~4 Sewwe be a ondnees sp ae * if 5 43 He ‘s e por: oper ger 2 er ks Bae oes, fs =e pets beets‘ aerated Dom gee oes cession ed Peres ant Se Deed pie ver A DO LR Se ‘ana i re . Gs ae 4 ise My Gey SH OO) Ke st THE OLS Tala Archeeological & Natural History MAGAAINE, Published under the Direction of the Society FORMED IN THAT COUNTY, A.D. 1853. Epitep By Rev. E. H. Gopparp, F.S.A., CLYFFE VICARAGE, SWINDON. VOL XLIII. Nos. 142—146. JuNgE, 1925—JuNg, 1927. | DEVIZES: C. H. Woopwarp, Excuance BuiILpINnGs, Station Roan, ———— | JUNE, 1927. CONTENTS (OF VOL: XLIII. No, CXLII. Jung, 1925. Excavations of the Priories of Bradenstoke, Monkton Farleigh, and Kington: By Harold Brakspear, F.S.A.................00008 1— 25 Wiltshire Newspapers—Past and Present. Part III. (Continued). The Newspapers of South Wilts: By Mrs. Herbert Richard- son, B.A., sometime Scholar of St. Hugh’s College, Oxford... 26— 38 The Seventy-First General Meeting of the Wiltshire Archzological and Natural History Society, held at Salisbury, August 11th, Heir PSC ODA 8a, oe) secdosecavacccucesdscedeosiss Jan 89 47 Figsbury Rings. An account of Excavations in 1924: By Mrs. (VIPER IMTS LOM... i ate sescce ote cosssecessaccusccassecss iecateceecoaeels 48— 58 An Inhabited Site of La Tene it date, on Swallowcliffe Down : By R. C. C. Clay, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.S.A., F.R.A.L.. 59— 93 A Pagan Saxon Cemetery at Brondohalics- By R. C. C. Clay. MERC Selb OlP., HS A. FARGASL gic.cecucsdesssmiigtontey se lbee 94—101 A Pagan Saxon Burial at Ebbesbourne Wake, By R. C. C. Clay, MERGO@RSs les Cabs, BN S.A., MOR ASL. c.pccsecvse coats ib ercetecsoe sos 101 Wilts Oltimawe a ce Mm iER NEURON Valo y edhe calla leaiiieaceueed eee 102—115 Wiltshire Books, Eaapislees! AMM ATEICIOS ost. awcss seen e cacacs 115—189 Additions to Museum and Library...............sceccesesoceccesecseccecees 140—142 No. CXLIII. DEcEmBErR, 1925. Savernake Forest Fungi, Part II.: By Cecil P. Hurst............... 1483—155 Flint Implements from the Nadder Valley, South Wilts: By R. C. C. Clay, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.S.A., F.R.A.I, seseseeeee LE6—162 The Church of St. John the Baptist, ingicsham Wilts : By C. E. Ponting, F.S.A. . [ vesees 163—167 The Evans Family of Nout Wilts : Bp Canon F. AL Manley Bene ie 168—174 A Complete List of the Ancient Monuments in Wiltshire scheduled under the Ancient Monuments Act, 1913 (up to March, 1925) 175—179 Objects found during Excavations on the Romano-British Site at Cold Kitchen Hill, Brixton Deverell, 1924: By R.deC. Nan Kivell . -..e. 180—191 The Wietoms of tthe: iM anne ap Glue Aad Bremball By the Karl of Kerry .. ea . 192—206 The so-called “ onward Stone: ? at Ohm Ganserer.. Wilts : By H. St. George Gray... se.ee 207—212 The Seventy-Second General Micating of the Wiltshire veholo: gical and Natural History Society held at Cirencester, August GUE GuMpwANG BEIOI5 elec ee.ok eth ekensoceededasseveseesececedccale, 213—220 Wilts Otay SdOb05 509 0EE-S TOON EL GE HEROS HAHA ne Maan FEMS ba de EDR AUCU 221—226 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and ericiess Aecenesenneneeeeese a= 20 L Additions to Museum and Library .. bo poo booUeUObA Abnvodbondoo doa onl —vaan Accounts of the Society for the Year 1924 Be URS PU AGG AE BE DS Wis ts AERA 253—255 iV. CONTENTS OF VOL. XLIII. No. CXLIV. JUNE, 1926. List of Bronze Age Drinking Cups found in Wiltshire: By Mrs. Ma HM: Cunmmin eto... 2... .5.<2-s0 as deesioetneseulte stele nee ee eee . 267—284, The Society's MSS. The Deeds of Seagry House: By Canon F. Hi. Manley ?......%:: enue . 285—310 Report on Human Remains (ace ihoma Mr. aN ip: Basoinena. By Sir Arthur Keith, M.D., F.R.S. . ee . 3l1— 312 The Woodminton Group of Barrows, Barmeigealle - Es RB. Cc C. Clay, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.S.A. sale sais . 313—326 Objects found during Excavations on ne Romano- Bren Site ab Cold Kitchen Hill, Brixton Deverell, Walks: By R. de C. Nan Kivell .. RR AE onc con bao re SCRE RP REPAE Ib dascon. ves ee! Di (0 62 Oe a oreo Sorc in hodoon odode GEREIEBOR mo bcp oomaco joo 333—353 Wilts Obituary .. BEAR ci ese de ve bap peeneee OOo aoe Wiltshire Books, “Bernabe, “ane ‘AvGelea: BREEN ces Sivas een 358—383 Additions to Museum and Library . Dio séawoctectoercscginaen oS4e—oee Accounts of the Society for the Year 1925 | sivsel vossestaetse: GBO-—3O8 No. CXLV. DeEcEmMBER, 1926. Objects found during Excavations on the Romano-British Site at Stockton Earthworks, 1923: By R. de C. Nan Kivell ......... 389—394 Notes on Recent Prehistoric Finds: By Mrs. M. E. Cunnington (Beakers, W. Overton and Beckhampton ; Cinerary Urns, Figheldean, Lavington, and Knoyle; Barrows, Market Lavington and Shepherds’ Shore) .............cc.essecceceeeceenesees 895—400 The Society’s MSS. Abstracts of Deeds relating to the Family of Methuen at Bradford, Corsham, Melksham, Chitterne, and Beckington: By Canon E. P. Knubley .. < ... 401—431 The Barrows on Middle Down, Alvediston : Bye R. rl C. ‘Clay. M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.S.A.. .. 4382—439 The Seventy-Third Gener Meeting: of ite Wiltshire ‘Apehesalget: cal and Natural History Society, held at Chippenham, August 9th, 10th, and 11th, 1926 . Ba cae . 440—448 Sheep Farming in Wiltshire, with a hone ‘History we “ike ebeiiite shire Down Breed: By G. B. Hony.. seseesereee 449 —464, Savernake Forest Fungi, Part III.: By Gear Pp, nce ... 465—476 Notes on Purton Tithe Books: By S. W. Shaw................ceseecee 477 —482 Guy’s Rift, Slaughterford, Wilts: An Early Iron Age Habita- tion : By Toa: Hewer <.scse.sdoes cemes cece eerie amiatcaiscs «ae seemeenen A83—489 Two Bronze Age Beaker Burials at Netheravon: By Mrs. M. E. Ounmim ston wits siseds ee sale aes See a tic i050 si 490—491 A Bibliographical Catalogue of Printed Materials for the History and Topography of Wiltshire, arranged alphabetically under Parishes; By Rev.. E:.H. Goddardi2 yee)... eee 492—493 Wilts Obituary ..... syeiaionie dia 'e,039 w.nais delle siaajsiere aes Mee eteeneeOtn site sce se SeeenEe 493—496 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles .......cccscscssscscescecscees 496—508 Additions to Museum and Library ...........cccscecvcescecsccscses Sas 509—510 CONTENTS OF VOL, XLIII. Ve No. CXLVI. Juwe, 1927. Worsham: By Harold Brakspear, FiS:A. ..:.....ccc.ceesecsceres sos sccees 511—539 Supplementary Report on the Early Iron Age Village on Swallow- cliffe Down: By R. C. C. Clay, F.S.A. £ . 540—547 The Barrows on Marleycombe Hill, Bower helices (1926) : 3 (S, (l, Olle. TPIS ote Ree come eee one are 548—556 Wilts Obituary .. sMelncelswatie udsieneasetac dayne: OD ¢—= DOO Wiltshire Books, Eemiphicts! ‘and ‘articles. AM Guat nce At ie SER Ge OOOO E Agoitions:to. Museum and Tibrary: «......0....0.fsccscecdavocetecceseuess 572—573 URGES WO. Olle DXGLOY GB ESR Rete en Ara ene nr 574—640 Illustrations. Bradenstoke Priory, plan of precinct, 8. Monkton Farleigh Priory, plan of precinct, 13. Kington Priory, plan of precinct, 21. Views of Bradenstoke Priory ; Views of Kington Priory ; Plans of Bradenstoke Priory, Monk- ton Farleigh Priory, and Kington Priory, 24. Sections of Ditches and Ramparts, Figsbury Rings, 55,56. Figsbury Camp, Plan, 58. Portion of Wooden Loom Frame, Swallowcliffe Down, 63. Sections of Stratified and Impressed Ring Eye Beads, 89. Plates I.—XIII.—Plans of Pits; Swallowcliffe Down, and Drawings of Objects found in them, 92. Plate T.—Plan of Saxon Cemetery, Broadchalke, 94, Plate II.—Iron objects from Saxon Cemetery, Broadchalke, and Barrow, Ebbesbourne, 95. Plates I. and II.—Flint Implements from the Greensand Terrace, 8, Wilts, 161. Figs. 1—6, Inglesham Church, Wilts, 162. Moredon House. Rodbourne Cheney, 168. Plates I.—XV.—Objects found during Ex- cavations at Cold Kitchen Hill, 182-190. Map A.—The Open Fields of Calstone Manor, showing the Strips or Lynchets into which they were divided c. 1725, 194. Map B.—The Coombes of Calstone Down. From air photographs taken by Alex. Keiller, F.S.A., Scot., 194. The so-called “ Kenward Stone” at Chute Causeway, 208. Excavation — of the so-called “ Kenward Stone” at Chute Causeway. 209. Plan of Cuttings made at the Excavation of the so-called “ Kenward Stone,” Chute Causeway, 209. Map of Seagry and District, 290. Objects from the Woodminton Group of Barrows, Bowerchalke, Plates I.—V., 322. Objects found at Cold Kitchen Hill, Brixton Deverell, Plates I.—VIII., 330. Plan of a New Stone in the Kennett Avenue as excavated, 342. Objects of Early Iron Age from N. Wilts (Passmore Collection), Plates J. and II., 342—343. Stone perforated Mace Head found near Bilbury Camp, Wylye, 344. Recumbent Gravestone of the 12th century found in Court Street, Trowbridge, 1924, 345. The Devizes Skippett (14th century or earlier), 346. Late Celtic Bronze Enamelled Cheek-piece of Bit from Middle Chase Farm, Bowerchalke, 352, Plan of Stonehenge, 358. Ob- jects found at Stockton Earthworks, Plates I.—V., 392. Notes on Recent Prehistoric Finds, Plates I.—IV., 396. Sections of Barrows, Market CONTENTS OF VOL. XLIII, Lavington and Bishops Cannings, 396—397. The Barrows on Middle Down, Alvediston, Sections of Barrows, 483—435 ; Plan, 486. The Old Wiltshire Horned Sheep and the Hampshire Down, Plates I.—VIL., 460. Guy’s Rift, Slaughterford, and Skull, 483—489. Two Bronze Age Beaker Burials at Netheravon, 490. Corsham, Map and 10 Plates, 526. Section of Pit, Swallowcliffe Down, 541. Objects from Early Iron Age Pits, Swallowcliffe Down, 542—543, The Barrows on Marleycombe Hill, Bowerchalke, 548—554, " » O RAT 4AVE ye cleo eG | fox &F% & (re a & No. CXLII. JUNE, 1925. Vou. XLIII. WILTSHIRE Archeological & Natural History — MAGAZINE, PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SOCIETY FORMED IN THAT COUNTY, A.D. 13853, EDITED BY REV. E. H. GODDARD, Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon. [The authors of the papers printed in this ‘‘ Magazine” are alone responsible for all statements made therein], DEVIZES : PRINTED FOR THE Society By C. H. Woopwakxp, ExcHaNnceE Buripines, Station Roap. Price 8s. Members, Gratis. NOTICE TO MEMBERS. TAKE NOTICE that a copious Index for the preceding eight volumes of the Magazine will be found at the end of Vols. viii., xvi, xxlv., and xxxii. The subsequent Volumes are — each fully indexed separately, The annual subscription is now raised to 15s. 6d., the entrance fee for new Members remaining 10s. 6d. as before. Members who have not paid their Subscriptions to the Society for the current year, are requested to remit the same forthwith to the Financial Secretary, Mr. DAVID OWEN, Bank Chambers, Devizes, to whom also all communications as to the supply of Magazines should be addressed. The Numbers of this Magazine will be delivered gratis, as issued, to Members who are not in arrear of their Annual Subserip- tions, but in accordance with Byelaw No. 8 “The Financial Secretary shall give notice to Members in arrear, and the Society’s publications will not be forwarded to Members whose Subseriptions shall remain unpaid after such notice.” All other communications to be addressed to the Honorary Secre- tary: the Rev. i. H. Gopparp, Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon. THE SOCIETY’S: PUBLICATIONS. To be obtained of Mr. D. OWEN, Bank Chambers, Devizes. THE BRITISH AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF THE NORTH WILTSHIRE DOWNS, by the Rev. A. C. Smith, M.A, One Volume, Atlas 4to, 248 pp., 17 large Maps, and 110 Woodcuts, Extra Cloth. Price £2 2s. One copy offered to each Member of the Society at £1 11s. 6d. THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF WILTSHIRE. One Volume, 8vo. 504 pp., with Map, Cloth. By the Rev. T. A. Preston, M.A. Price to the Public 16s. ; but one copy offered to every Member of the Society at half-price. CATALOGUE or tor STOURHHAD COLLECTION or ANTIQUITIES IN THE SOCIETY’S MUSEUM, with 175 Ulustrations. Part I. Price |s. 6d. CATALOGUE. or ANTIQUITIES in toe SOCIETY'S MUSEUM. Part II. 1911. Fully illustrated. Price 2s, CATALOGUE or tHe SOCIETY’S LIBRARY av tran MUSEUM. Price 1s. APPENDIX No. [., I1., and III., 3d. each. CATALOGUE or DRAWINGS, PRINTS, anp Maps, In THu SOCIETY'S LIBRARY at tor MUSEUM. Price 1s. 6d. — | CATALOGUE or WILTSHIRE TRADE TOKENS in tor SOCIETY’S — COLLECTION. Price 6d. BACK NUMBERS or tut MAGAZINE. Price to the Public, 8s., 5s. 6d., and ds. 6d. (except in the case of a few numbers, the price of which is raised). Members are allowed a reduction of 25 per cent. from these prices. WILTSHIRE Archeological & Natural History MAGAAINK. No. CXLILI. JUNE, 1925. Vou. XLII. Contents. PAGE. EXCAVATIONS OF THE PRIORIES OF BRADENSTOKE, MoNKTON FARLEIGH, AND Kineton: By Harold Brakspear, Esq.,F.S.A. 1— 25 WILTSHIRE NrEWwsPAPERS—Past AND Present. Part III. (Continued). THr NEWSPAPERS oF SoutH Witts: By Mrs. Herbert Richardson, B.A., sometime Scholar of St. MCSE ONE COMOXTOLG s.rccecave cu ocehnccescecsdsnssseeccesedece ses 26— 38 THE SEVENTY-First GENERAL MEETING oF THE WILTSHIRE ARCHAOLOGICAL AND NaturAL History SocIETY, HELD AT SALISBURY, AUGUST 11th, 12th, and 13th, 1924............ 39— 47 Fiegspury Rines. AN AccouNT oF EXCAVATIONS in 1924: By Mrs. M. E. Cunnington... ; 3 48— 58 AN INHABITED Site oF La cn me DATE, ON oe a oe ouErE Down: By R. C. C. oe M. R.CS., TLRIC:P:, Bh: S:A.; Ban TA I ; saa ~09— 93 A PAGAN Sco Onan - AT ine perme 3 By R. ic! C. CliygeMeineC:s., b.R.C.P., F.S.A.,FRAL ici cceccdwscetes, 94—101 A PaGaN Saxon Burial at EBBESBORNE WakE: By R.C.C. Clayrevibn-@.S., L:R.C.P.. F.S.A., F.R:Ads ..00.50....03000). 101 WILTS OBITUARY ........ Nn ea meeaeeance O22 115 WILTSHIRE Books, Pomnmerarerons. AND , haparemna,, Denia e Naccteriter es 115—139 ADDITIONS TO MUSEUM AND LIBRARY ...............ccseceeeeseeve ves 140—142 ILLUSTRATIONS. Bradenstoke Priory, plan of precinct .............--sseceeeseeeees 3 Monkton Farleigh Priory, plan of precinct ............csseeeees 13 Kingcont Priory, plan of precinct ...:..< Mon. Ang., V1., 337. | © Wultshire Collections, Aubrey and Jackson (Devizes, 1862), 186 and 189 | 7 Ibid, 187. : Ly Harold Brakspear, F.S,A, 3 to the south. The northern bay of the range was pulled down in the seventeenth century but the western wall was left standing. The prior’s lodging was pulled down early in the nineteenth century and replaced by a two-storied building. The fireplace remained until about 1870 and was then removed to Corsham Court. In 1917 the property was bought by the Baron de Tuyle, who intended to erect new buildings to form a large house, and during his ownership excavations 'were made on the site of the nave of the Church and the northern range of the cloister under the direction of the writer. It is to be hoped that at some future time the remaining parts of the site may be uncovered. My, 4, 4% ED 4, "5 4% «4 TUM ere, = MUM ay, 2 4 ig, & ww Mas ry ‘ Pass ) HOW WELL Se, he b y SPRING ee NS. Feet Fig. 1.— Bradenstoke Priory, plan of precinct. THE PRECINCT. The bounds of the precinct are nowhere clearly traceable either by ditch '' or wall, The gatehouse was probably to the south-west of the great barn | (Fig. 1). | | | Bree 4 Excavations at the Priories of Bradenstoke, etc. THE CHURCH. The Church occupied the south side of the cloister in spite of the site being virtually level from north to south. It is a curious coincidence that of the six monasteries along the Avon valley in Wiltshire four have their Churches on the south side of the cloister, namely, Malmesbury, Bradenstoke,. Stanley, and Lacock. Canons’ Churches are notoriously varied on plan, and it is useless to: suggest the nature of the eastern part of that at Bradenstoke until it has. been traced by excavation. The nave has been carefully examined, and Aubrey was perfectly correct in saying that the foundations had been grubbed up. A few fagmentary bits of foundation remained, but the greater part had been removed. ‘This,. however, does not mean that they could not be traced. It must be re- membered that when a building was first erected on a clear site trenches. were cut in the untouched ground to receive the footings of the walls, and if the line of the unmoved ground is carefully followed it is possible to. trace the complete area of the foundations. 'This method was adopted and the result has been the discovery of an interesting and unexpected group of buildings. The nave was approximately 126ft. long by 24ft. wide between the foundations, or about 253ft. between the neat work, and was originally aisleless. Vhe foundations of the south wall, 64ft. wide, remained for almost the whole length of the nave. ‘he reason why they were not. removed like the rest was that they formed a sleeper-wall under the main. arcade, and their existence was not suspected. The foundations of the west. wall were 9ft. in thickness. In the thirteenth century an aisle was added on the south side of the nave, 84ft wide between the foundations or 104ft. wide in the clear of the walls. The foundations of the outer wall were 7ft. wide and had offsets on the inner face to carry the vaulting shafts. ‘These offsets show that the width of the bays was only 123ft. : on the outside face were large projections. | for buttresses. | ‘The nave was divided into ten bays, but it is doubtful if the arcade was. | continued up to the crossing. If the quire occupied the eastern part of the- | nave, as was usually the case, the arcade was doubtless stopped before it | reached the quire, as it did at Haughmond and Torre. The foundation of | the west end of the aisle was not so wide as that of the original nave, and there was a large block of foundation 10ft. square at the south-west angle: | to take a vice. Opposite the eighth bay from the east was a large square porch of the | same date as the aisle, with square buttresses at the angles. The nave and aisle were paved with pattern tiles of fourteenth century | date which were found at about 23ft. below the present ground. They | were much shattered by fallen débris and frost, and no definite arrangement | was traceable in those parts which were exposed. All that were found| were of two variations of a four-tile pattern of quatrefoils. In 1851 other} tiles were found on the site of the Church ; on some were the arms of the; de Clares and on the others the arms of Hungerford, and some of these were, By Harold Brakspear, PS.A. D removed to pave the porch at Dauntsey Rectory.! Stone coffins were also found, and for many years were kept as objects of curiosity. Late in the fourteenth century the great abbey of Malmesbury built a new west tower, and at Bradenstoke, whether in emulation of its richer neighbours, or because its own central tower showed signs of weakness, a new tower was added at the west end of the nave. ‘The foundations of the south wall remained, 63ft. wide, but the other sides could not be traced. The tower was about 30ft. square over all. On the south side of the nave, outside the fifth, sixth, and seventh bays, a chapel was added presumably in the fifteenth century. ‘This was about 33ft. long by 16ft. wide and had small buttresses on its south side dividing it into only two bays, which shows that the chapel probably had a wooden roof.2. The original ground in the north-east part of the chapel had been disturbed, possibly for burials, but a square sinking at the east end may mark the foundation of the altar. Eastward of the chapel was a narrow building, occupying two bays of the aisle, which may have been a vestry in connexion with the chapel. In Buck’s view the buttress at the north-west angle of the nave is shown standing to a considerable height, and had upon it an attached shaft with capitals and springers of wall arcading, indicating that the original west end had considerable architectural pretensions. THE CLOISTER. The cloister was approximately 110ft. square, but nothing has yet been - found of the foundations of the inner walls of the surrounding alleys. The - weathering remains on the western range of the lean-to roof of the western alley. | j | THE EASTERN RANGE. The eastern range of buildings usually contained the chapter-house and | the canons’ dorter, but nothing of it has yet been excavated, except a short length of the wall next the northern range. ‘This had the beginning of a ‘cross wall in line with the north wall of the cloister and a buttress-like | projection some 174ft. farther north. _ In connexion with the dorter was the rere-dorter, and the position of | this is indicated by the present outlet of the pond. The pond was used as a dam from which the water was drawn periodically to flush the drain. | THe FRATER, The northern side of the cloister was covered by the frater, over a subvault in the usual manner, but had in addition another building at its east end without a subvault. Owing to the hard nature of the subsoil in this part | of the site the foundations were not carried down to any depth and nothing definite was discovered of this eastern building. At the canons’ house of — 1 Wiltshire Collections, 188. _ ? At Lacock a Lady chapel was added in the fourteenth century on the | south side of the Church of only two bays but occupying three bays of the earlier work. 6 Excavations at the Priories of Bradenstoke, etc. Lilleshall, in Shropshire, is a similar building at the east end of the frater, and there it certainly was the warming house, which it doubtless was at Bradenstoke. The frater subvault was traced and it was 754ft. in length by 25ft. wide. It was divided down the middle by a row of columns and was six bays in length. The vaulting was carried on the side walls by semi-octagonal half- piers 153in. wide with chamfered plinths. Portions of the subvault were found standing some feet above its floor level, particularly at the west end of the north wall, the east end, and the eastern part of the south wall. ‘The foundations of the side walls were 5ft. wide and those of the west wall 7ft. wide. It dated apparently from the end of the thirteenth century, and seems to have had buttresses on the north side marking the bays. In the westernmost bay was a coffin embedded in the floor for use as a water- trough. The west end of the frater overlapped the north end of the western range in the same way as it did at Croxton. WESTERN RANGE. The western range, with the exception of the northernmost bay, remains complete with its roof, and the west wall stands to its full length. (Fig. 2). Tt all dates from the fourteenth century and was built over a subvault. This subvault was 92ft. long by 234ft. wide; it was seven bays in length with a row of octagonal columns down the middle. The four southern bays were divided from the rest by a couple of arches to carry a wall above. These had half-octagonal responds of which the easternmost remains com- plete. The three southern bays retain their vaulting, which has bold semi- octagonal ribs supported on the walls by heavily moulded corbels. (Fig. 3). The remainder of the vaulting has been destroyed with the exception of the springer and corbel on the west wall of the first bay of the northern half. In the west wall of the first and third bays from the south are remains. of the original windows, which were square-headed with pointed relieving arches above. (Fig. 4). In the fourth bay are remains of an original doorway. (Fig. 2). In the sixth bay is a large pointed doorway of two hollow chamfered members with a hood mould, and in the last bay is a similar doorway, at a slightly higher level, which is now blocked up with masonry. (Fig. 5.) Over the four southern bays of the sub-vault was the Prior’s Hall for for the entertainment of superior guests. It was 51ft. long by 24ft. wides and was lighted from the west by three large two-light windows having | pointed heads and transoms. The southernmost window is larger than — the rest to give extra light to the dais. In the fourth bay are the remains. | of the entrance doorway which had detached columns in the jambs, but. | the arch is destroyed and the whole is built up with masonry. There is no indication of a contemporary fireplace, so that in monastic . times the fire would have been on a central hearth with a louvre in the roof, | The hall was covered with a fine open timber roof divided into four bays with arched principals, having mouldings on the edges enriched with ball flowers. In the fifteenth century the hall seems to have been ceiled with a) By Harold Brakspear, FSA, 7 flat wooden ceiling of which part remains at the south end; but it is possible that this ceiling never extended beyond the bay over the dais. Externally the bays are marked by buttresses having two sets-off and bold plinths, which show that the original ground level was higher than it is at present. The building is capped by a low parapet supported ona corbel course. Projecting from the west wall, in line with the north end of the wall, is a square turret which contained garderobes at the first and second floor levels. The hall was approached by a flight of steps up to a projecting porch opposite the fourth bay. The weathering of the apex of its roof remains in the parapet but all else has been removed. ‘The porch is clearly shown in Buck’s view and consisted of a stone basement in which there was a. two-light window in the west wall and a smaller two-light window in the north wall. Over this was a timber structure, forming the porch itself, with a gable placed east and west. ‘lhe stairs remained on the south side. The portion of the western range northward of the hall had two stories above the sub-vault. (Fig. 5). The storey level with the hall was very low, being only 72ft. from floor to ceiling. It was lighted on the west side by a pair of two-light square-headed windows in each bay, and was probably divided up into cubicles for superior guests. ‘The storey above has a large two-light traceried window with a segmental head in each bay, and Buck shows a large two-light pointed window in the north gable. The room was apparently a common sleeping room for guests. One bay remains of the original roof, which is of similar character but slightly different in detail from that of the hall. At the north-west angle of the range is a large square turret containing a vice which starts at the first floor and connects it with the second floor, after which it continues up to the gutter of the roof. (Fig. 5). Outside the two northern bays was a pentice, over the two doorways, from the subvault, of which the weathering remains under the first floor windows, and the sloping weathering from this survives on the middle buttress and the angle vice. THE KITCHEN. The kitchen was doubtless arranged to the northward of this pentice so as to be conveniently placed for serving the frater and the guest hall. THe Prior’s LopGIna. Between the south end of the guest hall and the Church was a building, 20ft. from east to west, by 12ft. wide. It is clearly shown in Buck’s view and consisted of three stories. ‘he bottom storey had a pointed doorway in the middle of the west wall and was the outer parlour and cloister entry. In the north wall is a moulded and pointed doorway that has a flight of steps to the sub-vault. The storey above was known as the Prior’s room until its destruction, and there is no question that this was its use. In the west wall was a large eight-light window with two transoms and tracery in _ the head under a flat lintel. In the string-course under this window was a 8 Excavations at the Priories of Bradenstoke, etc. series of arms and badges! which have been preserved by being built into the present building occupying the site. These consist of :— (1) A shield bearing a cross charged with five roses, for Thomas Langford, Bishop of Salisbury from 1484 to 1493. (2) A large letter @. (3) A rebus with the letter @ under a wall from which issues a tree. (4) A rebus as the last but without the letter. These three devices are commemorative of the prior who built the window, Thomas Walshe, the rebus being a wall and ash-tree. (5) A shield bearing the leopards of England. (6) A shield bearing France (modern) and England quarterly. (7) A shield with three feathers per pale. (8) A shield bearing three pales vair on a chief a leopard of England, said to have been used by Patrick, the son of the Founder. Inside the room was a large fireplace which is shown in position in a sketch published in The Buclder for 1849.2 (Fig. 6). It was afterwards taken down and removed to Corsham Court, where it was used for the fire- place in the billiard-room ; but it has recently been returned to Bradenstoke. The fireplace was 6ft. wide with a very flat arched head, the stone of which is richly decorated with two rows of traceried panelling. The top row con- sists of five foliated quatrefoils with shields in the middle of each, but none is carved with charges. The bottom row has six lozenge-shaped panels with foliated quatrefoils and large carved bosses in the middle of each, on which are the letters @ W.A.L.S. be. These letters have been noticed by more than one writer, but it does not seem to have occurred to them to read the letters into the simple T. Walshe, the name of the prior who built the room. Buck shows that there was a high octagonal chimney over this fireplace. On the east side of where the fireplace stood was a moulded and pointed doorway. Buck shows that there was another storey over the Prior’s room which had a gabled roof placed east and west, and there was a large transomed window in the west end. The gable was set back from the wall face below and seems to have been of timber construction. Even with this added storey the Prior’s lodging was very small for a rich foundation, but there may have been other chambers and a chapel over the south alley of the cloister like the abbess’s lodging at Lacock. The reference by Aubrey to the king’s lodging to the west of the hall is interesting as showing that the remaining buildings were not all that formerly existed for the entertainment of guests. Nothing is known of the date of this lodging, but in connexion with it may be mentioned that King John visited the priory nine times, and King Henry III. in 1223. 1 These are shown in Buck’s view beginning at the north end : (1) Rebus. (2) Cross and roses. (3) France and England. (4) Checky. (5) Three | feathers. (6) Rebus. (7) Leopards of England. (8) Blank. (9) Three | pales vair in chief a leopard of England. | 2 Vol. vii., p. 387, August 18th, 1849. By Harold Brakspear, F.S.A. 9 A necessary building in connexion with all monastic houses was the infirmary, the position of which at Bradenstoke is very uncertain. It was generally to the east of the cloister, but that position is occupied by a large pond which seems to have existed in monastic days. At Haughmond it was parallel with the frater, but this could not have been its position here as there is a sharp drop in the ground just northward of the northern range. At the White canons’ house of St. Agatha, in Yorkshire, it adjoined the Church on the opposite side to the cloister, and this was probably its position at Bradenstoke. THE BaRN. The priory barn still remains 40)ft. to the south-west of the south end of the western range and is placed with its centre line north-east and south- west. It dates from the middle of the fourteenth century and measures 104ft. in length by 25ft. in width. It is divided into nine bays of which the middle one is wider than the rest to take a large porch 2Oft. by 13ft. which projects from the north-west side. (Figs. 7 & 8). The roof is of the same date as the walls and is made with heavy principals having collars at half height supported by arched braces. There are three purlins on each side all supported by arched wind-braces. The side walls are 15ft. high and have bold buttresses behind each couple, but there are no buttresses at the angles, a logical design as there is no thrust from the end gables. ‘There is a wide segmental doorway in the north-west wall in the south-west bay. In the south-east wall there are modern openings in the second bay from the east, in the middle bay, and in the ninth bay. There are narrow square-headed loops in each remaining bay. The porch has a wide segmental arched doorway of the full width of the porch with deep buttresses to take the abutment on each side. In the south-west wall is the usual small doorway of access to the barn after the big doors are bolted. At the north-east end are two buttresses, one in the middle of the gable seems to be original but the other near the north-west angle is apparently an addition. ‘There is also an added buttress on the south-east side in line with the north-east gable. MONKTON FARLEY PRIORY. Like Bradenstoke, Monkton Farley is placed on high land just within the borders of Wiltshire, three and a half miles due east of Bath. ‘There is an excellent water supply from land springs, but there is_no natural water- course for drainage. Fifty years after the conquest the Manor of Farley was in the hands of the great family of Bohun, but how they became possessed of itis not clear. Humphry, the son of the Humphry Bohun, who accompanied the Con- queror, married Maud, the daughter of Edward of Salisbury and sister of Walter who founded Bradenstoke. This Humphrey and his wife gave to the priory of Lewes land at Bishopstrow, called the Buries, and in the event of their founding a Cluniac house at Farley they would convey to the priory of Lewes the manor and tithes of that place on condition that the house of Lewes should supply a colony of monks for the priory of Farley who would 10 Excavations at the Priories of Bradenstoke, etc. enjoy the said endowments for their own use.! A small priory was erected and the Church at any rate was built in stone. The original endowments were very considerably increased by Humphry Bohun, son of the founders, the Empress Maud, and one Ilbert de Chaz, a follower of the Bohuns. ‘These endowments were confirmed to the monks by this third Humphry Bohun and by King Henry III. in the eleventh year of his reign.?, In consequence of this accession of wealth new build- ings were erected including a larger Church. In 1280 a dispute arose between the Bohuns and the Prior of Lewes. over the nomination of a new prior which resulted ina lawsuit that ended in the usual medieval manner of settlement by compromise.? In 1298 the Crown seized two of the priory manors‘ which the prior farmed on behalf of the alien nunnery of Martigniac. But it ultimately gave back the manors and seems in consequence to have claimed the status. of hereditary founder. During the fourteenth century considerable alterations were made to the: Church and a new presbytery was erected with new choir stalls. In 1409 the priory and its estates were in the hands of Sir Walter Hungerford and Lord Sturton, doubtless on behalf of the Crown in con- sequence of forfeiture for not maintaining the full complement of brethren. Sir Walter Hungerford petitioned the Commons in that year that whereas certain commissioners sent into Wiltshire had reported that he and Lord Sturton had suffered the priory of Farley to fall into. dilapidation whilst it was in their ,care, he prays that the matter be tried by a jury of his peers.® Whether the accusation was proved or not there certainly was great. truth in it, for in April, 1438 the tower of the Church fell down. On the third of February of the following year a release was granted for seven years to John Brugge, the prior and the convent of the house of Farleigh of the yearly form of 55 marks payable to the king for lands belonging to the alien nunnery of Mortigniake on condition that the amount be ex-. pended under the survey of the Bishop of Bath and the lord of Hungerford, in the repair of the convent Church ; which tower fell down in April last crushing the quire and destroying their books, bells, and other ornaments. The petitioners shewed that they will never be able to repair their losses and resume divine service as it should be held without the king’s generous help.® The fall of the tower so damaged the presbytery and transepts that no. attempt was made to re-edify them; but a new sanctuary was built on the site of the crossing and the quire was made in the nave. 1 Wilts Arch. Mag., iv., 269. 2 Mon. Ang. (London, 1849), v., 26 and 27. 3 Mon. Ang., v., 127. 4 Ibid, v. 28. 5 Wilts Arch. Mag, iv., 275. 6 Rot. Pat. 17 Hen. VLI., p. i, m. 20. By Harold Brakspear, S.A. 11 At the end of the Lewes cartulary is a long deed in which Farley is described as of the foundation of King Edward III. for thirteen monks to sing daily service for the King’s welfare, and that they once incurred for- feiture for having maintained only ten brethren instead of thirteen for nine years! In 1535 the visitation of monastries was begun with the idea of their suppression and in August of that year Farley was visited by Cromwell’s creatures Layton and Legh. On the 7th of that month the former wrote to his master: “ Farley sell to Lewis the trewthe is a vara stewys”; and a few days after he wrote: “ I sende yowe also Mare Magdalens girdell and that is wrappyde and coveride with white, sent also with gret reverence to women traveling whiche girdell Matilda thempresse founder of Ferley gave unto them as saith the holy father of Ferley.” 2 The act to suppress all monasteries of under £200 a year revenue was passed in the same year ; but it did not come into operation immediately, as in many cases it was doubtful what houses came within the category. In order to ascertain this commissioners were appointed for each county, and their report on Farley, dated 1st August, 1536, is as follows :— A. A hedde house of Clunasents of Seint Bennetts rule (former valuation) £153 14s, 25d. (present valuation) £195 2s. 83d. with £18 4s. 6d. for the demaynes of the same. B. (Religious) six all being preests of honest conversacion, holley desyryng continuance in religion. C, (Servants) eighteen—viz. wayting servants five; ofticers of the house- hold eight and hinds five. D. Church and mansion with outehouses in convenient state. The lead and bells viewed and estemed to be sold to £28 8s. E. (Goods) £89 18s. 7d. viz. juells and plate £30 3s. 3d.; ornaments £8 15s. 4d.; stuffe of household £10 13s. ; stokkes and stores £39 7s. F. Owing by the house £245 2s. 7d. Owing to the house £51 10s. G. Great woods 100 acres and copis woods 66 acres; all to be solde estemed to £62 16s.3 The last prior Lewis Breknok had a pension of £24.4 Farley was granted on 6th June, 1536, to Sir Edward Seymour though not formally dissolved at the time. It was in 1550 exchanged with the see of Salisbury’ under whom it was held by various owners. In 1744— Three Labourers being employed to level a very uneven Piece of Ground used for a Coney-Warren belonging to Webb Seymour, Ksq., at Monkton-Farley found the Pillar of a Church and about four Foot under the Rubbish discover’d a Chancel of a very curious Roman Pavement in Chequer-Work adorn’d with various Figures ; the Bricks — ‘Wilts Arch. Mag., iv., 275. ? Letters and Papers, Hen. III., ix., 42 and 168. ° P. R. O. Chantry Certificates, 100 m. 2. *P. R. O: Augmentation Book, 232, 21 f. ® Wilts Arch. Mag., iv., 276 and 277. 12 Excavations at the Priories of Bradenstoke, ete, about four Inches square and an Inch thick: this place consists of about 24 Foot each Way its Situation being East and West. In the Front are four flat Stones under which Persons are interr’d: The second stone from the Southward has a French Inscription on it and Prior Lawrence, who is represented in his Prior’s Habit, in the Posture of Praying : He was buried A.D. 616 (sic). The substance of his Inscription is He desires you to pray for his sins, etc. ‘The other three stones are without Inscriptions. In the North Angle of the Chancel is a Tomb like a Seat with the following Inscription on its surface in Characters thus render’d. (The inscription given is that on the monument of Ibert de Chaz, which will be referred to later.) It has also the same Inscription on the Side in Roman and Saxon - Characters after the present Way of Writing. About two Thirds of the Chancel, to the Eastward, is a Step ascending to the Altar, in which is a Sepulchre open’d, and the Skeleton of a stout Man, who was upwards of six Foot high. On the flat Stone of this Sepulchre is carved in Basso Relievo his Bust, and under that a Lyon, as an Hieroglyphical Emblem of his Character. This Person, by his near Interment to the Altar, I suppose might be the Founder of this Abby or Monastery. To the South Side of the Altar is a Floor, about four Foot under the Rubbish of the same Pavement with the former, and about ten Foot square, but no Body interr’d there. On the North Side of the Altar, which I imagine was in the Church-yard, is another Sepulchre open’d, with the lower Part of a Skeleton, but the upper Part wanting. Farther to the Northward is a Yew-tree, which isa plain Demonstration that this was a Church yard belonging to the Abby. Tothe West and Northward are several very large Stone Pillars with various Figures cut on them which appear as fresh as if im- mediately hewn out of a Quarry. As tothe Dimensions of this Church ‘tis impossible to give an exact Account how far it extended—For there were, about 20 years ago, to the Southward, at a considerable Distance, dug up three more Sepulchres but without any Inscriptions upon them. Also an Heap of Bones, from which it is evident there was a Charnel-House belonging to this Church: ’Tis very probable as the Rubbish is clear’d away, many more Curiosities will be discovered in the Body of the Church. The Labourers have found a Silver Cup, Spoon and Thimble.! Dr. William Evetts was at this time staying at Chippenham and he wrote to Dr. Ducarel, secretary of the Society of Antiquaries, of these discoveries and sent him some sketches of the various monuments, but this communi- cation does not seem to have been laid before the Society and his sketches are lost. The late Canon Jackson records that in 1841 during some further alterations of the ground by the late Mr. oa 1 Gentleman's Magazine, xiv., 139. * Literary History of the Highteenth Century (J. G. Nichols), ili., 585. By Harold Brakspear, F.S.A, 13 Wade Browne a large slab, once the covering of a stone coffin, was found. On it is the effigy of a cross-legged knight in chain armour, sculptured in low relief. On the shield, which lies not at his side but over the whole body occupying the full width of the stone, are the arms of Dunstanville (fretty on a canton a lion passant surmounted by a label). Further excavations were made on the site of the Church by the late Sir Charles Hobhouse, and are briefly recorded by him, in the Wiltshire Arch- xological Magazine for 1882.2? In 1911 Sir Charles caused further excava- tions to be made and the earlier discoveries were again exposed. These ce Fig. 9.—Monkton Farleigh Priory, plan of precinct. 1 Wilts Arch. Mag., iv., 283. 2 Wilts Arch Mag., xx., 74. 214 Haxcavations at the Priorves of Bradenstoke, etc. excavations were supervised by the writer, and though it was not possible to continue them as far as might be wished, they have thrown considerable light on the plan and story of this Church. THE PRECINCT. The bounds of the precinct are nowhere clearly defined, but the present roads on the north and west seem to indicate its extent on those sides, and there are indications of the other sides which give it an area of about 20 _acres. The Church and cloisters were placed in the north-west of this area. The site is peculiar, the highest point being in the north-west angle and it falls rapidly to the south-east and again from the west end of the Church to the north-east. The Church was oriented slightly to the south of east, and at the present time the ground drops suddenly on its south side, but this is not an original feature as is shown by the only fragment of building that remains above ground. ‘The reason of the present level is that the makers of the house after the suppression used up the claustral buildings and dropped the ground around the house to the level of the frater sub- vault. This dropping of the ground was continued at the building of the present house in 1762, and has apparently destroyed the foundations of the chief buildings south of the church. The gatehouse was probably opposite the cross roads near where the present south lodge stands. The conduit for the water supply is on the high ground 300 yards to the west of the Church. THe CHURCH. The only part of the first Church that has been found is the apse of the north transept chapel. The rest of the site of this Church has been re- moved by the lowering of the ground already referred to. This apse was 13ft. wide by 93ft. deep, with an outer wall 3ft. in thick- ness. The wall had a chamfered plinth externally and a pilaster buttress remained on the north-east side. The entrance from the transept was by an arch of two members of the full width of the apse. The inner member rested on a bold half-round column with moulded base that had toes at the angles. The north-east angle of the transept itself remained and had pilaster buttresses on each face and its main walls were 4ft. thick. The Church to which this fragment belonged was of course smaller than its successor and apparently consisted of a presbytery with eastern apse, transepts with apsidal chapels, and an aisleless nave. As usual when the building of a new Church was decided upon it was constructed alongside the original one on the side farthest from the cloister in order that the existing structure might not be interfered with until the new building was ready for occupation.! .The new Church ‘at Farley was erected clear of the old one except for the apsidal chapel of the north tran- sept, which was retained as the chapel of the southern transept of the new Church. : Cf. Waverley (Surrey Archxological Collections, 1905), Haughmond {Archeological Journal, lxvi , 281), and Tintern (Offical Guide). By Harold Brakspear, F.S.A. 15 Only the middle portion of the later Church has been excavated so that the complete plan cannot be definitely described though the parts un- covered reveal a very interesting story. The second Church when first built consisted of a short presbytery with eastern apse and ambulatory aisle, transepts with eastern chapels, and a nave with aisles. There was a tower over the crossing. Of this Church the western piers of the crossing, the junction of the transepts and aisles, and the south side of the presbytery remained from 12in. to 3ft. above the floor. ‘he floor area was covered with pattern tiles divided by stone bands. The presbytery was 253ft. wide and the south aisle was 92ft. wide with an outer wall 4ft. in thickness. At 14ft. from the transept was a pilaster buttress 3ft. wide. The paving of the aisle remained complete and had at 114ft. from the transept a cross band of stone of which the west side was square with the aisles, but the east side tapered from 84in. at the north end to 13in. at the south. This tapering band indicated that the pavement to the east radiated from the centre, and the only reason for it doing so was the existence of an apse, withan ambulatory aisle. If the tapering sides of the band are continued to the middle of the presbytery it gives the centre from which the apse was struck. The crossing was approximately 25ft. square and the western piers re- mained complete. ‘These show that the north and south arches were of two members of which the inner was carried by-a pair of half-round columns. There were no responds for the western arch, which was doubt- less carried on corbels as at Malmesbury. The south transept was apparently 35ft. long by 25ft. wide, but no re- mains of the south wall were found. The west wall had, next the crossing, an arch into the nave aisle of three members carried on responds having triple moulded columns on square bases of the same plan as the main piers at Wells Cathedral. In the angle formed by the transept and south aisle was a vice 63ft. in diameter which opened from the transept by a door- way of a single square member. ‘The apse of the original north transept was retained as the eastern chapel of this transept which is shown by the paving of the thirteenth century being found within it. There were two steps across the original arch from the transept, which had tiles on the risers as well as on the treads. In front of the chapel were two grave slabs Ornamented with foliated crosses. ‘The tile paving of the rest of the tran- sept was almost complete and had stone bands 5ft. apart in line with the nave aisle and others, the same distance apart, in the opposite direction down the middle of the transept. The north transept was doubtless similar to the south but was not ex- posed, except the arch into the nave aisle, which was precisely like its companion on the south and had similar bands in the tile flooring to the east of it. The main span of the nave was the same as that of the presbytery, but the aisles were 11ft. 8in. in width. The responds of both arcades remained near the crossing and were each of three members like the arches into the transepts. ai 7 16 EHacavations at the Priories of Bradenstoke, etc. In the fourteenth century the presbytery was lengthened eastward with a square east end, and the old apse and ambulatory were removed. The eastern end of this building was that uncovered in 1744 and the remains then found appear to have been grubbed up, which is particularly unfortunate as the exact position of them with respect to the rest of the building cannot be determined. The monument of Ilbert de Chaz which had been removed from the earlier Church, was placed on the north side of the altar apparently in a recess, as is indicated by it having the first part of the later inscription cut on a detached stone which was evidently placed at the head of the monument to fit an opening. ‘he stone of the ‘‘stout man” was in front of the altar and the four other slabs were in a row on the step below. ‘The floor described as about 10ft. square to the south of the altar must have belonged to a chapel added at the east end of the south aisle. Dr. Evetts describes this more fully as “another place lower in the ground than the former which seems to me to have been a private chapel for confession and in the wall is a place for holy water. ‘The pavement the same as the other. The walls are perfect above a yard high almost quite round it up to the bottom of a window in one part.”! Of the altered presbytery the 1911 excavations revealed a considerable piece of the south wall, next the crossing, in which at 7ft. from the transept “was an opening 4ft. wide with chamfered angles but no door. ae O a 2, ic OU ut =) a id Za O — 2 Z © = HATCHING SHEWS DESTROYED WALLS. | 4 l2™ CENTURY. TD is 00 may ell 15™ po, LATE. CLOISTER. “ye VAULT } SITE oF KITCHEN yy Wy , 2 BRADENSTOKE PRIORY. By Harold Brakspear, F.S.A, 25 of early foundation, though its origin is unknown. ‘The house was being rebuilt in 1221 at the charge of the king, and the Close Rolls contain a number of orders for the supply of timber and money for this purpose. The corrody was for two eleemosynary girls to reside therein at the king’s pleasure, and there are grants of money to the prioress for their maintenance | during 1221 and the two following years. No sign of this house remains, | and the corrody seems to have lapsed long before the suppression. 26 WILTSHIRE NEWSPAPERS—PAST AND PRESENT, Part III. (Continued,)} THE NEWSPAPERS OF SOUTH WILIS. By Mrs. Herpert RicHarpson, B.A., sometime Scholar of St. Hugh’s College, Oxford. SECTION 3.—THE SALISBURY TIMES AND OTHER SALISBURY PAPERS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY (continued). (c)—Literary and other Salisbury papers of the nineteenth century. The Topographer (1821). The Western Literary Advertiser (1841). Clapperton’s Register (1860). The Wilts County Council Record (1889—1890). The Gasper (1915—1916). The following group of publications, though not technically newspapers, come within the latitude of definition originally allowed for by the writer. They are interesting either in themselves or as records of local activities, and deserve for these reasons a brief inclusion in any detailed history of the South Wilts Press. THE ToPoGRAPHER. The Topographer (1821). This isa single issue?of an antiquarian magazine privately printed at Salisbury. It is an octavo of sixty pages, measuring 84in. X 5in., and its title runs :— ‘The Topographer. / Originally / edited by / Rev. S. Shaw, / and Sir E. Brydges, / now / continued / by Thomas Phillipps, Esq. / Vol. V., / pt. 1. / (Privately printed :) Salisbury, /Printed by J. Gilmour.’ / 1821.” 1 For Parts I. and II., by Mr. J. J. Slade, and Sections 1, 2, and 3 of Part III., by Mrs. Richardson, see Wilts Arch. Mag., xl., pp. 37—47, 129— 141, 318—351; xli., pp. 53—69, 479—501; xlii., 231—241, 313—324. 2 In the British Museum. One copy only, apparently, extant. 3 James A. Gilmour was a Salisbury printer, carrying on business in the Market Place’since 1817 (a Hymn printed by him in this year is extant), and probably earlier. Francis Gilmour, of Catherine Street, a printer who does much poster work in the Election controversies of 1841, was a member of the same family. ) : Wiltshire Newspapers—Past and Present, 27 The sub-title on the opening page reads :—“‘ The Topographer. Numb. 1. _ For March, 1821.” } It was a Salisbury-printed continuation of a London periodical of the same name, illustrative of the local history and antiquities of England, which ran from 1789 to 1791. Sir Thomas Phillipps, F.S.A., who now continued it, was the noted antiquary and bibliophile (a “ Vello-maniac ” he called himself), whose activities in seeking and purchasing early MSS., of which he had an enormous and unique collection, did so much to raise public interest in such memorials. For him Gilmour had already printed Collections for Wiltshire! in 1819. The 1821 continuation of 7’he Topographer opens with a letter dated :— “Whitchurch, 1819. Sir,—As you are about to continue that useful publication, The Topographer, I beg to send the following Church notes for a few parishes in Hampshire. Yours, etc., W.H.” Its contents include Church notes and family history of various counties ; _ but three-quarters of the part is occupied by an “ Oxfordshire Visitation,” ne! and the last page contains a pedigree headed :—“ Ex Harl. MSS. No. 1559. Stemma familiz de Banfield de Hardington.” The short-lived Salisbury 7opographer is chiefly memorable as the oats: local periodical of an exclusively antiquarian character. ‘THe WESTERN LITERARY ADVERTISER. The Western Literary Advertiser (1841) was a short-lived literary venture. Its full title runs :-— “The Western Literary Advertiser and Salisbury Bibliographical Gazette. A Miscellany of Literary Information, Local and General. No. 1, Saturday, April 5th, 1841, Price 3d. Printed and Published by J. Hearn, Poultry Cross, Salisbury. London agents, Simpkin, Marshall, & Co., Stationers’ Hall Court.?” Hearn was a second-hand bookseller on a large scale, as well as a printer, /and had been established in Salisbury since 1836, or earlier, working at 26, Catherine Street, and 6, Queen Street, before moving to the Poultry Cross. Several of his catalogues, interleaved and elaborately annotated in beautiful script, exist in the Salisbury Public Library, and prove him to | have been a man of wide reading and precise methods. His Western Literary | Advertiser was a crown quarto publication (10in. X 74in.) of sixteen pages, and its prospectus adequately describes its scope :— | “To be published six times a year, combining, 1, amusing Miscellany of Literary and Scientific Memoranda (under headings Western Port- folio, Bookworm, Student, Literary and Scientific Chit-Chat, Brief Notices of new books); 2, complete classified list of all books published within the period embraced by each number, with their sizes, prices, ete. ; 3, Advertisements of a Literary character alone, as Lists of Books BPuillivcs later published other works on Wiltshire: Jnstitutiones Clericorum in Comitatu Wiltonix, 1297—1810, in 1825; and North Wiltshire Musters, in 1834, &c., &c. * Numbers 1—5 are in the British Museum. 28 Wilishire Newspapers—Past and Present. for sale, announcements of new publications, etc. A desideratum to both Book-buyers and Booksellers at the very trifling cost of eighteen- pence a year, a body of information not otherwise obtainable in a concentrated form.” The Salisbury Journal commented on the first number as ‘‘a very favour- able specimen . . . which cannot fail to be favourably received by all persons connected either immediately or remotely with the literary world,” and obviously approved the venture, for the fifth number (for December 4th, 1841) has the imprint, “ Printed and Published by W. Brodie & Co., Canal,” as well as that of Hearn and of Simpkin Marshall. But The Western Interary Advertiser, though coinciding with a most — Interesting period of literature for its notices and comments (Barnaby Rudge was running in Household Words throughout these months, which were also marked by the publication of Lever’s Charles O’ Malley, Carlyle’s Hero Worship, and the first appearance of Punch), did not survive this number, which is endorsed in the British Museum files, ‘‘N.B., Number 5 is the concluding number.” CLAPPERTON’S REGISTER (1860). The periodical of the miscellany type seems always to have been doomed to a short life in Salisbury. ‘The old County Magazine! of the eighteenth century ran for six years certainly, but at a period when magazines of this description were enormously popular. ‘The nineteenth century ventures of the year 1854, The Salisbury Advertiser and Monthly Miscellany and its rival, The Salisbury Times and Wiltshire Miscellany,? came to a speedy end, however, and of the remaining Salisbury miscellany, Clapperton’s Register, one copy only, the issue for November, 1860, is traceable.? This is a monthly publication of forty-eight pages, measuring 103in. X 7in, and bound in a pale green cover. The title, ee in a ornamental border, reads :— “No. 1. / Clapperton’s / Register / of / Facts and Occurrences / Relating H Literature, the Sciences, and The Arts / 1860 / November | — Salisbury: / Walter Clapperton, / Catherine Street. / ” Within the border at the top corners are the words “ Monthly ” and “ Price—2d.” The Register contained matter such as was usually provided by London publishers for periodicals of this type. A chapter from a novel by George Augustus Sala, an article on Mr. Mudie by John Holingshead, varied information of wide range (from Glaciers to the House Fly), and “ Literary Intelligence.” The ‘ Conductor” states in a preliminary ‘“‘ Notice,” that ‘‘ Narrative articles, recording all that shall have taken place during the | | month preceding their date in connexion with the various branches of the : arts, will constitute a prominent feature of each subsequent. number of the 1 See Wilts Arch. Mag., xl., p. 80 sgq. 2 See “ The Salisbury Times and other Salisbury, papers of the nineteenth century.” Wilts Arch. Mag., xli., p. 479 sqq. 3 Writer's collection. Oe, eee By Mrs. Herbert Richardson. 29 _ Register, while the Literary Intelligence department will in future be much fuller.” It is the “ Literary Intelligence department” and the lengthy advertise- ments of London publishers, and of the “ Conductor ” himself, that con- stitute the real interest of the Register. It was in facta publication of very ‘similar aim to The Western Literary Advertiser of 1841, and gives an attractive and detailed picture of English letters more than sixty years ago, when the new novels of such giants as Balzac, Dickens, and Thackeray were still eagerly awaited, and the study of history was being enriched by the labours of such great authorities as Motley and Erskine May. Walter Clapperton carried on business, as printer and bookseller, at the same premises 'as Kenneth Clapperton, printer of The Wiltshire Standard 2 (1833). Hence he issued, from 1859 onwards, those “ cheap and under- ) standable little books,” The Salisbury Time Tables, and here he seems to have dealt in a wide stock-in-trade, typical of a successful Victorian book- ‘seller, conducting a Circulating Library, selling fine prints, and stocking a remarkable selection of works on almost every subject. Clapperton’s Register must have been, however, like its predecessors, short-lived.? One is forced to the conclusion that the local literary periodical did not appeal to the Salisbury public, whose keenest enthusiasms have ‘always been for politics and for local news, interests which the newspapers play dealt with have long adequately supplied. fi | THE Wits County Councit Recorp (1889—1890), The Wilts County Council Record was a quasi-monthly‘ periodical, devoted ito County Council procedure, and issued to meet the public interest excited by the working of Lord Salisbury’s Local Government Act of 1888. It was an attractively printed record, measuring 94in. X 7in., and its title runs :— | “Wilts County Council Record / (arms of New Sarum) | No. 1, January, February, and April, 1889 / containing / List of the Members of the County Council ; The various parishes comprising the Divisions ; Biographical Sketches of the Members of the Council ; and a Full Report of the Proceedings of the two meetings of the Provisional Council, and the First Meeting of the County Council. / Printed and Published by Edward Roe & Co., ‘ Wilts County Mirror and Express’ j Office. /” | The reason for the Record’s appearance was clearly stated in its first | oumber :—‘‘ The interesting and lasting influence of the I.ocal Government ‘Act upon the welfare of the County of Wilts is an adequate reason why ‘here should be reproduced in a suitable form a complete and current Record of its proceedings,” | This number gave “ biographical sketches ” of the Chairman, the Marquis I ' Those now occupied by Mr. T. T. Johnson, the optician. *See Wilts Arch. Mag., xli., p. 490. * It is in no way referred to by The Salisbury Journal. |‘ It appeared monthly or bi-monthly, according to the amount of County ouncil business to be reported. 30 Wiltshire Newspapers—Past and Present. of Bath, and of Aldermen The Right Honourable E. P. Bouverie, J. F. Swayne, and others. ‘'welve numbers! subsequently appeared, the last being that for July, 1890. All except the first, however, were exclusively devoted to detailed reporting of County Council measures, the biographical matter of No. | not being again repeated. ‘The Record probably came to an end as the Wiltshire public grew familiar with the fuller development of Local Government, and ceased to regard its County Council as a new and strange phenomenon. The full and detailed reporting of County Council procedure in the three local Salisbury newspapers? also made the continuance of a separate record of this description unnecessary. THE GASPER (1915—1916). The Gasper was a short-lived periodical, which has been described as ‘‘ the most interesting and amusing Military Paper published during the War.” It consisted of a single-sheet in folio (four pages, 15in. x 10in.) price One Penny, ‘“‘ Printed and Published for the Proprietors by William E. Bennett, Journal Office, Canal, Salisbury,” and appearing in theory weekly, but in fact with varying regularity. The proprietors were members of the United Public Schools Brigade, Royal Fusiliers, of which the paper was the “ Unofficial Organ,” and The Gasper started its career on September 10th, 1915, when the Brigade was at Tidworth, material for its make up being sent home from France after January, 1916, by which time the Brigade had joined the B.E.F. Its editor was Pte. G. M. Green, D. Coy, 19th R. F., and the paper was generously helped by Sir A. Paget and Captain Charles Bathurst, M.P.,$ who assumed liability for its money losses. It had a satisfactory circulation, both on Salisbury Plain and later in France, where it was purchasable at most estamenets, and only came to an end with No. 21, for July, 1916, because the original members of the Brigade were by that time so scattered that it ‘shad ceased to be the organ of anything particular.” It maintained throughout its career a high level of the gay and cheery humour characteristic of so many of its contemporaries, and its constant illustrations are drawn with singular cleverness. Nore.—The Sarum Almanack and Diocesan Kalendar (1857 to present day) and The Salisbury Diocesan Gazette (1888 to present day), have been briefly referred to in the “ Miscellaneous” section of Mr. J. J. Slade’s final article. It is in accordance with the scheme of the standard newspaper record, The Tercentenary Handlist of English and Welsh Newspapers, to omit annuals and ecclesiastical magazines from a detailed study of press development such as has been here undertaken. But a unique parish paper, published in South Wiltsand fully partaking of the character of a newspaper, deserves brief mention. ~ Allin the British Museum. 2 Salisbury Journal, Salisbury Times, and Wiltshire County Murror. 3 Now Lord Bledisloe. By Mrs. Herbert Richardson. ol This is The Bowerchalke Weekly Parish Paper, conducted by the late Rev. Edward Collett, Vicar of the parish. It was a weekly newspaper for the parish, the size of a half-sheet of notepaper, and sold for a farthing.! Though primarily devoted to Church affairs, it consistently included general local news, and from time to time brought its influence to bear on local problems, such as the securing of a Sunday post and delivery of letters for the village, both of which it effected. From Saturday, April 15th, 1882, to Wednesday, April 12th, 1922, this little weekly continued, always “‘ wholly printed” by the Vicar, who set up, cleaned, and distributed his own type; and its sequence was only of necessity interrupted from time to time by Mr. Collett’s occasional illnesses. On February 27th, 1908, the 1000th number was issued, in which an “editorial” stated that whereas No. 1 of The Weekly Parish News, as it was first called, was published with a small circulation of 85 copies, its circulation was now 250. Of these over a hundred were sent by post, in bound monthly parts, all over England, and to Canada, India, New Zealand, America, and Africa. It had also been, since its commencement, filed at _the Bodleian Library, Oxford, by special request,as a noteworthy publication. | By 1918 its weekly circulation had reached 370, with 160 set aside for 'monthly despatch. But with No. 1703, for April 12th, 1922, owing to the | increasing age and failing health of the Vicar, who was then over 75 years of age, this long-lived parish newspaper came to an end, after forty years, in which, to quote its proprietor, printer and editor’s modest words, “ Its | influence has been widespread, and many parish efforts had owed their good | success to its circulation.” An appreciative leader in The Salisbury Times for May 16th, 1924, characterises the paper as “a monument of persistent patience in simple effort rarely equalled.” To the student of the newspaper it is a unique journalistic achievement of which the Wiltshire Press may be justly proud. SECTION 4.—WILTON AND WARMINSTER PAPERS, | (a)—Wilton papers. | There are only two Wilton publications to include in any survey of the ‘South Wilts Press, as The Wilton Gazette and Three Shires Advertiser of 1903, though issuing from a sub-office in Wilton (Mr. William Jukes’s, North \Street), was a Compton Press paper, printed at Gillingham, in Dorset, and finally absorbed by a newspaper at Yeovil. These are :— The Wilton Monthly Illustrated Journal (1877—1879). The Wilton and Salisbury Chronicle (1885—1887). THe Witton MontHiy ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL. The Wilton Monthly Illustrated Journal belongs to a period when the Literary Miscellany (curiously enough, never successful in Salisbury) was ‘The farthing price is not unique. In Plate IV. of Hogarth’s “ Rake’s Progress” a boy in the foreground reads The Farthing Post, and a Farthing Journal of Literature, Instruction, and Amusement ran for some numbers in 1840 and 1841. | | | | | 32 Wiltshire Newspapers—Past and Present. still widely popular. It was a publication of the magazine type, measuring 10in. X 7din., and containing about 20 to 24 pages, ‘‘ Price 2d.” Its first number appeared in August, 1877, headed, on the front page, by a block of Stonehenge (beneath the title), and was made up of the usual London- printed illustrated monthly, with four pages of local news and advertise- ments. Its ‘“‘ Foreword” explained its purpose :—‘‘ To jot down the events which take place in our snug little borough, or which concern it in any considerable degree . . . to give short, pithy reports of all public meetings, of whatever party or society . . . and to promote the free discussion of. anything which may concern the welfare of the borough.” The proprietors of The Wilton Monthly Illustrated Journal were the late Mr. William Vincent Moore,! the late Mr. Henry Street, and the late Mr. Corby, and correspondence was invited, ‘‘addressed to The Editor, c/o Mr. H. Street, Newsagent, North Street, Wilton.” The Journal was printed for the proprietors in Salisbury by “ William Wells,? at his Printing Office, 60, Fisherton Street, Salisbury.” It proceeded for some time with apparently real success. Each monthly issue contained, under the block of Stonehenge on the front page, an “editorial” on some topic of general interest (the Education Act of 1876 provided much material for discussion), or on some such local matter as the doings of the Wilton Literary Institute. The inner covering pages were, further, full of local news, very adequately reported, announcements of births, deaths, and marriages, local railway information, and so forth. With No. 25, for August, 1874, the Journal entered on its third year with some self-congratulation. “ We have got through our babyhood, with allits — ailments, uncommonly well, and we hope to be spared to reach a vigorous © | with No. 29, for December, 1879, the proprietors, under the same heading, | announced the paper’s demise, after two and a half years of existence, Financial difficulties were apparently the reason for its cessation, one of — manhood,” wrote the proprietors, under the heading “Ourselves.” But the proprietors being unable, for the time being, to back the venture further. ‘The Journal, adopting an analogy ‘‘ from banking,” therefore | gave notice that ‘‘ this business is suspended,” and, maintaining that it had to this point been a success, informed its “ there would be no further issues. The twenty-nine numbers that exist present, however, a most interesting — and detailed picture of the social and business life of the borough in the late eighteen-seventies, such as could not now be found elsewhere. And ib | is something of an achievement to have maintained, with the small publie | provided by Wilton, a literary magazine for a period of two and a half years, when no publication of similar type survived in Salisbury for more than a few months. t The late Alderman W, V. Moore. * See The Salisbury Times, Wilts Arch. Mag., xli., p. 485. — ee a ee un eerie q 1 numerous subscribers” that | By Mrs. Herbert Richardson. 33 THE WILTON AND SALISBURY CHRONICLE. The Wilton and Salisbury Chronicle! first appeared in 1885. ‘The still recent incorporation of Wilton as a borough presented a favourable op- portunity for the enterprise of a local paper, and the Chronicle was started by the late Mr. William Vincent Moore, who had already taken part in the venture of The Wilton Monthly Illustrated Journal. It was a weekly journal, of eight pages (five columns to the page) measuring 20in. by 14in., appearing on Fridays, and priced 1d. Its politics were Liberal. The printing press on which it was printed was in the old Wool Loft in the Market Place of Wilton (now pulled down to make room for the memorial to the late Earl of Pembroke), and its offices were at No. 46, West Street, the residence of the proprietor. Advertisements in The Newspaper Press Directory describe it as “the only newspaper printed and published within the extensive Wilton or Southern Parliamentary Division of the County of Wilts, where it has an extensive circulation.” Before the close of 1885 the paper was enlarged to 22in. X 18in. (six columns to the page), a size which it seems to have maintained; and in 1887 it was issuing on ‘hursday instead of Friday. Vhe Wilton Chronicle very fully reported Wilton affairs, and gavea good deal of its space to politics, for which the bitterly fought elections of 1885 and 1886 afforded ample opportunity. By the year 1887, however, the paper must have been suffering from the successful development of the Salisbury Liberal organ, The Salisbury Times. Its promoter, Mr. Moore, seems to have lost interest in it, asin that year he sold it to his compositor and manager, a Mr. Pinchin, who soon after, so he believes, sold it to 7’he Salisbury Times. Data on the point are not quite clear, owing to the absence of any reference to the matter in the files of The Salisbury Times, and the impossibility of now tracing Mr, Pinchin. Mr. Alfred Goodere, editor of The Salisbury Times at that date, thinks that the paper ‘‘ was disposed of to Mr. James Ridout, proprietor of ~The Gillingham Record.” but as this localized edition of a Gillingham paper (already referred to) belongs to a much later date, 1903, it is probable that Alderman W. V. Moore’s recollection is the more correct, although The Salisbury Times does not incorporate the Chronicle title. It seems certain, however, that, as in 1868 The Salisbury Times had beaten its pre- _decessor and rival, The Salisbury Examiner, out of the local Liberal news- paper field, so in 1887 it either extinguished or absorbed the Wilton Liberal ‘newspaper, for whose public the more important Salisbury organ could quite adequately cater. | [The writer is much indebted to the late Alderman Edward Slow and \the late Alderman W. V. Moore, of Wilton, whose recollections of Wilton Journalism have been of great assistance. | L 1 Very few numbers are traceable. There are none in the British Museum. the late Alderman Edward Slow, of Wilton, possessed a few copies, and ‘The Newspaper Press Directory supplies other data. | VOL. XLIII—M.NO. CXLII. D 34 Wiltshire Newspapers—Past and Present. (b) WARMINSTER PAPERS. The Warminster papers are three in number :— The Warminster Miscellany (1854—1863). The Warminster Herald (1857—1893). The Warminster and Westbury Journal (1881—present day). THE WARMINSTER MISCELLANY AND LOCAL ADVERTISER. The Warminster Miscellany and Local Advertiser was a monthly journal, about crown folio in size, measuring 133in. by 93in., which first appeared in January, 1854, price ld. Its proprietor was Mr. Richard Elliott Vardy, a member of a leading local family, who carried on business as a bookseller, stationer, and bookbinder on the premises whence to-day issues The Warminster and Westbury Journal.! The Miscellany contained six or eight pages of miscellaneous literary matter (illustrated), with four pages of advertisements and local news. Its “ Foreword” shows that the repeal of the newspaper stamp duty, and the consequent widening of the ranks of the reading public, were together re- sponsible for its existence. “ The facilities for advertising lately given by the legislature in the repeal of the duty,” it asserts, “ renders a vast amount of advertisements—and of mediums for advertising—more and more necessary. . . + With these one can now combine a full appreciation of literature.” The Newspaper Press Directory of 1856 describes it as “ neutral,” and in its ten years’ existence it consistently proceeded on the lines laid down in the “ Foreword” quoted, publishing what was really the Jllustrated London Miscellany together with local news of non-controversial descrip- tion, and advertisements. The London Miscellany for this period provided much interesting reading, afforded by such great events as the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny, and the Civil War in America; while among local matter reported, the proceedings of the Warminster Athenzoumn are noteworthy. In 1863, however, the Miscellany came to an end, with number 120, for Tuesday, ecember Ist, 1863. This number contained a “ paled stata which pointed out that at the date of its inception subjects of local interest | ** could only obtain publicity through the columns of newspapers published | a, considerable distance from the town,” whereas the subsequent “* emanci- pation of the newspaper press from all fiscal duties, and other causes, have resulted in the establishment of a weekly paper in this and an adjoining town, which have to a great extent superseded the utility of a monthly publication.” The reference is probably to the Trowbridge weeklies? and | to the Warminster Herald of 1857 onwards, which seem to have killed the ) older and more leisured paper. | aa 1 Some of the old type, used for advertisements in the J/iscellany, is still being used in the Journal to-day. 2 See Mr. J. J. Slade’s articles, Walts Arch. Mag., xl. and xlii. By Mrs, Herbert Richardson. 20 THE WARMINSTER HERALD AND GENERAL WEEKLY ADVERTISER. The Warminster Herald and General Weekly Advertiser issued its first mumber on Saturday, March 7th, 1857. It was a four-page weekly, measur- ing 17in. by 22in., price 1d., and its imprint runs :—“ Printed and published by William Henry ‘Tayler, the Proprietor, of the parish of Warminster, Wilts, at his Printing Office, Warminster, Wilts.” The number states further that “The Editor receives communications at Tayler’s Library, _ opposite the Town Hall, Warminster.” Mr. ‘Tayler combined his library and printing business with that of a chemist, on premises now occupied by Messrs. Cook & Co., and his printing office was behind the next-door | premises (those of Mrs. Hill, confectioner), through an archway on which the inscription “ Herald Offices” and the pointing hand of direction re- _mained till quite recently. The paper was,like the M/rscellany,neutral in character at its first inception, and doubtless supplied a public need. But it was to undergo many changes of proprietorship. By 1866 it had passed into the hands of Messrs, John and William Martin. Mr. John Martin died in 1873, and Mr. William | Martin retained the paper until about 1884, when the property was acquired ‘by a local grocer, Mr. E. Cusse, who soon disposed of it again, as in the same year it was in the hands of Messrs. Bennett & Co. From them it passed in 1885 to Mr. W. F. Morgan, who was Chairman of the Urban | District Council, and a leader of the Liberal party in the division, and it is ‘at this date that it definitely adopted a political attitude and became Liberal ‘instead of neutral. In 1886 it changed hands once again, Mr. Frank Evans! being te new proRpeton The Newspaper Press Directory of this date describes it as “advocating Liberal politics, but impartially devoted to the interests of the laisteicts i in which it circulates, and a promoter of science, literature, and the arts” ; and further claims for it that it is ‘one of the oldest established low- price papers in the West of England,” and can be ‘ ‘especially recommended for its agricultural tone, and for the support it obtains in a large agricultural district, which is more than can be claimed by any of its contemporaries.” | For a brief period after Mr. Evans’s proprietorship the Herald was the _ property of the Liberal Party in West Wilts. The paper was now an eight-page periodical, measuring 18in. by 24in., and roughly illustrated. But the competition of its five-year-old local rival, The War minster and Westbury Journal, seems to have affected it in much the same way as its own first uppearance affected the earlier Warminster Miscellany. In 1893 it came bo an end with the issue for Saturday, Dec. 30th (No. 1973). This last number announced the immediate appearance, on January 2nd, 1894, of : The Wiltshire Herald, a halfpenny paper, “on whose space the news of Warminster and Aleatiss was to have first demand.” ‘This, however, was - brinted at Trowbridge, by G. Lansdown, of The Wiltshire Times, so cannot be considered as actually a Warminster paper. Its brief career came to a | ilose on July 24th of the same year, 1894. Leer ee te I | | ‘Mr. Evans subsequently became proprietor or editor of a Lincolnshire ‘ewspaper. 10) 36 Wiltshire Newspapers—Past and Present. THe WARMINSTER AND WESTBURY JOURNAL. The Warminster and Westbury Journal, the final survivor of the War- minster local newspapers, appeared on Saturday, November 19th, 1881. It was an eight-page weekly, measuring 2lin. by 16in.,“ Printed and Published by the Proprietor, Benjamin Walter Coates, at his Printing Offices, No. 15, Market Place, Warminster.”” Here Mr. Coates had succeeded Mr. Vardy in the bookselling and stationery business, which had confined itself to Church Magazines and jobbing printing since the demise of The Warminster Miscellany in 1863. By 1881, however, there was scope for the renewal of newspaper enterprise at these old premises, and the Journal’s “ Foreword” — clearly states its objects and policy :—‘ A journal giving full, intelligent, and unbiassed accounts of the chief events occurring amongst us has long been considered a desideratum. . . . The town of Warminster has. unmistakably signified its need of such a paper. The town of Westbury has, we believe, never had a newspaper bearing distinctly its name on the title . . . We shall endeavour to give correct reports of meetings of various bodies . . . accurate returns of near and distant markets, especially those which are important to our agricultural friends. Parlia- mentary and political intelligence . . . impartial accounts of events, with occasional articles on the leading and engrossing topics of the day will — be given . . . Yo the agriculturalist, the merchant and the tradesman, — we trust our paper will prove essentially useful. Special precaution will be taken to make the Journal a family paper.” The new paper’s politics were Conservative, and its wide range of interest, special attention to agricultural topics, and clear and good printing, ensured its ultimate success, although its early prospects “‘were anything but promising, and it was prophesied that the life of the new venture would be ~ a short one.”! Mr. Coates was himself the responsible editor, and conducted the paper on the lineslaid down in its foreword, varying its features by the introduction ~ of a ladies’ column, occasional illustrations, etc., and developing its ad- vertising side, but adhering consistently to the original scheme. | On April 20th, 1894, an enlargement took place, “necessitated by fresh demands on space and rapid increase in circulation,” of from 2lin. by 16in. to 23in. by 16in. This lengthening of the paper added some five columns to the former size of the Journal, and the paper at this time further catered © for its wide public by enclosing a local time table in each copy. In 1898 Mr..B. W. Coates, after thirty-four years of business in War- minster, transferred the Journal and the bookselling business to his son, | Mr. Alfred Herbert Coates, “ from and after January Ist, 1898.” Mr, A. | H. Coates had been for thirteen years associated with his father in the management of the Journal, and was therefore able to give the same | personal attention to the paper's editing and general management as Mr. B. | W. Coates had devoted to it. | On Nov. 22nd, 1902, the Journal celebrated its coming of age, an | occasion of real congratulation both for the paper’s staff and for its public. | 1 Mr. H. B. Edwards, head of the composing department, November, 1902 | By Mrs. Herbert Richardson. 37 It was now, the coming-of-age number states, “the only paper in the populous district in which it is published,” and had consistently en- deavoured “ to treat all with fairness and fulfil its duties as local historian impartially.” Many of its original advertisers were “ still advertising in the paper twenty-one years later,” a circumstance that effectively testifies to the Journal’s value as a local advertising medium, which has always been one of its strong features. In 1910 a change in date of publication took place, the paper issuing on and subsequent to January 7th, 1910, on Friday morning instead of Satur- day. The Friday issue, prior to the usual Saturday market, has been generally adopted by most weekly Wiltshire papers within the last twenty years. _ Two years later, on October 4th, 1912, Mr. A. H. Coates took into partner- ship as proprietor of the Journal, Mr. Samuel Hillier Parker, who had _assisted him in his business for the previous twelve years. The paper is still issued under their joint proprietorship, and in policy and scope main- | tains the traditions of its founder. Its political complexion at the present | day is defined by its proprietor as “ Independent neutral, with a Conserva- ‘| tive colouring.” Its circulation now extends from Westbury and the — | adjoining villages on the western side, through the valley of the Wylye (as far as the village of Wylye itself) on the east, the Deverill valley on the ‘south, and many of the Down villages, comprising roughly the towns of | Warminster and Westbury and about thirty adjacent villages. [The writer is much indebted to the authorities at the British Museum land the Hendon Repository for access to early Warminster papers ; to '|Mr. A. H. Coates for access to the files of The Warminster and Westbury Journal ; and particularly to Mr. H. B. Edwards, head of the composing department of the Journal and overseer of this department of the paper ‘since 1882, for much kind and helpful information on the Warminster press, and for reading through the MS. of this section. | Addenda.—(1) Salisbury and Winchester Journal. Mr. J. J. Hammond, Mr. Henry R. Plomer, and Mr. J. Saxon Childers (of |Worcester College, Oxford), have kindly supplied some further notes on Benjamin Collins. _ Mr. Henry R. Plomer states Phat Collins’ name is found on the imprint to The Bible annotated by Samuel Humphries in 1735. In 1754 Collins also published, in conjunction with D. Hodges, of London Bridge, a novel called Matrimony, the title of which was altered to 7’he Marriage Act in the second edition. In 1758 an action was brought against him for selling copies of The Spectator, printed in Scotland, but was dropped. Mr. J.J. Hammond communicates some interesting figures (gathered from a contemporary solicitor’s “Instructions Book”), illustrating the money value of The Salisbury Journal in the late eighteenth century. When ‘Benjamin Collins severed his active connection with the Journal in 1775, ie J. Alexander and G. Sealy (whose imprint appears on papers of 1771) had each a quarter share in it. At Alexander’s death Collins took ia share, which Messrs. Hodson and J. Johnson in the year 1775 purchaseds | 38 Wiltshire Newspapers—Past and Present. and also that of Sealy. For Sealy’s quarter they gave Captain Sealy @ bond for £1300. The money value of The Journal and “ Printing, Book- selling, and Stationery Business” seems thus to have been estimated at £5200, a high figure at this date; and the profits, one finds from the same * Instructions Book,” were about £800 a year in all. Mr. J. Saxon Childers informs the writer that he has recently purchased a little chap-book, Histortes or Tales of Passed Times, or Tales of Mother Goose, “ Englished by G. M. Gent,” and published by B. C. Collins, of Salisbury, 1719. His copy is the eleventh edition. This discovery is of — great interest. It antedates by ten years the first known English transla- tion of Perrault’s Contes de ma Meére l’Oye, hitherto supposed to be that made by Robert Samber and published in London in 1729. It also establishes the fact that the Collins family was printing in Salisbury at an earlier date than has up to now been assumed; and makes it clear that there must have been an older B. C. Collins (B. C. Collins I.), father presumably to the B. Collins who died in 1785 in his sixty-eighth year, and grandfather to B. C. Collins II., who died 1808. Further, it gives Salisbury, which has produced at least two notable first editions—The Vicar of Wakefield and The Fight at Dame Europa’s School—a claim at any rate to having also. issued the earliest English version! of one of the most famous collections of fairy-tales in the world. (2)—Farley Family in Salisbury. The following entries occur in the registers of St. Thomas of Canterbury, Sarum :-— May 18th, 1717—Henry Farley married Elizabeth Bishop of fouent 3 (Fovant). July 11th, 1736—The wife of Samuel ffarley buried. September 5th, 1736.—Edmund Farley married Mary Provost. These entries, in all probability, refer to the wife and two sons of Samuel — Farley I—printer of The Salisbury Post Man, 1715—who evidently had a big family. He seems, when he left Exeter for Bristol; to have left his son — Edward to manage the business there, and later to have left Samuel II. and ~ Felix at Bristol, taking his wife and Henry and Edmund to Salisbury. ~ Here he must have left them when he returned to Bristol. The Salisbury rate-books show that Edmund was still living in Salisbury in 1745. Corrigenda.—The Wiltshire County Telegram and Salisbury Advertiser (referred to in Mr. J. J. Slade’s original list of Wiltshire papers, andi in Part III. of this survey of the Wiltshire newspapers), was a localized edition of a Dorchester-printed paper, which had a sub-office in Salisbury } only. No detailed notes on it are therefore given. Wilts Arch. Mag., xliii., p. 324. For “the establishment of the Salisbury | Journal in 1738” read ‘ 1729.” — ‘Further research is of course needed on this point. Various locak_ records have been consulted to provide other data on early Collins print- ing in Salisbury, and on the identity, and connection with Salisbury of I “G. M. Gent” (probably Guy Miege, the Swiss, London school teacher and! lexicographer), but without result. 39 THE SEVENTY-FIRST GENERAL MEETING OF THE WILTSHIRE ARCHAOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, HELD AT SALISBURY; August 11th, 12th, and 13th, 1924. President of the Society :— W. Hewarp BELL, F.G.S., F.S.A. MONDAY, AUG. 11th. The annual business meeting was held in the new Lecture Hall of the Salisbury Museum, by the kind invitation of the Curator and the Committee at 2 p.m., on Monday, Aug, 11th, a considerable number of members being present. The chair was taken by the President, and he at once called on the Hon. Secretary to read the REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1923—24, Members.—The total number of members on the Society’s list, including those to be elected at this meeting, is 13 life members, 441 annual subscribers, and one honorary member, Mr. Edward Kite, whom the committee elected provisionally as a mark of their appreciation of the great services which throughout a long life he has rendered, and continues to render, to Wiltshire Archeology, more especially on the side of Genealogy and Family History. There has been no election of an honorary member since the early years of the Society, but the committee trust that their action may be confirmed by the general meeting to-day. The total number of life and subscribing _ members is thus 454, an increase of 29 on the year and a larger number than _ has ever before been on the Society’s books. Finance.—The financial position of the Society at the end of 1923 proved _ to be better than was anticipated. The general fund, which began with a _ balance of £35 15s. 5d., ended the year with a balance of £75 14s. 4d. But this was due to the receipts from three sources, all of which were largely above the average, the balance of the Marlborough meeting, the sale of books and magazines, and the large number of entrance fees from new _ members. From these three items, neither of which is constant or can be _ reckoned on in future, the whole of the increased balance came. ‘Thus, | though the position at the moment appears more satisfactory than seemed _ likely a year ago, it affords no guarantee at all of a sufficient income for the needs of the Society in the future. The value of such a Magazine as | our own depends very largely on the ability of the editor to illustrate the 1 The fullest account of the proceedings and papers read at the meeting | appeared in the Wrltshire Gazette, Aug. 14th, 21st, and 28th, and Sept. 11th, | 1924, 40 The Seventy-first General Meeting. papers adequately, and since the war the editor has never been able to do this. It is largely to meet this difficulty that the committee proposes to raise the subscription from 10s. 6d. to 15s. 6d., a proposal which it is hoped that the present general meeting will agree to. In order to test the feeling of members on this important point, a form of enquiry with a printed voting card was sent to each member. The result so far has been that 25 voted against the proposal, a few were neutral, and 232 voted in favour of the increased subscription. It is therefore clear that a majority of the members, even allowing for those who did not return the voting cards, are in favour of the proposed increase. The Magazine.—Two numbers, 138 and 139, were issued in 1923, containing 274 pages, at a cost of £191 17s. 2d. There were very few illustrations in these numbers, or the cost would have been considerably more. The price of each number of the Magazine to the public from June, 1924, will be raised from 5s. 6d. to 8s., but the cost of back numbers will remain as at present. Register of Bishop Simon of Ghent.—Part II. of this was published in 1916 by the Canterbury and York Society, and distributed to such of our members as subscribed for it. Since then no number has appeared until last month, (July, 1924), when Part III. was issued, and has been sent out to subscribers by the Hon. Secretary. The Society, as such, is not re- sponsible for the cost of the publication. The Museum.—The most important addition since the last report is the entire collection of objects found by Dr. R. C. C. Clay in excavating the Early Iron Age pits on Fyfield Bavant Down. This collection comprises several accurate scale models in plaster of the pits, a large number of pottery vessels restored by Dr. Clay, objects of iron, bone, and stone, and remarkable samples of charred wheat, barley, and oats, all of which have been described and illustrated in the June (1924) number of the Magazine. Dr. Clay also presented a number of flint arrowheads and fabricators from Windmill Hill, Avebury. Capt.and Mrs. B. H. Cunnington have presented the cinerary urn and flint knife from the barrow opened by them at Potterne, and an incense cup, portion of a bronze celt, and flint implements from the collection of Mr. J. Soul, of Amesbury. On the Natural History side a collection of varieties of four species of Helix, and a specimen of the rare white variety (Schmidtii) of the Small Copper butterfly have recently been given to the Museum by Mr. J. O. A. Arkell. The Library.—The balance standing to the credit of the Museum En- largement Fund, amounting to about £100, which has been accumulating for some eight years past, has recently been expended in adapting the loft over the back entrance to the Museum for the purposes of an extension of the Library. By adding a lantern skylight the whole of the walls are made available for bookshelves, and the space thus gained should suffice for the extension of the Library for some years to come. ‘he gifts during the year have been numerous as usual. A large consignment of old deeds, etc., connected with Calne and Calstone, has been given by the Marquess of Lansdowne, through Lord: Kerry,°a numberof legal, papers,:\deeds, etc., connected with parishes in the north of Wilts by Mr. G. A. H. White, The Seventy-first General Meeting. 41 several old estate maps and other papers by Messrs. Jackson and Mr. W. H. Barrett. Five MSS. notebooks by F. Carrington on Ogbourne, Marlborough, etc., were given by Col. S. T. Banning, and other MS. notebooks by the Rev. W. H. Jones were purchased. The set of Archexologia has been brought up to date by gifts from Mrs. Cunnington and Mr. E. H. Stone, who have also given us their books on All Cannings Cross and Stonehenge respectively. A notable gift was that of the finely-written and illuminated volume con- taining “ The Constitutions of the Borough of Devizes,” known as “ Justice Kent’s Ledger” of 1628, given by the Misses Grant-Meek, for which a glass ease has been kindly provided by Capt. B. H. Cunnington so that it can be exhibited lying open. The late Mr. Arthur Schomberg left the Library several valuable books of reference as well as all his MS. notes and papers on Wiltshire matters, and a legacy of £5. Amongst other old parchments given. to the Library by Mr. W. H. Barrett and saved by him from de- destruction, was a portion of the earliest register of Hullavington, which by some means had got into private hands. This has now been restored to the vicar of the parish, and an account of it will be printed in the Magazine. Excavations.—Col. Hawley has, during the year, continued, with the assistance of Mr. R. S. Newall, the excavations at Stonehenge which have occupied so many years and have resulted in so many surprising and puzzling discoveries. It is now clear that there are three distinct concentric rows of stone holes outside the existing “outer circle” of stones, the “ Aubrey holes” just inside the earth bank, and two other rows between these and the present sarsen circle. The real bearing of these discoveries on the question of the age of the monument is not yet clear. Dr. R. C. C. Clay completed last autumn the excavation of the Early Iron Age village site on _Fyfield Bavant Down, opening more than 100 pits, a detailed account of _which has been published in the June number of the Magazine. This year he has been engaged on a further series of pits of the same period on | Swallowcliffe Down, and on a Saxon cemetery at Broad Chalke. Accounts _of both these excavations will appear later on in the Magazine. Mr. H. St. |G. Gray dug under the large sarsen stone lying by the side of the Chute | causeway. ‘This stone has attracted considerable attention owing to certain _markings cn its surface, which, however, are now generally allowed to be | due to natural weathering. The result of these diggings was negative, as nothing was found to connect the stone with any interment. Two | barrows on Haxton Down have been opened this year (1924) by Mr. Percy _ Farrer, and Capt. and Mrs. B. H. Cunnington have opened one of the large | barrows in the vale at Potterne. Notes of both these diggings will appear \in the Magazine later on. Thecourse of Wansdyke in the Savernake Forest | district was investigated in the autumn of 1923 by Mr. Albany F. Major and Mr. H. C. Brentnall, and the account of their diggings was printed in the June (1924) Magazine. These investigations are to be carried further \this year, and any contributions towards the expense of the excavations will be thankfully received by either of the above gentlemen or by the Hon. Secretary of the Society. Capt. and Mrs. B. H. Cunnington have recently ‘been engaged in important excavations at Figsbury (or Chlorus’s Camp), which passed into their hands a year or two ago. ‘The result of these 42 The Seventy-first General Meeting. diggings we hope to hear from Mrs. Cunington during the present meeting. It is a matter for congratulation that a considerable part of Windmill Hill, Avebury, has been purchased by so keen an archeologist as Mr. Alexander Keiller. Air Photography.—The importance of air photography as an assistant in archzeological research, brought prominently forward by the discovery and subsequent excavation by Mr. O. G. S. Crawford of the course of the eastern branch of the Stonehenge Avenue, ending apparently on the Avon at West Amesbury, has led to what really amounts to the beginning of a survey by air photograpy of large tracts of the downs in Hampshire and eastern and southern Wiltshire. In this most important work Messrs. O. G. S. Crawford and A Keiller have been engaged this summer, and the work already done shows the great desirability of continuing and completing the survey over the whole of the down area. Advisory Committees for Churches.— In last year’s report it was mentioned that a committee for the Diocese of Salisbury had just been constituted by the Bishop. Since that date this committee has got into full working order, the chief part of the practical work being done by sub-committees in each archdeaconry under the guidance of the Archdeacon, whose chief duty it is to visit each Church concerned and examine proposals for alterations or additions on the spot, and to report thereon to the central committee meeting quarterly at Salisbury, which includes eminent authorities on ecclesiastical architecture and art. The similar committee for the Bristol Diocese, covering some eighty parishes in the north-west of the county continues to work well. The Hon. Secretary of the Society is a member of both these diocesan committees. The report as a whole was adopted, the President moving as recommended by the committee that Mr. Edward Kite be asked to accept the honorary membership of the Society as a special mark of recognition of the great value of his contributions for so many years to the history, the topography, and the genealogy of the County of Wilts. Jn its earlier years the Society had one or two honorary members, but for very many years no such ap- pointment has been made, and Mr. Kite’s name stands alone on the list of members. The next point arising from the report was the recommendation of the committee that in 1925 the annual subscription should be raised from 10s. 6d. to 15s. 6d., the entrance fee and that for life membership to remain as at present. ‘The Rev E. H. Goddard explained that whilst the cost of printing had increased since the war by perhaps 75 7%, and other things had also risen in proportion, the annual subscription remained in 1923 what it had been in 1854, It was no longer possible to carry on the Society's work on the original subscription. The Magazine, to a large number of members who could never attend the annual meetings, represented the benefit of membership, and if it was to be kept up to its former level, to say nothing of being improved, it was essential that the Editor should not be obliged to cut down the number of pages and to refrain from illustrating the various papers as they ought to be illustrated, for want of the necessary income. — The Seventy-jirst General Meeting. 43 Two suggestions were made by members present. First, that a systematic effort might be set on foot to obtain more members, and so a larger income might be secured without raising the present subscription, or alternatively that a number of county societies might combine to produce one magazine, which could then be produced much more cheaply. The first of these suggestions was met by the consideration that there was little prospect of enough new members to bring up the income to the required amount, whilst the second was negatived by the fact that archeological publications of general interest already existed in sufficient number and variety, and that such an amalgamation would effectively defeat the very object for which the Wiltshire J/agazine exists, the recording of Wiltshire matters and of Wiltshire matters alone. ‘The recommendation to increase the annual subscription to 15s. 6d. was then put to the vote and carried nem con. The officers of the Society were then separately re-elected, as also the members of the committee, with the addition of Mr. H. C. Brentnall as Local Secretary for the Marlborough district. The Rev. G. H. Engleheart next raised the question of the permission given, as reported in the daily papers, to the “ Latter Day Druids” to bury the ashes of their dead within the precincts of Stonehenge. He said that as this had come to his knowledge he communicated with Mr. F. Stevens and they had got Major Moulton, M.P. for Salisbury, to ask the following question in the House of Commons: ‘‘ Whether permission had been given to the Latter Day Druids, or any other body, to bury the ashes of their members within the precincts of Stonehenge.” And that Mr. Jowett, First Commissioner of Works, replied :“ No formal permssion has been given, but I do not propose to raise any objection to the burial of ashes provided there is no serious disturbance of the ground.” Mr. Engleheart moved that an emphatic protest against the burial of any bodies or ashes within the precincts of Stonehenge be sent to the Prime Minister, the First Commissioner of Works, the Members of Parliament for the county, the Society of Antiquaries, &c., &c. Mr. Stevens seconded this motion and it was carried unanimously, and the news of the Society’s protest was broad- casted the same night from Bournemouth. This protest was followed by many letters to the 7%mes, and protests from other'societies, with the result that permission to inter ashes at Stonehenge was withdrawn by the First Commissioner. The Rev. E. H. Goddard then suggested that the meeting might well record its opinion against the proposal recently made by Lord. Eversley in the 7%mes that the wire fence round Stonehenge should be done away with and a deep Ha-Ha or sunk fence made round the monument instead. Mr. Goddard said that the present wire fence was much less offensive to the eye than a sunk fence would be; moreover, wire could be removed at any time, and asunk fence could not. Mr. Engleheart, however, said that he had good reason to believe that Lord Eversley’s suggestion would never be carried out, and the matter dropped. Mr. Goddard then suggested the desirability of requesting the Board of Works to continue the the work of re-erecting those stones which had fallen in living memory. The work had been stopped for want of funds, but it was known that con- siderable sums had been paid as gate money in the last two years which 4 The Seventy-first General Meeting. might well be used for this purpose. Mr. Engleheart, however, explained that the gate-money did not remain with the Board of Works, but was swept into the Treasury. Eventually, after some discussion, the meeting agreed to a motion urging the desirability of re-erecting such stones as have fallen in historical times, the original positions of which are accurately known. This concluded the business, and the members went round the Museum under the guidance of the Curator and Mr. F. Stevens, F.S.A., especially admiring the fine collection of English and Continental China, which has been so well arranged in the circular room, and the collection of birds which has recently been entirely re-organised and in many cases re-mounted with admirable effect. This was followed by tea, most kindly provided in the garden between the two museums by Mr. and Mrs. Stevens. After tea the members proceeded to the Cathedral, where, in the absence from Salisbury of the Dean, Chancellor Wordsworth kindly took the party round the Cathedral and up to the Cathedral Library, where he pointed out many objects of interest not generally seen by visitors to the Cathedral. ‘he Cloisters, the Chapter House, and the Bishop’s Palace and Gardens were also visited under his guidance. Though there was no formal annual dinner, many members dined at the White Hart Hotel,which was the head-quarters of the meeting. A suggestion made at the preceding meeting had been acted on by the Meeting Secretary, and a list of members and their friends who had taken tickets for the meeting was exhibited in the hall of the hotel. The total number on the list were 148, who proposed to take some part in the proceedings, but a few of these were prevented from attending. At 8.15 members made their way to the Guildhall, where they were received by the Mayor of Salisbury (Councillor R. Bracher) and other members of the Corporation, in the large Council Chamber, where the maces and the city plate and charters were on view, and tea was very hospitably provided by the Mayor and Mayoress. There was a large at- tendance of members and friends. A valuable paper was read by Chancellor Wordsworth on the cathedral copy of Magna Charta; and following on this Alderman C. Haskins gave a very interesting account of the gallery of pictures of Salisbury worthies, with which the walls of the Council Chamber are hung. In returning thanks the Hon. Secretary, in the absence of the President, who had been obliged to leave early, ventured to point out that there was a gap among the portraits of City worthies which he would like to see filled—there was no portrait of Alderman Haskins himself, who had done so much in so many ways for the city.! TUESDAY, AUGUST 12th. A long procession of motors set forth on the day’s excursion, from the White Hart, at 9.30, arriving at Figsbury Rings by the private road at 10 1 Tt is pleasant to be able to record that this gap has now been filled (March, 1925) by a portrait of Alderman Haskins, provided by subscrip- tion in Salisbury. } i | The Seventy-first General Meeting. 45 o’clock. Here, having taken up their positions on the bank, they were addressed by Mrs. Cunnington!on the results of the excavations lately undertaken by Capt. Cunnington and herself. The curious ditch without a mound in the interior of the camp was also inspected, as well as a section through the rampart and ditch on the further side of the camp, which had been left open specially for the meeting by the excavators. At this point Mr. J. J. Hammond said a few words, indicating the points of interest, especially the route taken by Charles II. in his flight after Worcester To the majority of the members present the camp was new ground, and its fine position much impressed the visitors. Moving on from Figsbury to Stone- henge the party were received by Col. Hawley and conducted to his hut on the further side of the circle, where he gave an excellent address with the help of plans, of the excavations of the last year, and their results, notably the discovery of two more concentric lines of holes between the present outside sarsen circle and the line of “ Aubrey holes,” Apparently these holes must have been intended to hold stones, but had never actually done so. Another most important discovery made quite recently was the entrance causeway across the ditch on the further side from the entrance, shown in [nigo Jones’ plan, but hitherto regarded merely as a figment of his imagination. : From Stonehenge the party made for Amesbury Church, where the Vicar, the Rev. E. Rhys Jones, described the building, and the old dispute, parochial v. monastic, was once more touched on. ‘Thence up Amesbury Street to the spacious Y.M.C.A. Hall, for lunch, and then at 2 o’clock the cars left for the Normanton group of barrows, reached by a short walk over the down from the road, where, having seated themselves on the top of Bush Barrow, Mrs, Cunnington held forth on the characteristics of the various types of barrows and of those of this group in particular, deploring the gradual destruction of the barrows continually going on, which would end in the disappearance of these most interesting monuments of the past. Walking back to the road, members had no sooner safely regained the shelter of their cars than a sudden and heavy storm of rain descended upon them, the first time that the rain had interfered with the proceedings. Reaching Wilton the large company had tea at the Pembroke Arms, and then had just time to pay a hurried visit to the modern Church, to see its mosaics, marbles, and fine old glass, before they were due to visit Wilton House. Here the party was divided, and whilst one half was shown over the house, the rest were taken round the grounds, perhaps the most beautiful in the county. The Society was greatly indebted to Lord and Lady Pembroke for throwing open the treasures of the house, as they did, to so large a multitude. Leaving Wilton at 6 p.m., a quarter of an hour’s drive brought them back to Salisbury. The evening meeting at the Museum was timed for 730, and the Museum Committee most kindly provided tea. This unfortunately rather interfered with Mr. Stevens’ address on the china, which many members would have liked to have had more time to listen to, | 1 Mrs, Cunnington’s address is printed in Waltshere Gazette, Aug. 14th, 1924. Her account of the excavations is printed in this number of the Maguzine. 46 The Seventy-jirst General Meeting. for it is a subject that he has specially made his own, but 8.30 arrived, and a move had to be made to the newly-built and admirably-appointed “ Edward Stevens Lecture Theatre,” on the erection of which the present Curator is to be so warmly congratulated. Here the Rev. G. H. Engleheart, F.S.A., read a paper on “ Stonehenge,” illustrated by the electric lantern, to a large audience,! upholding the theory of the sepulchral as opposed to the astro- nomical origin and purpose of the monument. WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 13H. This morning was devoted to visiting places of interest in Salisbury itself, the first to be seen being the Church House, where members assembled at 10 o’clock. Mr. J.J. Hammond here acted as guide and gave a sketch of the history of the building. After this there was just time to accept Archdeacon Carpenter's kind invitation to visit the North Canonry garden —an item not on the programme—and a considerable number of members enjoyed the sight of the fine herbaceous borders and the view of the spire from the river at the far end of the garden, and took a hasty glance at the 13th century column of the undercroft in what is now the coal cellar of the house. The next point on the programme was St. Thomas’s Church, where Mr. C. Haskins described the building. Thence the party walked to the Hall of John Halle, the fine 15th century house, which it was reported was in danger of being sold to America for a large sum of money, and trans- ported thither for re-erection. It is most earnestly to be hoped that means may be found to avert this, for the destruction of this fine building would be a grievous loss to the city. ‘lhe building was described by Mr. F. Watson, but the party was so large that all could not find room inside the building. At this point the only hitch in the whole of the proceedings occurred. According to the programme St Edmund’s Church was next due to be visited, but owing to a misunderstanding many members went to St. Martin’s instead, and found nobody there to show them the building. After lunch the long train of cars left the White Hart at 1.30, and on the way to Britford what might have been a serious accident occurred, the axle of one of the big char-a-bancs breaking, which necessitated its passengers being turned out to walk some half-a-mile to the Church, where the chief points of interest, the Saxon arches, &c., were pointed out by the Rev. E. H. Goddard and the Vicar, the Rev. I’. J. Woodall. A little time was lost here before a fresh char-a-banc could be got from Salisbury to replace the broken-down conveyance. Moreover a slight detour had to be made be- eause of the blocking of the road, but Downton Church was reached not much behind the scheduled time, and was described by the Vicar from notes on the architecture by the Rev. A. D. Hill, formerly Vicar. Walking from the Church to the Moot Gardens the party was met by the owner, Mr. Newall Squarey, who conducted them over the earthworks with the curious terraced banks, often described as a Saxon “ Moot” place, but more probably perhaps a garden conceit of Klizabethan times. The Moot house itself was This paper is printed in tullin Wiltshire Gazette, Aug. 14th, 1924, and a portion of it again, with illustrative diagrams, in the issue of Sept. 11th. The Seventy-first General Meeting. 47 unhappily entirely gutted in the late disastrous fire in which the lives of two of the servants were lost. The last place to be visited was Longford Castle, where Lord and Lady Radnor received the party with the greatest kindness, entertained them at tea in the hall, and threw open the whole house and its treasures to their inspection. Mr. Frank Stevens acted as guide to the house he knows so well, and conducted the main party round it, but everyone was at liberty to see what he liked as he would, and everyone was most thoughtfully provided with a catalogue of the pictures. Before leaving at 3.50 the Hon. Secretary thanked Lord and Lady Radnor most heartily for their hospitality, and so the programme of the meeting ended, and members got back to Salisbury at the scheduled time, 5.45, to catch the last trains home. It was certainly one of the most successful, as it was the largest attended, meeting held by the Society for many years past. The arrangements in Capt. Cunnington’s hands went of course without a hitch, time was kept in spite of unforeseen difficulties, everyone professed themselves as highly pleased with the_pro- ceedings, and last, but not least, of the elements which go to make a meeting a success, a balance of something over £30 remained to be carried to the General Fund of the Society—a very real help in time of need. 48 FIGSBURY RINGS, AN ACCOUNT OF EXCAVATIONS IN 19244 By Mrs. M. E. CUNNINGTON. Figsbury Rings, in the parish of Winterbourne Dauntsey, encloses within its roughly circular entrenchment an area of about 15 acres. It stands in a conspicuous position on a promontory of the chalk downs nearly 500ft. above sea level. The area is level except on the western side, where the entrenchment is carried down below the crest of the hill. Reference to the plan will show that the earthwork consists of a rampart with outer ditch, and a wide inner ditch some distance within, and roughly parallel to the rampart, but without any corresponding bank of its own. There are two original entrances through the entrenchment, and corres- ponding causeways across the inner ditch, one on the eastern, the other on the western side. Outside the eastern entrance there are traces of a bank and ditch that once formed a horn-work, or outer defence. There is now a wide gap in the rampart with causeway across the outer ditch on the southern side, but these are obviously not original features. Stukeley in 1723 does not show this gap (ten. Cur., p. 137, Pl. 41), but Hoare in 1810 does (An. Wilts, I., pp. 217—8), so apparently it was made between these years. The purpose for which the inner ditch was made has given rise to much speculation. It has been suggested that Figsbury was a sacred circle somewhat on the lines of Avebury ; that it was a place set apart for games and chariot racing; that it was a oman amphitheatre; that it was an unfinished work; Stukeley suggested that it was enlarged by Constantius Chlorus, who moved the vailum from the inner to the outer ditch.? [The Society is indebted to the generosity of Capt. and Mrs. Cunnington for the whole of the blocks of the accompanying illustrations. Ep.] 1 The work was done under the personal supervision of Capt. and Mrs. B. H. Cunnington in June— July, 1924, six men being employed for the whole time. 2 Stukeley suggested the name “Chloridunum,” consequently it has sometimes been called Chlorus’ Camp! Stukeley seems to have argued that Clarendon (a mile or so from Figsbury) once spelt Chlorendon, must be connected with Chlorus, and Figsbury being the nearest ‘“ Roman Camp,” and near the Roman road, must have been Chlorus’ camp. Stukeley seems to have borrowed this idea from Bishop Kennett’s Parochial Antiqutties, - published 1695, where on p. 687 he states, “a good Governor he (Constan- tius) was, and was comeas forwards upon the Downs as far as new Sarum ; where upon the side of the Downs he built a fortification, the Rampers whereof still appear very apparently and is called Chloren after the name that the Britains gave him, by reason of his long train carried up after him ; it standeth in Wiltshire upon the North corner of Chlorendon Park, now called Clarindon, which taketh his name thereof.” In Aubrey’s (died 1697) Mon. Brit., it is called Frippsbury, and the same in Gibson’s “ Camden,” Figsbury Rings. An Account of Excavationsin 1924. 49 There can, however, be no doubt that the earthwork was designed primarily for defence. It is, on the other hand quite clear from the character of the inner ditch as revealed by excavation, apart from its indefensible position, that this ditch was never intended for defence. Excavation at five different points showed it to be of quite different character from the outer one. It was very irregularly cut, with a wide flat bottom, whereas the outer ditch was well cut and almost V-shaped. Humps or promontories of unexcavated chalk were left in the inner ditch, sometimes on one side, sometimes on the other, forming occasionally what were tantamount to bridges across it. By means of these irregularities it must always have been easy to get in or out of the ditch almost anywhere on either side. Moreover, for a length of 60ft. (d on plan) the ditch had never been completely dug out. We believe, as suggested by Hoare (An. Wilts, I., p. 218), that the ditch was simply a quarry from which the material came to strengthen the rampart. By thus quarrying at an equi-distance all round the rampart, instead of at one spot, the distance over which the material had to be carried was reduced to a minimum. There can be no doubt that the chalk taken from the inner ditch does now actually form by far the greater part of the rampart ; the chalk that came from the outer ditch, z.e., an equal bulk, having gone back in to it.. The quarry ditch is still comparatively empty, having had no bank to wear down and so to fill it up. Great labour must have been expended in making Figsbury strong, but it never seems to have been occupied for any length of time. In the trenches cut across the interior very little evidence of habitation was found. Onthe plateau, ¢.e., the area within the quarry ditch, only eight pieces of pottery were found ; the circular “ pot-boiling” or cooking holes, if such they were, found there also suggest a temporary rather than a permanent occupation. Evidence of habitation under the shelter of the S.W. rampart and on the floor of the quarry ditch also points to such habitation having been of a temporary nature. It consisted only of a few fire sites and a small quantity of broken pottery and animal bones. In the excavations as a whole only about one hundred pieces of pottery were found, and only three pieces of broken mealing stones; not a single storage or rubbish pit such as usually abound on prehistoric sites, not a single worked bone, spindle whorl, loom weight, no object of bronze or of iron, and not even a hammerstone. This absence of objects of domestic use, as well as the scarcity of broken pottery, shows that the site cannot have been regularly inhabited. It seems probable that the place belonged to some tribe or community that lived near by, and that the people came in here for refuge with their animals in 1695, p. 108. Hoare, An. Wilts, I., p. 217, by an error of transcription 2 says both these writers called it Fripsbury, and in his copy of Aubrey he spells it thus (see Wilts MS. in Devizes Museum Library). In Gough’s Camden, vol. I., Index, 1806, it is called Figbury, and Aubrey’s plan that does not show the inner causeways is re-produced. On Andrew and Dury’s Map of Wiltshire, 1773, it is called “Clorus’s Camp or Figbury Ring.” VOL. XLUI,—NO. CXLII. E 50 Figsbury Rings. An Account of Excavations in 1924, time of danger. As an alternative it might be suggested that the entrench- ment was merely a place of safety in which to pen the flocks and herds, and that the relics of human habitation are those of the herdsmen who came with them. The great strength of the entrenchment, however, and the fact that it was thought necessary to add to it on two separate occasions, as well as its exposed position, makes this less probable. Water Supply. In the absence of wells or ponds the nearest water in prehistoric times, as it is to-day, would have been the river Bourne, in the valley about half-a-mile distant. Comparison with other works. Figsbury has been compared with the three Nosterfield circles, and two on Hutton Moor, all in the neighbourhood of Ripon, in Yorkshire, of a superficially similar plan, but it appears that the resemblance is probably misleading, and they may have little or nothing in common. THe Date or FIGspury. Five fragments of Bronze Age pottery were found, but this can scarcely be considered to afford evidence that even the earliest part of the earthwork dates from that period ; the fact that very few worked or flaked flints were found does not add to the probability. Seanty though it is, the only decided evidence of habitation is that by a people in the Early Iron Age who used pottery of the All Cannings Cross type. These seem to have squatted, temporarily at least, on the open floor of the inner ditch, and under the shelter of the S.W. rampart, before the second, or last, addition, was made to it. In the absence of evidence of a later occupation, it is probable that these are the people who made both additions to the rampart, and the quarry ditch. As to who made the first bank and its corresponding ditch there is no direct evidence available. It is probable that when the additions to the rampart were made that the outer ditch was cleaned out, if not deepened. There can be no doubt that whoever made the outer ditch as zt 7s now, also cut out the deeper part of the quarry ditch at “d” (see p. 55). Both the shape of the cutting at “d” and the character of the work are identical with that of the outer ditch. It is probable on the whole that the original bank as well as the two additions fall within the same period, and were the work of the same people in successive years. The site does not seem to have been inhabited in Romano-British times, only one piece of pottery of this period being found, and that just under the turf in the quarry ditch. A bronze leaf-shaped sword, said to have been dug up in Figsbury in — 1704, is now in the Ashmolean Museum (W.A.M,, vol. 37. pp. 100, 129). This type of sword is regarded as of late Bronze Age date, and a “ not very remote ancestor of the Hallstatt iron type” (Brit. Museum Guide, Bronze, 1920, p. 31). . As Bronze Age types are known to have survived into the Early Iron Age, for example the bronze razor and socketed celt found at All Cannings Cross, it seems quite possible that this sword was contemporary _ ‘with the pottery of All Cannings Cross type found in Figsbury. | | | | By Mrs. M, EL. Cunnington. 51 THE POTTERY. With the exception of one piece of Romano-British, one of a bead rim bowl, and five of Bronze Age type, all the fragments of pottery found were such as occurred at the Early Iron Age site at All Cannings Cross. Con- sidering the small number found it was fortunate that so many pieces belonged to the distinctive type of red-coated bowls. Only sixty pieces of pottery were found in the inner ditch, thirty-five at the edge of the S W. rampart, including the burnt layer under the bank, and only eight on the plateau.' ANIMAL REMAINS. No animal bones were found on the plateau, but a few were found along the side of the S.W. rampart, and a few in the inner ditch, more especially at “b” They were for the most part very fragmentary and included those of sheep, oxen (three horn cores of the Bos longzfrons), pig, pony (jaws and hoof, and dog (parts of two jaws). Of the red deer only one piece of an antler was found, and that was on the plateau in Ex. D. Human REMAINS. The broken and scattered condition in which the human remains were found is remarkable. With the exception of fragments of a skull anda collar bone found about a foot deep in accumulated soil at the edge of the S.W. rampart, they were all found scattered promiscuously with animal bones, etc., in a layer of rubble mixed with soil on the floor of the inner ditch. ‘They were for the most part found broken, but some of the scattered pieces have been fitted together; teeth from the jaws were also scattered. At “6” there were two separate pieces of a lower, and one of an upper jaw, an ulna, and a radius, both incomplete, and two other fragments of limb bones. At “a” two pieces of limb bones. At “f” parts of three lower jaws, several loose teeth, in one instance thirteen were found lying close together, part of an ulna, a radius, a humerus, and another limb bone; it has been possible to restore one of the jaws to a fairly complete condition, 1 Tt is interesting that while pieces were found of several red-coated cordoned bowls with ornament characteristically incised after baking (of Ail Cannings Cross type, Pl. 28, figs. 3—4), no fragment was found of the furrowed bowls (PI. 28, fig. 1), a type much more common at All Cannings than the cordoned. In the Early Iron Age pits on Fifield Bavant Down described by Dr. Clay (W.A.M., xlii., 457), Pl. vi., fig. 5) a bowl of the cordoned type was found but none of the furrowed. From the character of the pottery as a whole the pits at Fifield are thought to be rather later than the site at All Cannings. It appears probable, therefore, that the _ cordoned bowl as a type is rather later than the furrowed bowl. Another | point, not without significance is that the bowls from All Cannings have actual raised ribs at the angles, while the vessel from Fifield is without | them. Some of the pieces from Figsbury have raised ribs, others are _ without them. It appears, therefore, that as time went on the type deteri- _orated, and the bowls were made without raised ribs. Pottery with finger _ tip ornament was not found at Fifield or at Figsbury. Hie 52, Figsbury Rings. An Account of Excavations in 1924. REPORT oN HumMAN REMAINS FROM FicsBuRY RINGs, BY SIR ARTHUR KEITH. (1), A lower jaw marked D. f.! of a man probably 40—80 years of age. All the teeth are sound and apparently all had been in place at the time of death. The chin is not prominent—not shelf-like. When placed base down on the table the point of the chin projects only 7mm. in front of the recess below the incisor teeth. The symphysis is only 31mm. in depth. I mention these facts because they seem to be characteristic of the pre- Roman people—a knob-like chin, not prominent, and not deep. ‘The bigonial width was 101mm., the bicondylar 120. To this lower jaw may belong the shaft of the right humerus marked D. f. If this is so, then the man (No. 1) was about 5ft. 8in. in height, and fairly strongly built. (2) Much splintered lower jaw, D f. 1, the bone having been broken at, or not long after death. The chin is missing. As in D. f. the enamel has: been worn off considerable areas of the chewing surface of the first and second molar teeth, more so in D. f. 1 than in D.f. This jaw is part of a. man aged about 50. There is a most remarkable display of caries, which has attacked the outer (buccal) surface of the last or third molar, the disease has progressed further on the left molar than in the right. The disease has also attacked the buccal aspect of the neck of the second molar, the left. tooth suffering more than the right. Pyorrhcea has been rampant in this man, the roots of the teeth being exposed in consequence of the absorption of their sockets. Probably this man had still all his teeth—diseased as they were—at the time of death. (3) Imperfect lower jaw of a woman, D. f. 2, probably aged, and of slight and small make. In her the wisdom or third molar teeth are absent—never been developed. This seems to have been frequently the case among English women of the Roman and pre-Roman periods. Her lower jaw at. the chin is shallow (depth 29mm.) ; the chin is knob-like and not prominent. Before death she had lost one of her molar teeth from disease, and was about to lose another. The molar teeth were deeply worn. Vhe fragment of the left humerus (marked D. d.) and a fragment of the left tibia also belonged to a woman of small size. (4) D.b. Left half of upper jaw and two parts of lower jaw of a woman. The characters of the jaw are very similar to those of No. 3 (D. f. 2). She has wisdom teeth and had lost only one molar (first left). Aged 60 ? (5) E. R. Imperfect frontal bone of young man (?): metofsic suture has persisted. Forehead wide—minimum width 103mm. (6) Set of teeth of a child aged about 10; not a trace of caries in them, (7) Left clavicle (marked E. R.) of a youth of about 12 years. There is also a piece of ulna which may belong to the same individual. (8) Shaft of right femur of a child about 10—12 years. May be same as No. 6. With this femur shaft of left radius and perhaps part of a left. ulna, all marked D. f. 1. (9) (D.a.) Upper part of might femur of a man. 1 The letters refer to the section of the inner ditch in which the bones were found. By Mrs. M. E. Cunnington. D3 (10) (D.a,.) Upper part of right femur of a man about 5ft.6in. The femora No. 8, 9, 10 show a flattening (platymeria) on their upper third, particularly No. 10, in which the front-to-back diameter is only 59 % of the side-to-side diameter. ‘This flattening is commoner among pre-lKoman British than amongst post Roman. (11) (D. f.) Shaft of right humerus of a man about 5ft 8in. ?if goes with No. 1. (12) D. d. Left humerus of a small slender woman—may well be No. 3 or No. 4. Piece of tibia goes with it. (13) D. 6. Proximal 2 of ulna of strong man. Proximal 3 of radius of same individual. Piece of lower end of fibula: may be of No. 18 individual. WorKED FLINTS OF LATE TYPE FOUND IN THE DITCH. An interesting find was that of some two hundred worked flints scattered over a space of some 4ft. to 5ft. in diameter in a layer of soil and rubble on the floor of the inner ditch at “‘e.” Their condition is fresh and sharp, and they appear to have been worked on the spot ; two or three large unbroken flints found may represent the raw material intended for working into implements. About half the number of broken flints belong to a type that has been found on a few sites in the neighbourhood, and that has been illustrated and described by Heywood Sumner in “ The Ancient Harthworks of the New Forest,” p. 85—6, Pl. xxiv. a. The discovery of these flints “in situ” in a ditch that dates in the Early Iron Age is interesting, because this type of worked flints had already been regarded as of late date (as compared with other flint implements) on account of the surroundings in which they had been found elsewhere. In the same layer with these flints was found a single fragment of the rim of a wheel-turned bead rim bowl, that dates probably in the lst century A.D., or only slightly earlier. This was the only fragment of this type of bowl found. ‘This part of the ditch had been much disturbed and was infested by rabbits, indeed the cutting was not carried so far as had been intended on this account. PLAN SHOWING PoSsITION AND EXTENT oF THE EXCAVATIONS. Trenches on the plateau (z.e., the area within the inner ditch) and berm (1.e., the area between the rampart and inner ditch) were cut down to the undisturbed chalk ; there is very little soil on this exposed hill top, and, Owing to recent cultivation, hardly any turf; along the inner edge of the rampart the soil is a little thicker than elsewhere. At F.H. (1.e., fire hole) numbers 1 to 6, circular holes were found full of charcoal and burnt flints, varying in size from lft. in diameter and depth, to 13ft. in diameter and 24ft. deep ; the walls of the holes were not discoloured by fire, and in view of this and the number of burnt flints or “pot boilers,” in and around them, it is suggested that they were temporary cooking places. The method of cocking by means of pot boilers is well known as having been practised by primitive peoples in modern times, as well as by prehistoric people. A description of the various ways of cooking by this means, with references and general information on the subject, will be found in a paper by T. C. Cantrill in Archzologia Cambrensis, July, 1911, p. 253. He thus describes the process of boiling as practised by some North American Indians. A 54 Figsbury Rings. An Account of Excavations in 1924. hole is dug in the ground about the size of a common pot, a piece of raw hide is pressed down with the hands close around the sides, and filled with water. The meat is then put into this “pot” and stones heated in a neigh- bouring fire are successively dropped or held in the water until the meat is done. It seems that meat can be cooked with similar apparatus without the addition of water by packing with hot stones and covering ; in fact treating the hole as an oven instead of a boiler.' Similar cooking holes are found in hut circles on Dartmoor. (Trans. Devon Ass., 1896, vol. xxviil., Buledide) ; In F.H.1. a small piece of slag was found; in F.H.2a fragment of a bowl of All Cannings Cross type, and several small pieces of burnt clay ; in F.H. 5a piece of the rim of a hematite coated bow] of All Cannings Cross type ; in F.H. 6 a fragment of indefinite dark pottery and a small piece of bone, not burnt. It appears therefore that these holes are not earlier than the period of All Cannings Cross pottery. It will be seen that holes 2, 3, 2a, 3a, form approximately a rectangle ; this gave rise to a suggestion that these might be post holes of a hut; but this is improbable on account of their contents of charcoal and burnt flints, and the fact that other holes similar in every respect were found singly. A.—An irregular hole, 7ft. long, 3ft. wide at one end, 2ft at the other, 2ft. to 3ft. deep, with sloping sides ; below the general level of the floor a hole 9 inches deep, 14ft. in diameter. Among the rubble filling in was a piece of the base of a Bronze Age “ beaker,” and a small sherd of red-coated ware of All Cannings Cross type. B.—A large irregular hole, 8ft. by 7ft., 23ft. deep. Among the chalky filling in there was a little charcoal, two pieces of sarsen stone, and a piece of rather coarse sandy pottery of a kind common at All Cannings. C.—An irregular hole some 7ft. by 6ft., 23ft. deep. Chalky rubble filling. D.—An irregularly shaped hole or pit, 6ft. by 43ft., 23ft. deep; on the west sidethere was a semi-circular enlargement, 2ft. in diameter, full of char- coal and burnt flints, with sides discoloured by fire. At the bottom of this very roughly made pit-dwelling were found a small fragment of a mealing stone, a piece of deer horn (the only piece found in the whole camp), and a piece of red pottery with impressed lines, of All Cannings Cross type. E.—A roughly circular hollow about 16ft. deep, full of burnt flints ; among them was a piece of a sarsen mealing stone, and part of a base of a pot of sandy ware of a kind common at All Cannings Cross. F.—An irregular hole some 8ft. by 5ft., and 2ft. deep. G.—A basin-shaped hole, 24ft. by 12ft. and 13ft. deep, containing burnt. flints but no charcoal; perhaps this was a cooking place like salou described under F.H. above. H.—An irregular hole 6ft. by 23ft., and from 2ft. to 3ft. deep ; a piece of a 1 Reference may also be made to an address by Miss Layard to the Pre- historic Society of East Anglia, on June 10th, 1922. It appears that the pot boiler method of heating water was in use in the Highlands until about the beginning of the 19th century; see A Hundred Years in the oa p. 15, by Osgood H. Mackenzie. | | By Mrs. M. £. Cunnington, 55 ornamented pottery that may be of Bronze Age date was found near the bottom. | I—An irregular hole some 4ft. in diameter, 23ft. deep, containing among the rubble filling-in many burnt flints and a small sherd of Bronze Age pottery. These holes, A to I, were all filled with chalky rubble mixed with a little brown surface soil. The absence of dark soil or humus, such as is usually found on sites that were inhabited for any length of time, was very notice- able. The scarcity of remains will be appreciated when it is said that all the objects found are notified above ; no animal bones, except a small frag- ment in F.H. 6, were found either in the holes or in the surface trenches in the plateau area. EXCAVATIONS IN THE INNER OR QUARRY DITCH. a.—(See plan). A space, 14ft. by 10ft., was cleared out here. Original depth of ditch 10ft., depth of filling at centre 43ft. Only a few pieces of coarse pottery was found in the rubble. b.—A space, 30ft. long by 13ft. wide, was cleared here. The floor of the ditch was level, from 10ft. to 12ft. wide; original depth 9ft.; depth of filling 23ft. ; width from bank to bank 44ft. A number of burnt flints, fragments of pottery, and broken animal and human bones were found strewn in a layer of earthy rubble on the floor of the ditch. On the same level close under the inner wall, extending along it for about 8ft., was a fire site consisting of charcoal and quantities of burnt flints. c.—A cutting, 37ft. long by 13ft. wide, Original depth of ditch loft. ; silt 3ft. On the level floor were found a few animal bones, many burnt flints, and fragments of pottery, including pieces of at least two red-coated cordoned bowls, and part of the base of a Bronze Age beaker. Fic. I.—Section across inner ditch at “d” on Plan a—b. Original surface level. ce. Rubbly filling in. d. Pure chalk filling in. e—f. Undisturbed chalk; the dotted line shows an average section of ditch as completely excavated. d—Fig.1. Length of cutting 60ft. In this cutting the floor was reached at 54ft. from the surface level, except along the outer or berm side, where _in a comparatively narrow, almost V-shaped trench, the ditch had been dug down to about its normal depth, 113ft. That part of the ditch dug only to 96 Fiysbury Rings. An Account of Excavations in 1924. a depth of 52ft. runs up into and ends at one of the buttresses, or promon- tories, described before (p. 49) as having been left unexcavated in the ditch at unequal intervals. It seems that the ditch was at first dug to a depth of about 5ft. all over, then deepened as more material was required for building the rampart, and that this section of the ditch was left only partly cleared out. The deeper or trench-like part of the ditch seems to have been intention- ally filled in. Being comparatively narrow and steep-sided it was likely to prove dangerous to cattle, and possibly for this reason was filled in up to the 53ft. level. In re-excavating, it seemed at first that the bottom had been reached all over at the 54ft. level, the hard compacted chalk in the trench appearing so much like the undisturbed floor, and quite distinct from the silt and rubble of the upper filling in. Pottery of All Cannings type was found on the 53ft. level and at the bottom of the trench. e.—A cutting 15ft. square. Original depth 123ft., width 54ft., silting 3ft. deep in centre. For worked flints and fragments of bead rim pottery found here see page 53. f.—Cutting 48ft. by 124ft. Original depth 94ft., width 46ft. In a layer of earthy rubble on the floor were found a few animal bones and pieces of pottery including fragments of red-coated bowls of All Cannings Cross type, and the piece of a rim of a Bronze Age urn of the over hanging, or moulded rim, type. d. 1.—A narrow cutting was made across the ditch at this point to test whether it was normal, or only partially dug out as at d. It proved to be normal with the usual wide flat bottom. RAMPART SECTIONS. Three cuttings were made through the rampart in each of which two old turf lines were found, representing, it is believed, additions at two different times. The original bank as shown by turf line No. 1 (Fig. II.) was a compara- tively small affair, and had become thickly clad with turf before the first addition was made. This in its turn seems to have become or to have been covered with turf when the second addition was made. ridytaty rit ee ee NS peLotatstatst ats tsi siutss © 246 8 50 32 1416 18 2022 24 Fic. I1.—Section ‘across rampart at “cutting 3” on Plan, showing turf lines within the bank ; and section of outer ditch as excavated. By Mrs, M. E. Cunnington. 57 In the material of the first addition there were dark streaks that looked like thin lines of turf running out through the bank from the regular turf line. The meaning of these streaks of turf in the body of the rampart was not at first clear, but as similar ones were found in all the rampart sections it is thought that they probably indicate layers of turf laid during the con- struction of the bank to give it stability and to prevent it slipping. The first bank was composed of finer and more compacted chalk than that of the additions, both of these latter being toa great extent built up of large lumps of chalk with occasional large flints. THe Outer DItcH. It was proposed to clear at least 20ft. of this ditch but as it proved un- expectedly large and deep only 8ft. were cleared to the bottom. An indefinite piece of pottery was found at a depth of 5ft. in the silt, and two more with snail shells practically at the bottom (Fig. II). Cuttines aT INNER EDGE oF S.W. RAMPART. The berm trench showed a thickening of soil with a few fragments of bone and pottery close to the bank, so a cutting was made as shown, parallel with the bank. At the spot shown traces of fire with charcoal and numerous burnt flints were found at the foot of the rampart extending along it for 10ft., and spreading back under it. It was clear that there had been a big fire here at two successive times, one before and one after the first addition to the rampart. The lower layer under the rampart ‘was on the ground level, but the upper one was on the slope of the bank, having been made after the first addition to the rampart. Distinctive sherds of red-coated bowls of All Cannings type were found in both layers. Beyond this first fire site for 14ft. there was no sign of burning, and then the firing began again and extended for a length of 27ft., parallel with the bank and spreading back under it as in the first patch, but only on the ground level. Trenching along the edge of the bank for a length of 122ft. south of this showed no further signs of burning. The signs of burning ended abruptly at the old plough line at the foot of the bank, so it is probable that further out they have been destroyed by cultivation. A barn or some such building seems once to have stood at this spot, fora few feet out from the foot of the rampart a line of squared malm stones (Green- sand rock) were found with pieces of modern bricks and mortar. Tur CAUSEWAYS. The turf was taken off the northern half of the western inner causeway in search for post holes; and for a length of 30ft., 4ft. wide, along the inner and outer edges of the quarry ditch, but none were found. From appearances outside the western entrance it seemed not improbable that a sunken way led through the rampart as at Casterly Camp (W.A.U., XXXviil., 69) ; a trench cut between the two ends of the outer ditch proved, however, that there is a solid causeway of undisturbed chalk. The nature of the defence of this entrance remains therefore unknown. 58 Figsbury Rings, An Account of Excavations in 1924. The pottery, human bones, flints, etc., found in the excavations have been placed in the Society’s Museum at Devizes. We are indebted to Sir Arthur Keith, M.D., F.R.S., for kindly examining and reporting upon the human remains, and to Mr. C. W. Pugh for drawing the plan and sections, and assistance during the course of the excavations. i roe materranyp Darr | Aa aut Minnie ANC nL Ficspury Camp. Pxian—Showing position and extent of the Excavations. Squares equal 50ft. To face p. 58, Vol. xliii. 