mercilessly persecuted by man in all countries: this continual persecution will easily account for their rarity and their habitual shyness, seldom venturing near the habitation of man, and always taking flight at the distant approach of their great enemy : still sometimes in our great woods or thick enclosures, and often on our open downs, the most unobservant must have seen the hawk hovering with expanded wings high in the air, or dashing in pursuit after a luckless bird, or pouncing with unerring aim on some unfortunate mouse: the most careless must have occasionally heard the wild hooting or the unearthly shriekings of the owl, as it has hurried past in search of prey in the shades of evening. The principal characteristics of this order are the long and curved claws, the hooked and powerful bill, the muscular limbs, the great strength, the predatory habits, the love of animal food: these are traits so marked and peculiar, that it will require but little discrimination to distinguish birds belonging to this order from all the others. The second embraces those innumerable small birds which are so familiar to all of us; and contains a much larger number of species than either of the other four orders. These are the ‘ Insessores’ or ‘perching birds,’ which fill our woods and gardens, abound in our fields, and may be met with at every turn in our daily walks: they possess far more intelligence than birds of any other class, are remarkable for the vocal powers with which some of them are endowed: but especially derive their name from the perfect form 110 On the Ornithology af Wiits. of the foot, which is so admirably adapted for perching or grasping, and in which the hind toe is always present. When we come to examine the subdivisions of this order, we shall find that the ‘Insessores’ comprise birds varying greatly from one another in habits and general appearance; yet, all belonging to this division partake of the grand distinguishing features, which I have shewn to be characteristic of it. The third order contains the ‘ Rasores’ or ‘ ground birds,’ com- prehending all such as being land birds, and yet not being birds of prey, and not having feet perfectly adapted to perching, obtain the principal part of their food upon the ground; their wings in general are short, and they are not capable of such extended flight as belongs to members of the two preceding orders; but in lieu of this they are provided with very strong limbs and powerful muscles, and with short toes, enabling them to run with great swiftness. This division does not contain any great number of species, and yet as many of them are sought for by the epicure, and others still more by the sportsman ; there is, perhaps, no class of birds, the habits and general nature of which are so generally known as this. When I mention that the ‘rasores’ include not only all the gallinaceous birds, as our barn-door fowls, but also partridges, pheasants, and grous, the truth of this statement will be at once seen. As all the members of this order are extremely good for food, a beneficent Providence has caused them to be very productive, and the number of eggs to a nest is usually very considerable. The fourth order begins the other great division, viz., the ‘Water birds,’ and comprises those numerous aquatic birds, which, not having webbed feet, and so not being perfectly framed for swimming and diving, nevertheless, are formed for living partly in the water, and generally procure their food from wet and marshy places, if not from rivers, lakes, and the sea shore. These are the ‘Grallatores’ or ‘waders, and are distinguished from the land birds by their habits, as well as by the length of leg and neck so fitted for their aquatic ways, also by the formation of their feet, so admirably By the Rev. A. C. Smith. 111 adapted for wading on soft mud, for running lightly over water plants, and enabling them to move easily in their accustomed haunts. The herons, snipes, and plovers may serve as examples of this class. The fifth and last order contains the true water birds, whose domain is essentially the sea, or the inland lake and large river: these are bona fide inhabitants of the water, passing nearly all their time there, retiring far away from land as day approaches, feeding in the sea, sleeping on the sea, and only occasionally visiting the shore. These are the ‘ Natatores’ or ‘swimmers’ whose boat-shaped bodies and webbed feet attest their remarkable powers of swimming and diving, and render it impossible to mistake them as belonging to any other order. From the position and extent of the British islands, the birds which comprise this division are very numerous on our coasts, as any one will at once acknowledge who has seen the clouds of ducks, gulls, &c., darkening the sea shore in the autumn. Now, such being a sketch of the five great orders of birds, and such the characteristics of each, the lines of demarcation between them seem so broad, and well-defined, that one might almost be inclined to doubt the possibility of confusing them: yet, (as I before remarked) in nature there seem to be no sudden transitions : no rapid jumps from one kind to another: no gaps between them : all is done gradually and with becoming method: we are led almost insensibly from one order to another, so much does the last species of one assimilate to the first species of the next. Thus, for instance, when passing from the first to the second, from the birds of prey to the perchers, see the connecting link between the two, so ably sustained by the shrikes or butcher-birds: perchers indeed they are, with feet as perfect for grasping as any in the class; at the same time, how like to the birds of prey in their habits, in their cruel method of seizing, impaling on a thorn and devouring their prey. Again, in passing from the perchers to the ground birds, mark the pigeons, what a connecting link between the two orders do they form; some partaking of the character of true ‘Insessores,’ 112 On the Ornithology of Wiits. others approximating in every respect to the ‘rasores ;’ or again, in passing from the third to the fourth, from the ground birds to the waders, how slight is the boundary, how gentle the transition from the bustards to the plovers: compare the smaller bustard, the last of one order, and the great plover, the first of the next, and how much do they resemble each other, how little the difference to mark the two divisions, how similar in their appearance, their shape, their habits, the locality they affect. And once more, though the webbed feet of the last order may seem at first sight so plain and distinguishing a characteristic, as to leave little room for gradual transition here, between the waders and swimmers, yet it is not so: observe the well-known coot and the phalaropes, mark their peculiar feet, furnished with membranes, though not wholly webbed, their decidedly aquatic habits, their powers of swimming and diving, and by their intervention see how easily we pass from the true waders to the true swimmers. Thus we are led on from order to order, not suddenly or unconnectedly, but gradually and almost insensibly, proving to us the perfect harmony of all the works of nature, while at the same time we can trace sufficient marks of distinction to prevent any real confusion. Having detailed somewhat at length the method pursued in this first great subdivision of the land and water birds, I now proceed to show more concisely in what the other subdivisions consist. At present we may be able to define the order to which any given bird may belong, but we are still very far from placing it in that particular position which alone it is entitled to hold. The next great subdivision of birds is into ‘TriBEs,’ which will not occupy us long; for of the five orders, it is usual to pass by four, as not needing this subdivision, and to apply it only to that very large one, ‘Insessores’ or perchers. These birds being so numerous and withal so similar in some of their habits, have nevertheless certain marked characteristics, distinguishing at one glance the ‘tribe’ to which they belong, and thus very much sim- plifying their classification. The perchers then are divided into four tribes; the first of which is the ‘Dentirostres’ or ‘ tooth- By the Rev. A. C. Smith. 113 billed,’ so called from the distinct tooth or notch near the extremity of the bill, enabling the bird to hold securely whatever it may seize: it is chiefly composed of insect-eating birds, and of these the redbreast is an example. The second is the ‘Conirostres’ or ‘ cone-billed, so called from the conical form, as well as immense strength of the beak; these birds are principally consumers of grain, as an instance of which we may name the common house- sparrow. The third comprises the ‘Scansores’ or ‘ climbers,’ the members of which are remarkable for their power of climbing, and to this end they are furnished with toes arranged in pairs, with stiff bristling tail to serve as a support, with tongues capable of great elongation and extension, whereby they may transfix the insects they find in the trees they are ascending; of this the wood- peckers are examples. The fourth and last tribe is composed of the ‘ Fissirostres’ or ‘ wide-billed,’ so called from their enormous width of gape: these have usually very small feet, and take their food principally on the wing: every one will readily perceive how well the swallows answer to this description. Having now reached the point at which the four tribes of perchers are on an equality with the remaining four entire orders, we come to subdivide these several classes into ‘rammixs.’. The word “families” describes itself at once: these, it will clearly be per- ceived, are groups of birds belonging to the same order and tribe, and having still nearer affinities one to another, not shared by members of another family, though belonging to the same order and tribe. Thus, for example, the tribe ‘ tooth-billed’ is composed of a number of families, the thrushes, the warblers, the titmice, &e., all resembling one another in the formation of their beak, and other characteristics of the tribe: but each family containing distinctive marks, separating them from the remaining families, and uniting them in a closer alliance to one another. When we have mastered the classification of birds up to this point, we have attained no slight knowledge of their arrangement ; but again we must pursue our enquiries a little farther, and sub- divide these families into Genera. Of these each family contains Q 114 On the Ornithology of Wilts. a certain number, some more, some less, the members of each genus having still farther points of resemblance between them, than with those of other genera, though of the same family. Thus, to take for example, the warblers, ‘ sylviade ’: in this family there is the genus ‘curruca,’ containing the whitethroats, the genus ‘ regulus,’ containing the golden-crested wrens, the genus ‘saxicola,’ containing the chats. Thus again of the family of grous, there is the genus ‘tetrao,’ containing the real grous, the genus ‘lagopus,’ containing the ptarmigans, the genus ‘perdix,’ containing the partridges. And so again in like manner, to come to the last subdivision, which concludes the arrangement of birds according to scientific classification; every genus contains certain spxciEs, differing from one another in some respects, the points of difference being sometimes marked and clear, at others times slight, and hardily perceptible. Thus, as the family of grous contains among others the genus partridge, so the genus partridge in its turn comprises these several species, the common partridge, the red-legged par- tridge, and the Barbary partridge. Again, as the family of warblers contains among others the genus chat, so the genus chat contains the whinchat, the stonechat, and the wheatear. It will be needless to pursue this explanation any farther, though it may be useful to subjoin the accompanying table,* recapi- tulating the above method of classification, and enumerating the members of the three large subdivisions, some individuals of almost all of which are very generally known. Such, then, is a general outline of modern classification as com- monly adopted in this country. I am quite aware that the above description of it is far from perfect, and some of the subdivisions may to the experienced seem defective: to enter into farther detail would have occupied too much time, and have produced obscurity and confusion: and, perhaps, for practical purposes, what I have said will be amply sufficient. Volumes and treatises without num- ber have been written on the subject, and our best Ornithologists have employed a vast deal of time and learning to bring it to per- fection: the above is but a short epitome of the result of their By the Rev. A. C. Smith. 115 labours. To those who care not for the pursuit of Ornithology, I fear the repetition of so many hard names may seem irksome ; but to those who would learn something of birds, I am certain it is no loss of time to gain an insight into their classification ; for an acquaintance with this will pave the way to their future studies, simplifying what would otherwise be abstruse, laying bare what would otherwise be hidden, and unravelling what must otherwise be complicated: for (as I observed at the beginning, now I repeat in conclusion) order and method are the very foundation stones of natural history: we can never arrive at any advanced knowledge of birds without them: we may be able, indeed, to detect some species on the ground, on the wing, or by their notes; we may have some acquaintance with their respective habits and peculiari- ties, but till we can place them in their own positions, classify them with something of order, arrange them in reference to their congeners with something of method, our knowledge and observa- tions will be of small avail in teaching us the secrets of Ornithology ; and we shall fall short in understanding the beautiful balance held by nature; the general connection between birds of the same order and tribe; the more intimate connection between those of the same family; the close union between those of the same genus; and the almost insensible degrees by which they pass from one to another, all of which are subjects of exceeding interest to the careful observer; and our Ornithological knowledge instead of being comprehensive, will be desultory; instead of being valuable, will be defective; instead of being useful, will be productive of neither instruction nor pleasure. ALFRED CHARLES SMITH. Yatesbury Rectory, March, 1854. Q 2 116 Review of Waylen’s History of Marlborough. Review of Pew Publications. HISTORY OF MARLBOROUGH.* All who take an interest in the history of our county will readily acknowledge their obligations to Mr. Waylen for the valuable con- tribution to that subject with which he has presented us in this very handsome volume. We hail it as one indication among many of the spirit of research having been at length awakened into our ancient annals, and of the zeal with which independent writers, unaided by our Association, are already setting to work to fill up those great gaps in our county history that are at once a discredit and a disappointment to us. The work offers, moreover, a striking example of the abundant matter which such researches will be found to disclose in reference to those many towns and extensive districts of Wiltshire, which as yet are unexamined, or, at all events, undescribed by any local historian. Few persons, probably, would suppose, a priori, that the history of the comparatively petty coun- try town of Marlborough, could afford materials for a thick octavo volume of a most readable and agreeable character. Yet, we can truly say, that having once taken up Mr. Waylen’s work, we found it very difficult to lay it down again until we reached the last page. *A\ Hisrory, Mrrrrary AnD Municrpat, or THE Town oF MARLBOROUGH, AND MORE GENERALLY OF THE ENTIRE HUNDRED oF SELKLEY. By James Wayren. Swirn, 36, Sono SQuaRE. Review of Waylen’s History of Marlborough. 117 And to those who reside in the town itself, or the hundred of Selkley, it must be doubly welcome and valuable. The amount of general historical interest to which we here find the town of Marlborough fairly entitled, (in spite of the fact that at no period has it been very extensive, wealthy, or populous), arises from its geographical position. It occupies the very centre of that area of Wiltshire which is most thickly studded with the remains of the primitive inhabitants of the island, almost within sight of all the three great monuments of unknown antiquity— Stonehenge, Avebury, and Silbury Hill—at the intersection of several first-class Roman roads—and on the chief line of com- munication between London and the metropolis of the west, till of late the second city of the kingdom, Bristol. So placed, it could not fail to play a part in many of the most important events in the history of Britain. The evidence of the occupation of the actual site of the town of Marlborough by the aboriginal Britons is confined to the Castle Mound, which, though inferior in size to its colossal neighbour, Silbury, is so similar to it in character, as to leave little doubt of an identity in origin. Mildenhall, a suburb of the town, and the adjoining hill called Folly Farm, unquestionably formed the Roman military station of Cunetio, which derived its name from the river Cunnet or Kennet by which it is intersected. This latter sound is so closely allied to that of the ‘Kynetes’ of Herodotus, and the ‘Kynt’ of the British bard Aneurin, that Mr. Waylen perhaps is justified in supposing we may trace in this spot the establishment of some of the earliest migratory inhabitants of the west of Europe. Sir Richard Hoare divides the station Cunetio into two, the upper and the lower. We must refer to his great work on Ancient Wiltshire, from which Mr. Waylen judiciously quotes the principal passages, for an account of the numerous vestiges of Roman works, still, or lately, existing here, and the objects of antiquity that have been at various times dug up on its site. Among the last is “ the 118 Review of Waylen’s History of Marlborough. Marlborough Bucket” preserved in the British Museum, and the Rudge Cup, engraved in Gough’s Camden, and represented below in the size of original. (Query, where is this preserved at present ?) i _ = = = = —t = The name of Marlborough, written in the most ancient charters Merlberg, or Mierleberg, is supposed to be derived from Merlin Ambrosius the Briton, a seer and writer, who flourished towards the close of the fifth century, and is said by Bale to have been buried here, haying in his life-time erected Stonehenge. ALI this is, of course, somewhat apocryphal. Not so the well authenticated fact that at the time of the conquest a castle existed here in which the Conqueror imprisoned several of the Saxon ecclesiastics (among others Aigelricus, Bishop of Southsax) who had exhibited impatience of his usurpation. It is remarkable that Domesday Book contains no survey of the town or manor, although one of the wealthiest landholders in the county bore the name of Alured de Merlebergh, and was therefore most probably its lord. The Conqueror is said to have established a mint here, several coins of his epoch existing with the name of the town impressed on them. That the castle continued in the hands of the Sovereign seems proved by Henry I. having held a court here during Easter in the year 1110. Review of Waylen’s History of Marlborough. 