arts ener fk wre Sess rs Sh wh aaserees seme Se hor wees salerees ee i ho on ee Dy ATA 1 "CRE te ae me) ws 2 tte sea ih tae Mepeastes 28 182 eara rad . te neheoanas Fhe oe ba ep wbehol 2 Opts tates, Sethe Settee ~ erat * een THE WILTSHIRE Archeeological & Natural History MAGAAINKE. PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SOCIETY FORMED IN THAT County A.D. 1853. EDITED BYy.CAaNnon E. H. Gopparp, F.S.A., CLYFFE VICARAGE, SWINDON. WO, SILI: Nos. 147—151. DEcEMBER, 1927— DECEMBER, 1929. DEVIZES : C. H. WoopwarpD, ExcHANGE BuILDINGs, STATION Roap, DEVIZES. DECEMBER, 1929. CONTENTS OF VOLE CEI? No. CXLVII. DrcEemsBer, 1927. Sons 18th and 19th Century Wiltshire Tokens, and a Stonehenge Medal in the Society’s Museum at Devizes : By Capt. B. H. Cunnington, F.S.A., Scot. . a 1— 9 The Collection of MS. Corice of ne Monumental Trecioeen in the Churches and Churchyards of Wiltshire in the Society’s ‘library’: By the Rev. E: H. Goddard, F.S.A 0.2: 2-1. 0.cn.senees 10— 13 A Malmesbury Abbey eae By Sir Richard H. ree K.C,M.G., C.B., M.P. . ene 14— 22 Natural Flctery Notes pound ferent eden: Be C. e Hens - 23— 29 The Society's MSS. Abstracts of Deeds, &c., of Little Pane Wootton Bassett: By W. Gough.. 30— 42 The Red Down Boring, Highworth, and ee (Geological Siontnewice with Notes on Neighbouring Wells: od W. J. Arkell, B.A., B. Se, F.G.S. . 43— 48 A Roman Villa at Nuthills, near ‘Bemoodle By t ‘the © Marquess 0 ‘of Lansdowne . Gece , 49— 59 Natural History Notes” eR Ame iene iannod ene, aaudosscdnos Os Oe: Wilts Obituary ........ PO tooo, OSes Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Wricles! Meer eer nGacno ong = (0) Additions to Museum and Library .................20.00.cs00secsseeee Ol Oe Accounts of the Society for the Year 1926 vin ac Siete alan sale Soa Sa EO OOO No. CXLVIIL. June, 1928. Polished Flint Knives, with particular reference to one recently found at Durrington: By R. C. C. Clay, M.R.C.S., F.S.A..... 97—100 Pre-Roman Coffin Burials with particular reference to one from a Barrow at Fovant: By R. C. C. Clay, M.R.C.S., F.S.A. ... 101—105 Thomas Duckett and Daniel Bull, Members for Calne: By L. B. Namier...... .. 106—110 ‘'wo Shale Cups of he Barly Bronze Age ond other ation Cups By R. S. Newall, F.S.A. .. 1LI—117 Beaker and Food Vessels from eo New 25, Nieheldean: 3 Bui. Newall, Hiwei,'® Norton, Sumerford, Wooton, Ewlme.” But having been snatched away by early death at Gloucester, he was brought to Meldunum® and buried there under the altar af St. Mary in the tower. To Athel- stan succeeded Edmund for 6 years, Edred for 9 years. To Edred, _Edwy, the son of Edmund for 4 years, who gave Broceneburg to the church of Mendunum. To him succeeded his brother Edgar for 16 years. He gave Escotum” to the Church and was succeeded by his son St. Edward for 4 years anda half. For him was substitu- ted his brother Ethelered. He gave to the Church of Malmesbury the town of Tetbury and 15 cassati near Tetbury. When Ethel- red was dead after 37 years reign, Canute succeeded for 20 years. To Canute, his son Harold for four years. To him, Hardicanute for one year. To him St. Edward for 24 years. In these 86 years, after Ethelward, the following were abbots,—Kineward, Brihtelm, Brihtwold, Ederic, Wulsinus. Brihtwold, as we have learned from the English writings, brought many disasters on the convent, either by alienating lands altogether, or by mort- gaging them for a small price. ‘’o Brihtwold succeeded Ethel- ward for 10 years. Soon came Elwinus for a year and a 1 Manores= Manors. 2 Elingdon Wroughton. *?Elmstead. “4 Wootton Bassett. °° Charlton. © Minety. 7 Rodbourne, ® Lacock. ° Sutton Benger. !° Corston. " Crudwell. | 2 Dauntsey. | Purton. i 14 Alfred went to Rome to be crowned. % Bremhill. ' Highworth.? ” Ewelm. Malmesbury. }° Eastcourt, VOL. XLIV.—NO. CXLVII. C 18 264 265 271 A Malmesbury Abbey Manuscript. half. Brihtwold sueceeded him for 7 years. Inert towards good, but keen towards evil he was, and old age drove him on to perish by a miserable death. When he had died by his own hand, Herman, Bishop of Salisbury,! thought to fill the vacant abbacy with his own See. But the monks warned their patrons, Earls Godwin and Harald, and by means of their support, Brithric was made abbot and ruled the convent gloriously for 7 years. But when William, from being Earl of Normandy, became King of England, he forced upon them a certain monk of Fescamp, named Turold, while Brithric was still alive. This Turold, while he was still exercising despotic sway over his subjects, was moved to Peterborough.? Harald, son of Godwin, reigned 40 weeks. William II., Duke of Normandy, reigned for 13 years less 5 weeks. At the request of Archbishop Lanfranc and Queen Mathilda,’ he instituted annual markets at the festival of St. Aldhelm. Queen Mathilda, it was, who gave Garsdon to the Church, For Turold was substituted Warin, a monk of Lira.¢ An efficient man, especially in this respect, that he habituated the monks to regulations ; but for the rest he was not otherwise of much use, because he was, for the most part, taken up with the hope of greater honour, for the sake of which he was capable of emptying the purses of the monks, whenever he could get hold of them, and of seizing the money. But not so much with a desire to hoard the gains as to squander the goodsof the church, on both sides of the sea, in order that he might obtain greater glory with those who were powerful and that he might make a show before those who had seen him formerly as a poor man. Finally as regards the bones of Meidulf,®> of holy memory, and of those others, once abbots there and afterwards prelates in various places, who had for reverence for their patron Aldhelm,given orders that they should be buried in the place; these, I say, he piled together in a rough heap as if they were the remains of common servants and removed them out of the Church. He aggravated the shame of his deed by this jocular remark,—‘“ Let those who can in any way do so help the others.” Oh what times! What manners! That anyone should follow up such an act of audacity with a taunt so worthy of it! The shamelessness of man! that we, triflers that we are, and born to mockery should destroy that which the Blessed Dunstan and the other wisest and most religious of men have either done themselves or permitted others to do. 1 Herman was at this time Bishop of Ramsbury. The see was moved to Salisbury a few years later. 2 Turold was moved to Peterborough in order that he might use his military prowess against Hereward the Wake, then in revolt in the Fens. 3 Mathilda of Flanders, wife of William I. 4 A convent in Normandy, ° The founder of the Convent at Malmesbury. By Sir Richard H. Luce, K.C.M.G., C.B., MP. 19 On the death of Abbot Warin, in the time of William the younger, who reigned 13 years, Godfrey, who had been a monk of Jumiéges,! straightway succeeded after 15 days. In his time and by his industry, the honour of the church increased greatly and religion advanced. Very many adornments were added,as much as could be done by aman whose means were limited and whose time was so occupied. ‘he monks, who for the most part had previously been merely stammering at their letters were properly instructed. The service of God was established on a liberal scale and was punctually performed. So that no monastery in England excelled that of Malmesbury and many had to give place to it. But when King William the younger imposed an unbearable tax upon England, be- cause he was engaged in buying Normandy from his brother Robert,? Godfrey, that he might the more easily get together his quota, basely alienated the treasures of the church which the carefulness of his predecessors had accumulated, accepting the advice of his worst counsellors. ‘True indeed it is that ‘‘a crime shared with others brings to the same level a]l those whom it defiles.”* Indeed, on one day, 12 texts of the Evangelists, 8 crosses, and 8 shrines were stripped of their silver and gold and left bare, But it happily turned out that his avarice was disappointed by the scantiness of the result, which did not suffice for his wishes, in as much as they did not bring in more than 72 marks. And, indeed, the following night he thought he. saw a man, of terrible countenance and bearing, who made an assault upon him and threw hot water in his face from a pitcher. Roused from sleep by his terror, he realised by the pain which speedily followed, the truth of his dream. For he wasted away with a horrible disease, first of the face and then of the whole body, and was carried off by the disease of the King’s Evil. In narrating this here we are following the private and universally accepted custom of St. Aldhelm, that one should endure one’s adversities as long as one can, but when one has decided to bear them no longer, one should ex- pose the injurer a spectacle to all the world. When Abbot Godfrey was dead Abbot Edulf succeeded him. And when he died,‘ in the time of King Henry the elder, who reigned 36 years, Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, usurped the vacant abbey by force and by means of the royal power and held it in his own hands for many years. Until Stephen, Earl of Boulogne, son of the sister® of King Henry, succeeded the aforesaid King on the throne of Eng- land. [Jn margin—“ When you are happy you will have many ! Jumiéges, an Abbey in Normandy, on the banks of the Seine. 2 Robert wanted the money to fit out his contingent for the first crusade. 3 Quotation from Lucan, the Latin poet. Pharsalia V., 290. 4 Some accounts say Edulf was deposed. 5 Adela. 20 A Malmesbury Abbey Manuscript. friends. If the times are clouded over you will be alone.!]” He, in- deed, having been adorned with the crown of the kingdom, placed Roger 2 under custody as a prisoner in the castle of Devizes until the day of his death, and appointed John,* a monk of Malmesbury, who had been elected, to rule the church of Malmesbury. [Jn margin— “ Ever we strive after that which is refused, and whatever is denied is thought most precious. Thus the sick man craves the forbidden waters*]. And when John had been carried off by an early death, Peter, a monk of Cluny, was substituted in his place. This Peter restored the dignity of the monastery at Malmesbury given to it in the time of St. Aldhelm by the blessed Pope Sergius, by privileges he obtained from Pope Innocent of venerable memory, from Pope Eugenius the glorious and most excellent, and from Pope Anastasius. When Peter was dead, Abbot Gregory took over the rule of the church. Stephen, when he had reigned 19 years, suffered many wars at the hands of Henry, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, who was son of Geoffrey, Earl of Anjou and of Mathilda,® the Empress. When he was dead, this same Henry took over the government of the kingdom and reigned 34 years and 5 months. This Henry among certain liberties which he conferred on the church at Malmesbury at the request of St. Thomas,* the Archbishop, gave them quittance of the 6 pounds, ten shillings annually which is called Hundred Silver. To King Henry and to the rule of England succeeded his two sons, Richard, for 94 years, John, his brother, for 18 years and 5 months. [Jn margin— Richard died in his eleventh year.’] That John granted to this Church the castle of Malmesbury, to be destroyed, and he confirmed to it the hundreds pertaining to its fee farm. After Gregory, Robert, Osbert, Nicholas, Robert, Walter and John were Abbots. [In Margin—Abbots of Malmesbury.] St. Aldhelm, Daniel, Meidulf, Forthere, Xambriht, Sigibriht, Othelard, Wulfred, .. . ered, Ethelmodus, Aluric, Ethelward, Cyneward, Brihelm, Brihtwold, Cynebert, Etheric, Wulsinus Ethelward, Alwyn, Brihtwold, Brihtric, Turold, Warin, Godfrey Kdulf, John, Peter, Gregory, Rebar Osbert, Nicholas, Robert, Walter, John. Tt is told in the narrative of the Fathers how, when a bird which is called a partridge, had been offered, alive and sound, to St. John 1 Ovid Tristia I., viil., 5. ? Roger kept the favour of Stephen for some years until he was suspected of helping the party of Mathilda 3 The historian, William of Malmesbury, was probably offered the abbacy at this time. 4 Ovid Amores IIL, iv., 17. 5 Mathilda, daughter of Henry I. 6 !homas a Beckett. 7 This marginal note is incorrect. Kichard reigned less than 10 years, nS eee | | | By Sir Richard H. Luce, K.C.M.G4., C.B., MP. 21 the Apostle, he took it in his left hand and soothed it by strok- ing. And when one of the youths saw this, to make his companions laugh, he said “‘ Do you see what the old man is doing with the little bird? And the boy saw. But the blessed apostle, knowing by the Spirit what had happened, called the youth to him asking him what he held in his hand. “ A bow,” he said. And the blessed Apostle said. ** What is the use of that which you hold in your hand?” And the youth replied. ‘ We shoot beasts or birds with it or other things.” And the blessed John said. “ In what manner and with what do they die?” And the youth having bent the bow strung it and held it strung in his hand. John said nothing further to him and after. a short interval, he unstrung the bow. And the blessed John said. “ Why have you unstrung the bow? To which the youth replied. ** Because, if it had been kept strung longer it would have thrown its darts less forcibly.” ‘To which the holy apostle replied. ‘In like manner if frail man always remains in the full rigour of con- templation and does not make allowance for his weakness, the wings of his contemplation will necessarily soar less strongly.” Srory OF St. REMIGIUS. Now the bishop, St. Remigius, secretly used to have entertain- ments among his pets and used to take pleasure in the mirth of his dear ones. Bold sparrows used to come down to him and from his hand used to gather up the remains from his table. [Jn Margin—Words of St. Remigius.| When one set departed satisfied, others took their places to be satisfied in like manner. Thus, in the practice of the virtues, the wildness of the birds became tamed. A sparrow is a bird, small in body, but moved by the greatest sagacity, and is not easily caught in the snare nor through gluttony of stomach deceived by the lure ofa bait. On account of its weakness, lest it should either itself be caught by the hunter, or its young should be devoured by the wiles of the serpent it takes refuge in the lofty eaves of houses. With this merit may be compared a prudent and humble person, who, fleeing the wiles of the devil’s cunning, ingloriously, and by prayers and tears of penitence, hastens to defend himself within the walls of Holy Church. CoNCcERNING St. ALDHELM.! In the year of the incarnation of our Lord 705, Aldfrid, King of the Northumbrians died, and to his empire succeeded his son Osred, who was about 8 years of age, and reigned 11 years. At the beginning of this reign, Hedda, the prelate of the West Saxons, _ ' The whole of this is an extract from Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, 409, 410. 22 A Malmesbury Abbey Manuscript. migrated to the heavenly life. A good man he was and just, and ~ based his episcopal life and doctrines more on the love of virtue . implanted in himself than on his reading. When he was dead | the episcopate of that province was divided into two dioceses. One _ was given to Daniel, namely that of the Church of Winchester, the — other to Aldhelm, namely that of the Church of Sherburne, over which he presided most energetically for 4 years. Indeed Aldhelm, when he was as yet only presbyter and abbot of the monastery at the town which is known as Malmesbury, wrote by order of the synod of his people a remarkable book against the British error, of not celebrating Easter at the proper time and of doing many other things contrary to ecclesiastical purity and peace, and thus he brought many of those Britons who were subject to the West Saxons, by the reading of this book, to the catholic celebration of our Lord’s Easter. QUOTATIONS FROM OVID. (1)—Tristia I., viii., 5. Donec eris sospes, multos numerabis amicos. Tempora si fuerint nubila, solus eris. Many friends you will count as long as your fortune is smiling. But if the sky is oercast, lonely you will be left. (2)—Amores III, iv., 17. Nitimur in vetitum semper cupimusque negata. Sic interdictis inminet aeger aquis. Ever we seek the denied and wilfully want the forbidden. So the sick man craves the water he cannot reach. NATURAL HISTORY NOTES ROUND GREAT BEDWYN. By C. P. Hurst. MAMMAL. On the 13th December, 1926, a boy brought me a Dormouse (J/uscardinus avellanarius), which he had found in a wood near Thistlelands Great Bed- -wyn. Mr. L.G. Peirson, the President of the Marlborough College Nat. Hist. ~Soc., remarks :—“I find on enquiry that it is said to be found fairly frequently near Marlborough, and Mr. H. L. Guillebaud tells me that he dug out a colony at Yatesbury some four or five years ago.” FIsH. In the first half of August, 1926, when the water of the Kennet and Avon Canal had been lowered in one of the sections between Great Bedwyn and Crofton, I found in the mud, two specimens of Planer’s Lamprey ( Lampetra planerz) ; they were about six inches in length and were still in the larval state which, according to Professor A. Miiller lasts three or four years, the adult condition occupying only a few months. Planer’s Lamprey is com- mon in smal] streams, brooks and ditches to at least as far north as Perth- shire, and never goes down to the sea. It differs from the Lampern (Lampetra fluviatilis) in being smaller, in possessing teeth of a slightly different form, and in having the dorsal fins connected at the base. MoLuusca. Mr. J. W. Taylor, of Horsforth, Leeds, very kindly sends the following notes on local slugs :— Arion ater in Tottenham Park in January. “I regard your specimen as a darker sub-variety of the variety aurantia approaching the variety rufula.” Limax cinereo-niger in Savernake Forest in February. ‘“ The slugin my Opinion is the L. cinereo-niger variety maura, sub-variety leucogaster. It is, of course, immature, and the foot may eventually become pigmented.” L. cinereo-niger in Foxbury Wood in April. ‘* Fawn-cloured variation of variety vera, but young.” | On the 24th and 25th February, the weather was very mild, and I saw eighteen species of mollusca, including Agriolimax agrestis variety brunnea, near Warren Farm in the Forest, and also near Bedwyn Wharf, on the Canal. The tarring of the roads in this district seems to have had an inimical effect on the molluscan life in the hedge-banks, and I do not now make the very interesting gatherings of Helix hortensis during rainy weather that I used to make before the tarring took place. PLANT GALLS. One gall new to the Marlborough list was observed during 1926 :—the swellings of the capsules of the common Toadflax (Zinaria vulgaris) caused by the beetle Mecinus noctis. Noticed at Froxfield on the 19th July. 24 Natural History Notes round Great Bedwyn. On the 21st July I saw some excrescences on the leaves of Ranunculus repens in Bedwyn Brails and sent them to the British Museum (Natural History), and Mr. F. W. Edwards kindly sent me the following note :— “The cause of the blisters on Ranunculus repens leaves does not appear to be known. Houard refers to it vaguely as “insect,” but no trace of insect or mite has been found, nor does it appear to be due to a fungus.” Other galls noted were :— The elongated or rounded tumours on the Common Lime (7il¢a vulgaris) caused by the fly Contarinia tiliarum, near St Katharine’s Church in the Forest, on the 18th June. The swelling and woolly pilosity of the leaves and flower heads of the Common Thyme (Zhymus serpyllum) due to the mite Hriophyes Thomast, near Haw Wood on the 3rd August. 3 The Artichoke Gall on the oak (Quercus robur) caused by the hymeno- pteron Andricus fecundator in Wilton Brails on the 9th August. Two galls on the Ground Ivy (Nepeta hederacea) in Wilton Brails on the 9th August :—one, a cylindrical out-growth caused by the dipteron, Olzgo- trophus bursarzus, and the other a hard, globular, fleshy swelling, due to the gall-wasp, Aulax glechomae. FLOWERING PLANTS. The following species were noticed round Great Bedwyn in 1926. In recording them I have used the 11th edition of the London Catalogue. Cerastium viscosum var. apetalum. 0 54 0O 10—Hard stone 1 10 55 10 Sand oo5. 9—Sand Hea 9 60 7 8—Bands of clay al some 18 0 78 7 Clay woe 25 7—Stone ... 8 0 86 7 PortlandOolite 8 6—Sand 2179 89 4 5—Stone ... 1) 90 4 Sand aor | 4—Sand . ay 3 94 7 3—Stone ... 2 0 96 7 PortlandOolite 2 2—Sand ... 8 0 104. 7 Sand oe’ 1—Oxford Clay 20 5 125 0 The well only reaches a depth be 105ft., but a boring, from which samples were kept, was continued to 125ft. I ewe added this to the published record. Owing to the obvious shortcomings aud more sketchy character of Ver- sion 2, it is useful only for occasional substantiation of Version 1. If the entire hill consists, as shown on the survey map, of Lower Cal- careous Grit, an improbable thickening is involved, for in four other wells at Highworth, all within 14 miles of Red Down. the thicknesses of the Lower Calcareous Grit were proved to be 30ft., 26ft., 22ft., and about 22ft. respectively. Even if Beds 2 to 16 consist of Corallian Beds in accordance with the grouping adopted in “ The Water Supply of Wilts,” the thickness of 104ft. Zin. is in excess of anything observed in the district ; moreover, in no known instance do the Corallian beds, as ordinarily developed, consist in their upper part of 28ft. of Clay. This clay is an unusual feature which, By W. J. Arkell, PGS. 45 if it ever existed over the surrounding Corallian plateau, has been swept away. An examination of the ground alone reveals the true state of things. The outlier of red clay forming the summit of the down has been spread by surface wash down the northern and eastern sides, giving the false im- pression that the subsoil is the same from summit to base and thus account- ing for the faulty mapping of the surveyor. On the southern and western sides the sequence is not so obscured. The red clay is seen clearly to rest upon the Coral Rag and the whole sequence of the Highworth rocks can be followed down step by step in the arable fields and small quarries. Careful mapping of Red Down shows, in fact, that the outlier of red clay forming the summit is either Kimeridge Clay, possibly containing a repre- sentative of the Abbotsbury Iron Ore in the band of ironstone, or else it is a representative of the Sandsfoot Grit and Clay of Shrivenham, the ironstone band being on the level of the Westbury Iron Ore. The latter is the more probable supposition. The Red Down Boring is in either case a very val- uable key to the relations of the various Corallian strata and their thick- nesses, at a point where they are in an unusually complete state of preser- vation. ; INTERPRETATION. RECORD. No. of Bed. Thickness. ft. in. ft. in, Soil lft. 16 3.0 Kimeridge Clay and Upper Calcareous ie - nf 2b, 15 8B Osmington Wheatley Limestones 14 8 12 Oolites 24ft. Coral Rag 13 15 10 Pusey Flags FACHn2 LO =] 2 @ Highworth Grit with band a Gt of doggers 9 ra Note.—The discrepancy between the two versions at this pent’ point is accounted for by the gradual passage from oat ‘Sdft Highworth Grit to Highworth Clay, which makes : the point of division a matter of opinion. Highworth Clay 8 18 0 — 2 0O Urchin Marls { Trigonia perlata Limestones + | 7 8 0 Indurated top bed 2ft, Lower Cal- 6 careous Grit, o 20ft. Sands and bands of sandstone 4 146 0— 18 0 3 2 Oxford Clay, 20ft. 5in. 1 AO 5 Note.—Brief descriptions of the samples from the boring are given on the accompanying figure. 46 The Red Down Boring, Highworth. IIL.—INTERPRETATIONS OF OTHER HIGHWORTH WELLS, WITH SOME NEw RECORDS. WELLS AT MARSHALL'S DAIRIES, SHEEP ST. A little east of the Church, 1919. 421 a.o.d. (See “ The Water Supply of Wilts,” p. 65.) Boring No. 1. Boring No, 2. fies ft. 8 —Soil es ipo Made ground tee A 7—Clay ee choke Nd Yellow clay ee Se es 6— Rock Bae Ul Rock 83 ee | | Rock and ely 5} Haas sand ... ws (183 2—Sand and veins of clay ... 16 Sand a -, 26 1—Blue Oxford clay 46 Blue Oxford ee 5 Detailed mapping of Highworth shows that the borings started near the junction between Highworth Grit and Highworth Clay. The only possible interpretation of the borings is therefore as follows :— Interpretation. Record. ft. ft. Highworth Clay 7 7—Yellow clay and clay _... 7 Trigonia perlata limestones and Urchin Marls 14—15 6, 5—Rock and shelly clay 14—15 Lower Calcareous Grit 26—30 4, 3, 2—Sandstone, sand, and sand with veins of clay 26—30 Oxford Clay ee Mes “46 1— Blue clay a eG WELL NEAR Upper Farm, HIGHwortu. Registered as Easrrop GRANGE, AUXILIARY SUPPLY. 1923—4. Kindly communicated by Mr. F. Redman, Engineer, Swindon. Surface of ground 386ft. Top water level about 26ft. down, normal water level 22ft. down. Interpretation. Record. ft. ft. Base of Trigonia perlata Limestones ... 5 7—Soil and brash 2 Indurated top of L.C.G., seen (6—Stone ee st 6 at Hangman’s Elm Senate” 5—Yellow sand 44 4—Sandy clay with stones, and Lower Calcareous Grit SO ODO Wine two clay bands 2"—93" thick in the top 23’ 94 3— Marl 6 2— White sand and soft sand- L stone 600 60 2 Oxford Clay ... sao D4 1—Blue clay _... BE sD Nore.—This well desord3 is now published in “ The Water Supply of Wilts,” p. 64, as “ Kastrop Grange, Auxiliary Supply.” There is a dis- crepancy of 5ft. in bed 4 between the version given above and the published By W. J. Arkell, F.GS. 47 version. I keep to the figures on the original plan given me by the engineer, Mr. Redman. An inspection of the thickness of the Lower Calcareous Grit in the escarpment face adjoining the well shows that this version is more probably the correct one—the Lower Calcareous Grit cannot be Jess than 20ft. thick at this point, whereas the published version gives it a thickness only of 17ft. $-MILE 8. oF HIGHWORTH. Dug Sept. 1921. The supply (an adequate one) is from Highworth Grit. WELL AT FENNEL’S FARM, Information from Mr. Robey, the digger. Interpretation. Pusey Flags, and possibly the base of the Coral rag. ; Highworth Grit and Clay Combined information from Record and tip heap. 3—Soil iS Wels 2— Rubble 1—Sand, becoming clayey towards base Kaaba to 3 WELL AT SHEPPARD'S ALLOTMENT, NORTH OF BoTaNy Farm, +-MILE S. oF H1GHWorRTH. Information from Mr. Sheppard. Tip heaps inspected. Dug 1923—1924. Good supply from Lower Cale. Grit. Interpretation. | Trigonia perlata Limestones Combined information from Record and tip heap. ft. 3—Soil and brashy stone, the latter with 7‘heocosmiliae, containing harder bands 6 _Indurated top of Lower Calcar- 2—Hard sandstone, which | eous Grit had to be blasted i) 3 | Lower Calcareous Grit 1—Sand ace soo | 2 IV.—Nore on WaTER SUPPLY. The greater part of the water from the Corallian in N. Wiltshire, Berk- | shire, and Oxfordshire, is obtained, as has been said, from the base of the _ Lower Calcareous Grit, where it is held up by the Oxford Clay. Only | occasionally in special circumstances has this source proved barren. Down | the dip-slope, beneath the Kimeridge Clay, the Lower Calcareous Grit is | sometimes saturated to the top, when it is liable to burst up after the overlying limestones are penetrated, choking the well. An instance of | this was the well mentioned by Phillips at Even Swindon ;? another instance occurred more recently at Bourton.? In the Highworth district there are many shallow wells which do not 1 Geology of Oxford, p. 289. * Water Supply of Berks, Mem. Geol. Survey, p. 27. 48 The Red Down Boring, Highworth. penetrate to the Lower Calcareous Grit, but obtain an adequate supply from the Highworth Grit. Before the installation in 1904 of the town water supply, which is now brought from the deep boring on Red Down, most of the houses in Highworth obtained their water independently from shallow wells in the Highworth Grit. The supply from these was generally excellent, and in some houses the water level always stood flush with the floors of the cellars, a mild artesian effect due to the synclinal folding of the beds under the town. At Red Down, although the deep boring passed through the same strata as build Highworth Hill, no water was met with until the more than adequate supply in the Lower Calcareous Grit was struck. The explanation of this is probably to be found in the steep slope of the northern face of the down, which renders the outcrop of the Highworth Grit inclined and narrow and therefore unsuitable as a collecting ground ; and also in the outlier of clay on the summit, which spreads down the northern slope as a deep red clay soil, covering the outcrops of the underlying beds and preventing water from soaking in. As published in their crude form records lose much of their value from the point of view of anyone desirous of sinking a well, unless it be close to an existing recorded well. When interpreted, however, they become valuable guides to the depth at which water may be expected, and to the nature of the soil to be penetrated, at any point which the geological map shows to be on the surface outcrop of any of the subdivisions penetrated in the previous wells. Thus an excellent supply is obtained from the shallow well recently dug at Fennel’s Farm, Highworth. With an intelligent use of this record and the geological map a similar supply may be expected at a depth of about 12ft. anywhere on the outcrop of the Highworth Grit. If a well were started in the outcrop of the Highworth Clay, however, perhaps only in the adjoining field, it would need to be dug to a depth of at least 34ft. before reaching water. It is apparent that the keeping of records by well-sinkers for interpreta- tion by geologists is of no mere academic interest and brings its practical reward in return for the valuable information which accrues to science. Bed No. 16, 15. 14, 11. 10. > gilge Ws RECORD: itp bet 8) cacenonn co necuusbeauasnst tenes CTR DAY caseceercnnsreqgncncoc 30109500097 OI with thin Ironstone over 2’ down. GfonerS m Quite ecrcantesetenttsattacsa- with 3 bands of clay in lower part, one being at the base. Stone 15 10". Coral Rag Sandstone 1’......... Portland Oolite Sand 8) iin Hard stone 1’ 10 Sand 4’ 9" . Bands of clay and stone 18’ ............ StonesS iy, seem teavetire caress ree seo ops Sand 2’ 9) Stone I’. Sern EB) conocnccosto yarn AIS DPOTEHOTD OD SS LOT CMa anes ta oestere tessniertcrs overs siestere RECNG OLY Sahas ccrespaccos remo CeO DOND Oxford Clay 5! ...........s:00+ orcesreesnnteen Base of well, rial Boring, not recorded 20', Base of boring.. RED DOWN BORING, HIGHWORTH. SAMPLES. Ft. Oolitic Ironstone ; nacreous fossils. Ostvea sp, Pecten midas d’ Orb. rooncn 6 Brick-red clay. 20 wees 28 Hard, compact, grey limestone, with calcite lining cavity . Serpu/a, 30 30 Compact, fine-grained white limestoue- 40 50 oscond 50? Soft, friable, brown sandstone, full of white oolite grains. Shows bedding laminae distinctly. sree 59 Heavy, hard, ferruginous sandstone, full of white oolite grains; wavy zones of colouring due to different concentrations of iron, (misplaced from 56’ 2). 60 63 Interlaminated grey clay and brown sand. 66 Brown and grey clay. 67 Light grey clay. .68 Fine grey clay, mottled with brown. 74 Grey marl full of broken shell-fragments ; Pecten fibrosus. 78 Grey oolitic limestone, soft and moderately shelly. Zima rigida, Pecten fibrosus, 80 bukco 81 Grey and brown oolitic limestone, like from 78' but rather harder and less shelly. Pecten 7ibrosus, iso 84 Grey, shelly, oolitic limestone, like from 81'. Pecten jibrosus, ..... 94 Intensely hard ferruginous calcareous grit. nee 96 Fine yellow calcareous sand. oso 99 Fine yellow calcareous sand. Bees 102 Grey and brown argillaceous sand, with a fragment of Ostvea, cones 115 Grey and brown and mottled sandy clay. éccer: 119 Greyish-brown sandy clay, 125 125 Grey clay with trace of sand. | Pusey Flags and Highworth | Highworth Clay. _ Urchin Marls and INTERPRETATION, ? Kimeridge Clay, t Westbury Iron Ore. ) _ Clays equivalent to Sandsfoot + Upper Catcarnous Griz. Grit and Sandsfoot Clay. Wheatley ? Limestones, \ OsmincTon Ootire SERins. ‘True Coral Rag. 4 \ BerksHire Oorirn Smrins. Grit. ‘Trigonia perlata Limestones jower Calcareous Grit. \ Lower Catcargous Grit. -Oxrorp CLAy. 49 A ROMAN VILLA AT NUTHILLS, NEAR BOWOOD:! By THe MaRQueEss oF LANSDOWNE. In March, 1927, I wrote at the request of the editor of the Wiltshire Gazette, a short account for that paper of the Roman remains which had been discovered at Nuthills, near Bowood Park.? The excavations are now filled in and nothing is to be seen above ground. It seems desirable there- fore that the whole story should be put on record in the pages of the W.A.M., and that one or two inaccuracies in my former account should at the same time be corrected. The site may be located by the small sketch map which (with a ground plan of the remains) accompanies this article. It lies near the corner of an arable field at the back of Nuthills Farm, Sandy Lane, between the woods marked on the six-inch ordnance map as “ Home Wood” and * Diamond Clump” respectively. It is about two hundred yards from the boundary of Bowood Park and half-a-mile N.E. of Wans, where stood the Roman station of Verlucio. The site, as in the case of all Roman villas, was well selected. It is on the top of a gentle rise which faces south and west, there are several springs close by, and it commands a delightful prospect over the Heddington Vale of Roundway and the Downs. -' Wier Je, Scale Ginches fe i nule Map showing site of Roman Villa at Nuthills (indicated by arrow). _ The discovery of the “ Villa” was due to Mr. Ernest Butler, the tenant of Nuthills Farm. Small pieces of pottery had from time to time been turned 1 The Society is indebted to Lord Lansdowne for the cost of the blocks illustrating his paper. 2 Wiltshire Gazette, March 10th, 1927. In the issue of March 17th, 1927, Mr. 8. E. Winbolt compares the Nuthills basin with larger basins in the floor at Bignor and Keynsham, both probably the basins of fountains. /VOL. XLIV.—NO. CXLVII. E i] 50 A Roman Villa at Nuthills, near Bowood. up by the plough, but in view of the known propinquity of a large Roman station they were not in themselves sufficient to attract any special attention. There was, however, at one point, just below the surface of the ground, a large stone which had constantly impeded Mr. Butler’s ploughing operations, and hedetermined toremoveit. In the autumn of 1924 this was done, and it was found that the offending object was no natural boulder, as had been imagined, but a rectangular block of good stone, roughly hewn, some three feet square and ten inches deep. ‘The bed from which it was extracted dis- closed immediately under the stone a quantity of rubble which had obviously once formed part of a building, and a little further spade work revealed a portion of a wall. Captain Cunnington was invited to come over and in- spect the spot and at once decided that the remains belonged to the period of the Roman occupation. ‘lhe wall was followed up in both directions, its angles were soon reached and before long the outline of a room (marked A on the ground plan, Plate II.), seventeen feet square was exposed to view. During the ensuing summer (1925) this room was systematically ex- cavated. Some five feet of its walls were found to be standing, the floor being about eight feet below the present surface level. The floor consisted of irregular slabs of grey pennant stone and was apparently intact. Sunk in its centre was an octagonal stone basin (B), in appearance much resemb- ling a font, with a surface gutter of the same material running from it across the room to an outletin the outer wall, allevidently zm sctu. The walls were observed to continue on the western side of this room and other traces of building were discovered to the south of it ; but no more work could be done at the time and further exploration was left over till the next year. In 1926 these indications were followed up, but the results were dis- appointing. Though the line of the building was traced for some distance, it became increasingly indefinite and eventually disappeared altogether. The ground outside the four walls of the room was not completely removed down to the old ground level, but several trial holes failed to ‘‘ touch bot- tom,” nor was anything which looked like a solid floor discovered outside the limits of the room which had been first exposed. In other parts of the same field close by there were signs of debris on or near the surface ; these spots also were tested by digging but nothing solid emerged, though plenty of rubble was found. There seemed therefore no further object to work for, and at the commencement of the present year the excavations were all filled in, most of the stones being utilized by Mr. Butler and the objects of interest taken to Bowood House. The ground was then restored to its legitimate purpose of agriculture, from which it had been withheld for more than two years. I may here mention that both the rubble and the walls were marked by the presence of large quantities of the common ‘‘ bind-weed”’ or wild con- volvulus. Mr. Butler tells me that the outcrop of this weed has seriously interfered with the practice of husbandry on this portion of his land, and that it grows in profusion not only at the spot where the excavations were made, but also on several patches near by. If (as seems probable) its appearance on the surface may be taken as indicating structural remains of By the Marquess of Lansdowne, 51 some kind underneath the ground, this shows that the site originally ex- tended far beyond the small area which has been explored, a supposition which (as I shall show) may be supported by other considerations. It will be convenient to deal with the remains found on the site under five distinctive heads :—(1) Structural, (2) Pottery, (3) Bones, (4) Coins, (5) Miscellaneous, STRUCTURAL REMAINS. The walls, or so much of them as remained, were built of roughly shaped blocks of local stone of various kinds. It is curious that there was very little of the dark iron-stone which is to be found on the spot and has pro- vided the material for most of the modern cottages in Sandy Lane village close by. The possibility suggests itself that the iron stone may have been removed for smelting purposes to the “ bloomerie ” only a few fields away, where a prehistoric slag heap still forms a prominent feature in the landscape. There were a number of loose blocks of calcareous tufa, a porous stone somewhat resembling gruyere cheesein appearance. I am informed by Dr. McClintock, of the Jermyn Street Museum, that this material was frequently used by the Romans for vaulting purposes on account of its lightness. The same or a Similar type of tufa seems to have been present in considerable quantities in the Roman house lately discovered at Keynsham, Somerset, near Bristol (vide Archeologia, vol. lxxv., 118 & 125). The floor of the room exposed (A) was paved with thin slabs of a grey pennant stone, while the roofing tiles, the fragments of which would have filled a good-sized farm cart, were of the blue or pink variety associated with the Forest of Dean. Few of these tiles were unbroken, but a complete specimen shows them to have been of elongated hexagonal form, pointed at top and bottom, and measuring some 17 inches by 12 inches broad (Plate IIL., fig. 1). Of cut stone there remained only three or four blocks, one of which was - the fellow to that mentioned above which led to the discovery of the site, the others being of somewhat smaller dimensions. None appeared to be in situ. A small piece of stone cornice (12 inches long and 4 inches deep) was found. It is nicely carved in the form somewhat resembling the Norman ““vig-zag” pattern (fig. 2) and may have belonged to an altar. It shows at all events that some parts of the building must have been carefully decorated, though this is the only fragment of such work that remains. It is note- worthy that a small piece of red plaster still adheres at one spot to this stonework, whence it must be inferred that the whole of it was originally covered in a similar manner, and that the fragment in question formed part of the interior and not of the exterior work in the Villa. The small Roman brick was apparently used in the building, though here again it is curious that only a single specimen came to light ; it measures 54in. X 3in. X lin. Of ordinary round drain pipes, rather heavier than, but in other ways similar to, the land drains of to-day, there were numerous fragments ; as also of the more interesting box-flue tiles used for heating purposes in connection with a hypocaust. These are rudely decorated with ‘ reed and tie” festoons E 2 52 A Roman Villa at Nuthills, near Bowood. on their outside, and many of them display signs of the heat to which they had been subjected. None, however, were found zn stu, nor was there any trace of a stoke-hole or of the pzlae, on which the floor of a room heated in this manner was usually supported. Much the most interesting find, however, was the stone basin or “ font” (Plates I. and IIT., figs. 3 and 4) discovered, as already explained, in the centre of the excavated room. It is cut out of a single block, the over all measurements of which are !7in. X 22in. Only some three inches were exposed above the floor level, the remainder being sunk into the ground as shown in the photograph. Its outer lines are octagonal, the rim or wall being of an even thickness of two inches, and the basin within it some five inches deep. In the centre of this basin there is a circular hole or socket twelve inches across and three inches deep. That the font was intended to hold water is sufficiently clear from its shape, as well as from a semi-circular dent in its rim which was evidently intended to allow for the overflow. This dent was immediately above the stone gutter, which was inserted a few inches into the stonework at this point so as to obviate risk of the water leaking on to the floor. There is, however, no hole through the basin by which a supply pipe could have been introduced. The idea that it was a drinking fountain seemed therefore to be ruled out ; for assuming that it was filled up from time to time by hand, its contents would have quickly become stagnant, while the construction of the basin was not such as to permit of it being readily or thoroughly cleaned out. If it was unsuitable for drinking purposes it was equally so for those of ablution, both on account of the smallness of its size and of its position— practically on the floor level of the room in which it stood. In default of any better hypothesis I was driven to suggest in my previous article that it might have been intended for the rinsing of the muddy feet of the Roman cowherds ! Subsequently, however, a new line of thought seemed to be indicated. The trained eye of Captain Cunnington had detected that whereas the sur- face of the font was generally speaking rough, the sides of the circular hole In its centre were worn very smooth, as if by the revolution of another stone within this hole. ‘Thus it seemed that the basin might have been used as. the “ bed” for a stone quern for the crushing of grain,—and very possibly at some period of its existence it may have been so employed. On such an hypothesis, however, it seemed impossible to reconcile milling operations with the presence in the basin of water in such quantities as to involve a constant overflow. The problem of the font thus remained unsolved when I consulted Mr, Reginald Smith, of the British Museum, with regard to it. Curiously enough Mr. Smith had what seems to be the clue in his pocket at that very moment. It was contained in an extract from The Times of May 12th, 1927, in which there was a short account of the doings of the archeological expedition then engaged in excavation work at Stamboul. In the Byzan- tine Hippodrome at that place a fountain of an unusual type had just been By the Marquess of Lansdowne. 