59 AN INHABITED SITE OF LA TENE I. DATE, ON SWALLOWCLIFFE DOWN. By R. C. C. Cray, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.S.A., F.R.A.I. The “British Village,” marked on the maps as situated on Swallowcliffe Down, 8. Wilts, lies for the most part in the south-west corner of the parish of Swallowcliffe, but its western fringe is in Ansty. This rise in the downs, 730ft. above sea level, commands the view to Westbury on the north, White Sheet Hill on the west, Chiselbury on the east, and to the Cranborne Chase Ridge on thesouth. It is defended on the north, north-west, and north-east by the steep escarpment of the downs, and on the south-west, south, and south-east by a semicircular ditch. The Ridgeway cuts through this ditch on the south and separates a semicircular “ amphi- theatre” from the village proper. Although the scarcity of weapons in the Early Iron Age settlements has Jed some authorities to conclude that life in that period was one of peaceful commerce and agriculture, yet the fact that most of the prehistoric camps that have been excavated have proved to have been either constructed or strengthened in those times suggests that this site may have been chosen for its strategic importance. The lynchets of chess-board type that adjoin the village on the north and north-west indicate the position of its cultivated fields. From a distance, when the sun is low, an old road can be seen running diagonally down the slope from the northern end of the village to cross the modern road to Ansty near the foot of the hill. To the south beyond the “amphitheatre” is a steep sided valley or coombe. At the head of this there are signs of adam and catchment pond, probably the water supply of the village, for we know that in those days the water in the springs stood many feet higher than it does now. This portion of the downs has never been ploughed, and there were obvious indications on the surface that here was once an inhabited site. The ground was uneven and full of small irregularities, and in places hollows one foot in depth showed where some of the pits Jay. These de- pressions were riddled with rabbit holes, a sure sign of “ moved” soil. The earth from their scrapes was black and contained many calcined flints and fragments of sandstones and a few small shards of pottery. We commenced our excavations by running some narrow trenches down to the undisturbed chalk subsoil in the angle made by the fence. ‘The depth to the “hard” varied from 12 to 15 inches. Many burnt flints and _ here and there a small badly preserved fragment of pottery were all that we found. Later on, when we trenched in many parts of the site, we had no _ better luck. Nothing of interest was discovered outside any of the pits | with the exception of an ornamented button of antler lying just beneath the turf between Pits 56 and 58. So shallow was the soil that possibly objects of bone, iron, and pottery had perished. At the contemporary 60 An Inhabited Site of La Tene I. Date on Swallowcliffe Down, village site at Fifield Bavant (W.A.J/, vol. xlii., pp. 457—496) there was the same absence of “finds ” between the dwellings. By means of sounding with a heavy rammer we were able to locate all those places where the subsoil had been moved. It was not so much the hollowness of the sound that gave the clue to these holes as the vibration imparted to the surface of the ground directly over them. This was felt in the feet of persons standing near the sounder, and it was a simple matter for them to determine which foot was over a pit and which was outside. Very windy days and days when the turf was water-logged were not good for sounding. Often one of us working at the bottom of a pit some yards away could appreciate the difference in the quality of the sounds quite readily even when the sounder himself was in doubt. A rabbit hole under the turf will often deceive the inexperienced. It is possible to make a fairly accurate guess as to the depth of moved soil below one, for the sound reflected off the walls of a deep pit appears to rebound from the floor at a considerable distance. By this means we located and excavated 93 pits, a post hole, several cooking places, and a few cases of moved soil of an indefinite nature. The map of the site (Plate I.) shows that there was no apparent planning or regular lay-out of the position of the pits. They are scattered about in an irregular manner, sometimes in small clusters, and at other times widely separated. ‘There are no obvious streets or pathways between them: but the absence of any pits on a strip 20ft. wide running between Nos. 74 and 72, 55 and 73, 48 and 64, 35 and 59 in a north-easterly direction, suggests that there might have been a roadway through the middle of the village. If there was such a track, it was never a “made” one, for when trenching we found no flints or other stones there in greater quantities than usual. Kach man must have made his own pit or pits wherever he chose and according to his own plan, for no two pits were exactly alike in dimensions or shape. ‘The commonest type was circular in transverse section and slightly bee-hived—that is to say, the walls were undercut so that the diameter of the floor was greater than that of the top. Of the 93 pits, 72 were circular in cross section, 8 were oval, 5 egg-shaped, 4 in the shape of a waisted oval, whilst four were so irregular that their shape could not be specified. Some had steps cut into the walls and a few had a long ramp or slope leading into the pit half-way up the side. In other cases ladders of some form must have been used for ingressand egress. Although we found no examples, a well-made ladder was discovered at Glastonbury. A tribe of Indians called Guajiros at Maracaibo, in Venezuela, live in pile dwell- ings. ‘They get into their huts by climbing an upright pole by means of notches cut into the sides (dllustrated Travels, vol. li., pp. 19—21). Flat bottomed recesses and long seats or ledges were cut into the walls of some pits. The floors were usually flat and corresponded to the slope of the chalk strata. At times they were basin-shaped or sloped to one corner, possibly for drainage purposes. ‘The presence of a vein of flint was occasionally taken advantage of to form the bottom of a recess or ledge or of the pit itself. The projecting points of flint in the wall were often very cleverly cut off. Although, on the whole, the walls were not very smooth, yet they had never been lined with clay or daub, but showed the discoloura- tion due to exposure to the air. No engravings were found on them. By k. C. C. Clay. 61 There were three examples of twin pits—87 and 88, 38 and 86, 58 and 59., These communicated through an opening in the intervening wall of chalk to form a figure of eight. Pits 16, 17, and 18 were united like the leaf of shamrock. Fragments of daub showing the marks of wattle were found in eleven pits. It was in a friable condition and had not been subjected to much heat. There is no evidence that any of the roofs, with the exception of that of No. 74, were ever burnt down. One lump of daub containing the charred sticks of wattle 2m satu was found. This charcoal has been identified by Mr. A. H. Lyell, F.S.A., as hazel. Although we cannot from these scanty remains determine the actual structure of the pit coverings, yet we can, [ think, assume that they were similar to those at the neighbouring and con- temporary village at Fifield Bavant (W.A.JZ,, vol. xlii., pp. 459—460, Plate ia): There is no doubt that all the pits had been filled up by the action of silting. The site was not occupied continuously. The first inhabitants probably left en masse for some reason unknown, and took most of their possessions with them. There was then a break of perhaps ten years, during which time the pits silted up for three to five feet. This is clearly shown by an almost constant layer of more or less “sterile” chalk silt. Above this we found a black stratum of an average thickness of 18 inches, containing shards of pottery, many animal bones, and various tools. On top of this there was usually an earthy layer containing many calcined flints. The second inhabitants made use of the depressions caused by the incompletely silted up pits, possibly because the soil had good drainage. The presence of so much charcoal and innumerable pot-boilers in the top layers of the pits indicates that fires were made in or around them. On the other hand, several separate cooking places were discovered, and the large built-up hearth in the centre of Pit 22, covered and surrounded by many cartloads of wood ashes, shows that this place was a communal _ kitchen. The smelting of iron’ was carried out on the site. Many lumps of slag and one “bleom” were found. ‘The presence of fragments of ferruginous _ Lower Greensand indicate the source of the raw material. | A few pieces of bronze slag were found. Pottery was also made on the spot, for we have been able to reconstruct _a “waster” and several fragments of intensely heated clay, showing large { _ round holes, possibly part of a kiln, were found in one pit together. Some pits were evidently used for storage purposes. They were deep, | often 8ft., and, except for very many animal bones, contained little else be- _ sides white chalk rubble in their lower halves. Possessing dome or cone- _ shaped roofs to their pits, the people would have had no need to dig deeper | than 5ft. or 6ft. to make their dwellings. But it was an economy of labour to make their stores deeper than this, because only one roof was required. | Pits that appeared to have been dwellings were about 6ft. deep, and possessed seats and recesses cut into their sides, and the filling was much | blacker and contained more pottery and tools, while the floor was usually 62 An Inhabited Site of La Tene I. Date on Swalloweliffe Down. covered by a layer of “dirt.” We found that even without crouching on our haunches, as we suppose these villagers did, four of us could have our lunch with comfort in these pits. Four fragments of human skull and part of a humerus were found in the top soil of the pits. The burial places and rubbish heaps of these people have not yet been located. At Park Brow, Mr. Garnet R. Wolseley found “five large excavated areas about 2ft. deep and of roughly rectangular plan.” ‘They contained six post holes about 2ft —3ft. deep, and he considers them to be the sites of wattle and daub huts (Antequarzes’ Journal, vol. iv., p. 348). Wefound three rectangular shallow excavations of approximately 20ft. in length. There were no post holes in two of them and not a scrap of pottery or bone, no wattle and daub, and no black earth. It was surprising to discover that there were no calcined flints, which were so numerous in all other parts of the site. From this evidence we come to the conclusion that they must have been used as granaries. The smallest one contained all the indicia of a cooking place :—pot-boilers, animal bones, charcoal, and shards of pottery. THe DitcH. This ditch bounds the southern half of the site. On the east where it ends abruptly it has been mutilated by flint diggers. Its middle portion has been destroyed by the old coach road. The western third, which lies beyond the fence dividing the parishes of Ansty and Swalloweliffe, is well preserved and terminates somewhat suddenly after swerving inwards to avoid a round barrow. It was here that we cut our best section. There is no distinct vallum on the surface, and the ditch is now wide and shallow. The diagram (Plate 2) shows that the sides are very steep near the narrow bottom. They were probably steep all the way up when first made before any silting had taken place It appears to have been defensive. Pitt- Rivers showed that silting was very rapid during the first few years (£z., iv., p- 24), hence the foot of chalk rubble above the floor would have accumulated soon after the ditch was made. The black layer with its La Tene pottery and fragment of hematited ware must have beenideposited by the inhabitants of the village. This layer contained charcoal, many burnt flints and black earth, and appeared to be the remains of a squatting site. A blue glass bead (Plate VII.) was found at the edge of the black layer. This ditch, then, can safely be dated as contemporaneous with the village. 7 THe “ CIRcUs.” This semi-circular earthwork (see map) is separated from the village by the ridgeway on to which it abuts. It is 120ft. long and 70ft. wide. . Super- ficially it is a regular cup-shaped structure, bounded by a wide bank with- out any corresponding ditch outside. The grass over the centre does not differ in texture, colour, or luxuriance from that on the surrounding down. The centre is 2ft. below the natural level of the ground. We cut a section (Plate 2) through this earthwork so as to pass through the centre, and another trench at right angles to it into the lowest part. By B. C. C. Clay. 63 Besides these, we made several trial holes. We found the “hard” im- mediately beneath the turf near the centre, and as we approached the vallum we came upon an increasing depth of chalk rubble between the turf and the gradually rising level of the natural undisturbed chalk. Altogether we obtained a few sheeps’ teeth and a small fragment of bone, no pot- boilers, and only two small pieces of La ‘Tene pottery—the latter in the vallum near the old turf line. ‘There was no black earth, the criterion of a former inhabited spot, nor was there any puddled clay lining to the “hard.” There was no central pit or heap of ashes. ‘The bank was formed of the chalk excavated from the centre. From the evidence one can deduce that this carefully planned structure was used neither as a dwelling, a cooking place, a cattle kraal, nor as a catchment pond. It was probably the village moot, as Mr. Hadrian Alleroft suggests all such structures were (Brighton & Hove Archeologist, No. 2, pp. 29—40). His statement on page 39, “The Celt had his own moots, of his own peculiar kind or kinds, long before he made acquaint- ance with the Romans . . . and in the centre of his cruc was finally the very same pit whereat he made sacrifice to his reputed ancestors ” is not verified by our excavations. We searched for such a place of sacrifice without success. Portion of Wooden Loom Frame, Swallowcliffe Down. 3 64 An Inhabited Site of La Tene I. Date on Swalloweligfe Down. TABLE OF THE PITS. O=a total absence. an amount slightly above the average. += N=the amount found in an average pit. Sc=scanty. Remarks Bronze hook, bone gouge, human bones qneq 7 apse 0 SUSUR 7, euojspurg suleng? © SJYSIOM ro) wl00'] Jeouryp siglog 0d, sou0g jeuluy Se Wd JOON = fe) Ss NN 5 oe a = oa = (cb) ° = wor 5 os | fe) e | o a a) 0 = — N 5 bs! o = S 1 oye) — ro) fas} fo) oO ple) nS = 2 P=) — «as oa So ) 2 5 oS ele, a 3 on = om ae ee a ee eee oe 83 oa Sam aie se) SS = ay aeaaq° a aia = as) S 2 a SO OTe a ©) ae rom '@) PQ AQ pacar (23) (SO) £8 + + coo FSS eS SS SOSO 4999 FLOSS wtttaotgtattate+aaatt DO OCOCHOOCSOSOSOOMNDSOSOSOSOSS HOD ON BZHORNAOMPNOOOOONT +ZERHS +44 zRAR+Rn0 122% ZtPZtARnzt+RAaAnnatnotnat+es NE DEO Dp) CO NE at SSO Oe rasa SC CO HHH SH OH AO HO WO Ht] OD OMMATDMADAODHAONWVMWANWOONG sc =) eS psec mecca east) 1) sil CoS) 52) SiS) eS CnOORRMRNAHOMMOHROOOCTOCONYS La eS re i BY 10 6 19 10 O19 6 O19 CO HO 6 19 1010 I deoys JO s[esueqeyoul peaoois ¢ ‘aqe(d ezuo1g ‘quiod euog sjusUIsely UOIT ‘ud 9zZuOIg [AoymM-o[putds yleyo ‘utd uojT Avjo Jo [Tq ‘au0q paysiomM ‘[Me QuOg ‘asluy qliy [Hoya-orpuids y/eqO 65 qoI[Ng SUIT uid uodI ‘asnos ouog uid auog ‘uid worl ‘{o001q UO1T [4oym-ofpurds Y[PYo “4a[uq sulys ‘peoq ssejs ‘Tae euog ‘s9snos aug g ‘QUOD SUIAA [Zoya -e[pulds y[eyo ‘4ve79 uodl ‘uid uoJT joqm-o[purds yyeqO [feu uodl “seis ezuoig “4ya][Nq suI[g Aelo poyequn Jo [jeg sadnos 9u0g Z J40ym-o[pulds yey ‘yooo1g uo] [1oqm-e[pulds y[eys ‘peeq sse[H By hh. C. C. Clay. Sull Josuly QUO paylo [4oqa -a[puids yyeyo ‘jme euog ‘ajiuy uoJT [Me UOIT Jo[NWUY “SyIVUley >) MoO 1d Hrd cococt Se Go)! oAanNaN + oe HOMNIMOAH COMI 10 19 10 HK H19 ooeoox © 6910 OOO maaAO Mid I9 OCOnAKROD HM RRAAMO AAO SCOono NA Ne) oO x am Tl HD © 69 10 HAD HH 29 210 —H OD C019 hr OM © eH re TO 6 16 19 210 BR WH 10 20 We) © 6 19 6 1D SH COIN io) Soo mNooo =aO0O7' @ 1D M2D HwWAROOOnR™M See GSS eooeooeo4s Ss o oA) AA + S om eOmo ons SONMr~ DOCOMO RAAWOM x yjsuey™ 43 6 6 10 ey 45 bx 60 20 pee Oreo ta woo'y yidaq suing ORO NAH OnONOAHN 91978 M pewiuy UIPIM siiod 0d AAD qneqd » sqyustUsael sUuojspuRg SIUSIOM sou0g VOL. XLIIIL—NO. CXLII. 66 An Inhabited Site of La Tene I. Date on Swalloweliffe Down. [Joy m-s[purds yleyH | wnIp yleqo ‘aAIt UOMI ‘o[psesu pue asnos su0g 3 Ve Suljs ‘ojpoou pue [Me ‘esnos euog [JOyM-o[puids yleyo “[Ae ouog APY Peyton utd uoJy sjloyM-a[purds Avlo pue yyeqo euog peyxIos ‘yoo [[Iq uo ‘quiod suog [Me auog [Me ou0g yesrey -BjoU paaoois ‘[oYA-a[pulds y[VeYyO qo[[Nq sus ‘s[Me ou0g Z QU0q payx1Om ‘yvo][9 UOII ‘sels oZUOIg "sy IVUley + + mBOoooGFo mAt-OOCSCY FCOCCHSOOOS CO HO +Htt+4+ +] gtd Z 0 IT 0 0) G 0 0 0 0 0 0 1) T 0 0 0 0 6 0 G G 0) & 0) G \e) ® aTFIeM §, Ud SEI] euojspucg & o tet) S os Z tA ++2R84018+ 2B og + 12 Oo oO me Foe en bo) Loon lio pal 19 CO1NID Ee «WOO AAAO wWwitnmrmio.owFdsrne wR WW a es 1D 6020129200 — OD SASH SH SH HON 10 10 210 SH SH SH CO to too DOmAnNMre WOOOH OCMORMWMHMON o> ai SCSacwtwor~ SO QI 20 Ht OD SOOIrw FNWMHMeK OD i=) yysuey ™ S uydeq: OID HOAeO wW19W1OAAO oOMrROnRAWIOMR IOP 100% SEROONOwW AHHOHTD OMRUOGDOCOH ODN WO Comet om WIPIM | ra Cy 67 [Me uody [ME oguogd [Me UOIT quioo euog e[puey euog euoqd peyiom ‘uid uolyT auo0g Pay1O AA quod peyiomM ‘oTIUy qti ‘[M~e ouOg esnos su0g q9[[Nq Suljs ‘ojpuey suog Url, UOLT S[RSIVJVJOU POAOOIS Z [4oyM-a[purds yyeyo ‘elim ezuoiq ‘esnos osuog jAoy a -9[pulds y[eYo ‘ouog pexiom [Me su0g auog pey1O MA QU0g PaydO AA Quod PayzsO AA qea[o UOIT YUI[ UOIT ‘[Me oUOg By B.C. C. Clay. ‘SyIe Wey ocoorcooceoo —) —_> ocoTooo eo ©Cooot + 0 0 99 N og 49 0 L£ II 9 29 0 0 99 N N g FP p> fh 0 Ff G6 9S 0 0 dS ate og GG 6 4 G 8 16 ce SG g N + + GY 9 9 6 9 06 =P v6 l ap ae = 0, 2¢ Ol 8 yr 9 68 0 0 0 0 a9 99 9 § € 9 @ Gg 88 =F G g 9S a0 aye) g9 g 9 & 9 &g 18 ap G 0 9S 99 99 y WV 9 P¥ Q Ff 98 N 0 g ats 99 09 @) & 9 § G P Gg a) 0 @) ‘09 oS 9S I, g ¢ o © FS + T 0 N N ats ey, HY OL g €8 aa 0 0 99 99 aS y YW 0 ¢ G9 G8 Ste G G N ae + G 9 9 9 6 g 18 “iP G 0 =F = 98 IZ ti 8 OL € 08 st 0 0 + + te Gas ip @ G7 6 98 0 0 9S =e 9S Srey IL ¥ 8 8 + G G ap cp =P N 0 g B @ 9 LL 9g 0) ) a9 a9 =P ey 0 g 6. 6 OL 99 0 0 99 aT og LG L i g CG) + ) T ap ar Slaate 99 6 & 0 ¢ 9 VL 9S 0) G 9S 09 99 th Ae 0 W 0 € &Z 9S O O 9S N 9S O ¢ VG Gc ¢ GL 9S 0 0 ots ate 28 8 OL ¢ eg iV “UL ‘Ty UL “4 ‘ul “9 we 5 y g = = g s ea 3 = 3 oo 5 = ce = ° Be 2 2 3 : {i 68 An Inhabited Site of La Tene I. Date on Swallowcliffe Down. A MORE DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE MOST INTERESTING PITS. Pit No. 8. The shape is best described as like that of an egg with a waist. Possibly the pit was originally circular and afterwards an extension was made to the north. Pit No. 12. On the north wall there were two small recesses with flat bottoms at a height of 3ft. from the floor. Pit No. 13. Starting from the east wall at a height of 4ft. from the floor, a ramp or slope 4ft. 6in. wide reaches the turf-line at a distance of 10ft. from the pit. Pit No. 15. A seat or ledge 2ft. wide and 3ft. from the floor ran round the northern wall for a distance of 4ft. At the western end there was a. cavity in the wall at the back of the seat. This was full of ashes and some burnt flints and was evidently a hearth. Pits Nos. 16,17, and 18. The first two were circular and intersected so that the width of the communication was 3ft. 6in. ‘The walls of No. 17 curved inwards and the floor was basin-shaped, and there was a step down of 1ft. to reach the floor of No.16. A partition 2ft. 6in. high and 2ft. 6in. wide divided Nos. 16and18. The top of this wall on the northern side was worn away to a depth of 5in. as if by the legs of persons climbing over it. Pit No. 21. On the west side there was a recess or sleeping bunk 4ft. din. long, 3ft. 3in. wide at a height of 3ft. from the floor. Pit No. 22. ‘There was a shovel-shaped hearth of clay in the centre at a depth of 3ft. 6in. It was 3ft. wide and the same in length. The clay was 3in. thick. It was banked up with large pieces of sandstone and much clean chalk. On it and above it were many cartloads of wood ashes. It appears that the pit was originally 7ft. 3in. deep, and that the walls were cut back to obtain chalk to make the foundation and banking for the hearth The floor of the pit was at too great a depth for an efficient hearth. Pit No. 26. At a height of 2ft. 9in. above the floor on the west side was. a seat 4ft. 2in. long and 2ft. 9in. wide. Pit No. 28. This was originally circular, and the owner had begun to enlarge it. On the north, west, and south the upper half of the walls had been roughly cut back for an average distance of 2ft. The chalk of the lower half of the sides had been loosened but not removed. ‘The floor was clean except for a small heap of charcoal in the south end, on which were two bones of a pig, probably the dinner of the workman. Pit No. 80. ‘There was a seat or ledge 3ft. from the floor on the south and east sides. Its average width was 3ft. Pit No. 38. Connected with No. 86 on the south by means of an opening in the adjoining walls. As the latter was only 4ft. 6in. in height, there was a drop of 2ft. 7in. to reach the floor of No. 38. Pit No. 40. There was a layer, lft. 6in. deep, of pure loom-weights resting on greensand and filling up the lower half of this pit. Most of the weights were broken by the heat of the fires made by the second inhabitants. over the partly silted-up pit. All were of one and the same ty pe—roll-shaped. and nicely smoothed. On top of the sand, which was 3in. deep, lay a. spindle-whorl of chalk. ‘This was evidently a store for loom-weights and. By Rh. C. C. Clay. 69 the greensand acted not only asa soft bed for the weights, but also promoted drainage and so lessened the risk of frost splitting the chalk objects. Pit No. 45. At a depth of 5ft. we found a great quantity of whole and broken loom-weights. They rested on a thin layer of greensand and were all of one type. Immediately beneath them was a perfect weaving comb of antler. The number of top ends of weights showing complete holes was twenty-two. Above them were three broken grooved metatarsals of sheep. On the floor was a large fragment of charred wood, which had been worked, and which was doubtless the end of an upright of a loom (see Plate, p. 63), It was very friable and could not be removed whole. However, we were able to measure it and draw it 77 situ. Near this and also on the south side of the pit, was a worked poleinacharred condition. Its diameter was 1din. Ifthe loom had been placed just outside the pit on the south side and had caught on fire, supposing that the wind blew from the prevailing quarter—the south- west—then the top of the loom would fall into the southern half of the pit. Pit No. 49. Contained a clay hearth. Pit No. 54. A great quantity of animal bones were in this pit :—the skulls of four cows, two horses, one sheep, and one dog, lying close to- gether. Pit No. 54. This joined with No. 59 on the west. There was a clay hearth in the centre of the former at a depth of 3ft. 6in. Pit No. 64. There was a long curved recess in the north wall, 4ft. long, 3ft. 6in. wide, and of an average depth of 2ft. Pit No. 66. Contained a clay hearth. Pit No. 68. ‘The upper halves of the walls had been knocked in by the people of the second habitation to lessen the depth, which was originally Vit. llin. Pit No. 70. At first circular, it had been enlarged to the north so that its final shape was that of an egg. Pit No. 74. On the west side the wall has been much undercut. The roof of this pit had evidently caught on fire. Much daub showing the grooves and stains caused by the charred wattle was found with the stick marks lying undermost. Pit No. 77. Ata height of 7ft. from the floor on the north-west side was a flat-bottomed recess with slightly incurving roof. Its width was 2ft. 8in. and its depth 1ft. 10in. Pit No. 80. Very many tertiary pebbles, too small for use as sling bullets, were found at one level. Pit No. 81. The walls curved inwards very much, so that the shape was that of a basin. Pit No. 87. ‘This was very circular, and connected with No. 88 on the _west. A partition 3ft. 6in. wide, 4in. thick, and 2ft. 6in. high separated | them. On the west and north sides of No. 88 was a large flat-bottomed eu ledge or platform at an average depth of 3ft. beneath the turf line. Pit No. 89. A long trench with sloping sides, 7ft. ‘wide and 21ft. in oe ran due north from this pit. On the south side was a step 2ft. above | the floor. | | 70 An Inhabited Site of La Tene I. Date on Swallowcliffe Down. Post HoLE SITUATED IN SQUARE 21 MN. Depth of humus, 8in. Depth of hole in chalk, 1ft. 10in. Diameter of hole, 1ft. lin. Bottom slightly basin-shaped. The walls on the N.W., W., and S.W. were straight sided. On the east the side had been somewhat broken away. A large piece of wattle and daub was onthe floor. Although we trenched in all directions, yet we found no other holes or signs of a hut. THE POTTERY. All the pottery is hand-made. Taken as a whole, it is coarse in quality and roughly finished. The predominant type is a tall narrow vessel with plain flat rim, straight vertical neck, high shoulder, and slightly-curved sides tapering to a flat base. It is brown in colour, unpolished, and con- tains many large fragments of pounded flint. It has been roughly tooled or smoothed with the fingers, and badly baked. Nearly 90 % conforms to this type. Pieces of flint, lin. in length, have been noticed in some of the best specimens. Pounded shell and fragments of some ferruginous stone and black vegetable matter are often seen in the paste. Perforated bases are absent. Two specimens of vertically pierced lugs were found. Neither were countersunk. No bead rims have been found, nor any pottery similar to the Glastonbury and Hunsbury types. On the other hand, fragments of fine hematite coated ware with linear ornamentation incised after baking were noticed in almost every pit. One such piece had an omphaloid base, another a slight cordon. Ornamentation is scarce and consists principally of finger tip impressions on the rim or on the shoulder. Thus, from the pottery alone, the site can be dated as La Tene I.—after the Halstatt period and before La Tene II., with its early hand-made bead rims and well-tooled pottery with soapy feel. The finding and re-construction of a “ waster” supports the theory that pottery was made on the spot. The bone implements B. 66, B. 67, and B. 68 were probably used for ornamenting pottery. Three pieces of Romano-British ware came from the upper layers of the pits, and though another fragment was found at a depth of 24ft., yet there is no doubt that it had been carried down in one of the many rabbit holes. Puate IV. Fig. 1. Large urn of light brown, coarse, sandy ware. Surface rough The rim, rudely moulded with the fingers, is slightly everted and flat topped. — It has a short neck somewhat curved, a slight shoulder and bellied sides and flat base. Height 114in. Diam. at rim 10%in. Diam. at base 6in. Found in No.4. The slope of the fracture of the fragments indicates that _ the paste was put on in layers and smoothed in an upward direction. | Fig. 2. Vessel of blue-grey ware, black at the top, containing very large | pieces of flint up to lin. in length. Surface rough and finished by wiping | with a wisp of fine grass. Rim flat, short neck and slight shoulder, and | nearly straight sides and spreading base. Height 103in. Diam. at rim 83in- | Diam. at base 43in. Found in No. 12. Compare All Cannings Cross, Pl. | 30, fig. 2. Fig. 3. A vessel of coarse brown sandy paste, with very rough surface, | slightly flattened rim, small neck and shoulder, and straight sides. Height | By k. C. C. Clay. ya | 104in. Diam. at rim 8in. Diam. at base, 6in. Found in No. 49. Compare All Cannings, Pl. 29, fig. 8. Fig. 4. Bowl of red-brown gritty ware. The rim thin, flat topped, and everted. High round shoulder, curving sides, and an incipient pedestalled base. The surface has been tooled. Height 7in. Diam. at rim 64in. Diam. at base 4in. Found in No. 15. Compare Fifield Bavant (W.A.d, vol. xlii., No. 140, Pl. VII., No. 4). Fig. 5. Vessel with flat rim, short vertical neck, high shoulder and straight sides. Finger nail ornamentation on the rim. - Colour light brown. Surtace rough. The paste contained many pieces of chopped straw and some grain. The marks of this can be seen on the two surfaces, where it has been burnt out during firing. Height 6in. Diam. at rim 43in. Diam. at base 4in. Found in No. 32. Compare Park Brow, fig. 13 (Antiquartes’ Journal, vol. iv., No. 4, p. 355); also All Cannings, Pl. 39, fig. 6. Fig. 6. Elegant vase of brown ware with tooled surface. The rim is rounded and sloping outwards. Shoulders high and rounded and sides tapering to a hollow foot-ring, above which is a cordon. Height 6$in. Diam. at rim 63in. Diam. at base 34in. Found in No. 45. This vessel resembles in type some from the Marne. Fig. 7. Vessel of light brown ware with rough surface. Rim uneven and everted, shoulder slight and sides somewhat curved. Height 1lin. Diam. at rim 63in. Diam. at base 44in. Found in No. 4. Compare All Cannings, Pl. 29, fig. 10. Fig. 8. Small bowl with a dark brown tooled surface. Rim flat topped and sides rounded. Height 34in. Diam. at rim 33in. Diam. at base 24in. Found in No. 14. It is similar in some respects to a Saxon type. Fig. 9. Tall vessel of light brown ware. Surface roughly smoothed with the finger. Rim flat topped, with slight neck and shoulder, Sides straight and the base flat. Height 104in. Diam. at rim 73in. Diam. at base 5in. Found in No, 12. Compare All Cannings, Pl. 30, fig. 2. | PLATE V. Fig. 1. Portion of a vessel, brown on the outside and red inside. Flat rim, straight vertical neck.and high shoulder. Surface rough to the touch. Diam. at rim 113in. Similar types have been found at Fifield Bavant (W.A.M., vol. xlit., Pl. VIIT., type I.). Fig. 2. Part of a vessel of red brown ware, blacker neartherim. Outer surface well tooled, inner rough and lighter in colour. Thin lip, vertical neck and slight shoulder, Diam. atrim 9in. Compare All Cannings P). 29, fig. 7. Fig. 3. Differs from Fig. 1 in that the neck is not so vertical and the surface, moulded with the fingers, is rougher. Diam. of rim I14in. Fig. 4. Upper part of a vessel of gritty ware, with a roughly tooled brown surface. Rim rounded and slightly everted. Diam. at rim 84in. Compare: Fifield Bavant, W.A.M., xlii., Pl. V., fig. 6, and Ali Cannings, PI. 38, fig. 2. This type is probably the ancestor of the hand-made bead rim of La Tene II. Fig. 5. Portion of a well-shaped vessel of coarse brown ware. Flat rim, 72 An Inhabited Site of La Tene I. Date on Swalloweliffe Down, well defined neck, and rounded high shoulder. Diam. at rim 113in. Com- pare a vessel from Park Brow (Antéguartes’ Journal, vol. iv., No. 4, fig. 2). This type may be derived from the hematited carinated bowls, fragments of which were found at this site and were so common at All Cannings. Fig 6. Portion of a vessel of dark brown coarse micaceous ware with a few rough tool marks on the outer surface, which appears to have a thin slip. Rim flat topped, somewhat everted, and the neck is slight. Sides rounded. Diam. at rim 8#in. Fig 7. Part of a rough-surfaced vessel of brown gritty ware. The lip is everted and slightly flattened on top. Diam. at rim 64in. Compare All Cannings, Pl. 29, fig. 7. Fig. 8. Portion of a vessel showing signs of much burning on the outside, 4 a cooking pot. Surface rough. Paste gritty. Diam. at rim 6in. Com- pare Pifield Bavant, W.A.M., xlii., Pl. IV., fig. 9, and All Cannings, P1. 29, fig. 9. Fig. 9. Upper part of a vessel of dark, sandy, gritty paste. Lip rounded and somewhat inverted. A neck has been formed by pinching it in all round with the finger and thumb. The outer surface is uneven and has many marks on it which appear to have been caused by fragments of chaff in the paste being burnt out during the firing. Diam. at rim 53in. Fig. 10. Part of a vessel of red brown ware having a rough exterior with a few irregular toolings. Rim flat, everted, short curved neck passing into a rounded side. Diam. of rim 2in. Compare Fifield Bavant, W A.J, xlii., Pl. IV., fig. 10 and Pl. IV,, fig. 3. Fig. 11. Portion of a narrow vase, red to black, of smoothed surface and gritty paste. Diam. at rim 3tin. For profile compare All Canmngs, lei sill, ines, 4), Fig. 12. Portion of a cooking pot of dark brown ware containing large pieces of pounded flint. Surface rough and shaped with a knife. The rim is flat and everted. Diam. at rim 62in. Fig. 13. Fragment of a large vessel with expanded and flattened rim. The ware is brown and sandy, and the exterior has been shaped by longi- tudinal sweeps of a knife. Diam. at rim 1lin. Compare Fifield Bavant, W.AM,, xlii., Pl. VIL, fig. 18. Fig. 14. Top part of a vessel of dark brown gritty paste. ‘Tooled outer surface. Rim flat topped and everted and the sides well rounded. Diam. at rim 64in. PuaTE VI. Fig. 1. Portion of a vessel of very coarse dark ware, with rough surface. The rim is flat topped and the marks of the fingers that moulded the neck are still visible. Diam. at rim 63in. Fig. 2. Part of a bowl of gritty light to dark brown ware with rough surface. Slightly rounded lip, somewhat everted and a pronounced high shoulder. Diam. at rim 6in. Fig. 3. Fragment of a vessel of dark brown ware. The surface is uneven but well tooled. Rim everted, shoulder high and rounded. Diam. at rim Tin. | Fig. 4. Portion of a vase of brown sandy ware with smoothed surfaces. — | ! | | | { } | | By R. C. C. Clay. 73 Shoulder ornamented with a row of finger nail marks. This type of deco- ration was common at All Cannings and was found at Fifield Bavant. Diam. at rim 53in. Fig. 5. Portion of a vessel of black ware. The surface has been roughly tooled. The rim is slightly flattened and there are vertically pierced lugs that are not countersunk and show no bulge on the inside. Diam. at rim 43in. Compare Fifield Bavant, W.A.d,, xlii., Pl. VL., fig. 11. Fig. 6. Fragment of a bowl] of well-baked dark ware containing some large pieces of flint. The outside has been coated with haematite and has a smooth surface. ‘he square shoulder is without ornamentation. Inthe angle of the neck is a zonal incised line, above and below which are alter- nating panels of seven slightly radiating incised lines, the lower ones reaching to the top of the square shoulder. ‘These incisions were made with a pointed tool after firing. Diam. at shoulder 6fin. Several fragments of similar bowls were found. ‘This type was common at All Cannings (PI. 58) and at Hengistbury (Class A.), and was present at Fifield Bavant. Fig. 7. Portion of a bowl of dark sandy paste with smoothed surfaces. There are some irregular shallow furrows made by some blunt pointed tool. Although the profile of the bow] resembles some from Glastonbury, yet the lack of precision and raggedness of the ornamentation is quite dissimilar. Diam. at rim 4¢in. Fig. 8. Portion of a dish of dark brown sandy ware. The surfaces are well tooled and have a slightly soapy feel. Lip flatand spreading. Diam. at rim 10in. One dish was found at All Cannings. At Glastonbury six shallow dishes were found, two of them associated with large quantities of grain. Fig. 9. Top of a large vessel with everted lip and rounded sides. The paste contains many large pieces of flint. ‘The fragments had been thrown on a fire and the surfaces had cracked over the flint particles. Rim orna- fea with a row of equally spaced finger tip impressions. Diam. at rim 92in. Fig. 10. Portion of a vessel of well-baked black gritty ware, with a nicely tooled brown outer surface, the inner being black. Below the neck some very faint furrows forming a lattice pattern. Diam. at rim 94in. For _ design compare All Cannings, PI. 36, fig. 8. Hig. 11. Part of a cooking pot of coarse ware, the upper portion being _ covered with soot. Surfaces rough, rim flat, everted and ornamented with | a row of equally spaced finger tip impressions. Diam. at rim 73in. Fig. 12. Portion of a vessel of dark coarse ware. Below the lip is a row _ of finger tip impressions, caused by the potter, with one finger inside and his thumb outside the pot, squeezing in and pressing down at the same time so that some of the paste is pushed on in front of his thumb. A corresponding Mark is on the inner surface. Diam. at rim 74in. ORNAMENTED POTTERY. The following types were found :— Fragment with zig-zag ornament. Compare All Cannings, Pl. 34, fig. 9. Irregular zig-zag. 74 An Inhabited Site of La Tene I. Date on Swalloweliffe Down. Fragment with rows of finger nail marks below the lip and on the shoulder. Compare All Cannings, Plate 39, fig. 6. Row of finger tip impressions on the shoulder. Commonat Al] Cannings, Hengistbury, and Park Brow. Large finger nail marks on the shoulder. Irregular finger tip impressions. Expanded and flattened rim, ornamented with a clean cut furrow, in the form of equal chevrons or zig-zag. Ogsect oF Gotp—Puate VII. G.I. A finger ring of bronze, coated with a thin layer of gold. Inter- locking notched ends allowed the ring to expand to slip on to the finger. External diam, 20mm. Thickness 10mm. Width 2mm. Found in No. 27. Opsecrs oF BronzE—Puiate VII. A. I. A bronze awl with flattened tang. The shaft, square in cross section, tapers to a blunt point which shows signs of much wear. The tang has a rounded chisel end. Length 50mm. Maximum width 6mm. Found in No, 22. A bronze awl of the same size, but with a squarer end to the flat tang, has been found at Ham Hill, Somerset. A similar tool, but larger, was found in a round barrow at Thorndon, Suffolk (Evans’ Bronze, p. 189). Another has recently been discovered at Stonehenge. Another from the Lake of Bourget is figured in Keller’s Lake Dwellings, vol. 11., Pl. CLVIIL, fig. 16. Two implements from All Cannings (PI. XIX., figs. 3 and 4) are of the same type but slightly larger. These awls belong to Dr. Thurnam’s Class 1 (Archxologia, vol. xliii., p. 464), A. 2. Bronze hook and plate. ‘otal length 34mm. The flat plate— 19mm. X 17mm.—has rounded corners and is ornamented on the front side by an incised line close inside the borders. It has three round-headed rivets whose shanks on the under side are rivetted over bronze circular washers of 6mm. diameter. The shaft of the hook is flat on the under side and slightly rounded on the upper, and is enlarged at its junction with the plate. ‘The rivets appear to have fixed the object to a piece of thin leather. Found in No. 1. It was probably the fastening of a belt. An “iron girdle hook” was found in the La Tene lake village at Uhldingen. A. 3. Pin of a penannular brooch. It is of the arched type. A com- plete brooch was found at All Cannings (?]. XVIII, fig. 1.). Found in No. 44, he pins of the earlier brooches of this type are more often arched than straight. A. 4. | 82 An Inhabited Site of La Tene I. Date on Swalloweliffe Down. but larger and with longitudinal perforations, have been found. This object was just under the turf between Nos. 56 and 58. OpseEcts oF IRoON—PLATE XI. BROOCHES. C. 36. Iron fibula of La Tene I. type. The arched back is oval in cross section. The foot comes sharply back at an angle of 35 degrees, to end in a shallow cup-shaped expansion. ‘The spring is of four coils and the loop is brought over outside. ‘There is an iron rivet. Total length 92mm. Found in No. 30 at a depth of 1ft. Gin. ©. 37. Iron fibula of late La Tene I. type. The back is ribbed and the bow has been flattened. ‘The foot curves back to end in a small and a large flat disc and is fastened to the back by a thin coil of iron wire. ‘The spring has been compressed laterally. It has an iron rivet and the loop passes round the back of the coil. Total length 95mm. Found in No. 37 ata depth of 1ft. 6in. Pins—Puate XI. C.1. Ring-headed pin with bent neck. Length 1l1lmm. Diameter of ring, 29mm. Average thickness of shaft,4mm. Foundin No.15. A ring- headed pin with straight shaft was found at Fifield Bavant (W.A.J/., xlii., pl. xi., fig. 7). For an exhaustive account of these pins see All Cannings, p. 129. C.2. Small ring-headed pin with straight neck and square shoulder. The point is broken. Diameter of head, 15mm. Length of neck 16mm. Thickness of shaft, 23mm. ‘Total length, 50mm. Found in No. 43. ‘This type of pin appears to be derived from, and later than, the swan necks. C. 3. Swan-neck pin with flat head. ‘Total length 65mm. Length of head, 1lmm. Width of head, 7mm, Found in No. 41. Dechelette places — this type in Hallstatt II. A similar pin in bronze has been found at Meare. See also All Cannings, page 126. C, 4. Imperfect pin with square eionider The head and part of the neck are missing. Found in No. 86. Possibly similar to C. 2. Awits—Puare XI. | C.5. Awl rounded near the point but otherwise square in cross \ section. The tang is tapering. Length 155mm. Maximum thickness, | 6mm. Found in No. 16. It is possible that some of these awls are worn- | out files. C.6. Well preserved iron awl. It has never been hafted. One end is | slightly bent and the point flattened by use. It is square in cross section. | Length 140mm. Greatest width 8mm. Found in No. 89. | C. 7. Awl with rounded shaft and square tang. Length97mm. Greatest width 5mm. Found in No. 24. C.8. Similar tool to C. 7 but smaller. The point is missing. Found inj} No. 98. | Bit Hook—Puate XI. | C. 9. Bill hook with folded over socket. It differs from those found at} | By B.C. C. Clay. 83 Glastonbury in that the blade makes a gentle curve from the socket and does not go up straight to form a right angle with the point. There are several pieces broken off. No rivet holes can be seen; there might have been one in the missing fragment from the butt. Length 105mm. Greatest width of blade 87mm. Width of socket 31mm. Found in No. 57. MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS OF [RON—PLATE XI. C. 10. Cleat. Length 30mm. Greatest width 13mm. Found in No. 72. A similar object was found at Fifield Bavant. Their presence here proves that they were in use several centuries before the Romano-British period. ©. 11. Similar object. Length 28mm. Greatest width 14mm. Found in No, 35. ©. 12. Iron rivet with flat circular head. The bolt is cylindrical and 18mm. inlength. Diam. of head 10mm. Diam. of bolt 4mm. Found in No. 68. C. 18. Small rivet or hob-nail. Flat head. Found in No. 33. C. 14. Iron nail with bent shaft which is rectangular in section. Length in a straight line 24mm. [ound in No, 44. ©. 15. Nail similar to C. 14. ©. 16. Ferrule. External diam. 35mm. Depth 10mm. Thickness of metal 3mm. Found in No. 41. C.17. Flat strip of iron expanding towards the ends, with an iron nail through a hole 10mm. from each extremity. ‘Total length 77mm. Width at ends 17mm. Width in middle 9mm. ‘Thickness 2mm. Found in No, 38. Possibly a fixing on a wooden shield. A similar object was found at All Cannings (Pl. XXI,, fig. 11). ©. 18. Similar object. Length 55mm. Width at ends 10mm. Width in middle 6mm. ‘Thickness 14mm. Found in No. 44. ©. 19. Similar object. Length 50mm. Width at ends 10mm. Width in middle 8mm. Thickness Imm. C. 20. Knife with straight edge and slightly convex back, in this respect resembling the Saxon rather than Early Iron Age types. ‘The tang is flat. tapers to the end and is slightly curved. The end is flattened antero- posteriorly as if to prevent its slipping out of the handle. Total length 158mm. Length of blade 62mm. Max. width of blade 18mm. Found in No, 25. C. 21. Iron link. External diam. 36mm. Thickness of metal 4mm. Found in No. 71. C. 22. Iron link. External diam. 49mm. Thickness of metal 5mm. Found in No. 80. C. 23. Object of unknown use, possibly portion of a small bridle bit. | Length 58mm. ©. 24. Strap shaped piece of iron bent into a ring at one end. Length | 60mm. External diam. of ring 9mm. Found in No. 35. C. 25 to C. 85. Various fragments of iron. | ©. 38 to C. 43. Lumps of iron pyrites with flat broken surfaces showing | Signs of having been struck by flints to produce fire (Plate XIII). @ yy) 84 An Inhabited Site of La Tene I. Date on Swallowelifie Down. OBJECTS oF CHALK. LooM-wEIGHts—PuatTeE XII. Loom-weights were found in 35 (38 %) of the 93 pits excavated. They were all of chalk and none had been hardened by scorching as was the case at Fifield Bavant. The number of perfect weights, and those in which the perforation was intact, was 82. ‘The manufacture of loom-weights was no specialized craft, each man apparently making enough for his own require- ments, and according to his own pattern. - Without exception the weights in any one pit were of the same type and the perforations had been made in the same way. In some they were formed from rough unshaped lumps of chalk with a hole chiselled out from both surfaces. In others they had been shaped and carefully smoothed into a roll or pyramidal form with a perforation bored from both sides or chiselled and then finished by boring. The shape of 68 weights could be determined. Of these, 20 were pyramidal, 24 roll-shaped, 20 irregular, 2 triangular, 1 discoidal, and 1 pear-shaped. The perforations were intact in 82, and had been made in the following manners :—30 by boring only, 34 by chiselling or gouging only, and 18 by chiselling first followed by boring. In every case they were worked from Opposite sides. Two weights were holed from side to side through the greater thickness of the tapering heads. ‘The reason for this is not apparent, for there must have been a much greater risk of splitting the object. The shaping was done with a chisel—in one case with a knife—before the weight was smoothed (see W.A.M., xlii., p. 484). One of the irregular type showed marks which were probably caused by some form of pick when the lump was excavated first. In no case was the base flattened so that the weight could stand upright. Grooves caused by the warp threads were evident in 21 specimens. Of these 18 ran from the hole towards the top end of the weight, whilst 3 ran somewhat diagonally downwards (see AJ/ Cannings, 136, and W.A.M., xlii., p. 485). Pit No. 41, with the exception of its upper fourth, was filled with loom- weights which had been broken and damaged by the fires that had been lit on the thin soil above them. The floor of this pit was covered by a layer of greensand, the object of which was probably to promote drainage, and so lessen the risk of the weights being damaged by frost. On this layer of sand was found a spindle-whorl. ‘There were at least twenty-two loom- weights in No. 45, lying together with an antler weaving comb and part of a charred upright of a loom. In this case also the floor had a covering of greensand, thickest on one side. The seven weights in No. 31 were lying together in a row as if they had been placed there. SPINDLE-WHoRLS—PLatTE XIII. Only those objects of chalk that are more or less symmetrical and have a central perforation of cylindrical shape will be classified as spindle-whorls. In other words, only those objects of chalk that would be evenly balanced when securely fixed on a spindle. D. 9. Circular whorl with slightly convex upper and lower surfaces and rounded sides. Hole bored from both sides. Max. width 50mm. Max. depth 27mm. Ext. diam. of perforation 10mm. . By R. C. C. Clay. 85 D. 10. Nicely-smoothed whorl with nearly parallel surfaces and very rounded sides. Max. width 51mm. Max. depth 33mm. Ext. diam. of hole 9mm. D. 11. Whorl with slightly convex surfaces and rounded sides. The edges of the latter have been rounded with a knife. Max. width 44mm. Max. depth 25mm. Ext. diam of hole 8mm. D. 12. Whorl of similar shape. Max. width 47mm. Max. depth 26mm. Ext. diam. of hole 9mm. D.13. Whorl with nearly flat surfaces and slightly rounded sides. Max. width 41mm. Max. depth 2imm. Ext. diam. of hole 11mm. D. 14. Whorl with a convex upper and a flat lower surface and very rounded sides. Max. width 41mm. Max. depth 25mm. Ext. diam. of hole 9mm. D. 15. Half of a roughly-made whorl. Width54mm. Max. depth 30mm. Ext. diam. of hole 11mm. D. 16. Half of a whorl with one convex and one flattened surface, and roughly rounded sides. Knife marks are seen all over it. Hole is slightly countersunk. Width 69mm. Max. depth 22mm. D. 17. Half a whorl that has been roughly shaped with a knife. Hole somewhat countersunk. Width 69mm. Max. depth 24mm. D. 18. Whorl of chalk shaped like a reel of cotton. Max. width 35mm. Max. depth 27mm. Width at groove 28mm. Ext. diam. of hole 9mm. D. 20. Roughly-worked disc-shaped piece of chalk with a central per- foration which is somewhat ear-shaped in cross section, indicating that the drill was used in a to-and-fro motion. It is probably an unfinished spindle- whorl. DRILL STEADIERS!—PLatTE XIII. These roughly-shaped objects of chalk, with holes, often eccentric, on opposite sides, and which may or may not meet to form a perforation, are certainly not spindle-whorls. It has been suggested that they were used as drill-steadiers, or breast pieces of bow drills. The holes are always conical. See All Cannings, p. 139, and W.A.M., xlii., p. 487. D. 19. Roughly circular lump of chalk with a tapering hole on either side. ‘They do not meet. D. 21. Irregular lump of chalk with two holes, very conical and not opposite, that meet in the centre. D. 22. Flattened piece of chalk with a conical hole commenced on opposite sides. D. 23. Similar object. DD. 24. Roughly-shaped_ piece of chalk with two tapering holes meeting in the middle. D. 26. Irregular lump of chalk with tapering holes begun on opposite sides. D. 27. Piece of chalk roughly rounded and flattened by knife cuts. There jis a small hole commenced outside the centre on one side. On the other | there is a ring and dot mark, as if made with a pair of compasses. | D. 29. Large piece of chalk, 140mm. X 115mm., with a small tapering hole on each side. | | | | 86 An Inhabited Site of La Tene I. Date on Swallowcliffe Down. Sune BuLtets—Puiate XIII. Only six sling bullets, all of chalk, were found; but tertiary pebbles, which on account of their size and shape would have adequately answered the same purpose, were quite common. These latter must have been col- lected and brought to the site. D. 1. Length 49mm. Max. width 33mm. Weight 583 grains. Knife marks very evident on one side. D. 2. Length 46mm. Max. width 33mm. Weight 567 grains. Ends very pointed. D. 3. Length 483mm. Max. width 28mm. Weight 436 grains. D. 4, Length 39mm. Max. width 28mm. Weight 376 grains. D. 5. Length 42mm. Max. width 26mm. Weight 331 grains. D.6. Length 37mm. Max. width 26mm. Weight 325 grains. One end flattened. Shows many longitudinal scratch marks. Ossects or UNKNown Use—Ptuate XIII. D. 7. Cheese-shaped object of chalk. The sides are perpendicular to the base, but the upper surface is not parallel to the lower. In transverse section it is an exact circle. There are marks scratched by some sharp tool on all surfaces. It is not an unfinished spindle-whorl and may bea weight. Diam.38mm. Average height20mm. Weight 667 grains. Found in No, 68. D.8. Piece of chalk roughly shaped and slightly hollowed on the upper surface. In many respects it is similar to a miniature lamp of the Grime’s Graves type, but it is too small for sucha use. Greatest length 40mm. Average depth of sides 20mm. Depth in centre 14mm. Found in No. 63. A small fragment of flint broken off from the too] that was used to hollow out the centre is still embedded in the object. Probably it is unfinished. D.25, Piece of chalk, roughly rectangular, with a perforation countersunk on both sides. Length 60mm. Width 37mm. Depth 27mm. Possibly a weight. D. 28. Heart-shaped piece of chalk with a countersunk perforation near one edge. An amulet? : D. 30. Irregular piece of chalk with marks scratched by some sharp ~ implement on all surfaces. OpsEcTs of Ctay—Puate XIII. E. 1. Spherical ball of baked clay partly perforated with a hole 4mm in diameter. Found in No. 11. Diam. of ball 26mm. Depth of perforation 19mm. Similar objects have been found at Glastonbury, Meare, All Cannings, and Fifield Bavant. Probably the head of a pin. EK. 2. Spindle-whorl (?) of baked clay in the shape of a truncated cone. The base is flat, but the top is cupped. There is a perforation, bored from the base. This is so small that no spindle made of wood could have been used. On the other hand it may have been a weight. Height 28mm. Width at top 17mm. Width at base 85mm. Found in No. 60, Similar whorls have been found in the Highfield pits (Blackmore Museum) and at Park Brow, Sussex (Antiquaries’ Journal, vol. iv., No. 4, p. 857). Abroad | similar objects have been discovered at Troy. Col. Hawley suggests that | it might have been the wick-holder of alamp. A similar shaped specimen | By B.C. C. Clay. 87 of baked clay, but unperforated, was found inside an incense cup. An ornamented whorl of similar type came from Wollishofen, on the Lake of Zurich (Munro’s Lake Dwellings of Hurope, Fig. v., Nos. 15 and 16). From Ham Hill a whorl of clay differs from ours by having a straight neck. E. 3. Lump of pure clay that has been rolled into a ball, in the same way that a glazier rolls up a piece of spare putty. Impressions of the finger tips are seen all over the object. Average diameter 40mm. Found on the floor of No. 32. EK. 4. Similar object but smaller, Average diameter 12mm. Found in No. 52. OBJECTS OF STONE. The absence of flint tools was very striking. Although we were always on the look out for such objects, our total finds consisted of fifteen flakes and a rough strike-a-light found lying close to a piece of iron pyrites that had evidently been used. ‘The flakes can be divided up into two categories, patinated and unpatinated. The former are broad, with a dirty white colour, slight lustre, blunted edges, minute “ quicksilver” spots of polish, and no iron staining. They are without doubt the older of the two. The latter are of a mottled dove colour, without lustre, sharp at the edges, spotted with polish and without iron staining. They are made from very inferior, badly flaking material, obviously surface flint. These may be contemporary with the site. The early La Tene people of South- West Wilts were not flint users. It may be objected that they fabricated their implements at some spot away from this village, but even so they would have brought home the finished scrapers, knives, and so on. The two hundred tools of iron, bone, and bronze that we found were probably lost, and then, no doubt, searched for. If the inhabitants had been users of flint, they would surely have lost twenty flint awls for every iron one, and very likely would not have taken the trouble to try to find them again. Much of the downland near by is under cultivation, and after weeks of search over many miles of it I have found but a dozen flint implements worth picking up. North of the downs on the long greensand terrace, | there are many “camping grounds” of flint-using peoples. There the _ implements are all very lustrous and the material of good quality. With _ some exceptions, these sites are of Bronze Age date. At Hengistbury a | large number of flint artifacts were found at those spots where the greatest _ numbers of fragments of type A pottery occurred. “A number of flakes” | were discovered in the Early Iron Age pits at Winklebury by Gen. Pitt- tivers. An arrow head and many flint tools were obtained from the pits in Worlebury Camp. Several flint tools were found at Glastonbury and many more at Meare. Lately Mr. A. L. Armstrong has found in a Hallstatt squatting place over a mine at Grime’s Graves flints that are without doubt of that date. Communities in different districts at any one time may have lived under different conditions, especially at a date when there were many influxes of foreigners on the south coast. The people of this village on _Swallowcliffe Down used bone tools, and we found them: they used bronze | tools and we found them: they used iron toolsand we found them. There- fore we can infer that, if they had used flint tools, we should have found ; f : ad | ‘| | | 88 An Inhabited Site of La Tene I. Date on Swallowcliffe Down, them. ‘he neighbouring and contemporary village at Fifield Bavant yielded only two scrapers and a few flakes. Fifty-five whole, or fragments of querns, were found, and all, without exception, were of the early or saddle type. ‘They were made of green sandstone. At All Cannings a similar absence of querns of the rotary type was noticed. Several of the latter were found at Highfield and a few at Fifield Bavant. Hammerstones were not numerous. Half of them were of flint and the others of sandstone. Many beautiful examples of rubbers and whetstones were discovered. Some of them were so smooth that a modern razor could be ground on them. OBJECTS oF WooD—FIGURED ON PAGE 63. A triangular piece of charred oak 33in. thick, with two parallel flat surfaces. Length 104in. Width at base 74in. — Pierced near the point by a tapering hole, measuring 24in. X 2in. at its widest end. A worked pole of 14in. diameter was lying close by. Probably the top of an upright of a loom. Found with twenty-two loom-weights, a weaving comb, and three grooved metatarsals of sheep on the floor of No. 45. My thanks are due to Mr. F. W. Brickell and Mr. H. Mounty, for per- mission to excavate the site: to Mr. C. W. Pugh, for making the excellent drawings of the objects: to Mr. Wilfrid Jackson, M.Sc., Professor Sir Arthur Keith, F.R.S., Mr. H. Beck, F.S.A., Mr. A. H. Lyell, F.S.A., and Professor Sir R. H. Biffen, for their .reports: to Mrs. Cunnington, the authoress of All Cannings Cross, and the authors of The Glastonbury Lake Village, for much information and guidance: to Mr. 8S. Kerley and Mr. W. Young, for their skilful assistance in the excavations and valuable help in the restoration of the specimens ; and last, but not least, to those willing helpers who cheerfully did the “ filling in.” _ The whole of the objects found during the excavations of this site have been given to the Society’s Museum at Devizes, and are now on view there. REPORT ON THE GLAss BEADS FOUND AT THE SWALLOWCLIFFE Down VILLAGE SITE. By Horace W. Beck, F.S.A. Plate VII. The three beads found in your village are all different, but appear to be all of Cobalt glass. The bead with the eyes (F. 1) appears to be of the same glass as the darker one of the other two. It is of a type found at Arras, in Yorkshire. I think there is no doubt that it is a true stratified eye bead—that is to say, the eyes are made by first putting on a white patch and then a blue spot in the centre, on the top. I tested it by examining it with a very strong light and found that the bead was distinctly more opaque inside the By R. C. C. Clay. 89 eyes than outside, which would not have been the case if the white of the eyes had been pressed in as aring. It is difficult to decide if it is stratified or impressed by examining whether the white goes under the blue, as in many impressed eyes the blue is decidedly undercut by the white, as shown in the following rough diagram. WHITE. PA BLUE. Sections of Stratified and Impressed Ring Eye Beads. 4. The dating of these beads is very difficult as in many cases the records of the finds are so fragmentary, but in most cases they are of Karly Iron Age date. The only ones I actually know for certain from England are those from Arras, some of which I believe to be stratified, although associated with some impressed eye beads. I think it highly probable that a careful examination of local museums would reveal others. I have some extremely like yours from the Somme (a chariot burial), from Ticino, in Switzerland (Iron Age remains, I believe), and one from Kertch in the Crimea—one of a string said to have been found together and which suggests a date of 400 —500 B.C. ‘This bead was much more corroded than yours, but that does not mean that it was necessarily earlier. The finest bead of this type that I know is a much larger one with exactly similar rings, made of the same glasses, which comes from Syria. ‘This bead, I think, is about 400—500 B.C. The dark plain bead (F. 2) is, Ibelieve, of the same date and material as the eye bead. Such beads were found in almost all the above cases with the eye beads. The lighter blue bead (F. 3) is of a different kind of glass and I cannot place it definitely, but I have little doubt I could if I had more time. It has an entirely different kind of corrosion from the others and is made in a primitive manner. The colour is not the same but the corrosion and structure of the glass is similar to some I have from South Hungary. I see no reason why it should not be of the date of your village, but I should not like to say more of it until I have had time to make a more prolonged search. The fourth bead (F. 4) is of the same type as the third and I should think REPORT ON THE CHARCOALS. By ARTHUR H. LYELL, Esq,, F.S.A. _ I have examined a quantity of the charcoal found in the pits and have identified the following species of woods :— | Oak (Quercus robur). Mountain Ash (Pyrus aucuparia) 1 Hawthorn (Cratzgus oxyacantha). 90 An Inhabited Site of La Tene I. Date on Swalloweliffe Down. Hazel (Corylus avellana). Holly (Ilex aquifolium). Willow (Salix alba). REPORT ON THE MOLLUSCA. By A.S. KENNARD, Esq, A.L.S., and B. B. Woopwarp, Esq., F.L.S. Vitrea crystallina (Mull). Arion. sp. Hygromia hispida (Linn.). Helix nemoralis (Linn.). This list is too small to say anything as to the climate or environment, but the example of Hygromia hispida is not the woodland form. REPORT ON THE GRAIN. By Pror. Sir R. H. BIFFEN. There are two undoubted grains of wheat in the material you sent me, but I cannot place the form with any certainty. The smaller pieces are broken grain and a fragment of the ear stalk. REpPoRT ON THE Human Boness. By Srr ArtHur Kerra, F.R.S., Conservator of the Museum, The Royal College of Surgeons of England. These are (1) frontal bone of aman. Its greatest width is 124mm., least width of forehead 97mm., supraorbital width 107mm.—indicating a robust skull of quite average size. ‘There are (2) the right and left parietal bones of a young person and (3) the upper half of the left humerus of a man of medium stature and with muscles of moderate strength. REPoRT ON THE ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE ANCIENT VILLAGE SITE AT SWALLOWCLIFFE Down, WILTs, oF LA TeNnE I. DATE. By J. WILFRID Jackson, M. Sc., F.G.S8., Assistant Keeper of the Manchester Museum. The amimal remains obtained by Dr. R. C. C. Clay from the above site have been submitted to me for examination and report. They consist of numerous limb-bones, fragmentary skulls, jaws, and teeth of various domestic species used for food by the inhabitants of the village. The animals repre- sented are the same as those reported on last year from a similar site on Fifield Bavant Down,! viz., Celtic Pony, Celtic Ox, Sheep, Goat, Pig, and Dog. In addition to these domestic forms there are a few remains of wild — species, viz., Water Vole and Badger, and Dr. Clay reports the occurrence | of worked and unworked tines and antler-fragments of Red and Roe Deer. Among the Ox remains there is an interesting example of a hornless skull, this being the second occurrence to be reported from Wiltshire. The first. : specimen (and probably the earliest appearance of polled oxen in Britain) | 1 Wilts Arch. Mag., vol. xlii., 1924, pp. 492—3. ee ee By R. C. C. Clay. 91 was found by Mrs. Cunnington during the excavationsat the Hallstatt Village site at All Cannings Cross.!. A skull with rudimentary horn-cores was also met with in the somewhat later Prehistoric Iron Age site at Glastonbury, Somerset.? The affinities of the various animals represented at Swallowcliffe Down with those at Fifield Bavant Down, All Cannings Cross, and the Glastonbury Lake Village, are very close indeed, and as all four villages are earlier than the Roman occupation in Britain, there is no trace of Roman influence on the breeds of the various species. Owing to the imperfect state of many of the remains, it has not been possible to obtain full measurements. Horse (Celtic Pony). This animal is represented by two metacarpals, two metatarsals, a radius, an imperfect pair of lower jaws, and some loose incisors. The metacarpals measure 199 and 204mm. in length, with mid- shaft widths of 28.5 and 32mm.: the metatarsals are 240 and 260mm. in length, with mid-shaft widths of 26 and 30mm. respectively. They indicate small-sized animals of the Exmoor Pony type, of about 12 hands in height, as at Fifield Bavant, All Cannings Cross, and Glastonbury. The radius has a maximum length of 291mm., and the full tooth-row in the lower jaws measures 165mm. in length. ‘The latter is slightly longer than a lower jaw found at Fifield Bavant. Crettic Ox. ‘len imperfect skulls, several loose horn cores, lower jaws, and limb-bones belong to oxen. They are all of the small Celtic Ox type (Bos longifrons). ‘The metacarpal bones (9 in number) range in length from 162 to 175mm. ; the metatarsals (11) range from 185 to 218mm. Both series agree closely with those found at Fifield Bavant, All Cannings Cross, and Glastonbury, and, together with the other limb-bones, indicate small _ animals similar to the Kerry cattle. ‘lhe lower jaws comprise several adult _ and young examples with milk teeth. Most of them agree with the series | | ! | | | from Glastonbury and elsewhere in the possession of the normal six cheek- _ teeth; but one example is of interest in possessing only five teeth, the first premolar being absent, as was the case in several of the Glastonbury | jaws. In another of the Swallowcliffe jaws, the last molar, M3, consists of _ two columns only, and thus resembles M2. The full six teeth are present in this jaw. ‘Two of the five-toothed examples from Glastonbury show an _ almost complete suppression of the third column, or talon, in M3. ‘The jaws from Fifield Bavant and All Cannings Cross possessed the normal | six teeth. The loose horn-cores from Swallowcliffe are quite typical of | Bos longifrons. By far the most interesting specimen among the ox | remains is an imperfect skull with no trace of horn-cores. Nine other | skulls are present, but all are imperfect, and consist chiefly of frontlets 1 The Early Iron Age Inhabited Site at All Cannings Cross Farm, Wiltshire. By Mrs. Cunnington, Devizes, 1924. (Report on the Animal Remains, by J. Wilfrid Jackson, pp. 483—50 and Pl. 52.) * The Glastonbury Lake Village, vol. II., 1917, p. 653, and Pl. XCVIL, figs. 1—3. _ 3See my paper in Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 8, i vol. xv., March 1915, pp. 291—295 ; also Glastonbury Report, 1917, p. 654, 92 An Inhabited Site of La Tene I. Date on Swalloweliffe Down, with horn-cores. It is interesting to note that none of the skulls have been split down the middle, as was the case with most of the Glastonbury specimens. The following table of measurements of the ten skulls may be useful for future reference. Frontal. Skull. Novi 2-338 4025 65 7218 BeOe a0 Least width between horns! 188 186 140 135 140 144 158 141 164 148 M.M., Maximum bi-orbital width 183 181 — 176 — — 206 — — — ij Length from poll to centre of line joining upper margins. of superciliary foramina 110 113 — 102 105 — 119 — 109 — ,, Length from poll to centre of line joining upper margins of orbits 127 133 — 122 — — 144 — — — ‘3 Occiput. Width between infra- cornual notches 101 118 102 101 107 108 128 104 110 113 nn Height of supracristal part of occiput 36 989 735 27 -3l--42 48° 36 939-41 cf Greatest width across occipital condyles 838 80 — — — —~ —~ ~ — — ,, Lower border of fora- men magnum to occi- pital crest 103° 99. 99) — eS eee - Greatest width of occi- put S14 — = SS eS zi All the ten skulls possess an occiput deeply notched by the temporal fossae, as in the examples from Fifield Bavant, All Cannings Cross, and Glastonbury. In this feature they resemble the skull of an ox from the Roman Military Station at Newstead, Melrose, figured by Professor Ewart.? The polled skull No. 1 is not of the flat polled type, but has a conspicuous mesial prominence, or “intercornual” ridge. ‘The forehead is uneven, with a slight bulge at the centre, and low lateral ridges, as in the polled skull from All Cannings Cross. The supracrystal part of the occiput projects beyond the crest and overhangs the occiput proper, the mesial portion is excavated. ‘The infracristal part is too badly damaged for detailed exam- ination. The forehead in the other nine skulls varies slightly, in Nos. 3, 4, 5, and 9, the mesial frontal prominence is somewhat flattened, but in the remainder it is quite as well-marked as in No. 1. The horn-cores are all short, and somewhat flattened, curving outwards, forwards, and slightly downwards or upwards, except in No. 9. In the latter, the horn-cores are 1 In No. 1 between position of horns in normal skulls. This and many ~ of the others= Pitt-Rivers’ points of measurement. 2 J.C. Ewart, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1911, p. 271, text-fig. 84. ® “aps /4 | CY Ss) AY Wy | ® 5 Hi | | ® Oo ue ee ® ® ® 6 ® ® @® © © | 0) ® u ® ®Oo ® : @ 2 | @ @ ® @© 8 . 2 ® ® ii @ 4 > ° & | ® @ © | ® @ ® ® @, @ ® iS) a @ © eo 96 ® | o® oa 5 ® x © 8 addrTOMOTIVANS | © a Sie ® S Se Ws = eh WS = YS = WO = os = \\ Ss = Aitting FINN = UTS = MA fis THB OLD SALISBURY TO SHAFTESBURY ROAD @ ruev ” Plates “Plan of Pits. Swallowcliffe Down. ¢ "989 MA 03 ISCH ie anbs $ SINITA SRVOTA aluv3 AVI B1adNy wiviD AWLiva % 2eV3Sd -_ 9 Cros O° or (4 ’ ® % a PII Tp 4 APSEN gud Is: Wy gy 53 dy iy gf asa ty | | | ji | | [! | Swallowcliffe Down, Sections of Pits, Plate III._—Plang a nd Plate 1V.—Pottery Vessels. Swallowcliffe Down. — Plate V.—Pottery Vessels. Swallowcliffe Down. IOS CSOIIAS EIS Ii OY a Oy OS ASN Ine LEE LOOOO"*K nea CORN e, Plate VI.—Pottery Vessels. Swallowcliffe Down. + p “UMOCT OFLMOT!VMG UO spf WoIy syal'GQ— TTA a7e[q Sa Prick ers Ui OES A Sc i Na CO Ne 1 2 Swallowcliffe Down. Plate VITI.—Bone Implements. 1 ) 2 Swallowcliffe Down. ombs, &e, Bone Weaving © — Plate IX. 1 2 Swallowcliffe Down. Plate X.—Bone Objects. Gr wee --- Sg Ds eg ee GEES. Santas aOR 6 Es alt 2 iffe Down. Swallowel bjects. Plate XI.—Iron O 3 Swallowcliffe Down. —Chalk Loom- Weights. Plate XII. Plate XIII.—Spindle Whorls, &c. See ee ee Swallowcliffe Down. al 2 By &. C. C. Clay. 93 acuminate and directed somewhat backwards. The supracristal part of the occiput of this skull overhangs considerably the occiput proper, and its mesial portion is only slightly excavated : in all the other skulls the mesial portion is more deeply excavated, and the degree of overhang is somewhat less. Unfortunately none of the skulls retains the anterior portion, so that it is not possible to ascertain if short premaxillae are correlated with the notched type of occiput, as was found to be the case in the Glastonbury material. | SHEEP. Numerous bones, lower jaws, and skull fragments with horn- cores (both young and old) belong to this animal. One horn-core (cut at the base) agrees closely with Series B of Glastonbury and with the large type from All Cannings Cross, ‘The other horn-cores appear to be younger examples of the same type. All seem referable to the large-horned sheep, known as Studer’s Sheep (Ovis aries studerv), met with in the Swiss Lake- dwellings, and in various Neolithic deposits, Roman camps, and Romano- British villages in Great Britain. This type is represented at the present time by the almost deer-like sheep living on Soya Island, near St. Kilda. The lower jaws from Swallowcliffe agree with those from Fifield Bavant, All Cannings Cross, Glastonbury, etc. The limb-bones show the same agreement, especially the metacarpals and metatarsals. he former range in length from 113mm. to 121mm.; the latter, from 118mm. to 135mm. ; both series are slender in the shaft. Goat. The goat is represented by several typical] horn-cores, broken off the skulls. One or two show cut-marks at the base and appear to have been trimmed for use as handles of knives or other instruments. Similar remains were obtained at All Cannings Cross. Pic. This animal is represented by limb-bones (some young), fragmen- tary upper and lower jaws, and a few loose canine teeth. ‘These agree with _ the “Torfschwein” or palustris race of Sus scrofa of the Swiss Lake _ Dwellings, as at All Cannings Cross, Fifield Bavant, etc. __ Doe. The remains referable to this animal consist of a fairly complete _ Skull, the palatal fragment of another, and several lower jaws. The skull _ has no saggital crest, it being probably that of a female. It is somewhat _ smaller than that obtained at All Cannings Cross, but is of the same general type. The tooth-row measures 57mm., and is interesting as including a | Supernumary molar, M. 3, on the right side, with normal dentition on the left. The palatal fragment indicates a slightly larger skull, and the tooth- | row has a length of 63mm. The lower jaws show some variation in size, _ but do not lend themselves to full measurement. | Warer Vots. This animal is represented by three imperfect skulls and a lower jaw. Similar remains were met with at Fifield Bavant, All Cannings Cross, and Glastonbury. Bapcer. The anterior portion of the left ramus of a lower jaw with teeth belongs to this animal. 94 A PAGAN SAXON CEMETERY AT BROADCHALKE. By R. G..C. Cray, M.R.C.S., LR.C.P., F.S.A5 Fav Ad. This small Saxon cemetery is situated by the side of Church Bottom JLane, at the foot of Knighton Hill, Broadchalke, 400 yards south-east of the Church, and at a height of 80ft. above the level of the River Ebble. It was brought to my notice by Mr. Sidford, of the Manor Farm, who had disturbed a skeleton at a depth of 1ft. 3in. whilst digging chalk from the pit at the side of the sunken road. During the last two years scores of cartloads of chalk have been removed. In February, 1924, Mr. Weeks found five skeletons, one of which was pronounced by Dr. Adeney to be that of a young person of about 16 years. They were lying roughly north and south and no objects were noticed with them. ‘There is a village tradition that one hundred years age there were some spearheads in the loft over the old Rectory and that the village boys used to play with them. It is very likely that they were Saxon weapons which were unearthed when the chalk pit was commenced near the present gateway. All trace of them is now lost. This burial ground was on the end of a long strip lynchet, a type classified as Saxon by Mr. Crawford, and the soil had been ploughed within the last century. In every case the graves were roughly-cut cists in the top layers of the chalk. ‘here were no surface indications of them. ‘They were at uneven depths, varying from Ift. 3in. to 4ft. 2in. below the present turf line. ‘This difference in depth of the graves corresponded with the difference in depth of the top soil, due chiefly to silting from the edge of the “ positive” lynchet above. Apparently the Saxons dug down until they reached the hard chalk and then made a rough cist, never really large enough to hold the extended body, which was afterwards crammed in with the head fully flexed so that the chin touched the chest. ‘here was no alignment or uniformity about these graves and an apparent lack of reverence, as in several instances former interments had been disturbed, the skeletons cut through, and the bones thrown aside when fresh burials took place. During our excavations we came to the limits of the cemetery on all sides and found nineteen more skeletons, which, with the six others of which we have ~ record, brings the total to twenty-five. 4 There was no fixed orientation, the skeletons lying in all directions and | in all attitudes: some on their sides with the knees nearly touching the chin, the majority, however, extended on the back with the arms in various ~ positions, but the head usually bent forward on to the chest and the legs touching or crossing at the ankles. One had an iron shield boss on the left shoulder and an iron spearhead on the right. Some had spearheads only, | and there were no ferrules. Others had iron knives over the left hips, as — if they had been stuck in a belt or girdle. In grave No. 13 the iron buckle of a belt was found over the right side of the pubis and an iron knife, blade downwards, on the left iliac crest. Without exception every grave | 15 Scale ] inch=15 feet Plate I.—Plan of Saxon Cemetery, Broadchalke. Plate II.—Iron objects from Saxon Cemetery, Broadchalke, and Barrow, Ebbesbourne. A Pagan Saxon Cemetery at Broadchalke. 95 contained several burnt or unburnt flints and pieces of iron pyrites lying alongside or close above the skeletons. These must have been purposely placed there, probably as part of some burial rite. These people must have been very poor, for no brooches, beads, or other ornaments usually associated with Saxon cemeteries were discovered. ‘This prevents our knowing for certain who they were, whether Jutes or Angles, but we can safely suggest that they were of the former race who came by way of Southampton Water and advanced up the Meon valley and so to Harnham Hill. The Saxons did not like Salisbury Plain and all the recorded burials in South Wiltshire, whether in cemeteries or as secondary interments in barrows, have been on the edge of it. From the evidence at our disposal we can at any rate ascribe this Broadchalke cemetery to the Pagan Saxons at a date not later than 500 A.D. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE BURIALS. {I am indebted to Sir Arthur Keith for the description of the bones. For objects see Plate II.] No. 1. Lying on right side, slightly crouched, head to north, Depth of cist 1ft. 6in. Iron spearhead (fg. 4) and knife (Fg. 6), ‘lying on top of the body.” I did not see this skeleton am setu. Lower jaw of man, aged about 40. The chin is well developed, square, the ascending ramus rises almost at right angles from the body and has a high tongue-shaped coronoid process. No. 2. Iixtended on back with head to west. Head fully flexed. Arms and legs extended. Depth of cist 2ft. .No objects. A man about 40 years of age and about 5ft. 5ins. in height. Big-headed, small faced, not robust. No. 8. Head to south. Lying on back with head bent forward and to left, mouth widely opened, right hand on hip, left slightly away from body, legs parallel. Depth of cist 1ft. 5ins. Iron spearhead on top of left shoulder. A man of about 60 years of age, Neolithic shape of skull and about 5ft. 6ins. in height. No.4, Remains of a skeleton disturbed by plough, thorax and most of _ skull missing. IFemora parallel and pointing to east, legs flexed at knees | and pointing to north. Corroded piece of iron at level of shoulders. Depth of cist 8ins. Imperfect lower jaw of an aged women with peaked chin, | intense atrophy of the teeth sockets and non-development of wisdom teeth. | No.5. Lying on back with head to south, chin on left shoulder, hands | meeting above pubis, legs extended. Bones very much decomposed. Iron | spearhead (Fig. 5) on top of right shoulder, iron shield boss on left. Depth of cist 1lins. | No. 6. Extended on back with head to south, chin on right shoulder, | arms by side, thighs slightly flexed at hips, legs flexed at knees to right angles. Depth of cist lft. llins. Iron knife over left iliac crest. Part of | lower jaw of a girl of about 9 years of age. ‘Teeth perfectly sound but with , threatened crowding of lower incisors which have just come into position. No. 7. Extended on back with head to west, legs crossing above ankles, | chin on right shoulder, left arm by side, right forearm across abdomen. | Depth of cist 1ft. 8ins. No objects. Lower jaw of man, about 50 years of \age. The chin is slightly prominent but square, the ascending ramus is stout and almost vertical. \ | | 96 A Pagan Saxon Cemetery at Broadchalke. No. 8. Incomplete skull and portions of ribs 1ft. 3ins. deep. There was a cist but it had been disturbed previously and the bones replaced in a heap. No. 9. Lying on left side with head to south, face looking due west, left hand on hip, elbow away from side, right elbow against side, hand touching left elbow, hips flexed to 45 degs., thighs parallel, right and left legs flexed at knees to angles of 60 and 90 deg. respectively. Depth of cist 2ft. lin. No objects. No. 10. Extended on back with head to west, chin on chest, left elbow by side, forearm across abdomen, right arm by side, legs meeting at ankles, Depth of cist lft. 3in. No objects. This woman was buried after No. 11 and to avoid disturbing the latter the legs were placed at a higher level than the rest of the body. Her knees were close to the shoulders of No. 11 but not so deep. Half the mandible of a woman of uncertain age. The femur measures 410mm., her stature being about 5ft. She was particularly slender in build, the upper incisor teeth overlapping the lower. No. 11. Lying on left side with head to north east, chin on left shoulder, right elbow by side, forearm across abdomen, left humerus away from side, the elbow fully flexed so that the hand was on a level with the shoulders of No. 10. Pelvis crushed flat with the heads of the femora widely apart, legs extended and meeting at ankles. Depth of cist 2ft. 8ins. No objects. A woman of about 30 years of age and of stout build. She, too, had an overlapping bite. No. 12. This skeleton had been cut through when No. 13 was buried. The bones of the legs and feet were side by side and not disarticulated. Depth of cist 1ft. 4ins. An iron knife (Fig. 8) was lying where the shoulders should have been. No. 18. Extended on back with head to south-west, chin on right shoulder, right arm by side, left arm close to body, forearm across abdomen, legs touching at ankles. Depth of cist 2ft. 3ins. An iron buckle was on the right ilium (Fig. 9) and an iron knife (Fig. 7) blade downwards, over the left iliac crest at the same level. A man of about 60 years of age and about 5ft. 64ins. in stature, with Romano-British type of skull. No. 14. Lying extended with head to south west, left arm by side, right elbow close to body, forearm across chest, legs meeting at ankles. Skull damaged by plough. Depth of cist 8ins. No objects. Fragment of the lower jaw of a woman of about 50 years of-age. No. 15. Half turned on the left side with head to west, chin on left shoulder, left elbow by side with forearm fully flexed and wrist under left collarbone and hand fully flexed at wrist, so that the fingers pointed towards the feet, right elbow by side with forearm across abdomen, legs slightly flexed at hips and knees. Depth of cist lft. 10ins. No objects. A man about 5ft. 9Yins. in stature, about 30 years of age, with overlapping bite and a peak-shaped chin. Ascending ramus stout and upright, teeth perfect. Extremely stoutly built. No. 16. Extended with head to west, arms by sides, legs touching at ankles, chin on chest. Depth of cist 2ft. 5ins. No objects. Lower jaw of elderly woman. The chin prominent, squareand shelving. The ascending ramus slender and obliquely placed. By RB. C. C. Clay. 97 No. 17. Lying extended on back with head to south-east, chin on sternum, right arm by side, left arm by side with hand half closed and inverted as if it had grasped the wooden (?) handle of the small iron knife that was lying blade upwards on the left iliac crest Depth of cist 1ft. 10ins. Lower jaw of an old woman. The wisdom teeth have never been formed. ‘The chin is peak-like and not prominent. Three molars and a premolar have been lost from disease. No. 18. Extended on the back with the head to the south west, chin on left shoulder, right arm by side, left elbow close to body with forearm fully flexed and fingers under the chin, legs meeting at ankles. Depth of cist 1ft. 9ins. No objects. A child of about 34 years old. The milk teeth are free from disease and only slightly worn. No. 19. Lying on left side with head bent backwards and to the north- east, arms flexed at the elbows with the left hand under the chin and the right wrist crossing the left, both knees drawn up, the left one more so than the right. Depth of cist 4ft 2in. Noobjects. When this body was buried they must have used a former cist and have taken out the previous skeleton and scattered the bones around, for in the filling were fragments of human skull, arm, and leg bones. A youth of about 14—15 years of age, under 5ft. in stature. The teeth are free from disease and the wisdom teeth still unerupted. No. 19a. Fragment of the lower jaw of an oldish woman. Abscess at roots of a molar and adjoining premolar tooth. | REPORT ON BONES FROM SAXON GRAVES, | By Sir Arthur Keith, Conservator of the Museum, Royal College of | Surgeons, England. | A survey of the contents of the graves shows that we are dealing with the burial ground of a community. Both sexes are represented. There is | part of the lower jaw of a child between 3 and 4 years of age, another of a | child—a girl—of 7 or 8 years, a lad of 14—15 years, parts of seven women of various ages, and of seven men, also of various ages, but none of them jrealiy old. In the general report is given a brief description of the bones from each grave. Although I have assigned a sex identification to each, in ‘several cases the identification is by no means certain. _ I should trespass beyond the limits of a report were I to set down the numerous detailed measurements I have made on the bones submitted to me by Mr. Clay. Here I propose to deal with only the main issues of my ex- hmination. What are the objects of such studies as these? For my part I want to identify in our living population the survivals from the Saxon burial olaces. I also wish to ascertain if we can identify in these Saxon graves sypes which we meet with in English graves of a pre-Saxon date, survivals bf the Romano-British and earlier inhabitants of England. We study Saxon emains to ascertain more fully what kind of people these early Saxons leally were. Hence I turn at once not to the average size of the Saxon kull, jaw, and thigh-bone, but to the human types we find in these graves. | The most complete representation of a skeleton is that from grave 2. ‘The H ‘OL. XLITI.—NO. CXLII. H ——- a | | 98 A Pagan Saxon Cemetery at Broadchalke. man found in this grave was about 40 years of age and 5ft. 5ins. in stature, not robust and strong, but the opposite. Many of his features are effeminate. He reproduces characters which one can identify amongst men living round us. His head is large; the volume of his brain I estimate at 1600cc., about 120cc above the modern average. ‘The vault is particularly high, rising 126mm. above the ear passages: it 1s wide, 147mm., the width being main- tained as the sides of the skull rise towards the roof. It is of good length, 193mm., the forehead and occiput both rising almost vertically towards the dome-shaped roof. Although the occiput rises nearly vertically the skull : is not brachycephalic: the width is 762 % of the length. The shape, the dimensions, and their proportions are those so often found amongst Saxons. The forehead is of good width, 100mm. the greatest frontal width 120mm. When we turn to the face we find those characters which we associate with people who are living on a modern dietary. ‘The supra-orbital ridges are not robust : the supraorbital width is only 103mm.—3mm. more than the minimal width of the forehead. The face in comparison with the skull itself, is of small size, its total length being 117mm. and its greatest width (bizygomatic) 129mm.; the cheek bones being neither prominent nor strong. The nose and upper face are of moderate length, the former being 68mm., the latter 47mm. The nose is of rather less than moderate length and narrow, its width being 23mm. ‘The chin is prominent, passing 15mm. in front of the alveolus for the incisor teeth, where the mandible is placed base downwards on a horizontal surface. The upper jaw is somewhat broken and some of the teeth have been lost, but there is every reason to believe that at death this man retained in a sound condition every one of his thirty-two teeth: there is not a trace of caries and he was certainly 40 years of age. The teeth, too, are coated with masses of tartar. The incisor teeth tend to project forwards, a condition which is not uncommon in Saxon skulls: their bite was overlapping, as is the rule in modern English mouths, and ~ there is a slight degree of crowding of the lower incisors. These are con- — ditions we do not meet with amongst primitive races. The parts to which the muscles of mastication were attached are weakly developed and the crowns of the teeth are but little worn. In this community we meet not a _ robust strong-limbed warrior, but a big-brained man who may well have been statesman, philosopher, poet, or clergyman. From grave No. 11 came the skeleton of a woman who presents features of an opposite kind. In age she was .between 30 and 40, stoutly made and particularly robust in tooth and jaw. The oblique height of her femur was 418mm., so we may infer that her stature was about 5ft. 14ins. The ~ length of her skull was 184mm., its width 140mm., the height of the vault | 120mm. The width was thus 76:1 % of the length—the same proportion | as in the man just described ; a common Saxon ratio. The cranial capacity | may be estimated at 1447cc., a large head for a woman, the minimal width | of the forehead 98mm., the greatest frontal width 120mm. She retained | all her teeth, free from disease and only slightly worn. ‘The face is strongly | made, its total length being 115mm., its greatest (bizygomatic) width | 132mm. The nose was of medium length (46mm.) and narrow (23mm.). | Her incisor teeth tended to project and did not meet edge to edge but | | By h. C. C. Clay. 99 overlapped. Her chin was prominent but it formed asingle rounded elevation, the “ prow” form of chin as contrasted with the wide, prominent, square, shelf-like or flange-chin. We shall allude presently to these con- trasted forms of chin, both being represented amongst this Saxon people : intermediate forms are also present. In only two other graves were skulls sufficiently preserved to indicate the form of head. In No.3 the calvaria was preserved: it is light and thin-walled ; that of a man of about 60 years of age or over. ‘The upper part of his thigh bone was also kept ; enough to show us he was of medium stature perhaps about 5ft. 6Gins. We have also his lower jaw, the teeth being deeply worn in the crowns. He had strongly marked supra-orbital ridges, yet the ascending ramus of his lower jaw was narrow and weakly developed, showing that his muscles of mastication were not strong. Not one of his teeth had been lost from disease ; the incisors were somewhat crowded together and on the right side his third molar had never developed. His incisors met in an edge-to-edge bite. His chin was not prominent, projecting only 7mm. in front of the alveolar border and was of an inter- mediate form. In the region of the chin or symphosis the lower jaw was shallow, measuring only 29mm. His skull was long, 193mm., but narrow, 138mm., the width proportion being 71°5. In form this skull would not be out of place in an English Neolithic cemetery. The height of the vault was 116mm. and the cranial capacity 1450cc. ; somewhat below the average. In No. 13 was found the calvaria of a man: the lower jaw found in the same grave, by itself, might be taken to be that of a woman, but I have little doubt actually belongs to the skull. The thigh bone is also somewhat intermediate in its sexual characterization. The oblique height of the femur is 466mm.,indicating a stature of 5ft. 64ins.: from the skull and jaw we can infer his age to have been about 60 years. ‘The calvaria has the dimensions and form of a type which is common in graves of the Romano-British period having a constriction crossing the forehead between the supra-orbital ridges below and the frontal eminences above. It has a flat dome: the length of the calvaria is 185mm., its width 145mm. ; the width proportion being 78'4. The height of the roof is about 115mm., and the cranial capacity 1443cc. The frontal bone is wide, 129mm., although its minimal width on the fore- head is only 97mm. ; the supra-orbital width being 107mm. ‘The chin is of the flange or square form and prominent, its eminence lies 18mm. in front of the alveolar border when the jaw is laid base downwards on a table. In this man the third molar or wisdom teeth were absent : they had never been developed. Only one tooth had been lost from disease in the lower jaw, the first molar on the left side, and yet he was an aged individual. The condition of the teeth in this Saxon cemetery is remarkable. Al- | together there are the lower jaws of seventeen individuals; three of them | being juveniles. Of the fourteen adult jaws, seven are of men and seven of women, four of these having been already mentioned in the above description. Of the fourteen, seven retain their original complement of teeth ; in three a single molar has been lost from disease; in two, a premolar and a molar _ have been lost from the same cause; in one, three teeth have been lost, and in another, five teeth. In only one jaw was actual caries observed. Atrophy H 2 100 A Pagan Saxon Cemetery at Broadchalke. of the alveolar border, probably from pyorrheea, was noted in five: in all there was tartar adherent to the necks of the teeth, showing that the healthy condition of the teeth was not due to the use of anything of the nature of a tooth brush. There was not a single edentulous person. The average age of the adult man and woman I presume to be under 50 years. In eight jaws a tendency was noticed to crowding or irregularity of the lower incisor teeth. Injthree jaws the wisdom teeth had failed to develope on both sides ; in one on one side only. In at least five the modern or overlapping bite was present. From these characters it is inferred that this community of Saxons came of a stock whose ancestors had long been living under easy conditions of life with a plentiful supply of food. Perhaps no feature of the face of a certain proportion of the British people is more noticeable than the chin, a wide, square shelving, prominent chin. I had, perhaps on inadequate grounds, supposed that this feature was a character of the pre-Saxon British. In four of the seven men from this cemetery the lower jaw at its symphysis is 35mm. or more in depth, each having the form of chin mentioned above. In one woman this was also the case. It looks as if a prominent square chin was also a common feature of the Saxonface. The “ peaked ” prominent chin was well marked in four, three of them women. The angle at which the ramus rose from the body varied ; in some it rose almost vertically ; in others, as is so often the case in modern faces, it sloped upwards and backwards. Only five thigh bones were complete. In Saxon cemeteries we always meet with some large-boned men of particularly robust build. Inthis case there was one man (No. 15) of this type; the oblique height of the thigh bone was 487mm., indicating a stature of 6ft. 9ins. His tibia had a total length of 400mm., both bones were robust, the degree of flattening in the upper part of the shaft of the femur being indicated by the figure 71°4, the side to side flattening of the tibia by 615 On the other hand some of the women were slenderly formed and of a small stature. The woman buried in grave 10 was ultra feminine, her thigh bone being 410mm. in height, in- dicating a stature of 5ft. The lower end of the tibia from No. 15 showed a plainly marked squatting facet. REPORT ON THE MOLLUSCA FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE GRAVES. By A. S. Kennarp, Esq., F.L.S. Arion sp. Vallonia excentrica (Sterk). Hygromia hispida (\.inn.). Helix nemoralis (Linn.). Helix aspersa (Linn. ). Vertigo pygmea (Drap.). Cecilianella acicula (Mull.). From this series one may say that the climate was similar to that of the present day and that the country was open with possibly scrub growth. It has not a woodland character. By B.C. C. Clay. 101 I am indebted to Major Jeans, the owner of the site, for permission to excavate, to Mr. Sidford for drawing my attention to it, to Sir Arthur Keith for his report on the human bones, to Mr. Kennard for reporting on the mollusca, to Mr. Kerley for his assistance during the excavations, and last but not least to Mr. Pugh for his drawings of the objects. The whole of the objects are now in our Society’s Museum at Devizes. A PAGAN SAXON BURIAL AT EBBESBOURNE WAKE, By R. C. C. Cray, M.R.C.S., L.R-C.P., F.S.A., F.R.A.L Workmen laying a pipe line from the reservoir on the top of Barrow Hill to Cleave Cottages on the south, cut through an extended skeleton at a spot 100 yards down the slope. The head was to the north. On the left shoulder was an iron boss (fig. 1), and three circular iron ornaments for shield (jig. 2). When I arrived most of the bones had been removed, but I widened the trench at this place and exposed the right arm and found an iron spearhead (fig. 3) on the shoulder. There was no ferrule. Depth of cist 1ft. 6in. I could find no other graves in the vicinity. REPORT ON THE Bonss by Sir ARTHUR KEITH. Body of lower jaw of a man, first molar on the right side destroyed and neighbouring premolar attacked by caries. Upper half of a strong thigh bone. Stature about Sft. 9in. Age about 50 years. Tibia 398mm. long, diameters at nutrient foramen 43mm, and 28mm. Well-marked squatting facet at the lower end of tibia. My thanks are due to Mr. Burrows the owner of the site, to Sir Arthur Keith for his report, and to Mr. Pugh for the drawings. 102 WILTS OBITUARY. Walter Hume Long, 1st Viscount Long of Wraxall, died Sept. 26th, 1924, aged 70. Buried at West Ashton. B. at Bath, July 13th, 1854. Eldest son of Richard Penruddocke Long, of Rood Ashton and Dolforgan (Montgomeryshire), and the only daughter of the Rt. Hon. W. Wentworth Fitzwilliam Hume Dick, of Humewood, Co. Wicklow. In 1867 his father succeeded to the Wiltshire estates and came to live at Rood Ashton. Educated at Harrow and Christchurch. Married, 1878, Lady Dorothy Blanche Boyle (always known as Lady Doreen), fourth d. of the ninth Earl of Cork. He began political life as Conservative member for N. Wilts, and during his life he represented seven different constituencies :— N.Wilts, 1880—85 ; Devizes (East Wilts), 1885—92; W. Derby (Liverpool), 1892—1900 ; Bristol South, 1900—1906 ; S. Dublin, 1906—10 ; Strand, 1910: —18; St. George’s, Westminster, 1918—21. He succeeded his father at Rood Ashton in 1875 at the age of 21. His eldest son, Brig.-Gen. Walter Long, C.M.G.,D.S.0., late 2nd Dragoons,was killed in action in 1917, leaving, by his marriage with the eldest daughter of Lord Derwent, one son, Walter Francis David, born in 1911, who succeeded as 2nd Viscount. Lord Long’s second son, Capt the Hon. R. E. O. Long, and his second daughter, the Hon- Mrs. W. G. Cooper, survive him. The eldest daughter, wife of the Rt. Hon. G. A. Gibbs, of Tyntesfield, died in 1920. In 1886 he was made Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government. Board, and in 1895 President of the Board of Agriculture, with a seat in the Cabinet. It was while holding this office that he carried out that Dog Muzzling Order and the consequent extirpation of the scourge of rabies in England, with which his name will always be honorably connected. ‘‘ Those,” says The Times, “ who remember the violent agitation, by no means confined to the less instructed members of the community, the campaign of the Canine Defence League, and the petition with 80,000 signatures demanding the minister’s dismissal from office, will recognize how great is the debt which the country owes to Walter Long’s courage and sense of duty.” He held the same office again after 1900 and afterwards became Chief Secretary for Ireland, where he was “ undoubtedly the most successful Chief Secretary since Mr. Balfour.” In 1911, when the leadership of the opposition in the House of Commons obviously lay between Mr. Long and Mr. Austen Chamberlain, both magnanimously stood aside and put forward Mr. Bonar Law as leader instead. In 1915 he was again President of the Local Govern- ment Board, and in 1916 Colonial Secretary and afterwards First-Lord of the Admiralty, resigning in consequence of ill-health in 1921. Asa sportsman he was especially devoted to cricket and to hunting. The Wilts Yeomanry owed him a great debt; he joined it in 1876 and commanded the regiment from 1898 to 1906. He became a Privy Councillor in 1895 and was raised to the peerage in 1921. He succeeded Lord Lansdowne as Lord Lieutenant of Wilts. Throughout his own district, round Trowbridge, he was known Wilts Obituary. ; 103 by everybody as “ The Squire,” and the universal respect and affection with which he was regarded by all classes, whatever their politics might be, was shown in the heading of the Weltshire 72mes, “ Wiltshire in mourning for ‘the Squire.’” He was by common consent regarded as a typical example of the country gentleman at his best, both in his own county and in the House of Commons. “He will be chiefly remembered,” said Zhe Zumes, “asa man who, though playing a notable part in politics for some forty years, proved himself incapable of a single mean or unworthy action.” ‘ He was,” said Mr. Asquith, ‘‘the Jeast selfish of mankind. He devoted all that he had and all that he was capable of giving, which was much, from the beginning to the end of an honourable and strenuous public life to the good of his country.” All the London papers contained long obituary notices, especially 7’he Times of Sept. 29th, and the Daily Telegraph, Sept. 30th (by the Rt. Hon. T. P. O’Connor), reprinted in the Weltshire Times of Oct. 4th, which had also good portraits of “The Squire,” “ The late Lord Long and Master David, the new Viscount,” “The new Viscount,” and a View of Rood Ashton House, and three photographs of the funeral. The Wiltshire Gazette had a very long notice on Oct. 2nd, with three portraits and other appreciations and reminiscences, on Oct. 9th. He was the author, amongst other things, of the following :— The Business Man and his Empire: an Address. Article in Zhe British Dominions’ Year Book for 1918. The Secret Service and Communism. JAineteenth Century, Feb., 1922 Why we should concentrate on the Empire. Jbid, Oct., 1922. The Conservative Party. Jbid, Feb., 1923. The Prospects of Agriculture. Zhe Financial Review of Reviews, June, 1923. Memories. By the Rt. Hon. Viscount Long of Wraxall, F.R.S. London. Hutchinson. 1923. 8vo, cloth, pp. xv., + 380. Twenty illustrations. (Reviewed in all London and Wiltshire papers.) A Memoir of Brigadier-General Walter Long, C.M.G., D.S.0O., with Portraits. Printed for private circulation. London. John Murray. 1921. Cloth, 8fin. x 53in., pp. vil. + 77. [Only a portion of this Memoir was by Lord Long. _ Canon William Caldwall Masters, died August 19th, | 1924, aged 80, buried at Stanton Fitzwarren, s. of the Rev. John Smalman | Masters, b. Nov. 25th, 1843. Magd. Coll. Oxon., B.A., 1865, M.A., 1869, | Deacon 1866, Priest 1867 (Rochester). Curate of Hitchin 1866—69 ; Curate _ of Tring and Vicar of Long Marston 1870—85, Rector of Stanton Fitzwarren | 1885, until his resignation in 1919, when he retired to live at Clifton. Hon. | Canon of Bristol 1912. He was one of the first members of the Advisory Committee for Churches in Bristol Diocese and up to a short time before his death was actively engaged in its work. He leaves behind him at | Stanton Fitzwarren a very remarkable memorial in the shape of the screen, j reredos, and many other fittings of the Church designed and carved entirely 104 Wilts Obituary. by his own hand, all of it of quite unusual excellence for amateur work. He also presented a wooden pastoral staff to Bristol Diocese—a fine example of his work. He married, 1870, Ellen, d. of the Rev. John T. C. Ashfordby- Trenchard, of Stanton Fitzwarren. He leaves two sons, John T. OC. Masters, of Blunsdon, and W. A. H. Masters, the architect, and one daughter. He was greatly respected and beloved. Obit. notices, Waltshire Gazette, Aug. 28th; Bristol Times and Mirror, Aug. 26th, 1924, and a very sympathetic “ In Memoriam ” article by Arch- deacon R. T. Talbot in Bristol Diocesan Review, Sept., 1924. He was the author of :— Some Notes on the Ancient Church of St. Leonard, Stanton Fitzwarren, Wilts: and otherwise. Printed by A. R. Mowbray & Co., London and Oxford, 1913. 4to. cloth, pp. viii. + 49 + 1. Six Plates. Price 4s. Christian Architecture, two addresses, dedicated to the Right Rev. George Forrest Browne, late Bishop of Bristol. Pamphlet, 93 x 74in. [1916] pp. 35. ‘T'wo illusts. Price 1s. 6d. The Soldier and the Cross, an address by Canon Caldwall Masters, Rector, on Sunday, January 23rd, 1916, at the dedication of the Churchyard Cross St. Leonard, Stanton Fitzwarren. Pub. by Morris Bbros., Swindon. Pamphlet, 62in. x 4:in., pp. 12. Price 6d. Major Arthur Thomas Fisher, died Dec., 1924, aged 81, s. of T. R. Fisher, M.R.C.S., of Frewen Hall, Oxford, educated at Harrow. Ist Batt. 2nd Queen’s Royal Regt., 1864 ; exchanged to 21st Hussars, 1870. Served in India and at home. Retired 1883, when he married Esther Y. Apperley, d. of Col. Will. Wynne Apperley, of Morhen, Mongomeryshire. He lived first at Romsey Nursling, then at Broad Chalke, finally settling at Bemerton in 1895, and living there until his death. He held many public posts; Hon. Sec. of the Salisbury Museum for over 20 years, Hon. Sec. of the Wilton Hunt for 17 years up to 1922, and for many years Hon. Treasurer of Soldiers’ Welfare Board for Diocese of Salisbury, a member of Wilton Board of Guardians, Chairman of the Bemerton Parish Council, Treasurer of S. Wilts Archery Club, and Founder and Hon. Sec. of the Salisbury branch of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution up to the time of his death. During his time the branch contributed over £5,000 to the Institution. In his younger days he won many steeplechases, and drove his regimental four-in-hand. He shot and fished up to within a month or two of his death, which was due to an accident. He was the author of :— Through the Stable and Saddle Room. The Farrier. Rod and River. Outdoor Life in England. And was a contributor of articles to many sporting magazines and papers. Obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, Jan. 1st, 1925. Wilts Obituary. 105 Charles Garnett, died Sept. 16th, 1924, aged 54, after an operation for appendicitis. Buried at Arnside, Westmoreland. S. of W. Garnett, a large Lancashire cotton manufacturer, of Low Moor, Clitheroe, b. Jan., 1870. Educated at Uppingham (1884) and Pembroke College, Cambridge, B.A. and M.A. He entered Lincolns Inn and was admitted as a barrister 1894, and practiced for some years. He hunted with the Beaufort Hunt several years before he finally bought the fine old house known as Great House, at Kington Langley, about 1909, and after adding largely to the building and re-modelling its interior, had lived there until his death. “Quiet and unassuming, Mr. Garnett was extremely generous, and always handsomely supported any good cause. To the poor people he was a philanthropist—the person who had a genuine case was never refused.” A strong Conservative he had been asked to stand for the Chippenham division, but declined. He was an alderman of the County Council and Served on many committees. He was High Sheriff in 1922, and J.P. for Wilts 1919, took a prominent part in Church matters, and indeed in all sorts of public institutions and causes in the Chippenhham neighbourhood. As a sportsman he had been a notable oarsman in his younger days, was well known in the Beaufort Hunt, and as a fisherman, but in one branch of sport, and that one of the oldest in England, he was especially dis- tinguished ; he was one of the leading spirits of the small band of practical and expert Falconers who still fly their trained hawks on the Plain or the Marlborough Downs. He married Miss Clare Pennington, of Cheshire, who, with their two children, Christopher and Barbara, survive him. He was greatly esteemed round Chippenham. Obit. notices, Waltshire Gazette, Sept. 18th ; Waltshire Times, Sept. 20th, 1924, Mrs. J. W. Clark. Died suddenly July 26th, 1924. Buried | at London Road Cemetery, Salisbury. Daughter of John Bidwell, of | Salisbury, married 1885, J. W. Clark (Messrs. Clark & Lonnen). J.P. for | the city, 1922, one of the two first women Justices. Connected all her life _with the Brown Street Baptist Church, for some years Treasurer of the | Salisbury branch of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Secretary of the British Womens’ Temperance Association, and actively /concerned with many other charitable and philanthropic institutions. _ Portrait and obit. notice, Salisbury Times, Aug. Ist, 1924. \bridge, 1841. In early life he spent many years in the counting house of Messrs. Stancomb, Bros., cloth manufacturers. A Congregationalist, he _|was associated with the Tabernacle as a bible class teacher and local ‘preacher for 56 years. He was President of the Wilts and East Somerset Congregational Union, and had been President of the Trowbridge and District Free Church Council. He was for 16 years the organising secre- vary of the Trowbridge Chamber of Commerce, the existence of which was jargely due to his energy. He was a prominent Freemason. | Good portrait and obit. notice, Wiltshire Times, Aug. 16th, 1924. | John Chapman. Died Aug. 12th, 1924,aged 82. Born at Trow- Hf } ly 106 Wilts Obituary. Rev. Andrew Pope, died Oct. 17th, 1924, aged 80. Buried at Much Marcle (Heref.). Trin. Coll., Camb., B.A. 1866, M.A. 1870, Deacon 1867 (Worc.), Priest 1868 (Heref.) ; Curate of Cusop 1867—73; Vicar of Preston-on-Wye with Blakemere (Heref.) 1873—80; Diddlebury (Salop) 1880—90 ; Upton Bishop 1890—1910; Rector of Langley Burrell 1910 ; and Rector of Tytherton Kelloways. 1913, until his retirement in 1919. George Davis, died Sept. 24th, 1924, aged 59. Buried in London Road Cemetery, Salisbury. Born at Bristol, began life as solicitors’ clerk with Messrs. Hodding & Jackson, of Salisbury. Started business on his Own account, 1900, as auctioneer and house agent. Member of the Town Council from 1913 until his death. A very prominent Oddfellow, in which order he held very high rank. Churchwarden of St. Thomas. He was partly responsible for starting the “ Wiltsand Dorset Motor Services.” He was an “extremely valuable member of the Corporation.” Obit. notice, Salisbury Times, Sept. 26th, 1924. Capt. Leonard Durnford Pinckney, O.B.E., of the P. & O. SS. Mantua, died suddenly at Port Said, Oct. 23rd, 1924, aged 55. Second son of John Pinckney, of Great Durnford Manor. Educated at. Dr. Burney’s, at Gosport, and in the training ship Conway. During the war he was in command of the Somali, at first as a troopship, and later as a hospital ship, conveying wounded from Gallipoli to Maltaand Alexandria, and afterwards to England. Later on he commanded the P. & O. SS. Khyber taking troops to Canada, repatriating Belgian refugees, and bring- ing back English prisoners from Rotterdam. Obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, Oct. 30th, 1924. Thomas Edward Redman, died Nov. 27th, 1924,aged 74. Son of T. H. Redman. Born 1850. About 1865 learned the bacon curing business under his uncle, George Harris, of Calne, and became manager and secretary of “ Messrs. Charles Harris & Co.,” and afterwards of the amalga- mated firms, retiring in 1907, when he went to live at Shawford. He was Mayor of Calne, 1880 and 1890. J.P. 1898. Obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, Dec. 4th, 1924. | Henry James Horton, died Sept. 1st, 1924. Buried at Hisey. Born at Down Ampney, s. of Henry Horton. J.P. for Wilts 1912, a Com- missioner of Taxes for the Cricklade Division, Guardian and Rural District Councillor, and Chairman of the Assessment Committee. He lived most of his life at Cricklade but latterly at Eisey Manor,where he had built up a large agricultural business, first as tenant and then as owner, “ Mr. Horton could be said without a doubt to be the best known agriculturist in Wiltshire, more particularly on the dairying side of the industry.” It | was in connection with the National Farmers’ Union that he was chiefly | known. “Of that organisation he can well be said to have been the | ‘Father’ in this part of the country.” He believed in co-operation and | gave his whole energies to make the Union a success. He was the first | Chairman of the County Executive. “ With what conspicuous ability he | Wilts Obituary. 107 filled the position is known to every delegate,” and when at last he was 1 1] | i | q allowed to resign, the office of President was created especially for him, that he might still be in touch with the organisation. Upon the milk trade he was one of the greatest authorities in England, and in the contest between the wholesalers in London and the producers in Wiltshire, he was given a free hand to fight the case for the latter. ‘“ Mr. Horton was in a position to tell the wholesalers that he had but to raise his finger in Wiltshire and ten per cent. of the whole of London’s milk would not be put on train.” On his resignation of the chairmanship of the Union he was presented with three silver salvers in appreciation of his long and valued services. Mrs. Horton died two years ago. ‘heir three sons, Charles at Kisey, Robert at the Manor Farm, Broad Hinton, and Henry at Wilsford, are all on large farms, which by their fathers’ will now become their own property. Long obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, Sept. 4th, 1924 Rev. Mills Robbins, died suddenly Dec. 21st, 1924, s. of Frederic Robbins, of Spitalcroft, Devizes, partner in the Southbroom Brewery. Educated at the Chancellor’s School, Lincoln, 1888, Deacon 1889, Priest 1890 (Winchester), Curate of Hook (Hants) 1889—92 ; Arreton (I. of W.) 1892—95 ; Yorktown (Surrey) 1895—98; Vicar of West End, Chobham, Surrey 1898 until his death. He always kept up his connection with Devizes and the county of Wilts, was for many years a regular attendant at the meetings of the Wilts Arch. Soc., and was never absent from the dinners, etc., of the Association of Wiltshiremen in London. Obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, Dec. 24th, 1924. He was the author of :— Gleanings of the Robins or Robbins Family of England with lithograph of armorial window and other engravings. Devizes, C. H. Woodward, 1908. For private circulation only. _ Cloth 84in. x 54in., pp. 114. Four illustrations. [This is the 2nd Edition of “ Gleanings of the Robins Family,” issued 1880, with some additional matter]. Rev. Geoffry Hill, died Jan. 1st, 1925, aged 78. Buried at Kast Harnham. Born Oct. 6th, 1846, at Coombe Bissett. Son of Rev. Richard H. Hill, Vicar of Britford, one of a family of sixteen, of whom five became clergymen. Educated Magdalen College School (of which his elder brother, Rev. Dr. Richard Hill, was headmaster) and Exeter Coll., Oxon. B.A. 1870, M.A. 1877, Deacon 1877, Priest 1878 (Edinburgh). Curate of St. James’, Leith, 1877—78; Abbey Hill Mission, Edinburgh, 1879—80 ; |St. John’s, Edinburgh, 1180—83 ; St. Columba, Edinburgh, 1883—88 ; _Dioe. Super., Edinburgh, 1888—91; Vicar of East Harnham, 1891, until his death. He never married. In politics he was a pronounced Liberal, a fisherman, a keen cricketer, and musician, well known in the neighbour- hood of Salisbury. Long obit. notice and good portrait in Salisbury Times, Jan. 9th, 1925. He was the author of :— Wiltshire Folk Songs and Carols, collectedand Edited by the Rev. 108 Wilts Obituary. Geoffry Hill, M.A, Vicar of East and West Harnham, Salis- bury. The music edited and arranged by Walter Barnett, FS.A. W. Mate & Sons, Bournemouth [1898]. 4to., wrapper, pp. 23. [9 songs, all sung in a village near Salisbury. The music taken down from the mouths of old men]. The Dioceses of England,a history of their Limits from the earliest times to the Present Day. London: Eliot Stock, 1900. Demy 8vo. 10 maps. Cloth. 12s.6d. [Reviewed Spectator, Ap. 21st; — Speaker; Athenexum; Notes and Queries, May 12th, 1900.] The aspirate or the use of the letter “H” in English, Latin, Greek, and Gaelic. London: T. Fisher Unwin. 1902. pp. viii. + 151. Cloth. 3s. 6d. net. Some Consequences of the Norman Conquest. London: Eliot Stock. 1904. Demy 8vo. pp. ix. + 251. 7s. 6d. net. The Influence of the Norman Conquest upon the Invasion of Eng- land. Antequary, July, 1904. pp. 208—212. Cerdic’s Landing Place. Salisbury: Brown & Co. [1911]. Pamphlet 8vo. pp. 24. Price 1s. 6d. [An enlargement of a paper read at the meeting of the Wilts Arch. Society at Salisbury and printed in Salisbury Journal, July 18th, 1908.] Mrs. J. C. Hudson, died January 16th, 1925. Buried in London Road Cemetery, Salisbury. Daughter of Dr. Hugh Miller, physician, of Glasgow, came to Salisbury on her marriage in 1908. Active during the War in Queen Mary’s Needlework Guild, and one of the hostesses at the Guest House, on the Canal ; Governor and member of Committee of the Infirmary, and the Town Council Committee on Child Welfare ; hon. treasurer of the Women’s Liberal Association. She had recently been ap- pointed J.P. for Salisbury, but had never sat on the bench owing to ill- health. She was a member of the United Free Church of Scotland. By her kindness and devotion she had endeared herself to a wide circle, and her death was felt as a real loss to the city. Obit. notice, with good portrait, in Salisbury Times, Jan. 23rd, 1925. Brig.-Gen. Frederick Hopewell Peterson, CB, D.S.O., died suddenly, Jan. 25th, 1925, aged 60. Buried at Berwick Bassett. For the last three years he had lived at Parsonage Farm House, Winterbourne Monkton. He joined the Yorkshire Regiment, 1885 ; captain 1896; commandant of the 32nd Sikh Pioneers; Sikkim Expedition 1888 (medal with clasp); Hazara 1891 (clasp); Relief of Chitral Fort 1895 (despatches, D.S.O.,with medal and clasp) ; Tibet 1903-4 (despatches, medal and clasp); Abor Expedition 1911-12 (despatches, Brevet-Colonel, medal and clasp). Harry Poole, died Jan. 27th, 1925, aged 74. One of five brothers, all born in Malmesbury, who became afterwards the famous showmen and proprietors of Poole’s Myriorama, which travelled England in the nineties of the last century. At one time the brothers had nine companies on the Wilts Obituary. 109 road. The whole of the scenery for these extensive shows was painted in Malmesbury. They made the Colston Hall, Bristol, their chief centre. They were the originators of the Bioscope, the forerunner of the Cinemato- graph. He had of late years lived at “ Bloomfield,” Malmesbury, but took no prominent part in local affairs. He leaves a son, Stanley, and daughter, Doris. Obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, Jan. 29th, 1925. John Moulton, died Jan. 30th, 1925, aged 85. Buried at Christ Church, Bradford-on-Avon. Born Sept. 7th, 1839, at Bradford. Youngest son of Stephen Moulton, educated at Bradford and Pembroke Coll., Oxon., M.A, Oxon. Called to the Bar at Lincoln’s Inn,1864. Married, 1866,Alice Blanche, d. of Rev. Thomas Coney, of Braywick Grove, Berks. His eldest and only surviving son, John Coney Moulton, is in the Far East. His second son, Lieut. Eric Moulton, was killed in the war in 1916. J.P. for Wilts. 1894 ; High Sheriff in 1917. He was chairman of the local bench from 1911 to 1922, and represented Bradford on the County Council for many years until 1919, and was chairman of the Urban District Council from 1904 to 1913. Throughout his life he was a most generous benefactor to the town of Bradford. The purchase of Westbury House, the provision of the Public Baths, and of the Drill Hall for the Territorial Detachment, the Church _ Institute, the Curate’s Augmentation Fund, the new Organ at the Parish Church, were only a few of the public or parochial matters in which he was | the prime mover or chief donor. He was the president of almost every | society and organization in the town, and was in every way the leading _ townsman of Bradford. The great rubber business of G. Spencer Moulton _ & Co. was founded at Bradford in 1848 by Stephen Moulton, who settled _ in Bradford from America. Dying in 1880 the business devolved on his _ sons, Alex. and Horatio Moulton, after their deaths their brother, John _ Moulton, succeeded as chairman in 1893. From 1894 the business of the _ firm increased rapidly until it now has over 700 employees. Long obit. notice, with good portrait and view of the Hall, in Wiltshire ; Times, Feb. Tth, 1925. John Turton Woolley, died Feb. 11th, 1925, aged 70. Buried at Romsey. Born at Loughborough (Leics.), s. of W. J. Woolley, solicitor. Educated at Haileybury College. Farmed at Rodmaston (Gloucs.) and Stockton from 1875 to 1883, when he set up in Salisbury as auctioneer, _ estate agent, and land valuer. The business, “ Woolley & Wallis,” extended with branches at Romsey, Fordingbridge, and Ringwood. About fifteen _ years ago he went to live at Spursholt, near Romsey He was president of the Auctioneers’ and Estate Agents’ Institute, 1914, and was one of the founders of the Hants, Wilts and Dorset Branch. He was secretary of the _8S. Wilts Chamber of Agriculture from 1884 to its end, two yearsago, when a silver salver was presented to him in appreciation of his services. He was on the Town Council of Salisbury for three years, and for many years _churchwarden of Fisherton Church, and was keenly interested in the Church Missionary and Bible Societies. A cricketer and Rugby footballer. | He leaves three sons and three daughters. Obit. notice, Salisbury Journal, Feb. 13th, 1925. 110 | Wilts Obituary. Rev. Herbert Ault, died Feb. 12th, 1925. Buried at Canford Cemetery. Lichfield Theolog. Coll., 1873. Deacon 1875, Priest 1876 (Lich.). Curate of Hednesford, 1875—79 ; Chaplain of Sharpness Docks and Curate of Berkeley, 1879—86 ; Vicar of Bishopstone (N. Wilts), 1886 —1i916; Rural Dean of Cite kladle, 1910—1913 ; Chaplain to Bristol Diocesan Refuge and Training Home, 1916—1921. Obit. notice, WV. Wilts Herald, Feb. 20th, 1925. Edward Slow, died Feb. 16th, 1925, aged 83. Buried at Wilton Cemetery. He had rendered valuable service to Wilton all his life. He was one of those who were instrumental in obtaining a new charter in 1885, and became a member of the Corporation in that year, and, except fora break of three years (1887—90), he remained a member of it, as a councillor and afterwards alderman (1893), until he resigned in 1924. He was mayor in 1892 and 1905. He was formerly the owner of the Wilton Carriage Works, at Ditchampton, but had long since retired from the business. A prominent Churchman and Conservative. He represented Wilton on the management of the Wiltshire Friendly Society for many years. He was interested in antiquarian matters and was a member of the Wilts Arche- ological Society ; doing what he could to help the society when occasion served. He was, however, best known in Wiltshire and beyond its borders as a writer of stories and “ Khymes” (the title he himself gave to his writings) in the Wiltshire dialect, and as such he will be long remembered. Indeed in South Wilts he stands alone in this. His output was prolific and his dialect was the real thing. He was one of the very few educated Wiltshiremen (in his case self-educated) who could speak and write the dialect of his own county. ‘To him it came naturally as a living language. Obit. notices,Salisbury Journal, reprinted in Wiltshire Gazette, Feb. 26th ; Salisbury Times, Feb. 27th, 1925. He was the author of :— Harvest Home at Wilton. Pamphlet. Poems in the Wiltshire Dialect. By the Author of ‘Harvest Home at Wilton.” Printed and Published by Alfred Chalke, Wilton, and E. W. Allen, 11, Ave Maria Lane, London, 1867. Rhymes of the Wiltshire Peasantry and other Trifles. F. A. Blake, Salisbury, and E. Slow, West End View, Wilton, 1870. Wiltshire Rhymes, a series of Poems in the Wiltshire Dialect. Never before published. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. ~ Salisbury, Fred. A. Blake. 1881. Boards, cr. 8vo, pp. vii. + 143. — Price Ls. The Fourth Series of Wiltshire Rhymes containing twenty-five new Poems in the Wiltshire Dialect, never before published, also a Glossary of some words now used in Wiltshire and adjoining Counties. Salisbury, F.A. Blake. Wilton, E.Slow, | West End, 1889. Boards, Cr. 8vo, pp. 128. 33 Poems. Price 1/6. The Fifth Series of Wiltshire Rhymes and Tales in the Wiltshire Dialect, never before published. Wilton, E. Slow. Salisbury. R. R. Edwards, Gillingham, James Rideout & Co., Wilton Printing Works. [1894 or 5]. Cr. 8vo, pp. 156. | Wilts Obituary. 111 Wiltshire Rhymes with Glossary, new issue, 1898. Cloth 8vo, pp. 250. 3/6 net. 33 Poems. Cheap edition of 200fthe Poems. 8vo, pp. 128, 1/6 net. Humourous West Countrie Tales. By the Author of Wiltshire Rhymes. Salisbury, R. R. Edwards. [1899]. Cloth, Cr. 8vo, pp. 147. [Two or three of these stories had been already published in pamphlet form]. West Countrie Tales containing Ben. & Nancy Sloper’s Good Fortune, &c., . . .-. Salisbury, R. R. Edwards, [1902]. Pamphlet, Cr. 8vo., pp.31. Reprinted from Salisbury Journal, Oct. 25th, 1902. Price 6d. Humourous West Countrie Rhymes containing Tha Wiltshire Moonrakers, &c. . . . Salisbury, R. KR. Edwards. [1902]. Pamphlet, 16mo, pp. 36. Humourous West Countrie Tales, No 2, containing Tha Pedigree Vowls and tha Lunnen Shearper, &c. . . . Salisbury, R. R. Edwards. [1906]. Pamphlet, 64in. x 44in., pp. 30. Price 6d. Voices from Salisbury Plain or Who’s to blame? a dialogue on the Franco-Prussian War, between Willum and Jeames (Wilt- shire Labourers). By the Author of ‘‘ Poems in the Wiltshire Dialect.” London, Simpkin, Marshall & Co. Salisbury, Fred A. Blake. Pamphlet, 16mo, pp. 20. Glossary of Wiltshire compiled by E. Slow., Wilton. Printed by the Wilton Printing Works. 1892. Pamphlet, 7+in. x din, pp. 12. Tha Parish Council Bill. [1894]. Pamphlet, 12mo. Reprinted from The Weekly Record. Smilin’ Jack: a True Stowry of a Midnight Adventure. Printed atthe Wilton Printing Works. [1894?]. Pamphlet, Tin. x 43in., pp. 6. Bob Beaker’s Visit ta Lunnen ta zee tha Indian & Colonial Exhibition. R. R. Edwards, Salisbury. Pamphlet. 12mo. pp. 13. [A prose story prefixed to more than one local almanack for 1896.] Aunt Meary’s Soup, a True Story. [4pp. in Edwards’ Salisbury Almanack Compendium, 1897.} - Ben Sloper’s Visit to the Zalsbury Diamond Jubilee Zelebray- | shun, what he zeed and zed about it. R. R. Edwards, Salis- bury [1897]. Pamphlet. Crown 8vo. pp. 19. Price 3d. [Also pre- fixed to Edwards’ Almanack for 1898. ] | Ben Sloper at tha Military Manoovers on Zalsbury Plaain... . | Salisbury: R. R. Edwards [1898]. Pamphlet. Crown 8vo. pp. 26. Price 6d. | Ben Sloper an he’s Nancy’s visit to Barnum & Bailey’s girtest | Show on Earth at Zalsbury, July 10th 1899. ... Salis- | bury: R.R. Edwards. Pamphlet. Cr. 8vo. pp. 23. [Printed asa local appendix to Moore's Almanack, &c.| | Zam & Zue’s Visit to tha “Girt Wheel.” R. R. Edwards, Salis- bury. Pamphlet. Cr. 8vo. pp. 6. Price 2d. Signed ‘“ Moonraker” [1900]. 112° Wilts Obituary. Lhe Transvaal War. Who’s to blame? Boer or Briton. A Dialogue between Willum and Edderd, two working men of Salisbury Plain. Salisbury: R. R. Edwards, 1900. Pamphlet. 64in. x 4in. pp. 28. Price 6d. Ben and Nancy Sloper’s Visit to Zalsbury Vair, what they zeed and how they enjoyedtherzelves. Salisbury: R. R. Edwards. {1901.] Pamphlet. Cr. 8vo. pp. 30. Buffalo Bill's Wild Waste Show at Zalsbury. August tha zix Nineteen underd an dree. By Janny Raa. Also a Nigger Dialogue, “The Spider and the Fly.” Salisbury: R. R. Edwards [1903]. Pamphlet. Cr. 8vo. pp. 20. Rekerlections an’ Yarns of a Woold Zalsbury Carrier var auver vivty years. Rote in tha Wiltshire Dialect, Contents, Salisbury, R. R. Edwards. [1910]. Pamphlet, 64in. x 44in., pp. 61. The Old Age Pension Act. A Dialogue between Fred, a woold Varm Leabourer and tha Squire’s Bailee. In the Wiltshire dialect. Also good King Edderd’sand Queen Alexander’s visit toZalsbury. . . . Salisbury,R. R. Edwards. [1911]. Pamph- let, 6Zin. x 44in., pp. 31 [ Verse and Prose]. A Humourous Tale in the West Countrie and Cockney Dialects, entitled “Jan Ridley’s New Wife,’ with an account of her London Nephew Mr. Dick Daisher. ... R. R. Edwards, Salisbury. [1913]. Cloth, Cr. 8vo, pp. 260. Price 3/6. Chronology of Wilton, also an account of its Bishops, Abbesses, Rectors, Mayors, Members of Parliament, Churches, Royal Charters, Hospitals, Benefactors, Celebrities, &c. Wilton, Ed. Slow. Salisbury, R. R. Edwards. [1903]. Cloth, Cr. 8vo, pp. 150. Price 2/6. The Military Manoovers in tha Nayberhood a Zalsbury, Zept- ember, 1907. . . . Also the Reception of the Wiltshire Regiment by the City of Salisbury. Salisbury: R. BR. Edwards [1907]. Pamphlet. Cr. 8vo. pp. 27. The Great War. A West Countrie Dialogue between Fred and Mark, Soldier and Pacifist. . . . Salisbury: R R. Edwards. Wilton: Miss Winters. [1918]. Pamphlet. 64in. x 4in. pp 26. [A large number of the rhymes and stories published in the various series of Wiltshire Rhymes were also published separately in pamphlet form, in addition to those mentioned above. | John Sadler, died Feb. 15th, 1925, aged 77. Second son of E. T. Sadler, of Horley, Surrey. Born at Gt. Yarmouth, Sept. Ist, 1847. Educated at Canterbury, entered War Office, Chelsea Hospital about 1860, retired 1890. He founded, and was the hon. secretary of, the Civil Service Benevolent Fund. Married Oct., 1877, the daughter of Edward Smith, of Tottenham, who survives him. He leaves a son, Ralph T. Sadler, and a daughter. He had for several years been a member of the committee of the Wilts Arch. Soc. and was very regular in his attendance, though he lived at Wilts Obituary. 113 _ Ealing, and was also often present at the annual meetings. He was specially interested in the topography and family history of Wiltshire. He was one of the joint editors of the series of Wiltshire Marriage _ Fegisters, published by Phillimore, from 1905 onwards, and was for some _ years editor of the “ Canterbury and York Society.” He left to the Wilts _ Arch Soe. all his MS. papers, &c., comprising an enormous mass of abstracts _of wills, extracts from registers, Peanerees &c., of Wiltshire persons and families, obviously the fruit of years of untiring research. It is hoped that these papers may shortly be arranged and rendered available for consulta- tion in the Society’s library. Obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, Feb. 19th, 1925. He was the author of the following :— : | Morse of Rodbourne Cheney, &c. Wilts VN. ¢ Q., VI., 361—364, 503—507, 562—565. _Crawlboys. Ibid., VII., 32-—84. Notes on Ashton Keynes. Jbid., VII., 122—130. |Notes on Kemble, Oaksey, and Poole. Jbid.,, VII., 131—133. Notes on Blunsdon St. Andrew. Jbid., VII., 314—319, 366—370. ‘Compton Comberwell. Jbid., VIII., 82—88, 136—140. Notes on Wiltshire Parishes. Avebury. Jbid., VIII., 214—224. Lydham Weeke, in Liddington. Jbd, VIII., 458—464. | Aldbourne, Manor, Chase, and Warren. Wats Arch. Mag., xlii., 576 _ —6587. l i | Sir Prior Goldney, Bart., C.B., C.V.O., died May 4th, 1925, aged 81. Buried at Halse (Som.). Eldest son of Sir Gabriel Goldney, |Bart. Born Aug. 4th, 1843. Educated at Harrow and Exeter Coll., Oxon. ‘Called to the Bar by the Inner Temple, 1867. Recorder of Helston, and afterwards of Poole, a member of the Commission to enquire into corrupt paeiiecs at Norwich, 1875. City Remembrancer, 1882—1902. C.B. 1902, 'C.V.O. 1903. Succeeded to the baronetcy 1900. High Sheriff of Wilts /1906. J.P. for Wilts and Somerset, one of H.M. Lieutenants for the City of London, a Past Master of the Merchant Taylors’ Company, Major in Royal Wilts Yeomanry. He never married and is succeeded in the baronetcy by his brother, Frederick Hastings Goldney. He had lived for ‘many years at Derriads, a residence which he built near Chippenham, for a portion of the year, living the rest of the year at Halse Manor (Som.), a (property which he inherited from his uncle, Dr. Prior. Obit. notices, Tames, May 5th; Wiltshire Gazette, May 7th, 1925. | Canon William Gardiner, died April 10th, 1925, aged 77. Buried at Wallingford. Exeter Coll., Oxon, B.A. 1870, M.A. 1873, B.D. 1891. Deacon 1871, priest 1872 (Bath and Wells). Preb. and Canon of pSalisbury 1909. Curate of St. James’, Taunton, 1871—73; Vicar of St. George’ s, Claines, 1873—87; St. Mary’s, Marlborough, 1887—97 ; Rural Dean of Marlborough, 1891—97 ; ; Vicar of Southbroom 1897—1918, when he resigned ; Rural Dean of Avebury, Cannings portion, 1906—19. He was a@ prominent Freemason and a Past Grand Chaplain of England, and WOL, XLI.—NO. CXLIL. I 114 Wilts Obituary was the originator in Devizes of the Boy Scout movement. As Vicar of Southbroom he was also acting chaplain to the Devizes Depot of the Wilts Regiment, as he had been before to the 3rd Battalion of the county regiment at Worcester. He was especially interested in Church schools. On his resignation of Southbroom he went to live at Wallingford. Obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, April 16th, 1925. He was the author of :— The Laying on of Hands, commonly called Confirmation. By W.G. Oxford and London: Mowbray & Co. Price 2d. Pamphlet, 42in. X 5in., pp. 29. Southbroom Catechisings on the Church Catechism, 1907. Rural Deanery of Avebury (Cannings Portion) Memorial Tablets, &c., Church Plate and Bells. A.D. 1910. 8vo, pp. 127. Canon Ernest Edmund Dugmore, Succentor of Salisbury Cathedral, died March 10th, 1925, aged 82. Fourth s. of Will. Dugmore, Q.C. Educated at Bruce Castle School, and Wadham College, (xon.. B.A. 1867, M.A. 1869. Deacon 1867, priest 1870 (Winchester). Curate of St. Peter’s, Vauxhall, 1867—72 ; Vicar of Parkstone (Dors.) 1872—1910. Preb. and Canon of Salisbury 1917 until his death. Widely known in Salisbury Diocese as an advanced High Churchman, and more widely still as one whose singularly beautiful face was the true expression of his character. For many years he took a prominent part in the meetings of the Diocesan Synod. He married Lady Elizabeth, d. of the tenth Earl of Kinnoul and widow of Col. Sir Fred. Arthur, Bart, who died 1902. He had lived of late in Salisbury Close. Obituary notice, He was the author of :— From the Mountains of the East, a Quasi Dramatic Poem. 1882. Gospel Idylls and other Sacred Verses. 1884. Hymns of Adoration for Church use. 1900. Francis Edward Newman Rogers, died March 28th, 1925, aged 56. Buried at Oare. 8S. of Walter Lacy Rogers. Educated at Eton and Balliol Coll., Oxon. Married, 1893, Louisa Annie, d. of Edward Jennings, of Gellideg, Carmarthenshire, who, with a son and a daughter, survives him. Liberal M.P. for East Wilts 1906—1910. Chairman of the East Wilts Liberal Association. He contested the elections of 1900 and 1910 in East Wilts and that of Dec., 1910, in S. Wilts, unsuccessfully. J.P. for Wilts, 1894. He was for years an active member of the County Council, having been Chairman of the Charities and Records Committee, and Vice-Chairman of the General Education Com- mittee, and for a short time Vice-Chairman of the Council itself. He was also for thirteen years Chairman of the Governors of the |)auntsey School Foundation, and “the greatly improved position which the school now occupies in the educational system of the country is due in no small degree to Mr. Rogers’ untiring devotion to its best interests.” He was appointed in 1911 a Small Holdings Commissioner of the Board of Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and .Artveles. 115 Agriculture, and in this connection his former political opponent, Lord Bledisloe, who defeated him in South Wilts in 1910, said of him that his death “leaves his country, his county which he loved so well, and a wide circle of friends and acquaintances of all classes and and all parties markedly and irreparably the poorer.” Obit. notice, Weltshire Gazette, April 2nd, 1925. WILTSHIRE BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, AND ARTICLES. [N.B.—This list does not claim to be in any way exhaustive. The Editor appeals to all authors and publishers of pamphlets, books, or views, in any way connected with the county, to send him copies of their works, and to editors of papers, and members of the Society generally, to send him copies of articles, views, or portraits, appearing in the newspapers. | Frederick Edward Ridgeway, Bishop of Salisbury, A Memoir by Ernest Cross, MA., Leeds, Vicar Choral, Salisbury Cathedral, and Domestic Chap- ) lain to the Bishop of Salisbury, with Foreword by the Lord | Bishop of London, and three portraits. A. R. Mowbray & Co. [1924]. Cloth, cr. 8vo., pp. xi. + 212. 6s. Photographs of the Bishop in cope | and mitre, 1920; in his robes as Bp. of Kensington ; and in his cassock “ In | | | stages, his work at Glasgow ; as Vicar of St. Peter’s, Cranley Gardens,South his study,” all three admirable likenesses. The working life of Bishop Ridgeway was practically divided into four Kensington ; as Suffragan Bishop of Kensington ; and finally as Bishop of | Salisbury. Little is said of his early life, he does not seem to have made ae aie i _ where he took a pass degree, but in his third curacy at Holy Trinity, Ryde, 1 any considerable mark either at school at Tonbridge or at Cambridge, “itis noted that his preaching made a great impression. It was during the period from 1878 to 1890, when he was incumbent of St. Mary’s, Glas- _ gow, and when the Church peomne the Cathedral, its first dean, that he -really came into prominence, and by his work there “He won for himself ‘respect and regard far outside the Episcopal Church,”.so much so indeed that the University of Glasgow conferred on him the honorary degree of ‘D.D., an unique compliment to an Englishman In 1890 he came to | London as Vicar of St. Peter’s, Cranley Gardens, 8S. Kensington, where he ‘became “ one of the most prominent priests in the London Diocese,” and 1p 116 Wiltshine Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. “his ten years’ work practically transformed the Church so that his Vicariate has since been termed ‘the Golden Age.’” In 1901 he became Suffragan Bishop of Kensington, and Vicar of St. Botolph’s, Bishopsgate. During this period he was in great request as a preacher, and there fell to his special share of the general work of the London Diocese, the four following matters:—Temperance Work, the Evangelistic Council, the Church Lads’ Brigade, and Preventive and Rescue Work. Of the Church Lads’ Brigade he was one of the founders as he was also of an Ordination Candidates’ Fund, probably the first of its kind. Of his work in the Diocese of Salisbury from 1911—1921, that which will probably be longest remembered, was his unceasing endeavour during the four years of the war to do something for the vast camps of the new army which covered whole districts of Dorset and Wilts. In 1918 he said of himself that he was “ practically an Army Chaplain quite as much as a Diocesan Bishop,” and it was literally true. He had addressed 200,000 of the men, and had con- firmed thousands of them. From the first he determined, however, to be a. “ Diocesan Bishop,” and as far as possible to do nothing outside his own Diocese. Himself in later life a pronounced High Churchman, as he showed by his sermon to the Anglo-Catholic Congress in 1920, he never took in diocesan matters a party view or a party side; on the con- trary he did much to foster and encourage the already existing spirit of tolerance and unity for which the Salisbury Diocese had always been known. He sympathised in very real measure with the country clergy and their difficulties, and stood up squarely for them against their detractors, especially he brought the poverty of many of the clergy prominently before the laity of the diocese, and by a personal appeal raised a fund of some £7,000 for their relief, and himself contributed most generously to many cases which came to his knowledge privately as Bishop.. He was all for the sale of large Vicarages, and Glebe Lands, and the union of small livings,. and he set up at Gillingham an example of the way in which he wished to see several small country parishes served by a body of clergy living to- gether in a central parish. In opinion a Liberal, he was not a politician, and his ideal was that the Church “ should stand for an independent view of national affairs.” ‘The strain of his unending war work told upon his strength, and he really wished to resign in 1920 but was, perhaps un- fortunately, dissuaded by a generally-supported request from the clergy of the Diocese that he would continue his work. The memoir, which is well written and founded largely on quotations from visitation or conference addresses by the Bishop, for the author had only a very short personal knowledge of him, rather leaves the impression that the Bishop him- self would have said that his work as a parish priest of Glasgow and St. — Peter’s, Cranley Gardens, was really the portion of his life which best suited his natural gifts and genius, for on the pastoral side his gifts were — great. A series of appendices at the end of the volume give in full six sermons or addresses—(1) To former Confirmation candidates at St. Peter’s, — Cranley Gardens, April 8th, 1897. (2) A Lent address at St. Peter’s, © Cranley Gardens, March 16th, 1900. (3) Sermon to officers and men of the West Riding Regt. and Lancashire Fusiliers in Wimborne Minster, Feb. Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 117 21st, 1915. (4) Address at Memorial Service at Tonbridge School, June 17th, 1919. (5) Sermon at Thanksgiving Service in Salisbury Cathedral, Nov. 17th, 1918. (6) Sermon at St. Albans, Holborn, June 29th, 1920 {Anglo-Catholic Congress). He was the author of :— Calls to Service; being 27 Sermons and Addresses delivered in the Diocese of London. Longmans, London. 1912. Cr. 8vo. ds . Address to the Synod at Salisbury, April17th, 1912. Wiltshire Gazette, Ap. 18th, 1912. © Ditto, 1913. Salisbury Journal, Ap. 5th, 1913. Ditto, 1915. Wiltshire Gazette, Ap. 15th, 1915. Ditto, May 10th, 1916. Salisbury Journal, May 13th, 1916. Sermon preached at Netheravon, Dec. 23rd, 1911, on the occasion of the Dedication of a Sixth Bell in memory of T. W. Hussey. Wiltshire Gazette, Dec. 28th, 1911. Sermon preached at St. John’s Church, Devizes, May 6th, 1912, at the Annual Festival of the Salisbury Diocesan Guild of Ringers. Woltshire Gazette, May 9th, 1912. Sermon preached at the Trowbridge Parish Church on June 8th, 1912. Wiltshire Temes, June 15th, 1912. The Horror of War, Sermon preached in Cathedral August 9th, 1914. Salisbury Journal, Aug. 15th, 1914. New Year’s Letter. Salisbury Diocesan Gazette, Jan., 1915. Ditto. Jbid., Jan., 1916. Sermon preached at Trowbridge Parish Church, Sept. 29th, 1915, at Diocesan Missionary Intercession Service. Wiltshire _ Gazette, Sept. 30th, 1915. Diocese of Salisbury. National Mission of Repentance and Hope. Preparation Sunday, Sept. 24th, 1916. Bishop’s Pastoral, to be read on the above Sunday in every Church in the Diocese. Pamphlet, 8tin. X 63in., pp. 8. The Dead who are alive. Sermon preached at Potterne at the Dedication of the Memorial Organ. Wiltshire Gazette, June 3rd, 1920. The (Five) Reports on the Excavations at Stone- henge, 1919—1923. By Lt.-Col. W. Hawley, F.S.A. The recent work of excavation at Stonehenge, carried out by Lt.-Col. W. Hawley, F.S.A., for the Society of Antiquaries, began in September, 1919, and has been carried on down to the present time. This work has been described by Col. Hawley in five ‘“ Reports,” printed in the Antiqguarzes’ Journal, Vol. I., No. L., January; 1921, pp. 19—41 (eighteen illustrations) ; Vol. II., No. L., Jan., 1922, pp. 36—52 (eight illustrations) ; Vol. III, No. L., Jan. 1923, pp. 13—20 (four illustrations); :Vol. IV., No. I, Jan., 1924, pp. 30—39 (plan and two illustrations) ; Vol. V., No. I., Jan., 1925, pp. 21 —40 (plan, one illustration, and many sections). No account of these reports has as yet appeared in the Magazine, and it seems well to givea short abstract of the work which has been accomplished up to the end of 118 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 1923, as described in these reports. The first work done by the Office of Works was on Stones Nos. 6 and 7, on the south side of the outer circle, which were leaning badly in opposite directions, so that the lintel on the top of them was in danger of falling off. This lintel, weighing between 6 and 7 tons, was lifted off and the bases of the supporting uprights were excavated. The base of stone 7 was found 5ft. below the surface, and five round holes were found penetrating the solid chalk, evidently to hold posts. arranged so as to guide the base of the stone to its correct position. A quantity of wood ashes, and signs of fire on the large blocks of sarsen, with which the bottom of the stone was packed and wedged, seemed to show that when these posts had done their work they were burned, as they could. not be withdrawn. Great numbers of chips and fragments, both of the sarsens and of the blue stones, were found at all depths, but the latter were more than five times as numerous as the former. Stone 6 was dealt with in the same way. This was found to have a pointed end 4ft. 6in. below the surface, with sarsen packing stones braced by large slabs of Chilmark oolite | ragstone set on edge behind them. Here, again,a mass of wood ashes was. found. The two stones were then jacked up straight, concreted in that position, and the lintel replaced upon them. In this excavation a con- siderable number of fragments of pottery and other small objects of Romano- British age were found down to a depth of 15 inches, and a few Bronze Age fragments below these. Aubrey Holes. In the plan of. Stonehenge accompanying the MS. Monumenta Britannica in the Bodleian Library, Aubrey showed certain — depressions inside the earth bank, where he suggested stones had been. There was no sign of these upon the surface, but on trying with a steel bar a hole was found at the spot indicated by Aubrey and subsequently a series of others, occurring at regular intervals of 16ft. Of these, which the excavators called the ‘ Aubrey Holes,” twenty-nine were excavated at different times, all about the same size, and varying from a depth of 3ft. 5in. to 2ft. and a maximum diameter of 5ft. 3in. to 2ft. 6in. They are more or less circular, regularly and sharply cut in the chalk, and many have the edge of the chalk bowl cut away or crushed on the side towards the present circle, this being apparently caused by the erection or withdrawal of a — stone from the inner side, probably the latter. Col. Hawley believes that they once held small upright stones, and all except four of the twenty-three excavated had cremated bones deposited in them. Many sarsen and blue stone fragments, and a few pieces of Romano-British pottery were found in the filling of these holes, together with flint fabricators and flakes, and, in one case, a number of flint flakes which had obviously been struck off by a flint worker who worked on the spot. In one hole the position of the cremated bones pointed to their having been deposited in the hole after the withdrawal of the stone which stood in it. In three cases the holes had been apparently dug too deep to fit the stone, and some of the excavated chalk had been returned to the hole again; the sarsen and bluestone chips were rarely found below 20in. from the surface. These holes were filled up again and their positions are marked by round patches of white chalk. Ditch and Rampart. A 3ft. trench was cut from one of the Aubrey holes. | Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 119 through the rampart and across the ditch. The rampart was found to be only 2ft. 6in. high above the chalk rock, and the ditch 39in. deep below the present turf level. The lowest stratum yielded roughly-worked flints and flakes. A section of the ditch 9ft. x 12ft. was subsequently excavated, in which the depth was found to increase to 54in. A cremation was found in a bowl-shaped cavity in the solid chalk at the bottom, which was roughly flat. No chips of stone were found below 25in. deep. ‘The width of the ditch was 9ft., the edges being perpendicular for the first 2ft Slaughter Stone. W. Cunnington, F.S.A., had examined this in 1801 and the banking round the stone is apparently his work, ‘‘ but we could see that the stone had been buried earlier in a pit very roughly dug in the solid chalk and just deep enough to allow the soil to cover it at ground level. Perhaps the intention had been to bury it deeper, but the hole was not made long enough, consequently the top and bottom rest on sloping chalk and cause a void of about 10 inches under it.” On examining the ground west of the stone a very large hole, 10ft. in diameter by 63ft. deep was found and excavated. In the upper layer was a coin of Claudius Gothicus and at the bottom two deer-horn picks rested against the curved side. ‘There can be no doubt that a large stone once stood in the hole,” possibly the Slaughter Stone itself. No traces of holes for the stones marked by Aubrey on his plan were found. An appendix, pp. 38, 39, gives a note by C. R. Peers, F.S.A., on the method adopted for setting leaning stones upright. The next work undertaken by the Office of Works was the setting up straight of the four uprights 29, 30, 1, and 2, supporting three lintels, on the north-east side of the outer circle. When the latter were taken off, the accurate work on the tenons of the uprights and the mortise holes of the lintels was very observable. In the excavations the proportion of sarsen and blue stone chippings remained as before, and a number of hard quartzite nodules for use as hammer stones were found, and in the lower layer of the excavation thirty-six mauls of all sizes varying from some quite small to | others of 11, 30, and 43 lbs. in weight, and two deer-horn picks broken, together with flint implements of a rough description. No. 1 stone tapered slightly at the base. Here, again, glauconite and Chilmark ragstone were found with sarsen used as packing blocks round the base, and there was a _ post-hole on the south side. Under one side of the base of Stone 30 a | number of holes from 15in. to 20in. in depth were found, containing decayed | wood matter. These holes were, it is suggested, for posts to support the | base of the stone, which had a large crack in it and had not in consequence | been trimmed. There were fifty-eight packing stones round its base, chiefly | of glanconite and Chilmark stone, showing, as Colonel Hawley remarks, _that there was no sarsen available on the Plain, beyond pieces knocked off | | the uprights in the process of trimming, and stone for the purpose had to be brought from a distance. The four uprights were all straightened and | concreted, and the three lintels replaced. The base of Stone 29 was found only 55in. below datum line, the hole in which it stood had, like that of Stone 1, no inclined plane starting from the outside. ‘There were forty-seven | packing stones, two flint, nineteen sarsen, and twenty-six Chilmark and 120 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. Hurdcott ragstone. There were seven post-holes round the base of the stone, containing woody matter. The base was bluntly pointed. No. 2 Stone was concreted, but it was not necessary to move it; its base was 843in. below datum line. The hole in which it stood had an inclined plane from outside. One large maul weighing 35lbs. and twelve smaller ones were found round it. The Blue Stones. The excavations round Stones Nos. 1 and 30 extended close to Nos. 31 and 49 of the inner circle of “ Blue Stones,” or “ Foreign Stones.” and it was decided to concrete the bases of three on the north side. Stone 31 was found to extend 46in. below the surface, its total height being 9ft. 4in. and No. 49 was also 46in. below ground, and its total height was 9ft. 10in. The usual fragments of sarsen and blue stone were found round them, but no packing stones. The South “Barrow.” The radius of this was found to be 26ft., the height not exceeding 14in. from the chalk rock. Three sections of 12ft. x 6ft. crossing the ditch and taking in part of the “barrow,” were cut. ‘lhree Aubrey holes were found under the rubble of the “barrow.” A piece of the edge of a finely polished stone celt was found near the top of the “barrow,” and the usual chippings of sarsen and blue stone. Col. Hawley concluded that the mound was not a barrow, and it must have been long subsequent to the Aubrey holes. There was a small ditch round the “barrow,” varying in depth from 8in. to 16in., and from 1éin. to 18in. wide. The place had been excavated by Hoare without result, and as a large hole about 4ft. deep was found in the centre of the mound, it was concluded that a large stone had stood here, and that it. was not a barrow at all. The Rampart Ditch. Sections of this were excavated, showing a more or less flat bottom varying from 52in. to 63in. in depth below ground-level. In the counterscarp side of the ditch bulging projections of 2ft. were found with curved recesses in the bank between them, which Col. Hawley suggested might have been habitations. In the upper 20in. from the surface, sarsen and blue stone chippings, Bronze Age and Romano-British pottery sherds were found, and a cremation occurred at 35in. ; but below this, and on the bottom, only roughly chipped flints, a borer, a few cores, and many flakes were found, and many stag’s-horn picks, some of which had the bes-tine left on the stock as well as the brow-tine, to enable the pick to be used in both hands. The flints found on, the bottom of the ditch had a white patina, as distinguished from the dark colour of those of the upper layer and of the rough Stonehenge type. On the north-east side a section of the ditch was cleared, and the width was found to be 18ft., the depth varying from 69in. and 74in. to 36in. and 57in. A grave containing a skeleton only 22in. below the surface was judged to be that of a modern criminal, probably hung in chains. Stag’s-horn picks were again found on the bottom of the ditch. On the excavation being carried on to the point where the south-east avenue bank and trench would meet the main ditch, it was found that both bank and trench of the avenue died out before reaching the edge of the ditch, leaving a ridge of undisturbed chalk between the two, and that the ditch continued its course almost to the centre of the avenue, where it ended in a large crater-shaped space, which had on the Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 121 inner side a large hole from which apparently a stone had been removed. The hole was 4ft. 3in. deep, and its maximum width 42in. Init, 35in. below the surface, were the disturbed bones of a child of Sor9. At this point the ditch ended in a nearly perpendicular wall of solid chalk, 4ft. 9in. high. the south-east side of the entrance causeway, which proved to be 373ft. wide, beyond which the ditch began again in a large crater or pit, 224ft. wide and 74f{t. deep, with an opening 7ft. wide into the ditch or another pit beyond it. Col. Hawley regarded the first pit as a dwelling pit. It contained ox bones, and on the bottom seven deer-horn picks, and it had been partly filled up by white chalk rubble from some other excavations being thrown into it. In this chalk, 38in. from the surface, cremated remains of_an adult and child were found, and there were signs of a fire on the bottom. The Causeway. The entire surface of the causeway was uncovered, no sign of the north-west avenue trench and bank being found. Right across the causeway from side to side more or less parallel lines of holes, fifty-three in all, dug in the solid chalk, 12in. to 15in. in diameter, and varying in depth from that of a mere cup, where the traffic through the entrance had worn the surface away, to about 24in. Diagonally across these parallel lines certain other larger holes, 18in. to 24in. in diameter, seemed to lie in a line. Col. Hawley regards the smaller holes as made for posts, lines of which would stretch across the entrance, whilst the larger holes may have held small stones for the same purpose, and he looks on the whole of this arrangement as connected with the ditch, and earlier than the present structure of Stonehenge, and thinks that “The original use of the site was asa defensive dwelling.”’ He suggests that the Slaughter Stone may possibly have been standing in the entrance, with other stones, as a stone hole 34ft. deep was found close to the large hole in which he supposes the Slaughter Stone originally stood, and that it was taken down when the existing Stonehenge was erected with a view to being used, but being found defective was buried instead. No trace of the four stones shown by Inigo Jones as standing at the entrance could be found, nor any holes in which they conld have stood. Col. Hawley, however, suggests that these stones may have been placed where they were*shown in modern times to mark the entrance and have subsequently disappeared. An “Aubrey Hole” was found in the centre of the passage-way, showing that the line of these holes was carried across the entrance. The Avenue. The avenue ditches were found to be independent of the earthwork ditch, and began 10ft. from it. The parallel ditches were 7Oft. apart, carelessly made, on an average about 3ft. deep, with 12in. of chalk silt on the bottom, in which horn picks and flint chips, but no stone chippings, which were confined to the upper layer, from which Col. Hawley infers that the avenue ditches preceded the erection of Stonehenge. ‘Two stone holes were found 4ft. 6in. deep, and both about 24ft. from the Helestone. Col. Hawley suggests that the Helestone may have formed one of a group independent of Stonehenge. Round the Helestone itself, at a distance of —-‘10ft., a trench 4ft. deep and 33ft. wide with nearly perpendicular sides was : | i i 122 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. found and excavated. It apparently surrounded the Helestone, but on the road side no excavation was possible. It was certainly partly open when — Stonehenge was built, as chippings were found in the higher part of it, but not in the bottom layer, in which one horn pick was found. Discovery of the Y. and Z. Holes. ‘he systematic trenching of the ground between the earth bank and the outer circle of stones on the north- east side led to the discovery of a row of stone holes 36ft. from the outer circle of stones and roughly concentric with it, of oblong shape, 5ft. to 6ft. 6in. long at the top, by about 3ft. 4in. wide, and at the bottom 32in. x 16in. Their depth was about 387in. The distance between these holes, distinguished as Y holes, was 18ft. 6in. At the bottom of one of these holes were two stag’s-horn picks and three antlers, showing that no stone had stood in it. Thirteen of these Y holes were excavated. Inside this line of holes another line of precisely similar holes of about the same size at a distance of 12ft. from the present outer circle of stones, and nearly but not quite concentric with it, was hit upon and twelve of them were excavated. ‘These were distinguished as Z holes. In one hole a piece of rhyolite from the blue stones was lying on the bottom of the hole, but the excavation of the incline leading to Stone No. 7 of the outer circle showed that that stone was erected before the Z hole opposite it was dug. On the whole it seems unlikely that stones ever actually stood in these holes. In one case (Z 8) no hole was found in the line where it ought to have been. The details of the excavation of all these holes is given in an appendix to the report of January, 1925. On the south side of the circle a number of postholes similar to those at the entrance were found, and amongst them a grave containing a skeleton which has been assigned to the Roman or Late Celtic period. The excavations at this point were not completed. The stone on the rampart to the south-east was dug round and found to be a rough sarsen with no appearance of dressing or shaping, 9ft. long by 3ft. 8in. across the front and 3ft. at the side, which had stood in a hole 4ft. deep. ‘There was nothing to show its age. Several cremations, generally very small quantities of bones only just under the surface, were found mostly at or near the inner slope of the rampart. Nothing was found with them except in one case in which the burnt bones lay in a shallow cist scraped 2in. deep in the chalk rubble, 7m. below the sur- face. Among the bones lay a beautiful little hammer or mace head of horn- blendic gneiss, probably of the Bronze Age, perforated with a cylindrical hole which is not countersunk and is polished all over. The material pro- bably came from Britanny. It is cushion-shaped, 2.¢., both ends are bluntly rounded. Eight similar examples seem to be known, five from Scotland and three from the Thames neighbourhood. The Problem of Wansdyke. By Albany F. Major, OB.E,FS A. Antiquaries’ Journal, April, 1924. Vol. iv., pp. 142— 145. In this short paper the writer criticises the theories set forth in the Antiquaries’ Journal, Jan., 1924, by Mr. A. D. Passmore. He allows that all the digging yet done in Wansdyke, whether in Wilts or Somerset, sug- gests a Roman or Post-Roman origin, as Gen. Pitt Rivers long ago proved Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 123 so far as his own diggings were concerned, but he suggests that ‘“ Wans- dyke is such a vast work, some 60 miles long, and varies so in size and construction at different points . . . that it may be a composite work constructed at different periods.” ‘Whether it continued through the Forest (Savernake) is still uncertain. Some two miles east of the Forest it again incorporates a big camp, Chisbury, and half-a-mile beyond this it branches into two. What appears to be the original branch runs on eastwards and ends near the base of the chalk escarpment under Inkpen Beacon, ten miles north of Andover. ‘The other branch turns south, and has been traced to the neighbourhood of Ludgershall, some nine miles N.W. of Andover. It is almost certain that there was no extension of either branch in the direction of Andover. The object of the original branch was evidently to cover the open country between the valley of the Avon and the Thames—Kennet against attack from the north.” He sug- gests that the Inkpen branch rested on marsh and that the branch that ran south may be later than the other, and may have been thrown up to cover the flank after the original line was turned. He agrees that in forest country the line may have been represented by abbattis or timber defences. As to Mr. Passmore’s identification of the “turf wall” mentioned by Gildas as built from sea to sea, with Wansdyke, Mr. Major remarks with consider- able force that Gildas goes on to say that as the turf wall proved of no use, the Britons applied again to the Romans who “ built a wall different from the former . . . of the same structure as walls generally.” There is, says Mr. Major, no trace of Wansdyke being replaced by a stone wall, and it seems much more likely that Gildas, who wrote a century and a half after the legions left Britain, was introducing into his story a confused recollection of the two walls which we know the Romans built, the turf wall from the Forth to the Clyde, and the stone wall from the estuary of the Tyne to the Solway Firth. As to the possible dates when Wansdyke might have been built to defend the country south of the Thames and Avon he suggests the troubles of A.D. 181 and the worse disasters of 367— 8, on both of which occasions the Picts and Scots raided far into Southern England. Both Mr. Major and Mr. Passmore regard Wansdyke as a de- fensive work, but could such a work have ever been really defended 2 Saxon Land Charters of Wiltshire. By G. B. Grundy, D. Litt. Second Series. This very important paper, occupying pp. 8—124 of the Archxological Journal, vol. Ixxvii. (2nd series, vol. xxvii) March—Dec., 1920, recently published, contains the author’s investigations of the Land Charters of Wilts, the first instalment of which was noticed in W.A.WM., vol. xlii., pp. 514—517 (June, 1924). As before, the Charters are taken in the order in which they occur in Birch’s Cartularium Saxonicum, the reference to | Kemble’s Codex Diplomaticus, being also given; a few charters from other printed sources are dealt with in addition. Birch 59, 59a. Charlton, near Malmesbury. ‘his is called Cherletone prope “Tectan” (z.e., Tetbury) and is not identified by either Birch or | Kemble. ‘The boundaries are most uncertain but Odda’s Bourne and the 124 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. “Crundle” are identified with the stream ¢-mile south of the east end of Charlton village. At the point where boundary and stream meet is an old quarry (Crundle). “ Ceasterbroke,” the brook of the Roman fort or station; a name which Dr. Grundy cannot explain, was the stream crossed by the modern road to Malmesbury at the point where it leaves the south boundary of the park. Sondhey, the sand hedge or enclosure, is Sundey’s Hill in the north of Brinkworth parish. Birch 754, Liddington. JLyden is the stream flowing through the north part of Liddington and Wanborough. Dorcyn called Dorterne Brok in the Badbury Charter and Dorcert in that of Chiseldon, is the large brook forming the north boundary of Liddington. Snodeshelle survives as Snod’s Hill. This charter has been attributed to Litton Cheney, and to Lidentune on the river Lidden, both in Dorset. Birch 867. Idmiston. Dr. Grundy thinks this refers to the land unit of Idmiston only without Porton, but cannot identify the boundary with any confidence. Birch 870 and 956. West Knoyle. Birch 879. Winterburna, possibly Laverstock, identified by Kemble with Laver (Dorset). No bounds identified. ; Birch 886. Winterborne, ? in Wilts. Birch 1145. At Winter Burnan, identified by Birch with Winterbourne Monkton. Grundy cannot identify it. Birch 1192. Aet Wenterburnan. Birch and Earle say Winterbourne Monkton, Grundy says no. . Birch 917. Broad Chalke, Bower Chalke, Ebbesbourne Wake, Alvediston (2), Berwick St. John, Tollard Royal, &c. Cnihta land survives as Knighton. Chetoles Beorge or Cotelesburgh, z.e., Chetol’s Barrow, is Kits Grave, at the point where Hants, Wilts, and Dorset meet. J/icel Burh (Great Camp) survives in Mistleberry Wood, and “ 7'rogan” is Trow Down and Drow Copse. Lefreshmere is the modern Larmer Grounds, and Tilluces Leah is Tinkley Bottom. Birch 917 and 970. The latter is identified rightly by Birch with Easton Bassett tithing in Berwick St. John, perhaps formerly a tithing of Donhead. The name survives in Easton Farm. The ‘‘Ox Drove” Ridgeway is called “Straet” at this point, 7.e., it was a made road. Mapuldor Cumb is the modern Maccombe. Wainterburh is Winklebury Camp. Stoc is Stoke Farthing in Broad Chalke. In Semley the modern Billhay Farm and Bridge represent the Ballan Leah of the Charter. Birch 921, 922. Brokenborough Manor. Corsa Brok is the modern Gauze Brook. The survey apparently includes Corston but the boundaries present great difficulties. A survey attached to this Charter refers to lands at Sutton Benger. Birch 948. Lands of Ellandune in Wroughton, Lydiard Millicent, and perhaps Lydiard Tregoze. : | Birch 960 and 1072. Wathiglea noted in a 16th century hand as Phiphide (or Fyfield). The two are practically identical, but Birch identifies one with Widley, near Southampton, in which Grundy says he is wrong, and the other with “ Fyfield, near Wilton,” but Grundy can trace no connection with either Wiltshire Fyfield in the surveys. Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 125 Birch 962, which he identifies with Ebbesbourne. Grundy cannot identify it. Birch 970. Donhead St. Andrew. Birch 992. Upton Lovel. Birch 1067. Burbage. Kemble places this in Berks. orth Burg the ’ earth camp at Crowdown Clump, to which the name Godsbury erroneously applied to a barrow, really belongs. Birch 1071. Hbbesburna identified by Birch and Kemble as Ebbesbourne Wake, said by Grundy to be Coombe Bissett. Birch 1118, Patney. Birch 1124. Hasthealle, identified by Birch with Snap (Aldbourne) but says Grundy it is not a Wiltshire Charter. Birch 1127. Steeple Ashton, West Ashton, N. Bradley, and Southwick. Keevil appears as Kefle. Birch 1213. Great Bedwyn, Grafton, and Burbage. Mr. Crawford has dealt with these boundaries in W.A.M., but Dr. Grundy does not agree with his identifications. Birch 1215. Edington. Bodelesburgge is Bowle’s Barrow, but the present boundary does not reach to this point. Padecanstan is Patcombe Hill. Birch 1216. Bemerton. Birch 1286. Auene, Afene is Stratford-sub-Castle. Hthelwara, is appar- ently Old Sarum, and Hald Burhdic the north ditch of the same. Kemble 632. Rodbourne, derived from Reed Bourne, the stream which falls into the Avon at Great Somerford. Kemble 641. Tisbury, East and West, and Wardour. Cv2gelmarc is Chilmark. The “Twelve Acre Copse” of to-day perpetuates the Twelf Aceron of the charter. Funtgeal is the original name of Fonthill. Kemble 655. blesburnam, identified by Kemble as Ebbesbourne Wake, is ascribed by Grundy to Stratford Tony. Kemble 658. Westwuda, identified with Westwood (Hants), is really the Wiltshire Westwood. Stanford=Stowford and Jgford, Iford. Vhe use of the word Straeet of the road from Bradford to Winkfield Common, part of the great Ridgeway along the west border of Wilts, shows that this was one of the old Ridgeways which had in parts been Romanised or “ made.” Kemble 706. Bradford-on-Avon, identified as Bradford (Dorset) by Kemble. The £issz is the Biss river, Pomeray Wood is Pumperig, Warleigh Wood is Werlegh, and Broughton Gifford, Broetun. Kemble 767. Seafonhaematun is wrongly attributed to the Wiltshire Sevenhampton. | Manningford Abbas. Charter from the Liber de Hida. | Longbridge Deverill, in Hoare’s Modern Wiltshire. The A.S. Efebeorh _ has been connected with the modern “* Long Iver,” but that is derived from | the AS. Yfre, an escarpment. _ Sherington from the Wilton Cartulary in Yonasticon. _ Crudwell. Three charters. Murcott (Archzologia, XXXVII.), Eastcourt | (Kemble 584), and Chelworth (Birch 584—586). A list of the field names | of Crudwell is appended. Little Cindrum preserves the A.S. Sunderhamm. | Idover, which occurs also in Dauntsey, is from the Celtic dofr, water, and i] 126 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, refers to springs which rise in the field. Barrow Field and Stadborough Copse testify to former barrows or earthworks. Chedglow is from Ceaggan Hlaew, and Hickmore from Hykemeres Streme. The Church of St. Bartholomew at Corsham in Wiltshire. By Harold Brakspear, F.S.A. Devizes. Printed by Geo. Simpson & Co., 1924. 8vo. pp. ix. + 148. Price 12/6. This solid work is probably the most complete and exhaustive history of any parish Church in the county and is obviously the fruit of a prodigious amount of original research. ‘The early history of the Church is indeed a curious one. William the Conqueror shortly after the Conquest granted the Church of Cosham to his newly founded Abbey of St. Stephen’s at Caen, and it is so recorded in Domesday. Hen. I. confirmed the grants to St. Stephen’s and added new gifts of his own,but in the charter of confirm- ation there is no mention of Corsham, which he gave to the Abbey of St. Martin at Tours, known as “ Marmoutier,” probably giving some other Church in its place to Caen. Hen. II. confirmed this and specified that the whole of the tithes of Corsham were included in the gift. It was usual for foreign abbeys to build a small religious house or cell on property owned by them in this way in England, and these were called “ Alien Priories ” and Tanner and Dugdale state that there was certainly one if not two such Priories at Corsham. Mr. Brakspear, however, shows that this is a mistake. The Letters Patent of 1237 mention the three priories of Marmoutier in England as Holy Trinity, York, Newport Pagnell (or Tyke- ford), Bucks, and Overton, Yorks, and the “ Church of Corsham ” and the “ Manor of Thorverton” clearly distinguishing Corsham from the Priories. It is true that there were Monks of Marmoutier settled at Corsham to take charge of the Church and lands, and their leader did once at least call himself ‘“‘ Prior,” but he appears to have had no right to the title. Tanner’s Notctia Monastica refers to an ‘‘ extent of Corham Priory ” in the British Wuseum. This, however, turns out to be an extent of the possessions of the Abbot of Marmoutier in “ Cosham,” and is printed in an appendix in this volume. A long Chancery suit took place in 1344, in which the Prior of Tykeford claimed that the Church of Corsham was subordinate to his Priory, and was not an independent unit. The Court, however, decided that it was annexed directly to Marmontier, and so was not dependent on l'ykeford. Its history during the French wars, when the property of the Foreign Abbeys passed into the King’s hands is given here in full from entries in the Public Records. At the end of the 14th Century Corsham was thus administered together with the English possessions of the Abbey of St. Nicholas of Angers, and this led to much later confusion as to its original status. In this way Corsham Church was granted during the first half of the 15th century to Queen Joan, Sir Hugh Luttrell, Sir Edmund Hunger- ford, Syon Abbey and King’s College, Cambridge, and apparently to the two latter at the same time. The whole of these complicated transactions are here followed and references to the authorities are given. In one grant the “Alien Priory of Cosham” is mentioned in so many words, but this Mr. Brakspear says is a clerical error, for the Alien Priory never existed. | | i! | | | | | Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 127 In the end Corsham Church remained in the possession of Syon Convent until the suppression. The Vicar’s are mentioned as they occur and a very complete list of Vicars and Patrons is given as an appendix. After the suppression the advowson passed through a number of hands all carefully traced here. Mr. Brakespear quotes an indenture of 1647 as mentioning *“*Corsham alias Cosham” as the earliest instance of the change to the modern name from the earlier ‘‘ Cosham.” Between 1572 and 1745 when the Court, Manor, and Advowson were bought by Paul Methuen, of Brad- ford, they passed through a large number of hands. The descent of the Rectory Manor is traced from the suppression through the Smythe, Downes, Deeke, and Neale families to Sir Gabriel Goldney, Bt., who bought it in 1857, and left it to his son Sir John T. Goldney, Kt. Coming to the architecture of the Church,which occupies pp 27— 59, Mr. Brakespear suggests that the evidence of the walls of the present nave and entrance door points to the existence of a very early Saxon Church, destroyed no doubt by the Danes, and re-built and enlarged after the Danish invasion. Of both these Saxon Churches he gives conjectural ground plans as also of the Church at the end of the 12th century, at the end of the 15th century, and at the present time, tracing its development throughout, century by century, and describing it in detail with its furniture as it probably was at the end of the 15th century. From the time of the second Saxon Church to 1874 there had been a central tower, and the late Saxon foundations of that tower probably support the present chancel arch. At the end of the twelfth century the tower was rebuilt above the roof, but the belfry stage was an addition of the fourteenth century. In 1810 the spire which Mr. Brakspear suggests may have been rebuilt cz7. 1631, was condemned as unsafe and the upper part was taken down. In 1813 further dilapidations very nearly led toa new Church being built, and the old pulled down. In 1815 the rest of the spire was taken down and other “improvements ” were made in the interior. In 1848 the idea of a new Church was again mooted, but nothing was done. In 1874 C. E. Street was called in; the paramount consideration was to provide more seating accommodation, and he very reluctantly came to the conclusion that the only way in which this could be done was by removing the central tower. ‘Two alternative plans given by him are reproduced in the book. In the event the central tower was removed, a new chancel arch built, 2 new tower and spire built as a south transept, and the Methuen pew or chapel built as a north transept to balance it. This work was finished in 1878. Having thus brought the Church as a whole down to its present condition, Mr. Brakspear takes the separate portions of the ) building and gives a detailed description of each. As regards the stone _Sereen to the lady Chapel at the end of the north aisle, its similarity to that at Great Chalfeld makes it likely that it was built for Thomas Tropenell by the same masons who worked for him at Chalfield. Buckler’s drawing of this screen in 1809 shows various differences from its present condition. | The staircase built to the east of the S. Porch by Lady Margaret Hungerford | to reach the gallery erected by her in the south aisle (destroyed in 1874) is dated 1631, and is a curious instance of the survival of pure Gothic forms 128 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, long after they are usually supposed to have disappeared. In the Methuen Pew are the fragments of a great monument to Mistress Alice Cobb (died 1627), which stood in front of the sedilia in Adderbury Church, Oxon, until 1837, when it was taken down. The pieces remained there until 1879 when they were handed over to Lord Methuen, as representing the family, taken to Corsham, and re-erected there. They do not, however, pretend to be in their original positions. ‘There area whole series of appendices, the Extent of the possessions in Corsham of the Abbot of Marmoutier ; the Customs of the Rectory manor; the Rectory or Parsonage House, which was pulled down by Hen. Pullen at the end of the eighteenth century, after he had built the present Priory House. Of this the history is carefully traced and a series of deeds recording its descent are quoted. The history of the two chantries is given at length. The most important endowment was the Feoffee, or Our Lady’s Lands, which still remains as an active charity. It consisted of lands given for finding a priest in the parish Church for ever and was not a chantry in the usual sense of the word, and owing to the fact that the lands were copyhold of the two manors of Corsham and were not for the endowment of any particular “chantry,” they were, in spite of extensive inquiries and litigation, under Ed. VI. and Eliz., here described, saved from the hands of the Crown and remain to this day as the ecclesiastical and non-ecclesiastical Feoffee charities with a total income of £195. The next appendix deals with the Vicarage, with list of Vicars and patrons from 1244, terriers, and an account of the “ Peculiar of Corsham.” Until 1857 the Vicars of Corsham possessed a “ Consistory, or Peculiar Court, to deal with ecclesiastical offences and for proving of wills of the parishioners.” When Peculiars were abolished in 1857 the Corsham Book of Wills, dating from 1712, and containing one hundred and seventy-five entries, was sent to Salisbury, and later, with all the other Salisbury wills, was lodged at Somerset House. The Peculiar Court was held in the Consistory Room, at the east end of the south chapel of the chancel. The Peculiar seal of the Vicar, now in the possession of Lord Methuen, here illus- trated, was probably made for Latimer Crosse, instituted 1713. Hegisters, Vestry minute books, Chained books, are next dealt with, and a register of | pews and seats from 1710 to 1856 is given at length. The monumental inscriptions are printed in full, bells and plate are described, and the parish chest, czvr. 1660, lately restored to the Church, is illustrated. In addition to the illustrations already mentioned, are:—West View of the Church ; South-East and South-west Views, and Interior from a sketch, all before 1874; Chancel and Chapel from South-East; Interior looking East ;. Terminal of Gable of Lady Chapel; Screen of Lady Chapel; Thos. Tropenell’s monument; North Aisle, interior; West End of South Aisle ; South Porch ; Font and North Doorway. There is a long and excellent notice of the book in Wiltshire Gazette, Dec. 18th, 1924. Air Survey and Archeology. By O.G.S. Crawford, F.S.A. Ordnance Survey. Professional Papers. New Series, No 7. Southampton, 1924. Paper Covers, 4to, pp. 39, 2 maps, 18 plates, and 3 cuts in text, Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 129 This valuable publication contains the paper read by Mr. Crawford before the Royal Geographical Society on March 12th, 1923, supplemented by a whole series of large size reproductions of air photographs of earthworks, camps, lynchets, &c., of which thirteen have to do with Wiltshire, and the remaining seven with Hants and Dorset, each illustration having a page of explanation and description to itself. The main thesis of the lecture is that the two systems of lynchets, the rectangular chessboard system so often found in the neighbourhood of the Romano-British villages on the downs and the terraced or strip lynchets found chiefly on the steep sides of the down valleys are characteristic of two entirely different systems of agriculture, the small rectangular fields with the boundary ditches often extending for long distances on the downs, being the remains of the Celtic system, which began perhaps with the Iron Age some 450 B.C. and lasted without break until roughly 450 A.D. and the coming of the Saxons who swept it, and the hill-top villages which it served, utterly out of existence, and substituted for it the system of lynchets of acre or half-acre strips, with the open field system which lasted right on down to the enclosures at the end of the eighteenth century. He does not deny that there may have been agriculture in the Bronze Age, though the evidence of it is small, but he asserts that for Neolithic agriculture in England there is no proof at all. On the other hand, that such a system was in full force in the Early Iron Age thereisample proof. Pytheas, writing in the La Tene I. period, speaks of the quantity of wheat grown and stored in large barns by the Britons, and Diodorus Siculus later on in the latter part of the first century says that they cut off the heads of the corn and stored it in “ underground dwellings,” such as the storage pits at Fovant, in which Dr. Clay found so much charred grain. As to the relative age of the chess-board fields and the great hill camps he proves that in many cases where these rectangular lynchets exist inside the camps, the ramparts of the latter can be shown to have cut across the | already existing lynchets, which were therefore older than the camps, the | majority of which were, he thinks, of the middle or later part of the Early Iron Age. The boundary ditches, again, which he connects with the rect- angular lynchets, are clearly of later date than the Bronze Age barrows, as, for instance, near Sidbury Hill, where a ditch bisects a disc barrow, and in many other places, where the ditch either avoids or is obviously laid out in line with an already existing barrow, whilst they are equally clearly in many cases older themselves than the camps, the ditches of which, as at Quarley, cut right across them. He believes that a new group of invaders somewhere about 700—500 B.C., were responsible for the introduction of square camps, such as South Lodge Camp, Angle Ditch, and Martin Down Camp, finger- tip pottery, new types of bronze implements, the use of iron, and the rectilinear system of Celtic agriculture and boundary ditches. As to the Saxon system of agriculture, the strip lynchet, and the open field, which took the place of the older Celtic system, Mr. Crawford prints a photograph of a map of Calstone preserved at Bowood, dating from between 1713 and 1732, showing all the acre or half-acre strips still in existence and grouped together in parcels of a furlong long and a furlong VOL. XLIIJI.—NO. CXLII. K 130 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. broad. Many of the existing lynchets on the hillside at Calstone can be identified on this map. It was these same Calstone lynchets which were assigned by Gomme, in his “ Village Community,” to the imaginary “‘ Pre- Aryan Hill Folk,” whom he created. Mr. Crawford gives maps showing the positions of the Pre-Roman and Romano-British villages in South Wilts on the Downs, and of the villages with Saxon names that took their place, all of them strung out along the course of the streams in the valleys. He dwells on the extreme importance of air photography as showing all sorts of earthworks not visible to the eye on the ground, and reproduces air photographs of the Course of the Avenue at Stonehenge ; of Stonehenge itself; of Celtic fields near Ann’s Farm, Cholderton; of Charlton Down (near Pewsey) ; of Young Plantation in Orcheston St. Mary ; of Compton, in Enford; of Middle Hill, near Warminster ; of Soldier’s Ring, in S. Damerham, formerly in Wilts and now in Hants; of Yarnbury Castle; of Scratchbury Camp; and gives an Ordnance folding Map of Figheldean Down, on which the extensive series of rectangular Celtic fields as visible in air photographs have been laid down, as well as a larger map of Central Hampshire treated in the same way. It is, however, a pity that the more delicate lines clearly visible on silver prints of the air photographs, as, for instance, those of the Avenue of Stonehenge, do not lend themselves to reproduction by half-tone blocks, and are quite invisible on the plate here given. On the other hand, the internal ditch of Scratchbury comes out well, but the circular internal ditch of Yarnbury is barely visible. This internal ditch had not been marked on the later editions of the Ordnance Maps, though it was marked on the 1808 Survey, and had been forgotten until air photographs called attention to it again. ‘The photograph of Charlton Down shows the original rectangular system overlaid by the strip system, and the terraced lynchets, of Compton (Enford) and Middle Hill come out very clearly. Excavations at East Grimstead, Wiltshire. Being a record of the discovery of a Roman Villa, with plans of the site, of the excavations, and other illustrations. By Heywood Sumner, F.S.A. London: Printed at the Chiswick Press, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane, E.C. 4, and to be obtained there. 1924. Price 3s. 6d. net. 8vo., paper covers, pp. 54. A geological map showing Roman sites near West Dean, Ground Plan of the site of the Villa, four other plans with sketch views, six plates of relics, and four cuts in the text. This is a record of the author’s excavation of a Roman villa at East | Grimstead, near West Dean, in 1914, 1915, and 1922—24, in the same | charming form as the monographs in which he has recorded his previous | diggings. It is, indeed, in many ways a model of what such a record should | be. The account of the diggings of 1914 appeared in the “ Festival Book | of Salisbury” of that year—but no report of the subsequent completion of | the work has appeared before this. In the picturesque “Introduction” he 4 suggests that the best way to reach the site is by Eyre’s Folly, now known } as the “Pepper Box,’ the small hexagonal brick tower bearing the 4 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 131 inscription ‘‘ Kyre’s Folly, erected when Brickwell House was built by Giles Eyre Esqre in 1606,” called on the Ordnance Map of 1817 “ Eyre’s Summerhouse.” He notes that in the whole area of the New Forest no Roman villa site has been discovered. ‘The soil was not good enough for the practical Roman farmers ; whereas just outside the borders of the Forest there were “ Villas” at West Dean, East Grimstead, and no doubt also at Holbury, although the actual site of the latter has not been identified. He mentions, also, incidentally, that “'T'wo worn Sestertii, one of Antoninus Pius (A.D. 181—161), the other illegible, a Roman horseshoe, stone tiles, nails, and many sherds of ornamental and coarse New Forest ware have been found at Farley Farm, in a field belonging to Mr. E. S. Williams, on the southern side of Hound Wood, but I have failed to locate any wall foundations on this site.’ He compares the house at East Grimstead with those at West Dean, close by, and at Rockbourne Down, Hants. The latter was a poor man’s, West Dean a rich man’s, Kast Grimstead a “ well-to-do man’s” house. The first portion of the site excavated proved to be a bath house, isolated from the rest of the building, and eventually two more bath houses, similarly isolated, were found. In the first he notes that a heap of 148 oyster shells were found, and there was a semicircular bath, as at Box. Two of these buildings had hypocausts, and all the arrangements for hot and cold chambers, but the third, a small building, a considerable distance away from the house itself, had only a cold bath, 6ft. x 5ft., lined with hard pink mortar, and with steps down to it, in perfect preservation. This, _he suggests, may have served for the slaves working on the farm. In this connection a note by the late Prof. Haverfield on the numerous examples of these isolated bath houses, both in Britain and on the Continent, is given. He considers that they were so isolated to minimise the danger of fire—and in many cases a single bath house served perhaps for a village, or several small houses, which, being built of mud, cob, or wattle and daub, have left no remains behind them. ‘lhe house itself was of corridor type, 142ft. long, and éleven rooms were excavated, whilst the site of probably two more had been destroyed by flint-diggers. One of the rooms, 19ft. 6in. square, was warmed by a composite hypocaust, with a flue leading from the firehole outside to the centre from which four other flues led to the walls and ended in Box tiles leading up the inner face of the wall and not imbedded in the masonry. Otherwise, except in the bath houses, no hypocausts seem to have been discovered, and no tessellated floors except in one room, where plain cream-coloured tesserz alone occurred. One room was floored with tiles 8in. square, all the rest, except one, with puddled chalk and pebble _ stone. Fragments of window glass were found in all the rooms except two. He notices that ‘‘ Heathstone” from the Tertiary sands of the New Forest is used for the cheeks of hypocaust furnace walls on all Roman sites in the _ neighbourhood, and that the slab stone roofing tiles are from Purbeck. A curious point is raised in connection with a large block of freestone 2ft. square, standing 5ft. outside the southern foundation with a + incised on _ its upper surface. Mr. Sumner suggests the possibility of this having been a “central stone,” marking the cardinal points, in accordance with which the plan of the building was set out. He says that as a matter of fact all Kee? 132 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. the walls of the building do accord with this +, but he does not dogmatise on the point, merely stating the case for and against “Centuriation” in Britain. Three curious “ fireplaces” were found, two in the yard and one in the middle of one of the rooms, rather after the fashion of the ** T-shaped hypocausts” common in “ British villages” on the Downs. These Mr. Sumner assigns to “ Squatters”’ on the site, after the abandonment of the villa as a residence. This, he thinks, was the result of gradual desertion and decay rather than of any sudden disaster. Of the objects found, which have all been placed in the Salisbury Museum, most of them found not in the rooms butina ditch drain into which rubbish was thrown, the most notable were fifty-nine coins, from Gallienus, A.D. 253, to Valentinian, 365—375, a silver spoon of the usual type, a white glass bowl, and many fragments of blue, amber, and olive-green glass vessels, Samian ware of A.D. 100 to 135, many bone pins with knob tops, bronze amulets, a bronze brooch of La Tene III. type, iron gouge, keys, knives, pruning hook, sandal cleats, &c., a bone counter with five pips, a curious double-handled globular pottery vessel of Belgic affinities, the base of a pottery candlestick, a mortarium with a curious spout, and some of the stamped ware from Ashley Rails. Nine hundred and thirty-three oyster shells were found in the ditch, to- gether with mussel and snail shells (Helzx pomatia). Chippenham in Bygone Days. Compiled by George A. H. White. Devizes. Printed by George Simpson & Co., Wiltshire Gazette Office. 1924. Cloth, 1lin. X 74in., pp. 33, 24 plates. Paper covers, 5s. ; cloth, 10s. This is a book of plates with just enough letterpress to each to explain it properly. As Mr. White says, these’ reproductions “ include most of the old views and plans of Chippenham which I have been able to find,” all except three being reproductions of original maps and plans or oil or water-colour drawings, not accessible to the public. They are well re- produced and the presentment of them in this form is a happy idea of the compiler. Thearms of the borough are illustrated and their origin explained. The Map of the Town and Borough by John Powell, 1784, belonging to the Corporation, the Map of the Borough Lands in 1781, and the Plan of the Borough by J. and W. Newton, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, showing the position of the 129 Burgage, or Free Houses, and a plan showing the Bath Road and Lowdon Hill in 1742, by I. Overton, when the main road opposite Ivy House was only 9ft. wide. It is noted that before 1802, when the new Derry Hill road was made, the coaches from Calne came to Chippenham by Studley and Stanley. A drawing of Monkton Old Manor House, with the gardens running down to the river, is reproduced from a Map of the Manor of Monkton of 1710. The present house on the same site was apparently built after 1778. A sketch of the history of the manor is given. Originally the private demesne of the Crown, it was given by the Empress Matilda to Monkton Farleigh Priory. At the Dissolution it was granted to Sir Edward Seymour, the Protector. In 1676 Lady Elizabeth Seymour, the heiress, married Thomas Lord Bruce, Ear] of Ailesbury, and in 1686 they sold the property to Thomas Goddard, of Rudloe, gent., and Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 133 Arthur Easmeade, of Calne, woollen draper, Hasmeade eventually taking the manor and a portion of the estate, and Goddard taking the rest. Arthur Easmeade died 1705, and his son, a lunatic, in 1778. The Old Town Hall is reproduced from a water-colour sketch, and a plan of the Shambles in 1856 is given, together with a reproduction of a drawing of the Buttery and the Shambles from a water-colour sketch. The pictu- resque Butter Cross was pulled down in 1889 and the stone pillars which supported its roof are now in the grounds of Castle Combe Manor House. The Market Place (S.E. side) and Town Pump, from a water-colour of 1820 ; the same, from the S.W., from a sketch of the same date; a Ground-Plan of the Church, in 1787, showing the allotment of the pews; the Interior of the Church, looking west in 1830, from a drawing ; the Interior, looking East, from a drawing of later date, shows the Norman chancel arch removed to the north side of the chancel in the restoration of 1874—8. A more accurate view of this last is the reproduction of a photo- graph taken before 1874. It is noted that the Old Vicarage, exchanged for the present house in 1826, was the house called ‘“‘ The Limes,” No. 15, St. Mary Street. The present Vicarage belonged to Jonathan Rogers, and afterwards to Rogers Holland, M.P. for Chippenham, 1727—1741, who covered a well in the garden supposed to possess medicinal virtues, with a vaulted building and called it Chippenham Spa. The illustration of the Town Bridge is from Robertson’s Itinerary of the Bath Road, published 1792. The bridge was altered and widened in 1796 and again in 1878, and the view of it from Britton’s Beauties of Wilts in 1815 is given. The High Street, North-East End; The Bell Inn, in the Market Place ; The Three Crowns Inn (The Causeway) ; Monkton Hill; Fair Day at Chippenham, 1865; are all from water-colours. ‘The welcome to Joseph Neeld, M.P., at the opening of the Cheese Market, 1850, is from an illustrated paper, and Nos. 24 and 25, High Street, the author’s home, the finest piece of domestic architecture in the town, and one of the nicest things of its kind in the county, is from a photograph. Mr. White thinks that this facade was added to the older house, together with the fine oak staircase and panelling and fireplaces between 1749 and 1777. Noticed, Wiltshire Gazette, Aug. 28th, 1924. The Monastic Church of Amesbury. A con- _troversy revived—and closed. This is the title of a long | article of four columns in the Wiltshire Gazette, Sept. 11th, 1924, in which | an extremely useful review is given of the history and cause of the con- | troversy which has been carried on at intervals ever since Canon Jackson _read his paper on Amesbury Monastery in 1867. He decided on the _ whole against the documentary evidence of the destruction of the monastic | Church, that the existing Church is that of the monastery. This conclusion | was apparently accepted by everybody until the Wilts Arch. Soc.’s meeting at Amesbury in 1899, when Mr. C. H. Talbot, supported by the Rev. C. S. | Ruddle, contended that the Parish Church was not the monastic Church, 'Mr. Doran Webb maintaining the contrary opinion that it was. In 1900 Mr, Ed. Kite wrote a series of articles in Welts Notes and Queries on | | j -| 134 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. Amesbury Monastery, giving an account of some excavations at the back of the present Mansion House in which remains of the monastic buildings were found, and marshalling the arguments in favour of the belief that the existing Church was that of the monastery, as local tradition has apparently always asserted, arguing that the chancel of the Church was the monastic Church, of which the roof, &c., was destroyed, whilst the nave—the parochial Church—was left. Mr. Talbot also in Wilts Notes and Queries attacked these arguments, but the writer of the present article distinctly considers that Mr. Kite had the best of the dispute all round. Two useful plans accompany the article, one of the Church, the other of the Church, park, and mansion, showing the site, at the back of the house, where the excava- tions were made in 1860, and the spot to the left of the house, where monastic remains were taken down in 1826. In the Wiltshire Gazette, Sept. 18th, 1924, Mr. H. Brakspear replies to this article in a short letter contending that as all monastic orders had a certain general plan to which their buildings more or less approximated, it was natural to expect that the monastic Church of Amesbury would correspond in size and style with that of Nuneaton, in Warwickshire, founded about the same time, and the only other large house of the order of Fontevrault in England. ‘The dimen- sions of the latter correspond fairly nearly with the documentary dimen- sions of the Amesbury Abbey Church, but neither these dimensions nor the architectural features of Nuneaton correspond with those of the existing Parish Church of Amesbury. Mr. Brakspear ends his. letter by a confident prophecy that if permission to excavate on the site could be obtained he would prove his assertion within a month of beginning todig. In the issue of Sept. 25th appear short letters from the Rev. E. Rhys Jones (Vicar) and Mr. L. E. Williams (author of a good little account of the Church), reiterating their belief that the present Church is the Church of the monastery, and citing the apparent evidence of a cloister on the north side of the nave, and entrances to it from the Church, &., and hoping that permission might be obtained to dig and settle the matter. Summing up the arguments in notes in the same issue (Sept. 25th), the Editor allows the importance of Mr. Brakspear’s opinion, and urges recourse to the spade. On Oct. 2nd Mr. Ed. Kite reiterates the arguments for the existence of only one Church at Amesbury, more especially the dedication to St. Melore, and the absence of any mention of a second Church. More Notes on Amesbury Church. Carter’s Scheme of Restoration. Wilts Gazette, Sept. 18th, 1924, has a further article on the Church. The screen cast out in the restoration of 1852—53 was given by Sir Edmund Antrobus to Mr. Job Edwards, who built a room to contain it. After his death it was removed to a stable, and from thence to Amesbury Abbey, whence it was returned again to the Church. At the Society’s visit to the Church in 1924 the Vicar exhibited a water-colour of the south side, by a Mr. Baskerville, painted in 1794, which shows the Old Vicarage, asmall house between the Church and the present Vicarage. This was enlarged by Mr. Fulwar Fowle, but pulled down by Mr. Phelps, and its site has become the private burial ground of the Antrobus | | | } Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 135 family. The drawing also shows the large porch to the doorway into the Church at the south-west corner of the nave, then the usual entrance, removed in 1853 on the ground that people going into Church were annoyed by the idlers who congregated in the porch. The door also was built up. In the Library of the Museum at Devizes there is a drawing of the south side of the Church, by Owen B. Carter, dated 1848, intended to be published, which, instead of depicting the actual condition of the Church at that date, when the south end of the transept consisted of a round-headed doorway, a tall narrow round-headed window over it, and above that a small oval window, all of the eighteenth century, shows three lancet windows as they are to-day, but without any door. The explanation appears to be that Carter prepared plans for the restoration at the same time as Butterfield, or before him. ‘Two sheets of these plans were exhibited to the Society at Amesbury by the Vicar, and the ground-plan which accompanied them, is in the Society’s Library. He proposed to remove the Perpendicular window at the east end and substitute a group of five lancets, to replace the two large Decorated windows in the chancel by lancets, to add a clerestory to the nave, and to add a fourth window to the north wall of the nave. In fact Butterfield’s actual restoration was the most conservative plan of the two. Marlborough College Nat. Hist. Soc. Report for the Year 1922. Several birds rare in North Wilts were noted during the year. Golden Oriole seen near Knowle, Shag killed by the telegraph wires on the Ogbourne Road, Goldeneye shot at Stitchcombe, Great Grey Shrike seen between Aldbourne and Baydon, Cirl Bunting at Rainscombe and Cherhill, Wryneck heard at Bedwyn Brails, Pochard and Teal on Coate Reservoir. Snipe and Redshank nested again. The botanical section reports ten new species or hybrids as added to the list, but several of these are obviously escapes or casuals, such as Potentilla norwegica at Pewsey Station. Hypericum androsemum was found in the Forest, Anchusa sempervirens (possibly only an escape) at Milton Lilbourne, Alisma lanccolatum Kennet and Avon Canal, Mentha pipertta Bedwyn Brails (perhaps an escape), Geranium pheum, Saponaria, Polemonium | coeruleum, Ornithogalum pyrenaicum, Potomogeton alpinus. The entomological section reports Clouded Yellow, Pale Clouded Yellow, , and Comma as fairly common, and notes the capture of a single specimen ) | caught at Pewsey. | | 2 | | of Pararge negera (Wall Butterfly) “a species that has grown very scarce.” A specimen of Lycena argus was caught in 1921. A young adder was Mr. H. C. Brentnall gives an extremely useful digest of references to the Castle, from 1070 down to 1922, filling eight pages, the authority for each reference being given, accompanied by a good reproduction of the drawing of the Castle Mound from the east in 1788. Mr. C. P. Hurst sends lists of | Mollusea, Mosses, Hepatics, Lichens, Plant Galls, and Rust Fungi recently observed, including a rust, Pucconra Phlecpratensis, which appears to be | new to Britain. | | | 136 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. Salisbury, South Wilts, and Blackmore Museum, Annual Report for 1923—24. Pamphlet, 8vo, pp. 15. During the past year the total number of visitors to the museum was 9021. The great event of the year has been the completion and opening for use of the “ Edward Stevens Lecture Theatre,” admirably equipped for the purposes for which it is intended. ‘he committee record their special thanks to Mr. William Wyndham, of Orchard Wyndham, Taunton, for the gift of £400 to form a “Specimen Fund, as well as a donation of £100 towards the Lecture Theatre. As usual Mr. Stevens records many courses of lectures attended by some 1716 children in addition to adults. The number of annual subscribers to the museum is 94, contributing a sum of £60 18s. 6d. Life and Letters of George Wyndham. By J. W. Mackail and Guy Wyndham. London. Hutchinson & Co., Paternoster Row. [1925.] Two vols. 8vo. Vol. I., pp. vill. + 406. Vol. II., pp. vi. + 408—817. The portraits include George Wyndham (2), George and Guy Wyndham (4), George Wyndham and his son, the Hon. Percy Wyndham, the Hon. Percy and Mrs. Wyndham, The Hon. Mrs. Percy Wyndham (2), Percy Lyulph Wyndham, Lady Grosvenor with son, and Sargent’s picture of the Three Sisters. There is also a view of Clouds House. The scope of these two stout volumes is defined in the preface. “The Letters of George Wyndham that have been preserved constitute an almost com- plete autobiography. Those available are given here practically in their entirety, the omissions being mainly to avoid repetition. . . . The aim has been to retain sufficient to present a true picture of a life so full of diverse interests.” The life written by.Mr. Mackail occupies the first 127 pages, the letters the remainder. There is a chapter on the ancestry and descent of the family, and the sketch of George Wyndham’s public and private life sets forth the lines on which it was lived—but as the preface foreshadows, the immense series of letters fill the bulk of the book. Few of them are long ones, all of them witness to the extraordinary width of his interests and the eagerness with which he entered into everything, hunt- ing and art, travelling and politics, literature and the cares of a great landed estate, music, poetry, Irish government and sport of all kinds, nothing came amiss to him. He lived a full and brilliant life, and through it all, as these letters bear constant witness, shone the tenderest family affection, especially for his mother and his only son, Percy. His own almost sudden death in June, 1913, saved him from what would have been the crushing sorrow of that son’s death in action on Sept. 14th, 1914. The letters, singularly readable, show the man as he lived in all his brilliancy. Stonehenge. ‘‘ Druid Burials,” The announcement that Mr. Jowett, First Commissioner of Works, had given permission to the modern sect of the “ Druids” to bury the ashes of their dead within Stone- henge, led to the passing of a strong resolution of protest at the Wilts Archeological Society’s Meeting at Salisbury, which was duly reported in Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 137 the 7imes of Aug. 13th, 1924, and other papers, and was followed by a series of letters of protest in the same sense, from Lord Crawford & Balcarres, President of the Society of Antiquaries, and Sir William Boyd Dawkins, in the Times, of Aug. 28th, in which issue there appeared also a short leading article supporting the protest,entitled “Stonehenge asa Cemetery.” Further letters in the same sense from J. H. Round and J. U. Powell appeared in the 7%mes on Aug. 31st. On the other hand, “ A Druidical Apologetic,” signed by Arthur Thomas ap Llewellyn, appeared in the Salisbury Journal, and was reprinted in the Wiltshire Gazette, of Sept. 4th, 1924, claiming that the ‘‘ Druid Order” isas old as the Church of England, and that they knew of the Aubrey Holes long before they were discovered by Mr. Newall and Col. Hawley. These Aubrey Holes he calls “Talamh Cupan,” and asserts that he was present when in 1919 the ashes of “Our Arch Abu B (G. W. Catchlove)” were buried in one of these holes and that these ashes had been disturbed by Col. Hawley’s excavation of the holes. If this really is a fact, it has to be considered when weighing the evidence of the cremated interments found recently in the Aubrey Holes. Stonehenge as a Shadow Almanack. A letter from Alfred Eddowes, M.D., to the Morning Post of June 17th, 1922, is reprinted in Wiltshire Gazette, Sept. 4th, 1924, maintaining that theGrooved Blue Stone was to hold a mast secured to it by withes, the marks of which he says can still be seen, which formed the gnomon of a great dial, the 30 stones and 30 intervals forming the degrees or minutes, whilst the point formed on the Slaughter Stone by the row of holes across its corner gave the line on the avenue on which the shadow of the pole advanced or receded according to the seasons. The Purpose of Stonehenge. Following the publication in the Wiltshire Gazette, Aug. 14th, 1924, of the paper read at the Salisbury Meeting of the Wiltshire Archzeological Society, in August, 1924, on “Stonehenge in the light of to-day,” in which he strongly advocated the _ idea of the sepulchral origin and purpose of the structure, and a review of | | | | | } | | q | ' | \ Mr. EK, H. Stone’s book, “ 7'he Stones of Stonehenge,” also by Mr. Engleheart, in the Wiltshire Gazette, July 17th, 1924, there followed a controversy in the Wiltshire papers as to “ The Purpose of Stonehenge,” between Mr. E. H. | Stone, F.S.A., and the Rev. G. H. Engleheart, F.S.A., the former having | letters in the. Wiltshire Gazette, July 24th, and Sept. o5th ; the Wiltshire | Times, Aug. 30th, and Sept. 27th; and ihe Salisbury Times, Sept. 26th ; with rejoinders from Mr. [Djnellelneaias f in the Waltshire Times, Sept. 20th, orn | the Salisbury Zimes, Sept. 19th, &c., each maintaining their own point of | view with some asperity. | | Methuen & Co.” [1924]. Cr. 8vo, pp. ix. + 237. Contains a chapter, pp. 46—53, on Stonehenge, an essay with a certain number of archzeological Stonehenge. “In praise of England by H. J. Massingham. terms thrown in. Later on in the same volume is a chapter headed ‘Maiden 138 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. Castle, a Theory of Peace in Ancient Britain,” in which there is much talk of Stonehenge and Avebury and “the Archaic Civilisation,” and “the Children of the Sun” of Prof. Elliott Smith and W. J. Perry. The Paleolithic Age of Hunters was a time of perfect peace and war was unknown until later on. Civilisation all over the world sprung from Egypt, and the Egyptians voyaged to the ends of the earth in search of gold and other metals. . . . The great camps on the Downs are ‘certainly not post- Bronze Age.” The Egyptians as sun-worshippers probably built Avebury — at the centre of a flint-mining district, as all great megalithic structures are placed in mining districts. (It 1s a little unfortunate that the two greatest, Avebury and Stonehenge, happen to be placed on the chalk, where by no stretch of imagination could anything but flint be mined.) “If, then, Avebury, the Long Barrows, the Dolmens, and the great earthworks, are all the product of the first Near East penetration of Britain, and if Stonehenge and the Round Barrows continue the tradition in a lower key, we must look for real war to a period subsequent to them both. For the best evidence of peaceful conditions in pre-Celtic Britain concerns the megaliths, barrows, and earthworks themselves. Consider their extraordinary abundance, both in the Avebury and Stonehenge periods . . . they were reared in thou- sands. How could hard warfare possibly co-exist with such a hum of in- dustry all over the country side?” “The numerous stone circles of Britain must have been a kind of aristocratic Rural District Council and Church combined, with governing as well as priestly functions, and Avebury a fusion of Whitehall and St. Paul’s.” When pushed to extreme, as it is here, this theory seems extravagant and absurd, but it is quite possible—after all notched glass beads of apparently Egyptian origin are found in the ~ round barrows of Wilts—there may be a grain of truth at the bottom of it. — The Proceedings of the Meeting at Devizes, 20th to 24th July, 1920, of the Royal Archzological Institute and Wilts Arch Soc. are printed in the Archzological Journal, vol. lxxvii. (Nos. 305—308) for 1920, pp. 323—357, with plans of Old Sarum (3); Stonehenge (3 plans and view from air); Avebury (2 plans); and plans of 8S. Wraxall Manor, Great Chalfield Manor, The Barton Barn, Bradford, and Devizes Castle. Some account of Stonehenge with an abstract of Col. Hawley’s address on the excavations is given. Fifty-six “ Aubrey Holes” had been located, and the presence of 4 more, making 60 in all, was probable, of these 23 had been excavated, many of them contained cremated remains, placed there when the holes were filled up with chalk. From the appearance of the sides of the holes it looked as though stones had once stood in them and had been removed from them, possibly the Blue stones, which may have formed the original circle, and were removed | to the interior of the structure when the sarsens were afterwards erected. The slaughter stone now lies in a long pit evidently dug to bury it, there is nothing to show when this was dug, but a large hole was found close to it on the west side, in which apparently the stone once stood erect. In this hole only two deer horn picks were found. That the pit in which it now lies was dug later than the Aubrey holes was proved by the fact that Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Artucles, 139 one of the latter had been cut into when the pit was dug. Speaking as a geologist Sir William Boyd Dawkins dismissed the idea that the Blue stones could possibly be drift boulders brought to the Plain by ice action. There was a clear geological proof that no part of England S. ofa line drawn between Bristol and London was ever glaciated. They were obviously brought to the Plain by man. A note on the barrows follows. There is a note on West Lavington Church, and a fuller one on Bishops Cannings. As to the “ Carrell,” or ‘‘ Seat of Meditation,” in the latter Church, Sir Henry Howorth and Mr. Aymer Vallance were of opinion that it was of post- Reformation date. Some account of Wansdyke, the Avebury circles, the Church and Manor House, and Silbury Hill follows. S. Wraxall Manor House, the Saxon and Parish Churches, and the Barton Barn at Bradford, Westwood Manor and Church, Great Chalfield Manor House, Potterne Church and Porch House, Edington Church, Steeple Ashton Church, the red-brick granary in the garden of the Manor House there, the Manor House and Talboys at Keevil, the Castle and Churches of Devizes, with Brownstone and Greystone Houses and the Museum, are all shortly described. As to St. John’s Church, Mr. Brakspear’s remarks on the tower are noted. He thought that the south-west pier of the tower collapsed in the 17th century and brought down with it the whole of the south and most of the west side of the tower. He suggested the 17th century as the date because medizval builders would not have rebuilt the tower as it was before, but have made a clean sweep of it. The fact that three of the bells were placed in the tower in 1670 suggests some general re-arrangement at that time. The re- builders, however, took extraordinary care in replacing the Norman work outside. The evidence of the rebuilding is to be seen in the fact that the patch of the diamond pattern panelling of the wall over the western arch occurs only on the north side, the arcades inside the ringing chamber are _ only partially continued on to the south and west walls, and the base of the south-west pier supporting the tower does not quite correspond with the base of the north-west pier. In the south and west walls of the interior, too, certain carved stones are not in their right position. 140 ADDITIONS TO MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. Museum, Presented by Mr. R. S. Newatt, F.S.A.: Cast of British coin found at 99 99 Bapton, Fisherton de la Mere. » CAPT. AND Mrs. B.H. Cunninaton : The objects found during their excavations at Figsbury Rings. Bronze arrow- head from Enford. The Drinking Cup from Lockeridge (found with fine flint dagger). Three Bronze Fibule from Marlborough neighbourhood. » Lr.-Con. R. L. WALLER, C.M.G.: Cinerary Urn from N. side of Barrow No. 19, Figheldean. » Mr. Percy Farrer: Pointed Bone Implement and frag- 99 99 99 39 93 99 ments of Beaker pottery from pit on Bulford Down, 1917. Bone comb found with skeleton near New Plantation, Amesbury, 1920. Medizeval pottery and flint strike-a-light found at Knighton Farm, Durrington, 1923. Teeth and Antler of very large Red Deer from gravel at Alton Magna. Human skull and bones from top of Barrow E.of Bulford Camp. Human skull from pit near New Buiidings, Figheldean, and another from a pit at Alton Magna. Dr. R. C. C. Cray, F.S.A.: Large Cinerary Urn from barrow on Barrow Hill, Ebbesbourne Wake. ‘The whole of the collection of objects found during the excavation of Early Iron Age pits on Swallowcliffe Down, 1924. The whole of the objects found during the excavations of a Saxon Cemetery at Broadchalke, 1924. Mr. JoHN TANNER: Quern from Colerne. Rev. H. G. O. Kenpatt, F.S.A.: The whole of the objects, pottery, fragments of Sarsen rubbers, animal bones, etc., found by him in: his excavation of the Ditch of Windmill Hill Camp, Avebury. A quantity of frag- ments of pottery, and four coins from a Romano-British site disclosed by flint digging on Winterbourne Monkton Down. Fragments of pottery and flints found with a crouched skeleton on Winterbourne Monkton Down. Magor ScaRtTH (late Wilts Regt.) : A set of standard weights and measures of Bradford-on-Avon. THe Rev. tHE Hon. Canon B. P. Bouverte: A Fibula of white metal and fused glass bead (?) from Roman inter- ment at Stanton St. Quintin. Mr. C. E. Pontine, F.8.A.: Roman coin from Stanley Copse, Lockeridge. ; Additions to Museum and Library. 141 Library. Presented by THE Ear or Pemproxg, through Mr. O.G. 8. Crawrorp : A number of old Maps of the Wilton Estate. » Canon Knusiey: Drawing. » Mr. H. W. Dartnett: “The Ground Ash, A Public School Story.” Salisbury, 1874. Melksham and Shaw Parish Magazine, 1900—1908. Amesbury Deanery Magazine, 1924. » THE Epirors, M.V. Tavior and R. G. CoLLING woop, “Roman Britain in 1923.” Reprinted from The Journal of Roman Studies. » THE AuTHoR, Mr. Heywoop Sumner, F.S.A.: “ Excava- tions at East Grimstead,” 1924. » Rev. E. H. Gopparp: “Notes of the Family of Mervyn of Pertwood, by Sir W. R. Drake. Privately printed, 1873.” Revised Map of Salisbury Diocese. Sarum Almanack. “North Wilts Church Magazine,” “Sarum Diocesan Gazette,” for 1924. » Mr. J- J. StapE: Twenty Wilts Estate Sale Catalogues, » Capr. B. H. Cunnrncron: Old Programmes of the Society’s Meetings. Bank notes of old Wiltshire Banks. “Some Annals of the Borough of Devizes. Being a Series of Kixtracts from the Corporation Records, 1555 to 1791. By B. H. Cunnington, 1925.” » Rev. H. E. Kercutry: Articles on Biddestone in Bristol Observer. » THE PUBLISHERS, Messrs. Mowspray: “Frederick Edward . Ridgeway, Bishop of Salisbury. A Memoir by E. Cross, 1924,” » Mr. R. Steere: Old Wiltshire Deed. » THE Autor, Canon J. M. J. Fiercuer: “The SS. Collar in Dorset and elsewhere.” 1924. ‘“ Notes on the Cathe- dral Church of St. Mary the Blessed Virgin, Salisbury.” Revised Edition. 1924. » Mrs. Story Masketyne: ‘The Bristol Diocesan Review ” for 1924, » Miss Eyre Matcuam, through Lorp Hzryrrspory: A number of Letters as to the raising of the Militia in Wilts. 1800—1810. » Mr. W. R. Supweexs: “The Bear Hotel, Devizes, and its History.” » THE Autuor, Mr. H. Braxspzar, F.S.A.: “The Church of St. Bartholomew, at Corsham, in Wiltshire.” 8vo, 1924. » Miss M. K. Swayne Epwarps: Two Wilts Photographs. » [THE AuTuHor, Miss IsapeL TRuMPER: “A Song of Roumania and other Short Poems.” 1924. 142 Additions to Musewm and Lnbrary. Presented by THE AutTHoR, “ Mary WILTSHIRE ” (Miss Ison): “ Patricia | Ellen.” (Scene laid at Avebury.) Mr. G. Lanspown: Photograph of ancient gravestone. = » Rev. H. E. KetcHiey: Cuttings. Mr. I. T. Rutz: Twenty-five back numbers of the Magazine, | Inquisitiones, &c. 3 » Mr. B. H. A. Hankey: Nine Photographs of Stanton St. Quintin Church. 45 » Mr. R.T.SaDier : The Earldom of Salisbury,by J.G. Nichols. | Wiltshire Parish Registers, Marriages. Fourteen vols. | A » THE LATE Mr. JOHN SADLER: The whole of his MS. Col- lections of Notes on Genealogical Matters connected with Wilts, &. Tue AutnHor, Mr. V. F. Manuey: Folk Lore of the War- minster District.” 1924. Also, “Warminster, Wilts. Official Publication of the Warminster Urban District | Council.” 1924. | A , Miss Hampton: Devizes Road Act. | THe AutHor, Mrs. Ricoarpson, of Purton House: “The Parting of the Way.” A novel. 1925. a ee C. H. Woodward, Printer and Publisher, Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes. THE SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS (Continued). STONEHENGE AND ITS BARROWS, by W. Long, Nos. 46-47 of the Magazine in separate wrapper 7s. 6d. This still remains one of the best and _ most reliable accounts of Stonehenge and its Harthworks, WILTSHIRE—The TOPOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS OF JOHN AUBREY, F.R.S., A.D. 1659-1670. Corrected and enlarged by the Rev. Canon J. Ei. Jackson, M.A., F.S.A. 4to, Cloth, pp. 491, with 46 plates, ' Price £2 10s. | WILTSHIRE INQUISITIONES POST MORTEM. CHARLES I, 8vo, pp. vii. + 501. 1901. With full index. In 8 parts, as issued. Price 13s. DITTO. IN THE REIGNS OF HEN. IIL, ED. [., and ED. II. 8vo. pp. xv. 505. In parts as issued, Price 13s, DITTO. FROM THE REIGN OF ED. III. 8vo., pp. 402. In six _ parts as issued. Price 13s. A BIBLIOGRAPHY or tHe GREAT STONE MONUMEN'S oF WILTSHIRE, STONEHENGE, anp AVEBURY, with other references, i by W. Jerome Harrison, F.G.S., pp. 169, with 4 illustrations. No. 89, Dec., } 1901, of the Magazine. Price 5s. 6d. Contains particulars as to 947 books, papers, &e., by 732 authors, THE TROPENELL CARTULARY. An important Honled in 2 vols., 8vo, pp. 927, containing a great number of deeds connected with property in many Wiltshire Parishes of the 14th and 15th centuries. Only 150 copies were printed, of which a few are left. Price to members, £1 10s., and to non- members, £2. oan oe cll pc sina BOOKBINDING. Ea Books carefully Bound to pattern. Wilts Archological Magazine bound to match previous volumes. | | We have several back numbers to make up sets. |. H. WOODWARD, Printer and Publisher, : Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes, THE North Wilts Museum and LIBRARY AT DEVIZES. varying from £2. to,5s..to the. amount of about £30 a year for thie purpose have been given since then by about sixty Members of | the, Society and the fund thus . set on foot has enabled the Committee to add much to the efficiency of the ‘Library and | Museum. ; It is very decane shit this fund should be falsed? to at. Teast £50 a year in order that the General’ Fund of the Society may be released to a large extent from’ the cost of the Museum: and | set free for the other purposes of the Society. Subscriptions of 5s, a year, or dpsrane are asked ‘for, and should be sent either to: Mr: D. OwrEN, Bank Chambers, Devizes, |) or Rev. iH. Gopparp, Clyffe Vicarage, Swindony © | The Committee appeal to Members of the Society and other : to secure any ~ 7 Objects of Antiquity, AND ‘ Natural History Specimens, found in the County of Wilts. and to forward them to the | Hon. Curator, Mr. B, H. Cunnineron, Devizes ; ipo Whilst Old. Deeds, Modern Pampliets, gel Portraits, Illustrations from recent Maga; or Papers bearing in any way on the County and Sale Particulars of Wiltshire Properties, as_ well as local Parish Magazines, ig will be .most ship tilly received for the Library by. the TVEV K. H, Gopparp, Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon, Hon. Librarian. | C. He WOODWARD, MACHiWE PRINTER, DEVIZES, No CXLIIL DECEMBER, 1925. Vou. XLII. Archeological & Natural History MAGAZINE, o PupLisnED UNDER THE Direction OF THE | SOCIBTY FORMED IN THAT COUNTY, APD: 18530: | EDITED BY | | WILTSHIRE REV. E. H. GODDARD, Clyffe oe Swindon. [The authors of the papers printed in this “‘ Magazine” are alone responsible for all, statements made therein. | DEVIZES : PRINTED FOR THE Society By C. H. Woopwarp EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, STATION Roap Price 8s. Members, Gratis. [N.B.—The Plan of Figsbury Rings accidentally omitted from No. 142 is issued with this number of the Magazine]. NOTICE TO MEMBERS. TAKE NOTICE that a copious Index for the preceding eight volumes of the Magazine will be found at the end of Vols. Viii., xvi, xxiv., and xxxil, The subsequent Volumes are each fully indexed separately, The annual subscription is now raised to los. 6d., the entrance fee for new Members remaining 10s. 6d. as before. Members who have not paid their Subscriptions to the Society for the current year, are requested to remit the same forthwith to the Financial Secretary, Mr. DaviID Owen, Bank Chambers, Devizes, to whom also all communications as to the supply of Magazines should be addressed. The Numbers of this Magazine will be delivered gratis, as issued, to Members who are not in arrear of their Annual Sipsanin- tions, but in accordance with Byelaw No. 8 “The Financial Secretary shall give notice to Members in arrear, and the Society’s publications will not be forwarded to Members whose Subscriptions shall remain unpaid after such notice.” All other communications to be addressed to the Honorary Secre- tary: the Rev. HE. H. Gopparp, Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon. THE SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS. To be obtained of Mr. D. OWEN, Bank Chambers, Devizes. THE BRITISH AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF THE NORTH WILTSHIRE DOWNS, by the Rev. A. C. Smith, M.A. One Volume, Atlas 4to, 248 pp., 17 large Maps, and 110 Woodcuts, Extra Cloth. Price £2 2s. One copy offered to each Member of the Society at £1 11s. 6d. THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF WILTSHIRE. One Volume, 8vo, 504 pp., with Map, Cloth. By the Rev. T. A. Preston, M.A. Price to the Public 16s. ; but one copy offered to every Member of the Society at half-price. CATALOGUE or tur STOURHEAD COLLECTION or ANTIQUITIES IN THE SOCIETY'S MUSEUM, with 175 Illustrations. Part I. Price Is. 6d, CATALOGUE oF ANTIQUITIES tn tor SOCIETY’S MUSEUM. < Part II. 1911. Fully illustrated. Price 2s, CATALOGUE or tHe SOCIETY’S LIBRARY ar toe MUSEUM. Price ls.) APPENDIX No.1. II., and III., 3d. each. CATALOGUE or DRAWINGS, PRINTS, anp Maps, In THE SOCIETY'S LIBRARY at tHE MUSEUM. Price 1s. 6d. CATALOGUE or WILTSHIRE TRADE TOKENS iw tue SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. Price 6d. BACK NUMBERS or tor MAGAZINE. Price to the Public, 8s., 5s. 6d., and 3s. 6d. (except in the case of a few numbers, the price of which is raised). Members are allowed a reduction of 25 per cent. from these prices. We WILTSHIRE Archeological & Natural History MAGAZINE. No. CXLIII. DECEMBER, 1925. Vou. X LILI. Contents. PAGE. SAVERNAKE Forest Funat, Part II.: By Cecil P. Hurst...... 143—155 FLINt IMPLEMENTS FROM THE NADDER VALLEY, SoutTH WILTs: By R. C. C. Clay, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.S.A., F.R.A.D. ...... 156—162 THe CuurcH or S. Joun Tae Baptist, INGLESHAM, WILTS: PVM Crp OMUNMGs KU OWA. feceassccs. (donciccceocenstssssenessoossoteee 163—167 THE Evans Famity or Nortu Wits: By Canon F, H. Manley 168—174 A ComPLeteE List oF THE ANCIENT MONUMENTS IN WILTSHIRE SCHEDULED UNDER THEt ANCIENT MONUMENTS Act, 1913 (uombom Viacle 92S) ecncx. cen ncte soca csnceenceeccedcccesaecccebed acess. 1'75—179 Opsects FouND DURING EXCAVATIONS ON THE ROMANO- BrRITIsH Site at Cop KircHEeNn HILL, BRIXTON DEVERILL, noZaie by: I, de ©- Nam iKivelll co... 6c. se.ve-ccnccsoreescsnseses 180—191 THe CUSTOMS OF THE MANORS OF CALSTONE AND BREMHILL : By the Earl of Kerry ...... SUNS ASEROCD 6 SUC HOB SEeCANOR Hever te a tenes 192—206 THE SO-CALLED ‘“‘KENWARD STONE” aT CHUTE CAUSEWAY, NMllinseee bye Ell Sb (COCKE) GIAY ....-.0 seco eeeccsedaoseesecsvecesises 207—212 THE SEVENTY-SECOND GENERAL MEETING OF THE WILTSHIRE ARCHHOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HIsToRY SOCIETY, HELD AT CIRENCESTER, AUGUST 6th, 7th, and 8th, 1925............ 213—220 AV Puls Mm OIMUPARR Vise cae sn ciacas cece as Ons aceciaves. ceerseecesd se Owvicelesecogueies 221—226 WILTSHIRE Books, PAMPHLETS, AND ARTICLES. .........0..0.0000 227—251 ADDITIONS TO MUSEUM AND TiABRARY:-i5:c.c.-s0sescccecsessceteceee 251—252 ACCOUNTS OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE YEAR 1924 ... .....-c0ceeeee 253—255 _List oy OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY ......-..00.+5 256—266 ILLUSTRATIONS. Figsbury Camp—Plan (70 be inserted at p. 58 in No 142, June, 1925). Plates I. and II., Flint Implements from the Greensand Terrace, 8. Waa. cee Melee ae ae ean 161 Figs. 1—6, Inglesham Church, Wilts............cccserscecescesseeees 163 Moredon House, Rodbourne Cheney Saitoh oe ace sesiiseabe od 168 Plates I. SNE, Objects found during Excavations at Cold Kitchen Hill ...... 182 Plates [X.—XV., Objects found during Excavations at Cold Kitchen Hill ..... 190 Map A.—The Open Fields of Calstone “Manor, showing the Strips or Lynchets into which they were divided c. 1725... 194 Map B.—The Coombes of Calstone Down. From air photo- graphs taken by Alex. Keiller, F.S.A., Scot. .................. 194 The so-called “ Kenward Stone,” at Chute Causeway ......... 208 Excavation of the so-called “Kenward Stone,” at Chute A HUIS NVRY Pete eat mea sae a elelsnia sai isn) sc ccae se Qeasaee tee and ceavecees 209 Plan of Cuttings made at the Excavation of the so-called “ Kenward Stone,” Chute Causeway.........cisceccecsosscscceecs 209 Devizrs :—C. H. Woopwarp, ExcHaNcE Buripinas, Station Roap. | rrp Ue Pry \ if Ficssury Came. PLan—Showing position and extent of the Excavations. Squares equal 50ft. To face p. 58, Vol. xliii. 1S mccapregt big : at i rs r “4 {8 moi * bn ap ea Inet Sn ddxon ohn 4 WILTSHIRE MAGAZINE. ‘¢MULTORUM MANIBUS GRANDE LEVATUR ONUS.”—Ovid No. CXLIII. DECEMBER, 1925. Vout. XLII. SAVERNAKE FOREST FUNGI, Part II. (For Part I. see W.A.M., xlii. 543—555). 3 By Cecrzu P. Hurst. The following agarics, or toadstools, about seventy in number, have recently (1923—1924) been observed in Savernake Forest and near the neighbouring village of Great Bedwyn. Rare plants recorded are the whitish Clitopilus Smithit, on Stokke Common,the elegant orange Pholiota curvipes, in Foxbury Wood, the white-stemmed Inocybe pallidipes, and the pretty little mushroom, Psalliota dulcidula, near Rhododendron Drive, and the fleecy-capped and deliquescing Coprinus umbrinus, in Haw Wood. Interesting fungi are also the white form (the var. verna) of the deadly Amamta phalloides, found in Haw Wood, the large sooty and funereal- looking Collybta fumosa, seen on West Leas and also in Haw Wood, the uncommon downy-stalked Omphalia velutena, found in some quantity on London clay at Dod’s Down in November, the brownish or fawn-coloured Inocybe cervicolor, the cap and stem of which are bristly with recurved fibrils, noticed in Foxbury Wood,the swollen-stemmed Stropharia merdaria var. major, growing on sawdust near Rhododendron Drive, Wygrophorus unguinosus with extremely sticky grey cap and stem, seen on West Leas and in Haw Wood, and the much-dwarfed Russula punctata and its violet- stalked var. violerpes, observed on the side of the road cutting in Reading sands at Sadler’s Hill, near Great Bedwyn. In Lactarius scrobiculatus, found in Chisbury Wood, and L. chrysorheus, gathered in Burridge Heath Plantation, the white milk becomes bright sulphur-yellow in colour when exposed to air ; every part of Z. flavedus, of which a number of plants were seen in Chisbury Wood, turns violet when bruised or rubbed; and the flesh of the crimson Cortinarius sanguineus, which occurred by the side of the Grand Avenue in the Forest, exudes a blood-red juice when squeezed. Poisonous plants noted are the pink-spored species, Volvaria gloiocephala, _ growing in a copse near Rhododendron Drive in November, and Hntoloma _lavidum, observed in Foxbury Wood in September, and mention is also | made of the large edible Horse Mushroom (Psallzota arvensis), common generally in the surrounding pastures and meadows. Jnocybe pyriodora, )| VOL. XLITI.—NO. CXLII. L 144 Savernake Forest Fungi. gathered in Foxbury Wood and near Rhododendron Drive, has a very pleasant smell of ripe pears; but a disagreeably strong alkaline odour, some- times, however, absent, characterizes Hntoloma nidorosum, also collected in Foxbury Wood. The rosy-capped Aussula emetica, a very acrid species promoting sickness and causing gastro-enteritis when eaten, was plentiful under the beeches at the top of the Grand Avenue in the Forest ; the pileus is much appreciated as an article of diet by slugs, which thrive upon this irritant plant, as indeed they do upon the highly poisonous Amanita phalloides. During the wet and mild December of the present year (1924) the little brown agaric 7'ubarta furfuracea has been plentiful on the thatch ~ of barns at Great Bedwyn; it appears to be common in such situations here all through the winter, the same plants persisting for weeks, if the weather is warm and moist. An interesting discovery was made upon Boxing Day, when the umbonate variety (var. wnbonata) of the sooty- capped pink-spored Wolanea pascua was noted in a little clearing in a copse through which Rhododendron Drive runs, and with it, favoured by the climatic mildness, grew in some quantity fine specimens of the blackish cup- shaped Clitocybe cyathiformis, a very characteristic fungus of December. It may be mentioned that plants of the almond-scented Clitocybe geotropa, forming an arc of a large circle, were seen on Merle Down in October ; this is one of the handsomest of all the British agarics, and grows in autumn in woods and pastures, sometimes in fairy rings of enormous size; it 1s an ex- tremely fine fungus, though generally inferior in size to the huge C’. maxima, also a not infrequent Bedwyn species. The well-known mycologist, Worthing- ton G. Smith, stated that he knew ofa “ fairy ring ” of Clitocybe geotropa on Dunstable Downs for forty or more years ; the diameter did not alter much during that period, for sometimes it grew outwardly and sometimes inwardly. Under favourable conditions of light it could be seen at a distance of more ~ than a mile. One of the earliest spring toadstools to make its appearance ~ near Great Bedwyn is the little brown purple-spored Hypholoma dispersum, which is found towards the end of March and is rather common, sometimes ~ appearing in fairly large numbers, during April and May, upon the sloping ~ meadows on the Tertiary outliers near the village; the specific name, dispersum, diffused or spread out, refers to its scattered mode of growth; ~ it is not usually a common plant, and sometimes grows on coniferous needles ~ and twigs, and on sawdust, but here, apparently, always occurs on grassy © swards. The range of the dark-coloured Cantharellus cinereus was much | extended, and specimens of this generally infrequent species were seen near | the Grand Avenue, near London Ride, and in Foxbury Wood ; it appears to | be widely spread in the district. Among uncommon fungi gathered were | | two specimens of the dusky form (the var. umbrina) of Amanita phalloides, | noticed by the side of the Grand Avenue; the dark cap and dark adpressed | ' squamules on the stem make it easy of recognition. The conspicuous |) handsome orange Pholiota spectabilis was observed growing finely on | felled timber in the Forest; and additional localities, in Chisbury and i) Foxbury Woods, were found for the large long-stemmed Amanitopsis |} strangulata, which one would expect to occur in this chalky district, as it | grows chiefly in wood and pastures on calcareous strata. Mushrooms were | | | by Cecil P. Hurst. 145 remarkably scarce here in 1924, and I also saw exceptionally few of the mushroom-shaped many-pored fungi known as bolets (Boletz). Tam much indebted to Mr. Carleton Rea’s “ British Basidiomycetae” (1922) and also to Mr. John Ramsbottom’s “A Handbook of the Larger British Fungi” 41923), and in writing this paper I have followed the latter for the arrange- ment of the genera and the former for that of the species, and Mr. EK. W. Swanton, of the Educational Muséum, Haslemere, ex-President of the British Mycological Society, has again very kindly named the plants. Amanita phalloides, var. verna (Vaill.) Fr. A few specimens under beeches in Haw Wood in September; the white form of A. phalloides, which has been described as a distinct species by Boudier, with oval spores 10O—14 xX 7—9 micromillimetres; an uncommon variety; it grew among the dry beech mast. - Tricholoma resplendens Fr. On the grassy expanse known as West Leas, near Great Bedwyn ; entirely shining white, becoming yellowish externally and internally; a rather common agaric. 7’. spermaticum (Paul.) Fr. In a copse near London Ride, Savernake Forest ; wholly white with a somewhat fleshy viscid cap, and a strong disagreeable smell; uncommon. 7’. fulvum (D.C.) Fr. West Leas, a common 7richoloma, possessing a reddish-brown sticky cap, rufescent stem attenuated at both ends, and light yellow gills. 7. columbetta Fr. Birch Copse, and also in a wood near London Ride; entirely white, but occasionally spotted with red or blue; the spots are probably due to the attacks of a parasitic Hypomyces ; a common species. 7’. vaccenum (Pers.) Fr. A few plants near Stokke Common, also, I think, occurring in Foxbury Wood ; the cap is rufous, and is torn into scales; it has a brownish stem, and whitish gills at length rufescent, is a common plant, and is called vaccinum from its cow-like colour. T. argyraceum (Bull.) Fr. Chisbury Wood; a common agaric with a whitish or pale grey cap covered with grey scales and fibrils, often speckled with yellow, whitish or greyish stem, and whitish gills ; it was found in September, and occurs in beech, oak, and pine woods. T. enameenum Fr. A few specimens in Bedwyn Brails. Cap dingy white and very dry; gills rather thick, very broad and very distant; stem white, firm, and villous. An infrequent plant occurring in fir woods; it resembles Hygrophorus eburneus, which has a very glutinous cap and stem. In Zricholoma inamenum the cap is very dry and the stem is pruinose. TZ. carneum (Bull.) Fr. A common little flesh-coloured Z7’richoloma seen on West Leas at the end of May after rainy weather; the gills are shining white and very crowded and the tough | almost cartilaginous stem is at first flesh-coloured and then becomes pale; | it is a plant of pastures, heaths, and downs. 7’. melaleucum (Per.) Fr. Chisbury Wood, and near London Ride. The blackish cap contrasts with the white gills and gives rise to the specific name melaleucum, melas, black, | and leukon, white, Greek ; it is a frequent inhabitant of woods and fields, | appearing from September to November. Clitocybe hirneola Fr. Birch Copse; near the top of the Grand Avenue; _near St. Katharine’s, Savernake Forest. An uncommon species with grey, _ umbilicate,smooth,shining cap, elastic concolorous stem,and whitish crowded _ gills. In the Forest it grew among dead leaves, but it also occurs among L 2 146 Savernake Forest Fungi. grass; it is found in September and October. C’. pithyophila (Secr.) Fr. A poisonous plant of pine woods noticed in Bedwyn Brails at the beginning of October ; it has a white irregularly-shaped cap, white stem often compressed, and white very crowded gills; it is a common autumnal species. C. meta- chroa (Fr.) Berk. A little Cletocybe which grew in Bedwyn Brails near the above plant, with greyish cap, grey stem, and whitish cinereous, crowded gills, it is a common species in fir woods from August to November. Collybia fumosa (Pers.) Quél. A big blackish Collybia seen growing among grass near Haw Wood, and on West Leas; it is not uncommon in woods and pastures, during September and October. The deep sooty tint of the whole plant is very characteristic, and makes it easily recognised. C. prolixa (FJ. Dan.) Fr. A large brick-red ferruginous agaric found in two localities in Savernake Forest; the gills are white and crowded ; it is an uncommon species. C.acervata Fr. Under beeches at the top of the Grand Avenue: a not infrequent plant with reddish flesh-coloured cap, which turns white when dry ; the gills are linear, narrow, and crowded, and the © stem is rufous and sometimes brown ; it occurs on pine stumps from August to October. Mycena rugosa Fr. Haw Wood; the pileus is cinereous and becomes pale, itis more or less corrugated ; the stem is very cartilaginous and the gills are white and then grey ; it grows on stumps and old posts and is common. NM. sanguinolenta (A.& 8.) Fr. A frequent J/ycena seen in Foxbury Wood, with a pallid reddish pileus, which becomes dark, and an almost hair-like stem containing a red juice; the pale reddish juice in the stem gives rise to the specific, sanguinolenta, bloody. MM. galopus (Pers.) Fr. Another com- mon Mycena found in Foxbury Wood ; it grows in woods, hedgerows, and on wood piles from July to January, and has a brownish or greyish cap with an indistinct darker umbo, white gills, and a fuscous or grey stem, the base of which contains a milk-white juice, whence the specific name, galopus, gala, milk, and yous, foot, Greek. Omphalia velutina, Quél. An uncommon plant seen in November in some quantity on London clay at Dod’s Down; the young stem is finely tomentose, and the gills are yellowish-grey and narrow. O. fibula var. Swartz Fr. A not infrequent variety of O. fibula which occurred in Foxbury Wood; it differs from the type which also grows in Foxbury Wood, in the firmer, at length plane pileus, with umbilicate fuscous disc, and in the whitish stem, externally and internally violaceous at the apex ; this variety grows among moss, short grass, and on charcoal heaps from August to December. Volvaria glovocephala (DC.) Fr. A very poisonous uncommon species, with pink spores and dark viscid cap with smooth stem, noticed in a copse — near Rhododendron Drive,in November; the gills are white, and then reddish, and the smell and taste are unpleasant; the stem has at its base the characteristic volva, or “ poison cup.” Entoloma lividum (Bull.) Fr. Another poisonous pink-spored agaric observed in Foxbury Wood at the end of August ; the grey cap contrasts with the flesh-coloured gills; it is a not uncommon plant, appearing early in the year, and containing irritant principles which cause gastro-enteritis by Cecil P. Hurst. 147 if it is eaten. ZL. porphyrophaeum. A big Entoloma, growing on heathy ground near Cobham Frith Wood in September ; the pileus is brown and moist, the very broad gills are greyish-white, then reddish-grey, and the solid, greyish, and clavate stem is streaked with violet or lilac fibrils ; an uncommon fungus. #. amecdes B. & Br. On Conyger Hill in August, and under beeches near the top of the Grand Avenue in September ; it is a fleshy agaric which grows in woods and pastures, and has a peculiar smell, unpleasant at first, then faintly like burnt sugar ; it is pale reddish-grey, with whitish stem, and the flesh becomes reddish; a not infrequent plant. JZ. jubatum Fr. A fungus of heaths and pastures growing in Tottenham Park and in a field near Fairway, Great Bedwyn ; a common species with brown floccoso-scaly or fibrillose cap, which is umbonate, and at first campanulate, and then expanded and flattened ; the gills are dark fuliginous, then purple fuliginous, and the stem is hollow and brownish, and is clothed with Sooty fibrils. #. clypeatum (Linn.) Fr. A common plant found on West Leas and on Conyger Hill and appearing as early as April; the fragile pileus is grey and is variegated, or streaked with darker spots or lines ; it is umbonate and finally flattened ; the gills become red—pulverulent with the pinkish spores. . nidorosum Fr. Foxbury Wood; this frequent plant usually has a strong alkaline smell, but not unfrequently it is quite without any distinctive odour, yet is always recognizable by the shining ileus, the flesh-coloured, broad, almost free gills, and the long white stem. Clitopilus popinalis Fr. Very fine on West Leas in September; the rather irregular grey cap is here and there mottled with guttate spots and the margin is inrolled ; it grows on downs, sandy sea-shores, and in fields, and is an uncommon species generally ; the specific name popinalis is from the Latin popina, a cook-shop, from its supposed edible qualities. C’. Smithit Massee. Wood on Stokke Common ; a rare species appearing in October ; the cap is whitish or has a yellow ‘tinge, and soon becomes plane and orbicular ; the stem is pallid with,a reddish tint below, and the gills are salmon-coloured. Leptonia solstitialis Fr. West Leas, in September; an uncommon little agaric with a brown cap, papillate in the centre, and flesh-coloured gills ; it sometimes appears at midsummer, hence the specific Latin name, solstzécalzs. I. incana Fr. Merle Down ;' a common fungus, with brown and green ¢€ap, and green or fuscous green stem ; it is said to have a smell of mice, but I could not detect this in the Merle Down specimens ; the emerald green colour of the pileus and stem is very distinctive, and makes it an easily- recognized and striking plant. Pholiota terrigena Fr. An uncommon brown-spored species noticed in Foxbury Wood: it has a dingy yellow pileus, fibrillosely scaly towards the margin, and the stem is covered with flocose, squarrose squammules which become ferruginous ; it grows in woods and hedgerows, and on old earthy stumps. P.curvipes Fr. A rare plant found in August on fallen branches in Foxbury Wood ; a very pretty, little, orange species, with flocculose cap torn into minute scales ; it occurs on sawdust and fallen trunks, especially poplar and birch, and is also found on rose bushes. LP. mutabelis (Schaeff.) Fr. Onastump near London Ride; a common Pholiota, a caespitose species 148 Savernake Forest Fungt. growing on stumps and trunks; the cinnamon cap is pale when dry and the stem is ferruginous blackish or umber downwards, and squarrosely scaly up to the ring. P. marginata (Batsch) Fr. Near London Ride; another common Pholiota; the cap is honey-coloured when moist, and the margin is markedly striate, hence the specific name. The stem is concolorous, and commonly white velvety at the base, and the gills are pallid, and then darker cinnamon ; it was observed in mid-September, and is frequent on twigs and on the ground, especially in coniferous woods. Near London Ride it grew in a tufted mass on the stump of a tree that had been felled. Before we leave this genus it may be mentioned that Pholzota aegerita, a species common in Britain on elm stumps,has the distinction of being the only agaric cultivated by the Greeks and Romans. Inocybe pyriodora (Pers.) Fr. Foxbury Wood, Chisbury Wood, and near Rhododendron Drive, in August and September. The cap is pale ochraceous. in colour, and is often reddish when young ; it is campanulate and obtuse,. and everywhere torn into fibrils ; the stem is often tinged with red and the edge of the gills is whitish, like the apex of the stem; the flesh becomes. reddish. ‘The smell is very pleasant, like ripe pears, and this was well- marked in my specimens; it isa common species. J. tomentosa (Jungh.) Quél. Haw Wood; a not infrequent plant with pale fawn-coloured, villose,, and campanulate pileus ; the specific Latin name, tomentosa, downy, refers. to the villose cap; it has a smell of new meal and occurs in woods and among fir-leaves, from August to October. J. palledepes Ellis & Everh. A rare agaric noticed by the side of Rhododendron Drive in September; the cap is light brown, and the gills are cinnamon, while the stem is white, as indicated by the Latin specific name pallidipes. JI. cervicolor (Pers.) Queél. A common species which occurred in Foxbury Wood at the beginning of September ; the brown capand stem are covered with recurved, concolorous fibrils, which give it a characteristic bristly appearance which is rather curious. Astrosporina asterospora (Quél.) Rea. Savernake Forest; anot infrequent — plant, possessing an ashy cap with brown striz, reddish stem, and whitish bistre, then cinnamon, gills; the base of the stem is marginately bulbous, and the ferruginous spores are stellately-nodulose under the microscope ; it was noticed in the Forest in September. . Hebeloma crustuliniforme var. minus Cke. A few specimens in Chisbury Wood; distinguished from the type by its smaller size, the floccose edge | of the gill, and by its faint smell ; it was found towards the end of Septem- | ber, and is not uncommon; the woolly gill-edge is a very distinctive | character easily observed with a lens. Naucoria Cucumis (Pers.) Fr. The dampish border of a stubble field near Bedwyn Brails ; the cap was tawny cinnamon, and the black stem was. | very downy; the plant is said to have an unpleasant smell of fish, or | cucumber, but I was unable to detect this ; of the synonyms, WV. pisciodora | refers to the fish-like odour, and WV. nigripes to the black stem. WV. melin- | oides Fr. A common little species of heaths, pastures, lawns, and roadsides, | seen on West Leas; a honey-coloured plant appearing from June to No- | vember ; the gill-edge is often denticulate in this agaric. By Cecil P. Hurst. 149 Psalliota arvensis (Schaeff.) Fr. The Horse Mushroom. A large species with the cap sometimes nearly eight inches across, common round Bedwyn ; Conyger Hill, near Folly Farm ; near Fairway, etc., etc. As showing the ubiquity and vitality of the spores, it may be mentioned that mushrooms grew this year (1924) in June beneath a tree grating on the Thames Em- bankment, and were found in August of the same year within a foot of the pavement in a garden in Lower Kennington Lane, S.E., in the heart of South London. In this species the ring is composed of two portions, an inner and an outer, the inner portion membranous and uniform, the outer shorter, thicker, and often appendiculate at the margin of the cap. The Horse Mushroom often grows in enormous rings; it is best eaten when young and juicy as it becomes tough and dry with age. P. dulcidula Schulz. In the shrubbery bordering Rhododendron Drive ; a very pretty, dainty, and charming little plant resembling a mushroom in miniature ; the cap is livid white, the gills are grey, and the ring is erect, median and per- sistent ; it is a rare species, appearing in October, and is found under oaks, and on heaths. Stropharia merdaria var. major Fr. A number of plants in early August on sawdust near Rhododendron Drive; it differs from the type in its much larger size and in the ventricose rooting stem; it is not un- common ; the swollen stem isa very noticeable feature, and §. ventricosa is a synonym of this variety. Hypholoma capnoides Fr. Foxbury Wood; Haw Wood; Burridge Heath Plantation ; the cap is ochraceous-yellowish in colour, and is dry and smooth, the stem is pallid, and the gills are first pale grey and then be- come brownish purple; it grows in tufts on coniferous stumps and is a common species, appearing early ; it was noticed on a coniferous stump near Stokke Common on the 14th April, 1925. H. epixanthum Fr. Haw Wood, and Burridge Heath Plantation; a common caespitose fungus growing on stumps in frondose and coniferous woods, hedgerows, and parks; the cap is light yellow with a darker disc, the yellow or pale rust-coloured stem becomes brownish below, and the gills are light-yellowish, and then cinereous. Coprinus umbrinus Cke. & Massee. A few specimens by the side of a road in Haw Wood; a rare species with a volva persistently white, sheath- ing the base of the stem, and reflexed about two centimetres from the base ; I have found the plant for two years in succession in the above station ; the ring is very noticeable, as few Coprinz possess such an appendage. C. umbrinus is a pretty species, as the dark umber cap has a large white patch at the apex, and is elsewhere covered with scattered, snow-white, fleecy scales. Cortinarius (Myxacium) elatior Fr. Near the Grand Avenue, and near St. Katharine’s; a large, conspicuous, and easily-recognized Cortonarcus with a pale yellow cap, plicate at the margin, and glutinous violet stem which becomes white ; the gills are yellowish, and then dark brown cinnamon ; it is frequent in woods. C. (Inoloma) pholideus Fr. A common plant noticed in September in Cobham Frith Wood; the cap is brown, and is covered with blackish brown scales, the stem is also brownish, and the gills 150 Savernake Forest Fungt. are violaceous, then clay colour, and at length cinnamon ; it is plentiful in deciduous woods. The dark brown scales on the cap form an easily recognisable character ; they also occur on the stem below the ring. C. (Dermocybe) sanguineus (Wulf.) Fr. A not infrequent smallish species seen near the middle of the Grand Avenue, on the ground below the beeches ; it is easily recognized, for the cap and stem are a dark blood colour, and when pressed the flesh pours out a blood-red juice ; it grows in woods, especially in coniferous plantations, in the autumn. C. (Telamonia) paleaceus (Weinm.) Fr. Foxbury Wood; a not uncommon sylvan fungus, occurring especially in beech and birch woods; it is also found on boggy heaths ; the ~ brown cap is conical, and then expanded, is markedly umbonate, and the white superficial squamules with which it is covered are very distinctive; the stem is also squamulose with white flocci, and the gills are pallid- whitish and then cinnamon. C. (Hydrocybe) bicolor Cke. The cap is dingy whitish, with an occasional tinge of lilac, the stem is pale violet, and the gills are purplish-violet, and then cinnamon; it is a rather common plant, and was collected in Foxbury Wood in early September. Hygrophorus virgineus var. roserpes. Massee. On grass near St. Katharine’s Church, and in a copse near Savernake Lodge; a not infrequent variety which differs from the type in the stem being rose-coloured, externally and internally, towards the base; it was seen near St. Katharine’s at the be- ginning of October, and sometimes lasts till December. H. subradzatus var. lacmus Fr. Among grass on West Leas; the cap is lilac, and then becomes pale, and the white or greyish stem is often yellowish at the base ; in this species, the variety is more common than the type. A. ungwinosus Fr. An interesting Hygrophorus, with very sticky grey cap and stem; the stem is somewhat compressed, and the gills are shining white, thick, broad, and very ventricose; it is a common species, and was seen growing among grass on West Leas and near Haw Wood, in September. Lactarius scrobiculatus (Scop.) Fr. A big not uncommon Lactarius, observed in Foxbury Wood in September; the yellow infundibuliform cap is covered with agglutinated down, and the margin is bearded when young; the light yellow stem is pitted with darker yellow, broad, roundish spots, and the white milk soon becomes sulphur-yellow when exposed to air. LL. circellatus Fr. Birch Copse, in the Forest, and near a clump of beeches not far from Haw Wood; a rather scarce plant with dark brownish cap, from two to four inches in diameter, variegated with darker zones; the gills are whitish, and then yellow, and the stem is pale and tough. JZ. uvidus Fr. Anotinfrequent Lactarius, of which a specimen was found in Foxbury Wood in September; a viscid plant, with greyish brown cap, first of all convex, then plane, and then depressed ; the stem is whitish, becoming light yellow, the white gills are spotted with lilac, when wounded, and the white milk also becomes lilac on exposure to the air. ZL. flavidus Boud. A very fair number of specimens of this interesting species were seen under a dense growth of hazel in Foxbury Wood, towards the end of September ; every part of Z. favidus turns violet when bruised or even handled, a very slight touch at once producing the characteristic violet stain ; the cap, gills, and stem are pale yellowish in colour, as indicated by the specific Latin By Cee P. Hurst. 151 name flavidus, yellowish, and the taste is first mild and then acrid ; it is an uncommon plant, which occurs in woods during September and October. L. chrysorheus Fr. A frequent toadstool ; a few examples were gathered in Burridge Heath Plantation in September; the white flesh when broken, and the white milk on exposure to air, become bright sulphur-yellow ; the cap is pale yellowish flesh-colour, with darker zones or spots, the yellowish gills are decurrent and very thin and crowded, and the stem is white, and delicately pruinose under a lens. JL. pallidus (Pers.) Fr. was seen in Haw Wood and Savernake Forest in September; it is a common plant in woods in autumn ; the flesh- or clay-coloured cap is obtuse and viscid, and the gills are pruinose and rather broad; the milk is white andacrid. UL. fuleginosus Fr. A very interesting plant, of which a little colony occurred in Bedwyn Brails in September ; it is common in woods from August to October, and is easily known by the “ coffee and milk ” colour of the velvety pileus, and the change of the hard whitish flesh when broken to a reddish-saffron colour ; the milk also becomes saffron-yellow on exposure to the air; the odour is nauseous and pungent, and it is probably poisonous. fussula furcata (Pers.) Fr. By a clump of beech trees near Stokke Common, and in Wilton Brails; a stout agaric, the cap is viscid in wet weather, and is green, becoming dull yellowish at the disc with age; the gills are shining white, and are forked from the base, and the stem is white and firm; it is a common species. R&R. subfoetens W. G. Smith. An in- frequent Russula, gathered in Foxbury Wood in September; the cap is yellowish-white, with a translucid, tuberculately sulcate margin, and the gills, which are white, and become yellow, are thick, distant, and narrow ; it grows in grassy places, and on lawns under beeches, as well as in woods. The translucid nature of the margin is well seen if the cap is held up towards the light. The generally scarce AR. integra (Linn.) Bataille, a brown toadstool, occurred near Rhododendron Drive; and near St. Kath- arine’s Church, in October, was seen R. heterophylla Fr., a species with greenish or yellowish brown cap, and shining white gillsand stem; the gills are decurrent, and are very narrow and crowded ; it is an edible, uncommon species, which occurs in woods from July to October. The infrequent RP. punctata (Gill.) Maire, and its violet-stemmed var. violecpes (Quél.) Maire, which is also uncommon, grew on the Keading sands in the road cutting at Sadler’s Hill, near Great Bedwyn; they were much undersized, which was probably due to the arid substratum; this species and its variety generally occur in coniferous woods. Marasmius erythropus (Pers.) Fr. A little plant with a pallid cap, dark red stem, and broad sub-distant gills, gathered in Burridge Heath Plantation in mid-September ; it is a common edible species, growing on heaths and in deciduous woods in autumn. Lentinus cochleatus (Pers.) Fr. Foxbury Wood, on stumps; with flesh- coloured cap and flesh-coloured sulcate stem ; the gills are decurrent, crowded, and serrated ; it has a very pleasant smell, of anise, or tonquin bean, is edible, and is frequent on stumps from July to November, The Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps (January, 1925) records a mild outbreak of poisoning among soldiers stationed at Tidworth, caused 152 Savernake Forest Fungi. by eating Inocybe incarnata, which had been mistaken for mushrooms. Inocybe incarnata is a toadstool not uncommon in woods from June to October; it has a flesh-coloured cap and stem, and whitish gills spotted with red; the white flesh of the cap becomes deep red when broken, while that of the stem is red from the first. I have not yet observed this species near Bedwyn. The following paragraph which appeared under the heading “ Exposition de champignons 4 Paris” in Le Petit Journal of the 15th Oct., 1924, indi- cates the interest that is taken in mycology abroad :—“ La Société mycologique'de France organise une exposition de champignons qui se tiendra a |’ Institut Pasteur, a Paris, du 19 au 23 Octobre. Elle com- prendra, outre les champignons, tout ce qui concerne la réglementation de la vente, les marchés, les measures et les moyens contre les empoisonne- ments, la statistique de ces accidents, l’enseignement, la vulgarisation, Putilisation commerciale et industrielle des champignons.” It is a pity that a knowledge of mycology is not more cultivated in Britain, for apart from the interest attaching to a very curious and varied group of plants, it is stated in a paper on “ Hdible and Poisonous Fungt,” contributed by Mr. J. Ramsbottom, M.A., F.L.S., to the Proceedings of the Royal Socwety of Medicine (1925), Vol. xviii. (Section of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology), pp. 18—26) that “ few toadstools are poisonous, and many of the edible ones are of much more delicate flavour than the common mushroom, either wild or cultivated.” Mycological opinion seems to be coming round to the idea that the only fatal species is Amanita phalloides, though other fungi are poisonous, for Mr. Ramsbottom, in the very interesting and authoritative paper above quoted, says, “ It may be said that in cases of fungus poisoning, if Amanita phalloides and its near allies can be ruled out of account, the chance of recovery is almost certain, for no other fungus causes the death of a healthy person,” and M. André Billy, in Le Petit Journal of the 25th Aug., 1924, writes :—“ A cause du mauvais temps, les accidents d’autos et les noyades ont été en cet aimable mois d’ aoft., un peu moins nombreux qu’on ne pouvait le craindre. Mais |’ humidité engendrée par les averses erée un autre fléau qui, d’habitude, ne sévit guére avant septembre ou oct- obre ; je veux parler des champignons. Il est malheureux tout. de méme, En cet an dix-neuf cent douzieme, De voir encore des abrutis S’empoisonner 4 pleine bouche De champignons plus ou moins louches, Bien qwils soient di avertis. Comme |’ indique l’un d’eux, ces vers de Raoul Ponchon ne datent pas d’ hier. Déja, en 1912, les amateurs de champignons étaient diment avertis du danger. Depuis lors, ils ont été avertis tous les ans. _N’empéche que tous les ans les empoisonnements par les champignons sont aussi nom- breux et qu ’a cause de l’humidité précoce ils promettent de l’étre davantage cette année. La preuve c’est qu ‘a Villiers-au-Tertre, prés de Douai, trois enfants de la famille Waillien vienent de mourir empoisonnés pour avoir mangé des champignons, alors que le pére, la mére et les deux autres enfants By Cecil P. Hurst. 153 ne s’en tiraient que grace 4 une intervention énergique du médecin . . . De savants mycologues, comme M. Marcel Coulon, estiment que les cham- pignons mortels se réduisent en somme 4 seule catégorie, celle del’ amanzte phalloide, flanquée de ses sous-espéces, virosa et verna. Les autres cham- pignons malsains seraient simplement dangereux ou suspects, et M. Coulon ajoute qu’ 4 condition d’ ecarter soigneusement la funeste Amanite phal- loide, on ne court guére de risque & manger n’importe quels champignons qu’ on aura préalablement fait bouillir pendant trois ou quatre minutes. I] est vrai que votre estomac peut avoir un caprice ou méme étre fonciére- ment rebelle aux champignons les plus inoffensif. Dans ce cas, vous serez malade et peut-étre méme trépasserez-vous. . . .” In “ Hdibleand Powson- ous Fungi” Mr. Ramsbottom brings out the important fact that evidence is accumulating that the near neighbour of A. Phalloides, Amanita mappa, not uncommon in woods near Bedwyn, which has had a very bad reputation in the past, is not poisonous, though all the Amanztz are better avoided as food ; he says :—“ The older records may have been of Amanita phallordes poisoning, as the two species are sometimes a little difficult to distinguish. Amanita mappa never has the olive tinge typically present inAmanzta phall- oides ; the cap is usually covered with patch-like fragments of the volva, and there is a groove between the bulbous base of the stem and the thick free margin of the volva” (z.e., the sheath at the bottom of thestem) It should be stated that mushrooms never possess these volvas,and so are generally dis: tinguishable from the Amanitas, though the volvas in some of the Amanztas are friable and tend tocrumble away. Poisonous fungi continue to take toll of human lives, as the following recent tragedies indicate,and thegreatest care should be taken in dealing with unknown species; the only safe and sure plan is to know the plants by their characters, as one knows a rose bush or elder tree,and especially to make oneself acquainted with the distinguishing features of the fatal Amanita phalloides. Le Petit Journal of the 9th Sept, 1924, records “ Une famille empoisonnée par des champignons. Deux de ses membres meurent, cinq sont gravement intoxiqués” (near Metz), and on the 11th Sept. of the same year, “ Empoisonnés par des champignons. Un enfant meurt. Trois autres personnes sont dans un état désespére(at Corbeil), and also a fatality from the same cause near Epinal. The “ Z%mes” of the 28th August, 1924, mentions a death that occurred near Sevenoaks, after partaking of fungi, and on the 30th April, 1925, states that near Tomar, in Portugal, a family of seven were poisoned by eating toadstools and that five of them died, and the “Dazly Mail” of the 7th September, 1924, reports an inquest at Ealing on a man who died after eating toadstools in mistake for mushrooms. In the latter case, the coroner, in recording a death by misadventure, said he thought it was common knowledge that mushrooms never grew in woods, but always inthe open. That was one of the great distinctions between mushrooms and the fungi that grew in the wood. To avoid fungi growing in woods is sound advice for the non-mycological public, for whom the deadly Amanita phalloides, a plant of woods and pastures adjoining woods, is ever lying in wait. The ordinary mushroom (Psalliota campestris) is rarely found in woods, but the common wood mushroom (Psalliota sylvicola), with shining white cap, and long stem furnished with 154 Savernake Forest Fungt. an ample ring, and the no less common Psalliota haemorrhoidaria, with brown scaly cap, and flesh that immediately turns blood red when broken, both of which are not infrequent in Savernake Forest, are edible, sylvestral species, and there are other sylvan mushrooms which can be eaten with im- punity. ‘’ofamiliarize people with the very dangerous Amanita phalloides, it may be useful to append here the following characters, which are taken from Mr. Carleton Rea’s monumental work onthe British Baszdiomycetx :— “Cap. 7—10 centimetres, greenish, or yellowish-olive, streaked with dark, innate fibrils, fleshy, ovato-campanulate, then expanded, obtuse, viscid, rarely covered with one or two fragments of the volva. Stem 8—12 X 1.5 —2 centimetres, white, rarely sprinkled with olive or pale yellowish olive, adpressed squamules, smooth or flocose, attenuated upwards, base bulbous. Ring white, superior, reflexed, slightly striate, swollen, ‘generally entire. Volva free for half its depth, generally splitting up into three or four, more or less acute segments. Gulls white, free, ventricose, 8 millimetres broad. Flesh white. Spores white, subglobose, 8—11 X 7—9 micromillimetres, with a large central gutta. Smell foetid when old. ‘Taste unpleasant. Poisonous. Woods, and adjoining pastures. July—Nov. Common.” The colour of the cap is very variable, ranging from whitish (var. verna, a little colony in September, 1924, among beech-mast in Haw Wood, near Bedwyn), pale primrose-yellow, with a tinge of olive (rather common near Bedwyn), yellowish-green, yellowish-olive, green (once near Bedwyn) to umber brown (var. umbrina, three times near Bedwyn). This species may be known by the large free volva, or sheath, at the base of the stem, with ragged edge, closely adherent to the bulb and by itsamplering. It is larger than its close ally, Amanzta mappa, which has a cream-coloured cap, a bigger bulb at the base of its stem, and appears later in the year. The white gills, ventricose in A. phallovdes are narrow in A mappa, and while A. phalloides has a viscid cap, A. mappa has a dry one. The stem tapers upwards in 4. Phalloides but is equal in A. mappa, that is, of the same diameter throughout its length. Other distinguishing features between the two species are included in a quotation from Mr. Ramsbottom’s “ Edible and Poisonous Fungi” given above. It may be noted that the word Amanita is derived from a mountain called Amanos in Cilicia, which probably abounded in edible fungi, as Galen used the term Amanites for the common mushroom and that the boletus of the Romans, so highly prized in classical times, was a species of Amanzta, A. Cesarea, still greatly valued in Mid and South Europe for its esculent properties, and known to the French, from its colour, as the oronge. ‘he great naturalist J. H. Fabre in the chapter “ Insects and Mushrooms” in his work “ he Life of the Fly” states that the Romans of the Empire called Amanita Cesarea “ the food of the Gods, czbus deorum, the agaric of the Ceesars,” and it will be remem- bered that the poison from which Claudius Czesar died, was conveyed to him in a dish of boleti, evidently then considered food fit for an Emperor. Solett continued to be worshipped and eaten for many years, though the custom was discouraged by Cicero (Ad. Fam. vii., 26, Letter to Gallus), Seneca (Hp. xcv.) and Galen (De Aliment, Facult, lib. 11., 69), chiefly on the ground that they were not particularly wholesome. By Cecil P, Hurst. 155 In conclusion, I heartily recommend to all those of our readers who are interested in fungi, the perusal of the recently-published ‘* The Romance of the Fungus World,” by Messrs. R. T. & F. Rolfe (Chapman & Hall), the pages of which are crammed with fungus information and fungus lore of all kinds. In this fascinating work, Amanita phallovdes and its close rela- tions, verna and virosa, are designated an “ inglorious trio,” and the chapter on “ Poisonous Fungi” is prefaced by the following extract from Le Petzt Journal :—“ De nombreux décés causés par absorption de champignons vénéneux nous ont déja été annoncés des départements du Midi, de |’ Est, et méme des environs de Paris. Chaque année, en octobre et novembre, une centaine d’habitants des campagnes meurent ainsi intoxiqués par les poisons extraordinairement violents et subtils qui renferment surtout cer- tains agarics du genre amanite . . . Que faire pour prévenirces tristres accidents qui, chaque année, se renouvellent avec la régularité d’un tribut payé par nos populations & quelque moderne Locuste ?” 156 i FLINT IMPLEMENTS FROM THE NADDER VALLEY, SOUTH WILTS. By BR. C.-C, Cray, MRICS. RACs. BS Ace abies The terrace that runs from Barford St. Martin to Wardour along the south side of the River Nadder is composed of Upper Greensand of con- siderable thickness, and ranges from 400ft. to 500ft. O.D. Some implements of flint or chert can be found in all parts of this area, but above Horse-Shoe Copse, on Fir Hill, Hill Ground, Harris’ Hill, and above Swallowcliffe, worked flints are more numerous, and suggest the probability that these places were camping grounds or settlements. In other words, the settlements were situated on the highest spurs. It is interesting to note that they lie alongside ancient track ways, as would be natural in times when most of the country was covered by scrub. The implements on these sites are much thicker in certain circumscribed areas, and these may, like the band of implementiferous ground that divides the field of Petticole, on Hackpen, indicate former clearings in the scrub. The earliest tools found are three of typical Upper St. Acheul facies. They are white and lustrous and came from above Horse-Shoe Copse. One is in the Blackmore Museum, one has been found lately by Rev. H. G. O. Kendall, F.S.A., and the third is in my collection. They appear to be connected with apace | in the Greensand. In the collection of Rev. G. H. Engleheart, F.8.A., are two interesting implements (Antig. Journal, Vol. ili., No. 2, p. 144). One is a small brownish-grey ovate of Le Moustier type, the other resembles an early Solutré blade of dark slate-coloured flint. They were found on Fir Hill, Fovant. At the same place I picked up an implement similar to the latter but made from chalcedonic flint, mottled with blue and fairly lustrous. The remainder of the worked Laue from this area can be divided up into two categories :— (1.) A blue and a very lustrous black prismatic core industry. These appear to be contemporaneous, and the difference in the condition of the surfaces of the flints is due to the amount of exposure and to the position on or in the soil of the individual implements in prehistoric days. Ifa flint becomes lustrous before it patinates it will never patinate afterwards. In this industry only good quality flint was used, and none of the impure or cherty flint so common in the other. Possibly good prismatic scraper-cores could be made only from the best material. (2.) An industry containing many shapeless cores and a few inferior scraper-cores of the prismatic type. In this series the horse-shoe scraper | is common, made from flint, like Jacob’s coat, of many colours—chalcedonic, {| black, grey, cherty, and mottled. In over 2000 implements from this terrace I have many striking examples | of re-chippings, that is to say, re-touches, by people of the second series on | flakes or tools made by those of the first. Flint Implements from the Nadder Valley, South Wilts, 157 These two industries merge the one into the other and there appears to be no break in the occupation of the sites. Thus it is often difficult, if not impossible, to place certain implements in their proper categories: but taking large quantities we are able to separate the two series and to recognise the characteristics of each. Implements of ‘‘Cave Period” type are common and are of the same quality flint, in the same condition and with the same degree of patination as tools that are definitely not of that date, for example barbed arrow-heads and tools made from fragments of polished celts. ‘The reason for this accidental survival is that flint of good quality had to be fetched and carried some distance, and was therefore valuable. ‘The shape of the raw flake governed to some extent the shape of the finished article. A homely example may not be out of place. Experimenting recently on the results of using a scraping edge on different materials, | needed three fresh scrapers. As my block of good flint was small, I could obtain only three flakes of suitable size. From two of these I made horse-shoe scrapers, but from the third I was obliged to make a steep-faced keeled scraper. I have many examples of steep fluted and “tarté” scrapers of Aurignac type and end scrapers on blades similar to those ofLa Madeline. There are no true gravers. As the only difference in the implements from the various sites on this terrace is in quality of material, when studied “en masse,” and not in type, they will be considered together. The only whole polished celt is in the Engleheart collection. The grinding is confined to the rounded cutting edge. It is thick but narrow, and the sides are slightly flattened. The butt is covered with crust and is pointed. It is exceptional in that it is curved on the flat near the butt. There are about sixty fragments of polished celts. Some have been re-chipped at the butt and edge to form serviceable tools, but the “ business end ” is always rounded. Most of the celts were thick, with more or less pointed butts and slightly flattened sides. One example was very thin, tapering to a pointed butt. These, according to Mr. Reginald Smith, F.S.A., belong to the beginning of the late Neolithic Age in Scandinavia (Proc. Prehist. Soc., East Anglia, Vol. ii., part iv.). The material from which these were made is usually a hard greyish-white flint, probably the centre core of a large nodule. Some, however, from the condition and quality of the material, were evidently made at the same time as the majority of the other imple- ments, and from similar flint. The fact that I havea scraper, choppers, cutting tools, and flakes from fragments of polished celts shows that the hardness of the material from which they were made was appreciated. I have half a well-chipped celt with blunt-pointed butt and a few roughly- made specimens. ‘Two small chipped celts with broad ends may have been used as chisels. Arrowheads are not uncommon and are of all types:—leaf-shaped, triangular, hollow-based, tanged, tanged and barbed, tranchet and single barbed (harpoon barbs). Three are bueish-white in colour. Of these, one is a narrow harpoon barb, one triangular with a tang and the other a tranchet. The chipping on these is more bold and there is less finish about them than on the others. 158 Flint Implements from the Nadder Valley, South Walts. Horse-shoe and end scrapers are numerous and there are many of the thumb variety. Square-ended scrapers are rare and racloirs are relatively scarce. I have only one scraper tanged for hafting, but several of the end type have small encoches at the sides, which may have been used for fixing them into some form of handle. Good nosed scrapers are chiefly found near Harris’ Hill and there are several examples of scrapers with a spur. Some appear to have been used as strike-a-lights: the smashing of the edges by repeated blows from one direction is as old as the rest of the flaking and cannot therefore be attributed to the action of the plough. None of | the steep-ended variety nor of the scraper-cores show any of the small flake scars on the under side of the edge that would be expected if they had been employed as planes. It is very common to find the median arétes blunted for finger-hold by battering. Scrapers with rubbed and polished edges are quite as common here as at Windmill Hill. They vary in number on different parts of this area from 13 % to 8 % of the total number of scrapers found. The rubbed portion may not be on the scraping edge proper but on the side of the flake. I have examples of scrapers made from thick ridged flakes which have the projecting aretes or portion of crust considerably rubbed. One large scraper has the under edge of the striking platform flattened and polished. I have tested scrapers which I have newly made by scraping vigorously with one portion of the edge many thousands of times against bone and hard pieces of oak, but I have not produced a rubbed edge, but by using it against another piece of flint the result was a distinct grinding and polishing of both opposing surfaces. This leads to the conclusion that these rubbed edges were produced when putting the finishing touches to the surfaces of polished celts. Although a block of sandstone was probably used to do most of the grinding, aided perhaps by sand and water, yet the scarcity of linear strize on some portions of polished celts lends strength to the theory that in some cases at least some other method was employed to complete the process, for the coarseness of the quartz grains in sandstone would surely leave many and obvious scoriations. Ihave been lent by Dr. Elliot Curwen, F.S.A., a polished celt with a very much rounded and polished edge, and it might be argued “ Would a polished celt be used to polish a celt?” he answer is that the implement in question was originally a polished celt of late Neolithic date, and after being damaged it was re-trimmed at the butt, and that the rubbing of the edge is later than that on the body of the implement, and that strize are evident on the body but absent on the rounded edge. If this tool had belonged to a maker of polished celts, for probably it was a specialized craft, what could be more natural than that he should use this damaged specimen to polish others? It could be handled more easily and its weight would give it more efficiency than any scraper. I have a tabular piece of rough Greensand chert from an extension of the Harris’ Hill site, on one surface of which there is a well-marked saddle-shaped polished area large enough to fit any celt. Hollow scrapers are numerous, but the crescent is usually at the side and not at the end of the flake. The true borers are generally thick pointed and show the small alternate By R. C. C. Clay. 159 use-flakings near the end caused by the to-and-fro action of the implement. These are uncommon and must have been used upon some hard substance, such as wood, bone, or possibly stone. ‘The fine-pointed borers do not show these signs of use, and were probably employed as prickers to make holes in leather. Mr. Engleheart has called attention to a class of tool fairly common in this area, which is really a compendium—borer, round scraper, and hollow scraper. One of my thick-pointed implements has the end rounded and polished, and must have been used upon stone. Knives fall into three classes :—(1.) Double-edged, made from thick ridged flakes, the pressure flaking along the sides being of the parallel scale type. ‘There is sometimes work on the bulbar face. (2.) Long thin flakes, with one side blunted by alternate chipping or minute and regular obtuse flakings. ‘The plain edge of the flake on the other side being the business portion. (3.) Curved flakes with fine re-touches on the convex edge. Saws arerare. One specimen has twenty-eight regular teeth to the inch, Another is of the dos rabbatw variety. There are three types of fabricators common to both series :— (1.) “Long narrow flakes with blunted edges and signs of use at the obtusely pointed end. (2.) Slug-shaped, with plain bulbar face and high-arched back blunted by alternate chipping and battering. (3.) Fabricators that are more or less rectangular in cross section. The edges have been blunted by alternate chipping followed by some battering. This variety often has a narrower point and does not show the rubbing and polishing at the end which is such a constant feature with (1) and (2), and denotes use as a strike-a-light. One implement of the slug type has near the bulb several parallel transverse strize, caused by intentional friction against another stone. A few discs have been found. They are of the type so often met with in early Bronze Age barrows in Yorkshire. (Mortimer. Yorty Years’ Re- searches.) Prismatic scraper-cores and cones, mostly blueish or very lustrous black, are not so common as cores of the shapeless variety. They are made from good quality flint. Some are chisel-ended. If the base is not slightly concave, a small squat resolved flake was taken off underneath to give a | more satisfactory scraping edge. The cones usually had their apices _ battered for fingerhold. Some of the shapeless cores may have been failures for prismatics. They are often of inferior quality flint and many _ have been used as hammerstones at some points. | The blueish flakes are invariably of the prismatic series with narrow parallel facets, and show no signs of use. They are of good quality flint. _ It appears that, other things being equal, the better the quality the quicker _ does patination take place. I picked up a prismatic core that was almost buried in the ground and noticed that the only facet that was exposed to _ the light was blue-white, whereas the rest of the implement wasa blue-black. _I placed it on my window-sill and found after two days that it was uniformly white all over. Some of the unpatinated prismatic flakes, like a large pro- | portion of the broader and larger ones of the second series, show signs of | use. They may be of the same date. __Iron-staining is more common on the patinated and grey flints. It was | | VOL. XLIII.—NO. CXLII, M | | 160 Flint Implements from the Nadder Valley, South Wilts. sometimes, but not always, caused by the plough. One scraper with several patches of stain has a thin iron-stained line running three-quarters of the way across the front, then over the top of a very fine spur on the edge, and is then continued in a straight line across the bulbar face. This could not have been caused by a plough. Quicksilver spots of high gloss are very common. Grey and chalcedonic flints rarely show it. Scratches of Sturge types 3, 4, and 6 are occasionally met with, commonest on the black and rarest on the grey. The immunity of the latter may be © due to its hardness. These scratches are more deeply patinated than the rest of the flints owing to the fact that moisture with carbonic acid in solution is retained in them whereas it is liable to run off the smooth surfaces of the other parts. Chattering scratches may be caused by the plough, but it is difficult to ascribe all types to the same agency. At Walker’s Hill, above Swallowcliffe, there is an outcrop of Greensand chert of a coarse variety from which implements were made on the spot. The Characteristic fracture is starchy, but often a smashing one is seen similar to those on a flint “that will not flake.’ The knappers worked on the same lines as when using flint. Having quartered the lump they at- tempted to detach flakes by blows more or less at right angles to the edge of the striking platform. A rudimentary bulb was often produced but the flake was never incurving on the underside. For this reason they were unable to make the horse-shoe type of scraper. The commonest tools are borers, hollow scrapers, rough chopping implements, and square-ended scrapers. Fabricators are sometimes found. Very few re-touches were possible on such poor material, and the small facets on the edges appear to be for the most part caused by use. Flint implements on this site are not so common as those of chert. It is extraordinary that these knappers were satisfied with such inferior material when good working flint could no doubt be obtained from the downland ridge of upper chalk situated a mile to the south. Is the explanation that they were enemies of the people who con- trolled that portion of the downs? Or was it due to the inborn laziness of all savage tribes? Thinly scattered chert tools are found all along this terrace, but they are in a small minority as compared with those of flint. Several true pigmies have been picked up. They appear to belong to the first series, and to be associated with the prismatic core culture, as at Kimble P.P.S.H.A., vol. ii, p. 487) and Land’s End (Zdzd, vol. iii, p. 59). The | commonest type is the Gravette point. I have one crescent and afew | microliths of indefinite form with “work” round the edges. Another has | several delicately-formed encoches with intervening spurs. Pigmies did | did not end with the Tardenoisian period, they persisted through the @ Neolithic until the Bronze Age. Their relative scarcity may be due in | some measure to their small size, and the consequent difficulty in finding | them on the surface of cultivated fields. From Mr. H.S. Thoms’ discovery | near Brighton, there can be no doubt that the manufacture of these pigmies | was a specialised art, and that thirty to forty flakes were struck off a core | before one suitable for conversion into a pigmy was obtained. Those of | the Gravette type could have been used as arrow points. | S. Wilts. Pxuatre I.—Flint Implements from the Greensand Terrace, Prats II.—Flint Implements from the Greensand Terrace, 8. Wilts. } | } | | By EK. C. €. Clay. 161 In dating these series we can, I think, exclude all ideas of a late Pale- olithic age, as the not uncommon survivals of “ cave” types are of the same date, being of similar quality and condition of material, as those implements which can be shown to be contemporaneous with polished celts. At the Blackpatch flint mine “flint implements of types usually associated with widely distant periods have been found together in the same shaft” (Sussex Archeol. Soc. Coll., vol. xv.) My earliest series corresponds closely with those at Kimble (P.P.8.#.4., vol. ii., p. 487). Land’s End (Zdzd, vol. iii., p. 59), Thatcham (Lbzd, vol. ili., p. 500), and the buried “ Lyonesse” floor (Hssex Naturalist, vol. |xx., p. 249, and P.P.S.#.A., vol. iii.) The latter industry was associated with beaker pottery and so can be assigned to the late Neolithic and the dawn of the Bronze Age. Windmill Hill (P.P.S.2.4. vol. ili., p. 515), and Peppard (Archeol. Journ., vol. 1x., p. 33) are earlier, although we have many types in common. The series from Golden Ball Hill, Wilts, and A and B from Hackpen (P.P.S.#.A., vol. iii., p. 515) differ only in minor details, due perhaps to individual variations in fashion and technique. The “foothills” and “low country” series from S. Yorkshire P.P.S.H.A., vol. iii., p. 277) may be contemporaneous with mine. The fact that I have portions of polished celts which are made from the same peculiar quality of flint as many of the other implements and are in the same con- dition of patination as these, is evidence that the industry flourished at a, ; time when polished celts were in daily use. These celts are usually thick, with a rounded cutting edge and flattened sides, and belong toa period which Mr. Reginald Smith has correlated with the late Neolithic in Scandinavia. As I have mentioned above, the rubbing of the edges of scrapers and flakes, so often seen on this terrace, can be caused by friction for a prolonged period against another flint, and we are forced to the conclusion that it happened during the final stages of the polishing of celts. I have produced a rubbed edge ona scraper whilst successfully using it to polish a flint flake. ‘This again suggests that these implements were contempo- raneous with the manufacture of polished celts. As no instances of polished celts have been found in burials associated with cremation, with the ex- ception of the three barrows on Seamer Moor, Yorkshire (Evans’ Stone, p. 134), which were probably Neolithic (vide B.M. Stone Age Guide, p. 78), and as cremation was almost universal in Britain during the latter half of the Bronze Age, we can safely say that the implements from this terrace _are not later than the first half of the Bronze Age. That any of them were used during the Early Iron Age can be overruled by the fact that in neither of the neighbouring inhabited sites of that period at Fifield Bavant( W.A.J., vol. xlii., p. 457), and Swallowcliffe Down (Jdzd, vol. xlill., p. 59), were any flint tools found which could be of the same date as the dwellings with the exception of a strike-a-light and possibly two rough scrapers. INDEX TO PLATES. Puate I. 1 to 8, Arrowheads. 9 and 10, Fabricators. 11], and 12,13, Knives. 14 to 17, Borers. 18, Long Blue Flake. 19, Scraper-Core (domed type). 20, Scraper-Core (conical type). 21 and 23, Scraper-Cores (winged type). 22, M 2 162 Flint Implements from the Nadder Valley, South Wilts. Scraper-Core. 24, Shapeless Core. 25 and 26, Spurred Tools. 37, Small Celt. Puate II. 1, Disc. 2, Saw, with blunted back. 3 and 4, Worked Flakes or universal tools. 5, Square-ended Scraper. 6, End Scraper on Blade. 7, End Scraper. 8, Kite-shaped Scraper. 9, Scraper with Corner Spur. 10, Double-ended Scraper. 11, Horse-shoe Scraper. 12, Steep-ended Scraper. 13, “Tarté” Scraper. 14, Side Scraper, or Racloir. 15 to 19, “ Button” Scrapers. 20 to 22, Pigmies. 23, Nosed Scraper. 24 and 25, Hollow Scrapers. 26 to 28, Implements of Chert. ! Once more I am indebted to Mr. Pugh for so kindly drawing the specimens. Fic. 1.—Inglesham Church, from 8.E. Fie. 4.—Inglesham Church, | Early Figure of Virgin and Child. ‘Fic. 5.—Inglesham: Church, showing Nave and N. Aisle, from 8.W. Corner. “IQUIOD “M'N WoIz ‘a[Sty “G pus OAVN' SUTMOYS “YOUNYD Weyse[suy—"9 “OIA 163 THE CHURCH OF 8, JOHN THE BAPTIST, INGLESHAM, WILTS! By C. E. Pontine, F.S.A. The parish of Inglesham is at almost the extreme north-east angle of Wilts, near the point at which the Thames receives its tributaries—Key and Cole—before passing out of the county near Lechlade. It is in the part of Wilts which belonged to Berks until joined to the former in 1833. The Church is off the main road, and its remote position may be accountable for its having been overlooked, for few people seem to have heard of Inglesham until it was brought to notice by Mr. William Morris on his taking up his residence in the neighbourhood, since which the building has been strengthened and repaired. The Church possesses great dignity for so small a building ; and several unusual features; the ‘work, moreover, of every period is exceptionally good. It consists of chancel, nave with north and south aisles, south porch, and a later chapel on the south side of the chancel. The earliest part of the structure is the arcade of the south aisle (Fig. 6) where the carving of the abacus of the easternmost respond is of the scalloped type, and that of the central column of the stiff foliation of the Transitional Norman, while the abacus in all cases is octagonal, and the mouldings of capitals and bases distinctly Early English. The arcades of both north and south aisles are of pointed arches of two orders of chamfers; in the case of the easternmost on the north only does the inner order die on to the jamb, in all others there are demi-columns, with carved capitals. The central cylindrical column of the south arcade (ig. 6) is distinctly larger than that on the north (Fig. 5); and the label is chamfered,while that on the north is moulded : both have similarly moulded bases. Thus it may be said that the two arcades are alike in their general design, yet they differ in detail sufficiently to indicate that they were erected during a period of change—the last quarter of the 12th century— the work having been begun on the south side, the north following soon after. Each aisle had an altar at its east end. The south aisle, like the north, originally extended only to the east end of the arcade, at which point its east wall stood. There was, as the existing trefoil-arched piscina in the south wall near indicates, an altar at this end ; a small 14th century two-light square-headed window, cinquefoiled, remains to light thesame. This window once had a label over it, which may have been removed when the wall was raised, or possibly the window previously existed elsewhere. For some reason it is usually found that the north arcade of a Church with aisles is the earlier, and various conjectures have been made as to the 1 The photographs for the accompanying illustrations were specially taken for the purpose by the Rev. B. W. Bradford, Rector of Broughton, Oxon. 164 The Church of S. John the Baptist, Inglesham, Wilts. reason for it, the most generally accepted being that, owing to superstitious objections to burying on the north side, the space for adding an aisle was more usually available there. But, in the,case of Inglesham, the two aisles are not additions, but part of the original plan, so that, except for following a, prevailing custom, that cause does not apply. Each of the aisles has a doorway in the outer wall a little westward of its centre; the north doorway has a trefoil-cusped head chamfered on the outer edge, without label, and the arch on the inside set at a higher level to:.. allow the door to open. An old oak door, with small moulding to cover the joints, remains with its beautiful hinges, and with holes in the jambs for the draw-bar. The south doorway has a big roll as the arch mould, with the rudest bell capital and impost on the jambs. The south porch is a spacious but simple structure with span roof of post-Reformation work; the outer doorway has an irregularly-shaped low- pitched arch, worked on a single stone, which is, doubtless, a later insertion ; an old door remains. In the gable over is a beautiful ogee arched niche of the late fourteenth century. In the east wall is a square-headed window which has been blocked with masonry, and there are stone benches on both sides. | There is nothing to indicate what the west end of the early Church was. like, but the efforts of the builder seem to have been tranferred to the chancel early in the thirteenth century. The east and north walls of the chancel have an early roll-type string- course under the windows on the outside, carried from the south-east original buttress of the chancel and around the north-east buttress (which was. obviously added to the earlier east wall and has a splayed plinth) and along the north wall of the chancel to the east end of the northaisle. A moulded base occurs above the plinth along the north wall, but is stopped at 4ft, 6in. from the inner angle. On the north there are two single-light lancet win-. dows with broad inner splays to the jambs and arches, and (to a flatter pitch) the window sills. ‘The string-course which runs across under the east window of the chancel is continued along the north wall below these windows on the inside, and carried over them asa label. This, however, together with the arches, was cut into and lowered when the roof was — constructed and the whole wall reduced in height. Below the sill string-course the surface part of the north wall (Fig. 3) westward of the sanctuary and central with the western lancet window, is enriched by a continuous arcade of three bays in moulded stonework, con- | sisting of round arches with labels over, the two outside arches having the | mouldings continued down to the floor as jambs, the dividing two springers. | being supported on corbels having foliated carving, the whole suggestive of | sedilia for stalls The older parts of these walls date from early in the | reign of King John. 1In the 7'ransactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archeological | Society, vol. xxii., p. 47, it is stated: “On January 25th, 1205, King John | gave the Manor andChurch of Inglesham to the Cistercian Abbey of Beaulieu | By C. £. Ponting. 165 The east wali of the chancel is carried up as a gable, with on the outside a flat stone coping, but without a cross or other finial. The east window is a pointed one of three trefoil cusped heads (the central one the highest), and on the inside the arch is enriched by cinquefoil cusping of the transitional Early English period. (Fig. 2.) In the south wall is a coeval tall two-light trefoil window with a circle in the head between the two: a label is carried over the inside arch, and the wall inside is recessed to form sedilia seat with moulded edge. The roundell | in the head of the window retains fragments of its original glass. In the south-east angle, placed angle-wise, is a large piscina of coeval date, with shelf. The chancel arch is an acutely pointed one of two orders of chamfer with roll-mould label on the west side, the inner order dies on to the face of the jambs. The west end of the nave and aisles, on the outside, consists of a central pointed window of two lights, having two orders of moulding on the jambs and arch, and moulded label returned to stop against the fianking buttresses. In the tracery lights of this window are remains, in yellow stains, of the drapery of two figures without heads. In the centre of each aisle is a two- light square-headed window, with cinquefoiled arches and good moulded label returned at the ends. At the outer edge of the quoins between nave and aisles are two tall buttresses, having widely-spread base and plinth, above which occurs one small set-off with projecting string-course under it, and above it an unusually long and steep weathering carried up to die into the wall at its apex. The nave gable has a wide flat coping, with a base carried round and moulded at the top, on which is constructed a most interesting turret with two pointed-arched and cusped openings for bells, _with pierced eyelet in the spandril formed by these arches and high-pitched crow-jointed coping of the turret, the whole group forming a delightful “bell gable.’ The main buttresses have evidently been added to, and erected after, the west wall, and not built up with it. This work was carried out in the 14th century, together with the raising of the wall of the nave, and aisles, and with the parapets with their moulded cornice and copings, apparently formed the completion of the structure. Both parts are striking features and add greatly to the dignity of the Church. Late in the fourteenth century, the east wall of the south aisle was taken down, the aisle extended eastward as an additional chapel, and the archway of two orders of chamfers, the inner of which stops at the springing, and the outer by nicely-designed “stops” on the chapel side inserted for communica- tion with thechancel. (Fig.6.) A priest’s door giving access to the chapel from the outside was provided by a simple doorway having the head shaped to a flat four-centred form, slightly chamfered on the edge, and over this a coincide with the north wall of the chancel, and account for the stall-like arcading to which I have referred. A further statement says: “ Little Farringdon, formerly in the county of Berks, is now in Oxfordshire. It was granted by King John to the Abbey of Beaulieu at the same time with Inglesham,” and the view given of the south side of the Church indicates work of about the same time. 166 The Church of S, John the Baptist, Inglesham, Wilts. tall two-light pointed window of the same width, with tracery and label similar to the one in the east wall of the northaisle. ‘Two or three fragments of glass remain in the cusps of the easternmost light. In the east wall is a window not easy to reconcile with the rest of the work here; it is square- headed, and has two orders of moulding carried round, but no arch or cusp, and no label. There is a buttress at the angle with no middle set-off. At the north-east and north-west angles of the north aisle are buttresses of the type of that at the north-east of the chancel. In the east wall of the north aisle isa two-light pointed Decorated window, with “ chisel ” cusps and a typical label mould outside. The window has a considerable quantity of old glass, now much corroded which shows no sign of having ever been painted. Flanking it on the inside are two corbels, apparently for figures. This aisle appears to have been one long chapel, and a thirteenth century piscina in the east respond was for its use. In the west bay of this aisle are marks on the pillar and respond where a gallery may have been fixed. The screens in the chapels remain, but there is none other than doubtful evidence of a sill at the entrance to the chancel. The south chapel has an oak screen, with an opening for access, across the middle from the central pillar to the south wall, and a parclose screen in the western bay of its arcade, but the screen across the middle of the north chapel has had the post of its doorway cut off, and the open portion above its transom removed, leaving only the post against the wall—but retaining full evidence of what formerly existed. All the screens are of 14th century type: the pews are Jacobean, and have in the centre gangway square angle posts with turned tops. On the wall of the south aisle is a valuable Norman relic which was found outside and has been set up here for better preservation (Fig. 4). It is a panel of coarse stone, representing the Blessed Virgin Mary and Child. The Mother is seated and has the Child on her knee, and her head is bowed over and almost resting on His head. Our Lord appears to be holding a book on His knee, while His right hand rests on Our Lady’s right shoulder. In a narrow sunk panel over the Blessed Virgin’s head are the Roman characters M.A.R.I.A., while out of the upper corner appears the Hand of God with two of the fingers pointing down to Our Lord in blessing, and the other two fingers folded down over the palm. An aureola encircles Our Lord’s head. The feature have been somewhat flattened, and part of the angle of the stone from which the hand proceeds has been broken off ; the hole in the block on which our Lady is seated has been made to receive the gnomon of a sundial, and some eight or nine hour lines—beside the meridian line—which have been incised, indicate that the stone once stood in a vertical position outside a south wall. In the floor of the sanctuary is a black marble slab, 10ft. long, forming the matrix of the brass of the full- size figure of a knight of the fourteenth century. The font is a Perpendicular one of not unusual design. The pulpit, and its canopy, were evidently made for this position early | in the seventeenth century, together with the reading desk, and the pews | in the eastern half of the nave. Probably the remainder, though of plainer | type, are not much later. By C. #. Ponting. 167 An iron bracket-stand for the hour glass is fixed on the central pillar of the north aisle in view of the preacher. The roofs are of various types, but all are old. The chancel roof of trussed rafters is the oldest, but the walls cannot have been, as has been said, “fitted to” it to account for the cutting down of the very early lancet windows in the north wall; it is impossible to conceive such reckless disregard for this beautiful wall, which was obviously designed for the arches and their labels to be visible for their full height. Moreover the slope of the roof at the east end, where boarded as a canopy over the sanctuary, comes too close down over the east window. Be that as it may, the chancel roof is a precious relic of the thirteenth century, and it is well held together by three tie-beams. The aisle roofs are also span roofs of flat pitch of the fourteenth or fifteenth century, and have corbels under the tie-beams on both sides. The nave roof is of span form and has the fifteenth century type of tie- beam, principals, and wind-braces. Placed now on the south aisle window sill is a remarkable stone, obviously a portion of a reredos found built up in the wall, still retaining small well- painted figures upon it. The churchyard cross—(it would be a mistake, I think, to call it a “ Village Cross”)—is in the usual position where it can be well seen from the main approach tothe Church. It has, as may be expected, lost its canopied head, but the shaft with its sculptured cap, its octagonal moulded base, which is brought into form from the square of the block by bold steps, remains. Under this are two steps which lead the eye upwards, and the large square bench at the bottom at a suitable height for use as seats. All this work is sound and well preserved, in spite of the iron rod at the top which probably destroyed the head by rust, before its time. One turns away from this beautiful old Church with feelings of reluctance and gratitude. 168 THE EVANS FAMILY OF NORTH WILIS.! By Canon F. H. MAN LEY. When the last link of a family connection with the county extending over more than two centuries is severed, the idea of placing on record some details of that connection naturally suggests itself. Mrs. Manley, whose death at Great Somerford occurred last year, was the sole representative in the district of the Evans family; which hadj since the middle of the eighteenth century been located in the parish of Rodbourne Cheney. On the walls of the parish Church there are to be found several imposing memorial tablets, and in the churchyard a large number of tombs, now crumbling to decay, all marking the last resting places of five generations of this family and their intimate association with that parish. Memorials of their relatives are to be found in the Churches of many adjoining parishes. The original habitat of the family is not known, but the arms which they claim “Ar. an eagle displayed, with two heads, sa.—Crest, an eagle’s head between two wings, sa., holding in its beak a rose gu. stalked and leaved vert,” are those of EKvans of Marsh Gibbon, Co. Bucks, (see Visztation of Bucks, 1575 and 1634), and were borne by John Evans, Bishop of Bangor, 1701. The first member of the family of whom we have record is a certain Arthur Evans, of London, who, on 28th July, 1647, married Ellinor Stiles at All Hallows, London Wall. The Stiles family were of Wantage, and Ellinor was the daughter of Henry and Ellinor Stiles of that place, being baptized in the Church there 11th December, 1623. Her brother, Robert, baptized there 2nd October, 1628, went into business in London, and later migrated to Amsterdam, where he amassed a very large fortune, dying, unmarried, 3rd October, 1680. The almshouses which he endowed are still standing at Wantage, with a stone above the entrance door, bearing the inscription :—“ The gift of Mr. Robert Stiles, of Amsterdam, merchant, who died October 3rd, 1680. Deo et pauperibus.” Death came to him suddenly in the midst of his numerous activities, and the only proper will he left was one drawn up when just of age[P.C.C. Bath, 155], but administration of his estate was granted to a nephew, Joseph Haskins Stiles,who carried out his uncle’s final wishes. A considerable legacy thus came to the testator’s sister, Ellinor, whose son, John, he had at one time hoped to connect with his business [Chanc. Proc., Reynardson’s Divn.—Evans v. Styles, Bundle 308, No. 40], but the bulk of his property went to Joseph Haskins Stiles, who, as a capable business man, had been of great assistance to his uncle. He married a daughter of Sir John Eyles, of Southbroom, Wilts, Lord Mayor of London, 1688. A son, Benjamin Haskins Stiles, acquired great 1 This paper in a shorter and less complete form appeared in the Wilt- shire Gazette, April 3rd, 1924. . . The Society is indebted to Canon Manley for the gift of the illustration accompanying this paper, and to Mr. A. D. Passmore for kindly taking the photograph of Moredon House. | Moredon House, Rodbourne Cheney. The Evans Family of North Wilts. 