119 In the succeeding reign, Wiltshire, it is well known, formed the central battle-field of the prolonged contest for the Crown, which was carried on between Stephen, of Blois, and the partisans of the Empress Matilda, Henry’s daughter, and possessing at that time an extraordinary number of flourishing towns, religious houses, and feudal fortresses, it was proportionably exposed to the alternate ravages of both parties. The castle of Marlborough was held during the greater part of this period for the Empress by her half- brother Robert, Earl of Gloucester, and his castellain John Fitz- Gilbert. The latter seems by a want of due respect for monastic property to have incurred the special wrath of the monkish historians of the day, one of whom, William of Malmesbury, speaks of him in the following terms :—“ A very firebrand of wickedness was this John of Marlborough, who appeared to rule in that castle for no other purpose than to scourge the realm with his ceaseless injuries. By means of outlying fortalices skilfully contrived to communicate with himself, he brought within his power the lands and possessions not of civilians only, but of religious houses of what order soever ; and though often excommunicated, this only added to his fury; for, compelling the heads of the monasteries to assemble at his castle on stated days, he practised the unparalleled effrontery of assuming in his own person the episcopal function of levying contributions either in the form of ready money or compulsory services.” The extreme indignation here shewn at the assumption by a lay baron of episcopal privileges of taxation, is amusing at a period when so many bishops were in that very neighbourhood in arms, and playing the part of baronial warriors—the Bishop of Salisbury holding Malmesbury and Devizes, the latter built by himself, and considered the strongest fortress in the realm—the Bishop of Ely acting as his lieutenant—while the Bishop of Lincoln fortified and manfully defended Castle Howard, and the Bishop of Winchester the chief fortress of his see. Mr. Waylen recounts several of the events of which Wiltshire was the theatre during this intestine struggle, and we cannot but express a hope that either he or some other equally competent writer will before 120 Review of Waylen’s History of Marlborough. long favour us with a special and detailed history of the important part which our county played in the history of the baronial wars of the 12th and 13th century. Henry II., soon after his accession, granted the castle of Marlborough to his son John, Earl of Mor- tagne, afterwards King John, whose marriage with the heiress of the Earl of Gloucester was celebrated here in the year 1189. John appears to have been throughout his life attached to the spot, as a place of occasional residence and a repository. for much of his treasure. He conferred many charters also upon the burgesses of the adjoining town. Numerous contemporary documents attest these facts, of which Mr. Waylen gives several interesting extracts. In the great contest of this unhappy monarch with his barons, the castle of Marlborough slipped from his grasp, being delivered up by its warden, Hugh de Neville, to Prince Louis of France, who had been called in by the disaffected barons to head their forces, and laid claim to the Crown. By him it was made over to William Mareschal, the younger, son of the great Earl of Pembroke, of the same name. The former, however, shortly after withdrew his support from Louis, and Marlborough Castle re-opened its gates to the friends of Prince Henry who had been proclaimed King under the title of Henry III. by the elder Mareschal, and crowned at Gloucester in presence of the Pope’s legate and the loyal barons. Henry was often at Marlborough. And it was during his illness there in the year 1126 that the gallant William Longespee, who had visited the King, his uncle, to remonstrate against the attempts of the favourite Hubert de Burgh to obtain possession of his birthright by marriage with his mother, the Countess EJa of Sarum, was struck (through poison as some suppose) by a sudden sickness which proved speedily mortal. Marlborough continued to be a favourite residence of Henry III., probably owing to the opportunities for sport afforded by the neighbouring royal forests of Savernake and Albourn Chase. The Liberate Rolls contain many directions to the constable of the castle for its improvement and repairs, with interesting particulars of the accommodation provided in it for both the King and the Queen, of which Mr. Waylen Review of Waylen’s History of Marlborough. 121 gives copious examples. On the death of Henry III. Marlborough Castle became part of the dowry of his widow Queen Eleanor, who resided in the neighbouring nunnery of Amesbury, and on her death was conferred by Edward I. on his own Queen. On the accession of Edward II., he deprived his mother of it, and bestowed it, together with other vast estates, on the all-powerful favourite Hugh le Despencer, in the year 1308. On the fall of the Despencers, Queen Isabel obtained it, and, inthe reign of Edward IIL., it was held likewise for the Queen Joanna (of Scotland, Edward’s sister), by a succession of wardens. Richard II. granted it to his faithful follower Sir William Scrope, K.G., created at the same time Earl of Wiltshire, on whose execution in 1399, it reverted again to the Crown. In the time of Henry V. Sir Walter Hun- gerford, of Farleigh Castle, received the profits of the town and castle, which in the subsequent reign were held by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, known as the good Duke. By this time it seems probable that the castle had been dismantled, being no longer mentioned as a fortress, although still used as a principal residence by the Seymours, into whose hands it ultimately passed by grant from the Crown to the Duke of Somerset, temp. Edw. VI. In that family it descended by inheritance, together with the Barony of Seymour of Trowbridge, until, in the year 1779, it was purchased by its present noble owner the Marquis of Ailesbury, who was already possessed of the rangership of the adjoining forest of Savernak, and the estates of Tottenham, Wolfhall, &c., by inheritance from Elizabeth sister and heir of the third Duke. The Borough of Marlborough existed, no doubt, as a self-governed municipality from the Saxon, or indeed, probably, the Roman period. But its earliest written charter was granted by John. It possessed the usual Court Leet, Mayor’s Court, and other municipal privileges, with a special court, called Morrow Speech Court, held four times in the year, at which the mayors and burgesses were chosen. The first charter of incorporation was granted by Queen Elizabeth. It seems to have returned two members to Parliament from the earliest period ; at all events from the time of Henry IIT. R 122 Review of Waylen’s History of Marlborough. who held there in 1267 the Parliament at which the celebrated “Statutes of Marlborough” were enacted. Like many other boroughs, if not all, its Constitution was at first, and for a long period, of a liberal character, the entire body of the inhabitants, paying scot and lot, having the rights and privileges of burgesses. But by degrees the governing body became, as in so many other instances, narrowed to a small exclusive self-elected body, till “yeduced at last to some half-dozen individuals, they invited by their insignificance the hand of reform.” The history of these various changes is given in an interesting narrative by Mr. Waylen, but we have not space, of course, to follow him through it. The Seymour family, who possessed the castle of Marlborough, with the lordship called the “ Barton,” and the forests of Savernak and Albourn Chase, as also many large adjoining estates, mostly inherited from the Esturmys of Wolfhall, who had held lands in this neighbourhood from the time of the Conqueror, naturally exercised great influence over the borough. The Karl of Hertford, son of ths Protector, inhabited the mansion of Amesbury, and oceasionally resided at Tottenham. It was his grandson, Sir Francis Seymour, younger brother of the then Earl, who built for his residence the large house on the ‘site of the old castle, long known to many.yet living as the Castle Inn, and now the nucleus of the Marlborough College. He was returned to the long Par- liament as one of the members for Marlborough, his colleague being John Franklyn, and both at first opponents of the extravagant pretensions of the prerogative. Sir Francis, however, when the crisis approached, sided with the King, who raised him to the peerage under the title of Baron Trowbridge, while his colleague, Franklyn, and his successor, Philip Smith, remained firm to the popular cause, and the former played a very prominent part in the ensuing incidents of the great rebellion. Wiltshire was full of non-conformists, and the inhabitants of Marlborough especially were in Clarendon’s estimation “ notoriously disaffected.”” This was shewn in 1642 by their liberal contributions to the parliamentary loans, and their voluntary enrolment in large Review of Waylen’s History of Marlborough. 123 numbers in the militia then forming under the Earl of Pembroke in defence of the parliamentary cause, and in opposition to the commission of array of which among others the Marquis of Hert- ford and his brother, the Lord Seymour, were charged with the execution, Nor was it long before the town of Marlborough defended only by this hastily raised militia was exposed to actual assault from the royalist forces detached for the purpose from - Oxford, under Lord Digby, in November, 1642. The first attack seems to have been easily foiled. But in the beginning of the next month, a body of 6,000 infantry with several troops of horse, under Lords Grandison and Wentworth, in conjunction with Lord Digby, attaeked the town on several sides with great energy, and having forced its defenders under Sir Neville Poole to retreat for safety to the Lord Seymour’s house, and the Castle Mound, sacked, and, to a great extent, burnt and ruined the unfortunate town. A few days later succour arrived from Lord Essex, the Commander- in-Chief of the parliamentary forces, and the royalists retreated on Oxford ; but the mischief had been done, and it took some time for the unlucky inhabitants of Marlborough to recover their losses. Moreover, John Franklyn, the popular member, and some hundred of the inhabitants were taken prisoners, carried to Oxford, and confined there for a long period under circumstances of great hard- ship and cruelty. In the series of contests that subsequently took place between the royalist and parliamentarian forces, in the county of Wilts, and the adjoining counties of Berks, Oxford, and Hamp- shire, the town of Marlborough bore a prominent part, as lying on the great high road from London to the West of England. But we must refer to Mr. Waylen’s book for the interesting details of these events, especially recommending to our readers the amusing narrative of the gallant but somewhat marauding exploits of Major Dowett, commander of the Devizes troopers, who seems to have considered Marlborough a neyer failing subject for attack and depredation. In the end, however, the cause of the Parliament triumphing, Marlborough rose again from its ruins, and recovered a fair amount of prosperity. The Lord Seymour compounded with R 2 124 Review of Waylen’s History of Marlborough. ? the Parliament for his ‘ delinquencies ;’ residence at the castle ; and so rapidly were all traces of the recent struggles obliterated, that in 1648, our old gossip and friend, John Aubrey, spent the Christmas there, happily hare hunting on the downs with Mr. Charles Seymour’s beagles and Sir W. Button’s settled quietly in his greyhounds, and investigating the interesting relics of Avebury which he seems to have been the first to discover, at least to make known to the world. The disorders incident to a state of war were now at an end, and the only military spectacle of which the town was at this period the scene, was in July 1649, six months after the King’s death, on occasion of Cromwell’s passing through it on his way to Bristol, at the head of a large force destined for the conquest of Ireland. The general was himself with his officers entertained at a grand feast given by the Earl of Pembroke at his manor-house of Ramsbury, the army being quartered principally in Marl- borough. A few years later, in 1653, the town was in great part destroyed by a terrible conflagration arising from accident ; and this calamity being contemporaneous with the accession of the Lord Protector to supreme power, was spoken of by some of the loyalist scribes of the day as “an ominous commencement of this incendiary’s usurpation, whose red and fiery nose has been the burden of many a cavalier’s song.” By this calamity the town hall, market-house, the church of St. Mary, the principal inns, and between two and three hundred houses were burnt to the ground. The loss was estimated in the petition for aid sent up on the occasion to the council of state from the mayor and other inhabitants, at “three score and ten thousand pounds at the least.” A committee was thereupon appointed by the council to sit at Sadler’s Hall, London, for managing and ordering collections to be made through special letters of the council, addressed to all parts of thekingdom. The amount raised by this collection is not stated ; but that the town rose rapidly again from its ashes is clear from a passage in Evelyn’s memoirs, recording his visit to it the year after the conflagration, Review of Waylen’s History of Marlborough. 125 “ 9th June, 1654. Set out in a coach and six to visit my wife’s relations in Wiltshire. Dined at Marlborough, which having been lately fired, was now new-built. At one end of the town we saw Lord Seymour’s house, but nothing observable except the mount, to which we ascended by windings for near half a mile. It seems to have been cast up by hand.” The trade of the town seems at this time to have flourished greatly. The Marlborough cheese market in particular was cele- brated, and supplied the metropolis with a thin kind of cheese in great favour with consumers. Cloths and serges were likewise manufactured there, and cutlery and tanning were among the staple trades of the place. The population engaged in the clothing trade must have been considerable, as a petition of the date of 1697 to the Commons House states that “many thousands of poor people had been employed for several years past in the clothing trade hereabouts, besides 700 yearly in the workhouse.” Workhouses were evidently more deserving of their title at that period, than they are at present. ‘ Cromwell granted a new charter to the borough, in which his partisans were numerous. But the royalist party had many sup- porters there likewise, and even Lord Hertford and his brother Lord Seymour were suspected of readiness to join in any movement for the restoration of the legitimate Sovereign. The rash and unfortunate rising of Mr. Penruddock was intended to have broken out by seizure of this town, and taking unawares the troop of Cromwell’s horse stationed in it. The cavalry, however, were too well on their guard. The outbreak exploded at Salisbury instead. And the Seymours remaining quiet were rewarded by Cromwell with a considerable exemption from the threatened assessment on them of the commissioners. Mr. Waylen gives some amusing passages extracted from pamphlets of the day, relative to the intrigues and contests of the rival partisans in the borough at this period, especially the story of the sufferings of ‘“ William Houlbrook, the Marlborough black- smith,” «a royalist, and the treacheries of ‘Cornet Joyce, an old 126 Review of Waylen’s History of Marlborough. soldier and agent of the ‘Rump,’ the same person who conducted the late King from Holmby. Houlbrook was suspected of being an agent of Prynne’s who had turned royalist at this time, and had been certainly in communication with the loyal blacksmith while passing through Marlborough. This was about the time of Sir G. Booth’s rising in Cheshire in 1659, when a few royalists did appear in arms near Malmesbury, but were speedily crushed. The shrewd smith seems by his own account to have been too eunning for his examiners, when, upon being arrested and taken to London, he was questioned before the council consisting of Brad- shaw, Disbrowe, and Sir Henry Vane. At all events he was dis- missed unpunished, and a few months later the monarchy being restored, he became the hero of his locality, and ends his exulting and triumphant narrative by the boast that ‘‘ Now he lives in Marlborough town, And is a man of some renown,” In 1663 King Charles IL. was sumptuously entertained at Marl- borough by Lord Seymour, while on a western progress, accompanied by his Queen and his brother, the Duke of York. It was during this visit that Aubrey was summoned to the presence of royalty, and had the honour and gratification of playing cicerone to the Sovereign among the local antiquities of Avebury and Stonehenge. The King according to Aubrey’s relation, walked up to the top of Silbury Hill with the Duke of York, Dr. Charlton and Aubrey himself acting as their guides. Mr. Waylen takes the occasion of his narrative, having reached the period of the restoration, to give biographical sketches of several of the ejected Divines among the Wiltshire clergy, who, by the Act of Uniformity, were deprived of their preferment. The Wiltshire Commissioners for enforcing the execution of the act sat chiefly at Marlborough, and one of them was the famous Adoniram Byfield for some time Rector of Collingbourn Ducis, This portion of the work will offer matter of great interest to many readers. But we have not space here to dwell upon it further than by mentioning, as one among this ‘army of martyrs,’ the well- Review of Waylen’s History of Marlborough. 127 known Dr. Daniel Burgess, and also that the noted Dr. Henry Sacheverell, the leader at a later day of the dominant church faction, was a native of Marlborough, the son of the Rey. Joshua Sacheverell, minister of St. Peter’s Church in that town, and received his early education at the borough school. The third Lord Seymour, of Trowbridge, succeeded to the Duke- dom of Somerset in 1675, on the failure of issue by his cousin John, the fourth Duke. He was then a minor, and living at the castle of Marlborough with his mother. He died at the age of twenty-one, being killed in an unlucky squabble while travelling in Italy. And the title descended to his brother Charles then eighteen years of age, the sixth Duke of Somerset, who relinquished Marl- borough Castle asa residence to his eldest son Algernon. In the year 1676 the bulk of the Wiltshire estates of the Duke of Somerset had been conveyed to the second Earl of Ailesbury by his marriage with Elizabeth, sister and heir of the third Duke. But the castle of Marlborough remained for some generations the property of the Dukes of Somerset, and became famous at a subsequent period as the residence of the talented Countess of Hertford, then wife of Algernon, who was afterwards the seventh and last Duke. At the epoch of the revolution of 1688, the borough of Marl- borough recovered its charter, which had been seized and suspended. by James, with that of so many other boroughs. The town was garrisoned at this time by a battalion of Dragoons, under Sir John Fenwick. And as the neighbouring town of Hungerford was the scene of the conference between William of Orange and the Com- missioners of James deputed to treat with him on the retreat of the King, Marlborough was, no doubt, also filled with Dutch troops. At the ensuing election there occurred a double return of members for the borough, giving rise to the case well-known in the books of Election-Law called the Marlborough case of 1689. In the early part of the eighteenth century, as has been already noticed, Marlborough acquired some celebrity as the residence of the Countess of Hertford, whose interesting correspondence with her intimate friend Lady Pomfret is chiefly dated from the castle. Review of Waylen’s History of Marlborough. 128 The poetic tastes and friendships of this lady are well known. Mrs. Rowe is traditionally said to have composed some of her lines And Thomson, the author of in the ‘grotto under the mound.’ GF GFOS SS er 665 4 Sled | - >= wey. SO ae 1 1 ‘ 1 { {0 ee: 1723. PLAN OF THE CASTLE GRouNDS, MARLBOROUGH. Review of Waylen’s History of Marlborough. 