53 brought to light. It was in the form of a column or obelisk, the centre of which had been bored through so as to admit of the passage of a lead pipe. The column was planted in a solid stone base and the water, which issued from its summit, was collected in a basin below in which it was thus con- stantly renewed. It may well be therefore that the Nuthills “ font” is the base of a fountain of a similar type—though of more humble proportions ; the round hole in its centre being the socket of its original centre piece, into which the water was introduced by means of a pipe (Plate III., fig. 5). The disappearance of the pipe (which would have been above ground, as shown in the sketch) and of the column or centre piece would be easily accounted for, for these would have fallen ready victims to the despoiler. The removal of the base, which as we have seen was firmly imbedded in the floor and must weigh nearly half-a-ton, would however have presented amore difficult proposition and thus secured its preservation. There is little doubt that the walls of the room (A) were plastered over throughout. Most of this plaster, sodden and disintegrated by the percola- tion of more than fifteen hundred years, fell away in small pieces at the moment of excavation, but its fragments were continually appearing amongst the debris. In the N.W. angle of the room a few square feet, for some reason less affected than the rest, survived in position for a few weeks after exposure. J have roughly reproduced the designs thereon from some drawings done by Major Stevenson at the time, which he was good enough to lend to me for the purpose (Figs. 6 and 7). ‘he rest of the decoration appears to have been similar in type, the designs being generally of a ““ seometrical ” character—in black, red, green, and blue. They seem to have run right round the room, above a solid red ‘‘ dado” of which traces were found on the lower portions of the walls. In the process of washing off the earth from these fragments the colours also quickly disappeared, it is difficult therefore to pronounce definitely upon them. Round the room at the junction of floor and wall was a quarter-round convex-plaster moulding. POTTERY. I am indebted to Mrs. Cunnington for an examination of the pottery, and the following remarks are all based on information supplied by her. The fragments were numbered in hundreds but though many of them, severed no doubt for 1500 years, have been connected once more together, I have so far been unable to reconstitute any one vessel among the many which are represented. They are all of the type known as “ Romano- British,” red, black, and grey. With the exception of some nieces of “ bead rim bowls,” which may be attributable to the first, there is nothing among them earlier than the! third century A.D. There are several of plain red Samian ware but one only of the ornamental kind. This shows two human figures, one of them apparently a captive with hands tied behind his or her back, a conventionalised type which frequently occurs and has been illustrated and described by Dechelette (Les Vases Ceramiques ornés dela Gaule Romaine IT., 107, fig. 642 bis ). The “ pseudo-Samian” ware which was made in the New Forest is well represented—one piece has a very clear stamp or ‘“‘ maker’s mark” on its 54 A Roman Villa at Nuthills, near Bowood. base. There are also a few pieces of stamped “ Rosette” ware from the same place of origin, some ‘‘ Castor” ware made near Northampton, an in- teresting fragment of a perforated colender, and several pieces of “ Mor- taria,” the inner surfaces of which are lined with particles of some hard and shining grit, which gives them a curious speckled appearance. ‘They were -used as mortars for pounding or grinding various substances. The grey and black pottery is of coarser type, and consists of fragments of pots and bowls of all shapes and sizes. Several are of the so-called * Upchurch” ware, recognisable by the criss-cross pattern with which the lower part of their exterior was adorned—many bear on their outside obvious traces of fire, while inside they are frequently covered with a thick incrust- ation from the chalky water which was heated in them. One single small black jar, 34 inches in height, of a rather coarser and heavier type than the rest, was found complete. It emerged, some time after the excavation had been finished, from the debris of one of the walls which had fallen in after some heavy rain. It must have been immured in the building, though with what object it is hard to say. BONES. Animal bones were found at every stage of the work, not in any one place or level, but scattered through the ground, a few being quite close to the surface. This stratification and the fact that there were so many within the walls would seem to indicate that they were no longer where they had been originally thrown ; for surely the British squatter in the ruins of a Roman house would have thrown his old bones outside the walls of his temporary residence rather than inside. I shall have occasion to recur to this point below. Similarly distributed also were numbers of oyster shells and some snail shells; the latter have been identified by the Editor as the common or garden variety (Helix aspersa) and not the edible kind (Helix pomatia). The common snail is, however, often eaten to-day and was, no doubt as much appreciated by our British forefathers as it is by their de- scendants. : Mr. J. Wilfred Jackson, of the Manchester Museum, was good enough to examine some samples of the bones found. I append the report which he has sent me. ‘‘ The animals represented among the bones submitted to me for re- port are :—horse, ox (two kinds), sheep, and pig. Horse.—This is represented by three limb bones and several loose teeth. There is a scapula (or shoulder blade), a metatarsal (or cannon bone), and a fragment of a femur (or thigh bone). The metatarsal is longer than any I have examined from the pre-Roman stations of All Cannings Cross, Fifield Bavant, Swallowcliffe Down, and Glastonbury, but is quite as slender. It measures 280m.m. in length and is 28m.m. in diameter at the middle of the shaft. The animal to which it belonged was slender-limbed and perhaps 12 or 14 hands high. The scapula suggests a similar animal. Little can be said with regard to the teeth except that there is one canine indicating the presence ofa male animal, and that the upper molars all possess narrow pillars. By the Marquess of Lansdowne. 59 The remains of slender-limbed horses, but in most cases rather smaller than the above, have been recorded from excavations in and around Roman forts, etc., and from many prehistoric stations. Oxz.—The greater proportion of the bones and teeth are referable to oxen, but two types appear to be represented. Most of them are comparable with remains from All Cannings Cross, etc., and are of the small Celtic ox type (Bos longzfrons) : a typical horn-core of this animal is present. There is, however, a long horn-core and the proximal end of a large humerus (upper foreleg bone), both of which suggest a larger and different type of ox. Bos longifrons was a very small animal, probably not larger than the Kerry breed. It is generally believed that this was the only ox in Britain when the Romans came, and that these people introduced larger animals which they crossed with the native breed. ‘The above horn-core and humerus may have belonged to an animal crossed in this manner. The absence of the skull renders it very difficult to judge. Sheep. There are a few bones and teeth belonging to this animal. Among them are two metatarsals which are long and thin-shanked as in those found at All Cannings Cross and other places. The most in- teresting specimen is a large horn-core which agrees with similar re- mains from the above-mentioned station and from Glastonbury, and indicates the presence of a large-horned race of domestic sheep. Re- mains of this race, known as Studer’s Sheep (Ovzs aries studerz), have been obtained in the Swiss Lake Dwellings, Neolithic and later de- posits, Roman camps, and Romano-British villages in Great Britain. The type is best represented at the present day by the almost deer-like sheep living on the small island of Soay, near St. Kilda. Pig.—Two fragmentary canines and a few lower molar teeth belong to the domestic pig. As far as the few remains go they resemble those from All Cannings Cross and other pre-Roman stations, and from Roman camps, etc. J. WILFRED JACKSON, M.Sc., F.G.S., llth Nov., 1926. Senior Asst. Keeper of Manchester Museum. CoINs. The coins are thirteen in number, and as I gather from a list compiled by Mr. Arthur Bulleid of a similar, though larger, collection found at Keynshim (Archxologia, 1924—1925, pp. 132—4), are all such as fall within the generic term of ‘‘third brass,” their extreme dates being 264—353 A.D. I give their details as supplied to me by the British Museum. Caudius II., 268—270. (No. 1)—Obv., Imp. C. Claudius Aug., head radiate—draped ; rev., Liberalitas Aug. L., L. standing 1. holding tessera and cornucopia. Gillic Empire, 265—270. (Nos. 2 and 3)—Obv., Head radiate; rev, figure (4). Constantine the Great, 307—337. (No. 4)—Obv. Urbs Roma, Bust to L. ; 1ev.— Wolf with Romulus and Remus. 56 A Roman Villa at Nuthills, near Bowood. Constantine II. (No. 5)—Oby., Constantius Jun. Nob. C., Head diademed, draped : rev., Gloria Exercitus, Two soldiers (minted at Piscia, c. 330—335). Constantius II. (No. 6)—Obv., Bust to r.; rev., Victoriae. D.D. AVGG. Q. NN., figures, struck 337—340. Constantius II., or Constans. (Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10,11)—Obv., head ; rev: Fel. temp. Keparatio. c. 340—350. Magnentius. (Nos. 12, 13)—Obv., D. N. Magnentius P. F. Aug,, head bare. bust draped; rev, Victoriae D.D. N.N. Aug. Et. Caes. Two victories holding shield on which is legend V. Mul. X., c. 350—353. In addition to the above there came to light a rather curious metal disc of uncertain date. It is circular in form, and a little over an inch in diameter. It has a hole through it, which appears to be for the purpose of suspending it to something, and itis stamped with the single letter “F” in a capital of the ‘Lombardic” type. In the circumstances one might perhaps hazard the guess that such labels were attached to domestic animals belonging to the forest in order to distinguish them from others which were allowed to graze within its confines. MISCELLANEOUS FINDS. The most interesting of these was part of a bronze Roman brooch, which Mrs. Cunnington tells me is similar to one recently found in the Roman fort at Newstead, near Melrose, and belongs probably to the second half of the second century A.D. The flat fluted bow with remains of the coiled spring to which the pin was attached are present, though the pin itself is missing. It is not unlike one of those found in the Stockton Earthworks and illustrated in the W.A.M. of December, 1926 (Plate II., Fig. C.). Iam informed by the same authority that this object can be dated from the fact that the spring is covered up, for in the earlier Roman brooches the springs are always “free.” Other minor finds included some small fragments of Roman glass, both plain and ornamented and wonderfully delicate in texture ; the blad2 of a hunting knife, a small whetstone, a fragment of a quern, some stones with rounded ends which appeared to have been used as pestles, a door hinge, some iron clamps and hooks, besides a number of nails, some of which still remained im the roofing tiles which they had held in position. | To sum up, the site though interesting enough at the moment of excava- tion was perhaps somewhat disappointing in results. Though no teselated pavement was found, the evidence of a hypocaust, the wall paintiags, the few fragments of cut stone and the “ font,” all show that the house was an important one, as indeed from its proximity to the large station of Verlucio might well be expected. It is clear, however, that it must while stili ex- posed have been at some time or other mercilessly raided. In reading Mr. Bulleid’s account of the excavations at Keynshan already referred to, I was struck by the fact that the floor level of that Villa seems to have been not more than four feet below the surface of the grqaind. In the present instance the depth of soil was at least eight feet. Thou I fe i hh WARRIORS Serpe Puate I.—Two views of Basin and Drain in floor of Room in Roman Villa at Nuthills. Scale 1G Feef to an inch Puate II.—Plan of Walls of Roman Villa at Nuthills, Sandy Lane. (A)—Room excavated, (B)—Position of Basin or “ Font.” _—_ - (6) &(7) walk decorations fT I1].—Details of Basin or “ Font,” Wall Decorations, &c., in Roman Villa at Nuthills. By the Marquess of Lansdowne. 57 suppose no universal rule can be laid down for the rate of accretion in such cases, the difference is such as to call for remark. It seems to point to the ' fact that the Nuthills site may have been purposely covered over at some period for the purposes of agriculture. The curious stratification of the bones and pottery, to which I have already referred, would lead to the same conclusion. It would be easily accounted for if some neighbouring “ mid- dens” had been dumped in among the ruins in order to raise the level of _ the ground, but is difficult to explain on any other hypothesis. _ The position of the site may perhaps provide a theory both for its de- _ struction and for its having been covered up. It lay within the confines of _ the original Forest of Chippenham, which, as the “ perambulations ” of the _ time of Edward I. and III. show, was bounded at its south-eastern angle _ by the “ Bridge of Fynamor ” (Whetham), the “ breach of Woden’s Dyke” {Wans), and the road between that place and “ Horsleperithe ” (the George, Sandy Lane; see King’s Bowood Park, W.A.M., No. 134). Thus situated _ the ground should have been immune from pilferers of building material so _ long as the forest existed in its entirety. This corner of it, however, was _“assarted ” or let out for cultivation by the Crown in the early part of the _ Xviith century, though “ King’s Bowood ” remained for the time being in royal hands. At this period no doubt the road or lane now called Cuff’s _ Corner Lane, but then known alternatively as Pontens, Ponteres, or Nus- | trells Lease Lane, came into existence, between the assarted land and King’s _Bowood Park. ‘This road after passing Cuffs Corner crossed part of the | present park, down into what is now the lake (but was then only the Whetham stream), across Manning’s Hill Bridge and so through the Alders _ to Calne which it thus linked directly with Devizes. By its side were built | a number of cottages, for the use, no doubt, of labourers on the dis- afforested lands, as well as for those who were employed inside the remaining portion of the forest. ‘There werea dozen or more of them at Cuffs Corner, | according to a map of the year 1771 at Bowood, anda deed of the same date shows that they were purchased by William, Earl of Shelburne, | froma Mr. George Carey, who appears to have been the owner of much of the land immediately adjoining Bowood Park. Though these cottages have all since disappeared, and Cuffs Corner Farm | stands alone on the spot from which it takes its name, the former presence of a village on this spot induces certain reflections. Stone would have been _ required for its building, as well as road metal for the lane which provided its only communication with the outer world. A quarry was at hand, | almost as good and more easily worked than that which the Avebury _ Sarsens provided for the inhabitants of that district. It must surely have | been used, and the disappearance of the greater part of our Roman Villa | would thus be easily accounted for. It would have been only natural also _ that, after all had been taken away that was useful or necessary, the prudent husbandman should cover over what remained, in order that the land should bring forth its due increase. It is well known that the origins of Calne are shrouded in the mists of antiquity, but one Henry Cleverly, who died not long since at Cuffs 58 A Roman Villa at: Nuthills, near Bowood. Corner Farm, had his own ideas or traditions on this subject. This old man told Mr. Ernest Butler that he had been brought up to believe that the original site of the ‘“‘ Ancient Borough” lay buried on the slopes of Nuthills. It is possible that he was right! It is clear from the remains which have been found that when the Romans left, Nuthills was occupied by the Britons, who, deprived of the protection and the custom which Verlucio had afforded, may well have decided in time to migrate to a more favourable site. None better could have been found than Col-awn (the * current of waters”), scarcely a mileaway. ‘The name issaid to be of Celtic origin, but there is no evidence that it was in fact occupied by either Celts or Romans; there are, however, remains of a British settlement at Sands close by. But we need not stop to examine the story too closely, for it was obviously based on nothing but hearsay. Its interest lies in the fact that in Henry Cleverly’s youth the tradition that some structural remains lay buried at Nuthills must still have existed, though it seems probable that all outward signs of the settlement had disappeared a century or more before he was born. [My father, the late Lord Lansdowne, was a life-long member of the Wiltshire Archeological Society, and had been its Patron for more than 60 years. It is almost unnecessary for me to say that he took the keenest interest in the discovery and exploration of the Nuthills “ Villa” —situated as it was on one of his own farms and scarcely a mile from the home in which he had spent the greater part of along life. He had often expressed a wish that an account of the site should be written for the W.A.4/, and, though he did not live to see it in print, the foregoing paper was almost complete when he died in June last]. ANOTHER ROMAN VILLA NEAR Bowoop. In an article on King’s Bowood Park which I contributed to the W.A.d/. some years ago (W.A.J/, xlii. 37) I mentioned the fact that nothing was then known of a Roman Villa which is referred to by Hoare in his Ancvent Wiltshire (II1., 124) as lying “ between the Mansion and the Lake.” Not very long after that article was written Mr. O. G. 5S. Crawford chanced to come on the information required and sent it to me. It is contained in Skinner’s diary at the British Museum (Add. MSS. 33654, fol. 1lb & 12), under date October 15th, 1819, and deserves to be put on record in print. The passage runs as follows:— ‘* Afterwards our guide [Mr. Richardson] accompanied us to a place in the park [ Bowood] about 200 yards distant from the west front of the house. where he and two other labourers, when employed to level the ground about 40 years ago [2.e., about 1779] came to a tesselated pavement and dug up six skeletons, ashes, charcoal and fragments of pottery, evidently indicative of a Roman residence. This villa was situate on a gentle rise above the brook, which is now widened so as to form a part of the magnificent piece of water, which forms so conspicuous a feature in the pleasure grounds. ee ~— By the Marquess of Lansdowne. 59 On an eminence facing the spot, called Clarks Hill, similar indicia of Roman coins, &c., have been found.” The above account is accompanied by a sketch ‘‘ looking east” and show- ing the site of the pavement (which it is noted measured 20 feet by 15) and | the skeletons. The original discovery was evidently made during the process of “laying out” the Park, which was done between 1765 and 1780 under Lancelot (Capability) Brown’s directions. Levelling formed an important feature in this scheme, and the Bowood accounts show that large sums were spent by William, Earl of Shelburne, on such work under ** Capability’s ” advice. It is unfortunate that Mr. Skinner evidently failed to orient himself correctly before writing his account. Two hundred yards from the wesé front of the main part of Bowood House would place the remains in question at a spot which is nowhere near the “ gentle rise above the brook ” (or lake) as indicated both in the account and in the sketch, nor is that sketch one that could possibly have been made by anyone looking east from the house. There is the additional information that the site was “rear” (? near) the “ grey and white terrace,” which again does not help us, since the Bowood terraces are all of the same stone, which, though, no doubt, _ once white is now of a uniform grey colour. But by discarding all Mr. ~Skinner’s written directions and following his sketch the approximate _ position can be guessed, though, on the supposition that the pavement is still there, it could scarcely be located with sufficient accuracy to justify any attempt at further investigation. 60 NATURAL HISTORY NOTES. The Common Dotterel. On September 10th, 1923, while shooting on the Manor Farm, Collingbourne Kingston, I walked right into a small “trip” of the Common Dotterel, now one of the most uncommon species in these islands. As is always the case, these birds were remarkably tame, so tame that they allowed me to approach within twenty yards with- out paying any attention to me or to the voice of the beater who loudly asked what they were. Onthe ploughed-up ground they looked something like Golden Plover, though of a slightly rounder build, and I could easily make out the white streak over the eye and down the neck. When they flew away they uttered a cry something like that of a Golden Plover, but in a lower and more plaintive note. It is needless to say that these wanderers were allowed to go on their way in peace. ‘They were evidently a family party of five, migrating to Africa or Palestine from their breeding haunts in the lakes or in the north of Scotland. There is a tradition that this bird used to breed on Salisbury Plain, but the Plain is too far south of their breeding range for this to be probable. The Dotterel is the most beautiful of the Plovers and its gradual extinction in Great Britain, as Professor Newton says, is a fact much to be regretted. ‘The female is larger and more brightly coloured than the male and like the Phalaropes and Godwits the hen leaves to the cock bird the larger share of incubation and of family cares. Years ago it used to be so common and regular a migrant that in parts of Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire May the 10th used to be known as Dotterel Day, just as for a similar reason on Breydon Water May the 12th was known as Godwit Day. It may be noted that the Dotterel is a bird of the fallows, the fell, and the mountain, and is not often seen near marshes or the sea coast. The cause of its great scarcity is not far to seek. It had the misfortune to be a good bird for the table so on its arrival in the spring it was merci- lessly butchered to make a dainty dish for an Alderman’s feast. Like all rare birds it has suffered much from the depredations of egg collectors, and still more, especially in the Lake district, from the demand for its feathers for making artificial flies, though in modern times a Dotterel fly dressed from a starling’s wing has proved an equally effective lure for a fastidious trout. The late Canon Tristram, in his ‘‘ Fauna of Palestine,” comments on the multitudes of this species that he saw in the Holy Land, and a friend of mine who made careful notes of all the birds he saw on the march from the Canal to Jerusalem during the war found it almost as numerous at places fifty years afterwards. I have also come across Stone Curlews on the Manor Farm, Colling- bourne Kingston. M. VAUGHAN, The Redshank. Inthe last few years the Redshank has extended its breeding range (as it has in other counties) in this direction, and now Natural History Notes. 61 breeds every year between Ramsbury and Marlborough, which it never did tilla few years ago. - One day last autumn (1923) a Golden Plover migrating was picked np under the telegraph wires at Marlborough. It is an exceptionally rare bird here and I cannot understand why, except perhaps because it is very capricious in the choice of its haunts. M. VAUGHAN. Bittern. A Bittern was brought to me for identification at the be- ginning of January, 1924. . . . The writer of the letter accompanying it had promised not to give the murderer away as he was ashamed of him- self, so I have not been able to get any details, but I havea strong suspicion that the bird was shot on the Kennett, opposite Mildenhall. He goes on to contrast the reception of this fine bird with that accorded to a pair of Bitterns some 10 years ago in the Norfolk Broads, where they were carefully protected and bred successfully with the result that in 1923 there were no less than twelve pairs of Bittern breeding in the Broads, and their ‘* boom- ing”’ can be heard there nightly after having been extinct as a breeding species in England for some 50 years. M. VAUGHAN. White Woodcock. A pure white bird was shot on Nov. 29th, 1921, in Chisbury Woods, Bedwyn, by Mr. Frank Cundeil, and was illustrated in Country Life, March 18th, 1922. Moorhen nesting in tree. Mr. L. J. Noad, of Hinton, Trow- bridge, writing to the Daly Mail says ““I found to-day a moorhen sitting on seven eggs in the top of a big fir tree (about 30ft. from the ground) ina small withy bed, near which there is no stream, other than an ordinary ditch.” Adders in N. Wilts. Mr. Maurice Taylor, of Langley, near Chippenham, tells me that he has killed four adders in the last five years on sandy soil at Langley, one at Coldharbour and others in Dog Kennel Wood. In view of the general absence of the adder in N. Wilts this seems worth recording. At Wootton Bassett too, Miss Hersee daughter of the Vicar, was badly bitten recently on the hand by a snake which she picked up on the Vicarage lawn, supposing it to be a harmless Grass Snake. In this case the hand and arm swelled so much as to require medical treatment. Great Crested Grebe. These fine birds seem to be increasing on all sheets of water in N. Wilts where they are at all secure from molesta- tion. In 1922 it was noted that a pair had taken up their abode at Shear- | water, and for some years a pair has bred on the lake at Bowood, and in | 1926 there were at least two if not three pairs on the lake. Flora of Bradford-on-Avon, 1903—1923. A MS. list of the Flowering Plants of of the Bradford neighbourhood has been | added by Mr. W. G. Collins, of Bradford, to the MS. Note Book on the |“ Flints and Roman Pottery of Westwood,” which he gave some time ago _ to the Society’s library. He has also added a “ List of Land and Fresh- | water Shells ” found in the Bradford neighbourhood. 62 Natural History Notes. Amongst the more notable Botanical items are the following :— Helleborus viridis. Near Beckiades Wood. FHelleborus fetidus. Staples Hill, near Westwood, and Shrubdown, near Freshford. Hesperis matronalis. One plant between Iford and Freshford. Krodium cicutarvum. Genista anglica. Near Lye Green. Medicago sativa (Lucerne). Frequent. Lathyrus nissolia. Near Lye Green. ‘In a field near Lower West- wood on the N. side of the road coming from Bradford.” Lathyrus sylvestris. Grew formerly between [ford and Freshford. Pyrus aria. Conkwell. Callitriche vernalis. Scarce. Sedum dasyphyllum. Walls of Stowford Mill (escape ?). Sedum album. Frequent on walls. Colytedon umbilecus. Monkton Farleigh. Galvum cruccatum. Frequent. Dipsacus pilosus. Grips Wood. Tanacetum vulgare. Tussilago fragrans. Railway crossing, Barton Bridge, Bradford (an escape which has established itself here). Inula helenium. Near Swing Bridge on Canal. Monotropa hypopitys. Beckiades Wood. Rowas Lodge near Sani- torium. Vinca minor and V. major. Chlora perfoliata. Bradford. Atropa belladonna. Shrubdown, and near Iford. Lathrea squamaria. Local but abundant in places. Salvia verbenaca. Near Barton Orchard. Anchusa sempervirens. Bradford. Daphne laureola. Frequent. Neottia nidus-avis. Beckiades Wood. ; Orchis muscifera. Beckiades Wood. Gagea lutea. Near Limpley Stoke. It was suggested that this might probably be only an escape, but Mr. Collins writes that he has con- sulted Mrs. C. E. Flemming who tells him that her father, Mr. Hayward, found the plant 50 years ago in the same wood in which it has grown ever since. The plant is also found near Frome. Ornithogalum pyrenaicun. Abundant. Ornithogalun umbellatum. Beckiades Wood. Hydrocaris morsus-ranae. Horse and Jockey Pond. Perhaps intro- duced by Mr. Sole, of Bath. Butomus umbellatus. Almost extinct. Convallaria majalis. Bury Ditch, near Colerne. Lemna polyrhiza. Canal. Scarce. Symphytum asperrimum (peregrinum). ‘Forage Comfrey” was Natural History Notes. 63 found quite well established in a hedge near Newton Toney, July 1924, by Mrs. Herbert Richardson. Sambucus ebulus is reported from near Tinhead in 1924 by Mr. R. G. Gwatkin. Plusia Moneta or Golden Plusia. This moth was unknown in England until 1890, when one was taken at Reading, and after- wards others. Since that date it has apparently spread widely. I caught - one at Lydiard Millicent on July 4th, 1919, and two more on July 11th, _ 1919, hovering over delphiniums in my garden at dusk. In 1920 I caught six, July 3rd—15th, under the same conditions, and since then I have _ found specimens each year, in 1921 many, but in 1923 only one. Itis a striking instance of a southern insect establishing itself securely in our _ island, and extending its range northwards. Probably anyone searching _ delphiniums in N. Wilts during the first two weeks in July would now find it without fail. (June, 1924). D. PErcy HARRISON. _ White variety of small Copper Butterfly. Mr.J.0. A. Arkell, of Redlands Court, Highworth, writes (1924) “In 1915 I caught at South Marston a specimen of the White Small Copper called var. _ Schmidtii (cream coloured on both sides).” ‘This rare specimen Mr. Arkell _ subsequently gave to the Devizes Museum. Mandrake Roots. The Rev. C. V. Goddard, writing from | Baverstock, 1922, says “I asked our old clerk, David Watts, about a plant _ called Mandrake with a big root. ‘‘ Yes,” said he, ‘“‘ forked like us, male | and female ; used to dig them out for the horses ; horses very fond of they.” _ The name seems to have been not uncommonly applied to the roots of the _ White Bryony, which when they had been sufficiently carved and improved bore some resemblance to male and female figures. More than one _ example of these are to be seen in the Pitt Rivers Museum at Oxford. See _ also Gerard’s Herbal, 1597, p. 230, and Halliwell’s Dictionary. Sarsens in the Vale, off the chalk. Further examples | of Sarsens, in addition to those mentioned in Walts Arch. Mag., xlii., 358, | are three small examples in the Park at Bowood reported by Lord Kerry and Mr. O. G. S. Crawford, one of which is known as the “ Horestone,” of which Mr. Crawford writes “It stands on a site that would not have been | unsuitable for a circle or Long Barrow, but there is no evidence than any | monument ever stood there. ‘I'he Horestone (or Hoarstone) will be marked _as such onthe newO.S. maps. The Rev.C. F. Burgess, Rector of Easton Grey, also reports that many sarsens have been found lying on the clay in the vale , at Earls Court Farm, Wanborough, about a mile from the chalk escarpment. | Mr. Crawford also writes (Feb. 19th, 1924) that “‘ Redbridge Stone,” the “ Egbrihtes Stone ” of the present Ordnance Map, xliv., North Wilts, is a _sarsen, as he has himself proved. 4 64 : Wilts Obituary. Lizard Orchis. 0. hircina. The Wiltshire Gazette, July 7th, 1927, recorded the finding “ near Devizes” of a specimen of this rare plant (identified by Mr. Marsden Jones). This is the only specimen recorded from this county since 1907 (7). The Gazette quotes the Morning Post as repprting the discovery on the same date of a specimen on the Goodwood estate, Sussex. WILTS OBITUARY. Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne, died June 3rd, 1927. Buried at Derry Hill. Born January 14th, 1845, eldest son of the 4th Marquis by his second wife, a daughter of the Compte de Flahaut. Educated at Eton, 1858—62, as Lord Clanmaurice, and at Balliol Coll,, Oxford, as Lord Kerry. B.A. and M.A. 1884, Hon. D.C. L. 1888, Hon. Fellow of Balliol 1916. He suc- ceeded his father at the age of 21. Hisancestry went back to the Fitzmaurice who married Strongbow’s daughter, and his family had held lands in Kerry where his Irish seat Derreen was situated, since the 13th century. Derreen was burnt in the Irish troubles of 1922 but was rebuilt in 1925. In 1868, during the first ministry of Mr. Gladstone, he became a Lord of the Treasury. In 1869 he married Lady Maud Evelyn Hamilton, youngest daughter of James, first Duke of Abercorn, and sister of Lord George and Lord Claud Hamilton. In 1872 Lord Lansdowne became Parliamentary Under-Secretary in the War Office, and in 1880 he held the same office under Lord Hartington at the Indian Office. Later on in the same year he voted against the Government on the Compensation for Disturbance Bill (Ireland), and resigned office, but he did not leave the Liberal party until 1888. He was Governor-General of Canada, 1883—-88, and *‘ won the affection of all classes in Canada, notably that of the French-Canadians, to whom his mastery of the French tongue, added to his own charm of manner, gave him an unusually free access.” From 1888 to 1893 he was Viceroy of India, and on his return to England he became Secretary of State for War under Lord Salisbury in 1895. In 1899 the South African War broke out and the blame for the unpreparedness of the nation was somewhat unjustly laid at his door. In 1900 he was transferred to the Foreign Office. “ Lord Lansdowne’s whole bent was in fact towards the diplomatic art. It has been said that diplomacy is essentially a French art, and French blood ran in the veins of Lord Lansdowne . . . his tenure of the office of Foreign Secretary was soon to win for him the approval of both the great political parties.” His two outstanding achievements were the Japanese Alliance and the formation of the Entente Cordiale with France consequent on the solution of the Wilts Obituary. 65 various subjects of dispute which had so long divided the two countries. In 1915 he was minister without a portfolio in Mr. Asquith’s Coalition Govern- ment. He was from 1894 a Trustee of the National Gallery, K.G. in 1895, Chancellor of the Order of St. Michael and St. George, Chairman of the British Red Cross, and Lord Lieutenant of Wilts until his resignation. In 1905 he received the rarely bestowed decoration of the Royal Victorian Chain. Lord Lansdowne had been for more than sixty years Patron of the Wiltshire Archeological Society, and was always ready to help the Society when occasion arose. ‘The references to his death in the House of Lords were re- markable for personal feeling on all sides. Lord Salisbury spoke of his ** wonderful courtesy and consideration ” and of the loss to the country at large of ‘‘so great a gentleman.” Lord Haldane called him “the type of the perfect English gentleman, singularly modest, very wise, and singularly courageous, one of those rare figures who come just at times and make us better by their presence.” Lord Lambourne in conclusion said “ Lord Lansdowne was indeed a great man, a great gentleman, and above all, a great Christian ; one whom it is an honour to have known and who leaves behind him in this house a feeling of love and respect which it will be difficult ever to equal.” The same note was struck by the writer of a letter to The Times who claiming to speak for the Indian Civil Service, said that all those who served under Lord Lansdowne during his viceroyalty, or who came in contact with him in any way learned to regard him “ with affectionate respect.” Other great Viceroys of our time had won respect and admiration, but to no other had men’s “ affection ” been given in the same degree. The Times had a long biographical notice with portrait, June 6th, 1927. The Wiltshere Gazette of June 9th and 16th, had also long biographical notices and quotations from many other notices, with a por- trait of the Marquess at the age of 62, a reproduction of the caricature by Ape | in Vanity Fair of June, 1874, and a reprint of an excellent character sketch by Frank Dilnot, written before Lord Lansdowne had retired from public life. The Waltshire Gazette of July 7th reprinted ‘ A Personal Remini- scence,” by Brig.-Gen. J. H. Morgan, K.C., irom the Hnglish Review. | He was the author of the following :-— Preface to “Rights of Citizenship: a pet of Safecuards for | the people,” by eight writers. Warne & Co., 1912, ls. net. | The Irish Land Question: Speech of the Most Honourable the _ Marquess of Lansdowne on the second reading of the Land Law (Ireland) Bill delivered in the House of Lords, Monday, August Ist, 1881, extracted from Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, vol. cclxiv., London, C. Buck, 22, Paternoster Row, E.C., 1881, Pamphlet, large 8vo., pp. 15. A Canadian River. Slackwood’s Magazine, Nov. 1920, pp. 610—627. George Pargiter Fuller, died April 2nd, 1927, aged 94. Buried at Corsham Church. Born at Baynton, Wilts, Jan, 8th,1833. Son of John | Bird Fuller. Educated at Winchester, 1848, and Ch. Ch., Oxford. B.A. and M.A., 1859, Played in the Winchester Cricket Eleven and in the mvOL, XLIV.—NO. CXLVII, . EF 66 Wilts Obituary. University Eleven at Oxford, 1854 and 1855. Student of the Inner Temple 1855. Succeeded his father at Neston Park, 1872. J.P. (1861), and C.C. for Wilts. High Sheriff, 1878. Liberal M.P. for West Wilts, 1885—95. Major, Wilts Yeomanry. Chairman of Chippenham Rural District Coun- cil. For many years after he ceased to be a member, Mr. Fuller was looked on as the leader of the Liberal party in the county, and was known in later years in Liberal circles as the Grand Old Man of Wiltshire. He married in 1864 Emily Georgina Jane, second d. of Sir Michael Hicks Beach, 8th Baronet, who survives him. ‘Their eldest son, Sir John Michael Fleetwood Fuller died 1915, and the youngest, Edward Fleetwood, died some years ago. ‘The eldest surviving son is Col. Will. Fuller, Master of the V.W.H. (Cricklade) Hunt, formerly commanding the Wilts Yeomanry. Major Robert Fuller, of Gt. Chalfield, managing director of the Avon Rubber Co., and Harry Fuller, manager of Fuller’s Brewery at Chiswick, also survive him. His only daughter, wife of Sir Charles Hobhouse, Bart., is an Alder- man of the County Council. Mr. Fuller hunted regularly until 1902, when he suffered from an accident in the field. About the middle of the last century he regularly drove his coach from Devizes to Bristol via Bath, and a photograph of him on the box seat taken on the occasion of his golden wedding in 1914, the last time the coach was used, was given in the Wilt- shire Times of April 9th, 1927. Mr. Fuller had filled a large and honoured place in the life of West Wilts, and the esteem and regard which all classes felt for him was shown by the very large attendance at his funeral at Cor- sham, not only of personal friends, but of representatives of public and political bodies and associations. Long obituary notices with portraits appeared in Wiltshire Times, April 9th, and Wiltshire Gazette, April 7th, 1927, with portrait at the age of 52. William Heward Bell, F.G.S., F.S.A., died June 21st, 1927, aged 78. Buried at Seend. Born February 26th, 1849, at Pelton House, co. Durham, son of William Heward Bell. Privately educated, he acted as a mining engineer in his younger days. When he settled down in Wiltshire it was at Cleeve House, Seend, then the property of Mr. Wadham Locke. Obliged to leave this, he lived for a few years at Holt, and then in a smaller house at Seend, until the opportunity arising, he purchased Cleeve House and practically rebuilt it on a larger scale, adding the hall and adjoining rooms. Here he lived until his death, identifying himself in all the life of the parish, and of the district. He had represented Seend on the Melksham Board of Guardians and Rural District Council since the first formation of the latter. He was chairman of the Melksham Bench of Magistrates and Patron of the Melksham Agricultural Society. The Wiltshire Working Men’s Conservative Benefit Society, of which he was a Past Grand Master and for many years the treasurer, owed much of its success to him. He was Deputy Lieutenant for Wilts, and High Sheriff in 1912. During the war he took a share in the arduous and difficult work of the County Appeals Tribunal. Whatever he undertook he carried out in a businesslike way, and if he was in the chair, it was certain that no =| Wilts Obituary. 67 time would be unnecessarily wasted. He spoke his mind with great clear- ness when he thought the occasion demanded it, and did not suffer fools gladly, but those who knew him knew also his real and deep kind-hearted- ness, especially those of his own parish and neighbourhood. He wasa man of unusually wide and varied interests and knowledge. He had travelled in most parts of the world. He hunted regularly with the Avon Vale Hunt, and was chairman of the Hunt Committee. He had shot big game in the ‘“ Rockies,” and during the later part of his life took every year a deer forest in the Highlands, and upto last year looked forward for months beforehand to the time to be spent “on the hill” in what to him was the finest of all sport—deer stalking. In his younger days he had been a notable rifle shot, and his skill, with a rifle specially made to fit his left shoulder, remained with him to the end. But he had another side which does not commonly go with “ The Thorough Sportsman.” He had a very considerable know- ledge of geology and had long been a Fellow of the Geological Society. He was also a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and was interested in architecture, and in archeology in most of its branches. But his real hobby at home was gardening, rock gardening at first, and later on the cultivation of choice shrubs which demanded less actual personal labour. There are many things in Cleeve House garden that it would be difficult to match in Wiltshire. With all these interests and occupations he combined those of an extensive colliery owner in S. Wales, and of a railway director, at first of the Taff Vale line, in which he held large interests, and afterwards of the Great Western Railway when the smaller line was merged in the greater. ‘This was the real business of his life in all his later years. Of the Wiltshire Archeological Society he had been President since 1912, taking part until last year in the annual excursions, and regular in his attendance at committee meetings. To him the Society indeed owes a debt of gratitude on many counts. On at least three occasions he made it possible for the Society to carry through works which would have been impossible without his help. He advanced the money for the purchase of the adjoining house and the enlargement of the Museum, he bought the original MS. of the Tropenell Cartulary and made it possible for the Society to undertake its publication, and he secured the great Buckler collection of drawings, at a time when the Society could not have done so, and later on surrendered it at cost price. These were outstanding examples, but there was no subscription list launched by the Society on which Mr. Bell’s name did not figure very substantially. His loss will indeed be felt by the Society severely in many ways. He married in 1874 Hannah Taylor, d. of William Cory, who survives him with two sons and two daughters ; Col. William Cory Heward Bell, D.S8.O., formerly. M.P. for the Devizes division; Mrs. Acton, wife of Major Acton of the Royal Irish Rifles ; Arthur C. Heward Bell, who as “ Clive Bell,” is well known asa writer on art and critic; and Mrs. Henry Hony, of Ogbourne St. George. He was the author of :— “The Buried Palzolozoic Rocks of Wiltshire. Wilts. Arch. Mag., XXv., pp. 80—85. F 2 68 Wilts Obituary, Edward Herbert Stone, F.S.A., died Feb. 17th, 1927, aged 79. Cremated at Woking, buried at Devizes. Second son of Robert N. Stone, of Bath, born 1848. Educated at King’s Coll., London, where he earned great distinction in mathematics and science. In 1870 he went to India as a Railway Engineer under Government and remained at Simla and Calcutta for eleven years, for five years of which he was private secretary to Sir Guildford Molesworth, Chief of the Secretariat. In 1882 he was transferred to Burmah to construct the Prome to Rangoon Railway. Here he took great interest in the volunteers of which he became Major, and worked up the corps to double its former strength. From 1892 to 1905 he held the appointment of Chief Engineer of the East India Railway, and designed the Sone bridge, the second longest in the world. In 1892 he retired, and after living some time at Freshford came to Devizes about 14 years agoand built himself the house knownas “ The Retreat,” on the Potterne Road, in which he died. He was elected a Fellow of King’s Coll., London, 1909, and a Fellow of the Soc. of Antiquaries, 1925. He married 1885 the daughter of Capt. R. Morgan Hall, Somerset Light Infantry, who with two sons and a daughter survives him. He was a prominent Freemason. He devoted the later years of his life largely to the study of Stonehenge, more especially from a mathematical and astronomical point of view, as a thorough going supporter of Sir Norman Lockyer’s theories. His plans and diagrams were most admirably and accurately drawn, and his handwriting was singularly clear and good. He had for many years been a regular attendant at the Society’s committee meetings. Long obit. notice Wiltshire Gazette, Feb. 24th, 1927. He was the author of :— Safe Working Stress for Railway Bridges. (Paper read before the American Society of Engineers for which he was awarded the Norman Gold Medal). Bridge and Culverts Tables. (The copyright of which’was purchased by the Government of India). And other works on Engineering. E Devizes Castle: its History and Romance. Devizes, Geo. Simpson & Co., 1920. Cloth 8vo., pp. viii + 201, 12 plates. [The substance of this work appeared in a series of articles under the same title in the Wiltshire Gazette, from May 29th to Aug. 28th, 1919. A more extended work on the same subject was typewritten in several volumes and placed in the Wilts Arch. Society’s Library ]. The Early Norman Castle at Devizes. W.A.W., xl., 417—429. The Age of Stonehenge. [Letters in the Wiltshire Gazette, Sept. 8th, and subsequent issues to Oct. 18th, 1921. A controversy with the Rev. G. H. Engleheart, see W.A.M., xli., 445]. The Age of Stonehenge deduced from the orientation of its Axis. Nineteenth Century, Jan., 1922, pp. 105—115. [ Noticed W.A.