169 wealth through successful speculations at the time of the South Sea Bubble, and had a good deal of property in Wilts, including Bowden Park, where he commenced building a mansion on a very extravagant scale, and the “Manor House and Parke of Corsham.” Dying without issue in 1739 his estates passed to the only son of his sister Mary, the wife of Sir John Eyles, Bart., Lord Mayor of London, 1726, a Sir Francis Eyles, who assumed the name of Stiles. This Sir Francis Haskins Eyles Stiles died at Naples 26th Jan., 1762, and his only son, John, died unmarried in 1768, when the baronetcy became extinct. ‘lhe family vault of the Eyles family was at St. Helen’s, Bishopsgate, and there many of the Stiles were buried. (W. NV. & Q., vol. vii., p. 145, &e.) Arthur Evans was presumably in business in London, and was there in 1681, when his only daughter, Ellinor, was married 23rd Sept. at St. Mary le Bow to John Launce, of the Middle Temple, but retired later to Wantage, where he was buried 19th November,1691,his will;being proved 26th Novem- ber, 1692. [Peculiar Court of Deans and Canons of Windsor.] His property included the Manor of Scottys in Canewdon, Essex, which was settled on ‘his daughter, Ellinor Launce [Morant’s Hist. of Essex, vol. i., p. 315.) Several of his sons were attached to Wiltshire—one, Gabriel, who predeceased his father, to Ogbourne St. George, and another, Henry, to Haydon, in the parish of Rodbourne Cheney; while another, the eldest, John, owned in 1685 land in Haydon, but seems to have resided at Wantage, where he was buried 26th December, 1703, leaving by his will, proved 17th May, 1704 [Peculiar Court of the Dean of Sarum], his estate in ee to his brother, Henry. Mr. Henry Evans’ name first appears in the tee at Rodbourne Cheney in connection with a collection for French Protestants on a Brief read 29th April, 1688, so that no doubt it was about this time he took up his residence in the parish. He was churchwarden in 1692 and 1702. His first wife, Mary, was buried at Wantage, 12th December, 1683. Some years after, he married Mary, the daughter of Thomas Pearce, of Compton, Co. Bucks, gent. ‘he house in which he lived at Haydon was pulled down many years ago, and the estate cannot now be identified. Henry Evans was buried at Rodbourne Cheney 30th July, 1712, and his wife 3lst May, 1730. ‘Their family consisted of four sons, one daughter, Mary, who married, about 1717, Anthony Goddard, of Purton, and another who died unmarried in 1751. The eldest son, Arthur Evans, married (marr. sett. 27th Oct., 1731,) Catherine Coker, daughter of Thomas Coker, Rector of Little Hinton _ (1684—1741), and a Prebendary of Salisbury Cathedral, and Mary, daughter _of William Hearst (married at Salisbury Cathedral, 17th Dec., 1696), she _ being a sister of John Coker, of Bicester, Co. Oxon, where the family still reside. He inherited the family estate at Haydon, but seems to have spent | much of his time at Salisbury, occupying a house in the Close. One child, | Mary, was buried in Salisbury Cathedral, 29th September, 1737, where here is a memorial to her. He was the guardian of the children of Anthony _ Goddard, who died in 1725, buried at Purton, 31st August, and whose wife | Seems also to have died about the same time. | | | | 170 The Evans Family of North Wilts, Anthony Goddard was the son of Francis Goddard, of the Clyffe Pypard family, who, together with his wife, Elizabeth [Thorner], was buriéd at Little Somerford, their memorial tablet, as well as those of other relatives, being still visible in the Church. Anthony Goddard inherited from his father Purton House, an interesting estate, lying near the Church and formerly part of the Malmesbury Abbey possessions in Purton. This property, consisting of a messuage called ‘“ Chamberlyns” and a water mill called * Chesthill Mill,” together with lands and another water mill called “ Ayle- ford Mill,” had been purchased by Henry Maslinge, (sc)! of Pirton, gent., the tenant, in 1608, from Lord Chandos. ‘“ Aylsford Mill” was sold some years afterwards to Wm. Holcroft, 1619 (Wilts Inq., p.m. Chas. I., p. 134), but the rest of the estate was inherited by the son, Wm. Maskelyn, from whom it passed to a son and heir, Henry, on whose death, without issue, in 1667, under the terms of his will the estate was sold, and Francis Goddard, of Standen Hussey, gent., became the purchaser of “ Chamberlyns” and the mill house called “ Chester (sc) Mill.” Francis Goddard resided on his estate in Purton, and on his death, in 1701, it passed to his eldest son, Edward, on whose death, by will dated 12th Jan., 1710, Anthony Goddard became owner of all his real estate. Anthony Goddard lived and died in Purton, and was buried there 31st Aug., 1725, although one of his sisters, Elizabeth Langdon, was buried at Little Somerford, a tablet in the Church recording that “she dyed in London of the small pox 25th January,1701.” Of the children of Anthony Goddard and his wife, Mary, the date of whose death has not been ascertained, one (a), Sarah Goddard, died in Arthur Evans’ house in the Close of Salisbury and was buried in the Cathedral 16th Sept., 1737, where there is a tablet to her memory. A little piece of the handiwork of this child still remains in the form of a coloured sampler, with a rhyming version of the ‘en Commandments, initials A. E., K. E., 8. G., M. G., E. G., hi. G., of her uncle and aunt, herself, sisters and brother, and note, “Sarah Goddard, her work, March 11, 1733.” Another daughter (6), Elizabeth Goddard, was buried at Purton, 14th Nov., 1737, and the youngest (c), Mary Goddard, married, about 1738, Timothy Dewell,? a grandson of Timothy Dewell, Rector of Lydiard Tregoze, during the Commonwealth and for many years after, whose prowess as a preacher is recorded on a large flat stone within the altar rails of the Church there. ‘Timothy Dewell is said to have died in the West Indies, and his widow, with her son, another Timothy Dewell, became resident in Malmesbury, where he practised for many years as a doctor. Several memorials to the Dewell family are to be seen in the Abbey Church, various members of the family holding a good deal of property in the town at different times, including Burton Hill House, and mixing themselves up very much in the affairs of the borough. All their property ultimately came into the hands of a great grandson of Mrs. Mary Dewell, Charles Goddard Dewell, the only son of Capt. Thomas Dewell, of Monks | 1 Visitation of Wilts, 1628. 2 Lydiard Tregoze Regs. Baptisms. 6th February, 1675/6, Charles, son of | Dr. Timothy Dewell ; 6th January, 1715/16, Timothy, son of Charles Dewell | and Ann his wife. Se = By Canon PF, H. Manley. 171 Park, Corsham, and Henrietta Susan, daughter of Lieut.-Col. Tuffnell, of Bath. Charles Goddard Dewell was a lieutenant in the 91st Regt., serving in Greece in 1856, but resigned his commission and was received into the Roman Church in 1859. Soon afterwards he became a member of the Jesuit Society and remained a lay brother until his death in 1889. In 1861 he endowed a Roman Catholic Chapel in Devizes, and aided the establish- ment of another at Malmesbury, besides showing himself a very generous benefactor of the society of which he wasa member. All the Dewell estates in Malmesbury were sold by him in 1865, and he seems to have been the last representative of the family in the district. The only surviving son of Anthony and Mary Goddard was (d) Richard Goddard, M.D., who, at one time practised in Marlborough. He married! Sarah, daughter of Sir John Wilde, and after his marriage he went to live in his ancestral home. He added much to the amenities of Purton House while he resided there, laying out the grounds round the mansion and utilising the stream running through the premises to form an ornamental lake. He died in 1776, and his only daughter, Margaret, married, in 1792, Robert Wilsonn, R.N., of Handly, Co. Dorset, who was buried at Purton, Ist Feb., 1819, leaving four daughters. Purton House was purchased from his widow? by her son-in-law, Mr. Richard Miles, who re-built and enlarged the old house but died 3 almost immediately afterwards, without issue. The other daughters of Robert Wilsonn leav- ing no issue the Purton branch of the Goddard family became extinct and their property * passed into other hands. Arthur Evans himself acquired a considerable amount of property, and in 1755 was High Sheriff of Wilts. His will, proved (P.C.C.) 11th April, 1765, mentions his estates at Haydon and elsewhere, Co. Wilts, and at Long Hanney and Milton, Co. Bucks. He may have benefitted, like his cousin, Benjamin Haskin Stiles, by successful speculation in South Sea Company shares. A memorial tablet,on which is a shield bearing the arms of Hvans and _ Coker impaled, surmounted by the Evans crest, in Rodbourne Cheney _ Church, states that he died, aged 75, on 15th February, 1762, and his wife, | Catherine, aged 84, on 12th December, 1780. He left two children, a _ daughter, Catherine, who married Simon Wayte, of Groundwell, in Little _ Blunsdon, and a son, Arthur Evans. Simon Wayte belonged to a family at one time resident in Dauntsey where there is a memorial tablet in the Church erected by him to his mother, but it was later connected with Calne, various members of the family being in business there. William Wayte, of Highlands, Calne, was a great nephew, asalso Samuel Simon Wayte, who was a solicitor in Bristol, and whose son, Samuel Wayte, was for many years the well-known President of Trinity Col- lege, Oxford. Besides his property at Groundwell, Simon Waite was the owner of a small family estate at Bushton,in Clyffe Pypard. He died, aged 78, on 21st November, 1807, and his widow, whose later years were spent in 1 ist August, 1753, at Purton. : 2 Buried at Purton 22nd March, 1843, zt 85. | 3 Buried at Purton 20th June, 1839, eet. 51. * Mrs. Sarah Miles sold Purton House to Horatio Nelson Goddard in 1840. 172 The Evans Family of North Wilts. Bath, aged 85, on 15th September, 1816. ‘They were both buried at Rodborne Cheney, and their memorial monument, bearing the arms of Hvans and Wayte impaled, is in the Church. Mrs. Catherine Wayte seems to have been a person of some force of character, and and of a charitable turn of mind. She endowed a school at Haydon Wick for the education of twenty poor children of the parishes of Rodborne Cheney and Blunsdon St. Andrew, but this endowment is now merged in the general educational funds of the Wilts County Council. (Will dated 15th July, 1816.) Her brother, Arthur Evans, who succeeded to the family estates on the death of his father, was a B.C.L. of New College, Oxford, and fora — short time Vicar of Rodborne Cheney, 1778-9. He bought, in 1767, from Peregrine Bertie, Esq., the Moredon House estate, which had been formed by the wealthy London banker, John Morse, who went from Rodborne Cheney to make his fortune in London with the Childs, and whose niece, Elizabeth Payne, by her marriage with Peregrine Bertie became the mother of the ninth Earl of Lindsey. (W. N. & Q., vol. vi., p. 361, &ec.) Arthur Evans made considerable additions to Moredon House, and ap- parently took up his residence there for a time. On several of the out- buildings are still to be seen sundials with the initials A. E. and date 1767. He died in Bath, where he had a house in Brock Street, in 1789, leaving no family, but survived by his wife, Catharine, the daughter of Cadwallader Coker, of Tottenham, who died 29th August, 1810. They were both buried at Rodborne Cheney, where their memorial tablets are‘in the Church. The properties mentioned in his will[P.C.C., pr. 18th Nov., 1789] included estates in Rodborne Cheney, Stratton St. Margaret, Wroughton and Milton, Co, Berks, also the advowson of the Church of Rodborne Cheney. Subject to the life interest of his wife and sister, Mrs. Catharine Wayte, the bulk of his property was left to the children of his first cousin, Henry Evans, only son of his uncle Thomas, who, in 1724, had married, at St- Lawrence, Reading, Mary Pike, gentlewoman, of Rodborne Cheney, and resided there. Henry Evans left a large family,! the various members of which were engaged in business in Wroughton, Upper Stratton, Highworth, and else- 7 where, all of whom were buried at Rodborne Cheney, but the settlement of | affairs after the death of Mrs. Wayte led in 1826 to the sale of the Evans estates in that parish and elsewhere. Moredon House and two farms were | purchased by the representatives of the late Rev. Arthur Evans, Vicar | of Rodborne Cheney (1792—1820), one of the sons of Henry Evans, and | later these came into the possesson of his only son, the Rev. Arthur Evans, ||. Rector of Little Somerford (1847—93), who also inherited other Evans | property through the early death, 26th Sept., 1852. of his first cousin, | Charles, son of Charles Edward Rendall, of Brigmanstone, who had married |) Maria, the daughter of Thomas Evans, of Burghclere, Southampton, another | son of Henry Evans. There isa memorial window to Charles Arthur Rendall | 1 Mary married Robert Tucker and had issue; Jane, Elizabeth, and John 4 died unmarried; Thomas married Susanna Warman and had issue; | Henry; Arthur married, at St. Saviour’s, Southwark, Ist January, 1811, ; Ann Pyke and had issue ; Richard married Susannah Vivash and had issue. | _ By Canon F. H. Manley. 173 in Milston Church. Educated at Marlborough College, he went into resi- dence at Trinity College, Cambridge, in October, 1851, and unfortunately fell into the water from a boat. This accident developed the consumptive tendencies that were latent in him, and he died the following September. Moredon House, with its old-world garden, had some interesting features about it, and was surrounded by well-timbered fields, It was for many years occupied as a gentleman’s residence, being in the tenancy, during the earlier part of the last century, of the Rev. Richard Miles, who was for fifty-nine years Rector of Lydiard Tregoze, dying at the age of 92, on 4th Sept., 1839. Later, forsome ten years Mrs Annica Susan Goddard, widow of Edward Goddard, Vicar of Clyffe Pypard (1791—1839), made it her home, and was succeeded by Mrs, Eliza Large, who keptia school there. After that it ceased to be attractive as a private residence, and was occupied as a farmhouse. : The Rev. Arthur Evans married, as his first wife, Susan Wightwick,! of the ancient Staffordshire family, one of whom wasa co-founder of Pembroke College, Oxford. The first member of the Wightwick family to settle in Wiltshire was Henry Wightwick, a fellow of Pembroke College, who, early in the eighteenth century, came to Dauntsey. He was married, in Broad Somerford Church, 9th December, 1715, to Elizabeth Wayte, youngest daughter of the late Rector of Broad Somerford. He was afterwards master of Tetbury Grammar School, died Rector of Ashley, and was buried? in Broad Somerford Church. His widow survived him until 1787.3 She left behind her a small book of private devotions, which she had compiled and used for her spiritual edification, still in the possession of the family and issued in print some years ago. Her grandson, Henry Wightwick,! also a fellow of Pembroke College, became Rector of Little Somerford in 1794, and married a daughter of Abraham Young, of that parish, owner of an estate there, which his father had purchased in 1787, at the sale of the Estcourt property in Malmesbury. Henry Wightwick and his wife lived for many years in the Rectory of Brinkworth, of which parish he was also in charge, the Rector being non-resident. He built while there the present drawing room of the Rectory. His brother, Charles Wightwick, vice-gerent of Pembroke College, induced the College authorities to purchase the ad- vowson of Brinkworth, and during the latter part of his life became Rector of Brinkworth and occupied the Rectory until his death. He also bought : | _ property in Little Somerford, and his brother became owner of the advowson ' Sole daughter of Rey. Henry Wightwick, Rector of Little Somerford, and sister of his only son Henry, Rector of Codford St. Peter (1840—1884), * 27th November, 1763. 3 Buried at Broad Somerford, 2nd October. *Son of Walter Wightwick, Rector of Little Somerford (1774—80), Vicar | of Somerton (1763 —86). ° He was licensed “ Stipendiary Curate of the Parish Church of Brink- worth at yearly stipend of £84 and gratuitous use of the Parsonage House, 'in which you are to reside 10 Feb., 1814.” Buried at Little Somerford, | 17th Oct., 1846. 174 The Evans Family of North Writs. and the lordship of the manor there, this latter having been sold by Giles Earle, of Estcourt House, Crudwell, in 1807 to Jonas Ady, of Brinkworth, who disposed of it to Mr. Henry Wightwick. Through his wife, Susan Wightwick, the Rev. Arthur Evans became pos- sessed of landed property in Little Somerford in addition to his estates which he inherited at Moredonand Haydon. He was the last of the clergy in this immediate neighbourhood to follow the hounds, and was for many years an active member of the Malmesbury Board of Guardians, being vice-chairman under Lord Suffolk as chairman. In his own parish he promoted various schemes for the benefit of his poorer parishioners, and devoted himself assiduously to his school, in which he taught regularly. He died in 1893, and was buried at Little Somerford, where in the Church are stained glass windows to the memory of his first wife, who died 23rd February, 1858, and his second, Susan (Brock), who died 15th December, 1888 ; also of his mother, Anne Evans, who died at the great age of 91 on the | 1th January, 1866, and was buried at Rodborne Cheney. ‘The old Rectory House at Little Somerford was of modest dimensions, surrounded by a moat and often not occupied by the incumbent. Mr. Evans, when he first came to the parish, went to live in the old house of the Youngs, adjoining the church- yard on the north, but on the death of his mother, who, during the latter years of her life lived there, he very much enlarged the Rectory house, filled up the moat, laid out the gardens as they are now and spent the last years of his life in this more spacious abode. On the death of the Rev. Arthur Evans, 15th April, 1893, the real pro- perty passed to his eldest son, the Rev. Arthur Evans, Rector of Snelston, Derbyshire, who had married, 30th October, 1886, Margaret Shafto, belonging to a well-known north country family, her father being the Rev. Arthur Duncombe Shafto, Rector of Brancepeth, Co. Durham. Later, however, the property came into the possession of Mrs. Manley, his younger daughter, by whom it was sold in 1918. ‘he little Somerford property, together with that belonging to the Wightwick family, sold at the same time passed into various hands, but the titular lordship of the Manor remained with Mrs. Manley tothe end. Moredon House, with some 200 acres of land was purchased by Mr. William Loder, who had for many years been a tenant, as also his father before him, on the estate, and had of late years becaped these premises. The present representatives of the Evans family are (1) the Rev. Arthur Evans, of Bath, who has a surviving family of three sons. Arthur, a Lieut.- Commander in the Navy ; Walter, in the Diplomatic Service ; and Thomas ; also a daughter married to the Rey. William Atkinson; one son, Richard, of the Staffordshire Regiment losing his life in the war and (2) the Rev. Walter Evans, of Bath, unmarried. 4 ' 175 A COMPLETE LIST OF THE ANCIENT MONUMENTS IN WILTSHIRE SCHEDULED UNDER THE ANCIENT MONUMENTS ACT, 1913 (up to March, 1925). It seems desirable to print in the Magazine a complete list of the monu- ments scheduled up to the present time under the Act, especially asin some cases recently, where land has changed hands, the purchaser has not been notified by the Vendor that monuments on the property are under the protection of the Act. The numbers preceding the name of the monument in this list are the official registered numbers, those following the Barrows are the numbers assigned to them in the “List of Prehistoric Roman and Pagan Saxon Antiquities in the County of Wilts.” W.A.df, xxxviil., 155—414. These numbers are also entered on the Ordnance maps at Devizes and Salisbury Museums. No ancient monuments on land in the occupation of the War Department or in Crown ownership can be scheduled. The provisions of Section 12 of the Act are as follows :— “© 12. (1) The Commissioners of Works shall from time to time cause to be prepared and published a list containing :— (a) such monuments as are reported by the Ancient Monuments Board as being monuments the preservation of which is of national importance ; and (6) such other monuments as the Commissioners think ought to be included in the list ; and the Commissioners shall, when they propose to include a monument in the list, inform the owner of the monument of their intention, and of the penalties which may be incurred by a person guilty of an offence under the next succeeding sub-section. (2) Where the owner of any ancient monument which is included in any such list of monuments as aforesaid proposes to demolish or remove in whole or in part, structurally alter, or make additions to, the monument, he shall forthwith give notice) of his intention to the Com- missioners of Works,and shall not, except in the case of urgent necessity, commence any work of demolition, removal, alteration, or addition for a period of one month after having given such notice ; and any person guilty of a contravention of or non-compliance with this provision shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding one hundred pounds, or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months, or to both. (3) This section shall not apply to any structure which is occupied as a dwelling house by any person other than a person employed as the caretaker thereof or his family.” VOL. XLIII.—NO. CXLII. N 176 A Complete List of the Ancient Monuments in Wiltshire Camps, EARTHWORKS. County Number, it Old Sarum A, Barbury Castle, Ogbourne St. Andrew and Wroughton 11 Castle Ditches, Wardour 13 Winklebury Camp, Berwick St. John 17 Knap Hill Camp, Alton Priors 20 Enclosures north of Wansdyke, Stanton St. Bernard 21 Four Enclosures on All Cannings Down 22 Enclosures on Allington Down 32 Rybury Camp, All Cannings 33 Giant’s Graves, Oare 37 Bratton Camp 41 Knook Castle, Upton Lovel 44 Scratchbury Camp, Norton Bavant 45 Battlesbury Camp, Warminster 55 Castle Rings, Donhead St. Mary 56 Chiselbury Camp, Fovant 61 Earthwork on Wilsford Down, Wilsford, 60 N.W. 62 Avenue at Stonehenge 74 Earthwork Enclosure of East Group of Barrows, Winterbourne Stoke 76 Clearbury Rings, Standlynch 98 Enclosure east of Kennet Road, north-west of Barrow 30, Avebury 101 Entrenchment on Windmill Hill, Avebury and Winterbourne Monkton 106 Oldbury Camp, Cherhill 115 Codford Circle 116 Yarnbury Camp, Steeple Langford, and Berwick St. James 118 White Sheet Castle, Mere, and Stourton 125 Chisbury Camp, Little Bedwyn 127 Liddington Castle 129 Binknoll Camp, Broad Hinton 130 Bury Woods Camp, Colerne 132 Ringsbury Camp, Purton 141 Stapleford Castle (medieval), Stapleford 143 Castle Hill, Blunsdon St. Andrew Lona Barrows. County Number, 3 West Kennet 5 Devil’s Den, Preshute 10 Manton Down, Preshute 12 Whitesheet Hill, Ansty 15 Lugbury, Nettleton 16 18 23 28 o4 26 37 38 40 42 43 46 47 48 49 50 52 53 54 57 58 63 67 74 V7 78 79 80 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 92 96 102 110 112 113 114 128 131 136 142 Scheduled under the Ancient Monuments Act, 1913. Adam’s Grave, Alton Priors Winterbourne Stoke, No. 1 East Kennet King’s Play Down, Heddington Barrow Copse, West Overton Tinhead, Edington Bratton, No. 1 Kill Barrow, Tilshead Sutton Veny, No. 2 Oxendean, Warminster, No. 6 Kingbarrow, Warminster Norton Bavant, No. 13 Middleton Down, Norton Bavant, No. 14 Knook Bowl’s Barrow, Heytesbury Knook Down, Knook, No. 5 Corton, Boyton, No. 1 Sherrington, No. 1 Sherrington, No. 4 Lake, Wilsford, No. 41 Wilsford, No. 34 Amesbury, No. 14 Wilsford, Nos, 30 and 13 (two barrows) Ashmore Down, Donhead St. Mary Giant’s Grave, Downton Stockton No. J Brixton Deverill No. 2 Pertwood Down, Brixton Deverill Winterbourne Stoke, No. 53 Tilshead Lodge, Tilshead, No. 5 Old Ditch, Tilshead Colloway Clump, Warminster Tidcombe Wexcombe Down, Grafton Great Botley Copse, Shalbourne Fairmile Down, Collingbourne Kingston Giant’s Grave, Milton Lilbourne Longstone Barrow, Avebury, No. 17 Monkton Down, Winterbourne Monkton, No. 8 Bishops Cannings, No. 76 Lanhill, Chippenham Coombe Bissett Down Handbarrow, Laverstock Liddington “Giant's Caves,” Luckington Smay Down, No. 5a, Shalbourne Woodford, No. 2 N LS) 177 178 A Complete List of the Ancient Monuments in Wiltshire Rounp Barrows AND Mounps, DoLMENs. 2 Silbury Hill 5 Devil’s Den, Preshute 18 Winterbourne Stoke Group 28 King’s Play Down, Heddington, Nos. 1—3 35 Draycot Hill, Wilcot, Nos. 1—5 54 Sherrington, Nos. 4 and 5 57 Lake Group, Wilsford, Nos. 37—41 58 Wilsford, Barrows 34—36 (one long, two round) 59 Wilsford, Barrows 55—6 (Starveall) 60 Wilsford Group, Barrows 58—65, 74 60a Westfield Group, Wilsford, Nos. 75a—82, and parallel ditches 61 Wilsford, Nos. 51—54, and adjoining earthwork 63 Amesbury, Nos. 1, 2, 14, 15 64 Amesbury, Nos. 10 and 11 65 Amesbury, 43—56 67 Normanton Group, Wilsford, Nos. 2—32 70 Rollestone, Nos. 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30 71 Wilsford, Nos. 1, 33, 33a 72 Winterbourne Stoke, Nos. 23, 25, 26 73 Winterbourne Stoke, Nos. 30, 35—40, 42 74 East Group, and earthwork, Winterbourne Stoke 90 On Easton Hill, Easton Royal, No. 1 91 Milton Lilbourne Nos. 1—5 94 West Overton, Nos. 1—6a, 8 95 Bishops Cannings, Nos. 88 and 89 97 Avebury, Nos. 30a, 31, 32 99 Avebury, Nos. 10—13 (Fox Covert) 100 Avebury, Nos. 26—30 101 Winterbourne Monkton, Nos. 1—4a, Avebury, 45 (Windmill Hill) 102 Winterbourne Monkton, Nos. 7—10 and sarsens 103 Avebury, No. 8a 104 Cherhill, Nos. 4 and 6 109 ~— Bishops Cannings, No. 26 110 Bishops Cannings, Nos. 74—'78, 80 117 Collingbourne Kingston, Nos. 4—20; Nos. 2—6, Gollineboutne Ducis 119 Collingbourne Ducis, Nos. 9—17 120 Collingbourne Ducis, Nos. 7, 8 121a Everley, Old Hat Barrow 121b Everley, No. 8 12ic Milton Lilbourne, No. 8 122 Collingbourne Kingston, Nos. 1 and 2 123 Pewsey, Nos. 3, 5, 10 124 Everley, Nos. 1—4 (Everley Barrows) 133a Aldbourne, Nos. 1—4 (Four Barrows) 133b Aldbourne, Nos. 7 and 8 (Sugar Hill) 134 Aldbourne, No. 14 (Warren Farm) Scheduled under the Ancient Monuments Act, 1913. Aldbourne, Nos. 9, 11, 12, 13, 15 Winterbourne Stoke, Conigar Group and earthwork Amesbury, Nos. 26—37 (Seven Barrows) Amesbury, Nos. 18,19 (Luxemburg Plantation) Amesbury, Nos. 20—22 (Round Plantation) Amesbury, No. 23 (Coneybury Hill) STONE CIRCLES. Avebury Pennings, Avebury Langdean, East Kennett Winterbourne Bassett Allington Down, south of Silbury, Avebury RoMAN Roaps. On Beckhampton Down, Avebury Pertwood Down, Brixton Deverill Overton Hill, West Overton 179 180 OBJECTS FOUND DURING EXCAVATIONS ON THE ROMANO-BRITISH SITE AT COLD KITCHEN HILL, BRIXTON DEVERILL, 1924. By R. de C. Nan KIvELL. The first mention of the site of the early settlement on Cold Kitchen Hill is made by Sir Richard Colt Hoare, in his “ Antient Wilts, South,” where it is classified as one of the “ British Villages.” Apparently it was an unexplored site until 1896, when the Rev. EH, H. Goddard undertook some slight excavations in a mound there. (W.A.1/., XXVii., 279.) The present excavations have been carried out chiefly to the south and west of the mound.! Judging from the objects found we have more or less certain proof that the site is of pre-Roman occupation. For instance, the two British coins, the three La Tene brooches, and some of the heematite-coated pottery, and many fragments of the ware similar to that found at the late Celtic settlement at Cannings Cross. As to the abandonment, the evidence seems to justify a date at about the end of the fourth century. Among the one hundred and six coins found there is not a single specimen of the debased coinage that is usually found on sites occupied during the fifth century and onwards. Also, all the pottery fragments are perfectly in accordance with well- recognised periods up to the end of the fourth century, and no fragments have been found that could with certainty be assigned to a later date. All the objects found will eventually be placed in the Devizes Museum, to accompany those of Mr. Goddard’s excavations from this site, and others found and deposited there since. Puate I. A. Bronze hinge-pin bow brooch, with suspension loop. Projecting transverse ridges on centre of bow. Length 2 3/8 inches. Excellent pre- servation. (cf. No.8. Pl. xxiv. Catalogue Antiquities, Devizes Museum, Part IT.) B. Bronze spring-pin bow brooch. The bow rises 3/8in. from spring- head and then is turned at 90° towards foot. At the top of the bow is engraved an oblong containing two sunken triangles for the insertion of enamel, but no traces now remain. Length 13/4in. Perfect. - C. Bronze spring-pin bow brooch. T-shaped head furnished with suspension loop. Running the whole length of the bow are ten oblong 1No painted plaster, foundations, or cut-stone work of any description has been found on the ground excavated. A detailed map and notes on the diggings has been kept for reference, and will probably be published with the results of later excavations. Objects found at Cold Kitchen Hill, Brixton Deverill. 181 cavities set transversely. Traces of red, blue, and green enamel and amber remaining. A raised circular disc terminates the enamel cavities at the head of the bow. Length 21/2in. Perfect. D. Bronze hinge-pin bow brooch, with long T-shaped head. Raised oblong at head with sunken grooves from corner to corner. ‘Three lozenges then project themselves along the top of the bow, the first and last contain blue, and the middle one red enamel. Length 1 3/4in. Pin and catch plate slightly twisted, but otherwise perfect. E. Bronze hinge-pin bow brooch. Wide flat bow 1/16in. thick, 1/2 in. wide, tapering towards foot. Low flat curve with two sunken grooves, tooled, down the centre, extending the length of the bow, the head of which has a sunken ring and dot ornament on each of the projecting flanges. Length 2 1/2in. Pin missing, otherwise perfect. Puate II. A. Bronze circular brooch, with mounting of a thin bronze repoussé plate, representing apparently two armed men on horseback holding circular shields. Immediately in front of the first horse stand three foot soldiers in line, with the long slightly concave Roman shields with central bosses. An eagle with outstretched wings stands in the foreground, presumably the Roman standard. The surface plate corroded at the edges and slightly cracked, but otherwise complete. Diam. 1 3/8 in. B. Brooch identical with A., but condition not so good, also pin missing. C. Brooch identical with A. Good condition and complete. D. Bronze enamelled brooch representing man on horseback. Cut from thin plate of bronze 1/16in. thick, and enamelled over complete surface. Has been subjected to heat, which has destroyed most of the enamel, but traces of red and blue still remain. 1 1/4in. X lin. Pin missing. E. Bronze circular enamelled brooch with traces of silver beadings still remaining. There have been six circular mounts, probably to contain stones, but only two nowremain. The central portion filled with red enamel and the outer portion with dark-green. Diam.7/8in. Pin distorted but complete. F. Bronze circular enamelled brooch with traces of silver beading still remaining. The interstices on the outside of the star-shaped ornament filled with light-green enamel, on the inside dark-red. The central mounting has probably held a stone, but is now empty, otherwise complete. Diam. 13/16in. G. Bronze La Tene IJ. brooch. The bow is formed of a round piece of wire 3/32in. diameter. This is flattened out to form the catch-plate and | turn-back, where it is beaten out round and then joined to the bow again by a band with transverse grooves cut in it, this completely encircles the bow. There is a mass of corroded iron at the head and the remains of an iron pin, but this is undoubtedly a much later mend, when the original bronze spring and pin were lost. Length 1 7/8in. H. Bronze hinge-pin bow brooch. Wide flat bow-plate 1/16in. thick, _ 12in. wide tapering towards foot. Low flat curve with three sunken grooves _ running the length of the bow. Middle groove plain, the two outside ones stamped with punch dots and tooling. The head has two projecting flanges 182 Objects found at Cold Kitchen Hill, Brixton Deverill. in the shape of a semi-circle. Length 21/2in. Pin missing, otherwise good condition. I. Bronze buckle, in shape of letter D. Flat base, and convex top. Tongue formed by twisting a bronze slip loosely round straight side of buckle. Size 11/4in. x lin. Perfect. J. Bronze hinge-pin bow brooch. Flat bow-plate 1/16 in. thick, 5/16in. wide, slightly tapering to foot, with two sunken grooves, tooled, running the length of the bow. Two projecting flanges at head in shape of a semi-circle. Length 1 3/4in. Pin missing, otherwise good condition. | Puate ITT. A. Bronze hinge-pin bow brooch with T-shaped head with large sus- pension loop. The top of the bow has a deeply-scored groove 1 1/4in. long. The pin has been of iron, but is broken off near the head. Length 3 1/4in. Excellent condition. B. Bronze hinge-pin bow brooch with projecting head. Originally fur- nished with suspension loop, now broken off. The bow has a deeply-scored groove 1 1/4in. long. The pin has been of iron, but is broken off near the head. Length 3 1/8in. C. Bronze hinge-pin bow brooch. Very high arch to bow, terminating in long slender catch-plate. The head-end is engraved with two small upright and one transverse lines. Length25/8in. Pinmissing. Excellent condition. D. Bronze spring-pin bow brooch. The top of the bow has two transverse grooves close together. The whole brooch formed from one continuous strip, with spring of four coils. Length 2in. Perfect. KE. Silver British dished uninscribed coin. Diam. average 5/8in. F. Silver and bronze British uninscribed coin. Diam, average 5/8in. Puate IV. A. Iron La Tene II. brooch. The bow is of round wire flattened out to form catch-plate and turn-back, which is flattened to a round and then ter- minates with a knob. The corrosion makes it difficult to discover the nature of the attachment band.! Length 3 1/8in. All slightly corroded but complete. B. Fragment of iron La Tene I. brooch, part of bow, catch-plate, and turn-back, which is flattened to a round and terminates with a small pro- jection rounded at the end which does not touch the bow. The unusual 1 Since the description of this brooch was sent to the press it has been discovered that there are three and not two upright coils to the spring. The one not shown in the drawing is flattened and squeezed in between the two outside coils. Bronze Brooches. Cold Kitchen Hill. 3. Bronze Brooches. Cold Kitchen Hill. 3 4° OL z Viale = «DMO DAO Liha, sean) AANA FRR ker Bronze Brooches and British Coins. Cold Kitchen Hill. 2 Tron Brooches. Cold Kitchen Hill. 4. Bronze Bangles, Rings, &e. Cold Kitchen Hill. . > EES oe — - — Cold Kitchen Hill. 4. Bronze Objects. Cold Kitchen Hill. Bone Pins, &e. By BR. de C. Nan Kivell. 183 upturn of the bow from the foot is apparently intended and does not appear to be the result of an accident. Length remaining 1 3/8in. C. Iron spring-pin bow brooch with four coils. The brooch formed from one continuous round piece, flattened to form catch-plate. Length 29/16in. Slightly corroded and point of pin missing. D. Iron spring-pin bow brooch with four coils. The brooch formed from one continuous round piece flattened to form catch-plate. Very low arch to bow. Slightly corroded but complete. Length 2 3/8in. E. Iron hinge-pin bow brooch. Plain bow, 1/8in. thick and 3/8in. wide, _ which tapers to the foote Complete but slightly corroded and pin wide open. Length 2 3/8in. _F. Iron spring-pin bow brooch with three coils. One coil and pin miss- ing. Plain bow, 1/8in. thick and 1/4in. wide, tapering to thefoot. Slightly corroded. Length 3in. G. Iron hinge-pin bow brooch. Plain bow, 1/16in. thick, and 1/4in. wide tapering to foot. Pin missing and slightly corroded. Length 2 5/8in. H. Iron hinge-pin bow brooch. The bow of round wire 1/8in. diam. Catch-plate missing. Slightly corroded. Length 1 5/8in. I. Iron hinge-pin bow brooch. The bow, 3/16in. wide, tapering towards catch-plate, rises perpendicularly for 1/4in and then continues at right angles towards foot. Pin missing and slightly corroded. Length 1 1/2in. PLATE V. A. Bronze bangle of three strands of round wire, twisted. Hook and eye fastening. Diam. 2 1/2in. perfect. B. Bronze ring, circular inside, pentagonal outside. Flat circular bezel at top and flat tapering surfaces cut on each side. Diam. 7/8in. Perfect. C. Silver ring, plain, slightly broadened out at top. Diam. 3/4in. Per- fect. D. Bronze ring, overlapping ends, formed from one tapering strip. Diam. 7/8in. Perfect. E. Bronze ring, ends not joined and notches cut on both sides. Diam. 3/4in. F. Small bronze ring, probably ear ring. Both ends sharpened but not touching. Zig-zag notches cut on both edges. Diam. 3/4in. G. Bronze ring of plain round wire, ends not joined. Diam. 3/4in. H. Bronze pin with large projecting flat-based, conical head, with twenty small grooves cut from apex to circumference. Length 3 5/8in. Perfect. I. Bronze pin with small round-knobbed head. Length 31/2in. Per- fect. J. Bronze wire chain and glass bead necklace. There are thirty beads remaining, fourteen of a light green and sixteen of a light china blue. The arrangement seems to be three green, three blue alternately. In general | there are two bronze links between the beads. ‘otal length 18in. Good | condition. | K. Heavy bronze ring with bezel mounting for a stone, now missing. | Diam. average 7/8in. Perfect. 184 Objects found at Cold Kitchen Hill, Briaton Deverill, L. Bronze wire bangle with knotted ends. Diam. 2in. Perfect. M. Bronze ring with notches cut on both sides, ends not joined. Diam. 3/4in. N. Bronze wire bangle, ends not joined. Diam. 2 1/2in. O. Bronze ring of round wire, ends not joined. Diam. 11/16in. P. Bronze ring of a piece of twisted round wire, ends overlapping. Diam. 5/8in. Q. Bronze Ring, circular inside and more or less pentagonal outside. Flat circular bezel at top with two grooves cut cross-wise and a series of similar cuts on each side of mount. Diam. lin. Perfect. R. Bronze ring ornamented with an oval cut from the solid and notched on both sides. Diam. 3/4in. S. Bronze ring of plain wire, ends not joined. Diam. 3/4in. T. Half of a wide bronze bracelet, ornamented with bands of sunken grooves, the two outside very closely tooled, the two inside with the tooling slightly wider apart. Diam. 2 3/8in. Width 1/2in. Perfect. U. Bronze ring made from a fragment of a bangle of two strands of twisted wire. Diam. 3/4in. Puate VI. A. Bronze stylus pointed one end and a flattened eraser the other. Length 3 7/8in. Perfect. B. Bronze spoon with handle joined to bowl with straight instead of usual curved attachment. End of handle pointed. Length of handle 4 1/2in. Bowl 1 3/8in. x 11/8in. End of bowl worn down, otherwise perfect. C. Bronze spoon, traces of thick tinning still remaining. Pointed handle joined to bow] with curved attachment. Length of handle 3 3/4in. Bowl 1 5/8in. X 1 1/8in. End of bowl worn thin and slightly broken, otherwise good condition. D. Bronze spoon with twisted handle not pointed. Attached to bowl with usual curve. Length of handle 3 3/4in. Bowl has lost front portion, length remaining 3/4in. x 1 1/8in. K. Bronze tweezers, plain. Length 2in. Perfect. F, Bronze ear-pick, with circular flattened end pierced for suspension, and minute hollowed bow] the other end. Length 1 7/8in. Perfect. i G. Bronze pin or spoon handle with head broken off, thickly tinned. Length 2 5/8in. H. Piece of rolled-up bronze. lin. long, 1/4in. diam. I. Bronze mount with two pierced conical ends. Length 1 1/2in. x 5/16in. | J. Bronze knife or razor? with half of blade missing. Handle beaten out at end in form of.a spiral roll. Length remaining 2 3/8in. K. Bronze swan-neck pin. Point missing. Length 2 1/8in. L. Tube of bronze,! formed from one rolled piece soldered down the edges. Length 5 1/4in. x 3/8in. diam. Forty-nine other fragments of bronze have been found, chiefly of brooches, bangles, and rings. 1 Probably the casing of a spring tubular lock. (2) ° By RB. de C. Nan Kivell. 185 Pirate VII. A. Bone pin, pointed knobbed head. Length 2 7/8in. Perfect. B. Bone pin, conical head with projecting collar. Length 3 1/4in. Perfect. C. Bone pin, pointed elongated knobbed head with projecting collar. Length 3 5/8in. Perfect. D. Bone pin, with conical head and projecting collar. Length 3 3/4in. Perfect. , E. Bone pin, with flat-topped, basin-shaped head. Length 1 7/8in. Perfect. / F. Bone pin, conical head with large thin projecting collar. Length 8 3/4in. Perfect. G. Bone pin, flat round top with two collars. Length 3 3/8in. Perfect. H. Bone pin, conical head with projecting collar. Length 3 1/4in. Perfect. I. Bone pin, conical head with projecting collar. Length 3 7/8in. Perfect. J. Bone pin, slightly curved top, basin-shaped head. Length 3 3/4in. Perfect. | | | 4 | i : ; remaining 2 7/8in. K. Bone pin, flat round projecting head. Length 2in. Perfect. L. Bone pin, knobbed head. Length 3 3/8in. Perfect. M. Bone pin, conical projecting head with grooves cut from apex to cir- cumference. Length 27/8in. Perfect. N. Bone pin, large flat round projecting head. Length 3in. Perfect. O. Bone pin, head left in natural state, probably unfinished. Length 3 1/2in. (Besides these perfect pins there are thirty-nine fragments of various ' sizes). P. Circular sawn piece of bone, slightly concave side. Width 1/2in. Diam. 3/4in. @. Bone bead or whorl. Incisions cut from the top and bottom to meet two groovesrunning round the circumference. Height 1/2in. Diam. 7/8in. R. Bone toggle, with three parallel grooves encircling each end. Length S. Bone stylus, writing point missing. Remaining length, 2in. T. Hollowed bone, tapering from a square of 5/16in. sides, to a round 1/4in. diameter. ‘he square end is cut off at an angle of 45° and pierced vertically with around hole. When blown like an ordinary whistle it gives ahigh shrill note. Length 2 7/8in. U. Bone needle? tapering to pointed ends from flat pierced centre. One extreme point broken off. Length 3 1/8in. __ Y. Sliced bone, pointed one end and notched the other. Very highly |polished. Length 3in. W. Part of round bone bangle? with minute iron rivet oneend. Length Puate VIII. _ Altogether four hundred and one glass beads have been found, and in a | great variety of colours of the following shades :—black, sea green, pea 186 Objects found at Cold Kitchen Hill, Brixton Deverill. green, Olive green, white, brown, grey, turquoise, china blue, royal blue, light blue, red, coral, brick. The great majority are of the notched variety, ranging from one segment to ten. The long tubular ones are untwisted. There are a number of roughly squared china blue ones of a regular length of 3/8in. There are a number twisted many times without becoming notched. OTHER FRAGMENTS oF GLASS NOT ILLUSTRATED. There are thirty-two fragments, and with the exception of three of a whitish colour, all are of various shades of sea green. They are chiefly from bottles and cups. One of the white fragments is presumably part of a, window pane, as a mortar-like substance still adheres to the rounded out- side edges. PLATE IX. A. Iron stylus, with reduced extending point 1/2in. from one end and flattened eraser the other. Bent. Length 3 1/2in. B. Large iron stylus, reduced extended writing point broken off. Pro- jecting eraser. Length 4 5/8in. C. Iron stylus, tapering to a writing point and with a wide projecting eraser. Length 4 1/2in. | D. Short iron stylus, reduced extended writing point broken off 1/4in. from end. Projecting fan-shaped eraser. Bent. Length 2 5/8in. EK. Iron stylus, reduced extended writing point 1/2in. from one end and projecting eraser the other. Length 41/4in. Perfect. F. Iron awl, square tang and tapering in a round to a very sharp point the other end. Length 8 1/2in. G. Iron awl, square tang and tapering in a round to a very sharp point the other end. Length 3 5/8in. H. Iron object, flattened and slightly turned upatone end. Length 3in, I. Iron pin, head tapered and bent to form a round eye. Length © 3 1/4in. . J. Ditto. Length 3in. K. Ditto. Length 2 7/8in. L. Iron pin, curved and head bent to form a large round eye. Length 1 7/8in. M. Iron pin, curved and head bent to form a small round eye. Length 1 3/8in. N. Iron nail, with large round mushroom-like head. Length 1 3/8in. O. SameasI. Length 1 3/4in. P. SameasI. Length 1 3/8in. | Q. Ox goad, ferrule with pointed pin. Diam. 3/8in. 1/4in. wide. Pin | 3/4in. long. | R. Ox Goad. Diam. of circle 1/2in. Total length 1 3/4in. (Four of | these objects have been found.) | S. Ring of iron. Diam. 1 3/8in. _ T. Iron ring, ends not joined. Diam. 3/4in. U. Iron awl ? squared and tapering to a point both ends. Length 3in. By R. de C. Nan Kvvell. 187 PLATE X. A. Square piece of iron. Ten twists one end and small conical head the other. Length 5 5/8in. B. Iron chisel, with fragments of wooden handle corroded on. Jength 5in, C. Iron socketed spear-head, with hole for rivet. Point missing. Length remaining 2 5/8in. D. Curved strip of iron with widened perforated ends. Length 2in. E. Iron object, with flattened end, havinga raised oval mounting. Length 3 3/8in. F, Iron needle, pointed both ends and large oval eye. Length 2 1/4in. G. Iron knife, with handle flattened at end, and turned back to form a loop. Length 7 3/8in. H. Perforated round iron object, probably an ornamental boss. Diam. 1 3/8in. I. Iron shoe cleats. (Altogether forty-three of these have been found in various sizes.) J. Iron leaf-shaped knife-dagger, or razor? Length 3 3/8in. K. Iron knife-like object, blade broken off. Twisted handle with a loop at one end. Length 4 5/8in. Puate XI. A. Iron object with knife-edge. Length 2 1/4 in. B. Iron hook, with loop at the top. Length 2 3/4in. C. Large iron tool. A sort of deep gouge at one end and a blunted chisel the other. The shaft bevelled on the four corners. Length 12 3/4in. - Perfect. _ D.. Large iron pin of brooch, length 3 3/8in. EK. Largeironnail. Triangular-shaped head. Length 4 3/4in. (Fourteen _ pounds of iron nails of various sizes have been found.) | F. Flat iron object, with tapering crook-shaped head. Length 4 1/2in. G. Ring of thick round iron. Diam. 1 1/2in. _ H. Iron object of three strips, welded together at one end and splayed out at the other, the ends of all three have apparently been broken off. Spring of tubular padlock? Length 2 3/4in. __ LIL. Iron object, with twisted handle and projecting crook. Part ofa | flesh-hook or a key? Length 4 5/8in. : PuatE XII. A. Pottery spindle-whorl. Diam. 1 1/2in. | 8B. A fossil #chinus from the oolite. Probably used asa charm or button. ‘| Diam. '7/8in. (Vide Douglas’ Menta, No. 14. Plate 15.) _ CC. Pottery spindle-whorl. Diam. 1 7/8in. (Altogether seven pottery _ whorls were found.) | D. Lathe-turned spindle-whorl. Kimmeridge shale. Excellent con- dition. Diam. 1 3/8in. | E. Chalk spindle-whorl. Diam. 1 1/2in. _ F. Sling-bullet of baked clay. Length 2 1/4in. (Four of these have ‘been found, of different sizes.) | | | 188 Objects found at Cold Kitchen Hull, Brixton Deverill. G. Piece of round lead perforated at one end and broken off at the other. Length 3 3/8in. H. Fragment of Kimmeridge shale bangle. Length 2 1/2in. I. Fragment of Kimmeridge shale bangle. Length 3 1/4in. J- Small ring of Kimmeridge shale, with sunken ring and dot ornament. Diam. 1 3/8in. Broken. K. Bone implement, worked to a point, unworked at the butt. Length 4 7/8in. L. Ditto. Length 4 3/4in. M. Ditto. Length 4 1/2in. N. Bone gouge? Made by slicing off to a point a metatarsal bone of a ~ sheep. The knuckle-end pierced. Length 4 1/4in. O. Ditto. Length 4 1/4in. P. Ditto. But unsliced. Length 4 1/2in. (Q. Fragment of Kimmeridge shale bangle, ornamented with grooves cut diagonally. Size 1 3/4in. (Also fourteen other fragments of plain shale bangles have been found.) R. Sameas N., but knuckle-end broken off. (Altogether fourteen worked and pierced bones have been found.) PuatTe XIII. A. Mortarium of light brown ware, with wide overhanging rim. Coated originally with a bright red and then a black substance. Studded internally with very fine broken flint and stones. Diam. at top 6 7/8in. With rim 7 5/8in. Height 3in. (Pieced together.) B. Bowl of light grey ware, with heavy overhanging rim. Diam. at top 8in. With rim 8 3/4in. Height 2 7/s8in. (Pieced together.) C. Oval saucer, with two handles, of a coarse black ware. Length Qin. Width 6in. Height 1 3/4in. (Pieced together.) D. Round shallow pot of coarse black ware, with one handle. A scored trellis pattern completely encircles the pot. Diam. 6in. Height 2in. (Pieced together.) E. Bowl or porringer, with straight sides obliquely out-set, and a thick rounded flange just below the small upright lip. Of coarse brownish, nearly black ware. Outside diam., including flange, 5 1/2in. Height 3in. (Pieced together.) F. Same as E, but with lighter fanee Diam., including flange, 4in. Height 2 1/2in. (Pieced together.) G. Sameas E. Diam., including flange, 4in. Height 2 1/2in. (Pieced together.) H. Same as E, but with a greater protruding angular flange. Diam., including flange, 7in. Height 3in. I. Shallow bowl of Samian ware, with bead lip, and obliquely expanded moulded foot ring. (The form lies between the 31 and the 37 of the sigillata bowls.) Unstamped and incomplete. J. Small hand-made beaker, with thickened and slightly expanded lip. Of coarse brownish-black ware. Diam. attop 3in. Height 31/2in. (Pieced together.) By R. de C. Nan Kvell, 189 K. Small hand-made beaker, with thickened and slightly expanded lip. Of very coarse brownish-black ware. Diam.attop 4in. Height5in. (Pieced together.) L. Fragments of globular narrow-necked vase of New Forest ware, with four series of four lines painted in white slip running vertically from two sunken grooves encircling the bottom of the neck, to two grooves encircling the base of the vessel. Of hard light-grey ware, with a pinkish coating. Probable height 6in. Diam. 5in. M. Part of a perforated bow] with wide horizontally-set rim. Of a soft grey paste. Diam. 6in. Height 3in. N. Fragment of a bowl of grey ware, ornamented with five ribs or cordons, and coated inside and out with hematite. Height 2in. O. Fragment of a bowl with bead rim. Of light-brown ware, coated inside and out with a red substance in imitation of true Samian. Decorated with complete rosettes above a slight shoulder, and with demi-rosettes on a larger scale beneath. (Apparently the standard form 37.) Height of fragment 2in. P. Another fragment from same bowl as O. Q. Fragment of rosette-stamped ware, with the addition of a row of sunken squares set obliquely to the rim. Not from the same bowl as O and P., but apparently also of the standard form 37. R. Base of a thin cup of Samian ware, with part of maker’s stamp, CELS .. . Apparently the potter Celsiani. S. Fragment of base of Samian bowl, with maker’s stamp, SAMILVS. T,. Fragment of base of Samian bowl, Form No. 9, with end of maker’s scamip a... + APIIT. (The other part of the base has since been found, and the name reads _.STAPIII.) | U. Fragment of base of Samian bowl, with part of maker’s stamp, WA toe (Altogether one hundred and sixty-two fragments of Samian ware have | been found. Of these seventeen only have any decoration.) Piuate XIV. A. Four fragments of New Forest ware, coated with black varnish and | painted in white slip in various designs. (Altogether only 14 fragments of _ this ware have been found). B, C, D, E. Fragments of pottery of a soft, light-brown paste, with incised designs bearing a close resemblance to those on the pottery found - on the late Celtic site at All Cannings Cross. (cf. W.A.J/., vol. xxxvii., | 526—538). _ F,G. Fragments of hard blue pottery with incised combed patterns. | H. Four fragments of the sixty-nine found, (thirty-eight pieces with | design,) of a pot of light brown, rather coarse ware. The pot was originally : covered with an incised pattern of various sized squares, triangles, oblongs, | ete., and the incisions filled with a white substance, traces of which ‘remained. (The pot was evidently a waster, as part of it is distorted). | I. Fragment of tiling or broken hypocaust flue, with deep incisions, brick-red in colour. (Sixty-two of these fragments have been found), \ | } of | oy 190 Objects found at Cold Kitchen Hill, Brixton Deverill, J, K. Fragments of strainers of coarse dark brownish-black ware. (Ten fragments altogether found, of various sizes of holes). L. Fragment of coarse black pottery with incised trellis pattern. (This ware is found in profusion on the site). M. Large fragment of roofing tile, brick-red in colour. (Fourteen such fragments have been found). N. Chipped circular ball of flint. Diam. 2 3/4in. O. Ditto. Diam. 2 1/4in. | P. Chipped semi-circular ball of flint. Flat base. Diam. 2 1/8in. Q. Circular piece of pottery, slightly curved. Counter? Diam. lin. R. Stone of fine grain, grey-brown in colour, worn by use. Whetstone ? Length 4in. Ss. Ditto. But with grooved end. Length 2 1/2in. T. Ditto. Length.1 3/4in. U. Ditto. Length 5in. (Altogether nine rubbing stones of this des- cription have been found). V. Flat oval rubbing stone of hard light-grey stone. Size 1 3/4in. x 1 1/2in. 2 W. Rubbing-stone, very hard, dark red in colour. 3 in, x 3/4in. X. Flat piece of chalk, chipped round, counter? Diam. 3/4in. Y. Circular ball of chipped chalk. Diam. lin. PLatTEe XV. Tron socketed and looped celt. Length 5 5/8in. Width at cutting edge 2 138/16in. Outside diameters of oval socket 2 11/16in. xX 17/8in. Perfect. List oF Coins Founp. BRITISH. 1. Small silver, uninscribed, dished. 1. Small silver and bronze, uninscribed. RoMAN. 1. Small silver Vespasian. A.D. 69—79. 2. Small silver Antoninus Pius. » 138—161. 1. Small silver Julia Mamea. » 222—2235, 1. Large brass M. Aurel. Antoninus. » 211—217. 3. Middle brass Antoninus Pius. » 138—161. le Fe Faustina I. , 1388—141. l. Me Julia Meesa. 4, 218—223. 1. Small brass (plated). Diocletianus. » 284—313. — le 3 és Carausius. » 287—289. ey. Es * Constantinus I. » 9806—837. 1 os ‘3 Licinius » o17—8323. | 3 4 . Cold Kitchen Hill. Iron Objects, Cold Kitchen Hill. Tron Objects. aa Sat ris} LLLP DE TOOLS Troe gt 3 43 Mostly : Cold Kitchen Hill. Iron Objects. TG Objects of Pottery, Bone, Shale, &. Cold Kitchen Hill. Tir is SS Se 2. gv DD wal! Pottery. Cold Kitchen Hill, AB Ne yugsasas Objects of of Pottery, Stone, Shale, &e. Cold Kitch itchen Hill. A ps = NX eee INR PA o fe PNW = St We. Se 22 ww Sve i — We ESS SSS: oo LEIA preety PLatE XV. Tron Socketed Looped Celt. 1 Cold Kitchen Hill. 7 1. Small brass 11. 0 2. ‘ 1p 99 1. : #2. 99 97. ‘ 1 7. 99 8. 99 4, : L Te ‘ 19, 99 106 Total. — } \ | | | | VOL. XLII,—NO, CXLI. | | By R. de C. Nan Kiwvell, Victorinus. Tetricus. Claudius IT. Carinus. Allectus. Constantius I. Constantinus. ‘Theodora. Constans. Constantinus II. Type Urbs Roma. Magnentius. Valens. Unidentified. 191 A.D. 265—267. 267—278. 268—270. 283—284, 293—296. 305—306. 306—337. 306—337. 337—3850. 337—3o5l. 350— 353. 364—378. 192 THE CUSTOMS OF THE MANORS OF CALSTONE AND BREMHILL} By THe Ear or Kerry. Several specimens of the “Customs” of Wiltshire Manors have already appeared in the pages of the Wiltshire Archzological Magazine? In this article I am giving, from documents at Bowood, two further examples, which, though in many respects similar to those which have preceded them, may not be without interest to Wiltshire readers. The affairs of a medizeval manor were entirely regulated by its Customs, © and there is every reason to suppose that in many cases these date back to the days before the Norman Conquest. The “copy-holders,” or “customary tenants,” held their land by virtue of a “copy,” or agreement, entered into between them and the lord of the manor. In legal parlance they were tenants “at the will of the lord and according to the Customs of the Manor.” Thus the Customs in effect con- stituted the local land law, and it was of importance that they should neither be forgotten by the tenants nor infringed by the lord. From time ~ to time, therefore, the “ Homage,” or jury of twelve manorial copyholders, — were called together for the purpose of making a formal “ presentment” of their Customs, and this was duly registered in the Court-Rolls of the Manor concerned. Two such presentments are recorded in the documents below. An important, if not an integral, part of the manorial system, was the “Open Field,” which, as Mr. O. G. 8. Crawford has shown in his paper Air Survey and Archeology,* can be clearly traced back to a Saxon origin. There were usually three Open Fields in a Manor, used in rotation for wheat, barley, and fallow, and parcelled out into strips, only divided one — from another by a narrow “ balk ” of turf. The strips were normally a furlong in length, and one, two, or four polesin breadth. They were thus supposed to be quarter acres, half acres, or acres, though in practice they varied considerably in size and shape, according to the configuration of the ground. 1 The Society is indebted to Lord Kerry for the cost of the blocks of the two maps illustrating this paper. 2 Vol. xxxii., 311. The Customs of the Four Manors of the Abbey of Lacock, by the Rev. W. G. Clark-Maxwell, F.S.A. Customs of the Manor of Winterbourne Stoke, 1574, by the Rev. C. V. Goddard, xxxiv., 208. Customs belonging to the Manor and the Rectory Manor of Christian MUalford, by G. A. H. White, xli.,. 174—177. 3 Read before the Royal Geographical Society, 1923, and printed (H.M. Stationery Office), 1924, The Customs of the Manors of Calstone and Bremhill. 193 Both the lord of the Manor and his tenants held strips scattered over the open field, and since these were cultivated in common, elaborate rules were necessary in order to ensure that the sowing and reaping of the crops should be simultaneously carried out, and to regulate the use of the ground after harvest. The open field strips were variously named in different parts of the country. Sometimes, as in the case of Calstone, they were known as *‘furlongs,’ and in the map from which our illustration is taken we find these “furlongs” grouped together under distinctive names, such as Oake Furlong, Peas Furlong, Shady Furlong, Slot Furlong, Devizes-way Furlong, &c. Another term employed was ‘‘ yard land,” with the variants “lands,” “lawns,” “land-shares,” “ launchers,” “ lanchetts,” and ‘“‘ lynchets.” ! During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the Manorial system with its concomitant Open Fields gradually fell into abeyance. Copyholders were fast becoming leaseholders, and thus no longer depended for their tenure on the Customs of the Manor, but on the Common Law of the land. During this period also there took place a succession of Enclosure Acts, under which the Open Fields were sub-divided into permanent enclosures, which, taking the place of the strips, were then allotted between the lord of the manor and his tenants. But though the “lynchets” ceased to be separately cultivated, they have not disappeared. It had been usual, in the heavier soils which required most drainage, for the strip holder to plough always inwards, that is to say to turn the sods towards the centre of the lynchet. ‘The strips were thus built up in the centre, and the ridges so formed became so pronounced that, though long since turned down to grass, they still retain their shape, and are constantly found in the ‘ridge and furrow’ of our permanent pastures. On sloping ground, again, it was the custom to turn the sod always down hill, and thus in course of time the strip became not a ridge, but a terrace which time could not destroy. These terraces are specially noticeable in the Manor with which I am about to deal. CALSTONE WELLINGTON. The early history of Calstone is somewhat confusing, for there were at the time of the Domesday survey no less than three Manors so called,? comprising between them a much larger area than that now associated with the name of Calstone. We are here more particularly concerned with the land immediately contiguous to the present village, which received the name of Calstone Wellington, or Wylie, from the fact that it was, at an early period, granted to the Willington family. It appears to have subsequently passed, with other property in the neighbourhood of Calne, to the Zouches, by whom it 1The English Peasantry and the Enclosure of Common Frelds, Gilbert Slater, p. 21. 2 Marsh, History of Calne, p. 262 et seq. 194 The Customs of the Manors of Calstone and Bremhill. was sold in 1579, to Sir Lionel Duckett, Lord Mayor of London. The Manors of Calstone and Calstone Wyley with the hundred of Calne, re- mained in the hands of Sir Lionel Duckett’s descendants for nearly two centuries. At the time when the Calstone customs were “ presented,” the owner of the Manor was John Duckett, who became a few years later (1628) Sheriff of Wilts, but had his mansion house at Calstone beseiged and de- stroyed by the Parliamentary army during the Civil War. It was on this occasion that he is said to have made his escape, by the ingenious ruse of concealing himself in a coffin, in which he was carried through the belea- guering force with all solemnity as if for burial, The Duckett family thence- forward made Hartham their headquarters, and in 1765 Thomas Duckett, who was at the time Member of Parliament for Calne, sold Calne and Calstone to William Earl of Shelburne (afterwards first Marquis of Lans- downe), whose father had, not many years before, become through the purchase of Bowood a resident in the county. There are at Bowood two maps of Calstone, showing respectively the “North Field” and the “South Field” of the old Manor. They have recently been photographed by the Ordnance Survey authorities, to whom I am indebted for the copies from which the illustration which accompanies this article (Map A) is taken. In the process of combining the two maps into one, and in reducing them to a scale compatible with reproduction, the names on the original maps have unfortunately disappeared. A few of them have been reinserted ; it should, however, be noted that the East and South Farms, the Rectory, and the Mill do not figure in the original, and have merely been added in order to indicate the position of these Open Fields on the Ordnance Map. It may be added that their southern boundary was formed by the “drift way” which now marks the northern limit of the Devizes Golf course. The second map (Map B) shows part of the same ground (viz., the western portion of the South Field) as photographed from the air by Mr. Keiller in 1824, This has also been reduced in order to to bring it within the scope of the W.A.M., but the lines of some of the former “ lynchets,” though not so clear as they are in the original photograph, can be clearly perceived. They are no longer visible on the ground, and the value of air photography in detecting these ancient divisions thus becomes once more apparent.” Incidentally the maps tell us something of the later history of this Manor. The originals have a marginal key to the various owners, and show their respective properties in different colours. They were at the time six in number :—(1) George Duckett, whose property (the major portion of the fields in question) appears under three headings: “ Farm Land ” (z.e., land appertaining to the Calstone Manor Farm), which is shaded in a dark colour; “Tenants Land,” a large part of which appears to have been an appurtenance of Spray’s Farm; and “ Waste Land”—(2) Sir Edmond | Desbovery. (3) Wat. Hungerford, Esq. (4) Mrs. Wich, alzas Hungerford ; (5) Parsonage Land, and (6) Ant. Brooks. Duchetiana, by Sir G. F. Duckett, 65—67n ; & Marsh, History of Calne, II., 263—272, * See Mr. Crawford’s paper, already mentioned. —— — Oe By ii 4 =) $4 Yj Sh 3 . ie UY | ed Oar] == == ae Wheat Ws ynitl _ NH EAST FARM *. mA e . 5.4 F Be = sgenng™ SS. RECTORY as & -}\\ Nae 4 Cots Hy I jf } (a i 4, Map A.—The Open Fields of Calstone Manor, showing the Strips or Lynchets into which they were divided ¢, 1725. (Scale about 6 inches to the mile.) ba ' y i Map. B.—The Coombes of Calstone Down. From air photographs taken by Alex. Keiller, F.S.A. Scot. Scale about 12 inches to the mile. (Compare the old “Lynchets” of Calstone “ North Field,” as shown in Map A), By the Earl of Kerry. 195 George Duckett, of Hartham, Wilts, and Dewlish, Dorsetshire, was member for Calne from 1707 to 1722 and from 1722 till his death in 1782 a Commissioner of Excise. It was his son and successor who sold the property to Lord Shelburne. The key, however, proves that the Ducketts had by this time already alienated a considerable portion of the Manor. The fact of George Duckett’s ownership enables us to date the map as made in the first quarter of the eighteenth century, but we can place it even more closely through Sir Edmund Desbovery (or de Bouverie). This was the second baronet of that name, and he succeeded his father, Sir William, in 1717. The map must, therefore, have been made between 1717 and 1732. Sir Edmond de Bouverie’s brother and suceessor, Sir Jacob, was later created Viscount Folkestone, and was father of the first Lord Radnor, from whom Lord Shelburne bought that portion of Calstone somewhere about the year 1780. The customs of Calstone Manor are taken from a modern copy, amongst the Bowood papers. I have assumed that this was accurately transcribed (from an original no longer extant), and have therefore left it as far as possible unaltered. Calstone at the time would appear to have boasted of only nineteen copyholders, twelve of whom constituted its Homage. As an old Wiltshire woman was recently heard to say of her children, they may have been “good schollards” but they were certainly “bad spellards,” nor, as will be seen, was the Homage of Bremhill much superior to them in that accomplishment. The presentments were, however their own, and are here given as they made them. Calstone Wellington, together with Calne, Cherhill, and Compton Bassett, was enclosed by an Act of Parliament in 1820. Customs of the Manor of Calstone (1621). The fourth day of April in the 18th year of King James, &c. The homage there (that is to say): John Weston, John Feates als. Hewes, William Goddard, John Hiscockes, Lawrence Seager, Thomas Brown, John Forman, Thomas Webb, Walter Seager, Stephen Gray, Robert Page and John Hannam, being charged upon their oathes to present the Customs of the said manor, doe present the same in forme following, that is to say: That the Custom of the said manor is, and tim out of the mind of man hath beene, that if any Coppyholder or Customary tenants of this Manor dye, or shall at any time upon or after Michelmas day, and befor our Lady day then following, dye tenant in possession of any Coppyhold lands or tenemente parcel of this manor ; then the Executor or Adminis- terator of every such tenant may and ought to have, hold, and enjoy the said Coppyhold tenement and all the sevrell grounds belonging thereunto, for and dureing one whole year next after the death of such tenant soe dying, and then to leave the same in all respectts in such and the lik state as he entred thereunto. And he ought to hould and enjoy the wheate which at the death of such tenant is or shall be sowne, and the wheate land and barley land which for that yeare is, or shall 196 The Customs of the Manors of Calstone and Bremhill. be appoynted to bee sowne, untill Michelmas next after the death of every such tenant. And the Reversioner! att our Lady day, next after the death of any such tenant, may and ought to enter into all the steand meade,? and may fallow for wheat and barley in the sumer feelds,? and may then alsoe enter into the Comon belonging to the said Coppy-hold tenement. And further they present that if such Coppy-holder or Customary tenant doe dye upon or after our Lady day, and befor Michelmas then next following, then the executor or adminestrator of evry such tenant ought to have, hold, and enjoy the said Coppy-hold tenement, and the sevrell grounds thereunto belonging, for one whole year after the death of the said tenant* and then to leave the same as abovesaid. And the said executor or administerator, yomediately after the death of every such tenant, may and ought to enter to the arrable land, which then shall be unfallowed, in the sumer feld, and may fallow and sowe the same for that yeare following, and to take the profit thereof for that yeare, and inthe mean season the Reversioner ought not to enterrmedle therewith. And further the said Homage doe present that all rents, dutyes, services and customes wich shall or may grow due and bee payeable to the Lord & others out of and for the same Coppy-hold tenement for the space that such executors shall hould the same, shall be paid, done, and performed by the same executors or his assignes; and further that the Reversioner entringe after the Execut yeare® ended, shall make such Custom-fallow in the sumer felds as for the Lord of the same ’ Manor, if fit to be done. . And further they present that the Custom of the same Manor is, and tim out of mind hath been, that the Lord of the same Manor for the tim being hath and may grant esteats of the Coppyhold tenements within the same Manor, by Coppy of Court Roll, for one, two, or three lives in possession, and for one or two lives in reversion of one life in possession, and for one, two, or three lives in revertion of a widdow’s. esteat. And they alsoe present that upon and after the death of every Coppyhold tenant and widdow, deying tenant in possession of any Coppyhold parcell of this Mannor,: whose herriott is not certaine, shall pay to the Lord for an heriott, for every such Coppyhold tenement 1 Tn original “‘ Revisdioner,” and elsewhere “ Rendioner ” and “ Revdsoner.” The word evidently presented peculiar difficulties to the Calstone Homage. 2 Stoned mead, z.e., the meadow marked out into plots by stone landmarks. 3 It seems that by “summer field” the common arable field before it had been ploughed is intended. 4 This custom of the holding of the estate of a deceased tenant by executors for a twelvemonth was generally known as the “dead-year.” It seems to have been peculiar to Wiltshire and Gloucestersire (Elton. Custom and Tenant Right.) ° The “ Executor year,” z.e., the “‘dead’s year,” already mentioned. By the Earl of Kerry. 19:7 heriotable, his or theire best beast, and for default of such heriott, his or their best gives. Item: They present that every Coppyhold tenement of this Mannor ought to have timber for the repairing of their Coppy-hold tenemts from tim to time, as often as need shall require, to be allowed and dellevred unto them by the Lord, or his officer for the time being, epon request ; to bee taken epon their own tenements, if any there bee, if not, then elsewhere at the Lords pleasure. And alsoe stone and sand for repairation of the same tenements, if any be epon the same tenemt; if not epon the Lords weast by assignment as aforesaid. And the Custome of the said Mannoris, and tim out of mind hath been, that at the breach of the fields after harvest, the farmer may putt into the said feilds all such cattell as he usuelly keepeth epon the said farme, there to depasture untell such tim as he putt his flock of sheepe into the same feilds, and then he is to take out his cattell. And that the said flocke of sheepe are then to be keept in the farmer’s peeces by the space of nin dayes then next after theire first cominge into the feelds, and not any longer or elsewhere to feed, or to be kept in the sam felds. During wich nin dayes, or at any time before, the tenants sheepe may not feed in the farmer’s peeces without his consent. ? Item: the said homage doe present that Lawrence Seager payeth for his Coppy-hold half-yearly wij? ng? Item: Walter Seager payeth for his Coppy-hold_half- yearly Xe One Custome-fallowe dayes worke and too Custem reapers at harvist yearly 3 Thomas Webb payeth rent for his severell Coppy-houlds vizt for Chubbs hold half-yearly aj For his other Coppy-hold half-yearly xij4. And one Custome-reaper for Chubbs to the farm at harvist Thomas Sumers payeth rent for his Coppy-hold half- yearly WE One Custome-fallow dayes worke and one reaper and one griper at harvist to ye farm yearly 1 A give=something given, or in this case taken, for in default of the best beast, it was usual for the lord to take as a heriot the best piece of house- hold stuff belonging to his tenant. 2]t seems that after the joint harvesting operations of the open field had | been completed ‘‘ the farmer ”’ (z.¢., the tenant of the manor farm) had for a time the exclusive use of the field for his cattle, and that the cattle were _ followed by sheep. The sheep, however, had to be penned for the first nine _ days by the farmer in his own pieces or strips, after which the field was presumably used in common by “ the farmer” and copyholders. 37,.¢,, as explained below, work for the manor farm at Calstone. 198 The Customs of the Manors of Calstone and Bremhull. Richard Whithord payeth for his Coppy-hold half-yearly iij*. 14194. Noe Custom works Nicholas Long payeth for his Coppy-hold half-yearly elie. ‘' Noe Custome works John Hannam payeth for his Sheepards Close, his Coppy- hold half-yearly ae Noo Custom works Thomas Browne. payeth for his Coppy-hold half-yearly vs One Custom-fallow day’s worke to the farme and one reaper & griper at harvist yearly William Goddard payeth rent for his Coppy-hold half- yearly | xed age One Custome-fallow dayes worke to the farme, too reapers the one yeare, and the next yeare one reaper and one griper John Feates, als Hewse, payeth for the Coppy-hold wherein he dwelleth half-yearly Sac avs One Custome Fallowes days work to the farme of Calstone, three reapers and one griper the one yeare, and the next year too reapers and one griper For Maskalls' at Michas xy. Item : John Feates, als Hewes, payeth rent for one Custom-Reaper and one griper to the farm at harvist For Maskalls for the same at Michas 11ij*. ob. Item: John Hiscoks payeth rent for his copy-hold half- yearly viij’. iiijd. ' Maskalls. It will be observed that five of the Calstone Copyholders paid small sums ‘‘for Maskall at Michaelmas,” in addition to their rents and custom services. Mascall (said to = Marscall, the hard form of the word Marshal, a farrier), was a common name in Wiltshire, and it is possible that the copy-holders in question held a share in some land known by that name, in addition to their strips in the Calstone fields. It may, however, be remarked that the ‘‘ Maskall” due seems to bear some relation to the principal rent paid, being generally about one-twelfth of this rent. An “extent” of Calstone, made in the year 1274, after reciting all the rents and works (totalling some £19) due by the tenants to the lord of the manor, goes on to say “And besides this the customars and cottars ought to be tallaged every year at the feast of St. Michael, and that tallage is worth 26s. 8d. by the year. (Inquisetcons P.M. 2 Edward £.) Here, again we find the same sort of proportion to the rent, and one is tempted to look for a survival of the ‘“‘ Michaelmas tax” of 1274 in the ‘‘ Maskall” of 1621. Other suggested derivations have been “ Marescalcia,” the right of taking fodder for horses—‘ Malt-scot,” which might, perhaps, be equated with “ Michaelmas ale”—or some form of “church-scot,” or Midsummer Tithe (c.f. W.A.M., xxxiv., 213, note). ? ob (obolus) was the term often used at this time to denote a halfpenny. By the Earl of Kerry. 199 One Custome-fallow days worke to the farm afore- said ; one reaper one griper the one yeare and the next yeare one griper For Maskall Miches : Steephen Gray payeth for his Coppy-hold half-yearely ol) | aS For Maskall at Michs For Broad Lands at Michs One Custom-fallow days work to the farme, three reapers and one griper, and six bushels of Custom- Rent Barley,! to be delevrd at the Coppy-hold epon damang between New Years day and Our Lady Day Thomasin Chener payeth rent for her Coppy-hold half- yearly For Maskall at Miches One Custom-fallow days worke, fouer reapers and two gripers to the farm at harvist, Twelve bushells of Custom-Rent barley to be dellerd as abovesaid Lyonell Orrell payeth rent for his Coppy-hold half-yearly —_v’. One Custom-reaper one griper For Maskall at Michs. Robart Page payeth rent for his Coppy- hold half-yearly i1j® 111114, Six bushells of Custom-rent barly, one reaper and one griper for one day in harvest John Forman payeth for his Coppy-hold half-yearly 1iij®. 111)4. ob. Noe Custom workes John Westone payeth for his Coppy-hold half-yearly xilij’. One Custom-fallow days worke & one reaper and | one griper to Calstone farme _ John Woodrof for his Coppy-hold half-yearly xij’. One Custom-fallow days work and two reapers William Phelpes payeth for his rent | Noe Customs workes Item: Our Custom is, and tim out of mind hath bin, that the farmer of Calstone farm for the tim being (to whom these Customes- workes for plowes are to be don) ought to give three dayes warning to | the tenants of the sevrell Coppy-holds who are to provid such works, | that they be redy to perform the same, and the same be don betwen | the third of May and Midsumer yearly : And that the farmer hath used and ought to provid and pay to any | for such labourers, the dyett and wages hereafter following: that is to say, for the plow folkes, bread, cheese, and beere, to be brought them in to the fields ; and for the driver of the plow too pence a day ; and ] for the reappers and gripers alsoe to have three dayes warning ; and the farmer is to allow and provid the labourers sufficient hott meat for thair breakfast and diners, and sufficiant bread and beare at evry XVI’. viij4. | t xvi. One bushel of barley was usually payable to the lord for every ridge or yard land sown. | 200 The Customs of the Manors of Calstone and Bremhill. throughes,! and (if the labourers please) an evenin at home to his house to supper.” BREMHBILL. Bremhill Manor, which a seventeenth century map at Bowood shows as co-terminous with the parish of that name, was in the middle ages an ecclesiastical possession. It had been given in the year 935 by King Athelstan to Malmesbury Abbey, to which it continued to belong until the Dissolution.? In the Domesday Survey the place figures as Breme, a cor- ruption of the Anglo-Saxon bremel (a bramble), and “ Brimble” it was still called within the memory of many people now living. King Henry VIII. made it a practice to reward those who had been most zealous in abetting the destruction of the monasteries by granting to them portions of the plunder obtained. It was thus that about the beginning of the sixteenth century Sir Edward Baynton, one of the King’s Vice-Chamberlaing, secured, for a sum of £1200, all the lands which had previously belonged to Malmes- bury and Stanley Abbeys. Two centuries later the same lands were sold for £57,500, by persons to whom they had been mortgaged by the Baynton family, to John, Earl of Shelburne, the father of the first Marquis of Lansdowne. The customs of the Manor of Bremhill are dated January 11th, 1657. The map already mentioned has no date, but can be placed by means of a Survey, or ‘terrier,’ of the manor, which is also at Bowood. This was made in 1629 and gives the names of all the tenants at that date and a distinguishing mark for each of their holdings.. Corresponding marks ap- pear on the holdings on the map in question, which is thus proved to be of the same date as the Survey. The terrier shows that the Manor was then divided into three Tythings:—Bremble with 26 tenants, Charlcuttt with 22, and Foxham with 81 and 13 freeholders. There would seem to have been no great increase in the population since the Domesday survey, when the persons living at Bremhill were given as 34 villeins, 22 bordars, 7 cottagers, and 16 serfs. The Demesne was a large one, consisting of thirty-five separate pieces of land, situated for the most part round the site of the present village of 1 Could this mean at the end of the day when the labourers were “through ” their work ? This was a privilege which in other cases would appear to have been afforded by the Lord of the Manor, but in this case was deputed to “ the farmer” as his representative. “One night’s entertainment” could in feudal days be claimed by the sovereign from any of his vassals. 3 Bowles, “ History of BremAill, and Marsh, History of Calne, p. 219. , It may, however, be noted that in Wiltshire Inquwistttons Post-Mortem Charles I. (p. 158) part of the parish of “ Bremhill alias Bremble” is said to have been “formerly parcel of the possessions of the late chantry of Bromham.” | i | By the Earl of Kerry. 201 Bremhill, on Bencroft Hill, and near Bremhill Grove. The Manor House appears to have been where the modern Manor Farm stands. According to Bowles this had been in times past occasionally used as a residence by the Abbot of Malmesbury, but the old building was pulled down in the early part of the last century. There are no Open Fields shown in the 1629 map. Nor do the Bremhill Customs contain, like those of Calstone, any regulations relating to such. The Demesne land, the holdings of the various tenants and of the free- holders in Foxham Tithing consisted, not (as in the case of Calstone,) of strips, but of numerous small enclosures, scattered about the Manor, and not always contiguous to each other. The survey, however, shows that there were certain ‘“‘ Field Lands” or “ Meadow Lands” in which the Fox- ham tenants (only) had shares or strips. hese went by the names of “Avon Field,” “ Middle Field,” “Tytherton Field,” ‘‘ Dolemeade,” and “The Moore,” and though they are not shown on the map, it is clear that they were all in the low ground to the south of Foxham village. To the questions: Were there ever any open arable fields in Bremhill ? and if so how and when were they enclosed? no certain answers can be given. Though the Open Field was certainly a normal condition in the English Manors, there may have been cases where for one reason or another, none such existed, even in the earliest times. On the other hand, as is well shown in Slater’s work! already mentioned, the Enclosure Acts of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries dealt with only a portion of England, and the inference is that the rest had been enclosed in earlier times by private arrangement, and without the necessity of invoking the law. ‘There seems also to be some evidence to show that ecclesiastical land was more _ frequently so dealt with than that of lay owners. We are told that when the Church lands were first transferred to their _ lay grantees, the new proprietors often succeeded in abolishing the customary rights of the tenants thereon. The document which follows shows that the Bremble folk had succeeded in maintaining their privileges - unimpaired. The Custums of the Coppyholders of the Manner of Bremhill in Wiltshire. I. Impri[mi]s : Our Custom is att the Lords will and pleasure [he} may choose whether he will grant by Coppy of Court Roule any more names than one. So likwise, at his will and pleasure, [he] may grant SO many names by Coppy as he shall think good, be it more or less. II. Item: If [? that] the father (being the first purchaser to him and his children to hold successively), may at his pleasure surrender his estate into the Lord’s hands, to the use of himself or others, and cut off his own children ; unless the children do give any money to the 1 The English Peasantry and the enclosure of common fields. (Map facing ‘p. 73). 202 The Customs of the Manors of Calstone and Bremhill, purchase with the father, if in, and openly known in, the Court. Like- wise the last wife of every sonn (being tenants or any other named in the Coppy to hold successively) shall have the widow’s estate according to our Customs.} III. Item: If [? that] the wife named in the Coppy (her husband being deceased) may marry without licence and keep her estate during her life ; though she hath never so many husbands and though her husband do surrender in his life-time, that doth not take away his wife’s estate, except she comes into the Court and consent unto the same alsoe. IV. Item: If the first taker do purchase to him and certain strangers to hold successively, he may as well cut off the strangers as the father may his children, except the strangers do lay their money towards the purchase of the same and [it is] openly known in the Court. V. Item: If the father do purchase any estate to him and his children and the father decease, the next taker cannot surrender for term of his life: if he so do, the next taker (being in the same Coppy) then living immediately shall enter into that by our Custom. VI. Item: If a grant be made to a man and his daughter and she after the death of her father entereth to the Coppy-hold, she may take a husband without licence (for) breaking custom, nor cause of for- feiture, nor loss of Herriot to the Lord ; for she is steedholder? and not her husband. VII. Item: If the tenant dies before our Lady-day in Lent, his executors shall have the profit of the same till Michael the Archangel next following, paying all duties to the Lord, the Stone mead and vallue excepted to the next taker; andif he died before Michaelmas the executors shall have the profits of the same till our Lady-day the 25th of March, paying all duties before excepted, the Stone mead and vallue excepted to the next taker again.’ VIII. Item: If [? that] the Widow upon the determination of her estate by death shall leave the Lord an Herriott ; but upon forfeiture none at all, for that her estate is thereby fallen into the Lord’s hands or the next taker in reversion when it shall happen. IX. Item: Our Custom is that grants in reversion be good of any customary tenants; not reversion upon reversion which is contrary to our Custom. X. Item: That where an infant cannot receive his Coppy-hold, the mother or next kin ought to have the use of his Coppy-hold to the profit of the infant, and also the custody of his body (except his father in his last will and testament do appoint it to any other to the profit 1 The customary succession by the widow was known as the “ free-bench.” 2 Probably sted (house) holder is intended. 3 Compare Calstone customs (supra p. 196) where the executor under the same circumstances held the land, for a full year. By the Earl of Kerry. 203 of the infant) and also the custody of his body till he doth come to age, if they will take it on them. XI. Item: To have such meadows, pastures, lands, arable commons, feedings, with that part and parcel of our Coppyholds which has [been] or [is] belonging, or now is accostomably occupied, as well in Brayden! or elsewhere, to be ours by our Custom. XII. Item: To have all manner of timber for our reparations of customary tenants, as often as need shall require, as well for doors, windows, or other great timber, appointed by the Lord’s officers ; and also that we should have sand for the same reparations in the Common; and also stone, if we have any within our arable ground, every man upon his own ground. XIII. Item: If that we do lack timber for our reparations of bridges, we should have it delivered by the Lord or the officers, as often as need do require. XIV. Item: That all tops, sturred ? trees and windfalls and shrouds,? all underwoods, as thorns, maple, hazel, and willow, as others, to be ours by our Custom. XV. Item: If that a Man do purchase a Coppyhold for himself and his wife, naming his wife, her christian name in the Coppy, that then she shall enjoy it during her life, if she do bury her husband ; and if it fortune that the man do bury his wife and marry another, and then he decease, the last wife shall enjoy her widow’s estate by our Custom. XVI. Item: That upon the death of a Coppy-holder the Lord ought to have an Herriot or the best quick cattle that he hath of his own, at the day of the death of the Tenant; and for lack, the best of his other goods. | XVII. Item: That a Coppyholder may keep the occupation of his Coppyhold in his own hands, not dwelling upon the same himself (but his servants), without licence. XVIII. Item: That he that holdeth by Coppy of licence may make tenants and under tenants, as he shall think good, by virtue of the the same Coppy. XIX. Item: That there can be no surrender made for it at Court, but in the Court where it ought to be kept. XX. Item: That if the Lord or his steward do grant any Coppy or Coppies, they cannot be good before they are published before the Homage in the Lord’s Court, where they ought to be taken. XXI. Item: If any tenant do lose his Coppy by misfortune yet shall he keep his living,* and if there be any other joined with him in the same Coppy in reversion with him, he shall as well enjoy it after the death, forfeiture, or surrender by our Custom. 1? Bradenstoke, but the word is indistinct in the original. 2 Probably “ stooled ” trees, 2.e., pollards. 3 Lopped branches. | 4a.e., his holding—a “living,” when applied to strips in the common fields normally consisted of eight to ten acres, with grazing rights for cows and sheep (Slater, p. 21). | iy | | ! 204 The Customs of the Manors of Calstone and Bremhiil. XXII. Item: If any Coppye by revercion be granted by the Lord and lawfully taken (to) the Homage in the Court, and the Copy [happen] to be lost by misfortune (before this reversion do fall after the death, forfeiture, or surrender of the customary tenant), the re- versioner or reversioners shall enjoy it by our Custom, if any such reversioners do come into the Court and claim if within twelve months and a day, or any man for them. XXIII. Item: Any Copyholder having any rowlessehold! may put out any part of his Coppyhold for one year, having it once a year in his own hands. XXIV. Item: That when any tenant decease, whoever is next taker ought to come into the Court to make his claim, and there be admitted tenant according to the custom. When heis admitted tenant, he ought to give 2s. to the Homage, to witness that in Court he was admitted tenant. And if it happens that the steward (for the absence of the Lord) will not admit him tenant upon his claime, and the party that so hath claimed dieth, the Lord ought to have an Herriott or Herriotts, and his wife ought to have her widows estate. XXV. Item: That no other man than what is sworn shall have with us to do with any [thing] that appertaineth to our custom, but those that are customary tenants. XXVI. Item: That all amercemall pains and all orders which apper- taineth to the Lord’s Court,ought to be offered by the customary tenants. XXVII. Item: That the Reeve and Tithingman do go when the Holy Loaf do go,” and the Reeve is bound to gather our customary rents 1 Rowlessehold.” J am tempted, in view of the context, and of the uncertain orthography of this document, to make this “ Roll-lease-hold,” or a lease held by virtue of the Court Koll of the manor. Mr. Goddard, how- ever, informs me that the word occurs (as “ Rowlessthing)” in the Diary of — the Parliamentary Committee sitting at Falstone House (1646-7) and that he and Mr. Dartnell, when compiling Wiltshere Words came to the conclusion © that it signified waste or unprofitable land (see Weltshire Words, (1893), p. 135). It is possible that both constructions may be correct, for the Waste of the manor was usually in the lord’s hands, and he could, therefore, have leased it (as opposed to the granting 1t by way of copyhold) without contra- vening the manorial customs. 2 Two explanations of this phrase may be suggested :— (1) There was an ancient custom (which appears to have continued in places after the Reformation) for the priest to bless a loaf of bread, which was afterwards distributed among the congregation. ‘Those who received a share were expected in return to subscribe a small sum—generally a half- penny—towards Church expenses (Zhe Parish Clerk, Rev. P. H. Ditchfield, p. 88 ff). The custom still survives in the Roman Catholic Church, the “ Holy Loaf” being known as “ pain béni,” and its distribution usually taking place on the Thursday before Easter. (2) Under a similar, but apparently quite distinct usage, prevalent in the middle ages, each worshipper used to present in Church to the parish By the Earl of Kerry. 205 and which he has ben charged with herebefore by virtue of his office. XXVIII. Item: If that any tenant being a Coppy-holder maketh default at the Lord’s Court, having a lawful business, (he) may be assigned by a penny and so to save his amercement. XXIX. Item: That all strayers that shall be taken within the Manor being under the price of three shillings and four pence, to remain in the Tithing among the customary tenants, and the Lord to have the price as they be priced at, when they be fully yeaned. XXX. Item: If any tenant shall happen to be arrested of high treason or felony, the wife shall have and enjoy her Widows estate after the death of her husband, because he was tenant therein. XXXI. Item: That if any tenant holdeth one, two, or three tene- ments or messuages at his death, he ought to pay unto the Lord for every messuage or tenement one Herriot, except it doeth otherwise appear of his Coppy. XXXII. Item: If that the Lord grant by Coppy of Court Roule to any tenant three lives, every tenant living in possession ought to pay a Herriot or Herriots after their death according to our custom. XXXIII. Item: That it shall not be lawful for any customary tenant to give or sell any manner of wood, shrouds, or timber, growing in or upon his customary tenement, without the Lord’s license. XXXIV. Item: That it is not lawful for any Coppy-holder to fell any great timber growing in and upon his coppy-hold without the Lord’s license.! XXXV. Item: That if the father do make any forfeiture upon his Coppy-hold, that it shall remain to the right and interest of the next reversioner or reversioners, but they shall have and enjoy the same according to our Custom. XXXVI. Item: That no tenant that holdeth by Coppy of Court Roule, make any under tenant or tenants upon his Coppy-hold above a year and a day, without a Coppy of licence granted by the Lord of the Manor. | priest a loaf made of new wheat as a sort of “ first fruits” offering. ‘his _ ceremony was known as “ Loaf-mass,” or “ Lammas,” and it took place on the Ist of August (O.8.). Lammas Day thus became one of the recognised quarter days of the year—the others being Michaelmas, Candlemas | (Christmas), and Whitsuntide. I am inclined, in view of the context, towards the second hypothesis. | Lammas Day was closely connected with the interior economy of the _ Manor, for it was at this season that the common arable fields were thrown | open for pasturage (Lammas fields). It would, therefore, have been a likely | moment for the manor officials (reeve, tythingman, hayward, &c.) to vacate | their offices, though in some manors the change was made at Christmas time (c.f. Slater, p. 22). | 1 Hence the popular saying that ‘“‘ the oak grows not except on free land,” _|for copy-holders seldom planted trees, the value of which would have accrued to the Lord of the Manor. | v } 206 The Customs of the Manors of Calstone and Bremhill. XXXVII. Item: That if two or three does come into the Court, and they do take of the Lord a Coppy-hold, and every one of them doth pay part of the fine, then they be takers all three: then none of them can or may deceive the others by our Custom. XXXVIIT. Item: That if any man take of the Lord by Coppy of Court Roule any messuage or tenement for himself and two of his children, and [? or] one child, and not name the names of them, but leaveth a space for them it is not good. XXXIX.—Item: Where any widow doth deal incontinent or unchaste, that belongs to the Ecclesiastical Court, but our custom has not to do with it ; but for her living she shall enjoy it by our custom|! John King George Lewis Junr. Walter Essington Anthony Greenaway George Lewis John Wilson John Brookes Edward Walkham Richard Stiles John Fry Richard Jefferys Richard Plummer [The document has the following note at the end—added, perhaps, by the steward or some other official of the Manor concerned :—] “ Jan 11, 1657: Was a former one, but to ye above effect, and same n° of articles.” ' Tt was usual for the widow of a tenant to enjoy her husband’s holding so long only as she remained “sole and chaste.” It is interesting to see that by the custom of this Ecclesiastical Manor the tenants specifically re- nounced any claim to decide such matters. 207 THE SO-CALLED “KENWARD STONE” AT CHUTE CAUSEWAY, WILTS.! By H. St. Grorcr Gray. Much interest has in the past been shown in the isolated prostrate sarsen- stone in the parish of Chute, by reason of the fact that its flat face is covered by irregular wavy markings which had never been definitely pronounced as natural. It had been a puzzle to some archeologists who noted a close resemblance of these markings to the carvings upon the uprights of the dolmens of Carnac. Some time ago, with the assistance of Dr. W. M. Tapp,? an examination of this stone was made. ‘The necessary permission having been obtained from Mr. E. A. Wigan, of Conholt Park, near Andover, we arranged to carry out this work on April 28th, 29th, and 30th, 1924 ; but, unfortunately, the weather was very stormy, and on the 30th we had to give up early owing to heavy rain.® This stone was brought to the notice of scientists by the Rev. Canon J. EK. Jackson, F.S.A., in 1883, when he wrote :— “In the open field a few yards from the causeway on the north side, overlooking Black Down and Hippingscombe (Hippenscombe), lies a large flat rude stone, with certain wavy marks upon it (which, however, may only be the effect of weathering upon the grain of the stone). It is traditionally called the stone of one Kinward,’ some ancient magnate who held his Hundred court here in the open air, whence the name of Kinwardstone to this Hundred ® in the county of Wilts. © 1 This name would seem to have been invented by the Rev. Canon Jackson ; there does not appear to be any other authority for its adoption. 2 The Society is indebted to Dr. W. M. Tapp, F.S.A., for the gift of the _ cost of the blocks illustrating this paper. 3 We arrived at Andover on April 26th (Sat.), and left there on April 30th. The contractors (Dunning & Manning, of Weyhill,) provided the necessary labour and tackle. In arranging details of organization we had the ad- vantage of considerable assistance rendered by Dr. J. P. Williams-Freeman, of Weyhill, one of the leading antiquaries in the neighbourhood. He visited the diggings of April 28th, and Mr. and Mrs. Bb. H. Cunnington came over | from Devizes on April 29th. 4“ Kenwardstone” is also the name of a farm, south-east of Burbage, and i between that place and Grafton, 54 miles to the north-west of Chute _ Causeway. [The farm is on a road which was a main thoroughfare east | and west in Saxon times.—O. G. 8. C.] 5 Wilts Arch. Mag., xix., 261. 6 Wilts Arch. Mag., xxi. (1884), 338—339. (VOL. Mall.——NO, CXLIT. P | | 208 The so-called “ Kenward Stone” at Chute Causeway, Wiits, Then, very naturally, we turn to a longer account of the stone and its immediate surroundings in “ Field Archeology as illustrated by Hampshire,” by Dr. J. P. Williams-Freeman (pp. 108—110), where a photograph of the stone is given. After describing the stone, its size, etc., he concludes by recording that :— ‘““T was once puzzling over these markings when a native came up and asked me if I knew what they were. I confessed my ignorance. His answer was ‘If you was a doctor you’d know ‘tis the entrails of a man.’ He also told me how the holes were made when someone tried to fix ropes to the stone and move it, ‘ but the horses fell down dead,’ a superstition which is also attached to the Rollright stones in Oxford- shire, and, I believe, to other stones in England.” Probably there are other local sayings with regard to the stone. During the excavations a shepherd informed me that the stone was called the “‘ Devil’s Waistcoat.” The site! is at the extreme north of the parish of Chute, on Little Down, close to the north side of “ Chute Causeway,” along which the Roman Road ran, a détour to the west of the Roman Road from Cirencester to Winchester.’ A little way to the south-west of the stone along the Chute Causeway is a turning to the south called “ Dummer Lane.” The nearest large farm, “ Hippenscombe,” is nearly three-quarters of a mile to the north-east, while the nearest part of Fosbury Camp is nearly nine furlongs in the same direction. The highest ground on Little Down is close to the stone, viz., 824ft. above O.D.* Coming to closer quarters it is seen that this sarsen stone rests in a scooped-out hollow,’ apparently artificial, at the top of the slope (see Plate II.) The width of this hollow from brow to brow (east and west) is 55ft. From the brow on the south (which is only a few yards from the northern margin of Chute Causeway), there is a drop of 10°5ft. to the bottom of the hollow, — and from there, extending northwards and beyond the stone, there is a slight rise of about 2‘5ft., and then the downland gradually falls towards the north. : On the north side of this hollow the stone lies prostrate, its upper surface sloping slightly towards the south-east (see Plate I.). Its dimensions are :— Max. length, 5ft. 10in.; max. width, 4ft. 2in.; max. thickness, showing ~ above the turf, 1ft. 3in.° Three cuttings were marked out for excavation 10. 8S. Wilts, No. XLIIL., S.W. ; surveyed 1877-78, revised 1899, reprinted 1910. 2 This détour was no doubt made to avoid the Hippenscombe valley and the considerable rise to the north of it. (W.A.W/, xxxiii., 325-326 ; xxxvlli., _ 226; also Meld Archeology, Hampshire, by Dr. Williams-Freeman, 106, et seq.). * The bench-mark at the junction of Chute Causeway with ‘‘ Dummer Lane” is 819°7{t. * This hollow, like others near by, appears to have been scooped out to obtain material for the causeway. ° As Dr. Thomas’ report follows, there will be no need for me to give any | further description of the stone. | photograph by Mrs. Keiller). | —— The so-called “ Kenwardstone,” at Chute Causeway (from _ “‘AVMOSNVD 9FNYO 7e ,‘euojspIeMUEY, ,, peteo-os eq} Jo uoTyeAvoxT By H, St. George Gray. 209 oe J) 5 10 20 30 |=SSS= 538 = 6 Ss eS H.ST.C.G. SCALE OF FEET. Ee DEL. (see Plan and Plate II.), namely, Cutting I., along the length of the hollow; Cutting IT., to the north-east of the stone; and Cutting III., round the north, east, and west sides of the stone. Cutting I. took a N.N.E. and 8.8.W. direction, and measured 37+ft. in length and 4ft. wide. The material was dug out down to the solid chalk, which was reached at a depth of barely 1ft. At 10ft. from the south end the vertical measurement of the material removed was :— Turf and turf mould _... aoe sos ... 0°6 foot Nodules of flint (loosely packed, but in places-mixed with a little mould and fine chalk, and in some patches with light brownish clay) ee ... 29 feet Total depth to solid chalk ... ae eS 3°5 feet Some of the nodules of flint were of large size, the longest measuring 18in.! Cutting II., marked out as 9ft. north and south by 8ft. east and west, was not completed owing to bad weather ; in fact it was excavated only to a depth of 1ft. Nodules of flint were plentiful, but no relics were found. Cutting III. was originally marked out to be 134ft. east and west, by 8ft. north and south, but, owing to the weight of the stone, which had to be propped at the west end during the excavations, the east end of this area was left untouched, as shown in the little plan. No objects were found except a Victorian halfpenny (1862), uncovered at “A,” about 6in. below the surface, Thestone on the north and west was found to be approximately 2f{t. thick. The underside, where it could be examined, was very irregular in places and grooves were noticed in various directions. On the north and west margins of the cutting, level solid chalk was reached at a depth of 1°25ft. below the surface. Within this was another “level ” of solid chalk at 3°5ft. below the surface. In the middle of the excavation under the west half of the stone we dug to a depth of 5ft. below the highest part of the stone, and met with much mixed rubble, flints (not very large), 1 It is probable that these nodules of flint had been thrown in casually or by ploughmen cultivating the hill. As Dr. Williams-Freeman reminded us, farmers often pick the big flints off their land and throw them into a convenient place. Pp 2 210 The so-called “ Kenward Stone” at Chute Causeway, Wilts. mould, and lumps of chalk. The use of a crowbar showed us that the hole in the chalk extended at least 3ft. deeper in the middle of the excavation, but we dared not extend the digging further with the tackle at our disposal, lest the stone should heel over towards the west. ~The hollow in the surrounding chalk probably had no connection with the placing of the sarsen in this position ; but represented one of the many excavations made along and near the line of Chute Causeway to provide chalk for its formation. It might be contended that the hollow is not as near the causeway as it might have been, but the chalk on the actual line of the causeway in this part and the land to the south of it is covered by clay with flints, and the chalk does not crop out on the north side until the hollow is reached.! After the excavations—in fact in August, 1924—I received an important letter from the Rev. G. H. Engleheart, F.S.A., of Little Clarendon, Dinton, from which the following extracts are taken :— “T hear that you dug under that big stone by the side of Chute Causeway. If I had known in time I could have saved you the trouble. Some thirty-five years ago one or two of the oldest inhabitants of Chute village told me that the stone had been carted to where it lies from a field on one of the farms where there were other big stones with it, some of which were buried to be out of the way. I saw no reason to dis- believe this, but did not trouble to verify it by sounding for the buried stones, because at that time I was more especially interested in Romano- British matter of that district. I cannot find any note or remember the name of the farm or field where the stones possibly existed as a dolmen, and I do not suppose any accurate memory survives in Chute.” This record seems to explain the present resting-place of this much- discussed stone. Its markings are undoubtedly natural, and Dr. Thomas's report, which follows, is quite convincing on this point. APPENDIX ON THE “KENWARD STONE.” By Hersert H. THomas, M.A., Sc.D., Petrographer to H.M. Geological Survey. The “Kenward or Kinward Stone,” first called attention to by Canon Jackson,? presents the somewhat unusual character of having in relief upon its surface a series of undulose and sigmoidal ridges. These ridges occur in more or less parallel or concentric groups, and maintain a constant width 1 The land south of the road would have been covered with wood and the causeway constructed on the edge of it. 2Wilts Arch. Mag., xxi. (1884), 338. By H, St. George Gray. 211 over a considerable portion of their course. They almost completely cover the surface of the stone excepting a narrow marginal portion on the southern and western sides, which is raised about two inches above the rest of the slab. The stone itself is a normal “sarsen,” similar to those commonly en- countered on the chalk districts of Wiltshire and Hampshire, that is to say, it is a silicified sandstone and a relic of a Tertiary deposit that once spread over the district, but of which all continuity has been destroyed. This Tertiary deposit was for the most part soft and easily removed, and all traces would have been lost had not certain portions of the loose sands and friable sandstones become indurated, before the period of denudation, by the infiltration of silica and the cementation of the component sand-grains into compact and relatively hard masses (sandstone and quartzite). These hard masses, however, were local in their distribution and unequal in their dura- bility, in fact the study of any block of sarsen will prove that even in small masses the degree to which cementation of the grains has taken place varies considerably, a feature that finds expression in the rapid weathering and disintegration of certain portions of the stone as compared with other parts. The “Kenward Stone” is a pale cream to white siliceous sandstone composed almost entirely of quartz-grains of about a third of a millimetre in diameter set in a purely siliceous matrix. It is, however, mainly with the nature and mode of origin of the curious superficial markings that I am concerned. Canon Jackson, in the paper already cited, describes the Kenward Stone as “a large flat rude stone with certain wavy marks upon it,” which, he goes on to say, “ may only be the effect of weathering upon the grain of the stone.” Although the ridges and markings cannot be said to follow any definite figure they have a vague resemblance to certain megalithic carvings (e.g., Gavrinis, Morbihan), and no very definite pronouncement as to whether they are natural or artificial appears to have been made. With the object of helping to decide this point,I visited the district on July 28rd, 1924, with Dr. Tapp, and made with him a careful inspection of the stone. There are characters presented by the markings that definitely preclude any ,but a natural origin, and further, it appears that the ridges result from the differential weathering or solution of a rock that has been subjected to varying degrees of silification. It was noticed that small circular depressions are surrounded in each case by a raised and certainly natural ring of more indurated material; and, near the north-western margin of the stone, a natural hole some inches in depth, and well shown in the photograph, not only has a surround but a lining of the same indurated character. There can be no reason to dissociate such features from the other markings on the stone, and thus the whole - must be regarded as natural. With reference to the formation of the ridges and the pseudo-geometrical _ pattern assumed by them, it may be well to observe that in all processes of the penetration of a porous or colloidal medium by a mineralizing or pigmenting solution the deposition of mineral matter or the segregation of pigment | frequently takes place in roughly parallel and equidistant bands like a i 212 The so-called “ Kenward Stone” at Chute Causeway, Wilts. succession of waves. We meet with such structures quite commonly in ferruginated sands and clays and in silicified sands and sandstones of all geological ages. In simple cases such bands are referable to single and isolated centres, but more often the structures are more complex. In the case in point, this stone may be regarded as an example of a rock indurated by percolating siliceous solutions that have carried out their mineralization in the manner indicated above. The somewhat regular variation in compactness and durability which resulted from this process has been subsequently developed by weathering, the less mineralized portions of the rock having been eaten into hollows and the more mineral- ized parts left standing out as crests and protuberances. | | | 213 THE SEVENTY-SECOND GENERAL MEETING OF THE WILTSHIRE ARCHAOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, HELD AT CIRENCESTER; August 6th, 7th, and Sth, 1925, President of the Society :— W. Hewarp BELL, F.G.S., F.S.A. THURSDAY, AUGUST 6th. The annual business meeting, at which forty-four members were present, was held, the President of the Society in the chair, at the Bingham Library, at 1.45, when Mr. Edward C. Sewell, as High Steward of the Manor, on behalf of Earl Bathurst and the inhabitants of Cirencester, offered to the Wiltshire Society a hearty welcome to the town. After a few words of acknowledgment from the President, the Hon. Secretary was called on to to read the REPORT FOR 1924—25., Members.—In last year’s report the number of members was stated to be 13 life members, 441 annual subscribers, and one honorary member, 455 in all. Since then five members have died, and 34 have formally resigned, whilst 45 members have joined the Society, leaving on the books of the Society at the present moment, including those to be elected at the annual meeting, 14 life and 441 annual subscribers, a total, with the one honorary member, of 456. It is difficult, however, to say what the exact number of effective members at the present moment is, as there are 13 members whose subscriptions are one year or more in arrear. Some of these will, no doubt, when their attention is called to the matter, pay up their arrears, but it would save the officers of the Society a great amount of trouble and time if all members would regularly pay their subscriptions at the beginning of the year, or take the trouble to send the secretary a postcard saying that they wish to resign. All that can be said definitely as to the number at present time is that it is still above 435, which, in view of the raising of the amount of the annual subscription this year to 15s. 6d., may be considered very satisfactory. Finance.—The financial condition of the Society on the 31st December, 1924, was fairly good. Excluding the Register of Simon of Ghent, and the Bradford Barn accounts, both of which are concerned with special objects only, the other accounts of the Society showed a balance on January Ist, 1924, of £398 18s. 7d., and at the end of the year a balance of £310 12s. 6d., which, allowing for the £124 paid for the new room added to the Library, 1 The best account of the Cirencester Meeting is given in the Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard, Aug. 8th and 15th, 1925. 214 The Seventy-second General Meeting. is not unsatisfactory. It has to be noted, however, that the balance on the General Fund sank from £75 14s. 4d. to £36 12s. 5d., and it is more especially to relieve and increase this fund that the raising of the annual subscription from 10s. 6d. to 15s. 6d., decided on at the last annual meeting, became necessary. The balance on the Museum Enlargement Fund sank from £90 Os. 4d. to £5 7s., having been expended on the new Library room, and that of the Museum Purchase Fund from £98 6s. 6d. to £91 ls. 5d., whilst the Museum Maintenance Fund balance increased from £56 10s. 4d. to £89. The precise effect of the increased subscription, however, cannot be judged until the end of the present year. The Magazine —Two numbers as usual were issued during 1924, Nos. 140 and 141, completing Vol. 42. These two numbers contained 278 pages, and the last had a very full index to the contents of the volume. The Society has to thank Captain Cunnington for the gift of the plates illustrating his paper on the Blue Stone from Boles Barrow. The cost of the two numbers was £256 14s. 3d. The Museum.—A number of important additions have been made to the Society’s collections since the last report. We are again indebted to Dr. R. C. C. Clay for a large number of valuable objects, including the whole of the finds during the excavation of Early Iron Age pits on Swallowcliffe Down, and of a Saxon Cemetery at Broadchalke, as well as a very large cinerary urn from a barrow at Ebbesbourne Wake. ‘These considerable additions have necessitated the provision of a large new case to contain them, paid for by the Museum Maintenance Fund. The Rev. H. G. O. Kendall handed over to the Museum the whole of the objects found during his partial excavation of the ditch on Windmill Hill, Avebury, and we have also to thank Capt. and Mrs. Cunnington for the objects found during their excavations at Figsbury Rings, as well as a bronze arrow head (a very rare find) from Enford, and a fine drinking cup from Lockeridge, and Mr. Percy Farrer, on behalf of the military authorities, has also given a cinerary urn and several other objects found on Salisbury Plain. The Library.—The most notable additions during the year have been a number of old maps of the Wilton Estate given by Lord Pembroke, through the kind offices of Mr. O. G.S. Crawford, and the whole of his MS. Not2s on Wiltshire Genealogy left to the Society by the late Mr. John Sadler. These, written on loose sheets of foolscap, form an immense collection of abstracts of Wiltshire wills, pedigrees, etc., which have now been arranged under parishes, and are being bound up in folio volumes, so as to be readily available for consultation. The Society, as usual, has to thank many Wiltshire authors for copies of books or articles, among which may be mentioned Mr..Brakspear’s “ History of Corsham Church” and Captain Cunnington’s “Some Annals of the Borough of Devizes.” The Municipal Records of Devizes from 1553 onwards have been taken charge of temporarily by the Society and placed in the Library. Kacavations.—Col. Hawley has carried on the excavations at Stonehenge, which continue to provide fresh surprises and puzzles for the archzologist. Dr. R. C. C. Clay has been conducting further diggings in his neighbourhood in earthworks and barrows, the results of which will appear later in the The Seventy-second General Meeting. 215 Magazine. At Windmill Hill, Avebury, extensive excavations, continuing the work which the Rev. H. G. O.Kendall began, have this year been carried out by Mr. Alexander Keiller, who has purchased practically the whole of the hill with the object of a thorough examination of this important site, The work is being conducted under the superintendence of Mr. H. St. G. Gray, and will probably take several years to complete. It seems likely to throw altogether new light on the hitherto little known subject of Neolithic settlements and defences. It isa cause of much satisfaction to archeologists that Mr. Keiller should have taken up this important work so thoroughly. In the spring of this year (1925) Lord Kerry began experimental diggings on the site of a Roman dwelling near the George Inn, at Sandy Lane, and found enough to justify further excavations, which it is understood will be shortly carried out. The report having been read and adopted, and eleven new members elected, the Rev. HE. H. Goddard brought before the meeting the request of the committee that they might be authorised to dispose of certain objects in the Society’s Museum and Library. These comprised, first, two perfor- ated Stone Hammers which had been bought with the Brooke collection, but came from Ramsgate and had no connection with Wiltshire. Secondly, a small collection of bronze prehistoric objects, of the provenance of which nothing was known, except that they came to the Society many years ago from Stourhead, and are apparently none of them of British, but probably of Scandinavian, origin. Thirdly, certain old books and periodicals which are neither connected with the county, or the works of Wiltshire men, or useful for general reference. It was explained that the committee had decided to dispose of all these objects and books, but by the rules nothing in the museum can be disposed of without the leave of the general meeting of the Society. Leave was accordingly given by the meeting, and it was stated that the two Stone Hammers would go back to their own county, the Maidstone Museum having offered £2 for them, whilst the continental bronze antiquities would be sold in London, the money in both cases going to the Museum Fund for the purchase of Wiltshire objects. A further matter of the same kind was then discussed at considerable Jength. ‘The - Museum possesses by the gift of the relatives of the Rev. Charles Lucas, of Devizes, a miniature of King Charles I. painted on copper in a gold locket _ case,! which was given by James II. to the Rev. Dr. Massey. It was felt by | the curator and the committee that this valuable Stuart relic, if it continues to be exhibited at Devizes, runs a certain risk of being stolen, either for _ the sake of its gold case, or owing to its value as a relic. The committee | had come to no definite decision as to what should be done in the matter, | but referred it to the decision of the general meeting. ‘Three courses were possible. It might be kept in Devizes as heretofore, it might be placed on | permanent loan at one of the national museums, or it might be sold, no | doubt for a considerable sum. Various opinions were expressed by mem- | bers present, but the general feeling appeared to be that it ought not to be | Sold, and it was decided to refer the matter back for further consideration ' See Ceialooue of Antiquities in the Museum, Pant IT., M. 18, p. 122 | | | | 216 The Seventy-second General Meeting. to the committee, with power to keep it in Devizes, insuring it against loss by theft, or to deposit it in one of the national museums. The next business was a proposal by the hon. curator (Capt. B. H. Cunnington) that in future a fee should be charged for photographs or copies taken of any objects in the Museum or library. He explained that there was an in- creasing demand for copies, especially of views in the Buckler Collection, which gave much trouble and took up much of the curator’s time, and that as this collection had cost the Society a large sum of money, it was only reasonable that those who wished for copies of the views should pay a fee to the Museum for the privilege. The following resolution was then carried unanimously :—“ That in future any person wishing to copy or photograph any object in the Museum, or any portrait, drawing, print, or picture be- longing to the Society, shall, if a member, pay a fee of five shillings for each copy, or if a non-member, a fee of ten shillings. But the hon. secretary and the hon. curator shall have power to vary the amount of the fee in any case where it seems to them expedient. And further it is provided that in no case shall such photographs or copies be for sale, except in cases where the committee think fit to have picture postcards made of objects in the Museum.” Canon Knubley then moved that the resolution of the committee that a cordial invitation be extended to the South-Western Naturalists’ Union to hold their annual Whitsuntide meeting next year at Devizes, be confirmed. This was unanimously agreed to, and Canon Knubley was empowered to convey the invitation to the authorities concerned, and Capt. Cunnington promised to do all he could to make the meeting a success. The officers of the Society were then re-elected en bloc, and the business being ended, members placed themselves under the guidance of Mr. St. Clair Baddeley and proceeded to visit the Roman pavement at the Barton, and the splendid Roman capital in the Abbey grounds. Unfortunately, owing to the business meeting having taken longer than had been expected, there was no opportunity for the greater number of the members to visit the Cripps Mead Museum of Roman Antiquities which had been most kindly thrown open by Mrs. Wilfrid Cripps, and on leaving the Abbey grounds it was time to make for the Bingham Library, where Mrs. Christopher Bowly most hospitably provided tea for the members. After tea the Parish Church was visited, still under the guidance of Mr. Baddeley, and the Corinium Museum, with its remarkable collection of Roman objects found in Cirencester, from the two fine pavements and and tombstones downwards, was open until dinner time, and the Curator, Mr. E. C. Sewell, was present to show and explain the most interesting things to the visitors. One object not less interesting in its way than the contents of the museum, is the extraordinary Horse Chestnut tree growing just behind the museum, of which the branches have come down and rooted in the ground until a perfect forest of young trees has grown up around the parent trunk. After dinner, at the King’s Head Hotel, which was the head- quarters of the meeting, members adjourned again to the Bingham Library, where Mr. W. St. Clair Baddeley gave an address! on “ Episodes of an 1See Wilts and Gloucester Standard, Aug. 8th, 1925, The Seventy-second General Meeting. 217 Cirencester History” toa large audience. Mr. Baddeley is well known as a “born lecturer,” and in the Cotswold country he is peculiarly on his own ground. He dwelt first of all on the way in which the history of the place had been affected by the River Churn, which originally flowed through the centre of the space enclosed within the vallum and ditch of the Dobuni and from time to time flooded the lower portion of that enclosed space, known in medieval and later days as “ Watermoor.” When the Romans settled there and made Corinium one of the most important towns in the whole of Britain, they diverted the greater portion of the River Churn into the old fosse of pre-Roman times, outside the enclosure of the defences, and made it flow round the town, instead of through it, thus at once adding to the strength of its defences and preventing the flooding of Watermoor, which was built over in Roman times, as is proved by the fact that the most sumptuous pavements have been found in this district. With the departure of the Romans, the water system became neglected, the Churn resumed its old course, Watermoor was again flooded, and ceased to be inhabited right through the medieval period down to recent days.’ Cirencester (Churn Chester) shrunk to half its Roman size and in Saxon days was outstripped by the lesser towns of Bath and Gloucester, and being ruled by the Abbot, never even got as far as incorporation asa borough. Mr. Baddeley next dealt with the episodes of the beheading of the Earls of Kent and Salisbury and Sir Ralph de Lumley by the townspeople in the Market Place, and the division of their goods amongst the men of Cirencester under Henry I[V., and finished by some account of the recent discovery of the foundations of a Roman building near Chedworth Villa, which the members were to see next day. FRIDAY, AUGUST 7ru. Two motor coaches and a long string of some twenty-eight private cars left the Market Place punctually at 9.15 for the day’s excursion, and by the kindness of the Hon. Mrs. Vestey, of Stowell Park, were allowed to reach the Roman Villa at Chedworth by way of the private drive, which not only cuts off a long detour and an awkward hill, but leads by a most delightful way at the foot of the beautifully-wooded slope, covered with luxuriant bracken, and in the opener parts with great masses of rosebay and ragwort in full flower,with the infant stream of the Colne flowing through the meadow on the other side of the road. Before reaching the villa the party stopped and were led by Mr. Baddeley through bracken as high as their heads to a spot at a little distance from the road, where the Roman foundations, of large squared stones, of what was evidently a considerable building, have recently been uncovered. Mr. Baddeley believes that it was a temple dedicated to the river god of the upper reaches of the Colne. A short distance further brought the party to the well-known Chedworth Villa, one of the best-preserved and most complete examples of a house of its kind in England. It had quite recently been purchased by subscription and handed over to the National Trust, so that its future is safely provided for. It was announced, too, that the whole of the purchase money had just been com- pleted. The assembly was too large for everyone to get into the various 218 The Seventy-second General Meeting. rooms at the same time, but by dividing up into different sections most of the members were able to hear Mr. Baddeley’s masterly exposition of the details of the building. His view is that the villa was more probably the dwelling and business premises not of a great landed proprietor, but of a prosperous tradesman who here carried on the manufacture and dyeing of cloth, a conclusion to which certain features of the long north wing, as well as the fact that a stratum of excellent Fullers’-earth crops out close by, seem to point. Althoughan hour and a half had been allotted to Ched worth, the time proved none too long and the members were torn away from this delightful spot only with difficulty. But for all that they were walking up the church- yard path at Northleach as the Church clock was striking 12,the time specified by the programme for their arrival. Here they were met by the Bishop of Kensington, who was in temporary charge, and by the Rev. Canon R. C. 8. Jones, Vicar of Fairford, who had kindly come over specially to act as guide to the Church, an office which he filled most admirably. To those who had not seen Northleach Church before, it came almost as a revelation, at least as far as the exterior is concerned, of what a wholly 15th century Church can be at its best. For intrinsic beauty, indeed, and the extraordinary state of preservation of its stonework, it is probably surpassed by few, if any, of the parish Churches of the same period in England. After lunch at the Wheatsheaf Hotel, members left for Burford at 2 o’clock, arriving at the Church at 2.45. Here the Vicar, the Rev. W. C. Emeris, spoke on the history of the Church and its most complicated and unusual ground-plan, and then dividing the company into two sections, took one section round the building himself, whilst Mr. Gretton, author of a work on Burford, most kindly led the rest of the party round the opposite way, so that every- body was able 'to see for themselves and hear the explanation of the many points of interest in this grand and most unusual Church. Leaving Burford at 3.45 the Swan Hotel, at Bibury, was reached rather before the scheduled hour, which allowed a pleasant interval for loitering, on a beautiful evening, by the side of the delightful River Coln, before tea was ready. After tea a short walk took members back to the Church, where the Rev. E. H. Goddard pointed out the chief features of the building, the Saxon strip pilasters, and the curious circular double splayed window exactly resembling the circular clerestory Saxon windows at Avebury. From this point half an hour’s drive brought members back to Cirencester at 6.0 p.m. At8.15 Mr. W. Iveson Croome gave an address at the Bingham Library on “ Cotswold Churches.”! He interpreted this title liberally and gave an extremely suggestive sketch of the general history and gradual changes in Church architecture from Saxon times to the Reformation, pointing out that the successive styles were not merely marks of changing fashions, but that they really reflected the changing circumstances and ideals of the times, and so were correlated with the economic and social as well as with the eccles- jastical history of the country. He ended by impressing upon his audience . that it was a part of the duty of members of societies such as our own to do what they can towards popularising a knowledge and appreciation of Church ———e 1 Printed in fullin Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard, Aug. 15th, 1925. The Seventy-second General Meeting. 219 architecture and of the value of the buildings as records of the past history of their country. He also took occasion to explain the need for, and the working of, the recently instituted Advisory Church Committees, and urged that they should be recognised as a help by all those concerned in any way with the upkeep or the adornment of our parish Churches. It was an address couched in the simplest language, that nobody could help listening to, but for all that contained much that was well worth thinking about, and the applause that greeted its conclusion showed how the audience had appreciated it. Mr. Goddard, while expressing his appreciation, ventured to suggest that the writer might some day give us a book somewhat on the lines of his address, dealing with the causes and the real meaning of the gradual evolution of the architectural styles. SATURDAY, AUGUST 8ru. At 9.30 the motor coaches and cars left for Daglingworth Church, where Mr. Baddeley acted as guide, dwelling especially on the Saxon sundial over the south door, and the Saxon sculptures found in the jambs of the chancel arch. Leaving at 10.15 (it was not easy to get the members away from the Saxon work here) the next stop was at Duntesbourne Rous Church, a tiny little building in a secluded valley off the high road, remarkable for its quaint interior and the: curious crypt chapel at the east end, of Norman date, rendered necessary by the steep slope of the site. Here, too, Mr. Baddeley again acted as guide. Leaving at 11.15, the long string of motors having turned in a field opposite the Church, made their way to Elkstone Church, where they were received by the Rector, the Rev. T.S. Tonkinson, who told the history of the building, and pointed out the features of this, most interesting Church, which claims to possess the finest 12th century Norman work in all the Cotswolds. The south porch and door, the chancel arch, and the east window with the rebate for a shutter in its splayed jamb, . are samples of the richest work of the period, and the chamber over the vaulted chancel, fitted up as a pigeon loft, is a curious and very unusual feature. Leaving Elkstone at 12.15, half-an-hour’s drive brought the party to the George Hotel, at Birdlip, and to an excellent lunch, at the end of which Canon Knubley,in the absence of the President, took the opportunity of thanking first, Mr. W. St. Clair Baddeley for his most illuminating addresses, both at the first evening meeting, and at Cirencester, Chedworth, and the two Churches that morning, and secondly, Capt. B. H. Cunnington, the meeting secretary, to whose power of organization, and the infinite trouble he had taken to provide for every detail beforehand, was due the success of the arrangements, and the smoothness with which everything had been carried out according to the scheduled plan. After lunch _ sufficient time was allowed for members to enjoy the unique view from the _ hotel garden, from which the escarpment falls away precipitously to the | plain of Gloucester lying spread out like a map below, with the Roman | road running across it to the city as straight as if it had been marked out | with a ruler. Not many views in the south of England can equal this, either in extent or in beauty, and to those who did not know Birdlip before, : | it came as a revelation of what the Cotswolds have to offer. Leaving at 2 || | | 2 | | 220 The Seventy-second General Meeting. o'clock, the party reached Rendcombe Church at 2.45, where for the last time Mr. Baddeley spoke on the history of the place and the Church. This has features of interest of its own though it can hardly compare with the other Churches seen during the meeting. Mr. Baddeley having to leave to catch the train the Rev. E. H. Goddard took his place and said what more required to be said as to the points of interest in the building. Leaving Rendcombe at 3.30 a twenty minutes’ pleasant run brought members to North Cerney, where tea was laid out in the spacious and well-appointed Parish Hall, after which the Church was visited under the guidance of the Rector, the Rev. E. W. M. O. de la Hey, Mr. W. Iveson Croome also being present to help in showing the visitors round. Here the Church itself possesses several points of great interest, notably the Norman doorway, the beautiful 15th century stone pulpit, the original 15th century glass of the two windows in the north transept, the passage from the chancel to the south transept, and the two very curious figures of the ‘“ Manticore”! engraved on the outside walls of the Church, but even without these the sumptuous and beautiful furnishings of the Church would make it notable amongst country parish Churches. ‘The great brass candelabra in the nave (which is said to have come “from a Wiltshire Church,” but from what particular one is not known), the 14th century French processional cross of brass, the fine brass eagle lectern of medieval Flemish work, with its iron base which is said to be Spanish, old candlesticks, wooden statues, &c., &c., are all of them of quite unusual character, and all of them are used with admirable effect in the adornment of the Church. This was the last item on the programme; the cars proceeded back to Cirencester, members picked up their luggage and departed to their homes, highly pleased (so everyone said) with the excellent fare set before them at the Cirencester meeting. It is true there was nothing prehistoric in the programme, but the Roman remains were of the first class, and so was the - Church architecture. There can, indeed, be few districts in England that could supply the equivalent of the Churches of Cirencester, Northleach, Burford, Daglingworth, Elkstone, and North Cerney, set in such charming scenery as the valleys of the Cotswolds offer. Altogether the meeting was a great success ; 126 members and friends took some part in the proceedings, The weather was very kind, and the only shower was a short one on the first afternoon, the programme went without a hitch, time was excellently kept, and after paying all the expenses a balance of £22 8s. 7d. remained. 1 The Manticore was a fabulous beast of Ethiopia, having the head of a man and the body of a lion, and living principally on human flesh. 221 WILTS OBITUARY. Charles Edward Hungerford Atholl Colston, 1st Baron Roundway of Devizes, died June 17th, 1925, aged 71. Buried in Devizes Cemetery. Born May 16th, 1854, s. of Edward Colston, of Roundway Park. Educated at Eton and Christchurch, Oxford. B.A. 1876. Conservative M.P.for the Thornbury Division of Gloucestershire 1892—1906. Raised to the Peerage 1916. Entered the Volunteers as a cadet at Eton, which school he represented at Wimbledon, became Captain in 5th Wilts Volunteer Corps 1873, and Hon. Col. of the 2nd Volunteer Battalion Wilts Regt., 1882, until it was transformed into the Territorial force. This, as the 4th Battalion Wilts Regt. he continued to command until 1909. He was Vice-Chairman of the Territorial Force County Association, and was instrumental in raising the National Reserve Force in East Wilts. During the War he was Remount Officer for the district and Colonel of the Wiltshire Volunteer Battalion. J.P. for Wilts, 1877; D.L., and High Sheriff in 1885. Chairman of the 2nd Court of Quarter Sessions for many years, and elected Chairman of the Ist Court, 1923. A member of the County Council from its beginning in 1888 until 1925, he was Chairman of the Roads and Bridges Committee, a position entailing a great amount of work. Until his illness three years ago he was one of the foremost men in the public affairs of Wiltshire. Since then he has been an invalid. At the meets of the Four-in-Hand and Coaching Clubs his team of black-browns was famous, and in theInternational Horse Shows at Olympia he won the cup in the Park Teams ‘“‘ Appointments” class in the whole of the series of eight shows, until the War put an end to coaching, and as Remount Officer he bought his own horses, worth perhaps thousands of pounds for their own special purpose, at £60 apiece for the Government. At one time he kept a pack of harriers at Roundway. He was for twenty years churchwarden of Southbroom. He married, 1879, Rosalind Emma, d. of Col. Gostling Murray, of Whitton Park, Hounslow. He leaves one son, Col. the Hon. Edward Murray Colston, C.M.G., D.S.O., M.V.O., Grenadier Guards, who succeeds to the title. Long and appreciative obit. notice, with some account of the descent of the family from Mary, sister of Edward Colston, the Bristol philanthropist, and wife (1670) of Sir William Hayman, Wiltshire Gazetie, June 18th and 25th, 1925. Shorter notice, Waltshire Times, June 20th. Canon Douglas Macleane, died Aug., 1925. Buried at Codford St. Peter. Son of Rev. Arthur Macleane, first Principal of Brighton College. Educated at Christ’s Hospital and Pembroke Coll., Oxford. B.A. 1879, M.A. 1882. Deacon 1879, Priest 1880 (Worcester). Curate of Gt. Witley, 1879—82; Domestic Chaplain to Earl of Craven and Chaplain and Lecturer of Pembroke College, 1882—84; Fellow of Pembroke College, 1882—92; Rector of Codford St. Peter, 1884—1915; Vicar of Branksome, 1915—22, when he resigned and came to live in Salisbury Close. Examining Chaplain to the Bp. of Moray, 1904; Proctor in Convocation for Diocese of Salisbury, 1906 until his death ; Warden of the Society of Sacred Study 222 Wilts Obituary. in Salisbury Diocese, 1907. Canon and Preb. of Salisbury, 1910 until his death. He took a prominent part in the discussions of the Diocesan Synod, as well as in Convocation, and was well known as an accomplished scholar and an authority on theological, historical, and liturgical matters. The Church Times, quoted by the Wiltshire Gazette, Sept. 10th, 1925, says of him:—“ In particular his knowledge of the history of the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was profound. He had an unstinted admiration for Lancelot Andrewes, of whom he wrote a masterly little Life, and for the work of the great Caroline divines in maintaining against fierce opposition the Catholic character of the English Church. That admiration was, per- haps, aroused in the first place, it was certainly coloured, by his touching fidelity to the memory of the Stuarts.” Obit. notice, Waltshire Gazette, Sept. 3rd, 1925. An appreciation in the Morning Post is also quoted in the Wiltshire Gazette, Sept. 10th, 1925. He was the author of the following works :— The Coat without Seam torn. 1889. The Heavenly Citizenship of Infants. 1891. A History of Pembroke College, Oxford, anciently Broad Gates Hall, in which are incorporated Short Historical Notices of the more eminent members of this House. Printed for the Oxford Historical Society at the Clarendon Press, 1897. 8vo, pp. xvi. + 544. Four plates. Price 1/1/0. [Reviewed Wilts V. & Q., II, 441—446. Guardian, Aug. 18th, 1897. ] Imago Regia. The Churchman’s religious remembrance of the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the Decollation of King Charles the First, January the Thirtieth, 1649—1899. Pamphlet, 7in. X 4$in., pp. 35. Pembroke College, Oxford. F. C. Robinson & Co., 1900. One of the series of “ College Histories,” an abridgment of the larger “ History.” Price 5s. [Reviewed Spectator, Feb. 24th, 1900.] . Via Salutis. 1902. The Great Solemnity of the Coronation. F.C. Robinson & Co., London, 1902. ; The Bishop of Salisbury and his See, with some Sketches of Wordsworth Family. The Treasury, Oct., 1905, Vol. VI., pp. 1—7. The Excavation of Shaftesbury Abbey. The Guardian, Oct. 11th, 1905. Clarendon the Historian. Article in Memorials of Old Wiltshire. 1906, pp. 167—179. - Reason, Thought, and Language, or the Many and the One. A Revised System of Logical Doctrine in relation to the Forms of Idiomatic Discourse. London. Hen. Frowde. 1906. 8vo, pp. Xvl. + 583. 15s. Our Island Church. Sketches from the History of English Church and State. London. Geo. Allen & Sons. 1909, pp. 250. Price 2s. 6d. Lancelot Andrews and the Reaction. A Biography of the Wilts Obituary. 223 Greatest English Divine of the Seventeenth Century. 1910. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. i The Great Solemnity of the Coronation of a King and Queen, according to the use of the Church of England, with Notes, &c. London. Geo. Allen & Co, 1911. Cr. 8vo., cloth. 5s. Famous Sermons by English Preachers, with Introductory Notes. London. Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons. 1911. 6s. [Sermons by twenty preachers. | New Stones of Venice. Article in Guardian, May 3rd, 1912. [The inauguration of the new Campanile. | The Athanasian Creed. London. Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons. 1914. Qs. 6d. The Character of Bishop Burnet. Sermon preached in Salisbury Cathedral at the Commemoration Service, Nov. 2nd, 1915. Salisbury Journal, Nov. 6th, 1915. Oliver Cromwell’s Wild Oats. Neneteenth Century, Oct., 1919, pp. 688 — 696. Literary Form. Is it now Possible? Nineteenth Century, May, 1920, pp. 826—836. Equality and Fraternity. Oxford. Geo. Allen & Unwin. 1924, pp. 352. 7s. 6d. For a long period he wrote leading articles in the Church Times, and for years supplied “an admirable descriptive summary ” of the discussions on Prayer Book Revision and other subjects in Convocation. He was the Co-Editor of The Statutes of Sarum Cathedral, 1915. William Francis Smith, died April 7th, 1925,aged 55. Buried at St. Mary’s, Slough. Born April 13th, 1869, educated at Southport and St. Mark’s Training College, Chelsea. B.A. London University. After teaching in London Schools he became assistant master at Alleyn’s School, | Dulwich College, and later Headmaster of Calne Secondary School for eleven years. Hetook a prominent part in the life of the town, was President of the Chamber of Commerce and twice Mayor, played chess for Wilts in the county championship, and was History Lecturer to the Wilts County Council. In 1912, on the opening of the Slough Secondary School, he became the first Headmaster, and during his period of office the numbers rose from fifty-three to three hundred and twenty pupils, and the size of the buildings was doubled. During the War he carried on the work with a much depleted staff, was Inspector in the Slough Special Constabulary, Captain in the Volunteers, and officer commanding the school cadet corps. In 1920 his health broke down under the strain, and though he partially recovered, his death was due largely to this. | Obit. notice, Wiltshire Times, April 11th, 1925. | He was the author of :— Short Stories in The Argosy, over the signature W. Francis. |A School History of Wiltshire. Calne. R. S. Heath, 1907. | Cloth, 73in. x 42in., pp. xii. + 160. Two maps and 55 illustrations. The Place of Wiltshire in the National History, [Four Lectures | VOL. XLIII.—NO. CXLII. Q 224 Wilts Obituary. at the Bishop’s School, Salisbury, printed in Salisbury Journal, Feb. 22nd to April 18th, 1908. Romans and Saxons in Wiltshire. [Lecture printed in Wiltshire Times, Oct. 7th, 1911.] Major-Gen. John Baillie Ballantyne Dickson, C.B., C.M.G., died Aug. 15th, 1925, aged 82. Buried at Keevil. Born 1842, s. of 8. Dickson, M.D. Joined the Bengal Cavalry 1860, and was afterwards Adjutant in the Lahore Light Horse and 18th Bengal Lancers. He ex- | changed to the Royal Dragoons, served in the Zulu War, and was mentioned in despatches. Served in Nile Expedition, 1884—5, was wounded at Abu Klea, promoted Lt.-Col. 5th Dragoon Guards, and commanded that regiment until 1893. Commanded 49th Regimental District 1895—97, and afterwards the 4th Cavalry Brigade 1897—99, the Troops in the Straits Settlements 1899—1900, and the 4th Cavalry Brigade in S. Africa 1900, being again mentioned in despatches. He bought Keevil Manor some years ago, and lived there until his death. J.P. for Wilts. Obit. notice, Wrlishire Times, Aug. 22nd, 1925. Charles William Darbishire, died at Singapore, on June 5th, 1925, whilst on a tour in the Hast. Born June 17th, 1875, s. of Col- C. H. Darbishire. of Plas Mawr, Penmaenmawr. Educated at Giggleswick School. Joined the firm of Paterson, Simons, & Co., East India Merchants, of which he became Managing Director, living many years at Singapore, where he was an unofficial member of the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements, Chairman of the Singapore Chamber of Commerce, and a member of the Harbour Board and Municipal Commission. He served in the Artists’ Rifles and Royal Welch Fusiliers (T.R.), commanded the Singapore Volunteer Rifles 1914 to 1919, and took part in the suppression of the mutiny Feb. and March, 1915. He was President of the Association of British Malaya 1921—2. He was elected M.P. for the Westbury Division in 1922 and 1923, but was defeated in 1924. He married, 1905, Frances Middleton, d. of Sheriff Davidson, of Fort William. He bought Elms Cross, Westwood, the house burnt out by suffragettes, and restored it as his residence. Obit. notices, Zimes; Waltshire Times, with portraits of Mr. and Mrs. Darbishire, June 13th; Weltshire Gazette, June 11th, 1925. Thomas William Ferris, died Aug. 21st, 1925, aged 60, Buried at Crudwell. B.at Compton Bassett, June 12th, 1865,s. of Thomas © Messiter Ferris. For twenty-one years he occupied West Park Farm, Market Lavington, until the sale of the East Lavington Manor Estate, when he bought Crudwell Manor Farm from the trustees of the late Lord Lucas | and lived there until his death. He took a prominent part in local affairs | at Market Lavington, served on the County Council, and was Chairman of | the District Council, a Governor of Dauntsey Agricultural School, and was on the Committee of the Wiltshire Agricultural Association, and National Farmers’ Union. He was widely known in Agricultural circles, and was a prominent Freemason. He married Sarah, d. of Richard Spackman, of | Wilts Obituary. 225 Broughton Gifford. He leaves five sons and one daughter, of whom the eldest, Thomas Randolph Ferris, M.Sc., is Director of Agriculture for the County of Dorset. : Obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, Aug. 27th, 1925. Canon John Otter Stephens, died Aug., 1925, aged 93, Kducated at Winchester and Brasenose College, Oxon. B.A. 1854, M.A. 1857. Deacon 1856. Priest 1858 (Oxford). Vicar of Savernake 1861— 1879, Vicar of Blankney (Lines.) 1879—1903; Chaplain at Beaulieu 1901 —04; Vicar of All Saints, Tooting Graveney, 1903—12. The Times, Aug. 13th, 1925, in an obituary notice, says, “Canon Stephens was a remark- able personality of the Victorian era. He possessed an unusual capacity for organization, and has left a wonderful record of beneficent creative work behind him. . . . He established and endowed the beautiful Cottage Hospital on Marlborough Hill. . . . He again found scope for his remarkable aptitude for philanthropic work (at Blankney). Recog- nizing the wonderful curative qualities of the water of the Spa at Woodhall, then neglected and practically unknown, he succeeded, with the help of influential support, in founding the Alexandra Hospital, which has now become a national institution and affords relief to thousands of patients from all parts of England. Upwards of £40,000 was raised by Canon Stephens for the establishment and endowment of these two hospitals. But still greater work awaited him. In 1900, when he was nearly 70 years of age, he founded the parish of Tooting Graveney, then an almost un- developed area, with the bequest under the will of Lady Charles Brudenell- Bruce. Probably the secret of Canon Stephens’s success in his undertakings was, next to his indomitable energy, the fact that he was in the best sense ‘of the word a polished man of the world, at ease with every class with which ‘he came in contact. The late King Edward honoured him with his acquaint- ance, and on more than one occasion he was commanded to stay and preach at Sandringham. . . . a scholar and a broad-minded clergyman of the old-fashioned High Church school, endowed with a fine natural courtesy and a keen sense of humour . . ._ he had travelled widely, and was possessed of the most artistic temperament, as is proved by the interior of Tooting Graveney Church, to beautify which he had scoured Europe.” He was the author of From Savernake to Syria, via Palestine, Sketches, Sacred, Social, and Secular, taken on the Spot. Marlborough. 1877. Pamphlet, 83in. x 54in., pp. 50. 1s. James Edward Rawlence, died August 2nd, 1925, aged 80. Buried at Wilton. Born at Wilton, July, 1845. Thrice Mayor of Wilton, he held other public offices in the town. He wasa partner in the firm of Waters & Rawlence, of Salisbury, but retired 25 years ago. He was all his life intimately connected with agriculture, and as a judge of stock, arbitra- tor, and land valuer, was widely known. He will be chiefly remembered as having, in conjunction with Mr. Elias P. Squarey, founded the Hamp- shire Down Sheep Society, of which he was for many years secretary and treasurer, and president in 1917. Obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, Aug. 6th, 1925. 226. Wilts Obituary. G. A. R. Fitzgerald, K.C., died Aug. Ist, 1925, aged 81. Buried at Christchurch, Bradford-on-Avon. Born 1844, eldest s. of Rev. A. O. Fitzgerald, Archdeacon of Wells. Educated at Sherborne and Corpus Christi Coll., Oxford. Fellow of St. John’s Coll. Called to Bar 1871. Practised before Parliamentary Committees, was a Light Railway Com- missioner 1876 to 1900. J.P. for Wilts. He resided for many years at Bearfield House, Bradford-on-Avon, was a member of the Urban District. Council and Chairman of it 1913 to 1916 when he retired. He was for some years churchwarden of Christchurch, Bradford. A member of the Wilts. General Education Committee, and.of the Wilts Standing Joint Committee. He had lived at Oxford since he left Bradford about 9 years ago. He married a daughter of H. D. Skrine, of Warleigh and Claverton Manors (Som. ) who died some years ago. Of his sons the Rev. Maurice Fitzgerald is Rector of Little Somerford, and Crone holds a Government appoint- ment in Egypt. Obit. notice Waltshire Times, Aug. 8th, 1925. He was the author or editor of many Legal Treatises, amongst which were :— Thrings’ Company Acts (2 Editions). Wheel or star with six rays. “ Equal-in size to the Stonehenge Urn and nearly of the same form.” Cave at Berry Head, near Brixham.