129 the Seasons, was among her invited guests. Her energetic inter- ference at court in behalf of Richard Savage, when convicted of murder, is well known through the medium of Johnson’s Lives of the Poets. Dr. Watts was one of her constant correspondents, and Alexander Pope; her Apollo. The gardens of the castle were much improved by her, and she makes frequent mention of their beauties in her correspondence. On her decease in 1754, however, the mansion was converted into an inn, which continued to be its destination up to a very recent date. It is singular that Lady Hertford’s bosom friend, Lady Pomfret, died in 1761 at this inn, where perhaps the memory of her beloved friend had led her to take up her residence in her last illness. Among the eminent natives and inhabitants of Marlborough in this age, may be honourably mentioned Sir Michael Foster, one of the judges of the King’s Bench, noted for his integrity and independence. The latter character he had an opportunity of con- spicuously exhibiting when presiding at the celebrated trial at the Surrey Assizes, in 1758, the result of which secured a right of way for the public through Richmond Park. Mr. Waylen quotes the well known letter written by Mr., afterwards Lord Chancellor, Thurlow on this occasion to Mr. Ewen, nephew of Mr. Justice Foster, in which the behaviour of the presiding judge at the trial is related with its due meed of approval. “It gave me,” concludes the writer, ‘who am a stranger to him, great pleasure to find that we have one English judge whom nothing can tempt or frighten, ready and able to uphold the laws of his country as a great shield of the rights of the people.” In these days it would be difficult to imagine any judge acting otherwise, but it was not so in the middle of the last century, when the claims of the prerogative were occasionally put forward (as on this occasion) in a manner which made resistance to them almost as perilous as it would be at the present time in many of the other states of Europe. We have no space left to follow Mr. Waylen in his amusing narrative of still more recent events connected with Marl- borough and its neighbourhood—how Lord Bruce formed and S 130 Review of Waylen’s History of Marlborough. admirably drilled his regiment of militia in 1759—equipping them in scarlet coats with blue facings, white gaiters, hair powdered, and hats well-cocked up, ordering “the men not to let down the cocks of their hats on any account, and also to keep the skirts of their coats constantly hooked up’—how Gibbon, the historian, served in the militia of the neighbouring county, Hants, and was quartered occasionally in this part of Wilts—(we should like to have seen his rotund figure marching in the above-mentioned accoutrements)—how again in 1794, and the subsequent years, this part of Wiltshire was conspicuous for the ready and loyal zeal in which both militia and yeomanry forces volunteered to form themselves for the defence of the country. At the time of the invasion panic in 1798, Marlborough had its ‘“ armed association,” in addition to the other military preparations. In all these patriotic proceedings it is needless to say that the noble family of Bruce were then as now foremost in encouragement, example, and command. The changes effected in Marlborough by the Parliamentary and Municipal Reform Bills, by the transmutation of the venerable Castle Inn into an admirable Collegiate School, the proceedings in respect to the hitherto abortive scheme for connecting Marlborough with the line of the Great Western Railway, and the proposed change of destination of the County Gaol situated in the town, are all matters of too recent a date to require any notice in this brief abstract. But in Mr. Waylen’s narrative they find their appro- priate place, and fit record. We must not pass over in silence, however, among the objects of interest at Marlborough, its endowed Grammar School, founded by King Edward VI., which has the honour of counting among the scholars educated there, the names of Thomas, Earl of Ailesbury, Mr. Glanville, Sir James Long, Henry Sacheverell, Sir Michael Foster, Lieutenant-General Picton, Walter Harte, and Dr. Mapleton, late Chancellor of the Diocese of Hereford. Mr. Waylen gives several details, both biographical and historical, respecting other characters or families of note connected with the Etymology of Garston. 131 hundred of Selkley, for which we must refer to the work itself. And we will end as we began by thanking the author for the agreeable contribution which he has afforded in it to the history of our county. If we have anything to regret in its perusal, it is a want of sufficient references to the sources of the writer’s informa- tion, and perhaps something of imperfect arrangement in the structure of the volume. On the whole, however, it is a most entertaining work, much more so than the ordinary class of topo- graphies, and cannot fail to interest every Wiltshire reader into whose hands it may come. PUES GARSTON. [p. 67]. The word (as rightly explained by two correspondents, E. W. and F. A. C.) means “ grass enclosure :” “ gaers’”’ being Saxon for grass, and “tun” enclosure. It is common in Surrey and Sussex, as well as in the West of England; generally, for an enclosed grass field near a village (as at Charlton, in the Pewsey Vale), but sometimes also for arable fields (as at Bratton and Malmsbury), which have been grass but are now broken up. The provincial pronunciation of the word in Wilts is, perhaps most frequently, “ Garesen,” or “Gaasen,” and as the way in which the name of the parish of Garsden, near Malmsbury, is pronounced, is also with the a lengthened, Garesden: it is most likely that from the “ gaers- denes”’ or grass valleys, by which that place is surrounded, its name has been derived. It is much to be wished that some Anglo-Saxon scholar would favour us, at once with the true etymology of our Wiltshire names: at least, of such as are of Anglo-Saxon origin. CALNE. The proper spelling and derivation of this name? R. J. s 2 132 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. Lelous Souruey theaugh Wiltshire: A. D. 1540-42. WITH NOTES BY THE REV. J. E. JACKSON, Joun Lry.ANnD (commonly spelled Leland) was born in London; the parish and year unknown; but about the beginning of the 16th century. He was educated under W. Lilly, the grammarian, then went to Cambridge, and was afterwards of All Souls College, Oxford. Thence he proceeded to study at Paris: and on his return took holy orders, and became chaplain to King Henry VIII., who gave him a benefice in the Marches of Calais. He seems to have been an accomplished man; was acquainted, itissaid, with eight languages, and wrote Latin with facility and elegance. On being appointed library keeper to the King, he left his rectory abroad, and received in 1533 a royal commission under the great seal to travel over England in search of antiquities, with power to inspect the libraries of cathedrals, abbies, and other depositories of historical records. It was in this year that the monasteries were visited, previously to their impending dissolution. Fuller! enumerates this royal com- mission to Leland amongst the “commendable deeds’’ done by the King, upon the fall of the religious houses. ‘‘ He would have the buildings destroyed, but the memorables therein recorded, the builders preserved, and their memories transmitted to posterity. This task Leland performed with great pains, to his great praise ; on the King’s purse, who exhibited most bountifully unto him.” Leland is connected with Wiltshire by one of these “exhibitions :” viz., the Prebend of North Newnton (or Newton, 4 miles west of Pewsey) to which was annexed Knoyle Odierne, (Little or West 1 Church Hist. B. vi. sect. iv. 8. 9. Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 133 Knoyle), near Hindon. To this he was presented in 1534, nominally, by Cicely Bodenham, the last Abbess of Wilton, in whose patronage it lay, but, no doubt, really by the Crown.! In the Valor Ecclesiasticus? taken that year, “John Laylond, Pre- bendary of Newnton,” returns the annual value of the prebend at £5 5s. net. Though Leland had received his commission in 1533, before the actual dissolution of the religious houses, (which took place .p. 1535), he does not appear to have begun his “ perambulation” until two or three years after that event; viz., about a.p. 1588. It oceupied him for several years. He then retired to the Rectory of St. Michel’s in le Querne in London, with the intention of producing from the notes and collections which he had made upon his travels, a grand work on English antiquities. But this he was not permitted to accomplish. His reason became affected, though from what particular cause is not exactly known. Fuller’s account is: “This Leland, after the death of his bountiful patron King Henry VIII., [January, 1548], fell distracted and so died: uncertain, whether his brain was broken with weight of work, or want of wages: the latter more likely, because after the death of K. Henry, his endeavours met not with proportionable encourage- ment.” There seems to be but little foundation for this. It is more probable that the real cause was the one assigned by other writers, viz., over excitement of the intellect under the prospect of the herculean task before him. Upon his derangement being made known to King Edward VI., letters patent? were issued in 1550, granting the custody of his person, as ‘ John Leyland, junior,” to his brother “ John Leyland, senior ;” and confirming to him for his maintenance all his ecclesiastical preferment, as well as an annuity of £26 13s. 4d., which was, perhaps, the salary that had 1 Wilts Institutions, p. 204. 2V. E. for Wilts, p. 131. %In the lengthy and precise Latin document issued upon this occasion, of which there is a copy in the introduction to Leland’s Collectamea, vol. 1. p. XLVIII., the unfortunate antiquary is described with an extravagant variety of legal epithets, as “‘demens, insanus, lunaticus, furiosus, phreneticus.” 134 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. been allowed him by the late King. He was at this time still rector of the benefice abroad (Poperingues near Ypres) ; and of Haseley in Co. Oxon: so that with the Wiltshire prebend, there does not seem altogether to have been any “lack of wages.” His death took place in April 1552: upon which event Edward VI. ordered his manuscripts to be brought into the care of Sir John Cheke, the royal tutor and secretary. ‘‘ Here” (says Fuller) “ our great antiquary” (Camden) “ got a sight, and made a good use thereof; it being most true, Si Lelandus non labordsset, Camdenus non triumphasset.”’1 Sir John Cheke’s son, Henry, after his father’s death, gave four volumes in folio, of Leland’s ‘“ Collectanea,” (being miscellaneous extracts from the monastic libraries), to Humphrey Purefoy, of Leicestershire, by whom they were given to Mr. Burton, the historian of that county. Burton afterwards obtained eight other volumes called the “Itinerary,” written like the former ones in Leland’s own hand ; and deposited the whole in the Bodleian Library, at Oxford. The original manuscript of the Itinerary had been previously much damaged by damp and neglect, but Burton had made a copy of it in 1621. Bishop Tanner had a design of publishing it, but was prevented: and the task fell into the hands of Thomas Hearne, the antiquary. A second edition appeared in 1745: a third, and the last, in 1770. The work is now scarce and expensive, and a new edition, which should be accompanied by notes to explain obscurities and correct errors, is desirable. The reader will bear in mind then, that Leland’s Itinerary con- sists only of the original brief, and, often probably hasty, notes taken by himself upon a tour. They are not the “ secunde cure,” the revised production, of his literary leisure: but such observa- tions as he made “inter equitandum,”’ during the stages of his journey ; gathered from the conversation of his hosts, the squires and the clergy, or culled from such documents and authorities as they laid before him. Memoranda so taken, would, of course, 1 “ Tf Leland had not worked, Camden would not have triumphed.” Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 135 contain much that required further correction and confirmation : much also that would have been omitted in the process of expan- sion into careful history. Still, the Itinerary is a very curidus book, and though it includes many things that are trivial, it has preserved to us a great deal of local information, which it would now be impossible to obtain from any other source. Towards a new edition of the work, great assistance might be rendered by the various Archeological Societies of England, if they would publish in their respective Proceedings such portions of it as relate to their own counties, with notes by those of their members who may have turned their attention to local history. LELAND’S JOURNEY THROUGH WILTSHIRE! [He entered it the first time at the N. E. corner of the county, coming from Lechlade in Gloucestershire ]. From Lechelade to Eiton Castle in Whileshire, where great ruines of a building in Wyleshir, as in ulteriori ripa (on the farther bank) remayne yet, a 2 miles upper on the Jsis. From Liton Castelle to Nunne-Eiton, a mile. To Grekelade or rather Crikelade,2 a 2 miles. Eiton,® the Lord Zouche’s castle. Mount-penson (Mompesson), of Wileshire, married one of the Lord Zouche’s daughters, that is now. (vi. 14). Nuwnne-Eaton belonged to Godstow. Crekelade is on the 1 Itinerary, vol. ii. p. 48. 2 “Or rather Cricklade.” The fable of Greek philosophers having ‘‘flourished’’ at this place, and of its having been an university before the foundation of learning at Oxford, is evidently too ridiculous for Leland, who, however, in his life of Alfred, as well as in other passages of his works, alludes to it without any apparent disbelief. There were, probably, never more Greek philosophers at Cricklade than there are at present, whatever that number may be. The name of the place is derived from two Saxon words, signifying ‘‘ brook” and “to empty: a derivation which is abundantly sustained by the number of small streams that in this neighbourhood fall into the Isis.” 3 “*Kiton:” now Castle Eaton. The older name was Eaton Meysey: from a family to whom it belonged temp. Henry III. 136 Leland’’s Journey throuyh Wiltshire. farther ripe! of Jsis, and stondeth in Wileshire. Loke here where Braden water comming out of Wileshire doeth go into Isis. I noted a little beyond Pulton? village Pulton priorie, wher was a prior and 2 or 3 blake canons with hym. I saw yn the walles where the presbyterie was, 3 or 4 arches, wher ther were tumbes of gentilmen. I think that ther was byried sum of the Sainct-Maurs. Andof surety one St. Mawr, founder of it, was buried there. As I passed out of Pulton village, I went over the bek* of Pulton rising not far above. Pulton bek, about a mile beneth Pu/ton, goith at a mill a little above Downumney into Amney streame. From Pulton toward Amney villag I passed over Amney water, and so to Amney village, leving it on the right hand. Amney brook risith a little above Ammney toune by north out of a rok; and goith a 3 miles of, or more, to Doune-amney, wher Syr Antony Hungreford hath a fair house of stone, on the farther bank. Amney goith into Isis a mile beneth Downamney, againe Nunne- Eiton in Wilshire. From Pulton to Citrencestre a 4 miles. Serlo, first abbate of Cirencestre, made his brother prior of Bradene-stoke. Tetbyri is vii miles from Walmesbyri, and is a praty market town. Tetbyri lyeth a 2 miles on the left hand of from Fosse,5 as men ryde to Sodbyri. 1 “ Farther ripe :” (bank). This would be the case to a person coming from Lechlade. 2‘¢ Pulton :”” commonly called Poulton, lies within Gloucestershire, but belongs to Wilts. 3‘ Founder.” Sir Thomas St. Maur founded Poulton Priory, 24 Edw. III. A. D. 1360. [Tanner’s Monast.] He died without issue. His brother’s descendant in the 4th generation, Alice St. Maur, a sole heiress, married Wm. Lord Zouche. Hence the Zouches at Castle Eaton just mentioned. 4 Bek.” Brook. 5‘ Fosse.” Five Roman roads went out of Cirencester, one of which was the Fosse: but Leland seems here to have mistaken the course of it. That which is now called ‘‘ The Fosse” does not go over any ‘‘ manifest great crest” by Sodbury to Bristol, but by Easton Grey and North Wraxhall to Bath. Leland himself afterwards left Cirencester by the latter road for a short distance : then turned off to Crudwell, and entered Malmesbury over Holloway Bridge on the Charlton Road. Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 137 The head of Jsis in Coteswalde risith about a mile a this side Tetbyri. The Fosse way goith oute at Cirencestre, and so streatchith by a manifeste great creste to Sodbyri market, and so to Bristow. [Jsis riseth a iij myles from Cirencestre not far from a village called Kemble within half a myle of the Fosse way, betwixt Ciren- cestre and Bath. Thens it runneth to Latinelad, (Latton), and so to Grekelad (Cricklade) about a myle lower, soon after receyving Churn. Wheras [when] the very head of Isis is in a great somer drought, apperith very little or no water; yet is the stream servid with many ofsprings resorting to one bottom. v. 63]. From Cirencestre to Malmsbyri viii miles. First I roode about a mile on Fosse. Then I turnid on the lifte hand, and cam al by champayne grounde, fruteful of corne and grasse, but very litle wood. I passid over a stone bridg, wher Newton water as I take it, rennith in the very botom by the towne: and so enterid the toune by th’ este gate. MALMSBURY. [1I. 51.] The toune of Malmesbyri stondith on the very toppe of a greate slaty rok, and ys wonderfully defendid by nature: for Newton water cummith a 2 miles from north to the toun: and Avon water cummith by weste of the toun from Lokington a 4 miles of, and meete about a bridge at south est parte of the toun, and so goith Avon by south a while, and then turneth flat west toward Bristow. The conducte that cam to Malmesbyri abbey was fette from Newton. Newton water and Avon ren so nere togither in the botom of the west suburbe at Malmesbyri, that there within a burbolt! shot the toun is peninsulatid. In the toun be 4 gates by the names of Est, West, North, and South, ruinus al.2 1“ Burbolt.”” Between the Avon on the south side of the town, and the Newnton stream on the north, the interval at the narrowest place through Westport, would require for Leland’s birdbolt a flight of about 700 yards, 2 Ruinus al.” All now quite destroyed. The name of the Westgate still survives in the suburb of ‘‘ Westport.” T 138 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. The walles in many places stond ful up; but now very feble. Nature hath diked the toun strongely. It was sum tyme a castelle of greate fame, wher yn the toun hath syns ben buildid; for in the beginning of the Saxons reign, as far as I can lerne, Malmesbyri was no toun. This castle was namid of the Britons, Cair-Bladun. The Savons first caullid it Ingelburne. And after, of one Maildulphus a Scotte that taught good letters there and after procurid an abbay ther to be made, it was Maidulphesbyri : i. e., Matldulphi curia. The King of the West-Sarons and a Bishop of Winchestre were founders of this abbay. Aldeimus was then after Maildulph abbate there, and after Bishop of Shirburn. This S. Aldelme is patrone of this place. The toune hath a great privileg of a fair about the fest of Sainct Aldelme ; at the which tyme the toune kepith a band of harnesid men to se peace kept: and this one of the bragges of the toun, and therby they be furnishid with harneys. Ther were in th abbay chirch yard 3 chirches.!_ Th abbay chirch a right magnificent thing, wher were 2 steples, one that had a mightie high pyramis, and felle daungerusly in hominum memoria, and sins was not re-edified. It stode in the midle of the transeptum of the chirch, and was a 1 “3 Churches.” He cannot mean that there were 3 churches besides the abbey church, but inclusive of it? There are now only the remains of one, St. Paul’s: of which he afterwards says that the body had been taken down at the time of his visit, the east end was in use as a Town Hall, and the tower at the west end as a dwelling-house. Of this, which was the old parish church of Malmsbury, the tower, surmounted by a spire, still remains, at the S.W. corner of the abbey yard, and continues to be used for the induction of the vicars of Malmsbury. The east end ceased to be used asa ‘‘ Town Hall” about 1623: and having been since that time in a state of desecration was finally taken down in June, 1852, and the site added to the church yard. It did not appear to be quite in a straight line with the tower ; but stood rather south of that line. In it were some remains of window mullions and perpendicular tracery, a niche, &e. Of the 3rd church which probably was a chapel attached to the south transept of the abbey, there is no trace. Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 139 marke to al the countrie about. The other yet standith, a greate square toure, at the west ende of the chirch. The tounes men a late bought this chirch of the King, and hath made it their paroche chirch. The body of the olde paroch chirch, standing in the west (eha of the chirch yarde is clene taken down. The est end is converted in aulam civicam (a Town Hall). The fair square tour in the west ende’ is kept for a dwelling- house. Ther was a litle chirch joining to the south side of the transeptum of th abbay chirch, wher sum say Joannes Scottus,1 the great clerk, was slayne, about the tyme of A/frede, King of West-Sazons, of his own disciples thrusting and strikking hym with their table pointelles.? Wevers hath now lomes in this litle chirch, but it stondeth and is a very old pece of work. Ther was an image set up yn th abbay chirch yn honour of this John Scotte. This is John Scotte that translatid Dionysius out of Greke into Latine. Malmesbyri hath a good quik market kept every Saturday. There is a right fair and costely peace of worke in the Market- place made al of stone, and curiously voultid for poore market folkes to stande dry when rayne cummith. Ther be 8 great pillers and 8 open arches: and the work is 8 square :3 one great piller in the midle berith up the voulte. The men of the toune made this peace of work in hominum memorid. The hole logginges of th abbay be now longging to one Stwmpe, an exceeding riche clothiar that boute them of the King. 1“ John Scot.” There were 3 learned ecclesiastics of this name; two of them contemporary. John, a Saxon monk, surnamed Scotus, made abbot of Athelney a.p. 887: and John Scot Erigena. The former of these two was the translator of Dionysius, ‘the Areopagite.” The third John Scot, commonly called Duns Scotus, died at Cologne, long after the reign of Alfred; viz., in A.D. 1308. 