//,, xlii., 88, 89.] Wilts Obituary. 69 The Age of Stonehenge, deduced from Archzological consider- ation. [A series of articles in the Waltshire Gazette, March 2nd to 30th, April 6th and 20th, 1922. Noticed W.A.M., xlii., 90]. Stonehenge: concerning the four Stations. Jature, April Ist, 1922. [Noticed W.A.J,, xlii., 90]. Stonehenge: Notes on the Midsummer Sunrise. Jan, August, 1922, pp. 114—118. [Noticed W.A.M/, xlii., 91.] The Method of Erecting the Stones at Stonehenge. W.A.J/,, xlii., 446—456, illusts, [This paper read at the Marlborough Meeting of the Wilts Arch. Soc., July 31st, 1923, was printed in the Wiltshire Gazette, Aug. 2nd, 1923, and also appeared translated into Danish in the Nationaltidende, Dec. 16th, 1923]. The Age of Stonehenge. Nineteenth Century, Jan., 1924, pp. 97—105. The Stones of Stonehenge. A full description of the Structure and of its outworks, illustrated by numerous photographs, diagrams, and plans to scale. London, Robert Scott, Rox- burghe House, Paternoster Row, E.C., 1924. 4to., pp. xv. + 150, 36 plates. Price 21s. [Noticed W.A.M/., xlii., 608—611. Ant. Journal, April, 1925, Vol. V., 198—200]. The Purpose of Stonehenge. [A series of letters in controversy with the Rev. G. H. Engleheart in Wiltshire Gazette, July 24th and Sept. 25th; Wiltshire Times, Aug. 30th and Sept. 27th ; Salisbury Times, Sept. 26th, 1924]. The Story of Stonehenge, based mostly on the results obtained by Colonel Hawley, F.S.A., as published in the Antiquaries Journal, 1921—1925. [Articles in Wiltshire Gazette, Sept. 17th, to Oct. 15th, 1925, with general plan, etc. Noticed W.A.M., xliii., 361.] The Story of Stonehenge, Reply by E. H. Stone, F.S.A., to the criticisms of the Rev. G. H. Engleheart, F.S.A. Woltshire Gazette, Dec. 17th, 1925, to Jan. 28th, 1926. [Noticed W.A.J/,, xliii., 364. ] The Supposed Blue Stone Trilithon. J/fan, March 1926, pp. 42—45, illustrations and diagrams. [Noticed W.A.J., xliii, 366. | The Orientation of Stonehenge. Nineteenth Century, Sept. 1925, [He also wrote “Some Notes on the Old Norman Castle at Old Sarum,” typewritten and placed in the Society’s Library, but not printed]. Canon George Frederick Tanner, died Feb. 5th, 1927, aged 67. Buried at Collingbourne Ducis. S. of John Tanner, of Poulton, Marlborough. Educated at Marlborough Coll. and Clare Coll, Camb. B.A. 1884, M.A. 1887, Deacon 1884, Priest (Carlisle) 1885. Curate of St. Luke’s, Barrow-in-Furness 1884—87 ; St. Luke’s, Cheltenham 1888—96 : Rector of Collingbourne Ducis 1896—1926, when he resigned, retiring to Bournemouth. Canon and Preb. of Salisbury 1924. He was for many years a member of the Pewsey Guardians and District Council. Greatly respected at Collingbourne Ducis, Obit. notice, Wilts Times, Feb. 11th, 1927. \ 70 Wilts Obituary. Canon John William Thomas, died Nov. 11th, 1926. Buried at Bridgewater. Jesus Coll., Oxford. B.A. and M.A. 1882, Deacon 1883, Priest 1884 (Glos. and Bris.). Curate of Coleford (Glos.) 1883—90 ; Corsham 1890—93; Vicar of Seagry 1893—1925, when he resigned and went to live at Bridgewater. Hon. Canon of Bristol cir. 1923. He was best known in the Chippenham neighbourhood’ as Chairman of the Chippenham Board of Guardians for 10 years and member for over 30 years. He was also a member of the District Council, and made these duties largely the business of his life. He was greatly respected. Obit. notice, Wilts Gazette, Nov. 11th, 1926. Captain Robert Sterne, R.N., died May 3lst, 1927, aged 93. Buried at Potterne. He joined the Navy as Midshipman 1846. After serving in the West Indies and the Mediterranean he was employed in several ships engaged in suppressing the slave trade off the mouth of the Congo. In 1854 he was on the Samson at the bombardment of Odessa and Sebastopol and was the first officer in the English service to be wounded in the Crimean War. Promoted Lieutenant he took part in the Euryalus in the operations in the Baltic. He afterwards served in the Renown and the Argus in the Mediterranean. After commanding a gunboat and a despatch vessel he was promoted Commander, at first in the Coast Guard, and then on special duty in the Seamew off the Irish coast during the Fenian troubles. In 1870, having retired from the Navy, he was elected Chief Constable of Wilts, a post which he held with great credit until he resigned in 1908. During this period he lived at Tristernagh, on the Pot- terne Road, going to Redland, Bristol, on his retirement. Long obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, June 2nd; Temes, June 6th, 1927. Mervyn Nevil Arnold Forster, died May, 1927. Buried at Wroughton. Second son of late Rt. Hon. H. O. Arnold Forster and Mrs. Arnold Forster, of Basset Down. On the outbreak of the war, 1914, he enlisted as a private in the London Regt., gained commission in 1915 in the Wiltshire Regt., was transferred to the Grenadier Guards, and served for the remainder of the war in the Guards Machine Gun Regt. in France. After the armistice he helped to compile the War History of that Regi- ment. He was mentioned in despatches, received the M.C., and retired with the rank of Major. Obit. notice, V. Wilts Herald, May 138th, 1927. Captain Walter William Shaw, M.P. for Westbury, died May 11th, 1927. Aged 59. Since 1925 he had rented Rood Ashton, where he died. Born Feb. 20th, 1868, son of Mr. Dethick Shaw, of Wolverhamp- ton. Educated Jesus Coll., Camb. Married, 1893, Mary Louise, d. of W. W. Wakeman, of New York, who with a son and daughter survives him. County Councillor for Dorset. High Sheriff of Poole, 1911. Served with N, Staffs Regt. and as Captain in the Royal West Surrey Regt. During the war he acted as recruiting officer at Trowbridge and in 1917 was sent Wilts Obituary. | 71 on a special mission to the United States. Stood as Conservative candi- date in 1922 unsuccessfully at Houghton le Spring. In 1923 he stood for the Westbury Division and was defeated, but was elected in 1924. Obit. notice with portrait, Wiltshire Times, May 14th, 1927. Capt. Alfred Lawrence, died Feb. 25th, 1927, aged 75. Born at Churchdown, Glos., 1852. Educated Bluecoat School, Gloucester, a _ chorister at Gloucester Cathedral. Enlisted in 17th Lancers 1872. Took part in the Zulu War in 1879, and served in India until invalided home. | _ As Regimental-Sergt.-Major he became instructor to the Wilts Yeomanry, 1889 to 1909, when he was promoted Lieutenant and Quartermaster, He _ became Captain in 1915, and until 1917 head of the administrative centre at Chippenham. He then became assistant Adjutant at the Remount | Depot at Romsey, and received the thanks of the Army Council for valuable Services. He possessed eight medals. He took a leading part in many _ Chippenham activities and sang in the choir at St: Paul’s Church for 30 | years. He leaves a widow, two sons, and two daughters. Col. Hugh le Despencer Spencely, died Feb., 1927, aged 56. _ Buried at Knowsley, Lancs. Served in 6th King’s Liverpool Regt., retiring as Lt.-Col., 1915. Lived at Ashley House, Box. Well known as a breeder _and exhibitor of hunters. During the war he presented an ambulance to the V.A.D. Hospital at Corsham. Much respected at Box. He leaves a widow and two sons. Obit. notice, Weltshire Gazette, Feb. 17th, 1927. Frank Reynolds, died Feb. 27th, 1927, aged 71. Buried at | Clovelly, Devon. Born at Devizes. Landlord of the Bear Hotel for 11 or 12 years. He was managing director of the Central Wiltshire Bacon Company for many years. He was afterwards landlord of the Belle Vue Hotel, Cheltenham. He was known as a judge in the poultry and dairy classes at shows. He served for three years on the Wilts County Council. He was the father of the well-known writer, Stephen Reynolds. Obit. notice, Wrltshire Gazette, March 3rd, 1927. Lt.-Col. Thomas Henry Burton Forster, died June 24th, 1927. Buried by his own desire in “ Long Wiltshire ” field at Holt. Born | October 23rd, 1850, only son of Thomas Burton Watkin Forster, of Holt Manor. Educated at Winchester Coll. and Sandhurst, 1871 ; Sub-Lieut, | 93rd Highlanders, 1872 ; Lieut., 1874 ; Capt., 1880 ; Major, 1891; Lt.-Col. | 1902. Served in S. African War, 1899—1900, and in the Great War as A.A.Q.M.G. of Royal Naval Division, and afterwards of 52nd Division. He subsequently held a staff appointment in the Gallipoli force. J.P. for | Wilts, 1902. Married, 1885, Nina, d. of Capt. Richard Hugh Smith Barry. He leaves a son, Capt. T. G. B. Forster, who succeeds to the property, and a daughter, the wife of Major Dennis Darley. Obit. notice, Weltshire Times, July 2nd, 1927. 72 Wilts Obituary. Col. Alfred Tennant Miller, died June 10th, 1927, aged 60. Son of James Miller, of Edinburgh. Partner in shipping firm of Miller & Rickards. In the Great War he joined the Highland Light Infantry as a Private and rose to rank of Major. About eight years ago he bought the Manor House, Gt. Somerford, and was for a time master of the Avon Vale Hounds. He wasGrand Master of the Wiltshire Working Men’s Conserva- tive Benefit Society. Obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, June 16th, 1927. Major John Coney Moulton, died June 6th, 1926, aged 39. Buried at Bradford-on-Avon. Eldest and only surviving son of John Moulton, of the Hall, Bradford-on-Avon. Educated at Eton and Magdalen Coll., Oxford, B.A. and D. Se. Served as officer in 4th Batt. (Volunteers) Wilts Regt. Asa well-known naturalist he became curator of the Brooke Museum at Sarawak. He was afterwards curator of the Raffles Museum at Singapore. During the war he was attached to the staff of General Sir Dudley Rideout, retiring with the rank of Major and the O.B.E. In 1922 he became chief secretary to the Rajah of Sarawak, and made many ex- peditions in unknown parts of Borneo. He was a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. Obit. notice, Wiltshire Times, June 12th, 1926. Dr, John Lewis Maitland Govan, died July 7th, 1927, aged 61. Buried at Inveresk, N.B. Youngest son of Major-Gen. Charles Mait- land Govan. Practised in London for many years. On the outbreak of war joined the R.A.M.C. Served in Malta, in Palestine during the Gaza | campaign, and in France during the fighting of the early part of 1918. He was demobilised in 1919, when he settled in Malmesbury, where he lived and practised until his death. — Obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, July 14th, 1927. Frederick Greader, died Feb. 8th, 1927, aged 60. Buried at Bishops Cannings. Son of Fred. Greader, of W. Kington Farm. Educated at Silversides School, Bath. Took on the management of the farm on his father’s death when only about 15 years old. Thirty years ago he moved to Horton House, Bishops Cannings, carrying on the farm jointly with his brother William for the first 12 years, when William moved to Little Avebury. He was one of the best known and most successful farmers in the Devizes neighbourhood. He was chairman of the Devizes Branch of the Nat. Farmers’ Union for six years, and was on the Council of the Wilts Agricultural Association. He wasa J.P. for Wilts and a member of the County Council. He never married. Long obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, Feb. 10th, 1927. Jabez Rodway, died at George Town, British Guiana, Dec. (?), 1926, aged 78. Born at Trowbridge, 1848. Began as assistant in Chemists’ shops at Trowbridge and afterwards at Hitchen. In 1870 he went out to Demerara to a similar post. Here he soon became known as the acknow- ledged local historian of the colony, and his History of Guiana in three vols. Wilts Obituary. 73 ranks as a standard work. Of late years he had been curator of the British Guiana Museum and assistant secretary of the Royal Agricultural and Com- mercial Society. His writings on Natural History were well known. He leaves a widow and several children. Obit. notice, Wiltshire Times, December 25th, 1926. Hubert John Deacon, died Jan., 1926, aged 81. Buried at Swindon Cemetery. As jeweller and watchmaker in Wood Street, Mr. Deacon took a prominent part in the public life of Swindon for many years. He was a great supporter of the Baptist Church. He was a member of the Local Board and District Councils of Old and New Swindon and one of the first members of the Corporation. The Swindon Horticultural Society and the Victoria Hospital owed much to him. He was the first President of the Swindon Chamber of Commerce. Obit. notice, V. Wilts Herald, Jan. 28th, 1926. Rev. Benjamin James Shaul, died Dec. 30th, 1926, aged 56. Buried at Quarrington (Lincs). Son of Benjamin Shaul, of Melksham. Educated at St. Paul’s Coll, Burgh, and St. Augustine’s Coll., Cant., 1890. Deacon 1893, Priest 1894 (Nassau). Curate of St. Thomas, Grand Turk, Bahamas, 1893—95 ; Rector of Arthur’s Seat, Jamaica, 1895—98; Rector of St. Luke, Cross Roads, Jamaica, 1898—1902; Curate of Old Sleaford with Quarrington (Lincs), 1902—10; Rector there 1910 until his death. Obit notice, Wiltshire Times, Jan. 8th, 1927. Major Fitzroy Pleydell Goddard, died Aug. 12th, 1927, aged 74. Buried in Swindon churchyard. Born Aug. 28th, 1852. Second son of Ambrose Lethbridge Goddard. Educated Christchurch, Oxford. Entered diplomatic service and acted as (Queen’s Messenger, carrying despatches abroad from 1885 to 1895. He was for many years an officer in the Wilts Yeomanry, and as such went out as a representative to the in- auguration of the Australian Commonwealth in 1901. He succeeded to The Lawn and the Swindon estate on his father’s death in 1898. He was High Sheriff in 1907, Deputy Lieutenant and J.P., and for some years a County Councillor. He was President of the Swindon Unionist Association, and was made a Freeman of the Borough in 1924. He presented the Mayoral Chain of Office on the incorporation of the Borough in 1901. He was fora long while President and Chairman of the Victoria Hospital, to the funds of which he gave £1500. He had served as churchwarden at the Parish Church and was an active and earnest churchman. He was alsoa prominent Freemason. He married, 1895, Eugenia, widow of Mr. A. G. Sutton, who survives him. He leaves no children. He had alwaysthe good of Swindon at heart and was greatly respected by all classes, as the very large and representative gathering at his funeral showed. Long obit. notice, with Canon Mayall’s appreciation at the Parish Church, N. Wilts Herald, Aug. 19th, 1927. 74 WILTSHIRE BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, AND ARTICLES. [N.B.—This list does not claim to be in any way exhaustive. The Editor appeals to all authors and publishers of pamphlets, books, or views, in any way connected with the county, to send him copies of their work, and to editors of papers, and members of the Society generally, to send him copies of articles, views, or portraits appearing in the newspapers. | Stonehenge as an Astronomical Instrument. By A. P. Trotter. Antiquity. March, 1927. pp. 42—53. Air view of Stonehenge, plan, and sketch of entrance and Hele Stone. The writer begins thus “ The astronomical controversy about Stonehenge may perhaps be approached from an impartial view of one who is neither an archeologist nor an astronomer, who offers no new or original observa- tions, and proposes to examine facts rather than to discuss theories.” A very sensible article. The writer can find “ no evidence of any institutional sun-worship in Britain, or sufficient proof that Stonehenge or any other stone circle was used as a place for public worship.” ‘The tradition of the sun rising over the Hele Stone on the longest day “cannot be traced back _ for more than about 150 years.’”’ Lockyer’s measurements and observations and the deductions from them are discussed at some length. ‘‘ I agree with Mr. Stone that the middle point of the entrance, between stones Nos. 30 and 1, is the only one that can be taken for one point on the true axis of Stonehenge. But if you stand alongside the great stone No. 56 on Lock- yer’s axis, or anyone else’s axis, and move your head 5in. to the right, and then 5in. to the left, you cause the middle point of the entrance to be dis- placed 10ins. or one sun’s breadth relatively to a point on the skyline, and this makes a difference of 2000 years in the calculated date. You must settle which eye you are going to use, for the difference of position between your right eye and your left makes a difference of 500 years in the date. I do not think that Stonehenge is a very satisfactory astronomical instru- ment for the purpose of settling dates.” Onthe other hand “it was perhaps the most simple way of fixing a date in the agricultural calendar.” Taking, however, the centre as the point of observation of sunrise, the writer con- cludes that the week of midsummer could be fixed, but that no other useful date in the year could be, and “so the purpose for which it was built and used still remains a matter of conjecture.” [Stonehenge] Orientation, By Vice-Admiral Boyle Somerville, CM.G.,F.S.A. Antiquity, March, 1927. Vol.I., No. 1, pp. 31—41. A valuable article on the idea of orientation in general, and more particularly in its application to Stonehenge and other stone circles. Summing up at the end the writer says “ even if we accept (as many do not) Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 75 that there is in any prehistoric structure an intentional orientation to a rising or setting body, it may confidently be said that it is not possible to ascertain the date of erection of any such monument through a solar orientation. The chief general reason for this is that we do not know, and _ probably never shall know, what particular moment of the phenomenon of sunrise was chosen by the builders for the laying out of the desired line on the ground that was to be the orientation of the building.” In the case of | Stonehenge “ the date arrived at by acceptance of ‘ first flash’ (of the sun’s _ upper limb above the horizon) as the proper moment for observation, differs _ by nearly 4,000 years from that arrived at by considering ‘whole orb visi- ble’ as the moment. ‘ First flash’ is just as likely a moment as ‘ whole orb.’ We do not know which to employ, and this it is which makes dating by azimuth of sunrise, whether at Stonehenge or anywhere else, impossible.” He sums up the results of Col. Hawley’s excavations as follows :—‘‘ The _ partial excavation made at the site during recent years has made it clear _ that there are at least three different structures included in “ Stonehenge” built at widely different dates. ‘There is :— | (a) ‘The earth vallum and ditch, to the date of which possibly belong the untrimmed Sarsen blocks still remaining, namely the Heel Stone, the Slaughter Stone, and the two stones numbered 91 and 98 erected just inside the vallum, on opposite sides of its circumference. (6) ‘The Blue-stone Stone Circle and “ Cove,” when in their original positions with the stones untrimmed as imported. (c) The Blue-stone Stone Circle and “ Cove,” in their present position (partly trimmed). ‘lo this period possibly belongs the ring fence of great Sarsens that surrounds the Blue-stone Stone Circle and “ Cove,” and the trilithic Sarsen cove itself, trimmed, morticed, and tenoned. _ The first-named of these structures, the earthwork ring, belongs, almost certainly, to a very early date in the Neolithic period, while the great trimmed Sarsens, with almost equal certainty, belong to quite a late date, possibly just before the opening of the Bronze Age. ‘T'woor three thousand | years may separate these two parts of Stonehenge. ‘l'o which of them does the date arrived at from the azimuth of “Axis” belong?! ! Again the | writer says the axis of a circle must pass through its centre, but “the cen- tre of the circle of the great trimmed sarsens differs from that of the centre _ of the Blue-stone Stone Circle by about 2ft. . . . so that on this point also the mathematical calculation of ‘ dating’ stands condemned.” Admiral _ Boyle Somerville has made large scale plans of 27 stone circles in the British : Isles. Not one of them is a true circle, and this is true too of the Blue- stone Circle at Stonehenge. Out of the 27 circles seven still retain the means of orientation in the shape of stones larger than the rest of the | circle, with in two cases additional stones outside the actual circle. The remaining 20 circles either never had, or have lost, any means of orientation. _ As regards Stonehenge, if the Slaughter Stone ever stood upright, the line that it makes with the Heel Stone is that of solsticial sunrise, and there may have been a stone on the opposite side of the vallum that would com- | plete the alignment, but even so it would be impossible to calculate any 76 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. date, from the impossibility of knowing whether the “first flash” or the “whole orb” is to be taken as the moment of sunrise. Stonehenge. Was it roofed P In the Wiltshire Gazette, Oct. 7th, 1926, commenting on the excavation of “ Woodhenge,”’ and the conclusion that it was composed of circles of timber posts, presumably roofed over, Mr. A. D. Passmore writes suggesting that the three lines of holes at Stonehenge, the “ Aubrey holes” and the two lines between them and the outer Sarsen circle, were really intended to contain wooden posts to support a roof. In the issue of Oct. 14th the Rev. G. H. Engleheart replied, contending that ‘the physical objections alone (to the existence of a roof) are insuperable.” The length of span between the Aubrey holes and the next circle of the Y holes is 60ft., and there is no trace of any inter- mediate holes. Is it possible that beams of this length could have been used, or that if used they should have had no intermediate support ? More- over the Aubrey holes are too small and shallow to contain such posts as would have been necessary to support the weight and thrust of such vast beams. On October 28th Mr. Passmore wrote again declaring that his suggestion of the wooden roof had been evolved after a consultation with an experienced builder, an engineer, and a well-known timber merchant who had all agreed on its possibility. He gives a rough diagram showing that a 60ft. beam resting on posts in the Y and Z holes and on the lintel of the outer Sarsen circle and sloping upwards towards the interior would project about 20ft. over the central space in the manner of a corbel. He contends that the whole central space with a total span of about 60ft. could be easily covered, beehive fashion, by further timbers corbelled out, one above another, from the projecting ends of the first great beams. The Aubrey holes he suggests were to contain short posts, 4ft. high or less, against which abutted 50ft. beams resting against the outer ends of the great beams resting on the upright posts in the Y and Z holes and the outer circle of Sarsens. The whole might then be covered and thatched and the great roof rising gradually from near the ground would not pre- sent an unreasonable surface to the wind. On Nov. 11th Mr. Engleheart replies quoting an experienced builder as saying that no oak ever grew in England that could yield a beam 60ft. long—80ft. is a very rare length for an oak beam. A 60ft. beam could only be got from a very big pine tree, and no pine except the Scotch Fir is indigenous in England, and that tree does not run to anything like that height. Also even if the 60ft. beam could be found it would require a very much larger post to abut against it; than could ever have stood in the Aubrey holes. Also no evidence of wooden posts has been found at Stonehenge, such as was found at “‘ Wood- henge.” Stonehenge and its surroundings. Past, Present, and Future. An anonymous article [by Capt. B. H. Cunnington]) in Wiltshire Gazette, August 25th, 1927, describing a journey from Devizes up Red Hone Hill and past the Bustard to Stonehenge 50 years ago, and the very different look of things nowadays, ending with an | appeal for the Stonehenge Preservation Fund. Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. Ge Prehistoric Timber Circles. By Mrs. M. E. Cunnington. Antiquity, March, 1927, vol. I., pp. 92—95. Repro- ductions of two air photographs, oblique and vertical views of the site of * Wocdhenge’”’ (a name given to the circle since its excavation), and of a model showing the excavations of 1926, are given. Mrs. Cunnington de- scribes the discovery of the six concentric rows of holes, which appear as dark spots upon the photograph. This earthwork, which lies on ploughed ground near Durrington, in the angle made by the junction of the new Fargo-Larkhill road with the Netheravon-Amesbury main road, on the Amesbury side, had previously to the photographic discovery been regarded as a large disc barrow, its diameter from bank to bank being about 250ft. The bank is on the outside of the ditch. In 1926 one half of the circular area was carefully trenched over, and the spots were proved, as had been expected, to represent the site of holes, of which there were six concentric rows, and there was clear evidence that these holes were intended to hold wooden posts or tree trunks of sizes varying from lft. to 3ft. in diameter in the different circles. ‘Iwo burials were found, one the crouched skeleton of a child near the centre, the other a crouched skeleton of an adult below the floor of the ditch. No other monument of the kind is known in Britain. Mrs. Cunnington declines to commit herself to any opinion as to its age or purpose until the excavation has been completed, A further note on ‘“ Woodhenge”’ appearing in the same number of Antiquity, pp. 99—100, contains a letter from Squadron- Leader Insall, V.C., describing the appearance of the field from the air in July when a well- grown wheat crop showed distinct circles of spots, caused by the greater luxuriance of the wheat on the deeper earth of the pits, and the subsequent photographing of the site. ‘The editor notes that a somewhat similar monu- ment has been recorded at Harendermolen, 8.K. of Groningen, Holland, where a central interment of the Beaker period was surrounded by a broken ditch and two concentric circles of holes which had held wooden uprights. Some Prehistoric Ways. By R.C. Clay, F.S.A., in Antiquity, March, 1927, Vol. I., No. 1, pp. 54—65. Dr. Clay maintains “that some of the old trackways in S. Wilts fell into decay during the Early Iron Age. For example the ridgeway that stretches from Coombe Bissett to beyond Wingreen is crossed in many places by the Celtic lynchets and Cattle Ways of that period. The parallel track to the north along the range of downs that reach from Salisbury to White Sheet Hill is likewise traversed by Cattle Ways that have been proved by excavations to be con- temporary with the village sites of Fifield Bavant and Swallowcliffe Down. Within late historic times this latter road has been metalled and used as a coach road until supplanted in 1758 by the modern highway along the northern foot of the hills. This ridgeway then became the thoroughfare along which drovers took huge flocks and herds to the distant markets and many a ridgeway still bears the name of the Ox Drove.” Dr. Clay main- tainsthat in S. W. Wilts “ flint sites ” or camping grounds of flint-using peoples 78 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. appear to be situated close to natural passes in the hills or opposite river crossings, and that they lie alongside trackways which link up chains of camps. “If we start at Knighton Wood and travel northwards down the road that runs along Church Bottom we pass on the east the square earth- work called Wuduburh in the Saxon charters and proved by excavation to be of Early Iron Age date. Crossing the River Ebble at the position of the modern bridge the road went slightly north-westwards and up the western edge of the Coombe that leads to Chiselbury Camp (Early Iron Age undoubtedly). ‘The road can then be traced to the east of Chiselbury into Sigwine’s Dyke (sunken road), then along the foot of the hill for a short distance to reach the Green Drove, and so through the pass called Sandy Hollow over the edge of the high greensand terrace and down to Catherine’s Ford over the River Nadder. The road then goes due north over the opposite greensand ridge by another Sandy Hollow with Wick Ball Camp on the west and past Dinton Beeches with Hanging Langford Camp (Early Iron Age) and Bilbury Rings on the east, over the River Wylye by the ford at Deptford and so past Yarnbury Castle (certainly Karly Tron Age) past Stonehenge and Vespasian’s Camp to Beacon Hill. It then divides, one branch being continued on as the “ Harroway ” through Weyhill and Hurstbourne to Farnham, the other turning south-eastwards past Quarley, Danebury, and Woolbury Camps to Winchester, and so along the South Downs of Sussex.” Dr. Clay then describes the formation of lynchets by the “‘one way ploughing method,” so that in time the lower edge of the field becomes raised and the upper edge cut down. “ Double lynchet ways” are roads that lead either straight or with right-angled turns through the middle of systems of lynchets of the Celtic or chess-board type. They are in fact farm roads through Prehistoric ploughed land, and like all farm roads often lead to village settlements. Dr. Clay thinks that none of the lynchets are so early as the late Neolithic period when corn growing was first introduced. Dr. Clay distinguishes between ‘‘ Hollow Ways or Sunken Roads ” and “* Cattle Ways.” The former run up the chalk escarpments in a slanting direction by the easiest gradient, and some may be of Saxon or even much later date. The “Cattle ways” on the other hand consist of a ditch between two banks and usually run a perfectly straight course and connect the heads of two combes by passing over the dividing ridge of down. Hoare calls these “ covered ways.” Dr. Clay believes that in S.W. Wilts ‘‘ these ways are grouped within certain areas which are closely con- nected with early Iron Age habitations and are not related with Romano- British villages.” He thinks that he can detect differences in the con- struction of the cattle ways in different areas, the extent of an area being about four miles. All these areas bear signs of having been covered with Celtic or chessboard lynchets, and these lynchets are contemporary with or Jater than the ways. He gives sections of four such ways round the Early Iron Age villages of Fifield Bavant and Swallowcliffe Down, which all cross the Ridgeway. These ways all showed in similar sections a narrow flat- bottomed trench about a foot wide at the bottom, with very steeply sloping sides, topped on each side by a bank. ‘The floor was covered with a layer Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 79 of hard chalk rubble with a layer of flints above it trodden down very hard. He concludes that these ways were not ‘covered ways,” they were not defences, nor were they boundaries—but were simply cattle paths along which the cattle were driven in single file from grazing ground to grazing ground, and that they were made intentionally narrow and steep-sided so that the animals could not get out of them on to the arable lands through which they passed but were obliged to walk forward in single file, as cattle do naturally if left to themselves. An interesting theory, and on the face of it probable. Report of the Marlborough College Natural His- tory Society for the year ending Christmas, 1926. No. 75. 1927. 8vo., pp. 91. Mr. Peirson in his preface explains that the “slimness” of the present report is due to the impossibility of printing any longer on the scale of the reports of previous years. In the ornithological section the breeding of the Ictirine Warbler Hippolais icterina is recorded for the only time in England. Of the bird itself about 35 specimens have been recorded. In this case the nest was found at Milden- hall as far back as May 8th, 1907, and the hen bird was seen. As the nest was subsequently deserted it was taken and given to the College Museum and the eggs were exhibited at the meeting of the British Ornithologists’ Club. Of other notable birds the Waxwing occurred in the Forest ; the nesting of the Tufted Duck for the first time in Wiltshire was recorded, as well as the nesting of Snipe and Yellow Wagtail. Pochard and Great Crested Grebe, Water Rail, Buzzard, and Merlin were seen. A Steppe Buzzard (Buteo buteo Vulpinus) was shot at Everley in 1864 (now in Brit. Museum), and of Red Grouse one was shot at Compton Bassett (no date), and two at Wedhampton 1794 and 1866. ‘The Woodcock nested in the Forest in 1920. In the Botanical Section 558 species and varieties were re- corded including Anagallis tenella, Gentiana germanica, Ornithogalum pyrenaicum, and Salvia verbenaca. In the Lepidoptera two species new to the list though taken several years ago, have only now been identified. The lists of the other orders of insects contain many observations new to the Marlborough neighbourhood and good work is obviously being done in this largely unworked field. Mr. H. C. Brentnall gives a long review of The Mystery of Wansdyke by Major and Burrows in which he demurs to several statements in the book as to the portion of the dyke in and beyond Savernake, in the examination of which he was himself associated with Mr. Major. In one or two instances he shows that the maps and descriptions of the course of the dyke in this neighbourhood are incorrect. Mr. Brentnall _ considers it impossible that the dyke can be of either Roman or Saxon work- manship, and he assigns it to the period of the British resistance to the Saxon | advance after the departure of the Romans. Mr. Brentnall also has a paper on the Ancient Monuments Act, and Mr. C. P. Hurst has one on Fungi. Among Entomostraca Mr. A. G. Lowndes reports the discovery of four species of Cyclops new to the British Isles, two of them being new to _ science. Mr. J.G.D. Clark has a note with two illustrations of Sarsen 80 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Artieles. implements in the Marlborough neighbourhood. The great majority of these are Mullers or Hammerstones, and in this neighbourhood these are more abundant than the similar implements of flint. The most interesting specimen, however, is the waisted axe, 43in. long, of which an illustration is given. Three flint axes of the same type, which resembles that of the Danish shell mounds, have been found at Marlborough, and it occurs elsewhere in Wiltshire. Eoliths from Braydon and elsewhere. By Rev. H. G. O. Kendall, F.S.A. Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, 1925. Vol. xxii., pp. 123—135, with four plates of flints. The author discusses shortly the origin of the gravels on Hackpen and round Queen Street and Braydon Pond, and claims that both on Hackpen and at Braydon the Eoliths (edge-trimmed only) are later than the earliest flaked Paloeoliths. He states that a large number of the Braydon flints show unmistakeable signs of ancient burning, and perhaps prove a knowledge of fire by the makers of the tools. He discusses the origin of lustre on the flints, and whilst allowing that lustrous surfaces are undoubtedly brought about by more than one cause (e.g., wind and water-borne sand, and friction with the soil) he maintains (contrary to other observers) that both at Knowle and Braydon the gloss is due “ to the presence of iron manganese followed by friction and pressure.” He mentions, on Mr. Passmore’s authority, that a Rhinoceros’ tooth was found in the Braydon gravel. A useful paper on a locality untouched pefore. Flint Daggers. Ina paperon ‘ The Chronology of Flint Daggers,” by Reginald Smith, F.S:A., in the Proceedings of the Soc. of Ant., 2nd series, xxxli., pp. 6—22, the date of the daggers which are found in barrows accompanied by Drinking Cups (or Beakers), Shale Buttons with y-shaped perforation and tanged and barbed flint arrowheads, is established as post- Neolithic, and so later than that of the polished celts, and coeval with the earliest stage of the Bronze Age. Lackham and its owners. The Wiltshire Gazette, Feb. 8rd, 1927, published a history, by Ed. Kite, of the owners of Lackham from Domesday until it passed by marriage to the Montagu family. The issue of Feb. 17th, 1927, contained an article on “ Old Lackham House and its contents,” also by Mr. Kite, continuing an inventory taken Dec. 13th, 1637, of the contents of the house (begun on Feb. 3rd). The inventory is given in full, and very full lists of the furniture, &c., of every room. The issue of April 21st, 1927, contains the history of the descent of Lackham through the Wiltshire branch of the Montagu family. The Hon. James Montagu (I.), 8rd son of Henry, Earl of Manchester, married Mary, heiress of Sir Robert Baynard, and died 1665, aged 57. His wife, Mary, died 1684, aged 63. ‘Their second son, James Montagu (II.), born 1638, married 1671, Diana, d. Anthony Hungerford, of Black Bourton, Oxon, and died 1676. His son, James Montagu (III.), born 1673, succeeded. He married Eliz., daughter of Sir John Eyles, Lord Mayor, owner of Southbroom and Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 81 M.P. for Devizes 1679—80. He died 1747. His eldest son, James Montagu (IV.), born 1713, married 1744, Eleanor, daughter of William Hedges, of Alderton, and died 1790. His eldest son, James Montagu (V.), inherited Lackham and died unmarried in 1798, aged 47. His only brother, George Montagu, the naturalist, born 1755, married 1773, Ann, eldest daughter of William Courtenay. He was Lieut. in 15th Regt. of Foot, which he left and was commissioned in the Wilts Militia of which he became Lieut.-Col. He was celebrated as a naturalist and his collection of birds was sold after his death to the British Museum. He lived at Easton Grey and afterwards at Alderton House, but never at Lackham. He died at Knowle near Kingsbridge, Devon, 1815, aged 61. His eldest son, George Conway Courtenay Montagu, born 1776, inherited Lackham. He married Margaret Green, daughter of Richard Green Wilson, of Lancaster, and died 1819, aged 45. He quarrelled with his father, and his extravagance ultimately broke up the estate and everything was sold. Particulars are given of the other sons and daughters of the naturalist. Admiral John Montagu, fifth son of James (III.) and Elizabeth Montagu, born 1719, served in the Navy all his life and died 1795, aged 76. One of his five sons was Admiral Sir George Montagu, G.C.B., born 1750. He married Charlotte, daughter and co-heir of George Wroughton, of Wilcot, near Pewsey, and died 1829, aged 79. His brother, Capt. John Montagu, born 1752, commanded H.M. Ship Montagu in the victory of the Ist June, 1794, under Earl Howe, over the French fleet off Brest. He was killed in the battle, and a monument to him by Flaxman, which cost £3,675, was erected in Westminster Abbey by order of Parliament. An illustration of this monument is given. Another brother, Col. Edward Montagu, born 1755, was killed at the siege of Seringapatam in 1799 whilst commanding the Bengal Artillery. Col. Geo. Montagu, eldest son of Admiral Sir George Montagu, G.C.B., and his wife Charlotte (Wroughton), born 1788, succeeded his aunt in the Wilcot estate, and took the name of Wroughton. He died 1871, and was succeeded by his brother, Admiral John William Montagu, born 1790. He lived for many years at Seend Manor House after his retirement from the Navy, and died there aged 91 in 1882, His only son, Capt. George Edward Montagu, died 1878, leaving three sons and a daughter, of whom Capt. George Edward Montagu now resides at Wilcot. Old Lackham House and its contents, A.D. 1637. By Ed. Kite, in Wiltshire Gazette, Feb. 3rd and 10th, 1927. In this | article Mr. Kite gives the principal items of “‘an Inventory of the goodes | &c., of Sir Robert Baynard, Knight, deceased,” made Dec. 13th, 1637. The original is a parchment roll 16ft. in length. Mr. Kite begins with asketch of the descent of the property. At Domesday William de Owe or Ewe held it. He was attainted and it was held in 1316 by Ralph Bluet who also held _ Littlecot, in Hilmarton, and perhaps land in New Park, Devizes. Sir John | Bluet, dying before 1348, and his wife Eleanor were buried in the Lady _ Chapel of Lacock Abbey Church. His eldest daughter Margaret, wife of Will de Cusance, died without children and the property came to the | younger daughter Elinor, wife of Edmund Baynard of an Essex family, | VOL. XLIV.—NO, CXLVIL G 82 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, He had a grant of hunting in the Forest of Pewsham from Edward III. His son Philip died 1414—15; Robert died 1437—8 ; his son Philip suc- ceeded ; Robert the next owner and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of John Ludlow, of Hill Deverill, had thirteen sons and five daughters. Philip was M.P. for Chippenham 1 491—2, and Robert, was Sheriff of Wilts 1534, and died 1536. Edward was Sheriff in 1553, M.P. for Chippenham in 1559, and died 1575. His eldest son, Sir Robert Baynard, M.P. for Chippenham 1584—5, for Westbury 1586—7, and Sheriff 1629, left an only daughter, Mary, who married 1635, Capt. the Hon. James Montague, third son ‘of Henry, third Earl of Manchester. Six generations of Montagues held Lackham, and re- built the house. Recent owners have been Brig.