® Cross with expanded and in- dented centre. Base only. Associated with flat-topped urns with finger-tipped horizontal fillets. 1 B.M. Gusde to the Bronze Age, p. 70. 2A.W.,p. 241. Archxologia xliii., fig. 35, p. 357. Cat. Stourhead Coll. Devizes, No. 253. 3 Ha. Cranborne Chase, iv., pl. 301, fig. 4. ‘ Thi, iv, pl..240. 5 A.W., p. 248. Archeologia, xlili., p. 356. § Arche. Journal, ix., p. 93. 218 The Woodminton Group of barrows, Bowerchalke. 5, Cist adjoining chamber of barrow at Tregeseal, Cornwall.! Plain raised cross. Urn of lT'ype 3 Group I (Abercromby). 6. Barrow at Worgret, near Wareham, Dorset.? “ Cross partly raised and partly grooved.” Type of urn unknown. 7. Barrow on King’s Down, near Badbury, Dorset.? Plain raised cross. Type of urn unknown. 8. Barrow on Barrow Hill, Ebbesbourne Wake, Wilts.* Plain raised cross. moulded not applied. Barrel urn with finger-tipped horizontal mouldings and nine plain vertical ribs. 9. Hut No. 2, Yeo Tor Bottom, near Princetown.® Crosson inside of base (diam. 1lin.). ‘Type of vessel unknown. These ornaments consisted of a raised wheel of 4, 6. or 8 equal spokes, which were sometimes moulded from the clay of the base and sometimes applied afterwards. They certainly did not strengthen the vessel, there- fore they must have been intended as ornaments or as sacred symbols. The omphaloid base to domestic pottery was without doubt contemporary with these cinerary urns,® and is the only other example of ornamentation inside the base of a prehistoric pot. This is interesting in regard to the fact that prehistoric fashions among the same people were uniform and general. It is reasonable to suppose, however, that ornamentation inside the base of a cinerary urn was not desired. In all probability this wheel is connected with the swastika, which Dechelette says “fut l’embleme du soleil en mouvement, |’ equivalent de Ja roue dont il n’est que le derive et le doublet.”7 The swastika amulet has been found at Meare, associated with La ‘ene I. fibulae, but the sun disk dates from Bronze Age II.2 What. more suitable place for a symbol of religious significance than beneath the ashes in a cinerary urn. Fig. 2.—Barrel urn of dark to reddish brown, gritty ware with smooth surface. Height 174in. Diam of Rim, 114in. Diam. of base, 7#in. Greatest circumference (at 54in. below rim), 39in. Kim slightly rounded, Zin. in thickness, ornamented with finger-tip impressions on its outeredge. There is aslightly raised moulding or fillet below the lip with similar ornamentation. From this moulding run seven plain vertical ribs which are not equidistant and do not follow a straight course. A long irregular crack with repair holes reaches. from the rim to near the base. Cracks and repair holes are common in cinerary urns of the finger-tipped and Deverel-Rimbury types. The softness of the paste may have been the primary cause. Fig, 3.—Small urn of medium brown ware. Height 54in. Diam. at lip, 1 Lukis, pl. xvi. 2 Warne., Celtic Tumuli of Dorset, iii., p. 29. 3 Archeologia, xlill., p. 357, fig. 34. 4W.A.M., current number, p. 325. > Trans. Devon Assoc., xxx., Pt. I., 1498, p. 101, ®° Kx. Hengistbury Head, p. 36. 7 Manuel. Bronze, p. 454, 5 B.M. Guide to Bronze Age, p. 90. By RK. C. C. Clay. 319 34in. Diam. of base, 24in. Slightly rounded rim, ornamented on the outside with a row of fingernail impressions, ‘I'he sides ‘are slightly convex. Found with figs. 1 and 2 inthe same cist. This vessel appears to be unique. In the Deverel Barrow, near Milborne St, Andrew, Dorset,' urns of the globular type were found associated with those of the bucket or pail variety. At South Lodge Camp, in the flat cemetery outside barrow 24, Handley Hill, and now at Woodminton Down the globular urns have been proved to be contemporary with those of the barrel shape. ‘Therefore the barrel and bucket varieties are of the same date. The typical barrel-shaped urn (see Plate III., 1) is from 15 to 22 inches in height, with slightly convex sides ending in a raised horizontal fillet or moulding which may or may not be ornamented with finger-tip impressions, Above this a short, slightly concave neck runs up to meet a flat or rounded, and somewhat expanded rim. ‘The bucket-shaped urn, on the other hand, has straight sides, a horizontal raised fillet usually at the junction of the upper and middle thirds, above which the straight neck may be inclined slightly inwards (see Abercromby II., 415) or else be continued upwards and outwards in a straight line with the sides (see Abercromby II., 410). The rim may be flat or slightly rounded, but is not expanded. It sometimes has solid knobs in place of the fillet and occasionally has neither. The true barrel-shaped urn has been found only within a limited area, comprising the eastern side of Dorset, South Wiltshire, and Western Hamp- shire, although perhaps the specimen from Nether Swell, Gloucestershire,? and the example from Lambourne, Berkshire,? should be included in the same category. It is suggested by the evidence at our disposal that the barrel urns, with their finger-tipped fillet close up to a slightly spreading rim, and the globular urns were made by invaders who reached these shores in the neighbourhood of Hengistbury and Weymouth. Mr. O. G. S. Crawford considers them to have been Goidels who introduced the leaf-shaped swords and winged celts between 800 and 700 B.C. The same people, in all probability, constructed the rectangular earthworks on the Wilts and Dorset boundary, such as South Lodge Camp,> Martin Down Camp,® and the camps on Handley Hill,’ Knighton Hill,8 and Fifield Bavant Down,’ and introduced the bronze razor of maple leaf pattern, The two former camps yielded pottery of the Deverel-Rimbury and finger-tipped barrel types, and bronze razors. The camp on Knighton Hill, called Wuduburh in the ' Miles. The Deverell Barrow. 2 Britesh Burrows, p. 446, Abercromby IL., fig. 376. 3 Abercromby, IL., fig. 388. Archeological Journal, xxviii., p. 43. 4 Antiquaries Journal, li., p. 27. > Hx. Cranborne Chase, iv., p. 1. ® Tbid, iv., p. 185. 7 Ibid, iv., p. 46. 8 To be published shortly. °W.A.M., xlii, p. 457. 320 The Woodminton Group of Barrows, Bowerchatke. Saxon charters, was constructed by users of finger-tipped pottery, whilst the earthwork on Fifield Bavant Down was contemporary with the La Tene [. village site that abuts it on the north and west. The inhabitants of the south and south-east of England, at this time, were employing the cinerary urn with more or less straight sides and an overhanging rim of considerable depth that reached the shoulder and in so doing had eliminated the neck of the earlier collared type. They now evolved the bucket urn by substituting a finger-tipped fillet for the edge of the collar, that is to say, at approximately the level of the junction of the upper and middle thirds, and preserving sometimes the straight but inwardly inclined portion between the lower edge of the collar and the rim. ‘The raised and finger- tipped handles or horseshoes often seen between the fillet and the rim in barrel urns, finally degenerate in the bucket type into a simple impressed loop of widely spaced finger-tip marks.! The globular urns of the Deverel- Rimbury class (Abercromby, Type 4, Group I.) have been compared with the Lausitz pottery and it has been suggested that they were derived from the latter.2 Attention should be called to an urn from Foissac? which closely resembles some of the Dorset forms. Mrs. Cunnington has stated that “the prototypes of much of the All Cannings pottery are to be found in the Continental wares of the Lausitz group and its allied types.”4 The plain rounded rim, the straight neck ornamented with horizontal furrows, and the globular body of many of her examples, particularly Pl. 28, figs. 6 and 16; Pl. 39, fig. 1; and Pl. 28, fig. 8 ; show a striking affinity to urns from the Deverel Karrow,® from Roke Down,® and from Handley Hill, Dorset,” while PI. 28, fig. 16 is comparable with our Pl. 2, fig. 5. Another link in the chain is the finding of fragments of pottery ornamented with triangles filled with circular punch marks, identical with All Cannings PI. 49, fig. 2, in the flat cemetery at Pokesdown associated with finger-tipped and globular urns® Again, the discovery of bronze maple-leaf razors at All Cannings? and South Lodge Camp!" correlates the All Cannings pottery with the Deverel-Rimbury types from the latter. Further confirmation of this theory is afforded by the association of the bronze leaf-shaped sword from Figsbury, and now in the Ashmolean Museum, with the pottery of the All Cannings type found;there by Capt. and Mrs. Cunnington.!' Mr. A. L. A. Armstrong has lately found bucket domestic ware in a Hallstatt floor on top of a filled in mine shaft at Grimes Graves. All this indicates that the ' Report of Colchester Museum, 1924 —5, pl. VI, fig. 1. * Abercromby, II., p. 50. > Dechelette, Bronze, pl. 148, fig. 2. * All Cannings Cross, p. 87. 5 Abercromby, II., fig. 389b. 6 Thad, fig. 393. 7 Ibid, fig. 397. ®In Mr. Druitt’s private museum at Christchurch. 9 All Cannings Cross, PI. 19, fig. 2. ” Ex Cranborne Chase, iv., Pl. 238, Fig. 4. 1! W.A.M.,, xliii., p. 48. Bile. C. Clay: 321 globular-barrel-bucket complex cannot be assigned only to the end of the Bronze Age, as it is equated with sites that belong to the full Early Iron Age. ‘The finding of an iron spearhead in a bucket urn at Colchester! lends strength to this theory. It has been suggested that the Bronze Age did not reach its climax until past the dawn of the Early Iron Age. There is in the Blackmore Museum a large fragment of a haematite coated vessel labelled “ from Bowerchalke.” Colt Hoare has recorded,? and arecent air photograph has verified, a village site half a mile south of Woodminton Farm. Probably the fragment came from that place. Its proximity to the Woodminton group of barrows is significant. The urn (Abercromby I1., fig. 379) in all likelihood came from Ansty Barrow 3 (Goddard’s List), that adjoins the La Tene I inhabited site on Swallowcliffe Down. Further, in Ebbesbourne Wake Barrow 2 (Goddard’s List) at the edge of-the La Tene I. village at Fifield, Bavant, I discovered fragments of a finger-tipped urn with incised chevrons and filled lozenges, very similar to a fragment in the British Museum from a cave at Berry Head, near Brixham.’ This wasa secondary interment. The presence of two and possibly three villages of La ‘Tene I. date and at least thirty urns of this class in seven different barrows within the space of four parishes may not be a mere coincidence. The handled urns from Cornwall (Abercromby ‘Type 3, Group I.) were evidently the product of a different but allied and probably contemporary wave. ‘The raised cross on the inside of the base of the specimen from ‘Tregeseal equates them with the barrel urns. Flint implements are common on domestic sites where bucket-shaped vessels with finger-tip ornament are found. ‘The early La Tene inhabitants of South Wilts were not flint users. During the excavation of two hundred pit dwellings at Swallowcliffe and Fifield Bavant, the only flint tools found were two scrapers and a strike-a light of inferior workmanship. At All Cannings there was a similar scarcity of flint implements. Presuming that the inhabitants of the Swallowcliffe and Fifield Bavant villages interred the ashes of their dead in urns of the finger-tipped barrel ty pe—a hy pothesis, as I have shown above, not without support—then the following conclusion may be considered safe. ‘The people who employed the bucket urns were the direct descendants of the flint-working Middle Bronze Age dwellers in this country ; whereas, those who used the cinerary urns of the barrel type were fresh invaders who used no flint except for pot-boilers and strike-a- lights. There is no doubt that at this time great and important changes were taking place. Burials were no longer isolated primary interments in barrows (there are exceptions to every rule), but either multiple secondary burials in pre-existing barrows or communal burials in flat cemeteries. Great 1 No. P.C. 617, Colchester Museum. ‘This and the three bronze beads from Barton Common, Hants, are the only instances of objects found with burials of this type. A Walco: 3 Archzxological Journal, ix, p. 93. 322 The Woodminton Group of Barrows, Bowerchalke. chains of hill-top camps were being thrown up all over the country ; for excavation has proved that those with triple ramparts, are contemporary with the dawn of the Early Iron Age, and that most of those of a more simple structure, belong to the same period.'! This testifies to the success of the invasions of the people who brought with them the finger-tip motz/, and who consolidated their positions as they penetrated. BARROW 5. This barrow is not shown on the Ordnance Map, Wilts LXX., 8.W., 6in. It is situated near the crossing of the modern field boundary by the 700ft. contour line in Lat. 50° 59’ 47”, Lon. 2° 0’ 7. As its height was only a few inches and its outlines rather indefinite, there was some doubt at first as to the nature of the mound. ‘To ascertain the quality of the soil of which it was composed, a square sod was removed from over the estimated centre and the base of an inverted urn was exposed. The barrow mould consisted of top soil. There was no ditch and the urn had no covering of stones and rested not ina cist but on the natural ground. As most of the base of the urn was missing, it can be inferred that at some time the barrow had been ploughed over, and that its original height was greater than at present. Roots of plants had grown into and through the urn, breaking it into 70 fragments. It covered the cremated bones of a woman and a small bronze awl. The urn is a late example of Abercromby’s Type I.; the overhanging rim is deep and the neck has disappeared. Height of urn 124in., depth of rim 3ins., diam. of lip 10ins, diam. of bottom of rim 123ins, diam. of shoulder 12in., diam. of base 64ins. The top of therim is sin. wide and slopes down- wards and inwards. ‘The body is shaped like an inverted and truncated cone. In colour it varies from medium to a reddish brown. ‘The surface is uneven and the paste soft, badly baked and containing very few particles of grit. The outside of the rim is ornamented with five horizontal rows of oat-shaped marks, caused by stabs with a pointed implement. Another line ornaments the top of the rim. A similar urn was found in Barrow C. 94, at Blanch,? in Yorkshire, with an incense cup inside it, and by the side of a crushed food vessel and a flint borer. A small urn from Sutton Poyntz has a similar rim.® The bronze awl has a flat tang and measures I2ins. in length. It falls into Thurnam’s type I.*. Similar awls have been found in Barrow 64 at Garrowby Wold associated with the skeleton of a woman and a jet necklace’: in a barrow at Sutton Veny® ; in a barrow at Upton Lovel’ ; in Barrow 3 1 See also Crawford, Observer, 4th Oct., 1925. * Mortimer, Forty Years’ Researches, p. 324. 3 Abercromby, II., fig. 32. Cat. of Sepul. Pot. in Dorset Mus., No. 22. 4 Archeologia, xlili., p. 464. 5 Mortimer, Forty Years’ Researches, p. 138. 6 A.W.,103. Cat. of Stourhead Coll. Dev. Mus , 66. 7 Tbid., 76. ILbid., If. ‘(UMOYS 91 ‘SUIN [VNPTATPUL JOU “SOIzI[VIO'T ) ‘uorssttuted Aq AVAING 9DUBUPIC) ay} Wor poydepe st dey oq, ‘SUI() AIB[NQO[H seyousqd + ‘sui, peddiy-resuly seqoue(] . ‘sad dq poddty-1esuly pur Iepngo]y eq} Jo suay) Aredeul{~) Fo UOLNGIIASIP of} surmoys defy —'] ALV Tf Pirate I[.—Cinerary Urns from Barrow I., Woodminton, Bowerchalke. #: PLATE Ila. Cinerary Urns from Barrow I., Woodminton, Bowerchalke. ‘S -gy[eYoIomog ‘UOJUIMIPOO AA “][] MOIIeG WOIJ sul) AdedoUIQ— ‘TIT BLVTd ‘OF[VYIIOMOG “UOJUTUIPOO A “TT MOIIVG WO, sui, AIVIBUIN—'YI J] ALVIg 2 ‘sud Are1eulg—syzoc] ERO ‘dvoy ysiqqni ysijlig ouvuloy—eoie popeyg "‘poyeavoxe Svele—soul| UI¥[q ‘smodIvg JO seurTyno oyeutxoidde oy} queseided soul, peydnssequyT ‘Oy[VYDIaMOg ‘UOJULUIPOO AA ‘SMOIIeG poyBAVoXe OY} JO UR[{— A] FLV ‘(¢ [MV) ‘ayxleqolemog ‘OYBVM VUINOGseqqy ‘UOJUTWIPOO AA “A MOLILG WOT] ‘T[IH MOLIVG UO MOIIVG WOIT UIE Arer9UIO [MY 9zuolg pue uly) Auesoulg—' A ALVTY By hk. C. C. Clay. 323 near Amesbury Park!; in a barrow at Rudstone, E. Riding,” Yorks; in a barrow at Goodmanham, E. Riding, Yorks*; and with a crouched skeleton in Barrow 23 at Handley Hill, Dorset.‘ List or LocALITIES WHERE BARREL AND Bucket CINERARY URNS HAVE | BEEN FOUND (see map). Berkshire—Wallingford, Sulham, Lambourne. Cornwall—St. Just. Cambridgeshire—Chesterton. | Devonshire—Berry Head near Brixham. Dorsetshire—Bagber, Blackdown Hill, Came, Chaldon Herring, Chaldon Down, Chesilbourne, Dewlish, Dorchester, Friar’s Waddon, Handley, Horton, Little Puddle, Meleombe Horsey, Milton Abbas, Milbourne St. Andrew, Pokeswell, Portland, Puddleton, The Ridgeway, Rimbury, Roke Down, Tarrant Monkton, Wareham, Weymouth, Winterbourne Clenston, Winterbourne Whitchurch, Woodyates, Ulwell. Essex—Alresford, Bocking, Colchester, Great Bentley, Fingerhoe, Manning- ton, Shoebury, Southchurch, White Colne, Wix. Gloucestershire—Nether Swell. Hampshire—Afton Down (I. of W.), Barton Common, Bratley, Broughton, Cranbury Common, Dummer, Petersfield, Pokesdown, Shalcombe Down (I. of W.), Stoney Cross, Rollesdown, Winchester. Hertfordshire—Letchworth. Middlesex—Ashford, Mill Hill. Norfolk—Lakenheath. Oxfordshire—Standlake. Somerset—The Mendips. Suffolk—Brantham, Nayland, Troston Heath, Creeting St. Mary. Surrey— Chobham Park, Kingston Hill, Sunningdale, Walton-on-Thames, Wonersh, Worplesdon. Sussex— Hassocks. Wiltshire—Beckhampton, Bedwyn, Bishopstone, Bowerchalk, Collingbourne Ducis, Ebbesbourne Wake, Fifield Bavant, Idmiston, Kingston Deverill, Lake, Shrewton, near Stonehenge, near Swindon, Tan Hill, near Wardour, Winterbourne Stoke, Winterbourne Monkton. List oF THE LOCALITIES WHERE GLOBULAR CINERARY URNS HAVE BEEN FOUND. Berkshire—Lambourne, Walbury. Dorset—Came, Chiselbourne, Handley, Keynston, Little Puddle, Littleton Down, Milbourne St. Andrew, Milton Abbas, Plush, Pokeswell, Ridge- way, Rimbury, Roke Down, Sturminster Marshall, Winterbourne Whitchurch. 1 Cat. Stourhead Coll., 270b. * British Barrows, xlii. 3 Tbid., exv. * Kx. Cranborne Chase, iv., p. 146 and 23. 324 Barrows of LEbbesbourne Wake, ete. Middlesex—Ashford.? Wiltshire—Bowerchalk, nr. Salisbury, nr. Swindon, Winterbourne Stoke. Another in the Bristol Corporation Museum labelled “ from a Wiltshire Barrow. AN UNRECORDED DISC BARROW ON GALLOW’S HILL, ALVEDISTON. A disc barrow in a state of excellent preservation is situated on the sum- mit of Gallow’s Hill, Alvediston (O.M. 69 S.E.). Several Scotch pines grow there, some within the ditch. The trunk of the most northerly of these is shaped like an inverted L and without doubt was the “ gallows” tree,” for on the horizontal portion can be seen the marks of chains or ropes and on the vertical half steps or footholds, now barked over, cut in zig-zag fashion on either side. The central mound is 18ft. in diameter and 3ft. high. There is an encircling bank Ift. high with an outer ditch lft. 3ins. deep. ‘The external diameter of the structure is 56 feet. Jxcavation proved that the mound, in spite of its regularity, had been disturbed by man and rabbits. A few pieces of burnt bone and of (?) Bronze Age pottery, and many fragments of fairly recent pottery and wine bottles were found. The latter were probably the remains of the refreshments of the sightseers at the hangings of the malefactors. An ill defined cist was discovered under the centre of the mound. About 50 years ago a dew-pond was made just south of the clump of trees and it is stated that during its construction a human skeleton was found. This was probably an executed criminal. R. C. C. Cray. ROUND BARROW BY THE SIDE OF DOBSON’S DROVE, LONG DOWN, EBBESBOURNE WAKE. OPENED 22nd JULY, 1924. Situated on the slope of the downs, this barrow has been disturbed by rabbits. Its height is 3 feet, its diameter 44 feet. A 6ft. wide trench was cut from the north towards the estimated centre. Scattered human bones were found in the old rabbit holes soon after the start of the excavations. At 18ft. a clean cut hole, !ft. lin. deep and measuring 2ft. 2in. by lft. 9in., was found in the “ hard.” At the centre of the barrow there was a shallow cist 2ft. 8in. by 5ft. 3in. and about Ift.deep. Itran W.N.W.and E.S.K. and 1 This globular urn without lugs was associated with bucket types, and like the specimen with “fern” ornamentation lately discovered by Me. Garnet R. Wolseley at Park Brow, Sussex, and considered by him to be of Late Bronze Age date, has certain affinities to the Deverel-Rimbury types and appears to be derived from a common ancestor with them, along a different branch. Bil Ce (C. Clay. 325 was deepest at the western end. Init were the bones of one man, three women, and onechild. Rabbits had burrowed along the floor of the cist and had displaced most of the bones of three of the skeletons. ‘There were no objects or pottery, but in the “ barrow earth” we found many blue-white flakes. This barrow was later than the “ chess-board” lynchets on which it was placed, and may be of early Bronze Age date. REPoRT ON THE HuMAN Bones, By Sir ARTHUR KEITH. From this barrow Mr. Clay unearthed the remains of one man, three women, and a child. ‘There was only one skull sufficiently complete for measurement. In this specimen the face, all save the lower jaw, was missing. Only two thigh bones were intact—one of a man, the other of a woman. The stature of the man I estimate at 5ft. 6in., of slender build, the upper end of his femur showing no flattening. ‘The stature of the woman was only 4ft. 94in. and of slender make. ‘The upper part of her thigh bone showed a slight degree of flattening. ‘The two other,women are represented by only the upper part of their thigh; bones. ‘These showed platymeria—or front to back flattening ofithe upper shaft of the femur to a high degree. In one the transverse diameter was 36mm., the front to back 24mm., the second diameter representing 66°6% of the first. In No. 4 the flattening was equally great. : The skull is that of a man between 40 and 50 years of age, with the teeth of the lower jaw much worn but apparently free from disease. He was narrow-headed, the greatest width being 136mm. and the greatest length 192mm, the width index being 70.8%. ‘lhe supraorbital ridges are well marked, the supraorbital width of the forehead being 101°'5mm., its minimal width 95mm, and its greatest frontal width 119mm. ‘The chin was deep and prominent. So far as concerns the shape of the skull, itis of the narrow type found in both Saxon and Neolithic burials, but is more common in the second than the first. ‘The thigh bones are not like those found in the neighbouring Saxon cemetery at Broadchalk. REPORT ON THE MOLLUSCA FROM INSIDE THE SKULLS BY A. 8S. KENNARD, F.1..8., anp b. B. Woopwarp, F.I..8. Twelve species were obtained, viz.:—Politu cellaria (Mull.), Arion Sp., Goniodiscus rotundatus (Mull.), Hygromia hispida (Linn.), Helix nemoralis (Linn.), Helix hortensis (Mull), Cochlicopalubrica (Mull ), Pupilla muscorum (Linn.), Acanthinula aculeata (\Mull.), Clausilia rugosa (Drap.), Carychium minumum (Mull.), Pomatias elegans (Mull.). These shells certainly indicate damp conditions and a scrub growth. kh. C. C. Caay, THE EXCAVATION OF THE BARROW ON BARROW HILL, EBBESBOURNE WAKE, APRIL 1924. A description of this unrecorded barrow was given in W.A.M.. vol. exli., p. 598. Mr. Burroughs, the owner and occupier of the site, readily gave me permission to excavate—no easy task owing to the indefinite character of this barrow which in no part could have been as much as a foot in height. 326 The Excavation of the Barrow on Barrow Hill. We cut a trench from the west side towards the estimated centre and within 10ft. came upon charcoal and burnt bones immediately under the surface. We found a cinerary urn standing upright with charcoal, wood ashes, and burnt bones inside and around it. ‘The urn was somewhat tele- scoped and most of the rim and half of the body had been destroyed by the plough. The rim was only 4in. under the turf-line. The barrow was situated on a wide band of clay containing a few flints, which ran in an easterly direction over the crest of the hill. A small hole had been dug in this clay into which the lower half of the urn had been fitted. Owing to the heavy rains and the nature of the soil, the urn was in a porridge-like condition and came away in about 100 fragments. ‘The depth of the bottom of the cist from the turf-line was 20 inches. Mrs. Cunnington, who so skillfully restored the urn, has sent me the following description of it :—Height 20in., rim diam about II., base 83in. Cinerary urn of coarse friable pottery freely mixed with flint particles : the rim and upper parts are chocolate in colour, light red to biscuit colour below. Nine vertical ribs running from rim to base divide the surface of the vessel into panels of rather flat profile: the ribs are slight, irregular, and formed by pressure on the soft clay and do not show on the inside. About six inches below the rim there is a double row of finger tip impressions, also placed irregularly : the two rows appear to have been made simultaneously by the pressure of the first and second fingers of a small right hand. Be- tween these finger markings and the rim are a series of six or seven (the number varies) shallow horizontal furrows that look as though produced by fingers drawn across the soft clay: the furrows were made after the vertical ribs, but always stop at the ribs and begin again on the other side: this can be seen in the photograph below the undamaged rim, ‘The rim is flat. There are two raised ribs forming the figure of an equi-lateral cross on the inside of the base: the ribs are formed out of the base itself, not laid on as noticed in one instance by Pitt-Rivers. A similar feature occurs on the large cinerary urn from Woodyates, No. 253 in the Stourhead Collection at Devizes, and on a large vessel from Beachy Head in the British Museum: Similar figures of four, six, or eight rays have been recorded in a number of cases usually, but not invariably, on tub-shaped vessels with finger markings. See Thurnam Arché&ologia, vol. xliii., p. 356: bitt-Rivers, Excavations, iii., pp. 30, 150, 169. R. -C. CU Craw [This Urn is illustrated in Plate V.]. 327 OBJECTS FOUND DURING EXCAVATIONS ON THE ROMANO-BRITISH SITE AT COLD KITCHEN HILL, BRIXTON DEVERELL, WILTS. By KR. de C. Nan KIvett. The objects here illustrated and listed are the discoveries of the second years’ systematic excavation on the Romano-British site at Cold Kitchen Hill, Brixton Deverell, Wilts. (For objects found in 1924 see Wilts Arch. Mag , vol. xliii., pages 180—191). Although great care has been taken to note the approximate position and depth of all the objects found, the results on sites like these avail but little in determining the various stratas of the places and their corresponding ages. The soil on most of these sites is very shallow, apart from the heaped-up mounds, and in many places consists of a loose loam in which the objects, in the course of centuries, have become entirely transposed from their positions when lost; thus we find British coins, pottery, and La Tene brooches near, and sometimes on the surface, and late Roman coins, objects, and pottery, at the bottom of the moveable earth. We have, therefore, to judge more or less from the sum of the objects found, the approximate dates of formation and abandonment of these villages, and to unravel out of chaos the types of pottery and objects characteristic of each period and people. It was estimated by studying last year’s “ finds,” and from various com- parisons with similar objects found on other dated sites, that this site was of pre-oman foundation, and was abandoned towards the end of the fourth century A.D., and the results of this year have so far substantiated this by the discovery of the fourth La Tene brooch, the third British coin, and more pre-Roman pottery, and no coins, objects, or pottery have been found that could with certainty be assigned to a later date than that given. All the objects found will eventually be placed in the Devizes Museum to accompany those from this site already there. PuaTE I. | A. Iron La Tene II. brooch. Length 4 5/16in. Complete. This brooch is unusual in having only two upright coils tothe spring. (cf. Walts Arch. Mag., vol. xliii., 182, Pl. iv. A.). Puate II. A. Bronze spring-pin, T-shaped, bow brooch with open-work catch- plate. Round bow, ornamented with three ring and dot designs at head. Spring, pin, and part of catch-plate missing. Length 2 11/16in. B. Bronze triangular hinge-pin brooch with suspension loop and sunken cavity for enamel or stone. Oval projection at foot covering catch-plate. Pin missing. Size 1 3/4in. X 11/8in. 328 Objects found at Cold Kitchen Hill, brixton Deverell. C. Bronze oval spring-pin enamelled brooch, with central mounting for stone, now missing. Jragments of emerald green enamel with divisions of yellow remaining. Pin missing. Size 1 1/16in. x7/8in. D. Bronze spring-pin bow brooch, all in one piece, two transverse in- cised lines encircle the top of the bow. Perfect. Length 1 13/16in. E. Bronze oval spring-pin brooch, with mounting of conical-shaped onyx (?). Apparently the two encircling cavities have contained enamel, but no traces remain. Size 11/4 x 15/16in. F. Bronze pin with writhen knob. J.ength 3 3/4in. PuaTe III. A. Bronze spring-pin, T-shaped bow brooch. Hollow round bow . Spring, pin, and part of catch-plate missing. Length 2in. B. Bronze spring-pin bow brooch, all in one piece. Turn-up of: catch- plate missing. Length | 1/4in. C. Bronze spring-pin bow brooch, all in one piece. Pin and one spring missing. Length 1 7/8in. D. Bronze spring-pin bow brooch, all in one piece. Thin flat bow. Catch-plate missing and spring distorted. J.ength 1 5/16in., E. Bronze spring-pin bow brooch, all in one piece. Pin and one coil of spring missing. Length 2 1/8in. F. Circular bronze enamelled spring-pin brooch, with mounting for stone in centre, now missing. Fragments of red and blue enamel remain- ing. Diam. 1 1/4in. G. Bronze hinge-pin bow brooch. Shallow concave groovings from head to top of bow, where it is waisted and then continues plain to the termination at the foot. All thickly “tinned.” Point of pin worn away. Length 2 1/4in. Prate LV. A. Bronze dagger with projecting flanges and slightly bevelled edges Tworivet holes. Noornament. Length 3 3/4in. Width 7/8in. Excellent condition. B. Large bronze ring with three coils. Both ends ornamented with two small transverse grooves. Diam. lin. Perfect. C. Small bronze ring of round wire, unjoined. Diam 9/16in. D. Bronze ear-ring (2) with pointed ends. Notched from end to end. Diam 7/16in. KH. Bronze ear-ring (?) with pointed ends. One notch at top. Diam. /16in. F. Bronze ring of round wire. . Diam. 11/16in. G. Bronze ring of round wire, unjoined. Diam. 3/4in. H. Flat triangular piece of bronze, perforated at two corners. All sides 1 1/4in. I. Bowl of bronze spoon. Size 1 1/2in. x 1 1/16in. J. Part of semi-circular bronze binding, for mirror (7). Rivet holes at regular intervals. Length remaining 5 1/2in, By Kh. de C. Nan Kvvell, 329 K. Fragment of bronze bangle, ornamented with projecting square knobs at regular intervals. Transverse grooves cut along the middle section. Length | 7/8in. L. British silver uninscribed coin. Diam. 3/4in. M. Part of bronze stylus. Length 1 5/8in. N. Bronze pin with head broken off. Length 3in. O. Ditto. Length 3in. (16 fragments of bronze were found, mostly identifiable as parts of brooches, bangles, rings, and pins). PLATE V. Bow of iron brooch. Length 2in. Ditto. Length 1 7/8in. Large iron hinge-pin bow brooch. Wide flat bow. Length 3 1/8in. Tron spring of a La ‘lene brooch, with four coils. Width 9/16in. Iron oblong buckle with clasp. Size 1 1/4in. x 3/4in. Iron oval cleat. Size lin. x 1/2in. (18 of these were found ofa uniform size.) G. Iron ring of round wire, ends overlapping. Diam. 3/4in. H. Iron staple-like object, with pointed ends, and rounded knobs in middle of both sides. Length 1 7/8in. Width 1 1/8in. I. Iron object of round wire, pointed at both ends and doubled back. Small handle (7). I.ength as now 2 1/4in. SO mp Puate VI. A. Tron strigil (?) with flat blade. V-shaped slot in shaft for insertion of handle. Length 5in. Widest part of blade 7/8in. B. Iron awl, square tang, and tapering in a round to a very sharp point. Length 2 3/16in. ©. Ditto. Length 2 1/2in. D. Ditto. Length 5 3/4in. E. Iron stylus, projecting fan-shaped eraser, reduced extended writing point. Slightly bent. Length 5 1/4in. F. Iron stylus, fan-shaped eraser, shaft reduced to a writing point. Length 4 7/8in. ; G. Iron stylus, fan-shaped eraser, collar at other end of shaft with reduced extended writing point. Length 3 7/8in. H. Fragment of twisted square iron wire. Length 4 1/2in. (8 fragments of varying thicknesses have been found). I. Iron pin with head bent to form loop. Length 3 1/8in. (4 of these were found, average length 3in.). J. Ox goad, ferule with pointed pin. Diam. 3/8in. Length of pin 7/8in. K. Large iron hook and eye, ends of both parts broken. Length re- maining 3in. Puate VII. A. Iron tool, with round socket for handle. Hammer one end, adze (2) the other. Length 7 1/2in. VDerfect. 330 Objects found at Cold Kitchen Hill, Brixton Deverell. B. Iron knife with long tang and transverse collar at beginning of blade. Length 6 3/4in. ©. Ring of iron. Diam. 2 1/4in. D. Large iron nail with projecting head, square at top tapering to a rounded point. Length 6 3/4in. (Four pounds of nails of various sizes found). K. Iron spoon-like object, all beaten out of one piece. Hole in centre of bowl. Length 3 3/8in. Width 1 1/8in. Puate VIII. A. Bone pin with double knobbed head. Length 3 3/8in. Perfect. B.. Ditto, with small flat round head. Length 3in. Perfect. C. Ditto, with knobbed head. Length 2 1/2in. Point broken off. D. Ditto, with flat round head. Length 2 3/4in. Perfect. E. Ditto, with round conical shaped head. Length 3in. Perfect. F. ‘Top of bone pin with head carved with crossed notchings. Length 1 1/4in. G. Bone needle. Length 31/4in. Perfect. H. Ditto, top of eye missing. Length 2 3/16in. I. Ditto, top of eye missing. Length 1 3/4in. J. Ditto, top of eye and point missing. Length 2in. K, Ditto. Stained green. Top of eye missing. Length 3 3/4in. (18 fragments of various sizes of bone pins and needles found). L. Bone tool, worked to a point, unworked at butt. Length 3 1/2in. M. Bone implement, worked to a gouge-shape one end and perforated the other. The shaft is ornamented on three sides with cross cuttings. Length 6 1/2in. (2 more of these found but unornamented). N. Bone tool (?) with notches cut to the shape of a star one end and to an oblong the other. Pottery decorator (?). Length 4 1/2in. O. Bone tube made from the metatarsal bone ofa sheep. Length 3 1/2in. (3 of these were found, average length 3in.). P. Plain bone disc. Diam. 5/8in. @. Bone disc worked with radiating V-shaped grooves. Plain under- neath. Diam. 3/4in. R. Bone disc. Plain. Diam. 3/4in. S. Faience, melon-shaped bead, bluish-green in colour. Diam. 5/8in. Height 11/16in. T 1. Glass bead, green, 3 notches. Length 5/8in. T 2. Ditto, black, 3 notches. Length 1/2in. T 3. Ditto, green, 2 notches. Length 3/8in. T 4. Ditto, emerald green, 1 notch. Length 1/4in. T 5. Ditto, turquoise, twisted without becoming notched. Length 3/4in. T 6. Ditto, blue, 1 notch. Length 3/16in. T 7. Ditto, green, 2 notches. Length 5/16in. T 8. Ditto, green, 1 notch 3/16in. T 9. Fragment of coral, partly pierced lengthways for a bead. Length 9/16in. (This now makes a total of 409 beads found during 1924 and 1925). 1 suayoyy Plog ‘“yooolg "[] ouey, ey wory Romano-British Bronze Brooches. Cold Kitchen. AD ea) . u i { \ y fh Sade ON ae eee wees ppt NE Rorestanue : > 7 a Bronze Dagger and other objects, and Silver British Coin. Cold Kitchen. + Romano-british Iron objects. Cold Kitchen. — VI G 4 Ad a4 r,t 1 —aS Ss ) } Le LO \ hire wee. 0 ill, > RR cay, Rd PIN OO // eat OO YN . Gil acco he x @ "sm “0%; co . » Romano-British Iron objects. Cold Kitchen. cm ce i PLATE VIL, 22% FULL Sizz. Soo ee ae A > ala a a.» Romano-British Iron objects. Cold Kitchen. 2 NT er eee

D . < cS “4 ch STONEHENCE MK Plan shewing the results of excavations caryied out by Colonel Howley, FSA. during five years —from the autumn of 1919 to the autumn of 1924 — Also the stones of the existing structure now visible above ground Stonehenge Stones wow visible :— Fallen Holes discovered by excavation :— Aubrey Hales O YexZ Holes © Standing ca (tS ae ee 100 50_ 0 200 feet [This plan by Mr. E. H. Stone, F.S.A., appeared in the Waltshire Gazette, September, 1925. ‘Nhe Society is indebted to the Editor, with the kind consent of Mr. Stone, for the loan of the block.] Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 309 Plan showing excavations down to the end of 1924; plan and sections of excavations in the ditch, 1924. Photos of ditch, section on E. side of New Causeway, and western excavations of ditch showing side of Causeway ; Condition of ground around crater of No. 8 stone; Plan of excavations in stone hole No. 8; Sections of diggings ; 17 flgures of flint implements found on floor of ditch. During 1924 the excavations of the previous year were continued from the neighbourhood of Y 10 hole towards the outer ditch. A curious “ place” or ‘‘ passage way’ was found about 12ft. wide between two parallel furrows 20in. deep in the solid chalk lined by rows of post holes varying from a few inches to 28 inches in depth and from 15 to 23 inches in diameter. At the northern end of this “‘ passage way” the west furrow passed through the side of Y 10 hole, of the Stonehenge period, and it could be easily seen that the hole was the later. The southern end stopped 45ft. inside the outer ditch, but its existence suggested the possibility of a causeway across the ditch at this point, and the excavation of the ditch was continued from the point to which it was carried in 1921, with the result that a causeway of solid chalk 10ft. wide forming an entrance across the ditch flanked on each side by craters with level floors was found. There were no signs of post holes across the entrance, as there had been at the main entrance on the N.E., nor was there any indication of a road continued outside the rampart. Of the “ Passage” itself Col. Hawley says ‘‘ What the purpose of the place could have been I cannot say. It might have been a stockaded passage, or it might have been along wooden building, but in either case 1 am inclined to think it was roofed and that the posts depended upon a superstructure to keep them steady in the holes, many of which were shallow.” He regards this place as contemporary with the causeway of the main (N.E.) entrance where similar post holes were found, and therefore earlier than the ‘“‘ Stone- henge period.” On the eastern side of the southern entrance the ditch ended in two en- largements or “ craters” divided from each other “‘by a barrier of solid chalk about 3ft. high extending across the ditch from both sides. There was a gap in the top of the barrier a short distance from the rampart side, the sill of it being 24ft. from the ditch floor, and there was a foothold in the solid chalk between the sill and the floor to enable anyone to mount and pass through the gap, which showed signs of considerable use.” T’wo cremated burials were found at the side of the rampart bank close together. ‘The bowl-shaped holes had been made after the silting in of the ditch had taken place, the upper part of the holes being in the silt and the lower in solid chalk. A long bone pin was found,with one of them. The cremations were in all probability of the Bronze Age, and the ditch was silted up before that. The next point excavated was the area of the hole of the fallen stone 8 of the outer circle, and the space between that and the outer blue stone circle. Here ‘an extraordinary state of things was revealed. ‘The ground was honeycombed with post holes and craters of all sorts, sizes, and depths, many of them having been cut one into another apparently in successive periods of digging, and suggesting a series of changes. . . . I frankly confess that I have no explanation to 360 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, offer in elucidation of this tangle, and I doubt if anybody will ever be able to explain it satisfactorily.” ‘ The whole ofthis disturbed area coincided exactly with the direction taken by the post holes on the outside of the circle, and for this reason I think it must have borne some relation to them, especially as they were continued into it.” The Bluestone Circle was next investigated. Only 18in. from No. 34 of that circle the stump of a missing stone of shale or volcanic ash was found, the hole in which it stood cutting across an earlier post hole. Close to this was another stump of a stone of volcanic ash, slab-shaped 8in. thick and 3ft. wide, set with its edges at right angles to the circle. From this point the holes for the blue stones came at intervals of 18in. only. They rested in what was “ practically a continuous trench with very short holes in the chalk rock, and the trench had been filled with rammed chalk rubble packed round the stones.” The holes in which stones 12 and 18 of the Sarsen circle stood were examined, and then the line of the blue stone circle was followed behind the sites of the holes of Nos. 15 and 16 of the Sarsen circle. Here a large excavation was found from which four of the blue stones had been removed, the stump of one stillremaining. On the bottom of this excavation the neck of a 17th Century glass bottle probably gave the date of their destruction. Over this excavation lay the Sarsen fragment of No. 15, which would therefore seem to have fallen after the robbery of the blue stones. The bottom of the holes which had held the blue stones were followed for some distance; the intervals between them were found to be 18in. as before. This doubtless was the case throughout the circle with the exception of the space at the entrance. Their number must therefore have been much greater than has hitherto been supposed. ‘“ When all were standing they must have had the appearance of a low wall.” They seem to have been set up in a continuous deep bed of hard rammed chalk, and to have been dislodged or removed by being battered to pieces, as the shattered stumps of volcanic ash show. ‘The fallen blue stone 32 and the diabase “ Lintel” on which it lies were examined and the latter was uncovered and “showed signs of careful working. On the outer surface especially it was decidedly curved. ... It has distinctly the appearance of a lintel and the dowel holes complete the impression that it was intended for one.” It measured 7#{t. in length, 2ft. 9in. in width, and lft. 74in. in thickness. Col. Hawley suggests as “a pure theory ” only, that it may possibly have linked up the last stone of the horseshoe with one of the stones of the circle. Kight new Y and Z holes were opened, one of them having an earlier post hole in the bottom of it. Mention is made of four axes of blue stone frag- ments, three of rhyolite and one of diabase. One of the rhyolite specimens had been chipped and partially ground, the others were only chipped. Col. Hawley states that years ago he found a piece of a ground celt at Stockton British Village, which he gave to Salisbury Museum. This | specimen has lately been submitted to Dr. Thomas, who pronounces it to | be of Stonehenge diabase. Col. Hawley ends his report with these very wise words : “ The more one digs the more the mystery appears to deepen. . . « It is useless to formulate theories when there is little to support them, perhaps even worse, because doing so might create a wrong impression and lead astray.” Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, 361 There is a valuable appendix by Mr. Reginald A. Smith on “ The earlier series of Worked Flints,” in which he describes the flints found actually on the bottom of the ditch and therefore dating from the time of its first making. No trace of polishing has been found on these flints, examples of which are illustrated and described. Some are compared with late Palzo- lithic forms, and one Celt-like implement is of the Cissbury type. Indeed, these flints appear to be as puzzling as everything else connected with the place. Mr. Smith says: “ This series of flints contains nothing suggestive of a Megalithic (late Neolithic date)—a result that might be regarded as accidental if more than one among the small number recovered did not recall late Paleeolithic types. . . . These types are unexpected in themselves, and surprising in association ; and if the series isto be taken as represen- tative of flint work in this country some time before the erection of the trilithons but still within the Megalithic period, it will still be difficult to explain the type on text book lines.” He hopes for more enlightenment when the ditch is completely cleared. The Story of Stonehenge. Based mostly on the results obtained by Colonel Hawley, F.S.A., as pub- lished in the Antiquaries Journal, 1921—1925. By E.H. Stone, F S.A. Articles in Wiltshire Gazette, Sept. 17th, 24th, Oct. Ist, 8th, 15th, 1925, with the general plan, a plan of the “ Four Stations,” and a view of Stonehenge restored. Mr. Stone assumes that the evolution of Stonehenge began with a “ defensive position surrounded by a ditch and rampart constructed in early Neolithic times.” ‘Then “after an interval of some thousands of years,” was built ‘a temple in which the circle of blue stones from Wales was an important feature.” And thirdly (after the lapse of a few centuries), “a great hall or meeting place for the chiefs of the allied tribes, or other public purpose. The central structure, the four stations, and the avenue appear all to belong to one period in the third stage, as they are all symmetrical with one another and set out in reference to the same centre lines.” He supposes that the “ Early Neolithic Settlement” was defended by the ditch and by a stockade along the vallum, that the entrance 38ft. wide on the N.E. side, “ was obstructed by a number of posts and by large Sarsen boulders set up on end. In addition to these defences at the cause- way there were also posts and stones near the Heel Stone, intended pre- sumably for an outer system of defence.” Each of these sets consisted of four stones to which the Slaughter Stone and Heel Stone respectively belonged. As no pits have been found within the rampart we may conclude that it was merely “a fort or place of refuge in case of sudden attack.” Following Col. Hawley, Mr. Stone believes from the evidence of the great amount of silt on the bottom of the ditch that the site was abandoned for “some thousands of years” until there was a considerable Neolithic population on the plain. Then he suggests that a war broke out between them and the inhabitants of S. Wales ; the Salisbury Plain people were victorious and carried off the sacred circle of the vanquished, dug the Aubrey holes and placed in them the stones brought from Wales. Thus was formed the 362 Wiltshire books, Pamphlets, and. Artacles, earliest “temple.” The population continued, Mr. Stone supposes, to in- crease until the site became the metropolisiof the Neolithic people. ‘hen there came on the scene a stranger from a distant land, who noticing large tabular masses of Sarsen “lying on the plain in the neighbourhood of the temple’ (the whole of the available evidence by the way is against the presence of large Sarsens on the plain at any time) was seized with the idea of using them in erecting a splendid structure, which he proceeded to carry into effect, and so arose the existing Stonehenge. Mr. Stone suggests that the Y and Z circles of holes, outside of, and more or less concentric with, the outer Sarsen circle of Stonehenge were dug to contain the blue stones hitherto standing in the Aubrey holes. ‘The archi- tect we must suppose had completed the work of erecting the Sarsen circle — and trilithons but was called away before dealing with the blue stones. In consequence the Y and Z circles of holes were dug very carelessly, and the master had to be re-called. He ordered the abandonment of the Y and Z circles of holes, and arranged the blue stones instead in the existing blue stone circle and horseshoe. ‘The “ Four Stations,” Mr. Stone concludes, are of the date of the main structure and had no connection with the earlier Aubrey holes. The Avenue too was of this date and was nearly twice the width of the original causeway through the ditch. The Slaughter Stone was in the way and was accordingly buried, and the intention probably was to deal with the Heel Stone in like manner, but this was never done. In fact, Mr. Stone regards the present existence of the Heel Stone, and the fact that the Avenue lines stop short of the ditch, etc., as evidence that the completion of Stonehenge was interfered with by some sudden disaster “ possibly the arrival of the round barrow foreigners,” who he thinks made no effort to complete the structure, and even removed some of the stones, such as two of those originally at the “ Four Stations,” Of course, the whole thread of this * story ” is purely imaginative throughout ; it may approximate to the real facts or it may not, that is all that can be said for it. Mr. Stone does not mention the entrance on the south side which seems to have been originally as important as that on the north-east. The plan showing the results of the excavations up to the autumn of 1924 is a very good and useful one. The Story of Stonehenge: Fact and Fiction. By the Rev. G. H. Engleheart, F.S.A. Articles in Wiltshire Gazette, Nov. 5th, 12th, 19th, 26th ; Dec. 38rd and 10th, 1925. Mr. Engleheart in these articles sets out to examine critically the ‘“‘ Story of Stonehenge” as set forth by Mr. Stone. He begins by urging that Stonehenge is not to be regarded as a unique structure standing alone, as Mr. Stone contends, but as the ultimate stage in the evolution of the Stone Circle, and that it can only be explained by comparison with, and on the analogy of other stone circles in Britain and elsewhere, and by the light thrown on it, by the study of the beliefs and customs of existing primitive races. He begins by a vigorous assault on the theory favoured by Mr. Stone, and also to some extent by Col. Hawley, that the site was originally a “fortified settlement.” He points out the small size of the enclosure, Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 363 about 12 acres only, and the inadequacy of the ditch as a defensive featuer, together with the great improbability of a “ fortified settlement ” having two wide entrances (the main one being 38ft. wide) and probably three, and with reason, ridicules the idea that huge stones like the Heel Stone and the Slaughter Stone could have been ‘set up on end (in the entrance) to supplement the defence.” Against this theory that the earliest circle of Stonehenge, the ring of blue stones, presumed to have stood in the Aubrey holes, was set up inside the ditch and rampart of an earlier and abandoned camp, Mr. Engleheart naturally asks whether the ditches of Avebury, of Arbor Low, of the Striple Stones, and of other known circles are all to be regarded as the defences of Neolithic settlements, and whether all these stone circles were set up on the sites of abandoned camps. It is, he says, impossible to believe this. ‘“ The prevailing and probably true view is that such ditches indicated Zabw or inviolability of a reverenced enclosure.” As to the ditch itself being older than the circle, whether in the case of Stonehenge or the other circles mentioned above, he refuses to believe it for a moment, and therein he probably himself occupies a strongly ‘ de- fensive position.” Further he says “careful examination convinced me that there is no evidence whatever for the belief that the ends of the ditch were enlarged to make dwelling pits and roofed in.” He says, ‘‘ this same deepening against the causeway has been noticed at Worbarrow and else- where.” He might have added that it wasshown conspicuously at Avebury itself and apparently also at Windmill Hill. Mr. Engleheart goes on to attack the Sun-T’emple theory, and asserts that there is no evidence for Sun-worship as “a north European cult,’ but when he says “ the occurrence of stone circles in closely disposed groups, as in the Inverness district where there are, or were, some thirty near together, excludes the possibility of their being temples,’ one is tempted to ask why does it? What of the seven Churches at Glendalough, or the five in one churchyard at Bury St. Edmunds, or the number in some of the Greek monasteries? As to the Altar Stone Mr. Engleheart argues, against Mr. Stone’s theory, that it was probably originally a standing stone marking a burial, or possibly, part of a central Dolmen. He points out that no example of a prostrate stone in the centre of a stone circle is known. Coming to the Avenue, Mr. Stone believes that it belongs to the reconstruction period and that its use was to define the “Axis” of the structure. Mr. Engleheart on the other hand believes that it belongs to the earliest stone circle, and like the Kennet Avenue at Avebury, was in all probability a ceremonial approach to the circle. As to Sir Norman Lockyer and the axis of the structure asa means of calculating the date of its construction, Mr. Engleheart, as was to be expected, lets himself go with joy and revels for a whole column in refut- ation of the theory of the axis and of all that hangs on it, making the point already urged by Mr. Crawford that the analogy of the Avebury Avenue is apparently against the idea of the intentional orientation of the Avenue at Stonehenge. As to the date of the original Stonehenge, he and Mr. Stone are so far in agreement in that both of them regard it as within the Neolithic period. Mr. Engleheart however writes ‘ The older erection has been certainly proved to be Neolithic by the discovery of a blue stone VOL. XLIII,—NO. CXLIV. B 2 364 Wiltshire Books, Panvphlets, and Articles, in an undisturbed long barrow (Bowl’s Barrow). Dr. Cyril Fox, a high authority, in a recent letter to me, puts the Long Barrow period from 2,500 to 2,000 B.C.” Mr. Engleheart says that he himself would push the date further back, and he goes on to say “ We may therefore at least assume the earlier of Dr. Fox’s dates ” (2,500 B.C.) But as there is really nothing to show that Bowl’s Barrow belonged to any particular period within the 500 years in question, it would seem that on this point Mr. Engleheart goes somewhat further than he is justly entitled todo. With his general argu- ment however against the astronomical method of fixing the date of Stone- henge, and in favour of the Archeological, probably ninety out of every — one hundred archeologists of the present day will agree. The remarkable thing however, is, that after all, the dates arrived at by astronomer and archeologist are only separated by some 500 years at the most. The Story of Stonehenge. Reply by E. H. Stone, F.S A., tothe criticisms by the Rev. G. H. Engleheart, F.S.A. Wiltshire Gazette, Dec. 17th, 24, 31st, 1925 ; Jan. 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, 1926. Mr. Stone’s reply occupies considerably more space than his original article. It seems a pity that so much space should be taken up by both controversalists in merely personal recriminations. Mr. Stone especially attacks the ‘ Sepulchral Purpose theory” defended by Mr. Engleheart, and will not allow for a moment that Stonehenge has anything in common with stone circles such as Avebury and Arbor Low. The contention that Stone- henge is the later development of the primitive stone circle is for him merely ‘an idle speculation.” Its evolution in Mr. Stone’s opinion is not “traceable in England and we can only conclude that its design was introduced from abroad.” ‘The arguments in favour of what is commonly called ‘The astronomical theory ” are stated again at considerable length, and authorities are quoted in support of the idea of sun worship or at least of sun observation as one principle object of the structure. Mr. Stone complains that his adversary will not allow this because it tends to discredit the “ Sepulchral Theory.” As to the Avenue, Mr. Stone argues, and reasonably, that as it leaves Stonehenge the avenue is straight for quite a sufficient distance to mark out the line of the “axis ”—and that the curved course of the West Amesbury branch re-discovered by Mr. Crawford by means of air photos, does not invalidate any argument founded on the orientation of the straight portion, as has been claimed by both Mr. Crawford and Mr. Engleheart. As to whether the West Amesbury branch was “ probably constructed at a later date,” as Mr. Stone supposes, is another question. The altar stone is another bone of contention. Mr. Engleheart contends that it stood upright and had nothing todo withan altar, Mr. Stoneon the other hand maintains that it lies in its original position, and that it was an integral and important part of the whole structure. The argument that such a prostrate stone in the centre of a stone circle is unknown, does not touch Mr. Stone, because in his view Stonehenge is sue generzs and has no connection with other stone circles. In conclusion Mr. Stone sums up his position thus :—‘‘ The Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, 2695 earlier ‘Temple’ indicated by the Aubrey holes was an ordiniry primitive stone circle formed of the rough blue stone boulders brought from Wales. . .. This circle was not orientated. Stonehenge is an entirely indepen- dent architectural conception, in which there is nothing to suggest that its design was in any way based upon that of this earlier circle, except that they are both circular in plan, the design of the later structure has abso- lutely nothing in common with the earlier.” In Britain Stonehenge is unique. We have no earlier structure in the same style from which its evolution may be traced, and the design has never been repeated.” He suggests that its real analogues may be ‘‘ Trilithons ” mentioned by Palgrave and other travellers in Central Arabia and Northern Africa and Buddhist structures in India. The Story of Stonehenge: Fact and Fiction. Wiltshire Gazette, Feb. 11th, 18th, 25th, is a further rejoinder by the Rev. 43. H. Engleheart to Mr. Stone’s “ reply.” By this time both the contestants seems to have become more concerned toscore off each other, than to throw any really new light on the subject of Stonehenge, which to moderate men who are not whole hoggers for either the temple or the sepulchral theory seems a pity. Mr. Engleheart insists that the sepulchral theory holds the field amongst modern archeologists. It does, no doubt, with regard to many, if not all of the smaller Stone Circles, but it has surely never been proved of the great circles like Avebury, Arbor Low, and Stonehenge. Mr. Kngleheart is on firmer ground when he asserts with renewed emphasis _ however, that Stonehenge is undoubtedly a derivative from the primitive rude stone circle, a fact which Mr. Stone so curiously denies. In the Gazette of Feb. 18th, Mr. Alex. Keiller enters the lists against Mr. Stone on the specific point of the recumbent stones of the Aberdeenshire circles. In no case, he says, is there an example of a recumbent stone | within the circle ; they are always lying between the two highest stones of the circle itself, and so cannot be regarded as in any way analogous with a prostrate “altar stone” in the centre of the structure. The whole controversy is rather happily concluded on Feb. 25th, by “FS.” in a set of verses the last of which begins : * Unless from venom ’tis defended, An argument is better ended.” The Wonder Stones of Carnac and Stonehenge. By Frank Stevens, F.S.A., in Wonders of the Past, Vol. II., p.p. 732—744,. ‘This article, like the whole of the contents of the three volumes of this truly remarkable publication (by the Educational Book Company, 17, New Bridge Street, E.C.) is distinguished by the excellence and pro- _ fusion of its illustrations. Those of Stonehenge are “ Stonehenge as it | appears to-day,” “‘ Leaning Upright of the Great Trilithon before the work | of restoration,” “Stonehenge as it is, and a convincing reconstruction of /its mighty monoliths” (two models), “‘Stonehenge from the Air,” ‘The | Hele Stone,” “ Midsummer Sunrise and the forgotten rites of Stonehenge,” “ Lifting an impost at Stonehenge,” “ Sitting where legend places the grim 2 BY 2 366 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. sacrificial rites of long ago.” There are also six excellent photographs of Carnac and the monuments in the neighbourhood. Mr. Stevens is a bold man, he fears neither Mr. Stone nor Mr. Engleheart. He conceives the union of a branch of the Neolithic Dolmen builders of the Mediterranean with the Alpine race of Central Europe as “ first disseminators of aknowledge of agriculture, and with it, as is only natural, the religion of sun worship.” He imagines this union of the races taking place in Brittany whence they spread to Cornwall and Devon, and finally to Wiltshire, where they built Avebury and Stonehenge. He notes that the avenues of Carnac are by their orientation “admirably adapted for festivals connected with solar worship on the solstices and at the equinoxes,” ‘Stonehenge has a similar north-easterly orientation.’ It is interesting to note that:the alignments of Carnac terminated at one time in stone circles. Stonehenge is only the perfected example of this form. ‘‘ Associated with these megalithic monu- ments are the burial places, dolmens and barrows, of the vanished race of builders, and the idea of a great temple of the sun surrounded by a necropolis is irresistible.” Itisa good article and well up-to-date. Stonehenge. The supposed Blue Stone Trilithon, by E. Herbert Stone, F.8.A., Man, March, 1926, pp. 42—45, with photo of the stone and diagrams. In this article Mr. Stone argues against the idea that that the prostrate blue stone with two mortice or cup-shaped holes in it, is, as has been suggested, the “lintel” of a small blue stone trilithon. He mentions the various theories as to the position of the supposed trilithon, and argues that the holes are too close together for the stone to have fitted on to any two existing blue stones, and con- cludes that the holes are the work of prehistoric squatters on the Stone- henge site, and remarks “If this stone had been dug up in the course of ex- cavation on the site of a prehistoric village it would doubtless have been agreed, withont question, that the cup-shaped hollows had been formed as mortars for grinding corn.” But as a matter of fact are such stone mortars known in connection with any prehistoric period ? : In Man, for May, 1926, Mrs. Cunnington writes against Mr. Stone’s suggestion that the holes in the blue stone “lintel” were mortars for grinding corn. “The kind of mealing stone in use in this part of Britain, before the introduction of the rotary quern, is well known, and this stone does not bear the remotest resemblance to it.” Mr Engleheart also writes as to the “ lintel,” “ It is certain that this stone was once a structural part of Stonehenge ; from its curved shape it cannot possibly have been an upright, it must therefore have been an impost.’ Healso agrees with Mrs. Cunnington that the use of the holes as mortars. 1s impossible. To his critics Mr. Stone replies that he is not advocating the mortar theory, but only suggesting it, and adds that for the reasons already given in detail in his book on Stonehenge, “it appears to me practically impossible that Blue Stone No. 150 could have been the lintel of a Trilithon.” He also adduces the fact that pit-marked stones are well- known in connection with prehistoric antiquities. Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 367 The Geology of the Country around Marlborough. Explanation of one-inch sheet 226, England, by H. J. Osborne White, 1925. Royal 8vo., price 2s. 6d., pp. 3 + 112+ xi. Photo plates of the Devil’s Den; Corallian Beds at Calne and Tockenham Wick; Sarsens on Fyfield Down ; and 11 plans, sections, &e. This memoir covers an area of 216 square miles in N. Wilts, including Marlborough, Calne, Chiseldon, Wroughton, lockenham, Christian Malford, Wootton Rivers, Alton Priors, and Bishops Cannings, and includes the Chalk, Greensand, Gault, Kimmeridge clay, Corallian, Oxford clay, and Kellaways rock beds. ‘lhe highest point is Milk Hill, 964ft., 6ft. higher than 'an Hill, 958ft. The nearest boring deep enough to reach the Paleeozoic strata is at Westbury Iron Works. It traverses Corallian and the older Jurassic formations, Rhoetic, Keuper beds of the Trias, and enters the coal measures at a depth of 1526ft. ‘There is no evidence as to the presence of coal. Of the Kellaways Rock a lst of 50 species of fossils found near Kellaways is given, and of the Oxford clay it is said that during the construction of the main G.W.R. line in 1841, “ of the many fossils then obtained the majority were procured from pits and trenches dug on either side of the railway between Wootton Bassett and Chippenham for the pur- pose of obtaining material for embankments. Some of the choicest specimens of cephalopods distributed among museums and private col- lections up and down the country were gathered and skilfully developed by William Buy, a carpenter and joiner of Sutton Benger, who, it is said, would never give an exact locality for his fossils, so that many of them, whether from the Oxford clay or corn brush, are labelled as from Chippen- ham. It is known, however, that the principle collecting grounds were in the neighbourhood of Christian Malford.” Twenty-six species are enumerated as from here, including ten ammonites. Of the Corallian beds, sections are given at Westbrook, Calne, Hilmarton, Spirthill, Goatacre and Preston, Greens Cleeve (near Catcombe Wood), and Tockenham Wick. It is noted that the upper Calcareous Grit is confined to the tract of red soil about yneham and Tockenham. ‘he coral rag of Calne and Hilmarton is fully described, and it is noted that the Rowde | fault cuts out the Corallian beds at Rowde Wick, and brings the | Kimmeridge and Oxford clays together between Rowde Wick and Seend. The list of chalk fossils found in the area of this sheet is given in full, 158 species in all, including five fish, two crustaceans, 26 echinoderms, and _ 25 sponges. Under the “ Kocene Beds” the formation of sarsens is _ discussed, and the different types described, but no decided opinion is | expressed as to whether their origin was marine, fluvial, or subaerial, but the writer does not think that they were produced under desert conditions. Their “age is unknown.” “They have been doubtfully referred to the Reading beds and to the Bagshot sands, but the remains of those beds in | the neighbourhood “appear incapable of producing such offspring.” Indeed | the local sands of Bagshot age differ so markedly from the sand preserved in the sarsens, that it is a matter for surprise that the idea of their identity | should have been entertained.” ‘ Of the Eocene formations now existing in the London Basin, the Barton (or Upper Bagshot) beds seem the most 368 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. likely source of the Marlborough sarsens, but it is possible that the latter are of post-EKocene age.” As to the clay with flints above the chalk no definite date can be assigned to it. Some of it may be of Pleistocene age, some much older. ‘On the other hand in so far as the clay with flints is. due to the dissolution of the underlying chalk, it isin course of formation at the present day. Slow though it be, the rate of accumulation may well exceed that of superficial wastage by erosion under existing climatic con- ditions.” Incidentally it is noted that the West Kennett Long Barrow is built of lumps of chalk rock which must have been brought from a distance, probably from the disused excavations a quarter of a mile to the S.W. or half-a-mile to west of the barrow. A section on the water supply of the area, a list of the ammonites col- lected at Kellaways, Christian Malford, and Dauntsey, and a list of the photographs of the geological survey concerned with this area, with a good index completes the memoir. The Conquests of Ceawlin, the second Bretwalda. By Major P. T. Godsal, with plans. London, John Murray, 1924, 8vo. pp. x. + 254. This is practically the second volume of The Storming of London and the Thames Valley Campaign, continuing the “ Military Study ” of the Anglo- saxon Conquest, to the second stage of the Conquest of Wessex and the | Southern Midlands. The writer looks at and explains things entirely from a military point of view. “Strategy and Military Science” are the sole foundation on which he builds up his argument. He does not pretend to give weight to archeological, etymological, or ethnographical considerations. His central idea is that the Anglo-Saxon conquest of England can only be explained on the hypothesis that so far from its having been begun and carried on by scattered bands of marauders acting independently, it was an organized movement of a whole nation begun and carried out up to the end of the conquest of Wessex, on definite principles of ‘‘ strategy ” laid down by a man of superlative ability, Gilla the first Bretwalda, loyally adhered to by his successors Cerdic and Cynric, and carried out to their full fruition by the second “ Bretwalda,” Ceawlin, who is here represented as not merely a great General in the field, but a born leader, and an organiser of almost superhuman capacity. According to this theory the root principle laid down by Cilla and adhered to by his successors was the idea of “ con- quest followed by colonisation,” of definite districts, one at a time, with the ultimate object of the total expulsion of the Britons from the whole of Britain and the substitution of an Anglo-Saxon population brought over from the Continent in their place. | Every advance was to be secured and the territory permanently occupied before a further step was taken. In the author’s view the landing of Cerdi¢ in the Solent and the occupation of the Isle of Wight, Portsmouth, and parts of Hampshire by the Jutes are intentional stages in the evolution of this vast plan. The Saxons, he says, were an inland people who had no ships, the Jutes and Angles on the other hand were seafaring folk. It was Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, 269 necessary therefore that the latter should be established on the south coast of Hampshire from which point the invasion of Wessex was to be begun, and that the whole naval forces Anglian and Jutish alike should be, after the conquest of Kent, London, and the Thames Valley, concentrated in the Channel and used to bring over from the Continent not merely the fighting men of the Army, but their entire families, indeed the whole Saxon popula- tion, as quickly as they could be got down to the ports of the Continent, and transported across the Channel to be regularly settled on the conquered territory, until the whole district was filled with an English population. Then, and not until then, the Saxon armies advanced a further step, cleared a fresh district, and the same process was repeated. ‘This, of course, pre- supposes that Ceawlin had absolute command of the whole naval forces both in the N. Sea and in the Channel, and was able to rely on the Angles on the East coast co-operating in the general plan of campaign. In support of this supposition the author argues that Cerdic himself was not a Saxon but an Angle. ‘The Jutes were traders, however, and did not whole- heartedly support the plan at first, and therefore had to be brought into line by Cerdic and Cynric who reduced the Isle of Wight to obedience in 530 having already defeated the Britons at Chardford on the Avon in 519. Atithis point Wiltshire, begins to come into the picture. ‘The mysterious battle of Mons Badonicus in 516, a serious set back to the Saxon advance, which is not mentioned by the Saxon chroniclers, is treated in great detail. The site is placed at Bath, and the whole campaign is supposed to have been carried out with disastrous results by young leaders on their own responsibility contrary to the “ principles” of the general plan. It is imagined that a Saxon force advancing from Newbury took Cunetio in 515 and advanced down the Roman Road to the attack on Bath without proper preparation. ‘They found the Britons in force awaiting them, failed in their attack on the city, and took refuge on Mons Badonicus, the modern Beacon Hill. Suffering great loss they retreated fighting a rearguard action on the Fosseway at the base of Banner Down near the bend of the Avon, whilst the main body of the Army got away back to Cunetio. The rearguard following, got as far ag Silbury Hill, or rather as far as Silbury, which Major Godsal suggests was then a camp and nota Aill at all. There they took refuge and were overwhelmed and slain by the pursuing Britons. ‘I'o support this amazing suggestion Major Godsal calmly writes ‘‘If in the time of the Romans Silbury Hill had risen to a peak as it does to-day, it is inconceivable that the Roman engineers would not have planted their alignment staff on the top of that peak. ‘hat they did not do this is plainly evident, since the alignment of their road has been made on a point about 160 feet south of the present peak of Silbury Hill. On theassumption, however, that there was a camp and not a peak at Silbury in the time of the Romans, the point selected by them to align their road upon would certainly have been the highest, since it was on that part of the parapet of the camp that faced the high ground. Although this evidence may seem to be minute, yet it is clear and positive, and it is incumbent on those who question it, to find some other reason for the Romans having not aligned their road on the peak of Silbury Hill.” “ Itis suggested that when Ceawlin 370 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. (later on) had completed that great part of the Wansdyke north of Devizes, he made his wretched slaves fill up Silbury Camp as highas the soil could be made to stand, asa monument of his immortal revenge.” What is “‘inconceiv- able” is that any serious writer should make sucha suggestion as this. Did the Romans want to carry their road over the peak of Silbury ? Isitalikely position fora camp? If there ever had been earth ramparts round the site on which the hill stands, wouldn’t the evidence of them have been plainly visible in turf lines in the two excavations which have been driven into the side of Silbury on the original surface level ? He is more reasonable when he deals with Wansdyke, as he does at con- siderable length. As to dykes in general, he says “ The only value that a long dyke can possessisas a delimitation of a frontier between two opposed nations. .. . Such long dykes have no military value, beyond the fact that they may make mere raids more difficult, if the bank is high and the ditch deep.” ‘ ‘The existence of a dyke clearly implies that when it was made, there were two distinct nationalities, one on each side of it, and that these nationalities had no desire to coalesce, and in fact that the victorious one, in whose interests the dyke was made, was quite determined to hold aloof from the other.” He assumes that all the long, more or less straight, dykes were made during the Saxon colonisation of the country, and mark the bound- aries of their successive advances, except probably Bokerley, which he thinks was thrown up by the Britons against the Saxons as a defence. As to Wansdyke itself he has no doubts. ‘It will be proved to demon- stration that Ceawlin was the author of Wansdyke, or at least that no one else could have been.” ‘‘ It does not seem possible that these two limits (552 to 577) to the period during which the Wansdyke must have been made can ever be controverted.” Its beginning he puts in 556, after the battle of Berambyrig or Barbury when Cynric and Ceawlin defeated the Britons, and it was made by the forced labour of the prisoners taken in that battle. Indeed the five rectangular camps of low elevation arranged at intervals on the section N. of Devizes, each about half-a-mile north of the dyke prove this. “ It seems quite evident that these camps were the com- pounds in which the slaves who did the labour of making the great dyke were herded at night. This suggestion fully accounts for these small camps; it remains to be seen if anyone else can think of any other explanation of them.” Alas Capt. and Mrs. Cunnington thought of another explanation of one of them at least, when they excavated it aud found it to be a medizval cattle pen. Major Godsal lays stress too on the name ‘“* Woden’s Dyke” as pointing specially to Ceawlin, who was himself of the blood royal and de- scended from Woden. The object of the dyke, he believes, was to “ mark the limit of the Saxon occupation,” when the battle of Barbury had finally brought the whole country south of the line of the dyke under Saxon domination. It was not intended to be held as a defensive position, but was from 556 to 577 the acknowledged boundary behind which the whole country was being systematically settled by the three clans of the Wilscetas, the Dorscetas, and the Sumorscetas, and the Britons had been everywhere driven to the north of this line. It was never finished as the many gaps in Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, 371 its line show, but as it was only a boundary line, the great gap of 14 miles where the Roman road only ran along its intended course, did not greatly matter, in as much as the line of the boundary wasasclearly marked by the road as it would have been by the dyke. Moreover when Ceawlin in 577 made his next great move forward at the battle of Deorham and captured Bath, Gloucester, and Cirencester, the necessity for it ceased to exist, and no further work was done on it. ‘That is the theory of Wansdyke as it is propounded with great ingenuity and at considerable length in this book. It is of course bound up with the central idea of the great strategic plan round which the whole book is written. As far as the object of the dyke itself is concerned the reader is tempted to believe that the guess may not be very far from the truth, though it by no means explains the immense strength of the work on the ‘I'an Hill—Morgans Hill section, nor is the whole story of the conquest with the theory of the clean sweep of the Britons from the whole country south of the dyke easily reconcilable with the fact that heathen Saxon remains are conspicuously absent from all cen- tral Wilts and Salisbury Plain, and have hitherto only been found in any number well to the north of the dyke at Purton, Basset Down, Sherston, and further north still, or in the extreme south of the county at Harnham and Broad Chalke. Moreover the strong admixture of Neolithic blood which Dr. Beddoe found inthe Wiltshiremen of to-day is hardly compatible with the clean sweep of the large British population who certainly inhabited the chalk districts of Wilts at the end of the Roman domination. The latter part of the book is taken up with an elaborate account of the campaigns of Wodnesbeorh and Fethanleah which he identifies with Wed- nesbury in Staffordshire and Faddiley in Cheshire, and takes Ceawlin north to fight them. He indeed rightly rejects Wanborough in Wilts as the site of Wodnesbeorh, but he seems never to have heard of the identification by both Mr. Stevenson and Dr. Grundy of Wodnes Beorh in Alton Priors as the real site of the battle. Winchester and Salisbury. By Edward Foord. 1925. J. M. Dent & Sons, 10, Bedford Street, W.C. 2. “ Cathedrals , Abbeys, and Famous Churches” series. Price 2s.6d. Cloth, 64in. x 4in., pp. 192. Salisbury portion, pp. 97—189, with index, and in addition to cuts in the text the following rather unusual plates:—Lower portion of W. Front; Section through ‘Tower and ‘T'ransepts; Doorway of Chapter House ; Looking across Nave from S. Aisle with effigy of Robert, Lord Hungerford ; Tomb of Will. Longespee ; In the N. Porch; Tomb of Bishop Giles de Bridport; Cloister; Inside of N. Gate of Close; Arcading of wall of Chapter House; St. Thomas’ Church, EK. end of S. Aisle. ‘This ex- cellent little book is something more than a mere guide. ‘The author has opinions of his own as to the artistic merits or demerits of the work that he describes as well as the characters of the persons mentioned, and does not hesitate to express them, even when they do not exactly tally with the views ordinarily taken by writers before him. He begins with a good short sketch of the early history of the diocese, in which he remarks that the first Saxon Bishoprics corresponded in a curious way with the original British 372 Wilishire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. tribal boundaries, and suggests on the strength of this coincidene that there may have been corresponding British Bishoprics in Roman times. As to the site of the Cathedral he concludes that ‘‘ Myrfield” or “ Meryfield” is really ‘‘ Maerfield,” z.e., boundary field, situated as it is at the junction of the three Hundreds of Alderbury, Cawdon, and Underditch. The found- ing of the Cathedral is well described, and sufficient notes on the lives and doings of all the Bishops as well as the lay folk commemorated by the various tombs and effigies are given. In this connection he has a good deal to say on the life and character of the two Longespees. The ‘‘ Boy Bishop ” tomb, he suggests, probably covers the heart of Bishop Richard Poore. He is not always quite up to date, and does not seem to know of the existence of the modern canopies to the stalls in the choir, or of the effigy of Bishop Wordsworth. ‘The interest of the book lies in its searching architectural criticism which differentiates it from the generality of its fellow guides. Thus the west front is minutely analysed, and the reasons for its ‘unsatis- factory character as a whole are explained, whilst some of its details are held worthy of high praise. Of the tower and spire as a whole the writer says that there is nothing in England to equal them; though of the tower itself he says that it has one fault, its base where it springs from the roof has the effect of being too narrow. Of the cloisters he says that they ‘“‘ were probably planned by Bishop Giles, commenced by his successor, Walter de la Wyle (1263—1271), and continued by subsequent prelates. They were certainly not completed until about 1340 or even later, but the style is Harly English, so they were clearly built to a design made about 1260 or a little later. The Chapter House was commenced rather later than the cloister, as is shown by the fact that coins of Ed. I. were found beneath its foundations, but so far as design goes I can see nothing to date it later than about 1265: the style though in certain features it verges upon Decorated, is essentially Early English.” A short description of St. Thomas’s Church is given at the end. The Doom painting is dated about 1480; the iron railings and fine wooden panelling at the east end of the south aisle were erected to protect a vault for the family of Chief Baron Eyre in 1724, The Gateways of Salisbury Cathedral Close with five colour prints, by the author, Hesketh Hubbard, Foreword by Reginald H. Green, Forest Press, Breamore, Salisbury, £2 2s. ‘“ Five striking colour- block prints in a portfolio with appropriate letterpress.” Mr. Green discourses on colour printing, and Chancellor Wordsworth has supplied the data for the account of the gates. Noticed Guardian, Jan. 29th, 1926. Salisbury, South Wilts, and Blackmore Museum. Annual Report for 1924—1925. 8vo.,pp.20. As usual, the educational work of the museum has been much in evidence and the many lectures have been largely attended. Mr. William Wyndham, who gave £400 in 1922 to found a “Specimen Fund ” for the acquisition of additions to the museum collections, has recently given a further £400, thus bringing the fund to a total of £800 invested for this purpose, and has, in addition, Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 373 given £100 to the general fund of the museum. The entomological collection appears to be making much progress under the curatorship of Mr. H. G. Gregory. A bronze age incense cup from Charnage has been given by Mr, A. R. White. The four Great Bustards belonging to the museum have been re-set in a new case by Messrs. Rowland Ward, of London, towards the cost of which Mr. Will. Wyndham contributed £50. Bristol, Bath, and Malmesbury, with a short account of Bradford-on-Avon. By Gordon Home and Edward Foord, 1925, London and Toronto, J. M. Dent & Sons, 1O—13, Bedford Street, W.C. 2. One of the series of “ Cathedrals, Abbeys, and Famous Churches.’’ Cloth, 63in. X 44in. Price 2s. 6d., pp. 192. The Wiltshire portion of this handy little book is contained on pages 126 to 179. Malmesbury has eight illustrations, Bradford-on-Avon four, including a good process of the monument to Charles Stewart in the Parish Church, who claimed to be the legitimate son of Charles II. ‘The prominence of Malmesbury as a seat of learning in Aldhelm’s days is dwelt on, and good accounts of Aldhelm himself and of William of Malmesbury are given. In describing the Abbey Church, the authors suggest that the western tower and the great centre tower and spire were probably (like the clerestory of the nave) of 14th Century date, and that the west front of Salisbury Cathedral was possibly inspired by the earlier west front of Malmesbury. ‘The flanking turret is, without exaggeration, one of the most exquisite examples of the late Norman school of art in England, if notin Europe. . . The west front of Malmesbury was very clearly one of the most perfect monuments to the genius of a school of Norman- English artists.” Of the figures of the apostles in the south porch, the author says that though of archaic character they have nothing distinctively Saxon about them, and may just as well be of the beginning of the 12th Century, and that there is no satisfactory evidence that they are earlier than this. On the other hand with regard to thetympanum of Christ and the angels over the inner door, he says that “they look as if they were copied from a Byzantine fabric, and they resemble those in the Church of St. Lawrence at Bradford-on-Avon.” Indeed, he goes so far as to say that it is quite possible that they may be actually of the 8th century. As to the Saxon Church at Bradford, the authors discuss the date at some length, and decide, contrary to the prevalent modern view, that the building is actually that erected by Aldhelm in the 8th century, and is not of the 10th century, as most authorities now believe. They boldly support this view on the ground that better artistic work of all kinds was being done in “the golden age,” from 670 to 740 than was ever done afterwards in the 10th century subsequent to the Danish raids. In this connection they lay stress on the sculptured figures of angels, and make a very curious point which has apparently not been noticed before. In the right-hand figure the drapery is intended to represent transparent material, and the legs from the knees downward show through the robe. ‘They suggest that this proves that the model from which they were copied was “ beyond doubt” some tex- tile material. They go further indeed, “ there is in the Victoria and Albert 374 Wiltshire Books, Panvphlets, and Articles. Museum a fragment of Egyptian tapestry of about the Vth—VIth centuries which has precisely the same general characteristics as the right hand. Bradford relief. The drapery is transparent, with the outline of the legs to the knee indicated as showing through it.” ‘“ There is similar figure-sculpture on the stone crosses at Bewcastle and Ruthwell in the wall region, which are both of the date 670—680.” Three pages are devoted to Bradford Parish Church, eight to Ramsbury Church and the Littlecote legend, and two to Lacock Abbey. An excellent little book. Some old Houses of Devizes, No. 30, Long Street. By Ed. Kite. The occupant of the house on this site in @. Anne’s days was John Rogers, Mayor in 1700. His three daughters conveyed the house to James Sutton, senr., a Devizes clothier, mayor in 1697. From Robert Sutton, his youngest son, descends the younger branch of the Sutton family who continue its owners still. John, youngest son of Robert, married Mary, sister of Thomas Thurman, linen draper of Devizes. ‘Thomas Thurman’s monument in St. John’s Church records his many charitable bequests. James Sutton, clothier, son of Robert and Elizabeth, born 1725, married Anne daughter of Rev. John Shergold, Rector of Devizes 1721—88, Little Cheverell, 1735—59, and Stanton St. Quintin until his death in 1777. James Sutton and his wife both died in 1788, and a mural monument in the N. aisle of St. John’s Church records their memory. His second son John lived at Rowde House and died unmarried. Anne, his eldest daughter, married Wadham Locke, a Devizes attorney living at Brownston House. The eldest son, James Sutton, born 1760, married Ann, d. of Anthony Guy, of Chippenham, and died 1803, his widow surviving till 1843. Robert Sutton, born 1770, of RKossway, Herts, youngest son of James, was one of the original managers of the Stock Exchange, London, and permanent chairman of it until his death. He owned vessels running between Ostend and Colchester, and was the first person to bring to London the news of the battle of Waterloo, happening to beat Ostend himself at the time. His eldest son Robert, of Rossway, Herts, and of the Stock Kxchange, married 1827, Harriet. daughter of William Arnold Ludlow, of a family long resident at Hillworth, Devizes, whilst his younger brother, Wadham J.ocke Sutton married Louisa Ludlow, her sister. The Rev. Robert Sutton, son of Robert and Harriet Sutton, born 1832, became Archdeacon of Lewes in 1888. Four of his sons are living now. After 1843 No. 30, Long Street, was not inhabited by its owners but let, the tenant from 1861 to 1886 being the Rev. Peter Peace, D.D., who died 1891. The next tenant Mr. D. G. Wilson Rumsey, set up a private school for boys under the name of Wilsford House School. This came to an end about 1913. Woolmore Farmhouse : Its Builder and Later Owners. By Col. KR. W. Awdry [apropos of the burning of this fine old house in March, 1926]. Woolmore was one of the seven tithings of Melksham, and together with Woodrew, Blackmore, Canhold, and Town tithings, was within the Forest of Melksham and Blackmore, as was the whole of the present parish of Seend. Most of Seend and the part of Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 375 Woolmore tithing S.W. of the Melksham—Devizes road were certainly cleared and farmed in an ordinary manner before the disafforestation by James I. between 1610 and 1620, It is not certain that the part of Woolmore north-east of the road was cleared before 1610, but between that year and 1620 the whole Forest was “ disafforested, devided, sett forth and letten.” ‘The Brownckers were then the chief landowners in Melksham. Hen. Browncker dying in 1598 left his son William a minor. On coming of age, William sold all his Melksham property and retired to his Erlestoke estate, where Browncker’s Farm still retains the family name. In 1629 this William sold 418 acres in Woolmore, corresponding to the modern Love’s and Woolmore Farms, to George Hulbert. Above the door of the old red brick farmhouse of Woolmore are the initials G. M. H. 1631, for George and Martha Hulbert, who evidently built the house then, or altered an earlier one into the present form. Col. Awdry thinks that it was built rather as a residence than as a farmhouse, but it never was inhabited as such. The house was remarkable for its four-gabled roof, its four good rooms, and stone mantelpieces, and powdering closets. Mr. Charles Awdry restored it in 1903. If it ever had pannelling or moulded ceilings they had entirely disappeared. The builder of the house, George Hulbert, was born at Lacock, 1589/90, one of the four sons of Johnand Joan Hulbert. John died Feb., 1590—91, and Joan after 1607 married John Awdry, a Taunton man, who was Vicar of Melksham, 1601. George’s brother, John, farmed Woolmore itself,and another brother Robert farmed at Notton. His brother Richard may have been the“ Richard Hulbert of Ember ” mentioned by the Heralds of the 1623 visitation as having “assumed the name and title of gentleman without authoritie.” Col. Awdry suggests that Notton was the home of the Hulberts. George Hulbert became a vintner in London, and died 1639, having built Woolmore House in 1631. His son Thomas sold part of the Woolmore lands to the Griffins, who sold them again to Jeremiah Awdry, of Melksham, in 1735, whilst the remainder was sold in 1669 by Thomas Hulbert to Ambrose Awdry, of Melksham. George charged a charity of £2 12s. a year on the land in favour of Lacock, which still exists. Col. Awdry mentions various tenants of Woolmore in the 18th century, and some of the field names, amongst them being the curious modern perversion of ‘‘ Great and Little Homer’s Fields,” originally “ Great and Little Woolmore Fields.” He then discusses at length the legend that Cromwell hanged seven men on the old oak which still stands between Woolmore and Love’s farmhouses, and concludes with Waylen (History of Devizes) that the story arose from a confusion with Woodhouse, in Horningsham, where Sir Francis Doddington undoubtedly hung twelve or thirteen men on a large oak tree after the capture of that house. An excellent article. John Aubrey: Tercentenary of his birth. On March llth, 1926, The Times Literary Supplement published a long character sketch of Aubrey, a considerable part of which was reprinted in the Wilt- shire Gazette of March 18th. It suggests that Shorthouse took Aubrey in “more than one respect” for his model for “ John Inglesant,” and that 376 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, Kington St. Michael, Aubrey’s birthplace, with its old Priory, finds its counterpart in the book. ‘There is a portrait of Aubrey from Faithorne’s drawing in the Ashmolean. Malmesbury. Mr.Wilkins’s Dinner Party at the Culver House and what happened there. A paper by A. Fraser, printed in Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard, March 28th, 1925. The Alderman and twelve capital Burgesses who by the Charter of Ch. I., obtained the government of the Borough, assumed the exclusive right of electing members of Parliament in 1699 and maintained this right in spite of petitions and opposition until the Reform Bill of 1832. Edmund Wilkins, apothecary, elected High Steward in 1768, obtained the control of the votes of the Burgesses by paying a retaining fee of £30 per annum to at least nine or ten out of the thirteen to vote as he directed them. ‘This payment was usually made at a dinner party given to the Burgesses by Mr. Wilkins at his residence the Culver House. From each of the recipients of this fee he took a bond for the sum of £500 for the due performance of the agreement. Mr. Wilkins never told the burgesses to vote for any candi- date, but the two names were written down on cards given to the guests at the dinner and that was sufficient to secure their votes. Before he died Mr. Wilkins recommended the burgesses to elect Mr. Estcourt as High Steward in his place, and left « legacy of £500 to be divided between them, excluding Mr. Robert Hill who had had the hardihood to aspire to the office of High Steward himself. Mr. Estcourt was elected High Steward in 1804 by nine votes to four. He promised to raise the retaining fee from £30 to £50 per annum, and gave each of his supporters a silver cup with an apple embossed on the side. ‘Three of these cups are known to be still in existence. One belonging to Miss Hanks bears the following inscription :— “The gift of Edmund Estcourt, Esq., to Mr. Stephen Matthews, Capital Burgess, as a mark of gratitude for his steady support at the Election of High Steward of the Borough of Malmesbury, in the year 1804, When the Nine Apples triumph’d over the Four Crabs. Mr, Alderslade, of London, has one given to Daniel Spackman, and a third at Estcourt House was given to Nicholas Sergeant, a blacksmith. This cup was given to the late Lord Estcourt on his retirement from the representation of N. Wilts by his colleague the late Lord Long, of Wraxall. An extremely entertaining account of the all important dinner party on an occasion when the guests were for the first time introduced to the smoking of cigars is given in this interesting paper. The Adventures of a Homely Woman. By Fay Inchfawn. Ward Lock & Co., Londonand Melbourne, 1925. Cloth, 84in. X 53in., pp. 314. Portrait of the author (Mrs. Atkinson Ward, of Bradford-on-Axon). Price ds, Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 317 This book contains “ adventures ” of everyday life in the “ Little House,” the ‘“‘ New House,” and the “ Little Shop,” obviously at Bradford-on-Avon, though the town is not actually named, of the authoress herself, her hus- band “John,” and her daughter “ Bunty.” There is nothing in it that might not have happened to anyone in the same place and circumstances, and in that very fact lies its charm, for it has charm of no mean order. The people in it are the people of Bradford, or for the matter of that of any other Wiltshire town, they talk as Wiltshire folk really do talk, they be- have not as modern novelists would have us believe all “‘ peasants ” behave, as monsters of iniquity, but as ordinary human beings, and the author is prone to dwell on the brighter rather than the darker side of human nature. She deliberately thinks that this is the better worth doing. She is not ashamed of her own faith, she thinks.in an old-fashioned way that religion and the daily life should be bound up together, she has a sustaining sense of humour and her book is very well worth reading and even buying. Noticed in Wiltshire Gazette, Aug. 27th, 1925. Hazelbury Manor, the Residence of Mr, George J. Kidston. By Christopher Hussey. Country Life, Feb. 20th and 27th, 1926, pp. 274—281, 306—312, with 28 excellent photographs and two plans. The present condition of this old house is due to Mr. Brakespear, who began work upon it in 1919. It is, says Mr. Hussey, “a restoration not only of extraordinary sympathy, but of nearly supernatural dictation not only were foundations unearthed for the hall, oriel and porch, the terraces, and for the remainder of the courtyard, but a large proportion of the stones that originally composed these features—windows and door heads, coigns, labels, battlements, finials, entire chimneys, balusters, copings, pilasters, arches, and what not—quantities of such were discovered under slopes of earth or used in dry-stone walls. It is true to say that scarcely any part of the reconstruction, and certainly no important part, was subject to guesswork. The clue given by foundations, a search among the recovered materials—and each component of the former house took shape before the often astonished eyes even of owner and architect.”’ Mr. Hussey notes that the foundations of the Church of Hazelbury (it was once a separate parish, but is now included in Box) have been found in the field called ‘‘ Ould Church.” It was probably, more or less, ruinous in 1503, and it is possible that stones showing Norman mouldings found in the walls of the house came from the Church. ‘The manor was held circa 1280 by Henry Croke, of the Honour of Wallingford, and the house was probably of considerable size, for Henry III. stopped there in 1231, and numerous foundations running 8.W. from the present house probably mark the site of the buildings. The Crokes held it until the middle of the 15th century, when the property passed through a daughter to her husband, John Bonham. In 1575 it was sold to Matthew Smythe, acting for Sir John Yonge, a Bristol merchant. He died 1592, leaving it to his widow, In 1613 Sir George Speke, of Whitelackington, Som., bought it for his son, Hugh Speke. The house was much added to, both by this Hugh and his grandson, Sir Hugh Speke, who died 1661. Sir Hugh’s son, Sir George, 378 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. dying without issue the property passed to his widow, Rachel (Wyndham), who married, secondly, Sir Will. Musgrave, and after 1682 lived at Cheney - Court, Box. Hazelbury apparently was not again occupied by its owners, and became a farmhouse for 200 years. Jt was purchased early in the 18th century by Mr. Northey, Attorney General, and again by Mr. Kidston, the present owner, in 1919. The earliest part of the house is the remains of a two-light window in the north wall of the hall, the work of a Croke in the 14th century. The hall was altered by Bonham, who built the north and south oriels, porch, fireplace, and open timber roof, with new windows, also a wing to the west, two original windows of the lower storey of which remain. — The probable details of the whole of this Bonham and Yonge House of the 16th Century are suggested as founded on the indications remaining in 1919. The stones of several spirally fluted chimneys were discovered, and the chimneys replaced. George Speke (1624) formed the balustraded terrace along the S. front now restored, and his son, Sir Hugh, formed the existing forecourt with its fine gate piers. About 1700 the sash windows were inserted. ‘The two-gabled building to the east of the Manor House called ‘‘ The Cottage” probably built by the first Hugh, and intended as a Dower House, has now been connected with the big house by a servants’ range. “ Hazelbury,” says Mr. Hussey, “is without a rival as an example of the very highest type of restoration.” The various stages of this restor- ation are here set out in full. The illustrations, all excellent, are asfollows :— The South Front from within the forecourt (as now); the first view of the buildings as you descend the hill ; the re-constructed Porch and Oriel ; the back of the Hall and west side of the Courtyard ; the same in 1919; the west side; beneath the re-constructed Colonnade, looking $.EK.; from the S. Gate in 1919; the W. side before restoration ; the N.E. angle of the Court; the S. Front in 1919 ; the Manor place from the outer gate looking N.; the Arms of Sir Hugh and Sir George Speke on the Forecourt piers ; from the Oriel looking across the Forecourt ; view from N.E. ; the N.W. bastion on the upper terrace ; seat corbelled out from N. Terrace Wall ; plans of ground and first floor ; Hazelbury in 1626 from an estate map ; the S. Oriel of the Hall ; looking westwards from the Screens ; the N. wall of the Hall and the Screen ; looking into the N. Oriel from the Staircase ; the chimney piece of the Dining:Room ; a corner of the Drawing Room ; the Boudoir ; the Draw- ing Room; the Solar of the 15th Century House ; the Library, formerly the 7 Dairy and Beer Cellar ; the upper and lower parts of the S. Oriel in 1919. Pictorial History of Devizes. Paintings, Prints, and Photographs at the Town Hall. The Wiltshire Gazette, Nov. 5th, 1925, has a long account of the collection of photographs, prints, &c., ‘‘ Recording some event of national or local importance, or showing some feature of the town which has vanished ” which during the last year has been brought together, framed and hung at the Town Hall, largely owing to the efforts of Mr. John Chivers, Mr. Slade, and Capt. Cunnington, with assistance from other helpers. Two early paintings of the Market Place and Cross are permanently “ lent” by the Museum, two boards painted with the royal arms of James I. (1606) and the Borough oe i ee Wiltshire Booxs, Pamphlets and Articles. 319 have been cleaned and placed where they can be seen, and a large number of prints and photographs have bven placed on the walls. The collection of portraits of Devizes notabilities (prints and photographs) is not as large as could be wished, but it is hoped may be gradually added to by further gifts. The appearance of the Town Hall and Grand Jury Room is very greatly improved by this interesting series of views and portraits. [Wexcombe House] Something new in Dairy Farming. Article by H.G. Robinson in Country Life, October 24th, pp. 617—619; Oct. 31st, 1925, pp. 658—660 ; describing Mr. A. J. Hosier’s farm at Wexcombe House. An account of the laying down of a farm of over 1000 acres from arable to grass, the provision of water from an artesian well, and the improvement in down pasture is given, with 12 good photographs, ‘“‘General view of the Village of Wexcombe,” ‘Closely grazed sward on pasture laid down in 1921,” “Interior of Dairy,” “The Wexcombe Dairy, once a Church,” “The Pumping Plant at Wexcombe,” “The Complete Dairy Farm on Wheels,” “‘ Two Cows leave their travelling home,” “ The Machine Milker at work,” ‘‘ The Milk Stream,” “ Loading up the Milk Churns,” ‘“‘ The Milking herd of 160 Heifers,” ‘The Herd ready for Milking.” Instead of permanent buildings, cowsheds on wheels, moved every day, are employed, with many other practices entirely novel to Wilt- shire, indeed the article affirms that “the system has no equal in this country.” Highworth Church. A short notice in V. Wilts Herald, Dec. 24th, 1925, by “ Gilbert Prince” on the architectural features of the Church notices the fragments of a “jacket” in a glass case which with the helmet above it have been attributed to Oliver Cromwell. From an examination of these fragments he concludes that they are the remains of a very much earlier surcoat bearing the faint outline of a Lion Passant whilst the lower part is of a different colour. He suggests that this is really part of the arms of the Batson family (‘‘ Three bats wings black, and on a red chief a golden Lion passant”), some of whom were buried in the transept. Spye Park. Sporting reminiscences of a younger son, by Claude Luttrell, Duckworth, 3, Henrietta St., London, W.C. [1925]. Cloth, 73in. x din., pp. 208, contains a chapter, pp. 95 to 113, “The Duke of Beaufort’s,” on the writer’s experience with the Bad- minton hounds, in many famous runs, and point-to-point races. Another chapter, “ Sport from Spye Park,” pp. 161 to 171, with an illustration of Captain Spicer’s road coach, describes days of sport with Capt. Spicer’s harriers and foxhounds, and the stage coaches between Chippenham and Bath, and Bath and Marlborough, horsed and driven by the owner of Spye Park. Downton Moot and Breamore Church were visited by about 120 members of the Hampshire Field Club in August, 1925, and an account of the excursion is given in the Salisbury Times, of August 28th. A paper on the Moot by Sir Charles Close, taken chiefly from Mr. E. P. Ome Mull NO» ©XELV. Cha 380 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. Squarey’s book, is printed, claiming that it is a Saxon Moot or meeting — q yi place. Mr. O. G. S. Crawford, however, speaking subsequently, believed it to have been a Norman motte and bailey castle. At Breamore Professor Karle’s opinion that the Saxon inscription on the arch of the S. 'Transept was of the date of the foundation of the Priory early in the 12th century, was mentioned, but Mr.W. J. Andrew, F.S.A., President of the Numismatic Society entirely dissented from this view, and on the ground of the peculiar forms of the letters S and W confidently placed the date at the close of the reign of Ethelred II cir. 1018. The letter S appeared on the inscription in two forms, twice as the reversed Z and once as the modern §, whilst the early form of the Saxon W is used. There are coins of Ethelred II. struck | at Winchester which bear all these three forms exactly as in the inscription, and they are only so used at this particular date, which is therefore the date _ of the inscription. He translated the inscription as “Here is manifested the word to thee,” which he believed was an Anglo-Saxon version of Titus, JL}, John Wesley in Wiltshire. By the Rev. M. H. Fitzgerald, Rector of Little Somerford. A paper read at a clerical meeting in Chippen- ham and printed in full in Weltshire Gazette, April 9th, 1925. The writer remarks that there is little in Wesley’s journals as to his experience in Wiltshire. ‘“ Wesley does not seem to have met with either the same warm welcome or the same exciting adventures that he encountered in Cornwall or the north.” The riot at Devizes in 1747, in which a serious attack was made on Charles Wesley seems the chief exception. At Bradford, how- ever, he was welcomed from the first. The experience of a Methodist, | William Hitchens, who was pressed for a soldier and spent a night in the Round House on the Bridge guarded by twelve soldiers (nine of whom | apparently stayed inside the Round House with him, surely very close | quarters !) is given in full. The Gospel Oak at Cricklade. Inthe Wilts and Gloucester- shore Standard, March 28th, 1925, in one of a series of papers on Cricklade, | Past and Present, considerable space is devoted to the “ Gospel Oak,” the | remains of which are now in St. Sampson’s Churchyard, and it is claimed as within the range of possibility that it may be the actual tree under which | St. Augustine met the Britons, This, however, can scarcely be seriously | maintained. Detailed evidence on the part of labourers who assisted in bringing the remains of the tree, after it had been cut down about 1865, | from Gospel Oak Farm to Cricklade Vicarage, where for many years it | stood on the lawn, is given, also the declaration of Mr. Will. Cole, in 1913, | that in his young days the tradition was that it was a tree “under which | the first Christians met,” and which is much more to the point, that of Mr, | A. Ockwell, that it was a favourite meeting place of Primitive Methodists. | As has been already shown in Wilts Arch. Mag. xl., 120, 121, the tree gained its name from a gospel having been read under it as a boundary mark on the occasion of the perambulation of the boundary. ‘There were other such gospel oaks on the boundary. Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. o8l Lacock Churchwardens’ Accounts. The Wiltshire Gazette, Sept. 10th, 1925, gives some account with extracts from a book of Churchwardens, Constables, Overseers, and Waymen’s Accounts, in the custody of the Vicar of Lacock, the whole of which has recently been tran- scribed by Mr. F. H. Hinton, of Chippenham. The book, which measures 164in, X1llin., probably consisted originally of about 500 pages of which about 270 are still blank. A few of the blank pages only have been cut out. An entry at the beginning records its purchase by Richard Powntnye and Harrye Rychards, churchwardens in 1583, and the latest entry is dated 1821. In 1594 the parish arms include “ij long bowes & ij shife of arrowes,” and ‘ij colyvers with theyre hedpeces tych boxe and flaske,” and it is noted that the Archery butts were situated in Normead, near Lackham, on the field path from Lacock to Chippenham. Somerford, Great and Little. A useful article in NV. Wilts Herald, March 27th and April 3rd, 1925, chiefly by Canon Manley, dealing with the family history of Somerford with illustrations of the Rectory and poor ones of the Church of Great Somerford and the interior of Little Somerford Church, with a better one of the head of a churchyard cross now preserved in the Church at Little Somerford. Luckington Church. JW. Wilts Herald, May 22nd, 1925, had a very useful article, from notes by Col. G. F. Ottley, on the dedication of the Church, and an account of it before and after the restoration of 1872. ‘The mural paintings then discovered are thus described, ‘‘S. of Chancel arch, a knightly figure bearing in his hand a Church with spires, and the inscription : 8S. Ethelbertus Rex. At right angles with this, another figure, supposed to be St. Augustine of England, was depicted, and on the north wall opposite these appeared a painting of the mass of St. Gregory, whilst on the south wall a painted representation of the Abbot of Malmesbury was discovered. Other paintings were found, but the subjects were so defaced as to be quite indistinguishable. All the pictures crumbled away almost immediately, but a rough sketch was made of the “ Mass of St. Gregory ” at the time of the discovery.” Brinkworth. ‘The NV. Wilts Herald of April 24th and May lst, 1925, in an article on Brinkworth, gives a portrait of Canon Livingstone, and photos of the Jacobean pulpit in the Church, the Primitive Methodist Chapel, and Penns Lodge Farm House, &c. ‘The notes on the Church are from Mr. Ponting’s account. Under the heading.“ A unique relic of ancient superstition,’ mention is made of a small glass bottle supposed to contain human blood found, it is said, in the wall of the Church during the restoration, and now in private hands. The assumption is that it contained a holy relic. [This bottle, and the story attached to it, have long been known to the writer of this note, in whose opinion, however, the bottle appears most strongly to resemble those small bottles of the 17th century, which were commonly tied mouth-to-mouth to form hour glasses.] The history of Primitive Methodism in the beginning of which Brinkworth took so prominent a part is dwelt on at some length. 2 Cee 382 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, Alderton, Foxley,and Norton. Articlein . Wilts Herald, March 13th, 1925. Short notes on the Churches and the history of the places, with fair photos of Foxley and Bremilham Churches, and a bad one of Alderton. Crudwelland Hankerton. JN. Wilts Herald, March 20th, 1925. Lists of Rectors and very short notes on the Churches are given with good photos of Crudwell Church and Lych Gate, and of Hankerton Church. . Castle Combe. Article in WV. Wilts Herald, July 10th, 1925. Hullavington. Article in WV. Wilts Herald, April 2nd, 1925. Lists of Vicars and Patrons, views of Church and village, and some account of the old screen. Calne Almshouses. The Wiltshire Gazette, Oct. 22nd, 1925, gives an account of the re-opening of the almshouses founded by Dr. John Tounson, Vicar of Bremhill and Bishop of Salisbury. The front, facing Kingsbury Street, has been left untouched, but the interior having become dilapidated and being unsuited to modern requirements has been remodelled, floors relaid, ceilings raised, &c., to the great advantage of the inmates at a cost of £880, for which an appeal was issued, and most of it has already been raised by subscriptions in Calne. History of East Knoyle. Sir Christopher Wren’s Birthplace. An anonymousarticle in Salisbury Journal, March 6th, 1925. ‘The early spellings of Knoyle are given, and the references to it in Domesday, when the population appears to have been about 350. In 1676 it was about 487 ; in 1801, 853; in 1851, 1110; in 1891, 956; in 1911, 853: as it had been 110 years before. Short notes on the architecture of the Church, and of the “ Pictures” set up by Dr. Wren, father of Sir Christopher, in the Church. These were plaster ? figures made by Robert Brockway, a Dorset man, and included the Four Evangelists, the Ascension with the 12 Apostles in the Chancel, and Jacob’s Dream and Sacrifice on either side of the east window. Old Clouds House is said to have derived its name from a former owner. Minety. Anarticle in ¥. Wilts Herald, May 8th, 1925, giving some account of the village, the architecture of the Church, the names on the War Memorial and Roll of Honour, the principal monumental inscriptions, &c,, with a bad illustration of the Church. With Cobbett in Wiltshire. By the Rev. H. E. Ketchley. An article in The Bristol Diocesan Review, Aug., 1925, partly reprinted in Wiltshire Gazette, Aug. 6th, 1925, describing Cobbett’s love of the county, and the condition of the labouring people in 1826. Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, 383 Catalogue of .. . valuable Printed Books comprising the property of Lt.-Col. E. G. Troyte- Bullock, C.M.G., of Zeals House, &c, &c. Day of Sale, 27th July, 1925. Sotheby & Co. Royal 8vo., pp. 31—70. Lots 172—193. Bolingbroke Peerage Claim. Minutes of evidence taken before the Committee for Privileges. Ordered to be printed 1922. Folio, pp. 40. Life and Letters of George Wyndham. By J. W. Mackail and Guy Wyndham. Hutchinson, 1924. 2 vols. 42s. net. Reviewed Zimes, Jan. 23rd, 1925; Guardian, Feb. 6th, 1925. Contains more than 600 of his letters. “George Wyndham has been dead but a few years and would not be an old man were he alive to-day. Yet already his name has become almost legendary. Notable figures appear, play their part and pass on. Of the few who seem destined long to resist this fate George Wyndham is one. Charm, most illusory of virtues, plays brightly as ever about his career. In life he was intensely alive; eleven years . . . have not lessened the remembrance of that liveliness.” ‘He had almost everything a man could wish for; brains, personality, charm, happiness in parents and family, wealth, good looks, power of tongue and pen, skill in sports. He wore himself out and died young with- out having attained all that his beginnings had promised.” Elizabeth Chudleigh, Duchess of Kingston. By E. Beresford Chancellor, F.S.A. An article in The English Review, Dec., 1925, pp. 812—821, describes the career of this notorious Duchess, whose name was formerly connected with “Kingston House” at Bradford-on Avon, now known as The Hall. _ In a peaceful Wiltshire Village. Biddestone Memories of 40—50 years ago. By Mary Far- | brother. Pamphlet, 63in. x 4in., pp. 14. Reprinted from Wiltshire | Gazette. 384 ADDITIONS TO MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. Museum. Presented by Cari. B. H. Cunnineton : Two Iron Sickles and Iron Knife found near Aldbourne. Mr. A. SHaw MELLoR: Great Seal of Geo. V. Dr. R. C. C. Cray: Roman Bronze Fibula from Fonthill Bishop. Ten Cinerary Urns, Bronze Awl, &c., found in the five barrows in the Woodminton Group, Bower- chalke. Library. Presented by Capt. AND Mrs. CuNNINGTON: Original Drawings, Plans, - 59 93 99 99 99 99 &c., of Illustrations of All Cannings Cross Excavations, Casterley, Knap Hill, and Lidbury Camps. Two Maps of Nicholas Property at All Cannings. Two old Deeds connected with Devizes Castle. Article on ‘“ Archeology and Architecture,” in Home, Farm, and Estate, by Capt. Cunnington. Drawings. Mr. H. W. DartneLL: Amesbury Deanery Magazine for THE 1925. AutHor, Mr. E. H.Srong, F.S.A. : “The Story of Stonehenge,” “ Fact and Fiction,” by the Rev. G. H. Engleheart ; Reply by E. H. Stone ; Rejoinder by Rev. G. H. Engleheart. Reprinted from Wiltshire Gazette, Nov. 5th, 1925, to Feb. 18th, 1926. Bound 4to. “The Supposed Blue Stone Trilithon.” Jan, March, 1926. Archeologia, Vol. xxiv., 2nd Series. THE SOMERSET ARCHAOLOGICAL SOCIETY: Five: Wiltshire Deeds concerning North Bradley, &c. Mr. W. HewarpD Bet.: Geological Journal and Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association for 1924 and 1925. Mr. W. A. Wess: Photographs of Bromham Church. Tue PUBLISHERS, Messrs. J. M. Dent & Sons: “ Winchester and Salisbury by Ed. Foord,” in ‘‘ Cathedrals, Abbeys, and Famous Churches ” Series. Mrs. Story MASKELYNE: “The Bristol Diocesan Review,” 1925. Mr. C. W. HengAGE: Dr. Charleton’s “ Chorea Gigantum vulgarly called Stoneheng,” 1663. Additions to Library, 385 Presented by Rev. H. E. Krercutey: ‘“ Biddeston Memories of 40—50 99 99 years ago.” Mrs. J. L. Lovrsonp anp Miss Baker: A Special Donation of £10 in memory of their father, Mr. T. H. Baker, to provide for the binding up of the Wilts Monumental Inscriptions copied by him, &c., &c. Mr. A. D. Passmore: “ The Flight of the King,” by Allan Fea. ‘The Wonder of Carnac and Stonehenge,” by F. Stevens, F.S8.A., from Wonders of the Past. Photographs of Flint Saw, Scraper and Chisel-end Arrowhead found on the original turf level under the vallum at Avebury during excavations made many years ago. Photograph of Bronze Palstave found at Ashton Keynes, 1913. Mr. J. J. SuapE: ‘Stonehenge and Karnak,” by A. R. Hinks, Nineteenth Century, 1925 ; “ Elizabeth Chudleigh, Duchess of Kingston,” by E. B. Chancellor, English Review, 1925; ‘The Dear Stealers,” by Ida Gandy (daughter of Rev. C. Hony, Vicar of Bishops Cannings and Woodborough): “Snowdrop and the Dwarfs, a Fairy Play,” by Ida Gandy, 1925 ; Songs and Whispers of Nature,” by Lilian Rodway, 1925. Mr. F. Harrison: Old Deed. 386 & LI 18vF OT SI 9aT “igs GZ6I “ISIE Joquie0eq ‘oouvleg G 81 USE Il 8I €¢ rai ** WOISSIULUIOZ) Pue SETIe[eG O LI ¢ ay SelqaI00g 19440 04 suotydiaosqne OU 2¢s Conc laOgileeses sey EPI (ON Ol Al 261 ai ZVI ON ‘Pp ‘S F —:soulzesvyy 10} “op ‘Sulavisugq ‘suyuiig 92 Tl 46> = ee oe "> sosuod xy SNOSUBI[SOSI[Y pure ‘seseysog ‘soseley ‘A19UOIzRIG 1S ay SLNANASY NASIG g él ne I8hs 5 OOF qsolojUy YO0IG IBAA puv yueg a 5c0 SUIjooY [eNUUY Jo sposoo1g QF ** sZOO[G pu ‘soulzeseyy “syoogd Jo sayeg SOO eae ae St Ol 6 puny diysiequie yj efi] Wor Jojsuedy, 0 Al 67E SUOT|dIIOSqng [enUUY puy soo,f souesqUy ‘Sid HOW LP vee " @geL “sy Atenuese ‘oouvled Gees a3) ‘LNQOOOV IVIANAD "GZ IVOA oY} 10} sqyunos0y ALSIOOS AYOLSIH IWYALVN GNV ‘TVOIDOTOHHOUV FAYIHSLTIA 387 O20 Sah ee a ‘On ‘SJUueMMe[dUIT 9U0IG JO 9/8G Chine CG eae ee CG6I “ISIE aquisoaq] ‘aouvpegd Gests 1G seu ee CZG6L “48S Arenuve ‘aoue[eq Ras =F 1D Egy O74 sls (0) 1h GF GaGe he eS GZ6L “ISTE J9qUiadaqy ‘aoUR|eg 0 One i SWIOOY S,Joyeqjoley Jo yUas] € T If ° pung [vdousy 03 onp ‘gzer “44st Asenuer ‘aourpey (ie aCe pee " 6Z6L ‘ys~q Avenueep ‘aourleg {Da Say ‘SINAWASYNASIA BES as ‘SLdIGOTy GNOdA DNYWAUOYVING WOASON 6 6l 9€1F 7 6 61 9E1F GrGle OG oe CZ6L “ISTE Jequisoeq] ‘aour[eg O YD “4G Die ete 5 a ae ae we S[eyuaprlouy 2 Be 000 ne ou SodUvINSUT Siete Al bs Si ere a a ‘O~ ‘sonso[eyeD JO s[VG Q 7 Gin ee ie Beg 8x0) pur ‘191B AA ‘se 0 eet xq ur suck euog) puy tinesn |] 09 suoIssIUpy Chesilecie on cs oe wnasn jy UO XBT, puLy ) Gil OS 3 ney " suorydrdosqng 0) 7a: Ga as Keesar puv Unesn yy 07 suOIIIPpY Sida a UZ tees) amma ae Wnesny 0} ‘07 ‘satedoy ‘ssulgq1 7 0.0. <685 2% 2 ae CZ6L ‘4ST ‘uve Soourleg el SLNAWASYNASIG Teg) ‘CANOW FAONVNADINIVN WOHSOW 388 ‘hinjyaway qorwounurg ‘SNIMdGOH “WM ‘9Z6L ‘AR ITT ‘NEMO CIAVGa ee Pee: 'V $0) ‘q2eI100 punoy pue poytpny — SZ6I “FST Atenuer ‘oouepeq G I OF G6 I Os 6 TI OL S261 “ISTg Jequisoeq ‘sourleg Bele Olee 050 Dates ps F GNN4 LNHHS AO NOWIS dOHSIGd JO qa LSTOa O 6. 06% 0 61 06F G LI 18 G26I “ISTE Joquisoeqy ‘yueg SSUIABY UI soURlTeg i ieee ee OLLI 6 on JUNODIV [e19Uer) 0} Y3U9}-900C) 8 II 88 eG g De thy qS910}UT YuK ssuraeg " G61 “ISU Arenuer ‘sourpeq ‘GNODA dIHSYAdNaW AdIT C. H. Woodward, Printer and Publisher, Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes. + te THE SOCIETY'S PUBLICATIONS (Continued). . STONEHENGE AND ITS BARROWS, by W. Long, Nos. 46-47 of the _ Magazine in separate wrapper 7s. 6d. This still remains one of the best and - most reliable accounts of Stonehenge and its Earthworks, ] WILTSHIRE—The TOPOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS OF JOHN - AUBREY, F.R.S., A.D. 1659-1670. Corrected and enlarged by the Rev. Canon J. E. Jackson, M.A., F.S.A. 4to, Cloth, pp. 491, with 46 plates. Price £2 10s. | _ WILTSHIRE INQUISITIONES POST MORTEM. CHARLES I. 8vo, | pp. vii. + 501. 1901. With full index. In 8 parts, as issued. Price 13s. : DITTO. IN THE REIGNS OF HEN. IIL, ED. I., and ED. IT. 8vo, pp. xv. 505. In parts as issued. Price 13s. DITTO. THE REIGN OF ED. III. 8vo., pp. 402. In six parts as issued. Price 13s. A BIBLIOGRAPHY or tHe GREAT STONE MONUMENTS of WILTSHIRE, STONEHENGE, ann AVEBURY, with other references, ‘by W. Jerome Harrison, I'.G.S., pp. 169, with 4 illustrations. No. 89, Dec., 1901 of the Magazine. Price 5s. 6d. Contains particulars as to 947 books, papers, &e., by 732 authors, | THE TROPENELL CARTULARY. An important work in 2 vols., 8vo, pp. 927, containing a great number of deeds connected with property in nm ‘Wiltshire Parishes of the 14th and 15th centuries. Only 150 copies were printed, of which a few are left. Price to members, £1 10s., and to non- members, £2. > aon BOOKBINDING. Books carefully Bound to pattern. Wilts Archeological Magazine bound to match previous volumes, Or in Special Green Cases. We have several back numbers to make up sets. ¢ H. WOODWARD, Printer and Publisher, Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes. THE — North Wilts Museum and LIBRARY AT DEVIZES. In answer to the appeal made in 1905 annual subscriptions | varying from £2 to 5s, to the amount of about £30 a year for this” purpose have been given since then by about sixty Members of | the Society and the fund thus set on foot has enabled the Committee to add much to the efficiency of the Library and Museum. It is very desirable that this fund should be raised to at lead | £50 a year in order that the General Fund of the Society may be released to a large extent from the cost of the Museum and A set free for the other PENDS of the Society. 3 Subseriplions of 5s. a year, or upwards, are sla for from all Members, and should be sent either to Mr. D. Owen, Bank Cham- bers, Devizes, or Rev. EK. H. Gopparp, Clyffe Vicarage, Swindoul The Committee appeal to Members of the Society aa other to secure any ~ ObIccts of Antiquity, _ AND Natural History Specimens? found in the County of Wilts and to forward them bo ie Hon, Curator, Carr. B. H. Cunnineron, Devizes ; a Whilst Old Deeds connected with Wiltshire families or places, Modern Pamphlets, Articles, Portraits, Illustrations from recent: Magazines, or’ Papers bearing in any way on ‘the County, and Sale Particulars of Wiltshire Properties, as well as local Parish Magazines, $ will be most gratefully received for the Library by the Rev, EK. H, Gopparp, Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon, Hon. Librarian. Cc. H- WOODWARD, MACHINE PRINTER, DEVIZES, No. CXLV. DECEMBER, 1926. Vou. XLITI. THE Ma IiLISHIRE Archeological & Natural History MAGAZINE, PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SOCIETY FORMED IN THAT COUNTY A. D. 1853. EDITED BY REV. E. H. GODDARD, Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon. [The authors of the papers printed in this “‘ Magazine” are alone responsible for all statements made therein. ] | dee | | | i | DEVIZES : PRINTED FOR THE Society sy C. H. Woopwakrp, | EXCHANGE BurILpINnGs, Station Roap. ——S TE Price Ss. Members, Gratis. NOTICE TO MEMBERS. TAKE NOTICE that a copious Index for the preceding eight volumes of the Magazine will be found at the end of Vols. Vili, XVl., Xxlv., and xxxil, The subsequent Volumes are each fully indexed separately. The annual subscription is now raised to 15s. 6d., the entrance fee for new Members remaining 10s. 6d. as before. Life Mem- bers £10 10s. Members who have not paid their Subscriptions to the Society for the current year, are requested to remit the same forthwith to the Financial Secretary, Mr. DAvip Owen, Bank Chambers, Devizes, to whom also all communications as to the supply of Magazines should be addressed. The Numbers of this Magazine will be delivered gratis, as issued, to Members who are not in arrear of their Annual Subserip- tions, but in accordance with Byelaw No. 8 “The Financial Secretary shall give notice to Members in arrear, and the Society's publications will not be forwarded to Members whose Subseriptions shall remain unpaid after such notice.” All other communications to be addressed to the Honorary Secre- tary: the Rev. E. H. Gopparp, Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon. THE SOCIETYS PUBLICATIONS. To be obtained of Mr. D. OWEN, Bank Chambers, Devizes. THE BRITISH AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF THE NORTH WILTSHIRE DOWNS, by the Rev. A. C. Smith, M.A, One Volume, Atlas 4to, 248 pp., 17 large Maps, and 110 Woodcuts, Extra Cloth. Price £2 2s. One copy offered to each Member of the Society at £1 11s. 6d. THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF WILTSHIRE. One Volume, 8vo, 504 pp., with Map, Cloth. By the Rev. T. A. Preston, M.A. Price to the Public 16s.; but one copy offered to every Member of the £vtiety at half-price. CATALOGUE or tHe STOURHEAD COLLECTION or ANTIQUITIES in THE SOCIETY’S MUSEUM, with 175 Illustrations. Part I. Price Is. 6d. CATALOGUE or ANTIQUITIES in toe SOCIETY’S a Oe UI Part II. 1911. Fully illustrated. Price Qs, CATALOGUE or tHe SOCIETY’S LIBRARY ar toe MUSEUM. Price 1s. APPENDIX No. I., II., and III., 3d. each. CATALOGUE or DRAWINGS, PRINTS, anp Maps, In THE SOCIETY'S LIBRARY at toe MUSEUM. Price 1s. 6d. CATALOGUE or WILTSHIRE TRADE TOKENS 1n tHe SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. Price 6d. BACK NUMBERS or tHE MAGAZINE. Price to the Public, 8s., 5s. 6d., and 3s. 6d. (except in the case of a few numbers, the price of which is raised). Members are allowed a reduction of 25 per cent. from these prices. WILTSHIRE Archeeological & Natural History MAGAZINE, No. CXLV. DECEMBER, 1926. Vou. XLIIL. Contents. OBJECTS FOUND DURING EXCAVATIONS ON THE RoMANO- BRITISH SITE AT STocKTON KARTHWORKS, 1923: By R. de C. Nan TRIPOLI, cogscoocbacteodesesBO nea C oe aS inne eine ene ann amie arene Notes on Recent PReuistoric Finps: By Mrs. M. EK. Cunnington (Beakers, W. Overton and Beckhampton ; Cin- erary Urns, Figheldean, Lavington, and Knowle; Barrows, Market Lavington and Shepherds’ Shore) ................c0-2e00 THe Societys MSS. Asstrracts OF DEEDS RELATING TO THE FAMILY OF METHUEN AT BRADFORD, CORSHAM, MELK- SHAM, CHITTERNE, AND BECKINGTON: By Canon E. P. IK Tmtt DIGS? ooo ocoasa dod eco se ocsbesp Ce neooe nos Se ORenne Dr. h. C. C. Clay, and Mrs. Cunnington all agreed as to the great need that existed of some method of marking all scheduled monuments quite plainly and visibly. People damaged or destroyed earthworks largely be- cause they were ignorant of their interest.and value. This was the case especially in the military area on Salisbury Plain, wherein spite of existing army orders the destruction of barrows was going on steadily. Instances were given of a Long Barrow which had lately had all its interior cut out, quite unnecessarily, to form a shooting range, whilst a fine Disc Barrow had been chosen as the site for a hut, when a site 20 yards away would ‘See W.A.M., xliii., 377, 378, and Country Life, Feb. 20th, 27th. 1926. 446 The Seventy-third General Meeting. have done just as well. This sort of thing was continually going on in spite of general orders, and nothing but some visible sign that the earth- work was protected would stop it. Wiltshire with its extraordinary wealth of prehistoric earthworks, of which some 462 long barrows, round barrows, camps and other earthworks, stone circles, etc., had already been scheduled, chiefly at the instance of Capt. Cunnington himself, as officia! “ correspon- dent” of the Office of Works, was especially in need of further measures of protection, but it was hoped that the other county Archeological Societies would give their support to the resolution moved by Capt. Cunnington and seconded by Dr. Clay, and so assist the Office of Works to obtain the further powers necessary from Parliament. The resolution, which was passed unanimously, was as follows :— “That the Wilts Archeological and Natural History Society, whilst fully recognising the difficulties His Majesty’s Office of Works has to contend with, and greatly appreciating what has already been done towards pre- serving the ancient monuments in Wiltshire, wishes to draw the attention of the Commissioners of Ancient Monuments to the urgent and growing necessity for obtaining further powers in order that the scheduled monu- ments may be safeguarded, and suggests that authority should be obtained for the following purposes :— (A) Placing in or on each monument that is scheduled, some form of post or other suitable notice stating that such monument is under Government protection. (B) That owners (or their agents) of scheduled monuments shall be obliged to inform their tenants what scheduled monuments are on their respective holdings, and that such monuments be registered in the leases or agreements of tenancies. (C) That strong representations be made to the War Office respecting the continued demolition of, and damage to, prehistoric earthworks on land in the occupation of H.M. War Department in Wiltshire, notwith- standing the fact that Army Orders have already been issued to the Southern Command respecting the preservation of these ancient monu- ments; and that the General Officer Commanding the Southern Command be furnished with a list of those prehistoric remains which H.M. Office of Works consider should not be disturbed. (D) And that the Army Authorities be requested to place some plainly visible mark or sign in, or on, each of the sites in the above-mentioned list, showing that they must not be disturbed or made use of for any Army purpose whatever.” This business having been disposed of, Mr. E. N. Tuck gave an address on ‘*‘ Lichens and Mosses,” which both in its contents and in its manner of delivery was quite a model of what such an address should be, so much so indeed that in spite of the long day’s journeyings nobody went to sleep, and everybody’s attention was held throughout, a fact which was clearly shown by the quite unusual warmth of applause given to the speaker at the end of the address. Coffee and light refreshments this evening were most kindly provided by Mr. and Mrs. E. M. Awdry. The Seventy-third General Meeting. 447 WEDNESDAY, AUGUST llr. Leaving Chippenham at 9.15 the long train of private cars, which later on numbered 53, followed by 4 char-a-bancs, made their first stop at Langley Burrell Church, where Mr. Brakspear, who has lately been in charge of the difficult work of strengthening the tower walls, which were threatening to collapse, described the many features of the building which he characterised as one of the most interesting Churches in the county. From Langley the cars went on to Draycot Cerne Church, where again Mr. Brakspear acted as guide, remarking especially on the descent of two steps to the chancel from the nave, a feature once fairly frequent, but in most cases obliterated by Nineteenth Century restorations. From this point the route lay up Dauntsey Hill to Bradenstoke Priory. Here, the members having dis- embarked, made their way across two fields to “ Clack Mount,” a curious and little known earthwork with a circular mound and rectangular ditches around it, visited by kind permission of Mr. Storey, the owner. Here Mrs. Cunnington standing on the mound spoke to the members assembled below her. She claimed that the site was that of a small Norman “ Motte and Bailey” castle, the mound representing the Motte and the rectangular earthworks the bailey outside it. Such strongholds, crowned by wooden palisading and defences, were thrown up in considerable numbers by the Normans in the period succeeding the conquest. Mr. Brakspear who spoke next, was however of the opinion that the ditches probably represented the boundaries of the Priory precincts, and he instanced the site of Stanley Abbey, where the ditches of the Abbey precincts are on a larger scale than these. The mound, he suggested, might possibly be the site of a windmill. In any case he thought that the ditches and mound ought to be dug into and examined before any conclusion was arrived at. Mrs. Cunnington on the other hand thought that excavation in this case was unlikely to prove anything, as Norman pottery even if found, would hardly be evidence on either side of the question, Castle v. Priory. The rectangular plan of part of the earthworks had suggested the possibility of Roman origin. At this point the obvious approach of a storm cut the discussion short, and members hurried back to the Priory. ‘The rain however was soon over and nobody got really wet. The Priory itself, known popularly, but less correctly as ‘‘ The Abbey,” has within the last few years been the property of five successive owners. Sir Prior Goldney sold it to Baron de Tuyl, who sold it Mr. Williams, who passed it on to Mr. Storey, who in turn sold it to the present owner Mr. H. Fry. Mr. and Mrs. Fry have recently taken up their residence in the house, which as yet has been scarcely at all altered from its previous condition, except that the remarkable head of the fireplace in the Priors’ room (illustrated in W.A.J/., xliii., 24, fig. 6) which had been taken to Corsham Court, has found its way back to its original home. Mr. Brakspear began by giving a short history of the Priory, and of its buildings, so far as their character is known, and then by the kindness of Mr. and Mrs. Fry, who were at home to welcome them, members wandered over the house, and round it, inspected the great Barn, and the new rose garden, and admired the view over the valley to the distant Cotswolds and Bath, until lunch was ready in the undercroft. This being over and due 448 The Seventy-third General Meeting. thanks having been rendered to Mr. and Mrs. Fry for their kindness, and to Mr. Brakspear who had done so much to make this year’s meeting a success, members mounted their cars at 1.45 and drove off va Lyneham, Hilmarton, Calne, and Buckhill to Bowood, where they were received in the absence of Lord and Lady Lansdowne, by Capt. Hood their agent, who with the assistance of the housekeeper took the members, now numbering more than 160, over the house, which together with the gardens and grounds was most generously thrown open to them, to wander where they would at their leisure. The Society had also to thank Lord and Lady Lansdowne for the tea which was arranged in the Orangery. The only shower of the afternoon fell during tea and so interfered with nobody. With this exception the afternoon was a lovely one, the House, the Italian gardens, and the Park were looking their very best, and until 5 o'clock came, members sat about on the terraces, or strolled through the Pinetum and the gardens, as they felt inclined, the visit to the Roman Villa at Nuthills having been cut out of the programme. Altogether it was a most peaceful and perfect end to a most successful meeting. The numbers attending the meeting were larger than any recorded since the first meeting of the Society, 180 in all, and though the string of private motor cars had increased to 53, and some of the roads traversed, particularly those about Cheney Court and Bradenstoke were extremely narrow and awkward, Capt. Cunnington’s arrangements were so careful and accurate, and it must be added, were so willingly obeyed by all concerned, that the time was kept to the minute throughout the three days and no hitch or difficulty occurred, except the puncture of a tyre of one of the char-a-bancs at the entrance to Bowood. If the remarks of members present really represented their feelings, the meeting was generally regarded as one of the pleasantest and most successful that the Society has ever held. 449 SHEEP FARMING IN WILTSHIRE, WITH A SHORT HISTORY OF THE HAMPSHIRE DOWN BREED. By G. B. Hony. Some little time ago the Editor of the Wiltshire Gazette asked me to investigate the present position of sheep farming in this county, as he had been told that the old custom of folding sheep on the arable land had largely given place to the habit of keeping a different type of sheep in enclosures of the Downs. The results of my enquiries were embodied in an article published in the Wiltshire Gazette on January 28th, 1926, and I have to thank the editor of that paper for permission to reprint considerable ex- tracts from it. The present paper, however, deals rather more fully with the rise of the ‘‘ Hampshire Down ” as we know it to-day. The early history of sheep farming in Wiltshire is almost the history of the county itself. Wiltshire’s prosperity in the past grew out of its flocks of sheep, and thriving wool industries were established in the towns and villages. Even as late as 1811, Thomas Davis (in his General View of the Agriculture of Wiltshire) states that ‘Salisbury manufactures great quantities of fancy woollens. Wilton . . . Devizes a considerable manufactory of fancy woollens. Bradford, Trowbridge, Warminster, West- bury, and all the adjacent towns and villages, from Chippenham to Heytesbury inclusive, carry on most extensive woollen manufactories, principally of superfine broad cloths, kerseymeres, and fancy cloths.” Soon after this, however, the wool industry came upon bad times in Wiltshire, and in 1826 William Cobbett (Rural Rides) gives a most dismal account of it. However, important as the wool industry was to Wiltshire, the pro- duction of wool was quite a secondary reason for the presence of the enormous flocks of sheep in the south-east of the county. To justify this statement it is necessary to realise what the country itself is like, and to understand the system of tenure under which the land used to be held. Wiltshire may be divided agriculturally into two parts. The Down country south and east of a line which runs from the Berkshire border in the north-east to Maiden Bradley in the south-west, and the smaller area of better land in the north-west of the county. The difference between the two parts was well described by Cobbett, who says:—“ My road was now the line of separation between what they call South Wilts and North Wilts, the former consisting of high and broad downs and narrow valleys with meadows and rivers running down them ; the latter consisting of a rather flat enclosed country ; the former a country for lean sheep and corn; the latter a country for cattle, fat sheep, cheese, and bacon.” It is the Down part of the country of which one naturally thinks in connection with sheep. In the Down country the agricultural value of the land varies enormously, 450 Sheep Farming sn Wiltshire. from the extremely rich soil in the valleys to the poorest down at the hill tops. In prehistoric times and, in fact, until the Saxon invasion, the villages were all on the highest points of the downs, where their remains are still to be seen, and the downs themselves were cultivated to a certain extent. In the early days the lower country was densely wooded, and the hill tops were chosen for the villages from the point of view of protection. With the advent of the Saxons, however, agriculture began to assume a greater importance, and the downs went out of cultivation in favour of the more fertile land in the valleys, in which villages began to spring up. In the course of time more and more land was brought under cultivation, but the downs reverted to their natural state. A typical Wiltshire Manor contained a certain amount of each type of land, starting at the water meadows in the valley, and running up to the top of the hill, and the “strip” system of farming—which persisted for the next twelve centuries— was introduced. ; The arable land of the manor was divided into “ yard lands,” which varied from about 15 to 20 acres (or sufficient land for one plough of oxen and a yard to winter them in). Each “ yard land” was occupied by one tenant, but it might be in eighteen or twenty pieces to enable each tenant to hold some land of every quality. In addition to his “ yard land” every tenant had equal rights of commonage on the sheep down and the cow down, and between certain dates (¢.g., after harvest) over the whole of the arable land as well. The fact that the various holdings on the manor were hopelessly mixed up, and yet all the arable land was “ common ” at certain times of the year, made it essential that every tenant should follow exactly the same rotation of crops, which was regulated by the ‘‘ Custom of the Manor.” It must be | remembered that roots of any sort were a comparatively late introduction, as were artificial grasses and clovers, and therefore only the very simplest rotation was possible. At Winterbourn Stoke in 1574 (Wilts Arch. Mag., xxxiv., 212) “ Our Custome is to Divide the Arrable into three feilds ; to sow two feilds, and leave one Sommor Fallow.” ‘The two fields which were cropped carried wheat and barley or oats. Obviously no land could carry that rotation for long without manure, and owing to the shape of the manors in South Wilts most of the arable land was too remote from the homestead for dung to be carted to it. Therefore, if corn was to be grown at all, some other system of manuring was essential—and this system was the sheep fold. Further- more, most of the arable land in this district is naturally light and loose, and the sheep fold was the most practicable method of consolidating it. Hence the importance of the sheep inthe agricultural history of the county. Like the cropping of the land, the amount of stock kept by each tenant was regulated by the “Custom of the Manor.” Thus in the Erlestoke Manor the tenant kept five beasts and twenty-four sheep to each “ yard land,” while at Winterbourn Stoke “ Our Custome is to keep Fifty-five Sheep to a Yard Lands upon the Feilds, Down and Commons of the Mannor, and to Keep Four Cows toa Yard Land .. .” The tenants of the manor sent their sheep to one common flock, and their cows and plough By G. B. Hony. 451 oxen to a common herd, under the care of acommon shepherd and herds- man respectively. The common flock fed on the sheep down during the day, and at night was brought back to a fold which was moved all over the arable land. After harvest the sheep had the run of the stubbles, and in the spring the ewes and lambs had the water-meadows. Naturally the details of management altered as improvements were made in the cropping of the land, but the general idea remained the same for several centuries. The common field system of tenure lasted longer in South Wilts than in almost any other part of the country, chiefly owing to the long and narrow shape of the manors—which made it very difficult to fairly apportion the different qualities of land amongst the various tenants. It is easy to see how this common system of farming prevented any real improvement in the sheep stock of the county. Lach tenant had to provide one ram for the common flock, and naturally he did not take as much care in its selection as he would have if it had been solely for his own flock. Until the various manors were ‘enclosed ” therefore, little improvement was possible, but with the enclosing of the manors at the end of the eighteenth century improvement began, and has been continuous ever since. ‘“ Enclosure,” by the way, did not mean that the people were robbed of their land, but that instead of having little strips of ground scattered all over the manor with rights of commonage over the whole, they were given compact blocks or “en- closures ” of land which they could cultivate as they chose instead of only according to the “‘ Custom of the Manor.” Before going into details of how the sheep stock of the county was eventually improved, it may be of interest to try and see roughly what numbers of sheep were kept. Naturally there are no statistics as to the number of sheep in the county in the Middle Ages, but it is interesting to notice that at one time there were penalties for keeping too many sheep. ‘Thus we find that a Justice of the Peace in 1580 (Longleat Papers, 1588, Wilts Arch. Mag., xiv., 214) had to enquire ‘if any keep above the number of 2,000 sheep after six score to the hundred in any grounds occupied in farm, except such as be kept for maintenance and expenses of household for one year.” Furthermore, there was a prohibition on keeping too many sheep on land suitable for dairy cattle :—“ Of such as keep above the number of six score sheep upon pas- tures meet for milch kyne, and doth not keep for every three score shere sheep one milch cow and for every six score shere sheep doth not rear one calf yearly.” We have seen that the numbers kept by the tenants of manors varied according to the “Custom of the Manor,” and no general estimate is possible. The Winterbourn Stoke custom (in 1574) of keeping at least 275 sheep to each hundred acres of arable seems heavy stocking compared to the total of 236,410 sheep and lambs and 238,603 acres of arable in Wilt- shire in 1924. In the latter year there were, therefore, only 99 sheep and lambs to each hundred acres of arable, even supposing that all the sheep were kept on the arable land—which was, of course, very far from being the case. 452 Sheep Farming in Wiltshire. In 1794 Davis says that “ The number of sheep in this district (2.e., south- east Wilts) cannot be exactly ascertained ; but from the best information that can be collected it appears that the number of lambs bred yearly is at least 150,000, and that the whole summer stock of sheep, including lambs, is very little, if any, short of 500,000. Notwithstanding this seeming im- mensity, it is a fact, that the sheep stock of South Wiltshire has been for “many years gradually decreasing, and that it is now less by many thousands than it was fifty years ago.” In 1800 a Mr. Luccock estimated that there were 583,500 sheep on the Wiltshire downs, and 117,500 in the Wiltshire pastures (Report of the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the State of the British Wool Trade, 1828). One reason for this decline in numbers at the end of the eighteenth cen- tury was what Davis calls ‘‘ the pride of keeping fine sheep.” We shall see presently that there was a tendency at that time to improve the sheep stock of the county, and as the size increased, so the numbers decreased. In spite of this, however, our author complains of the “ rage for fine sheep having almost driven the cow stock out of the district”—it would be interesting to hear his views on this subject to-day. But there was another and stronger reason for the decrease of numbers. It was that the downs were being ploughed up. In those days the downs were the most important part of the sheep keep, and the folds were more often on bare fallow than on roots. While the land was farmed in common the downs were retained, but when enclosures started the tenants often ploughed them up for corn. A few good crops were grown, but as the land was thin and loose it was soon exhausted, and in this connection I will give another quotation from Davis. He says :—‘‘ The arable land of a Wiltshire Down farm is maintained by the dung of the sheep fed on the sheep down, Deprive this farm of its Down, and how is the arable land to be main- tained? . . . It can never be too often repeated, that so long as South Wiltshire remains a corn country, the sheep-fold must be the sheet-anchor of its husbandry.” Undoubtedly the most important change in Wiltshire sheep farming practice during the nineteenth century was the evolution of the Hampshire Down Sheep as we know it to-day. We have seen that no improvement in the sheep stock of the county was possible as long as the system of common field husbandry was general, but at the end of the eighteenth century it began to be doubted whether the old Wiltshire Horned Sheep was the best type to keep. “ It has been said,” to quote Davis once more, “ that horned sheep were not originally the general stock of Wiltshire, but it is certain that no man living (1794) remembers when they were not the general stock ; and it is as certain, that till within these few years, they were thought to answer the particular purposes of the district better than any other kind.”’ ‘The first and principal purpose for which sheep are kept in this district is undoubtedly the dung ofithe sheep-fold, and the second is the wool. The improvement of the carcase was not heretofore thought a primary object, and perhaps in some degree incompatible with the great object of this dis- trict, viz., the hardiness of the animal, necessary to enable it to get its food By G. B. Hony. 453 on a close fed pasture ; to walk two or three miles for that food, and to carry its dung the same distance back to fold; and the breeding Jamb was looked upon as a necessary consequence, rather than as a primary cause of keeping such flock. A supply of ewe lambs for the keeping up of this stock was necessary. ‘The wether lambs lived equally hard with the ewes during the summer, and were sold in the autumn for the wether stock of those that had no convenience of breeding ; and such of the ewes as were thought too old to breed were sold off for fatting. On this system, the earcase either of the ewe or lamb was very little attended to.” “ But the practice of the breeders in this district is now almost totally altered. The first and great object at this time is the improvement of the carcase both of the ewe and lamb, and particularly of the latter, and the attention 1s j Bees! much more to the quality of the lambs they breed than to quantity.” At first the improvement consisted in merely increasing the size by breed- ing them longer in the leg, and higher and heavier in the forequarters. It is an axiom that when the size of any breed of animal is increased it needs better keep, and it is quite easy to ‘“‘improve ” any native breed to such an extent that it cannot exist in its natural habitat. This is exactly what happened to the old Wiltshire Sheep 150 years ago, and is happening to-day to the New Forest and other native breeds of ponies. ‘“‘The present kind of sheep will starve on the same kind of land on which the old sort of sheep lived well . . . and being so much nicer in their food, and re- jecting the feed of the Downs, on which the chief dependence for sheep food is, have suffered the herbage to grow gradually coarser; and that the farmers, in attempting to remedy this evil, by shortening their stock of sheep, have made it worse ; it being a well-known fact, that the closer the Downs are fed, the more stock they will keep.” Apart from increasing the size of the sheep by selection, two other breeds were introduced into the county during the last decade of the eighteenth century—the Southdown and the Merino. Of these two breeds by far the most important was the Southdown, which was first brought into Wiltshire in 1789 by Mr. Mighell, of Kennett, and soon attained great popularity, although for many years there was considerable controversy between the supporters of the Wiltshire Sheep and those who favoured the Southdown. The latter claimed that they could keep 300 head on land which would only carry 200 Wiltshires, and that their sheep were more docile, fed more contentedly, stayed more quietly in the fold, and were much hardier. They also insisted that the wool was so much better in quality and more in quantity that they made nearly double the profit, and that the wethers made nearly a penny a pound more in Smithfield market. Before tracing the results of the importation of Southdowns, however, it will be as well to deal briefly with the Merino invasion. A full account of this is given in a book published in 1809 called A Practical Treatise on the Merino and Anglo-Merino Breeds of Sheep, by ‘“‘ An Experienced Breeder,” who, from a note in the British Museum copy, appears to have been C. H. Hunt. This book is dedicated to the Rev. J. Willis, Vicar of Sopley, and founder of the Christchurch Agricultural Society. The first importation VOL, XLIII.—NO. CXLV. H 2 454 Sheep Farming in Wiltshire. was made by King George III. in 1787, and came from Portugal near the Spanish border, for permission to import some from Spain was not received from the King of Spain until 1791, but in that year he made a present of 36 ewes and four rams to our King. Finally, in 1808, 1400 ewes and 100 rams arrived here from Spain, out of a shipment of 2000, the rest having died during the passage. Following the royal example Merino sheep breeding appears to have become a fashionable occupation and rams were widely distributed. Hunt gives a list of 18 “ Merino and Anglo-Merino proprietors in the County of Hampshire,” most of whom lived in the im- mediate neighbourhood of Christchurch. Davis tells us that Merinos were distributed in Wiltshire “by means of the Bath Society, of the Earl of Aylesbury, and the Marquis of Bath.” These sheep were small, short- woolled, and horned, very much like the Dorsetshire sheep were at that time. John, Lord Somerville, wrote a book (second edition 1800) called The System followed during the last two years by the Board of Agriculture further illustrated. With dissertations on the growth and produce of Sheep and Wool, as well Spanish as English, in which he recommends the use of a Spanish ram on Wiltshire sheep to “ effect neither more nor less than a great increase of profit on the fleece, with very little, if any, injury what- ever to the form of the animal.” Again, in a pamphlet On The Potatoe as Food for Sheep, published in 1802, Nehemiah Bartley, Secretary to the Bath Agricultural Society, speaks of the good results of feeding ‘potatoes to a flock of ewes “ partly of the Spanish and Ryeland, and partly of the Spanish and Wiltshire admixtures, both of them in lamb by my Lord Somerville’s native Merino tups.” I could quote many other refer- ences to the use of Merinos for crossing the Wiltshire sheep and it is obvious that this was very largely done during the first few years of the last cen- tury. Mr. Edward Coward, writing in the Wiltshire Gazette of February 4th, 1926, says :—“In the first of the shows (1813) held by “ The Wiltshire Society for the encouragement of Agriculture and rewarding faithful and industrious servants,” there were classes for two breeds of sheep—“ South- down” and “‘ Marino or Marino Cross”; there was also a class for “ pure Marino or not less than the fourth cross of the Marino,” and apparently also prizes were offered for Marino wool. It is not quite clear whether the classes remained the same until 1824, but I fancy they did. How long the Marino remained on the list I do not know, but my father, who was born in 1822, writing in 1909, says that ‘“‘ he cannot remember to have ever seen a Marino ” and that “ owing to their delicate constitution, their introduction was not a success,” so it is probable that they soon dropped out.” This statement is borne out by the evidence given before the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the State of the British Wool Trade in 1828, the Report of which is a bulky volume running to 697 foolscap pages. A very considerable number of Wiltshire farmers gave evidence. before it and I shall have to refer to it again, but for the moment will only deal with the evidence about Merinos. Mr. William Cunnington, woolstapler, of Upavon, stated that the quantity of English Merino wool had decreased very much indeed because “ they do not answer the purpose of the farmers in Wilts so By G. B. Hony. 455 -well as the Southdown.” Other woolstaplers gave similar evidence as to the decrease in the supply of Merino ,wool, and the breed was evidently dying out about that time. In the course of twenty-five years, however, the flocks in Wiltshire and Hampshire must have had a considerable in- fusion of Merino blood. From the time of its introduction in 1789 the Southdown seems to have “caught on ” with amazing rapidity, and the old Wiltshire Horned sheep died out equally quickly. Writing in 1805 John Lawrence tells us in A General Treatise on Cattle that the ‘“‘ Wiltshire or Horned Crock . . . is everywhere on the decline, generally supplanted by the South Downs, I think the breed not worth preserving ; perhaps the only thing to be done with it to advantage is to cross it with the Merino . . . The Hampshire, a variety of the former, said, for what reason I know not, to be more hardy.” Again, in the second edition of his book (1811) Davis says of the Southdown “ the number thereof now kept in the district (including the crosses) compared with the Wiltshire Horned sheep bears nearly an in- verse ratio with the stock of the two kinds in 1794.” This was hardly to be wondered at if some of the descriptions of the Wiltshire sheep published about this time were correct. For example, “The Wiltshires were a tall, bony, thin-carcased sheep, fit to walk two or three miles to a fold, and to be kept till three or four years old, for the purpose of manuring a Down farm. They ate ravenously, increased greatly in size and weight, but did not fatten. In the winter season when the Wilts were unceasingly devour- ing hay and turnips, the South Downs were traversing the field in search of the scanty pittance of grass then to be found.” ‘This passage occurs in a letter from J. Billingsley describing some feeding experiments he carried out with different breeds, and was published in Hunt’s book on Merinos already quoted. The old Wiltshire Horned sheep died out with amazing rapidity from its native county, and the last pure flock seems to have disappeared about 1819, though in 1828 Mr. Cunnington told the Select Committee on the British Wool Trade that this breed was then ‘“‘ nearly extinct.” Although it completely died out in Wiltshire the breed survived in small numbers in Buckinghamshire and Northamptonshire, and it is curious that just a century after it had disappeared from its native downs a society was formed to look after its interests, and since then it has gone ahead again. Another interesting point about the modern representatives of our old Wiltshire breed—the foundation of the once prosperous wool manufactures of the county—is that by selection during the last fifty years these sheep now grow no wool at all, and their coat is more like hair than wool. ‘To such an extent is this carried that the judge at the last Tring Show (the principal show for this breed) put the ram which he considered was the best shaped one in the ¢lass into the second place merely because it showed signs of having grown some wool. Breeders claim that the sheep with least wool mature more quickly than the others, and as the Wiltshire or Western Horn (as it is called nowadays) is used entirely for the production of early fat lamb they prefer to sacrifice any wool it might produce for the sake of early maturity. There was a great slump in the wool trade about 1825, and in 1828 a DP jae 2 456 Sheep Farming in Wiltshire. Select Committee of the House of Lords was appointed to enquire into it. I have already quoted from the Report issued by that Committee, but must now do so again to show the extent to which Southdowns were kept in the county at that time. Mr. W. Pinkney, of Everley, kept a flock of 1,500 pure Southdowns on 870 acres, including down land, and he had had them since 1803. He made 2s. 1d. per lb. for his wool in 1804, 2s. 6d. in 1814, and 8d. in 1827. In reply to questions from the Committee, he said that “we have certainly got our sheep grosser as compared with the original Southdowns.” He was asked: ‘ Are the flocks in your neighbourhood all pure Southdowns or are there not some Dorset and Wiltshire sheep ?” and his reply was: “ There are very few Dorsets, the Southdown are the Wilt- shire sheep. There were some farmers who did not like to go to the expense of throwing off all their old stock, and:they preferred using Southdown rams, and to cross them in that way, which makes equally valuable sheep in the course of a few years.” ‘This is interesting as showing that by 1828 the Southdown was considered the sheep of the county. This witness also stated that he had had sheep from Sussex, and that he thought that “ the generality (of the sheep) of the country is more mixed than mine.” Mr. Henry King, of Chilmark, clipped 6,500 Southdowns on his 4,000 acres. Mr. William Ruddle Brown, of Broad Hinton, clipped 1,300 Southdowns on his 1,000 acres, and he calculated that between his house and Marlborough (seven miles) 40,000 sheep were shorn every year. Mr. R. Hughes, of Salthrop, near Swindon, clipped 600 Southdowns on his 700 acres, but from 1803 to 1812 he had “ Coarse Horned Wiltshire wool.” Mr. W. Caudwell, of Drayton, near Abingdon, Berkshire, clipped 700 Southdowns on his 270 acres. Mr. I’. Newton, of Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire, had a farm of 1,000 acres near Andover, and formerly had one in Wiltshire adjoining it. He used to clip 2,000 “ Hampshire Southdowns.” ‘This is the first time I have come across a differentiation between Hampshire and other Southdowns, He attributed the slump in the wool trade to the importation of Spanish wool, “I live by the roadside, near Tetbury, and three or four waggons loaded with Spanish wool pass every day.” Mr. William Cunnington, woolstapler, of Upavon, said that he had principally purchased Southdown wool since he started in 1811. From that date to 1822 he had lived at Heytesbury, and had sold most of his wool in Frome, but during the last two years it had gone North. The sheep were now “ much larger framed than they were 15 years ago,” and “ they have been getting larger framed rams of the same sort for the sake of getting larger carcases and have not paid attention to the quality of the wool.” He goes on to prove this statement by giving detailed and technical particulars of the Southdown wools bought by him from the same farms in 1812 and 1827. It is interesting to notice that this list includes such names as. Flower and Dean, now so well known in the Hampshire Down world. Replying to a question as to the weight of Wiltshire fleeces at the time, Mr. Cunnington said “I think about 23lbs.; the old Wiltshire breed is nearly extinct. I refer to the Wiltshire Southdowns.” It is apparent that although the Southdown was the common sheep of Wiltshire at this date it had already begun to be modified from the original Jey (E15, IORI 457 Southdown as first imported to the county. To a certain extent the old Wiltshire Horned Sheep was crossed out by the use of Southdown rams, but in most cases in Wiltshire it appears to have been displaced entirely and the Southdown substituted in its place. In Hampshire, on the other hand, the old horned breed was extensively crossed with Southdown rams from Sussex, “ care being taken to select the largest, coarsest, and blackest- faced rams, which it was thought would suit the coarse sheep with which they had to almalgamate” (from a paper on Cross Breeding, by W. C. Spooner, in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, Vol. XX., 1859). Naturally, this different system of breeding followed in the two counties resulted in the formation of different types of sheep, but owing to the varying proportion of Southdown and Wiltshire Horned blood in different flocks there was not much uniformity during the first quarter of the nine- teenth century, and the types merged into each other. Roughly speaking, however, the sheep in Hampshire were larger and had coarser heads than those in Wiltshire ; or, in other words, they more nearly resembled the original Horned sheep, though the horns had disappeared and the faces had become black. This transition period carries us on till about 1840, when certain breeders began to fix the type definitely. In the meantime the sheep of the district were called different names by various writers, for we read of Southdowns, Wiltshire Southdowns, Hampshire Southdowns, Wiltshire Downs, Hampshire Downs, Improved Hampshire Downs, and West Country Downs. Under whatever name they went, however, they were essentially modifications of the Southdown, but containing a certain amount of the old Wiltshire Horned blood, and in Berkshire of the old Berkshire Knot. Wrightson (British Breeds of Sheep) quotes Mr. E. P. Squarey as saying that the Wiltshire Down was larger and less handsome than the Hampshire, but this statement is not borne out by other writers, and does not seem probable in view of the general practice of the breeders in the two counties. Spooner, for instance, says “ at length a larger sheep was demanded, and then the Wiltshire breeders procured rams from Hampshire and greatly improved their flocks in size,” and again “the Wiltshire Down, whose more perfect symmetry frequently enables their owners to wrest the prizes from the Hampshire men, and to cause the latter, by the rivalry thus induced, to improve the symmetry of their sheep by careful selection.” Although the sheep of this period contained more Southdown blood than any other, there can be little doubt that there must have been a trace of the Merinos which, as we have seen, were widely distributed throughout the district at the beginning of the century. Further, about 1829, Mr. John Twynam began to use Cotswold rams in his flock, and as the first cross lambs were much more like the ram than the ewes, it was at first thought that a most valuable breed had been formed, but subsequent generations were not so good. However, in 1835—36 many of these cross-bred rams were sold “ not only into Hampshire Down flocks generally, but into those of six or eight of our first ram breeders,” as Mr. Twynam said in a paper read before a farmers’ club (quoted by Spooner), and thus a certain amount of Cotswold, and indirectly, therefore, of Leicester, blood was introduced into the breed. 458 Sheep Farming in Wiltshire. As we have seen, various names were used by different writers about this time. and the word Southdown was almost certainly used very loosely and applied generally to all sheep of Southdown type. Thus in the prize report on the Farming of Wiltshire, by Edward Little, of Lower Sheldon Farm, Chippenham (Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, Vol. v., 1845) he says of South Wilts that “South Downs are nearly universally the breed now. . . . Many of the flockmasters of Wilts have by judicious selection of stock from Sussex, brought their flocks to a high state of per- fection, and their stock being dispersed through the county has greatly im- proved the breed of sheep. There are a few who prefer the Hampshire, or coarser kinds of sheep, and where the forcing of lambs from their birth, or for grazing as tegs, is adopted, it appears to answer well, as the extra- ordinary production of that breed brought to the fairs within the last few years will prove ; but the generality of farms are stocked with South Downs.” When writing of North Wilts he says “ The sheep stock of this division of the county is different from that of South Wilts, the cross between the Cotswold. and South Downs being mostly preferred. There are, however, some flocks of pure South Downs and Cotswolds.” Again, Mr. E. Coward points out in his letter to the Waltshire Gazette already quoted that in 1849 the only class for sheep at the Wiltshire Show was for Southdowns, but at that date the class must have included all sheep of Southdown type, just as at the: early shows (commencing at Oxford in 1838) of the Royal Agricultural Society the sheep were divided into three sections, “ Leicesters,” ‘¢ South- downs, etc.,” and “ Long Wools (not qualified as Leicesters).” At many of the early Royal Shows Mr.James Beaven,of Market Lavinetaul and Mr. William Sainsbury,of West Lavington,took prizes with Southdowns. Mr. Sainsbury continued to win prizes at the Royal for several years, and his flock of Southdowns, which was dispersed after his death in 1884, was probably the last regular flock of Southdowns in the county. At the Southampton Royal Show in 1844 a new section was added for Short Wools (not qualified to compete as Southdown), but the judges with-held the prize of £20 for the best shearling ram owing to the want of merit in the animals shown. Mr. Thomas Hutton, of Upton Gray, near Odiham, Hampshire, took the prize of £20 “ for his 29 months’ old Hampshire Down Ram, bred by himself”; Mr. William Humfrey, of Chaddleworth, near Newbury, Berks, took £10 and several commendations for his “ Berkshire Short-woolled”’ sheep; Mr. James Rawlence, of Heale, near Salisbury, was commended for “ Hampshire Short-woolled” rams; Mr. John Shrimpton, Easton, near Winchester, was commended for “Short-woolled” ram bred: by himself ; Mr. James Beechingham, of Ashe, near Overton, was com- mended for a ram ‘‘ of the Hampshire and Sussex- Down cross,” other com- mendations went to Mr. T. 8S. Godwin, of Broughton, near Stockbridge, to Mr. W. Pain, of Compton, Winchester, and to Mr. J. Pain, of Stockbridge, for “ Hampshire Downs,” and to Mr. William Sanders, of Sutton Scotney, for ‘‘ Hampshire Short-woolled” Ram. Thus we see that there was then a considerable diversity of types in the district. In the report on the live stock at the Chester Royal Show of 1858 the following passage occurs (Journal of the Royal. Agricultural Society, Vol. By G. B. Hony. 459 xix.) : ‘“‘ Other short woolled breeds not being Southdowns. The wording of this class conveys the impression that there are many ‘ other short-woolled breeds’ which is correct to a certain extent. They number among them the Hampshire, Wiltshire, and Shropshire Downs, and even Cheviots. But the Hampshire and Shropshire breeds are the only breeds which really come into competition. . . . The Hampshire sheep . . . have par- taken of the improvements of other breeds, but their strength of constitu- tion and size have been retained as characteristic of the animal, less attempt having been made to imitate the beauty and high proof of the Southdown,” Actually at this show Mr. Humfrey, of Oak Ash, won with “ West- Country Downs with brown faces,’ Mr. Coles, of Wiltshire, took second prize with “Improved Hampshire Downs,” and Mr. Brown was com- mended for a ‘“‘ Hampshire Down.” ‘The next year the show was at War- wick, and Mr. Humfrey took most of the prizes in this section, and his sheep were described thus :—‘‘ West Country Downs. This is anew stamp or breed of sheep created by Mr. Humfrey, of Oak Ash, near Wantage. F Mr. Humfrey’s chief supporters are the Messrs. King, near Hunger- ford; Berks; Mr. Canning, of Chiseldon, Wilts; Mr. J. Rawlence, of Wilton; Mr. E. Waters, of Salisbury ; Mr. W. Rauton, of Downton; Mr. W. Waters, of Boscombe; Mr. C. Vernham, of Andover; and as to the original Hampshire breed Mr. Budd, of Basingstoke; Mr. Holden, of Amesbury ; Mr. Edney, of Whitechurch ; Mr. Brown, of Ufcot, etc.” At the Canterbury Royal Show in 1860 special classes were provided for Southdowns, Kentish, and Shropshire sheep, and all the winners in the section for “ other-short woolled sheep ” were either ‘“ West Country Downs ” or “Improved Hampshire Downs.” At the Battersea Show in 1862 the classification was changed to ‘‘ Hampshire and Other Short Wools,” but, even so, they were all entered as ““ West Country Downs.” It is certain that at this time the two names were used indiscriminately, and in the prize essay on the Agriculture of Berkshire in 1860 (Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, Vol. XXI.), Mr. J. B. Shearing says “ Sheep are with very few exceptions of the Hampshire or West Country Down breed. There is a (my italics) pure Southdown flock at Buckland, and two or three cross-bred flocks . . . rams are purchased from Mr. Humfrey and Mr. S. King, who have long been celebrated as breeders of Hampshire or West Country Downs.” From this time onwards the history of the Hampshire Down is merely a record of careful selection by breeders in Hampshire, Wiltshire, and Berkshire, and many of the leading breeders of that time bore names which are still respected wherever Hampshire Down sheep are known. It may, however, be worth while stating, in their own words, how two of the leading breeders, Mr. Humfrey, of Oak Ash, and Mr. James Rawlence, of Bulbridge, founded their flocks. These details were given to Mr. W. C. Spooner, and were included by him in 1859 in his paper on Cross-Breeding already quoted. Mr. Humfrey ! said : “ About twenty-five years since, in forming my flock, ' Actually in this paper this name is spelt Humphrey, but as it is Humfrey in all the otherinstances, I have kept this spelling for the sake of uniformity. I do not know which is correct.—G. B. H. 460 Sheep Farming in Wiltshire. I purchased the best Hampshire or West Country Down ewes [ could meet with. (Thus even about 1835 the two names were in use). Some of them I obtained from the late Mr. G. Budd, Mr. William Pain, Mr. Digwood, and other eminent breeders, giving 40s. when ordinary ewes were making 33s., and using the best rams I could get of the same kind, until the Oxford Show of the Royal Agricultural Society.”. On examining the different breeds exhibited there, he was struck with the idea that his “ best plan would be to obtain a first-rate Sussex Down sheep to put to my larger Hampshire Down ewes, both being the Short-woolled breed.” He thereupon bought one of Mr. Jonas Webb's best sheep, and two years later “I com- missioned him to send me the sheep which obtained the first prize at Liverpool, and from these two sheep, by marking the lambs of each tribe as they fell, then coupling them together at the third and fourth generation, my present flock was made,” Mr. Rawlence went about the formation of his flock in a rather different way, and, in fact, crossed his sheep in the opposite direction. Thus he told Mr. Spooner that ‘‘ The original flock from which my present sheep are chiefly descended was of the Sussex breed and of moderate quality. I commenced by drafting all the small and delicate ewes, and the remainder were crossed with rams of the Hampshire breed. I bred from their produce for two or three years, and then had another cross with the Hampshire, still continuing to cull defective ewes. After I had obtained considerable size from the infusion of the Hampshire blood, I had recourse to some rams bred by Mr. Humfrey, of Chaddleworth, Berks, which were the produce of the biggest and strongest Hampshire ewes by a sheep of Mr. Jonas Webb’s. I use my own rams, and I also frequently purchase a few of the best Hampshire ewes I can get, put my own sheep to them and use their lambs. I also put asheep of Mr. Humfrey’s to some of the best of my ewes, and select rams for their produce, thus getting fresh blood without making an entire cross.” Thus by the interchange of rams between the leading breeders the various types of the Hampshire Down Sheep were welded into one homogeneous breed, and the Hampshire Down Sheep Breeders’ Association was founded in 1890 to look after its interests. From the middle of the last century onwards, almost until the beginning of the war, the word “sheep” in South Wiltshire was practically synony- mous with ‘‘ Hampshire Down.” No other breed was seen to any extent, as Hampshire Downs had been evolved to suit the needs of the locality. They stand heavy feeding and close folding better than almost any other breed, hence their great value on the light and loose soils in our Down country, and owing to their quick maturing qualities they are unrivalled for the production of early lamb, while the ewes fat out well when their breeding days are over. We shall see presently, however, that it is to these very qualities that the great slump in Wiltshire sheep breeding was due. _ At the beginning of the nineteenth century Davis calculated the sheep population of south-east Wilts at 500,000, As the Southdown blood became more predominant the size of the flocks increased, but there are no accurate Statistics available until 1867, when the yearly returns were started. In that year Wiltshire had 725,585 sheep. Two years later, in 1869, the high s(G9) “60 °YI4P $2]244 99S) UNesny SezIAo({ oY} UL MOU pUB “EEgT UI SUIZaaW S,A4a1D0G "QOLV SHIM 949 38 poqiqiyxe ,.“43e8sVq Yo miog JO “JOP[VBN uygor ‘ry oye, 09 Aq pesq ‘daeqQ poudofyy odlysi[tM PIO 24 JO peep paddosoasg ,, 943 8q 03 peaoljod apa vee eee wor “wey pousoyy ‘gjuRv py ‘uvepulvig ‘wWaey spurlpoo\ “bsy ‘sulleg inqy1y jo uorssessod UL MOU ‘SpleMpy WeyUspAG Aq suljuleg [IQ WOl. ‘soMy pus Wey peulOF{ aAYsd[lM PIO ‘(rededsmou pjaeyg ayy, Aq jue, A[pury YOO]G WIJ) OZET ‘MOY SUTIT, Je WEY UIOFT UloJsoAA IO OIIGSZ[I AA SULUUTM OT J, ‘(qededsmou pag eyf Aq yuoy A[pury Yoo[q Woy) gZET ‘Moyg ould], oY} 38 SOM UIOF{ Uso}se AA JO O1IYS}]T AA 4}90}-0mM} Jo ued Suluutm oy, ‘yAVUL[IGD Jo ‘aamoyy sauvp “apy Aq paaq ‘Urey, UMOC aarysdue Surjreayg ‘YARUTIGYO JO ‘1aMOT sowvee ‘apy Aq poig ‘soma UMOC SITYSdWIVF Sul[ieays 9o1q J, By G. B. Hony. 461 water mark was reached, and 808,658 sheep were returned for the county, There was a drop of about 110,000 during the next three years, but then the numbers picked up a little until 1874 when there were 765,265 sheep in the county. From that date onwards there was a steady decline (with, of course, an occasional slight increase for one or two years) until 1915 when there were 376,007 sheep in the county. For the next five years this decline ceased to be steady, and the numbers fell with a rush until low water mark was reached in 1920. Wiltshire then had 182,122 sheep, or less than a quarter of the stock in 1869. The numbers have been rising since 1921, and on June 4th, 1925, had reached 258,895—-or half-way between the figures for 1918 and 1919. Few people realise that the sheep population of the county has been dwindling for over half-a-century, but the figures given in the following table make this clear. The number of “ Cows and heifersin milk or in-calf ” is also given to show how the dairying industry of the county has increased in importance as the size of the flocks declined :— Cows & Heifers in Year. Sheep. milk or in calf, 1869 os 808,658 A 50,259 1879 a 690,988 a 49,666 1889 ss 590,166 ee 57,573 1899 na 531,843 ast 66,064 1909 a 491,368 ay 76,833 1919 zs 241,237 oe 86,424 1920 a 182 122 sie 83,230 1925 606 258,895 50 96,227 Although this decline has been continuous for fifty years it falls naturally into two very unequal periods—“ pre-war ” and the years 1915 to 1920. In the first case the drop in numbers was slow but sure, and was due to a combination of factors. In this county sheep farming was never an end in itself (except in the case of a few ram-breeding flocks), but was always considered a necessary adjunct to the growing of corn. Few farmers ex- pected to make much direct profit from their flocks, which were kept almost entirely to consolidate and manure the ground for corn crops. It was only to be expected, therefore, that as corn growing became less attractive owing to imports from abroad; the size of the flocks should tend to be re- duced. The introduction, or rather the more general use, of artificial manures was another factor which lessened the importance of the sheep fold. Towards the end of the last century, too, the public began to demand lamb instead of mutton, and this meant that whereas the wethers used to kept two or three years, they were now killed off before they were twelve months old—thus making a considerable difference in the number of sheep kept! Again, the importation of frozen mutton and lamb from New Zealand reached such dimensions as to be a serious menace to the English ‘This is also reflected in the statistics owing to the fact that many thousands of lambs are killed annually before June 4th, and hence are never recorded at all.—G.B.H. 462 Sheep Farming in Wiltshire. flockmaster. Finally, the regular weekly cheque received by milk pro- ducers was sufficient inducement to cause many flocks to be given up in favour of dairy cows—thus reversing the process of the previous century. Altogether the pre-war reduction in the sheep population is quite under- standable. When we come to the second period—from 1915 to 1920—the decline in numbers was much more rapid, owing to an entirely new set of factors coming into play. The qualities for which Hampshire Downs are famous—the ability to. stand close folding and high feeding—make them expensive sheep to keep, both in labour and food, and consequently they were hard hit by the war. Labour became scarce and dear. The under shepherds joined up, and flockmasters found considerable difficulty in management. Imported feed- ing stuffs were almost unprocurable, and even home-grown hay was requisitioned for the Army. As a natural result many flocks of tegs were sent to the butcher instead of being run on in the ordinary way. Finally, the price of lamb was controlled at practically the same level as old ewe mutton. This was most unfair to farmers who specialised in the production of early lamb—and every breeder of Hampshire Downs did this to a certain extent—and consequently the ewes were slaughtered wholesale. Before the war, too, farmers generally expected their wool to pay for the shepherding, always an expensive item with hurdle sheep, but when the price of wool was controlled it ceased to do so, for the cost of labour had increased out of all proportion. Taking everything into consideration, therefore, it is hardly to be wondered at that the number of sheep in the county dropped rapidly during the war and for a year or two afterwards. When the sheep population of the county reached its lowest point in 1920, the difference was not confined to numbers only, but totypeas well. Owing to the scarcity of labour and the great expense of keeping hurdle sheep, many farmers gave up their flocks of Hampshire Downs and imported cross-breds instead. ‘hese sheep could pick up their own living on the downs, requiring no artificial feeding and very little labour to look after them. On the other hand, owing to the nation’s need of cereals, the arable _ acreage of the county had considerably increased, and it had also been cropped in a manner which only an emergency could have justified. The need for the sheep-fold had never been so urgent before. How is it, then, that the total number of sheep in the county has increased so slowly since the war, and that such a large proportion of this increase is made up of grass sheep as opposed to those kept for folding ? There are several reasons. During the last few years farms have changed hands to a hitherto unheard-of extent, and many of the incomers have possessed altogether insufficient capital. It was only to be expected, there- fore, that in such cases they would lay out what money they had in stock which promised direct and immediate returns. As a result of the shortage of hurdle sheep, for reasons outlined above, they have been very dear to buy, and at the same time they offer no immediate return on the capital outlay. It is small wonder, then, that men who have not been born and bred in the belief that ‘ the arable land of a Wiltshire Down farm is main- By G. B. Hony. 463 tained by the dung of the sheep fold” should buy dairy cows rather than sheep. In fact, the weekly or fortnightly milk cheque has proved an irresistible attraction to many sheep breeders of long standing. The figures given in the table above show that whereas the total increase in the number of dairy cattle in the county was only about 36,000 during the fifty years from 1869—1919, or about 700 a year, in the last five years an addition of 13,000, or over 2,500 a year, has been made to the cow stock of the county. This change over from hurdle sheep to cows and grass sheep has been accelerated by the political situation. We have seen that in this county hurdle sheep have always been looked upon as adjuncts to corn growing, and that as the latter became less attractive the flocks were reduced. Since the war farmers have completely lost confidence in the future of corn growing. Wages were raised and fixed, and farmers were guaranteed against loss, by the Corn Production Act. When it came to the point, however, this guarantee proved not to be worth the paper it was written on, and as a natural result thousands of acres of arable land have been laid down to grass. Stock of some sort is necessary on this new grass land, and where possible cows are kept, while cross-bred sheep have been brought in to feed the outlying fields and downs. There is yet another reason why more flocks of Hampshire Downs have not been established since the war. (Good shepherds are scarce. There is an old saying amongst Wiltshire sheep farmers that ‘‘ the shepherd is half the flock,” and this half has been hard to find. ‘The outsider does not always realise the immense difference there is between a mere “ hurdle pitcher” and a good shepherd, but with sheep like Hampshire Downs— bred for generations between hurdles—that distinction may make all the difference between profit and heavy loss on the flock. As the old men die out their places are not easily filled. ‘The younger generation fights shy of the loneliness of a shepherd’s life, and it also has a not unnatural objection to working all day on Sundays. Grass sheep will largely look after them- selves on the downs, and consequently many farmers are now keeping them who would much prefer to own Hampshire Downs. What is the position of sheep farming in Wiltshire at the present times and to what extent have grass sheep taken the place of hurdle sheep in our rural economy? Finally, what are the prospects of the future? These questions are more easily asked than answered. As we have seen, before the war the word “ sheep” in Wiltshire nearly always meant “ Hampshire Down.” To-day it may mean any one of ten or a dozen different breeds, and crosses. In many cases farmers from other counties have settled here, and brought the sheep of their own districts with them. Of course several of these flocks of “foreign” sheep are kept within hurdles, but from all parts of the county comes the same report—“ the recent increase in numbers is largely made up of grass sheep.” Actual figures are not easy to come by, for the official statistics do not discriminate between breeds. However, the catalogue of sheep offered by Messrs. Lavington and Hooper at Marlborough Fair, August, 1925, is Suggestive. It is headed “Sale of 19,230 Hampshire Down and Cross-bred 464 Sheep Farming in Wiltshire. Ewes and Lambs,” but of this number no. less than 9,684 were cross-breds, while there were 2,038 Cheviots, 558 Border Leicesters, 371 Exmoors, 258 Welsh, 50 Kerrys, 38 Scotch Horn, and 37 Suffolks. Altogether 12,997 out of 19,230, or over two-thirds of the sheep catalogued, were of breeds other than Hampshire Downs. In addition to these there were Southdown, Suffolk, Exmoor, Oxford, and Border Leicester rams offered. Most of the cross-breds were merely entered as such, and were probably Border Leicester- Cheviots, but amongst the crosses specifically mentioned were Border Leicester-Oxfords, Border Leicester-Ryelands, Border Leicester-Suffolks, Oxford-Exmoors, Exmoor-Ryelands, and Suffolk-Oxfords. Both Suffolks and Oxfords are, of course, hurdle sheep, and there are now registered flocks of both in the county, but most of the other breeds mentioned are essentially grass sheep, and were introduced into Wiltshire as such. There is, however, evidence that many of these cross-bred flocks are now folded for part of the year at any rate. They are lambed down later than Hampshires, and do not eat so much hay, or need such skilled shepherding, and are kept for that reason—though, naturally, they do not have the same effect on the land. This vogue of the cross-bred as compared to Hampshire Downs makes sad reading, but there is a brighter side to the picture. Although nearly all my correspondents agree that the number of grass sheep has increased much more rapidly lately than the number of hurdle sheep, they nearly all add that the pendulum has begun to swing the other way. The prospects of arable farming in Wiltshire may not be bright in any case, but without the sheep-fold they are black indeed. This truth is becoming recognised On all sides, and the result: is that not only are many of the cross-bred flocks being folded, but Wiltshire farmers are returning to their “ old loves” the Hampshire Downs. A few months ago the agricultural correspondent of the Times suggested the possibility that the cultivation of sugar beet might prove an alternative to sheep farming in Wiltshire. When commenting on the suggestion the Wiltshire Gazette said, “‘ Sorry indeed we should be if the golden hoof was substituted by the golden root, and the sugar factory took the place of the sheep-fold.” One cannot help feeling, however, that the advent of the “ golden root” will give a new lease of life to!the “ golden hoof.” Sheep farming, as it has always been understood in Wiltshire, is dependent on the prosperity of arable farming, and vice versa, and the words of Thomas Davis are as true to-day as when they were written, 115 years ago :—“ The arable land of a Wiltshire Down farm is maintained by the dung of the sheep. . . . It can never be too often repeated that so long as South Wiltshire remains an arable country, the sheep- fold must be the sheet-anchor of its husbandry.” 465 SAVERNAKE FOREST FUNGI. Part III. By Crcin P. Hurst. [For previous Parts I. and II. see W.A.M., xlii , 543—555 ; xliii., 1483—155.] The following fungi, over 130 in number, have recently (1924—26) been observed growing in Savernake Forest and near the adjoining village of Great Bedwyn. The district is an interesting one for fungi. Conspicuous and large inhabitants of the Forest are Polyporus sguamosus, P. giganteus, P. betulinus and Fomes applanatus, and the bolets, Boletus edulis, B. reticulatus, B. satanas, and B. versipellis. The densely gregarious Pholiota squarrosa, bristly with recurved scales, is prominent on stumps and at the base of trees, while high up on the beeches, almost as high as the eye can reach, grows the shining white, sticky Armillarva mucida, the viscid secretion of which is much beloved by flies, A well-known mycologist told me that his admiration of the superb effect of sunlight, seen shining through plants of Armillaria mucida, at a great elevation on beech trees, was the cause of his taking up the study of mycology, in the same way that the beautiful fungus, Hydnum coralloides induced the famous Swedish mycologist, Elias Fries to become a devotee of the science. Of the agarics recorded, the bright-yellow Russula lutea var. vitellina and the parchment- like Lactarius puperatus var. pergamenus are uncommon plants while the bolets, Boletus subtomentosus var. marginalis, B. pruinatus, B. impolitus, B. candicans and B. satanas are also infrequent species. The last mentioned is a large handsome fungus, a rare species of calcareous woods, with a beautiful blood-red net-work on the swollen stem ; it grew finely in Birch Copse in the Forest. The curious highly polished Polyporus lucidus, with the appearance of shining red sealing-wax, was an interesting find in Wilton Brails ; this plant has been recorded from the pile dwellings of Switzerland and Italy. The egg-yellow agaric, Bolbiteus vitellinus appeared in April, after wet weather, on a layer of straw in a field near Bedwyn Brails; near it, also on the straw, were hundreds of plants of the fragile, ephemeral Coprinus plicatelis, many of them in the last stages of auto-digestion. The Spring of 1926 was rainy, and the large tan-coloured St. George’s Mushroom (Tricholoma gambosum), appearing about St. George’s Day, the 23rd April, was seen in various localities in pastures. The uncommon violet-stemmed Russula punctata, with pale cap of an olive-greenish hue, grew in August in a beech avenue in Haw Wood, and near it occurred the infrequent A. cuti- fracta, the pale-green cap of which was broken up into a series of warts. Hygrophorus miniatus observed in Birch Copse was a beautiful little vermilion species, common but very charming. The flesh-coloured, tough- stemmed H. laetus was seen on wettish ground not far from Bitham Pond in the Forest ; it is characteristic of marshy places and spots which are at times under water, and it is interesting to note that it is near here that the rare and curious Freshwater Shrimp, Checrocephalus diaphanus has recently 466 “Savernake Forest Fungi. been found first, by the Rev. A. J. Watson, of Cadley, and then by Mr. A.G. Lowndes, of Marlborough College, in puddles and pools which dry up in the summer. Tricholoma rutilans, the yellow cap and stem of which are be- sprinkled with purple scales, grew on stumps in Bedwyn Brails and near Bedwyn Common; it occurs on coniferous wood, and is one of the few — poisonous Tricholomas. Amanita rubescens, the “ Blusher,” from its redden- ing flesh, and Russula cyanoxantha, with variegated purple and green cap, appear in the woods in June, in the vanguard of the autumnal host of fungi ; in June wasalso noted in Wilton Brails, the large, long-stemmed, buff-capped Amanitopsis strangulata, and in the same month the ring-forming Fairy Champignon (J/arasmius oreades) was gathered in Tottenham Park. Hygrophorus psittacuonus, a common green agaric, appeared on West Leas upon the 29th April, an early record. ‘The mild-tasting, pinky-capped Russula vesca, with a fair number of specimens of its white form, was seen in August, as usual, under hazels in Chisbury Wood, and the acrid, red A. vosacea, of rather irregular shape, was faithful to its usual haunts under the beeches in Haw Wood. Here was also found an interesting and rather uncommon rust, Puccenia Veronice growing on Veronica montana ; it only possesses teleutospores, and these germinate zn sztu. The curious Sparassis crispa, shaped like a sponge or cauliflower, was seen some years ago at the foot of a conifer near Sadler’s Hill, and Sebactna incrustans ob- served in Noke wood and elsewhere, and with every appearance of run tallow, is another curious plant. I am writing on the lst September, and so far I have not seen the deadly Amanita phalloides this year, probably owing to the dry August, but the following triple tragedy near Pontoise, not far from Paris, reported by the Hcho de Paris of the 10th July, 1926, was probably due to this fungus :—“ Pontoise, 9 Juillet.—A Haranvilliers, une famille de Polonais, comprenant trois personnes, vient de trouver la mort, empoisonnée par des champignons. Dimanche dernier, ils avaient mangé des champignons cueillis dans les bois environnants. Dés le lendemain, ils furent pris de violentes douleurs et un médecin appelé, diagnostique un empoisonnement. Transportés a l’hopital de Marines, la pere, Joseph Krakowska, 32 ans, et le fils, agé de 3 ans, malgré les soins les plus energiques, ne tardaient pas & succomber. M™ Krakowska, 26 ans survécut quelques jours . .. . . . elle est morte aujourd’hui, de suites du poison.” The smut Sphacelotheca Hydropiperis generally appears in autumn in some quantity upon Water Pepper (Polygonum Hydropiper) on a ride near Rhododendron Drive, converting the ovary into a dark violet powdery mass. The mildew Ordiwm alphitoides is common on the leaves of sapling oaks near Great Bedwyn in autumn, and I have once or twice seen it on beeches. The origin of this fungus is unknown. It suddenly appeared in an epidemic form in Western Europe in 1907, and spread at least as far as Macedonia. It is usually known as Oidium alphitoides in this country, where only the oidial stage is known. The perfect stage is Microsphaera Alm, and has been recorded from several countries. Occasionally beech, and more rarely other deciduous trees are attacked. The fungus ergot (Claviceps purpurea), so well-known in medicine By Cecil P. Hurst. 467 appears to be widely spread near Bedwyn on wild grasses, being most frequent perhaps on the Perennial Rye Grass (Lolium perenne). In recording the fungi below, I have followed the names and arrangement of Mr. Carleton Rea’s “ British Basidiomycetae” in the main, and I have also used Mr. Ramsbottom’s “ A Guide to the Larger British Fungi,” and Vol. IV. of Mr. George Massee’s “ British Fungus Flora”; and Mr. E. W. Swanton, past President of the British Mycological Society, has very kindly named nearly all the plants. BASIDIOMYCETAE. Lepiota excoriata (Schaeff.) Fr. Near Savernake Lodge in September ; a large plant with a buff-coloured cap, the cuticle cracking into fragments as if drawn inwards from the fringed margin ; a common species. Stropharia squamosa (Pers.) Fr. A group of specimens in Chisbury Wood ; a frequent plant with a viscid brown cap, the stem is very scaly below the ring. S. merdaria Fr. A few examples in a meadow near Burridge Heath in May; a not uncommon species with yellowish pileus and straw-white tough stem. Clitocybe inversa (Scop.) Fr. Rhododendron Drive, under coniferous trees; the cap is brick-coloured and brittle, the stem is whitish, and the gills are whitish and become reddish at the edge. Hygrophorus eburneus (Bull.) Fr. In Haw Wood ; entirely shining white, becoming yellowish with age ; the cap is very viscid in wet weather ; the stem is glutinous, and is rough with squamules atthe top. H. mniatus Fr. A charming little bright scarlet agaric found in Birch Copse in July ; it is a@ common species growing on heaths, in pastures, and peat bogs. Tubaria crobulus Fr. Chisbury Wood in September. 7’. 2nguilina (Fr.) W.G.Sm. A specimen in January in a meadow near Stype, on a branch ; this plant is found in gardens all through the winter on bits of stick, ete. Crepidotus mollis (Schaeff.) Fr. A stemless, brown-spored agaric, noticed on trees near St. Katharine’s Church, in the Forest, in January, Russula densifolia (Secr.) Gill. Near Crabtree Common in August. A very distinctive character of this species is that the white flesh turns red when broken and ultimately becomes black, the gills also finally become black when bruised ; a not uncommon species. &. consobrina var. sororia {Larb.) Fr. Some specimens on Reading sand in Wilton Brails on the 10th August. Dark ashyicap with striate margin, and subdistant gills connected by veins; not uncommon. A. rosacea (Pers.) Fr. A not unfrequent plant seen in some numbers under beeches in Haw Wood in August. The rosy fiesh-coloured cap varies in the intensity of the colour and becomes whitish. The white flesh is reddish under the cuticle, the spores are white, and the taste is acrid. FR. alutacea (Pers.) Fr. Under beeches in the Grand Avenue at the beginning of August; a big agaric with broad thick gills, reddish stem and sulphur-coloured spores, which generally grows under beeches. A. vesca Fr. Large numbers occurred under hazel in Foxbury Wood in August; a curious white or bleached form was noticed with the normal specimens. ‘The cap is slightly wrinkled with veins, and the taste is mild. R. lutea var. vitellina (Pers.) Bataille. Several specimens of this 468 Savernake Forest Fungi. uncommon form with egg-yellow cap and saffron gills were noted under beeches in Haw Wood; it has a strong unpleasant smell. Lactarius piperatus var. pergamenus (Swartz) Quél. Haw Wood; an infrequent variety differing from the type in the wrinkled pileus, the longer thinner stem, and the adnate horizontal gills. The specific pergamenus refers to the parchment-like texture of the cap. Bolbitius vitellanus (Pers.) Fr. On a layer of straw upon the ground near Bedwyn Brails in some quantity in April ; the egg-yellow, deeply campanulate cap is viscid and smooth, and then becomes furrowed and splits at the margin, and the stem is covered with white, fugacious, mealy flocci ; a not uncommon species. Marasmius ramealis (Bull.) Fr. Specimens of this little agaric were noticed ona branch in Wilton Brails ; the cap is white with a rufescent disc or centre, and the stem is mealy ; the base of the stem is rufescent, which is an important aid in identification. Lenzites flaccida (Bull.) Fr. Occurred on a stump near Burridge Heath in April ; the pileus is weaker and more flexible than in its close ally, the very common Lenzttes betulanus. Boletus luteus (Linn.) Fr. Bedwyn Brails ; the blackish purple cap is covered with thick gluten, and the stem hasa well-marked ring ; it grew in a coniferous plantation. 8. elegans (Schum.) Fr. Under conifers near Rhododendron Drive; a beautiful plant with a golden-yellow pileus and a cream-coloured ring; the first specimens noted this year (1926) in the Rhododendron Drive locality were seen on the 18th June. B. viscidus (Linn.) Fr. Coniferous plantation near Stokke Common ; a whitish sticky bolet ; it is also known as B. laricinus from generally growing under larches. ZB. granulatus (Linn.) Fr. Bloxham Copse; the orifices of the pores are granular with the dried brown milk, whence the specific name ; it generally grows under firs and pines. JB. badius Fr. Bedwyn Brails, etc.; a large brownish bolet, turning bluish-green instantly when bruised, the cap may grow to nearly six inches in diameter ; apparently not uncommon in the district ; the smell is pleasant, and it is stated in Carleton Rea’s “ Brotish Basidiomycetae” to be an edible species. £8. piperatus (Bull.) Fr. The Brails; an extremely pungent plant springing from a yellow mycelium. B. variegatus (Swartz) Fr. A specimen near Rhododendron Drive ; the cap is sprinkled with fasciculate-hairy superficial brown squamules. JS, chrysenteron (Bull.) Fr. Very common; may be distinguished from its near relative, B. subtomentosus by the reddish cracks in the pileus and by the flesh being reddish under the cuticle. B. subtomentosus (Linn.) Fr. Less frequent than the last, but not uncommon ; the cracks in the cap are brownish, and the flesh is brownish under the cuticle; the uncommon variety, marginalzs (Boud.), which is more slender and has an almost smooth stem, and the pileus bordered by a pale tomentose zone, was also noted. B. pruinatus Fr. A plant near Rhododendron Drive and also in Bedwyn Brails; an uncommon species, which has light yellow pores and purplish cap covered with a whitish or greyish bloom. JB. edulzs (Bull.) Fr. Near Haw Wood, Rhododendron Drive, etc.; a large well-known plant with a long swollen stem and brown smooth cap ; the pores are greyish-white and By Cecil P. Hurst. 469 finally become greenish. It is the C'épe of the French, the Porcino of the Italians, the Steznpilz of the Germans, and is a much valued esculent on, the Continent. The fungz suzlla of Pliny and Martial, so-called because pigs were very fond of them, are usually identified with this species. Mr. J. Ramsbottom in ‘‘ A Handbook of the Larger British Fungi,” says it is best for the table just before the tubes become greenish. The tubes should be removed; the stem, if retained, should be: cut into thin slices. B. reticulatus (Schaeff.) Boud. Haw Wood, Wilton Brails, London Ride ; another large fungus (the pileus grows up to six inches in diameter) with greyish-brown, downy cap; the pores are yellowish, and the stout stem is reticulated from apex to base; a not uncommon plant, appearing earlier than its ally, B. edulis. I have found it in June in Foxbury Wood. JB. impolitus Fr. Wilton Brails, Haw Wood, Savernake Forest ; a generally un- common species, apparently fairly frequent in this district. Two features are very characteristic, the yellow ring at the stem apex, and the flesh turning green when bruised. It superficially resembles B. badcus, but that has a comparatively thin stem. B. candicans Fr. A largish, uncommon plant, with sulphur-yellow pores, which instantly turn blue when bruised: the cap is whitish fawn-coloured, and the stem is swollen: it has been noted in three localities near Bedwyn, in one of them it grew at the base of beeches in an avenue between the village and Crofton. #. satanas Lenz. A big handsome bolet observed under trees near Crabtree Common, in the Forest, a specimen was also noticed in Bedwyn Brails; the flesh turns red when bruised and then blue, and a blood-red reticulation covers the stem ; a rare species of calcareous woods. JB. luridus (Schaeff.) Fr. Savernake Forest, etc. A common plant; the cap is brown and tomentose, and the flesh turns indigo blue when broken ; the orifices of the pores are first vermilion, then orange, JB. versipellis Fr. A little colony several years in succession at the base of beeches near Haw Wood; a largish, handsome species with bright rufous, tomentose cap, and stem bristling with black squarrose scales ; it isa common fungus. JB. scaber (Bull.) Fr. Also a frequent plant seen in a good many localities; an easily recognized bolet, with long stem, attenuated upwards, and covered with blackish scales. Very common in the Italian markets, where it is known as porcinello, or the little pig fungus. Messrs. R. T. and F. W. Rolfe mention in their fascinating work, “ The Romance of the Fungus World,’ that Professor Gisenhagen states that 300,000—350,000 kilos. of Boletus edulis and 150,000—180,000 kilos. of B. scaber were sold in the summer and autumn of 1901, in the city of Munich, the largest market in the world for wild mushrooms. Polyporus perennis (Linn.) Fr. A common polypore, one or two ex- amples of which were seen in the woods. P. lentus Berk., was noticed, but is apparently rare. P. sguamosus (Huds.) Fr. Stokke Common, etc. ; a fungus common on elm; it is a large, conspicuous species, with broad, ad- pressed, centrifugal, fuscous scales on the pileus, and a stem blackened at the base. P. ducudus Fr. An immature specimen of this very interesting plant was noticed on a beech stump in Wilton Brails ; it is generally com- mon at the base and on the roots of trees, and when full grown, the cap and stem are bright red in colour and polished, like red sealing wax. It occurs VOL. XLIII—NO. CXLV. rea 470 Savernake Forest Fungt. from July to April, and the pileus grows to a length of seven, and a breadth of six inches, and has a highly ornamental appearance. This fungus has been found preserved in peat beds in the fens of the eastern counties, and is recorded from the lake-side pile-dwellings of Switzerland and Italy. P. intybaceus Fr. was noticed in the Forest,when the British Mycological Society visited Marlborough in 1903. PP. sulphureus (Bull.) Fr. Near Eight Walks; a large species growing on trees and stumps, witb soft cheesy fiesh and sulphur yellow tubes. P. giganteus (Pers.) Fr. A common and very conspicuous inhabitant of the Forest in autumn, forming large im- bricated masses at the foot of beeches, etc. ‘The colour is brown and the flesh is white, becoming black, and is somewhat leathery. Sometimes the masses are over a foot and a half across. P. betulenus (Bull.) Fr. Another large, conspicuous fungus growing on birch; it is noticeable on a birch upon the Cadley road ; the consistency of the flesh is very tough, and it is sometimes cut into strips and used as razor strops; Mr. A. G. Lowndes, of Marlborough College, noticed it growing on beech at Leigh Hill, it is rare on this host. P. nodulosus Fr. On small fallen branches near the Grand Avenue; the orifices of the pores are silvery and glisten like satin. LP. adustus (Willd.) Fr. A very common fungus on stumps ; the pore-openings are greyish,and haveascorched appearance. PP. caeseus (Schrad) Fr. Fox- bury Wood and Savernake Forest ; a whitish fungus, which becomes bluish when bruised ; it isa common species. P. tephroleucus Fr. was observed near the Grand Avenue. Fomes igniarius (Linn.) Fr. On hawthorn by the roadside at Cadley ; a hard woody species with dark brown flesh. FF. pomaceus (Pers.) Big. & QGuill., a common pest on plum trees, occurred on a fruit tree in the garden of Ivy House, at Great Bedwyn; its colour is brown or pale red, paler than that of the previous species, of which it is sometimes regarded as a variety. /F. pomaceus has a great reputation at Haslemere, in Surrey, as a dressing for a swollen face, the fungus being ground down on a nutmeg grater and heated in an oven beforeapplication. /. ferru- ginosus (Schrad.) Massee. Not infrequent on fallen branches; a bright rust-coloured plant. F#. annosus Fr. Near Bedwyn Common, and in some quantity in Botley Great Copse; bay brown, then becoming black; the margin is at first white, a distinctive character. F. applanatus Karst. A big, common and conspicuous inhabitant of Savernake Forest, a well-known and very noticeable species, forming large imbricated brackets on the tree trunks; the spores, which are abundantly produced, are snuff-coloured, and often deeply tinge the plants situated below. This and Polyporus lucidus are placed in Ganoderma by Mr. Carleton Rea, a genus, among other characters, possessing a pileus or cap with a resinous laccate crust. This polypore is to be found all the year on the beeches, oaks, and ashes of the Forest. . Poria vaporarza (Pers.) Fr. Occurs under branches lying on the ground ; the pores are white, and then become cream-coloured ; an important cause of dry rot in houses. Polystictus versicolor (Linn.) Fr. Very common on stumps; the pileus is marked with variously-coloured zones; the plants are occasionally By Cecil P. Hurst. 471 infesed with green alge. P. abietinus (Dicks) Fr., with ashy-white pileus and violaceous tubes, was noticed upon a felled trunk on the west side of Bedwyn Brails. Irpex obliquus (Schrad.) ye grew on a tree in Birch Copse. Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr. Frequent on stumps; a rather conspicuous plant, with whitish-grey pileus, and linear pores, which are straight, equal, and from two to eight millimetres long ; the consistency of the fungus is very tough and firm. Z.rubescens(A.& 8.) Fr. This not uncommon species, the flesh of which turns red when broken, was gathered in Foxbury Wood, and in July, 1926, I found a few specimens on a stile leading into Webb’s Gully Wood. Daedalea biennis (Bull) Quel. Wilton Brails ; a flesh-coloured, not in- frequent fungus which is generally known as Polyporus rufescens; the pores are labyrinthiform, and are white and then become flesh-coloured. D. quercina (Linn.) Fr. A large, tough, and conspicuous species, common on oak stumps. ‘The maze-like structure of the pores of this group gave the genus the name Daedalea, in allusion to the famed Cretan labyrinth con- structed by Daedalus. Merulius tremellosus (Schrad.) Fr. In Wilton Brails and near Rhododen- dron Drive, on stumps ; the folds of the gelatinous flesh are pale pinkish in colour ; a rather pretty species belonging to the same genus as the well- known Dry Rot (Jf. lacrymans), the fructifications of which have been noted at Shalbourne. Phlebia merismoides Fr. Another pinkish fungus, not uncommon on stumps and felled timber in the Forest, sometimes growing on moss; it can be found until February. Coniophora arida Fr. A not infrequent species, sulphur yellow at first and then brownish, and with an subundulate, tubercular hymenium, which avas observed on a beech in the Forest. Fistulina hepatica (Huds.) Fr. The Beefsteak Fungus occurs occasionally on oaks in the Forest and elsewhere ; when cut into slices it has the appear- ance of lean meat, but it is very insipid when eaten. It may attain 30 lbs. in weight, and in wet weather it may reach its full size in a fortnight. It is best for eating when mature, as it is then more tender and lessacid. Un- like Polyporus, it soon perishes, usually not lasting more than three weeks from its appearance. Hydnum repandum. A large, pale, buff flesh-coloured plant not un- common in. the Forest ; it resembles in shape an agaric or toadstool, but in Hydnum, the radiating gills of the agaric are replaced by white or flesh- coloured spines. It is an appreciated edible species, and is eaten every- where in Italy, and also frequently appears in the market at Nice. ZH. zonatum (Batsch) Fr., brown, tough, and leathery, was gathered in Burridge Heath Plantation; the specific zonatwm refers to the zoned pileus. Radulum orbiculare Fr., with whitish spines on a white, then yellowish receptacle, grew on a fallen branch in Foxbury Wood ; a common species. Grandinia farinacea (Pers.) Bourd. & Gaulz. is not infrequent ; it grows on dead wood, branches, sticks, and leaves. ‘The white granules are about alae, 472 Savernake Forest Fungi. 1—2 mm. in diameter, and the receptacle is snow-white, and then cream or tan. Odontia arjuta var. alutacea (Fr.) Bourd. & Galz (=Hydnum alutaceum Fr.) grew on wood by a pool on the downs near '‘lidcombe. Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr., a sponge-like species with compact, flat, plate-like branches, was found at the foot of a conifer near Bedwyn Common. Stereum hirsutum (Willd) Fr. with yellow hymenium is a very familiar object on stumps, and S. purpureum (Pers.) Fr., was also noted ; the latter is the cause of the dreaded Silver Leaf disease in fruit trees, and is scheduled under the Destructive Insects and Pests Acts of 1877 and 1907. ‘The order requires occupiers of any premises on which plum trees are growing to cut off and destroy by fire on the premises all the dead wood on each plum tree before the 1st April of every year. Where the dead wood extends to the ground the whole tree, including the root, must be burned. An occupier of premises on which trees are growing may also be required to cut off and destroy in like fashion the dead wood of any tree whatsoever on which Silver Leaf is visible. The authorities may enter premises on which they have reason to suspect the presence of trees or bushes to which this order applies. _ Hymenochaete rubiginosa (Dicks.) Lév., occurred on a paling near the Kennet and Avon Canal, and also at the base of a gatepost between Bedwyn and Wilton Brails; the hymenium, or spore-bearing surface, is bristly with coloured setae in this plant. Corticium laeve (Pers) Lév., is common ; it grows on trunks, logs, and fallen branches, the cream-coloured hymenium is usually cracked in an areolate manner. The pretty pink C. roseum (Pers.) Fr., occurred in Birch Copse under beeches. C’. lactewm Fr., which is uncommon, was found in Foxbury Wood in February, and C’. levedum (Pers.) Fr., a bluish-grey species, which is also infrequent, was observed in some quantity on a fallen branch near Bedwyn. Peniophora quercina (Pers.) Cke., a beautiful plant of a violet colour, grew on a branch in Almshouse Copse, Froxfield. Cyphella capula (Holmsk.) Fr. A little, whitish, bell-shaped fungus with a stem 2mm. long, found by the side of Rhododendron Drive in March ; it is not uncommon and occurs from September to June. Auricularia mesenterica (Dicks.) Fr. A gelatinous species with strongly -veined hymenium, very cartilaginous when dry ; it is a c mmon plant, and is found all the year round on logs; Froxfield, Shalbourne, etc. Hirneola auricula-judae {Linn.) Berk. The well-known Jew’s Ear Fungus, common on elder in Savernake Forest ; it occurs on elder in Ivy House garden at Great Bedwyn, and is to be found all the year round | except in dry weather, when it shrivels up. Its favourite host is the elder, | although it occurs rarely on other trees, such as the beech, elm, oak, walnut, | and willow. Jew’s Ear is a corruption of Judas’ Ear, an old tradition, | referred to by Shakespeare, stating that Judas Iscariot hanged himself on an elder, hence the popular name. It was formerly used as a remedy for | dropsy and sore throats. Gerard says it “is much used against the | By Cee P. Hurst. 473 inflammations and all other sorenesses of the throat, being boyled in milk, steeped in beere, vinegar, or any other convenient liquor.” Tremella lutescens Pers., with yellowish undulated lobes, is found here and there on stumps, and 7’. mesenterica (Retz.) Fr., with bright orange contorted folds, also occurs, often on the stems and branches of furze bushes. Owing to its conspicuous shining colour, this plant is, in Belgium, sometimes called St. Gudule’s Lantern, a pretty tradition connecting it with the female St. Gudule, the patron saint of Brussels, whose lantern, on going to evening mass, continually blown out by the Devil, was perpetually re-lighted by angels. 7’. albida(Huds.) Fr. The whitish lobes are common inthe Forest on fal- Jen branches from September to May, andarerather noticeablein wet weather. Phaeotremella pseudofoltacea Rea. grew ona stump near St. Katharine’s ‘Church ; the brownish receptacle is very much lobed ; it is not uncommon on stumps and posts from May to November. Kaidia glandulosa (Bull.) Fr. A blackish species, not unusual in the Forest on dead branches; the flesh is soft and gelatinous, and it is some- times known as “ Witches’ Butter.” Sebacina incrustans (Pers.) Tul. Noke Wood, near the Bath Road, and elsewhere; a curious fungus very similar to run tallow in appearance, incrusting grass, twigs, stems, mosses, leaves, etc. The generic Sebacina refers to its greasy consistency. It looks as if it had been poured out from a mould, and then had hardened in all kinds of irregular shapes. Dacromyces deliquescens( Bull.) Duby. Not uncommon on fallen branches ; a little, yellow inconspicuous species growing on dead wood and fallen branches all the year. Calocera viscosa (Pers.) Fr. Very common on dead branches, and on felled trunks in the Forest, and elsewhere; this pretty little fungus is golden-yellow, and is branched in a manner similar to the antlers of a deer . C’. cornea (Batsch) Fr. Not branched like the previous species ; rather frequent on dead wood. Cynophallus caninus (Huds.) Fr. On stumps, and among dead leaves ; mear Rhododendron Drive; in some quantity near the Grand Avenue {A. G. Lowndes). Phallus impudicus (Linn.) Pers. The well-known Stink-horn ; sometimes called wood-witch, or hedge-witch. Very common in shrubberies, and growing on sawdust near Rhododendron Drive. A friend of mine, whose shrubbery adjoined the house,’noticing a very unpleasant smell, came to the conclusion that the domestic sanitary arrangements were out of order, but a careful examination proved that adjacent plants of Phallus impudicus were the culprits. It is stated by Messrs. R. T. and F. W. Rolfe in their most interesting work, ‘‘ 7he Romance of the Fungus World,” that the spores of this plant are “embedded in a green viscid mucus of powerful earrion-like odour, having a great attraction for flies. So greedily do they devour it that they become almost comatose. Eventually the spores, which are quite unharmed in the bodies of the insects, are deposited, often at a great distance from the parent fungus, in a medium suitable for their germination.” ‘The stalk of this plant has been known to elongate six or eight inches in two hours. It is mentioned in a French Flora that this 474 Savernake Forest Fungi. fungus is sold at Lagny, in France, when it is in the immature or “ egg” state, and that cats and wild boars also eat it at this stage. The writer goes on to say that neither man nor animal would eat it in the adult state, the odour is too repugnant. Lycoperdon giganteum (Batech) Pers. The Giant Puffball. Near Noke Wood,and in some quantity on the downs near Rivar ; a huge species, edible when young, and when the flesh is firm and perfectly white ; it must be rejected if the flesh is tinted with yellow. A specimen was found near Bedford, 344 inches in circumference and weighing 9]b., but this is dwarfed by an American plant observed in Herkimer County, N.Y., which measured 4ft. 4ins. in its greatest diameter, by 4ft. 6ins. in its least, though its height was only 94inches. JL. perlatum var. lacunosum (Bull.). An infrequent variety of the common puffball, Lycoperdon perlatum, which was found at the top of the Grand Avenue ; it has pits on the stem-like base of the peridium, the outer enveloping coat of the fungus. LL. pyriforme var. serotinum (Bon.) Hollés. A number of plants ona stump. at Leigh Hill; a variety in which the peridium is broken up into areolae or spaces. , Bovista nigrescens Pers. Some plants near Rhododendron Drive ; globose and blackish. Two species of Earth Star (Geaster), one of them, G. fimbriatus, were seen by the Mycological Society in 1903, in the Forest, and Geaster has been found recently by Marlborough College boys. Crucibulum vulgare Tul. The little cups of this species were noticed growing on thatch in Great Bedwyn village ; the peridiola, the bodies that contain the spores, have the appearance of tiny eggs lying in a nest. Cyathus striatus (Huds.) Pers. Occasionally on twigs and branches in - the Forest. The Earth Ball, Scleroderma vulgare (Hornem.) Fr., is not infrequent on the rides of the Forest in autumn, and S. verrucosum (Vaill.) Pers. has also been noted. S. vulgare is common in open places in woods from August to November ; it is partly immersed in the soil. ‘The odour is strong, rank, and disagreeable, and it can scarcely be termed edible, yet it has often been eaten, sometimes with the mistaken idea that it isa truffle. Itis frequently used for the adulteration of pdadté de fors gras. In its young state it has been named Vegetable Tripe, and it is then perhaps harmless. Sometimes it is attacked by a bolet, Boletus parasiticus, as large as or larger than itself, and this in turn may be attacked by the golden-yellow Hy pomajees chrysospermus. ‘ASCOMYCETES. Morchella esculenta I.inn. ‘The Morel was noticed in the spring of 1925 under trees near Sadler’s Hill, Great Bedwyn, by Miss Hurst. The Morel, the Morille comestible of the French, and the Spugnola gialla of the Italians, is much esteemed as food; it: is used for flavouring soups, sauces, and gravies, and also for ketchup. Morels are readily dried on strings, but should not touch, as this favours the growth of moulds. They grow in bushy places, generally under elms and ashes, in spring and early summer, and prefer a calcareous soil. By Cecil P. Hurst. 475 Helvella crispa Fr. By the side of Rhododendron Drive; a whitish plant, with convoluted pileus ; the stem is hollow, and is deeply ribbed. This species is not uncommon in autumn, in woods, and by damp grassy roadsides near hedges; it is edible but has little flavour. H. lacunosa (Afzel.). Under trees in Bedwyn Brails ; darker than the previous plant. Mitrula olivacea (Sacc.). In some quantity on West Leas, Great Bedwyn, in the autumn ; a dark-olive club-shaped species. Geoglossum glabrum (Pers.). Wilton Brails ; among grass. Club-shaped, 3—7cm. high, and everywhere blackish. Leotia lubrica (Pers.). Wilton Brails, and near Rhododendron Drive ; the receptacle is yellow-olivaceous-green and slimy ; not uncommon in summer and autumn in woods, and in damp bushy places; a curious little plant. Penza aurantia (Cid.). A beautiful species, with a bright reddish-orange disc, rather common in the Forest ; very fine and conspicuous sometimes in autumn, by the side of Khododendron Drive; the disc is from 1 to 8cm. broad. P. onotica (Fckl.). %29—237.] While attempting to gain access to a rift at Slaughterford, Wilts, in 1922, Capt. Guy St. Barbe dislodged a quantity of earth in which he found numerous human bones and remains of various domestic animals ; he spent some days in carefully collecting all available material and submitted a re- port to Sir Arthur Keith. In spite of Capt. St. Barbe’s vigilance at this time, some boys visited the spot and removed a large number of bones ; fortunately, however, most, if not all, of these found their way to the Devizes Museum. In the autumn of 1924 Sir Arthur Keith requested the Speleological Society to assist Captain St. Barbe inthe excavation of the site. In January, 1925, the work was begun. The site consists of a seventy-five foot long vertical rift in the oolite cliff {Plate I.) at the top of a steep slope overlooking the river, 520ft. west of B.M. 198.4, near the Slaughterford Paper Mills, on the 6-inch Ordnance Survey Map, Wilts, Sheet XIX., S.E.; the site is here marked “ Cloud Quarry,” but it does not seem to be known by that name at the present day. Extensive quarrying of the oolite along the top of this hill was per- formed several hundred years ago, and it is said that stone for building Malmesbury Abbey was obtained here. The rift nowhere reaches the surface of the ground above, as it is covered by 10ft of undisturbed rock. The northern end has been fully exposed by quarrying so that it is impossible to say whether the rift became much wider at that end, what the original entrance was like, or where it was situated. The lower levels of the rock, which are of superior quality, have been undercut, thus producing a cave-like appearance ; this is represented by the dotted line on the plan (Fig. 1). The floor of the rift was some 12ft. above the level of the ground, so that it could only be entered by a somewhat perilous climb up the face of the cliff. Plate I. is a view of the north end of the rift ; the trees in the foreground stand within the quarried area; the undercutting at the foot of the cliff and the precarious nature of the overhanging strata are plainly visible. EXCAVATION. The material fallen from the end of the rift was sorted and excavation of the undisturbed floor begun ; this was attended with great difficulty on account of the darkness and narrowness of the passage, the average width Deing less than 2ft. The stratification was as follows :— (a) Two feet of dark earth, with the débris of countless jackdaws’ nests. 484 Guy's Rift, Slaughterford, Wits, (6) A layer 1ft. deep, containing charcoal, burnt bones, pottery, and human remains, etc. (c) Barren clayey soil with loose stones and boulders extending to the ground level. / (} I / SOS x y | i t io = y/ ae l 1 i oer 3 y fh ee I by oe KE WY Bib Ah. ee j 4 RECENT EARTH. _ _ ie HEARTH eat , Y ee A-- ik YY oe B---H BARREN —— G mp DEPOSIT. UY ; h == / / De pe y if, < te { ‘ i y See a Wier eS X , YG: Y pus \ ( ‘MAIN RIFT MAIN RIFT . SECTION sul y NEAR ENTRANCE PLAN 0 Ss to (6 2.0 feet. Q s 10 ine feel. , Fia. 1. A trench was also dug to a depth of 8ft. at the south end of the cliff | (Fig. 1); this showed that his end had also been quarried, and no signs of habitation were found. } The main rift could be entered at the south end, but it was not possible | to get right through on account of some large boulders with which it was | By 1. F. Hewer 485 not safe to interfere. The earth deposit ended at a point 29ft. from the north end (marked C in Fig. 1) so there was no object in attempting to force a passage. The small rift was explored and opened up at its north end, so that it became possible to crawl through ; it was in a “chamber” here (marked D in Fig. 1) that Capt. St. Barbe found some fragments of flint, including a rough blade; similar flints are to be found on the field above the cliff, and, in the absence of any possibility of this part being occupied at any time, they must have falien in during quarrying operations. | FINDs. These include those found originally by Capt St. Barbe, those obtained during the excavations, and the bones which were sent to Devizes Museum ; for the last I am deeply indebted to the Committee of the Wiltshire Archeological Society who have kindly presented them to the Spelzological Society. Human REMAINS. Four adults and three children. It was possible to reconstruct a large part of one of the adult skulls, and it is on this that Mr. L. H. Dudley Buxton has written the report which is published in this issue. Many other bones, besides skull fragments, were found, but these present no points of particular interest. One of the adults, judging from a mandible which shews signs of absorption, was an old man; the other three were probably middle-aged ; the chiJdren were aged about four, six, and eleven years respectively, these figures being arrived at by examination of unerupted teeth. The human bones were found from the entrance of the rift to a point twenty-six feet in (marked A in Fig. 1), where the passage became narrowed, and there was a turn to the left; no daylight penetrates beyond this point. At this corner there was a large flat stone lying obliquely across the passage, and it was under this that the frontal bone and other skull fragments of the eldest of the children were found. ARTIFACTS. A few rough pot sherds with charcoal and burnt bones were present in the occupation level for a distance of twenty feet from the entrance (marked B in Fig. 1). Only two pot fragments could be fitted together ; they represented part of the brim and side of a vessel three inches in diameter (Vig. 2, No. 1); no part of the base was recognisable. The paste is over three-quarters of an inch thick, coarse and black throughout, containing many white granules and fragments of snail shells ; the pot is hand-made and devoid of decoration ; the rim is slightly incurved, and the sides slope uniformly inwards without a shoulder; the outside is coated with a thin layer of oolitic mud which has evidently formed since the pot was deposited in the rift. Rim fragments of two other vessels were found ; the first (Fig. 2, No. 2) is of the same material as that just described, but is thicker and belongs to a larger vessel ; it bears two faint indented lines, but these do not seem to be part of any scheme of decoration ; the rim is incurved, flat on top, and has a slight lip along the inner side. ‘The second fragment (Fig. 2, No. 3) VOL. XLIII.—NO. CXLV. K 2 486 Guy’s Rift, Slaughterford, Wilts. is of finer material and belongs to a vessel roughly six inches in diameter ; it also is hand-made, of a reddish clay, containing many granules and shell fragments ; there are traces of a horizontal incised line one-eighth of an inch below the rim, marking it off from the body ; the rim is incurved and flat on top. This pot bears some resemblance to a type found at Fifield Bavant, Wilts. Inch Seale. Fig. 2. A few sherds of another vessel, with a thin layer of red clay on the out- side, were also found ; the paste is of the same nature as those described above, but is rather less thick. All the fragments would appear to be ordinary domestic ware; they are certainly referable to the Karly Iron Age, but whether Hallstatt, or early La Téne, it is difficult to say. The only other artifact was a chalk bead (Fig. 2, No. 4) which consists of a roughly circular nodule of chalk, flattened unevenly on either side and bored cleanly through the centre. ANIMAL REMAINS. A great many bones and teeth of ox, apparently belonging to one individual ; the distal ends of many of the ribs have been cut off by blows with some sharp instrument; only a few of these shew signs of charring by fire, but the long bones are split longitudinally. Wild boar and sheep bones are plentiful. Other animals include, badger, weasel and recent voles, mice and shrews, rats and (?) otter. By T. F. Hewer. 487 Several jaws of a large species of dog have been identified by Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson as being “ of the same type as those from Glastonbury Lake Village and the Early Iron Age sites at All Cannings Cross, Fifield Bavant, and Swallowcliffe Down, Wilts; it is the type of Canis fumilcaris described by Riitimeyer as “ House-dog of the Stone Age,” and among present day races the type is represented by the hound or by the setter or pointer. There were no “ fancy ” breeds in prehistoric times, but dogs of general utility to the herdsman and hunter.” The birds do not call for any special notice, as they are such forms as may be living in the district at the present time, vzz.: Song Thrush, Redwing, Blackbird, Robin, House Martin, House Sparrow, Magpie, Jackdaw, Skylark, Brown Owl, Blackcock, and Pheasant.! The molluscan remains include: Pomatias eleguns, Mill, Clausilia laminata, Mont., Polcta cellarina, Miill., and Gonzodiscus rotundatus, Miill. CoNCLUSIONS. The rift represents part of a site occupied by people with an early La Téne or Hallstatt culture. Mr. Buxton’s observations upon one of the skulls (¢.v.) suggests that they may have been descendants of the old Neolithic people. There is no evidence of a definite burial for any of the human bones, and, on the other hand, there has been no fall of rock within the rift which might suggest that their presence was due to a catastrophe ; they certainly did not merely fall into the rift so it is only left to suppose that this was the back of a larger habitation, the major part having been removed by quarrying. My very grateful thanks are due to Mr. A. Jones, of Manor Farm, Slaughterford, owner of the land, for his kindness and hospitality at all times, and to the Rev. H. E. Ketchley, of Biddestone, for providing labour On two days when the work was particularly difficult. REPORT ON CALVARIUM FROM GUY’S RIFT, SLAUGHTERFORD, WILTS. By L. H. Duptey Buxton, M.A., F.S.A., Department of Human Anatomy, University Museum, Oxford. The Calvarium is unfortunately in a very fragmentary condition. I have reason to believe that there has been a considerable amount of warping, probably due to the drying of the fragments, either before or after excava- tion. This warping seems to occur very frequently when bones are much broken, as the drying proceeds unevenly, and there is no mutual pressure to help in the retention of the original shape. Weare singularly deficient in early Iron age skulls. Even the enormous 1 Identified by Mr. E. T. Newton, F.R.S. 2K 2 488 Guy's Rift, Slaughterford, Wilts. collection of British skulls made by Rolleston only includes two complete skulls. Any specimens, however fragmentary, are therefore of great value. Owing to the broken nature of the specimen, in order to avoid excessive handling, I asked Mr. ‘Talbot Rice, research student in this department, to prepare tracings with a diagraph natural size. The figures are reduced from drawings I have made from his tracings. I am much indebted to him for his help. Although the muscular ridges are slightly developed, and the forehead is smooth, and with only a slight projection in the region of the glabella the general appearance of the Calvarium suggests a male. The age is adult, but I cannot specify further. Viewed from the side norma lateralis, the general appearance is striking. The forehead is high, well developed, and prominent. The vault is evenly curved, and the occiput bulges considerably, giving the Calvarium an elongated appearance when viewed in this aspect. Seen in norma verticalis, that is when looked at from above, owing to the fragmentary nature of the specimen, the figure is slightly misleading. This is due to the fact that so much of the left side of the forehead is miss- ing. The brain case appears to be slightly asymmetrical, a common feature, probably one side is about two millimeters larger than the other. The fore- head is broad, showing that, in conjunction with the height already noted, there was considerable frontal development. In cranial form the view from on top accords with that of the lateral view that the skull is definitely long-headed, the cephalic index being probably in the neighbourhood of 73, well within the dolichocephalic group. The one absolutely certain Karly Iron Age skull in Rolleston’s collection, - which is perfectly preserved, that from Market Weighton, in Yorkshire, is of exactly the same type, indeed the description I have written above would apply almost word for word to that. A specimen from Sunderland which may possibly be of the same date is of a different type altogether. The most striking feature of the Slaughterford and the Market Weighton skulls is their dissimilarity from the Romano-British specimens. I could parallel them in this latter series, as we have many hundreds from which to choose, but the normal type as represented in some picked at random for my pupils to measure is quite different. If on the other hand we turn to the older series, the Long Barrow and other Neolithic skulls, the last. being unfortunately only a small group. we find that, although often presenting differences, they belong to the same general type. Sir Arthur Keith has pointed out that the so-called River Bed type belongs to the Mediterranean race. There can be little doubt that the specimen before us belongs also to this division of mankind. The point of greatest interest is the contrast between this type and the Romano-British. It is impossible to come to any conclusions on the basis of two skulls, but it seems worthy of note that these two chance specimens should definitely belong to the older type, whereas among the many specimens of the succeed- ing period one has to search considerably before comparable specimens can be found. i" By T. F. Hewer. 489 NorMA LATERALIS. ‘he surrounding lines have been divided into centimetres. They are not a frame like Sir Arthur Keith’s Standard frame, but merely a scale. a as ae a 3 SH Gn ON Mi min aS Sete S uot iy eng) AO, [eS KS 6 7 Ott lll SOS I ake | Skull from Guy’s Rift, Slaughterford. 490 TWO BRONZE AGE BEAKER BURIALS AT NETHERAVON. : By Mrs. M. E. CUNNINGTON. The two drinking cups, or beakers, illustrated, were found during excava- tion for the foundations of a new aerodrome at Netheravon Flying School in June, 1926. Two graves were found in the chalk about ten yards apart and about three feet deep. One grave contained the crouched skeleton of an aged woman with beaker No. 1; the other the crouched skeleton of a woman about 30 to 40 years of age, and a child about fifteen months old, with beaker No. 2. Nothing else seems to have been found except a large Beaker No. 1. Beaker No. 2. natural flint of peculiar form said to have been lying across the chest of the older woman. The flint is 18 inches long, roughly cylindrical or bar-like, and 14in. to Zin. in diameter ; at one extremity there is a projection sug- gestive of a small outstretched forefinger, indeed the whole flint has some resemblance to a long withered human fore-arm, it was found broken in two pieces. Beaker No. 1, found with the old woman’s skeleton, is well made and somewhat elaborately ornamented, the lines being in the usual notched technique. ‘There are four double rows of punch marks shaped likea grain of wheat ; two rows on the upper part of the vessel are suggestive of finger nail ornament but were made by a tool ; a row of ornament on the lower part consists of slanting strokes partly obliterated by another row of strokes slanting in the opposite direction. The paste, freely mixed with pounded flint, has a black core burnt to a light red and tooled on the surface. Height 6$in., rim diam. 43in., base 3in. Two Bronze Age Beaker Burials at Netheravon. 491 Beaker No. 2, found with the skeletons of the younger woman and child is of a less elegant shape and not so wellmade. The ornament consists of a series of notched lines alternating with plain tooled zones; the paste is similar to that of Nol. Height 7in., rim diam. 42in., base 3in. The two cups and fragments of the three skulls were secured for the Society's Museum through the kind intervention of Squadron-Leader Insall, V.C., M.C., and Captain Dawson, of the School of Aviation, at Netheravon. The thanks of the Society are due to Sir Arthur Keith for kindly reporting on the remains of the skulls. REPORT ON THE HUMAN REMAINS FROM NETHERAVON. By Sir Artuur Keita. M.D., F.R.C.S., LL.D. No. 1. The skull and skeleton represent an old woman, sutures closed and teeth worn. The chin and all other parts have the characteristics of the Beaker people. ‘here is a part of her pelvis. One can estimate the original dimensions of the skull: length 188mm., width 145mm., auric height 113mm. The index is only 77, but nevertheless the skull has the markings of the Beaker folk—especially the chin. At the parietal eminence the skull is thick, 8mm., the thickening being, I suspect, due to a senile change. No. 2. The skull of a woman about 30—40 years of age. The original size cannot now be told, but the lower and upper jaws and the nose are those of the Beaker folk. She has the strong supra-orbital ridges of that race. Most of the teeth have fallen out since burial, but all were apparently sound at the time of death. No.3. The skull of a child aged about 15 months. Probably a boy. 492 A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL CATALOGUE OF PRINTED MATERIALS FOR THE HISTORY AND TOPOGRAPHY OF WILTSHIRE, ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY UNDER PARISHES. By THe Rev. E. H. Gopparp. In the Magazine for December, 1918, Vol. xl., pp. 209—230, there was printed a short paper on “ Existing Materials for Wiltshire Bibliography,” in which it was explained that circumstances had placed all the principal collections of notes on this subject, made up to that date, in my hands, and that for many years I had been endeavouring to compress this mass of material into some form in which it might be preserved, and could be con- sulted. Since then the work has been continued with the result that so far as my own share in it is concerned, it has been carried as far as it is ever likely to be, and it is time that it should be put into a shape in which it can be usefully consulted in the present, and may perhaps be used as the basis of a fuller and more complete catalogue by other workers in the future. As to its scope, no attempt has been made to deal with any manuscript materia], or with maps, prints, drawings, or illustrations. The catalogue has been confined entirely to printed matter, as represented by Books, Pamphlets, Acts of Parliament, Particulars of sale, Articles in Newspapers and Periodicals, and the like. This of course limits the proportions of the material collected, and to some extent its usefulness, but even so the two sections of the “ Bibliography ” have attained a volume which entirely forbids any idea of printing it, even if it were complete enough to warrant such an intention, and that it certainly is not, for its compiler has never had the advantages which the veg hoot ooe of a great reference library would have afforded him. The larger section of the collection is that which deals with the writings of 1700 to 1800 authors who may be reckoned as belonging to this county by right of birth, residence, or office. All writings of the authors known to the compiler, on whatever subject, have been noted and are entered on loose sheets of paper of foolscap size, under the author’s name, arranged in alphabetical order in twelve drawers (two “nests” of six drawers each) in the Society’s library, so that any author’s works can be referred to at once without difficulty. In all cases where the book or article has passed through my own hands the full title page verbatim with particulars as to size, number of pages, illustrations, &c., is given. The references to separate books, editions, or articles, noted in this section were reckoned in 1918 to number just under 15,000, and they have been added to since that con- siderably. The other section of the collection ig that dealing with the printed material available for the History or Topography, using that word in its widest sense as including the Natural History,Agriculture, Geology, é&c., both of the County as a whole, and of each Parish separately, has also been Wilts Obituary. 493 arranged alphabetically and is contained in six drawers in the Society’s Library. On these sheets the full title, &c., of each item has been entered as in the case of the preceding section. It seemed, however, desirable to condense, correct, and rearrange the contents of these sheets in a form which can be more readily consulted by any one who wishes to know what has been printed about any particular parish in the county. In this final form, which has now been typewritten and bound up in five volumes con- taining 1088 pages, which will be placed in the library, only so much of the title page of each item has been given as will suffice to identify it clearly, together with its date, size, and number of pages, and where the Society’s library possesses a copy of the work, the letters D.M. (Devizes Museum) are added. To give the entire title page, as has been done on the loose sheets, would have occupied too much space in the typewritten volumes, The weakest side of the catalogueis probably that concerned with Genealogy, Family History, and Records, but it lays no claim to be even approximately complete on any side. ‘The main sources from which it was compiled have been already mentioned in detail in the previous article referred to above. It remains only to record here my indebtedness to the late Mr. John Sadler who up to the day before his death was engaged in reading the MS. of the Catalogue and adding thereto a large number of references, more especially of Wiltshire Acts of Parliament. Only two typed copies of this Catalogue have been made, one for the Society’s Library at Devizes whilst the second will go to some other public library. Throughout the Catalogue :— W.A.M.= Wiltshire Archeological Magazine. D.M.=Devizes Museum Library. Sal. Lib.=Salisbury Public Library. In the case of Avebury and Stonehenge, the items (numbering 947 mentioned in W. Jerome Harrison’s voluminous “ Bibliography of the Great Stoae Monuments of Wiltshire,” W.A.J/, xxxii., pp. 1—169 (Dec. 1901), have not been repeated in this Catalogue. WILTS OBITUARY. Aaron Watson, died June 26th, aged 75, at Lacock. Buried at Bowden Hill. Born in Derbyshire, 1850, he spent his life in journalism. Beginning as the editor of a Manchester weekly paper, he shortly afterwards started, wrote, and published The Newcastle Critic. This led to his appoint- ment as assistant editor of the Mewcastle Weekly Chronicle and he con- tinued on the staff until in 1880 he migrated to London and wrote for the Pall Mall Gazette and Magazine of Art. Later he joined the staff of the Hven- ang News and for a while edited The Echo. Going back to the north he edited the Shields Daily Gazette, The Northern Weekly Leader, and the Newcastle Daily Chronicle, one after the other, returning to London as correspondent of the Bradford Daily Observer. He was vice-president of the Institute of Journalists in 1885, and its hon. secretary 1894—5, attended the World’s Press Congress at St. Louis in 1904 as a British delegate, and again at San Francisco as delegate and correspondent of The Times. After 494 Wilts Obituary, his retirement to Lacock, where he died, he took an active part in local politics, as a fighting Liberal, being elected chairman of the Chippenham Divisional Liberal Executive. He married, 1871, Phoebe, d. of John Gibling, of Norwich, who died in 1915, and leaves three sons, all three occupying high places in journalism, and one daughter. He was a J.P. for Northumberland, and a member of the first County Council. Obit. notice Wrltshire Gazette, July 1st, 1926. He was the author of :— Brown Studies (Essays). 1885. Waifs and Strays, with verses Grave and Gay. 1886. For Lust of Gold,a Romance. 1890. More Waifs and Strays. F.C.G., a Sketch. A Medley of History, Anecdote and Reminiscence. 1907. Tennyson (The People’s Books). 1912. A Great Labour Leader. 1908. Papers on Fishery Questions. History of the Savage Club (perhaps his most important work), ‘The Story of Lacock Abbey [Printed in instalments in the Wiltshire Gazette in Feb., March, and April, 1923, noticed W.A.,, xlii., 384—386]. A Newspaper Man’s Memories, with 16 illustrations. London. Hutchinson & Co., 1925. 8vo., pp. 324[noticed W.A.d/, xliii., 241]. He was also joint author of The Marquis of Carabas, a novel; The Royal River and Rivers of Great Britain, and he concluded the unfinished Autobiography of Thomas Burt. fle was also a large contributor to many Reviews. Samuel William Farmer, died July 9th, 1926, aged 78. Cremated and buried at Little Bedwyn. Son of James Farmer, of Market Lavington. Educated at the Spa School, Melksham, he studied at Aberdeen for the medical profession, but in consequence of lung trouble settled down as a farmer at Easterton Hill Farm. Mr. Farmer was avery remarkable man, ee: He began farming in a small way with very little capital : he died a reputedly wealthy man. His success was due to great energy, sound judgment, bold initiative, and general force of character.” He was not a typical farmer, “farming only appealed to him as a means of making money.” ‘To succeed in what he undertook was his hobby. Figures and calculations were his recreation.” After his marriage with Miss Redman, of Coulston, he rented Little Bedwyn Manor Farm, which he afterwards purchased and lived at until his death. Here he proved that milk could be profitably produced on an arable farm. About 1880, in the bad times, he took Collingbourne and Grafton Farms in partnership with his half- brother, W. B. Gauntlett, and started large dairies there. In 1885 he entered into partnership with Mr. F. Stratton, at the Manningfords, and in 1889 they rented also Cuttenham, Hilcot, and Charlton Farms. In 1892 he took Rushall and part of Wilsford, and later on Horton, Norton Bavant, Bishopstrow, Patney, and Puckshipton. On all these farms milk was pro- duced on a very large scale. He also rented Ham and Enford Farms, and Wilts Obituary. 495 for a few years had in addition a large holding at Henley on Thames. At the height of his career he controlled the management of 25,000 acres of land and over 2,000 cows. ‘‘ For many years he had the reputation of being a hard, close man; probably he was then . . . in later life he became a, very generous contributor to-any object that appealedtohim .. . It was his contribution of £3,000 that made the extension scheme at Saver- nake Hospital possible.” He was a governor and a benefactor of the Dauntsey School ; a trustee of Somerset Hospital at Froxfield, and of the Broad Town Charity ; a J.P. for Wilts since 1907 ; an original Alderman of the County Council, and vice-chairman of the County Rate Basis Com- mittee, where his very special knowledge of all assessment matters was of great value. He was for 30 years churchwarden of Little Bedwyn. He left a gross estate of £404,330 chiefly to charities. Long obit. notice with portrait, Wiltshire Gazette, July 15th; Wiltshire Times, July 16th, 1926. Mrs. Frances Darbishire, of Elms Cross, Bradford-on-Avon, died July 4th, 1926, aged 49. She had never recovered from her husband’s (Mr. Charles William Darbishire, Liberal M.P. for the Westbury Division in 1922 and 1923) death at Singapore during a voyage round the world in June, 1925. She was an ardent politician, an excellent speaker, and it was largely through her help that her husband won the seat. After his death she was asked to contest more than one constituency, but declined. She had won the affection and regard of the Liberal women of the Division in a re- markable degree. Long obit. notice and portrait, Weltshire Times, July 10th, 1926, William Tiptaft Young, died July 15th, 1926, aged 64. He farmed at Ludgershall, and afterwards at Herridge, Collingbourne King- ston, and later at Spitalcroft, Devizes. Retired to live at Claremont, Littleton Panell. J.P. for Wilts, 1918, and for some time chairman of the _ Rural District Conncil. He leaves two sons, William Douglas and Cecil _ Herbert, and a daughter. Obit. notice, Weltshire Gazette, July 22nd, 1926. | Col. Charles Richard Luce, V.D,, D.L., died Oct. 7th, 1926, aged 97. Buried in Malmesbury Cemetery. Born March 26th, 1829, son of Thomas Luce, who was M.P. for Malmesbury 1852—59. Educated at Fairfield Moravian School, Manchester. He succeeded his father as _ Manager of the Wilts and Dorset Bank, at Malmesbury, and was also a _ director of the bank for 35 years until its amalgamation with Lloyds Bank | in 1913. He also succeeded his father in the ownership of the Mill and _ Abbey Brewery, Malmesbury, a large business which he sold in 1912 to the | Stroud Brewery Company. He stood as Liberal candidate for Malmesbury _ at the 1881 election but was defeated by Col. C. W. Miles. He subsequently _ became a Liberal Unionist. He was the first Mayor of the Borough under the new Corporation in 1886, 7, and 8. He qualified as J.P. for Wilts in 1876. He joined the tile balay Company of Volunteers as Lieutenant in 1859, and served with the 2nd Volunteer Battalion until 1889, commanding | | | | al \ 496 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. the Battalion as Colonel for seven years. An earnest churchman he acted as churchwarden of St. Mary’s, Westport, for many years, paid the whole cost of re-seating the Church, and contributed £200 towards the purchase of the Parish Room in Silver Street. He was a most generous donor to the Cottage Hospital funds, and in many other ways. The Wiltshire Gazette said of him that by his death Malmesbury had lost ‘its most aged, popular, and respected inhabitant.” He married, 1861, a daughter of Harman Visger, a Bristol merchant. Of his sons, Lieut. W. C. Luce died in the 8. African War, and his eldest son, Edward, died in1887. ‘T'wo sons survive him ; Major-General Sir Richard Harman Luce, K.C.M.G., C.B., | F.R.C.S., Conservative member for Derby, Assistant Director of Medical Services, 1915; and Vice-Adm. John Luce, C.B His only daughter — married Mr. Norman Maclean, a Cambridge professor. Obit notices: WV. Wilts Herald, Oct. 8th, with portrait : Wiltshire Gazette, | October 14th, 1926. WILTSHIRE BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, AND ARTICLES. [N.B.—This list does not claim to bein any way exhaustive. The Editor | appeals to all authors and publishers of pamphlets, books, or views, in any way connected with the county, to send him copies of their works, and to | editors of papers, and members of the Society generally, to send him copies | of articles, views, or portraits appearing in the newspapers. | Report of the Marlborough College Nat. Hist. Society for 1925. The botanical section reports that the total number of species noted in the 10 miles radius is now 845. Lepidium draba, Utricularia, Hieracium Bauhini, together with four new “ species ” of Viola, and twelve of Rubus have recently been found. Of birds it is | noted that the Corncrake is completely absent, the Coal Tit is uncommon, | and the Tree Sparrow fairly plentiful. Mr. Peirson is convinced that the | Curlew nests in the neighbournood. In the entomological section amongst thirteen new species of Hymenoptera are the first two females of Andrena | congruens taken in Britain. Mr.H. C. Brentnall has a paper on “The | Manor of Rockley,” in which he records that Rockley, in N. S. Wales was | so called by Captain Watson Augustus Steel, a native of the Wiltshire | Rockley, who called a grant of 4,000 acres made to him in 1828 by this | name. Alfred of Marlborough is mentioned in Domesday as holding Rockley, | but Mr. Brentnall thinks that there must have been two manors from the | time of Domesday downwards. ‘he descent of Alfred’s manor can be | traced through the Ewyas family to that of Tregoze, thence to Will de Grandisson, the Pateshull family, Roger Beauchamp of Bletso, and by an | heiress to Oliver St. John, and the St. John’s of Lydiard Tregoze held it } Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 497 apparently till the beginning of the 19th century. But in 1222 the King grants timber from Savernake Forest to Hugh de Kilpec for the rebuilding of his two houses at Rokele, and in 1244 the King assigns the Manor of ‘‘ Roclegh ” to the widow of Hugh de Kilpec. Mr. Brentnall believes that there were two holdings at Rockley, the chief manor and a smaller manor, and discusses this complicated question in the light of such records and Inquisitions as are available, which are here quoted at length. By the 19th century the two holdings seem to have coalesced into one, held by the Baskervilles of Ricardstone in Winterbourne Bassett. Sir Hugh Smyth, Bart., of Ashton Court, Som., bought it in 1820, and his family held it until 1855, when it was sold to W. T. ‘Tanner, whose son, Will. Tanner, sold it in 1911 to H. de H. Whatton, the present owner. Some account of a trial in 1853 on the lines of the more famous and later Tichborne trial, which aroused great interest at the time, is quoted from a rare pamphlet in which the whole history of the case is given. One Thomas Provis claimed on the strength of a series of forged documents to be the son of Sir Hugh Smyth, and the rightful claimant to the estates and the baronetcy. The Manor Rolls of Rockley have disappeared and are believed to have perished in a fire at Salisbury. The next paper is one on ‘‘ Cow Bridge,” with a good photograph of the old three-arched red brick bridge probably built by Lord Hertford between 1718 and 1723, when the castle grounds were enlarged, and the course of the road across the river altered. A por- tion of Stukeley’s “* Prospect of Marlborough from the south, 1723 ” (tin. Cur. Vol’ II.), is reproduced showing the old bridge. The writer, apparently the editor, Mr. L. G. Peirson, regards the date 1723 as that when the sketch was completed, possibly recording conditions, as of C. House incomplete, which prevailed at a somewhat earlier date.. A photograph of the new two- arched bridge of reinforced concrete built in 1925, quite comely in itself, faces that of the old bridge. Thename of the earlier bridgein Elizabethan times was Cole Bridge, which later became Cow Bridge, but to the College it has always been “ Ducks Bridge.” ‘The Risings of the Rockley Bourn,” by L. G Peirson, collects the data as carefully recorded since 1904, in connection with the rainfall and the prevalence of wind, to both of which the rising of the Bourn is popularly attributed, but no conclusion is reached. Probably the most valuable paper, in this very good number, is ‘ Cyclops of the Marlborough District,” by A. G. Lowndes. The total number of species of these “ Water Fleas” known in Britain is 30, and of these no less than 17 have been identified in the Marlborough district and are here elaborately described, and their specific distinctions, in most cases only to be determined under the microscope, are illustrated in seven plates. As there is no up-to- date work on the British Cyclopidz this paper represents original work of permanent value. A paper on Jocal Fkungi by C. P. Hurst, anda note with a plate of flint “‘Gravers” from near Marlborough complete the number. Joan a Gore Church. 7he Dauntseian (Dauntsey School Mag- azine) had an article by W. K. L. entitled ‘ Pages from local History,” reprinted in the Wrltshire Gazette of May 8th, 1926, which contained an account of the village and Church of “St. Joan 4 Gore.” A great fire some 498 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 250 to 300 years ago destroyed the entire village and the inhabitants took | refuge at Market Lavington, as West Lavington would not receive them. | *‘ With the passage of time the Church and buildings of this unfortunate village completely disappeared, so completely that no one knew where they were situated. . . . Some 50 years ago Mr. Stratton, who occupied the farm, discovered the foundations of St. Joan 4 Gore Church, while digging | in a belt of trees at the back of the farm house. The remains, consisting of the outline of the building, were clearly distinguishable, and the nave, chancel. and south porch were traced out without difficulty. It appeared that this gentleman took some care of the discovery, for he fenced it round and planted shrubs about it. But the farm in time passed to other | owners, and no trace of the Church now remains. ‘The gentleman who gave this information (apparently Mr. Sainsbury) saw the outline shortly after it was unearthed.” Abiriand Stonehenge. “ Abiri or Avebury, in Hebrew sig- nifying the ‘ Potentes,’ the ‘ Mighty Ones,’ the‘Sun and Moon.’” “The | Hele (Greek helios he Sun) Stone” and other choice items of information are to be found with two illustrations, “Sunrise at Stonehenge” and ‘‘ Abiri restored,” in a short article in The Matconal Message and Banner, | apparently an Anglo-Israelite publication, Feb. 20th, 1926. Trowbridge round about 1750. A series of articles by W. G. Addison, in Wiltshire Times, May 8th, 15th, 22nd, 1926, hasanumber of | interesting notes, such as the meeting at the George Inn in 1751 of a com- mittee to raise voluntary subscriptions (100 promised, but not.all paid !) to | provide 33 lamps and maintainthem. What was“ Bulgins Castle ” so often mentioned in the accounts as adjoining the churchyard ? Malmesbury Abbey Church, Proposed Renova- tious, The Times of April 20th, 1926, had a short notice, and the Wiltshire Gazette, April 22nd, a much longer account of the various works for which an appeal for £12,000 was about to be launched. The Wiltshire Gazette of July 15th, 1926, has also a very full account of the meeting at Malmesbury on July 8th, 1926, at which the appeal was formally launched, and of the speeches then made. The most important works of renovation proposed are as follows. When the .western tower fell cor. 1550 it destroyed completely the three western bays of the nave, and broke in the roof and vaulting of the next two bays eastwards. The ceiling of these two bays was later on reconstructed in plaster upon a wooden frame in exact imitation of the remaining stone vaulting, indeed so close was the copy that the majority of visitors to the Abbey never realised that the ceil- ing of these bays was of plaster at all. The wooden foundation of this plaster work has now become decayed, and the whole is in imminent danger of falling. The authorities of the Abbey Church have decided to recon- struct the vaulting of these two bays in stone in harmony with that of the rest of the Church. At present the bases of the fine Norman arcades are buried 18in. under ground, and their proportions thereby greatly spoiled. It ee CARLO! BPP Ee, i | Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 499 is proposed therefore to lower the floor to its original level, in connection with a new scheme for heating the building. The organ, built by Abraham Jordan in 1714, is at present placed on the modern “ Norman” stone screen and gallery at the west end of the nave. It is proposed to remove this gallery which blocks the west end of the nave, and to remove the organ, carefully preserving its fine case, to the chapel at the east end of the north aisle now used as a vestry. At the same time the present poor modern wooden pews with cast iron ornamentation would be replaced by chairs, and it is intended, by the erection of oak screens, new choir stalls, pulpit, &c., to make the east end more worthy of the Church than it is at present, doing away with the existing deal and cast iron fittings. The mural tablets on the great Norman Columns are to be retained in their positions. The font and King Athelstan’s monument are to be moved. The works will be in Mr. Brakspear’s hands and have been passed by the Diocesan Advisory Committee. Up to the present something over £2,000 has come in. The earliest Washington Portrait. Lawrence Washington, of Garsdon. By W. Roberts. The Con- noisseur, June, 1926, vol. lxxv., pp. 67—73. The portrait is of Laurence Washington, son of Sir Lawrence Washington. of Garsdon. He married Eleanor, second daughter of William Gyse, of Elmore. He was sheriff of Wilts in 1650, and was elected with Sir Francis H. Lee, of Ditchley, one of the members for Malmesbury in 1661, but died in that year and was succeeded by Philip Howard, of Charlton. His widow married secondly Sir William Pargiter, of Gretworth, and provided the handsome Communion vessels still in use at Garsdon, by a bequest in her will of £30 in 1687. This Communion set has been reproduced for use in the Cathedral Church of St. John, New York. The portrait here illustrated was at Raynham Hall, Norfolk, the seat of the ‘Townshend family, having descended from Elizabeth, Lady Ferrers, daughter of Laurence Washington, to her great-great-granddaughter, who married George, Ist Marquis Towns- hend. The portrait was sold at Christies in 1904. It has upon it the Washington arms (stars and stripes). It is suggested that it was painted by Cornelius Johnson (or Janssens). In addition to the portrait, there are illustrations of Garsdon Manor House; Sir Lawrence Washington’s Monu- _ ment in Garsdon Church, with the Washington arms upon it (enlarged) ; ! | | | | | | i ' } { | \ | } ) | | | | | | } _ the Washington arms and crest formerly at Garsdon Manor, belonging to the Woody family ; the brass of Robert and Eliz. Washington in Brington Church, Northants ; and the Garsdon Communion set. Some old Houses of Devizes, No. 30, Long Street, By Ed. Kite, and Woolmore Farmhouse: its Builders and later Owners. By Col. R. W. Awdry. The notices of these two articles in W.A.M., xlili., p. 374 (June, 1926), omit to state that they appeared in the Wiltshire Gazette, the latter on March 18th, the former on March 25th, 1926. 500 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Artucles. The Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin | Mary of Salisbury. 1926. By J. M.J Fi(letcher). A Handbook for Pilgrims. Price 3d. Issued by authority of the Dean and Chapter. Pamphlet, 7iin. x 4Zin, pp. 16. Two plates: Part of St. Osmund’s Shrine; Choir and Sanc- tuary ; and cut of diminutive effigy of 13th cent. Bishop (erroneously spoken of as the Boy Bishop). | A short note on the history of the diocese and the foundation of the | Cathedral is given at the beginning and then the visitor is taken round the | building, and the monuments and other objects of interest are pointed out : to him and he is told as much about them as in the great majority of cases | he wants to know, and what is more the information he receives is wholly accurate and up-to-date. An excellent three pennyworth. Dewponds, by M. K.S. Edwards. A short article in Country Lifes May 29th, 1926, pp. 735—6, with five good photographs of Wiltshire Dew- ponds, and some account of the process of making them. Studies in the Corallian Lamellibranch Fauna of | Oxford, Berks, and Wilts. By W. J. Arkell, F. “7 | I. Limid@. extracted from Geological Mag., vol. \xiii., pp. 193—210. May, 1926. ‘Three plates. Geology and Paleontology have most unhappily gone out of fashion aa late years, and Mr. Arkell is one of the all too few geological workers in | Wiltshire. Moreover he has set himself an almost heart-breaking task. | He begins his paper thus “A glance at the exhibited collections in any of | our leading museums, such as the British Museum, the Geological Survey | Museum, or the Oxford University Museum, shows that the naming and | | identification of many of the Mesozoic fossils is in a very unsatisfactory | | state. The private collector or the student who becomes thoroughly | familiar with fauna of his own district and then goes to these museums to ! classify and identify it will usually come away with many misconceptions. He finds moreover that the various museums contradict one another. The student who finds cause for anxiety in the showcases of the museums | will find chaos when he obtains access to the locked drawers underneath. | The mass of raw material secreted in these drawers would provide many | workers with a lifetime’s research.” Mr. Arkell has undertaken to straighten out this tangle for a single genus. So far as the Wiltshire beds are con-| cerned those of Highworth are most in evidence, though Seend, Westbrook, | Tockenham, and Hilmarton are also mentioned. | The Story of St. Boniface College, Warminster. | A short history of the principal events in the life of the college from 1860, | when it was opened, to the present day, is given in St. Bonzface College; | at Home and Abroad. Michaelmas Term, 1925, pp. 3-4; Lent Te 1926, pp. 3—5; and Trinity Term, 1926, pp. 5—7. Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, 501 Ancient British Agriculture in the South and West. By E. A. Rawlence. A paper read at the meeting of the Sur- veyors’ Institution at Salisbury and partly printed in the Wiltshire Gazette, July 8th, 1926. Mr. Rawlence for the Pre-Roman conditions in agriculture depends chiefly on Dr. Clay’s discoveries at Fyfield Bavant and Swallow- cliffe, and follows this up by a good description of the Common Field system introduced by the Saxons, and of the great changes brought about by the dearth of labour caused by the Black Death. He ends by dwelling on the two great necessities of chalking or marling, and drainage, both now- adays to a large extent unpractised. Of the former ‘‘ He remembered his father telling him that in his early days gangs of gipsies used to go about with teams of donkeys to whom large wicker panniers were attached with flap-board bottoms. These gipsies would then sink shallow wells in the céntre of a field to be chalked, fill the panniers, and then lead the donkey out and drop the flap. Thus heaps of chalk would be deposited all over field at intervals. ‘The sides of these wells gradually fell in and filled up leaving a shallow hole which the plough could easily pass through.” Wexcombe, Mr. A. J. Hosier’s Farm. Under the head- ing “‘ Open-air Milk Farm. Wiltshire Farmer’s new system,” The T2mes, July 26th, 1926, has an article describing the success of a novel system under which Mr. Hosier has 500 cattle of which 180 are cows in milk on 1,000 acres of high down land. The cows are out summer and winter and never come near the farm yard or the cowshed, not even coming in to be milked, for the milking shed (on wheels) comes to them instead. Wiltshire Barns. “ Concerning some Barns. Wiltshire examples.” By Miss M. K. Swayne Edwards, a short article in Wiltshire Times, Aug. 21st, 1926, mentioning several Wiltshire barns, with two good illustrations of Bradford-on-Avon and Tisbury Barns, and a poor one of what remains of that at Wulfhall. - Folk Song and Locality. Alfred Williams has a short article in Wiltshire Times, August 26th, 1926, on the subject of Folk Song in Wilt- shire and along the Upper Thames. He notices that at three separate | points on the latter in 1914 he heard a version of “ Of all the Brave Birds,” which was printed in the play “The Knight of the Burning Pestle,” in 1609, and in 1914 aged men of the Thames side were still singing songs celebrating the campaign of Marlborough in the Netherlands, 1702—1704, and others dealing with the American War of Independence, and the | French wars at the end of the 18th century eg., “ Rodney so Bold,” recall- _ ing the defeat of the French fleet off Sta Lucia in 1782. | Trowbridge. The Parish and its Poor. An interest- ing article by W. G. Addison in Wiltshire Times, August 26th, 1926, VOL, XLIII.—NO. CXLY. L 2 | | } 502 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. describes the lengths to which overseers and other parish officials went in | the later 18th and earlier 19th centuries to prove that paupers were | * settled ’’ in other parishes rather than in their own. In 1832 in the dis- | pute between ‘l'rowbridge and Road over the settlement of Thomas Higdon, | Mr, Elijah Bush ran up a bill of £32, and that between North Bradley and — Trowbridge in 1751 over the curious case of Joanna West cost £18 3s. Od. | This complicated case is described at some length, as also is that of | William Gunstone born in 1798 at Westbury, whose ‘settlement ” was | disputed between that parish and Berkeley, in Somerset. Some Villages of North Wilts. By J. Lee Osborn. | Illustrated. Printed and Published by the Cirences- | ter Newspaper Co. 1926. Cr. 8vo., pp. 4 + 83. Eight illustrations: Great Somerford War Memorial, Jacobean House, and | Church ; Bremhill Church, Garsden Manor House, Lydiard Millicent | Church, Ashton Keynes Village and Cross, and Church. ‘The parishes dealt with are Great and Little Somerford, Dauntsey, Brinkworth, Charl- ton, Garsdon, Crudwell, Hankerton, Oakséy, Lydiard Tregoze, and Lydiard | Millicent, Ashton Keynes and Somerford Keynes. All these articles are | reprinted from the Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard and have already | been noticed in the Magazine as they appeared. The Church in each case | is the principal subject of each article, and the architecture is well described | by Mr. Lee Osborn, who knows what he is talking about. It is well that | these articles should be reprinted in this handy and useful form. | Stowford, in Wingfield. By Sir Alfred Welby. An interest- | ing article in Weltshire Gazette, Sept. 16th, 1926, tracing the descent from | the Conquest, when it was granted to the Bishop of Coutances, of the | Manor including a mill afterwards known as Stowford. This afterwards | became the property of Keynsham Abbey, founded by Will, Earl of | Gloucester, in 1170, In 1458 the Abbot granted a lease of a messuage | called Stowford, two water mills there being under one roof. Thesetwo mills | were later on altered into four fulling mills, which were leased in 1494 by | Abbott John Graunt “to William Clevelode of Stowford, clotheman”; | whose memorial brass is in possession of Mr. Herbert Clarke, lately of Trull | House, Wingfield, whose father acquired it, probably at some so-called | restoration of Wingfield Church ; it is 14din. long by 2in. broad inscribed | in two lines ‘ Pray for the Soule of Thomas Cleflode on / whoys soule Jhu | have mercy. Amen.” | The notice of this brass is interesting, as no mention of it is made by Kitein | his Brasses of Wiltshere, published in 1860, and it was obviously unknown / to him. It seems a pity that it should not be restored to the Church to | which it probably belonged. The descent of the property is traced through | Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 503 Thomas Bailey, of Trowbridge, 1438, who married the daughter of Will Clevelode, and his son Christopher, who also owned the advowson of Wingfield, and married Maud, daughter of Thomas Horton, of Iford. His heiress, Rebecca, married first Henry Longe, of Whaddon, whose son, Walter, was created a Baronet in 1661. ‘he present owner is Sir Vincent Caillard. A good photograph of the picturesque three-gabled house men- tioned in the records as “The Messuage,” separate from the Mill House, shows the Tudor front added about 1543 to the earlier house which con- tains traceried windows of late 14th or 15th century date. Letters to young -Fly-Fishers. By Sir George Aston (“ George Southcote”). London: Philip Allan & Co. [1926]. Cr. 8vo. pp. xiii + 154, Eight illustrations from photographs of which the first six are of the River Avon at Woodford, in the neighbourhood of Court House, where the book was written, and the boy who figures in three of these is the author's son. Much of the advice on Dry-Fly Fishing applies in the first place to the Avon. Devizes, ‘‘ La Rewe.’’ The now extinct name of a Devizes suburb. By Ed. Kite. Wiltshire Gazette, Sept. 23rd, 1926. “La Rewe” is mentioned in a deed of 1302, and “ La Reustrete, near Southbroom,” in another of 1309, and land in “Southbroom and La Rewe™” is noted as granted to the Bishop of Salisbury in an Inquisition of 1329. Mr. Kite identifies “ Le. Rewe” with the suburb now known as Wick, in Latin “Vicus,’ which name in many instances he says denotes Roman occupa- tion. In support of this he notes that it is in the Southbroom and Wick district that such Roman remains as have been found at Devizes, have occurred, such as the pottery and other objects found at Pans Lane, now in the Museum. He also notes that traces of a Roman villa have been found at Wick, in J.acock, and that Heddington Wick has also produced Roman objects. (He might have added Hannington Wick also). At Southbroom, as mentioned in Philosophical Transactions, xxii., No. 268, p. 758, in 1699 was found a blue earthen vessel, 10in. high, containing several hundred Roman coins, mostly copper. some of mixed metal, and others washed with silver. What became of them is not recorded. Mr. Kite gives an account of the 21 bronze figures of ‘* Penates ” dug up in a two-handled Amphora in 1714, by a gardener named William Cadby on the site of an old house on the Green, of which eight are now in the British Museum. Trowbridge. ‘The Wilishire Times, Oct. 9th, 1926, contains a note by James Rodway recalling the days of his youth in Trowbridge, in which he mentions the rhyme current sixty years ago. hela, 504 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. Trowbridge steeple, long and leetle, Dirty town and shabby people. And the nicknames “ Trowbridge Knobs,” “ Bradford Gudgeons,’, ‘‘ Hilper- ton Tie-downs,” and “ Bradley Donkeys.” Some Wiltshire Place Names. A short article by Miss M. K. Swayne Edwards in Wiltshire Temes, Sept. 4th, 1926. A week-end on the Kennet. Country Life, June 19th, 1926. A good article by Stephen Gwynn on Dry and Wet Fly-fishing at Saver- nake from Durnsford Mill, comparing the Kennet with Irish rivers, Guide to Malmesbury Abbey. Price Sixpence. Malmesbury. [1925.]| J. Riddick. Pamphlet 8vo., pp. 8. Compiled by C. E. P., with a plan and eight good process illustrations, views of the Abbey Church from North, and N. East, the South Porch, and Interior looking West, K. Athelstan’s Tomb, the Font, the Old Fire Engine, and the Market Cross. The letterpress gives a good deal of in- | formation, but might be amended on one or two points. ‘To call the font | ‘- Saxon ” is somewhat absurd, and to suggest as one possible use for the so-called ‘‘ Watching Chamber” that the Abbot from this point of vantage was able to keep an eye on his monks is not much better. Old English Cottages. Vanishing relics. Some Wiltshire examples. By Alfred Williams. The Wiltshire Times, May 22nd, 1926, hasan interesting article advocating the restoration of old cottages rather than their destruction. ‘lhe writer has especially in mind the old cottages built mostly of chalk or sarsen between Clyffe Pypard and the Uffington White Horse. Mr. Williams describes how the chalk (Lower Chalk) was quarried out in large masses and piled in heaps which were covered or thatched to keep off the rain, | and were then left for the winter to be “ weathered.” ‘The softer blocks were _ disintegrated by the frost but those that survived were fit for outside wall- ing. For interior use no such test was necessary. Neither chalk nor sarsen is used nowaday, the latter has the reputation of ‘‘ sweating” in the wall, and sarsen houses are said to be cold and damp. This is true also of walls of block chalk though Mr. Williams does not say so. He remarks on the large size of the rooms both up and downstairs in many of the late 16th and 17th century cottages as opposed to the much smaller and worse built cottages of the 18th century, many of them built by squatters on the waste beside the roads. “A curious rule was to the effect that if one desirous of building a cottage could only manage to raise a hearth of stones and boil a gammon of bacon upon it, no other person could deprive him of his right to the place.” ‘There are good process illustrations Of a row of thatched cottages in the street at Erlestoke now destroyed, two cottages at Bratton, and two of the timber-framed houses of Keevil. Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 505 Amesbury. Historic and Prehistoric. By John Soul. Printed by the Salisbury Times Company, 1926. Pamphlet, Sin. X 4%in., pp. 40. These notes are reprinted from the Salisbury Times in which they appeared in nine instalments between July 16th and Sept. 17th, 1926. Prehistoric conditions and finds, the legendary and historical beginnings of the Abbey, its charters, royal visitors, and dissolution, the traces of the monastic buildings between the existing house and the Church, which is throughout assumed to be that of the Monastery, and the successive owners of the Abbey lands are touched on. ‘The value of the notes consists chiefly in those dealing with post-suppression times and more particularly in the still more modern events in the history of Amesbury. The chief events in the lives of successive owners are mentioned; Edward Duke of Somerset, his son Edward Baron Keauchamp and Earl of Hertford, Sir Will. Seymour, 2nd son of Lord Beauchamp, who after his first marriage to Lady Arabella Stuart and her death became Marquis of Hertford, and by his second marriage with I rances Devereaux joined the two estates of Amesbury Priors and Amesbury Earls. In 1660 Lord John Seymour succeeded, dying in 1676. Lord Thomas Bruce was the next owner, his son Charles selling the property to Henry Boyle, afterwards Lord Carleton, after whom the avenue called “ Lord’s Walk” is named. He also planted three avenues of limes in the park, and dying in 1735 was succeeded by his nephew Charles, 3rd Duke of (Queensberry, who married Lady Catherine Hyde, the patroness of the poet Gay. ‘The additions and alterations to the house and grounds under the 3rd and 4th Dukes, are usefully gone into at considerable length. From 1794 to 1800 the mansion was occupied by the English Canonesses of St. Augustine expelled from Louvain by the French, who on leaving Amesbury went to Spettisbury, in Dorset. William Douglas, 4th Duke of Queens- berry, dying 1810, was succeeded by Archibald James Edward, lst Baron Douglas. In 1824 the estate was purchased by Sir Edmund Antrobus, 1st Baronet, and on his death in 1826 it passed to his nephew, Sir Edmund, 2nd Baronet, who very largely rebuilt the house. Hedied 1871 and his son, Sir Edmund, 3rd Baronet, succeeded, On his death in 1899 his son, Sir Kdmund, 4th Baronet, succeeded. On hls death the present owner, Sir Cosmo Gordon Antrobus, 5th Baronet, succeeded. ‘There are useful notes on a number of field and other place names in the parish. The various - owners of Stonehenge from 1620 downwards are mentioned. Notes indeed on all sorts of matters seem to have been jotted down by the writer just as they occurred to him, without any particular order or sequence, most of them quite worth preserving but in the absence of an index somewhat difficult to sort out. Some Annals of the Borough of Devizes (Volume II.). Being a series of extracts from the Corpora- tion Records, 1791 to 1835. By B. Howard Cunnington, F.S.A. Scot. Devizes. Geo. Simpson & Co. 1926. Royal 8vo., cloth, pp. IV. + 292. Price to subscribers, 18/6. 506 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. Capt. Cunnington in this volume carries on his extracts from the Cor- poration records from 1790, where Vol. I. ended, to 1835, the date of the passing of the Municipal Reform Act. Additional extracts from the earlier records omitted in Vol. I. are also given. A good deal of space is occupied with loyal addresses presented apparently on every available occasion. In. 1895 Mr. Baldwin’s plans for the new Town Hall were carried out at a cost of £2156 15s. 6d., and a leaden case containing an engraved plate of brass, etc., in a stone cheese-shaped box, was built into the bay of the building; and when the bay threatened to collapse in 1922, the said stone box was found and opened, and a fresh brass plate was added and the whole was again built into the new foundations of the bay. - In 1806 it was ordered that the Market Cross be pulled down. In 1807 the Kennet and Avon Canal was navigable from Pewsey to Devizes. ‘There are continual notices of townsmen who having been elected Capital Bur- gesses refused to serve as such and were duly fined £30. Indeed the Corporation must have found these fines quite a considerable source of income. In 1810 there was an incipient mutiny in the 2nd Wilts Local Militia quartered in Devizes that caused the hasty calling out of troops of yeomanry from all over the county, their colonel, Lord Bruce, dashing in his barouche and four, in which he had travelled down from London all night, to take the command. ‘The militia were so impressed that they yielded without fighting, the ringleader got 200 lashes and the matter ended. In the same year Mr. Hugh Lavington is ordered to sub- stitute tiles or slates for thatch on his houses in Bridewell Street. In 1812 the Mayor's allowance was raised from £40 to £60; in 1823 to £80; and in 1829 to £100 a year. At the peace celebrations in 1814 every member of a benefit club who walked in the procession received 1/- from the Corporation—the clubs were :— The Independent, The Royal Oak, The King’s Arms, and The Hare and Hounds. In 1814 Lord Sidmouth erected the}Market Cross, and the existing inscriptions were placed on it at his suggestion. The accounts of Ruth Pierce’s — death from the Inquisition on her,and from the Gloucester Journal of February 6th, 1753, are given. ‘The Gas Works were established in 1826. In 1829 the annual income of the Corporation was £282 and the expenditure £190. There is a curious entry in 1830 for which Captain Cunnington can find no explanation—“ Mr. Smithand Mr. Sylvester attended with crowns of laurel, that ceremony observed in the swearing in of all other Burgesses, having been omitted in their case, and it being considered an antient custom never abolished,” In 1831 the Corporation petitioned against the Reform Bill and protested that no charge of bribery or corruption had ever been brought against them. In 1833 an exhaustive report of the Municipal Charities is given. Amongst the extracts supplementary to those given in Vol. I. from the earlier records are many interesting items. Vagrant beggars are continually ordered to be whipped and “ demitted” (sent away), women as well as men. In 1551 Clement Shorte is put in the pillory for “ pykynge of a porsse,” and in 1559 another offender had his ear nailed to the pillory “being taken a cuttinge of a purse,” Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 507 In 1596 a “ Hewe and Cry” was made for the apprehension of two per- sons. ‘Two years earlier John Deane, sadler, was committed to ward for ealling William Erwood, Bayliffe, ‘“Scut, Scabb, Coulebearer, and other approbious words.” In 1584 seven persons are fined 6d. each for “‘ losinge of Syvices on Whit- sonday last past.” In 1585 Richard Palmer, who had stolen 20 sheep skins was sentenced to be “stripped down to the waste and then (on Thursday) to be whipped rownd about the Market Place to the ensample of all other malefactors and offenders.” In 1593 Richard Truslowe, executor of John Truslowe, of Avebury, Gent., distributed in St. John’s Church £5, as part of a Jegacy left by him to the. poor. In 1594 John Prittle, baker, of Seend, had six loaves confiscated and distributed to the poor as being under weight. Appendix C gives extracts from the Records of the Meetings of the Devizes Improvement Trustees set up by the Act of 21 George III., 1780. In the next year four night watchmen were appointed at 6d. a night, and 90 lamps for the streets and three watch boxes at a cost of £147 7s. 84d. were provided at the expense of James Sutton, of New Park. In 1788 the Clerke is ordered to give “public notice that all drivers of carriages passing and repassing up and down the street called the Brittox and all other streets within the Borough, be requested to incline to the left- hand side of the said streets.” In 1805 and 1806 some tons of “ Season Stones” (Sarsens) from Avebury are bought for paving. In 1824 elaborate arrangements are made in case of fire, and three years later six fire hooks with other appliances are bought. Later still in 1893 a new fire engine was bought. Appendix D gives the various oaths of allegiance taken by the Mayor and Justices. Appendix E gives extracts from the “ Devizes Borough Sessions Book,’ 1790—1819. Capt. Cunnington states that there were 48 public whippings in Devizes between 1800 and 1836, nine of which occurred in 1803. During the first half of the 19th century there were 118 public and 674 private whippings in Wiltshire ordered by the Court of Quarter Sessions. The prices of wheat between June, 1797, and July, 1800, are recorded in one of the Corporation Books. A list of the names of Innholders and their houses in 1819 is given. A number of other appendices deal with the Watch Committee reports ; Devizes Divisional Sessions; Proceedings in the Court of Record, 1754— 1813; Yearly Rents of the Borough ; Corporation Receipts and Expendi- ture, 1785—1835 ; Wiltshire Fire Insurance Companies, 1784 to 1806. Mr. Edward Kite’s report on the History of Royal Grants of Property to the Corporation, especially the properties of Chantries, etc. : the Diary of George Sloper, 1753—1810, which was printed in the Wiltshire Gazette ; and a few other matters. The volume ends with a summary of the results of the enquiries made by Capt. Cunnington into the right of Devizes, and some other 508 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. Boroughs to use the title of “ Royal Boroughs.” ‘This title seems to have been officially applied to Devizes since 1910 on several occasions, but it is clear that that Borough has no right to use the title nor have any other Boroughs in England except Windsor and Kensington, both of which have the express authority of the Sovereign to do so. There is a useful index to the contents of the volume which is excellently printed and got up, and Capt. Cunnington is to be congratulated on the completion of his arduous labour of love. Additions to Museum and Library. 509 ADDITIONS TO MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. Museum. Presented by Miss EH. Mann: Geological specimens collected by Rev. T. Presented by Mann. SQUADRON-LEADER G, S. M. Insatu, V.C., M.C., and Capt. Dawson: Two Drinking Cups found with interments at Netheravon Flying School, 1926. Rev. E. H. Gopparp: Three Aldbourne Horse Bells. GENERAL G. Lu. PatMerR: A large collection of Wiltshire Trade Tokens and the cabinet containing them. Library. Mr. A. D. Passmore: Sale Catalogue of contents of Hey- tesbury House ; Photographs of objects found in Wiltshire, &c. ; Pamphlets, ete. THE AutHor. Mr, EK. H. Strong, F.S.A.: “ Notes on Stone- henge,” and ** Concerning the Sarsens,” from ‘“* Man.” Mr. Bast Hankey: ‘ The Wiltshire Rant,” 1650. Bric.-Gen. W. G. THompson: Abstracts of two Wiltshire Deeds, 1672, &c. THe AutnHor, Miss M. C. Tuck, F.G.S. (of Clyffe Pypard), “The Avonian between Wickwar and Chipping Sod- bury, Glos,” 1926. Mr. J. J. SLADE: 14 Wilts Estate Sale Catalogues, Cuttings from papers, &c. Mr. G. Cuivers: Facts and information, on which is founded the Prospectus of the Great Western Iron Ore, Smelting, and Coal Company (Seend Iron Ore, &c.). THe AutHor, Mrs. I’. EK. Lovisonp, F.R.M.S.: “ Colour Tints by means of Lovibond’s Tintometer.” Mrs. Buxton: Old Deeds and Documents connected with Tockenham Manor. Tur Autuor, Mr. W. J. ARKELL, F.G.S.: “ Studies in the Lamellibranch Fauna of Oxford, Berks, and Wilts,” 1926. THe AutHor, Canon J. M. J. Fiercurer: “A Century of Dorset Documents,” 1926; and ‘‘A Trio of Dorchester Worthies,” 1926; Wilts Pamphlets, &c. 510 Additions to Musewm and Library. Presented by Rev. C. V. Gopparp : “ Tales of the Hall,” by Geo. Crabbe, 2 vols., 1819. Mr. A. SHAw Metior: Pencil Sketch of Chippenham Church from a distance, cer. 1840. Mr. H. W. DartneEty: “ Fisherton Parochial Magazine,” 1883—1925. THe AutHor, FIELD-MARSHAL LoRD METHUEN : ‘‘ Corsham Court, 1903,” 8vo. THe AutHor, Mr. H. BrakspPear: Presidential Address to Bristol & Gloucestershire Arch. Soc., 1925 ; “ Bardney Abbey,” reprinted from Arch. Journal. THE AutHor, Mr. W. Hamiso F. MacHurspEAn: “ The Great Law,” vol. I., 1924; and 3 Plans of Stonehenge, &e. Miss M. R. Awpry : “ The Life and Times of Will. Herbert, Ist Earl of Pembroke, by the Rev. J. J. Daniell”; * Legendary Tales in Verse and Prose, collected by H. Fox Talbot, 1830.” THE Epitor or The Wilts & Gloucestershire Standard: “Some Villages of North Wilts,” by J. Lee Osborn, 1926. Mr. CHARLES GILLMAN : 10 Wiltshire Pamphlets, Sermons, &e. Mrs. CunnincTON : All the original Drawings by Mr. Pugh for ‘The Karly Iron Age Inhabited Site at All Cannings Cross Farm,” 1923 ; and Plans of Casterley, Lidbury, Knapp Hill, and Figsbury Camps, &c., and proofs of the same reproduced. THe AutHor, Mr. JoHN Sout: “Amesbury, Historic and Prehistoric,” 1926. THe AutuHor, Capt. B. H. CunnineTon, F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S. “Some Annals of the Borough of Devizes, vol. II, 1791—1835,” 8vo., 1926. THE PUBLISHERS, Messrs. ConstTABLeE: “ A Wiltshire Parson and his Friends,” by G. Greever, 1926. Mrs. J. L. Loviponp and Miss Baker: £10 towards the cost of binding the MS. copies of Monumental Inscrip- tions in Wilts, made by the late Mr. T. H. Baker and others. Cc. H. Woodward, Printer and Publisher, Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes, THE SOCIETY'S PUBLICATIONS (Continued). STONEHENGE AND ITS BARROWS, by W. Long, Nos. 46-47 of the Magazine in separate wrapper 7s. 6d. This still remains one of the best and ‘most reliable accounts of Stonehenge and its Karthworks. WILTSHIRE—The TOPOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS OF JOHN \UBREBY, F.R.S., A.D. 1659-1670. Corrected and enlarged by the Rev. ‘anon J. E. Jackson, M.A., F.S.A. 4to, Cloth, pp. 491, with 46 plates. rice £2 10s. WILTSHIRE INQUISITIONES POST MORTEM. CHARLES TI, 8vo, ‘p. vii. + 501. 1901. With full index. In 8 parts, as issued. Price 13s. DITTO. IN THE REIGNS OF HEN. III, ED. I., and ED. II. 8vo, _p. xv. 505. In parts as issued. Price 13s. pITTO. THE REIGN OF ED. III. 8vo., pp. 402. In six parts gissued. Price 13s. A BIBLIOGRAPHY or tHe GREAT STONE MONUMENTS oF _/ILTSHIRE, STONEHENGE, anp AVEBURY, with other references, y Wz Jerome Harrison, F.G.S., pp. 169, with 4 illustrations. No. 89, Dec., “01 of the Magazine. Price 5s. 6d. Contains particulars as to 947 books! - pers, &e., by 782 authors, THE TROPENELL CARTULARY. An important work in 2 vols., 8vo, ». 927, containing a great number of deeds connected with property in many iltshire Parishes of the 14th and 15th centuries. Only 150 copies were ; inted, of which a few are left. Price to members, £1 10s., and to non- | ambers, £2. ‘Yiltshire Notes and Queries, Vols. 1 to 8, all that have been published. Cloth: Simpson, Devizes. Also Vols. 1 and 2, in parts, unbound. Price £3 10s. [Apply to E. C. Sewell, | Cirencester.] | \ Lal BOOKBINDING. Books carefully Bound to pattern. | Wilts Archeological Magazine bound to match previous volumes, Or in Special Green Cases. We have several back numbers to make up sets. CH. WOODWARD, Printer and Publisher, _ Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes. North Wilts Museum and LIBRARY AT DEVIZES.) In answer to the appeal made in 1905 annual subscriptions: | varying from £2 to 5s. to the amount of about £30 a year for this) purpose have been given since then by about sixty Members of} | the Society and the fund thus set on foot has enabled the Committee to add much to the efficiency of the Library and | Museum. | It is very desirable that this fund should be raised to at least | £50 a year in order that the General Fund of the Society may) | be released to a large extent from the cost of the Museum and| set free for the other purposes of the Society. "| Subscriptions of 5s a year, or upwards, are asked for from all Members, and should be sent either to Mr. D. Owgn, Bank Cham-|} bers, Devizes, or Rev. E. H. GopparpD, Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon. | | | The Committee appeal to Members of the Society and others | to secure any | Objects of Antiquity, AND Natural History Specimens, found in the County of Wilts and to forward them to she | dil Hon, Curator, Capt. B. H. Cunnrneron, Devizes ; a || Whilst Old Deeds connected with Wiltshire families — or places, Modern Pamphlets, Articles, Portraits, | Illustrations from recent Magazines, or Papers i bearing in any way on the County, and Sale i Particulars of Wiltshire Properties, as well. ag local Parish Magazines ir C, H, WOODWARD, PRINTER, DEVIZES. Soren at Pre 9 eet | SP Me OXLVI: - JUNE, 1927. on, SCRMIUG THE SI LISHIRE Archezeological & Natural History MAGAZINE, PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SOCIETY FORMED IN THAT COUNTY A. D. 1853. EDITED BY REV. E. H. GODDARD, Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon. [The authors of the papers printed in this ‘‘ Magazine” are alone responsible for all statements made therein. |} DEVIZES : PRINTED FOR THE Society BY C. H. Woopwarp, | EXxcHaNngE Burbpines, Station Roap. Price Ss. Members, Gratis. NOTICE TO MEMBERS. TAKE NOTICE that a copious Index for the preceding eight volumes of the Magazine will be found at the end of Vols. Vlli., Xvi, xxiv. and xxxil, The subsequent Volumes are each fully indexed separately. The annual subscription is now raised to 15s. 6d., the entrance fee for new Members remaining 10s. 6d. as before. Members who have not paid their Subscriptions to the Society for the current year, are requested to remit the same forthwith to — the Financial Secretary, Mr. DAavID OWEN, Bank Chambers, Devizes, to whom also all communications as to the supply of Magazines should be addressed. 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Preston, M.A. Price to the Public 16s.; but one copy offered to every Member of the Society at half-price. CATALOGUE oF tut STOURHEAD COLLECTION or ANTIQUITIES IN THE SOCIETY’S MUSEUM, with 175 Illustrations. Part I. Price 1s. 6d, CATALOGUE or ANTIQUITIES 1n tHe SOCIETY’S MUSEUM. Part II. 1911. Fully illustrated. Price Qs, CATALOGUE or tue SOCIETY’S LIBRARY ar toe MUSEUM. Price 1s. APPENDIX No. 1., II., and III., 3d. each. CATALOGUE or DRAWINGS, PRINTS, anp Maps, 1n THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARY at tHE MUSEUM. Price 1s. 6d. CATALOGUE or WILTSHIRE TRADE TOKENS 1n tHe SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. Price 6d. BACK NUMBERS or tHe MAGAZINE. Price to the Public, 8s., 5s. 6d., and 3s. 6d. (except in the case of a few numbers, the price of which is raised). Members are allowed a reduction of 25 per cent. from these prices. WILTSHIRE Archeeological & Natural History MAGAAINKE., No. CXLVI. JUNE, 1927. VoL. XLIII. Contents. PAGE. CorsHamM: By Harold Brakspear, F.8.A.......scscccscscssee soevecees 511—539 SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT ON THE EARLY [RON AGE VILLAGE ON SWALLOWCLIFFE Down: By R. C. C. Clay, F.S.A............. 540—547 THE BARROWS ON MARLEYCOMBE HILL, BOWERCHALKE (1926) : Sane © roe Ota © laivin HH Se Alien. occsc, coceessnensncee desis dnsiasisnuecblenc 548—556 NN MORMON ITUPAUR Visecces Son cccccsiceosecas caesnedbenssniasecesseecesanerssee 557—559 WILTSHIRE Books, PAMPHLETS, AND ARTICLES........ ..-ceeeseeees . 660—571 ADDITIONS TO MUSEUM AND LIBRARY .....-c.csssecaceceoees coreecece 572—573 NGNDDNGROMNMO De NOIGL DD nace cceceosc.sicccsessetecesievelectasoisesanSinne sss one 574.— 640 ILLUSTRATIONS. Corsham, Plates I.—X1I... 5 oii a HA Fie iia i Sinema ee Banna cnt ISO oy Section of Pit No. 98, Swallowcliffe Down...............ccccesceeenees 54] Pottery Vessels from Pits on Swallowcliffe Down.................. 542 Objects from Early Iron Age Pits, Swallowcliffe Down..... ...... 543 The Barrows on Marleycombe Hill, Bowerchalke................006+. 548 Barrows 1—6, Marleycombe Hill, Bowerchalke..................... 549—553 Urns from Barrows on Marleycombe Hill, Bowerchalke......... 554 Devizes :—C. H. Woopwarp, ExcHANGE BuILpINGs, STaTIon Roap. THE WILTSHIRE MAGAZINE, ‘MULTORUM MANIBUS GRANDE LEVATUR ONUS.”—Ovid. No. CXLVI. JUNE, 1927. Vou. XILILL. ns CORSHAM. By Haroutp BrakspPEAR, F.S.A, The tract of land that now forms the parish of Corsham is practically the southernmost end of the great oolitic range of the Cotswolds and its height above the river valleys rendered the site suitable for human habita- tion from the earliest times; though later cultivation has obliterated all evidence of such inhabitants, except a tumulus just behind Hartham House, In Roman days one of the great military roads, that from Bath to Silchester, ran the whole length of this tract of land and afterwards formed the southern boundary of the parish ; but, in spite of its proximity to Bath, Corsham cannot boast of any other evidence of that race. In Saxon days the road was disused and a ditch was thrown up along its course which from then till now has borne the name of Wansditch or Wansdyke. ‘This ditch was apparently made asa boundary between the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex. It may be remembered that during the time of the heptarchy the Saxons were always at war with their neighbours, but after the seven kingdoms were united in the person of King Egbert they settled down into a quiet and peaceable folk, who loved their homes and gained prosperity by the cultivation of their lands. Tothem we owe, not only the name of Corsham.' but most of our country institutions and customs ; they introduced what was afterwards called the feudal system, whereby the king nominally owned the whole country, having under him the great nobles and under them the lesser owners ; all of whom held their lands by service to the overlord, and he of the king: churches were built near the lord’s houses, and were richly endowed ; manors werejformed and divided the one from the other ; so ! Corsham is said (Wilts Arch. Mag. xxi. 667) to have received its name from a Celtic river name, but at Corsham there is no river and surely the obvious derivation is the ton of Cossa or Corsa. VOL. XLIII.—NO. CXLVI. M 2 512 Corsham. many were grouped into hundreds and the hundreds into counties. The boundaries then made were virtually the same as they remain to-day. The manor of Corsham belonged directly to the king and in consequence was known as ancient demesne ; it was apparently given by the Confessor to his brother-in-law Tostig, the fourth son of Ear] Godwin, who, owing to his murderous villainies was expelled the country and his lands reverted to the king.! The church of Corsham had been so liberally endowed that its possessions formed a second manor, though apparently held as a member of the king’s manor, In 1066, when William of Normandy conquered Saxon England, Corsham fell to his share as ancient demesne, and he gave the church manor to his newly founded abbey of St. Stephen’s at Caen.? In 1085 was compiled, for taxation purposes, that wonderful survey called Domesday Book, wherein is recorded that “The king holds Cosseham. Earl Tosti held it in the time of King Edward. There are 34 hides, but it renders geld for 18 hides. The landis 50 carucates. In demesne are 11 hides and there are 7 carucates and 10 serfs. There are 65 villans and 48 coscets and 9 cottars with 38 carucates. “There are 2 mills worth 8/6, and 32 acres of meadow and 1 hide of pasture and 2 miles of wood in length and breadth. This manor with its appendages pays 30 pounds by weight. The English, however, value it at 31 pounds by tale. The abbey of St. Stephen of Caen holds the church of this manor with 2 hides of land. The land is 5 carucates. This is held by 3 villans with 6 coscets. It is worth £7. Edgar holds the church of Paveshou which adjoins the manor and his father held it. It is worth 5 shillings.” 