2“ Pointelle :” a steel pen or pencil for writing. 38 Square: octagonal. 140 Leland’s Journey throuyh Wiltshire. This Stwmpe’s sunne hath married Sir Edward Baynton’s daughter.! This Stwmpe was the chef causer and contributer to have th abbay chirch made a paroch chirch. At this present tyme every corner of the vaste offices that belonged to th abbay be fulle of lumbes (/ooms) to weve clooth yn, and this Stwmpe entendith to make a stret or 2 for clothiers in the bak vacant ground of the abbay that is withyn the toune walles. There be made now every yere in the toune a 3,000 clothes. {From the state in which Leland found Malmsbury Abbey, Mr. Stumpe’s looms being in full play in the small church annexed to the south transept, and in the abbey offices, it is clear that his visit must have been after Dec. 15, 1539, the day on which Abbot Frampton, alias Selwin, signed the deed of surrender. The monks were probably dispersed, and their library plundered. This may account for the very scanty collection of manuscripts which Leland found, unless we may suppose that he noted down the names only of those which were most rare or valuable. The following is his list, from which the reader may form an idea of the general character and composition of abbey libraries :—]2 MANUSCRIPTS FOUND BY LELAND IN MALMSBURY ABBEY.3 Juvencus. [4d Spanish Christian Poet s.pD. 330, who translated the 4 Gospels into Latin verse. His works are printed. | Works of Fortunatus, written in verse. Life of Paternus, in prose, by Fortunatus. Wm. of Malmesbury (the Librarian of the Abbey). The Four Evangelists in different kinds of verse—16 books. Do. on the Lamentations of Jeremiah, beginning ‘‘ Thou hast often admonished,” &e. Do. the Life of Aldhelm. 1 ‘Baynton.”? Two shields in stone bearing severally the arms of Stumpe and Baynton, the latter a bend lozengy between two demilions, an unusual addition to the Baynton shield, are still to be seen over the garden door at the abbey church. 2 “ A curious account is given by Aubrey Nat. Hist. of Wilts, p. 79, of the way in which numbers of the finely illuminated manuscripts belonging to the abbey libraries, were wantonly destroyed by the tasteless owners into whose hands they fell. Those of Malmsbury were used, he says, for covering boy’s copy-books, for stopping the bung holes of barrels of ale, scouring guns, and the like. Bale “ knew a merchant-man who bought the contents of two noble libraries for xu shillings a piece, a shame it is tobe spoken, This stuff hath he occupied in the stead of gray paper by the space of more than these x years, and yet he hath store enough for as many years tocome. A prodigious example is this, and to be abhorred of all men which love their nation as they should do.’’ In another place he says that the choicest manuscripts were often torn to pieces in the houses of the persons who bought the monasteries of the King, or were sold by them to grocers and soapdealers to wrap up their goods. Others were sent over sea to be used by the bookbinders, “not in small number, but at times whole ships full, to the wondering of the foreign nations.’’ A church book belonging to the parish of Chip- penham, dated 1620, is still in existence, covered in this way with a fine fragment of monastic parchment jlluminated in red, black, and gold, 3 ‘* Collecta, 114. 357, Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 141 The Life of Aldhelm, by Faritius, Abbot of Abingdon, a Tuscan by birth, according to Wm. of Malms. (See Collect. 2, p, 253), Bede: on the song of Habakkuk. Do. Allegorical Exposition of Leviticus and Tobit. Claudius: 3 books on 8S. Matthew. The Sentences of Xystus, translated by Rufinus, who maintains that this Xystus was the Pope of that name, Questions of Albinus upon Genesis: a little book. Dionysius (the Areopagite), translated by John Scot. Cassiodorus: on the Soul. Hexameron of Basil. Gregory Nicenus: on the Condition of Man. Robert of Cricklade (R. Canutus), Prior of St. Frideswide (Oxon), 4 books called ‘‘ The Mirror of Faith, beginning ‘ Hear, O Israel.” Albinus, on Ecclesiastes. Grossolanus, Archb. of Milan: on the Procession of the Holy Spirit, addressed to the Emperor Alexius. Junilius to Pope Primasius. Apuleius—a book on Interpretation. Grammar of Eutyches. Tertullian. Letters of Albinus. Chronicle of Malms. Abbey. [Leland gives extracts, Collect. 1. 301). Another chronicle called ‘‘ The Praise of History,” written at the request of the Abbot of Malmsbury, A.D. 1361, by a monk of the abbey, name unknown. [L£ztracts from this, with a long account of Maidulph and Aldhelm are given in the Collectanea, 1. 302 & 11. 395}. [From a book of “‘ the Antiquitiesof Malmsbury,” he extracted several particulars, which have been used by most of those who have written the history of the town and abbey. For these, see Collectanea. 1.65, 241, 301. 11. 319, 325, 401]. Sum hold opinion that ther was sum tyme a nunnery wher the hermitage! now stondith in the dike of the toune at the west ende of the old paroche chirch. Sum say that ther was another nunnery toward the park a litle without the toune longging to th abbate in the way to Chippenham.” 1 “Hermitage.” He probably means anold building called ‘‘the chapel house” long used as a dwelling for paupers, and formerly a chapel, in the part of the town called ‘ Burnevale”’; (the valley in which the “bourne” or brook of the Avon runs, on the south side of Malmsbury). It was destroyed some years ago. 2‘ Another Nunnery.” Burton Hill Chapel, mentioned again in the third following paragraph. It is now destroyed. There is no account of any endowed nunnery either here or at Burnevale just spoken of. 142 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. And I have redde that there was another nunnery wher now is a poore hospitale,! about the south bridge without the toun the way to Chippenham. Going out of Malmesbyri by the south gate I turnid on the lifte hond, and so passid over Avon by a fair bridg of stone having 3 arches. And then conscending an hillet, even ther by left, a chapelle2 or paroch chirch hard on the lift hand; and then leaving the park and the late abbates maner place? on the lift hond, I came to a village about a mile of, caullid Fosse, wher was a bridge and a good streame renning undre it. Thens to Chippenham a vi. miles. FROM MALMSBURY, BY CORSHAM, HASELBURY, AND SOUTH WRAXHALL, TO BRADFORD. [u1. 54. ] Riding between Malmesbyri and Chippenham al the ground on that side of the ryver was chaumpain, fruteful of corne and grasse, but litle wood. Thus rydyng, I lefte Avon streme aboute a 2 miles on the lifte hand. I markid 2 places betwene Malmesbyri and Chippenham notable. Draicote, wher Sir Henrye Long hath a fair manor place and a park, about a mile from Avon streame. Draicot is a 5 miles from Malmesbyri, and a 2 miles from Chippenham.6 1 “ Hospital.” Of St. John of Jerusalem, near the south bridge, on the way to Chippenham : now used asan almshouse. An early pointed arch formerly the doorway, but now blocked up, still remains. 2 “Chapelle.” Burton Hill chapel alluded to above. 3 “ Park and Maner-place.” Then called Cowfold Park. It was part of the abbot’s own demesne, and the name is spelled in this way in the oldest docu- ments. It was afterwards corrupted into Cufold Park, then into Cold-park, and finally into Cole-park ; by which it is now known as the property of Audley Lovell, Esq. 4 Leland’s ear deceived him. The name of the village is Corston. 5 ‘2 Miles.” The reader will often observe a considerable difference between Leland’s measurement and the actual distances. As he appears to have used figures and not words, it is possible that the injured state of the manuscript, already alluded to, may have misled the copyist in many instances Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 143 On the other side of the Avon river I saw Bradenestoke priory ruines on the toppe of an hille, a mile and an half from Avon ryver. [Gualter, Erle of Sarum, and Sibylle, his wyfe, founders of Bradenestoke, a priory of black chanons. vim. 107.] Bradenestoke is about a 4 miles from Malmesbyri. Al the quarters of the foreste of Braden be welle wooddid, even along from Malmesbyri to Chippenham ward. Mr. Pye dwelleth at .......... a litle from Chippenham, but in Chippenham paroche. One told me that ther was no notable bridge on Avon between Malmesbyri and Chippenham. I passid over two bekkes betwixt Malmesbyri and Chippenham. [ur. 135. There is a place in Wyleshir caullid Combe Castelle, a 4 miles towards est from Chippenham: and to this place Jonge diverse knightes services and libertees. And this lordship now longgith to one Scrope. | [ Stanlege abbey. St. Mary. White monks. vu. 65]. I left Chippenham a mile on the lifte hand, and so went to Alington' village about a mile of, and thens 3 miles to Cosham, a good uplandish toun, wher be ruines of an old maner place: and therby a park wont to be yn dowage to the Quenes of Englande. Mr. Baynton, yn Quene Anne’s? dayes, pullid down by licens a peace of this house sumwhat to help his buildinges at Bromeham. Old Mr. Bonhome told me that Coseham apperteinid to the erldom of Cornwalle, and that Cosham was a mansion place longging to it wher sumtyme they lay. Al the menne of this tounlet were bond: so that apon a tyme one of the Erles of Cornewalle hering them secretely to lament their 1“ Allington.” Leland had thus far kept the high road from Malmsbury to Chippenham. He now turns off at the foot of Hardenhuish Hill on the north side, and follows an old lane that leads from Langley Burrell to Allington, and crosses the high road at that point. 2 “Queen Anne.” As the Bayntons, of Fallersdon (in Bishopstone, hun- dred of Dounton), did not succeed to the Bromham estate until A.p. 1508. Leland must mean Anne Boleyn, who was executed A.p. 1536: about 4 years before his visit. 144 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. state manumittid them for mony, and gave them the lordship of Cosham in copiehold to paie a chiefe rente. From Coseham to Haselbyri about a 2 miles. I left on the lift hand on the toppe of a litle hille an heremitage! withyn a litle as I turnid doun to Hasilbyri. The manor place of Haselbyry stondith in a litle vale, and was a thing of a simple building afore that old Mr. Bonehom father did build there. The Bonehomes® afore that tyme dwellid by Lacok upon Avon. [Plumber’s lands (a manor in Lidlinch, hund. of Sherborn, co. Dorset? ) be com unto the Bonhomes of Hasilbyri. v1. 50]. [Of the Blwets and their successors the Baynards, of Lackham near Lacock, Leland says:— vol. vi., p. 53}. Silchester lordship (in Hants) after the conquest came to one Blueth, and then one of the Blueths leavyng no sons, the land not Generale entaylid to the heire ma[/e] came by mariage to one Peter de Cusance, Knight, and after to one Edmunde Baynard, cumming out 1 ‘‘Heremitage.” The building called ‘‘Chapel Plaster”: by tradition, a way- side chapel for pilgrims travelling from Malmsbury to Glastonbury. Aubrey calls it ‘‘the Chapel of Playsters.” The meaning of the name is uncertain; but it has nothing to do with the material of plaster; being built of stone. It may either have been built by some one of the name of Plaister: or playster may be an old word for pilgrim: or it may mean the chapel built on the ‘Plegstow,” play place or village green: as the ‘‘ Plestor Oak” in White’s Selborne. 2‘ Bonhome.” Bonham. The principal Wiltshire family of this name lived at Great Wishford, hund. of Branch and Dole, a.p. 1315-1637. Haselbury is in the parish of Box. It is now a farm-house with very spacious premises, the remains of its former importance. It had a church, of which there is no trace: but there is still a payment by the lord of the manor of £10 a-year toa rector. Out of the freestone quarries of Haselbury, which belonged to the Prior of Bradenstoke, Malmsbury Abbey is said to have been built. The vicarage of Box had belonged to the priory of Monkton Farley: John Bonham, of Haselbury, Leland’s host, was patron in 1541. The Haselbury estate belonged about 1660 to a branch of the family of Speke (Bart., extinct 1682), of Whitelackington, co, Som.: and the house, which the Bonhams appear to have built, was probably enlarged by the Spekes. The coat of arms of Speke is still to be seen on the pillars at the garden entrance. It now belongs to the Northey family. 3 See Hutchins’ Dorset, 1. 357. Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 145 of the house of the Baynards, of Essex, whose name is now ther obscured. The lands of the Blweths entaylid to heyre male of that name yet remayning in Devonshere. Leccham (Lackham) longgid NED a ack e t0 Gf in a very low medow on the north side of S. 1 “St, Edmund’s.” Of Bishop Wyle’s Church not a stone is left. It fell down June 1653, and was then entirely rebuilt. The seal of St. Edmund’s College is engraved in Leland’s Collect. v1. 283. On it are 2 shields—1, Three suns[Sunning. Query ; any reference to the place in Berks so called?] and 2, a cheyron between 3 towers. (Wyle). The site of the college was purchased. in 1660 by the Wyndhams, to whom it now belongs. Simon of Ghent, died 1315. 3 Two gates in the Close. 4“Warnham Bridge.” In a paragraph farther on, he mentions this again, as the “‘ hamlet or village of Harnham.” The burial ground of an Anglo- Saxon community, prior to their conversion to Christianity, discovered in ‘‘ The Low Field” (the field of ¢wmul’) at Harnham Hill, not far from this place, Noy. 1853, has just been described by Mr. J. Y. Akerman, in the “‘ Archwologia.” 5 “Barn.” The desecrated barn pointed out to Leland as the remains of old St. Martin’s Church has caused some perplexity to the local antiquaries. Hall (Pict. Memor. of Sal., plate 111., and notes at end of vol.) is of opinion that the residence of the master of St. Nicholas’s Hospital (1834) was the barn in question : but Leland appears to have been misinformed in his account of the Church. 160 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. Nicolas Hospital. The cause of the relinquisching of it was the moysteness of the ground often overflowen. For this chirch was ther a new, dedicate to 8S. Martine, in a nother place that yet standith. Licens was get of the King by a Bishop of Saresbyri to turn the Kingges Highway to New Saresbyri, and to make a mayn bridge of right passage over Avon at Harnham. [A grant by Henry III. for building bridges and changing roads. tv. 177]. The chaunging of this way was the totale cause! of the ruine of Old-Saresbyri and Wiltoun. For afore this, Wiltoun had a 12 paroch chirches? or more, and was the hedde toun of Wileshir. [ Egidius [Giles of Bridport, Bishop of Sarum, 1257-1262], as sum say, builded the fair stone bridge called Harnham at Saresbyri, and so was the Highway westward made that way, and Wilton way lefte, to the ruine of that town. rv. 29]. [ur 89]. Ther was a village at Fisherton, over Avon, or ever New-Saresbyri was builded, and had a paroche chirche there, as it hath yet. In this Fisherton, now a suburb to New-Saresbyri, was, since the erection of the new toun, an house of Blake-Fréres builded not far from Fisherton Bridge.? Ther was also an house of Gray-Freres withyn the toun of Saresbyri of the fundation of ...... Bishop of Saresbyri. [King Henry III. gave them a sitet: but one Richard Swde, a citizen, 1 There were other causes ; as the establishment of a market at New Sarum, and the growing influence of that town. 2 This statement has often been disputed, but is vindicated in the history of Branch and Dole, p. 74. One or two may not haye been parish churches. 3 *‘Fisherton.’”’ See Hall’s Pic. Mem. of 8., plate x1. The Dominican House of Black Friars stood on the spot afterwards occupied by the Sun Inn (West Street). In the library of this house, Leland appears to have found only 3 books worth noticing :— ‘The Quodlibets of Nicholas Trivet: Pope Leo, on the conflict of Virtues and Vices : A History of Britain, in indifferent verse.” [Collect. Iv. 67]. 4 The ground could hardly have been granted by the Crown, as it belonged to the Church. [Hatcher]. Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 161 built the church. They were afterwards brought by the citizens into the toun where they now are. ! | OLD saRuM. [ul. 89. ]| The Cite of Old-Saresbyri standing on an hille is distant from the New a mile by north-weste, and is in cumpace half a mile and more. This thing hath bene auncient and exceeding strong: but syns the building of New-Saresbyri it went totally to ruine. Sum think that lak of water caussid the inhabitantes to relin- quish the place; yet were ther many welles of swete water. Sum say, that after that in tyme of civil warres that castles and waullid towns were kept, that the castellanes of Old-Saresbyri and the chanons could not agree, insomuch that the castellanes upon a time prohibited them coming home from Procession and Rogation to re-entre the toun. Whereupon the bishop and they consulting together, at the last began a chirch on his oun proper soyle; and then the people resorted strait to New-Saresbyri and buildid ther : and then in continuance were a great number of the houses of Old-Saresbyri pulled down and set up at Mew-Saresbyri. Osmund Erle of Dorchestre and after Bishop of Saresbyri erectid his Cathedrale? Chirch ther (i. e., in Old-Saresbyri) in the west part of the town; and also his palace, whereof now no token is but only a chapel of our Lady yet standing and mainteynid. [a. p. 1092. At Saresbyri the roof of the tower of the cathe- dral was entirely thrown down by lightning the day after it had been dedicated by Osmund Bishop of Sarum, and Remigius Bishop of Lincoln. Jtin. vu. 49]. 1 Lel. Collectanea, 1. 342, upon the authority of Thomas Eccleston, a Fran- cisean. The name of the citizen was first written in Leland’s manuseript Pude: but was corrected to Sude, with a mark under the vw. Tanner (from Stevens and St. Clare) calls him Pende. ‘The original site was perhaps at Old Sarum. 2“ Cathedral.’ In a dry summer the outlines of the foundation of this church may still be perceived. Mr, Hatcher in 1834 made a sketch of it, according to which, if correct, it was about 240 feet long. It is engraved in Nichols and Bowles’s Lacock, p. 363: andin Hatcher and Benson’s Salisbury, p- 49. x 162 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. (Osmund founded canons in it: and endowed them largely. His grant was dated a.p. 1091. [4 W. I] He ordained in the Church of Sarum 4 principal persons: the Dean, Preecentor, Chancellor and Treasurer: and 32 Prebends. He also deputed 4 Archdeacons, a Subdean, and a Subchanter: to all of whom he gave possessions out of the demesne which he had when he was Earl of Dorsetshire. He did not disdain to write, bind, and illuminate books. Jtin. rv. 176). Ther was a paroch! of the Holy Rode beside in Old-Saresbyri: and an other over the est gate whereof yet some tokens remayne. I do not perceyve that ther wer any mo gates in Old-Saresbyri than 2: one by est, and an other by west. Withoute eche of these gates was a fair suburbe. And in the est suburbe was a paroch chirch? of S. John: and ther yet is a chapelle standinge. The ryver is a good quarter of a myle from Old-Saresbyri and more, where it is nerest onto it, and that is at Stratford village south from it. There hath bene houses in tyme of mind inhabited in the est suburbe of Old-Saresbyri: but now ther is not one house neither within Old-Saresbyri, nor without it, inhabited. Ther was a right fair and strong castelle within Old-Saresbyri longging to the Erles of Saresbyri, especially the Longespees.* I read that one Gualterust was the first Erle after the conquest, of it. Much notable ruinus building of this castelle yet there remayneth. The diche that environed the old toun was a very deepe and strong thynge. 1 Queere Porch ? 2 “* Paroch Chirch.” The presentations in the Salisbury registers are to ‘‘ St. Peter's, Old Sarum.”’ The last Rector was William Colville presented a.p, 1412. There was one presentation by the Crown in 1381 to the Free Chapel in the castle of Sarum. 3 “Especially the Longespees.” The titleof Earlof Sarum had been borne before Leland’s time by several different families: viz., 1. D’Eureux. 2. Longespee. 3. Montacute. 4. Nevill. 5. Plantagenet. 4 **Gualterus.” Walter D’Eureux, son of Edward ‘‘the Sheriff,’ and founder of Bradenstoke Priory near Chippenham. Leland’s Journey through Wiiltshire. 163 ‘HE COURSE OF AVON RIVER. [11. 