-Gen. G. Ll. Palmer, who sold it to Lord Glanely, who lately sold it to Capt. H. P. Holt. Interesting items in the Inventory of the Hall are the arms. “ Twelve bills and twoe halberts £2—3—4 ; twoe pole axes, seaven picks, one chayne boulte staffe £2—5—0 ; twoe muskett rests and pair of andirons and iron bar 6s. 6d.” ‘One paire of cheese tonges 3d.” There is a copy by Mr. Kite of an old print of the medieval house. The Statues on the West Front of Salisbury Cath- edral with a note on the Gargoyles. By Canon Fletcher, F.R. Hist.S. Issued by authority of the Dean and Chapter. Price 3d. [1927], 74in. x 43in., pp. 10. Photos of W. Front and of three statues, and four pencil drawings by Miss C. Malcombe of original gargoyles. At the time of the restoration in 1863 only eight of the original statues were left, and most of these were mutilated beyond recognition. The majority of the new statues are by the sculptor Redfern. Canon Fletcher’s little booklet is intended as a guide to the identity of the statues with a line or two in each case as to the particular saint represented. It fulfils this purpose admirably. St. John Needlework. The Connoisseur of March, 1927, Vol Ixxvii., No. 307, pp. 144—151, contains an article by A. F. Kendrick, en- titled ‘‘T'wo Petit Point panels from Melchbourne,” describing two remark- able panels of Elizabethan needlework in the possession of Lord St John of Bletsoe. They have been called carpets or table covers, and possibly were wall hangings. One of these panels, both of which are notable examples of needlework, has in the centre a roundel containing a shield, arms, and initials, which prove that it was worked to commemorate the marriage of Oliver St. John with Eliz., d. of William Paulet, in 1602, and has round the border 20 shields, arms of families connected with St. John. Of this panel three illustrations are given, the whole panel, the central roundel, and details of the border. The other panel, also illustrated, contains arms not yet identified with the St. John family, but it is suggested that it may be connected with Sir John St. John, Bart., who placed the painted wooden triptych with portraits of himself and his family in Lydiard Tregoze Church, and also put in the east window of St. Mary’s Church, Battersea, containing shields of arms of more than 40 families connected with St. John. He inherited the manor of Battersea in 1630. | Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 83 Devizes Castle in 1730. A hitherto unpublished Sketch. By Ed. Kite. A note in Wiltshire Gazette, Nov. 18th, 1926, contains the following description of Devizes Castle in 1730 from un- published letters (British Museum, Additional MS. No. 6214) written by John Strachey, F.R.S., of Sutton Court, near Bristol, headed ‘Some remarks on various encampments in Somerset, Wilts, and Gloucestershire.” “Ye Castle at ye Devises, in Wilts, is thought by Campden, and others to be Roman. Its Spirall Mount, of almost perpendicular ascent if you should attempt it in a direct line ; mostly Natural, but Art and Labour have added much toits Strength. In yeraigne of King Stephen ’twas thought ye Strongest fortress in England, where Maud ye Empress, being straitly besieged, was carried out in a Coffin under pretence of a funerall, and made her Escape. It had then a Stone building, which continued to ye Civil Warrs, when Oliver Cromwell reduced it after a Little Battering from an adjoining hill, and soon after de- molished it, so that there is not now left one Stone on another. But on ye very top there is ye Pitt of the late powder house w’ch remained within Memory. Two Wind Mills on ye Top are a late project for grinding Rape. There is an easy Ascent by a Spirall Walk, like that at Marlborow Mount, but neglected and quite out of repair. There is an indifferent good house Just within ye works at ye Bottom towards the Town, built out of ye materialls of ye Old Castle, but now also going to decay. The entrance to ye Town was on ye North, over a draw bridg, now gone, and ye ditch fill’d up at that place. ‘The whole is now an Orchard Within ye Works.” The sketch reproduced (but “in a slightly amended form”) in the Gazette shows the two windmills on the mound, which were probably erected soon after the Civil War. In amap of the park dated 1654 one only is shown as “The Windmill” at the foot of the mound and not on the top. The “ nowder house”’ was used during Waller’s siege of the Castle in 1645. The “indifferent good house” shown in the sketch as having two gabled wings is marked in the map of 1654 as “The Castle House,” and was apparently then occupied by Edward Essington. Take heed in time, or, A briefe relation of many Harmes which have of late been done by fire in Marlborough and in many other places. This Copy was drawneup and Printed,on purpose for the World to take notice of, and to be carefull to prevent the danger of Fire. Written by L. P. London. Printed for F. Grove, and are to be sold at his shop on Snow-hill, 16538. Reprinted at the Cayme Press, Kensington, 1927. Pamphlet, 6in. x 47in.,pp.16. This facsimile of a rare tract was reprinted at the expense of Dr. Walter Byron Maurice, of Marlborough, who prints a short preface before the second title which runs: “ A Briefe description of Gaz 84 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. the Towne of Marlborough and of the Harmes that were there done upon Thursday, the 28th of Aprill, this present year 1653.” Marlborough as it was before the fire is shortly described with its shops, etc., as to which it is said “‘ no braver wares can be bought in London, then was to be had in the famous Towne of Marlborough.” The origin of the Fire in the house of one Mr. Freeman, a tanner, “Sas some of his servants were imployed with drying of Bark,” on the south side of the street near St. Peter’s Church, and its spread on both sides of the High Street until the Town Hall, St. Mary’s Church, and some 300 houses were destroyed, is described. ‘‘ And thus were the poor made poorer, and some of the richest became as poor as the poorest.” ‘‘ It is an old saying that one cannot help a great many, but a great many may help one: So [ would have it to be, that © all Cities and Shires in England, may forthwith lend their assistance to Relieve the distressed people of Marlborough, and to doe by them as they themselves would be done by if the case were their own.” At the end other sad examples of destruction by fire are given, as at Layton, in Shrop- shire, where 150 houses were burnt in the same year. “I am verily perswaded, that if people would be more carefull, there would not be halfe so much harme done by fire as is, therefore I desire all people, whether they be Masters or Servants, Parents or Children, to have speciall care how you afterwards repent when it is too late.” The Lansdowne Collections. By A.C. R. Carter. Daily Telegraph, reprinted in Waltshire Gazette, June 9th, 1927. ‘‘ One of the glories of the Bowood collection was Rembrandt’s famous ‘“‘ Mill,” which in 1911, was sold to Mr. Joseph Widener after a vain effort to raise the pur- chase money of £100,000. Many famous pictureg had left this country for America before 1911, and many have for ever departed since, but if a poll had to be taken it would be found that Rembrandt and his “ Mill” are more remembered than any other painter or any other picture. It was the misfortune of the late Lord Lansdowne not only to be unable to add to the collections which he had inherited, but to be forced to deplete them from time to time.” Rembrandt’s “ Portrait of a Man,” now in the Metropolitan Museum, New York, was sold in 1883 to Hay Marquand, of New York. Two fine landscapes by Hobbema went to the Rodolfe Kann collection in Paris, and in 1900 Vandyke’s “ Portrait of Queen Henrietta Maria,” from Lansdowne House, was bought by Mr. Edmund Davis, passing afterwards to Lord Cowdray. A collection of drawings by the old masters formed early in the 19th century by the third Marquess, but entirely unknown to the artistic world, was sold at Sothebys, one of which, a study by Rembrandt from his “ Staalmeesters,” brought £3,300. Swindon Hill. By A.D. Passmore. WN. Wilts Herald, Feb. 5th, 1926. The writer deals especially with Prehistoric remains found at Swin- don. He notes that the hole in which the “ Longstone,’ a monolith 10ft. high, described by several writers, stood, is still visible in Longstone field, between Coate Road and Broome Lane. He mentions the various ‘‘ beaker” burials found on the hill, and notes that the skeleton of a woman from one Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, 85 of these interments is now in the British Museum of Natural History at S. Kensington. Demolition of Devizes Prison. The Wiltshire Gazette, May 26th, 1927, has a small process reproduction of a photo taken in Sept., 1926, showing the portion of the prison then standing after the removal of the governor’s house. Messrs. W. E. Chivers & Sons are building houses on the site, and the method of pulling down the solid walls of the prison by means of a steel wire rope and a heavy traction engine is described. Ashton Keynes. Short notes on the Church, the village, and the crosses, by “Gilbert Prince” (A. F. Smith, of Swindon) ,were printed in the NV. Wilts Herald, May 18th, 1927. Little Hinton and its Church, by the same writer, NV. Wilts Herald, April 8th, 1927. The chief features of the Church and the Norman font are described. Cricklade in the dim past. Again by the same writer. JN, Wilts Herald, June 17th, 1927, contains a number of notes on events in Cricklade from Saxon times downwards, and descriptions of the architecture of both the Churches in some detail, together with the bells. Final years of the Bath Coaches. Coming of the Great Western Railway. By W. A. Webb. Wiltshire Gazette, January 21st, 1926. ‘This useful article contains a great amount of condensed information as to the years between 1832, when a committee was formed in Bristol to promote a railway to London, and 1841 when the line was actually opened all the way from Paddington to Bristol. The first section, Paddington to Maidenhead, was opened June 4th, 1838, when the first coaches were conveyed by rail. On July Ist, 1839, it was opened to Twyford ; on March 30th, 1840, to Reading ; on June Ist, 1840, to Steven- ton ; on July 20th, 1840, to Uffington ; on December 17th. 1840, to Wootton Bassett ; on May 31st, 1841, to Chippenham ; and on June 30th, 1841, the whole way to Bristol ; the section from Bath to Bristol having been already opened August 31st,1840. The ruin of the coaching inns on the Marlborough —Bath road and the impoverishment and inconvenience caused by the dis- continuance of the coaches and the business that they brought with them is shortly described. The Wiltshire Wassail. By Alfred Williams. ? Wiltshire Gazette. Mr. Williams considers that there was no specially Wiltshire cus- tom connected with the Wassail but that the same observances took place in N. Wilts, S. Gloucestershire, and along the valley of the Thames. Much of his information he derived from ‘‘ Wassail Harvey,” an old inhabitant of Cricklade, a great folk song singer and an actor in the play ‘‘ The Shepherd and the Maiden,” which was produced every year at the Bark Harvest at Cricklade Tanneries. “ There was a recognised company of Wassailers at 86 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. Cricklade trained to conduct the ceremony. They had an effigy of an ox, made of a withy frame, with a cured skin stretched over it. The head, horns, and tail were intact. The breast and foreparts were stuffed with straw and they fitted two small red lamps into the eye sockets. At Christ- mas time while the mummers and carol singers were going their rounds, the wassailers paraded in procession. Two of the sturdiest crept inside the frame- work of the effigy and carried it along on their backs, imitating the swaying motion of the beast. The chief wassailer walked before, carrying the wooden bow] that was decorated with ribbons and mistletoe. The remainder of the company followed behind dressed in fancy costumes ornamented with coloured ribbons. At every farm house or dwelling house of the better class people, they sang their merry song ; and the mistress of the house, or the maid, brought out warm spiced ale or hot punch with toast and roasted apples and replenished the bowl. They also pinned new ribbons to ithe dresses of the wassailers, which were treasured as trophies.” The Cricklade version of the wassail song is given in full, together with notes on the special customs prevailing in Yorkshire and Devon. Mr. Williams suggests that the ox was the symbol of agriculture and instances the homage paid to the ox in India at the present day. The Devonshire custom of wassailing the apple trees he compares also with present day tree worship in Indian villages, the root idea in both being fertility. The Wexcombe Dairy Ranch. An article in The Pied partly reprinted in the Wiltshire Gazette, July 14th, 1927, describes Mr. Arthur Hosier’s new system of dairy farming at Wexcombe and its wonder- ful results in converting into rich pasture land naturally poor and thin downland. An abstract of a paper by Mr. A. J. Hosier on the same subject. is given in The Zimes, November Ist, 1927, Weolithic Camps in Wiltshire. The Wiltshire Gazette, October 8th, 1925, quotes an article in 7’he Observer, by O. G. S. Crawford, on Hill Top Camps in Wessex, in which he quotes Knapp Hill Camp as the first to be diagnosed as possibly Neolithic by Mrs. Cunnington in 1908 “That diagnosis has been confirmed by recent discoveries at Windmill Hill near Avebury.” In both, the ditches are broken by frequent causeways for which no purpose can be assigned. Mr. Crawford suggests that the inner circle at Yarnbury recorded on maps in 1608, but forgotten again until it was rediscovered on an air photo taken in 1923, as well as the inner circle at Scratchbury may be of Neolithic date also. He suggests too that some of the existing great camps of Early Iron Age date may have been thrown up upon earlier Neolithic sites. A Wiltshire Mummers’ Play. By Alfred Williams. Welt- shire Gazette, December 30th, 1926. Mr. Williams discourses on the origin of the Mummers’ play and compares it with similar present day observances in India. He then gives the words of the play as used at Lydiard at full length. Richard Stratton, of Newport. The Wiltshire Times, July 23rd, 1927, gives his ‘Life Story.” Born at Wroughton 1843, one of a family of Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, 87 twelve, his father renting Salthrop Farm. In 1851 his father rented also Broad Hinton and moved to that place. Richard Stratton, senr., was a pioneer in the use of agricultural machinery, &c., owning the first steam plough seen in Wiltshire, which superseded 20 oxen. Richard jun’, was educated at a private school at Calne, and at the North London Collegiate School. When he was 18 years old the whole management of Broad Hinton Farm was entrusted to him. In 1865, aged 22, he started farming on his own account at the Duffryn, Newport, on the Tredegar Estate. In 1866 he married Miss Bryan, of Down Ampney. They had nine children. Later he took other farms in addition to the Duffryn. He was a breeder of Shorthorns, and founder of the Dairy Shorthorn Association, and President of the Shorthorn Society. He has been hon..sec. of the Monmouthshire Chamber of Commerce since its formation in 1868, and has served on many other committees. Memoir 7th Battalion the Wiltshire Regiment. France,1915. Salonica, 1915—18. France, 1918. By C. K. Hulbert, Bodenham, Salisbury. [1927%] 4to. pp. 7. This memoir takes the form of a diary of very short entries of the principal events in the life of the Battalion from October Ist, 1914, when it was first formed at Codford, to its final dispersal in June, 1919. St. Melor and Amesbury. The Salisbury Journal, July 22nd, 1927, contains an interesting account by the Rev. E. Rhys Jones (Vicar of Amesbury, 1919—26) of a recent visit to Lanmeur, near Morlaix, in Brittany, where St. Melor is believed to have been buried on the site of an early crypt still existing under the modern Church. The legend of the saint as told in Brittany is given. This article was reprinted as “A Pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Melor. Associations with Amesbury.” Pamphlet, 64in. X 4in., pp. 10. Swindon. The Bell Hotel. “History of Swindon and Bell Hotel, 1515—1926,” Ato., pp.4. By E. A. E. Three process views of in- terior and 4 pp. of thin letterpress description. Melksham and Bradford-on-Avon. The Avon Tyre Rubber Works, 1886—1927. Reprinted from The Rubber Age, May, 1927. 4to., pp. 11. The story of the origin of the works of Browne & Margetson at Limpley Stoke in 1886, and their subsequent transference to Melksham, and the connection of the Fuller family with the business is told at some length. The work of the war years and of the present day, both at Melksham and at the branch works at Bradford-on- Avon are fully described and illustrated by good photo process blocks of the shops and two groups of managers and workers. The Charm of Salisbury. By A. L. Salmon in The Bristol Times and Mirror, Dee. 18th, 1926. A pleasant article with a good process view of the Cathedral from the N.W., dwelling on the indefinable charm of the place, Cathedral, Close, rivers, and town. 88 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. Stukeley’s account of the Solar Eclipse cf May, 1724. Stukeley, in his “ Jéinerarium Curiosum,” gives in the form of a letter to Dr. Edmund Halley, the astronomer, dated from Amesbury, May 10th, 1724, a full account of the Solar Eclipse as seen from that place. This is reprinted in full in the Wiltshere Gazette of June 30th, 1927. ‘“‘“Downland Man,” by H. J. Massingham, 1926. Dr. R. C. C. Clay deals faithfully with this book and its unfounded assertions and theories in Antiquity, March, 1927, pp. 120—122. William Beckford. “A Man of mystery, Beckford and his Eccentricities.” Melville S. Penley has under this title in the Wealtshire Times, August 138th, 1927, a useful article on the popular belief in fabulous orgies at Fonthill behind the high park wall, and afterwards in the secrecy of Lansdowne Tower, as well as his supposed rudeness to strangers, and hatred of women. All these stories the writer declares to have been entirely groundless. New Sarum. 1227—1927. Programme of 700th Anniversary Celebrations. Printed and published at the “ Jour- nal” Office, Salisbury. Pamphlet, 7iin. x 5in,, pp. 32. Portrait of the Mayor of Salisbury (J. C. Hudson), views of the old and new Council Houses, and Cathedral. Excellent accounts are given of the various groups in the great procession illustrative of the 700 years of Salisbury’s history, and of the historical events which they represented, as arranged by Mrs. Herbert Richardson from the scheme originally laid down by Mr. F. Stevens, F.S.A. It is really, as the procession and its accompanying festivities were themselves, a resumé of the city’s history. The Geology of the District around Devizes. By Canon E. P. Knubley. South-Western Naturalists’ Union Pro- ceedings, December 31st, 1926, 8vo., 2pp. These short but useful notes were written for the conference of the 8.W. Naturalists’ Union which was to have been held (but was not) at Devizes in 1926. The Story of Phyllis Joye, of Box, and the mad cat is told by W. G. Addison in Wiltshire Times, January Ist, 1927. The indenture of her apprenticeship to John Coombs, Broadweaver, of Trow- bridge, 1759, is given, together with the story of her attempt to get money out of the overseer, Mr. William Brewer, in 1765, when she said she had been bitten by a mad cat, and showed scratches made with a pin on her leg to prove her case. Alderman C. Haskins. The Salisbury Times, July 8th, 1927, gives an account of the conferring of the Freedom of the City of Salisbury on Alderman Charles Haskins (he is only the fourth person so honoured) on account of his great services to the city for the last forty years. A portrait and an illustration of the silver casket presented to him are given. Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 89 William Pitt and Stratford-sub-Castle. Some corres- pondence appeared in the Wiltshire Gazette as to whether William Pitt was born at Stratford or not, and in the issue of April 21st, 1927, Mr. J. J. Hammond states that there was never any tradition that William Pitt was born there. His father held the manor of Stratford as a leaseholder under the Bishop and lived there, but William Pitt was in all probability born in London. Stephen Duck, the Thresher Poet. An article by ““Gossiper” in the Wiltshire Gazette, June 23rd, 1927, quotes a description from his poems of Duck’s feast at Charlton. Devizes during the Civil Wars. By B. H. Cun- nington, F.S.A. (Scot.). Wiltshire Gazette, March 31st, April 7th, 14th, 1927, The condition of Devizes is described as mainly royalist in feeling, though under the rule of Sir Edward Baynton, of Bromham, who commanded the’ parliamentary forces in Wiltshire, until 1643, when he was succeeded by Sir Edward Hungerford, of Corsham, for a time, until he re- tired to Bath, leaving Devizes to the royalists. Capt. Cunnington begins his notes by giving a topographical sketch of the town as it then existed, its streets and principal buildings, and their modern representatives. At the beginning of the trouble in 1642 the Town Council ordered that watch and ward should be kept within the borough, and that ten corslets and ten pikes should be bought. This was followed later in the year by the purchase of two great guns called “ Draks,” On October 25th, fifteen corslets and six muskets were distributed, gunpowder and match were brought from Chippenham and Bradford and the entrances to the town were being con- tinually blocked with chains, &. The powder was stored in the tower of St. John’s Church, and other ‘preparations for defence were made. All these particulars are gleaned from entries in the municipal records. ‘Twenty swords were bought, the wheels of the great ordnance were bonded, sentinels were posted at the town’s ends, and wooden barricades strengthened with chains were erected. Collins and Bancroft were continually out scouting, and the night watchmen had to be supplied with candles and beer. The entrances to the town were blocked with large baulks of timber and more muskets were purchased. The march of the royalists after the battle of Lansdowne on July 5th, 1643, through Chippenham, Derry Hill, Sandy Lane, by Bromham Hall, to Devizes, is described. All the way the rear guard was engaged with Waller’s troops following them up. It is noted that Bromham Hall, Sir Edward Baynton’s house, near Netherstreet, was burnt in 1645 by order of Sir James Long lest it should fall into the hands of the parliamentary forces. The events immediately preceding the battle of Roundway, the capture of the royalist convoy of ammunition from Oxford, near Beckhampton, the advance and investment and subsequent bombard- ment of Devizes by Waller, with a battery of seven guns on Jump Hill, and the escape of the royalist cavalry to Oxford, whilst the Cornish infantry held the town, are detailed. The fact that they were able to hold out against Waller’s forces, and ultimately to defeat him decisively on Roundway 90 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. Down, with the help of the reinforcements from Oxford is ascribed by Captain Cunnington largely to the foresight of Alderman Richard Pearce in laying in a store of gunpowder in St. John’s Church. Waller was pre- paring to storm Devizes on July 13th when the Oxford troops appeared on the Marlborough road and he was forced to draw up on Roundway Down to meet them and was there decisively defeated. After this Sir Charles. Lloyd, governor of Devizes, repaired the defences of the Castle, which was then in ruins, and garrisoned it for the King. In September, 1645, Crom- well with 5000 men entered the town with little opposition, formed a battery of ten guns in the Market Place opposite the Castle and bombarded it for a day and a night, when Sir Charles Lloyd surrendered. In 1646 the Parliament Committee resolved that “ The Castle Hill and Works at the Devizes shall be forthwith slighted or demolished.” A useful and in- teresting article, which gathers together all the known facts concerning the fighting in the neighbourhood and sets them forth in order. Lady Suffolk and her circle. By Lewis Melville. London; Hutchinson & Co., 1924. 8vo., pp. xviil. + 292, 17 illustrations. Henrietta Hobart, d. of Sir Henry Hobart, 4th Baronet, married the Hon. Charles Howard, afterwards 9th Earl of Suffolk, 1706. Their son, Henry, 10th Ear] of Suffolk, was born January Ist, 1707. The date of her birth is not known, 1681 and 1688 have been conjectured. She died July 26th, 1767. In 1710 Charles Howard and his wife went to the court of the Elector of Hanover, and on his accession to the throne of England as George I. re- turned with him. Mrs. Howard was appointed a woman of the bed cham- ber to the Princess of Wales in 1714, and about 1720 became, according to general belief, the mistress of the Prince of Wales, afterwards George IL., re- maining at Court and on apparently good terms with the Princess, after- wards (ueen, until she retired from Court in 1734. Her husband, who appears to have received a yearly pension in consideration of her relations with the King, died September 28th, 1733, and on June 26th, 1735, she married secondly the Hon. George Berkeley, who died October 29th, 1746. This book contains a great amount of gossip and scandal, letters of Lady Howard and letters to her, with contemporary reports, and details as to the life of the courts of George I. and George II., gathered from original sources, which are carefully given in footnotes. ‘There are two portraits of Lady Suffolk from engravings. 91 ADDITIONS TO MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. Museum. Presented by Mr. J. E. Prircuarp, F.S.A.: Silver Medal with view of Stonehenge, 11796. 5 » Mr. Richarp Lake: Flint Chipped Celt from Easterton. a » Dr. R. C. C. Ctay: Bronze Palstave from Dinton ; Remark- able small Flint Implement, in shape of a modern broad garden hoe blade, beautifully chipped. 9 » Pror. T. Zammit, C.M.G.: A series of specimens of the Neolithic and Bronze Age pottery found at Hal Tarxien and other sites in Malta. For comparison. 93 >», Mr. T. V. Briacs: Flint Knife from Biddestone. = » Mr. W. J. Date: A Duelling Rapier found in a ditch at Roundway, 1927. | 5 » HIGHworTH RuRAL District CouNciIL: Saxon Iron Spear Head, Knife, and part of Gouge, from Wanborough. | 95 » Mr. ANtHony Burpon: Flint Knife made from fragment of polished Celt. Library. Presented by Messrs. G. Simpson & Co.: “The Monumental Inscriptions | in Salisbury Cathedral,” and “‘ The Wiltshire Broomes.” | Reprints from the Wiltshire Gazette. | 99 ,, Cot. J. Benert Sranrorp: Thirteen vols. of “ WiltsParish | Registers. Marriages.” Phillimore’s series. | 0 » Miss R. A. Gopparp: ‘“ The Swindonian,” eight numbers. ‘The Swindon Euclid Street perondany School Maga- zine,’ four numbers, 1926—27. . » THE AutHor, Mr. J. A. Néats, D.C.L.: “Supplement to Charters and Records of Neales of Berkeley, Yate, and Corsham,” 4to., 192’. » Mrs.Stone: A large selection from the MS. notes, plans, &c., concerning Stonehenge, left by the late Mr. E. H. Stone, | F.S.A. | 53 » THE PUBLISHERS, GREAT WESTERN Raitway: “ Brunell and after, the Romance of the Great Western Railway,” and “From Cave Man to Roman in Britain.” 92 Additions to Library. Presented by Mrs. Lovisonp and Miss Baker “ The Weekly Entertainer 99 99 and West of England Miscellany, 1822.” “ Lecture at Warminster, 1885, by J. Croston.’ “ Free land or the three F.s? by the Earl of Pembroke,” 1881. ‘“ Report of Annual Conference of Head Masters held at Marl- borough College, 1877.” Mr. C. Haskins: Illustrations of St. Edmund’s College, Salisbury. THe AutHor, CANoN FLETCHER: “ The Statues on the West Front of Salisbury Cathedral, with a note on the Gar- goyles, 1927.” Mr. A. D. Passmore: Wilts Pamphlet. Mr. R. V. Goddard : Sixteen Wiltshire Air Photographs of Camps, &c. Mr. C. PENRUDDOCKE: Wilts Pamphlet. Dr. Water Mavrice: “Take heed in time, or a briefe Relation of many Harmes which have of late been done by fire in Marlborough, 1653,” &c. Pamphlet, 6in. x 44in. Reprinted 1927. THE AutHor, Canon E. P. KNusiey: *‘ The Geology of the District round Devizes ” (notes from S.W. Naturalists’ Union Proc.), 8vo. THe AutuHor, Rev. E. Ruys Jones: “A Pilgrimage to the Shrine of St. Melor. Associations with Amesbury.” Pamphlet, 1927. THE AvutHor, Mr. JoHN Sout: “Stonehenge and the Ancient Mysteries,” 1927. THE AUTHOR (in part), Dr. R. C. C. Cray, F.S.A.: ‘ Ex- cavations at Chelmes Combe, Cheddar,” 1927. Messrs. A. Saaw Mettor, B. Hankey, Rev. H. E. KeETCHLEY, and the Rev. E. H. Gopparp: The cost (£4) of the rare old print of The Wootton Bassett Election Procession of 1808. Rev. E. H. Gopparp: Trust Deed of Bradford Saxon Church (printed 1911). Capt. B. H. Cunnineton : Three Old Deeds, Devizes. Mr. J. J. SLADE: Seventeen Wilts Estate Sale Catalogues. Memoirs of the 7th Battalion the Wiltshire Regiment. Rev. C. V. Gopparp: Coloured Print of Wilts Yeomanry. Mr. JosHua SmitTH, of Potterne: An old Book of Postage Rates used at Potterne. : £01 8 Ppocrx £01 8 P4ocg #o LI 093°" "* 9861 “ISTE Jequiesaq] “souvreq Ag GIT €0¢ Il ‘OL s¢ es es "** MOISSTUL OSC eae pes "es - qseroquy yisodeq yueg suI0)). pus Arereg 8 Arejoio09 [emueulg O-2O1eg oan "** - Y0IG IBAA WO ySo10qUT - 02902296: : JIyejaieVr) wUNnssn fy Jo Aleyes Oy Vel OQ = Ps 20 8U1499 J [enuuy Jo souvleq Fis Sh eee 290 “ gosuedxy [equeprlouy 29 20 [-Gr. = are "** (saseqound ssoy) suoly pue ‘suiuig ‘Ar1au0yeig ‘saseysog -eoT[qng JoyjO pue soulzese JO solVG O61. 2 a S9IJO1ID0G J9qIO 0} SUOTdIZOSqnyg 0 Fl 19g —--—— 6 el 666. === 9 IL Il pung diysioquieyy eji'y wos Jojsuvay, 92 SGli ee GPVI “ON 9 & OGg SUOTdIJOSqnY [enNUUY puesedy couRIUG re PAE AUG oe PPI ON—: Soulz *SLUIGORE -CSeI{ SUINSSI pue sulONpoId Jo 4soD OL SI 9Z1 °°: gis OZ6I ‘481 Arenuve ‘soured ‘pS F ‘Pp ‘8S F ‘S~NAWAVd DS 7 ‘Pp 8 F ‘LNQOOOV IVYANAD OG6I JVOX 94} AOZ sJUNODIDV ‘ALATOOS AYOLSIH IWYNLVN GNV ‘TVOIDOTOHHOUV AYIHSLIIA 94 0 6 06F 6 & 0 0 &1 G73 72 Wie a qsotojuy Arpung "°° SMOOY SJoyejoleD UNesn]T JO Jue 8,.1e0 9UO "SLdUIGOGY " OZ6L “481 Arenuee ‘sourleg SLNQNOOOV GNOH LNEWADYVING WOASOWN 0 6 06 °° ane OZ6L “ISTE A9quisdag ‘soueleq 8g IT 81 801F OL €1-8g ay 9261 “ISLE JoquIs.eq] ‘oouL]|eg IT ¢ OL Qa Cees see = Jayejoleg wnesny Jod ‘syeyuopiouy Tee Oller Su “* sooueiInsUy pue XV], puey G ge SI ooo ° coo JOYE MA pue ‘eng ‘yy sl'T 6 OL 9 (Coy gapuigiooa) AIvIQry 2 WnesnyT 0} suotIppYy EUV vo ose UINesNn]{ 09 siredey pue ssulqqiy p 8 F ‘SLNEWAVd Il Sl 801F Vo IGG eae os es "re sapeg Arpung 0 O OL ‘suorydisosuT [eJUeWNUOT SI[I A SUIPUIQ Jo 4s09 SPAVMO}J JOYV SSI PUB pUOgIAOT ‘sayy Aq UOeUOG OlS PI ‘* xXOg UI sUOIyeUOG pu WNeSN, 0} SUOISSIUIPY (GR 2° cine suolyeuog pue suoldiiosqnyg ‘SLdIGOaa 6221 -6e. O00 °° OZ6L ‘481 Arenuee ‘eourled DS F “ENQOOOV GCNOA FONVNGLNIVWN WOdSOW T ST SITF T St SIlF Pesce ee ae vat qso19juT yisode(y 0 OLTg ~ Be md "* suorgdiiosqug NG a VOL. a a OZEL “ISTE Jequieseq] ‘eoueled "'SLdIGONY 9 -TE-LE “S *s = gunoosoY puny [Bleuef) 07 Jojsuedy, CATS) 23 roe “ OZET ST Arenuee ‘sourleg ps §F ‘SLNHWAV d 79) 3) 5 ‘INQOOOV GNOdA dIHSYAdNAW WAI 8 Fb OF 8 PF OlsF 9 ¢ ee uate oes qsoloquy yIsodeq *SLdIGOTL a9 Or sig 9ZEL ‘ISIE JequIed9qy ‘oouLTeg eto cn *e °° OZEL ‘4s, Arenuese ‘eouRled ‘ps F 1D 3g ‘-LNQOOOV LNAHD JO NOWIS dOHSId AO WALSIONS 6 & 965 G G G6F 6 6 88 ae OZ6L ‘“IS1E Joquiesaq] ‘oouvleg 6 0 3 ‘ Plos seyvoyiqieD ssuraeg [eUOl}eN WO 4sotequT 0 0 L cee oce see cee Arviquy ‘SLdIGOUW WNEsN Joy poseyound syduosnuvpyY pure sxood Gey egy st: sie " OZEL “4ST Arenuee ‘osouLled D8 oF ‘SINAWAVd 0) IS Gs : oe ‘LNOQOOOV GNOA SASVHOUNd WOASOW 96 TiAl to) ee G eaeoeeon CON = eos 9Z61 “ISTE Joquie0eqd ‘Q0Uel| eq fe eAvOTAR MA syopea’] JO a[vg wo UOISSIMIMOZ) 8,19xeJ9IBL) ‘SLNGNWAVd "8 -O7p ‘SUIUBITO) ses 1OYeYOICI 1 4 v9F 0 91 Nae 600 g 2 | “ set & 0 9 G 1h 9G" = : DS F ‘LNQOOOV NUVd NOAV-NO-CdadOudvidd suonpny | SNIMGOH “NM NUIAVM “VSD ‘4991100 PUNO] pue pojlpny OZEL “SLE Joquedoq, ‘souv[eg € €l GF dT ane 500 Ge Glee. 2 es a ’p °S 5 en nnn EE “LNQOOOV GNOd NOILVAVOXdY GYACSNVM OZBL 4s] Arenuee ‘ooueleg OZ6L “481 Arenuve ‘oouvled qsoroquy yisodeq "** sqaqvoy JO o[eG "* S907 OOUBIZUT qsor0jUy yIsodeq C. H. Woodward, Printer and Publisher, Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes. THE SOCIETY'S PUBLICATIONS (Continued). STONEHENGE AND ITS BARROWS, by W. Long, Nos. 46-47 of the Magazine in separate wrapper 7s. 6d. This still remains one of the best and most reliable accounts of Stonehenge and its Karthworks. WILTSHIRE—The TOPOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS OF JOHN AUBREY, F,R.S., A.D. 1659-1670. Corrected and enlarged by the Rev. Canon J. E. Jackson, M.A., F.S.A. 4to, Cloth, pp. 491, with 46 plates. Price +2 10s. WILTSHIRE INQUISITIONES POST MORTEM. CHARLES I. 8vo, pp. vii. + 501. 1901. With full index. In 8 parts, as issued. Price 13s. DITTO. IN THE REIGNS OF HEN. IIL, ED. I., and ED. II. 8vo, pp. xv. 505. In parts as issued. Price 13s. DITTO. THE REIGN OF ED. III. 8vo., pp. 402. In six parts as issued. Price 13s. A BIBLIOGRAPHY or tHe GREAT STONE MONUMENTS oF WILTSHIRE, STONEHENGE, ann AVEBURY, with other references, by W. Jerome Harrison, F.G.S.. pp. 169, with 4 illustrations. No. 89, Dec., 1901, of the Masazine. Price 5s. 6d. Contains particulars as to 947 books, papers, &c., by 732 authors, THE TROPENELL CARTULARY. Animportant work in 2 vols., 8vo, pp. 927, containing a great number of deeds connected with property in many Wiltshire Parishes of the 14th and 15th centuries. Only 150 copies were _ printed, of which a few are left. Price to members, £1 10s., and to non- - members, £2. WILTSHIRE TOKENS. The Society has a considerable number of 17th and 18th century Wiltshire Tokens to dispose of, either by sale, or exchange for others not in the Society’s collection. Apply to Carr. B. H. Cunninerton, F.S.A. Scot., Curator, Museum, Devizes. One complete and two partly complete sets of the Wilts Arch. Magazine, from £3 per set. The rare large paper edition of Hoare’s Ancient Wiltshire in two vols., bound in half red morocco, gilt. Full details on application and no reasonable offer refused. Address—BM /KF P4, London, W.C. 1, BOOKBINDING. Books carefully Bound to pattern. Wilts Archzological Magazine bound to match previous volumes Or in Special Green Cases. We have several back numbers to make up sets. _C. H. WOODWARD, Printer and Publisher, Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes. North Wilts Museum and LIBRARY AT DEVIZES. In answer to the appeal made in 1905 annual subscriptions — varying from £2 to 5s. to the amount of about £30 a year for this — purpose have been given since then by about sixty Members of — the Society and the fund thus set on foot has enabled the Committee to add much to the efficiency of the Library and ' Museum. It is very desirable that this fund should be raised to at least j £50 a year in order that the General Fund of the Society may be released to a large extent from the cost of the Museum and set free for the other purposes of the Society. Subscriptions of 5s. a year, or upwards, are asked for from all Members, and should be sent either toMr. D. Owen, Bank Cham-— bers, Devizes, or Rev. E. H. Gopparp, F.S.A., Clyffe Vicarage, | Swindon. ; The Committee appeal to Members of the Society and others | to secure any Objects of Antiquity, AND Neer History Specimens, found in the County of Wilts and to forward them to the | Hon. Curator, Capt. B. H. Cunntneron, F.S A., Scor, Devizes; Whilst Old Deeds connected with Wiltshire families | local Parish Macavineel will be most gratefully received for the Library by the Rave | E. H, Gopparp, F.S.A., Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon, Hon. ‘ibaa C. H. WOODWARD, PRINTER, DEVIZES, | No. CXLVIIL JUNE, 1928. © You XO, THE WILTSHIRE Archeeological & Natural History MAGAZINE, PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SOCIETY FORMED IN THAT COUNTY APD 1853: EDITED BY REV. E. H. GODDARD, F.S.A., Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon. [The authors of the papers printed in this ‘* Magazine” are alone responsible for all statements made therein.]} DEVIZES : PRINTED FOR THE Society BY C. H. WoopwakgD Excuanerz Buixipines, Station Roap. Price 8s. Members, Gratis. ey ee es NOTICE TO MEMBERS. TAKE NOTICE that a copious Index for the preceding eight volumes of the Magazine will be found at the end of Vols. Viii., XvVi., xxiv., and xxxii, The subsequent Volumes are each fully indexed separately. : The annual subseription is now raised to 15s. 6d., the entrance fee for new Members remaining 10s. 6d. as before. Life Mem- bership £15 16s. Members who have not paid their Subscriptions to the Society for the current year, are requested to remit the same forthwith to the Financial Secretary, Mr. Davip Owen, Bank Chambers, Devizes, to whom also all communications as to the supply of Magazines should be addressed. The Numbers of this Wagazine will be delivered gratis, as issued, to Members who are not in arrear of their Annual Subscrip- tions, but in accordance with Byelaw No. 8 “ The Financial Secretary shall give notice to Members in arrear, and the Society’s publications will not be forwarded to Members whose Subscriptions shall remain unpaid after such notice.” All other communications to be addressed to the Honorary Secre- ene the Ruy. E. H. Gopparp, FS.A. itle Vicarage, Swindon. THE SOCIETY'S PU BLICATIONS. To be obtained of Mr. D. OWEN, Bank Chambers, Devizes. THE BRITISH AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF THE NORTH WILTSHIRE DOWNS, by the Rev. A. C. Smith, M.A. One Volume, Atlas 4to, 248 pp., 17 large Maps, and 110 Woodcuts, Extra Cloth. Price £2 2s. One copy offered to each Member of the Society at £1 11s. 6d. THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF WILTSHIRE. One Volume, 8vo, 504 pp., with Map, Cloth. By the Rev. T. A. Preston, M.A. Price to the Public 16s.; but one copy offered to every Member of the Society at half-price. CATALOGUE or tat STOURHEAD COLLECTION or ANTIQUITIES In THE SOCIETY’S MUSEUM, with 175 Illustrations. Part I. Price 1s. 6d, CATALOGUE or ANTIQUITIES in tHe SOCIETY’S MUSEUM. Part II. 1911. Fully illustrated. Price 2s, CATALOGUE or tHe SOCIETYS LIBRARY ar tare MUSEUM. Price ls. APPENDIX No.I., II., and III., 3d. each. CATALOGUE or DRAWINGS, PRINTS, anp Mars, 1In tau SOCIETY’S LIBRARY ar tuk MUSEUM. Price 1s. 6d. CATALOGUE or WILTSHIRE TRADE TOKENS in tur SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. Price 6d. BACK NUMBERS or toe MAGAZINE. Price to the Public, 8s., 5s. 6d., and 3s. 6d. (except in the case of a few numbers, the price of which is raised). Members are allowed a reduction of 25 per cent. from these prices. WILTSHIRE Archeeological & Natural History MAGAAINK. No CXLVIII. JUNE 1928. VoL. XLIV. Contents. POLISHED FLINT KNIVES, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ONE RECENTLY FOUND AT DurrRINeaton: By R. C. C. Clay, VIR OE Scr Se Ais’ ocsccucmeee ecieten os tasacec reese anatecicesseewascs PrE-RoMAN CoFrFIN BURIALS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ONE FROM A BaRRow AT Fovant: By R.C.C. Cray. F.S.A. THoMAS DucKETT aND DaNIEL BULL, MEMBERS FOR CALNE: Vee Weta s ce NCACMUR EL eerie aero eioic oiscio aole sic Saeco ia s eierSlalSeiacsla Saselnte Weisislenin's Two SHALE Cups oF THE EaRLy BRONZE AGE AND OTHER SIMILAR Cups: By R.S. Newall, FS A. .c....cccccecsccnssseees BEAKER AND Foop VESSEL FROM BAarRow No. 25, FIGHELDEAN : Vena Ole NOW Alla Mes Ationc coz cice so: cet actiencaiees ciguiesciesinensesie sends THE SEVENTY-FourtTH GENERAL MEETING oF THE WILTSHIRE ARCHAOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, HELD AT FROME, JULY 25TH, 26TH, AND 27TH, 1927........c.ecseccecceeees Natura History Nores ROUND Greer Bepwyn. II1.: B (Oinemit, 12. TERGiREIR Space ce ae ee = OBJECTS FOUND DURING EXCAVATIONS ON THE RoMANO- BRITISH SITE aT CoLp KITCHEN HILL, BRIxTON DEVERELL. 1926. warinee chen © s Natio KAVelilcecccesnsscaecsc ouestecccesescescscee ccaedcces Notes oN ClyFreé PyparD AND BRoap Town: By the late Camomanramciss COU GAT s.e<.s sec.cleccest-acease cot ssescesessesiseseie Wits OBITUARY.. a At Seen eee WILTSHIRE Boone. DARA ah AND ee SERB ORE ee RARE CCE ADDITIONS! EO) MUSEUM AND ILIBRARY.....005-.0ccceccccesscccccsesses ACCOUNTS OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE YEAR 1927.......cesceseececees List oF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE, 1928... ILLUSTRATIONS. Polished Flint Knife from Durrington ...........scscccescesee cesceeee Shale Cups, I. & II., in Salisbury Museum ...........cccssscsescesers Cups. Shale? Stowborough, Dorset. Shale, Broad Down, Honiton, Devon. Amber, Martinstown, Dorset. Amber, Hove, Sussex. Gold, Rillaton, Cornwall ..........sccesesesecees Food Vessel and Beaker from Barrow No. 25, Figheldean......... Objects found during excavations on the Romano- British Site at Cold Kitchen Hill, Brixtan Deverell, Plates I. & II. ...... 4 Fragment of Bronze Bracelet oe of Hallstatt ee from Cold Kitchen Hill, 1927., PAGE. 97—100 101—105 106—110 111—117 118 119—127 128 —137 138—142 143—170 171—180 181—198 199—200 201—204 205—214 98 111—114 115 118 139—140 141 Devizes :—C. H. cones. EXCHANGE ee Station Roan. THE WILTSHIRE MAGAZINE. ‘*MULTORUM MANIBUS GRANDE LEVATUR ONUS.”—Ovid. No. CXLVIII. JUNE, 1928. Vou. XLIV. POLISHED FLINT KNIVES, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ONE RECENTLY FOUND AT DURRINGTON, By R. C. C. Cray, M.R.C.S., F.S.A. In September, 1926, Mr. W. E. Young found a polished flint knife near the eastern end of the Cursus, almost due north of the King Barrows, Lat. 51. 11. 21., Long. 1. 48. 10. He has kindly presented it to our Society’s Museum at Devizes. Its length is 3ins., width 2iins., and greatest thickness iin. It has been weathered, and displays a dirty white patination on both surfaces. ‘These surfaces had been delicately chipped until they were nearly flat, and then the ridges smoothed down by grinding. Three of its sides have been sharpened by grinding, while the fourth has been blunted for handgrasp by alternate chipping and a small amount of grinding across the edge. Polished flint knives are rare. Under this heading all knives that were made from broken polished flint celts in which the original cutting edge of the celt was utilised as a knife edge, are excluded, and only those are included which were first of all chipped into shape, and the finishing touches to the edge and upper and lower surfaces afterwards given by polishing or grinding. These knives fall naturally into three main classes or divisions, namely, (1) Rectangular with rounded corners, (2) Triangular, (3) Circular. The horseshoe type is included in Class three. There are also a few specimens of indeterminate shape which cannot be classified, but they are always poor specimens, show little care in the roughing out process, and the amount of grinding on them is usually small. ‘The commonest type in Britain is the horseshoe, with one straight and three curved sides, the straight side having been blunted for handgrasp. Our specimen from Durrington is an admirable example of this type. The so-called Picts’ knives from Scotland are never made of flint, but of some other stone. They are very thin and are paralleled only by two thin rectangular flint knives VOL. XLIV.—NO. CXLVIII, H 98 Polished Flint Knives. ES a N r-~ —~S ele 7 it aN i) eee” J) B® gl fue, ai my : =I Re uae Ht AZ re PLL LEO ee i oe ~ ee ryt re (ttl lil Ke AT mn ieee STEN mye Ae {tr . Sra Polished Flint Knife from Durrington. = By R. C. @ Clay, MR.CS., F.S.A. | 99 from Yorkshire. One from Barrow No. C 75, Aldro Group! was found with a crouched skeleton. It measures 43ins. by 1Sins. and is only-in. in thickness, It is polished all over. The other was also found with a crouched skeleton in Duggleby Howe’, and measures 23ins. x 1 Sins. It is ain. thick. These two knives are unique and do not fall into any of the ¢ategories dealt with in this paper. Unfortunately most of these knives have been picked up from the surface of ploughed fields and were not definitely associated with any objects that can give irrefutable evidence of their date. Mortimer cites a polished flint knife that was found with a whetstone and a crushed cinerary urn at Rookdale Farm, Sledmere, Yorkshire.? This suggestsa middle Bronze Age date, although the type of cinerary urn is not stated. A circular knife came from “‘ the stone circle at Arbor Low.”