4 In the same record are no less than six distinct holdings under the name of Hartham, part of which is now in the parish of Corsham. The manor of Corsham was after granted on a term of years or lives to first one person and then another, but in 1242 a more important grant was made. In that year King Henry III. gave this manor inter alia to his — brother Richard, Earl of Cornwall,° and to this Earl Corsham owes its peculiar privileges. The Earl granted the manor of Corsham to the customary tenants of the manor, but the exact date is not known. The original grant is among the manor deeds and bears an impression of the Earl’s seal, though slightly damaged (Plate II.). It recites that We Richard earl of Cornwall concede and by our present writing © confirm for us and our heirs to our customary tenants of our manor of | Corsham the whole of our manor of Corsham with rents, demesne lands, meadows, feedings and pastures to the same belonging, saving 1 Dugdale’s Baronage (1675) 1.4. ? Mon. Ang. (1846) vi. 1070. 3 In the Exon Domesday this is returned at 23 hides. _ 4 Domesday Book for Wilts (1865), 11. ° Rot. Claus. 26 H. III. p. i, m. 8. By Harold Brakspear. 513 to us the third part of Myntemede which the said customary tenants mow, carry and garner at their expense, also our fish stews, parks, warren and all pleas, perquisites and escheats that are due to usand our heirs, to have and to hold to the said customary tenants and their successors of us and our heirs for ever for the annual rent of 110 marks! to be paid to the bailiff of our said manor in two terms of the year namely in the octave of Easter 55imarks and in the octave of St Michael 55 marks for all services and demands to us and our heirs particularly excepting to us everything as aforementioned, and we ordain that the said our customary tenants are for ever quit of tallage, view of frankpledge and all other customs belonging to us and our heirs. The said our customary tenants agree for themselves and their successors that if they hold not to the same covenant according to the present writing that all their tenements which they hold of us shall revert without question to us and our heirs if by them it be found that the said form of this writing be not held, also we wish and concede that if the same our customary tenants of the said manor of Corsham come to rebel against the form of this writing that our bailiff, for the time being, shall have power to distrain them by land and cattle for all the abovesaid according to the terms of this writing fully observed. And to these things the testimony of this writing we have fixed our seal. These to witness dom. Richard de Turry, dom. Sampson de la Bokye, dom. Henry Crok, dom. Philip de Eya, Walter Gilun, then bailiff, Martin of Hortham, dom. Gilbert prior of Corsham, Richard de Cumberwell, Ralph then vicar of Corsham, and others. This writing was inspected and confirmed by letters patent on Ist July, 1332, by King Edward III.; on \2th February, 1446, by King Henry VI.; on 24th May, 1511, by King Henry VIII.; on 8th November, 1550, by King Edward VI.; and on 11th May, 1571, by Queen Elizabeth. The originals of these inspections have been carefully preserved and retain the great seal of England of the respective sovereigns. The actual manor being disposed of to the tenants it remains to follow the story of the 110 marks and the demesne lands reserved to the use of the Earl. These passed at his death (1272) to his son Edmund and on his death in 1300 reverted to the king as next heir, at which time an inquisition was held at Corsham when the property was found to consist of a capital _ messuage with two small gardens, worth 12d. a year; the third part of _ Mintesmead which contains 14a. and was worth 2s. a year ; there was also a fish stew worth 12d. ; a park called Estpark in which were six wild beasts, 1 The 110 marks was at this time or earlier assessed upon the ancient holdings of the manor, and was regularly paid until after the grant of the lordship of the manor to Paul Methuen in 1770. The lists of these lords’ rents remain for 1649, 1676, and 1763. Dh Whe Ds 514 Corsham. worth £4 10s.; also another park called Westpark in which were wild beasts, worth 13s. 4d. ; and there were there two water mills worth 106s. 8d by the year; also there were certain fairs on the feast of St. Bartholomew, worth 40s.; and the pleas and perquisites of the courts of Corsham were worth with fines, reliefs, and heriots £10.) King Edward J. then gave the lordship, rent, and demesne lands to his daughter Mary, who had become a nun of Fontevrault and was then in the house of Ambresbury.2. The princess afterwards exchanged Corsham for the manor of Swayneston, in the Isle of Wight? and the king then gave Corsham to his favourite Peter de Gaveston,*‘ whom he had made Ear] of Cornwall, as parcel of that earldom. Gaveston was beheaded in 1313, when Princess Mary re-exchanged Swayneston for Corsham® which she held til] her death in 1332 when it again reverted to the crown. Again the property was farmed to various persons. In 1346 the king (Edward III.) and the queen spent the summer between Corsham and Marlborough. In 1353 the lordship, rent, and lands of Corsham were granted to Princess Tsabel for life and on her death in 1394 a number of grants were made out of the rents of the manor to many of her personal attendants including her physician.’ In 1408 Corsham was given to Queen Joan as part of her dower® and from that time until the death of Henry VIII’s last queen it formed part of the dower of the queens of England and in consequence is sometimes known as Corsham Reginae. Queen Klizabeth retained the lordship of the manor in her own hands for some years, but in 1572 granted anter alza the two parks, fish ponds, warrens, and advowson of the church, to her favourite, Sir Christopher Hatton, in consideration of £4761.9 Shortly after Hatton became so impoverished that he was forced to selk Corsham and other estates. This sale resulted in the Corsham estate coming into the hands of Thomas. Smyth, who was a Corsham man, and had made a huge fortune out of the farm of the customs of the port of London. He gave his Corsham estate to his third son Henry during his lifetime, and spent his remaining years in Kent. It would be confusing and merely a list of names and dates to follow the descent of the various parcels of the manor for the next 150 years. ‘The manor itself was in the hands of the tenants, the lands reserved by Earl 1 Wilts .P.M. for Ed. I. (1908) 263. 2 Rot. Pat. 30 EK. I. m. 14, 3 Rot. Pat. 1 E. 11. p. i,m. 10. . *: ot. Pat. 3 KE. Th. m3. 5 Rot. Pat. 8 E. il. pi, m. 27. °Rot. Pat, 27 BE. ITE penamae ’ Rot. Pat. 2 R. IT p.1 m. 28 *Hot. Pat. 9 H. IV. p. 2, m. 22, 9 Lett. Pat. 12. vij. 14 Kliz. By Harold Brakspear. 515 Richard were in the hands of one set of grantees ; the yearly rent and per- quisites of the court were leased to others, and the actual lordship was in the hands of the crown but more often than not leased with the rent. This went on till 1770, when the whole of the three parcels were reunited in the hands of Paul Methuen, of Bradford. He bought the estate that comprised the Kast park (the West park had already been alienated),! the fish ponds and warren in 1745; and the yearly rent, the perquisites, and actual lordship of the manor were granted to him by the king after an Act of Parliament had been passed for that purpose. From this period the lordship of the manor and the lands reserved by the Earl of Cornwall, the annual rent, and the perquisites of the court, have passed from father to son, and are now in the hands of the present Lord Methuen. CorsHamM Houss. Though it is obvious that there must have been a dwelling place for the grantees of the manor after the conquest, the first actual reference to a house occurs in 1230 when, after the grant of the manor to Ralph son of Nicholas, the king ordered him to have 25 oaks from the forest of Chippenham and a like number from the forest of Melksham for his buildings at Corsham.? A further grant of 20 oaks from these forests was made to him for his Puest-house. i In 1244, two years after the manor was given to Richard Earl of Cornwall, he had a grant of 4 oaks from the forest of Melksham for the repair of his barn at Corsham‘ and this was followed two years later by the grant of 20 oaks for the construction of his house.> As already stated it was described as a capital messuage with two small gardens on the death of his son in 1300. The next reference to the house was in 1335, when the demesne lands were farmed to William of Horwode, when the king ordered him to spend £50 from the issues of the manor on the construction of a new.hall® and this was followed by a second order to spend a further’£50 on the same hall.’ No further reference to the building has been met with until Leland’s visit about 1541 when he records that at Corsham. 1 It passed with the demesne property until the death of Henry Smyth in 1605, when it went to his son Thomas. In 1656 it was conveyed as “all those enclosed grounds called the West Park and the lodge therein stand- ing with the appurtenances containing 70 acres,” to John Danvers, of Monks. It was sold by the Danvers to Arthur Eastinead, the owner of Pockeridge, in 1674. The area can still be traced, and is bounded by stone walls, the north-west side being against Park Lane, in Pickwick. * Rot. Claus. 14 H. IIL. m.14. 3 Rot. Claus. 15 H. III. m. 18. 4 Rot. Claus, 28 H. III. m. 13. *Rot. Claus. 30 H. III. m. 1. 6 Rot. Claus. 8 E. III. m. 35. 7 Rot. Claus. 8 E. III. m. 12, 516 Corsham. be ruines of an old maner place and thereby a park, wont to be yn dowage to the Quenes of Englande. Mr. Baynton yn Quene Anne’s | dayes pullid downe by licens a peace of this house sumwhat to help his buildings at Bromeham. ! Twenty years later the house was in hopeless ruin and on 11th September, 1562, an inquisition was taken to enquire into its condition; when the jurors found that the manor house of the lady the queen is much ruined and that nothing remains beyond the walls of a certain chapel, which chapel was shorn of stone called the freestone by John Bonham Knight, who died in the time of King Edward VI., late King of England, to build the lodge of the same and that the same existed, one old house Anglice an old gatehouse and one old stable to the same adjoining on the west side and one small tenement to the same adjoining on the east side and the caretaker of the same occupies it, and that the land on which the manor house is situated contains by estimation two acres. When the property was obtained by Thomas Smythe he began to build a new house, apparently to the north of the site of the old one, and this was finished according to a date stone on the present building in 1582. In 1602 Thomas Smythe’s son Henry sold the property to Sir Edward Hungerford, of Rowden,’ and went to live in a smaller house called Southers= wicks.4 At this time a survey of the estate was made when the house was described as A faire stronge howse, newly built with freestone, having a hall and ij. parlers at each end thereof, wainscotted ; a greate chamber and long gallery, verie faire ; and diverse other roomes, parte wainscotted ; a faire new built gatehouse and stable with stone, glased and covered with slatt with loftes over them ; ij. faire green courts with a high wall about them coped with freestone ; a fountaine in the middest of the garden ; and a still-howse and banketting house, with cisters and condytes® to convey the water to every office in ye howse. Ail which cost the buildyng £4000; and standeth in a parke which is 1 Leland’s Ltenerary (1746), 11.27. 2? In Parish Chest. 3 Abstract of title in possession of Lord Methuen. 4 Court Book, 26. 111. 3 Jac. 5 The water supply was obtained from a well to the north-west of the house on land belonging to one William Adlam, he at the Court held 8, ix. 44 Eliz, surrendered a parcel of the meadow called Conduit Close upon which the:conduit house was built for conveying water to the capital messuage called the Place with free ingress, regress, and egress across the close from and to the said house to repair the same and the water courses and conduit pipes, to Sir Edward Hungerford, Kt. | Pe a th ee a By Harold Brakspear. 517 enclosed about with a stone wall conteyning cxxviij. acres of verie good meadowe and pasture.! The gate-house was probably destroyed at the Rebellion and the stables were rebuilt at the end of the seventeenth century, otherwise the house itself does not seem to have been altered.? After the property was bought by Paul Methuen, of Bradford, in 1746 he intended to make considerable alterations to the house, but nothing was done for some years. The first alteration was the re-facing of the north front by a facade in the Georgian manner, and apparently at the same time the whole of the main part of the house was cleared out to form a vast hall with staircases at each end and galleries along the side walls.? In 1757 Sir Paul Methuen, the son of John Methuen, the ambassador, died, leaving his cousin, Paul Methuen, of Corsham, heir to his estate and collection of pictures, subject to the proviso that rooms suitable for their reception should be provided. Further alterations to the house were then made under the direction of Lancelot Brown, and consisted of the addition of a wing on the east side containing a picture gallery, and a corresponding wing on the west side to balance the south front : the south ends of both wings were copied from the earlier ones of Customer Smyth. Paul Methuen died in 1795, and was succeeded by his son, Paul Cobb Methuen. Humphrey Repton, the famous landscape gardener, was called in to report upon improvements to be made in the park, and incidentally says :— The south front of Corsham is of the style called Queen Elizabeth’s Gothic. The north front was Grecian architecture and consequently at the time Mr. Brown altered the east front a question arose whether this new building should accord with the north or south front. This I think was very properly determined in favour of the former : but Mr. Brown with great judgement copied the old character in the ends of the new building because it was made a part of the original front (Plate III. 1). It is now proposed to add an entire new range of buildings to the north side of Corsham and here a new question arises. What style of architecture ought to be adopted, whether it ought to accord with the original style of the south or with the east front which was evidently built to agree with the north front now about to be destroyed.* _! Copy in the parish chest from the papers at Longleat. ? This is shown by drawings in the possession of Lord Methuendated 1756. _ *The Georgian front was erected between 1748 and 1756, and was merely a casing of the back wall of the hall as shown by the drawings last referred _to. The hall is shown in this condition in the plan illustrating Corsham House by John Britton, 1806. | 4 Corsham Court, Lord Methuen (1924), 37. | | 518 Corsham. These works were undertaken principally with the intention of assembling the whole collection of Sir Paul’s pictures together. The new front was designed by Joseph Nash in the gothic manner, and consisted of an eating-room, a saloon and a music room ; the eating room is 36ft. x 24ft. by 18ft. high ; the saloon isin the middle and is an octagon, 40ft. in diameter and 24ft. high, commanding a beautiful view of the lawn and water; the music-room is the easternmost and is 36ft. x 24ft. by 18ft. high, the ceiling is covered and enriched with a very large guillochis, the openings of which are of plate glass and afford an upper light which, in all cases, is the best for pictures; these three rooms are en suite and communicate by means of the music-room with the grand picture gallery, leading to the drawing-room, state bed- room, and dressing-room.! The present Lord Methuen writes :—‘ The comfortable old house was converted into a mansion built apparently for show, domestic comfort being entirely disregarded. ‘Thefinterior work was in a style both tawdry and commonplace, and the material used was so indifferent that my grandfather was forced in 1844 to completely reconstruct that portion of the house built by Mr. Nash and build an entirely new north front, the architect being Mr. Bellamy. The house was not only bitterly cold, but so damp that Mr, Waagen (1835) . . . considered the pictures}would in a few years have been ruined.” ? The present house therefore consists of Customer Smythe’s house in the middle and inner parts of the side wings; the east and west sides of Lancelot Brown, the former remodelled by Nash, who added the octagonal turrets ; and the north front by Bellamy, who also did away with the vast hall, converting the ground floor into an entrance lobby and two rooms, with bedrooms on the floor above. THE MANor. The manor of Corsham, which was given to the customary tenants by Richard, Earl of Cornwall, included the whole of the parish, save Hartham, the rectory manor, and the demesne lands, together with a tithing in Stratton St. Margaret, near Swindon, and Pitters Farm, now in the‘parish of Pewsham. It was divided into eight tithings, namely, Corsham or the Town tithing, Pickwick, Woodlands, Meere, Gastard, Little tithing, Kaston, and Stratton. In addition to the privileges arising from the grant of Earl Richard, the tenants also enjoyed the rights of tenants of ancient demesne. These im- portant rights were acknowledged by the common laws and consisted chiefly of the power of punishment by stocks and pillory, pit and gallows, exemp- tion of tallage or military service due to the king, from exactions by knights of the shire, and the exemption from serving on juries outside the manor. This manor, like most others, had customs of its own, but unlike others 1 Corsham Court, Lord Methuen (1924), 39. ? Lbed., 40. | 3 | By Harold Brakspear. 519 these customs were in operation until last year (1925). The original customs are contained in 27 articles and the earliest copy that is known is in the Tropenell Cartulary of 1464.1! They were begun to be transcribed in the court book of the second year of Queen Elizabeth, but were not completed. They are, however, contained at length in the court book containing the proceedings of the court held on the 3rd October, 1687. The courts of the manor were :— THE Court LEET WITH. VIEW OF FRANKPLEDGE was held once a year, generally in October, and was presided over by the foreman of the jury, at which the tythingmen were appointed, the jury of twelve was sworn, and the constables and aletaster were selected. The court formerly tried all offences in civil matters brought before it. THe Court Baron was held at various times as necessary, at which the customary tenants surrendered, and were admitted to their holdings, paid quit rents, and all business relating to their tenure was conducted through the homage. The steward of the lord presided and attended in the lord’s interest. ; THe THREE WEEKEN Court was held, as its name implies, every three weeks, and formerly conducted the trial of all criminal and civil offences within the liberty. THE Coroner's Court is still held as occasion arises and is presided over by the bailiff or coroner and there should be twelve jury men appointed from twenty-four persons who are called. The proceedings of such a court held on the 5th October. in the 36th year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, may be mentioned as they caused considerable interest at the time owing to the position of the people implicated, and are thus recorded :— Before William Snelling, coroner of our Lady the Queen within the liberty of her town of Cossam, on view of the body of Henry Long, Esq., there lying dead, on the oath of twelve men, presented that a certain Henry Danvers, late of Cirencester, Kt., and others not having the fear of God before their eyes, did on the 4th October, between the hours of 11 and 12 of the same day, at Cossam, with force of arms, viz., swords, &c., did assault the aforesaid Henry Long, and the aforesaid Danvers voluntarily, feloniously, and of malice prepense, did discharge in and upon the said Long, a certain engine called a dagge, worth 6/8, charged with powder and bullet of lead, which Danvers had in his right hand, and inflict a mortal wound upon the upper part of the body of Long, under the left breast, of which he instantly died, and that immediately after the felony they all fled.? It is elsewhere recorded that :— The said wilful murder was executed upon Henry Long, gent, sitting at his dinner in the company of Sir Walter Longe, Kt., his brother, Anthony Mildmay, Thomas Snell,-Henry Smyth, Esquires, Justices of her Majesty’s peace for the said county of Wilts; and divers ' Tropenell Cartulary (1908), i. 51. * Wilts. Arch. Mag. i. 320. 520 Corsham. other gents, at one Chamberlayne’s house in Corsham, within the same county, by Sir Charles and Sir Henry Danvers, knights, and their followers to the number of seventeen or eighteen persons, in most riotous manner appointed for that most foul fact, on Friday, 4th October, 1594.” Matters dealt! with at the other courts are interesting : for fighting with weapons, if blood was drawn, the penalty was 9d. and the weapons were ~ confiscated ; ladies of unsound character were generally placed in the stocks and for a second offence were publicly whipped ; other ladies who were too fond of using their tongue were placed in the cucking-stool and conveyed — for immersion in the nearest pond, that at the top of Monks Lane being onezof the usual places}; drunkards were put in the stocks, sometimes for six hours; and for breaking down fences the culprits were whipped. On one occasion an inhabitant erected a cottage on less than }-acre of ground, contrary to the orders of the Court Leet, and he had promptly to pull it down again. No one was allowed to water horses or other cattle at any of the public wells in the parish. At one time it was ordered that no cottager was to make two fires at once in his house under a penalty of 40/-.? The bailiff and tenants sometimes had trouble in maintaining their rights. In 1665 the exemption of tenants from sitting on juries outside the manor came before the high courts. One William Snelling, of Pickwick, had been summoned to attend on the jury of the assizes held at Warmin- ster in that year, he refused to appear and was fined accordingly. It was shown that he held his lands, and none other in the county, of the manor of Corsham, and according to the custom of that manor should not have been summoned to the assizes, whereupon that being proved he was dis- missed from the court and his fine returned.? There was a great dispute in 1692, when Dame Dorothy Long held the lease of the lordship of the manor. The bailiff, as he and his predecessors had always done, mowed the third part of Minty Mead, carried the hay and housed it for the lord, according to the grant of the Earl of Cornwall, and he incidentally made something out of the transaction, as he was perfectly entitled to do. Also it belonged to his office to keep the fairs and receive the the profits, for which he and his predecessors paid the crown or the lord 20/- yearly. The lady, wishing to claim what she considered her rights, insisted on the bailiff rendering an account of his profits for the mowing of Minty Mead and of the fairs, or she would appoint someone else. This demand, as it had not been the custom, he refused. The year following, the lady caused her servants to mow the mead, when, after they had finished and gone home, the bailiff entered the mead and carried off the hay, and as no one was there claimed that it was done in a peaceable manner. The matter was re- ferred to counsel, who gave it as his opinion that the entry by the lady was —— — 1 Wilts Arch. Mag.i. 811. * Court Books for Eliz. and Jac. I. 3 Lett. pat. 28. xi. 20 C. II. By Harold Brakspear. 521 unlawful, and that the removal by the bailiff was lawful, but that she can- not displace the bailiff ; and if there is any further trouble he is advised not to go to club law.} THe MARKET. In 1285, Edmund, the son of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, procured from the king the privilege for the tenants of the manor of holding a weekly market on Friday,’ but this was altered in 1302 to Thursday, by the request of Princess Mary.® On the establishment of a market, if not before, a cross would be erected, and this stood in the open space at the west end of Church Street, which was apparently larger than it is now and included the area of the market hall, if not also that of the building between it and Prior’s Lane. The repair of this cross is mentioned more than once in the records of the courts, and in 1615 Johane Rolphe, widow, left in her will 40/- towards building a covering over the market cross for the benefit of the market.* The shambles consisted of a pentise on the north side of the church house and the rents were received by the churchwardens for standing in the pentise.° The market cross was standing until 1776, when in the night time came John Dalmer and John Evans with others and pulled down the cross with violence and so damaged the materials that it could not be replaced. In consequence of which the feoffees, who had constantly repaired the cross, called a meeting of the parish to be held in the church, when it was decided that the steward of the manor should demand of Dalmer and Evans the sum of £30, as a satisfaction for the damage perpetrated by them, and ex- pend that sum on the erection of some other building on or near the site of the cross for the same purpose.® In 1783 a new market hall was erected at the expense of Paul Methuen and was a spacious building having five open arches towards the street, with a pediment over the middle bearing the Methuen arms (Plate ITI. 2). In 1815 it was suggested and approved by the vestry that the open arches be closed up and the interior fitted as a Sunday school: an indignation meeting was then held at which it was resolved that, The market house be not inclosed, forasmuch as it would not only be greatly detrimental to the interest of the parish, but illegal as every person is undoubtedly entitled to the use of the said market house for exposing his commodities and wares to public sale, under the 1 Copy of opinion by Sergeant Darnel in possession of Mr. W. H. Barrett. 2 Rot. Cart. 13 E.I. m. 32. * Rot. Cart. 30 E.I. m. 31. 4 Corsham Wills, 1615. °® Churchwardens’ Accounts, 1624—1652. ® Contemporary statement of the case in possession of Mr, W. H. Barrett. 522 Corsham. charter granted in the thirteenth year of King Edward I. for a weekly market on Wednesday.! The market gradually fell into disuse and the alte was only occupied by a few permanent stalls. In 1882 the building was raised a story to form the present town-hall; but the old arches, though filled in, were left standing and the old cornice, pediment and coat of arms were re-fixed at a higher level. The southernmost arch of the market contained the blind-house or lock-up and its little window of two lights still remains in the south wall. The stocks stood immediately outside? and disappeared apparently when the new hall was erected. FAIRS Fairs were formerly held on the 8th March and the 11th September and as no licence for their institution has been met with they were probably of very early origin. The autumn fair is mentioned in the inquisition taken after the death of Kar] Edmund in 1300, as certain fairs in the feast of St. Bartholomew and they are worth (to the lord) 40s. St. Bartholomew’s day is the 24th August and after the change of the kalendar in 1751 the fair continued to be held on old St. Bartholomew’s day, eleven days after the new reckoning. The village revel was usually held on the day of the patron saint of the church, so this autumn fair was the successor of the revel of earlier days. This fair was done away with in the last century, and in consequence of the March fair becoming little more than a circus it was abolished about 1895. THe Rectory MANoR. As already stated there is in’ Corsham a second manor known as the rectory manor, which embraces the two hides of land which were returned at Domesday as belonging to St. Stephen’s abbey, at Caen ; but subsequently given by King Henry I. to the abbey of Marmoutier by Tours.’ This manor was valued at 40 marks and as it belonged to an alien house in France it was liable to be seized by the king when at war with that country. During these times the property was put out at farm and the king should have received the rent. In consequence of none being received for some years there was a law suit in 1344—45 between the king and the prior of Tickford, in Buckinghamshire, who claimed the church of Corsham as part of his priory; but as the prior only paid 50 marks for the farm of his priory it was obvious that the claim could not be established.t| The 1 Vestry Minute Book I. The charter of 183 E. I., says the market was to be on Friday and this was altered to Thursday, but when it was again altered to Wednesday is not known. 2 These are shown in an old print (Plate III. 2). 3 Rot. Pat. 10 E. III. p. 2, m. 30., Inspeximus. 4 Rot. Claus. 19 E. III. p. 1, m. 17 d. By Harold Brakspear, 523 result was that the prior should be allowed to hold the church of Corsham if he paid up the arrears and 40 marks for it yearly in future.! In 1408 the rectory manor, during the war with France, as well as the king’s manor, were given in dower to Queen Joan.? In the second year of the reign of king Henry V. all alien ee were given into the king’s hand by act of parliament*: but as the rectory manor was of the dower of the queen it could not be elmned by the crown until after her death. However the reversion was given by the king to his newly founded abbey of St. Saviour and St. Bridget of Syon, in Middlesex‘: but in spite of this, king Henry VI. granted the church to his newly founded college of St. Nicholas, in Cambridge,® though Syon had actually come into possession on the death of the queen in 1437.6 After considerable dispute the college relinquished all claim to the property,’ which remained in the hands of Syon till the suppression of that monastery in 1538, when the rectory manor again reverted to the king. : | In 1572 the queen separated the advowson of the living from the Rectory and gave it to Sir Christopher Hatton,® after which it passed with the demesne property until it came into the hands of Paul Methuen, in 1745, and has since remained in the hands of his successors. The rectory had a different story : at the suppression it remained in the hands of Richard Bellott, the farmer of the manor under the abbess of Syon, who held it in lease for a term of years and left house-room in the manor- house or parsonage for his wife, Alice, “ during the terme of the lease thereof.” 9 A fresh lease was made by the queen with Bellott’s son-in-law, John Smyth,who died about 1570. It is next found included in the property of Henry Smyth, nephew of John, and was then stated to be held “of her Majestie by lease of one life, who is now about 38 years of age, and 50 years in reversion after that life at the yearly rent of £26 13s. 4d.” ™ Though the term of this lease had not expired, it was granted in 1608 to two men who were, presumably, mortgagees for the Smith family,” and it actually came into the hands of Thomas Smith, the son of Henry, in 1626, _ It was divided on the death of Richard, the grandson of Thomas, in 1685, _ between his two sisters, Letitia and Dorothy. These two ladies, though both married, left no issue, and demised their shares to their half-brother, George Downes ; after whose death, in. 1738, 1 Rot. Claus. 19 E. III. p.1,m.6. ? Rot. Pat. 9 H. IV. p. 2, m. 15, | 3 Mon. Ang. VI. 986. 4 Rot. Cart. 2H. V. p. 2, m. 28. 5 Rot. Pat. 20 H. VI. p.4,m.3. ° Rot. Pat. 16 H. VI. p. 2, m. 14, 7 Rot. Claus. 1 E. lV. and Rot. Pat. 1. E. IV. p. 5, m. 14. 5 Lett. pat. 12. vij. 14 Eliz. ° Corsham Wills, 1558. ' P.C.C. Syon, 36, 1 Survey of Henry Smyth’s Lands, v.p. 516, ante. 2 Lett. pat. 8. xj. 1608, to Francis Phelipps and Richard Moore. 524 Corsham. the Rectory manor was sold to Robert Neale, of Corsham.' It remained in the Neale family until 1857, when it was again sold. and was bought by Mr., afterwards Sir, Gabriel Goldney, and is now in the possession of Mrs. Harold Robinson. The rectory manor had a bailiff of its own whose office was to take sur- renders of the tenants of that manor and perform all other offices that belonged to a court baron and nothing else. ‘The customs of the rectory tenants were the same as those of the king’s manor, and they owed their suit and service at the king’s court, and were eligible for all the offices of ‘that manor.? In the rectory manor were twelve yards land. : In connection with the rectory manor was a house known as the parson- age, which was of considerable size, and was equally divided to form separate residences for the co-heiresses of Richard Smith in 1701.3 This house was sold by Robert Neale in 1776 to one Henry Pullen or Pulleine, of Bath, who immediately pulled down the old house and erected the present house, called “ the Priory,” in its stead. This was bought by the second ~ Lord Methuen in 1851. In consequence of the church of Corsham being given toa foreign abbey, it has been stated by even such authorities as Tanner and Dugdale that there was one, if not two, alien priories at Corsham. There were certainly men of Marmoutiers here in 1244,° and the leader called himself prior of Corsham,® but it was in no sense a regular priory or cell. After the alien possessions were taken into the king’s hand in 1294 there were not even men of Marmoutier at Corsham. The statement that there was a nunnery on the site of the Methuen Arms has even less foundation in fact, and may be dismissed as pure imagination. THe CHURCH. Had there been no mention of a church in Domesday Book the building itself clearly shows that there was a Saxon church on this site, by the narrowness of the nave, the thinness of the walls, and the fact that the walls of the tower, before it was destroyed, were no thicker than those of the nave. In Norman days aisles were added to the nave, and the church was lengthened westward by the addition of another bay. At the end of the twelfth century a new chancel seems to have been built, larger transepts were erected, and the second stage of the tower was either added or re-built. In the thirteenth century the special veneration of our Lady became general, and even the smallest churches had new chapels erected in her 1 Abstract of title of Rectory Manor, in possession of the lay rector. ? Document in possession of Mr. W. H. Barrett. 3 Abstract of title of Rectory Manor and in possession of the lay rector. 4 Title deeds of “ the Priory ” in possession of the Lord Methuen. 5 Rot. Pat. 21. H. IIL. m. 9. 6 Grant of manor by Richard, Earl of Cornwall, v.p. 512, ante. By Harold Brakspear. 529 honour. At Corsham such a chapel was built at this time on the north side of the chancel, and a little window that was originally in its west gable, still shows at the end of the north aisle. In the early years of the fourteenth century a large north aisle was added, in place of the narrow Norman one, and this was extended eastward to in- clude the site of the north transept. ‘The old Norman north doorway was re-set in the new wall. The windows of this aisle are so like the clerestory windows in the abbey church of Malmesbury that they must have been wrought by the same masons. Quite at the end of the century the south ‘aisle was re-built and the tower was raised another story. In the fifteenth century there were no fewer than five different sections of building operations. ‘The first was the insertion of the present window in the west gable with the curious little turret to the south. ‘The second was the Lady chapel (Plate V. 1), re-built by Thomas 'Tropenell, of Chalfield and Neston. He erected a magnificent altar tomb (Plate V. 2) therein dur- ing his lifetime to receive the remains of himself and his wife; he endowed the chapel with a charge of ten marks on his estate, two oxen, and two cows, to maintain a priest to celebrate therein as long as the bones of him- self and Margaret his wife should rest there; also he left for the chapel three suits of vestments, a silver gilt pax, two silver candlesticks, a silver chalice, two sets of silk altar cloths, a missal bound in red leather, and a breviary.* The third work was the lengthening of the chancel one bay to the east. The fourth work was the building of a large chapel, on the south side of the chancel, embracing the area of the south transept; and the fifth work was the erection of the present south porch in place of an older one. When these works were completed the church consisted of a Lady chapel, a south chapel including the area of the south transept, a central tower and spire, a nave with aisles, of which that on the north included the area of the north transept, and a south porch (Plate LV. 1 and 2). In 1631° Dame Margaret Hungerford, the founder of the almshouses, _ added a gallery in the south aisle, to light which two dormers were inserted in the roof anda staircase of access embellished with the arms of her family, was added on the east side of the porch. In 1810 thesteeple was pronounced to be ina most dangerous and dilapid- | ated state and the upper part was taken down. | In 1813 a committee was appointed to consider the best means of repair- _ ing and improving the church and reported that as the necessary repairs | could not be done for less than £2,500 they recommended the acceptance of | an offer made by Mr. Methuen to erect a new church. Two years later the remains of the spire were taken down, buttresses were erected to the north wall, a gallery was put in the north aisle, and — 'These charges were willed 19th December, 1514, by Ann, the widow of _ Christopher Tropenell, the son of Thomas, to be maintained by her executors. (P.C.C. Holder, 36). 2P.CC., Milles, 7. * Date on the staircase. 526 Corsham. one of the columns on either side of the church was removed, throwing two arches into one, to obtain a better view from the galleries. In 1848 it was stated that the accommodation in the present church was insufficient for the parish and that suitable accommodation could only be obtained by the erection of a new church. Fortunately it was found im- practicable to raise the necessary funds “ seeing that the fabric of the ancient parish church is not ruinous or sufficiently unsound ”; after which it was proposed to remove the central tower and do other works. The removal of the central tower was then abandoned and considerable oppo- ‘sition was made to the re-seating and removal of a gallery but this was overcome by a visit from the chancellor who granted a faculty in 1851 for re-seating the church and removal of the gallery over the pulpit.? In 1874 the church underwent the process called restoration ; it was no doubt sadly in need of repair and the whole building was filled with galleries, some of them very unsightly; but in addition to doing what was necessary, the central tower, which had been threatened before, was taken down and a new one was erected on the south side of the church, and ie Methuen pew was built on the north side. THe ConsIsTORY. At the east end of the south chapel is a small room of the same date as the chapel itself, now used as a vestry, and over it isagallery — with a richly decorated front, approached by a circular stair. This was where the consistory court of the vicar was held. A consistory, or peculiar, was a privilege conferred on very few places, and nothing is known of the origin of this at Corsham, but it was under the concurrent jurisdiction of the bishop of Salisbury and the archdeacon of Wilts.2 The advantages of possessing a peculiar were, the exemption from visitation and consequent fees for the archdeacon, the power of testamentary and sometimes of matrimonial jurisdiction ; so that the vicar was virtually a bishop in his own parish. Peculiars were abolished in 1857, and at that time there was a book of wills at Corsham, dating from 1712, which was sent to Salisbury, and is now at Somerset House with the other wills from Salisbury. In connection with the peculiar the vicar of Corsham possessed a seal, and that last used was Oval in shape with the device of three budding trees in the middle and a legend round the edge of ANTIQUA ECCLESIA DE CoRSHAM; it was apparently made for Latimer Crosse, who was vicar from 1713—19.3 Recisters. ‘The registers of births,-marriages, and deaths, have been regularly kept since 1563, and are contained in 15 volumes, up to 1851. In one is a register of pews, beginning in 1710, from which it appears that the pews were bought and sold, madeand repaired, as copyhold property, with the consent of the vicar and churchwardens who always gee the sale. 1 Vestry Minute Books of the various dates. 2 Arch. Journal, lvj. 115. 3 There was an older seal of somewhat similar character, but only imperfect impressions have been met with, which was used by Humphrey Paget (1587—1638), and as the earliest extant will proved in this court is dated 27. ix. 1462 there must have been still earlier seals. bPuatE I.—Map of Corsham showing Tithings. Puate II. FOriginal Grant by Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Prats III. } goss | (1).—Corsham Court. South Front. (2).—Old Market House, Corsham. PLATE LV. (1) (1)—Corsham Church. S. side before 1874. ‘FLEL S10Jaq IOWOJUT “yqonyO weysiog—(z) a Ss (Z) “AT FLV 1q | PEATE VV. (1).—Corsham Church. Screen in front of Lady Chapel. (2).—Corsham Church. ‘Thomas Tropenell’s Monument. Pruate VI. Sic: oo (2).—Corsham, The Hungerford Almshouses. EFLATE ViIl SEES Winter’ rs Court , Corshan A (Buckler Collecti ion, Devi izes Mus eum,) Prats VIII. \ ices (2),—Pickwick Farm, Corsham, S| =} fas) (> n lm cs rr) n a ra © (o) be Se) () & = tof) (0) < 3 ss @ Ay ce S ram os : a = nN woe) “ PLatE X, (1).—Easton Farm, Corsham. (2).—Jaggards, Corsham. Get ES (2).—Gastard Court, Corsham. By Harold Brakspear. 527 CHAINED Books. There are still two chained books belonging to the church, which were ordered by the archbishop in 1602 to be set up in churches ; they are both bound alike in stamped leather and still retain their original chains whereby they were fixed to desks for the laity to read. One is Bishop Jewell’s works published in 1611, and the other is the third volume of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs, of the edition of 1631—32. CHuurcH CHEst. Thechurch chest of the seventeenth century has recently been replaced in the church ; it is made of oak planks, some of which are Ain, thick, and bound together with iron straps. It had three locks, one of the keys of which was kept by the vicar and the others by the churchwardens ; one lock has been cut out which shows that the key was lost on some occasion when it was urgent to open the chest. CuurcnH Puate. ‘There isanumber of pieces of church plate but none is very ancient, and the only piece of any archeological interest is a silver paten, 83in, in diameter, of the date 1719, given by the vicar, Latimer Crosse. Tue Betts. The earliest reference to the bells is in an inventory of church goods made in the first year of King Edward VI. when there were five. The 4th bell was re-cast at Potterne in 1608 and the casting was witnessed by the churchwardens. The tenor bell was re-cast in 1611 and the rest were apparently re-hung on a new frame. The bellhanger and Thomas Moxham, the smith, were each paid 44s., from which it is not unreasonable to suppose that this bell was re-cast at Corsham by Moxham. In 1752 the six bells were out of repair and a contract was entered into with James Burrows, of Devizes, to re-cast them but this was so badly done that they had to be again re-cast. A fresh contract was made with Thomas Bilbee, of Chewstoke, for £50, the bells having to be delivered to him and brought back again by the churchwardens:' The 6th, 4th, 3rd, and Ist of this ring still remain. The 5th bell was re-cast by James Wells, of Aldbourne, in 1820 and it and the 2nd bell were re-cast again in 1902. THe VESTRY. In former days the vestry was an important institution in a parish, every parishioner had a right to attend the meetings : it was presided over by the vicar, the churchwardens were his executive, and there was a clerk to keep the records. ‘he existing minute books at Corsham do not begin until 1794, but even these show the importance of the matters that had to be dealt with ; which, in addition to those connected with the church, were virtually what the district council and board of guardians now have to transact. The meetings began in the vestry of the church and were usually ad- journed to the “ Pack Horse” inn, which seems formerly to have been the " Churchwardens’ accounts for the respective years, VOL, XLIII.—NO. CXLVI. N 2 528 Corsham. church house,! wherein the church ales and other parochial meetings were wont to be held. All the roads in the parish, not governed by the turnpike trusts, were in the charge of the vestry, who appointed a surveyor to look after them, and in 1831 a foreman was appointed at a wage of 10s. a week, the labourers with children received 7s. a week, and single men 5s. There was a public fire engine as early as 1810 when it was ordered to be taken out and used at least once in three months. The whole charge of the poor was in the hands of the vestry, as was also the poor house. The vestry had the power to levy rates for the relief of | the poor, the maintenance of the highways and for the upkeep of the church. It isnot known when the paupers were first housed in a poor-house ; but in 1728? a new poor-house or workhouse was provided at a cost of over £400 by converting four cottages on the east side of the High Street to that purpose. This house was used until 1836 when “it appeared expedient that a new workhouse for the Chippenham Union should be built in a airy situation in preference to purchasing those at Corsham and Lacock” and the old poorhouse was then transformed back again into cottages.? The price of bread was apparently fixed by the vestry, and this varied from 8% to 74 lbs. for a shilling, but in 1795 owing to the scarcity of wheat it was admissible to admix one third part of barley. The care of the poor was farmed out to a contractor but this abuse was done away with about 1798. The poor-house children when old enough were put out toa trade. In 1799 it was resolved that the poor in the poor- house shall be employed in spinning and weaving, and the year following a master and mistress of the poor-house were appointed at £12 a year, and were to receive 2d. out of every shilling of the earnings Of the inmates. In 1832 a sum of £200 was ordered to be borrowed for helping paupers to emigrate and 16 men, 10 women, and 27 children were selected for | assistance. They were conveyed to Bristol in two covered waggons where someone was appointed to meet them, purchase any small things they required, and see them safely on board their ship.* 1 The Pack Horse, now adjoining the Town Hall, is in the rectory manor. The church house was near the market cross (Ch. wdns. ace. 1638) and 8d. a year was paid to the king’s manor in connexion with the church house for new rent which was obviously for the encroachment of the pentise, already referred to, on the lord’s waste. 2 Rectory court book of that date. * These stand at right angles to the street on the south side of the “ Royal Oak” hotel and still retain an ornamental gable that was put up when they were made into the poor-house (Plate VI. 1.). They are the successors of @ house belonging to 13 virgates of land in the rectory manor and were parcel of the original endowment of the feoffee charity. 4 Vestry minute books of the respective dates. By Harold Brakspear. 529 CHARITIES. Considering the former prosperity of Corsham there are very few charities in connection with the church ; but there are some, and one is an important one. Frorrer. This latter is known as the Feoffee charity or our Lady’s lands. The origin of the endowment is not known, but in the survey of chantries in 1549 it is recited that it consisted of Landis gyven by ffeoffmente to the ffynding of a preeste within the parishe churche of Cosseham for ever, that William Lewys of the age of Ix yeres stypendarye. The rents of the tenauntis . . . yerely to be paid iiij". xx*, where- of reprized for an yerely rent goynge out of the premisses to the quenes manor of Cosseham vij.* viij4 and so remaynyth clere, lxxiilj*. j*. Memorandum, the said Incumbent is a verey honest man, albeit not able to serve a cure by reason of his age, and furthermore a verey poore man and hath none other lyvinge be syde the said chauntrie. Also the sayd parisshe of Cosseham is a great parisshe wherein be Dlxvij people wnich receyve the blessed Communion and no preeste beside the vicar to help in administracon of the sacramentis savinge the said stypendary preeste ; which landes were gyven for that intente bicause the vicarage is so small a lyvinge that he is not able to hyre a preeste to help hym.' In consequence of the peculiar manner in which the endowment was held it could not be claimed by the crown as that of an ordinary chantry and in consequence &@ commission was appointed, when it was found that the lands were copyhold of the two manors and that the revenue was spent “to suche uses and intentes as they thought most convenyent for the welth of the said parisshe and not to the fynding of any priest.” It was therefore ordered that ‘shis mailesties hand shalbe removed from the possession of the said messuages, landes, tenementes, and other premises ontill better matter shalbe shewed in the said Courte of the Kynges highnes in that behalfe.” ? This was inspected and confirmed by Queen Elizabeth in 1571,° but in spite of this she tried to dispose of the property in one of her generous grants in 1574,‘ but as the tenants of the feoffees refused to move an action was brought against them, when it was found that the queen had no power to demise the property.’ From that time the feoffees have been left in possession but they took care in all subsequent surrenders of the premises to specify that the use of the income was for the repair of the church and the implements thereof, the relief of the poor, and the repair of decayed bridges in the liberty. 1P.R.O. Chantry Certs. Wilts 58, No. 44. 2 Lett. pat. 10. v. 8 E. VI. 3 Lett. pat. 10. v. 13 Eliz. 4 Lett. pat. 22. ix. 17 Eliz. ® Lett. pat. 1. vij. 18 Eliz. 2N 2 530 Corsham. In 1894 the charity was taken out of the hands of the feoffees and vested in the parish council, which has to pay one-third of the income to the vicar and churchwardens for the repair of the church! Mrs. Rotes’s Cuarity. Mrs. Johan Rolphe, widow, made her will in 1615, and left the sum of £10 to the overseers of the poor of the parish of Cosham “to remayne for evermore whole in a stoke . . . for the benefitte of the poore”? This gift was confirmed by an indenture between the overseers and churchwardens and their successors in those offices,* but has long since been lost sight of. Witti1am MoxHam’s Cuarity. William Moxham, of Corsham, yeoman, left in his will in 1621 “ the sum of ten powndes of lawfull English money to remayne in stocke for ever in the hands of the churchwardens of Cor- sham and in the hands of the overseers of the poore of the same pariche by them and by their successors successively from yeare to yeare to be kept and to bee duely imployed to the best use of the poore of the same parishe for ever.” 4 This charity has also disappeared. Kirpy’s CHartty. Richard Kirby bequeathed in his will 9. viii. 1672, the unexpired term in a. public house in Dublin, after the death of his brother and his heirs, to the intent that the rent thereof should be laid out in purchasing lands in Corsham and that the profits of those lands should be divided between eight decayed poor of the parish of Corsham as Sir Edward Hungerford, the bailiff of Corsham, and others should deem fit.® Lapy James CuHarity. - Dame Ann James, who was a co-heiress of . Edward Goddard, of Hartham, by her will dated 16. vi. 1798, bequeathed £1000 to the poor of Corsham, Pickwick, and Biddestone, but the execution of her will not being completed until 1815, the interest had amounted to £590, This sum with the capital was paid into the bank in the name of the accountant-general in trust and the interest was to be applied by the vicars, churchwardens, and. overseers of the parishes of Corsham and Biddestone in purchasing coal to be distributed to the poor of those parishes.® THE ALMSHOUSES. Dame V\largaret, the widow of Sir Edward Hunger- ford, the owner of the Corsham House property at the Rebellion, purchased land at the town’s end? and erected thereon a free school and almshouse, which was finished in 1668: she willed that from her estate of Stanton St. Quintin there shall be paid each year the sum of £20 for the master of her school, the sum of £30 to the six poor people in her almshouse, and a further sum of £10 out of which gowns for the poor people should be found and the remainder kept in stock for the repair of the premises. She made 45 orders for the government of the foundation some of which are interesting. The poor people had to lay in a stock of fuel at Michaelmas ; they were to have three yards of broadcloth each third year for a gown, on the left. ' Charities Report, 1904. 15, 16. 2 Corsham Wills, 1615, * Indenture in parish chest dated 13. iv. 16 Jac. I. * Corsham Wills, 1621. 5 Charcties Report, 1904, 5. § Ibid. p. 3. 7 Court Book, 19. iil. 1665. By Harold Brakspear. 531 sleeve whereof each should have sewn a silver badge with the crest of the foundress ; that they should, if able, constantly attend church, twice on Sundays and on week days whenever there should bea lecture; they should receive the Holy Communion three times a year at least, and for every such default, save by sickness, should forfeit 12d. ; they should come to church together in their gowns and sit in the place appointed ; that they be present twice every week day at prayers in the schoolroom ; that they must at their own costs amend windows, casements, doors, locks, and chimneys and everything belonging to their part, and that they weed their own gardens and help cleanse what was common. That the two women in the west (? east) end of the almshouse should attend any sick person from Corsham House, and that the woman next the school house should be at the com- mand of the master, and that the house where Jane Angle then lived should be for a man and his wife, which man should make clean the free-school and they were to be each rewarded for these respective services. That if any of the poor people have any income or pension falling to them to the value of £5 a year or more they should remove from the almshouse. - That the schoolmaster should go to church with the poor people and see that they go and return together ; that he should visit the poor people in their sickness, and when his leisure should best permit instruct them in religion, especially in the articles of the Christian faith, the Lord’s Prayer, and the Commandments, and exhort them to live holily and righteously. Also that in consideration of the yearly stipend he should, during the life of the foundress, teach so many scholars without any salary as she should recommend, and after her death 10 poor children ; that he keep in repair at his own cost the windows, casements, doors, and chimneys, to all housing allotted to his use ; that he should twice a year, at Lady Day and Michael- mas, in the ehapel of the schoolhouse read over these ordinances in the presence of the poor people.’ The first master was the vicar, Edward Wells, as recorded on his monu- ment in the church. The buildings (Plate VI. 2), except for a re-arrangement of the master’s house in the eighteenth century, remain virtually as Dame Margaret built them. They are in the form of the letter L, of which the long stroke is to the north, and contains six houses, and the short stroke to the west con- tains the master’s house and the free-school. The house is entered through a stone porch, on the front of which isa fine achievement of the lady’s arms and beneath is an inscription recording the foundation as follows :— 1668. This freeschoole and almshouse was founded and endowed by the Lady Margaret Hungerford relict of S' Edw? Hungerford Kn! of the Hon?* order of the Bath Daughter and Coheire of Will™ Halliday Alderman of London and Susan his wife Daughter of St Henry Row Knt and Alderman and Lord Major (sic) of London. ' Charities’ Report, 1904, p. 1, 2. 532 Corsham. The inscription and arms are repeated in the middle of the north front. There is a detached building to the south of the school for stabling and offices, and now used as the parish room. | In the Charity Report of 1834 it was stated that no boys had been taught in the school for 40 years, but that the master at that time was willing to teach 10 children which were to be appointed according to the regulations. This was apparently not done and the charity was conducted in an irregular way until 1894, when a new scheme was formed by the Charity Com- missioners and the master’s stipend was to be paid in awards to children in the elementary schools of the parish. | ANCIENT CHAPELS. In a large parish, like Corsham, it is usual to find one or more chapels, either of a private nature or chapels of ease to the parish church, and though none has left any remains above ground there is documentary evidence of three of the former and one of the latter in Corsham. PavesHou. At Domesday there was a church at Paveshou, which ad- joined the manor, held by Edgar, a Saxon, and his father before him, and it was worth 6/-.2. This was obviously a church and not a chapel in con- nection with a private house. Its site has not been identified, but it was probably at Pittars, or St. Peter’s Farm, now in the modern parish of Pewsham. St. JoHN’s CHAPEL. In 1428 there was a chapel of St. John Baptist attached toa holding of 14 virgates in Gastard tithing, which was sur- rendered in 1453 to Thomas Tropenell, of Neston, who re-surrendered the land, but kept the chapel with a close of one acre.* He seems to have re- stored it to its proper use and it remained in the hands of his successors until 1637, though it had doubtlessly been desecrated many years before, In that-year it was surrendered by Sir William Eyre to one Walter Helps who converted it into cottages.4 It was at the top of Velly Hill. THE Parsonacr. There was a chapel in the Rectory manor house or Parsonage, as “the chapel-end” and “the two chapel chambers” are men- tioned in the division of that house in 1701.° a CorsHAM Housg. There was also achapel in the old house which pre- ceeded the present Corsham House, which is referred to in the inquisition of 1562,° when its walls were standing though shorn of their freestone. MILLs. At Domesday, as already shown, there were two mills in the manor worth 8/6, and in 18C0 these mills are again referred to as two water mills worth 106s. 8d. by the year, but are at farm in the hands of the tenants but the lord shall find the large timber for the repair of the same.’ ' Charities Report, 1904, p. 3. 7 Dom. Wilts 11. * Tropenell Cartulary, i. 22. 4 Court Book. §® Rectory Manor Deeds. | ® Vide p. 516 ante. 7I.P.M. Wilts (1908) 263. By Harold Brakspear, 933 In the middle of the 18th century it is stated that there were evidences of a mill on Lodbrook water, near Thingley Bridge, and if this was the case it was doubtless the site of one of the Domesday mills. This mill was apparently taken down in the time of King Edward III., when one Bettering, of Thingley, is stated to have made Byde mill or Betterings mill on his own ground,! and it is obvious that this brook could not have served two mills. The new mill was claimed by the king and remained in the hands of the crown until the time of King James I. when he granted the water mill with all its appurtenances in Corsham parish to Edward Ferris and Francis Phelips, of London, subject to the yearly rent of 26s. 8d.2_ In the 18th century Bide mill was surrendered as ordinary copyhold land. The site of the second mill is difficult to trace and it must have dis- appeared at an early date. There are still indications of a mill leet behind the house of what is now called Court Farm, at 'Thingley, which may mark its site. The farm at the extreme north-east angle of the parish bears the name of Millbourne, which suggests that a mill stood at some time on Pudding brook which flows past this farm. ANCIENT HOLDINGS. One of the most interesting features in Corsham at the present time is the number of old houses distributed over the parish; but before considering the reason of these it will be necessary to go back to Saxon times. It has already been stated that to the Saxons we owe most of our country institutions, the feudal tenure of land, and the divisions of manors, hun- dreds, and counties. Counties were alluded to in the laws of King Ina (701), and hundreds are of even earlier origin as the names of the majority of those in Wiltshire show that the hundred court was held at some specified place which was not even a village. ‘The ancient town of Malmes- bury was originally in two hundreds which is hardly likely to have occurred if the town was in existence when the hundreds were formed. Manors, though the actual name is French, certainly existed long before the Con- quest with their attendant courts. A manor consisted of three types of land, demesne lands held by the lord, enclosed lands, and common lands. Land measures are also of Saxon origin, and manors were generally com- puted in hides, thus at Corsham were 34 hides of which 11 hides were in demesne. A hide varied in extent apparently in consequence of the nature of the land ; but may be reckoned for practical purposes at about 128 acres. The enclosed lands held by the tenants were computed in virgates or yards land, one yard land being 4 hide; and cotsettles, one cotsettle being +-virgate. These enclosed lands were held at Domesday by villans who were later called virgators from the nature of their holding ; and cosets who similarly 1 Tropenell Cartulary, i. 29. 2 Lett. Pat. 30. ix. 1609. 534 Corsham. became cotsettlors. Both classes were free tenants holding their lands of the lord by customary services. At Corsham at Domesday were 65 villans and 48 coscets,? and these occur again in 1300 as 62 virgates of land of villanage in Corsham and 9 virgators likewise of villanage in Stratton, and there were also 46 customars who were apparently the same as the coscets.? | About 1600 there were in the king’s manor, excluding Stratton, 70 vir- | gates of land but no return was made of the cotsettle holdings except 33 cotsettles belonging to our Lady’s lands.* The first list of lords’ rents that remains (1649)* shows that there were 111. customary tenants in Corsham and 9 in Stratton, but the villans and cos- cets were not definitely separated, though by calculation the respective numbers agree very closely with the Domesday survey, The land reckoned in virgates and cotsettles in Corsham did not in- clude all the common lands but were distinct if not actually enclosed hold- ings in themselves and each had a house which was called a headhold. The surrender of any part of a holding was allowed, but until the house itself was disposed of the headhold remained nominally intact and was computed for the purpose of fines and heriots at its original land value.°® Certain headholds were grouped together to form tithings, these at first should have, as the name implies, contained ten holdings; but the list of lords’ rents referred to above shows that the number of headholds and vir- gates varied considerably in the various tithings. The formation of tithings was obviously for the purpose of mutual protection and most of the headholds in the respective tithings, besides being adjacent to each other, were usually along the line of ancient roads. A great number of these headholds has been swept away and even the sites of some cannot be identified. On the other hand a number remains and it is interesting to remember that in these cases the spot where they stand has been the site of a human habitation for over a thousand years. In spite of the antiquity of the site of the house in only some half-dozen cases is any building remaining earlier than the seventeenth century, which is apparently due to the prosperity of the district, consequent upon the wool trade, which enabled their respective owners to build new houses from time to time as the mode of living changed. Some of the most important of these headholds which are still represented by houses on their site are :— Town TITHING. WIntTeERS’ Court, belonging to one yard land, was from the early years ' At Domesday was a third class called cottars who were said to have held from the lord as a loan for life, but there were only nine of these in Cor- sham and they do not appear later. * Dom. Wilts 11. 37.P.M. Wilts Kd. I. 264. * Roll of the customs of the Manor c. 1608, in possession of Sir F. H Goldney, Bt. ° P.R.O. Parl Surveys, Wilts 35. 6 Customs of the Manor. Ly Harold Brakspear, 535 of the fifteenth century in the hands of the Nott family, who also owned other property in the parish. Edward Nott died in 1732, when it went to his sister Elizabeth, the widow of one Webber, who was succeeded about 1771 by her daughter Christian, after whose death it was surrendered to Paul Methuen in 1779. It was a public house in 1608, and known as the Red Lion in 1637. ‘The old medieval house was standing in 1805! (Plate VII.), but must have been taken down shortly after to make way for the present Methuen Arms Hotel. TEDBURYS. The northernmost house on the east side of the High Street belonged to 4 yard land, which was owned by a family of Humphrey in 1560, whose heiress married (1) Philip Smyth, of Thingley, (2) William Hancorne, and (3) William ‘l'edbury. The Tedburys began to build the present house in 1632, when it was presented that William Tedbury had encroached on the lord’s waste and over the street by making part of his house further out than he had the right to do, which encroachment was obviously made by the two bay windows (Plate VIII. 1). His builder was one William Bollen, who lived in a house in Church Street, now removed. Widow Tedbury died after 1647, when the property passed to John Wallis, who received the surrender in reversion some years before. It was afterwards sold to Richard Fowell, the vicar, in 1735, and was bought from his descendents by Paul Methuen in 1777. Bottons. On the opposite side of the street is the oldest house now re- maining in Corsham tithing, and dates from the fifteenth century. It be- longed to 4 yard land which at the end of the reign of King Henry VIII. was owned by a family of Bolton, otherwise Tomson, who were in possession till 1597, when it was surrendered to Lawrence Kington, who in 1606 sur- rendered it to William Moxham, in whose family it remained till it passed through a daughter to John Wilshire, after whose death it went to Grace Hampton, widow, a daughter of his sister, and in 1762 her son sold it to Paul Methuen. Pickwick TITHING. Pickwick Farm. This holding contained one virgate of land, the house of which has for many years been called the ‘ Manor House,” and contains some work of the fourteenth century. In the early days of Queen Elizabeth it was in the hands of one of the branches of the Keynes tamily ; they seem to have got into financial difficulties and surrendered the house in 1639 to William Wastfield. His family came to Corsham in the latter years of Queen Elizabeth and gradually acquired a considerable estate in the manor. The present house appears to have been built by the first William Wast- field, after the Restoration, and is on a more ambitious scale than most of ~ the virgate houses (Plate VIII. 2). The second William built the dining room block in 1711. The property remained with the Wastfields until about 1774 when it was surrendered to Robert Neale, of Corsham, in whose family it remained until recent times, when after a series of short tenures 1 Buckler Collection, Devizes Museum. 536 Corsham. it now belongs to Mrs. Harold Brakspear. ‘There are remains of a square dove house in the garden, which was in existence in 1637. ‘LeycetTers. This holding also contained one yard land and was held by a family of Leyceter until 1614 when it was surrendered to the Sadlers who held it till 1611 ; when, after sundry surrenders, it came in 1691 into the hands of Edward Bayly, at whose death a survey was made of his property whereon is a sketch of the house as it then appeared (Plate IX. 1). It afterwards passed to Thomas Bennett and the Rev. John Law | Willis, who pulled down the old house and erected the present one further to the west (1794—1799). It then passed through various hands and now belongs to Sir Frederick H. Goldney, Bt. SNELLINGS. This holding of one yard land and another in Easton of one and a half yards land belonged to a family of Snelling. They appear to have lost money and all the estate was dispersed. ‘This house was sur- rendered in 1678 to Edward Bayley and is also shown on the survey of his lands, from which it would seem that the house was rebuilt by him (Plate IX. 2).! The facade now remains at the back of the house now erroneously called “ Guyers.” It passed to the Bennetts and was surrendered to the Dickinsons and was parcel of the Hartham estate until bought a few years ago by Captain Handford. Mere TIrHine. Monks. The estate now called Monks is formed of six ancient heads holds, namely the virgates of Monks, Boys, Goods, and Snippets, and the half virgates of Capps and Whores, In 1357 Monks belonged to a family of that name, it was surrendered to Thomas Tropenell, of Neston, in 1463,? passed to his descendents, the Eyres, whose representatives surrendered it in 1616 to John Danvers, of Sherston parva, who bought Snippets in 1600 ; in whose family both holdings remained till 1711, when they were surrendered to Caleb Dickinson, and were in 1865 bought by Mr. Gabriel |. Goldney. ‘The present house was erected by the Dickinsons about 1780. Easton TITHING. Easton Court. The holding, now called Easton Court Farm, consists of — two and a half virgates formed of three ancient headholds, Brays, Thurs- | tons, and Osbornes. It was in the hands of a family of Hulbert in the early years of Queen Elizabeth and remained .with the same family till 1800 when | it was surrendered to Thomas Bruges. It afterwards belonged to Walter Long, Esq., and was bought by the late Lord Methuen. The house has a | fifteenth century chimney and apparently an open timber roof of the same date over the hall. There is a cross wing at the higher end of the hall of | the sixteenth century (Plate X. 1). Werstrop. The house of this holding is of the seventeenth century, | and has three good fireplaces of that date ; it belonged to two virgates of | land owned by a family of Balden or Baldwyn from the early years of Queen Elizabeth to 1689. It was surrendered shortly after to William | * Map on vellum in possession of Mr. W. H. Barrett. * Trop. Cart. I. 49. SS ———_ By Harold Brakspear. 537 Guy in whose family it remained until the beginning of the last century and now belongs to Lord Methuen. WoopLANDs TITHING. Neston. This estate was built up by Thomas Tropenell (14836—1461) by the acquisition of various old headholds that adjoined one another, namely, Eyres in Neston and 1 virgate, Colyns and 4 virgate, Deraunts and 4 vir- gate, Coppysand 4 cotsettle, and Comyns and 4 cotsettle. He alsoacquired sundry closes adjoining.’ This estate passed by his great grand-daughter, Anne, to the Eyres and remained in that family till 1692, when it passed with their heiress, Jane, to the Hanhams who held it until 1790 when Sir William Hanham surrendered it to trustees who sold it to John Fuller. Tropenell built a new house at Neston between 1442 and 1453,? and Wm. Eyre in 1675 removed certain coats of arms of stained glass from the Lady chapel in Corsham church to the windows of the great parlour.* Before 1680 150 acres were walled round to form a park. The present house was built by John Fuller shortly after he acquired the property. JAGGARDS. This interesting house belongs to a holding of two virgates and has the distinction of having the earliest extant reference to it of any of the ancient holdings, namely, at an inquisition at Chippenham on Mon- day after the feast of Holy Cross, 1340, it was found that “it would be no damage to the king or any others to allow Cicely who was wife of Andrew le Goude to enfeoff Henry of Cosham with one messuage and two virgates of land, six acres of meadow, and five acres of wood in Cosham. ‘The premises being held of the King as of the manor of Cosham by service of paying 14s, 5d. yearly to that manor.”* ‘The property referred to is identified by the rent of 14s. 5d. which is that payable by the holder of the two virgates now called Jaggards. In the early days of Queen Elizabeth the premises belonged to the family of Kyneton or Kington and remained with them till 1766 when it passed to a distant relative Jane, wife of John Shore, of Warminster, from whom it went to the Leirs and was sold in 1866 to John Bird Fuller. Part of the house contains a Tudor wing but the main block was built by Richard Kington (1641—1680) as is shown by the initials R. K. and I. K,, 1657, on the fireplace in the drawing room (Plate X. 2). There is a large square dovehouse in the grounds. LypyaTE. The holding now called Great Lypyate contained one virgate of land, and was in the hands of the Hancock family in the fifteenth century with whom it remained till 1764 when it was surrendered to Paul Methuen. ‘The house is mostly of the seventeenth century and contains a contemporary staircase. The holding now called Little Lypyate also contained one virgate of land ; from the beginning of the fourteenth century it was in the hands of a family who took their name from the place ;° it passed before 1453 to the Keynes 1 Trop. Cart. I. 5—28. Sora Tele 3 Wilts Coll. 81. ee ds Wile. 5 Trop. Cart. I. 39—45. 538 Corsham. with whom it remained till 1603 when it was surrendered to John Thrift. His great grandson, Edward, surrendered it to William Gibbons, and it was surrendered in 1696 to the Hulberts of the Ridge, in whose family it remained until the middle of the last century. The house is mostly of the seventeenth century. OvermoreE. This house belongs to one virgate of land and dates mostly from the seventeenth century ; adjoining it is a barn with a gable studded with pigeon holes. In the early years of Queen Elizabeth it was in the possession of a family of West, who surrendered it in 1609 to the Longs, ‘who held it till 1677, when it was surrendered to Sir George Speke, of Hazelbury, and passed with that property to George Petty, who surrendered it in 1697 to Samuel Edwards, of Horton, in whose family it remained till 1913. Lones. This fine house of the early years of the seventeenth century (Plate XI. 1) belonged toa half virgate of land. In the early years of Queen Elizabeth it was in the hands of a family of Keynes, but was surrendered by them in 1597 to Osmund Bushnell, in whose family it remained till 1694, when it was surrendered to William Mountjoy, of Biddeston. In 1738, it was surrendered to Richard Hancock, of Nethermore. It then passed through various hands and was surrendered in 1861 to John Bird Fuller, of Neston. GASTARD TITHING. GaAsTARD Court. This house dates mostly from the seventeenth century, though it possibly retains portions of earlier work (Plate XI. 2), It belonged to 14 virgates of land, and was in the hands of the Jones family in 1560, but passed with their heiress in 1605 to Richard Sherfield, and he and his wife surrendered it in 1631 to Tristam Colborne, and it stayed with that family till 1744 when it was bought by Edward Mitchell in whose family it remained till 1876 when it was surrendered to Robert Fowler, of Elmgrove. WuITMANS. This important holding was in early days two holdings of one virgate but united before 1389. Owing to the felony of John Whitman before that date it was granted by the lord to sundry persons whom upon the appearance of Walter Whitman, the son of John, were deseized, and Walter surrendered to John Pyppyng and Alice, his wife, who surrendered to Thomas T'ropenell. when there was an inquisition as to ownership, and judgment was given in the favour of Tropenell in 1454.! It passed with the Tropenell estates to the Eyres, and after various surrenders it came in 1670 to William Hulbert and Martha, his wife, in whose family it remained till the beginning of the last century when it was surrendered to Robert Neale. It is now represented by two fields of about seven acres. LirtLe TITHING. This tithing is made up of various parcels in different parts of the manor and includes the detached portion of the manor called Pittars, now in the parish of Pewsham. It is suggested that this tithing originated with the ! Trop. Cart. I. 29—38. By Harold Brakspear. 539 property described in 1300 as belonging to Robert of Gatesturd, a free tenant who held 3 virgates of land by socage, paying for the same 40s. per annum and that he shall give heriot relief when it shall happen and shall make suit at the court of Cosham from three weeks to three weeks.! Pirrars. In this detached holding was apparently the church of Paveshou, of Domesday, but no further record of it has occurred. The holding was computed at two half-virgates, so it was originally of two headholds. In 1567 it belonged to one Roger Fynemore, who surrendered it to his daughter Mary who had married Michael Ernle, and it has remained in the hands of that family and their descendants until a few years ago. THIncLeEY. This holding, now called the Court Farm, was in the hands of the Smyth family in the early years of Queen Elizabeth and remained in their hands until 1734, when Catharine Smith, who had married William Dawes, surrendered the property to Robert Neale.? In conclusion the writer wishes to tender his grateful thanks to :—Field- Marshall the Lord Methuen, for ready access to the valuable documents in his possession ; to Mrs. Harold Robinson, for the same privilege with those of the Rectory manor ; to the officers of the Court Leet of Corsham, for access to the court books, and most particularly to Mr. W. H. Barrett, of Chippenham. Mr. Barrett has for many years spent much time and labour in collecting every detail he could find bearing upon the history of Corsham, and has now placed the whole of his valuable collection at the disposal of the writer, on the understanding that when the opportunity offers he shall publish in detail that which is now summarized in this paper, an obligation he will be only too glad to fulfil as soon as the necessary funds for such a publication are available. 17,.P.M. Ed. I. 264. Little tything contained only three virgates for which the lord’s rent was 47s. 11d. 2The information given in connexion with the various ancient holdings ‘is taken from the Court Books of the respective dates unless otherwise stated. 540 SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT ON THE EARLY IRON AGE VILLAGE ON SWALLOWCLIFFE DOWN? By R. C. C. Cray, F.S.A. During 1926 the inhabited site on Swallowcliffe Down was carefully searched for more pits both by sounding with a heavy rammer and by test- ing the depth of the surface mould with a fork. Seven in all were found, and there is very little likelihood of more having been overlooked. They were discovered in different parts of the village, and conformed with the types found in 1924. The number of pits opened at Swallowcliffe Down and the neighbouring and contemporary village at Fifield Bavant is now 207. 3 Pir No. 94. Situated between Nos. 29 and 31. Very slight depression on the surface, Roughly circular in section. Depth d5ft. 4in., width from 4ft. 3in. to 4ft. 6in, The filling was composed of mould, black earthy flint rubble, and then earthy chalk rubble. Walls well preserved and the floor flat, smooth, and covered by no black deposit or puddled lining. Animal bones, charcoal, and pottery scanty. The following objects were found :—several chalk loom weights at depths varying from 2ft. to 4ft., a bone gouge and antler ferrule at 2ft. 6in., six chalk sling bullets in a small flat-bottomed recess in the wall at 3ft. 6in., two iron knives, a blue glass bead, and a miniature pottery vessel at 4ft. Pir No. 95. Situated seven yards south-east of No. 71. Slight depression on tbe sur- face. Roughly circular. Depth 7ft. 8in., width varied from 4ft. Tin. to 5ft. 6in. The filling was mould, black earthy flint rubble, and earthy chalk rubble. A quantity of small fragments of many different pots were found, and many pieces of sandstone. Walls good, and the floor flat and smooth. No black earth on the floor. The only object an antler comb at a depth of 2ft. Gin. Pir No. 96. No surface indications of this pit, which was 14 yards west of No. 89 and 11 yards from the fence. Roughly circular in outline, Depth 4ft. 8in., width 5ft. 8in. to d5ft. 8in. The filling was mould, earthy flint, and chalk rubble. Walls and floor very good. A piece of bronze was found at 2ft. 6in. Pir No. 97. Situated 10 yards north of No. 96. No depression over pit. Oval in section. Depth 3ft. 6in., width from 2ft. to 3ft, The filling was mould, dark soil with charcoal and pot-boilers, and earthy chalk rubble. The floor was ' For previous report see W.A.J/., xliii., 59—93, The Karly Iron Age Village on Swalloweliffe Down. 541 composed of a layer of tabular flints. No doubt the difficulty experienced in attempting to remove them had caused the pit maker to desist from going deeper. The oval shape of the pit may also indicate interrupted work, although there is no doubt that it was utilised, as the large amount of pottery and animal bones testify. The latter were chiefly those of sheep but some were of birds. Two loom-weights of chalk were found at 2ft. Pir No. 98. The depth of mould was the only indication of the presence of this pit, for there was no depression and it did not “sound.” Situated 10 yards « > Fiinty Rubble—_— x Section of Pit No. 98, Swallowcliffe Down. south of No. 80. An irregular circle in outline. Depth 5ft. 7in., width Aft. 9in. to 5ft. 5in. Walls and floor well preserved and regular. At a height of 18in. above the latter there was a “made” floor of blocks of sandstone laid down and grouted in with chalk rubble. Some of these slabs had previously been used as hearths. There were few animal bones but much charcoal and sandstone fragments. Close beneath the turf were several pieces of a well-baked pot ornamented with horizontal rows of stab marks and zones of diagonal shallow grooves. Pir No. 99. Situated between Nos. 41 and 16. Over this pit the grass was more luxuriant, but there was only a very slight depression. It was decidedly beehived—narrower at the top—and the entrance was on the north-west. Roughly circular. The filling was mould, and earthy flint rubble. Walls well preserved and the floor flat and smooth. Animal bones, charcoal, and sandstone fragments were present in fair quantities. The objects found were a bone needle at lft. 61n., a piece of iron slag, and a fragment of twisted bronze wire on the floor. 542 The Early Iron Age Village on Swalloweliffe Down. Pir No. 100. Lies 10 yards west of No. 97. There was a slight depression over this pit, but no difference in the verdure of the grass. Very circular in shape with straight walls. The filling was mould, clean chalk rubble, and then earthy rubble consisting chiefly of charcoal, pot-boilers, and burnt sand- stone. Animal bones and pottery scanty. Depth 3ft., width 2ft. 10in. A spoon-shaped object of bone was found at a depth of 2ft. 6in. Pit No. 101. Situated 15 yards west of No. 95. A rough circle in outline. Depth 3ft. 6ins., width 3ft. din. to 3ft. 8in. No surface indications. The filling below the mould was earthy flint rubble. Beyond a few pieces of pottery, animal bones, and charcoal, nothing was found in this pit. PoTtERy. The finds of pottery were comparatively small, and no complete vessels could be restored from the fragments. From No. 97 almost half-a-pot was Pottery Vessels from Pits on Swallowcliffe Down. i. reconstructed from 18 shards. ‘I'he vessel was a dark brick-red in colour, | with roughly tooled surface, high shoulder, curving sides, well baked, and | with a paste very similar to that of a modern flowerpot. Most of the other By &. C. C. Clay. MOS, _— = eS SS Qa Objects from Early Iron Age Pits, Swallowcliffe Down. 3. [N.B.—No. 1 is inadvertently drawn here upside down. ]. VOL, XLIIIL—NO, CXLVI. 543 544 The Karly Iron Age Village on Swallowcliffe Down. fragments belonged to vessels of the common Swalloweliffe type, that is flat rim, almost straight neck, and high shoulder. Contrary to our usual experience, no pieces of haematited ware were discovered. No bead rims were found, and nothing that could be ascribed to the Romano-British period. OBJECTS OF BRONZE. Fig. 9(A. 10). A bent piece of bronze wire with swelling at one end, the other end missing. Probably the remains of a penannular brooch. Found in No. 96. | Fig.8(A. 11). Fragment of bronze found in No. 29 consisting of four strands of wire twisted together and showing a curve the diameter of which is 5in. This diameter, presuming that the curve of the fragment had not been flattened when broken, suggests that it was part of a torque and not of a bracelet, although the thickness of the cord, 3mm., rather indicates the latter. ‘Twisted bracelets, however, are uncommon at this period, whereas the torques are usually twisted. Thereisin the British Museum a twisted bracelet from the La Tene I. cemetery at Marson, in France. Ossects oF BONE AND ANTLER. Fig. 7(B. 71). Weaving comb of antler conforming to Glastonbury type 2. Sides straight and converging to a rounded and perforated terminal at the base. It is unornamented. There were originally nine teeth, of which ‘three remain. ‘They are worn at the tips, and on the underside show trans- verse grooves caused by use (compare B. 27, W.A.M. xliii). The lateral surfaces are also rounded and polished in an irregular manner as if by use. The teeth are widely separated and the interdental notches are square. © Length 148mm. Width at dentated end 33mm. Width of terminal en- | largement 25mm, Diam. of perforation 5mm. Found in No. 95. a Fig. 7 (B. 72). Bone gouge. All Cannings type? Base missing. Point’ | rounded by much use. Sides not squared. Found in No. 94. | Fig. 2 (B. 73). Ferrule, oval in section, consisting of a short length of antler, shaped with a knife and then polished. The ends which are also polished show evidence of having been cut with a saw. The operation of removing the cancellous tissue by boring has been commenced from both ends but not completed. Similar objects have been found at All Cannings and at Glastonbury. Length 50mm. Found in No. 94. Fig. 6 (B. 74). Bone needle of Glastonbury Type A. Point missing. The eye is a wide oval and has been made by drilling a hole through from one side, and then enlarging it by drilling holes from both sides on the lower edge of the first hole There is no swelling of the head, the top being | slightly rounded. ‘The sides taper from the head to the point. Shaft flat | oval in section. Length of specimen 45mm. Width ateyedmm. Length | of shaft above eye 6mm. Found in No. 99. — 1 The figures in brackets (A. 10) (B. 71), etc., are in continuation of those given in the first report of the excavations, W.A.M., xliii., 59—938, and are those under which the objects are catalogued in the Museum. By kh. C. C. Clay. oe 545 Fig. 4(B. 75). A spatula-shaped object of bone similar to those found at All Cannings (Figs 24—30, P]. 6). The tang has been broken. The head is roughly rectangular with straight parallel sides and convex edge and base. Formed from a piece of split rib, with the outer surface polished, The edge has been sharpened by being bevelled off on the under side by grinding. Perforated in the centre by a hole bored from both sides. Total length of head 25mm. Width of head 19mm. Diameter of perforation 4mm. Found in No. 100. At All Cannings 50% of these objects were perforated in the head. One side of the perforation in B. 75 shows some slight signs of having been worn away, and the side of the head opposite the perforation bears similar marks. These objects were certainly not spoons—the edge being the business part. They would have been efficient only against soft material, and the edge suggests that they were employed as chisels. Probably they were used to shape down the sides of large pots, some of which display marks that appear to have been caused by knives, but might very well have been caused by these implements. They could have been hafted in a split-stick handle, the tang being driven into the cleft and the ends of the stick secured by a thin sinew passing through the perforation and going round the head from side to side. It is interesting to note that the bone “spoons ” from the Victoria Cave, Settle (Collectanea Antiqua, 1., Pl. xxx., Fig. I.,and B.Jf. Guide to Roman Britain, Fig. 53) have perforated heads, but they differ from the Iron Age examples by having a spoon-shaped head instead of arectangular one. OpsEcts oF IRON. Fig. 10 (C. 44). Iron knife with point missing. The blade slopes gradually to the tang, which is flat, slightly curved and square ended. Total length 138mm. Length of tang 50mm. Max. width of blade 25mm. Found in No. 94. (C. 45). Portion of small iron knife with point of blade and tip of tang missing. Found in No. 94. OBJECTS OF CHALK. (D. 31). Length 48mm. Max. width 32mm. (D. 32). Length 5lmm. Max. width 35mm. (D. 33). Length 46mm. Max. width 33mm. (D. 34). Length 47mm. Max. width 34mm. (D. 35). Length 48mm. Max. width 32mm. (D. 36). Length 53mm. Max. width 33mm. These six spindle-shaped sling bullets were found together on the flat bottom of a small recess in No. 94 at a depth of 3ft. 6ins. below ground level. They have been shaped with a knife. OpsECTS OF BAKED CLAY. Fig. 1 (E. 5). Very small vessel of baked clay. The base is missing, but from the slope of the rounded sides it can be inferred that it was more or 2.0 2 546 The Early Iron Age Village on Swallowcliffe Down. ess flat. There is no marked rim, the sides curling over into the circular interior which appears to have been shaped by pressing the tip of a smalt finger into the clay. It shows no signs of having been exposed to any great heat, and so cannot have functioned as a crucible. Height approximately 16mm. Width 24mm, Diameter of interior 14mm. Compare a slightly larger object from Glastonbury (D. 57. Vol. I., p. 308). Found in No. 94. OBJECTS OF GLASS. Fig.?3 (F. 5). A bead of dark blue cobalt glass, 8mm. in height and 1lmm. in diameter. Very similar to (F. 2). Found in No. 94. It has been suggested that these pits at Swallowcliffe and the neighbouring village of Fifield Bavant were storage pits only, and that from their dimen- sions they were unsuitable for habitation. During the careful investigation of any site, the excavators learn by intuition facts which are often difficult of clear exposition on paper, but in this instance there are a few concrete data which help to prove that the intuitive assumptions are well founded. Certain pits were undoubtedly habitation pits, and others were storage pits pure and simple. In the case of twin pits there was, as a rule, no hesitation in stating that one was used for storage and one for habitation. The habitation pit often possesssed seats and large or small recesses in the walls, and had hearths on the floor—in one instance with the pot still standing on the hearth. Animal bones were sometimes lying on heaps of charcoal. The orderly arrangement of implements in the corners as if care= fully put aside after use, and the layers of debris in the Fifield Bavant pits beneath the collapsed and charred roof, all point to actual dwelling in these pits. The storage pit was often larger and contained no darker soil above the floor, and as a rule little or no pottery. It had no recesses in the walls. and its contents consisted of chalky rubble or animal bones in profusion. Pit No. 89 with its long sloping passage way on the north, resembling the Esquimaux “ Igloo,” and seat on the south side was certainly used as a dwelling. All primitive peoples rest in the squatting position, and in this country the so called ‘‘ squatting facet’ on the lower end of the tibia is frequently met with in prehistoric skeletons. Four of us on cold days have | had our tea at the bottom of these pits and have not been unduly cramped for room although we sat with our knees fully flexed and not in the squat- | ting position. One of us, 13 stones in weight, just managed to lie crouched up in one of the large flat-bottomed recesses in No. 21 at Fifield Bavant. It is probable that for the sake of warmth and shelter the inhabitants of these villages, ignorant as they were of more comfortable abodes, tolerated the somewhat cramped conditions in the pits. The fact that there were twin and triple pits connected by means of narrow openings through their adjoining walls, and that the bottoms of these openings were always at. least two feet above the level of the pit floors is a strong argument against. 4 their all being intended for storage purposes. It is without doubt much easier, if more room is needed for storage, to enlarge a pit than to make |” connecting pits ; and pits fitted with open connections could not be filled | above the level of the base of the openings. By R. C. C. Clay. 547 THE MOLLUSCA. Mr. A. S. Kennard, A.L.S., and Mr. B. B. Woodward, F.L.S., have kindly examined for me some samples of dirt from the floors of the pits. The following species of Mollusca have been identified :—Limax arborum {Bouch. Chant), Vitrina crystallina (Mull.), Vitrina pellucida (Mull.), Arion sp., Hygromia hispida (Lann.), Helix nemoralis (Linn.), Helecella cellaria (Mull.), Fruticicola hispida (Linn.), Vallonia excentrica (Sterk.), Vallonia costata (Mull.), Cochlecopa lubrica (Mull.). “ These shells indicate a scrub growth or coarse herbage.”’ [All the objects found have been placed in the Devizes Museum. ] 548 THE BARROWS ON MARLEYCOMBE HILL, BOWERCHALKE (1926) By R. C. C. Cray, F.S.A. Marleycombe Hill towers above the village of Bowerchalke, lying at the foot of its steep northern escarpment, while to the south it falls gently to Oakley Down. Rising to 690 feet, its bold projection makes it a con- spicuous feature of the landscape. In Goddard’s List of the Prehistoric, Romanand Pagan Saxon Antiquities of Wilts,? we find “ Barrows 1—4. On Marleycombe Hill, half-mile S,W. of Bowerchalke Church, N. of the Ox-Drove, O.M. 70 S8.W. shows three barrows (1—8) close together and one (4) to the south of them, A.W. Stations VIII., [X., shows seven barrows here close together.” The present report is concerned only with the barrows, and so the lynchets, earthworks, and prehistoric roads that make the hill so interesting are left to be dealt with on another occasion. O 20 40 60 Feer. | * 2 ©) e fy 70} YP . ‘ij Tf) ) so The Barrows on Marleycombe Hill, Bowerchalke. The mounds do not lie in a group as depicted in Hoare’s map, but in two lines of three, more or less parallel and taking a direction of east to west, with an isolated mound to the south-west, near the corner of the fence. Unlike the northern three, the barrows to the south form a perfectly straight line, and excavation has proved that all the latter are contemporary. It has, naturally, been supposed that barrows, the centres of which are directly ' All the urns found are in the Society’s Museum at Devizes. *W.A.M., xxxviii., p. 153. The Barrows on Marleycombe Hill, Bowerchatke. 549 in line, were erected at the same time, or at any rate in the same period, and the Marleycombe barrows prove that sometimes at least this is true. For the purpose of description the barrows will be numbered from 1 to 6, beginning with the most easterly of the northern line, and taking the southern line from west to east. The remaining mound, as will be detailed later, proved to be not a barrow. Unfortunately, all these barrows had been rifled by treasure hunters or collectors. This made accurate plans of the excavations impossible, but the re-opening of the barrows was not labour in vain. About 70 years ago a Mr. Burroughs excavated one of them, and is said to have found a skeleton and a bronze “spear,” which was given to the Blackmore Museum but cannot now be traced. Ina footnote to the description of the Stonehenge Urn'a statement is made that “an urn very similar in design, with one band running round the shoulder and six raised bands running from this to the base of the vessel, was found in a barrow at Bowerchalke in 1883, and is now in the Salisbury Museum. It measures 154in. in height by 114in. diameter at the top.” ‘This urn could very well have come from Barrows 2, 4, or 5, at Marleycombe. Unfortunately, it appears to have been lost. BaRrRow 1. This barrow was the largest and measured 45 feet from ditch to ditch, Like the others of this northern line it stood on a slope. There were signs that it had been opened before, but no indications that it had ever been ploughed over, although the texture of the grass round it showed that the plough had been at work right up to the edge of the ditch. re} 10 20 Fe Barrow 1.—Marleycombe Hill, Bowerchalke. A trench was cut through from the south-east. Romano-British pottery was found under the turf over the ditch. In the barrow mould and on the turf line were discovered fragments of beaker pottery, and a fragment of the side and base of a flat bottomed vessel the paste and texture of which were similar in every respect to that of bowls from Windmill Hill and Layer 4 at Chelm’s Coombe, Cheddar. There were also in the barrow mould burnt flints, a large piece of sandstone that had evidently been used as a hearth, and a sarsen pebble that had been much bruised at both ends, The barrow earth on the south and east sides was very dark in colour and no doubt consisted of the top soil scraped up from a spot in the vicinity on which there was habitation in the beaker period. Above the centre the earth had -been disturbed, and remains of a skeleton in small fragments, and pieces of beaker, were found immediately under the turf and reaching right down to the natural chalk. There was no cist. The beaker fragments appeared 1 Cat. Stourhead Coll., No. 257. 550 The Barrows on Marleycombe Hull, Bowerchalke. to belong to one vessel, but the presence of three humeri indicates that there must have been two skeletons. BARRow 2. There were surface indications that this barrow had been dug into from the west. It was situated close to and to the west of Barrow I. Barrow 2.—Marleycombe Hill, Bowerchalke. — From the south-east a trench was cut through the mound and afterwards enlarged at the centre so that a large area was cleared. The ditch was shallow and flat bottomed and the barrow mould had not spread over it on the north although the ground on which the barrow stood sloped in that direction. One small fragment of beaker pottery with punch mark orna- mentation was found within the old turf-line half way along the barrow. Around and over the centre was a large mass of flints mixed with earth, the flints reaching to the turf-line of the barrow, which had evidently been disturbed not very long ago. There were three cists beneath this heap of stones. A long cist measuring 5ft. 4in. by 2ft. lay in the absolute centre of the barrow, its long axis being nearly east and west. It formerly contained an adult skeleton of which a few bones remained but no traces of a beaker or other grave furniture. Its depth beneath the hard chalk level was 8 ins. To the south of it and separated from it by a thin partition of undisturbed chalk was a circular basin-shaped cist, 84ins. deep and 15ins. in diameter at the top. It contained no ashes or burnt bones, and we can only surmise that it contained an urn that had stood upright and had been taken out entire. Close to the north-east corner of the long cist was another circular and basin-shaped cist, the barrier between the two having been broken down by the previous treasure hunters. The bottom of this cist however was flatter than that of the other. In it were much burnt bones and ashes, and the sides of the cist showed signs of having been scorched by the hot ashes from an inverted urn. ‘The bones were those of an adult and some of them were incompletely burnt, an unusual feature in crema- tions. Several pieces of pottery were found in this cist and just round it (Fig. 1). The barrow mould consisted of earthy flint rubble with a small amount of added chalk, except near the centre where the flints were found. The third cist was 19ins. in diameter and Qins. deep. BARROW 3. 7 This barrow like the last contained a large central cairn of flints. It had By RB. C. C. Clay. 551 been opened at some distant time for the heap of flints that reached to the surface was covered with a thick layer of turf. ‘his cairn covered a circle Barrow 3.—Marleycombe Hill, Bowerchalke. of roughly 12ft. diameter. There was no sign of a central burial and no cist. If there had been a skeleton lying on the bare chalk without a cist as in Barrow 1 there would still have been a few small bones left, the difficulty and uselessness of removing all the phalanges and sesamoid bones being great. There were also no signs of ashes, charcoal, or pottery. Possibly the barrow openers had found under the cairn an urn in the up- right position and unbroken and had taken it out intact without spilling any of its contents. On the eastern side of the cairn and on the edge of the former excavated area was found an urn (Fig. 2) of the barrel-shaped type in an inverted position, most of the sides and bottom of which had disintegrated. It contained no charcoal or burnt bones, but there is no doubt that it had never been disturbed for the rim rested on the top of the natural chalk in position although roots had grown into and through the pottery, breaking it. The tight packing of the stones and dirt around it, forming a kind of cist, were evidently in the same position as when the urn was buried. Even if the urn had been discovered previously and the con- tents scooped out, yet some of the ashes would have been displaced ; and no ashes, or bones, or fragments of pottery were found anywhere near the centre. There was no other secondary burial. In the barrow mould near the ditch to the south there was a small fragment of beaker with its characteristic ornament. ‘There were also a few pieces of sandstone, and a few calcined flints, showing that the top soil scooped up to make the bar- row was obtained at a site on which the beaker folk lived. This place would naturally not be far distant. BaRRow 4. This was the most westerly of the upper line of barrows. Asseen in the plan the entrenchment at this point made a sharp curve so as to skirt the barrow and was therefore later in date. The weathering of the sides of this trench had destroyed the wide barrow ditch on the south and west sides, while on the north the plough had transformed the edge of the ne ee 10 20 Fr. Barrow 4.—Marleycombe Hill, Bowerchalke. 552 The Barrows on Marleycombe Hull, Bowerchalke. barrow into a negative lynchet. It was only on the east that the barrow ditch was intact. Like others of this group the barrow was not so high as it appeared to be, the soil for the barrow having been obtained from just beyond its edges and consequently the level of the surrounding ground had been lowered. The barrow was built on a deep layer of clay with flints and the barrow trench had not reached the chalk beneath. There were surface indications of a former opening of this barrow. Excavation showed that an urn had been removed from a central cist 19in. deep and 2ft. in .diameter. It contained ashes and the remains of the cremation of an adult. A piece of sandstone was found in the barrow earth. BARRow 5. This barrow appeared to be higher than it really was on account of the top soil having been scooped up from close around it, forming a broad shelving trench very similar to those found at Woodminton.’ The fact that the top soil was of clay with flints of considerable depth made the re- moval of the upper soil easy work for the barrow builders. It may be that barrows that are primarily of finger-tipped urn date are characterised by low mounds standing in broad basin-shaped ditches that make the barrows appear higher than they really are. The result of ploughing around the barrows emphasises their height still more. Barrow 5.—Marleycombe Hill, Bowerchalke. The barrow had previously been opened in the centre and apparently an urn removed intact, for a cist was found in the dead centre, with its sides cut away on three parts of its circumference. There were no signs of burnt bones or charcoal, and so we are forced to the conclusion that the urn stood upright. A few feet to the south of the centre, and just beyond the area previously disturbed, there was a well-cut cist 16in. deep and 17in. in diameter at the top with slightly basined bottom. It contained two urns. One (Fig. 4) on the south side of the cist had originally stood upright, and contained the cremated bones of a child. It had been crushed and pushed aside to make room for the burial of a second urn (Fig. 3) that was found almost intact and inverted. In this second urn were the remains of the the burnt bones of an adult. With the bones were several large pieces of charcoal. The central cist was formerly circular in outline and about two feet in diameter. Its bottom was 3ft. 4in. below the top of the barrow. The barrow earth contained several flint flakes and pieces of sandstone, one of which had been used as arubber. There were no calcined flints. 1 W.A.M,, xlili. p. 318. — By fh. C. C. Clay. 553 BaRrRow 6, The flatness of the top of this barrow suggested that it had been opened previously, but the gorse bushes growing on it made it impossible to be certain. More than half this barrow was thoroughly excavated. Barrow 6.—Marleycombe HilJ, Bowerchalke. The barrow earth consisted of clay with flints, the flints being of unusually large size and very numerous. It was fairly easy to distinguish the old top soil beneath the barrow earth on account of its lighter colour and greater firmness. Excavation proved, however, that beneath this former top soil and lying on the undisturbed chalk was a thin stratum of darker material containing fragments of charcoal and a few flint flakes. No doubt it represented an older inhabited floor. Possibly this floor was of beaker age and contemporary with the beaker floor that must have been situated around the sites of the northern line of barrows, for there were found in each of them fragments of beakers and pot boilers and pieces of sandstone. The upper line of barrows, all apparently of Deverill-Rimbury date, might have been raised upon a site that had been culivated since beaker days. A few pieces of sandstone were found in the barrow earth of this barrow as well as a few flakes. An urn (Fig. 5) of the barrel type was found in a basin-shaped cist 5ft. to the south-south-east of the centre of the barrow. The cist reached through the old top soil to the top of the chalk, that is to say 9in. below the floor of the barrow, and 2ft. beneath the barrow turf. The urn was in- verted, telescoped, and badly damaged by the weight of the soil. It con- tained ashes and the cremated remains af a slender adult, but no objects. With the ashes were several calcined flints which probably had been raked up from the ground with the ashes after the body had been burnt. On the west of this cist and close to it was a smaller cist cut in the old top soil but not reaching to the underlying chalk. It contained a few burnt bones and ashes but no fragments of pottery. There was certainly no central burial: none at least within 5ft. of the centre, and considering the small size of this barrow, the urn that was found must be considered the primary one. The ditch was shallow and broad, and, as usual with the southern line of barrows and with those of a Similar age on Woodminton Down, the top soil had been thoroughly Scraped up from close round to form the mound, so that the barrow had the appearance of being higher than it actually was and of standing in a basin-shaped depression. If the barrow had been opened previously the 554 The Barrows on Marleycombe Hill, Bowerchalke. excavators would surely have left behind a few ashes if they had found an urn,and afew phalanges and other bones if they had chanced on askeleton. THE MouND To THE SoutH-WEST, This irregular mound is not a barrow although it is marked as such on the O.S. maps and by Hoare. On three sides it appears to be circular and very much like a low barrow, but when viewed from the east it tails off to _ the south and runs into an indefinite ridge that may be the remains of a lynchet. he mound is probably the corner of a lynchet that has been altered by ploughing in prehistoric times. The soil of which it is composed is clay with flints, the latter being both numerous and large. Inthe deeper layers of this mound, that is to say, at a depth of just over a foot, were several pieces of beaker closely associated with some good flint flakes and scrapers and traces of charcoal. ‘This implies a beaker floor during the construction of the lynchet, the associated pottery and flints being too numerous and localized to have been carried down by the plough during cultivation at a date later than their deposition. One fragment of sand- stone was associated wlth the beaker pottery. No ditch could be found, and the mound did not appear from its construction to have been a barrow. THE PorTeRy. CVV VIO DD HOD DD DDDD 00907 DODD DDD D OD SEL ate ETH 4 ' aa peat ese ce eee =< Urns from Barrows on Marleycombe Hill, Bowerchalke. By Rk. C. C. Clay. ( 555 Fig. I. Barrel Urn from Cist C, Barrow 2. Dark brown in colour with rough surface. Paste black and gritty. The rim is of a form not commonly met with in urns of this type; it is bevelled inwards, and in this respect resembles many urns of the collared variety. ‘The inner edge of the bevelled rim is rough and uneven. The outer edge is ornamented with a line of small oval markings 3 mm. wide. They resemble small finger tip impressions but could not have been made in this way. They were probably caused by the impression of some blunt bone or wooden implement. Half-an-inch below the lip is a raised fillet or band running round the vessel and Hin. in thickness. On it are depressions that could have been caused by the impression of the tip of a small finger. These marks are circular, do not show the imprint of the nail and are 3/16 in. in diameter. An inch and a half below the fillet is another parallel to it and similar in dimensions and design. From it drop vertical moulded ribs similar to the horizontal ones. From the small size of the restored portion of this urn it is impossible to estimate either the number of vertical ribs or their distance apart. It is certain however that they were not closer together than 44ins. The walls average Zin. in thickness. It may be compared with Urn 40, Barrow 24, Handley Hill! Fig. 2. Fragments of urn from Barrow 3. Diameter at rim 182 ins, Thickness of rim in. Average thickness of walls Zin. Barrel-shaped urn with expanded and flattened rim beneath which runs a plain low horizontal moulding. Dark brown in colour, badly baked and gritty. Compare an urn from Woodminton Down.? Fig.3. Barrel urn from Barrow 5. Height 174in. Diam. at rim 12}ins. Diam. of base 7iins. Thickness of rim 3ins. Thickness of base 3in. Average thickness of walls #in. Rim expanded, slightly everted and flat- topped. Dark brown in colour, badly baked, friable and gritty. Below the lip the walls fall almost straight, indicating a rudimentary neck. They then widen out at the remains of a shoulder and afterwards slope inwards with a slight curve to meet a flat base. Immediately beneath the lip there is a double line of finger nail impressions and a second double line of similar marks 44ins. below the rim at the widest part of the vessel. The latter rows do not follow a straight course, but pursue a meandering path coinciding with the widest diameter. Compare an urn from Littleton Down, Blandford.’ Fig. 4. Urn from the same cist as Fig. 3. Barrel type with expanded rim, slightly concave neck. Dark brown in colour with smoothed outer surface. Badly baked and very gritty. Height approximately 14ins. Diam. at rim 1ll3ins. Thickness of rim 2in. Average thickness of walls qin. At the greatest diameter a slight moulded fillet encircles the vessel. Below this the sides have a gentle convex curve downwards. Four vertical moulded ribs hang from the horizontal one. ‘They as well as the latter are 1 Abercromby II. Fig. 383. Hx. Cranborne Chase, iv. 166. 2 W.AWM. xliii. p. 320. Plate II. fig. 6. 3 The Barrow Diggers. plate viii., fig. 1. 556 The Barrows on Marleycombe Hill, Bowerchalke. ornamented with finger nail impressions 4in, apart on the average. . Com- pare an urn from Tarrant Monkton, Dorset.! Fig. 5. Found in Barrow 6. Barrel urn with expanded and flat-topped rim. From the rim the sides slope witha gentle curve to the base. Rim unornamented. Two-and-a-half inches beneath the lip a plain moulded fillet runs round the urn. Diam. of rim 11#ins. Width of rim 3in. Average thickness of walls 4in. Dark brownin colour: Very badly baked. Only a small quantity of grit in the paste. Very similar to. Fig. 2. These barrows raise some interesting problems which can be satisfactorily solved only when the earthwork has been investigated and more trial trenches dug in the vicinity. ‘The presence of beaker fragments, pot-boilers, pieces of sandstone and black soil in Barrows }, 2, and 3 suggest that there was a beaker settlement close by, for it can be assumed that the top soil used in the construction of these barrows was gathered from their immediate neighbourhood. A few trial trenches, however, have revealed no definite evidence of this and the signs of habitation appear to spread over most of the northern crest of the hill. The results of the excavations indicate that Barrows 1, 2. and 3, can be ascribed to the Early Bronze Age, whereas the Barrows 4, 5, and 6, are considerably later and belong to a period when iron was already in use. ‘The question of the dating of the barrel-shaped, finger-tipped cinerary urns has been dealt with inthe report on the Woodminton Barrows. Barrows 4, 5, and 6, seem to have been constructed on ground that had been cultivated subsequently to the time of the beaker habitation on the hill, for the cists were cut into a deep layer of top soil composed of clay with flints beneath which were found flakes and charcoal that were presumably remains of the beaker floor. In other words the barrows were placed on or near positive lynchets. Subsequent ploughing in historic times reached up to the barrows and to a certain extent has altered their outlines. The presence of beaker pottery closely associated with flint flakes and implements and charcoal and sandstone fragments low down in the corner lynchet that has been styled a barrow hitherto, suggests that the celtic field system of cultivation had its origin not later than the end of the beaker period. Samples of the first siltings of the ditch of Barrow 1 have been examined by Mr. A. S. Kennard, F.L.S., for Mollusca, and the following species identified :—Vitrea Crystallina (Mull.), Arion sp., Goniodiscus rotundatus (Mull.), Carychium minimum (Mull.). These, Mr. Kennard states, indicate a damp climate. As an appendix to the report on the Woodminton Group of Barrows, there was a list of the localities where urns of the Barrel, Bucket, and Globular types have been found, and a distribution map with symbols to indicate the different types of urns. To bring this. list up-to-date Marleycombe Hill should beadded. Another example, the first from Kent, has lately been discovered at Tankerton, and an extensive urnfield at Pokesdown, Bournemouth, half-mile N.E. of the one previously recorded, is now being excavated. ‘ Abercromby II. Fig. 380. 7 WAM, xliii., p. 313. 557 WILTS OBITUARY. Rev. the Hon, Canon Bertrand Pleydell Bouverie, died Nov. 7th, 1926, aged 81. Buried at Pewsey. Born at Longford Castle, 3rd son of Jacob, 4th Karl of Radnor, April 23rd, 1845. Educated at Harrow and Trin. Coll., Camb., B.A. 1869, M.A. 1872, Deacon 1869, Priest 1870 (Worc.). Curate of Halesowen, 1869—70; Rector of Stanton St. Quintin, 1870—80 ; Rector of Pewsey, 1880—1910; Rural Dean of Pewsey, 1887—-1910 ; Canon and Preb. of Salisbury, 1894; Chaplain of St. Michael’s, Beaulieu, 1913—19. In 1910 he resigned the living of Pewsey and retired, living at first at the Grange, All Cannings, and from 1919 at Bournemouth, where he died. He was a Trustee of Somerset Hospital at Froxfield and of the Broad Town Charity, J.P. for Wilts, and a member of the District Council. He married, 1870, Lady Constance Jane, daughter of the 3rd Earl Nelson, who predeceased him. ‘They had no children. A man of very considerable artistic gifts, Pewsey Church is full of his work as a wood carver and painter. ‘The altar rails, the four figures of the evangelists in the reredos, the central panel of the reredos of the side altar s. of the chancel, the organ screen, the statue of St. John the Baptist in the porch, the font cover, the sounding board of the pulpit, the mural paintings, the finely worked altar frontal are all the work of hishands. In secular matters he was the leader and prime mover in all matters for the welfare and ad- vantage of Pewsey. Outside of his own parish he was most widely known for his work on behalf of the Wiltshire Friendly Society, for which as president’s representative he spoke at meetings all over the county, and took a prominent part in the administration of the society, attending the weekly meetings of the sub-committee at Devizes with great regularity. Long obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, Nov. 11th, 1926; Salisbury Dioc. Gazette, Dec., 1926. The Rev. John Wilfred Royds Brocklebank, died Nov. 13th, 1926, aged 57. Son of Thomas Brocklebank, of the Roscote, Cheshire, and Wateringbury Place, Kent. Educated privately and at Christ Church, Oxford. B.A. 1892, M.A. 1900, Deacon 1895, Priest 1896 (Wakefield). Curate of Almondbury, 1895—1901.; Assistant Chaplain Railway Mission, Diocese of Grahamstown, 1901—4; Curate of St John’s, Warminster, 1905—12 ; Vicar of Longbridge Deverill, 1912. In October, 1926, there was an exhibition of his water colour drawings in London, chiefly the result of a recent six months’ stay in S. Africa. Zhe 72mes in an Obituary notice Nov. 18th, 1926, said “ His enthusiasm for art received early encouragement, for both his father and his uncle possessed notable collections of pictures, including many fine water colours by Turner, Peter de Wint, and Copley Fielding. Mr. Brocklebank had a number of these drawings in his own possession, but he was also a discriminating patron of modern art. . . . His beautiful little Church at Longbridge Deverill 558 Wilts Obituary. is a proof of how much can be done by an incumbent of knowledge and taste to bring back the devotional atmosphere to a building which has suffered at the hands of Iconoclasts.” Obit. notice, Salisbury Dioc. Gazette, Dec., 1926. William Bowle Gauntlett, died Oct. 23rd, 1926, aged 91. Buried at Collingbourne Kingston. Only son of George Gauntlett, of Market Lavington, on whose death his mother married Mr. Farmer, of . Lavington, and became the mother of Samuel Farmer, who died July 9th, 1926. ‘These half-brothers in after life became the partners in perhaps the largest agricultural business ever under one management in Wiltshire. He lived successively at Market Lavington, the Grange at Easterton, the Old Market House at Market Lavington, Eastcot Farm, and lastly, about 1881, removed to Brunton House, Collingbourne Kingston, where he lived until his death. After this Brunton House Farm, Southgrove Farm, Green Farm, and East Grafton Manor Farm, were all under the control of “ W. B. Gauntlett & Co.” He was throughout his life an ardent advocate of total abstinence. He married Jacintha Madeline Glass-urner, who survives him,and there were seven sons and six daughters of the marriage. He was J.P. for Wilts. , Obit. notice, Wiltshtre Gazette, October 28th, 1926. Isabel Drury, died Feb. 14th, 1926. Buried at Brookwood Ceme- tery. Daughter of the late Archdeacon Henry Drury, Vicar of Bremhill. She went toS. Africa comparatively late in life at first as Lady Warden of St. Anne’s Diocesan High School for Dutch and English Girls in Natal, and, later on, accompanied by her life-long companion, servant, and friend, Jane Andrews, to the then little known districts of Southern Rhodesia as a pioneer missionary amongst the natives, at first at St. Faith's Mission and afterwards at the Church of the Epiphany at Rusape, in the Makoni dis- trict, where they accomplished a remarkable work among the native women and girls. She had of late lived at Windsor. Obit notices, Rhodesia Church Magazine; Windsor, Eton, & Slough (paper); Feb. 19th, 1926. Rev. William Henderson, died suddenly Dec. 4th, 1926, aged 68 (2). Educated St. Cath. Coll., Cambridge. B.A., 1889, M.A. 1894, Deacon 1890, Priest 1891 (Worc.) Curate of Cradley, 1890—93; St, Michael, Coventry, 1894—95 ; Hodnet, 1897—98; Corsham, 1898—1903; Rector of Kingston Deverill and Vicar of Monkton Deverill, 1903, until his death. Obit. notice, Salisbury Dioc. Gazette, Jan., 1927. Lt.-Col. Laurence St. John Brodrick, died November, 1926. Son of Rev. Alan Brodrick, for 34 years Rector of Broughton Gifford. He served in India and the S. African War, and during the Great War he commanded the Scottish Horse in France. Died from a riding accident at Brighton. Wilts Obituary. 559 Vice-Admiral Sir Lawrence Power, died January 20th, 1927. Buried at Corsham Cemetery. Born at Bramley, Surrey, May 7th, 1864. Son of Rev. Henry Bolton Power, Vicar. He lived at Court Hill, Potterne, 1923—26, when he moved to the Old Vicarage, Corsham, where he died. He was promoted Rear-Admiral Dec. 1916, and early in 1917 filled the new post of Admiral Director of Dockyards and Repairs in which he did most valuable and strenuous service during the war. Promoted Vice- Admiral 1920 and remained at the Admiralty until 1923. C.B. 1916, C.V.O. 1917, K.C.B. 1921. Promoted Admiral retired 1925. The Times had a long notice of his distinguished career, as also the Wiltshire Gazette of January 27th, 1927. Rev. Robert Baskerville Maurice, died January, 19927. Buried at Preshute. Son of Dr. J. B. Maurice. of Marlborough. Educated Lincoln Coll., Oxford. B.A. 1892, M.A. 1895 Deacon and Priest 1897 Cant. Curate of St. Peter in Thanet, 1897—98; Assistant Master Stone House School, Broadstairs, 1895—1908; Curate of Bramshott, 1909—14 ; Havant, 1914—15; Leatherhead, 1916—19. During the war he put his great knowledge of mechanics at the service of the government at first as mechanic and afterwards secretary and moving spirit of the Motor Loan Committee for assisting fishermen to instal motor engines in their boats, Obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, Jan. 27th, 1927. _ Arthur Henry Cosford, died Jan. 25th, 1927, aged 44. Born at _ Northampton. Served his articles on a local paper, and became district _ reporter in the Fen district. Joined staff of Sheffield Daily Telegraph. _ Became editor of Cambridge Chronicle, and Eueter Flying Post, and after- _ wards the Rugby Observer. He then joined the staff of the Birmingham Gazette until in 1921 he came to Swindon as editor manager of the Evening | Advertiser and Swindon Advertiser and subsequently of the NV. Wilts _ Herald as well. | Obit. notice with portrait 1. Wilts Herald, Jan. 28th, 1927. ‘VOL, XLITI.—NO, CXLVI. P bo | | | ry 560 WILTSHIRE BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, AND ARTICLES. [N.B.—This list does not claim to be in any way exhaustive. The Editor appeals to all authors and publishers of pamphlets, books, or views, in any way connected with the county, to send him copies of their works, and to editors of papers, and members of the Society generally, to send him copies of articles, views, or portraits appearing in the newspapers. | The Mystery of Wansdyke. Being the record of research and investigation in the field by Albany F. Major, OBE, FSA, and Edward J. Burrow, F.R.G.S., with 112 drawings and 100 plans. Cheltenham: Ed. J. Burrow & Co. 1926. Ato., cloth, pp. viii + 200. 750 copies printed. Mr. Burrow introduces this book in these words :—“ The lamented death | of my collaborator and friend, Albany Major, F.S.A., during the final stages : of the production of this book, throws upon me the sole responsibility for | its completion and publication, without the aid of one whose life’s work is | largely summed up by the records now finally recorded in ‘ The Mystery of | Wansdyke.’” In 1925 the two collaborators together surveyed the whole | course of the Dyke except a small portion of the eastern end, as wellasthe | many ditches, banks, and earthworks, in its immediate neighbourhood, and | these are all set out in large scale maps accompanying the plans reduced | from the ordnance survey of the whole of its course, as well as that of the | “Southern Branch” which Albany Major believed ran to Ludgershall | Castle. Of this “ Southern Branch” Mr. Burrow says :—“ Following the | plan which Albany Major had arranged with me, I have not only traced and | illustrated the generally acknowledged course of Wansdyke from Portishead | to Inkpen Beacon, but have also traversed the alleged southern branch, | running, as he believed, from Burridge’ Heath, west of Great Bedwyn, to | Ludgershall Castle, and have made drawings along this section, in places | where Albany Major considered he saw visible evidence in favour of his | 4 theory. But I am bound to say, after careful investigation of the rather | scanty sections of earthworks—quite unconnected and generally differing | greatly in section and construction—that I am unable to substantiate the | theory that this was a southern branch of Wansdyke at all. It is true that | Wansdyke does continue a short distance southward from Burridge Heath | . . . also that there is a quite imposing earthwork and ditch at Scots |— Poor, but there seems no reason for connecting these earthworks, and in | — any case, there are so many tracks and ditches and enclosures in the dis- | trict concerned, that it would be totally impossible to decide which were | Wiltshire books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 561 celated to Wansdyke and which were not. In fact any one of these earth- works might be claimed as being a section of the dyke with equal reason- ableness. . . . Mr. O.G.S. Crawford, who has carefully investigated this matter has come to the same conclusion.” As to the dyke as a whole Mr. Albany Major writes :—“ Archzologists who have dealt with Wans- dyke have acted generally on the assumption that it is a single work constructed at one time with one object. ‘They judge it by the enormous size it attains in Wiltshire on the downs south of Avebury . . . or by the best preserved and most imposing sections in Somerset. Where it has disappeared they look for traces of something similar. My studies of the work, however, have driven me to the conclusion that Wansdyke is a com- posite work, made up of sections belonging to different periods and varying in size and construction, which were subsequently linked together.” He points out that in Wiltshire the ditch consists of three sections, that coinciding with the Roman road at the western end, the great ditch running from Morgans Hill to Savernake Forest where it is lost, and the slighter work on the further side of the forest running to Inkpen Beacon. The only important camp connected with the dyke is that of Chisbury. ‘‘ In _ Somerset, however, Wansdyke, intead of consisting of a single bank and ditch, serves rather as a connecting link between a series of camps and minor earthworks.” ‘he large camps are Bathampton, Stantonbury, Maes Knoll, and Ashton Park, and part of the line is “a continuous series of earthwork enclosures and scarped lines through which it is difficult to trace a definite line of dyke.” It is this Somerset portion of the supposed line of the dyke, with the numerous earthworks and ditches near it which Mr. Albany Major himself spent most time on, and most carefully and exactly describes in this volume. The portion of the Wiltshire line from Bath to Morgans Hill was left to Mr. Burrows to follow and describe. As to the date and purpose of Wansdyke Mr. Albany Major says truly :— *‘TIn the present state of our knowledge there is scarcely any ground upon which theories can be built.” He, however, points out that the Wiltshire part of the dyke seems intended to close the gap between the Kennet branch of the Thames valley on the east and the Avon valley on the west or the forest lands that bordered them, and that it was obviously intended as a defence against attack from the north, if it was a defensive work at all ‘There are at least two periods during the Roman occupation when it might have been thought advisable to fortify the gap, the troublous years A.D. 181—87, when both walls were lost for a time and a great part of the country overrun, and the still more disastrous years A.D. 367—8, when . . . raiders of the enemy penetrated as far south as Kent and to the gates of London.” As to the Saxon theories of Major Godsal he says, -* Major Godsal’s theory of the making of Wansdyke by Ceawlin (A.D. 556— 577) rests on the assumption that ‘‘ we know for certain that this region— z.e., the whole of Dorsetshire and the greater part of Wiltshire and Somerset- shire—was settled up by clans of Saxons between the battle of Beranbury in A.D. 556 and the Battle of Deorham in 577.” There is no archzological and not a scrap of any other evidence to support this assumption and a great deal to be said against it. In the absence of evidence Major Godsal’s 2 Pee 562 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. view must remain in the limbo of theories that rest on theory alone.” As to the possibility of the dyke being thrown up by the Britons after the Romans. had left, as a defence against the Saxons, he dismisses it because “ there never was a time when all along the line of Wansdyke the Briton was on the south and the Saxon was on the north.” But is it impossible that the reason why Saxon cemeteries in Wiltshire have only occurred either in the extreme north or the extreme south of the county and not at all on Salisbury Plain and central Wilts, is that the Romano Britons of what was then a densely populated district, held out against the Saxons almost throughout the Pagan period, and that the danger was from the Saxon advance west- wards by the Thames valley rather than from Old Sarum and the south ? This might account for the defensive line towards the north. But the work which Mr. Albany Major set himself to accomplish was not to support this or that theory but to survey and describe the dyke from one end to the other, and that work he accomplished so fully with the assistance of Mr. Burrows’ excellent wash sketches of the present actual condition of the dyke or its supposed line at 112 different points, that on that side of the subject there can be little more to say, and this book must always remain the chief authority upon it. There are a number of appendices filling 70 pages with extracts fio the most representative writers on Wansdyke, General Pitt Rivers, Sir R. C. Hoare, the Rev. W. Phelps (Hist. and Antiquities of Somerset), Rev. Samuel Meyer (Memoirs of Bristol), Will. Barrett, F.S.A. (Hest. and Antig. of the City of Bristol), Rev. John Skinner (Memoir on Camalodunum, Chap. III.), James Tunstall (Rambles about Bath and its Neighbourhood), and John Rutter (Delineations of the N.W. Division of the County of Somerset). There are also “Notes on Bokerley Dyke and Grims Ditch,” by E. J. Burrows. A list of subscribers and an index complete the volume. Studies in the Corallian Lamellibranch Fauna. of Oxford, Berks, and Wilts. By W.J. Arkell, BA, | B.Sc... F.G.S. Geological Mag., Vol. LXIIL., pp. 5834—55. December, | 1926. Four plates. | This is a continuation from p. 210 of the same volume, of the authora laborious work in disentangling and identifying the various species and subspecies of oolitic fossils, in this case the Pectinide at present masquer- ading under sometimes half-a-dozen or more different names in the works of Continental and English Geologists. Specimens from Highworth, Hilmarton, Calne, and Seend are mentioned. A Wiltshire Parson and his Friends. The corres- pondence of William Lisle Bowles, together with four hitherto unidentified reviews by Coleridge, edited by Garland Greever- London, Constable & Co., 1926, 10s. 6d. net. Cloth 8vo. pp. xv. + 207. This book owes its existence to the discovery by its editor as Sheldon Fellow of Harvard University, of the majority of | the letters here printed in the Library of Pentre Mawr, near Abergele, | N. Wales, where they were placed by the Poet’s niece Mrs. Jones-Bateman Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 563 (Marianne Burlton). To these a number of letters from other sources have been added. The volume begins with a sketch of ‘* The life of W. L. Bowles 1762—1850,” extending to only 11 pages, but the editor tells us that he proposes to publish “a formal Biography,” when he has time to revise ‘‘ the dissertation on Bowles which I prepared during my candidacy for the Ph. D. degree at Harvard.” Will. Thomas Bowles, father of the Wiltshire Parson, was Vicar of Uphill and Brean (Som.) 1769 until his death in 1786, but he lived part of the year at Shaftesbury, where his son attended School at Barton Hill House, and for a short time had “a course of instruction at Strasbourg.” Elected Scholar of Winchester College 1775, he remained there from 1776 to 1781, and owed much to the influence of Joseph Warton, headmaster. He gained a scholarship at Trinity College, Oxford, and the Chancellor’s Prize for Latin verse, taking his B.A. degree in 1786 and M.A. in 1792. His first publication, a volume of fourteen sonnets, suggested by his travels on the Rhine and in Switzerland was published in 1789 and by 1805 had gone through nine editions. In 1788 he was ordained to the curacy of East Knoyle and lived with his widowed mother ina cottage at Donhead St. Mary, still called “ Burltons.” In 1795 he became Rector of Cricklade, and in 1797 Rector of Dumbleton, but still continued curate of Knoyle, and in 1797 married Magdalen, daughter of his Rector, Dr. Charles Wake. In 1804 he became Vicar of Bremhill until he resigned the living in 1845 shortly after the death of his wife, and retired to Salisbury where he lingered on until his death April 7th, 1850. At Bremhill he became a con- stant visitor at Bowood and on terms of intimacy with Crabbe at Trow- bridge and Tom Moore at Sloperton Cottage. Of his character, after giving one or two of the multitudinous stories of his eccentricities, Dr. Greever sums up thus, ‘“‘ He knew many of the leading personages of his time and while these men sometimes laughed at him a little, sometimes pitied him, there can be no question that in nearly all cases they genuinely liked him.” A chapter is devoted to his literary works. ‘“ Bowles produced a vast amount of work in prose and verse. Much of it was frankly epheineral. Of even the more ambitious works only two are remembered, and they but dimly : the Sonnets and the criticisms relative to Pope. The irreparable verdict of mankind has excluded Bowles from the list of great writers. This does not mean, however, that he is without significance, He is one of the transitional writers who bridged the chasm between two centuries and two opposing movements in literature. As such he will always have an interest for scholars. But he deserves far closer attention because he is possibly the most conspicuous example of all time of the lesser poet who has influenced men of consummate genius.” ‘“ Asa critic he does not rank high, yet he had a large share in bringing about the reaction against Pope, and in formulating the literary ideals of his generation.” “ Bowles as a poet is chiefly notable as an influence. He affected Southey, Lamb, and Wordsworth, and the impression made upon Coleridge is one of the marvels of literature.” The next chapter deals with Bowles’ relations with Coleridge, Charles Lamb, Wordsworth, Southey, Crabbe and Moore, Sheridan and Rogers, the Lansdownes, Byron, and Caroline Bowles. The remainder 564 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. of the book is taken up with letters from Bowles to the above, and to others, and from them to him and to Mrs. Bowles, some bearing on literary subjects, and some merely notes of invitation to Bowood, or short letters of no special interest. Long notice in Wiltshire Gazette, Oct. 11th, 1926. Incumbents of the Salisbury Churches during the period of the Commonwealth. By the Rev. J. M. J. Fletcher, F.R. Hist. S. Canon of Salisbury. 1926. Pamphlet 8vo., pp. 19. Reprinted from Salzsbury Times, September 24th, October Ist, 8th, 15th, 22nd, 29th, 1926. This excellent series of papers contains accounts of John Conant, Incum- bent of St. Thomas’ ; Stanley Gower, Rector of St. Martins’ ; William Eyre, Minister of St. Thomas’ and St. Martin’s; William Troughton, Minister of St. Martin’s ; John Strickland, Rector of St. Edmund’s ; and Faithful Tate Minister of the Close. The chief events of the lives of each with a list of their writings, if any, and any interesting facts connected with their incumbencies are given. John Conant lived in the North Canonry in the Close, from which Canon Osborne had been ejected. The House is thus described in a M.S. survey of the Close in 1649, now in the Diocesan Registry, ‘‘ This Howse hath for its entrance a Great Gate and conteyneth a large Hall, a kitchen with a lowe Gallery, and a high Gallery about 80 foot long and 9 foot broad, two larders, two woodhouses, a pantry waynescoted, three cellers, two waynescoted Parlors, a Buttery, 12 Chambers, whereof 4 are waynescoted, eight other rooms besides Garretts, a Stable conteyneing sixe Bays of building, two Gardens with an orchard conteyneing one Acre all wch are worth per annum xviijli.” Another house in the Close described in the same survey, is that in the N.W. corner, next door to the Choir School, now occupied by Mrs. Webb. ‘“ One large Hall waynescoted about 10 foot high, two Butteryes, a Celler, a handsome Kitchen, a wash howse, a Larder, a wood howse,a Bakehowse, two little Colehowses, over wch are, one wide Roome with an earthen Floare, and a little Roome within the same, & great decayed room anciently a Chappell and a little room within it, one square lodging roome, and a little room within it. At the other end of the Hall are two handsom large Parlors waynescoted about, one other little Parlor with a Closet haveing a Chimney within it. ‘Two Chambers waynescoted some eight foot high. Fowre little lodging Chambers. A large Studdy for books and a little waynescoted Studdy within that, two Gardens, and a large Orchard severed by a high stone wall, one plot of ground adjoyneing to the sayd Orchard both wch contain per estim. one acre. One stable one hey loft and a Coach Howse conteyneing five bayes of building all worth per annum xvi li.” St. Thomas a Becket, Box, a Fete, Rudloe House, July 24th, 1926. Official Guide. Pamphlet 8vo.. pp. 32, contains portrait of Rev. Geo. Forster, Vicar, and three process views of the Church, exterior N.E., interior, and Hazelbury Chapel, also pp. 15—26 Historical Notes by A. Shaw Mellor. It is noted that the original dedica- tion of the Church as late as 1373, is proved by-an inquisition held in that Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 565 year, to have been the Assumption of the B.V.M. and not St. Thomas a Becket. In 1646 there are entries in the registers of twenty people who died of the plague between April 11th and June 13th of that year, and were all buried near their own homes, and not in the churchyard, for fear of infection. There are short notes on the Church. The Terrier of Vicarage property, tithes, etc., in 1672 is printed at length. ‘The account of Phyllis Joy, who in 1765 invented a story of having been bitten by a mad cat at S. Wraxall is entertaining. The overseer at once commandeered a horse and man to take her to Bristol to be “dipped in salt water there,” but this was not what Phyllis wanted, and she excused herself. On this the overseer became suspicious and detained her in custody, on which she confessed that the marks of the bite on her leg were as a matter of fact made by herself with a pin. There is also a note on the case of Walter Bushnell, Vicar in 1656, and the true story (according to the Vicar) of the death of John Thrift in the Church tower in 1646. Altogether an unusually useful “ Programme.” The first Civilisation of England. By W.J. Perry, pp. 9—84, the opening essay in Hngland and the World, Essays arranged and edited by F. S. Marvin, 1925. Large 8vo. Avebury was of the Neolithic Age, Stonehenge of the Bronze Age. Avebury was also the “ centre of life in England in those early days.” As Hippisley Cox has shown in “ The Green Roads of England,” trackways from all over England converge at Avebury. Avebury was the ceremonial centre of all England. In the next age Stonehenge succeeded to its pre- eminence. The Long Barrow and Megalithic people were men of Mediter- anean stock who came from Spain and Portugal, and they came to seek tin and lead, Whitby jet (which they took back with them to Spain) and gold, and they set up stone circles in mining districts in Shropshire and Derby- shire. Itis true that we have no evidence that Neolithic people knew any- thing of metal implements, but thatis no proof that they had none, they could not have built Avebury without them. The rock-cut tombs of Egypt were the inspiration of Megalithic civilisation as a whole, and were the origin of the Passage Dolmens. The Cretans were the great seafaring folk of the time, and they exploited the countries of Western Europe for tin and other products. ‘In the Bronze Age England was under the direct influence of culture emanating from Crete and Egypt.” The segmented paste beads found in the barrows are those of the 18th and 19th Dynasties of Egypt and must have reached Spain and other western countries between 1600 and 1200 B.C. Moreover the amber disc with gold border found in the Manton Barrow was precisely like one found at Knossos in Crete in a tomb dating 1500—1400 B.C. ‘ This evidence coupled with that derived from the beads and also from the chalk downs of the Wolds, is emphatic in suggesting a strong influence from Crete during the period of the Bronze Age about 1500 B.C., which corresponds with the 18th Dynasty in Egypt. The evidence therefore suggests that the two main phases of early civili- sation in England depended primarily for their inspiration upon Egypt of the 12th and 18th Dynasties.” 566 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. This is the argument of the article—but it is a large edifice to build on the beads and the Manton disc. Afterall noone supposes that the presence of Venetian beads in large numbers in Coomassie fifty years ago argued an Italian origin for the “ civilisation ” of West Africa at that time. The Saxon Conquest. In an article by R. G. Collingwood, “ Britain and the Roman Empire,” in England and the World, Essays arranged and edited by F. S. Marvin, 1926, the question of the Saxon con- quest of Wiltshire is discussed. “It is impossible to believe that the Romano-British population simply disappeared. . . . The only hypo- thesis that seems credible, when all the archzological evidence is taken together, is that there was a period during which two populations lived side by side in England, a Celtic population, once Romanized, but now showing hardly any traces of its old civilisation, and a population of English settlers. In some districts these two populations dwelt in distinct regions, the - British on the uplands and the English along the river banks. This was certainly the case in Wessex, and very likely elsewhere.” As to the date of Wansdyke it is suggested that it may have been thrown up by a West Welsh confederacy resisting a West Saxon advance after the siege of Mons Badonicus A.D. 516. Warminster. The Story of St. Boniface College (continued). St. Bonzface College at Home and Abroad. Michaelmas Term, 1926, pp. 3—. : Highworth and its Neighbourhood. A short History and Guide. By H. R. Hopkins. Highworth. Printed by R. W. Saunders, Vorda Press, 1926. Pamphlet, cr. 8vo., pp. 17. Price 6d. Three poor photographs of the now destroyed Tithe Barn. This small pamphlet has a useful note on the birds of the neighbourhood by Mr, O. Arkell, a very slight historical sketch, some notes on the Church, Church plate, etc, village industries, and other matters, rather indis- criminately strung together. The annual schedule of children’s games for the first six months of the year :—January, hoops; February, marbles and buttons ; March, tops; April, skipping ; May, rounders; June, hopscotch ; appears to be immutable. Another interesting note is that of a drinking cup of horn, one of a set presented to the ringers in 1790. Great Bedwyn and its Memorials. By W. Maurice Adams. Printed in Marlborough Times, June 5th, 1925, to February 5th, 1926. Thisis chiefly an account of the Church and more particularly of the many monuments and monumental inscriptions it contains. These latter are in most cases given in full, together with some account of the per- sons whom they commemorate and their genealogical connections with the Seymour family. Ina good many cases this information is condensed from that already given by the author in “ Wulfhall Memories.” There are many references to, and extracts from, the parish registers. Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, 567 East Grafton. Moreitems oflocal history. By W. Maurice Adams. Printedin Marlborough Times, Feb. 12th to April 2nd, 1926. Contains a good deal of information on the history of that parish formed out of Great Bedwyn in 1844, and the building of the Church there in 1842—43, its consecration in 1844, and the successive Vicars who have held the living from that time to this, together with the monumental inscriptions in the Church, and notes on various parishioners, especially members of the Cave-Browneand Selfe families, and the successive tenants of the Manor and Green Farms. Various interesting jottings are given. ‘The spot where the Pax was found in the hedge of ‘‘ Chapel Meadow,” the ‘‘ Old Farm ” build- ings now destroyed, “ Great and Little Alleys,” “Stubbed Park,” “ Pills Pond.” “The Timber Yard,” “The small chapel formed at Wexcombe,” ‘* Pyper’s Barn,” “ Batt’s Farm,” &c., all come in for mention, together with interesting legends such as that of Mr. Thomas Hayward’s money, which consisting entirely of sovereigns, took a waggon and four horses to convey it from one bank to another. ‘‘“At Edington.” Short anonymous article on Church and Monastery in Bristol Diocesan Review, September, 1925. St. Thomas’s Bridge and Harnham Bridge, Salis- bury. A short note on the bridges by Miss M. K. Swayne Edwards, with a good process view of the former. Waltshire Times, October 30th, 1926. Avon India Rubber Company. Its small begin- nings and early vicissitudes. By Major R. F. Fuller, manag- ing director. Wiltshire Gazette, Oct. 14th. 1926. Started in 1886 as a private partnership entitled Browne & Margetson at Limpley Stoke, it was removed to what was formerly a cloth factory at Melksham, and in 1890 be- came a private limited company, employing twenty men. In 1897 Mr. George Fuller placed the business on a sound financial footing and Mr. R. F. Fuller became assistant to the managing director, and in 1898 took over — the management with Mr. Swanborough. The new chimney was built in 1903. The number of hands in 1895 was forty. Salisbury. By Peregrinus. Guardian, Feb. 12th, 1926, one of a series of articles on “ English Cathedral Cities.” Process view of Cathedral Spire from the Palace Gardens. The writer dwells on the evils wrought by Wyatt’s destructions in the interior, and the resulting ‘* bleak correctness ” (a happy description) of its present state. ‘ Few cathedrals to my mind more need the gold and bright colours which were the ornament of a medieval cathedral : I dislike the gaspipe effect of the Purbeck marble columns. and the whole atmosphere of cold and grey remoteness is out of keeping with the feeling of the building.” Discussing the claims of the post-reformation Bishops to fame, ‘‘ Peregrinus ” sets Bishop John Words- worth in the front rank. ‘I should be inclined myself to say that the late John Wordsworth was a greater man, and a better theologian, and a more 568 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. representative Anglican than either the author of the Apology (Jewell) or the author of the Hustory of our own Times (Gilbert Burnet).” The writer finds larger congregations at the Sunday services and “less good music” than in any other cathedral visited. Salisbury, South Wilts, and Blackmore Museum. Annual Report for 1925—1926. The outstanding features of this report are all of them due to the gener- —osity of Mr. William Wyndham, of Orchard Wyndham. His donations towards the new gallery to be called by hisname amount now to £2,600 with £400 additional for cases, and it is hoped that this addition, which will give 50% more space to the museum, will be completed next year. In addition Mr. Wyndham has given £100 to the Lecture Theatre, £100 to the Life Members’ Endowment Fund, and £1060 in addition to a previous donation of £800 to form a permanent Specimen Fund. With this most substantial help the re-casing and arrangement of the fine bird collection has been carried forward another stage. It is noted also that the late Mr. Henry Gregory who had been Hon. Curator of Entomology for many years has left the whole of his own extensive Entomological collections to the Museum. Thus the activities of the Salisbury Museum during the year have been distinctly on the side of natural history. Heytesbury House. Catalogue of the contents of the Mansion. English Furniture, Pictures, Plate, Porcelain, Library, &c. Hampton & Sons, by order of the Exors. of Margaret Lady Heytesbury, deceased. Sale on April 27th, 1926, and four following days. 4to., 6 plates, pp. 124. Downland Man. By H. J. Massingham. With an introduction by Professor G., ‘Eliot Smith. Jonathan Cape. 1926. 