91]. Avon river risith by north est not far from Wolphe-Haul! yn Wyleshir. The first notable bridg that it cummith to is at Uphaven. Thens a 4 miles to Ambrosbyri, and there is a bridge. Thens to Woddeford village a 4 miles, standing on the right ripe, and Newton? village on the lift ripe. The Bishopes of Saresbyri had a proper maner place at Wodford. Bishop Shakeston? pullid it down bycause it was sumwhat yn ruine. Thens to Fisherton Bridge of v1. stone arches, a 3 miles. Thens a very little lower to Crane Bridget of a vi. arches of stone. Thens a forowghe lengthed lower to Harneham Bridge of vi. gret arches of stone, a mayne and stately thing. Here is at the west ende of this bridge (only a litle islet distante betwixt) another bridg of 4 praty arches, and under this rennith a good streme as I take it of Avon water as an arme breaking out a little above and soon rejoyning; or els that Wilton water hath ther his entery into Avon. From Harnham Bridge to Dunton (Downton) a fair bridge of stone, a 4 miles. Thens to Fordingbridge of stone a 4 miles. Thens to Ringwodde Bridge a 5 miles. And so a 5 miles to Christes-Chirch Twinham, and strait to the se. Christe-Chirch xviij miles from Saresbyri. THE COURSE OF WYLE RIVER. [11. 91. ] Wyle visith a 3 miles or more above Wermistre (Warminster), 1 « Wolf-Hall.” The Salisbury Avon has, not one, but several sources, two of which are near this place, under the high ground of Savernake Forest. 2 **Newton.” In the parish of Great Durnford. 3 ‘‘Shakeston.” Nicholas Shaxton Bishop of Salisbury resigned 1539, 4 ‘Crane. At the end of a street so called in Salisbury. 5 “« Forowghe lengthe ? length of a furrow: (unde furlong °) ¥2 164 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. and so cummith a x miles doun to Hanging Langforde standing, as the descent is, on the right hand of it. (Hanging Langforde was Popham’s, and came in partition to Fostar). [Itin. v1. 38}. Thens a 3 miles to Stapleford village on the same hand. Here cummith into Wyle from N. W. Winterborne water. Thens cummith Wyle a 2 miles, and rennith thorough the toun of Wilton divided into armes. And here cummith into Wyle a river called MNadder, alias Fovington water, bycause it risith about Fovington (Fovant) village 5 miles by west from Wilton. From Wilton to Saresbyri 2 miles. Here about Harnham Bridge is the confluence of Wyle and Avon. LADY CHAPEL. SAL. CATH. ([i11. 92]. From a tablet in the chapel of St. Mary :—1 « Pray for the soulof Ricuarp Pours, formerly BisHor or Sarum, who caused this Church to be commenced, in a certain ground where tt now stands anciently called “Miryrreip,” in honour of the B. V. Mary, 29 April,? being the feast of S. Vitalis, the Martyr, a.pv. 1219, in the Reign of King Richard I. And this Church was 40 years in building, during the reigns of 3 Kings, viz., Richard I., John, and Henry IV., and it was finished 25 March a.p. 1260. The said Bishop founded a Mass of the B. V. Mary to be solemnized daily within this chapel, and appropriated for the maintenance of the said Mass the Rectory of Laverstoke. He was afterwards translated to the Bishoprick of Durham; and founded a Monastery at Terraunt? in 1 This and some of the following inscriptions, here printed in italics, are given by Leland in the original Latin. The reader will bear in mind that the arrangement of the monuments and gravestones in Salisbury Cathedral under- went great alterations about the year 1790. 2 «© 3 Cal. Maii” in the original; which would be May 29. But the feast of 8. Vitalis was May 28. 3 Terraunt.” A house of Cistercian or White Nuns, called originally «« The Charnel,” at Tarent Crayford, county Dorset. (See Hutchins 11. 43, and Lel. Collect. mr, 345). Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 165 county Dorset, where he was born. And there his heart is interred, but his body at Durham. And he died 15 April a.p, Mccxxxvu.” PAR a ee [Then follow the contents of a book called ‘‘ The Philobiblon! of Richard of Durham” (Richard de Bury, alias Aungerville, Bishop of Durham) of which, though it bore that Bishop’s name, Leland says that the real author was one Robert Holcot of the friars preachers (? of Sarum). See Itin. rv. 176]. HVNGERFORD CHAPEL. Robert Lord Hungerford dyed xviij of May a.p. 1459. Robert is buried on the N. side of the altare of our Lady Chapelle in a chapelle of his own foundation.? Margaret wife to Robert and doughter to William Lord Botreaux is buried in the middle of the same chapelle in an high tumbe. LADY CHAPEL. “ Under this slab of marble, incised on the surface, is interred the body of the Reverend Father Nicotas LoneEsrn, formerly Bishop of Sarum, who greatly enriched this Church, and died 18 May a.p. 1291.3 On the south side of it lieth Ropertr Wicuamroné : on the north side Henry Branpessurn.”’? Ther lyith under an arche on the N. side of our lady, 2 noble- men of the Longespee. 1 See Chalmers’s Biog. Dict. ‘‘ Aungervyle:” where the name of the real author is not alluded to. The full title of the book was ‘‘ Philobiblon: seu de Amore Librorum et Institutione Bibliothece.” (The Book Amateur, on the formation of a Library) printed at Oxon 1599. 4to. 2 This chapel was entirely destroyed in 1790. See views of it in Gough’s Sepulch. Monuments. 3 He was consecrated 1291, died 1297, 4 Bishop Robert Wykehampton died a.p. 1284. The monument so often called his, cannot possibly refer to him. The architecture is of perpendicular style, and the arms and devices clearly indicate another person, viz., William Wilton, Chancellor of Sarum, 1506-1523. On the cornice are 3 shields—1. The device of Henry VIII. and Catherine of Arragon, a rose and pomegranate. 2. The arms of Bishop Edmund Audley (W. Wilton’s patron) who died 1524. 3. Abingdon Abbey: perhaps the place of his education. On other shields is the rebus, Wi on a label, and a barrel for run. ‘There is an engraving of this tomb in Gough’s Sep. Mon, vol. 1. It is inconceivable how it could have been assigned to a Bishop who died a.p. 1284. Wilton was Custos of St. Nicholas’s Hospital in 1510. [Wilts Inst. ] 5 Bishop Henry de Braundston died 1288, 166 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. BEAUCHAMP CHAPEL. Ther lyith in a chapelle! on the south side of our Ladies Chapelle altare, Richard Beauchamp Bishop of Sarum, in the midle of the chapel in a playn marble tumbe. Bishop Beauchamp’s father and mother ly also there in marble tumbes. Syr John Cheney, late Knight of the Garter, lyith also in this chapel. LADY CHAPEL. Bishop Beauchamp had made afore a riche tumbe and a chapel over it at the west end of our Lady Chapelle, but one John Blith Bishop of Sarum was after buried under it. (He dyed 23 August, 1499). It is said that Beauchampe axid ons a sister of ...... how she likid this tumbe. S. Osmunde’s first tumbe, on the south side of our lady whil the shrine was a makyng. : IN THE PRESBYTERY,2 N. SIDE. Epmunp AvpeEtery, Bishop of Sarwm. [He died a.v. 1524]. RocEer Morryvau.z, Bishop of Sarum, who largely endowed this church. Died 14 March a.p. 1302.3 DO. SOUTH SIDE. Stwon DE Ganpavo (of Ghent), Bishop Sarum: died a.p. 1297, 2 April.4 DO. IN CENTRE. Rosert Wvyvit1ez, Bishop Saruwm.® 1 The ‘‘ Beauchamp Chapel,” destroyed 1790. See Gough. 2 ‘‘ Presbytery.” An intermediate space between the Lady Chapel and the choir: or, where that is wanting, the choir itself. 3 He was consecrated 1315, died 1330. 4 Leland is strangely incorrect in these dates. Simon de Ghent was consecrated 1297, died 1315. 5 Died A.p, 1375. He had a long dispute with the then Earl of Salisbury, about the castle of Sherborne, which the Bishop recovered. On his brass which is large and curious, is an etching of a castle with a Bishop in pontiticals at the entrance. This is published in Carter’s ‘‘ Specimens of Ancient Sculpture and Painting.” Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 167 DO. SOUTH AISLE. Gites DE Brrpport, Bishop Sarwm.1 Ricuarp ve Meprorp, Bishop Sarum.? DO. NORTH AISLE. Wyre. (Walter de la Wyle) Bishop Sarwm, with an effigy of bronze gilt.3 IN THE NAVE OF THE CHURCH. JoHN CHAUNDELAR, Bishop Sarum, first, Treasurer and then Dean of this Church died a.p. 1426. Another Bishop buried here. IN THE NORTH AISLE OF THE NAVE. Graves of two Bishops, of (as is believed) Old Sarum. INSCRIPTION UPON ANOTHER GRAVE. “ Adfer opem, devenies in idem.” [Help; (with thy prayers) thou too wilt come to this.’’]4 “Guautrerus Huncerrorp Murrs.” “Qui fuit captus a Gallis et a suis redemptus.” [Watrer Huncrrrorp, Kt., who was made prisoner in France and ransomed by his family.’ }5 Ther is also a sepulchre with an image of 4 fote in length, of a Bishop. There be auncient tumbes on the south side, wherof one hath a image of marble of a man of warre. 1 Died A.p. 1262. 2 Died a.p. 1407. 3 Died a.p. 1270. 4 Supposed to belong to the monument of Bishop Roger (d. 1139), and to have been brought from Old Sarum Church. 5 Walter H., eldest son of Walter Lord H., the High Treasurer, temp. H. VI., and brother of Robert 2nd Lord H. mentioned above. He died before a.p. 1438 ; it is said, in Provence, 6 The ‘ Boy or Chorister Bishop” like the ‘“ Barne Bishop” of Yorke and Beverley. 168 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. There is a Bishop buried by the side of the waulle of the south isle again the high altare without as in a cemitery, wherein the vergers ly; and in one of the mayne butteres of the chirch ther is hard by an inscription...... Latin sumwhat defaced. THINGS EXCERPTED OUT OF THE Mtartprologe Book,! av saRespyRi. Jan. 5. Obit of Walter Walrond who gave land at Est Deona to the Corporation of this church.? ,» 30. Serlo, Dean of Sarum and afterwards Abbot of Cirencester. ‘ Walter, first, Dean of Sarum: [ Scammel? Bishop 1284. | i Arestaldus the Priest, uncle of 8. Osmund. = Helias of Derham, Canon of Sarum, Superintendent (“ Rector”)? of the new church of Sarum for 25 years from its first foundation. ” Henry of Winterborne gave to the Corporation of the church of Sarum the tithes of his demesne of ‘Winterburne. April 28. Robert Wykehampton, Bishop of Sarum. May 9. Hubert de Burgh, Justiciary of England. », 18. Nicholas Longespee, Bishop of Sarum. PA Godfrey “ Dispensator,”’+ a nobleman. ) Ernulph the Falconer, gave two praebends to the church of Sarum. 5 Hubert Bishop of Sarum, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury. = Harding, the First Treasurer of the Church of Sarum.® 1 The Calendar of obits, or days on which special commemoration was made of founders and benefactors. 2 Land at East Dean and Lokerley ; on the borders of Hants. 3 ‘* Rector,” the Director of the Building. 4 Le Despencer: or the Steward of the Royal Household. 5 The first Treasurer in Dodsworth’s list (p. 236) is Jordan, A Thomas Harding was Treasurer in 1555-59. Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 169 May 18. Berbertus de Percy gave the prebend of Cerdestoke! to the church of Sarum. 33 Henry Cessun,? Canon of Sarum, obtained the removal of the church of Sarum. mf Robert ‘“Cementarius,”? Superintendent (“revit”) for 25 years. 3 Alice Bruert gave all the marble’ to this church for 12 years. Sept. 20. Walter Scammel, Treasurer, Dean, and afterwards Bishop of Sarum (d. 1286). ft Walter de la Wyle, Bishop of Sarum, who founded the Collegiate Church of S. Edmund, and was buried in it by the Altar. [1271]. $5 The new Church of Sarum was dedicated a.p. 1258 by Boniface Archbishop of Canterbury, in the presence of the King and Queen, in the time of Bishop Giles. Oct. 11. Robert Wyville Bishop of 8. (d. 1375). 1 Chardstoke, county Dorset, which continues to be a prebend of Sarum. In Itin. vol. rv. 177, Leland calls this benefactor Gilbert de Percy, and so does the charter of Hen. II. (Mon. No. V.): Hutchins (Dors. 1. 259) calls him ‘‘ Berbertus, Berberus, or Gilbert.” In the great Perey pedigree there is no Gilbert. The person meant by Berbertus is most probably Godfrey Duke of Brabant and Count of Lovaine, surnamed Barbatus, who died 1140. His son J ocelyn de Lovaine married Agnes de Percy the great heiress, and adopted the family name: which may in this instance have been given ‘‘ex post facto” to the father. 2 “Cessun,” called Henry de Teissun in Wanda’s list. 3 “ Cementarius;” literally, the ‘* Mortar-man.” Perhaps it means the head contractor for the works ; (‘‘ cementa demittit redemptor.” Hor.) 4“ Bruer.” Briwere (‘at the Heath’) or Brewer, was the name of a very important baronial family in Devon, Wilts, and Somerset : in the reigns of John, Rich. 1., and H. 1, William Brewer was governor of Devizes Castle: and had land at Norrington and elsewhere in Wilts. He died 1232, without issue male, leaving 4 coheiresses, one of whom, Alice, married Sir Reginald de Mohun. 5 “ Marmor ;” probably means stone of every kind ; thoughif it meant literally marble only, it would have been no inconsiderable gift, Purbeck marble being the material of the greater part of the pillars and shafts. Z 170 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. Noy. 3. Rob de Bingham Bp. of 8S. died a.p. 1246. - And that unconquered commander, Thomas de Mon- tacute! Earl of Sarum. » 18. Jocelyn Bp. of Sarum [de Bailol, d. 1184]. Dec. 13. Giles Bp. of Sarum. [ Giles of Bridport: d. 1262]. Richard Earl of Cornwall and King of the Romans gave a garden ...... to the Church. [1v. 176]. Henry III.2 gave much land and many benefices and liberties to Sarwm Church. Agnes wife of Hubert de Rid, or Rea, and Henry her son gave the manor of Horton? in the time of Richard Poore, Bp. of 8. Crocus, the Huntsman, at the same time gave some lands which Alward and Fitzadulphus held in the borough of Sarwn and Wilton. SALISBURY CATHEDRAL. [ti1. 96]. Ther be 10 archis in eche isle of the body of Saresbyri chirch exceeding richely wrought in marble. There be in eche side of the first transeptum by north and south of the west ende of the quier 3 archis. The west side of the first transeptum hath no archis but a strait upright flatte waul. Ther be in eche isle on the quier taking the presbyteri with it 7 arches. Ther be in eche part of the second transeptum that standeth as a lighte and division betwixt the quier and the presbyteri, 2 arches. 1 ‘Thomas de Montacute,” the last Earl of Salisbury, of that house: his daughter and heiress married Richard Neville. ‘‘ He was concerned in so many military exploits that to give an account of them all would be to write a history of the reign of Hen, VY.” (Banks). He was mortally wounded at Orleans A.p. 1428. 2 Henry I. gave the lands to Old Sarum Church. [Dodsworth’s Sal. Cath. 102.] Henry II. confirmed the gift. Henry III. ratified the translation of the church to New Sarum, 8 Dodsworth [Sal. Cath. p. 133] calls her ‘the wife of Ralph de Bello Fago”’ (Beaufoe). Horton Manor (co. Gloucester) is returned in the Val. Ecce. as a prebend worth £64 13s, 9d. [V. E. Wilts, p. 74]. Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 171 Ther be in the great and fair chapelle of our Lady at the est ende of the high altare 3 pillers of marble on eche side. The vestibulum on the north side of the body of the chirch. The tourre of stone, and the high pyramis of stone on it, is a noble and a memorable peace of work. The chapitre house large and fair, and ys made 8 square, mae a piller in the middle. The cloistre on the south side of the chirch is one of the largest and most magnificentist of England. A notable and strong square tower for great belles and a pyramis ‘on it on the north side of the cathedrale chirch in the cemiterie.! The bishop’s palace on the south east side of the cemiterie. Bishop Beauchamp made the great haulle, parler, and chaumbre of the palace. The great and large embatelid waulle of the palace having 3 gates to entre it, thus namyd. The close gate, as principale, by north into the toun. Sainct Ann’s gate, by est: and Harnham gate, by south, toward Harnham Bridge. The close waulle was never ful finishid, as in one place evidently apperith. I redde that in Bishop Roger’s dayes, as I remembre, a convention was betwixt hym and the canons of Suaresbyri concerning the wall of the close. The vicars of Saresbyri hath a praty college and house for their logginges. Eyidius (Giles) Bishop of Saresbyri, caullid Britport, because he was borne at Britport in Dorsetshir. This Eyidius kyverid the new cathedrale chirch of Saresbyri thoroughout with leade. [And was a great helper to performing of the church, tv. 29]. This Eyidius made the college de Vaulx for scholers, betwixt the palace wall, and Harnam Bridge. Part of these scolers remaine in the college at Saresbyri, and have 2 chapeleyns to serve the chirch ther beynge dedicate to 8. Nicolas. The residew study at Oxford. The scholars of Vaulz be bounde to celebrate the anni- 1 The old campanile in the cathedral yard, taken down A.D, 1790. There is an engraving of it in Gent. Mag, 1819, part 1. p. 305, Also in Hatcher and Benson’s History of Salisbury. Z2 172 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. versarie of Giles their founder at the paroch chirch of Britport wher he was born.! Richard Poure, Bp. of Sarisbyri and first erector of the cathedral chirch of Mew-Saresbyri, founded the hospitale of S. Wicolas? hard by Harnham Bridge, instituting a master, viij pore wimen, and 4 pore men in it, endowing the house with lands. On the southside of this hospitale is a chapelle of S...... standing in an isle. 3[ And on the north side of this hospitale is an old barne, wher in tymes past was a paroch chirch of S. Martine. The cause of the translation was bycause it stood exceeding low ‘and cold, and the river at rages cam into it. This church of S. Martine and the hammelet or village of Harnham stood or ever any part of New Saresbyri was builded. | The Duke of Buckingham was beheaded at Saresbyri.4 [vu 10]. 1 In 1238 upon an interdict to the university of Oxford by Otho the Pope’s legate, some of the scholars withdrew thence and settled here. In 1260 Bishop Bridport established a perpetual foundation for one custos, 2 chaplains, and 20 ‘* poor respectable studious scholars.” Some of them continued to have pensions so late as A.D. 1555, There is a view of the building in Hall’s Pict. Mem. of Salisbury, plate xvm. In Aubrey’s time there was very little of it left. ‘‘ Without the Close of Salisbury as one comes to the toun from Harnham Bridge, opposite the hospital is a hop yard with a fair high stone wall about it ; and the ruins of an old pidgeon-house. I doe remember 1642 (and since) more ruines there. This was Collegium de Valle Scholarum (College de Vaux). It took its name from Vaux a family. Here was likewise a Magister Scholarum : and it was in the nature of an university. It was never an endowed college. [From Seth Ward Bp. of Sarum).” [N. Hist. of Wilts, 95]. This statement as to a non-endowment must be incorrect. The house had considerable estates, which are enumerated in the Valor Eccles. Wilts, p. 89. Neither was the name, Vaux, derived from a family; but is only an English corruption of ‘“ Vallis Scholz.” The building is now entirely destroyed. ‘‘Jacobusde Valle Scholarium” is mentioned as an author in Harl. MSS. 3930. 2 See small woodcut, No. 23. Hall. 3 Thesubstance of the three following sentences has been already given: see p.159. 4 Henry Stafford Duke of Buckingham. ‘ The first to raise Richard (III) to the throne, the last to feel his tyranny ;” was executed in 1483 on a Sunday morning, in the court yard of the Blue Boar Inn which stood in the Market- place [see Hall], and was buried at the Grey Friars in Salisbury. There is a monument to him in the neighbouring church of Britford. The celebrated line ‘© Off with his head; so much for Buckingham,” pronounced with such effect by our stage Richards, is not in Shakspeare, and is believed to have been one of Colley Cibber’s innovations. Leland’s Journey through Wiitshire. 173 FISHERTON DELAMERE. [Itin. vi. 36]. Peter Delamar, a man of about 1,200 marks of land by the yere, died without issue male in Edwarde 3 dayes; but he had 3 doughters maryed to these gentilmen; S. John (Pawlet); St. Amande; and William de la Roche; the which 3 divided the landes of Delamare. The castelle of Nunney Delamar in Somersetshire, and the lordship of Fisherton in Wyleshire cam to St. John, in partition. St. Amande had...... William de la Roche had...... But Mr. Bainton told me that there were but 2 that divided Delamay’s landes, and that St. Amand had by heire generale of William De la Roche such lands as the said Roche had by Delamare: and that land is now cum to Mr. Bainton. Syr Edward Baynton’s father had to wife the last Lord St. Amande’s sister, and heire; because he (that is, Lord St. Amande) had no legitime child.! [Leland also mentions, m1. 98]. Clarington park and maner place about a mile by S. Est from Saresbyri. The parke is a very large thyng and hath many kepers in it. Ther was at Clarington a priory called Ivy Chirch. Popham Dene, 3 wiles from Clarendon and 3 miles from Mot- tisham, as in the middle way betwene, was sometyme the chief lordship or maner place of the Pophams. [v1. 