‘ A flint knife-dagger is said to have been found with it. This implies an early Bronze Age date if the association is correct. From analogies with other megalithic structures of similar form Arbor Low itself is almost certainly of the same period. The rectangular knife found at Overton, Wilts, beneath the roots of an ash tree on Pick Ridge Farm, and now in the Blackmore Museum, Salisbury, was definitely associated with a large barbed and tanged flint arrowhead. This arrowhead might quite possibly be of early Bronze Age date. A triangular knife from “near Ely,” and now in the Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, was definitely associated with beaker fragments. It can safely be stated that these knives belong to a period which is later than the Neolithic Age proper, a period when the art of flint flaking and flint polishing was at its prime. This period lies well within the early and middle portions of the Bronze Age. With the late Bronze Age came the knowledge of iron, the freer use of metals of all kinds, and consequently the abandonment of flint as a material for tool making. The following list of polished knives, in addition to the Durrington example, is probably far from complete since these implements are essen- tially cabinet specimens and no doubt many have found a resting place in the homes of collectors. Rectangular Knives. Pentrefoelas, Denbighshire.° Lean Low, nr. New- haven, Derbyshire.’ Burwell Fen, Cambs. Quy Fen, Cambs.° Lacken- heath.’ Torrs, Glenluce, Wigtonshire.!! Pitforthie, Fordoun, Kincardin- shire.’ Overton, Wilts.'* Brandon, 1 mile west of Grimes’ Graves’ Plant- ation. Burwell Fenn.® Bottisham Fen.© From Cambridgeshire.!” ' Forty Years’ Researches, p. 74, Pl. XIX., fig. 160. 2 Tbid., p. 28, Pl. VILI., fig. 58. *° Forty Years’ Researches, p. 42. 4 B.M. Guide to Stone Age, p. 124, fig. 124. > Arch. Jour., XII., p. 124, fig. 124, ® Arch. Journ., XI., p. 414; XVII, p. 171. 7 Bateman Cat., p. 66, No. 18. 8910 Hvans’ Stone, p. 304. " Hdin. Mus. Cat., AA6. ' Fbid, AASB. 3 Evans’ Stone, fig. 255; W.A.M., III, p. 17; Arch. Jour., XII., p. 285. 4 P.P.S.H.A., IIL. p. 432, fig. 88. © 1°” Mus. Archeology and Ethnology, Cambridge. Hie 2 100 Polished Flint Knives. Triangular Knives, Kempston, Beds.! Fimber, Yorks? Thames at Windsor.? Mildenhall.4 Derbyshire. Suffolk.° Thames at Richmond.” Gussage Down, Dorset. Laverstock, Wilts.® Alfriston, Sussex.'° West Dean, near Brighton.!! Yiewsley, Middlesex.!? Burwell.” From near Ely.“ Numbers 21, 22, and 23 are not true type specimens. Circular Knives. Arbor Low." Dunwester.’® From the Londesborough Collection.” Aldbourne, Wilts." Ramsbury, Wilts.® Durrington, Wilts.” Cookroost Hill.7 Near Dyke Station.» Newhaven, Derbyshire.*? Shurburn Carr, Yorks. Mining Low.® Kintore, Aberdeenshire. Lanarkshire.” Rushford, Norfolk; Winton, Hants.?® Ellisfield, Hants.2? Trefeglwys, Montgomeryshire. Thames near Benson.** High Salvington, Sussex.?? Storrington, Sussex.*? Fourdoun, Kincardinshire.** Pitdoulzie, Turriff, Aberdeenshire. Hackpen, Wilts.® Avebury Down, Wilts.*%, Thwing, Yorks. Old Portswood, Hants.» Two from Icklingham.” Burwell. Bottisham.” Specimens have been found at Henfield Common, Sussex ; Sway, Hants; and Sledmere, Yorkshire ; but their forms are not known. Specimens which cannot be placed in any category, chiefly on account of their irregular forms, have been found in the Basingstoke neighbourhood (Willis Coll.), at Winterbourne Monkton, Wilts (Kendall Coll.), Jeffrey’s Point, near Devil’s Dyke (Brighton Mus.), and Chelsfield, Kent (Garraway- Rice Coll.). Certain unpolished and perhaps unfinished specimens of similar form have been found, and reference may be made to one from Bridlington (Evans’ Stone, fig, 254). 1 Flint Chips, p.75 ; Evans’ Stone, fig, 256. 234 5° Evans’ Stone, p. 305. 7B.M. ® Salisbury Museum. ° Blackmore Museum. 10 1! 12 Garraway-Rice Coll. !'4 Mus. and Arch. Ethnology, Cambridge. 161617 BM. '19 Passmore Coll. 2% Devizes Museum. * ” Brighton Mus. 23 Kvans’ Stone, fig. 258. 4% bed, p. 306. * Lbzd, fig. 257, Edin. Mus. 27 Edin. Mus. *™ Russell-Coates’ Art Gallery, Bournemouth. 29 Willis Coll. * &.C.A.M. Mont., No. 887, fig. 48, Welshpool Mus. 31 Ashmolean Mus. 2 Private hands in New Zealand. 33 Garraway-Rice Coll. 4% Edin. Mus. ** Swindon Mus. 37 Kendall Coll. #® Mortimer, Pl. E., fig. 181B. 3? Winchester Mus. 40 41 42 Mug. of Archeology and Ethnology, Cambridge. 101 PRE-ROMAN COFFIN BURIALS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ONE FROM A BARROW AT FOVANT. By R. C. C. Cray, F.S.A. In the Anglo-Saxon charter of the lands of Fovant and Sutton Mandeville, dated A.D. 994, the boundaries of the two parishes which King Aethelred granted to the monastery at Wilton are surveyed.’ The southern portion of the eastern boundary, and its junction with the Ridgeway, which runs almost due east and west along the ridge of chalk downs, is thus described : “« , . . then from Sigewine’s Dyke up on the Down thirty rods east of Chester Camp where the flowers grow? to the burial place (byrigenne). From the burial place to the Highway.” The modern eastern and southern boundaries form a right-angled corner south of Chiselbury (Chester Camp). Since the Saxon boundaries elsewhere in the charter correspond exactly with the modern boundaries, it was natural to suppose that the burial place was situated somewhere in that small area of ground which lies between Chiselbury and the junction of the eastern and southern boundaries. [ therefore cut several trial trenches through this area from the spot “ thirty rods east ” of the camp to “ the Highway,” but no burials were found, and I therefore concluded that the “ byrigenne ” were the two small tumuli marked on Colt-Hoare’s map west of Chiselbury and just north of the ridgeway, that the Saxon boundary made a sweep round Chiselbury, and that it did not correspond with the modern boundary. Although the land on which these two barrows were supposed to be situated is on top of the downs, yet it has for a hundred years at least been carefully cultivated, and I am informed that at one time a herd of donkeys was employed to bring manure in panniers up the steep escarpment from West Farm, Fovant. No barrows are marked here on the ordnance maps, an aeroplane photograph of the land (grass-covered) to the west of the camp showed no barrows, and in spite of diligent search no mound was discovered in this large field, until in 1926 Mr. Kerley found a slight rise in the turf in the extreme south-west corner. This was examined and proved to be an abraded barrow. This barrow lies in Lat. 51. 2. 47. N., Long. 1. 58. 58. W., 57 feet north of the ridgeway and 165 feet from the fence on the western side of the field, and 3 furlongs south-west of Chiselbury. Its diameter is 28 feet, and its highest part only 10 inches above the normal ground level. Beneath the estimated centre a rectangular cist was found withits long axis south-west ' Kemble 687, 2 It is of interest to note that immediately south of Chiselbury there is still a patch of the very handsome and conspicuous greater willow-herb, Lpilobium Augustifolium, met with in patches, usually far apart, on the Southern Downs. a 102 Pre-Roman Coffin Burials. and north-east. Its length was 5 feet 6 inches, its width 2 feet 10 inches, and the bottom of the cist was 3 feet below the surface of the barrow. In it, and filling its lower portion, were the remains of a wooden coffin con- sisting of a soft, powdery, black material very similar to charcoal. The upper part of the coffin extended in a horizontal layer, 3 inch in thickness, across the cist at a depth of 24 feet below the crest of the barrow. Immediately under this layer some human bones consisting of frontal and temporal bones, a 12th rib, a pisiform and a molar were found. These bones lay in their proper position, but the rest of the skeleton had decayed, and may have been represented by a whitish material like finely divided chalk. In front of the skull bones there was a large antler of red deer, and a pick-like implement of antler was discovered where the hips should have been. The floor of the cist was covered by the same thick black layer of decayed wood. When the coffin decayed it collapsed and at the same time spread and filled up the corners of the cist, so that a vertical section of the coffin when found gave it the form of a pointed oval. In the centre the depth between the upper and lower sides of the coffin was 6 inches. The skeletal remains suggest that the body was lying on its left side with the head to the south-west and the legs to the north-east. It was probably crouched. One calcined flint was in the coffin, but might have been accidentally thrown there when the cist was filled in. The wood of the coffin was oak, but it was difficult to determine its original form. No clamps or anfiis were found and the burial can be ascribed to the Early Bronze Age. There was a top to the coffin, possibly made from a hollowed and split tree trunk with boarded endsattached. If the remains found had been of planks placed above and below the body, there would have appeared spaces between the adjoining planks, but none were found. Indeed the upper and lower portions of the coffin formed even and unbroken layers, as. if each had consisted of one large entire slab of wood. It is worthy of notice that the skeletal remains discovered in other early wooden coffins. have usually been badly decayed; more so in fact than if the body had been interred without a coffin. This suggests that the air round the body in the coffin allows aerogenous bacteria to hasten decomposition. Another suggestion is that the acid from the decaying wood may act on the bones, In the present instance all conjectures of interference after burial, whether by treasure seekers or by burrowing animals, can be ruled out, since the upper layer of the coffin formed an unbroken line. The bones preserved were lying up against the southern end of the straight walled cist, and con- sequently the percolation of water with humic acid in suspension from rain,. usually from the south-west quarter, may have been prevented at this spot. Sir Arthur Keith has kindly examined the bones and has reported on them as follows :—“I do not think that any theory of gradual decay will account for a well preserved frontal and temporal bone, a piece of 12th rib, a pisiform, and a molar, all in good condition. Something disturbed that. skeleton, either before it was put in a coffin, or more likely afterwards. The frontal bone is that of a young man, for his coronal suture was perfectly open. What the exact shape of his head was we cannot tell, but he had By R. C. C. Clay, P.S.A. 103 strong supraorbital ridges. He might well have been a “ beaker man” so far as his supraorbital ridges are concerned. The forehead was of average English width, 97.5mm., and the supraorbital width was great, 111mm. The greatest width of the frontal is 122mm., so he may have been a“ beaker man,” or rather “ round headed.” Coffins of split tree trunks are commonly found in Denmark with burials of the first part of the Bronze Age. In Britain coffin burials are uncommon until Romano-British times, but most of the recorded examples also belong to the Early Bronze Age, although, when cremation was as yet a new custom, burnt bones were occasionally placed in wooden boxes. These early coffin burials can be classified under various headings according to the method employed. Perhaps the commonest form was a coffin made by hollowing and splitting a tree trunk. Wooden ends were sometimes added. Other coffins were of boat-like form;.and occasionally a flat lid was affixed with wooden pegs. Another method was to line the floor of the cist with planks, and then to place planks over the body without any end-pieces or any attempt to join the planks together to form a coffin in the true sense of the word. Instances where the body rested on planks without any wooden covering should come under this heading of coffin burials. With the exception of one recorded instance from Dorset, coffin burials appear to have been restricted to Wiltshire and Yorkshire. WILTSHIRE.! Aldbourne. Barrow 14. Burnt bonesand a bronze knife-dagger enclosed in a wooden box.’ Amesbury. Barrow 15. (164 Hoare).’ Bell barrow. Skeleton lying on a plank of elm wood, with 3 pieces of oak wood radiating upwards from the cist to the surface of the barrrow. Associated objects: Bronze dagger with remains of wooden sheath, small bronze knife-dagger, antlers and a beaker.® Collingbourne Ducis. Barrow 4. (24 Hoare). Burnt bones contained in wooden coffin or tree trunk, 6ft. long and 3ft. wide. Associated objects : Incense cup, bronze dagger, and long bronze pin with double rings in head.* Collingbourne Ducis. Barrow 10. (5 Hoare). Burnt bones in hollow tree trunk, associated with antler hammer.® Collingbourne Ducis. Barrow 12. (7 Hoare). Remains of skeleton on wooden plank, 5ft. below the surface of barrow. Ogbourne St. Andrew. Barrow 1]. Saxon burials in wooden coffins at depth of 2ft.; burnt bones, wrapped in cloth, on a wooden plank, associated with a flint knife at a depth of 7ft.; and a cist 7ft. long lined with wood at the bottom of the barrow.® ‘The numbers of barrows are those in Goddard’s List, W.A.i., XXXVIII., p. 153, ff unless otherwise stated. 7A.W.,1I. Stations XI., XII. * bed, I., 205, 206. 4 Tbid., I., 185, pl. XXITI., Cat. Stourhead Coll., 116, Evans’ Bronze, 366, fig. 449. ° W.A.M., X. 94—97., Dev. Mus. Cat., IL, X32, X33. 6° W A.M, XXII., 345 5 Smith, Antig. N. Wilts, 189, XIV., M. IIla.; 4. W., II. Stations XI., XII. 104 Pre-Roman Coffin Burials. Overton, West. Barrow 1. Skeleton in wooden coffin with bronze knife-dagger, crutched pin, nnd flanged celt.! Roundway. Barrow 5. Oval barrow. In east end cist with burnt bones, flint arrowhead, whetstone, flint knife, bronze knife-dagger, and antler needle. In west end burnt bones deposited with knife-dagger in wooden box or coffin.? Upton Scudamore. Barrow 1. Secondary burial of skeleton in a wooden coffin. Associated object : small bronze knife dagger.® Wilsford. Barrow 48. (8 Hoare). Burnt bones with bronze dagger and whetstone in wooden box.‘ Wilsford. Barrow 56. (182 Hoare). Burnt bones in wooden box, associated with bronze knife-dagger, bone tweezers and pin.® Winterbourne Stoke. Barrow 4. (15 Hoare). Bell Barrow. Burnt bones in wooden box with bone pin, bow tips of bronze and bone tweezers.® Winterbourne Stoke. Barrow 5. (16 Hoare). Skeleton in hollowed elm trunk with “urn of ginger jar shape,” 2 bronze daggers, and bronze awl with bone handle.” Winterbourne Stoke. Barrow 9. (26 Hoare). Shallow boat-shaped coffin of wood, containing a skeleton, necklace of amber beads, bronze knife-dagger, bronze awl and small pottery vessel.® Yatesbury. Barrow 3. Burnt bones in hollowed tree trunk. Associated with bronze knife-dagger.® DorsEtT. King barrow, near Stowborough. Hollowed tree trunk containing a skeleton. Many of the bones had disappeared, and those which remained were very friable.}° YORKSHIRE. Gristhorpe. Small coffin of split and hollowed oak trunk. Contained a semi-crouched skeleton and a bronze knife-dagger.!! 1 Cran. Brit., A.I. 7; A.W. II. 90; Arch. XLIII., 121 ; Evans’ Bronze, 51, 134; Antig. N. Wilts, 167, XI., H. VI. k. 2 Dev Mus. Cat., IL, Xo7—X6s 5 W.A.M., VI., 162; Antig. V.W., 68, IV. A. VIII. g 2 A.W. I.,,52: 4A.W., I. 211, pl. XXVIII. ; Stourhead Cat., 134, 179. 5 A.W., I.,, 207 ; Lbzd, III., II Ia., 174. °A.W., I., 122, pl. XIV.; Arch., XLI., 125, fig. 75 ; Evans’ Bronze, 241, 302 ; Stourhead Cat., 21, 22, 78a; W.A.M., XXXVII., 99. 7A.W., I. 123, pl. XV.; Arch, LXI., 122; Bronze, 190, 241, fig. 227; Stourhead Cat., 23—25. 8 A.W., I., 124, ° Proc. Arch. Inst., Salisbury, 96, 97, fig T.; W.A.M., XVITI., 332 3 Antiq. N.W., 86, 87, VI. E. IV. b,c. 0 Gentleman's Mag., XX XVIL., 53 ; Jewitt Grave Mounds, 47. Grave Mounds, 47; Cran. Brit., pl. 52; Brit. Barrows, 207 note. By hk. C. C. Clay, FSA. 105 Wath, West Riding. Urn inside an oak coffin.! Scale House, near Rylston. Split oak trunk coffin. The skeleton had entirely decayed and was represented by an “ unctuous white substance,” which chemical analysis proved to be of animal origin.? Wiseber, south of Kirkby Stephen. Remains of a skeleton in a coffin made of a slightly hollowed slab of wood with planks over one end of it. Associated objects : remains of small bronze bowl and a bluish glass bead splashed with red and yellow. This burial had disturbed a former cremation and was evidently late in date.* Towthorpe. Barrow C 73. Tree trunk coffin with squared ends, There was probably a lid. It contained a cremation.‘ Farnham. Barrow 14. Skeleton in a cist which was lined with wood. Much of the skeleton had decayed.® Beverley. Boat-shaped coffin of wood with pegged on lid. Contained some fragments of human bones. ® Sunderlandwick, near Great Driffield. Badly decayed skeleton in a coffin of hollowed and split tree trunk with no end pieces.’ Selby. Hollowed tree trunk with lid and ends. Contained a skeleton.® Ganton. Barrow 25. Skeleton and food vessel lying on a wooden plat- form in a cist the sides of which were lined with wood.? Rudstone. Barrow 67. Skeleton of a very young child in a cist lined with planks. ‘his burial was evidently the primary one and was slightly earlier than a secondary burial associated with a beaker." NorRTHUMBERLAND. Wyden Eels, near Featherstone Castle. Greenwell mentions several coffins of split tree trunks having been found here, and notes that all the skeletons with one exception had entirely disappeared. The date of these burials is unknown." "Grave Mounds, 37. ? Brit. Barrows, 375. * Brit. Barrows, 384. * Mortimer Forty Years’ Researches, 6. > Ibid, 157. © Wright, The Celt, Roman and Saxon, 371. 7 [bid, 371. * Ibid, 371. 9 Brit. Barrows, 170. ' Ibid, 258. ™ Brit. Barrows, 376 note. 106 THOMAS DUCKETT AND DANIEL BULL, MEMBERS FOR CALNE. By L. B. NAMIER. The Ducketts were an old Wiltshire family, and between 1585 and 1763, whilst they owned the Manor of Calne and Calstone which gave them the nomination of at least one member for Calne, eight of them represented it in Parliament. George Duckett, an author and poetaster, who rightly signed his poem Homerides, as “Sir Iliad Doggerell,” and who, as most of that tribe, appears in the Dictionary of National Biography, sat for Calne 1705—10, and again in 1722; the same year he exchanged, however, his seat in Parliament for the lucrative post of a Commissioner of the Excise, in which he continued till his death in 1732, whilst his brother, Colonel William Duckett, represented Calne 1727—1741. Thomas, the second son of George Duckett, was born in 1713; he was a merchant, and in the London commercial directories appears in 1752 as ** Duckett, Thomas, at Mr. Price’s, Great St. Helen’s” ; in 1754 and 1755 “at Mrs. Farmer’s in Walbrook ”; in 1757—60 as of “ Bush Lane, Cannon Street”; and in 1763 he is last mentioned under “ Duckett & Jebb, Mer- chants, Bush Lane, Cannon Street.” The identity of Thomas Duckett, the merchant, with the member for Calne is proved by a letter addressed to him by his steward, John Bull, on August 5th, 1754, and directed to * Walbrook,” and by a letter from Thomas Duckett, M.P., dated June 7th, 1761, “ Bush Lane, Cannon Street.”! Moreover, in the list of members of Parliament prepared for Bute about the middle of December, 1761, the mark “ Mer.”( chant] stands against Duckett’s name.” In 1754, at the comparatively advanced age of 41, Thomas Duckett first entered Parliament, and politically connected himself with Lord Sandwich. “T have seen Mr. Jones,”* wrote Lord Sandwich to the Duke of Newcastle on December 24th, 1755, ‘‘and learn from him that the infor- mation I gave your Grace was true, and that he and Mr. Duckett and Bolton have attended and voted in every question this sessions in support of the measures of the government.” 4 No correspondence between Duckett and Lord Sandwich is preserved among the Hinchingbrooke MSS. (which the present Earl of Sandwich has very kindly allowed me to examine) nor is any published in Duchetiana; in the absence of evidence, surmises 1 Both these letters are published in Sir George Duckett’s Duchetrana (1874), pp. 67—8. 2 Add. MSS. 38333, f. 101. 3 Robert Jones, M.P. for Huntingdon, a London merchant and financial and political agent of Lord Sandwich. 4 Add MSS. 32861, f. 427. Thomas Duckett and Daniel Bull. 107 only are possible concerning the origin of the connection between them. As Robert Jones and Henry Crabb Boulton were both directors of the East India Company, possibly Thomas Duckett, who is mentioned in one breath with them, was of the same group; or possibly his connection with Jones, who had started as a wine merchant, may have originated in the Portugal trade in which Duckett was engaged. Anyhow, Duckett’s political connection with Lord Sandwich seems to have been through Robert Jones ; in 1761, the Duke of Newcastle, at the opening of the session, first intended to send him the “whip” through Jones,! though ultimately he sent it through Lord Sandwich as the chief of the group. “In the year 1755 the earthquake happened at Lisbon, and Thomas hav- ing connections there, was a great sufferer.” 2 Possibly in consequence of financial troubles he, shortly after that, decided to sell his seat in Parliament “We have found a person to vacate,’ wrote Pitt, in search of a seat fora valued follower, to Newcastle on June 26th, 1757, “ who is Mr. Ducket, and ready to accept a pension of £500 pr.an. till an office of that value can be found for him. This proposal seems so reasonable that I will not suppose your Grace can find any difficulty in accomplishing it, especially in a matter so indispensably necessary.’* The bargain was struck, and Dr. George Hay was returned for Calne on July 12th, 1757, in place of Duckett, who received his pension. The first payment is entered in the secret service accounts under November 7th, 1758, “To Mr. Chancellor of the hxchequer [H. B. Legge] for Mr.Ducket, one year to Michaelmas last £500”; 4the next on November 13th, 1759,° and the last, for the year ending Michaelmas, 1760, not till May 25th, 1762. On May 27th, 1762, the day after Newcastle had resigned office, H. B. Legge, who had been removed from office a year earlier, wrote to New- castle: “I have received the arrear for Ducket and will contrive some way or another to have it convey’d to him, tho’ I don’t very well know thro’ what channel.” © Duckett had decided to re-enter Parliament at the general election of 1761 ; or perhaps his steward, John Bull, had decided it for him, in order to have his son Daniel returned together with him. In the list of new men to be chosen, submitted to Newcastle on December, 14th, 1760, Duckett and Bull appeared as the prospective candidates for Calne;7 and on January 29th, 1761, Lord Sandwich wrote to the Duke of Newcastle :— 1 Add. MSS. 33929, f. 310. 2 In “Mr. Bowman’s Abstract and Observations,” Duchetiana, p. 66. 3 Add. MSS. 32871, f. 406 4 Add. MSS., 33044. 5 The receipt for this payment is preserved among the Newcastle papers (Add. MSS., 32900, f. 28) On December 13th, 1759, Duckett wrote to H. V. Jones, private secretary to the Duke of Newcastle. Sir, I have received from Samuel Martin, Esq., the money put into the Rt. Honble. Henry Bilson Legge’s hands for my use. Iam, &c. Thomas Duckett. . 6 Add. MSS. 32939, f.39. 7 Add. MSS. 32916, f. 66. 108 Thomas Duckett and Daniel Bull. “In obedience to your Grace’s commands I have sounded Mr. D[uckett] as to his present political creed and find him disposed just as you would wish, my friend Stephenson! has secured himself a seat in Parliament, and I will be likewise answerable for his conduct ; but they shall both satisfy your Grace from their own mouths of their in- tention to concurr in everything that can support or strengthen your administration.” 2 On March 28th, 1761, Thomas Duckett and Daniel Bull were duly re- turned for Calne, and in October, 1761, Duckett received his summons from the Duke of Newcastle through Lord Sandwich,’ whilst Bull was written to by James West, Joint Secretary to the Treasury.‘ In 1757, Pitt, when discussing the “circular letter” with West, ‘‘ said jocularly ” that if West marked it Secret Service, ‘“‘it might be under- stood”; and then seriously suggested that the letters should be sent anony- mous “dated from the Treasury Chambers.’’> Daniel Bull took the hint of a letter from West, perhaps for more than it was worth ; and Newcastle now received the following series of letters from William Levinz,* a Com- missioner of the Customs :— Custom House, December 16th, 1761. As I find by my friend Mr. Bull, Member for Caln, that he is to be introduced to your Grace to-morrow, I believe, by Mr. Ducket who he has brought into Parliament with him. I hope you will pardon my saying that J know he is Bereet yy well inclined to your Grace, and that he is a most worthy man. . Custom House, January 7th, 1762. I have a commission to communicate to your Grace from my friend Mr. Bull, Member for Caln. I never presumed to engage in an affair of this nature before, and am now influenced more by my gratitude to 1 John Stephenson, elected for St. Michael in 1761, ‘a very considerable Spanish and Portugal merchant.” 2 Add MSS. 32918, f. 110. 3 Add. MSS. 39329, ff. 338 and 452. Seealso Add. MSS. 32930, f. 156, for Duckett’slong and elaborate reply of October 27th, 1761. Having repeated the contents of Lord Sandwich’s letter, he went on to say: “. . . as I shall always have a sensible pleasure in obeying your Lordship’s commands, although I was under another engagement to pass that evening in the country, I will acquit myself thereof and be sure to be at the Cockpit next Monday evening [at the preliminary meeting of the friends of the Govern- ment] and will endeavour to prevail on my colleague [Daniel Bull] to accompany me thither ae 1 Add. MSS. 23929, f. 310. > Add MSS. 32875, ff. 376—7. ® William Levinz was M.P. for Notts, 1734—1747 ; Commissioner of the Customs, 1747—1763 : Receiver-General of the Customs from 1763 till his death in 1765. He promptly deserted Newcastle on the change of govern- ment in 1762. 7 Add. MSS. 32982, f. 210. By L. B. Namier. 109 your Grace, than his openess and friendship to me. I believe he is a very worthy man, certainly chuses the two Members for the Borough he represents, and has withstood (to my knowledge) strong sollicitations from others, resolving from the first to make your Grace the only object of his attachment. I therefore hope I cannot have done very wrong in engaging to break the ice for one I am perswaded, possesses great truth and modesty. . . .} Custom ilouse: February 6th, 1762. I some time since took the liberty of acquainting your Grace that I had a commission to communicate to you from Mr. Bull, one of the Members for Caln; and for fear I should offend, where I most desire to serve and oblige, I hope your Grace will forgive my informing you, that he is become very impatient : from a notion that he is not an object worthy of your consideration. From what I could ever learn, Mr. Bull, and his father are very happy in their fortunes, and the Borough incontestibly in them, and their friends, for both Members. The late Ld. Shelbourn bought a house very near that town,? and it was then thought with an eye to that Borough. What views the present Ld. may have I can not pretend to say, but from the very great civility and attention he pays this gentleman, I have suspected he would be glad to serve him to the extent of his power. Mr. Bull’s choice and opinion is certainly to make your Grace his only friend, and encretore I have nothing more to do than submit it to your pleasure. ie Indeed, young Lord Shelburne, actively engaged in English politics, was even keener than his father had been on enlarging his political interest, so far limited to one seat at Chipping Wycomb, in Bucks. In the list of Members of Parliament prepared for Lord Bute in December, 1761, the following remark appears against the name of Daniel Bull: “inclinable to Ld. Shelburne, but elected against his Lordship’s will by his father, — Bull, who is steward to his Lordship and Mr. Northey. Duckett and Bull have the borough.”* Still, presumably it was not Parliamentary ambition which had prompted the Bulls, and a bargain was soon concluded. Daniel Bull, at that time a man of thirty-five, was made Commissioner of Taxes,°® 1 Add. MSS. 32933, f. 94. 2The purchase of Bowood by John Fitzmaurice, Ist Earl of Shelburne, was completed on January Ist, 1754; see the Earl of Kerry’s essay on “‘ King’s Bowood Park,’ W.A.J1, xli., 509. 3 Add. MSS. 32934, f. 215. “Add. MSS. 31338, f. 101. 5 Lord Shelburne wrote to Henry Fox on August 19th, 1762 :—“* He [Lord Bute] was also very obliging in assisting me essentially in regard to Calne” (see Letters to Henry Fox, Lord Holland, edited by the Earl of Ilchester p. 157). This refers undoubtedly to the appointing of Daniel Bull to a Commissionership of Taxes. Ina MS. notebook containing the names of officials holding various posts or sinecures in the colonies, and compiled in 1781, Daniel Bull appears as “* Vendue Master ” of the Leeward Islands; the remark is added: ‘“* When the fees are regulated, it may be worth 5002. per ann.” (Add. MSS. 22129 ff. 26—27). The date of his appointment is not given. 110 Thomas Ducket and Daniel Bull. which post he retained till his death in 1791,' and Thomas Fitzmaurice, the brother of Lord Shelburne, was elected in his place on December 29th, 1762. By 1763 Thomas Duckett's “ financial affairs had become so much in- volved ” that he was forced to sell the Manor of Calne, which had been in his family for near two centuries ; the price paid for it by Lord Shelburne, was £28,600.2 About the same time Duckett sold to John Bull “ some closes and lands in the parish of Calne.”? ‘The vendor,” writes Lord Kerry, ‘* not long before had had some kind of paralytic stroke, and it was alleged that he was non-compos and had been unduly influenced in the matter of the sale.” On March 13th, 1765, Thomas Duckett got married, at the age of 53, and only a year before his death. He himself, it is alleged, was understood to deny—“ he was in a state so infirm that he could not ex- press himself in correct words,’—having sold Calne or having got married.‘ He died in March, 1766. In 1765 Lord Shelburne completed the purchase of Calne by buying from William Northey “the Prebend Manor of Calne.” ‘Its possession was no doubt useful, if not indispensible, to those who wished to retain the political interest of Calne borough. . . . £11,950 was the price paid, and it is curious to note that the Prebend had changed hands forty-five years before for almost exactly the same sum.”* From now onwards the borough was entirely under the influence of Lord Shelburne, a statesman who surrounded himself with men of character and signal ability; his nominees were among among the most prominent members of the House of Commons. John Dunning, the famous lawyer, sat for Calne from 1768 till 1782, when he became Lord Chancellor and was raised to the peerage by the title of Lord Ashburton : whilst Colonel Isaac Barré represented the borough 1774—1790, —undoubt- edly a marked improvement on Thomas Duckett and Daniel Bull. 1 See the Gent. Mag., 1791, I., p. 382. * See the Earl of Kerry’s essay on “ King’s Bowood Park,” W.A.i,, xlii., 28. > Duchetiana, pp. 66 and 80. * See memorandum by Sir George (Jackson) Duckett in Duchetiana, pp. 65—66. 5 See the Earl of Kerry, loco cit. 111 TWO SHALE CUPS OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE AND OTHER SIMILAR CUPS. By R. S. NEWALL, F.S.A. The two cups of shale mentioned first in this list came with the rest of the collection of the late Job Edwards, of Amesbury, to the Salisbury and South Wilts Museum some years ago. Mr. Edwards was an omnivorous collector. He took some pains to collect Prehistoric objects, and those in the Museum which still have their labels, are all local. He seems to have made no catalogue, or if he did, it has not survived. Unfortunately there- fore these two cups have no history beyond what is stated above. They are probably from the Amesbury neighbourhood, or perhaps “ probably Wiltshire” would be a safer description. | Shale Cups, I. & II., in Salisbury Museum. Fug. 1—Rather more than half this cup remains, it is the more orna- mented of the two. On each side of the handle, which is much broader at the top than the bottom, are three perpendicular grooves, which as they get nearer to the top, expand with the handle and join three horizontal ones. The rest of the space on the handle is filled at the top with two grooves forming a V, and at the greatest protuberance are four horizontal grooves. The cup is zoned by five bands of four, three, or two grooves; the surface of the cup is smooth and shows no striz. The thickness of the walls of the cup vary from = to Zin. at the bottom. Height 3gin., diameter at top - 83in. base rounded. Fig. 2.—Most of this cup remains but it is very contorted by earth pressure, its present diameter at the top being 4:sin. and 23in. The handle is surrounded on all sides by four grooves, the top being slightly broader 112 Zwo Shale Cups of the Harly Bronze Age and other Cups. than the bottom, whilst the cup is zoned about the middle by a band of four grooves, the rest of its surface being plain and smooth. It hasa small flat base. Height 33in., estimated diameter 23in. On looking at the drawings of these two cups, which have not to my knowledge been published before, and those that have, of which I give out- line drawings, all to the same scale as far as possible, one notices a very close family likeness whether they are of shale, amber, gold, or wood, so close indeed that the shale specimens might all have come from one workshop. In the amber specimens from Hove and Clandown, it would appear that in the first instance the piece of amber was broad and thick, and in the other long and narrow, which influenced the shape of thetwocups. Both have the out- turned rim and the expanding handle, and only differ in the raised band of five grooves almost encircling the Hove cup. This cup above all others seems to point to the use of the lathe, its average thickness being only 2in. It will be noticed that in all these cups where a band of grooves comes at the same height as the handle, they are not carried under the handle, When they en- circle the cup completely they lie evenly and equally distant, and the very smooth and circular surface both in and outside is without any trace of small flat facets, which are usually found on curved surfaces cut by hand. These indications all point to the cups having been turned ona lathe. ‘The late Sir John Evans was of this opinion (Stone Zmplements, 447), whereas the late Dr. Thurnam is of opinion that they were not (Archeologia, XLIII., 495). But granting for the moment that they are lathe-turned we should expect to find other objects made on the lathe. Wood would naturally be the most used material, and this of course has all perished, but the following objects all appear to have been made by the same means :— The Farway Segmented Bone Bead. Archeologia,. XLIIL, fig. 141. The Lignite Cores of the Gold Cones. Upton Lovell Gold Barrow. A.W., 99. Pl. X. The Cores of the Gold Cones. Normanton Barrow, 155. A.W., 201. Pl. XXV. The Cores of the Gold-covered Beads. Normanton and Bircham. Archxologia, XLIII., figs. 215, 216, 217. The Gold and Amber Disk. Normanton Barrow 155. A.W.201. Pl. XXV. The Lignite and Gold Bead of the Gold and Amber Disk from Manton Barrow. W.A.J., XXXV., 8. There are probably other similar specimens showing turning. As to the place of manufacture the material points to England in the case of the shale specimens. The amber ones may be from the Baltic, where similar cups were made of wood. Of bronze tools there seem many that would be efficient for this work, particularly narrow palstaves. Socketted gouges would undoubtedly have been used a little later. As regards the contemporary objects and ways of burial, cremation and inhumation are equal, one urn burial, two stone cists, one cist said to contain bark of a tree, two oak dug-out coffins. A dug-out coffin was found with the cup from Denmark. Four bronze daggers, gold in one if By RB. S. Newall, P.S.A. 113 not two instances, and a perforated double axe hammer were also found with shale cups. This axe hammer with the Hove amber cup, links these cups up with the first stage of the true Bronze Age (Montelius Archzologia, xli., 97). It may be interesting to give a list of all known cups of a similar type and the objects found in connection with them. East Riding, Yorkshire. The discussion as to the first (of these cups) discovered, reminds us of a vessel found in a tumulus in East Riding, Yorkshire, consecutively pre- served in the treasuries of the English and Scottish monarchs, Henry I., David II., and Henry II., and described as “ Vasculum Materiae incognitae, coloris insoliti et formae inusitatae.” Thurnam, Archzologia, XLIII., 523. This is so doubtful an example that it is only mentioned to check any reference to one of these cups having been found in Yorkshire, although there is no reason why one should not have been found there, King Barrow, Stowborough, near Wareham, (Dorset). Fig. 3. This barrow was opened 21st January, 1767, and is situated at the end of Stowborough, near Wareham, and on the road to Grange. The barrow was 100ft. in diameter and 12ft. high. In the centre at the bottom, even with the surface of the ground, in sandy soil, was found a very large hollow trunk of an oak, 10ft. long, 4ft. wide, lying S.E. and N.W. ‘The barrow was composed of layers of turf. The skeleton was covered with skins. _ Near the 8.E. end was a small vessel of oak blackened and much broken on _ the outside, and etched with many lines, some horizontal, others oblique. _ Its long diameter at the mouth was 3in., the shorter one 2in. Its depth 2in., its thickness =in. It was probably placed at the head of the corpse. _ There was a piece of gold lace (?), as imagined, 4in.»long, 23in. wide, stuck _ on the covering on the inside, black and much decayed, bits of wire appeared | in it.” Warner’s Celtic Tumuli IIT. 3. | Fig. 3 is a tracing from Gough’s edition of Camden’s Britannia, vol. I., 70. Itis difficult to understand this sketch. ‘The cup was more probably of shale, and was in Gough’s possession. Now lost. Hutchins’ Dorset, I., | 38. Pro. Soc. Antig., LV., 161. Rempston, near Corfe Castle (Dorset). In draining a withy bed at Rempstone in the year 1845, the workmen _came upon a deposit of ‘“‘ Kimmeridge Coal Money” that occurred beneath 'a bed of peat, and with it was a vessel described as “like the bowl of a large glass or rummer with the bottom stand broken off.” He says here we have an unrecorded instance of a cup similar to that found at Broad Down, ‘indubitably of Kimmeridge Shale. Kirwan Trans. Devon Assoc., II., 630. This cup is included to clear up the reference to it in Evans’ Stone, 448, and it is of extreme doubt if this is a real cup of the type with which we are dealing. A certain number of shale cups and bowls have undoubtedly been found with “-Kimmeridge Coal Money,” but this ‘‘Coal Money ” is VOL. XLIV.—NO. CXLVIII, | I 114. Two Shale Cups of the Early Bronze Age and other Cups. ‘(ezis yeu) winesnyy Aimasifes og} Ut sdng 9[eqg Cozis-Jleq ITV) ‘Ttemusog ‘aoqeyiry ‘pjoy ‘g ‘xessng ‘oaoyy “laqury ‘4 ‘79810 ‘UMOJSTIVIV IY ‘lequiy ‘9 ‘UodARG “UO}UOH ‘UMog proig ‘eTeqg ‘¢ pue pF "Josoq ‘Ysno10qMoja £21849 ‘g 115 I By R, S. Newall, F.S.A. 116 Z'wo Shale Cups of the Early Bronze Age and other Cups. only the waste material from turning shale bracelets which occur in vum- bers with Roman remains. This cup is more than probably one of these Roman cups. Farway Broad Down, Honiton (Devon). Fig. 4. Exeter Museum. Found July, 1868, by the Rev. R. Kirwan in one of the three or four smal] barrows at Farway on the range of hills 800ft. high rising between Sidmouth and Honiton, and about four or five miles from each place. This barrow was rather more than 8ft. high, and 94ft. diameters. withaditch. It was very carelessly opened, the labourers beginning without supervision threw out many objects without noticing them. The cup, 32in. high, 3in. diameter had the appearance of smooth clean dark porcelain, but was pressed into an irregular oval by the weight of the earth. On drying it cracked. ‘The barrow was made almost entirely of peat. Traces of charcoal and burnt bones were present near the centre of the floor, which was of large stones, 9ft. x 12ft., daubed with clay. The body seems to have been burnt on this, the ashes swept into the centre, and covered with earth without any urn. The cup was resting on the floor. Trans. Devon. Assoc., II., 624, xii, 1383. Arch. Journal, XXV.,297. Trans. Prehist. Congress, 1878, 363. Pro. Soc. Antig., IV., 159. Farway Broad Down, Honiton (Devon). Fig. 5. Exeter Museum. Opened in 1870 by the Rev. R. Kirwan. The barrow was surrounded by a ditch and a ring of stones. It was 7ft. high, 120ft. in diameter. At 3ft. below the top was a cairn covering a deposit of burnt bones packed in layers in the bark of a tree. Resting on this was a much corroded bronze dagger, 4Zin. long, with mid rib and two engraved lines. At about 3ft from the burnt bones was this cup 3+in. high, 3in. in diameter, in a compact mass of stones, It has no ornament on the handle. Trans. Devon Assoc., XII., 136. Arch. Journ., XXIV., 42. Abercrombie,. Bronze Age Pottery, II., 29, fig. 260. Clandown Barrow, Martinstown (Dorset). Fig. 6. Dorchester Museum. This barrow was 18ft. 6in. high, and 68ft. in diameter; 2ft. from the top were two stone-lined graves, probably Roman, with no accompanying objects. At 6ft. was a cairn of flints, and on the edge of this a bronze dagger, unfortunately broken, On the cairn was a very fine diamond-shaped ornament of thin beaten gold, 6in. x 44in, decorated with incised lines. Near this was a jet ornament with three gold knobs on it. Scattered among the flints and spread over a surface of 2ft., were the fragments of an amber cup, and below the cairn were the broken pieces of an incense cup. At lft. from the flints lay a badly broken Cinerary Urn. ‘This amber cup is quite plain, the handle is missing. It is 4in. high xX 23in. in diameter. Curwen. Brighton and Hove Arch., No. 2, Plate III. Abercrombie, Bronze Age Pottery, II., 10, fig. 3a and 3, also 02a, 02b, 02c. vi 5 By RB. S. Newall, FS.A. 117 Hove, near Brighton. Fig. 7. Brighton Museum. An oval barrow, 15ft. to 20ft. high. Finally destroyed in 1857, situated in what is now the garden of No. 18, Palmeira Avenue. Nine feet below the surface the workmen found a dug-out tree trunk coffin between 6ft. and 7ft. long, lying EK. and W., which crumbled to pieces. In this were decayed bones, and in the gh of the barrow much charred wood. It could not be determined with certainty if the body had been burnt or not. In the centre of the coffin were this cup, a perfor- ated axe hammer, whetstone, and bronze dagger. The cup is 24in. high and 34in. in diameter. It hasa raised band of five grooves below the lip and three on each side of the handle. Arch. Journ,, XIII., 183. Curwen, Brighton and Hove Archzologist, No. 2, Plate 11. Smith, Archeologia, LXXV.,, 81, Fig. 2. Rillaton (Cornwall). Fig. 8. Found on 10th April, 1857, in a barrow composed of rough stones cover- ing a chamber formed of granite slabs containing a skeleton. An earthen vessel (lost), fragments of pottery and a bronze dagger were in juxta- position to the cup inside the chamber. The cup is of pure gold. The surface is corrugated in concentric horizontal rings. It is 34in. high, and 33in. in diameter. The handle is engraved with three lines at thesides and attached by rivets passing through diamond-shaped plates. The corrugation of this cup reminds one of bronze objects of a much later date, but the description of the barrow is so scanty, and not only is the pottery as well as the gold cup lost, that it is difficult to attach a definite period to this example except for the handle, which closely agrees with the others. Proc. Soc. Ant., III.,517. Arch. Journ., XXIV., 189. Dragshoi, Scheleswig. From a barrow in centre of which was a wooden dug-out coffin, with the skeleton wrapt in a woollen cloth, There was a bronze dagger Tin. long, a small chip-wood box, 4in. in diameter, and this cup 12in. in diameter 63in. high, made of wood studded with two bands of two rows each of tin nails or tin tacks, both starting from the upper and lower junctions of the handle. The handle was also studded with rows of tin tacks parallel to its sides, the bottom of the cup having an eight-rayed star with two concentric circles made in the same manner. On the edge of the barrow was a stone cist containing a bronze sword and a flint arrow head. Arch. Journ, KIA 35. I have looked at this cup in the Aarhus Museum, and similar ones in the Copenhagen Museum, but have not handled them, so cannot say definitely that they are turned, but I should regard them as a later variation of the same type as those mentioned above, Switzerland. Mr. Eliot Curwen in his very excellent paper on the Hove cup, which gives photographs of the cups mentioned in the above notes, says that the museum at Lausanne has similar cups from Swiss Lake Dwellings- 118 BEAKER AND FOOD VESSEL FROM BARROW No. 25, FIGHELDEAN. By R. S. NEWALL, F.S.A. This unique beaker and food vessel have been kindly lent to me by Mrs. Hawley for description. They are both mentioned by Col. Hawley in his description of Barrow No. 11, W.A.d., xxxvi.,623. This barrow (Goddard’s Figheldean 25) is roughly Long. 1° 45’ 45”, Lat. 51° 13’ 13”, calculated on the lin. ordnance map, or 4-mile E. of Ablington Farm, and 3-mile N.E. of Syrencot House, standing in Barrow Clump. There is some doubt if it had not already been opened in 1849. If this is the barrow referred to in Arch. xliii., 537; Arch. Jour.,x., 248; W.A.d.,iv., 249; xxxvii., 119 ; and Evan’s Bronze, 242, it produced a strong bronze dagger with rather a flat blade, a small knife dagger, three boar’s tusks, and two Roe Deer horns, with cists and burnt bones. ‘These objects are in the Blackmore Museum. Colonel Hawley in his account of this excavation says after considerable digging three flexed skeletons were found, and the skeleton of an infant immediately above them. Over and about these skeletons were the ap- pearances of burning and “ the remains of a pot perhaps about 8in. high, very coarse and poor in material and make.” This I take to be the food vessel or small urn illustrated here. It is 5in. high, 5in. in diameter at the mouth. The rim, which is slightly turned outwards, is ornamented with a row of circular impressions about Zin. in diameter, #in. centre to centre. The walls are plain and thick, turned out at the base, which is flat. The colour is buff, but very dark grey in section where shown at a fracture. Below this he found a rectangular cist, 7ft. 3in. x Aft. 3in. x 5ft. deep, cut in the solid chalk. Lying on the bottom was the flexed skeleton of an old man with brachycephalic skull. At the foot of the cist was this beaker, and under the skull a flint dagger (now lost) 23in. long, the rounded cutting end finely chipped. This beaker is 5gin. high, 48in. in diameter at the mouth. It is of type A. It isornamented with first two and then three bands of oblong irregular indentations on the neck, each one being made by the same tool, which from plasticene casts seems to have been the edge of a worked flint, since they show a wavey edge down the middle and facets on each side. The bulbous lower half is covered with double finger nail impressions in seven bands, these appear to have been made by pushing the two first finger nails into the clay towards each other at the same time. The nail must have been long and horny. This leaves a raised piece of clay between two half moons, in some instances half this piece of clay has come away on the nail afterwards, and in others the whole has come away leaving a hollow de- pression not unlike a cow’s footprint in the mud. The colour is buff, vary- ing to grey in places. . I regret that I did not procure the loan of the beaker before so that Mrs. Cunnington could have included it in her very excellent List of Wiltshire Beakers, W.A.M. xliii., p. 267. Food Vessel and Beaker from Barrow 25, Figheldean. 