8vo., pp. 422, 51 illustrations of which 25 concern Wiltshire, and three maps, of which one shows the Megalithic environment of Avebury. Of the Wiltshire illustrations several are reproductions of Hoare’s plates, but there are in addition good photographs of a Stonehenge trilithon, West Kennet | Long Barrow, Pit Dwellings on Martinsell Hill, Adam’s Grave, Giant's Grave | on Martinsell, White Barrow and Silver Barrow at Tilshead, Terraces at Battlesbury, and of Cley Hill, Bratton Castle Ramparts and Long Barrow, Foreground and Rampart of Battlesbury, Old Sarum, and Junipers on Yarnbury rampart. | The whole of the first part of the book deals chiefly with prehistoric | Wiltshire, with Avebury, Silbury, the Long and the Round Barrows and | the Camps, and its general attitude can be judged from the following ex- tract :—‘‘ Trust your eyes, take no books on your journey, and you cannot fail to be struck by the extraordinary resemblance between the more massive hill top camps . . . with the Avebury vallum (szc.). I am certain that if any of my readers were to spend a fortnight’s holiday 4 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 569 getting his eye in with the greater earthworks (and a grander holiday does not exist) he or she would settle the shortsighted fumbling dubieties of professional archzology over this problem for ever. ‘Trust to archeology alone and you are lost in inextricable confusion ; trust to your own proper sense of values and it will not fail you. The esthetic insight common tous all, however overlaid by meaner things, is no useless drawing-room faculty here, it is of practical service and will enable you to decipher the story of * prehistoric’ England, where the study of books alone will give you noth- ing but mental dyspepsia.” ‘This quotation gives a fair idea of the writer’s standpoint. From the first page to the last he never loses an opportunity of pouring contempt on what he calls ‘‘ orthodox archeology.” Hoare finds favour in his eyes, but he would scrap the whole of the archeological work done in Wiltshire since his days, asa mere blind leading of the blind. The man in the street is above all things to abjure “ the books” and to use his own “common sense’’ as his only guide. He will then at once perceive that the ‘‘ orthodox” division of prehistory into the Neolithic, the Bronze, and the Early Iron Ages have no foundation in fact but is a fond thing vainly invented by “the archeologists,” and that the lamp of truth is in the sole keeping of the “ London University School,” and of Messrs, Eliot Smith, Perry, and Rivers. Of these prophets the two first are quoted on every other page. Everything has to be made to fit in with the great discovery by these writers of the “archaic civilisation” which taking its rise in the valley of the Nile spread in the Neolithic period practically over the whole world, carrying with it the knowledge of metals, the cultivation of corn, and the practice of megalithic building. This was the golden age of the world. Egypt handed on the torch to Crete, and Crete to Spain, and Spain to Britain. The segmented imitation Egyptian paste beads in Devizes Museum are proofs, not of trade with Egypt, but of the settlement in Britain—the peaceful settlement—of colonists from Spain bringing the arts of Egypt with them, building Avebury as the religious and commercial capital of Britain, laying out the trackways to Dorset, to Mendip, to Devon and Cornwall, to the Cotswolds and Oxfordshire, and further north to Derbyshire, each and all of them mining districts, tin and copper in Devon and Cornwall, shale (for bracelets and beads) in Dorset, lead in Mendip and Derbyshire, ochre in the Cotswolds, and iron in Oxfordshire. 1t was for the sake of the metals that the Neolithic people came here, It is true that we have no evidence that they knew anything of metals except gold, no iron, or lead, or, until the dawn of the Bronze Age, copper, but that is easily accounted for—they set such value on these “‘ life givers” that they exported the whole of the produce of their mines and kept none for themselves. That is the explanation of the absence of metal objects in the Long Barrows. ‘lo carry on these immense mining operations a great population had to be maintained, and the food to support them was grown on the Wiltshire Downs and on the other chalk districts of England, largely apparently on the lynchets of the hillsides, which were obviously formed for this purpose, whilst the grain when it was harvested was stored in the great so-called camps which were not designed as places of defence in war, for there was no such thing as war in those happy days (Neolithic arrowheads were really 570 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. only made for ornament and ceremonial use), but as granaries which had a certain element of sacredness about them, and were therefore surrounded by their great ditches and ramparts, as Avebury is by its ditch. To any- one who looks at the great line of camps from Warminster to Wylye, | Bratton, Battlesbury, Scratchbury, and Yarnbury it should be obvious — i that they were placed there as granaries to supply the miners of Mendip! The writer sums up his idea of the earthworks (the great camps) thus :— “The conception of the earthwork, then, was religious, and building in . earth was a substitute for building in stone. I have also noted certain secondary uses for it, which as time went on, no doubt absorbed and supplanted the primary one. The earthworks were stations of communica- tion and connecting links between groups of megaliths and mining and dwelling centres ; they were closely inter-related with the terraces, barrows, and trackways; they were the shelters, resorts, summer residences, sanctuaries, both of agricultural and industrial districts, they were the habit of civilised hill peoples who in India and Spain, on the Zambesi, and the Wiltshire Downs lived their lives and wrote their histories upon high places.” But why these prodigious defences if there were no war and no enemy to defend yourself from? There seems to be no explanation of this. The picture is of a sort of garden of Eden, until the Celts, the villains of the story, appeared somewhere about the middle of the Bronze Age, B.C. 1000, when the bronze dagger had grown into the sword and the spearhead first appears. From this moment war began, the Fall of Man resulted from | it, and the “ archaic civilisation ” degenerated into the savagery of the later _ Bronze and early Iron Ages. And this is what happened all over the world. Yet the whole body of modern scientific Archzologists, Anthropologists, and Ethnologists, are, the writer sadly acknowledges, still wedded to the ‘* Darwinian ” doctrine of social progress, and of the gradual evolution of human society from the lower to the higher stages, which as he holds is the exact contradiction of the truth. The writer seems to have walked over much of the Wiltshire ground and to have a keen sense of the charm of the downs, the scenery, the birds, and | the flowers, but of the details of Wiltshire Archeology he seems to have | but slight knowledge. The stones of the outer circle of Stonehenge were | placed “close together” he says. The vallum at Avebury, he asserts, | stands 80ft. or 100ft. above the floor of the ditch, whereas its real perpen- | dicular height is about 40ft. ‘‘Sarsen,” is it appears the name for all | megaliths. The chambered long barrows he notes rightly are all round Avebury or on the Berkshire Downs, and he adds “ This circumstance has nothing to do with the abundance of Sarsen stones on the Marlborough Downs since there are just as many or almost as many in the Stonehenge area.’ Can anything be more contrary to the facts than this ? | The lead mines of Mendip are pointed to as one of the principal induce- ments which brought ‘‘ the children of the Sun’’ to Wiltshire and led to | the building of Avebury in the Neolithic Age, and much is made of the great population which must then have been at work on Mendip. He has | not one particle of evidence that lead was ever mined at all in Britain in Neolithic times, and still less that iron was either known or mined, yet this | | | | | { Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 571 is cheerfully assumed and lead and copper and gold and iron mines are declared to be the chief object which attracted the Iberian or Migean colonists to our shores. Stone circles and long barrows always, he says, mark mining districts, Avebury is the centre of a “ Flint mining,” Rollright of an Iron mining district. Silbury is a pyramid, a royal tomb, and is Neolithic as Avebury is, he decides, and this seems to strike him as a most happy dis- covery, never guessed at by anyone before. fle is never tired of girding at the division into Neolithic and Bronze periods, they were both the same period, and so far from the Bronze being an advance on the Neolithic ; it was a period of decadence. The Neolithic was the Real Golden Age, when civilisation came ready-made from Egypt, with a knowledge of agriculture and all the metals! His main contention is that this period of Neolithic civilisation did not begin until about 2000 or 1800 B.C., when the Megalithic builders arrived from Spain, having already established themselves there as colonists from Crete or the mainland of the Aigean, that they were the builders of the Chambered Long Barrows, whose plan closely resembles that of the rock-cut tombs of Spain, which he argues were themselves derived from the tombs of the 12th Dynasty in Egypt. ‘l'rade routes he will have nothing to do with because archeologists believe in them, but at the same time he states that flints and bronze implements were collected along the south coast to be exported from convenient harbours. He makes great play with the evidence of the overlapping of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages as destructive of the theories of modern Archeology, as though the fact was ever denied by anyone who knows anything on the subject. As to the great camps there is nothing whatever to show that they are of Neolithic age, and the result of such excavations as have been made of recent years points rather to the Early Iron Age as the period of their construction, whilst lesser earthworks like Knapp Hill and Windmill Hill, which seem to be really of Neolithic date, are of an entirely different plan and construction, Is there anything then in the “ Diffusionist ” theory which, in spite of the extravagance with which it is set forth in this book, seems of possible value for the “ Orthodox Archeologist”? Just this, perhaps, that the Megalithic builders may have reached Britain from Spain, and that they had come to Spain from the Augean, from Crete, and originally from Egypt. 572 ADDITIONS TO MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. Museum. _ Presented by Dr. R. C. C. Cray: Objects from Early Iron Age Pits at Swallowcliffe—antler comb, minute pottery cup (?), bone objects, needle, &c., fragments of bronze armlets (1), blue glass bead. ,. PRoFESsOR FLINDERS PETRiz through Mr. A. D. PassMoRE : Certain worked flints and fragments of deer horn, &c., found during the excavations in Silbury Hill in 1922. Mr. W. E. V. Youne, of Ebbesbourne Wake: Fine oval- shaped “ knife” of white flint, surface and edges partially ground. 4in. X 24in. Found on ploughed ground near the “The Old King Barrows,” Amesbury. Capt. ANTHONY SpiceR: Fabricator of white flint ; arrow- head of grey flint, long and narrow, of the single winged or one barbed type, length 2in.; very small scraper of grey flint, 3in. x din. ; ‘‘ Knife” of grey flint. All found at Spye Park, but the grey and white flints not on the same site. i Mr. A. SHaw MELLoR: Objects found under the floor of Box | School. Child's thimble and small paper knife of bone or { ivory ; japanned iron match box; an eight-sided ivory? | teetotum or top for playing games, with T.P.H.D.A.E. 9 roughly scratched on the facets with one left blank, | diam. 1gin. [On original four-sided tops P signifies “put | down,” H.=“ half,” ‘T.=“ take all.” 99 99 99 39 99 99 Library. Presented by THE AuTHorR, CaNoN FLETCHER : “ Incumbents of the Salis- | bury Churches during the period of the Commonwealth,” | 1926. | » Mr. A. SHaw Mettor: ‘St. Thomas a Becket, Box. Féte, | July 24th, 1926. Official guide. [Contains much local | information. } » LHE MARL OF KERRY: Deed. Ld. Seymour of Trowbridge, | lands there 1653. . » THE AuTHoR, Mrs. Ernet M. Ricnarpson: “ Next Door | Neighbours.” 1926. Additions to Musewm and Library. 573 Presented by THE AutTHor, Dr. R. C. C. Cray, F.S.A.: ‘A Gun-flint 99 49 99 Factory in S. Wilts” (from Antiquartes Journal). “A Flint Factory site at Little Somborne, Hants(from Proc. Prehistoric Society of HE. Anglia). Miss DARTNELL: Amesbury Deanery Magazine. 1926, THe AutHor, Mr. W. J. ARKELL, F.G.S.: “Studies in the Corallian Lamellibranch Fauna of Oxford, Berks, and Wilts. Geolog. Mag., Dec., 1926. THe Auraor, Rev. H.G. O. Kenna: “ Koliths from Bray- don and elsewhere.” 1926. From Proc. Cottswold Nat. Field Club. THe Autuor, Mrs. H. R. Hopkins: “ Highworth and its Neighbourhood.” Pamphlet. 1926. Capt. B. H. Cunnineton : “ The British Museum Quarterly,” 1926; ‘‘ Devizes Almanack,” 1776; ‘The Mystery of Wansdyke,” by E. J. Burrow, 1926; Wiltshire Pamphlets. Mr. J. J. SuapE: “A few memoranda of the Social Book Club meeting at Devizes, from 1824 to 1854.” ‘‘ History of the Dauntsey Charity showing how the Charity Com- missioners and the City Companies rob the poor,’ by W. Saunders ; “ Adventures of Mr. Obadiah and Mrs. Tabitha Truelove”; “ Articles of Association of the Devizes Grammar School Company,” 1859; “ Devizes Almanack,” 1778; “The Dauntsey Charity, Charity Commissioners’ scheme, and West Lavington Dauntsey Charity Com- mittee’s counter scheme.” THe CompiLerR, Rev. E. H. Gopparp: “ A Bibliographical Catalogue of Printed Materials for the History of Wilt- shire—arranged under parishes.” Typed and bound, five volumes, 4ito. ; “ Life of Bishop John Wordsworth,” 1915. Mrs. Buxton: A number of old deeds and papers connected with T'ockenham, Brinkworth, Hilmarton, &c. Tue AutHor, Mr. W. Maurice Apams: “Great Bedwyn and its Memorials” and “ East Grafton.” Articles from the Marlborough Times, 1925 and 1926, mounted and bound. Dr. C. Cunnincton: Almanack for 1776 by Evan Thomas, astronomer in Devizes. Harrison’s (of Devizes) Amusing Picture and Poetry Book. Mr. Epwarp Cowarp: Deed with Great Seal of England appointing Jonathan Waterman to the livings of Bishops Cannings and Codford St. Mary and as private chaplain to the Duke of Kent. 574 INDEX TO VOL. XLIIL [June, 1925, No. 142, to June, 1927, No. 146 | Abercromby on Drinking Cups, 267, 268. Abergele, 562. — _ Abingdon, 456. Abor expedition, 108. Abu Klea battle, 224. Abury, John & Will., 424, Acanthinula, species, 325. Acelina, gravestone, 345. Acland, R. D., writings, 243. Adam’s Grave, Long Barrow, illust., 568 ; scheduled, 176. Adams, W. M., writings and gifts, 566. 573. Adamson, Mrs., 289. Adder, 135. Adderbury (Oxon), Cobb benefac- tion, 411, 412. Church, Cobb monument from, at Corsham, 128. Rectory, deed granting lease, 415. Manor, 412. Addison, W., writings, 498. W. G., writings, 501. Adeney, Dr., 94. Adlam, Thomas, 340. Will, 516. Advisory Committee for Churches formed, 42. Work of, 103, 219. Ady, Jonas, 173. Adye, Edw., 287, 288, 305. Thos. (I. & II.), 292, 303. Will., 287, 288, 409. Alla, lays plan of Saxon Conquest, 368 - 371. Afton Down (Hants), cin. urn., 323. Agriculture, Ancient British, by EK. A. Rawlence, noticed, 501; - Corn stored in pits,129. Celtic system, introduction of, 129; Compared with Saxon, 129. ‘* Chalking” or ** Marling,” 501. Common field system in S. Wilts, 451. Cows and sheep, number of on manor, 450. “Custom” of the Manor, 450; See also Bremhill and Cal- stone. Dairy Farming, new system, 379. Effect of Black Death, 501. Furlongs or Lyn- chets, defined, 193. Neolithic, Bronze, and Early Iron Age, 129. New methods in 18th cent., Open fields method, 192. Open-air milk farm, 501, Ridge and furrow in grass. lands, origin, 193. Saxon and medieval strip lynchets, 129, 450. Three field system, 450, 451. Yard land defined, 450. Ailesbury, I.d., 333, 454. Air Photography, importance of, 42 30e “Air Survey and Archeology,” by O. G. S. Craw- _ford, noticed, 128—130. Air photo of Stonehenge avenue, 364. Aland, Ch., 298, 306. Albemarle, Karl of, 357. Aldbourne, barrows scheduled,178. . Bell Fouudry, 527. Church, acct. of, noticed, 248, ATT. 193. 252; Dedication altered, 248 ; Restoration, 248. Church- warden’s accounts, 248. Great Grey Shrike, 135. Horse bells made, 509. Tron sickles and Knife, 384. Manor and Chase, 113. Plants 231, Snap, A.S. charter? 125. Warren Farm barrows opened, 270 White field Hill, glazed flints, 344; Pottery, 348, See also Upham. Alderslade, Mr., 376. Alderton, art. noticed, 382. Alderswick, Rich., 408. Aldhelm, St., 241, 373. Alesope, Hen. & Steph., 304. Alexander, J, 37; Will, 301, 302. Alford, Will., 424, 425. Alfred of Marlborough, 496. Alien Priories, defined, 126. Alisma, species, 135. All Cannings Cross, Early Iron Age Settlement,510; Animals’ bones, 91; Bird bones, 81; Bone gouges, 75, 76; Dog, 487; Grooved metatarsal bones, 78 ; Polled Ox bones, 91. Bronze Imple- ments, 50, 351. Clay balls, 86, Excavations, plans, d&c., given, 384, Iron pins, 82. Pottery, » | | | | | INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. 71—74, 180, 189, 320. Querns, 88. All Cannings Down, earthworks scheduled, 176. Nicholas es- Saddle tate maps, 384. See also Rybury. Allen, James, 430. Allington, 299, Down, see Ave- bury. Almshouses, see Calne, Wantage. Alresford (Essex), cin. urns., 323. Altar Cloth, Kington Priory, 19. Alton, 232. Alton Magna, human skull, 140, 350. Red Deer Antler, 140, 350. Alton Priors Geology, 367. See also Adam’s Grave; Knap Hill Camp. Alvediston, A.S. Charter, 124. Barrows on Middle Hill, by R. C. C. Clay, figs. 432 —439. Covered way, date of, 437. Dew pond, 324. Disc barrow, Gallows Hill, R. C. C. Clay on, 324. Saxon skull, Sir A. Keith on, 437—439. Amanita fungus, 1483—145, 152— 155. Derivation, 154. Edible species, 154. Poisonous species, 152—155, 466, 476. Amanitopsis species, 144, 466. Amber beads, Amesbury, 272; Win- terslow, 336; with drinking cups, 269. Disc like Cretan work, 565. Amesbury, Abbey Church, contro- versy as to site of, art. noticed, 133, 134; Excavations, site of monastic buildings, 134, 505; House (modern) alterations, 505 ; Belgian Nuns at, 505 ; Legends, 505 ; Princess Mary at, 514; Av- enues in Park planted, 505. Barrows, Old King Barrows, 572; Opened, acct. of, 270—272, 350, 351; Scheduled, 177—179. Bone comb with skeleton, 350. . Bronze implements, 40, 270 —272, 323, 350, 351. Church, Antrobus burial ground, 135; Carter’s scheme of restoration, art. on, noticed, 134 ; Dedication to St. Melor, 134; Monastic ? 134, 505; Porch at S.W., Picture of, 135; Screen restored, 134; visited, 45. VOL. XLIII.—NO, CXLVI. 575 Deanery Magazine, 141, 384, 573. Field Names, 505. Flint implements, 40; Oval flint knife, Die ‘Historic and Pre- historic,’ by J. Soul, noticed, 505. Incense Cup, 40. ** Lord’s Walk,” derivation, 505. Poet Gay at, 250. Quails, 250; Sheep, 459. Vicarage, old, destroyed, 134. Wilts Arch. Soc. Meeting, 133. Amesbury, Earls, and Priors, de- scent of Manors, 505. Amesbury, West, Stonehenge Av- enue, 42. Amport (Hants), 421, 422, 426. Anchusa, species, 135. Ancient Monuments in Wilt- shire, complete list of those scheduled, 1925,175—179. Provisions of the Act, 1913, 175. Andover, 207, 236, 426, 456, 459. Wansdyke does not run to, 123. Andrena, species, 496. Andrew, W. J., on Breamore ins scription, 380. Andrewes, Bp. Lancelot, 222. Andrews & “Dury’s” Map of Wilts, errors, 289. A Neve, John, 347. Anemone, parasite on, 476. Angers, Abbey of St. Nicholas, English possessions, 126. Angle, Jane, 531. Anglo-Saxon Conquest, organised plan, migration of whole nation, 368— 371. Animals, bones, Badger, 90, 486. Dog, Early Iron Age, 51,69. 487, Horse, 69. Pigh ol; Tusk used as amulet, 78. Ox, Bos longifrons, Figsbury, 51, 69 ; Bones split, 486; Skulls under infants’ skeletons, 271. Otter, Slaughterford, 486. Red Deer, 90, 140, 350 ; Antlers in barrows, 278, 282; not hunted in Early Iron Age, 80. Roe Deer, 90. Sheep, Early Iron Age, 51, 69. Anketell, Mr., 287. Anstie, Will. Hen. (I. & IT.), 357. Ansty Barrow, cin. urn, 321, La Tene I. Site, 59. Pits and ditches, 62. See also White- sheet, Hill. 7s (8) 576 INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. Antrobus, Sir Cosmo, 505. Sir Edmund (L., II., III.), 134, 505. Ap Llewellyn, A. 'T., 137. Ap. Rice, John, 19. Apperley, Esther, d. Col. Will. Wynne, 104. Apprentices in 18th cent., 244, Apshull, Great and West, 291, 292. Arbor Low Circle, ditch, 363; Se- pulchral, 365. . Archaic civilisation, ‘* Diffusion ” theory, 571. Destroyed by Bronze Age Celts, 570. Archer, Geo. John, 416, 417. Archery Club, S. W.,-104. Architecture, Saxon Churches in Wilts, 228—231. Arion species, 90, 100, 325, 434. Arkell, J. O. A., gifts, 40; on birds, 566. W. J., writings and gifts, 247, 251, 500, 509, 573 ; Studies in Corallian Lamelli- branch fauna of Wilts, d&c., noticed, 562. Armillaria, species, 465. Armstrong, A. L., 87 ; excavations, 320. Arnold Forster, Hugh O. & Mary, 304 Arnside (Westm), 105. Arras (Yorks), glass bead, 88, 89. Arreton (JI. of W.), 107. Arrhenatherium, species, 476. Arthur, Col. Sir Fred, 114. Arundel, David, 357 ; Eliz., cen- tenarian, 357. Ascomycetes, 474, Ashe, nr. Overton, 458. Ashe, Eliz., 401; Hen., 337 ; Hugh, 402 ; John, 427. Ashford (Middx.), cin. urn, 323, 324. Ashfordby Trenchard, Ellen, d. of J.T. Cs, 104: Ashley, 173. Ashley Rails (Hants), Rom. pot- tery, 132. Ashmolean Museum, Wilts objects, 50, 282, 320. Ashmore Down, see Donhead St. Mary. Ashton Court (Som.), 497. Ashton Keynes, art. on, noticed, 502. Bronze palstave, 350, 385. Church, illust., 502. Cross, illust., 502. Notes, 113. Ashton Park (Som.) Camp, 561. Ashton,West,102. A.S. Charter, 125. Inhabitants concerned in murder of Bishop Ayscough, 347, 348. Assenton, P. L., 428. Aston, Maj.-Gen. Sir G., writings, 245, 503. Astrosporina, species, 148. Atkins, E. M., on Saxon barrow, 437. Leonard, 295. Atkinson, Will., 174. Atworth [Atford] Common en- closed, 409. Aubrey, John, 2, 20, 250 ; Memorial Window at Kington St. Michael, 443; Model for John Inglesant, 375 ; Portrait, 376; Ter-centen- ary, arts. noticed, 375, 376. Auctioneers’ Institute, 1914, 109. Augustine, St, meeting with Britons, 380. Ault, Herbert, obit. notice, 110. Auncell, John, deed, 347, 348. Auricularia, species, 472. Australians War Badge on Down, Codford, 242. Auxford, Buckley, 420. Avebury, 247, 507. Art. on, noticed, 498. Allington Down Stone Circle scheduled, 1'79. Barrows scheduled, 178. Built by Egyptians, 138. Cap- ital of England and centre of trackways, 565, 569. Church, Saxon clerestory windows, ? Chamber over nave, 228, 231; Note on, 139; Rood loft, sockets for lights, 337. Circles sepul- chral (4), 364, 365 ; Scheduled, 179; Ditch, 363; Ditch exca- vated, objects found, 272, 441 ; Flint saw and arrowhead found under vallum, 385; Plans, 138. Drinking cups found in barrows, &c., described, 272, 273. Earthwork scheduled, |76. Flint mining, 571. Gen- ealogical notes, 113. Avenue, 363; New stone exca- vated by A. D. Passmore, 341— 343 (fig.). Longstone Cove, fall of stone, 272. Long Barrow scheduled, 177. Manor House, note on, 139. Megalithic environment, map, 568. Neolithic date of, 565. | Kennet | Longstone | INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. 577 Overton Hill Barrow, 273. Pennings Circle scheduled, 179. Red Lion Inn, scene of ‘* Patricia Ellen,” 142, 245. Sarsens, 507. Vallum, height of, 570. Windmill Hill Barrows and Ditch scheduled, 176, 178; Bought by A. Keiller, 42, 215; Ditch ex- cavated by H. G..O. Kendall and A. Keiller, 140, 214, 215, 363, 442; Drinking cup fragments found, 273; Flint implements, 40, 158, 161, Avebury Deanery, Cannings por- tion, Church inventory, 114. Avery, Thos. & Will., 421. Avon River, 1. Somerford, 125. Woodford, 245, 503. Avon and Bourne Militia, 1809, 337. Awdry, Ambrose buys Woolmore, 375, Charles restores Wool- more, 375. K. M., hospitality, &c., 443, 446. John & Joan, 347/65), Miss M. R., gifts, 510. Col. R. W. on Woolmore House, 499. Axford, Will., 422 Aylewyn, Rich., 347. Ayliffe, Jos., 308. Ayscough, Bp. Will., Deed by exors. of, 347, 348. West Ashton men concerned in his death, 347, 348, Badbury, A.S. Charter, Dorterne Brok, 124. Kingsdown (Dors.) barrow, cin. urn, 318. Baddeley, W. St. C., acts as guide, 216—220 ; on Cirencester, 217. Badminton Hounds, 379. Bagber (Dors.), cin. urn, 323. Bagshot Sands, N. Wilts, 367. Bailey, Ch., 409, 410. Rob., 421. Thos.,503. Will., 403, 429, 430. Bailward, Mrs., 407. Anne Maria, 408. Baily, Caleb, James, & Mary, 404. Thos., 414. Will, 408 Baker, Ch., deed, 424. Eliz., 424, John, 481 ; gives relics to Kington, 18. Mary Ann, 424, Miss, gift, 385, 441, 510. Dr. Stanley, 240. Thos., 402. T. H., copies mon. in- scriptions, 441,510; Gift in his memory, 385. Sam. & Balbirnie (Fife), 357. Balden family, 536. Anth., 340, 341. See also Baldwine. Baldwin, Mr., 506. Baldwin Brown, A.S. architecture, noticed, 228—231. Baldwine, Anth., 340. Balfour, Gen., 357. Ball, Edm., 308. Balls of baked clay, 86. Bamfield, Rich., 427. Bampton (Oxon.), folk songs, 250. Banbury (Oxon.), 414. Banfield of Hardington, ped., 27, Bangalore, 246. Bankop (S. Africa), 248, Banks, James, 415. Bannerdown, 369. Banning, Col. S. T., ‘gifts, 41. Banny, Joan, 409. Bapton (Fisherton de la Mere), British coin, 140. Barbury, 231. Battle of, 370. Bardney Abbey, 510. Barford St. Martin, geology, 156. Barnes, Geo., 426. Kog., 408. Thos., 407. Barnestey, Ch. & Nich., 411. Barnett, Clem., 481, 482. Barns, see Bradenstoke, Bradford, Tisbury, Wulfhall. Barrett, Cath. 412. Ch. & Will., 302, 303. Will.,on Wansdyke, 562. W. H., 521, 524, 536; gifts, 41; MS. collections for Corsham, 539. Barrows chambered in N. Wilts, 570, Seealso Badbury (Dors.) ; Handley (Dors.) ; Tregeseal (Corn.); Woodyates (Dors.) ; Worgret (Vors.). Cin. urns as secondary burials, 313, 314; covered with stone slabs, 314, Disc barrow, 281; Cut by boundary ditch, 129. Flat oolite slabs as pavement, 398. Flint discs in, 159 ; Scrapers in, 397. Human bones broken and mixed up, 398. “ Long Barrows of the Cotswolds,” by O. G. 8S. Crawford, noticed, 227 ; List of, scheduled, 176, 177; See Hullavington ; Kennett, West; Leigh Delamere ; Surrendel. Opened by A. D. Passmore, 442. Round, list of, scheduled, 178, 179. Saxon, broken spear 2 2 Py Maa 578 INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. shaft, 436, 437. See also Alvediston ; Badbury ; Bulford ; Ebbesbourne; Hartham; Laving- ton, Market; Shepherd’s Shore ; Wanborough ; Woodminton, Bartley, Neh., 454. Barton (Hants), bronze beads, 321. Cin. urn, 323. Barton beds, source of sarsens, 368. Barton, Stephen, 420. | Basingstoke, 459. Baskerville family, 497. Mr., 134. Mary, 408. Basset Down House, rebuilt, 354. Saxon interments, 871. Batchelor, E., 17. John, 425. Bath, Brock St., 172. Captured by Saxons, 369, 371. Society, A454, Bath, Bp. of, 10. Bath, Marquess of, 454; Biopil no- tice, 30. Marquisate, legend as to, 239. Bathe, John, 294. Batheaston (Som. ), 227, 306. Bathampton (Som.), camp, 561. Bathampton (Wylye), manor held by Mompesson and Perkins, 285, 291, 292. ay Capt. Ch., 30. Earl, Batson, arms, 379. Batt, J. T., 337. Batten, Isaac & Susanna, 408. Jer., 409. Will., 304. Battersea, 459. Battlesbury Camp, 570. Tlust., 568. Lynchets, illust., 568. Prehistoric reservoir, 249. Pits, iron hoops of chariot wheels, 400. Scheduled, 176. Baught, Rowland, 411. Baycliffe, 337. Bayley, Edw., 536. Bayliffe family, Seagry, 288. Mr., 287. Ch. (I. & II.), 288, 303, 309. Geo. 8., 309, 310. aon. 288, 300, 301. Mary, 03. Baylie, Jos., 340. Bayly, Edw., 586. Giles, 340. Will, 401. See also Baily. Baynham, Canon, 245. Baynton (Bayntun), Sir And., 415. Sir Edw., property, 200. Beach, Rob., of Woolley, deed, 401, Thos., 405. Beachey Head, cin. urn. 326. Beads, chalk, 486. Rom. Brit,, round and notched, figd., 392. Segmental paste, of Egyptian origin, 569. Beanacre, see Melksham. Beard, Will., 299—301. Beauchamp, Edw., Baron, 505. Rog. of Bletso, 496. Beaufort Hunt, 105. Beaulieu (Hants), 225. Abbey, property, 164, 165. Celt of polished Jadeite, 336. Beaven, Jas, 458. Beckett, Will., 300. Beckhampton,bronze age “beaker,” 251; With interment beside sarsen stone, 399. Cin. urn., 323. Rom. Rd., scheduled, 179. Scene of novel, 245. Beckington (Som.), 402. Church House leased, 428, 430. Cross, 428. Methuen deeds, 427—431. Field and place names, 430. Beddoe, Dr. J., on Ethnology of Wilts, 371, Bedwyn Brails Fungi, 145, 146, 148, 151, 468, 469, 471, 475; Plants, 135; Wryneck, 135. Common, Fungi, 472. Bedwyn, Great, and its memorials by W. M. Adams, arts. noticed, 466. A.S. Charter, 125. Art. on, noticed, 244. Church, monuments, 566; Tomb of Sir John Seymour, 244. | Cin. urn, aoe Fairway, Fungi, 147; 148. Fungi, 143—155, 465, 466, 469, 476. Hawwood, Fungi, 148—154. Ivy House, 470, 472. M.Ps. 244. - Sadler’s Hill, Fungi, 143, 151, . - A474, School, illusts., 244. Stokke Common, Fungi, 148, 145, 147, 149, 151. West Leas, Fungi, 1483—150, 475. War Memorial Cross, illust., 244. Bedwyn, Little, 494,495. | Manor Farm, 494. See also Chisbury, Knowle. Beechingham, James, 458. Beek, H., 88. Will., 310. Bell, W. Heward, buys Tropenell Cartulary, 339; Gift, 384 ; Presi- dent, 213, 440, 443, Bellamy, Mr.,workat Corsham, 518, INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. 579 Bellott, Rich. & Alice, 523. Bells, Church, Corsham, 527. Devizes, St. John’s, 234. Founders, see Bilbee, ‘l'hos. ; Burrows, James; Wells, James. Horse Bells from Aldbourne, 509. Bemerton, 104. A.S. Charter, 125. Benjamin, Mary, 299, 308. Benchey, Rich., 407. Bennett family of Corsham, 536. Bennett & Co., 35. Thos., 536. Will. E., Printer, 30. Bentley, Great, cin. urn, 323. Berkeley, 110, 408. (Som.), 502. Berks Regt., 355. Berry Head (Dev.) Cave, cin. urn, Pei 301, 323. - Bertie, Peregrine & Eliz.at Mordon, 7X Berwick Bassett, 108, Berwick St. James, Bustard, 333. See also Yarnbury. Berwick St. John, Drinking Cup, AT. Easton Bassett, A.S. Charter, 124. See also Wink- elbury. Bethel, Will., 430. Bevir, H., 358. Bewcastle, Saxon Cross, date, 374. Bezor, Rich., 402. Bibliographical Catalogue of printed materials for the Hist.& Topography of Wilts by E. H. Goddard, 492, 493, 573. Bibury (Glos.) Church visited, 218. Swan Hotel, 218. Bicester (Oxon.), 169. Biddestone, 538. Arts. on, no- ticed, 141, 246. “ Barracks,” Cromwell at, 246. Charity of Lady James, 530. Church illust., 246. Manor House, illusts., 246. Memories of 50 years ago, noticed, 383. Bidwell, John, 105. Biffen, Sir R. H., on grain, 88, 90. Biggs, Geo., 407. Sam., 421. Bignell, P. O. and Rich., 414. Bilbee, Thos., bellfounder, 527, Bilbury Camp (Wylye), perforated stone mace head, jig., 348, 349. Billhay Farm (Semley), derivation, 124, Binknoll Camp, scheduled, 176. Birmingham Gazette, 559. Bioscope, the, origin of, 109. Bird, Rich., deed, 423. Birdlip, George Hotel, view, 219. Birds at Littleton Mill, 243. Bones in Slaughterford rift, 487. See Blackcock; Bittern; Bustard ; Cirl Bunting : Golden- . eye ; Gt. Grey Shrike; Oriole ; Pochard ; Kedshank; Shag ; Snipe; Wryneck. Birkenhead Priory, 28. Bishop, Eliz., 38. Thos., 406. Bishops Cannings, 428, 573. Barrow, drinking cup, 273. Scheduled, 177, 1'78. Church, “Carel,” note on,139. Geology, 367. Hemp Knoll, bronze spearhead, 351. See also Eas- ton ; Horton. Bishopsgate, St. Botolph’s, 116. Bishops Hull, 306. Bishopstone (N. Wilts), 110. Cin, urn, 323. Bishopstrow, 494. Lands of Lewes Priory, 9. Yew Tree, Cromwell tradition, 239. Biss River=Bissi, 125. Biss. Thos., 430. Bittern, 231. meee’ bones, Slaughterford, 487. Black Death, changes in agri- culture, 501. Blackland Militiamen, 1809, 337. Blackdown Hill (Dors.), 323. Blackmore Museum, see Salisbury. Blackmore, Dr. H. P., 247, 248. Blackmore (Melksham), 374. Blackpatch (Sussex), flints, 161. Blagrave, John & Ann, 412. Blake, John, 306. Thos , 408. Blakemere (Heref ), 106. Bienes (Yorks), barrow, cin. urn, Blanchard, Thos., 340. Blankney (Lincs.), 225. Bledisloe, Lord, 115. Blucke, Mat., 299. Blunsdon, Broad, bronze palstave, 350. Blunsdon St. Andrew, Castle Hill earthworks, scheduled, 176. Charity, 172. Notes on, 113. Blyth, Mrs. F. T., writings, 248. Blythe, Geo., 292. Bocking (Essex), cin. urn, 323. 580 INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. Bodenham, arms, 20, 28, 24, Cicelie, 20. Bodenham House, 357. Bohun family own Monkton Far- leigh, 9. Humphrey. gifts to Lewes, 9. Bokerly Dyke, barrow, 268. Notes,:\562. Bokye, Sampson de la, 513. Bolbitius, species, 465, 468. ‘Bold, Anthony & Arthur, 293. Boletus, species, 145, 465, 468, 469, 474 ; Edible, 154. Bolingbroke peerage claim, 1922, 383. Bollen, Will., 535. Bolton, alzas Tomson family, 535. Bolwell, Allin, 401. John, 340. Mich., 340, 341. Bone awls, 80. Boar’s tusk ornaments, 78. Dress fastener, 81. “Gouges” or lance heads ? 75, 76, 78,79. Implements for ornamenting pottery, 70. Needles? used for sewing, 77, 78. Picks for excavating, 80. Pins, 79, 80, 271, 278. Polishing bones, 81. Rib knives, 79, 80. Teetotum Top, letters on, 572. Thimble and knife, 572. Weaving combs, proof of their use, 76, 77, s00) See also Bulford; Iron Age, Early ; Roman; Swallow- cliffe Down. Bonham family, 285; work at Hazlebury, 378. Eliz., Kath., ' & Thos., 292. Sir John, 377, 516. Boodle [? Booth] Edw., death, 418, 419. Boring hard stones, experiments as to, 349. Boroughs, “ Royal,” inquiry as to, 507, 508. Boscombe, Sheep, 459. Boston, Fred Irby, Ld. Boston, & Christian, 414. Botley Great Copse, Fungi, 470. Bourne, Canon Geo. H., obit. and _ writings, 353, 354. Bourton, 243. Bouverie, Canon the Hon. B. P., gift, 140 ; note, 334, Rt. Hon. Edw. P., 30, 357. Eliz. Anne, 357. [Desbovery], Sir Edmund, property, 194, 195, Sir Jacob, Viscount Folkestone, 195. Sir Will., 195. Bovista, species, 474. Bowdrill used for boring stone, 349. Bowden Hill, 417, 498. Conduit House of Lacock Abbey, 17. Park owned by B. H. Stiles, 168. Bowerchalke, A.S. Charter, 124. Cin. urn, 328, 324. Early Iron Age Village, pottery, d&c, 32). Middle Chase Farm, Late Celtic bronze cheek piece, figd., 352. Weekly Parish Paper, Hist. of, 81. Woodhouse Hanging, 318. See also Woodminton Bar- LOWS. Bowles Barrow, A.S. Charter, 125. Blue Stone found in, 214 ; Its bearing on date of Stone- henge, 364. Scheduled, 177. Bowles, Caroline, 563, 564. Canon Will. Lisle, ‘* A Wiltshire Parson and his Friends,” by G. Greever, noticed, 562—564 ; In- fluence on literature, 563 ; Life of, 568. Will. Thos., 563. Bowly, Mrs. Chr., hospitality, 216. Bowood, 564. House visited, 448. Estate Maps at, 192, 200. Pinetum, 448. Bowyer, Ann, Tho., & Stephen, deed, 407. Box, Brook, 244. Church, death of John Thrift, 565 ; illusts., 564 ; original dedication, 564, 565. Cleeves, Cottels, Fogam, Hard- ings, Hill House, Kingsdown, Middlehill, Rudlowe, Week, 340. Haselbury and Ditch- eridge Rate and Valuation, 1628, 339—341. Roman coins, pottery, stone columns, &c., . 885. Plague at, 1646, 565. Notes on, by A. Shaw Mellor, noticed, 564. Rudloe House féte, 564, 572, Top for games, Dae Vicarage Terrier, 565. Boyd Dawkins, Sir W., 137; On Stonehenge, 139. Boyle, Lady Dorothy Blanche, 102. Hen., Ld. Carleton, 505. Boys, Thos., 348. Boyton barrow, drinking cups, 273, See also Corton. Bracher, Eleanor & John K., deed. 414, 415. R., hospitality, 44. Bradenstoke, polecat, 334. INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. 581 Bradenstoke Priory, excava- tions at, by H. Brakspear, 1—9, figs. Barn, 447 ; Date, 2; Described, 9. Bucks view, me, Burials of Longespee family, 1. Church, date of, 1, 2; Described, 4,5; Nave ex- cavated, 4; Tiles, 4; W. door, 5. Cloister site,5. Founded, 1. Granted to Will. Pexhill, 2. Gatehouse site, 3. Heraldry, &c., described, 8. King’s lodgings, 2. Mill, 2. Pond, 5. Precinct, extent of, 3, 447. Priors’ lodging built, 2; Described, 6—8 ; Fire- place moved to Corsham and restored, 3, 8 (jigs.), 447. Property at Seagry, 288, 293. Recent owners, 447. Royal visitors, 8. Spring in cellar, 2. Stone coffins, 5, 6. Suppression, 2. Visited, 447. Warming House, 6. Bradford (Dors.), A. S. Charter, 125. Bradford-on-Avon, 109, 308, 428. * Adventures of a Homely Woman,” 377. Barn, 441; Accounts, 213, 255 ; Illust., 501 ; Note on, 139; Plan, 138. Barton Farm, 403,405. Baths, public, 109. Bearfield House, 226. Charity, almshouse, 409 ; Will., Yerbury’s, 404. Church, monument of Charles Stewart, 373; Notes on, 139; Organ, 109. Church Institute, 109. Daily Observer, 241, 493. Drill Hall, 109. Field names, &c., Avonfield, 402, 404 ; Baber’s, 404 ; Beckerley, 404; Belcombe Brook, 402—404; Bench, 404; Berfield, 403, 405, 407, 408; Bitchcroft, 403; Catshill, 406 ; Conygere, 406; Coombs, 401, 404 ; Coome Quarr., 401 ; Dainton’s, 407, 409 ; Elms Cross, 402, 403, 404, 495 ; French Grass Tyning, 402; Ham, 402; Grigories, 404; Grove, 409; Hare Knap, 402, 404; Hellies, 403 ; Kingsfield, 402; Marlin Pitt, 403; Melancholy Walk, 402 ; Oakey Lane, 402; Palmer’s Grove, 402; Pomeray Wood, 125; Poulton, 402, 404, 409; Reeve Acre, 404; Rowmere Lane, 404; St. Margaret’s Moor, 403 ; Trowl Common, 4038; Wall Mead, 404 ; Warleigh, 125 ; Westwell, 414; Whatley’s Mead, 406; Withern, 403. Frankley, 405—408 ; Common enclosed, 409. “ Gudgeons,” 504. Kingston House, origin of name, 383. Lady Well, 402. Leigh, 406, 408; Common en- closed, 409. Manor, Methuen Deeds, 401—410; Held by Ld. Powlett, 401. Moulton, Spencer, & Co., Rubber Works, 109. Newtown, 408, 409. Round house on bridge, Methodist imprisoned, 380. Saxon Church, date of discussed, 229, 230,373 ; Figures of angels, date discussed, 230, 373; Notes on, 139. School, 402 ; endowed, 404, “Short account of Bradford, by G. Home and E. Foord, 1925,” noticed, 373, 374. Standard weights, 140. Swan Hotel, 410. Torey, 410. Waterhouse, 406, 407. Wesley at, 380. Westbury House bought, 109. Wink- field Road, a ridgeway, 125. Woollen industry, 449. Woolley, 401, 406, 408. Workhouse, 405. See also Winsley. Bradford, B. W., 163. John, 402. Bradley, North, 407. A.S. char- ter, 125. Deeds, 384. ‘* Donkeys,” 504. Settlement dispute, 502. Bradley, Jos., 298, 308. Bradshawe, Thos., 411. Brakspear, H., 289. Corsham, 443,511—539; “The Church of St. Bartholomew at,” noticed, 126—128. Guide on excur- sions, 444, 445, 447. Gift, 141. Priories of Bradenstoke, Monkton Farleigh, & King- ton excavated, 1—25. On Amesbury Church, 134. Work at Hazelbury, 377, 445 ; at Malmesbury, 499. Writings, 214, 510. Brakspear, Mrs. H.. 536. Bramley (Surrey), 559. 582 INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. Bramshott, 559, Brancepeth (Durh.), 174. Branfoot, W. H., obit., 358. Branksome ( Dors.), 221. Brantham (Suff.), cin. urn, 328, Brasses, Will. Clevelode, 502. Rob. & Eliz., Washington, 499. Bratley (Hants), cin. urn, 323. Bratton, 239, 357. Camp, 570 ; illust., 568 ; scheduled, 176. Cottages, illust., 504, Long Barrow scheduled,177. White House, illust, 239. Braydon, Lodge, 481. Koliths, by H. G. O. Kendall, noticed, 573. Tithes, 479. ; Braywick Grove (Berks), 109. Bread, short weight confiscated, 507. Breade [Brede] John & Kath, deed, 347. Breamore (Hants), 372. | Church, date of Saxon inscription, 380. Polished stone celt, 336, - Brean (Som.), 563. Breket, Thos. & Edith, deed, 347. Breknok, Lewis, 11. Bremhill, 226. Church illust., 502 ; Saxon work, 231. Cus- toms of Manors of Bremhill and Calstone, By the Earl of Kerry, 192—206. Ben- croft Hill, 201. W. L. Bowles at, 568. Derivation, 200. Manor, descent of, 200. House, old, site of, 201. No arable open fields, 201. Population at Domesday, 200. Bremhilham Church, illust., 382. Stratton family, 286. Brentnall, H.C.,399. §Excavates Wansdyke, 41. Local sece., 43. On Marlborough Castle, 135. Writings, 232, 496. Brewer, Edw., 430. Geo, 402, 404, 405,428. Joanna, 431. John, 405. Thos,304. Will, 403, 415. Brickell, F. W., 88. Brickwell House built, 131. Brickworth Rectory, 173. Bridport, Bp. Giles de, work at Salisbury, 372. Bridgmoare, Thos., 401. Bright, Thos., deeds, 404, Brighton College, 221. Brighton, Pigmy flints, 160. Brigmanston, 712. ues Barrow, drinking cup, Brimslade, 355. Brinkworth, advowson, 173. Account of, noticed, 502. = Art. on noticed,381. Church, glass bottle found in wall, 381, Deeds, 573. Pulpit, illust., asl. Penns Lodge Farm, illust., 381. Prim. Methodist | Chapel illust.,881. Property, 291. 292. Sondhey (Sundays Hill), in A.S. Charter, 124. Brinton, Adam de, Robert & Eva de, benefactors to Kington Priory, 18. Weyfer de, 18. Bristol, 245, 306, 307. “ Church of the Gauntes,” 20. Colston Hall, 109. Diocese, advisory com. for Churches, 42; Founded, 2; Pastoral staff, 104; Refuge, 110; Review, 141. Emigration from, 528. Museum Wilts ob- jects, 324. Spelzeolog. Soc., ex- cavates Slaughterford, 442 University Library, Manorial deeds at, 353, 4.42. Bristol, first Dean of, Will. Snow, 2. Bristowe, Will., Thos. & Anth, 287, 294. Britford, 107. Church, Saxon work described, 228, 229; visited, 46. British Association, gift, 441. British Bishoprics preceded Saxon}, 372. British Museum, objects in, 278, 279, 281, 311, 321, 326, 348, 349, 351. “ Quarterly,” 573. Britton, John, memorial tablet illust., 250 ; window in Kington . Church, 443. Brixham (Dev.), 321. Brixton Deverill, long barrow scheduled, 177. See Cold Kitchen Hill; Pertwood. Broade, Thos., 340. Broad Chalke, 104. A. S. char- ter, 124, Church Bottom lane, 94. Iron spearheads, 94. Knighton Hill, 94. Manor Farm, 94. Saxon cemetery, 41, 140, 214, 325, 371 ; Excavated, by R. C. C. Clay, 94—101, plan and figs.; Mollusca from, 100. INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. 583 Broad Hinton House, built from ruins of Bradenstoke, 2. Manor Farm, 107; Donkey wheel to well, 249. Sheep, 456. See Binknoll Camp. Broadstairs, Stone House School, 599, Broad Stock= Bradenstoke, 2 Broad Town Charity, 495, White Horse, illust., 242. Brock, Susan, 174. Brockad, Pecksall, 412. Brockway, Rob., carver, 382. Brodie, W., printer, 28. Brokenborough, A.S. charter, 124. Bromham, 407. Chantry owned Bremhill, 200. Church, photos, 384. House: 516; built from ruins of Bradenstoke, 2 Bronze Implements not pre- viously mentioned, by E. H, Goddard, 350-352. New types introduced, 700 B.C., 129. Arrowhead (En- ford), 140, 214. Awls, 66, 74, 279, 322, 323, 350, 351. Beads, B21, Callie, 40, 50, 351; Flanged, 351 ; - Straight sided of Breton type used as currency 4, 336. Daggers, 271, 272, 337, 390,351,352; Found with beakers, 269 ; of Halstatt Age, 351, 352 ; Tanged, 302. Ferrule for spear, 351. Fused bronze, 75. Hooks, 64, 74. Knife daggers, 271, 275, 336; with flanged tang (Cold Kitchen), 328 (figd.), 351. Palstaves, 350, 301,385. _—_ Pins, 65, 336 ; Swan- necked, 184 (fig.). Razors, 50, 320; Maple leaf type with notch, age of, 319, 320, 351; of Halstatt Age, 351. Spear Head, 351. Slag, 61, 66. Swords, 50, 351; Leaf- shaped due to new invasion, 319, 320 ; First war weapon, 570. Wire, 64, 67, 74, 75. Bronze Age beaker burials at Netheravon, Mrs. M. HE. Cunnington on, 490, 491 (fig.). Civilization derived from Crete, 565. Flat cemetery, Rushmore, 319. Interments see Barrows. Pottery, 40, 51; Cinerary urns, 140, 399 (jig.), 434, 441; With fragments of VOL, XLIII.—NO. CXLVI. another urn inside, 399; Drink- ing cups, 40, 140. 251, 395 (jig.), 399, 509 ; Foundin Wilts, list of, by Mrs.M.E.Cunnington, 267—284; Incense cups, 40; Inside cin. urns, 399. Seg- mented paste beads of Egyptian origin, 565, Sun disk, date of, 318. Brooke, J. W., colln. at Devizes, 336; Flint dagger, 395. ~ Will. 411. Brookes, John, 206. Brooks, Antony, 194. Broughton (Hants), 458. Cin. urn, 323. Broughton Gifford, 225, 419, 420. Broctun, 125. Brown, Mr., of Uffcott, sheep, 459. Lancelot, work at Corsham, 517, 518. Miriam, 417. Peter, 348. Thos., 195. Will., writings, 20. W. Ruddle, sheep, 456. Browncker family, Melksham, 375. Hen. & Will., 375. Browne, John, 347. Rich., 299. Thos., 198. Mr. Wade excavates Monkton Farleigh, 13. Browne & Margetson Rubber Co., 567. Brownston House, 374. Bruce, A. T., 352. Lord B., Col. of Yeomanry, 887, 506; Militia letters, 338. Lord Charles, 505. Thomas, Ld. B., Earl of Ailesbury, 132. Ld. Thos, 505, Bruges, Thos., 536. Brugge, John, 10. Bruning family hold Somerford Bolles, 285. Rich., 285. Bryant, G. & Mrs., 417. nee Sir E., edits opographer, Eheeby Geo., 305. Buckland, 459, Buckler, John, drawings, 244. Budbury (Winsley) Farm, 401. Budd, Mr., 459. G., Sheep, 460. Bugley (Warminster), Bickers Well, Legend of Fiend, 239. Blue Ball, Spectral funeral, 239. Legend of Cley Hill,238. The Half, oak tree, and elves, 239. Prince Croft Lane, 239. Bulbridge (Wilton), sheep, 459. Bulford. Barrow, skull, 140, 350 DR 584 INDEX (LOE VON. anid Is Down, Pit, Drinking cup, pot- tery, and bone implement, 140, 278, 350. Bulgaria, species, 475. Bull, Ann, 408. John, 302. Burbage, 348. A.S. charter, 125. Burbidge, Mr., 424. Anth., deed, 423. Burcombe Church, Saxon work, date of, 231. Burford Church, visited, 218. Burghclere (Hants), 172. Burley, John, deed, 347. Burlton, Marianne, 563. Burnett, Bp. Gilbert, 223, 568. Burney, Dr. (Gosport), 106. Burridge Heath, Fungi, 143, 149, 151, 467, 468, 471. Southern branch of Wansdyke, 560. Burroughs, Mr., 325. Burrow, EK. J., “The Mystery of Wansdyke,” by, noticed, 560— 562, coane Mr., 101. James (Devizes), bell founder, 527. Burt, Thos., 494. Bury St. Edmunds, Churches, 363. Bury Woods Camp (Colerne), scheduled, 176. Bush Barrow, visited, 45. Bush, Elijah, 502. John, 409, 416, 417. Thos., 419. Bushnell, Osmund, 538. Walter, Vicar of Box, 565. Bushton (Clyffe Pypard), see Stephens, Thos. (Som.) bene- faction, 412. Bustard, Great, eaten at Salisbury, 333. In Salisbury Museum, re-stuffed, acct. of, 333, 373. Butcher, Rob., 340. Will., 340, 421. Butler, Mr, 479. Anth., 340. Hen., 340, Butterfield, work at Amesbury, 135. Buxton, Mrs., gifts, 251, 509, 573. L. Dudley, on skull from Slaughterford, 487—489 (fig.). Buy, Will., 367. By Brook, 244. Byard, Geo., 419. Byron & Bowles, 563. Cade, Jack, rebellion, 348. Cadby, W ill, 503. Cadley, 355. Wansdyke, 282. Cadnam House, built from ruins of Bradenstoke, 2. Caen, St. Stephen’s Abbey hold Corsham Rectory, 126, 512, 522. Caillard, Eliza F., Lady, obit., 356. Sir Vincent, 356, 503. Calne, 291, 448. ‘Almhouses, foundation and restoration, 382. Deeds, printed, 40. Drinking cup, 274. Enclosure Act, 195. Geology, 367, 562.. Highlands, Wayte family, 171. Hundred, held by Duckett & Earl of Shelburne, 194, Kingsbury St., 382. Property, 292. Secondary School, 223. -Colocera, species, 473. Calstone and Bremhill, Cus- toms of the manors. By the Earl of Kerry, 192— 206, maps. Deeds,. given, 40. Devizes Way, 194. Kast Farm, 194. Enclosure Act, 195. Furlongs in open fields, 193. Lynchets, not pre- historic, 130. Manors, three, 193; Descent of, 193, 194; Farm, customary work for, 197 ; House burnt in Civil War, 194, Maps, showing strip lynchets, 129, 194 (figs.). Mill, 194. Parsonage land and Rectory, 194. Properties, cz. 1725, 195. South Farm and Spray’s Farm, 194. Caltha palustris, var. guerangil, 231. Cambridge Chronicle, 559. St. Nich. Coll. holds Corsham — Rectory, 523. Came (Dors.), cin. urn, 323. Camps, see earthworks. Candelabra, from Wilts Church at N. Cerney, 220. Candle Snuff Fungus, 476. Canewdon (Essex), Scottys Manor, 169. Canford, 110, 358. ; Canhold (Melksham), 374. Cannimore, 239. Canning, Mr., Sheep, 459. Canterbury, 459. Cantharellus, species, 144. Carleton, Lord, 505. Carnac and Stonehenge, art. and illusts., by F. Stevens, noticed, INDEX, TO VOL. XLIIE 585 365, 366. mens, 207. circles, 366, Carpenter, Archdeacon H. W., 46. James, 480. Carrington, F., MS. note books, 41. Carter, Hen. & John,348. Owen B., work at Amesbury, 135. Rich., 429. Thos., 407, 408, 429—431, | Carwithin, Ch., 302, 305. Carychium, species, 325. Casterley Camp, 57. Excava- tions, 3884, Plans, 384, 510, Castle Combe, art. on noticed, 382, By G. Lansdown, noticed, 242, 251. By Brook, 244. Church,cross,and village, illusts., 242. Castle Ditches Camp, scheduled, 176. Castle Rings Camp, scheduled, 176. Castles, motte and bailey, see Clack Mount. Catchlove, G. W., 137. Catlinite, 349. Caudwell, sheep, 456. Cave Brown family, 567. Ceawlin, ““Second Bretwalda, the Conquests of,” by P. T. Godsal, noticed, 368—371. Conquests, 252. - +Makes Wansdyke, 561, 562. Cecilianella, species, 100. Celts, first warlike people, 570. Cephalozia, species, 475. Cerdic an Angle, 369. | Conquers Jutes, 368, 369. Landing Place by Rev. G. Hill, 108. — Cerney, North (Glos.), Church visited, 220. Chaddleworth (Berks), 458. Sheep, 460. Chained Books, Corsham, 527. Chaldon Herring (Dors.), cin. urns, 323. Chalfield, Gt., Church, stone screen, WONG House, note, plan, 138, 139. ‘Tropenell Cartulary re- turned, 339. Chalk bead, 486. Fossils, N. Wilts list of, 367. Lower, “weathered ” for building, 504. Chamberlain, Austin, 102. Chancellor, Ii. B., writings, 383. Chandler, I. H., gift, 252. Will., 401 ; Deed, 415. Carvings on Dol- Lines ended in Chandos, Lord, Purton property, 170. Chapel Plaister, visited, 445. Chapman, Eliz., 306. John (I. & IL), 305, 306, 404 ; Obit. notice, 105. Martha, 306. Rich., 341. Rob., 419. Sam., 419. Chardford, battle, 369. [ 400. Chariot wheel hoops, Battlesbury, Charlcutt, freeholders, 200. Charles I. miniature, Devizes Museum, 215, 440, Ch. IT, in Wilts, 45. Charlton, 494, 499. (Nr. Malmesbury) account of, noticed, 502;Ceasterbroke, 124; “Crundle,” identified, 124 ; Odda’s bourne, 124, Saxon Charter, 123, 124. (Nr. Pewsey) Cat Inn, 248; Down, Celticand Saxon lynchets, air photo, 130. Charnage, incense cup, 373. Chaz, Ilbert de, endows Monkton Farleigh, 10. Monument and inscriptiou, 12, 16, 17. Cheddon, 402. Chedworth (Glos.), Roman villa and temple foundations, visited, 217,218; Bought by Nat. Trust, ONE, Cheirocephalus diaphanus, 233, 465, 466. Chelnam, Mich., 341. Chelsea, St. Mark’s Coll., 223. Chener, Thomasine, 199. Cheney Court, 448; Visited, 444, Cheney, Sir John, effigy, Salisbury, 246. Cherhill, barrows scheduled, 178. Cirl bunting, 135. En- closure Act. 195. SeeOldbury. Chesilbourne (Dors.), cin. urn, 323. Chestnut tree, Cirencester, 216. Chester, 458. Chesterton (Cambs.), cin. urn, 323, Chettle (Dors.), 226. Cheverell, Little, 3'74. Chewstoke, bell foundry, 527. = Chicklade, property, 291, 292. Child family, 172. John, 236. Childers, J. S., 37, 38. Chilmark=Cigelmare, 125. Sheep, 456, Stone used at Stonehenge, 120. Chippendale furniture at Stour- head, 241. 2 R-2 586 INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. Chippenham, 358, 374, 416. Angel Hotel, 443. Bath Road and. Lowden Hill, 1742, 182. Bear Hotel, 443. Bell Inn, illust., 133. Borough Arms, 132. Bridge altered, illusts., 133. Burgage Houses, 132. Butter Cross pulled down, 133. Buttery, illust., 133. Church, chest, 443; Chancel arch moved, 133; Drawing, 510; Pews, 1787, plan of, 133 ; visited, 443. Cheese market opened, illust., 133. Derriads House, 113. Fair, illust., 138. Forest, 515, “In Bygone Days,” by G. A. H. White, noticed, 132, 133. The Ivy, 132,337. John Coles’ Park, 358. Maps, old, illust., 132. Mar- ket Place and town pump, illust., 133. Monkton Hill, illust., 133; Manor, map and descent of, 132; Old and new houses, illust., 132. Mrs. White's garden visited, 444; House, illust., 133. Meetings of W. A. 8. at, dates of, 440; Meet- ing, 1926, account of, 440 —448, Oxford Clay fossils, 367. Shambles, illust., 133. Spa, 1383. Three Crosses Inn, illust., 133. Town Hall, Old, illust., 133. Vicarage, Old, 133. Woollen Industry, 449. Workhouse built, 528. See Lanhill; Sheldon. SEirine Sodbury (Glos.), geology, 9 Chisbury Camp on Wansdyke, 123, 561; Scheduled, 176. Wood, Fungi, 143—145, 148, 466, 467, 475, 476, Chiselbourne'(Dors.), cin. urn, 323. Meany Camp, 59; scheduled, 76. Chiseldon, A.S. charter, 124. Dorceri brook, 124. Geology, 367. Sheep, 459. Chisenbury, property, 291, 292. Chislett, Will., 480. Chitral expedition, 108. Chitterne, Gt., or All Saints, 420, 424, Manor, Methuen Court Rolls and deeds, 420 —427; Held by Francis Pow- lett, 420 ; Survey, 1808, 425, 426; Field and place names, 421—427; | St. Mary’s Court, 427;Seymour’s | Court, 427. | Chitterne St. Mary, 420, 424, 425. | Vicarage glebe exchanged, 425. | Chitty, Herbert, writings, 243. | Chivers, Christian, 304. G., | gifts, 509. John, 378. | Chlorosplenium, species, 475. Chlorus’ Camp, see Figsbury. | Chobham (Surrey), 107. = Park, | cin. urn, 323, | Cholderton, Ann’s Farm, Celtic | fields, illust., 130. Cholmley, Sir Rich. & Margaret, | & Will, 411. Christchurch, Agric. Soc., 453. | Christian Malford geology, fossils, | list of, 367, 368. Christ’s Hospital, benefaction, 411. | Chubbs (Calstone), 197. | Chudleigh, Eliz., Duchessof King- ston, art. on noticed, 383. | Church building, N. aisle built first, | 163, 164.: Fines for non-attend- ance, 507. Lads’ brigade, — founded, 116. Church, Charles, 300. Churchwardens’ accts., see Lacock. | Churn River, Cirencester, 217. Chute, blood field, spearhead, 351. | Causeway, the so called Ken- | wardstone at, excavated, H. | St.G. Gray & H. H. Thomas | on, 41, 207—212 ((figs.): | Roman road, 200. Legend | asto,208. Dummer Lane, 208. | Ciboria, species, 476. Cirl Bunting, 135. Cirencester, 245. capital, 216. town, 217. pavement, 216. Library, 216. Abbey, Romany Barton Roman | Bingham | Churn river | diverted, 217. Cripps Mead | Museum, 216. Corinium | Museum and chestnut tree, 216. | King’s Head Hotel, 216. | Meeting of Wilts Arch Soc., | 1925, 213—220. Saxon | Conquest, 371. Watermoor | in Roman times, 217. | Civilisation, early, ‘ Diffusion” or | * evolution,” 570. | Clack (Bradenstoke),2. Mount, | earthworks,age of,discussed, 447. | Claines, St. George’s, 113. Abbot rules | INDEX TO VOL. XLII. 587 Clandon, West (Surrey), 412. Clapcott, 291, 292. Clapham, Will., 405. Clapperton, Walt. & Kenneth, printers, 29. Register, Hist. of, 28, 29. Clare, arms on tiles, 4. Clarendon, 48. Clarendon family, own College Farm, Purton, 244, Ld. Chancellor, 222. Clark, J. G. D., writings, 232. Mrs. J. W., obit., 105. Alias Hillier, Thos., 294. Clarke, Herb., 502. Thos., 287. Claudius Ceesar poisoned, 154. Clausilia, species, 325, 487. Claverton (Som.), manor, 226. Claviceps, species, 466, 476. Clay with flints, age of, 368. Clay, Dr. R. C. C., 129, 344, 350, 352. Excavations, 501 ; Early Iron Age pits, Fyfield Bavant, and Swallowcliffe, 40, 41, 214 ; Saxon cemetery, Broad Chalke, 41, 214; Woodminton barrows, 442. Gifts, 40, 140, 214, 384, 441, Dis Notes and remarks, 337, 445, 446. On disc barrow, Gallows Hill, Alvediston, 324. On barrow, Ebbesbourne Wake, opened 1924, 324— 325. On barrows on Middle Down, Alvediston, opened,432—439. On Ear- ly Iron Age pits, Swallow- cliffe,540—556. OnFlint implements from Nadder Valley, 156—162. On inhabited site of La Tene I. date, Swallowcliffe Down, 59—98. On Pagan Saxon cemetery, Broad Chalke, 94 —101. On Woodminton group of barrows, opened, 313—324. Writings, 573. Clearbury Kings, scheduled, 176. Clement, Will., 341. Clevelode [Cleflode], Chr., 503. Rebecca, 503. Thos , 502. Will., 503 ; Brass of, 502. Cley Hill, illust., 239. | Lynchets, illust., 568. Spirit of, legend, Cley, John, 347. (238. Clifford, 427. “Clipping the Church,” War- minster and Hill Deverill, 239. Clitheroe, Low Moor, 105. Clitocybe, species, 144, 145, 146, 467. Clitopilus, species, 143, 147. Clock, Devizes Guild Hall, 233. Close, Sir Ch., on Downton Moot and Breamore Ch., noticed, 379, 380, Cloth, sewn, Swiss lake dwellings, late Clouded Yellow, 135, 232. Pale ditto, 135. Clouds House, derivation, 382. Clutterbuck, Dan., 309, 405—408, 415, 419, 423. 424, 498—430. Thos., 415. Clyffe Pypard, 504, 509. Goddard family, 169, 173. Wayte property at Bushton, 171. Coach, Capt. Spicer’s, 379. Coaching Club, 221. Coal measures, under Westbury, 367. Minera], with skeleton, Tilshead, 251. Coale, John, 404. Coate Reservoir, birds, 135, 231. Coates, Alfred H. & B. W., printers, 36, 37. Corncrake. absent, 496, Cobb, Alice, 410, 411; Monument at Corsham, 128; Will of, 411. Dame Ann, will of, 412. Anth, 412. Edw., 4!0, 411. Eliz., 410, 41). Frances, 412, Sir Geo., 412. |. Hardie, ATO, Atle James, 412. Kath., 410—412. Kinton, 410. Marg., 410, 411. Marie, 410, 411. Thos., 412. Will. (I. & IT ), will of, 410, 411. Sir Will., deed, 412. Winifred, 411. Cobbett, Will., 449 ; in Wilts, art. noticed, 382. Cochlicopa, species, 325. Codford, 425. Australian badges in turf, illust., 242. Circle, scheduled, 176. Codford St. Mary, 573. Codford St. Peter, 221. Rector, Wightwick H., 173. Coffee in accounts, 233. Coins, British, silver and base metal, uninscribed, Cold Kit- chen Hill, 180,182 (fig.), 327, 329, 332 (fig.); Stockton, 392 (fig.). English, silver, hoard, All- ington, 338. Roman, Cold 588 INDEX “OM ViOl:,.o xeilane Kitchen, list of, 190, 191, 332; Stockton, list of, 394. Saxon, Ethelrel II., form of letters, 380. Coker, Cath., d. of Cadwallader, 172. Cath., d. of Thos., 169. John. 169. Colborne, Jos., 309. 538. Colchester, 374. Cin. urn and iron spearhead, 321, 323. Museum, objects, 321. Cold Harbour, Warminster, 239. Cold Kitchen Hill, British silver and base metal coins, 180, 182 (jfig.), 329 (jfig.). Bronze knife dagger, flanged tang, 328 (jfig.), 351. Date of settlement, Tristram, La Tene or Halstatt, 180, 327, 352. Diggings, by E. H. Goddard, 180. Excavations by R. de C. Nan Kivell, objects found, 180—191 (figs), 8327—332 (figs.) Bone needle, 195 (fig.). Chalk balls, 332; Spindle whorls, &c., 187, 331. Deer horns, worked, 332, Early Iron Age objects, 180; Bronze La Tene I. brooch, 181 (jfig.); Bronze swan-neck pin, 184 ( fig.) ; Pottery, 181, 189 ( fig.) Fossil echinus, 187. Foundations and_ stonework, absent, 180. Iron socket celt, 190 (/fig.). Pottery, sling bullets, 332; Spindle whorls, 187. Romano-British bone gouges, d&c., 188 (fig.); pins, needles, Wc, 185 (fig.), 330; Stylus, &c , 185, bronze bangles, brooches, buckles, rings, spoons, pins, tweezers, ear picks, 180— 184 (figs.), 327—329 (figs.) ; Coins, 190, 191 ; Knife, 184 (/g.); Repousse brooches, 181 (/fig.); Stylus, 184 (fig.); Glass beads, 183 ( fig.), 185, 186 (fig.) ; Vessels, fragments of, 331; Window glass, 186 ; Iron awls, brooches, chisel, cleats, goads, knives, nails, needles, spearhead, styli, tools, 186, 187 (figs.), 329, 330 (jigs.); Shale bracelets, 188 ( fig.) ; Pottery, Samian, &c., 188, 189 (figs.), 331 (fig.); Roofing tile, 190, sling bullet, 187 ( figs.) ; Stone and flint mullers, rubbers, &c., 190 (jig.). Cole River, 163. Cole Tit, 496. Cole, Will., 380. Coleridge, 8S. T’. and Bowles, 563. | Colerne, 227, 418. Quern, 140. | See Bury Wood Camp. Coles, Mr., sheep, 459. Coleshill House (Berks), 357. Collar of 8.S., 141. Art. on, |7 noticed, Wilts examples, 246. | Collets, S., 340. | Collett, Rev. Ed., prints Bower- | chalke Parish Paper, 31. John, | 402 ; deed, 415. Mrs. 417. | Collingbourne Ducis,barrow,drink- | ing cup, 274. Barrows sched- | uled, 178. Cin. urns, 323. | Collingbourne Farm, 494. Wood, | glazed flints, 344. [ Collingbourne Kingston Farm, 495. See also Fairmile. Collingwood, R. G., 141. | Collins, Ben., printer, acct. of, 37, 38 ; wrote novel, 37. B.C. (I. & II.), printers, 38. Hen. 235. Jos., collection of prints, aor Rich., 235. Collman, Will. G., 401. Colloway Clump, see Warminster. Collybia species, 143, 146. Colne River, 217, 218. Colston, Ch. Edw. H. A., Ld. Roundway, obit. 221. Edw., | 22 Hon. Edw. Murray, 221. | Mary, ancestor of Round- way family, 221. Comely [Comly] Aldam [Aldelme], 304. Charles, 406. Comma Butterfly, 135, 232. Compton, 347. (Bucks), 169. (Hants), 458. Compton Bassett,enclosure act, 195. Compton Chamberlaine, 337. Compton Comberwell, notes, 113. Compton, Ch., 424. Eliz., 420, 421. Geo., 428. Hester, 421. Humphrey, 420. John, deeds, 420, 423, 424. Jos, 424, Mary, deeds, 423, 424. Rachel, 421. Thos. (I. & II.) deeds, 4.23, 424. Conant, John, art. on, noticed, 564. Conduit House, see Lacock Abbey; Monkton Farleigh Priory. W., 305. Coney, Alice B., d. of Thos., 109. Coneybury Hill (Amesbury) bar- rows, scheduled, 179. INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. Conholt Park, 207. Coniophora, species, 471. Connor, R. C., excavation, 275. Consistory or c Peculiar,” defined, | | | | | 426, Constable, Messrs., gift, 510, Constantius built Chlorus’ Camp (2), 48. Conway Training Ship, 106. Cook, Messrs., 35. Cooke, Jos., 296, 297. Coomassie, Venetian beads, 566, Coombe (Dev.), 307. Coombe Bissett,107. A. ter (7), 195. well, 249. scheduled, 177. Cooper, Edw., 409. 102, Copper awl used for boring, 349. Daggers found with drink- ing cups, 269; Mereand Round- way, 276; Winterslow, 282. Coprinus, species, 143, 149, 465. Copyholders defined, 192. Be- come leaseholders, 193. Cus- toms concerning, 196, 201—206. Coral Rag described, 867. ‘ Cor- allian Lamellibranch Fauna of Wilts, &, by W. J. Arkell,” noticed, 500, 562. Corbeil, 153. Corby, Mr., 32. Coren, Mr., 339. Cork, Ear] of, 102. Cornish, Hen., 401. Cornwall, Edmund, Earl of, 522. Rich., Earl of, grants Cor- sham Manor to tenants, 512, 515, 518, 524. Cornwallis, Lady, 340. Coronation, “The Solemnity of the,” 222, 223. - Coroners’ Court, described, 519, macy in Kington Priory, &c., S. char- Donkey wheel to Long barrow Mrs. W.G., | / Corsham, 295, 296, 407, 408, 414, | = 126, 524. 424, 429. ‘Advowson separated fiora Rectory Manor, 127, 523. Alien Priory, never existed, Almshouses charity, 530 ; Inscription on front, 531 ; Rules for inmates, 530, 531; Visited, 444 ( jig). Art. on no- ticed, 256, Balden [ Baldwyn] family, 536. Betterings Mill, 533. Blind House and Stocks, 589 522, Boltons (House), acct. of, 535. ‘ Boys” holding, 586. Bray’s holding, 536. Bread, price of, 528 Byde Mill, 533. Capps holding, 536. Chamberlayne’s House, 520. Charities, 529, 530 ; Feoffee charity, acct. of, 529; W. Moxham’s, 530; Rolph’s, 530. Church, H. ’ Brakspear on, 141, 524—597 : SS Cheorist: Bartholomew,” by i. Brakspear, noticed, 126—128,141. Altera- tions, 1874, described,127; Before 1874, 538 (fig.); Bells, 527; Chained books, 128, 527 ; Chan- tries, History of, 128; consist- ory Court, or Peculiar Court, 128, 526; Gallery and staircase built by ‘Dame Marg. Hunger- ford, 127, 525; Glass, armorial removed, 537; Modern, 444; Grantees of the Church, 196 : Illusts., 128; Lady Chapel re- built, 525 ; Marmoutier Abbey, owns Church, 126; Methuen Pew, 128; Monumental inscrip- tions, 128; New Church pro- posed, 525, 526; Parish chest, 128, 527 ; Pews, register of, 128, 526; Plate, 527; Restoration, central tower removed, 526; Saxon Church, evidence of, 127, 524; Spire taken down, 525; Stone screen of Lady Chapel, date of, 127, 128 (figd.); ‘Tl erminal of Gable, illust., 128 ; Tower re- built, 127,444 ; T'ropenell monu- ment, illust., 128 (jfigd.). Church House, 521, 528. Church Manor given to St. Ste- phen’s, Caen, 512. Colyn’s Holding, 537. Communicants, 1549, number of, 529. Comyns Holding, 537. Coppy’s Hold- ing, 537. “‘ Corsham,” earliest use of this spelling, 127, 529. Cottages formerly poorhouse, 528 ( jig.). Corsham Court (House), 406, 409, 410, 417, 419, 538 (figd.). Al- terations by Bellamy, 518; by L. Brown, 517 ; by J. Nash, 518; by Repton, 517. Bought by P. Methuen, 127. Built by Thos. Smyth, 516. Catalogue of pictures,” We., 510. Fireplace 590 from Bradenstoke, 3, 447. Georgian front, date, 517. Hist. of, 515—518. Old manor house in 1602, described, 516 ; Chapel and gatehouse, 516, 517, 532. Pictures,517. Porcelain, 444, Stables, rebuilt, 517. Visited, 444. Water supply conduit, 516. Corsham Court Leet, 539. Deraunt’s Holding, 537. De- rivation, 511. Dickinson family.536. | Domesday entry, 512. East and West Parks, 513, 514. Easton Court, acct. of, 536 ( fig.) ; Tithing, 518. Ed. III. at,514. Elmgrove, 538, Eyres Holding, 537. Fairs, 514; Abolished, 522. Field names, &c., Bagshot Bottom, 407; Chapel Knap, 417 ; Green Hill, 417; Park door grounds, 415; West Wells, 416; Wood- lands, 413. Fire engine, 1810, 518. Flemish houses, illust., 250. Free School, founded, 530, 53l. Gastard Court, acct. of, 538 ( fig.) ; Tithing, 518, 538 ; St. John’s Chapel, 532. Goldney, Sir Gab., holds Rectory Manor, 524. Good’s Holding, 536. Guyer’s House, acct. of, 536. [History, &c., of] Corsham, by H. Brakspear, 511—539, 443. Hulbert family, of the Ridge, 536, 538. Humphrey family, 538. Jaggards House, acct. of, 537 (fig.). Keynes family, 535. Kirby’s Charity,530. Leland’s visit, 515, 516. Leyceter’s House, acct. of, 536 (figd.). Little Tithing, 518, 538, 539. Long’s(Ho.), acct. of, 538 (jigd.). Lypyate, Gr. and Little, houses, acct. of, 537. Corsham Manor, bought by Customer Smyth, 514. Char- ters, original MSS. preserved, ay Ps 13) Copies of Court rolls, deeds, &c., of Methuen family, 410—417. Courts, described, 519. Customs of, 519. Descent of, 514, 515. In Domesday, 534. Dower of (Jueens, 514. Grant to ten- ants by Rich., Earl of Cornwall, INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. 512, 518 ( figd.). Held by | (Jueens and Princesses, 514; by | Peter de Gaveston, 514; by B. H. | Stiles, 169. Inquisition, 513, | Tenants, rights, 518, 520. | Corsham, market granted, 521. Day altered, 521, 522; Cross, | benefactions for repair, 521; | destroyed, 521. Market Hall, | new, 521. Marmoutier, pos- | sessions and representatives of Abbot, 128, 524, Meare tith- | ing, 518, 536. Methuen Arms | Hotel, 524, 535. Milbourne, | 533. Mills, sites of, 514, 532, | 533 ; at Lodbrook water, 533. | Mintesmead [Myntemead ; Min- | ty Mead], 513; Custom as to | mowing, 520. Monks House, |} acct. Ol, 586" ean. ae10: i Moore Green Common enclosed, | 416, 417, Murder of Hen, | Long described, 519. Neale | _ family hold Rectory Manor, 524, | Neston House, acct of, 537. | Nethermore, 538. Nun- | nery, non-existent, 524. Os- | borne’s Holding, 586. Over- | more House, and dovecot, acct. | of, 538. Pack Horse Inn, 527. Parish lands, 416. Park wall built, 516, 517 ; granted to } Sir Chr. Hatton, 514. Par- | sonage House, 524, 532. Paupers emigrate, 528. Pave- shou, Church at, 532, 589. | “ Peculiar” of Vicar, sealillust., |~ 128.; Wills proved, 128. |" Pickwick Farm (Manor) acct. of, |~ 535, 536 (jfigd.). 524, Priory House built, 128, | 524. Pudding brook, 533. Pi Ralph, Vicar, 513. Rectory | House destroyed, 128. Rec- | tory Manor claimed by Prior of |— Tickford, 522 ; customs of, 128, | 524; Descent of, 127; Granted | to St. Stephen’s, Caen, Mar- | moutier, Syon Abbey, and St. | Nicholas’ Coll., 522, 523: Hist- | ~ ‘Red Lion, | ~ ory of, 322—524, 535. Registers, 128, 526. le Sadler family, 536. | Shambles, | — 521. Snellings House, acct. | — of, 536 (figd.). Snippets Hold- | ing, 586. Southerwicks House, ‘“ Prior Ob Ms Corsham,” [no Priory] 126, 513, | INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. 516. Tedbury’s House, acct. of, 535 (jfigd.). Thingley, 535 ; Bridge, 533; Court Farm, 533, 539. Thurstons Holding, 536. Tithings, 518; Map showing, 538 ( figd.). Town Hall, built over Market Hall, 444, 592(figd. Je formerly Black Swan, 528. ‘Town Tithing, 518. Velly Hill, St. John’s Chapel, 532. Ves- try, minute books, 128; Powers of, 527. Vicarage, acct. of, 128 ; Old, 559. Vicars and Patrons, list of, 127, 128 ; Consistory, seal of, 526. West Park bought by J. Danvers, 515. Westrop House, acct. of 536, 537. Win- ters Court, acct. of, 534, 535 (7ig.). Whitmans Holding, acct. of, 538. Whores Holding, 536. Wills proved at Corsham, Book of, 526. Woodlands Tithing, 518, hae See also Neston. Corsley, 239. Corston, A. S. charter, 124. Corticium, species, 479, Cortinarius, 143, 149, 150. Corton (Boyton), long barrow scheduled, 177. Coryne, species, AT5, Cosets, defined, 533. Cosford, A. H., obit., 559. Cosham, Hen. of, 537. Cotsettle, land measure, 533. Cotswolds, ochre mining, 569, 570. Cottager only allowed one fire, 520. Cottages, old, art. on noticed, 504. Squatters secure site by ’boil- ing bacon, 504. Timber framed, see Keevil. - Cottars defined, 534. Cottell [Cottle], Ch. 401. ence, 340. Moses, 407. Laur- _“Coulebearer,” term of abuse, 507. | - Coulston, 287, 494, _ Coulon, Marcel, 153. Property, 292. | County Magazine, 28. _ Courage, K., 344. - Court Leet and Baron, defined, 519. _ Courtney, Peter, 307. _Coutance, Bp. of, 502. - Cove, Rob., 348. / | Sele ‘John & Will., deeds, Coward, Edw., gift, 573. On | sheep, 454, 458. )WOL, XLIII.—NO, CXLVI. | pd “Fh 591 Cows in Wilts, census in 19th and 20th Cents., 461, 463. Cox (—), 340. R. Hippesley, “Green Roads of England,” 243, 565. Cozens, Rich., 415. Crabbe, Geo., & Bowles, 563. Cranborne Chase, 59. Cranbury (Hants.), cin. urn, 323, Craven, Karl of, 221. Crawford, O. G.S., 350, 363, 561 ; Air photographs, 42; “ Air sur- vey and Archeology,” noticed, 128; Discovers W. branch of Stonehenge Avenue, 42, 364; gifts, 141, 252, 442; on Finger tipped pottery, 319; on Pre- historic trade, 336 ; on Rows of Sarsens, 335; Remarks, 380; Writings, 227. Crawford & Balcarres, Lord, 137, 339. Crawlboys (Ludgershall), 113. Crayden, 203. Creeting St. Mary (Suff.), cin. urn, 323. Crepidotus, species, 467. Crete, influence on Spain and Britain in Neolithic Age, 569. Crew, Thos,, 300, 305. Cricklade, 106, 110, 414, 563. Folk songs, 250. Gospel Oak, art. on noticed, 380. Polecat, 1914, 334. St. Sampsons, 481, Vicarage, 380. Cripps, Mrs. Wilfred, 216. Crisp, James, 409. Crockerton Church Lane, headless horse seen, Shrof Tuesday cus- toms, 239. Crofton, Fungi, 469. Croke family, Hazelbury, 378. oe 513; work at Hazelbury, Cromwell, Oliver, 228 ; at Biddes- tone, 246; at Bishopstrow, 2389. Crook, Will., 402. Crooks Easton (Hants), 402, 405. Croome, W. I., address, 218. Cross on base of cin. urns, 326; Examples described, 318. Cross, processional brass, N. Cer- ney Ch., 220. Crosses, churchyard see sham ; Somerford, Little. Crosses, Market, see Corsham; Devizes; Malmesbury. 2S Ingle- 592 INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. Cross, Ernest, ‘‘ Memoir of Bishop Ridgeway,” by,noticed,115—117. Cross, James, 421. Latimer, 526, 527 ; Seal of, 128. Crowdown Clump(Burbage), Korth Burg, 125. Crowmarsh (Oxon), 456. Croxton Abbey, 6. Crucibulum, species, 474. Crudwell, acct. of, noticed, 502. A.S. Charters, 125. Chedglow, derivation, 126. Church, art. on, illust., 382. Field and Place Names, list of, 125, 126. Idover, derivation, 125. Manor Farm bought, 224. Crumwell, Thos., 301. Crundell = Quarry, 124, 354. Cruttwell, Rich. 8., 415. Cucking Stool, Devizes, 233. Use of, 520. Cuffe, Mich., 340. Cumberwell, Rich. de, 513. Cunetio taken by Saxons, 369. Cunnington, Capt. B. H., 207, 216, 247, 320; Gifts, 41, 48, 140, 141, 214, 251, 384, 395, 441, 510, 573 ; Meeting Sec., 219, 448; Notes and remarks, 338, 443, 445; Hx- cavates Barrow at Potterne, 40, 41; Figsbury Rings, 41; 214; Morgan’s Hill enclosure, 370; On the Devizes Skippet, 346—348; “Some Annals of the Borough of “Devizes,” by, noticed, 233, 234, 505—508; Schedules earthworks, 446. Cunnington, Mrs. M. E., 77, 88, 91, 207, 247, 320. Excavates bar- row at Potterne, 40, 41, Figs- bury Rings, 41,214. | Morgan’s Hill enclosure, 370. Gifts, 41, 48, 140. 252, 384, 441, 510. List of Bronze Age Drink- ing Cups found in Wilts, 267—284. On Barrows, 45. Bronze Age Beaker Burials at WNetheravon, 490—491 (jigs.). On Excavations at Figsbury Rings. 1922, 45, 48— 58. On recent Pre- historic Finds, 395—400 (jigs. ). On Stonehenge Blue stone lintel, 366. Remarks, 445, Restores urns, 326. Work at Museum, 441. Writ- ings, 252. _ Dartmoor Hut Circles, 54. Stone Cunnington, Dr. C., gifts, 573. | Cunnington, Will., F.G.S., excava- | tions, 276. a Cunnington, Will., F.S.A., 464— |7 456 ; excavations, 276 ; Slaughter | Stone, Stonehenge, 119. | Cup markings on Stonehenge Blue | Stone lintel, 366. Curlew nesting, 496. Curlew, Stone, 231. Curtise, widow, 340. Curwen, Dr. Elliot, 158. Cusop, 106. Cusse, E., 35. Custom Rent Barley, 199. Customs, Old Wilts, 355. Cuttenham farm, 494. Cyathus, species, 474. Cyclops, species, 497. Cynophallus, species, 473. Cyphelia, species, 472. Dacromyces, species, 473, Dactylis, species, 476. Deedalea, species, 471. : Daglingworth (Glos.),Church visit- | ed, Saxon sculpture, 219. Dainton, Sam., 480, 431. Dairy Farming, new system, 379. Dale, Mr., 336. Dallis, J. Z., 401. | Dalmer, John, 521. | Dalton, Nath. & Mary S., deed, | 422, 424, | Daniell, J. J., “Life of Will. | eS E. of Pembroke,” by, | 10. } Danvers, Sir Ch., 520. Hen. | murders H. Long, 519. Lady | Joan, 288. John, 515, 5386, Darbishire, Col. C. H., 234. Ch. Will., 495; Obit., 224. Frances, | obit., 495. | circles, 432. origin of, 336. Dartmouth, Naval Coll., 357. Dartnell, H. W., gifts, 141, 384. 510. | Miss, gifts, 573. Dasyscypha, species. 475. | Dauntsey, 252, 286, 308. Acct. | of, noticed, 502. © Ammonites, | 368. Charity and school, see | Lavington, West. Hill, 447. | Idover, derivation, 1265. | Rectory, tiles from Braden- | stoke Priory, 5. Wayte family, | 171, Wightwick, Hen., 178. | Stone Rows, | INDEX LO! VOL, XLII. 593 Davidson, Frances M..,d. of Sheriff, 224, Davies, Edw., 425. Rev. J. Sylvester edits Tropenell Car- tulary, 339. Davis, Edw., 404. Geo., obit., 106. Mary, 421, 426, 427. Thos., 416, 449; On sheep, 464, Davison, Sam., 402, 405. John, 402, ; Dawe, Ch., 402. Dawes, Will. & Cath., 539. Dawkins, Sir Will. Boyd, 339. Dawson, Capt., gifts, 491, 509. “ Dead Year ” defined, 196. Dean Hill, rectangular flints, 248. Dean, West, Roman sites near, 130. Villa, 131. Dean, Mr., sheep, 456. Deane, John, 507. Deeke family own Corsham Rectory Manor, 127. Deerhurst Church, Saxon work, 229. Dehrinck, John, 401. De la Hey, Rev. E.W.M.O., guide, 220. eee ancient, rights of tenants, Hon. Mrs., Dent, Messrs., gift, 252, 384, Denys, Marie, Prioress of Kington, 19 Denison, Bp., 275. 275, Deorham, battle of, 871, 561. Depedene, John, deed, 347. Deptford (Wylye), held by Mom- pesson, 291, 292. Bs shire Lead Mines, Neolithic, 5. Dermocybe, species, 150. Derry Hill, Chippenham to Bath road made, 132. Derwent, Lord, 102. Devereaux, Frances, 505. Deverell (Dors.) barrow, cin. urns, shape of, 319. Deverell, Kdw., deed, 403. Devil’s Den, illust., 367. Sched- uled, 176, 178. Devizes, 304, 357. Almanack, 573. ‘Annals of the Borough, some,’ by B. H. Cunnington, noticed, 214, 238, 234, 505—508, 510. Assize of Bread, MS., 283. Bear Club Scholarships, 236, “ Bear Hotel,” by EK. Kite, noticed, 236; Assembly Room, 1835, 236 ; Columns, 236 ; Descent of property,236; Earliest mention, 236; Gardens added to Castle,236;* History of,” 141;Old Sign in Market Place, 236. Beggars whipped, 506. Bene- fit Clubs, 18i4, 506. Boy Scouts, 114, Borough arms and seals, 233. Bridewell St., 506. Brittox, 507. Brown- stone House, 139. Burgesses crowns of laurels, 506; gowns, &c., 234; Fined for refusing Mayoralty, 506. Castle, 139 ; Deeds, 384 ; Ditches found, 236; Plan, 138. Castle Inn, owners and tenants, 235. Chamber- lain’s accts. MXS., 233. Chan- try Property, 507. Charities report, 506. Clubs, Independ- ent, Royal Oak, King’s Arms, Hare and Hounds, 506. Con- gregational Chapel, Hist. of, no- ticed, 234. Constitutions of the Borough, by J. Kent, MS. given, 41, 233. Corporation income, &c., 1829, 506. Corn Exchange built, 236. Crosses, 233. Cucking Stool renewed, 233. Deeds found in skippet, catalogue of 346—348. Dra- pers company, MS. constitutions, 233. Fire Engine and hooks, 507. Gas Works,506. Gram- mar School, 573. Greystone House, 139. Guildhall clock, 1649, 233; destroyed, 233. High St., No. 2 burnt, E. Kite on, noticed, 235, 336. Hill- worth, 374. Long St., No. 30, EK, Kite on, noticed, 374, 499, Innholders and Inns, list of, 507. Kennett and Avon Canal, 506. ‘ La Rewe,” K. Kite on, noticed, 503. Maces, making and mending, 233, 234. Market Place, cross, 1860, 236; pulled down, 506; early paintings of, 378. Mayor and Commonalty, deed, 347. Merchants’ Guild, constitutions, 233. Militia Mutiny, 506; number in 1809, 337, Muniments, 233 ; placed in Museum, 214. Museum and Library, 437, 483, 485 ; 28 2 594 INDEX TO VOL. XLIIL additions to, 140—142, 251, 252, 384—385, 493, 509—510, 572— 573; Buckler colln., 216 ; cases re-arranged, 441; Deeds cata- logued, 442 ; duplicate books, &c. sold, 215 ; gifts, 180 ; Genealogi- cal collections bound, 441; minia- ture of Ch. I., 215, 440; objects in, 58, 88, 101, 267—284, 313, 326, 327, 835, 336, 850, 351, 390, 395, 899, 400 ; Photographing or copying, Fee for, 216; New Room, 40; Segmented paste beads, 569; Stourhead Coll., number of Drinking Cups, 267, 268. Night watchmen appoint- ed, 507. Nota Royal Borough, 508. Oaths of Officials, 233. Old and New Port, 346— 348. Pans Lane Roman Pot- tery, 503. Peace rejoicings, 1814, 506. Pictorial Hist. of, photos., &c., Town Hall, 378, 379, Pillory used, 506. Rey- nolds’ family, note on, 236. Royal grants to, 507. R.C, Chapel endowed, 171. St. John’s Church, notes, 139; Bells re-cast, 284; Fall of tower and re-building, date of, 139, 234. St. John’s St., Nos. 31, 32, by E. Kite, noticed, 235. St. Mary’s Chapel, 234. St. Mary’s Church, notes, 139. Seal, new, made, 233. _—_Ses- sions Book, 2338. Shoulder of Mutton Inn, 236. Skippet found, 233 ; figd., 345—348. Simnel cakes, 234, Social club, memoranda, 573. Spit- alcroft,107. | Thatched houses, forbidden, 234, 506. Town Hall, portraits, photos, &c., 378, 379; Corporation seals, sand box, &c., 345 ; Royal Arms, 378. Town Hall, New, foundation deposit found, 506. Trees in streets in 17th Cent., 234. Truslowe Charity,507. Water supply by pipes, 1702, 234. Wesley (Charles) at, 380. Wharf accts, 233. | Whippings, public, number of, 507. Wils- ford House School, 374. Wilts Arch. Soc. and Royal Arch. Institute Meeting, acct. of, 120, 138,139. Woollen industry,449. Devon & Cornwall, tin mining, | Neolithic, 569, 570. ( Dew Ponds, 324. Art. by | M.K.S. Edwards, noticed, 500. | Method of making, 249. } Dewell, Ch., s. of Timothy, 170. | Ch. Goddard, benefactions, | 171; Property at Malmesbury, | 170. Timothy. (1. IL, 111 170; s. of Ch., 170. Mary, | 170. | Dewlish (Dors.). 195; Cin. urn, | 323. | Dialect, Wiltshire, writings of Ed. | Slow, 110, 111. | Dick, Geo., 404. Will., 408. i Dickenson, Mr., 413. Caleb, _ 536. Emma, 416, 417. | Mary, 417. | Dickson, Major-Gen. J. B. B., obit., | 224, Diddlebury (Salop), 106. Digwood, Mr., sheep, 460. Dike, Geo., deed, 406—408. | Dinton, East Farm, prehistoric | hearth, 337. Dinton House | sale, Bustard, 333. | Dioceses of England, by G. Hill, | 108. Diodorus Siculus, on British agri- | culture, 129. Diptera, lists of, 232. Discina, species, 475, Dison, John, 422. Ditchett (Som.), 407, 408. Ditchampton, 110. Ditchley, 499. Ditteridge Church, visited, 445. Valuation, 1628, 341. Dixon, Sam., 413. Doddington,\Sir F.,hangs prisoners, 375. ‘“Dodeman, Thos., deed, 347. Dodsdown fungi, 143, 146, 475. Dog muzzling order, 102. Dolforgan (Montgomery), 102. Dolmen, Egyptn. origin and sun worship, 366, 565. Domesday Book. 512. Donhead St. Andrew, A.S. charter, 125. Donhead St. Mary, Ashmore Down, Long Barrow, scheduled, 177. Burltons (house), 563. See also Castle Rings. Dorchester, cin. urn, 323. Dorchester, Ann, d. of Rog., 235. : | t : | | j | | \ } | } | INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. Dorsaetas, 370. Dorset, shale mining, Neolithic, 569. Douglas, Archibald, 1st Baron, 505. Will., 425; Duke of Queensberry, 505. Dovecotes over chancel roof, Elk- stone Ch. (Glos.), 219. See Corsham, Overmore; Jaggards ; Pickwick Manor; Stanton St. Quintin Manor. Down Ampney (Glos.), 106. Downes, family, own Corsham Rectory Manor, 127. Geo., 523. ‘* Downland Man,” by H. J. Mas- singham, noticed, 568—571. Downs, agriculture described, 449, 450. Ploughed up, 452. Prehistoric and Rom. Brit. vil- lages, 450. Downton Church, visited, 46. Giants’ graves, long barrow scheduled, 177. House burnt, 47. Moot earthworks, art. on, noticed, 379, 380; Saxon, Nor- man, or Elizabethan ? 46, 380—1. Register, indexed, 252. Sheep, 459. Dowris (Ireland), bronze hoard, 352, Drake, Sir W. R., writings, 141. Draper, Geo., 295. ings and prints, Wiltshire, 442. Draycot Cerne, 289, 304. Church visited, 447. Long, of, 20. Draycot Hill, see Wilcot. Drayton (Berks), 456. Drexale, 291. Drill steadiers, chalk. 85 (fig ). Drow Copse=T'rogan, 124. Druce, Anth., deed, 401. De- Sir R. __ vinck, 404. James, 403, 404. _ Druids, “ Latter Day,” Burial of ashes at Stonehenge,” protests | against, 137, 338, 339, Dry Rot Fungus, 471, Ducarel, Dr., Duck, Edw., "310. Eliz., 310. Steph., 248, Duckett, (—), 340. Geo., 124; M.P., Calne, 195. John, sheriff, 194. Sir Lionel, Ld. Mayor, 194, Thos., sells ‘Cal- Stone, 194. 595 ‘“* Duck’s Veast,”’ Pewsey Vale, 248. Dugmore, Canon E. E., obit. and writings, 114. Will,, 114. Duke, Rev. Edw., notes, 279. Coll., 279. Dulwich Coll., 223. Dumbleton, 563. Dummer (Hants), cin. urn, 323. Dunn, Will.. 419. Dunning & Manning, Messrs., 207. Dunstable, fungi, 144. Dunstanville, arms on_ effigy, Monkton Farleigh, 13, 17. Duntesbourne Rous, Church, visited, 219. Durnford, Gt., Manor, 106. Durrington, barrows, drinking cups, and cin. urn, 274. Knighton, medieval pottery, 140. Dyer, Mr., 482. Dyke, Thos., 481. Dyneley, Ch., 417. Ealing, 153. Karle, Giles, Little Somerford, 173. John, 415, _—- Prof., remarks, 380. Earlstoke, custom of manor, 450. Early Iron Age Antiquities, N. Wilts. By A. D. Pass- more, 343—344. See also All Cannings, Fyfield Bavant, Glastonbury, Hengist- bury, Hunsbury, Swallowcliffe, Winkelbury, Worlebury. Camps, flat cemeteries, 322. Karly Iron Age objects, bone, combs, 540, 572. Needles, 77, 541,572. Bronzearmlets, 572 ; Brooch, pennanular, 343; Earring, 343 ; Needles, 77 ; Pins, 38438; Ring-headed pins, 348 ; Rings, 343 ; Wire, 541. Glass beads, 88, 89,572. Iron objects, awls and pins, 64, 65, 67, 82; Bill hook, 66, 82, 83 ; Bloom, 61 ; Brooches, 65 ; Brooches, La Tene I., 82; Cleats, 66, 83; Chariot wheel hoops, 400; Ferrule, 83; Knives, 65, 83; Nails, 83; Pins, ring-headed and swan neck, 82. Pottery, 41, 50, 51, 214, 344, 393, 432, 485, 486, 540, 541, 572. Wheat, barley and oats, 40. See also La Tene. Earthworks, Great Hill Camps, age of, 129, 188; Neolithic store houses, 568—570, 571; Later 596 INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. than rectangular lynchets, 129 ; Scheduled under act, list of, 176 ; Square, due to new invasion, 129, 319; See Bathampton, Battlesbury, Bratton, Casterley, Chisbury, Figsbury, Fosbury, Fyfield Bavant, Handley Hill, Knapp Hill, Knighton, Lidbury, Maes Knoll, Martin Down, Rushmore Angle Ditch and S., Lodge, Scratchbury, Sidbury, Soldiers Ring, Stantonbury, Yarnbury. Ditches, boundary, date of, 129. Norman motteand Bailey castles, see Clack Mount ; Stapleford. Seealso Stockton ; Wansdyke. Easter Farm, 427. Kasterton Hill Farm, 494. Easthealle, A.S. charter, 125. Hastmead, Arthur, buys Monkton and Corsham Park, 133, 515. Easton Bassett (Berwick S. John), 124, Easton Down (Bps. Cannings), 415; Long barrow, 177. ‘Tith- ing (Corsham), 518, (Hants), 458. ane Easton Royal, barrows scheduled, Eastwell House (Potterne), cannon from Sedgmoor at, 235, Ebbesbourne Wake, 572. A.S., charter, 124,125. Barrow Hill, 101; Barrow excavated, cin. urn with CrOSS) a On Cr Clay on, 318, 325, 326; At Dobson’s Grove opened, RK. CC. Clay on, 324, 325. Cin. urns, 140, 214. 321, 323. Long Down chess board lynchets, 325. Saxon barrow, 437 ; Burial, 101. Echo newspaper, 241, 244. Eddowes, Alf., Theory of Stone- henge, 137. Edinburgh Abbey Hill, St. John’s and St. Columba, 107. Edington, 226, 239. A. S. char- ter, 125. Art. on noticed, 567. Church, note on, 139; Re- stored, 226. Rector made Bp. of Bristol. 2. See also Tinhead. Edmonds, James and Marg., 417, 419. Edney, Mr., sheep, 459. Edwards, H. B., 36, 37. Job, preserves Amesbury screen, 134. John, 417. Capt. R., 341. Sam, 538. M. K. Swayne, gift, 141; Writings, &c., 442, 500, 501, 504, 567. Effigies, Monkton Farleigh, 17. Egbert, King, 511. Egerton, J. T., 337. Egypt, source of all civilisation, 138, 569. Glass segmental beads from, 138. Tapestry, 6th cent., 374. Kisey Manor, 106. Elder,J udas hanged himself on, 472, Eldon, John, Lord, 418, 419. — Elkstone Church, visited, pigeon loft, 219. Ellandune, 354,355, A.*S. char- _ ter, 124. Elliott, Rich., 234. Will., 408. Elves, appear, 239. Elye, John, 287, 294. Emeris, W. C., guide, 218. Emmett, Marg., 411. | Enclosure Acts, results of, 193, 451. Enclosures in 18th Cent., &c., 201, 477. Enfield, 299. Enford, 358. 140, 214. Lynchets, 130. England, Clem, 340. 404. Englefield (Berks), 402, 404, 405, 407 Engleheart, G. H., 159. Col- lection of flints, 156. On ‘¢ Kenwardstone,” 210. On Stonehenge, 46, 137, 238; On Blue Stone lintel, 366 ; The Story of Stonehenge, Fact and Fiction, noticed, 362, 363, 365, 366. Remarks, 43. Writings, 248, 384. ‘Entoloma, species, 143, 144, 146, 147, Eocene beds, N. Wilts, 367. Epinal, 153. Erlestoke, Brounker’s farm, 375. Cottages destroyed, illust., 504, Ernle, Mich. & Mary, 539. Erophila precox, 281. Erwood, Will, 507. Escomb (Durh.) Church, Saxon work, 228. Essington, Walt., 206. Estcourt House, 173. Silver Election Cup, 376. Bronze arrowhead, Compton Down Farm, 494, Randem, | | | INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. Estcourt family property, 173. Lord, cup given to, 376. Mr., gives cups to supporters, 376. Rich. & ‘Thos , 293. Etchilhampton, 235. Evans Family of N. Wilts, by Canon F. H. Manley, 168—174;Arms,168. Anne, 174. Arthur (I. to VIII.), 168 —174. Cath. (I. & II.), 169, 171, 172. Ellinor, 169. — Frank, 35, Gabriel, 169. Hen. (I. & II.), 169,172. | John, 168, 169, 521 ; Bishop of Bangor, arms, 168. Maria, 172. Mary, 169,172. Rich., 174. Thos. (1. to III.), 172, 174. Walt., 174. Evening Advertiser, 559. Evening News, 241. Everdon, John, deed, 347. Everley, 456. Barrow scheduled, 178. Eversley, Lord, 438. Evesham (Worcs.), 411, 412. Evetts, Dr. Will., 12, 16. Ewerne Stapleton (Dors.), Church given to Kington Priory, 18. Ewyas family, 496. Excavations, 1925—6, 442. See Avebury, Windmill Hill; Wood- minton Barrows; Stonehenge ; Swallowcliffe Down. “ Hxecutors year,” defined, 196. Exeter Flying Post, 559. Exidia, species, 473. Eya, Phil. de, 513. Kyles, Sir F. H., 169. Sir John, Ld. Mayor, 168, 169. Mary, 169. | Hyre family, 536, 538. Chief Baron, 372. Giles, 420 ; builds Brickwell House and “ Pepper bow lala Jane, 507. - John, 331; Will., 340 ; at Neston, 537; of Salisbury, art. on noticed, 564. Sir Will., 532. Eyre’s Folly, The Pepper Box, 130. 131. Faddiley (Ches.)=Fethanleah, 371. Fairbairn, Dr., 356. Fairedam, Thos , 348. Fairford, 218, 358. Fairmile (Coll. Kingston) Long Barrow scheduled, 177. Fairy Rings, age of, 144, 466. Falconry, on the Plain, 105. 597 Farbrother, Mary, writings, 383. Farleigh Hungerford, 298, 302, 306. Castle, 287. Farley (S. Wilts), Rom. remains, 131. Farley family, in St. Thos. Salis- bury, registers, 38. Kdmund, Edward, Felix, Hen., Sam. (I. & IT.), Mrs. Sam., 38. Farmer family, 243. James, 494. Sam., Will., obit., 494, 495. Farms change hands, 462. Farnham Museum, 273. Farrer, Percy, gifts, 140, 214, 251, 350. Opens barrows at Hax- ton, 41. Farringdon, Little (Oxon), given to Beaulieu Abbey, 165. Fawcett, Rt. Hon. Hen., funeral service, 354. Feates, alias Hewes, John, 195, 198. Feltham, James & Elijah, 424. Fenton, Mr., excavations, 276. Ferrers, Eliz., Lady, 499. Ferris, Anne, Elias and John, 298. Chr., 402,405. — Eliz., 304, 305. Sarah, 224. Thos. R., 225, Thos. Will., obit., 224. Festiniog, folk-songs, 250. Festuca, species, 576. Fethanleah=Faddiley (Ches.) 371. Feudal system introduced, 511. Fidler, Will., 415. Figheldean, cin. urn from barrow, 140, 349, 398 (fig.). Long barrow, drinking cup, 274. New buildings, human skull, 140, 350, Rectangular Celtic fields, map, 130. Fight at Dame Europa’s school, Ist Ed. pub., 38. Figsbury [Frippsbury, Chlo- rus’ Camp] Rings, account of excavations, 1924. By Mrs. M. E. Cunnington, 48—58. Animal bones, 51. Bronze sword. age of, 50, 320. Chlorus’ Camp, name due to Stukeley, 48. Cause- ways, 57. Compared with Yorkshire earthworks, 50. Date of, 50. Drinking cup pottery, 279. Early Iron Age pottery, 49, 51. Excavations, 41, 214. Frippsbury, 48. Human remains, Sir A. Keith on, 51—53. Inner ditch, object 598 INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. of, 49, 55, 56. at Devizes Museum, 140. Pits or holes, 54. Plans, 510. Pot boilers, 53, 54. Pottery. Early Iron Age, 54, 56, 57. Rampart sections, illust., 56, 5’. Rectangular late flints, 53, 247. Visited, 45. Water supply, 50. Filder, John (I. & IT.), 407. Filton (Glos.), 357. Filx, Rich., 340. Finall, Will., 408. Fingerhoe (Essex), cin. urn, 323. Fire engines, Devizes, 233. Malmesbury. 504. See Cor- sham. Fire hooks, 507. Fire insurance companies, 507. Fir Hill (Fovant), worked flints, 156. Fisher, Major A. T., obit. and writings, 104. Ben., 407. Geo., 407. Hen., 406. James, 407. John, Bp. of Salisbury, 425. T. R., 104. Widow, 840. Fisherton Anger, 291. Church, 109. Parish Mag., 510. Property, 292. Fistulina, species, 471. Fitzgerald, Archdeacon, A. O., 226, G. A. R., obit., 226. Geof., 226. M. H., 226; writings, 380. Fitz Ponz, Drogo, holds Seagry, 285. Flemman, Grace, 422, 427. Fletcher, Canon J. M.J., gifts, 141, 572. On “Salisbury Incum- bents during the Common- wealth,” noticed, 564. Writ- ings, 240, 246, 509, 572. Flint, arrowheads in Roundway barrow, 276; Wilsford barrow, 279 ; Windmill Hill, 40 ; Winter- bourne Monkton, 280; Winter- slow barrow, 282, 337; Leaf- shaped, Lavington,397;Neolithic, ceremonial only, 569; Single barb, Spye Park, 572. Anrignac, Cave, La Madeline, Le Moustier types, 156, 157. Borers, 158, 159, 161 ( jfig.). Bronze Age, 161. Celts, chipped, 157 ; Polished, age of, 161; From barrows, 161; Frag- ments of,re-chipped,157; Ground Objects found, by sandstone and water, 158; | Stonehenge, 120 ; Used to polish others, 158. Chert implements, 160, 162 (jfig..) | Cissbury types at Stonehenge, 361. Daggers with drinking cups, 269 ; Ames- bury, 272 ; Lockeridge, 276, 395 ; Winterbourne Monkton, 280. Discs, 159, 162 ( fig.). Fabric- ators, types of, 159, 161 (fig.); Spye Park, 572; Windmill Hill, AQ. Flakes, worked, 162. Glazed, Aldbourne and Colling- bourne, A. D. Passmore on, 344; Polished by sand in water, 344. Gravers, Marlborough, 497 (jig.). Gun flint factory, 573. Implements, Amesbury, 40 ; From Nadder Valley, by R. C.C. Clay, 156—162. Tron Age flints, by H. G. O. Kendall, art. noticed, 247 ; [ron staining, cause of, 159, 160. Javeline heads, leaf-shaped, Winterbourne Stoke barrow, 281. Knives, types of, 159, 161 (fig.); Found in cin. urn, 396 (jig.); oval, ground edges, Amesbury, 572. Late type, Figsbury, 53. Natural flint like human arm, with burial, 490. Paleolithic form at Stonehenge, R. A. Smith on, 361. Patina, white, easily pro- duced, 159. Prismatic cores, 156. Pygmies, 160, 162 ( jig.) 5 Method of making, 160. Quicksilver spots, 160. Re- chipping, 156. Rectangular Figsbury and Laverstock, dis- cussed, 247. Saws, 159. Scrapers, 158, 162 ( fig.) ; Scraper cores, 158, 161, 162 ( fig.) ; Pris- matic, 159 ; Hollow, 158 ; Horse- shoe, 156, 160; In barrow, 397; Square-ended, 160; Strike a lights, 158; Tanged, 158; With ground edges, used to polish celts ? 158, 161. Scratches on, 160. Spurred tools, 162 ( 7ig.). Thames pick, 252. Flower, Mr., sheep, 406. Will, 293. Floyer, J. K., 252. “Fly Fishers, Letters to Young,” noticed, 503. Foissac, cin. urn, 320. - Fowler, Augusta, 357. | } | INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. Folk Lore. Children’s games, calendar of, 566. Cramp balls of fungus, 476. Method of securing site of cottage, 504, Of the Warminster district, by V.S. Manley, noticed, 238. Spectral funeral, 239. Trow- bridge rhyme, 504. See also Bugley; Elder; Sloes; Ghost, Horse, headless ; Lent Crock or Panshard night; Longbridge Deverill, Jews wall; Shrof Tues- day. Folk songs and music, local dis- tribution, art. noticed, 250. And locality, art. noticed, 501. Folkestone, Viscount, 417. Folly Farm, Savernake, Fungi, 149. Fomes, species, 465, 470. Fontevrault Abbey, 514. Order of, Churches in England, 134. Fonthill=F untgeal, 125. Roman brooch, 384, Fooke, Francis, 412. Foord, Edw., ‘‘ Winchester and Salisbury,” noticed, 371. James, 405. Foot, Jane, 402. Rob., 404. Ford, 339. And Slaughterford, New Church, art. on, noticed, 244, Ford, Thos., 340. Fordingbridge, 109. Fordnam (Norf.), 413. Forman, John, 195, 199. Forster, Geo., 564. Fosbury Camp, 208. Foscutt, 302, Fosseway, 227, 369. Fovant, pits for storage, grain, 129. War badges cut in turf, illust., 242. See Chiselbury Camp ; Fir Hill. Fowell, Rich., 585. Fowle, Fulwar, enlarges Amesbury Vicarage, 134, Edw., 538. Rev. H. R., 357. R. C., on manorial documents, 353. Rob., deed, 416, 417. Fox, Dr. Cyril, 364. | Fox, Rt. Hon. Hen., 287. 'Foxbury Wood, Fungi, 143—151, | 467 —472, 475, 476. _Foxham Field Names, 201. Demesne land, strips, 201. yceholders. 200. he XLUIL—NO. CXLVI. | 599 Foxley Church, art. and illust., noticed, 382. Frampton, James, 306, Francis, C., 395. Franklin, Geo. & Jacob, 416, 417. Fraser, A.,242. Art. by, noticed, 376. “ Freebench,” defined, 202. Freem, Josh., 302. Freeman, Edw., 429. Freemantle, G., 240. Freeth, John & Will., 415. Freke, R., 481. Friars Waddon (Dors.), cin. urn, Fricker, Chr., 424. [323. Frippsbury see Figsbury. Frome, 456. Froxfield, Almshouse Copse, Fungi, 472. Somerset Hospital, 356, 495. Fruticicola, species, 434. Fry, H., buys Bradenstoke, 447. John, 206. Fuller, Geo., 567. G. P., 250, John, builds Neston, 537. John Bird, 537, 538. Major R. F., buys Tropenell Cartulary, 339 ; on Avon Rubber Co, 567. Fumaria Vaillantii, 231. Funeral of Dame Ann Cobb, 412. Fungi, cultivated by Greeks and Romans, 148. In Savernake Forest, C. P. Hurst on, 223, 465—476, 497. Charm for cramp, 476. Cure for swollen face, 470. Edible, 469, 471, 478, 474. Poisonous, deaths from, 152—155, 476. Razor strop, 470. “ Furlongs ” in open fields, 193. Fyfield (Phiphide ; Withiglea),A.S. Charter, 124. ~ Sarsens, illust., 367. Fyfield Bavant, 124. Camp, age of, 319. Cin. urn, 323. Combs, 76, 77. Jers) (G0), (Nl date of, 51,; excavated, 40, 41, 501; number of, 540; Animals bones, 91; Dog, 487; Bone needles, 78. Tron cleats, 83; Tron ring-headed pin, 82; La Tene I. village, 320, 321; Loom weights, 76,77; no flint imple- ments, 88, 161, 321; Pottery balls, 86 ; Pottery of Early Iron Age, 51, 71, 72, 78, 486; Saddle ()uerns, 88. 25 600 Fynemore, Rog., 5389. Gagea lutea, 232. Gale, Dr., 245. John, 423. Galley property, 307. Gallipoli, 106. Gallows on Scotch Fir, Alvediston, 324, Gandy, Ida, writings, 385. Ganoderma, species, 470. Gardens, see Bowood ; Cheney Court ; Chippenham, Mrs. White’s. Gardiner, Canon Will., obit and writings, 113, 114. Garnett, Barbara, Chr., & W., 105. Charles, obit., 105. Garrett, Capt., 337. Garrowby (Yorks), bronze awl, 322. CGarsdon, acct. of, noticed, 502. Church, plate, lost and recovered, 945, 499; illusts., 244; Washing- ton Monument removed and re- covered, 244, 245; Illust., 499. Manor, illusts., 499, 502; Ghost’s chamber, 245; Wash- ington arms from, illust., 499. Washington family, art. noticed, 244; Laurence Washington, 499. “Gasper, The,” periodical, 1915, hist. of, 30. Gastard, St. John’s Chapel, 532. Tithing, 518. Gastrell, James, 300. Gatesturd, Rob. of, 539. Gauntlett, W. B., 494. Gauze Brook (Brokenborough), 124, Gaveston, Peter de, holds Corsham, 514. Gavrinis (Morbihan), Megalithic carvings, 211. Gay, poet, at Amesbury, 250, 505. Geaster, species, 474. Gee, Eliz., 409. Gellideg (Carm.), 114. Genealogy, Wilts, MS. notes given by J. Sadler, 113, 142, 214. Gent, G. M. —Guy Miege, 38. James, 235. Geoglossum, species, 475. Geology, “ Lamellibranch fauna of Oxford, Berks, and Wilts,” noticed.509. ‘Of Marlborough country,’ by H. J. O. White, noticed, 367, 368. See High- worth ; Mere. Geo. III. imports Merino sheep, 454, John, 299. INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. Geranium, species, 135. Gerrish, Thos., 420. Ghent, Bp. Simon of, printed, 40, 213, 255, 441. Ghost laid at Longleat, 239. Giants’ graves (Oare), scheduled, 176. Gibbons, W., 408. Walt., Will., 538. Gibbs, Rt. Hon. G. A., 102. Gibling, Pheebe, d. of John, 494.. Giggleswick, 224. Gilbert, Marion G., 358. Giles, Will, 480. Gillingham, 116. (paper), 33. Gillman, Ch., gifts, 510. Gillson, Col., writings, 246. Gilmour, Francis & James A,, printers, 26. _ Gishford, Steph., 410. Gilun, Walt., 513. : Glare, Absolom, 429, 430. Glasgow, St. Mary’s, 115. Glass beads,segmented,of Egyptian _ Amesbury barrow, | origin, 138 ; BIN, BID 2 Rom.-Brit., Stockton, 392 (fig.); Stratified eye beads, Swallowcliffe Pits, H. W. Beck on, 88, 89 ( jig.). Glass, painted, Corsham Ch., 444 ; Inglesham Ch., 165, 166: N. Cerney Ch., 220; Kington St. Michael Ch., 443; Wilton Ch., 45. Glass, Rev. Rich., tithe, 477—481. Thos, 421. Glastonbury, lake village, 343 ; 4 | Animals, dog, 487; Polled ox, 78. Bone awls, 80 ; Combs, | 76. 773; Dress fastener, 81; Needles, 78. Bronze needles, The Clay balls, 86. Flint tools, 87. Tron bill hooks, 83. Tron Age pottery, 70, 73. | Pit with ladder, 60. Glebe lands, sold, 116. Glendalough, seven Churches, 363, |) (Jloucester, taken by Saxons, 371. im , Earl of, founds | Gloucester, Will. Keynsham Abbey, 502. : Goare, Little (field), 309. | Goatacre, drinking cup, 275. 4 Geology, 367. Gobet, Richd., 348. | Goddard family of Purton, 171. | Annica Susan, 173. Anth,, | register | 296. “ Record ” | | INDEX TO VOL. XLIIt. 601 169, 170, 171. Cecil V., gift, 510. Edw., 170. Edw. of Clyffe Py pard, 173 ; of Hartham, 530. Eliz, 170. Frances, 169, 170. Horatio Nelson, buys Purton Ho., 171. Marg, 171. Mary, 169—171. Nich., 171. Sarah, 170,171. Thos., of Rudloe, 132. Will., 195, 198. Goddard, E. H_, 204. A Bib- liographical Catalogue of printed materials for the Hist. of Wiltshire, arranged under parishes, 492, 493. Bronze implements not previously mentioned, 350 —352. Diggings, Cold Kit- chen, 180. Gifts, 141, 252, 509, 573. Guide, 46, 218, 220, 443, 445, Notes and remarks, 42, 43, 215, 219, 334, 335, 345. Godding, Walt. H., obit., 355. Godsal, Major P. T., gift, 252. Theory of Wansdyke refuted, 561, 562. “lhe Conquests of Ceawlin,” noticed, 368—371. Godwin, Karl, 512. Family, 285. Mr., 287. Eliz., 292. Jer., 404, 405. Nath., 297, 298, 307, 427, 428. T. S., 458. Widow, 404. Will., 292. Goidels invasion, date, 319. Gold disks, Mere barrow, 276; found with drinking cups, 269. Plated bronze finger ring, 74. Golden Ball Hill, flints, 161. Goldeneye Duck, 135. Goldney, Sir F. H., 113, 534, 536. Gabriel, 113, 297, 3U9, 357, 536; Sir Gabriel buys Corsham, Rectory Manor, 127, 524, Sir Gab. Prior, owned Bradenstoke, 447 ; obit., 113. Sir John T., owns Corsham Rectory, 127. Sarah, 309. Goniodiscus, species, 325, 434, 487. Good Friday, ‘‘ Best Ball,” 239. _ Goodenough, Fr., 302. | : | | Rich., 304. Goodere, Alf., Salisbury ‘Times, 33. Goodmanham (Yorks), bronze awl, 323. Goodwynn, Sir Fr,, 411. Gore, James & Eliz., 420. Gosling, W. F., 417, “edits: Gospel Oak, origin of name, 380. | Gower, Stanley, 564. Grafton, 207. Grafton, East, alleys, Gt. and Little, 567. A.S. Charter, 125. Betts Farm, 567. Shapel Meadow, 567. Church built, 567. Green and Manor Farms, 567, ‘‘ More items of local interest,” by W. M. Adams, noticed, 567. Old Farm, 567. Parish formed, 567. | Pax found, 567. Pills Pond, Pypers Barn, Stubbed Park, Timber Yard, 567. Vicars, acct. of, 567. See also Wexcombe. Grail, 19. Grandinia, species, 471. Grandisson, Will. de, 496. Grant, John, 307. Will., 401, 403, 404. Grant Meek, Misses, gift, 41. Graunt, John, Abbott of Keyn- sham, 502. Grave furniture broken purposely, 437. Gray, H. St. G., excavation at Avebury.441 ; at Chute, 41 ; On Theso-calledKenwardstone at Chute Causeway, 207— 212 (fig.). Steph., 195, 199. Grebe, Gt. Crested, 231. Green, G. M., edits ““ The Gasper,” 30. Geo., 308, 309. Reg. le 32s Thos., 415. Greenaway, Anth., 206. Greenlane, Rich., BAT, Greens Cleeve, nr. geology, 367. Greenwell, Canon, 270. Greever, G., writings, 412, 510. Gregory, Hen., entomologist, 568. H. G., 373. Gretton, Mr., guide, 218. Gretworth, 499. Grey, Dr., 245. Griffith, Geo., 419. Grimes Graves (Norf.), bone picks, 80. Halstatt flint workers, pottery, 87, 320. Grims Ditch, notes on, 562. Grimstead, Hast, Rom. villa, Bath houses isolated, T-shaped hypo- caust, Rom. objects, window glass, &c., ‘‘ Discovery of,” by Heywood Sumner, noticed, 130 —132. Centennial stone (4), Idl, 132. Catcombe, Peel ee 602 INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. Grimthorpe, bone lance heads (?), 7D. “Gripers” in harvest, 197—199. Grips, John, 406. Grittleton, 291, 292, 297, 305—308. Estate held by Houltons, 288, 289- Grittworth (Northants), 245. Grosvenor, Lady, port., 136. Ground Ivy, medicinal, 239. Groundwell (Blunsden), 17). Grove, W. B., on Fungi, 476. Groveley, 306. Grubbe, Phceebe, Walt., M.P., & Will., 235. Grundy, G. B., 371 ; “Saxon land charters of Wilts, 2nd series,” noticed, 123—126. Guajiros, Indians, 60. Guard, J., 234. Gudule, St., legend of, 473. Guernsey ,polished Jadeite celt, 336. Gule of August, 355. Gunstone, John, 408. Will., 502. Guy, Ann, 374. Anth., deed, 374, 414, 415. Eleanor, 414, 415. Hannah, 414. Will., 537. Guyers House, see Corsham. Gwillim, Edw., Ll., obit., 356. James S., 356. Gwynn, Steph., writings, 504. Gyse, Eleanor, d. of Will., 499. Hackpen Hill. Petticole field, worked flints, 156, 161. Hall, John, 402, 403. Halliday, John, 402. Susan, 531. Halse (Som.) manor, 113. Ham Farm, 494. Ham Hill, bone pins, 79 (jfig.) Hammond, J. J., 37, 45 ; Blazons heraldry, 442 ; Guide, 46. Handley Hill (Dors.), 171. Barrows, bronze awl, 323. Camp, 319. Cin. urns, 316, NUM SSC), Bie}, Hampshire, central, map of Celtic Will. & fields, 130. Down Soc. (sheep), 295. Hampton, Grace, 535. Miss, gift, 142. Hancock family, 537. James, 408. John (I. & II.), deeds, 413—415. Rich., 538. Thos., 418, 414. Will, 413, 416, 417. © Hancorne, Will., 535. Hand, John & Jane, 422. Handford, Capt., 536. Hanham, Sir Will., 537. See - Hannam. Hankerton, acct. of, noticed, 502. Hankey, Basil, gifts, 142, 442, 509 ; H ospitality, 443. Hanks, Miss, 376. Hannam, John, 195, 198. Hanney, Long (Bucks), lvoe Hannington Wick, Roman build- | ing, 503. Hanry, Walt., 302. Haranvilliers, fungus poisoning, 466. Harden, Widow, 340. Hardenhuish, 309. Hardwick (Glos.), 295, 296. Harnham, Roundabouts field, 240. Saxon cemetery, 371. Swan Inn, 240. Harnham, East, 107. Harries, Thos. & Alice, Will. & Johanna, deeds, 347. Harris, Dr., 340. Ch. & Co. (Calne), 106. Geo., 106. John, 403. Harris’s Hill, flint scrapers, &c., 156, 158. Harrison, F., gift, 385. Betty, | James, Rebecca, 431. John, — 430. Harrison’s Picture Book (Devizes), 573. Harry, Walt., 306. Hart, Steph., 408. Hartford, Rob., 427, 428. Hartham, 518. Barrow, 511. | Goddard family, — Kstate, 536. 530. House,511. In Domes- day, 512. Held by Duckett | family, 194. Harvard University, 562. Harvy, Rob., 403, 404. Haskell, Thos. (L. & IT), 407. Haskins, Ch., gift, 252; Guide, 44, | 46 ; Portrait subscribed for, 44. | Haslemere Museum, 476. | Hassocks (Sussex), cin. urn, 323. Hatton, Sir Chr. holds Corsham | advowson, 514, 523. Haughmond Abbey, 4 Havant, 559. Haverfield, Prof., remarks, 131. | Hawkins, Mr., 334. Abraham, | Alb. Rich., 299. Rog. and | Edith, deed, 347. INDEX TO VOL. XLITII. Hawley, Col. W., 86, 137; Guide, 45; Excavates Stonehenge, 41, 214, 351, 442 ; Reports on Stone- henge, noticed, 117—122, 138, 358—361. Hawthorn charcoal, prehistoric, 89. Haxton Down, barrows opened, 41. | Haydon (Rodbourne Cheney), Evans’ estate, 169,171. Wick, school endowed by Cath. Wayte, 172. Hayman, Sir Will., 221. Haynes, Ed., deed, 347. Hayter, Sir Geo., painter, 244. Hayward family, 287,288. Jesse, 298. Mary, 405. Reuben, 416, Thos., legend of his money, 567. Will., 430. Hazara, 108. Hazel charcoal, prehistoric, 90. Hazelbury Church, site of. 377. “Manor restoration,” by Chr. Hussey, illusts., noticed, 377, 378; chimneys, 378; Dower House, drawing room and hall, 378; Gate piers, 378; Speke family, 538; Work of Bonham and Croke, 377, 378; Visited. 445, Valuation, 1628, 341. Head, John, 340. Headholds, 534. Heanage, Ch., 305. Hearm, J., painter, 27. Hearst, Mary, d. of Will, 169. _ Heart burial, Kington Priory, 20. Hebeloma, species, 148. Heddington, King’s Play Down, barrows scheduled, 177, 178. Manor held by Mompesson & Welles. 291, 292 Wick, Roman remains, 503. ) _ Hednesford, 110. Hedyngton, Will. de, deed, 347. Helix, species, 325,434. Aspersa, Saxon cemetery, 100. Nemor- alis, 90; Series given, 40. Pomatia, Grimstead, 132. Hellier, Geo., 307. Hellis, John, 427. _ Helotium, species, 475. Helps, Walt., 532. Helston, 113. Helvella, species, 475. Heneage, C. W., gift, 384. Henering (—), 417. Hengistbury (Hants), finger-tip 603 pottery. 319. ments, 87. Henley-on-Thames, 495. Henly (—), 340. Henslow (—), 340. Henswood, Bustard shot, 333. Heraldry, arms of Coker, 171. Chippenham, 132. Evans, 168, 171. Lewis, 296. Houlton, 289, 298. Martin, 2977. Mompesson, 285. Walker, 306. Washington, 499. Wayte, 171. White, 289. Herbert, Geo., art. on, noticed, 250. Will., 1st E. of Pembroke, life, by J. J. Daniell, 510. Herridge Farm, 495. Herring, Mr., 479. Herriott paid to Lord, 196, 202, 203, 205, 299. Hert, Eliz. ; Hen. le; John; Reg.; deeds, 347. Hertford, Lord, builds bridge at Marlborough, 497. Kdw., Karl of, 505. Will. Seymour, Marquis of, 505. Hevens, Will., 406. ‘“* Hewe & Cry ” raised, 507. Hewer, T. F. Guys Rift, Slaughterford, an Early Iron Age habitation, 483— 489 (figs.). Hewes, Jane, 422. Hewett, John, 308. Heydon, Rich., 414. Heysham (Lancs) Chapel, Saxon work, 228. Heytesbury, 291, 456. Barrows, drinking cups, 274. Heytes- bury House sale, 509, 568. Lock-up, illust.,239. Property, 292. Woollen industry, 449. See also Bowls barrow. Heytesbury, Lord, 337; gift, 141. Marg., Lady, 568. Heyward, Mary, 403. Hibberd, Eliz., deed, 303. per (I. & IL), 303, 308. (I. & II.), deeds, 295, 303. Kath., 303. Rich., 293. Thos., 416, 417. Hide, measure defined, 533. Hieracium, species, 496. Higdon, Thos., 502. Higgs, h., 417. Highfield Pits, deer horns, querns, spindle whorls, 80, 86, 88. Flint imple- Jas- John 604 INDEX TO VOL. XLIII Highworth, 172. ** And neigh- bourhood,” guide book by H. R. Hopkins, noticed, 566, 5738, Barn destroyed, 566. Child- ren’s games, 566. Church, 666; helmet and coat, 379. Geology, 247, 251, 500, 562. Redlands Court, 247. Ringers horn cup, 586. Hiket, John & Nich., 348. Hilcot farm, 494. Hill Deverill, Church,” 239. Hill, Rev. A. D., 46. Rev. Geoffry, obit. and writings, 107, 108. Mrs., 85. Dr. Richd., 107. Richd. H., 107. Rob., 348, 376. Hiller, Thos., 340. Hilliard, widow, & James, tithes, 479, 480. Hillier, alias Clark, Thos., 294. Hillman, Gervase & Mary, 420. Hilmarton, 302, 448. _ Deeds, 573. Geology, 367, 500, 562. See also Goatacre. Hilperton, “ Tie downs,” 504. Hindon, 247. Hinks, A. R., on Stonehenge and Karnack, noticed, 237. Hinton (Steeple Ashton), 296. Hinton, Little, Thos. & Mary Coker, 169, Hinton, F. H., 381. Hippenscombe, 207, 208. Hirneola, species, 472. Hiscock, John, 310. Hiscocks, John, 195, 198. History of Wilts, see Biblio- graphical. Hitchen, 103. Hitchens, Will., 380. Hoare, Sir Hen., 250. 241, 267, 268, 336, 389. Hobhouse, Sir C., excavates Monk- ton Farleigh, 13. Hodding & Jackson, 106. Hodges, D., 37. Hodson, Mr, 37. Hogs Well,Cley Hill, legend of,238. Holborough, Jos., 298, 307. Holbury, Roman Villa, 131. Holcroft, Will., 170, Holcus, species, 476. Holden, Mr., sheep, 459. Holder, Jacob, 406. Holford, P., 418. t) ‘‘Clipping the Sir R. C., John, 424, Hollampton (Hollompton) Knok, 291, 292. Holland, Lord, held Seagry, 286. Rogers, 133. ‘ Holliday, Ann, w. of Jeffery, 415. John, 401, 402. Rob., 479, 481. Hollis, Rob. & Eliz., 310. Holly charcoal, prehistoric, 90. Holowaye, John, deed, 347. Holt, 402, 404, 405, 408. Holy loaf custom, defined, 204. Hony, Rev. C., 385. G. | Sheep Farming i in Wiltshire with short history of the | Hampshire Down breed, | 449 —464 (illust.). Hood, Capt., guide, 448. Hook (Hants), 107. Tregoze), 294. Hooper, Pet, 417. Hoper, John & Will., 348. Hopkins, Mrs. H. R., gift, 573. Hornblotton (Som.), 288. Hornby, Mary E., d. of Dr., 357. Horne, Thos., 415. | Horningsham, 416. Bakery, 239. Chapel, illust., 239. See also Woodhouse. | Hornington (Som.), 408. Horse, Headless, apparition, 239. Horseshoe Copse, worked flints,156, | Hortham, Martin of, 513. Horton, 538. Farm, 494. Down, earthworks scheduled, | 176. (Dors.), cin. urn, 317, 323. Horton, Mrs., 107. Ch, 107. | Hen., 106, 107, 296. Hen. | James, obit., 106. Garnet, 356. James, obit., 855, 356. John (I. & II.), 355, 356, 481. (Lydiard : Maud, 503. Richd, 406. | Rob. 107. Thos. (1. & IT.)y | 406, 503. Horwode, Will. of, builds Hall at | Corsham Ho., 515. e| Hosier, A. J., dairy farm at Wex- | combe, 379, 501. Hotchkin, Ch., 428. Hotchkins, Fr., 412. Houlton family, arms, 298. Deeds, Seagry, &c., 296—298, | 306—810, Capt., property, | 309. Mr., 286. John, 298, | 307, 808, 309, 310; Rear Adm. J ohn, owns Seagry and Grittle- | ton, 289. Jos. (I. & II.), 287, | INDEX TO VOL. XLII. 605 296—298, 301, 302, 306, 307 ; buys Seagry, 286. Mary, 298, 306— 308. Nath., deeds, 298, 301— 303, 305—308 ; owns Seagry, 288, 289. Briccilla: 298. Rob., 296-—298 ; deeds, 305—309. Houndwood, 131. Hour glass stand, Inglesham Ch., 167. Houseman, John, 409. Houses, see Bowood, Cheney Court, Corsham Court, Devizes, Hazel- bury, Woolmore. Howard, Phil., 499. Howorth, Sir Hen., 139. Hubbard, Hesketh, colour prints of Salisbury. noticed, 372. Hudson, Mrs. J. C., obit. and port., 108. Leonora, 251. Hughes, R., sheep, 456. Hulbert family, 536, 538. Geo., & Martha, built Woolmore Ho., Sho. Gifford, 339, 341. John & Joan, 375. Richd. & Rob., 375. Thos., 295; sells Woolmore, 375. Martha, 538. Will. & _ Hull Museum, drinking cup, 275. | Hull, Jos, 406. Sam., 402. _ Thos., 803. Hullavington, 415, Art. on noticed, 382. Register saved and returned, 41. Soldiers grave long barrow, 227. &c., lists of, 382. Human remains, Alvediston bar- row, 4:34 Figsbury Rings, Sir A. Keith on, 52, 53. Swallowcliffe pits, 62. W ood- minton barrows, 315. In A.D. Passmore’s Collection, Sir A. Keith on, 311—312. Bronze Age and modern skele- tons compared, 312. Pyorr- heea in teeth, 52. Saxon skeleton in barrow, Alvediston, 436. Skulls from Alton, Bul- ford, Figheldean, 140, 350; from Slaughterford rift, 485, 487—489 (figd.); Beaker people, 491 : Karly Iron Age, Neolithic, River bed, Rom. Brit., 488 ; Dolichocephalic with beaker, 311, 312; portion sawn off, Amesbury, 271; separ- ated from skeleton, Saxon, 437. * Whorl made from Patella, Vicars, Humaria, species, 475. pune Dick, Rt. Hon. W. W. F., Humewood (Ireland), 102. Humphrey family, 535. Mr., sheep, 459, 460. Will., 458. Humphries, Sam., 37. Humphreys, Lt.-Col. Rob., 337. Hundreds, origin of, 512, 533. Hungary, glass beads, 89. Hungerford, 306, 459. Hungerford, arms on tiles, 4. Sir Edw., 287, 530; buys Cor- sham House, 128, 516, Dame Marg., 287, 288; Builds gallery in Corsham Ch., 127, 525; Founds Corsham Almshouse, 530. Ld. Rob., effigy with collar of S.S., 246. Sir Walt. holds Monkton Farleigh, 10; Property at Calstone, 194. Hunsbury, Iron Age pottery, 70. Hunsdon (Herts.), 299. Hunt, Mr., 340. C. H. on sheep, 453. Hugh, 418. Hunt-Grubbe, Thos. & Will., 235. Huntley, John, 421, 426. Hurdcott, ragstone used at Stone- henge, 120. War.badges cut in turf, illust., 242. Hurst,C. P. Savernake For- est Fungi. 143—155, 465— 476; Writings, w&c., 135, 233, 497. Hussey, T. W., 117. Hutchings, A. B., excavations, 282. John & George, 405. Huts, rectangular, 62. Hutton Moor (Yorks), earthworks, 50. Hutton, Thos., 458. Hyde, Lady Kath., 505. Chief Justice Sir Rob., effigy, 246. Hydnum, species, 465, 471. Hydrocybe, species, 150, Hygromia, species, $0, 100, 325. Hygropborus, Species, 140, 150, 465— 467. Hymenocheete, species, 472. Hymenoptera, Marlborough, 232. Hypericum, species, 135. Hypholoma, species, 144, 149. Hypomyces, species, 145, 474, 476. Hypoxylon, species, 476. Ibadar (Africa), 246. Iberian, Neolithic colonists, 571. Idmiston, A.S. charter, 124. Cin. urn, 323, 606 INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. Iford, 125. Horton family, 503. Iggisden, John, 417. Iles, C. J. (Purton), 244. Illust. Lond. Miscellany, 34. Imber, 239, 247, 403. Hulbert family,375, Wadman’s Coppice, drinking cup, 275. Imber, Geo., John, & Jane, 420. Inchfawn, Fay, gift and writings, 252; “Adventures of a Homely Woman,” noticed, 376, 377. Incledon, Ben, 298, 307, 308. Inglesham, 355. Church, by C. E. Ponting, 163—167 (figs.) ; Brass matrix, 166; Glass, 165, 166; Stone reredos, fragment, 167. Churchyard cross, 167 (jfig.). Manor given to Beaulieu Abbey, 164. Inkpen Beacon (Berks), Wansdyke, 123, 560, 561. Inocybe, species, 143, 148, 152. Insall, Squadron leader G. vie gift, 491, 509. Inverness, ‘stone circles, 363. Tron, date of introduction, 129. Tron arrowhead, Winterslow, 337. sickles and knife, Aldbourne, 384. Socketed celt, 190 (figd.). See Early Iron Age; Roman. Ironwork, hinges, Inglesham Ch., 164. Irpex, species, 471. Isabel, Princess, 514. Isborn, Miss, writings, noticed, 245 ; see Wiltshire, Mary. Jackson,’ Messrs., gifts, 4. Canon J. E., on Amesbury Ch., 133 ; on “ Kenwardstone,” 207, 210, 211. J. W.,on animal bones from Swallowcliffe Pits, 90O—92,487. Richd., 299. Wilfred. 88. W. H., obit., 357. Jacob family, deeds, 251. Jaggards, dovecote and fireplace, 537. See Corsham. James, Lady Ann, charity, Cor- sham, 530. Jaques, Joane, 308. Jarvis, Ben., 306. Jason, Sir Rob., held Somerford, 289. Rob. (junr.), 299. Jeane, Mr., 307, John, 307 ; Major, 101. Jeffery, John & Will., 340. Jefferys, Richd., 206, Jeffries, John, 478, 481. | Jennings, Louisa A., d. of Edw., | 114. | Jesse window, Salisbury Cath., | 240. Jesse, John, 427, 428, Jet mined by Neolithic man, 565. — Necklace, Garrowby (Yorks.), | 322. Jewell, Bp., 568. Jews Ear Fungus, 472. Joan 4 Gore Church, site of, 497, 498. Joan (Queen), holds Corsham, | 1261, 514, 523. Jocelyn (Bp.), 18. Johnson, Geo., 417. J., 37. ane Pe 29 Johnson (or Janssens), Corn., painter, 499. Jones family, 538. (—), 408. A., 487. Dan., deed, 409, 410. Eliz., 405, 406. Rev. E. | Rhys, 184; Guide, 45. Canon | R. C. 8. guide, 218. — Rev. © W.H., MS. note books, 41. Jones Bateman, Mrs., 562. : Jordan, Abraham, organ builder, © 499. Jourdain, M., writings, 241. Jowett, Mr., 43, 136, 338. Joy, Phyllis, story of, 565. Judas, hanged on elder, 472. Juniper Down, flints, 248. Jury, John, 308. Jutes, conquest of Hants, 368. Karnack ‘Temple, axis cleared, | Lockyer’s theories disproved, © 237. Khyber, troopship, 106. Keary & Stokes, 358. Keen, Eliz., 420. John, 417, 419, 420. Keevil A. 8. charter, 125. Cot- tages, timber framed, illust., 504, | Manor bought, 224; House, | 139. Tallboys Ho., 139. Keiller, Alex., 248 ; Air photo- | graphs, 42, ‘194 ; Buys and ex- | cavates Windmill Hill, Avebury, | D5 449 Om Aberdeenshire _ circles, 365; Private museum, 442. Keith, Sir A., 88; On human bones, | 90, 101, 395, 434; From Ebbes- | bourne Wake, 325; From Figsbury, 52, 53; From | INDEX TO VOL. XLII. 607 Netheravon,491; from Slaughter- ford, 483; In coll. of A. D. Passmore,112—113; Saxon Skull, LO Spursholt (Hants), 109. Spye Park, flint implements, 572. Capt Spicer’s coach, 379. Squarey, Elias P., 225, 457; on Downton Moot, 380. Newall, guide, 46. Stamp, A. I., 349. Stancomb, Messrs., 105. Standon Hussey, Goddard family, 170. Standlake (Oxon), cin. urn, 323. Standlynch, see Clearbury. Stanley Abbey, 1. Cloister, 4. Lands bought by Sir E. Bayn- tun, 200. Precinct ditches, 447. Stanley, W., 481. Stanton Fitzwarren, 103, 356. Church, acct. of, noticed, 104; Carved woodwork by Canon Masters, 108. Churchyard — cross, 104. Stanton St. Bernard, earthworks scheduled, 176. Stanton St. Quintin, 304, 306, 374. Church, early sculptured figure, 443; Photos, 142; Visited, 443, Deeds, 292, 299. Hungerford property, 530. Property, 293, 294, 308. Manor House, &c., Dovecot visited, 443. Roman inter- ment, urn and brooch, 140, 334, Roman villa, 334. Stantonbury (Som.) Camp, 561. Stanwick (Yorks), late Celtic bronze cheek pieces, 352. Stapleford Castle, scheduled, 176. Startley, 289. Green Man, 302. Property, 291, 292. | } | | | | } | _ Stockton, 109. INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. 629 Starveall, see Wilsford (S. Wilts). Staverton, 409. | Steaned Mead, defined, 196. Steel, Capt. W. A., founds Rockley, N.S.W., 496. Steel, R., gift, 141. Steeple Ashton, A.S. charter, 125. Church, fall of spire, art. on, noticed, 247; Note, 139. Manor, 306 ; Granary, 139. ° Old Oak, Ho. and Vicarage, 247. Steeple Langford, see Yarnbury. Stegia, species, 476. Stephens, Canon J. O., obit., 225. Thos., of Bushton, art. on life and writings, noticed, 243. Stephenson, Eglantine, Lady, obit., Bale Mr., 371 ; Aug. moe Aes, Sir Guy, Hen. F,, Kath. J. Lady Mary, 357. Stereum, species, 472. Sterlyng, John, deed, 347. Stevens (—), 402. Frank, 43, 333, 349 ; Guide, 47; Hospitality, 44; On China, 45; On Stone- henge and Karnac, noticed, 365, 366; writings, 385. Hen., 412; John, 304; Mary, 408 ; Thos., 306, 405; Will, 304; Deed, 406—408. Stewart,Charles, legitimate s.of Ch. II.? 373. Stileman, Thos., 296, 297, Stiles family, of Wantage, 168. Ben. Haskins builds Bowden Ho., 168, 171. Ellinor, 168. Hen., 168. Sir John Kyles, 169. Jos. Haskins, 168. Rich., 206. Rob. endows Wantage almhouses, 168. Stinkhorn, Fungus, 473. 7 Stitchcombe, Goldeneye Duck, 135. Stoakes, Will., 427. Stock, Thos., 416, 417. Stockbridge, 458. Stocks & Pillory, use of, 518, 520. Earthworks, objects found on Rom. Brit, site, 1923. By R. de C. Wan Kivell,389—394 | fgs.); Ditch, and streets, 389 ; Extent and date of, 389, 390; Mound, 389. Ground Celt of Stone- henge Diabase, 360. Long . barrow, scheduled, iL Stoke Farthing (Bd. Chalke), 124. Stokke (Gt. Bedwyn), Fungi, 468, 469. Stone circles set up in mining dis- tricts, 565. Scheduled, list of, 179. Sepulchral theory, 365. No recumbent stone in centre known, 363, 365. Stone implements, experiments in methods of boring described, 449, New Guinea, 348. Celts, Brittany type, polished Jadeite, Breamore, 336 ; Stone- henge blue stone, 360. Per- forated axe hammer, E. Kennett barrow, 275 ; Hammerstones or maceheads, Bilbury Camp, R. S. Newall on, 348, 349 ( fig.); Marlborough, 349 ; Rams- gate, 215; Stoneham (Suff.), 349; Stonehenge, found with cremation beside ditch, similar examples known, 122. Slate wrist guards, Roundway, 276 ; Sutton Veny, 277; Winterslow, 282,337. | Whetstones, Winter- bourne Stoke barrow, 281. See also Flint implements. Stone Mead, explained, 202. Stone pulpit, N. Cerney Ch., 220. Stone, I. H., gifts, 41, 252, 384, 442, 509; “The Purpose of Stonehenge,’ noticed, 187; “The Stones of Stonehenge,” noticed. 248; “The Story of Stone- henge,” and “‘ Replies by G. H. Engleheart,” noticed, 361, 362, 364, 365 ; ‘Supposed Blue Stone Trilithon at Stonehenge,” no- ticed, 366; writings, 252. John, Judith, Kath,, Lucy, Rich., Will., 411. Nich., 405. Stoney Cross(lHants), cin. urn, 323. Stonehenge, altar stone, originally prostrate or erect, 363, 364. ‘** And Karnac,” by A. R. Hinks, noticed, 237. Astronomical theory discussed, 238, 363, 364. Aubrey holes, 137 ; Dis- covered and excavated, 41, 45, 118, 138; Contained original blue stone circle, 118, 138, 361, 365; Cremated bones in, 118, 138; One hole in centre of entrance causeway, 121. Avenue, age of, not original, 362, 363; Course of W. Amesbury branch discovered, 42, 364; 630 Illusts., 130 ; Ditches excavated, no connection with main ditch, 121; Scheduled, 176. Barrows, no connection with Stonehenge, 237; S. “ Barrow ” excavated, site of stone, 120. Bases of stones packed with Sarsen and Chilmark stone, 118, 119. Bluestones brought from Wales, 361; Celts made from, 360; Chips of numerous, 118; Circle excavated, stumps found, width between stones, 360; Destroyed in 17th cent., 360 ; Grooved blue- stone, a gnomon, 137; Not drift boulders, 139; Original circle of, 3615; Trilithon and lintel, E. H. Stone on, noticed, 366, 384; Col. Hawley’s theory, 360. Bronze Age bone pin, 359; Cremated burials in silting of ditch, 359 ; Date of circle, 565; Pottery, 118. Cin. urn found near, 323. Development of plan, successive stages, E. H. Stone on, 361. Ditch, craters near causeways, 359 ; Cremations in silting, 119, 120, 122; Deer horn picks, 119— 121; Earlier than present structure, 361; Excavations, plans, &c., 120, 359; No con- nection with avenue, 120, 121 ; Not defensive, but mark of Tabu, 363; Recesses in sides used as dwellings, 120, 121. Druids, Latter day, burial of ashes at S., protests against, 43, 136, 338, 339. Entrance causeways, dimensions, 45, 121; Row of postholes across, 121;. Four stones shown by Inigo Jones, 121. Rev. G. H. Engleheart reads on, 46. Excavations by Col. Hawley, 41, 214, 442; Re- ports on, 1923—25, noticed, 117 —122,358—361. Fallen stones, re-erection urged, 43. Flint implements, 361; Illust., 118, 359; Celt, polished, fragment, 120. Foreign architect theory, 362, Four stations, date and plan, 361, 362. Glass bottle, 17th cent., 360. Helestone and Slaughterstone, defensive ? 361,363 ; Derivation, 498 ; Ditch round, 121. Illusts., 138, 365. Lintels lifted, weight of, 118, INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. 365. H. J. Massingham on, 137. Mauls and hammer- stones, 119, 120. Mid-summer sunrise, illust., 365. Never completed, 362, Not derived from stone circles, 364, 365. Neolithic, date of 8., 363, 364 ; Originally a defensive settle- ment? 121, 361, 362. Orient- ation of S., by E. H. Stone, noticed, 288. Outer circle, 570 ; Stones concreted, 118. Owners of S., 505. Perforated polished mace head, 122. Plans given, 510. Post holes, 359, 860 ; Across causeway, 121, 122 ; At base of stones, object of, 118—120. “‘ Purpose of,” by E. H. Stone, noticed, 237 ; Con- troversy, 1387. Roman coin, 119; Interment, 122; Pottery, 118, 120. Sepulchral or tem- ple origin, discussed, 237, 238, 364, Shadow Almanack theory, 137, Skeleton, modern ? 120, Slaughter stone intention- ally buried, once erect in hole near it, 119, 121, 188; ‘l'o defend entrance, 861 ; Row of holes on it, part of dial, 187. “Stones of S.,” by E. H. Stone, noticed, 248, “ Story of S.,” by E. H. Stone, and “ Facts and Fancies,” by G. H. Engleheart, noticed, 361 --865. Sun worship at S., 364, 366. Sunk fence pro- posed, 43. Trilithons, ana- logues of, 865 ; Illust., 568. Y.and Z. rows of holes excavated, 41, 122, 360; Never used for stones, 359, 362. Storey, Mr., buys Bradenstoke, - 447, Stourhead, furniture made for art. on,noticed,241; Trees in grounds, art. on, noticed, 250. Stourton, see White Sheet Castle. Stourton, [Ld., owns Monkton Farleigh, 10. Stowell Park (Glos), 217. Stowerpaine, 306. Stowford (Winkfield), Manor and Mill House, art on, noticed, 502, 5038 ; Derivation, 125. ““Straet ’=Road, 125. Stratford sub Castle, A.S. charter, 126, INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. 631 Stratford Tony, A.S. charter, 125. Stratford, Archbishop, 478. Strand, Mrs., hospitality, 443, Stratton St. Margaret, Evans’ pro- perty, 172. Tithing of Cor- sham Manor, 518, 534. _ Stratton, Upper, 172. Stratton family own Seagry, 288 ; of Bremilham, ped.,286. Mr., 498. Anne (I. & II.), 286, 292, 294, 296, 297. Betty, 409 F., 494. Hen., 286. Johan, 989. John, 286, 288, 293, 295, 296, 304. Rebecca, 285, 286, 294, 295; Deeds, 292, 293. Rob. (I. & I. ), 295—297, 307 ; Holds Seagry, 286. Thos., 286, 292, 294—297. Thos. Spender, deed, 408, 409, Street, C. E., work, 127. Hen., 32. Strickland, John, art. on, noticed, 564. Stripple stones dated, 363. Stropharia, species, 143, 149, 467. Stuart, Lady Arabella, 505. Studley (Lydiard Tregoze), 294. Stump, John & Mark E., 415. Sturminster Marshall (Dors.), cin. urn, 323. Stype (Bedwyn), fungi, 467. Subberton (Hants), 296. Suddery, Corn., 409. Sudweeks, W. R., gift, 141. Suffolk, Ld., 174. Sugar Beet, cultivation, 464, Sugar Hill, see Aldbourne. Sugar Loaf given as present, 234. Sulham (Berks), cin. urn., 323. Sumers, Thos., 197. “ Summerfield,” defined, 196. Sumorseetas, 370. Sumner, Heywood, se Be cavations at E. Grimstead Rom. Villa,” noticed, 130—132; Gift, 141. Sumption, Will., 339. Sun Worship at Carnac & Stone- henge, 363, 366. -Sundeys Hill (Brinkworth), 124. semingdale (Surrey), cin. urn, Surrendell Barrow, 227. Sutton Benger, 367. ter, 124. Sutton Knock, 291. Sutton Poynz, cin. urn, 322. Sutton Scotney, 458. VOL, XLIII.—NO, CXLVI. A. S. char- Sutton Veny (Fenny Sutton), 291. Barrows, bronze awl, drink- ing cups, 277, 322 ; Long barrow scheduled, 177. Property, 292. St. Leonard’s Church, illust., 239. Sutton family, of Devizes, descent of, 374. Anne (I., II. & IIT.), 374, James (I. & II.), 374; Benefaction, 507. John (I. & II.) & Mary, 374, (Rob. I. & II.), R. & Eliz., R. & Harriett, brought news of Waterloo to London, Chairman of Stock Exchange, 374. Rob., Arch- deacon of Lewes, 374. Wad- ham Locke & Louisa, 374, Swallowcliffe Down,an inhab- ited site of La Tene I. date, by BR. C. C. Clay, 59—93, 435, 437, 540—556. Animal bones, 69; Report on by J. W. Jackson, 90—93; Badger, 93; Bird bone imple- ments, 81; Dog, 90—93, 487 ; Goat, 90—93; Pig, 93; Horse, Celtic, 90—93 ; Sheep, 93; Ox, Celtic, 92 ; Water Vole, 93. Bone and antler objects, awls, 64—67, 80( fig.) ; Boar’s tusk for suspension, 78 ; combs, weaving, 65—67, 76, 77,540 (jigd.); dress fastener, 81 (jig.) ; ferrule, 540 (figd.) ; Gouges, 64—67, 75, 76, 540 ( fig.) ; grooved metatarsals, used in weaving ? 78, 79 (figd.) ; handles, 79 (jigd.); needles, 77, (figd.), 541 (figd.); picks, method of use, 80; pins, 79 (fig.); polishing bones, 81 ( figd.) ; rib knives, 67, 79, 80 ( figd.); spoon ? 542 (figd.) Boundary ditch, 62. Bronze objects, awls, 64, 74 (figd.); brooch, 74 (jfigd.); hook, 64, 74 (jfigd.); fuzed bronze, 753 pin, 65 (jfigd.); plate, 65; slag, 61, 66; wire, 64, 67, 74, 75, 541. Chalk objects, drill steadiers, 85 (jig.); drums or cheese-shaped objects, 66, 86 (jfigd.) ; loom weights, 68, 69, 78, 540, 541 ; sling bullets, 86 ( figd. ), 540 ; spindle whorls, 64—67, 84, 85 ; worked pieces, 86. Charcoal, A. H. Lyell on, 89, 90. “ Circus” or moot ?, 62, 63. Excavations, 501. Flat Dy We 632 INDEX TO VOL. XLII. implements absent, 75, 87, 156, 161, 321. Glass beads, 62, 65, 540 (figd.); stratified eye beads, H.W. Beck on, 88, 89 (jigd.). Gold plated bronze finger ring, 74 (jigd.). Hammerstones, 88 (jfigd.). Human remains, 62 ; Report on, 90. Tron ob- jects, awls and pins, 64—66, 67, 82 (fig.); bill hook, 66, 82, 83 ( figd.) ; brooch, 65, La Tene I., 82 ( figd.) ; cleats, 66, 83 ( figd.) ; ferrule, 83 (figd.); knives, 65, 83 ( figd.), 540 ( fig.) ; ore from Westbury, 75 ; pins, ring-headed and swan-necked, 82 (jigd.) ; pyrites, strike-a-light, 87; slag, 541 ; smelting, bloom found, 61 ; various, 83. Mollusca, A. S. Kennard on, 90. Pits exca- vated, described 41, 60, 61 ; table of contents, 64—69 ; irregularly placed, 60; number of, 540; objects from,in Devizes Museum, 140, 214,572; Post hole, 70 ; steps or ladder to, 60; stone floor, 541 ; storage pits, 61; two periods of occupation, 61; twin pits, 61; wattle and daub roofs, 61. Pot boilers, 61, 540, 542. Pottery, Early Iron Age, balls of clay, 86, 87 ( jig.); vessels de- scribed, 70—74 (figd.), 540—542 ( figd.); made on the spot, 61 ; Rom. Brit.,70. Saddle querns, only, 88. Sling bullets, 65, 67. Wheat, 90. W hetstones, 88. Wooden loom frame, 63 (figd.), 69, 88. Swallowcliffe Lynchets, chess board, 59. Ridgeway, 59. Walker’s Hill, chert implements, 160. Swanborough, Mr., 567. Swanton, E. W., on Fungi, 145, 467, 476. Swarbreck, John, 406. Swastika of La Tene I. date, Meare (Som.), 318. Swayne, J. F., biog. notice, 30. Swayneston (I. of W.) Manor, 514. Sweatman, John, 416, 417. Swell, Nether (Glos.), Cin. urns, 319, 323. Swiss lake dwellings, fungi, 465. Swindon, 236. * Advertiser,” 559. Bead rim pot, 343 ( figd.). . Templer, Will., 479. - Thomas, Evan, “astronomer,” 573. Cin. urns, 323, 324. Human remains with drinking | cups, Sir A. Keith on, 277, 311, | 312. Swyer, Rob., gift, 252. Sylvester, Mr., 506. Syon Abbey, hold Corsham Rec- | tory, 126, 523. | Talbot,C. H., on Amesbury Church, 133, 134. Emma, 354. is Fox, writings, 510. Arch- deacon R. T., writings, 104. ) W. H. Fox, discovers photo- | graphy, 244. “Tales of Mother Goose,” pub. by | B. C. Collins, 38. Tallage, 518. Tan Hill, 354. Cin. urn, 323. Fair, 355; in 1636, 234, Height, 367. Wansdyke, 371. | Tanner, Dan., 304. John, 304 ; gift, 140. W. T. buys, Will. | sells Rockley. 497. Tapp, Dr. excavation, 211; gift, 207, 441. | Tarrant Monkton (Dors.), cin. urn, 323. Tarrant, Uriah, 297. Tate, Faithful, art. on, noticed, 564. | Taunton, 306, 307. St. James, 118. : | Tayler, Mr., 338. Will. Hen, | printer, 35. “| Taylor, John, 340. M. V., gift, 141. Thos. (I. &II.), 299—301. Teal, 135. Tedbury, Will., 535. Tedrington (Tytherington), 291. Teeth, Saxon, condition of, caries, &c., 99, 100. Teffont, 427. Telamonia, species, 150, Tennant, Edw. Wyndham, art. on, | noticed, 247. | Territorials, assocn., 221. Terry, James, 308, Tetbury, 123, 456. School, 173. _ Thames river, 163. mace heads, 122. Thatched houses forbidden in| Devizes, 506. Thatcham, flint implements, 161. Thingley, 415. Grammar | Perforated | Dr. H. H., 348, 360; On} INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. 633 the Kenwardstone (Geo- logical), 210—212. N.,W., 246. Thompson, Brig.-Gen. W.G., gift, 509. Thoms, H.S., 160. Thornbury (Glos.), 221. Thornhill, H. J., 410. Thorner, Paul, Rich. (I. & II.), & Will., 293, 294. Thorpe, Rob., Ali. Thorverton Manor held by Mar- moutier Abbey. 126. “Thread the Needle ”~ custom at Crockerton, 239. Three Shire Stones, described, 227. Three Weeken Court, described, 519, Thresher, Edw., 402, 403. _ Ellen, 407. John, 403, 404. Threshing flails joined by eel skin, 247. Thrift, Edw., 538. John, 538; Death in Box Church ‘Tower, 565. Thurnam, Dr., excavations, 278, 281; On Bronze Age Drinking Cups, 267, 268. Thos., monu- ment in St. John’s, Devizes, 374, Thynne, Lt.-Col. Ld. Geo., letters, Boils a Tibbs, Thos., 423. Tibet expedition, 108. Tickford (Bucks), Priory claims Corsham Rectory, 126, 522. Tidcombe, Fungi, 472, Long barrow scheduled, 177. Tidworth, 151. Tiles, encaustic, Monkton Farleigh Priory, 15. Tilshead, deed, 298. Interment with iron knife and coal, 251. _ Long barrows scheduled, 177. Property, 306, 307. White and silver, barrows, illust., 568. Timbrell, Thos., 407. Tinhead (Edington), long barrow scheduled, 177. Tinkley Bottom, derivation, 124. Tisbury and Wardour, A.S. Char- ter, 125. Barn illust., 501. Tisted (Hants), 285. Titcombe, (—), 406. Tithes, “ adjustment,’ 480. Great and small, distinguished, 478. Modus or composition for, 478, 479. On Milk and Calf, 478. On Wood, 478. See Purton Tithe Book. Tithings, derivation, 534. Tits, 243. Tiverton, 306. Tobacco in Devizes accts., 233. Todd, J. H., 427. Tockenham Geology, 367, 500. Jacob family, deeds, 251. Manor deeds, 509, 573. Tokens, Trade, colln. given by Gen. G. Ll. Palmer, 509. Tollard Royal, A.S. Charter, 124. Tomar (Portugal), 153. Tonbridge School, 117. Tonkinson, Rev. T. S., guide, 219. Tooting Graveney, 225. 66 Topographer, The,” acct. of, 26, AT Topography of Wilts, see Biblio- graphy. Torre Abbey Ch., 4. Tostig, held Corsham, 512. Totem, Thos., 408. Tottenham Park, 172. Fungi, 147, 466, 475. Totterdown, lines of Sarsens, 335. Tounson, John, Bp. of Salisbury, 382. Tours, Abbey of “ Marmoutier,” holds Corsham, 126. Townesend, Thos., 404. Townshend family, of Rainham, 499. Geo., Ist Marquis, 499. Tozer, Rev. W. H., gift, 252. Track ways, Prehistoric and Neo- lithic settlements, 156. Trametes, species, 471. ‘*'Transvaal War,” by Ed. Slow, 112. Trapp, Jos., writings, 252. Trebeck, Ch., 418, 419. Tree, Simon, 428, 429. Tregeseal (Corn.) chambered bar- row, Cin. urn, 318, 321. Tregoze family, 496. ‘l'remella, species, 473. Trenchard, J. Ashfordby, obit., 306, J. H. M. A,, 357. JS-A &J.T.CA,, 356. Tricholoma, species, 145, 465, 466. Tring, 103; sheep show, 455. Tropenell Cartulary, 519. MS. returned to Gt. Chalfield, 339. Tropenell, Chr. & Marg., 525. Thos., 532, 536—538; builds screens at Chalfieldand Corsham, BAG) De 634 INDEX TO VOL. XLII. 127; rebuilds Lady Chapel, Cor- sham, 525 ; tomb, 525 (jfigd.). Troston Heath (Suff.), cin. urn, 323. (564, Troughton, Will., art. on, noticed, Trow Down, Drow Copse, deriva- tion, 124, Trowbridge, 102, 105, 247, 305, 306, 408, 417. Bulgins Castle, 498. Castle, cemetery, site of, 345. Chamber of Commerce started, 105. Church, Norman gravestones, 345. Court Street, Norman gravestones on site of Castle, 345 (jig.). Crabbe at, 563. Galley and Houlton property, 307. 498. In 1750, art. on, noticed, 498. “Knobs,” 504. and poor, art. noticed, 501. Rhyme, 503, 504. Tue Streets lighted, 498. ‘Settlement ” dispute, 502. The Tabernacle, 105. = Woollen Industry, 449. : Trowbridge, John, 425. Ld. Seymour of, deed, 472. Troy, spindle whorls, 86. Troyte Bullock, Lt.-Col. E. G., 383. Truelove, adventures of Mr. O., 573. Trueman, Eliz., 401. Truffle Dogs; Pewsey, 248, 249. Trumper, Isobel, gift, 141. Truslow, John & Rich., legacy to Devizes poor, 507. Tubaria, species, 144, 467. Tuck, Adam, 302. H., 348. Miss M. C., gift, 509. Tucker, Ann, 408. E. N., address, 446. Arth., Eliz., Hen., Jane, John, Mary, Rich., Rob. 172. Will., deed, 402. Tuffnell, Henrietta S., 170. Tugwell, G. H., 414, 415. Will., deed, 424. Tunbridge Ware, Green Wood coloured by fungus, 475. Turner, (—), 17. Geo., 428. John, 236. Thos. & Will. (I. & II.), 420. Sir Will., deed, 401. Turry, Rich. de, 513. Tussell, John, 304. Tuyl, pate de, buys Bradenstoke, 3, 447. George Inn, Parish | Sermon, — T witcher, Hen., Sarah, Will., 428, Twynam, John, 457. Tykeford, see Tickford. Tylee, John & Thos., 235. Tyler, Jonathan, 403, 405, Tyley, Ch., 406. ; Tyne to Solway, Roman wall, 123. Tyntesfield, 102. Tytherington (Tedrington), 292. Barrow, drinking cup, 274, 275. | | Tytherton Kelloways, 106. Uffington, White Horse, 504. Ulwell (Dor.), cin. urn, 323. Underhill, Edw., 427. Upavon, 454, 456. Interment and drinking cup, 277. Upham, Upper, Bronze ring-headed pin, 343 (ig.). Uphill (Som.), 563. Upton Bishop, 106. Upton Grey (Hants), 458. Upton Lovel, A.S. charter, 125. Barrows, bronze awl, & drinking cups, 277, 278, 322. See also Knook Castle. Upton Scudamore, 239. Utricularia, species, 496. Vallance, Aymer, 139 ; Note, 337. Vallonia, species, 100, 434. Vardy, Mr., 36. Richd. E, 34. Vauxhall, St. Peter’s, 114. Veal, John, deed, 424. Venetian beads in W. Africa, 566. ~ Vernham, C., sheep, 459. Veronica, species, 466, Vertigo, species, 100, 434. Vestey, Hon. Mrs., 217. Vestry Meeting, Powers of, 527. ** Vicar of Wakefield,” Ist edit., 38. Vicarages, large, sold, 116. Vict. & Albert Museum, 374. Village Feast or Revel, 355. “ Villages of N. Wilts,” by J. Lee Osborne, noticed, 502, Pre- historic & Rom. Brit. on Downs, Saxon in valleys, map of, S. Wilts, 130. Villiers-au-Tertre, 152, Vincent, C., 395. Vinsie, (—), 340. Viola, species, 496. Viper at Pewsey, 135. — Virgate & virgators, defined, 533. Visger, Harman, 496. Vitrea, species, 90. Vivash, Susannah, 172. INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. 635 Volunteers, 1806, numbers, 337. Volvaria, species, 143, 146. Waddesden (Bucks), 411, 412. Wadman, Edw. (I. & II.), John, Rob., 403. Wake, Dr. Ch. & Magdalen, 563. Wale, Thos., 308. Walbury (Berks), cin. urn, 323. Waldensians, collections for in Wilts, 249, Walker arms, 305, 306. Heanage é& John, 305, 306. Walkham, Edw., 206. Wallace, A. H., writings, 243. Waller, Col. R. L., gifts, 140, 349, 398. Wallingford, 113. Cin, urn, 323. Wallis, Betty, 422. John (1. & IT.), 421, 427, 535; deeds, 422, 423, 426,427. Ruth, 421, 426; deed, 422, 423. Susanna, deed, 422. Will., 306, 403. Walshe, Thos., Prior of Braden- stoke, builds Prior’s lodging, 2 ; name and rebus there, 8. Walter, John, 306. Walters, Hen., 306. Walton-on-Thames, cin. urn, 323. Wanborough, barrow,drinking cup, 278 ; human remains, described, 311. Not site of battle, 371. Wangen (Switz.) Lake Village, bird bone implement, 81. Wansdyke, 139. Camps con- nected with dyke, 561 ; rectang- ular, date of, 370. Dates, possible, and purpose of thedyke, 123, 561, 562, 566. Defence against Picts and Scots, 123, 246. Extension to Inkpen, object of, 123. In Savernake Forest and beyond, 123; excav- ations, 1923, &c., 41, 232. Made by Ceawlin, 370. “The Mystery of,” by A. F. Major and E. J. Burrow, noticed, 560—562. Not defensive, to mark Saxon boundary, 370. Not finished, 370,371. Notthe “Turf wall” of Gildas, 123. On line of Rom. Rd., Wessex boundary 2, 511. On Odd Down (Som.), excavated, 246. ‘* Problem of,” by A. F. Major, noticed, 122, 123. 8S. branch to Ludgershall, non-existent, 560. Work of different ages, 561. Wantage, 169. Almshouse en- dowed by Stiles family, 168. War, Badges of Regiments, cut on Downs, illusts., 242. War Office land on Plain, barrows destroyed, 446. Warbler, Grasshopper, 231. Ward, Mrs. Atkinson, port., 376. Rowland, 333. Warden, Jos, 425. Wardour, cin. urn, 323. Geology, 156. See Castle Ditches. Wareham (Dor.), cin. urn, 323. Warleigh Manor, 226. Warman, Jane, 409. Susanna, Ws Warminster, 407, 408. Arn Hill, Good Friday, “ Best Ball,” 239, Battlesbury Camp, 239. Clipping the Church, 239, Folk Lore, 142 ; by V. S. Manley on, noticed, 238, Guide bk., official, noticed, 142, 239, Illusts. of Battlesbury Hill Town and Shepherds’ Steps ; Boreham Rd., Church, Norman window ; Cold Harbour ; Cop Head Lane ; Downland ; Market Place; Park and Lake; Town Hall; War Memorial, 239, Long barrows scheduled, Collo- way Clump, King Barrow, Oxen- dean, 177. Middle Hill Lynchets, illust., 130. Papers, “ Warminster and Westbury Journal,’’ Hist. of, 36, 37; “ W. Herald and Gen. Weekly Adver- biserce weasts vol 34535) me Miscellany and Local Adver- tiser, Hist. of, 34. Plan, 239, St. Boniface College, Hist. of, noticed 500, 566. Woollen Industry, 449. See also Bugley. Warren, John, 292. Warton, Jos., 563. Warwick, 459. Washington family of Garsdon, arms, 499; art on noticed, 244, 245. Lawrence, Sir Lawrence, & Lawrence (II.),244, 499; Rob. & Eliz., brass at Brington (North- ants.), 499. Wastel, John & Alice, deed, 347, 348. Wastfield, Rich., 3801. Will. Ci & TT); 535. Water Fleas, species, 497. Water 636 INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. Rail, 243. Water Supply, art. on noticed, 249, Waterloo, news brought by R. Sutton, 374. Waterman, Jonathan, deed, 573. Waters & Rawlence, 225. E. & W., sheep, 459. Watson, Aaron, “A Newspaper Man’s Memories,” noticed, 241 ; Gift, 252 ; Obit. and list of writ- ings, 243, 493, 494; Port., 241. A. J., 233, 466; Note, 335. Betty, 408. F., guide, 46. Watson Taylor, John, MS. genea- logical notes, bequest, 441. Watts, John, 236. Marg., 404. Wayte, Cath., endows school, Haydon Wick, 171, 172. Eleanor, 285. Eliz., Bk. of prayers, 173. Rose, 285. Sam., Sam. Simon, Simon, 171. ’ Will, 171; & Ann, own Seagry, 285, 291, 292. Weavern Brook, 244. Webb, Mrs., 564. Edw., 428, 429, EK. Doran,133. Jones, sheep, 460. Pet., 339, 341. Randolph, 404. Ricbh., 299. Rob., 428. Thos., 195, 197, 299,409. W.A., gift, 384, Webber, Christian & Eliz., 535. Webbs Gully Wood, Fungi, 471. Wedhampton, 408. Wednesday (Staffs.), site of Wod- nesbeorh, 371. Weeks, Mr., 94. Weigh Bridge Ho., 429. Welby, Sir Alfred, writings, 502. Welford, John, 348. Well Fiend, legend, 239. Welles, Gilbert & Mary, deed, 291, 292. John, 411. Wells Cathedral, 15. Wells, donkey wheels, 249. See Hogs Well. Wells, Edw., 531. James, of Aldbourne, bell founder, 527. John, 294, 478, 481. Will., printer, 32. Wesley, Ch., at Devizes, 380. John in Wilts, art. on, noticed, 380. ) West family, 538. Joanna, 502. John, 300. Thos., 340. Westbrook, geology, 367, 500. Westbury, 59, 357. Coal measures, depth under W., 367. Tron from, used at Swallowcliffe, 75. ** Settle- ment” dispute, 502. White Horse, 239. Woollen industry, 449. Westbury on Trym, 358. Westcott (Bucks), 411. Westerley (Glos.), 304. “Western Lit. Advertiser,” hist. of, 27, 29. : Westminster Abbey, 238. Weston (Som.), 305. Weston, Ellen & Hen., 358. John, 195, 199. Westwells, East, 413. Westwood (Hants), A.S. charter, 125. (Wilts) A.S. charter, 125; Church and Manor Ho., note on, 139. Elms Cross burned by suffragettes, 224. Westwood, John, deed, 347. Wexcombe Ho., dairy farming, arts. on and illusts, noticed, 379, 501 ; Chapel, 379, 567. Down, Long barrow, scheduled, 177. Plants, 232. Village, illust.,379. Weyhill (Hants), 207. Weymouth, cin. urn, 323. Fin- gertip invaders, 319. Whaddon, Long family of, 503. Whaddon, Parson at Kington Priory, 20. Whateley, John, 348, 402, 403. Mary, 403. Whatton, Hugh de H., 497. Wheat, Early Iron Age, Swallow- cliffe, 90. Prices in 1800, 507. Wheeler, James, 403, 424, 429. John, 303, 429, 430. Jos. (I. & II.), 429, 430. Whippings, Public, in Wilts, num- ber of, 507. Whitby Jet, mined in Neolithic Age, 565. White Coln (Essex), Cin. urn, 323. White Horse Hill (Berks), Saxon barrow excavated, 437. * White Horses of Wilts and War Badges,” by G. Lansdown, no- ticed, 242, 251. White Lackington (Som.), 377. White Sheet Castle Camp and barrow scheduled, 176. Hill, 59. White Arms, Seagry Ho., 289. Alice, 415. A. R,, gift, 373. Fr., 304. G. A. Hi, INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. 637 ** Chippenham — in days,” noticed, 132, 133 ; Gifts, 40 ; obit., 358. 358. John, 407. Nich., 287, 294. Priscilla, 288. Sarah, (I. & II.) & Mary, 421. ‘Thos., 401. Will., 299. Whitechurch, 459. Whitehaven, 357. Whitehead, Manasseh & Martha, 401, 402, 405. Whiteparish, 226. [249. Whitfield, T. W., on water supply, Whithord, Rich., 198. Whitman, John & Walt., 538. Whitton Park, Hounslow, 221. Wich, Mrs., alias Hungerford, land at Calstone, 194. “ Wick,’ sign of Roman occupation, 503. Wickwar (Glos.), geology, 509. Widley (Hants), A.S. charter, 124. Widows estate, 202—205. Unchaste, rights of, 206. Wield, Eliz. & Will., 411. Wigan, E. A., 207. Wightwick, Ch., Eliz., Hen., Susan, 173, 174. Wigmore, Will., 347, 348. Wilbury Ho., 337. Wilcot, Draycot Hill Barrow, scheduled, 178. Wild, John, 297. Wilde, Ralph, 412. Sarah, d. of Sir John, 171. Wilkins, Edmund, 307—309 ; Con- trols Malmesbury election, 376. Willett, James, 404, Thos., 297, 301, 307. Williams, Mr., buys Bradenstoke, 447, Alfred, on Folk Song, 250; On polecats, 333, 334 ; Writings, 501, 504. E.S., 131. L. E., on Amesbury Ch., 134. Williams-Freeman, Dr. J. P., 207 —209. ee eevon family held Calstone, Willis, J., 453. Rev. J. L., 536. Will., 430. Willoughby, Harry, 306. Willow charcoal, 90. Wilsaetas, 370. Wilsford, 107, 494. (N. Wilts) earthwork scheduled, 176. (S. Wilts) barrows, drinking cups, &c., 278, 279 ; Scheduled, Wet ilies See also Lake; Normanton. Wilshire, John, 535. Wilson, John, 206. Rob. & Marg., 171. Wilton, 110, 225. “W. & Salis- bury Chron.,” hist. of, 33. Carriage works, 110. ‘* Chron- ology of, with acct. of Bishops, &e., by Ed. Slow,” 112. Church, old glass, visited, 45. Estate, sale catalogues, 252 ; Maps given, 141, 214, 252, 442. “ Harvest Home at, by E. Slow.” 110. House, art. on and illusts., noticed, 242 ; Family group by Van Dyck, 242 ; Wyatt’s Gothic porch removed, 242; Visited, 45. Hunt, 104. Incorporation as_ borough, 33. Literary Institute, 32. “ WiltonMonthlyIllust.Journal,” hist. of, 31, 32. Pembroke Arms Inn, 45. Sheep, 459. Wool loft, Market Place, 33. Woollen Industry, 449. Wilton (Nr. Bedwyn), Brails, Fungi, 151, 465—472, 475. Wilts Agricultural Assocn., 224, Wilts and Dorset Motor Services, 106. Wilts and E. Somerset Congre- gational Union, 105. “ Wilts and Glos. Standard,’’ 510, Wilts Archzolog. Soc. accounts, 253—255, 386—388. Financial condition, 39, 40, 214. Maga- zine, cost of printing, 40, 42, 214, 441, MSS. catalogued, 285— 310, 442. Membership, 213, 440; List of, 256—266; Hon. member elected, 39. Meet- ing, Salisbury, 1924, 39— 47 ; Cirencester, 1925, 213 —220 ; Chippenham, 1926, 440—448. Museum, see Devizes. Reports, 213— 215, 440—442, Sub- scription increased, 40, 42, 43; Effect of, 440. Wiltshire Bank Notes, 141. W. books, pamphlets, and articles, 115—139, 227 —251,358—383,496—508, 560—571. “W. County Council Record,” hist. of, 29, 30. “W. County Telegram and - 638 INDEX TO VOL, XLIII. Salisbury Advertiser,” hist. of, 38. “WW. Folk Songs and Carols, by Rev. G. Hill,” noticed, 107, 108. “ W. Herald,” 35. “In some W. Bye-ways,” noticed, 247. “W. News- papers, Past and Present, Pt. III., S. Wilts, by Mrs. H. Richardson, 26—38. N. and 8. Wilts distinguished, 449. Part of W. formerly in Berks, 163. Place of W. in National Hist., 223. * Wilt- shire Rant,” given, 442, 509. W. Regt., Chaplain, 114; 2nd Batt., hist. of, noticed, 246. “ School, History of,” 223. See also Sheep. Wiltshire, Ann, Rebecca, Rob., Walt., 301, 302. John, 405. Mary, gift, 142; writings no- ticed, 245. Wiltshiremen in London, assocn. of, 107. ; Winch, Mr., Militia letters, 337. Winchester, Cin. urn, 323. Col- lege, 563. Saxon coins struck, 380. Winckworth, John, 294. Windsor, Peculiar Court of Dean & Canons, 169. Royal Borough, 508. Wingfield, 356, 403. Church, brass, 502. Common, Road, a Ridgeway, 125. Trull Ho., 502. See Stowford. Winklebury Camp=Winterburh, 124, Early Iron Age pits, flints, 87. Scheduled, 176. Winsley, 406. Deed, 401. Field and place names, Ashley, 407 ; Banbury Leigh, 406; Battle Pit, 402 ; Forestreet, 406; Oake Way, 401; Symonds Parrock, 407. See also Bradford ; Budbury. Winslow, Will., 417, 420. Winterborne, 481. (Wilts) (? Laverstock) A.S. Charter, 124. Winterbourne Bassett, Stone Circle scheduled, 179. Rabson, 355. Winterbourne Clenston (Dors.), cin. urn, 328, Winterbourne Dauntsey, see Figs- bury. Winterbourne Monkton, A.S.Char- ters, 124. Barrows, drinking cups, &c., 280; scheduled, 177, 178. Cin. urn, 3238. Interment, 140; under Sarsen objects found, 280. Parsonage Farm,108. Pennings, lynchets, lines of sarsens, 335. Roman coins, 140, See also Windmill Hill. Winterbourne Stoke _ barrows, drinking cups, 280—282; flint dagger, 281; Leaf-shaped flint | javelin heads, 281; Conigre group scheduled, 179 ; E. group sched- uled, 176; round and long bar- rows scheduled, 177, 178. Cin. urn, 280, 328 ; ginger jar shape, 324, 336, Manor, customs of, 450 ; number of sheep, 401. Pit and interment excavated, 344. Scotland Farm, 344, 345. Winterbourne Whitchurch (Dors.), cin. urn, 323, | Winterslow, 337. Barrow, drink- ing cup, flint arrowheads, copper dagger, slate wrist guard, 282. Hut, Barrow, opening de- scribed, cin. urn, &c., 336, 337. Wishford Church, tomb of Sir Thomas Bonham, Legend of 7 at a birth, examples in Africa, 246. *¢ Witches Butter,” 473. Withers, Dorothy, 234. Kath., 298. Withey, 402. Witley, Gt., 221. Witney (Oxon.), Polecat, 334. Witt, Hen., 304. Wittherton, John, 348. Wix (Essex), cin. urn, 323. Wodnesbeorh, Battle, site of, 371. Alton Priors, 571. Wollishofen (Switz.), - whorls, 87. Wolseley, G. R., 62, 324. Wonersh (Surrey), cin. urn, 323. Woodall, T. J., guide, 46. Wooden shovels, iron shod, 1626, 234. Woodford Court Ho., illust., 503. Long barrow scheduled, 177. Water meadows, art. noticed, 245. Woodhall Spa., founded, 225. Woodhall, Will., 411. Woodhouse (Horningsham),12 men heneed by Sir F. Doddington, 379. spindle i) i INDEX TO VOL. XUMI. 639 Woodman, John, 340. Woodminton (Bowerchalke) Group of Barrows, opened by R. C, C. Clay, 313—324, 442. Bronze awl, 322, 350, 384. Cin. urns, 313, 314, 316 ( figd.), 322, 350. Early [ron Age site, 321. Woodpeckers, 243. Woodrew (Melksham), 374. — W oodrof, John, 199. Woods, Will., 421, Woodward, B. B., on Mollusca, 325, 434, James, 417, 420. Woodwork Chest see Corsham Ch. Pews, Jacobean, Ingle- sham Ch, 166. Pulpits, Jaco- bean, Brinkworth Ch., 381; Inglesham Ch., 166. Screens, see Amesbury Ch., Inglesham Ch. Woody family, 499. W oodyates (Dors.), barrow, drink- ing cup, 268. Cin. urns, 323, 326 ; with cross on base, list of known examples, 317. Wool, Southdown v. Merino, 453. Spanish, imported, 456. Woollen Industry in Wilts, Rise and fall, 449. Woolley, J. T., obit., 109. W.4J., 109. * Woolmore Farmhouse, its builder and later owners, by Col. R. W. Awdry,” noticed, 374, 499. “ Horners fields, derivation, 375. Ho. built by G. Hulbert, 375. Legend of Cromwell hanging men on oak tree, un- founded, 375. Love’s farm, 375. Woolmore partly cleared before 1610, 375. Wootton Bassett, 303, 358, 367. Wootton Rivers, geology, 367. Worbarrow, ditch, 363. Worcester, 411, College (Oxon,), 244, Regt., 114. Word ale, Midgehall, 355. Wordsworth, Chancellor Chr., 372; Guide, 44; On Magna Charta, 44; Writings, 240. John, ** Bp. of Salisbury and His See,” by D. Macleane, noticed, 222 ; Character, 567 ; Life of, 573. Will. & Bowles, 563. Worgret (Dors.) Barrow, cin, urn with cross, 318. Worlebury Camp, flint arrowhead, 87. Wormcelift, (—), 340. Worplesdon (Surrey), cin. urn, 323. Wraxall, South, 565. Manor Ho., note on, 139; Plan, 138. Property, 292. Sir KR. Long of, 20 Wraxall, Will., 307. Wren, Dr., Rector of Knowle, 382. Sir Chr., birth place, 382. Wright (Shepherd), 352. Wrighte, Hon. Ann, w. of Rev. Nathan, deed, 404. Powlett, deed, 405, 407, 408. Wrightson (—), 457. Wrington (Som.), 287. Wroughton, 172. Ellandune, Elyngdon, 354; A.S. charter, 124. Evans property, 172. Geology, 367. Hist. of, 355. Rectors and Vicars, 355. See also Barbury. Wryneck, 135, Wulfhall Barn, illust., 501. Wyatt, Ch., 414. Wymering (Hants) Manor. 285. Wyndham, Mrs., port., 136. Geo., ** Life and Letters, by Mackail and G. Wyndham,” noticed, 383 ; Port., 136. Guy, port., 136; writings, 383. Hon. Percy & Mrs. Percy, ports., 136. Percy Lyulph, 136. Rachel, 378. Will., gifts to Salisbury Mus., 136, 333, 372, 373. Wyly, John, deed, 348. Wylye, 37, 389. Hindel’s tene- ment, 292. Property, 291, 292. Valley Hunt, illust., 239. Wylye, Bp. Walt. de la, begins Salisbury cloisters, 372. Wytteneye, Thos., 348. Xerophila, species, 434. Xylaria, species, 476. Yard land, measure, 193, 533. Yarnbury Camp, 570, llust., 568. Internal ditch, 130. Scheduled, 176. Yerbury, Fr. & Jane, 405. John, deed, 402. Walt., 427, 428. Will., benefactions, 404. Yeo Tor Bottom (Dev.), hut circle, cin. urn, 318. Yeomanry, 102. Fees for Com- missions, 338. Flints and Powder for use of, 338. 640 INDEX TO VOL. XLIII. Numbers, 1809, 337. Sup- presses Militia, 506. (And ee) Papers and Letters, Bode Yewe, John, 294, 295. Yonge, Sir John, work at Hazel- bury, 377. York, H. Trinity, alien Priory, 126. Yorktown (Surrey), 107. Yorkshire Regt., 108. Yoruba Country, seven at a birth, 246. Young family, 174. Abraham, 173. Cecil H., 495. W.,, 88. Will. D., 495. W. EL Ve gift, 572. Will. Tiptaft, obit., 495. Zambesi River, Hill forts, 570. Zeals Ho., Cat. of books sold, 383. Zouch family at Galsione, 193. Zulu War, 224: END OF VOL. XLITi. Qe ist qwoodware! Prititet eat Publisher, HEchatee Buildings. Station Road, Devizes. sy THE SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS (Continued). STONEHENGE AND ITS BARROWS, by W. Long, Nos. 46-47 of the Magazine in separate wrapper 7s. 6d. This still remains one of the best and most reliable accounts of Stonehenge and its Earthworks. WILTSHIRE—The TOPOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS OF JOHN AUBREY, F.R.S., A.D. 1659-1670. Corrected and enlarged by the Rev. Canon J. EK. Jackson, M.A., F.S.A. 4to, Cloth, pp. 491, with 46 plates. Price £2 10s. WILTSHIRE INQUISITIONES POST MORTEM. CHARLES I. 8vo, “pp. vil. + 501. 1901. With full index. In 8 parts, as issued. Price 13s. DITTO. IN THE REIGNS OF HEN. IIL, ED. I., and ED. II. 8vo, pp. xv. 505. In parts as issued. Price 13s. DITTO. THE REIGN OF ED. III. 8vo., pp. 402. In six parts as issued. Price 13s. A BIBLIOGRAPHY or tHe GREAT STONE MONUMENTS oF WILTSHIRE, STONEHENGE, anno AVEBURY, with other references, by W. Jerome Harrison, F.G.S., pp. 169, with 4 illustrations. No. 89, Dec., 1901, of the Magazine. Price 5s. 6d. Contains particulars as to 947 books, papers, &c., by 732 authors, THE TROPENELL CARTULARY. An important work in 2 vols., 8vo, pp. 927, containing a great number of deeds connected with property in many Wiltshire Parishes of the 14th and 15th centuries. Only 150 copies were printed, of which a few are left. Price to members, £1 10s., and to non- members, £2. | WILTSHIRE TOKENS. The Society has a consiaerable number of 17th and 18th century Wiltshire Tokens to dispose of, either by sale, or exchange for.others not in the Society’s collection. _ Apply to Capr. B. H. Cunnineron, F.S.A. Scot., Curator, Museum, Devizes. BOOKBINDING. Books carefully Bound to pattern. Wilts Archeological Magazine bound to match previous volumes Or in Special Green Cases. We have several back numbers to make up sets. _C. H. WOODWARD, Printer and Publisher, | Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes. THE North Wilts Museum and LIBRARY AT DEVIZES. In answer to the appeal made in 1905 annual subscriptions | varying from £2 to 5s. to the amount of about £30 a year for this | purpose have been given since then by about sixty Members of the Society and the fund thus set on foot has enabled the | Committee to add much to the efficiency of the Library and — Museum. It is very desirable that this fund should be raised to at least | £50 a year in order that the General Fund of the Society may | be released to a large extent from the cost of the Museum and |- set free for the other purposes of the Society. Subscriptions of 5s. a year, or upwards, are asked for from all Members, and should be sent either to Mr. D. OwEN, Bank Cham- i bers, Devizes, or Rev. E. H. Gopparp, Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon. | The Committee appeal to Members of the Society and others | to secure any Objects of Antiquity, AND ; Natural History Specimens, found in the County of Wilts and to forward them to the Hon, Curator, Capt. B. H. CunnineTon, Devizes ; Whilst Old Deeds connected with Wiltshire families - or places, Modern Pamphlets, Articles, Portraits, — Illustrations from recent Magazines, or Papers bearing in any way on the County, and Sale Particulars of Wiltshire Properties, as weli as local Parish Magazines, will be most gratefully received for the Library by the Ruy. K. H, Gopparp, Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon, Hon. Librarian. C. H. WOODWARD, PRINTER, DEVIZES, | —— ‘ 4 Hing ide ey aN) GB Ve “i eae eG am: ‘ j THOT ees oii Mal ene ifs a an Sty sat P Noa S, if} eee ai iit = ate ae + a i, Pe Cae a nk sok ar arte Ain ee ee: error Ce Gh Me Fes iG “* Fy See ae orl tf ? 2 iyty ’ 3 iptsisrte pitts PA a tee es mt + f iesteeys fefs Hie: : Sek, Wie ser: eee - Pre Evy