38]. From Saresbyri to Thomas Beket’s Bridge? of 2 stone arches, a mile al by champayn. Under this bridge rennith a praty broke 1 There is so much difficulty in adjusting the pedigree of Delamere, Roche, Beauchamp, and Baynton, that Leland’s conflicting statements as to the number of the coheiresses of Delamere must be for the present passed over. The attempt to reconcile them would require genealogical details too minute to be interesting to the general reader. The case appears to be that Beauchamp and Baynton married the coheiresses of one branch of Delamere, which two proper- ties ultimately merged in the Baynton family: and that Pawlet married the heiress of another line, by which Fisherton Delamere and Nunney came to the family of the Duke of Bolton. 2 “St. Thomas Becket’s Bridge.’ Two miles on the old London road, beyond Bishop’s Down: generally called St. Thomas’s Bridge. 174 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. rising a 3 miles above it by north est. This broke goith into Avon about a mile beneth Harnham Bridge. [ut. 98]. Wm. Talebot Lord of the 100 of Alwarbyri. [1v. 177] Slape; a prebend in the paroch of Netherbyri. (do). Stratford: a preebend on the bank of Avon, not far from the old city of Sarum. (do). Dean of Sarum Rector of Sunninge. (do). Heitredesbury, a Collegiate Church impropriate to the deanery of Sarum, has the gift of 4 praebends.! (do.) Longalata (Longleat) priory, where the church is dedicated to S. Radegund. John Vernon, Kt., first founder of this place. (do.) [The relics of 8. Melorus, son of Melian Duke of Cornwall, were deposited at Amesbury. vu. 54). [ Isabelle, the 4th daughter of Henry Duke of Lancaster and Maude daughter to the Duke of York, was prioress of Ambresbyri (1202). vi. 42].8 1 Heytesbury Church was made collegiate about A.D, 1165, chiefly through the agency of Roger Archdeacon of Wilts, or Ramsbury. The four prebends are—l. Tytherington, given by the Empress Maud: 2. Horningsham, by Humphrey de Bohun, and Margaret, his mother: 3. Hill-Deverill, by Elias Giffard of Brymsfield: and 4. Swallowcliffe, by Gerard Giffard of the Fonthill branch. The Archdeacon was at first head of this Collegiate Church, but it was afterwards annexed to the deanery of Sarum. The Dean nowacts as Ordinary within it, and has the patronage of the four prebends. 2‘ Tongalata.” This derivation is adopted by Sir R. C. Hoare [Heyts. p. 69], as applicable to the dong and broad valley, at the end of which (coming from Horningsham) stood the priory, and now stands the mansion of Longleat. But the name is also anciently written Longaleta, and Langlete: and the true derivation would rather seem to be from ‘‘ Leat,” an aqueduct or watercourse. There were formerly mills, on or near the site before the priory was built, sup- plied by a long conduit. The Leat at Plymouth, a celebrated piece of engineer- ing in its day, was constructed to supply that town with water, by Sir Francis Drake. There is also the Leate at Truro conveying water to the town. 3 Henry Earl of Lancaster, second son of Edmund Crouchback, and grandson of H. IIJ., married Maud, daughter, not of the Duke of York, but of Str Patrick Chaworth. Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 175 [From the Latin}. “ Hubert, (Walter, Dean, afterwards Bp. of Sarisburi (Rich. I.) and afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury) attracted universal admira- tion at Acre, even from King Richard, by his noble military appearance. He was tall, of great foresight in counsel, and highly gifted, though not with eloquence. Together with Ranulph de Glanville who acted under his advice, he, in a manner, was King of England. He was a violent opponent of Girald Bishop of St. Dayid’s, in the efforts which that prelate was making at Rome to have the archiepiscopal pall restored to his see.” [Itin. vu. 84]. STONEHENGE. [It is remarkable that though so close to Stonehenge (which, no doubt, he,saw) Leland has left no description either of that place or of Avebury. So that we may make of him the same complaint which he makes of a still older writer of ancient English history. | “And Stoneheng, so notable a thing erect by the Britons, is nothing spoken of by Bede, and a great many things beside.” [ Collect. I. 511]. [From Geoffrey of Monmouth he gives the following extract relating to the neighbourhood of Stonehenge, if not to the place itself :— | “Hengist, upon hearing of Vortimer’s death, took with him a large army and returned into Britain. (Having invited the Britons to a friendly conference he concerted an attack upon them). When the proper moment for his treachery arrived, Hengist gave the word “Out with your swords,” and thereupon he seized Vortigern, and held him back by his robe. The Saxons on hearing the signal drew their swords, and falling upon the assembled chiefs utterly unprepared for any such assault, slew about 460 barons and officers, to whose bodies the blessed Eldad gave Christian burial not far from Caer-caradoc, now called Salesbiri, in a cemetery near Amesbury Monastery. The Pagans, however, did not commit this atrocity with impunity: for many of them were slain, whilst compassing the death of others. For the Britons caught up from 176 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. the ground stones and clubs, and attacked their assailants, &c. [ Collect. 11. 29.]} {Another ancient chronicle? directly asserts that Stonehenge was built by Vortigern as a lasting memorial of this massacre : and that Merlin recommended fetching certain great stones from Ireland: to which the King replied that “he thought he had as hard stones in England as they had in Ireland.” Upon this story Leland observes— ]? “ About the fetching of them from Ireland, it is all fabulous. For every person even of common information must know that these stones, so large as not even to be moved by any mechanism in our unscientific days, were brought by Merlin with marvellous skill and the help of ingenious machinery from some neighbouring quarry to the place where they are now the admiration of travellers. It would, indeed, have puzzled him to bring them by sea to Amesbury, for there is no sea coast within 20 miles of it.”4 RAMSBURY, BEDWYN, AND MARLBOROUGH. [vu 83]. From Zamburne {co. Berks) on to Ramsbury toune about a 5 miles, firste by champayne grounde fruteful of corne, then by hills fruteful of wood and corne. Kenet toucheth the toun with his left ripe suopinge in a low botom. There is a fayre and large olde chirche in the toune. The Bishope of Saresbyri hath a faire olde place halfe a mile upper upon the left ripe of Kenet, that a litle above the place in the medow maketh out an arme, and a litle benethe the place resorting to the hed streme maketh the medows on the south side of the place a Mediamunis or isle. There is a right faire and large parke hangynge upon the clyffe of an high hille well wooded over Kenet, hard on the south side of the place. Litlecote the Darell’s chief house is a mile from Ramesbyri. From Ramesbyri to Saresbyri good 20 miles. 1 See Antiquarian Repertory. 11. 262. 2 Quoted in Hoare’s Hist. of Amesbury, p. 199. 3 See the Latin in Collectanea. 1. 31. 4 The old fable was, that Merlin conjured them by magic out of Ireland, and brought them aloft in the skies. ‘‘ What, in Charles’s Wain?” asks Fuller. Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 177 From Ramesbyri on to Great Bedwine a 3 miles, moste parte throwghe the forest of Sawernake. The toune is prevelyged with a Burges at the Parliament; yet it is but a poore thinge to sight. There lieth in the churche, in the south isle one Adam Stoke a famose man, and another of that line by him under a flatte stone. The Stokes were lords of Stoke Haule! ther by. The lands of whom descendyd on to the Lords Hungarfords ; but whereas I harde ons that there was a castelle or forteres at Greate Bedwine; [the ruines and plot whereof is yet seene, vi. 71.] I could there heere nothinge of it. _ [Thens a 2 miles by wooddy ground to Little Bedwine, wherby I passed over Great Bedwine brooke. v1. 71}. Little Bedwine a mile lower: whither cummith the streame that passinge by Great Bedwine levith it on the right ripe. This water goeth toward Kenet. And Hungerford is a 3 miles from Greate Bedwine. From Bedwine a good mile to Chauburne village.2 [Going out of Chalburne I passed over a litle stream called Chauburn water. vi. 71.] The trew name wherof as I gesse should be Chaulkeburne for it risithe and rennith in chalky ground. It riseth a litle above the village, and levith it on the right ripe, and so going about a 2 miles lower resortith either into Bedwine water, or els by itself goeth into Kenet river. The house of the Choks was firste greatly advaunsyd by Choke, Chief Judge of England, that attayned lands to the sum of 600 1 Now Stock Farm in the parish of Great Bedwyn. Gena or Geva, widow of Sir Adam de Stoke of Rushall, married Sir Robert de Hungerford, and died A.D.1335. In 1431, Thomas Stokke conveyed to Sir Walter Hungerford (the High Treasurer, great nephew of Sir Robert) the manor of Stoke and lands elsewhere in Wilts. [Close Rolls}. It was afterwards for many years a residence of the Hungerfords, some of whom were Members of Parliament for Great Bedwyn. The second monument mentioned by Leland is believed to have been that of Sir Roger Stoke, son of Sir Adam. Both are still preserved. 2A “good” two miles to (now called) Shalborne. 3 It resorteth into Bedwyn water. 178 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. marks by the yere, and kept his chefe house at Longe Ashton by Bristow, having great furniture of silver.! From Chauburn to Hungerford a 3 miles. Thens a 2 (read 4) miles to Ramesbiri by meetly woodded ground. From Ramesbyri onto Marlebyri a 8 miles (read 6) by hilly grounde, fruteful of corn and wood. About half a mile or I cam into Marlebyri, I passid ovar a broke that cam down north west from the hills, and so ran by south-east into the streme of Kenet about half a mile bynethe Marlebyri. The toune of Marlebyri standith in lengthe from the toppe of an hill flat east to a valley lyinge flat weste.? The chiefe paroch church of the toune standythe at the very weste end of it, beynge dedicate onto Seint Peter. By it there is a ruine of a great castelle, harde at the west end of the toun, whereof the doungeon towre partly (half) yet stondith. There lay Kynge Edward the...... at a Parliament tyme.3 There is a chappel of S¢. Martynet (at the entre) at the est ende of the toune. There is a paroche churche of our ladie (S¢. Marie’s) in the mydle of the toune ; (by the Market-place). The body of this churche is an auncient peace of worke. Sum fable (without authority) that S. Marie’s was a nunerye. There was a priorye of white chanons caullyd S. Margaret’s a little (half a quarter of a mile) 1Sir Richard Choke, of Stanton Drew, co. Somerset, a Judge in 1474, (14 E. IV.) purchased Long Ashton, then called Ashton Lyons, in 1454. His grandson sold it in 1606. [Collins on Som. 1. 291, 454]. One of the Judge’s sons settled at Avington in Berkshire, not far from the neighbourhood which Leland is describing. At a later period (James I.) a Sir Alexander was M.P. for Ludgershall, and Chief Justice in Ireland. 2 See also Itin. vr. 71. 3 He probably alludes to King Henry III. who held here his last Parliament, at which was passed the code of laws called ‘‘ The Statutes of Marlborough.” 4 North of the road leading to Mildenhall between Blow Horn Street and Cold Harbour. [Waylen’s Marl. p. 494.] 5 A Sempringham Priory, as old as King John, and of royal foundation. The site was granted to Stringer at the dissolution: but must have soon changed hands, as a branch of the Daniells, of Daresbury, Cheshire, settled here in H. VIIl. Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 179 by southe out of the towne, over Kenet (on the right hand), where now dwellythe one Mastar Danie//. There was a house of friers in the south syde of the toune.! [A market house new made. v1. 71. ] Kenet ryver cummethe doun by the weste end of the toune from the northe, and so by the botom of the toune and vale lyinge sowthe, leving it on the left ripe, and so reneth thens by flatte est. SILBURY HILL AND AVEBURY. [vil 85]. Kenet risithe north north-west at Se/biri hille botom,? wherby hath ben camps and sepultures of men of warre, as at Aibyri3 a myle of, and in dyvers places of the playne. This Se/byri hille is about a 5 myles from Marlebyri. LUDGERSHALL. [Vu. It]. Inggershaull sumtyme’a castle in Wileshire 10 miles from Marleborow, and a 4 miles from Andover almoste in the waye betwixt. The castell stoode in a parke, now clene doune. There is of late times a pratie lodge made by the ruines of it, and longgithe to the King. MARLBOROUGH TO DEVIZES. [vuI. 85]. From Varlebyri over Kenet, and so into Sauernake (the swete oke) forest, and a 4 myles or more to Peusey a good village, and there 1 Tanner (p. 610) quotes Leland in this passage for ‘‘ Wiute,” as against another author’s ‘‘ Grey,” friars in Marlborough. Leland has just said that ‘St. Margaret’s’” was a house of White Canons, but he does not mention any particular colour for these friars. The Friary was founded by John Goodwinand William Remesbesch, merchants, A.D. 1316, and was granted, 34 H. VIII., to John Pye and Robert Brown. 2 There is certainly near Silbury a source called ‘‘ Swallow Head Spring :” but Kennet is fed by ‘‘The Bourn” which riseth near Winterbourne Basset and Ufcote. 3 Such is Leland’s solitary notice of this once remarkable place. It is elear what Ais opinion of Avebury was (and probably also of Stonehenge—from the story of the massacre given above), viz., that they were not temples, but cemeteries of ‘‘men of warre.” 2a 2 180 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. I passed over Avon river, and so by a village caullid Manifordes,! by the which Avon rennythe; and so to Newton? village a 2 myles and more from Peusey, where also Avon rennythe leeving it on his lefte rype; and thens 2 myles of, passyd by Uphaven, a good village 2 myles lower. There comythe a little broke into Avon from northe west at the est ende of Newton churche. The course of it is latly changed to the great comoditie of the village lyinge lowe, and afore sore troubled with water in wynter. From Newton to Hilcote an hamlet of the same paroche halfe a myle. Thence a 7 miles to The Vyes? by champayne ground. I passyd, or I came nere The Vyes,by a broke the whiche goythe in to Avon ryver by Uphavon village. DEVIZES. [vit. 85]. The toune of Vies standithe on a ground sumwhat clyvinge, and most occupied by clothiars. The beauty of it is all in one streete. The market is very celebrate. There is a castell on the southe west syde of the toune stately avauncyd upon an highe ground, defendyd partly by nature, and partly with dykes, the yeret wherof is cast up a slope, and that of a greate height to defence of the waulle. 1 There are 3 hamlets close together, Manningford Abbot’s, Manningford Braose (now called Bruce), and Manningford Bohun. 2 North Newnton or Newton; the prebend which (as mentioned above in the preface 1o Leland’s journey) he held at this time. 3 “The Vies.” A well known corruption of “ Devizes.” Towards determining the real origin of the name of this town, the following testimony, drawn from other counties, may be useful. “Thence he (Sir Thomas Fairfax) passed to Thorne (in Yorkshire), and then across the devises of Hatfield to Crowle.” This,” says Mr. Hunter, “is the single instance in which I have found the word devises applied to these lands. It means no more than border lands, and is, in fact, the Latin word “ Divisas” with an English form given to it.”” [South Yorkshire, I. 174.] In the book of the priory of Bath [Linc. Inn Library, No. xuiv., Art. 4] is mention of lands between the “ divisas de Corston” (near Bath) “ and Wansdyke.” 4“Yere.” The Wiltshire way of pronouncing eare, or earth. To ear, * to plough.” “There shall be neither earing nor harvest.” [Gen. 45, 6.] Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 181 This castle was made in Henry the first dayes by one Roger! Byshope of Salisbyrye, Chauncelar and Treasurer to the Kynge. Such a pece of castle worke so costly and strongly was never afore nor sence set up by any Byshope of England. The kepe or dungeon of it set upon an hille cast by hand, is a peace of worke of an incredible coste. There appere in the gate? of it, 6 or 7 places for porte colacis, and muche goodly buyldying was in it. It is nowin ruine, and parte of the front of the towres of the gate of the kepe and the chapell in it were caried, full unprofitably, onto the buyldynge of Master Buinton’s place at Bromeham scant 3 myles of.3 There remayne dyvers goodly towres yet in the utter walle of the castle, but all goynge to ruine. The principall gate that ledithe in to the toune is yet of a great strengthe, and hathe places for 7 or 8 porte colices. Ther is a fayre parke by the castle. The forest of Blake-more lyethe in a botom toward northe west, not far from the toune. 1 Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, one of the most powerful opponents, in the West of England, of the claim of Stephen to the Crown. He built, wholly or in part, castles at Sherbourn (Dorset), Malmsbury, Devizes, and Sarum. 2 Gate.” Mr. Waylen, in his description of Devizes Castle, is of opinion that by the “ gate,” leading into the town, and having places for several port- cullises, is meant not merely the portal, but a long protected passage leading from the castle keep to the main entrance of what is now the Bear Inn yard. (See Hist. of Dev. p. 121, and plan at p. 129). 3 Andrew Baynton had already carried off part of an old manor-house at Corsham. (See above p. 143): and, according to Aubrey, he also appropriated to the same object part of Bradenstoke Priory. Bromham House stood on or near the site of the present Bromham farm-house: between Rowdeford and Wans- house (on the right hand going from Devizes to Chippenham); and near the Old London Road to Bath. It was a garrison for the Royalists in the civil wars, and was burned down in 1645. Sir Edward Baynton, the owner at that time, would not rebuild it, but chose a new site at Spye Park. Some of the materials having escaped the conflagration were again turned to account, and there is still a tra- dition that one of the lodges of Spye Park came from Devizes Castle. 182 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. I saw as I went out of the toune, Bromeham Haul lyenge in a botom about a 3 myles of. STEEPLE ASHTON. [vu 86. ] From The Vies to Steple Assheton a 6 myles, by champaine but frutefull grounde, and good wood plenty in some places. It isa praty little market toune, and hath praty buyldinge, “ It standith muche by clothiars. There is in it a very fayre churche, buylded in the mynd of men now lyvinge. The spired steple! of stone is very fayre and highe, and of that it is cawllyd Steple Assheton. Robart Longe, clothyar, buyldyd the northe isle, Waltar Lucas, clothiar, buildyd the sowth isle, of theyr proper costes. The abbey of Ramesey in Hamptonshire had bothe personage impropriate and the hole lordshipe. Syr Thomas Semar? hathe it now of the Kyng almoste with the hole hundred of Horwelle alias Wharwelldown, with muche fayre woods. BROOKE HALL, NEAR WESTBURY. [vu. 86]. From Steple Assheton to Brooke Haule about a 2 myle by woody ground. Ther was of very auncient tyme an olde maner place wher Brooke Hail is now, and parte of it yet appearithe. But the new buyldynge that is there is of the erectinge of the Lorde Steward unto King Henry the vij. The windowes be full of rud- 1 This spire, 93 feet high above the tower, having been seriously injured by lightning in July, 1670, the parishioners proceeded to repair it, but when it was almost finished, in October the same year, a second storm threw it down, with part of the tower and the body of the church. The spire has never been restored. The church was built 1480-1500. 2 Sir Thomas Seymour, the Protector’s brother, Lord Sudeley and Lord High Admiral, executed 1549. The manor of Steeple Ashton (besides Imber, Eding- ton, and other estates) was granted to him at the dissolution of monasteries ; and on his death reverted to the Crown. The author of the Hist. of Mere (p. 122) overlooked this when he said that Sir Thomas had “ no connexion with our county.” Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 183 ders. Peradventure it was his badge or token of the Admiraltye. Ther is a fayre parke, but no great large thynge. In it be a great nombar of very fayre and fine-greynyd okes apt to sele houses.! 