119 THE SEVENTY-FOURTH GENERAL MEETING . OF THE WILTSHIRE ARCHAOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, HELD AT FROME} JULY 25TH, 26TH, AND 27TH, 1927. MONDAY, JULY 2578. Arrangements had been made to hold the Annual Meeting of 1927 at Shaftesbury, but the burning of the principal hotel there made this im- possible, and the Society fell back on Frome. The Annual General Meeting was held at the Public Offices, which had been most kindly placed at the Society’s service by the Urban District Council and Board of Guardians, at 2.30. Owing to the recent death of the President, Mr. W. Heward Bell, the first business was to elect a Chairman and President of the meeting. Canon Knubley dwelt on the very real loss the Society had sustained by the death of Mr. Bell, and proposed that Capt. B. H. Cunnington, F.S.A. Scot., be elected chairman of the meeting, a proposition which was carried unanimously. Capt. Cunnington then took the chair, and called on the Hon. Sec. to read the minutes of the last General Meeting. These were read, and Capt. Cunnington announced that in consequenee of the resolu- ' tions passed by the Society last year in favour of the marking of all scheduled monuments, the War Office were taking steps to clearly mark all the more important earthworks on their land. He was glad to be able to report this and hoped that all other owners of ancient scheduled monuments would follow so excellent an example. The Hon. Secretary then read the ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1926—27, Since last year the Society has lost by death both its Patron and President. The Marquess of Lansdowne had held the former office for a very long period, and had always shown his interest in the Society and his willing- ness to help it in any special work. The office of President had been® held continuously for many years by Mr. W. Heward Bell, whose death deprives the Society of one of the best friends it has ever had. Regular, whenever | possible, in his attendance at committee meetings, and until the last two _ years presiding also in a particularly efficient way at the annual meetings and excursions, Mr. Bell showed his real interest in the Society’s work | more especially by coming forward on at least three occasions to advance the money, without which those particular undertakings could never have been carried through. The enlargement of the Museum, the printing of the Tropenell Cartulary, and the purchase of the Buckler collection were in this way chiefly due to his prompt and generous assistance. | 7 _ 1The best and fullest account of the meeting is given in the Wiltshire | Gazette, July 28th, August 11th and 18th, 1927. 120 ; The Seventy-fourth General Meeting. Members.—The numbers at the present time are 18 life members and 428 annual members, making a total of 446, with, in addition, one honorary member, an increase of 13 in the year. During the year one member of long standing wished to commute his annual subscription for life member- ship, and was allowed by the committee to do so for less than the ordinary life membership payment. The committee decided that if similar cases arose, each case should be considered on its merits, and that no definite sum should be fixed for the conversion of long standing annual membership into life membership. Finance.—The general fund showed a balance on January Ist, 1926, of £126 18s. 10d. The entrance fees and annual subscriptions came to £350 2s. 6d., whilst the balance of the annual meeting at Chippenham pro- vided £53 12s., with the highly satisfactory result that after paying £229 11s. 9d. for the printing of two numbers of the Magazine, there re- mained on December 31st, 1926, a balance of £250 17s. 5d., a gain of £123 18s. 7d. on the year’s working. ‘This will assist in the publication of Mr. H. B. Walters’ “* History of the Church Bells of Wilts,” of which the first part is due to be issued to members with the December Magazine. The Life Membership Fund also showed an increase of £22 6s. 5d., from £81 17s. 2d. on January Ist to £104 3s. 7d. on December 31st, due to the fact that three new life members joined during the year. The Museum Enlargement Fund, from which nothing has been spent during the year, has automatically increased by the addition of the care- taker’s rent, from £7 5s. 9d. on January Ist to £20 9s. on December 81st. This is intended gradually to provide a sum to assist in future enlarge- ment of the buildings. The Museum Maintenance Fund beginning with a balance of £39 18s. 9d., ended with a balance of £34 18s. Id., a considerable sum having been spent on new cases and repairs. Subscriptions during the year came to £39 5s., with a further special gift of £10 for binding, and £14 8s. 10d. came from admission fees and donations in the box. The Museum Purchases Fund had a balance on January Ist of £93 1s. 5d. and one of £88 2s. 2d. on December 31st, £7 having been spent on the pur- chase of two volumes of MS. Notes by Dr. Thurnam, W. Long, and others. The Bishop Simon Ghent Fund. This is a special fund contributed by subscribers to the printing of the Register of that Bishop. As nothing has been published during the year, the balance has increased from £10 1s, 2d. to £10 4s. 8d. The Bradford Barn balance increased from £56 7s. 2d. to £61 17s. 11d. The balance on the whole of the Society’s funds, exclusive of the Bradford Barn fund, increased from £358 18s. 1d. on January Ist to £508 14s, 11d. on December 31st, 1926. The Museum. The most important addition to the collections during the year has been the gift by General G. Ll. Palmer of his large collection of English trade tokens of the 17th and 18th centuries, a gift the value of which is enhanced by its being unconditional, so that the Society is at liberty to exchange or sell such duplicates as are not required for the Museum collections. A certain number of the 17th century tokens were The Seventy-fourth General Meeting. 1241 © new to the Museum, and many others were better specimens of scarce tokens than those already in the collection. Of the 18th century Wilts tokens the majority are new to our collection, which was before very weak in this section. The accession of these additions has put our collection of 18th century tokens on quite a new footing. In addition to this the Hon. Curator has already sold a considerable number of duplicate tokens and has many more on hand which he would be glad to dispose of to collectors. More room has been found for the display of the prehistoric collections, more especially the large urns found by Dr. Clay in the Woodminton Bar- rows, etc., by the alteration of some of the table cases in the Stourhead Room so that the space below them is available for exhibits. It is proposed gradually to deal with more of these cases in the same way. Among other gifts we have to thank Dr. Clay for more objects from the Swallowcliffe Early Iron Age Pits, and Mr. E. V. Young for a remarkable oblong polished flint knife. ‘The electric light has been installed in the principal rooms with great advantage. Library. ‘The work of binding up the MS. copies of Wiltshire Monu- mental Inscriptions in the churches and churchyards of Wilts, chiefly the fruits of the industry of the late Mr. T. H. Baker, has been completed at the expense of his daughters, Mrs. J. L. Lovibond and Miss Baker, and 22 folio volumes in which the parishes are arranged alphabetically, are now easily accessible on the library shelves. ‘The Bibliographical Catalogue of Printed Materials for the History of Wiltshire,” compiled by the librarian, bound in five quarto volumes—one of two typed copies—has also been placed in the Library. Vol. VI. of ‘ Wiltshire Portraits,” and Vol. I. I. (the 35th vol.) of “ Wilts Prints, Drawings, etc.,” have been completed during the year, and catalogued. ‘he curious engraving of the Wootton Bassett Election Procession was purchased by subscriptions from several members. Magazine.—Two numbers of the Magazine, 145 and 146, have been issued during the year, extending to 250 pages, completing Vol. XLIII., and con- taining a full index to the volume in over 8,000 references. ‘The Society has to thank Mrs. Cunnington for the cost of the illustrations to two papers. It is hoped that the first instalment of the “‘ History of the Church Bells of Wiltshire,” by Mr. H. B. Walters, F.S.A., may be issued to mem- bers with the December, 1927, Magazine. In the work of examining bells hitherto unrecorded, Mr. Walters has received very valuable help from Mr. A. D. Passmore and Mr. A. F. Smith, Swindon. Hxcavations.—The excavations at Stonehenge which have been carried on for so many years under the indefatigable direction of Colonel Hawley, were brought to a close last autumn and are not being continued this year. On the site now generally known as “ Woodhenge,” at Durrington, Captain and Mrs. Cunnington have been busy this year completing the excavations which they began in 1926, on the remarkable circle of pits first revealed by an air photo. A full description of the work will be published later. All that can be said at present is that this was a great circular structure, formed of large wooden posts and surrounded by a wide and deep ditch. Mr. Alex Keiller has continued the excavations begun last year on the in- interesting Neolithic site of Windmill Hill, Avebury. - Dr. Clay also 122 The Seventy-fourth General Meeting. excavated certain barrows, etc., in Wilts, though his principal energies have been spent during the past year at Bournemouth. Church and Churchyard Inscriptions and Field Names. There are still many churches, and many more churchyards, especially in North Wilts, in which the monumental inscriptions have not been copied. The Society is indebted to Mr. A. F. Smith, of Swindon, for copies of three churchyards recently made. A complete list of those already copied will be published in the December Magazine, and the hon. secretary will be grateful to any member who will copy the inscriptions in any church or churchyard not already copied and send them in to him. Another work which it is desirable should be carried out is the compil- ing of complete lists of Field Names for separate parishes. Such lists might without much difficulty be made by anyone who has access to old estate maps, or tithe maps, and tithe apportionment schedules. Bradford Bridge Chapel. Members will hear with satisfaction that this interesting building has been offered by the Lord of the Manor, Sir Charles Hobhouse, to the Wiltshire County Council, and that the Council has agreed to take charge of it on condition that the necessary structural re- pairs are first carried out. Subscriptions are being raised for this purpose in Bradford and the neighbourhood. Archeological Kxcursion. A new departure on behalf of the Society was made on May 18th, 1927, when a one day’s excursion devoted especially to prehistoric archeology was arranged. ‘I'he main points to be visited were the two great camps of Battlesbury and Scratchbury, near Warminster. The organisation of the day’s proceedings was in the hands of Mr. C. W. Pugh, and the camps were described on the spot by Mrs. Cunnington, Dr. R. C. C. Clay, F.S.A., and Mr. O. G. 8. Crawford, F.S.A. Sixty-three members joined in the excursion, which proved a great success, leaving a balance in hand of £3 19s. 6d., which was carried to the General Fund. — The report was adopted, Mr. J. J. Slade expressing the appreciation of the Society at the work done on the Bibliography of the County by the Rev. E. H. Goddard, who in reply explained what had been done up to the present in the matter. The next business was the filling of the post of Patron of the Society, vacant by the death of the late Lord Lansdowne. The Hon. Secretary ex- plained that from the formation of the Society the Marquess of Lansdowne for the time being had been its Patron, and that the present Marquess had expressed his willingness to succeed his father in the office. Lord Lans- downe was then unanimously elected Patron. | The office of President being also vacant, through the death of Mr. Bell, the committee had enquired of Lord Lansdowne whether he would be willing to act as President for next year, 1927—28, and he had replied that if elected he would like to act. He was accordingly elected President for next year. Four new trustees were then appointed, Lord Lansdowne, Col. Lord Heytesbury, Major R. Fuller, and Capt. B. H. Cunnington, so as to bring the number up to five, the minimum number under the rules. The committee had already appointed Mr. Basil Hankey as Hon. Treasurer, The Seventy-fourth General Meeting. 123 and this appointment was confirmed by the meeting. Four new Vice- Presidents were then elected, Mrs. Cunnington, Canon E, P. Knubley, and Messrs. OC. Penruddocke and G.S.A. Waylen. ‘The Hon. Secretary, Librarian, and Hon. Curator and Meeting Secretary were then re-elected, as were also the whole of the Local Secretaries and members of Committee, with the addition of two members, Messrs. J. J. Slade and H. M. Gimson, who had been appointed provisionally by the Committee. As the time of the Society’s representative on the Town Trust of Wootton Bassett had run out, the Rev. E. H. Goddard was re-elected as the representative. One new member of the Society was also elected. An alteration of Rule IV., which was suggested by the Committee was passed, providing that the President in future shall be elected annually instead of for three years. At 3.30 two char-a-bancs and several private cars left the Market Place for Beckington, where the fine 15th century Church was inspected, the Rev. E. H. Goddard pointing out the chief points of interest in the building. From the Church the company went on to the Old Rectory where they were most kindly entertained at tea by Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Mason, and some time was spent in admiring the picturesque garden and the interest- ing contents of the house. From this point members walked to the Abbey House, and inspected the garden, but owing to the indisposition of Mrs. Blackwood the house itself could not be visited. Leaving Beckington about 6 o'clock members reached Frome before scheduled time at 6.30. After dinner at the George Hotel, which was the headqnarters of the meeting, a public reception of the Society by the chairman of the Frome Urban Dis- trict Council, Mr. ''. H. Woodland, accompanied by eight members of the council, took place at the Public Offices at 8.30 pm. The chairman in welcoming the Society, read an excellent paper comparing the two counties of Wilts and Somerset, geologically, archzologically, and historically,! noting the outstanding points in which they resembled or differed from each other. He was followed by Mr. H. H. Bearl, who gave an account of the chief industries of Frome. Capt. Cunnington then took the chair, thanked Mr. Woodland and his colleagues, and called on Mr. A. M. G. Daniel to read his paper on “Some Ancient Relics from Nunney.”? The paper dwelt chiefly on the history of the Castle, and in illustration a 17th century helmet found in the moat was exhibited. An interesting discussion arose on this head piece, the Rev. R. Jeffcoate pointing out that it seemed origin- ally to have been an officer’s helmet, which had lost its lobster tailpiece and had been turned into an iron hat in a very rough and ready way by the village blacksmith. About 42 persons were present at this meeting, and coffee was provided both on Monday and ‘Tuesday evenings by the kindness of the chairman and members of the council. ‘This paper is printed at length in the Wiltshire Gazette of July 28th, 1927. * Printed at length, Wzltshire Gazette, August 18th, 1927. 124 The Seventy-fourth General Meeting. TUESDAY, JULY 26TH, 1927. Motors and charabancs left the Market Place at 9.30 for Longbridge Deverill, arriving at the Church at 10.15. Here the Rev. E. H. Goddard shortly pointed out the features of the Church, and the Vicar read notes more especially on the additions to the Church made by his predecessor, the Rev. J. W. R. Brocklebank. These additions are of a very remarkable character. The Church itself suffered a very drastic “ restoration” in 1852, the whole eastern end is modern, and the principal ancient portions are the early 12th century solid square piers and arcade on the N. side, after the manner of Enford and Baydon, and the 14th century arcade on the S. side, in which the mouldings run down to the floor without caps, together with the tower arch. All this work, much scraped as it is, would present by itself a somewhat cold and uninteresting interior. The whole aspect of the building, however, is changed by the solid wooden screens shutting off the E. walls of both N. and §. aisles, in which the prevailing colours are red and cream colour respectively, and the brilliant green and gold screen of the tower, together with lesser items of decoration in the same style. The three small windows of the N. aisle by Eden are surely amongst the most beautiful examples of modern glass in the county. Altogether the effect of this bold and unorthodox decoration in the hands of Mr. Eden and the late Mr. Brocklebank is admirable. ‘The helmets from the Bath Chapel now hung on the wall of the tower (and faced by a trophy of Ger- man arms taken in the Great: War) were described, and their particular points shown in an interesting talk by the Rev. R. Jeffcoate. From the Church the party walked to the Old Rectory, and by the kindness of Mrs. D. Brocklebank visited the garden formed by the late Mr. Brocklebank. This was an addition to the programme and proved a most welcome one to all gardening members, for not only is the garden in itself a beautiful one, but it contains a great number of fine things, both in rock and border plants by no means to be found in the ordinary garden. Longbridge Deverell indeed, both in Church and garden, provided a good deal more to see than the programme promised. The private cars, now increased to 24, with the two charabancs, drove on to Brixton Deverill], halting at the foot of the track which leads to the top of Cold Kitchen Hill. Here Mr. Richard Stratton had most kindly pro- vided a cart to take drinkables and members’ luncheons to the top of the hill, and members began the easy ascent of about a mile leading to the tumulus or mound at the top. Up to this point the weather had been overcast but no rain had fallen. At the very moment, however, that the party reached the top, one of the highest and most exposed spots in S. Wilts, the rain began, and very soon a pelting storm seemed to make it hopeless to think of staying on the top, and almost all the memhers hastened down hill again and took refuge in their motors, consoling themselves with lunch under cover. flappily most people were provided with mackin- toshes and umbrellas and so escaped getting really wet—but it wasa great disappointment. A fine day would have made an hour and a half spent on the top a joy in itself, with the magnificent views over the whole cauntry on all sides, and the possibility of picking up relics of Romano-British or The Seventy-fourth General Meeting. = bao earlier times from the site of the well-known settlement. Even as it was one very notable relic was found by Miss Pugh, the half of a bronze brace- let of Hallstatt type, perhaps dating from czr. 400 B.C. It is understood that this find will eventually come to the Society's Museum which has no example of thetype.! The cutting short of the time spent on the top necessi- tated a wait at the bottom of the hill after lunch before starting for Stourton at2 p.m. On arrival at Stourton members first visited the Bristol High Cross, of which Mr. Goddard gave the history, and then adjourned to the Church. Here the principal points of interest were the old glass in the N. aisle win- dow, and the Stourton effigies with their accompanying helmets, one of these being a remarkable example of an actual helmet, the points of which were dwelt on by the Rev. Kk. Jeticoate in remarks which showed him g master of his subject. Sir Henry Hoare, accompanied by his forester, then led the members by the singularly beautiful path round the lake to the temples which over- look it, and thence by the path which strikes off to Stourhead House. Happily the weather had improved much by this time, and members were able to enjoy the lovely views over the lake, and the magnificent trees that clothe the sides of the narrow valley. All trees indeed grow to an extra- ordinary size in the moist and mild climate of this sheltered valley, and the great cedar not far from the entrance, now about 230 years old, is probably the largest in the county if not in England. Undoubtedly there is no place in Wiltshire to compare with these grounds, and perhaps none in the whole country that excels them in beauty. Stourhead House was rebuilt in 1720 by Henry Hoare, who also began the planting and laying out of the grounds. It is good to see that Sir Henry Hoare, the present owner, is not only keenly appreciative of the beauty of his inheritance, but is also con- tinually adding to its interest by planting fresh examples of rare trees for the benefit of succeeding generations. Inshowing members over the house, which was freely thrown open to them, Lady Hoare joined Sir Henry, and pointed out as fully as time allowed the many objects of interest preserved within it. Amongst the most remarkable things, is the furniture of the library, &c., specially nade for Sir RK. C. Hoare by the younger Thomas Chippendale in 1804 and 1805, and differing entirely from the ordinary designs of “ Chippendale” furniture, resembling indeed work of the Empire style. At the evening meeting in the Public Offices Mrs. Cunnington read her paper on “Recent Archeological Excavations at Durrington,”’? in other words, on “ Woodhenge.” Members and their friends present numbered 41, and the paper, an admirably clear account of the monument’s discovery and excavation, and the evidence for its having been a wooden structure, was listened to with the closest attention. Mrs. Cunnington made no dog- matic pronouncement as to its age or purpose, for the pottery found, so far 1Tt has since been given to the Museum. 7 An abstract of Mrs. Cunnington’s paper is printed in the Wiltshire Gazette of July 28th, 1927. 126 The Seventy-fourth General Meeting. as it has been examined, seems to be of adifferent type from both Neolithic and Bronze Age wares, but threw out the possible suggestion that it may have been the wooden prototype of the later Stonehenge. It became known during the meeting that Capt. and Mrs. b. H. Cunnington with their usual liberality have bought the ** Woodhenge” site and that they will probably hand it over for preservation to the National Trust, as they have handed over more than one site before. WEDNESDAY, JULY 277H. Motors left Frome at 9.30 for Mells, which was reached at 10 a.m., the * Church being first visited.! Here the Rector, the Rev. Canon Hanney, better known to fame as “George Birmingham,” the author of many novels, described the building and its history. It is a beautiful late Perpendicular Church, with, as is fitting in Somerset, a fine tower, and perhaps one of the most beautiful porches in England. It suffered a very ‘complete restora- tion” which cut up its Jacobean pews and made a dado of them round the walls, but provided it on the other hand with perhaps the unique distinction of quite good oak bench ends throughout the Church, all carved in the village itself, as well as the whole series of stained glass windows in the nave, also entirely made in the village. These latter cannot be described as good, but they are by no means so bad:as many windows of their age elsewhere. This painted glass industry was started in the village by a curate who having learned glass painting himself taught the art to others. It eventually developed into the firm of Horwood, glass painters, who removed to Frome, and have now since ceased to exist. By this time it was raining hard, but the Elizabethan Manor House of the Horners adjoins the churchyard and members had only a few steps to go. Here Lady Horner received the party most kindly and did the honours of the house, originally a large house built in the shape of the letter Jl. Of this only one side of the JX] now remains, the larger part having been pulled down, and the remainder degraded to the status of a farm house when more than 100 years ago the Horner of the day built himself a large classical house in the Deer Park some distance away. The late Sir John Horner, however, restored the old house and lived in it. It contains family por- traits, furniture, and numbers of other objects of interest, including the large veil worn by Mary, Queen of Scots, at her execution. The party re- turned to Frome for lunch and set forth again at 1.30 p.m. for Orchardleigh Park. A little way inside the precincts of the large park, at Murtry Hill,? the cars stopped and members walked a short distance to the site of the Long Barrow excavated by Mr. H. St. George Gray not long ago. Here they were met by Dr. Arthur Bulleid, F.S.A., who gave them an address on the Chambered Barrows of Somerset, of which this was one. ‘Two large stones are now standing upright on the mound which is almost worn away, but the late excavations seemed to show that they are not now in their 1See Wiltshire Gazette, August 11th, 1927. 2See Wiltshire Gazette, August 11th, 1927. The Seventy-fourth General Meeting. 127 original positions. ‘Two or three other smaller stones uncovered in the ex- cavations are still visible. Returning to the cars, the members drove on through the park to the house, a large modern building. From this point a walk through part of the gardens and a quarter of a mile of the Park brought members to the little Church, standing on an island surrounded by a stream. ‘The most remarkable features here are the two corbelled figures standing out from the north and south walls of the chancel in front of the altar rails, of which that on the south side still holds in his hands the iron ring from which the lenten veil was suspended in front of the altar in Lent. The font, too, is a remarkable one, perhaps originally Norman with figures and other ornaments added in the 14th Century. During the walk back to the cars the rain came down heavily, but happily, there were trees here to shelter under. Lullington Church, the last item on the programme, was reached at 3.30, and here, as at Orchardleigh, the Vicar, the Rev. H. Vaughan Johnson, kindly read notes on the chief features of the Church.? These are the remarkable Norman work of the N. door with tympanum and high pediment over it, enclosing a figure of Christ seated in glory, of 12th Century work, and the chancel arch with Norman zig-zag moulding re-used in the 13th Century re-building of the arch, In the vestry is a good coffin slab with the Manus Dei issuing from clouds abovea cross. From this place the cars went back to Frome, arriving about half-an-hour before scheduled time. With the exception of the cutting short of the stay on Cold Kitchen Hill the programme was carried out as laid down, but the weather on Tues- day morning and practically the whole of Wednesday was the worst the Society has experienced for many years. The numbers attending some part of the proceedings were between 90 and 100. and everything, except the weather, went pleasantly and well, and time, as usual, was kept strictly throughout, thanks to Capt. Cunnington’s careful and exact preparations beforehand. The balance on the meeting amounted to £6 2s. 9d. oS ¢ 'See Wiltshire Gazette, August 18th, 1927. *See Arch. Journal, June 1900, by Rev. J. G. Marshall. Wiltshire Gazette, August 11th, 1927. 128 NATURAL HISTORY NOTES ROUND GREAT BEDWYN. II, By Crcort P. Hurst. Mossss. The following mosses do not seem to have been recorded by Mr. H. N. Dixon in “ The Moss Flora of the Marlborough Greywethers” (W.A.J/., vol. xxxv., p. 587) or by me in “ East Wiltshire Mosses” (W.A.J/, vol. xxxiv., p. 449), ‘‘ East Wiltshire Mosses, Hepatics, and Land Shells” (W.A.M.. xl,, p. 231), or * East Wiltshire Mosses, Hepatics, and Lichens ”’ (W.A.M., vol. xli., p. 40). ‘They are mostly common species which have in some way escaped record. It may be mentioned that the rare Seligeria paucifolta was found on flints in Rivar Copse, a hanging wood on the chalk escarpment to the south-east of Bedwyn, the greater part of which lies just outside our county boundary, in Berkshire; this moss should be looked for in Wiltshire. With reference to the edentate form of Mnium rostratum recorded by me in “ East Wiltshire Mosses, Hepatics, and Lichens,” Mr. Dixon writes on p. 380 of the third edition of ‘ The Student’s Handbook of British Mosses” :—“ Mr. C. P. Hurst has gathered a remarkable form in Savernake Forest with the leaves quite entire ; it is sterile, but if it should prove dioicous, as is possible, it would be identical with the Indian J/. integrum Fleisch. In any case I can hardly look upon it as anything but a varietal form.” This moss was plentiful on the gravel of Khododendron Drive in the south-east of the Forest in the spring of 1927. Interesting forms of Barbula fallax and Orthotrichum leiocarpum are noted below. Fissidens viridulus var. Lylec growing upon an ant-hill near Newtown Shalbourne is rare, and Zortula muralis var. aestiva on a wall at Durley is an uncommon variety. The abundant Bryum argenteum, hitherto un- recorded, may be looked upon as the sparrow among the mosses for it attaches itself to man and seems to flourish amid the surroundings of great cities, and I have observed it under doorsteps in Cromwell Road,8.W., and have seen it growing luxuriantly in Kensington Gate. Orthotrichum stramineum, included below, is a moss that is much more at home upon trees on the Welsh mountains than upon the beech near London Ride in the Forest where it was found. v.c. 7=North Wiltshire. v.c. 3=South Wiltshire. c. fr.=with fruit. Tetraphis pellucida. 8 Ona stump in Botley Great Copse to the south of Bedwyn; a very pretty and interesting moss easily recognised by the gemmiferous cups ; a widely distributed but not abundant species, common in peaty districts. Seligerta calcarea. 7. Chalk-pit near Froxfield with one or two capsules ; it grows on the bare surface of the chalk and is frequent on the chalk hills of the south and east of England, looking like the film of a protophytic alga until carefully examined. Fissidens viridulus var. Lylec. By the side of an ant-hill on clay near Burridge Heath. Mr, Dixon wrote :—“ Your Fissedens has too small cells By Cecil P. Hurst. 129 for F. extlisand I think you are right in referring it to F. viridulus var. Lylet, of which it is a very extreme form in its departure from type, having sheathing lamina quite without border (so far as I have seen) and often denticulate.” The locality was just in Berkshire (v.c. 22) by the old county boundaries but in South Wiltshire (v.c. 8) by the new ones. Tortula ambigua. 8. On the ground at Dod’s Down; a common moss in calcareous districts. 7’. muralis. 7, 8. Abundant on walls and stone every where ; var. aest?va, growing on a wall at Durley. Mr. H. H. Knight writes :—" Your moss is Zortula muralis var. aestiva. The leaf margin is not right for 7. marginata and as Mr, Dixon says, this latter moss grows in wide patches, not in small cushions like yours. I have never seen 7. marginata on brick walls. Its favourite habitat seems to be a calcareous sandstone. It is quite common in this county (Gloucestershire) on our Red Keuper Sandstone. I have two localities for it on the Cotswolds, where it seems to be quite rare.” Barbula rubella. 7, 8. Rather common at the foot of trees, and nearly always fruiting ; the red colour of the lower part of this moss is very characteristic and may be relied upon to distinguish it from allied species. B. fallax. 7,8. Not very frequent in this dry chalky country, Mirl Down, near Wilton Brails, near London Ride; about a form which grew in a hollow in Tottenham Park, Mr. Dixon wrote :—‘‘ Your Barbula is a per- plexing one. It has many—most perhaps—of the characters of B. recurvi- folia, but it has not the habit and colour, which are important, and the leaves are perhaps a little too acute. On the whole I should incline to put it under B. fallax, showing a marked approach to B. recurvifolia.” B. unguiculata. 7,8. Very common everywhere. Weista microstoma. 7,8. Here and there on sandy soil ; known from the closely allied W. vzredula by the small mouth and absence of the peri- stome; in April, 1925, both species occurred on ant-hills with deoperculat - ing fruit near St. Katharine’s Church, in Savernake Forest, and it was interesting to compare the mouths of the capsules and to note the presence of the peristome in wrzdula and its absence in mecrostoma: about plants which grew at Mirl Down Brickworks, Mr. Dixon wrote :—‘' Your Weasza is hardly var. brachycarpa ; the leaf characters are pretty typical ; it is rather the var. obl/zqgua which, as I have said, seems hardly worth keeping up.” W. tenuis. 7. when the school was closed, but Dr. Bourne continued to live there. On his death in 1925, aged 86, the Corporation purchased the house and grounds as a new Council House and Municipal Offices. Dr. Bourne had already, in 1883, given the whole of the adjoining greencroft to the city. ‘The last two chapters deal with the ancient city rampart (there never was a city wall), “ Barres,” and gates, and with the history of the “ Greencroft.” Alderman Haskins has put Salisbury under a further debt of gratitude to him by the publication of this most useful further instalment of the history of the city. The Potteryfrom the Long Barrowat West Kennet, Wilts, compiled by M. E. Cunnington, Devizes. Printed by George Simpson & Co, Devizes, 1927. For private circulation. Boards, 10in. x 74in. pp. 19, 18 Plates. * Pottery from English long barrows is so scarce that the little that has been found is of special interest. ‘The chamber of the long barrow.at West Kennet yielded more than any other as yet explored. This pottery has never been fully published, and therefore is not so well known in detail as its value for comparative study deserves.” The excavation of this barrow by Dr. J. Thurnam in 1859 was fully described in Archeologia, xxxviil., 405—421; W.A.lM., x., 130; and Smith’s Antiquities of N. Wilts, p. 154, but only six pieces of the pottery were illustrated by Thurnam. ‘These were among the fifteen pieces in the British Museum; and the remaining nine fragments are now illustrated, together with all the more important of the 250 to 300 pieces in the Devizes Museum. All these pieces were found in smal] heaps in the corners of the chamber, and were already merely fragments when deposited there. Some of the fragments are worn as though they had lain on the surface and been exposed to the weather. Mrs. Cunnington says that they were collected, with the bones of animals also found in the chamber, from the site of a funeral feast. Dr. Thurnam, in his original account, says that he was satisfied that the chamber had not been disturbed since the burials took place, and if this was so, the fragments must all have been of the same date, or at all events none of them could be later than the beaker pottery. Later on, it is true, Thurnam speaks less 188 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. certainly on this point, but as ‘‘ Beaker” pottery has been found elsewhere associated with ‘“* Neolithic ” bowls there seems no reason to doubt that his first impression was correct. Mrs. Cunnington suggests that the com- paratively few pieces preserved do not represent anything like the number originally found, for Thurnam speaks of finding “piles of fragments of ancient British pottery, of various descriptions,” and of “a large heap” in one corner. In this book good photo process illustrations, actual size, are given of 111 fragments, each of which is carefully described. Mrs. Cunnington sums up thus: “It is curious, but nevertheless it seems to be a fact, that in some respects pottery of late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age (such as that from West Kennet) has more features in common with that of the Early Iron Age (All Cannings Cross period) than it has with that of the intervening Middle Bronze Age ; that is to say as we know it at present, for knowledge of the Middle Bronze Age pottery, in the south of England at least, is almost entirely confined to that from the barrows, and we know little or nothing of the domestic wares of the period. Furrowing, fingertip markings, round and triangular punch marks all occur on pottery of both the Early Iron Age and the earlier period. More than this, some of the fragments as to paste, colour, and general feel, are quite indistinguishable. Complete vessels, or even a fairly comprehensive collection of fragments, would undoubtedly at once declare their origin, but picked pieces from the two series are difficult, if not impossible to distinguish.” Mrs. Cunnington has done well to make this very important pottery series available for study in this way. ‘The book was reviewed in Antiquity, March, 1923, pp. 116, 117, where, however, somewhat less than justice seems to be accorded to the quality of the illustrations. Supplement to Charters and Records of Neales, of Berkeley, Yate,and Corsham, by John Alexander Neale, D.C.L. of Queen’s College, Oxford. Mackie & Co., London and Warrington, 1927. 1liin. x 74in,, pp. 3 + 84. Portrait of Robert Neale, of Yate and Corsham. Tomb of Sir Thomas Neale, of Warnford, 1621. The original volume of Charters and Records was printed for private circulation in 1906. ‘The present volume contains a number of supple- mentary notes thereon on Nigells, Fitznigells, Berkeleys, and Neales, and families connected in any way with them, tombs, entries in the registers, etc. There is a certain amount of matter concerning various Wiltshire families. It is stated that Kingston House, in Kensington Gore, was probably built out of the proceeds of the sale of the Chalfield estate to Robert Neale by the Duke of Kingston. A good many extracts from “ Duchetiana” are given. The legendary descent of ‘‘ the O’Neill” of Lisbon and Cintra from kings of Spain and Ireland and the daughter of Pharoah, is dwelt upon at some length. Some twenty-nine additional deeds connected with Corsham and Pickwick are catalogued, followed. by fourteen pages of addenda and corrigenda to those printed in the original volume, and a list of forty family portraits of Neales, Smiths of Shaw, Webbs, Gawlers, etc.,is given. Indices Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Artacles, 189 of places and persons come at the end. The names of twelve inns at Wootton Bassett are mentioned. There are a good many notes on the family of Selfe. The 2nd Battalion Wiltshire Regiment (99th). A record of their fighting in the Great War, 1914 —18. By Major W. S. Sheppard, M.C., (Adjutant 1915—16, Second in Command 1917—18). Printed by Gale & Polden, Wellington Works, Aldershot, 1927. 8vo. cloth, pp. 3 + 182. Price 5s. net. The 2nd Battalion was at Gibraltar at the outbreak of war, and it was not until October 7th, that as part of the 7th Division they landed at Zeebrugge and reached Ypres on October 14th. Next day they marched out along the Menin road and came into conflict with the advance guards of the Germans at Reutel and the neighbourhood. Here they entrenched and from the 22nd to the 24th they were subject to continued assaults by heavy masses of Germans, six whole battalions as it turned out, against them. In this fighting seven officers fell, and the Colonel and others were, with many of the men, taken prisoners, so that the battalion which went into the fight 1100 strong was reduced to about 250 under the command of Sergt.-Major Waylen on the 24th. But they had held their trenches by rifle fire alone, for they had next to no artillery support, and it “ cannot be denied that the Germans lost the war when they failed to break the British line in the first battle of Ypres.” ‘‘ The Germans were astounded when later they learned the actual number of troops that had been. opposing them.” The first — chapter is by Col. Forbes, then Commanding the Regiment, and the fighting is most vividly described, The Christmas truce of 1914, which lasted until New Year’s Eve, is described. By March, 1915, drafts from home had raised the numbers again to 28 officers and 886 men, of whom 18 officers and 276 men died or were wounded at Neuve Chapelle. The ranks were again replenished before the battle of Festubert, on May 16th. Here the losses were less severe, about 158 in all, and after recruiting in the rear the num- bers were brought up to 35 officers and 1000 men. Throughout this history the various officers who served with the Regiment are mentioned by name. At the battle of Loos the losses of the Regiment numbered 14 officers and 400 men, In December, 1915, the 2nd Wilts left the 7th Division with which they had been associated since the beginning of the War, and were sent to the neighbourhood of Amiens, near Carnoy and Bray. In the Somme offensive of July, 1916, they formed part of the 30th Division, and were prominent in the capture of Trones Wood, under Col. Gillson, who was wounded on the occasion. Their losses here, killed and wounded, were 3 officers and 228 men, and the Regiment was especially praised by the High Command for their share in the success. Later on on October 18th, they lost 14 officers and 350 men in an unsuccesful attack. In 1917 the Regiment was sent to Arras, and on April 9th, in a hopeless attack on the Hindenburg line, their losses were again very heavy. In June they were back in the Ypres salient for a short time, fighting in the 3rd Battle of Ypres, and 190 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, Christmas found them where they had begun the War. In 1918 the 30th Division took over a portion of the French line and were for a time near St. Quentin, when on March 2Ist the trenches held by two companies of the 2nd Wilts were attacked and the whole force was surrounded and killed or captured after desperate resistance by two divisions of Germans. Col. Martin’s account of the surrender and subsequent ad ventures of the prisoners is given. ‘Che remnants of the Regiment were now amalgamated with the 2nd Beds. Regiment, and experienced heavy fighting at Gheluvelt, after which only 2 officers and 71 men were left. The 6th Wilts joined up with these and new drafts to form a new 2nd Batt. In May they moved south to Champagne and had continuous fighting against heavy German attacks. In August they moved to the north again, where on September 14th, Lt.-Col. Lord Alex. Thynne, then commanding the Regiment, was killed. In October they were at Cambrai following up the retreating Germans and the Armistice on Nov. 11th found them at Eth, where it is noted that the one Church bell which had been buried to save it from the enemy, was dug up and vigorously sounded on a temporary support. The book, which is really a diary of tne movements of the Regiment day by day for four years, ends with a list of the 80 officers killed, and the 110 honours won by officers and men during the War. Report of Marlborough College Nat. Hist. Society for the year 1927. No 76. As usual the Report contains the record of excellent work done by the only society in the county which _ devotes itself wholly to Natural History. Among birds, the Pied Flycatcher was seen in Savernake Forest on migration, the Woodlark nested at Clench Common, Crossbills occurred at Marlborough and Ramsbury, three pairs of Redshank nested at Poulton, and the J.andrail nested at Barton Farm. That this last item should be worth recording is a proof of the remarkable disappearance over all this part of England of what was a common bird 30 years ago. In the Botanical section a number of plants new to the Marlborough list are noted, but they are nearly all either doubtful escapes or varieties and subspecies of plants lately advanced in the London catalogue to the position of species. Vaccinium myrtillus, however, seems to be established at one point in the West Woods. In Entomology Mr. C. P. Hurst records anum- of species in orders other than Lepidoptera. Helix pomatia (the great ‘* Roman” snail) is noted as abundant at Ramsbury. Mr. H. C. Brentnall reprints from Waylen’s History of Devizes the story of the ghostly ringing of the Wilcot Church bells in 1624. Mr. C. W. Hughes writes on Draycot Foliat. It seems that one John Webb, alias Evered, who was connected with the place, emigrated to Boston, U.S.A., in 1634, and in 1659 was granted 1,000 acres of land on the north side of the Merrimac River, near Chelmsford, which he named Draycott on the Merrimac, now shortened to Dracut, a village opposite the town of Lowell, which has given its name in American geology to the “ Dracut diorite.” The Wiltshire Draycot Foliat having lost its Church, and consisting to-day of two farms and a few cottages only, has (most of it) been bought recently by the War Office Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, 191 and will be absorbed by Chiseldon Instructional Camp. Interesting notes on the history of the Manor of Draycot and of the Foliat family, the owners in the 13th century, and their successors, Crooks, Tyes, and Lisles, are given, together with an account of a curious dispute between Sampson Foliat and Thomas, parson of Swindon, who had ex-communicated him for non-payment of tithe on Walcot, in the parish of Swindon. In 1563 Aristotle Webb was instituted Rector, and in 1568 Thomas Webb, Rector, was deprived. In 1528 a lease of the Manor was granted to Thomas Webbe, alias Richman. It is mentioned that the Vicar of Chiseldon is still inducted on the site of Draycot Church, pulled down in 1572 when the parish was merged in Chiseldon. A paper on Fungi, by C. P. Hurst, follows, and another on a minute water animal, Attheyella wulmerz, found in great numbers round Collingbourne Ducis in 1927. As this species has never been identified in England before it is here fully described and illustrated. An appreciation of the entomological work-of Mr. Edward Meyrick, F.RS., read on the occasion of the award to him of the Captain Scott Memorial Medal by the Council of the South African Biological Society, for his contributions to South African Entomology is printed in full. This is a remarkable record of a life’s work in the description and naming of many thousands of species of Lepidoptera, largely Australian and South African. A note on the re-opening recently of Knowle Farm Pit and the continued finding of palzoliths there warns collectors that apparently the faking or “improvement ” of implements is not unknown at the pit nowadays. The Wiltshire Broomes. The Wiltshire Gazette, Sept. 15th, 22nd, 29th, Oct. 6th, 13th, printed a series of MS. notes on the Broome family, compiled by the Ven. George Herbert Rogers, Archdeacon of Rock- hampton, Queensland, whose mother was descended from that family. The writer says “ I have so far failed to trace any connection of our family, settled as yeomen under the chalk hills of Wiltshire in the 17th century with their more distinguished namesakes of Broome in Shropshire, of Baddesley Clinton in Warwickshire, or of Holton, in Oxfordshire, these being un- doubted ancestors of the Broomes of West Malling in Kent.” The earliest Wiltshire Broome of whom mention has been found is Thomas Broome, of Kington St. Michael, “ husbandman,” whose will is dated Sept. 1st, 1616. His brother Richard, and his kinsmen William and John Broome, are mentioned. But the connection, if any, between him and Elizabeth Broome, widow, buried at Clyffe Pypard, May 11th, 1665, who was the ancestress of the writer. is not made out. Her son Ralph, of Spirthill (in Bremhill), yeo- man, married Frances Andrews, and had two sons, John and Richard, and a daughter, Elizabeth. By his will, dated 1664, he left Spirthill to John, _ and Wilcreek, in Monmouthshire, to Richard. Ralph Broome’s property was valued at £314, and included 38 oxen, 9 cows, 76 sheep, and one horse. John Broome, son of Ralph, born 1636, died 1723, was churchwarden of Lyneham in 1660 “for his unkle Richard,” and in 1661 “for his grand- mother Eli. Broome.” Richard, son of Ralph, was tenant of Cowage Farm (in Compton Bassett), as was his son Ralph after him. His other son, 192 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. Christopher Broome, of Bushton, married John’s daughter, Elizabeth, at Clyffe Pypard in 1706,,whilst her sister, Susanna, b. 1683, married as his second wife, Christopher Pinniger in 1709. The will of Richard Broome, dated 1713, appoints Francis Broome, of Preston, and Roger Spackman, as trustees for Ralph, son of Christopher and Elizabeth Broome. They are to “keep my grandson and school and breed him a good schollar and_ prefer him in the world in the best manner they can.” This Ralph married his cousin Mary, d. of Christopher and Susanna Pinniger. A number of entries of births in a bible that belonged to Thomas Mundee, of Hullavington, are given, including six children of Richard Broome, of Spirthill, born at Spirthill, Tytherton Kelloways, and Cowage. His daughter Dorothy married Roger Spackman, and both are buried at Clyffe Py pard. Ralph Broome, of Cowage, in 1734, handed over the tenancy of Cowage to Ralph, son of Christopher, and Richard, son of Ralph. The rent of Cowage payable to William Northey was then £256 a year. ‘The stock was 56 milch cows, one bull, 10 oxen, 60 grazing cows, 6 horses, 100 ewes and lambs, and “a proportionable herd of swine.” Hay was worth £1 10s. a ton. This Richard, son of Ralph, of Nuthills, was apparently the R. Broome buried at Bremhill, November 21st, 1740. Ralph had retired to his property at Nuthills, near Sandy Lane, which remained in the Broome family till 1860, when it was sold for £6000 and now belongs to Lord Lansdowne. Ralph left the estate to Ralph the younger, andalso legacies to others of about £2,000 as well as “five shillings to every poor family that will receive charity between the Bear Inn in Sandy Lane and the last house in Cuffs Corner.” An abstract of the will is given. An altar tomb east of the porch of Bremhill Church bearing the arms, a chevron with five sprigs of broome, records the death of Ralph Broome in 1716. This Ralph was a partner in the firm of Robert Cooper and Company, looking glass makers. His will leaves the profits of the partnership to be divided between the children of his four sisters. Of these Elizabeth’s first husband was Christopher Broome, and her son was Ralph Broome, of Bushton. To John, son of Francis Broome, of Preston, in Lyneham, brother of the looking glass maker, was left the dwelling house of Little Park, in Wootton Bassett, and 277 acres of land, and to his brother Jacob the other part of the Little Park property called the Upper Bargain some 95 acres of land and buildings. This Jacob died 1731 and is described in the Lyneham register as ‘‘ gent.” Ralph, the mirror maker, also left £450 to provide a school master at Lyneham. : A Sir Robert Mayers Broome, Kt., a J.P. for Middlesex, is mentioned who died at Brompton, June 2nd, 1791, aged 97 years, but he is not known to be connected with the Wiltshire family. Ralph Broome, the mirror maker, must have purchased Little Park Estate before 1718 and bequeathed it to John, son of his brother Francis, of Pres- ton. John married Alice, daughter of Will. Bartlett, of Dauntsey, and died 1776, being buried at Tockenham. Ralph Broome, s. of Christopher and Elizabeth, baptised at Clyffe Pypard Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, 193 Aug. 16th, 1713, married Mary, d. of Christopher and Susanna Pinniger, and settled at Bushton where he built or restored the dwelling house (now, 1928, the property of Mr. Hutchinson) according to an inscription still existing, in 1743. His will, dated Dec. 30th, 1767, leaves the house and property to his three sons, Richard, Ralph, and Francis, each inheriting a portion of his landed property, Bushton being divided between Richard and Francis, and Nuthills and Tytherton going to Ralph. Of these sons “ Richard Broome of Bushton, gent., was admitted to Gray’s Inn June 16th, 1768,” and “ Francis Broome, brother of Richard Broome, fellow of this Inn,” January 27th, 1770. Ralph was of the Bengal Civil Ser- vice, and died 1838. Richard left Bushton for Aldborough Hatch, Essex, but was buried at Clyffe Pypard, 1803. Broomes and Pinnigers for three generations consistently intermarried as first cousins. Francis Broome married Susanna Pinniger, their eldest son was Richard Pinniger Broome, born 1777. Another son, Jacob Pinniger Broome, died at Kington Langley in 1875. Their youngest son, Francis, was a butter, meat, and poultry salesman of Newgate St, London. Christopher Broome was admitted at Gray’s Inn, 1804. He lived at Berkhampstead, married secondly Sarah Dorothea Seller, and was buried at Clyffe Pypard 183]. Their only child, Christopher Edmund Broome, born July 24th, 1812, married Charlotte Harman Rush 1836, lived for a time at Rudloe, Box, and settled at Elmhurst, Batheaston, 1848, and died November 12th, 1886.. He owned Wood Hill Park Farm, in Clyffe Pypard, and was well-known as a botanist, being spoken of by an authority of the botanical department of the British Museum as one whose name was ‘familiar to all workers in botany as (with one other) the highest authority in British Mycology (Fungi) and in the first rank of workers in this field throughout the world.” A letter from C. B. Broome, Mesce H.A.C., in the Wiltshire Gazette of October 13th, 1927, gives some further atiealane as to Francis, son of Francis and Susannah, and their children and descendants. The Water supply of Wiltshire from Underground Sources. By W.Whitaker, F.R.S.,and F.H. Edmunds. Memoirs of the Geological Survey England & Wales, 1925, 94in. < Gin., pp. 183 + xi. Price 4s. 6d. net. Folding sketch map showing sub-surface water-levels in the chalk of Wiltshire. Sketch map of the Geology of Wilts, and sections of the chalk escarpment at Broad ‘Town ; across the Vale of Wardour ; along the Vale of Broad Chalk ; across the Vale of Pewsey; and showing water-table near Cockroost Farm, Broad Hinton. Beginning with a general account of the geological structure of the county and of its various formations, with special reference to water-bearing beds, the report passes on to the conditions of water supply in each of the five districts of the county. A table of the formations which crop out in the county from surface alluvium down to Lower Lias Clay with their several thicknesses, is given, as well as those whose existence has been proved by deep borings. VOL. XLIV.—NO. CXLVIII, O 194 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, As regards Dew Ponds it is noticed that 65 of these have been either constructed or renovated within the last few years. The Waterworks of all the towns in the county are described, and the sources of supply to most of the villages in the surrounding districts are indicated in' considerable detail. At Lydiard Millicent a well 15ft. deep (an old spring formerly called the Thumblewell, being deepened into Corallian Rocks)is mentioned as supply- ing the hamlet of Shaw. Of Pavenhill, at Purton, it is stated that the ‘‘ entrenchment ” marked on the six-inch map on the north-eastern side of the hill, is a feature of the ground due to natural causes; in other words it is an old land-slip. The medicinal well at Salts Hole, at Purton, is also mentioned, and it is stated that the proprietor has recently erected a pump room round the well from which 120 gallons can be pumped daily. A list of the more important spring supplies in the county with their position on the Ordnance Maps and other details, occupies 8 pages, and these follow an alphabetical catalogue occupying 53 pages, of the most important wells, giving their exact locality, depth, height above O.D., and where it has been recorded, the sequence of rocks pierced. The deepest boring in the county is at Westbury, which reached 1651ft.,and was a trialforcoal. The G.W.R. boring, at Swindon, went down to 786ft. and the wéll was dug to 736ft. The next deepest is that at Lucknam, in Colerne, probably a boring for coal, 773ft. One at Orcheston St. Mary is 558ft., and seven others range between 400ft. and 500ft. A list of the principal mineral springs ; analysis of spring and well waters filling 28 pages, and an index, complete this most valuable memoir. The lesson it conveys is that everyone who digs a well should communicate particulars to the Geological Survey whilst the work is being done. Kennet and Avon Canal. A most informing article in the Great Western Railway Magazine, Nov., 1911, by F. C. Warren, was re- printed in Wiltshire Gazette, Oct. 28th, 1926. From Hanham Lock at Keynsham, on the Avon, near Bristol, to the Thames at Reading is a dis- tance of 863 miles. This forms a water way from the Bristol Channel to London, of which the artificial canal portion lies almost wholly in Wilts and Berks. ‘The first step in its formation was the making navigable of the Avon under an Act of 1712, the next was the canalisation of the Kennet from Reading to Newbury under the Act of 1715. The wholly artificial canal connecting these two rivers was surveyed by John Rennie in 1798 and com- pleted and opened in 1810 under the Act of 1794. The rise from Hanham Lock to Savernake, the highest point on its course, is 4304ft., with a fall to the Thames at Reading of 325ft. There are in all 106 locks. At Devizes in 24 miles the canal rises 2354ft. by 29 locks, of which the 17 at Caen Hill stand in close succession with an average rise of 8ft. each. To get through this series of locks takes a barge about 24 hours. The various bridges, aqueducts, tunnels, &c., on the course of the canal are described. A table showing the revenue earned from 1838 to 1898 shows a decrease from £52,910 to £5,265, consequent on the competition of the railways. The canal was bought by the Great Western Railway in 1852, and since 1900 the average excess of expenditure over receipts has been £4,805. —— ———————— ee Wiltshire Books, Panvphlets, and Articles. 195 Littlecote, the residence of Sir Ernest Wills, Bt., By H. Avray Tipping. Country Life, Nov. 5th, 1927, pp. 664 —671. The article begins with a useful disquisition on the real character of “ Wild” William Darrell, concluding against the truth of the traditional Littlecote legend, and other accusations brought against Darrel, for Sir John Popham was never a judge within William Darrell’s lifetime. On coming into the estate on Darrell’s death, Sir John Popham added much to the older house, the south front built of brick being of his time, whilst the earlier walls are of flint. The projecting wings at the ends, if built by him have been altered since. But the house was described and illustrated in detail in Country Life, September 27th, 1902, and the bulk of the present article and its excellent illustrations 1s taken up with the very remarkable gar- den largely formed by Mr. Bevan, and maintained by its present occupier in wonderful perfection. The illustrations are:—The South or entrance side of the House ; Two views of the North side; Border running down from the house to the river ; the five hundred foot long border; Wrought iron gates ; The paved way ; Garden house at the N.W. end of Canal ; The Canal running westwards ; and group of Phlox. Oare House, the property of Mr. Geoffrey Fry. By Christopher Hussey. Country Life, March 10th, 1928, pp. 334— 341. Eighteen photos and ground plan. Over the Forecourt and down the Avenue; Modern Wings flanking the W. Front; The E. Front and Fore- court looking up the Lime Avenue ; From Drawing Room to Loggia in the S. Walled Garden ; The projecting Library Wing from the Loggia; The Terrace looking N. towards the Downs ; The Lawn and the Vale of Pewsey, from the Terrace ; The Library Bow ; From Loggia to Drawing Room ; The Hall; Modern Drawing Room; Library ; Bedroom above Library ; Arm chair and single chair, “ Egyptian” taste, c. 1805; Garden seats ; Modern garden seat at end of Terrace. ‘The old central block was built in brick by Henry Deacon in 1740, as “H. D., 1740” on a rainwater head shows. He was a London wine merchant who took a poor boy from Ireland, John Hiller, into his employ. Hiller married his widow, and so became possessed of Oare, which in 1799 he devised to his sister’s son, John Good- man, who was succeeded by his son, the Rev. Maurice Hiller Goodman, Rector of Wilcot-cum-Oare, who died 1856. His nephew, Edward Good- man, succeeded him, and owned the property until it was split up and sold 1887 or 1888. The Rev. M. H. Goodman added a drawing room to the N. end of the house. Mr. Geoffrey Fry added two wings of these bays in 1921, and a library wing at the S.E. angle in 1925. ‘The walled garden was laid out in 1921. Mr. Williams Ellis was the architect. The Hertford or Somerset Monument in Salis- bury Cathedral. By Canon J. M. J. Fletcher, F.R. Hist. S._ A lecture delivered in the Cathedral. Printed in full in the Wiltshire Gazette, Nov. 24th, Dec. lst and 8th, 1927. Reprinted as 8vo. — pamphlet, 16 pp., 1927. This gigantic monument which blocks up the en- tire east end of the south choir aisle is described at length in the first Oo 2 196 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, section of the lecture. Incidentally in referring to Dodsworth’s Account of Salisbury Cathedral, Canon Fletcher says ‘It seems to be certain that the ~ verger whose name the book bears was not himself the author of it.’ The monument is of the style of the earlier part of the 17th century. The re- cumbent figures are the effigies of Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, son of the Protector, and Katherine (Gray) his wife. She lies on his right hand side instead of as usual on the left. Canon Fletcher suggests that this was meant to emphasize her royal descent. The kneeling figures are those of their two sons, Edward, Lord Beauchamp, and Thomas Seymour. He thinks that the monument was erected by William, 2nd Duke of Somerset, about 1625, in memory of his father and grandfather, because the Edward, Baron Dudley, of the inscription, held the title from 1586 to 1643, so that it must have been erected in his lifetime and before 1643. ‘The bodies of the following were interred here :—Edward, Earl of Hertford, died April 6th, 1621; Lady Katherine Gray, his wife, died January 27th, 1563, at Yoxford, Suffolk, and was buried there, but her body was removed afterwards to Salisbury ; Edward, Lord Beauchamp, their eldest son, died July, 1612, was buried at Wick, but was removed afterwards to the Cathedral; John, Ath Duke of Somerset, second son of Lord Will. Seymour, and great grand- son of Lord Edward, died April 29th, 1675 ; Lady Eliz. Seymour, daughter and heiress of Joscelin Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland, and wife of Charles, 6th Duke of Somerset, died Nov. 23rd, 1722; Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, died December 2nd, 1748. Canon Fletcher notes that four of the Protector’s sons were named Edward, of whom three were alive at the same time. The romantic story of the secret marriage of Edward Seymour and Lady Katherine Gray in 1561, with the consequent committal of both of them to the Tower by Elizabeth, and the later births of two children, are described. Lady Katherine Gray was the second of the three daughters of Henry Gray, Marquis of Dorset, and Frances Brandon, his wife, and great grand-daughter of Hen. VII. and was born August, 1540. Their home was Bradgate, near Leicester. She was bridesmaid at the wedding (at 2 a.m.!) of Bess of Hardwick to her second husband, Sir William Cavendish. In her 13th year (1553) she was married to Henry Herbert, second son of the Kar] of Pembroke, then 19 years old, but was divorced by her husband next year when hersister Lady Jane Gray and her father, the Duke of Suffolk, were executed. She and her sister, however, continued to be treated with con- sideration at Court, both under Q. Mary and Q. Elizabeth, but she did not get on well with Elizabeth, and her secret marriage with Edward Seymour made the Queen furious, and she was never forgiven. After the birth of the second child in the Tower,husband and wife were never allowed to meet again. She died January 27th, 1568, whilst in the custody of Sir Owen Hopton, at Cockfield Hall, near Yoxford, Suffolk. The career of the two sons, Edward | Lord Beauchamp and Thomas Seymour, and their descendants are shortly traced, Trowbridge, Silver Street Chapel. The Wiltshire Times, Dec. 17th, 1927, has a notice of the closing of this chapel after 230 years Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 197 of use as a place of worship. It was used for public worship about 1695 and is thought to have been a glove factory before this. Its origin asa - chapel is uncertain, but it is probable that it arose in connection with the preaching of Andrew Gifford and that Southwick Old Baptist, Conigre Baptist, and Silver Street were originally under the same government, that the latter became a separate congregation about 1680—90, and that the chapel was built or adapted for worship ez. 1695. A clock on the front of the gallery is inscribed “ The Gift of Peter Swift, 1705.” There is also a silver christening bowl inscribed *‘ Presented by Thomas Jefferies, of London, 1746.” There have been many burials in the chapel and its precincts, the burial ground being closed in 1855 when the cemetery was opened. ‘The first record of a settled pastor is that of Mr. James Foster, 1720—24. The last regular pastor was the Rev. Oliver Brand who resigned in 1891. At least three of the pastors were buried either in the chapel itself or in the burial ground. The Corallian Rocks of Oxford, Berks, and North Wilts. By W. J. Arkell, F.GS, 1925—27. Philo- sophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Vol. 216, pp. 67— 181, 4to. The Rocks described in this paper extend from Wheatley (Oxon.), to Wootton Bassett and Tockenham in Wilts, a distance of about 40 miles with an average breadth of 24 miles, forming a conspicuous ridge parallel to the chalk escarpment. ‘‘ ‘hese rocks are described, the various exposures are correlated, and an attempt is made to show the position which they occupy in the Corallian formation as a whole, both in other parts of England and on the Continent. It is endeavoured, by means of detailed analysis, to throw more light on the conditions under which the rocks were formed, and to account for the apparently meaningless variability which, to a casual visitor to only a few of the exposures seems to characterise the formation. . . . The paper concludes with a revision of the fauna, some new species being described, and with a geological map of an im- portant area (the country between Highworth and Stanton Fitzwarren) in the centre of the district.” Over the greater part of the area dealt with, nothing has been done in the way of exploration since 1877. ‘The Lower Calcareous Grit (the lowest of the Corallian rocks dealt with) is 30ft. thick at Highworth, only 10ft. to 15ft. thick at Blunsdon, dwindling until it disappears entirely further on, with only two outlying patches, one consisting of the sands at Tockenham Wick and Grittenham Hill, the other forming Pavenhill at Purton, and the bluff of Ringsbury. This formation, however, re-appears prominently at Spirthill, Bremhill, and Calne. Round Pavenbill and Ringsbury Camp over an area four miles in diameter there is a curious bed of non-calcareous ‘“‘ Rhaxella Chert” (composed mainly of spicules of Khaxella sponge) belonging to the Lower Calcareous Grit and analogous to the “ Arngrove Stone” of the Wheatley neighbourhood. Mr. Arkell suggests that the sands and pebbles of the Lower Calcareous Grit were brought down from a large land surface by a river falling into the sea some- where 8.E. of Marcham. ‘They were then distributed along the coast as 198 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, submarine sand banks by a long-shore current incorporating the remains of marine animals. The normal sequence of the Berkshire oolites in the Highworth district is described in detail. A section of the large old quarry S. of Highworth, now deserted, but described by many earlier geologists, is fully described by Mr. Arkell, whose interpretation of the beds differs somewhat from that of his predecessors, and full lists of the fossils occurring here are given. The N.E. quarry, Hangman’s Elm quarry, the old quarries N.W. of West Mill beside the Highworth—Watchfield Road, Upper Farm quarry, Ked Down quarry, Red Down Bungalow quarry, are all dealt with in the same thorough fashion. The Western shell-cum-pebble bed from Blunsdon to Tockenham and Lyneham is next described. Kingsdown old brickyard and the quarries at Cold Harbour Inn, Tockenham Wick and Lyneham Folly are described. The Coral Rag, essentially a coastal formation was originally a belt of coral reef or islands from Oxford to Mid-Wilts. Mr. Arkell believes that the solid white limestone, such as the Wheatley limestone, formed chiefly of the ground-up debris of the reef on its seaward side is really contemporary with the ordinary Coral Rag, which continued growing whilst the denundation of the reef was going on. Broad Bush, Cold Harbour, and the Sheepslaight quarries near Blunsdon are described with their lists of fossils. The quarry at Purton, S.E. of the Church, with its Wheatley limestone and rag ; the Lydiard Millicent quarry, and those of Moredon and Tockenham Wick, all have lists of fossils attached to them. At Hilmarton as at Littlemore, near Oxford, the Lower Calcareous Grit is succeeded by Corallian clays, alternate bands of blue-grey clays and argillaceous limestone or mudstone in layers a few inches thick. Mr. Arkell suggests that these clay beds were laid down by a river running through the coral reef. A full list of fossils from these clay beds at Hilmarton is given. Mr. Arkell proposes to call the Coral Rag and the thick white limestones into which it passes at Calne, by the name of ‘‘Osmington Oolite” from the rocks of the Dorset coast with which they are correlated. Pages 162 to 175 are filled with a complete list of all the known invertebrate fossils occurring in the district covered by the paper. Seven new species, of which two come from Highworth, and one, Z'erebratula Kingsdownensis, from the coral rag of Kingsdown, near Swindon, are fully described ; and together with some others are figured in two plates from photographs. This paper will doubtless be regarded in the future as the authoritative account of the formations with which it deals so admirably. Lge ADDITIONS TO MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. Museum. Presented by Cart. B. H. Cunnineton, F.S.A., Scot.: Staff of Office of Presented Tithing Man of Atworth. Miss Puc: Fragment of Bronze Bracelet of Halstatt Age found at Cold Kitchen dill, 1927. Dr. R. C. C. Cuay, F.S.A.: The very large and valuable col- lection of flint implements from Wiltshire formed by him- self, illustrating the technique of flint manufacture in different localities. This entire collection is given on condition that it is kept together, and that none of the specimens are parted with in the future. Library. Mrs. E. H. Gopparp: ‘Secrets of some Wiltshire House- wives. A Book of Recipes by. Edith Olivier.” Mr. A. SHAw Metior: “ Antiquarian and Topographical Cabinet, 1807—11. [All the vols (6) that contain Wilt- shire items. ] Mer. R. S. Newatu, F.8.A.: Folio volume of copies and extracts from Wilts MSS. for Vol. I. Mere and Heytes- bury of Hoare’s Modern Wilts. Capt. B. H. Cunninaton : Eight Devizes Deeds. Miss ApAMs: Four Books on Heraldry, &c. Cot. W. Hawtey, F.S.A.: Archeologia, Vol. 76. Carr. A. E. A. Dunsron: ‘The Wiltshire Legionaire.” Special number. Rev. C. E. HucHeEs: M&. copies of Monumental Inscriptions in Luckington Church. Messrs. G. Simpson & Co.: Reprints (4to) of ‘The Wiltshire Broomes,” and “ The Monumental Inscriptions of Salis- bury Cathedral,” from the Wiltshire Gazette. Rev. E. H. Gopparp: ‘Salisbury Diocesan Gazette.” “Sarum Almanack.” ‘N. Wilts Church Magazine, (All for 1927). THE AuTHor, Mrs. M. E. CunNINGTON : “ The Pottery from the Long Barrow at West Kennet, Wilts.” 1927. Mr. A. W. Marxks: Old Deed. Steeple Ashton, 1646. Walter Long and John Marks. Rev. W. 8. TupHotmE, D.D.: MS. copies of the Registers of Steeple Langford, 1674—1927. THe AutTHor, Dr. R. C. C. Cray, F.S.A.: Typed copy of Notes on the History of Fovant. 200 Additions to Museum and Library. Presented by THE Autuor, Mr. W. J. ARKELL, F.G.S.: “ The Corallian 9) Rocks of Oxford, Berks, and North Wilts.” Reprint from Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 1927. THE AUTHOR, ALDERMAN CHARLES Haskins: “ Salisbury Charters and History of St. Edmund’s College.” 1927. THE AutTHor, Mrs. J. lL. Lovisponp, of Salisbury : “ Lovi- bond's Tintometer as a means to Paint Colour Standard- ization.” Excerpt from Journal of the Oil and Colour Chemist's Assoctation. Also four Wilts Pamphlets. Rev. J. W. S. Tomiin: “St. Boniface College at Home and Abroad ” for 1926 and 1927. THE AUTHOR, CANON FLETCHER: “The Hertford Monu- ment in Salisbury Cathedral.” 1927. Mr. H. L. Ontver, F.S.A.: Small MS. Note Book with copies of inscriptions in Malmesbury Abbey Church and Church- yard. ‘ Miss Awpry: “ Twilight Shadows,” by R. M. and E. Ashe, of Langley. ‘ Musings in verse,” by Rev. R. F. Kilvert. “ Ceesar and the Britons,” by the Rev. H. Barry. Cou. J. BENETT-STANFORD: Set of Phillimore’s Wilts Parish Registers, Marriages. THe AutHor, MR. ‘I’. D. Kenprick: “The Druids, a study in Keltic Prehistory.” 1927. Mr. J. J. Suape: Nine Wilts Estate Sale Catalogues, Wilts Illustrations, &c. Mrs. WeLpy Everarp: “ The Letters of Maurice Hewlett.” THe AUTHOR, Mr. HEY woop SUMNER, F.S.A. : “ Excavations in New Forest Roman Pottery Sites.” 1927. FIELD-MARSHALL Lorp MertHuen: “A Wiltshire Lady,” by Lord Olivier. (Fortnightly Review). Toe AvutuHor, Rev. A. J. Watson: “Savernake Forest. Some Notes for Ramblers.” 1928. THe AutuHors, J. A. Douatas and W. ARKELL: ‘ The Stratigraphical Distribution of the Cornbrash. I.—The South-Western Area.” 1928. 201 St Pl 6 6 bp OP ® i ?- 6 0 0 en GI 0 6I CHG D's 099F O1g oce 13 LG ee HB. 2° GI ceo ¢ OG Ss ) 8 Re ® WL 2p Lloret jo SY BF oe LZBL ASLE Joqueseqy ‘eoueleg Aq (puny esueqouoss) sui], [euoIyeN 09 uoIyeu0Gg UOISSIU WSO) puv Alves s Alejeloag |BIOUBUT Jeyeyoley vunesn yy jo Aueypeg ate “ sesuedxy [eyueplouy pues ‘suiguig ‘A1su0lyeyG ‘sosvqsod aa S9IJOINOG Joy}O 09 SUOIydTIOSquy ee "T Weg ‘or1tys “HEM JO STP GOING) OU LVL ON 97 | ON—: SoulZ -e3ejx Sulmsst pue sutonpoid Jo 4s0p ‘SLNAWAVd aa ODOM OO ri 0997 “LNOQOOOV 'TIVUHNAD “LOB AVIA 9G} AOFJ SJUNODIY ‘KALAIOOS ANOLSIH TVYNLVN UNV 9 ¢ Gl BO uoIsinoxy Ainqse[yyeq jo souvleq pang UOIYBABOXY WNIVG P[C jo souLleg "> qgodequT gisodeq, yuegd ne "* - Y909G IBAA UO 48104 UT 223 Sulyooyy [enuuy jo vourled oe "+ (sosvyoind sse[) SUOT} -BoI[qUq JoyjJO pus soUIZzesvIY JO Se[eG pung diqssoquieyy oy] Wood; Jojsuedy, 0 @ Leg suotydiuosqng [enuUY pus see, souedyUy TVOIDOTOHHOYV "SLdIF00a a LZOI “4S8{ Adenuve ‘soured SAYTHSL TAN 202 GB 8 Sey 6 6G ee7 6 300 zee oS qso1oyuy yisodeq yurg 0 0 &€l ° SMOOY S.JoyVJeIeD UUNesN| JO JUSY S.1v9X VUC ‘SLd1G0aa G6 sf. us LZ6L “81g Aoequiesveq ‘eouL[ eq OG 0Ge an: Sie “"- 2261 481 Arenuee ‘soueleg ‘De 8s 7. ‘p ‘s F SINQOOOV GNONA LNAWADAVING WOdSOK ¢ ¢ 68F q ¢ 68f Ge Slee 2% ace LEGI “YSlg Jaquieseq ‘soured 8 9 SG Sn ae Cn Y, se ses s00,7 pure sojeg Aipung ee ONG Tes SAND pure eS ‘xUy, puey Pi Oe ee eX OG. 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Owen, Bank Chambers, Devizes.] WILTSHIRE Archeological and Natural History Society. JUNES 11928: Patron: THE Most Hon. THE Marquis oF LANSDOWNE. President for 1927—28 : THe Most Hon. THE MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE. Vice-Presidents : The Most Hon. the Marquis of | The Right Rev. Bishop G. Forrest Bath, K.a. Browne, F.S.A. Mrs. B. H. Cunnington | G. S. A. Waylen, Esq. - C. Penruddocke, Esq. Trustees : The Most Hon. The Marquis of Lansdowne. The Most Hon. The Marquis of Bath, K.a. B. Howard Cunnington, Esq., Fs.A. (Scot.). Honorary General Secretary, Librarian, and Treasurer: Rey. E. H. Goddard, Fs.a., Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon. Honorary Curator of Museum, and Meeting Secretary : Capt. B. H. Cunnington, F.s.a. (Scot.), Devizes. Honorary Auditors : G. S. A. Waylen, Esq., Devizes. W. M. Hopkins, Esq., Devizes. Financial Secretary : Mr. David Owen, F.c.A., Bank Chambers, Devizes. Honorary Local Secretaries : Dr. R. C. C. Clay, F.s.4., Fovant Manor, Salisbury. R. S. Ferguson, Esq., Him Grove, Calne. Sir F. H. Goldney, Bart., Beechfield, Corsham. H.C. Brentnall, -Esq., Granham West, Marlborough. A. Shaw Mellor, Esq., Box Manor, Box, Wilts. Rey. Canon F. H. Manley, Great Somerford Rectory, Chippenham. Frank Stevens, Esq., F.S.A.. Zhe Museum, Salisbury. Basil H. A. Hankey, Esq., Stanton Manor, Chippenham. 206 List of Members. The Committee consists of the following Members, in addition to the Honorary Officers of the Society : J. I. Bowes, Esq., Dormer Cottage, Devizes. Mrs. b. H. Cunnington, 33, Long Street, Devizes. O. G. 8S. Crawford, Esq., F.8.A. Ordnance Survey, Southampton. Canon EH. P. Knubley, Steeple Ashton Vicarage, Trowbridge. A. D. Passmore, Esq., 20, Bath Road, Swindon. Rev. H. E. Ketchley, Biddestone Rectory, Chippenham. J.J. Slade, Esq., Trafalgar Place, Devizes. G. S. A. Waylen, Esq., Potterne Road, Devizes. J. D. Crosfield, Esq., 20, Castle Bar Road, Ealing, London, W.5. C. W. Pugh, Esq, Hadleigh Cot- tage, Devizes. H. M. Gimson, Esq., A.RI.BA., 1, St. John Street, Devizes. List OF SocretiEs &c., IN UNION WITH THE Wiltshire Archzological and Natural History Society For interchange of Publications, fc. : Royal Archeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland British Archeological Association Society of Antiquaries of London Societies of Antiquaries of Scotland Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland Bristol and Gloucestershire Archceological Society Carmarthenshire Antiquaries Society Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club East Herts Archeological Society East Riding Antiquarian Society, Yorks Essex Archeological Society Essex Field Club Geologists’ Association Hampshire Field Club Herts Natural History Society and Field Club Kent Archeological Society Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society Powysland Club Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne Society for Promotion of Roman Studies Somerset Archeological Society Surrey Archeological Society Sussex Archeological Society Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. United States Geological Survey List of Members. 207 Honorary Member: Kite, Edward, Longcroft Road, Devizes. Life Members. Bath, The Most Hon. The Marquis of, Longleat, Warminster Bouverie, K. O. P., F.s.A-, Hopecote. Combe Down, Bath Crewe, The Most Hon.The Marquis of, K.G., Crewe Hall, Crewe Fitzmaurice, he Right Hon. Lord, Leigh, Bradford-on-Avon Howitt, Dr. A. B., 15, Chesham Street, Belgrave Square, London S.W. 1 Jones, Walter H., m.a., Morgan Hill, Fairford, Glos. Keiller, Alex, 4, Charles Street. London W. 1 Keiller, Mrs., 4, Charles Street, London W. 1 Kidston, G., 19, St. James Square, London, S. W.1 Maurice, Mrs. Thelwall, Burbage, Wilts Pembroke and Montgomery, ‘he Right Hon. the Earl of, Wilton House, Salisbury Penruddocke, C., Compton Park, Salisbury Powell, A. Cecil, The Hermitage, Weston- Super-Mare Radnor, The Right Hon. the Earl of, C.1.E., CB.E., Longford Castle, Salisbury Rule, Ivan T., Nunton, near Salis- bury Sainsbury, H. J, The Old Manor House, Broughton Gifford, Melk- sham Spicer, Capt. Anthony, Spye Park, Chippenham Walmesley, John, Lucknam, Chip- penham Wordsworth, Rev. Chancellor, St. Nicholas Hospital, Salisbury Annual Subscribers. aCourt, Captain the Hon. Holmes, R.N., Bishopstrow, Warminster Adderley Library, Librarian of, The College, Marlborough Adeney, G. B, Dinton, Salisbury Ailesbury, The Most Hon. The Marguis of, Savernake Forest, Meciborough Antrobus, Sir Cosmo, Bart., Ames- bury Abbey, Amesbury,Salisbury Arkell, W. J-, New College, Oxford Armin, F. G. H., 17, Market Place, Devizes Arrowsmith-Brown, J. A., D.3.0,, 11, Quay Street, Bristol Aston, Major-General Sir George, K.c.B., Court House, Woodford, Salisbury Avebury, The Rt. Hon. Lord, 15, Lombard Street, London E.C, 3 Awdry, Colonel Rk. W., Little Cheverell, Devizes _ Awdry, KE. M, The Elms, Chippen- ham _ Awdry, Mrs. C. I.., Hitchambury, | Taplow _ Baker, Kington, 11,Sheridan Road, _ _ Merton Park, London, S8.W. 19 | Baker, Mrs. F. A. Alexander, 49, Wyndham Road, Salisbury | Barrett, W.H.,76, Marshfield Road, Chippenham Bateson, Col. Frank, Manor House, Great Cheverell, Devizes Bateson, Mrs., Manor House, Great Cheverell, Devizes Bath Corporation Library, Bath Bayliffe, Chas. M., Rose Dale, Woodland Road, Clevedon, Som. Bell, Lt.-Col. W. C. Heward, Cleeve House, Melksham, Wilts Benson, The Rev. Edmund, Fid- dington House, Market Laving- ton, Devizes Bingham, [It.-Col. D. A., Ormond Villa, London Road, Devizes Bird, Herbert, Trowle Cottage, Trowbridge Bird, WW. Hobart, New Club, Cheltenham Bird, W. R., 125, Goddard Avenue, Swindon Birmingham Public Libraries, Birmingham Bishop, I.,Westlecott Road, Swin- don Blease, H. F., Snellbrook, Staver- ton, Trowbridge Bodington, Ven. Archdeacon, 20, The Close, Salisbury Booth, Mrs., Ebbesbourne Wake, Salisbury Borough, R. J. M., Market Laving- ton, Devizes 208 List of Members Bouverie, Miss A. Pleydell, The Old House, Market Lavington, Devizes Bowes, J. I., Dormer Cottage, Devizes Bown, W. I.., Enderley, Clarendon, Trowbridge Bradford, Miss M. M., St. Amands, Adderbury, Banbury, Oxon Brakspear, H., rs.a, Pickwick Manor, Corsham Brassey, Lt.-Col. Edgar, Dauntsey Park, Chippenham Brentnall, H. C., Granham West, Marlborough Briggs, Admiral Sir C. J., K.c.B., Biddestone, Chippenham Bristol Municipal Public Libraries, Bristol Brooke, W. de Leighton, Sandfield, Potterne, Devizes Buchanan, Walter,20, Moore Street, Cadogan Square, London, S.W.3 Bucknill, Mrs. LL. M.,Bryn Cottage, Cricklade, Wilts Burgess, Rev. C. F., Easton Grey Vicarage, Malmesbury Burgoyne, Major G. A., Blagdon House, Keevil, Trowbridge Burmester, Capt. A. C., Newtown Lodge, Hungerford Burrow, E. J., Wayside, London Road, Cheltenham Bush, J. E., 442, Uxbridge Road, Shepherds Bush, London, W. 12 Butler, Sir Reginald, Bart, Won- ham Manor, Betchworth, Surrey Buxton, Gerald J, ‘Tockenham Manor, Swindon Caillard, Sir Vincent H. P., Wing- field House, ‘'rowbridge Calderwood, J. I.., The Hermitage, Swindon Calley, Major-Gen. T. C. P., cs., M.v.0., Burderop Park, Swindon Calne Public Library, Calne, Wilts Canning, Col. A., Restrop House, Purton, Wilts Carter, Lady Violet Bonham, 24, Hyde Park Gardens, London, W.2 Cary, J.t.-Com. Henry, RN., New- ton House, Rowde, Devizes Chicago University General Library Chicago, U.S.A. Chubb, Sir C. H. E., Bart., The Old Manor, Salisbury Clapham, Capt. J. T.,3, Homefield Road, Wimbledon Common, London, 8.W. 19 Clarke, Mrs. H. G., South Farm, Overton, Marlborough Clarke, Rev. C. P.S., Donhead St. Andrew Rectory, Shaftesbury Clark-Maxwell, Ven. Preb. W. J, F.S.A., Mackworth Vicarage, Derby Clay, Dr. R. C. C, F.8.a., Manor House, Fovant, Salisbury Clifton, The Rev. E. J., 0.B.E., M.R.A.S, Heddington Rectory, Calne Codrington, Commander C.A.,R N., Wroughton House, Swindon Cole, Clem, Calne, Wilts Cole, Dr.S. J., Campfield, Devizes Collett, The Rev. S., Bratton Vicarage, Westbury, Wilts Collum, Miss V. C. C., 4, Milton Chambers, 128, Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, S.W. 10 Combes, D., Dinton, Salisbury Congress, Library of, Washington, U.S.A. Cook, The Rev. W. H., Stratford- sub-Castle Vicarage, Salisbury Copeland, G. W., 18, Milton Road, Swindon Coulter, The Ven. Archdeacon, The Vicarage, Calne, Wilts Courthope, Miss K. J., Brookfields, Wadhurst, Sussex Coward, Edward,Southgate House, Devizes Coward, Mrs., Southgate House, Devizes Cox, Alfred, 429, Strand, London, W.C, 2 Cox, Stafford, P., Stradbroke Cot- tage, Coombe Bissett, Salisbury Crawford, 0.G.S., F.s.4.,Ordnance Survey, Southampton Crosfield, John D., 20, Castle Bar Road, Ealing, London, W. 5 Cunnington, Capt. B. H., Fs.A. (Scot.), 33, Long Street, Devizes Cunnington, Mrs. B. H., 33, Long Street, Devizes Cunnington, Col. R.H.,R £., Siam House, Dorchester Road, Wey- mouth 7 Currie, Lady, Upham House, Ald- bourne, Wilts Edwards, | } i List of Members. Curtis, Miss E. J.. Coombe End House, Marlborough d’Almaine, H.G.W., F.s.a., Abing- don, Berks Dartnell, H. W., “ Abbotsfield,” Park Lane, Salisbury Davies, Mrs. Myles, Winsley House, Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts Day, H , 130, Croft Road, Swindon Deans, Mrs ,11,CroftRoad,Swindon Devenish, H. Noel, Little Durn- ford, Salisbury Dixon, Robert, borough Dobson, Mrs., 11, Cambridge Park, Redland, Bristol Duff, Miss H. M. A., The Manor House, Chilmark, Wilts Dunkin, The Rev. H., Bemerton Rectory, Salisbury Denford Dunne, A. M, K.c, House, Hungerford Dunning, Gerald C., ‘ Chelonia,” Castle Koad, Ventnor, I.O.W. Dunsterville, Col. K.S.,c.B., United Service Club,116,PallMall,S.W.1 Earle, Col. Maxwell, c.B, C.M.G., p.s.o., Hilmarton Manor, Calne, Wilts H. S. W., Armsley, Godshill Wood, Fordingbridge, Hants Pewsey, Marl- | Edwards, W. C., 3, Victoria Road, ClaphamCommon, Londons. W.4 _ Elderston, Major R. H. S., The Comedy, Christian Malford, Chippenham Ilderston, Mrs., The Comedy, Christian Malford, Chippenham Elworthy, Percy, Forbury, Kint- bury, Berks Engleheart, Rev. G. H., F.s8.A,, Dinton, Salisbury Everett, C. RK, Lyonsdown, Vic- toria Road, Salisbury Everett, Major-Gen. Sir H. J,, Avonturn, Alderbury, Salisbury | Ewart, W. H. L., Broadleas, Devizes _ Farquharson, Mrs.,Tilshead Lodge, Devizes ‘Farrer, Percy, F.s.a., Westfield, Mullens Pond, Andover Fawcett, Mrs. Foyle, Manor House, | Somerford Keynes, Cricklade, | Wilts |Ferguson, R.S., M.B. o.M., Elm Grove, Calne 209 Finlay, The Hon. Sir Wm., K.B.