1“ Brooke Halle.” This house stood on or near the site of Brook House Farm (not Brook Farm, which is another ancient house, still in existence at a little distance from it) between Hawkeridge and Coteridge about 3 miles N.W. of Westbury. The estate originally belonged to the Crown. From Henry III. to Edw. III. a.p. 1361, it was the residence and property of the family of Paveley, lords of the hundred of Westbury. Between the two coheiresses of Paveley there was a division of lands. The younger sister married Sir Ralph Cheney. Her grandson, Sir Edmund Cheney, married Alice, daughter of Sir Humphrey Stafford, and died A.D. 1430 leaving two daughters coheiresses, of whom Anne was the wife of Sir John Willoughby. Sir John’s son, Robert, was created in A.D. 1492 Lord Willoughby de Broke, taking his title from this place. He was Steward of the Household to King Henry VII. His two granddaughters were married—1. Elizabeth, to John Paulet (son of Lord St. John of Basing), 2nd Marquis of Winchester; and 2. Anne, to Charles Blount 5th Baron Mount- joy, who died a.p. 1544. Brooke came by the latter match to Lord Mountjoy, and was sold by his grandson the 8th Baron, about A.D. 1599, to Sir Edward Hungerford of Farley Castle, who died a.p. 1607. It remained in that family till A.D. 1684, when it was sold by the extravagant Sir Edward Hungerford to Sir Stephen Fox. For its subsequent history, see Sir R. C. Hoare’s Westbury, p. 30. Aubrey describes it, about A.D. 1650 as being still “avery great and stately house :” and he has preserved in his collections for North Wilts, 4 minute description of the emblazoned windows. ‘The device of a ship’s rudder which he says was “everywhere,” he considers, [as Leland, with a “peradventure,’ had done before him], to have been the badge of office of the first Lord Willoughby de Broke, as Admiral to Henry VII. But “Mr. Wadman,” says Aubrey, “ would persuade me that this rudder belonged to Paveley who was lord of this place.” “ Mr. Wadman” was perhaps right: as it is not quite certain to whom it did belong ; but one point (suggested by the Rev. E. Wilton, of Lavington) does seem certain ; viz., that it did not belong to the Willoughbys. For it is found in the neighbouring church of Edington upon the tomb of Sir Ralph Cheney, who married the coheiress of Paveley, a hundred years before the first Willoughby had acquired Brooke Hall by marriage with the coheiress of Cheney. It is also found on the west porch of Westbury church in juxtaposition with Stafford, also before Willoughby’s time. As representative of Cheney and Paveley, Lord Willoughby may have used the rudder for an ornament to his windows in reference to one or other of those two families, but not as any device relating to his own office in the admiralty. As /is representatives, the Paulet family, still use it. The rudder is also found on the parapet of Seend Church, north aisle: where it is probably only the memorial of a pecuniary contribution towards the building of that part of the church, by some Willoughby who used the badge at that time as an hereditary device. 184 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. The broke that renithe by Brooke is properly caulyd Bisse, and riseth at a place called Bis-mouth! a 2 myles above Brooke village an hamlet longynge to Westbury paroche. Thens it cummithe onto Brooke village; and so a myle lower on to Brooke Haule, levinge it hard on the right ripe, and about a 2 miles lower it orth FO... a. jape0? [Humfrey Stafford of Hoke, with the Silver Hand,’ that maried Sir Robert Willoughby (afterwards 1st Lord Broke) with many other Wiltshire gentlemen, Sir Thomas Delamere, Sir Roger Tocotes, Sir Richard Beauchamp, Walter Hungerford, John Cheney, &c., joined the Duke of Buckingham in his resistance to King Richard III. Their lands were seized, and the manors of Brooke and Southwick were bestowed by Richard upon his favourite Edward Ratcliffe. 15 Dee. 1R. III. [See Harl. MS. No. 433, art. 1621.] 1 “Bisse.” The stream rises near Upton Scudamore under a hill called in the maps ‘‘ Beersmeer Hill,” which looks like a corruption of Bissemouth Hill. But the mouth of a stream is generally the name of the place where it issues into some other water, not of that where it first rises. 2 North Bradley and Trowbridge. By Brook village, Leland probably means Brook farm and mill. 3 ‘Silver Hand.” The meaning of this singular distinction is not known with certainty. That the person to whom it was given should have literally replaced the loss of a natural hand by a metallic substitute, wholly or in part, is possible, but not very likely. The epithet was more probably applied to him as a figurative compliment to his liberality. The eloquent Chrysostom was (as the word signifies) ‘‘ Golden-mouthed”: and we have had in our own days, the more familiar instance of an ‘‘Zron Duke.” There were two individuals of the noble family of the Staffords to whom this periphrasis of the ‘‘ Silver Hand” has been ascribed ; Sir Humphrey, sen., and Sir Humphrey, jun., father and son, But if Leland is to be trusted, the point is settled : as he distinctly says that ‘‘ the Silver Hand” married the heiress of Maltravers, by which match he obtained the property at Hooke, county Dorset. This was undoubtedly Sir Humphrey, the son. [Hutchins, in his note upon the subject (Dorset, 1, 292, first edit.) seems to have misinterpreted Leland’s statement]. The rest of the paragraph in the text is partly imperfect, and partly incorrect : and may be thus rectified. ‘‘This Alice (Stafford, daughter of the ‘Silver Hand”) was married first to (Sir Edmund) Cheney (as mentioned in a former note), and had two daughters, Anne and Elizabeth. Elizabeth (not Anne) was married to Coleshill and had no issue. Anne was married to (St John) Willoughby (not Lord W. de Broke), and had issue. Alice (Lady Cheney) Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 185 the daughter and heire of Matravers, a Knight, had 3 or 4 sons. He had also a doughter called Alice by his wife, Matravers’ heire. This Alice was maried first to Cheyni, a Knight, and had 2 doughters, Anne and Elizabeth, by him. Anne was maried to Coleshill and had no issue. Elisabeth was married to Willoughby Lord WOME acim oA had issue Alice.... wasma.... oys .... Eleanor a doughter by him, whom Strangwais....maried, and so cam Humfre Stafforde’s landes to Willoughby and Strangwaies. (v1. 13.] Much of the Lord Zouche’s lands was gyven by Henry VII. to Willoughby Lord Broke. [v1. 14]. Wermister, a principall market for corne, is 4 miles from Brooke- haull; amyle to Westbyry, and so 3 myles forthe. [vu. 86.] EDINGTON. [Iv. 25. ] [ Hedington village and priorie aboute a 2 (at least 5) myles from Brooke Haul. vu. 87). Hedington of auncient tyme was a prebende longging to Rumsey an abbay of nunnes in Hampshire [to whom it was given by King was remarried, to Walter Talboys and had Eleanor a daughter by him, whom Thomas Strangways married, and so &c.” Sir Humphrey Stafford, jun., ‘‘of the Silver Hand,” was elder brother of John Stafford, Bishop of Bath and Wells, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, who died a.p, 1452. Their mother Emma, second wife of Sir Humphrey Stafford, sen., was buried in the neighbouring church of North Bradley, within a beautiful little Mortuary Chapel appurtenant to Southwick in that parish, a manor house which formerly belonged to the Staffords, and from them (probably by the marriage of Alice Stafford above mentioned) came to Cheney and thence to Willoughby. The inscription on the tomb of the Archbishop’s mother still remains, and it removes a difficulty in the Stafford pedigree which has been hitherto unsolved. See it stated in a note by Sir Harris Nicolas, Testamenta Vetusta, p. 166. 1 Ela, coheiress of the Paveleys, and sister of Joan Lady Cheney (see note on Brooke Hall) married St. Loe. Their daughter married Sir Richard St. Maur. Their granddaughter, Alice St. Maur, married Lord Zouche. Lord Zouche’s grandson being attainted A.p, 1485, his portion of the Westbury property was granted to Lord Willoughby de Broke who already possessed the share which had descended to him through the Cheney family from Joan the other coheiress of Paveley. 28 186 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. John. Collectanea 1, 68]. Hedington prebend was an hunderith markes by the yere and more. Hedington Bp. of Winchester! was born at this Hedington, being cheef rular of England, while King Edw. 8 and Edward the .... (Black Prince ?) did war in France. He buildid a fair new chirch at Hedington, and there made a college [for canons regular. Coll. 1, 66.] with a Deane and xii Ministers, wherof parte were prebendaries. He caussid the prebende of Hedington to be removed from the title of Rumsey, and to be impropriated to this college. He procured besides a 200 marks of landes by yere to this college. And this was done about the time that King Edward wan Calays. Prince Edward, caullid the Blak Prince, had a great favor to the Bones-Homes beyond these. Wherapon cumming home he hartely besought Bishop Hedington to chaunge the Ministers of his college into Bones-Homes. [Boni Homines. Collect.1,66]. -Hedington at 1 Leland’s notes upon Edington are valuable, and form the staple of the brief account that is given of this house both by Tanner and in the New Monasticon. One interesting circumstance connected with the Founder (for which the writer is indebted to the Rev. Edward Wilton) appears to have escaped the notice of all who have touched upon the subject. He is generally called William of Edington, and is commonly said to have been born in the parish: which is very probable, as in a deed printed in the New Monasticon (miscalled the ‘* Foundation Deed,” being merely the Preamble to the Code of Statutes appointed to be observed in the House), it is stated that the Reverend Father derived his origin from that village (‘‘ de qua villa idem pater traxit originem”): but his JSamily name has never been particularly identified. He appears to have been a Cheney : no doubt connected with the Cheneys of Brooke Hall, mentioned above. The authority for this statement is the Cartulary of Edington ; according to extracts alleged to be taken from it, and preserved in the Ashmol. Museum, Oxon. [Ashm. M. Dugd. 39, 142.] His father’s name was Walter de Cheney, or ‘* Walterus de Querew” (‘‘ of the Oak ;” in French, ‘‘Chéne.’’) In another deed, also given at length in the same extracts, and dated 35 Edw. III. (A.D. 1361), the Bishop is described as ‘‘ Guardian of the heiresses of Sir John Pavely.” This throws some light upon the marriage mentioned in a former note, of Sir Ralph Cheney to one of the heiresses, Joan Pavely, by which the estate of Brooke passed to the family of Cheney. The last of the Paveleys probably assisted Bp. (Cheney) of Edington to a large extent, in building Edington Church: as the tower windows seem to contain a singular architectural allusion to that family. The tracery is arranged in the form of a cross; the Payeley arms being a cross flory. Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 187 his desire entreatid his collegians to take that ordre. And so they did all, saving the Deane. Hedington sent for ij of the Bones-Homes of Asscherugge! to rule the other xij of his college. The elder of the ij that cam from Asscherugge was caullid John Ailesbyri, and he was the first Rector (7. e., Prior of the House) at Hedington. Hedington gave greate substance of mony and plate onto his college. One Blubyri, a prebendary of Saresbyri and executor of the wille of Hedington, caussid a great benefice of the patronage of Sceaftesbyri Monastery to be impropriate to Hedington. Blubyri,? as I hard, was buried at Hedington. Sir Richard Penley, a Knight, gave the lordship of I/desle (West Iisley) in Barkshire, a 2 miles from Wantage, a market toune. This Penley? lay long at Hedington and ther died and was biried. Rouse, a Knight, gave to Hedington his fair lordship of Bainton, aboute half a mile from Hedington. Rouse* is buried at Hedington, [ BENEFACTORS. | [Penley and Rowse: Knights. Jerberd and Bultington.5 Collec. 1, 66]. 1 Ashridge, the only other ‘‘ Bons Hommes” House in England, is in the parish of Pitstone, co. Bucks. It was afterwards the Earl of Bridgwater’s. 2 John Bleobury, clerk, was one of the feoffees of Sir Thomas Hungerford in the purchase of Farley Castle from the Burghersh family in a.p. 1369. An obit was kept for him at Edington. 3 “Penley.” There is an estate and residence still called Penleigh House near Westbury. 4 Sir John Rous, of Imber, in 1414 (I Hen. V.) settled the manor and patronage of the chapel of Baynton (near Earlstoke) on his son ‘‘ John Rous, of Beynton, jun.” William Rous (son of the latter) in 1437 sold part of Imber to Lord Hungerford: the other part he gave in 1444 to Edington Priory, Thomas Elme being then Rector. His brother John Rous, a great supporter of the Lollards and a troublesome disturber of Churchmen of the day, is supposed to have made his peace with them by granting his manor of Baynton to the Convent, in 1443, [See Hoare’s Heytesbury, p. 162.] 5 “ Bultington.” This is, without the slightest doubt, a mistake for Bulk- ington. There is a village so called (a tything of Keevil a few miles from Edington), which gave its name to some family of importance in those days. 2B2 188 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. John Willoughby that cam out of Lincolnshire and maried an heire generale of the Lord Broke,! and after was Lord Brooke hym- self, lyith buried at Hedington, and was a benefactor to that house. As I remember, the son of this Lord Broke was Steward of King Peter de Bulkington and Michael de Bulkington are named in the Wiltshire Fines, 38 H. II. The manor afterwards belonged tothe religious house atKdington, of the gift probably of Thomas Bulkington, the benefactor mentioned by Leland. Obits at Edington to Penley, Rous, Gereberd, and Thomas Bukyngton are mentioned in the Valor Kecles. [Wilts, p. 142.] Edington Church still retains a memorial of Thomas Bulkington: for to him there can be little doubt that a monument really refers, which has often been attributed to an unauthorized and unknown Thomas Baynton. This monument which is highly finished, and clearly refers to some person of consequence connected with the convent, is at the end of the south transept, and bears the effigy of an Augustine Canon; his feet resting on a tun. On one shield are the letters T.B.: and on another the device of a tun with a tree growing out of it. The not dissimilar device of a bay tree growing out of a tun, appropriate to (and perhaps sometimes used by) the Wiltshire family of Baynton, has, for want of any better conjecture, caused this monument to be constantly assigned to some one of that name. But the monument is of a date long prior to any connexion which the Bayntons may have had with Edington. The name Bulkington is still commonly pronounced Bukington, or Bookington. As the word ‘‘ Boc”’ signifies a beech treee, Boc-in-tun, supported by the fact of a known ecclesiastical benefactor Thomas Bulkington, seems to establish his claim to the monument, in preference to that of an ¢maginary Thomas Baynton. 1 Perhaps Leland means that John Willoughby married an heir general of the Lord of the Manor of Broke, Otherwise his statement is full of confusion. Sir John Willoughby ‘‘that came out of Lincolnshire” did not marry any heir general of any person who had borne the title of Lord Broke: (for it was his own son to whom that title was first granted) but a coheiress of Sir Edmund Cheney, of Brooke Hall. Neither was Sir John himself, as Leland says, after- wards Lord Broke himself; nor was his grandson the 3rd Lord Broke. Sir John’s son (as just stated), Robert, was the tirst Lord Willoughby de Broke, created A.D. 1492. Robert’s son, also Robert, was the second Lord Broke A.D. 1503. And there was no third Lord, at that time, of that title. For Edward Willoughby, son of Robert 2nd Lord by his first wife Elizabeth Beauchamp, died in his father’s life time, leaving two daughters, of whom one, Elizabeth, married Sir Fulke Greville, and the other, Blanche, married Sir Francis Dawtrey. Robert, the second Lord Broke, had by another wife Dorothy Grey, two sons who died childless, and two daughters, Elizabeth, married to John Paulet Marquis of Winchester, and Anne, married to Charles Blount Lord Mountjoy. Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 189 Henry VII. house: and his son was the 3rd Lord Brooke of that.... EPs Ly at sere ......name. And he had a son by his first if bec that son had 2 doaehters married to Daltery and Graville. He had by another wife sons and daughters. The sons towards young men died of the sweating sickness. The Lord Mountjoye now living’ married one of the Pollette daughters: (Pawlet) son and heire to the Lord St. John maried the other. One Aschue alias Aschgogh, Bishop of Saresbyri in Henry 6 tyme, was beheddid in a rage of the Commons for asking a tax of money, as sum say, on an hill hard by Hedington; wher at this tyme is a chapelle and a hermitage. The body of him was buried in the house of Bonhoms at Hedington. This Aschue was a Master of Arts. [Itin. mz. 98]. From a certain Latin book of Edindon Monastery :— _ [Itin. v1., p- 48]. “3 July a.p. 1352: was laid the first stone of the Monastery of Edindon. 1 William Ayscough Bishop of Salisbury, Clerk of the Privy Council, had been accused by the Commons of having been instrumental, together with the Duke of Suffolk and Lord Say, in delivering up the provinces of Maine and Anjou. The other two had already fallen victims to popular excitement. The Bishop’s enemies, taking advantage of the disturbed state of the country, attacked him in his palace at Salisbury. He fled for refuge to Edington Convent, was robbed on the way of 10,000 marks, and the next day was dragged by the mob, headed by a Salisbury brewer, from the High Altar at Edington Church whilst saying Mass, to the top of a neighbouring hill, where he was murdered, on the feast of St. Peter and St. Paul, 29th June, 1450. The beautiful tomb at Salisbury, which Gough calls Bp. Ayscough’s, and on which he supposes the action of the Bishop’s murder to be represented in relief, is of a style of architecture 200 years older than Ayscough’s time. There is an engraving of it, with a different account of the figures in relief, in Britton’s Salisbury Cathedral, p. 95: where it ‘is properly described as Bp. Bridport’s, but in the accompanying plate, by a misprint, is called Bp. Bingham’s. Of the chapel and hermitage mentioned by Leland as having been erected on the spot where Ayscough was murdered, nothing seems to be now known: Of the priory of Edington there is an engraving in Gent. Mag. 1846, p. 257. 190 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. Sept. 16 a.p. 1358: was the first tonsure of the brethren.! A.D. 1361. The Conventual Church of E. was dedicated by Robert Weyvile, B. of Sarum, to the honour of St. James the Apostle, 8. Katharine, and All Saints. 2 Oct. 8 a.v. 1866. Wm. of Edyndone, Bp. of Winchester, Founder of the Monastery aforesaid, died.” WESTBURY TO TROWBRIDGE AND BATH. [vul. 87]. From Brooke Haulle unto Wesbyri by low ground having wood, pasture and corne, a myle and a halfe. It is the hedd toune of the hundrede to whome it giveth name. In it is kepte ons a week a smale market. Ther is a large churche. The toune stondithe moste by clothiers. Ther risythe 2 springs by Westbyri, one by sowthe, and another as by southe west, and sone meetinge together go abowte Bradeley village a mile and a half lower into Bisse broke that rennithe by Brook Haule and so to Trougbridge, and then into Avon. Bradeford, the praty clothinge toun on Avon, is a 2 miles of. From Trowghbridge onto Bathe by very hilly ground a 7 miles, levinge the woods and Furley parke and castle on the lyfte hand.3 1 Bishop Wm. (Cheney) of Edington had found at this place a college of secular priests; i. e., parochially officiating ministers with cure of souls. He converted it into an establishment of Monks Regular, to live “secundum regulam” without cure of souls. Their new monastery was six years in building; and on its completion, the brethren commenced as Regulars, adopting the shaven crown and monkish habit. 2 The common seal of the Brethren of the monastic house of Edington (which may perhaps have had a different patronage from that of the church) bears the figures of St. Peter and St. Paul. 3 There were two roads by which he may have gone: either by Stowford, and from that place to Iford, by a now nearly disused lane, which immediately skirted the wall of the then park of Farley Castle; and so from Iford, along the valley to Freshford Bridge: Or, by Westwood village, and along the high ground at the back of Iford, to the same point. From Freshford he evidently followed an old road above Limpley Stoke, down by Waterhouses, where, “at the very pitch at the bottom of a very steep hill,’ he would cross the Midford Brook ; ascend either Monkton Combe Hill by the large quarries, or Brass Knocker Hill, and over Claverton Down, into Bath. Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 191 And by the way I rode over Fresheford Bridge of 2 or 3 faire new arches of stone, and this was a 3 miles from Throughbridge; and a 2 myles beyonde that in the very piche of the botom of a very stepe hill I passyd a wylde brooket rennynge on stones. Thens a mile of in the way was a notable quarrey, and thens a playne, and then by a stepe botom onto Bathe about a myle. MARSHFIELD TO TROWBRIDGE AND FROME. [vir. 98]. {Leland went on to Bristol and Gloucestershire : and returned “by playne ground unto Maschefeld, a lordship that belonged unto the Canons of Cainesham.”} Thens a 4 miles farther I passyd by hilly ground, and went over a stone bridge, under the whiche ran a broke that a litle lower went in sight into Avon ryver by the right ripe of it.? Thens by hilly, stony, and wooddy ground a 3 miles unto Bradeford on the right ripe of Avon. Thens on to Throughbridge. Thens on to Broke by wooddy ground. From Broke onto Frome Celwood in Somersetshire a 4 miles, muche by woody ground and pasture on tyll I cam within a myle of it, wher it is champaine. Thence to Vunney Delamere, and back to Frome. Thens onto Philippe’s Northetoune, where is a meane market kepte in a small toune, most mayntayned by clothyng). From Northeton to Farley Castle a 2 miles. Thens to Bradeford 2 miles. BRADFORD. [vu. 100]. The lordshipe was gyven with the personage by Kyng thelred onto the nunry of Shaftesbyri for a recompence of the murderinge 1 The Abbey of Black Canons at Keynsham (co. Som.) between Bath and Bristol, founded a.p. 1170, by Wm. 2nd Earl of Gloucester (grandson, illegiti- mately, of King Henry I.) who endowed it with (inter alia) the Manor Farm of Marshfield. 2 He passed from Marshfield to Bathford, where he crossed the Box brook just at its junction with the Avon: and so on to Bradford. 192 Leland’s Journey through Wiitshire. of 8. Edward his brother.1_ One De la Sale, alias Hawle,a auncient gentilman syns the tyme of Edwarde the I. dwellith at the...... end of Bradeford. From Bradeford to Bathe. [He continued his ride through Gloucestershire ; to Thornbury, Berkeley, and back to Somersetshire ; and crossed by Mells to | SELWOOD FOREST. [vit. 106. ] The foreste of Sewood? is in one parte a 3 miles from Welles. In this forest is a chapelle, and theryn be buried the bones of S. Algar® of late tymes superstitiously sought of the folische commune people. The foreste of Selwood, as it is now, is a 30 miles in compace, andstreatchith one way almoste onto Werminstre, and another way onto the quarters of Shaftesbyri by estimation a 10 miles. 1 Edward the Martyr was murdered in A.D. 978, being 16 years of age, at Corfe Castle, by order of his stepmother Elfrida. The Benedictine Nunnery of Shaftesbury had been founded, according to most of our historians, by Alfred, and was at first dedicated to St. Mary. It lost that name on the translation thither of the body of St. Edward the Martyr. His brother and successor AMthelred “the Unready,” by charter dated a.D. 1001, gave to the Church of St. Edward the Monastery and Vill of Bradford, to be always subject to it, that the nuns might have a safe refuge against the insults of the Danes, and, on the restoring of peace, return to their ancient place, but still some of them to remain at Bradford, if it should be thought fit by the prioress. King John confirmed to the abbess of Shaftesbury the whole hundred of the manor of Bradford for ever A.D. 1205. They had also the Rectory impropriate. [See Monast. and Hutchins. ] 2 “ Selwood Forest.” Partly in Somerset, partly in Wilts. By a survey of the bounds of this large forest, taken in Edw. I., it appears that its ¢-we northern boundary was considered to be a line drawn (speaking in general terms) from Penselwood beyond Stourton, to South Brewham : thence by the river Frome to Rodden near Frome; and that a large tract to the north of that line, then also forest and including part of Wanstrow, Cloford, Trudoxhill, Marston-Bigot, Cayford, &c., had been converted into forest by King Henry II., and ought to be disafforested. A copy of this survey is printed in Collinson’s Somerset, vol. 11., p. 56; but, owing to the change of names, it is diflicult to follow the limits described. 3 “St, Algar’s,” in co. Somerset: on the road from Frome to Maiden-Bradley about 3 miles from the latter ; and now part of West Woodlands. Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. 193 From Welles to Nunney Delamere, a 2 miles partely by hilly and enclosed ground. Thens aboute a mile by like soyle unto Tut... .1 a longe village, where the paroch chirche is unto Nunney Delamere. Then half a mile farther, and so into the mayne foreste of Selwood. And so passing half a mile farther I lefte on the righte hand Witham the late priorie of Cartusians, not in the forest but joining hard on the edge of it. MAIDEN BRADLEY. [IVv. part 2, p. 105]. [ Kidderminster town in tymes past longid to the Bisetts, ancient gentlemen. After, it came to the 3 heires generall of Bisett, wherof one beinge a Lazar (leper) builded an hospitall at Maiden Bradley in Wilts, to a priory of chanons. She gave her part here in pios usus, and the Personage of Kidderminster was impropriate to Maiden-Bradley |. Thence (i. e., from Witham Friary) partly by forest ground and partly by champayne a 4 miles unto stourton. [vu. 107.] The village of Stourton stondith in the bottom of an hille on the left ripe of Stur. The Lord Stowrton’s? place stondith on a meane hille, the soyle 1“Tut.... .’ The name which Leland vainly attempted to remember, or his Editor Hearne to copy, was ‘‘ Truttokeshull,” now called Truddoxhill, a hamlet between Nunney and Witham Friary, in the parish of Nunney, county Somerset. The church or chapel alluded to has long been destroyed. 2 “Stourton.” There cannot be a stronger instance of the long neglect of Wiltshire topography than the confession of the author of the History of the Hundred of Mere [p. 42] that of this mansion, which for many centuries had belonged to one of the most ancient families formerly in this county, there was no published account whatever, except these passing notes by Leland. After the publication of the volume which contains Mere, some further description of Old Stourton House, with a very rude pen and ink drawing of it, taken about 20 194 Leland’s Journey through Wiltshire. therof being stony. This maner place hath 2 courtes. The fronte of the inner courte is magnificent, and high embatelid, castle lyke. [The goodly gate howse and fronte of the Lorde Stowrton’s howse in Stourton was buyldyd ex spoliis Gallorum: (with French prize money). vr. 100.]! Ther is a parke among hills joining on the maner place. The ryver of Stowre risith ther, of 6 fountaines or springes, wherof 3 be on the north side of the parke hard within the pale. A.D, 1650, was discovered in Aubrey’s MSS. at Oxford. Sir R. C. Hoare has since given this in the appendix to History of Frustfield [p. 7.] We now present for the first time a more developed view of it, founded upon Aubrey’s rough sketch. Old Stourton House stood upon a site immediately in front of the present mansion of Stourhead, between that house and the public road leading to Maiden Bradley. The site is still to be recognized by an inequality of ground, a few old Spanish chestnut trees, and some subterranean vaults. A relic of the building is, or lately was, preserved in a house at Shaftesbury formerly the ‘* King’s Arms ;” a carved chimney piece, bearing the shield of Stourton between those of Chidiock and Berkeley. [See a plate, in Gent. Mag. 1826, p- 497.] The house covered a great deal of ground, and retained all the internal arrangement of old baronial days. There was a large open-roofed hall, and an open-roofed kitchen of extraordinary size. In the buttery was kept a huge bone, attributed by tradition to one of the Anakim of the house of Stourton, but which was no doubt a geological relic of some different species of animal of much greater antiquity. There was a chapel, paved with tiles bearing the Stourton shield, and the rebus, ‘‘ W.S.,” a tower and a tun. In the civil wars the house was garrisoned for the King. In Sept. 1644 Ludlow marched thither one night, and summoned it to surrender. His summons not being attended to, his men piled faggots against one of the gates and set it on fire. The inmates escaped by a back way into the park; upon which the General entered, and having rendered it untenable passed on to Witham. The Stourton family was of great eminence and antiquity in Wiltshire. It is said that at a house of their’s here, William the Conqueror received the submission of the English in the West. When the estate was purchased by Henry Hoare, Esq., of London, in 1720 [or 1727, for Sir R. C. H. has both dates, Mere, p. 56 and 63], the house of which we give the view was taken down. 1 The builder of this part was Sir John Stourton who, for his services to the Henries in their French wars, was created the First Baron in a.p, 1448. He had the Duke of Orleans in his custody at Stourton House for 10 months, for which he was allowed 13s, 4d, a day, OLD STOVURTON HOUSE DESTROYED A.D.1720 > _ CPC RECOVERED FROM AN IMPERFECT SKETCH BY JOHN AUBREY A.D. Id 70.7 —— Leland’’s Journey through Wiltshire. 195 The other 3 be north also, but without the parke.! The Lorde Stourton giveth these 6 fountaynes in his Armes. The name of the Stowrtons be very aunciente in those parties. Ther be 4 campes that servid menne of warre about Stourton : one towarde the north weste part within the park, double dichid. I conjecte that here stode a maner place or castelle. My Lord Stourton sayith nay. Ther is another campe a mile dim. of Stowreton, doble dichid, in the toppe of an high hill. This is called communely Whiteshete Hill. The other 2 campes be abrode in the lordshipe. There i is on an hill a litle without Stowrton a grove, and in it is a very praty place called Bonhomes,? builded of late by my Lorde Stourton. Bonhome of Wileshire, of the auncienter house of the Bonehomes there, is lorde of it. MERE. [vitt. 100.] The diches and the plotte where the castle of Mere? stood, appere not far from the chirche of Mere the market toune. 1 This spot is still called ‘‘ The Six Wells,” but they are not all now above ground, some of those without the old park wall having been stopped up. Three were in Wilts, and three in Somerset. The park paling or wall that divided them was pulled down by Sir R. C. Hoare. A rough delineation of the six fountains, also by Aubrey’s pen, represents them exactly as described by Leland. ' 2 This place is still known as the tything of Bonham, south of Stourton. By Leland’s account a house had been built here by Lord Stourton before 1540, but Sir R. C. Hoare quotes an indenture according to which the property was sold to the Stourtons by Walter Bonham, of Great Wishford (between Deptford and Salisbury) in the year 1665, [Mere 90.] A younger branch of the Bonhams has already been mentioned as of Haselbury near Corsham. [See p. 144]. % Mere Castle was built a.p, 1253, by Richard Karl of Cornwall, brother to King Henry LI. 20% 196 Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Harnham. Mngla-Soron Cemetery ot Barnham, NEAR SALISBURY. It is well understood that much of what is called the History of the Anglo-Saxon Settlement in Britain is only traditional, and built upon the fictions of poetry and romance. Some of the chief movements are no doubt accurately reported to us; whilst others are disguised, and many are false: the oldest of ourchroniclers having lived very long after the events which they describe. On matters of detail, particularly the real habits and civilization of that people, those writers are still less to be depended on: for to such points they only allude incidentally. But we may, to a certain extent, judge of the Saxon, as the Romans did of Hercules; by measuring his footmarks. Of the antiquities of the early Anglo-Saxon period, we are assured by those who have given much attention to the subject, that our information is derived entirely from one source; their graves.! 1 We recommend those of our readers who take, or think that they are likely to take, an interest in English antiquities, to provide themselves with the very useful and inexpensive little book from which we borrow this remark, called ‘‘ The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon,” by Thos. Wright, Esq., F.S.A. It is exactly the sort of Manual upon these subjects that has been long wanted : being clear, systematic, and illustrated by a great many woodcuts. With such a guide as this to refer to, the discoveries that are now constantly made of sepulchral relics become much more intelligible and interesting than they other- wise would be. There will be no longer that vague guessing of character and age, which leaves rational curiosity unsatisfied, and is also the cause of the relics themselves being often unduly depreciated. Such articles may indeed possess very little intrinsic value, but when their proper place in English antiquities is accurately known, and they are compared with others of the class and period to which they belong, they are of great use in leading to general conclusions, and in elucidating ancient history more accurately. For those who wish to place on the Anglo-Saxon shelf of their library a volume of more stately bulk and appearance, there is Douglas’s ‘‘ Nenia,” a valuable work published 1798, Mr. Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Harnham. 197 Fortunately for that study it happens that the contents of Anglo- Saxon graves are particularly abundant and interesting, and that we are enabled from the various articles found in them, to form a tolerable estimate of the civilization of our ancestors. Anglo-Saxon graves occur generally in extensive groups and on high ground. They are found thickly scattered over the downs of Kent, Sussex, and the Isle of Wight. Extensive cemeteries have also been found in Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire, as well as in the counties of Leicester, Derby, Nottingham, Northampton, Lincoln, Cambridge, York, Suffolk and Norfolk. Collections of Anglo-Saxon antiquities, taken from Kentish barrows, have been formed by Lord Londesborough, Dr. Faussett, and Dr. Rolfe. Wiltshire is one of those counties which have contributed largely to our stock of knowledge derived from subterranean depositories. The late Sir R. C. Hoare and Mr. Cunnington carried on for many years, as is well known, a very vigorous attack upon the barrows and tumuli with which the surface of a large part of the county is covered. The collection formed out of their contents, and now deposited at Stourhead House, is a considerable Museum of itself. But the greater part of it relates to ante-Saxon times. Anglo- Saxon interments have been occasionally laid open;! but we are W. M. Wylie’s book on the Cemeteries in Gloucestershire, called ‘‘ Fairford Graves,” Mr. Roach Smith’s ‘‘ Collectanea,” and the ‘‘ Archeologia,” also contain extensive materials for the illustration of this period. For the general reader, however, who may not have the opportunity of purchasing or consulting expensive publications, the little book above referred to, will be found to contain a sufficient compendium of information. 1 In a tumulus on Roundway Down, near Devizes, a curious interment of a lady of the VI. or VII. century was brought to light, about 1843, on the pro- perty of Mr. Colston. The corpse lay north and south, in a wooden chest bound with iron. Near the neck were several ornaments composing a necklace ; garnets set in gold, in the fashion of the Roman bulla, seemed to have been arranged alternately with barrel shaped beads of gold wire. There were, also, two gold pins, set with garnets, united by a chain, in the centre of which was a circular ornament bearing a cruciform device engraved upon the setting. At the feet lay the remains of a bronze bound box or cabinet. It fell to pieces on the admission of the air, and the remains consisted of carved plates of thin 198 Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Harnham. not aware that of a Cemetery of that period we have had any instance in Wiltshire before that which Mr. J. Y. Akerman, the Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries, has lately brought to light at Harnham, near Salisbury. Harnham is so close to Salisbury that it is almost a suburb of the city. There is a tradition (mentioned in 1540 by Leland) that a village stood there long before Salisbury itself: but we have not been able to meet with any mention of the name in any record of those early days to which such tradition would carry us. On the south side of Harnham rises a high chalk hill, and at the foot of this hill near the village is a field known by the name of “The Low Field.” It is so called not from the lowness of its situation, but from having been once covered with small conical sepulchral mounds that have now long disappeared under the plough. The word “Low” is a corruption of the Saxon “ hloew” or “helow,” a tumulus: an etymology which it may be useful to recollect, as the word often occurs in the composition of English names of places, particularly of elevated sites; by which apparent contradiction, some perplexity is caused to the uninitiated. This is frequently the case in Derbyshire, Staffordshire, and elsewhere ; as Caldon Low, a high hill near Cheadle, &. Wherever the word is found, there is reason to suspect the vicinity of some ancient burial place.1 bronze which had formed the hoops, and about 20 triangular plates, which appeared to have been attached by rivets over one of the hoops, forming a ‘* Vandyked” ornament. These thin plates were ornamented with rows of dots, hammered up in the metal. Some minor objects of bronze were also noticed, apparently parts of a fastening or padlock; and remains of two earthen cups. The box had probably been the receptacle of the lady’s ornaments. [See Archeol. Journal, July 1851, p. 176). 1 It may be observed in passing, that the derivation of the name EJlows in Staffordshire is explained by Mr. G. W. Collen in his Britannia Saxonica, p. 12, to be from ‘‘ Lew,” a place of meeting for the men of contiguous hundreds for purposes of appeal and settlement of causes. Whether such derivation applies to the present instance or not, it is at all events a curious coincidence, that the ancient village of Harnham would be conveniently situated in that respect, being nearly at the very point of contact of three, if not of four, Wiltshire hundreds. Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Harnham. 199 To this “Low Field” at Harnham, Mr. Akerman’s attention was called last year by Robert Wallan, whom we must introduce to our readers (to those at least whoare agriculturally ignorant of such an officer), as the ‘‘ Drowner,” or manager of the water-meadows, on a farm occupied by Mr. Fawcett, under Viscount Folkestone. He had observed the head of a spear protruding from the ground, and upon further search discovered the iron boss of a shield, with por- tions of a skeleton. Some other indications having been also noticed, Mr. Akerman was induced to commence operations on a larger scale, which he carried on until he had sueceeded in laying open no less than sixty-two graves containing the remains of men, women, and children, of various ages. Upon this extensive dis- interment he gave a lecture at Salisbury ; and he has also published in the Archzologia a minute and interesting description of it, with some beautiful illustrations. From this we extract some of the most remarkable particulars :— Skeleton No. 4. A female; comb on the right side of the head. a 5. The legs crossed. “4 7. A knife under the left arm. : 9. A male child. A- knife on the right side: and a small spear on the right of the head. 7 10. A plain metal ring on the finger of the left hand. z 11. A bronze circular fibula (a kind of ornamental buckle for fastening a cloak or robe) on each shoulder: knife by the side. rf 12. Apparently an aged woman: the thigh bone measuring 183 inches. On the wrist of the left arm, which lay in the lap, eight blue glass beads. The right arm extended by the side, and on the wrist eleven similar beads. Tron buckleand bronze tweezers at the waist. A cup-shaped bronze fibula on each shoulder, which had imparted a beautiful blue tinge to the collar bones. 200 Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Harnham. Skeleton No. 18. A woman: under the left arm a knife. Between the knees a very small child with a pair of small fibule bronze gilt (see Fig. 1) on its shoulders. x 14. Aspear on the right side of the head (Fig. 2): the blade being made in a peculiar way to cause the weapon to whirl round in its flight (Fig. 3). S 21. An infant. he Sea aed q i Spi) Lay RM kot A NY es 4855 iti ne + Far get Sie 6 a nce ee Levey a ae nie at Se a owe 23) ats! 4S Sia Bank erg = = eye if RE ont Seseted aa ww 2OSe etd