£., Fairway, Great Bedwyn, Hun- gerford Fletcher, Rev. Canon J. M. J., 21, The Close, Salisbury Flower, C. 'I., Fs.A, 2, Lammas ae Gardens, Ealing, London, 56 Fowle, Rev. J. S., Hardenhuish Rectory, Chippenham Fox, Miss E., The Old Rectory, Aldbourne, Hungerford Frankel, Alfred, The Priory, Brad- ford-on-Avon, Wilts Freeman, G. H., 9, Alexandra Road, Kingston Hill, Surrey French, Col. C. N., 19, Knights- bridge, London, 8.W. 1 Fry, Claude B., Hannington Hall, Highworth, Wilts Fry, Geoffrey, Oare House, Marl- borough Fuller, R. F., Great Chalfield, Melksham Fuller, Rev. Wilfred, 1, Lansdowne Grove, Devizes Gamble, Sir David, Bart., White Lodge, Purton, Wilts Gamble, Iady, White Lodge, Purton, Wilts Gardner, EK. C., Lloyds Bank Ltd., Cheltenham Gardner, Eric, F.3.A, House, Weybridge Gatacre, Lady, Tau Cross, West Lavington, Devizes Gee, Miss Wilda, Homecroft, Holt, Wilts George, Reuben, 132, Goddard Avenue, Swindon Gething, T. 'I’., Chilmark, Salisbury Gilbert, J.C., High Street,S windon Gimson, H. M., a.r.1B.A., 1, Saint John Street, Devizes Gipps, Miss, The Porch House, Lacock, Chippenham Gladstone, Sir John E., Bart, Bowden Park, Chippenham Glanely, The Rt. Hon, Lord, New- market Glanfield, Rev. Edgar,The Rectory. Limington, Ilchester, Som. Goddard, Dr. C. E, Weathertrees, South Hill Avenue, Harrow Goddard, Rev. E. H., r.s.a., Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon Patmore 210 List of Members. Goddard, Mrs. E. H., Clyffe Vicar- age, Swindon Goldney, Sir Frederick H., Bart., Beechfield, Corsham, Wilts Goldsbrough, Rev. Albert, Royston, Station Road, Ilfracombe Goodchild, Rev. W., Berwick St. John Rectory, Shaftesbury Gore, C. H., F.G.8., 69, Kastcott Hill, Swindon Gott, The Rev. C. R., Lacock Vicarage, Chippenham Gott, Mrs., Lacock Vicarage, Chip- penham Gough, W., Nore Marsh, Wootton Bassett, Wilts Gowring, The Rev. EF. A., Grittle- ton Rectory, Chippenham Grant-Meek, Miss M., The Hold, Manningford Bruce, Marlborough Grayson, Mrs., 93, Bedford Gar- dens, Kensington, London, W.8 Greenstreet, Rev. L. W., Compton Bassett Rectory, Calne Greenwood, H. H., 34, Victoria Road, Swindon Greville, The Hon. Louis, Heale House, Woodford, Salisbury Gundry, W. L. D., Hillworth, Devizes Gwatkin, R. G. Manor House, Potterne, Devizes, Wilts Gwillim, Miss A. G. N., Common Edge, Marlborough G.W.R. Mechanics’ Institution, Swindon Hamilton & Brandon, His Grace the Duke of, Ferne, Donhead, Shaftesbury Hamilton, A. D., Bridge Cottage, ILacock, Chippenham Hammond, J. J., Bishop’s Walk, The Close, Salisbury Hammond, L. O., Cricklade, Wilts Hankey, Basil H.A.,Stanton Manor, Chippenham Hankey, Mrs. Basil H. A., Stanton Manor, Chippenham Harding,A., Little Chalfield House, Melksham Hardinge-'l'yler,G.D.,r.s a.,Ashton House,SteepleAshton, Trowbridge Harring, R. M., 22, Roundstone Street, Trowbridge Harrison, Rev. A. H., Lydiard Tregoze Rectory, Swindon Harrison, Mrs., Lydiard Tregoze Rectory, Swindon Harrison, Rev. D. P., Lydiard Millicent Rectory, Swindon Haskins, Chas., Brownie Brae, Salisbury Hawley, Lt -Col. Wm., R.E., F.S.A., Figheldean, Salisbury Heneage, ClaudW., 57, Harrington Gardens, South Kensington, S.W.7 Heneage, Miss, 44, Lower Belgrave Street, London, 8. W. 1 Herbert, Major The Hon. George, Knoyle House, Salisbury Heytesbury, Col. Lord, ‘The Green House, Crockerton, Warminster Hoare, Sir Henry H. A., Bart., Stourhead, Zeals, Wilts Hobhouse, Rt. Hon. Sir C. E. H., Bart., Monkton Farleigh, Brad- ford-on-Avon Hockmeyer, Mrs. A. M., Acmead, Holt, Wilts Hockmeyer, Miss V. G., Acmead, Holt, Wilts Hopkins, W. M., Lloyds Bank Ltd., Devizes Hornby, C. H. St. John, Porch House, Potterne, Devizes Howlden, H. Linley, Old Manor House, I’reshford, Somerset Hubbard, Hesketh, kR.0.1., R.BA., Woodgreen Common, Salisbury Hughes, Dr., Amesbury, Wilts Hughes, Rev. C. E., Luckington Rectory, Chippenham Hughes, George H., Kingsbury Croft, Marlborough Hunt, Rev. R. C., The Vicarage, Corsham Hussey, W., Trinity Villa, Trow- bridge Hutchinson, A. S. M., Bushton Manor, Swindon Impey, Edward, Sheldon Manor, Chippenham Jackson, J. ‘I’, Eastcroft House, Devizes James, Warwick F.R.C.S., 0.B.E , 2, Park Crescent, Portland Place, London W. 1 Jeffcoat, Rev. R.,5, Berkeley Square, Clifton, Bristol Jenner, Lieut.-Col. L. C. D.,c.m.a., p.s.0., The Manor House, Ave- bury, Marlborough List of Members, 211 John Rylands Library, Manchester Johnson, Walter, 28, High Street, Swindon Jones, Rev. F. Meyrick, Mere Jupe, Miss, The Old House, Mere Jupp, A. O., The Quarry House, Swindon Jupp, Mrs. The Quarry House, Swindon Keir, W. Ingram, F.R.C.S.E., Combe Down, Bath : Kelham, H. V. L., Wye House, Marlborough Kelham, Mrs., Wye House, Marl- borough Kelly, Colonel C. R., Army & Navy Club, Pall Mall, London S.W. 1. Ketchley, Rev. H. E., Biddestone Rectory, Chippenham Kirby, S. H., Cathedral Hotel, Salisbury Klein, W.G., ¥.8.4., 7, Eldon Road, London N.W. 3 Knubley, Rev. Canon E. P., The Vicarage, Steeple Ashton, Trow- bridge Lake, Richard, Kestrels, Easterton Lambert, Uvedale, F.R. HIST. 8, South Park Farm, Bletchingley, Surrey Lansdown, C. M., Glenleigh, Trow- bridge Lansdown, George, “ Sholebroke,” Wingfield Road, Trowbridge Lansdowne, The Most Hon. the Marquis of, Bowood, Calne Lawrence E. 'I’., 24, Parade, Barry, Glam. Lawrence, W. F., Cowesfield, Salis- bury Lee-Pilkington, Mrs. Ashton Ho., Ashton Keynes, Swindon Lister, E. C., Westwood Manor, Bradford-on-Avon Locket, J. Wood, New Holme, Bratton, Westbury, Wilts Lott, Herbert C.,10,Carlisle Parade, Hastings Lovat, Miss, Worton, Devizes Lovibond, Mrs. J. L., Windover House, St. Ann’s St., Salisbury Mackay, Major Eric A., Hilperton House, Hilperton, Wilts Mackirdy, Major E. M. S., The Abbey House, Malmesbury Manley, Rev. Canon F. H., Somer- ford MagnaRectory,Chippenham Mann, W. J., Highfield,'lrowbridge Marlborough College Natural His- tory Society, President of, The College, Marlborough Marsden-Jones, Mrs. E., The Church House, Potterne, Devizes Maskelyne, A. St. J. S., 18, Tiver- ton Mansions, 140, Gray’s Inn ‘Road, London, W.C. 1 Maskelyne, Miss M.S., Cloon Cot- tage, Purton, Swindon Mason, J. M., The Old Rectory, Beckington, Bath Masters, W. A. H., 8, High Street, Swindon Matcham, G. Eyre, Newhouse, Salisbury Mather, Miss L. J., Kingston Dev- erill, Bath Maton, Leonard, St. Edith’s, Bath- hampton, Bath Maurice, Dr. Walter, Lloran House, Marlborough Mayo, The Rev. H. R., Yatton Keynell Rectory, Chippenham McNiven, C. F., Puckshipton, Marlborough Mellin, V. G., Church House, Shrewton, Wilts Mellor, A. Shaw, Box House, Box, Wilts Messenger, H., The Close Gate- house, Salisbury Metcalfe, Mrs., Elcombe Hall, Wroughton, Wilts Methuen, Field- Marshal Lord, G.C.B., G.C.V.0 , G.C.M.G., Corsham Court, Corsham Methuen, ‘The Hon. Anthony, Ivy House, Corsham Methuen, The Hon. Mrs. Paul, Beanacre Manor Farm, Melk- sham Miles, Miss C. F., 59, Egerton Gar- dens, London, S.W. 3 Milling, Rev. M. J. T., The Vicar- age, Ashton Keynes, Cricklade Milman, Miss, Brownston House, Devizes Milman, Miss B. M., Brownston House, Devizes Mitchell, Miss E. C., The Square, Wilton, Salisbury 212 List of Members, Money-Kyrle, Mrs, 25, Pelham Crescent, London, S.W. 7 Morrice, The Rev. J. C, D.D., Longbridge Deverill Vicarage, Warminster ; Morrison, Hugh, m.p.,9, Halkin St., Belgrave Square, London, S. W.1 Morse, W. E., The Croft, Swindon Myers. Rev. Canon, The Close, Salisbury Nan Kivell, R. de C.,, Overton House, Codford, Wilts National Library of Wales, Aber- ystwyth National Museum of Wales, Cardiff Neale, John Alex, D.cL., 125, Powis House, St. James Court, London, 8.W. 1 Neeld, Lt.-Col. Sir Audley D., Bart., ¢.B., Grittleton House, Chippenham Nelson, The Rt. Hon. Earl, Tra- falgar, Salisbury Newall, R.S., F.s.4.,Fisherton de la Mere House, Wylye, Wilts Newberry Library, Chicago, U.S.A. Newbolt, Sir H. J.. Netherhampton House, Salisbury New England Historic Genea- logical Society, 9, Ashburton Place, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. New York Public Library, New York, U.S.A. Noakes, Miss Jessie, ‘The Wilder- ness, Salisbury Noel, Rev. Wyndham,ChristChurch Vicarage, Bradford-on- Avon Norton, Mrs., Whitehill, Chilmark, ‘Salisbury Noyes, Miss Ella, Sutton Veny, Warminster Olive, G. W., Dauntsey School, West Lavington, Devizes Olivier, Miss E. M., The Daye House, Quidhampton, Salisbury Ordnance Survey, Director- General of, Southampton Osborne, Mrs., Little Inglemere, Malmesbury Osborn, J. Lee, Northgate House, Brinkworth, Chippenham Owen, D., Richmond House, Weston Park, Bath Oxford Architectural & Historical Society, Ashmolean Museum, Beaumont Street, Oxford Palmer, Brig-General G. Ll., Bexley, Kent Parker, Vice-Admiral E. Hyde, Bodorgan House, Ramsbury Parsons, Miss Marie, Witcombe, Melksham | Parsons, R., Hunt’s Mill Farm, Wootton Bassett Passmore, A. D., 20, Bath Road, Swindon Payne, E. H., Wyndcross, West- bourne Road, Trowbridge Peabody Institute, Baltimore, U.S.A. Peake, Dr. A. E., Arnold House, Corsham Peake, H. J. E., Westbrook House, Newbury Pearson, Miss Edith A., Budbury Farm, Bradford-on-Avon Pearson, J. R., Atherfield House, Bradford Road, Trowbridge Penrose, Rev. J.. Elmhurst, Chip- penham Perkins, Rev. Chas. E., Little Hinton Rectory, Swindon Philipps, Bertram, Dinton House, Salisbury Phillips, A. J., Victoria House, Pewsey, Wilts Pincott, Mrs. Frank, North Holme, Bratton, Westbury, Wilts Pole, Sir F. J. C., Calcot Place, Reading Ponting, C. E., F.s.4., Lockeridge, Upper Parkstone, Dorset Powell, John U , 38, Norham Road, Oxford Pritchard, J.l., F.8.4., 22, St. John’s toad, Clifton, Bristol Protheroe, J. S., 150, Victoria Road, Swindon Public Record Office, Chancery Lane, W.C, 2 Pugh, C. W., Hadleigh Cottage, Devizes Pugh, Miss, Hadleigh Cottage, Devizes : Pullen, W., Broome Manor,Swindon Rawlence, E. A., F.S.A.,st-Andrews, Churchfields, Salisbury Reading Public Library, Reading Redfern, Rev. J. Lemon, Ashley ’ Rectory, Tetbury, Glos. Reed, F. B., 50, Breakspears Road, Brockley, S.E. 4 Sa Ps List of Members. 213 Renton, Jas. Hall, r.s.a., Rowfold Grange, Billinghurst, Sussex Rice, Godfrey, Shaw Farm, Tocken- ham, Wootton Bassett Richardson, A. P., Purton House, Purton, Wilts Richardson, Rev. A. T., M.B.E., The Rectory, Brixton Deverill, Bath Richardson-Cox, E., F.s.A., South Wraxall Manor, Bradford-on- Avon Rickards, E., Diana Lodge, Purton, Swindon Rickards, Mrs., Diana Lodge, Pur- ton, Swindon Ripley, Mrs., Salthrop House, Wroughton, Wilts Rison, R. E., Fair View, 47, Sty ve- chale Avenue, Karlsdon,Coventry Robinson, Major H. N., Monks Park, Corsham Roemer, Major de, Lime Park, Hurstmonceux, Sussex Rogers, J., Smith, 23, Catherine Street, Salisbury Rogers, Mrs. Newman, Easton House, Corsham, Wilts Roundway, Rosalind, Lady, Round- way Park, Devizes Rumboll, Miss, Coppice Lodge, Bradford-on-Avon Russell, Samuel, Newstead, Mead- hurst Road, Western Park, Leicester Rutter, Mrs. Campbell,‘ Highfield,” Great Cheverell, Devizes Sainsbury, E. A., Wingfield Road, Trowbridge Sainsbury, Herbert, Greystone House, Devizes Sainsbury, Mrs. Herbert,Greystone House, Devizes Sainsbury, Herbert J., The Close, Littleton Panell, Devizes Salisbury Clerical Library, Church House, Salisbury Salisbury Public Library, Endless Street, Salisbury Salisbury, the Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of, The Palace, Salisbury Sanders, Rev. Harry, 39, Avenue Road, Trowbridge Scott, G. H. Firth, Winterbourne Monkton, Swindon Scott, Miss E. C., The Old Rectory, North Bradley, Wilts Selman, Mrs. H. E., Kington Langley, Chippenham Shaw, Col. F. Kennedy, Teffont Magna, Salisbury Simpson, A. B., West Close, Lockeridge, Nr. Marlborough Simpson, Cecil, Cliftonville, The Common, Sutton, Surrey Simpson, George,Quorndon, Forest Row, Sussex Simpson, J. J.. 51, Downs Park West, Bristol Skurray, EK. C., West Lodge, Swin- don Slade, J. J., Gazette Office, Devizes Slade, Miss Mary E., MBE., 63, Avenue Road, Swindon Slade, W. Goold, Ferfoot, Chippen- ham Smith, A. F., 397, Ferndale Road, Swindon Smith, A. R. Stoney, ‘‘ Waylands,”’ Warminster Road, Bathampton, Somerset Snailum, W. W., Wingfield Road, Trowbridge Soames, Rev. Gordon, Mildenhall Rectory, Marlborough Steele, Lt.-Col., r.A.M.c., Southgate Lodge, Devizes Stephens, Rev. Canon J. F. D., Dallas Chambers, Marshfield Road, Chippenham Stevens, Frank, F.s.A., Blackmore Museum, Salisbury Stevenson, Brig-Gen. FE. H., Worton Littlecourt, Potterne Stewart, Rev. E. H., Court Hill, Potterne, Wilts Stone, Mrs. E. H., The Retreat, Devizes Stone, W. J. E. Warry, 72, Elm Park Gardens, London, S.W. 10 Storey, H. L., Burton Hill House, Malmesbury Stote, Rev. A. W.,Colehill Vicarage, Wimborne Sturton, Rev. J. A., Market Laving- ton Vicarage, Devizes Sumner, Heywood, F.s.A., Cuckoo’s Hill, Gorley, Fordingbridge, Hants Talbot, Miss, Lacock Abbey, Chippenham Talbot, The Very Rev. R. T., The Deanery, Rochester 214 Tayler, Mrs. M. C., The Abbey House, Bradford-on-Avon Thomas, Mrs., Rowdeford House, Devizes Thomas, Mrs. L. H., 10, Gloucester Square, N.W. 2 Thompson, G. Malcolm, Kington Manor, Kington St. Michael, Chippenham Thompson, Mrs. Malcolm, Kington Manor, Kington St. Michael, Chippenham Thompson, Mrs.,EastbourneHouse, Devizes Tt. H., The > Elms, Thornely, Nursteed, Devizes Thorneycroft, Mrs. H. D., The Paddocks, Chippenham Thorold, Miss, Bromham Rectory, Chippenham Tothill, Lady, The Chantry, Brad- ford-on-Avon Trotter, A. P., Greystone, Teffont, Salisbury Tuck, E. N., 2, Greenway Gardens, Chippenham Tupholme, Rev. W. S., Steeple Langford Rectory, Salisbury Uppsala University Library, Upp- sala, Sweden Usher, IT’. C., Seend, Melksham Vigors, Mrs., East Kennett Manor, Marlborough Viney, Herbert, Maplecroft, Melk- sham Walker, H. Secker, Fairfield, Brad- ford-on-Avon Walker, Rev. F. G., Upton Lovell Rectory, Wilts Walker, Rev. H. Milnes, Lea House, Malmesbury Walrond, R. D., Aldbourne, Bram- cote Road, Putney, S.W. 15 Walsh, Arthur H., The Manor House, Purton, Wilts Warrington of Clyffe, The Right Hon. Lord, Market Lavington, Devizes Wasey, Mrs. G. K., Leigh Hill House, Savernake Forest, Marl- borough Watson, Rev. A. J., Upavon Vicar- age, Marlborough Watson-Taylor, G., Stert Cottage, Stert, Devizes ( Inst of Members. Waylen, G.S. A., Potterne Road, Devizes Waylen, W. A., Littledean, Newn- ham, Glos. Weallens, Rev. R. S., Berwick Bassett Vicarage, Swindon Webb, J. R., Fovant, Salisbury Webb, Mrs. Naesmyth, Bibury, Branksome Park, Bournemouth Webb, W. A., 83, Argyle Road, West Ealing, London, W. 13 Wells, Chas., F.J.1., 134, Cromwell Road, Bristol Westlake, Rev. Canon, Sutton Benger Rectory, Chippenham Weston, Lt.-Col. R. S8., Elmsgate, . Steeple Ashton, Trowbridge Weston, Miss Gertrude, Elmsgate, Steeple Ashton, Trowbridge Weston, Miss Ellen, The Home Farm,Stockton,CodfordSt. Mary Whatton, Mrs., Rockley Manor, Marlborough Whitbread, Miss J., Norton Bavant Manor, Warminster Whitehead, Arthur, 35, Canal, Salisbury White, Mrs. N., 24, High Street, Chippenham Williams, A. F., 57, Sheldon Road, Chippenham Williams-Freeman, Dr., Weyhill, Andover Williams, Philip, Speen, Newbury Wilson, Miss Maud, Norton Manor, Malmesbury Wood, J. Crewe, Bramerton, Swin- don Woodward, C. H., Exchange Buildings, Devizes Wrangham, Rev. Canon F., Burton Agnes Rectory, East Yorkshire Wright, Sir Robert, Durley House, Savernake, Wilts Wynne-Jones, Mrs., Windwhistle House, Marnhull, Sturminster Newton, Dorset Yale University Library, New Haven, Conn., U.S.A. ~“Yeatman-Biggs, Mrs., Long Hall, Stockton, Codford, Wilts Young, E. F., 67, Wells Road, Bristol Young, Wm. E. V., Gawens, Ebbes- bourne Wake, Salisbury Printed and Published by C. H, Woodward, Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes. & © re CULL (Ose THE SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS (Continued) STONEHENGE AND ITS BARROWS, by W. Long, Nos. 46-47 of the Magazine in separate wrapper 7s. 6d. This still remains one of the best and most reliable accounts of Stonehenge and its Harthworks. WILTSHIRE—The TOPOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS OF JOHN AUBREY, F.R.S., A.D. 1659-1670. Corrected and enlarged by the Rev. Canon J. E. Jackson, M.A., F.S.A. 4to, Cloth, pp. 491, with 46 plates, Price £2 10s. WILTSHIRE INQUISITIONES POST MORTEM. CHARLES TI. 8vo, pp. vii. + 510. 1901. With fullindex. In 8 parts, as issued. Price 13s. DITTO. IN THE REIGNS OF HEN, IIL, ED. I., and ED. II. 8vo, pp. xv. 505. In parts asissued, Price 3s, DITTO. THE REIGN OF ED. III. 8vo., pp. 402. In six parts as issued. Price 13s. A BIBLIOGRAPHY of tHe GREAT STONE MONUMENTS oF WILTSHIRE, STONEHENGH, anno AVEBURY, with other references, by W. Jerome Harrison, F.G.S., pp. 169, with 4 illustrations. No.89, Dec., 1901, of the Magazine. Price 5s. 6d. Contains particulars as to 947 books, papers, &c., by 732 authors, THE TROPENELL CARTULARY. Animportant work in 2 vols., 8vo, pp. 927, containing a great number of deeds connected with property in many Wiltshire Parishes of the 14th and 15th centuries. Only 150 copies were printed, of which a few are left. Price to members, £1 10s., and to non- members, £2. THE CHURCH BELLS OF WILTSHIRE, THEIR INSCRIPTIONS AND HISTORY, BY H. B. WALTERS, F.S.A. Part I. Aldbourne to Buttermere, 1927. Price 2s, WILTSHIRE TOKENS. The Society has a considerable number of 17th and 18th century Wiltshire Tokens to dispose of, either by sale, or exchange for others not in the Society’s collection. Apply to Carr. B. H. Cunnineron, F.S.A. Scot., Curator, Museum, Devizes. Wilts Archeological Magazine, 83 parts between Nos. 1 and Po, Pries £2: Ditto, 46 odd parts, nearly all different, early years, 25s. Apply—BM/KFP4, London W.C, 1. SALISBURY CHARTERS AND HISTORY OF ST. EDMUND’S _ COLLEGE, BY ALDERMAN CHARLES HASKINS, 8vo. 1927, pp. 66. | Can be obtained from the Salisbury Times Company, for 5s. post free. BOOKBINDING, Books carefully Bound to pattern. Wilts Archzological Magazine bound to match previous volumes Or in Special Green Cases. We have several back numbers to make up sets. C, H. WOODWARD, Printer and Publisher, Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes, North Wilts Museum and | LIBRARY AT DEVIZES. In answer to the appeal made in 1905 annual subscriptions ~ varying from £2 to 5s. to the amount of about £30 a year for this ~ purpose have been given since then by about sixty Members of — the Society and the fund thus set on foot has enabled the ~ Committee to add much to the efficiency of the Library and — Museum. It is very desirable that this fund should be raised to at least — £50 a year in order that the General Fund of the Society may be released to a large extent from the cost of the Museum and ~ set free for the other purposes of the Society. Subscriptions of 5s. a year, or upwards, are asked for from all — Members, and should be sent either to Mr. D. OwEN, Bank Cham- — bers, Devizes, or Rev. E. H. Gopparp, F.S.A., Clyffe Vicarage, © Swindon. | | The Committes appeal to Members of the Society and others to secure any Objects of Antiquity, AND Natural History Specimens, found in the County of Wilts and to forward them to the | Hon, Curator, Capt. B. H. Cunnineton, F.S.A., Scot, Devizes; | Whilst Old Deeds connected with Wiltshire families — or places, Modern Pamphlets, Articles, Portraits, | Illustrations from recent Magazines, or Papers | bearing in any way on the County, and Sale | Particulars of Wiltshire Properties, as well as : local Parish Magazines, q will be most gratefully received for the Library by the Rev. 7 | KE. H, Gopparp, F.S.A., Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon, Hon. Librarian. | C. H. WOODWARD, PRINTER, DEVIZES. No. CXLIX. DECEMBER, 1928. Vor. XLIV. SS THE WILTSHIRE Archeological & Natural History MAGAZINE, PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SOCIETY FORMED IN THAT COUNTY A. D. 1853, EDITED BY REV. HE. H. GODDARD, F.S.A,, Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon. [The authors of the papers printed in this ‘‘ Magazine”’ are alone responsible for all statements made therein, | DEVIZES : PRINTED FoR THE Society By C. H. Woopwarp ExcHaNecE Buribpines, Station Roap. Price 8s. Members, Gratis. NOTICE TO MEMBERS. TAKE NOTICE that a copious Index for the preceding eight volumes of the Magazine will be found at the end of Vols. Vill., XVL, Xxlv., and xxxil, The subsequent Volumes are each fully indexed separately. The annual subscription is now raised to 15s. 6d., the entrance fee for new Members remaining 10s. 6d. as before. Life Mem- bership £15 15s. Members who have not paid their Subscriptions to the Society for the current year, are requested to remit the same forthwith to the Financial Secretary, Mr. DAvID Owen, Bank Chambers, Devizes, to whom also all communications as to the supply of Magazines should be addressed. The Numbers of this Magazine will be delivered gratis, as issued, to Members who are not in arrear of their Annual Subserip- tions, but in accordance with Byelaw No. 8 “The Financial Secretary shall give notice to Members in arrear, and the Society’s publications will not be forwarded to Members whose Subseriptions shall remain unpaid after such notice.” All other communications to be addressed to the Honorary Secre- ee the Rev. i. H. Gopparp, F.S.A. Meee Vicarage, Swindon. THE SOCIETY'S PU BLICATIONS. | : To be obtained of Mr. D. OWEN, Bank Chambers, Devizes. THE BRITISH AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF THE NORTH WILTSHIRE DOWNS, by the Rev. A. C. Smith, M.A. One Volume, Atlas 4to, 248 pp., 17 large Maps, and 110 Woodcuts, Extra Cloth. Price £2 2s. One copy offered to each Member of the Society at £1 11s. 6d. THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF WILTSHIRE. One Volume, 8vo, 504 pp., with Map, Cloth. By the Rev. T. A. Preston, M.A. Price to the Public 16s.; but one copy offered to every Member of the Society at half-price. CATALOGUE or tut STOURHEAD COLLECTION or ANTIQUITIES IN THE SOCIETY’S MUSEUM, with 175 Illustrations. Part I. Price Is. 6d. CATALOGUE or ANTIQUITIES in tHe SOCIETY’S MUSEUM. Part II. 1911. Fully illustrated. Price Qs, CATALOGUE or tHe SOCIETY’S LIBRARY ar tae MUSEUM. Price 1s) APPENDIX No. L., II., and III., 3d. each. CATALOGUE or DRAWINGS, PRINTS, anp Maps, In THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARY at toe MUSEUM. Price 1s. 6d. CATALOGUE or WILTSHIRE TRADE TOKENS 1n tHe SOCIETY’S COLLECTION. Price 6d. BACK NUMBERS or tHe MAGAZINE. Price to the Public, 8s., 5s. 6d., and 3s. 6d. (except in the case of a few numbers, the price of which is raised). Members are allowed a reduction of 25 per cent. from these prices. sc ae e oi eS WILTSHIRE Archeological & Natural History MAGAAINK. No. CXLIX. DECEMBER 1928. VoL. XLIV. Contents. PAGE. THE Society’s MSS. Gritrtetron Manor Deeps: By the ewan anoneh, El Manlleyacsesesenecsassssncisecssscs cece sci cn ciecoe 215—235 A Hoarp or British Coins FOUND AT CHUTE: By Capt. B. Eloward Cunnington, HS: A. SCOts...ce...0s: 16-000. se ene seo-seners 236—239 FIELDWoRK IN N. Wi tts, 1926—28: By A. D. Passmore......... 240—245 Novres ON STONE IMPLEMENTS OF MATERIAL FOREIGN TO WILT- SHIRE IN THE COLLECTION OF Mr. A. D. PassMorE: By H. heethomass HRS: and A. De Passmore 2.020--..-20-.s0<0-0-0 246—247 THE SEVENTY-FIFTH GENERAL MEETING OF THE WILTSHIRE ARCHAOLOGICAL AND NATURAL History SoctETy, HELD AT SHAFTESBURY, JULY 247TH, 25TH, AND 26TH, 1928......... 248—256 HEYTESBURY ALMSHOUSE ACCOUNTS, 1592: Copied lor do dla TEL aaa a @ PNG: ie Hers oa See eee er ke caren eee Se ein PR en RC 257— 259 Norrs—Crouched Burial ne Winterslow. A Pillow Mound at Wardour. Stonehenge Avenue. Sarsen Stones at Kingston Deverill. Saxon Jewelry from Roundway. Books bought from family of Col. Will. Long. Mound at Whetham opened. Pottery Rings at East Kennett. Stone Celt found at Box. Circular Earthwork at Ratfyn, Amesbury. Roman Coins at Little Somerford. Roman Road in Conholt Park. Chapel on the Bridge, Bradford-on-Avon. Sir John Falstaff and Steeple Langford. Roman building at Draycot, near feslinniclinerrcr erent be stone se reet seb oe acces sce Vea incls cb dcncse soars se ueboeas. 260—270 SB ATIIA LCM @) TAL PAE Vertes ese ape Ne sian Duce nace ucu's cults al woe deuce eal ener 271—276 WILTSHIRE Books, PAMPHLETS, AND ARTICLES ...........-000.0000 277—302 ADDITIONS TO MUSEUM AND LIBRARY ...........cececececseceseeseeces 303—304 ILLUSTRATIONS. PaiemO@ abe) Money Boxe... cecscsoss hotel coscseeedog cess cove degee sie veecas 238 omaisneGold ‘Coims found at Chute: sc. s...c. sees. secu. dsse cc leceene ces 238 Plan and View of Stone Circle on Overton Down.. Bee 24.4, Perforated Axe-Hammer of Dolerite from Ortranin St. Geores 245 Maroon CliphOuInd. af WOKS age. strat h secs An one usa Caebacacasedes 264 Circular ditch with burials in it at Ratfyn, Amesbury............... 266 Suggested Course of Roman Road at Conholt ..... ................-. 267 Devizes :—C. H. Woopwarp, ExcHance Buripinas, Station Roap. THE WILTSHIRE MAGAZINE, ‘“MULTORUM MANIBUS GRANDE LEVATUR ONUS.”’—Ovid. No. CXLIX. DECEMBER, 1928. Vou. XLIV. THE SOCIETY’S MSS. GRITTLETON MANOR DEEDS. By THE Rev Canon F. H. MANLEY. The principal estate in Grittleton was at the time of the Conquest held by the Abbot of Glastonbury, and the right of the monks to the Manor was _ confirmed by various Popes early inthe 12th century. They retained pos- session until the general dissolution of the monasteries in 1537, when the Manor was seized for the King. By patent dated 7th July, 36 Hen. VIII. (1544), the King granted the Manor and Advowson of the parish Church of Grittleton to Giles Gore, of Surrendel, in consideration of the sum of £591 15s. 7d. and they remained with this family for 58 years. In 1601 the _ Manor and Advowson were sold by Edward Gore to Henry White, of _ Langley Burrell, whose fourth son, Walter White, on the death of his _ father in 1605 succeeded to the estate. On the death of the great grand- _ son of this Walter White, unmarried, in 1705, his estates, which included _ the Manor of Easton Peyrse and property in the counties of Worcester and _ Essex, were divided between his two sisters, Priscilla and Elizabeth, as co- | heiresses. The Manor of Grittleton fell to the share of Priscilla, who in 1707 _ married as his second wife Joseph Holton, eldest son and heir of Joseph Houlton, of Trowbridge and Farleigh Hungerford. The Manor of Grittle- _ ton thus came into the hands of the Houlton family and remained in their _ possession until 1828 when it was sold to Joseph Neeld, Esq., M.P., of _ Chippenham, ancestor of the present owner. _ When Canon Jackson wrote his History of Grittleton he seems to have had | access to a large and complete series of ancient deeds relating to the Manor. _ He states in particular that the Court Rolls giving details of the proceed- | ings at the annual Court Baron and Court Leet from 1533 “are preserved with regularity,” containing lists of the homagers, the king’s jury, the hay wards and tithing men, as well as the surrender and granting of leases to- gether with a record of the other business transacted by the courts. Pre- sumably at that time all these ancient deeds were in safe custody but, like ‘many similar collections, this one became dispersed and the Wilts Arch. Society has only a fragmentary and incomplete set of documents giving us ‘VOL. XLIV.—NO. CXLIX. 2 P 216 The Society’s MSS. an imperfect record of the various changes during the last 300 years in the ownership and occupation of the manorial estate in Grittleton. Some of the missing deeds can be traced from the schedule of deeds handed over to the mortgagee attached to a mortgage deed of 1743 but these are not early deeds, The Society now has in its possession 75 deeds relating to the Manor of Grittleton, one of these dating from the Gore ownership, twenty-five during the ownership of the White family, the remainder being Houlton deeds. It has also the original Court Rolls from 1614 to 1647. Abstracts of the deeds are given in this issue of the Magazine and ab- stracts of the Court Rolls made by the late Rev. C. W. Shickle, F.S.A., will be printed later. LEASES. A 1. 1589. Indenture made 20th July, 31 Eliz., between Edward Gore,! of Surrenden, co. Wilts., Esq., and Richard Gawen, of Gryttleton, co. Wilts, yeoman, being a lease by the former to the latter of one fourth part of the Farm of Gryttleton and of the Barn belonging to the same and of lands appertaining now in the tenure of said Richard Gawen? also of one pasture ground called Thornegrove containing 20 ac. to be held for full term of fourscore years, subject to the lives of his sons John and Robert Gawen and of Prudence, daughter of John Kylberye, of Grittleton, dec., on sur- render of previous lease granted to Richard Gawen for his life by Copy of Court Roll at yearly rent of 30s. 4d. and payment of 20s, on decease of John and Robert Gawen and of Prudence Kylberye if tenants at time of their decease. Mention of “ Elizabeth nowe wife of said Edward Gore.” Signature of parties and seal missing but endorsed with attestation of witnesses, A 2. 1622. Indenture made 4th Oct., 20 Jas. I1., between Walter White,’ of Grittleton, gent., and (ii.) Edwd. Smart, of Grittleton, husbandman, by which for divers good causes (i.) lets to (ii.) the close, called Culver Hay, situate in Grittleton, for lives of Joane Smart, his wife, his son Roger and daughter Joane, at annual rent of 2s. 6d. with usual conditions as to upkeep of hedges, &c. Signed, Edward Smart. Seal missing. Witnesses, Edw. Uore, John Galfe. A 3. 1623. Indenture dated 19th Jan., 20 James I., made between (i) Walter White, of Grittleton, gent., and (ii.) John Jones the younger, of Foscott, in Grittleton, yeoman, being a lease by the former to the latter of 1 Grandson of Giles Gore, succeeded to the estate on death of his father, Richard, in 1582, and sold it in 1601 (see Visitation of Wilts, 1623). 2 In 1540 the widow of John Gawen and Edward Bristowe held three parts of the farm of the demesne lands. * The first owner of these names, died in 1626, et. 43, buried at Grittleton- His widow, Hester, née Conham, was buried at Grittleton 1644. By the Rev. Canon F. H, Manley. 217 53 ac. of land lately enclosed, lying in the Southfielde, commonly called Sandpitts, late in tenure of John Tucker, on payment of £27 and yearly rent of 2s. 6d., subject to the lives of said John Jones, Jacob Woodman, and Sarah Knight, who must when duly summoned appear at the Court Baron of the said Walter White and must not assign any part of the premises to any person without his consent . . . the lives of any children of John Jones born within the next four years may be inserted in the lease. Signed John Jones his mark. Seal missing. Witnesses, Elias Woodroffe,' John Kilbury, John Storke. A 4. 1628. Indenture made 30th April, 1628, between (i.) John Nayle, of the city of London, woolcomber, and (ii.) Hester Conham,? of Durrington, co. Wilts, widow. Robert, brother of John Nayle, has an estate in a Copy- hold Tenement in Grittleton for life with remainder to John Nayle for his life. On payment of £20 by (ii.) to (1.) the latter agrees to demise to the former two closes of ground, called Beryes Crofte, parcel of the said Copy- hold Tenement 12 ac. now in the tenure of Hester White, widow, with two years to run, at termination of existing lease, for life of John Nayle, should Robert Nayle be living at date of this Indenture. But should Robert Nayle be now dead then for £10 paid (1.) assigns to (ii.) the said two closes for two years only on expiration of said lease—this with the consent of the ~ Committee of the said Manor of Grittleton during the minoritie of Walter _ White,? son and heir of Walter White, gent., dec., his Majestie’s Warde. _ Signed, John Naile. Seal missing. Witnesses, Jo. Shuter, Christopher _ Goddard, and others. | A 5. 1647. Indenture made 14th June, 23 Chas. I. between (i.) Eliz. | White,’ widdow, of Grittleton, and Walter White,®*her son and heir apparent, | and (ii.) Geo. Seale, the elder, of Grittleton, weaver, and his sons, George and Edward, by which on payment of £14 10s. Od. by (il.) to (i.) the latter lease to the former a Tenement with backsided garden in Grittleton 1 | | now in tenure of George Seale, the elder, for the term of 99 years subject to | the lives of the parties (ii.) at annual rent of 10s. with usual conditions of | upkeep of premises by tenant dc. | Signatures and seal and witnesses’ names missing. 1 Rector of Grittleton, 1619—42. ? Widow of Abraham Conham, Canon of Salisbury, Rector of Bishop- stone, 1595—1612. Her daughter Hester marr. Walter White. Buried at Durrington, 1647. A tablet in the Church to her memory, with arms ‘Conham impaling Badby. 3 Born in 1617, killed at battle of Newbury 3rd June, 1643. Lieut.-Col. ‘in Parliamentary Army and Governor of Bristol. Buried at Grittleton. 4 Daughter of John Walwyn, of Lulham. She had manors of Newlands and Woodfields,co. Worc. She marr., secondly, as his 3rd wife, her brother- in-law Nich, Greene, of Foscote. Buried at Grittleton. | * Born in 1643, died 1678, buried at Grittleton, third owner of these names, DZ 218 The Society’s MSS. AG. 1657. Copy of Court Roll. In view of Franc Plege with the Court of the Manor of Nicholas Greene, Esq., and Eliz. his wife, Committee and guardian of the body and lands of Walter White, gent., son and heir apparent of Walter White, dec., held 17th April, 1657, before me, Thos. Neate, gent., Steward to this Courte came Thos. Lawes and taketh out of the hands of the Ladye of the Manor the Revercion of one Messuage and one yard lands in Foscott and Grittleton now in tenure of sd. Thos. to have and to hold the Revercion of sd. Messuage and one yard lands to sd. Thos. Lawes and John Gawen, of Grittleton, yeoman, for the terme of their lives according to custome of the said Manor, immediately after the death, &c., of Jane Gawen the now wife of sd. John, at yearely payment of 16s and a Herriott when it shall happen, &c., and sd. Thos. and John gave to the sd. Lady for a Fine for the same graunte £30 and aforesd Thos. Lawes hath done his Fealty and is admitted Tenant as in Revercion, &c. Signed, Nich. Greene, Elizabeth Greene. Examd. by me Thos. Neate, Steward there. Examd. 12th April, 1689, by Wm. Sainsbury, Steward there. A 7. 1657. Copy of Court Roll, a duplicate of the former one but with the following endorsement :— 5th May, 1696. The within-named John and Jane Gawen came to this Courte and surrendered all their estate in the within written premises. And at the same Courte came the sd. John and re-took the same premises to him and his wife Jane and their son Thos. Gawen for the terme of their lives on same conditions as before, paying for same a Fine of £40 and said John was admitted tenant and took the oath of Fealty. A 8. 1659. Copy of Court Roll. At the view of Franck Pledge, with the Court Baron of the Manor in time of Nichs. Greene, Esq., and Eliz., his wife, Committee, &c., during the minoritie of sd. Walter White, holden 8th April, 1659, before Richard Thorner, gent., Steward at this Court, the sd. Committee have granted to Walter and Nicholas, sons of the sd. Nichs. Greene, the Revercion of one Tenement and one yard land in Foscott with appurtenances now in tenure of Rich. Holdborough, 34 ac. arable near house of Walter White, and part of the Ground Leaze for the terme of their lives according to the Custome of the Manor, immediately on death, &c., of sd. Rich. Holdborough and at ancient rent, &. Walter and Nich. Greene are admitted tenants but their Fealtie is respited and there is the further con- dition that should the Committee or sd. Walter White any time hereafter pay to the Rector of the Parish or to the Steward of the Manor or sd. | Walter and Nicholas Greene the sum of Twelve pence to make this graunte _ voide, it will become void. : | Signed, Rich Greene, Elizabeth Greene. Exd. and agreeth with Cort. | Roll of the Manor by me, Richard Thorner, Steward there. "i ' By his first wife Hester White. By the Rev, Canon F. H, Manley. 219 A 9. 1664. Indenture made 14th April, 16 Chas. II., between (i.) Wal- ter White, of Grittleton, gent., and (ii.) Roger Huckings, of Grittleton, _ ¢clothier, by which on payment of £60 by (ii.) to (i.) the latter lets to the former Messuage and Close 1 ac. adjoining, Grove Leaze 2 a., 1 ac. parcel of Rickmore Ackmore, 28 ac. arable in South and North fields called Clapcotts fields . . . all these late in tenure of Mary, mother of sd. Roger Huck- ings, by virtue of a former lease granted to her husband Roger, dec., on lives of himself, his mother Mary dec. and sd. wife Mary by Walter White dec., grandfather of sd. Walter White by deed dated 20th April, 2 Chas. I. ‘ on death of sd. Mary, mother of sd. Roger Huckings for 99 years subject to lives of sd. Roger and Benjamin his brother, at annual rent of 20s. and 5s. herriott at death of either, &c. . . . Usual covenant for tenant to repair premisses dc. Signed, Roger Huckings. Seal missing. Witnesses, Thos. Neate, Jos. Beames, Rich Browne. A 10. 1666. Indenture made 4th April, 18 Chas. II., between (1.) Walter White, of Grittleton, gent., and (ii.) Thos. Brockenborough, of Grittle- ton, tailor, by which on payment of £27 by (ii.) to (i.) the latter lets to the former a close called Adrills, 4 ac. pasture, now in tenure of (ii.) for 99 years subject to the lives of Joane, wife of (il.), and their children Simon and Eliz. at payment of heriot of 5s. at their deaths and annual rent Is. 6d. the tenant to keep the premises sufficiently repaired, &c., and upon | seasonable notice to appear and doe suite, &c., at the Courtes of the Manor _ of Grittleton, dc. Signed, Thomas Brokenboro, his mark. Seal missing. Witnesses, Rich. _ and Thos. Browne, &c. Endorsed with note 3rd May, 1697, Fine £26, Rents and Heriot as usual. _ A new lease with Thos. Brokenboro on lives of his dr. Jone Brokenborough, | and John and Mary, children of John Lea, of Charlton. A 11. 1668. Indenture made 20th Jan., 20 Chas I., between (1.) Walter | White, of Grittleton, gent., and (i1.) Mary Smart, of Grittleton, wid., by | which on surrender by (i1.) to (i.) of all her estate in premisses mentioned _ below and payment of £5, the latter lets to the former a new-erected barn | with garden and close of pasture called Culverhay, 1 farrendeale now in _ tenure of (ii.) for 99 years on lives of her sons Roger and Nathan at annual | rent 2s. with usual condition for tenant to do repairs, &c. Signed, Walter White. Seal missing. Witnesses, Thos. Neate, Walter | Brokenborough, &c. Endorsed. Walter White, Esq., in considn. of £12 demised to Edwd. Smart, of Grittleton, yeo., the within-named premisses late in possn. of Mary Smart, wid., to hold for 99 yrs. on lives of his sons, Edw., Jo., and Isaac - . . samerents and covenants but an additional covenant for suite of Courte. A 12. 1673. Indenture made 21 Dec., 25 Chas. II. between (i.) Walter _ White, of Grittleton, Esq., and (ii.) Rich. Browne, of Grittleton, yeo., by _which on payment of £8 by (il.) to (i.) the latter lets to the former arable i ! 220 The Society's MSS, ground called Townesend Close 13 ac. for 99 years on lives of (ii.), his wife Hester and son Joseph at annual rent of 2d. . . . tenant to repair hedges, etc. Signed, Richard Browne. Seal missing. Witnesses, Thos. Browne and Margery Minerd. A 13. 1674. Indenture made 6th Aug., 26 Chas. II. between (i.) Walter White, of Grittleton, gent, and (ii.) Rich. Browne, taylor, by which on consideration of surrender of a former lease and payment by (11.) to (i.) of £3 the latter lets to the former a messuage with shop, backside and gardens adjoining commonly called Shells House and 2 lugge of ground taken out of Serjeants close, now in tenure of (ii.) for 99 years on lives of (ii.) and his wife Hester at annual rent of 10s. . . . tenant to keep the premises in repair, etc. Signed, Richard Brown. Seal missing. Witnesses, Walter Greene, Eliz. Packer. A 14. 1689. Indenture made 3 Apri], 1 Wm. and Mary, between (i.) Walter White,! of Grittleton, Esq., and (ii.) Joseph Beames, of Grittleton, tailor, by which on surrender of lease, see p. 8, and payment of £40 by (11.) to (i.), a fresh lease of the premises is granted by the latter to the former on same conditions for 99 years on lives of Joseph Beames, his wife Mary and Isaac Bristowe, yeo. Signed, Joseph Beames. Seal missing. Witnesses, Wm. Sainsbury, jn., Thos. Browne, A 15. 1696. Indenture made the 5th May, 8 Wm. III., between (i.) Walter White, of Grittleton, Esq., and (ii.) John Jones, of Foscott in Grittle- ton, yeo., by which on payment of £50 (ii.) to (i.) the latter lets to the former All that messuage and one yard or hide of land in Foscott now in tenure of Richard, father of sd. John Jones and by him held by virtue of a copy of Court Roll of the Manor (except Grove Leaze 3 ac., Acton Hill 14 ac., Sandpitts 5,ac., Stonehill furlong 14 ac., Acton Hill furlong 1 ac., a Lott of Meadow in Acmore | ac., one farndale adjoining Park Gate, 3 ac. in Sand furlong, etc., all lying in Lower Foscott and lately surrendered by Rich. Jones to Lord of the Manor and granted by him to Isaac Bristowe) for 99 yrs. subject to lives of sd. John Jones and Isaac his brother to commence from death, etc., of their father and determination of his widow’s estate at annual rent of 10s, 6d. and heriot of best living beast or 60s. at election of Walter White on deaths of Johnand Isaac . . . usual covenant for tenant to do repairs and also upon reasonable summons to do suit at Court Baron of sd. Walter White, etc. Signed Walter White. Seal, an annulet within a bordure charged with estoiles, WHITE. Witnesses, Sam]. Workman, Elizth. Ayliffe. A 16. 1696. Counterpart of above Lease. Signed, John Joanes. Seal missing. Witnesses, Sam]. Workman, Elizth. Ayliffe. 1 Succeeded to the estate on death of his father, Walter, in 1678. Died unm. 1705, Oct. 38th., buried at Grittleton. M.P. of Chippenham. By the Rev. Canon F. H. Manley. 221 A 17. 1696. Indenture made 5th Aug., 8 Wm. III. between (i.) Walter White, of Grittleton, Esq., and (ii.) Rich. Sergeant, of Grittleton, yeo., by which in consideration of surrender of an Assigment of the estate men- tioned below, dated 5th May last, made between Rich. Browne, of Grittleton, yeo., of one part, and sd. Rich. Sergeant! of the other part and of payment of £30 by (ii.) to (i.), the latter lets to the former closes of arable land called Holden Leaze 7 ac., New Pool Leaze 73 ac., 3 ac. in Ox furlong in West field, also } ac. and 1 ac. in same furlong, 1 ac. in Pease furlong late in tenure of sd. Rich Browne and now in tenure of sd. Rich. Sergeant for 99 years on lives of Daniel, Isaac, and Rachael, children of sd. Rich. Sergeant, at annual rent of 3s. 8d. . . . tenant to repair hedges, etc., and on reasonable summons to do suit at Court Baron of sd. Walter White, etc. Signed, Walter White. Seal missing. Witnesses, Thomas Chappel, Elizth, Ayliffe. Endorsed with memorandum dated 10th May, 1704, of Richard Sergeant’s right of ploughway to New Pool Leaze through Rich. Brokenborow’s Close called Forrest. A 18. 1696. Counterpart of above Lease. Signed, The mark of Rich, Sergeant. Seal missing. Witnesses, Thos. Chappell, Elizth. Ayliffe. A 19. 1697. Indenture made 3rd May, 9 Wm. III., between (i.) Walter White, of Grittleton, Esq., and (ii.) John Sergeant the elder, of Grittleton, yeo., by which on payment of £20 by (ii.) to (i.) the latter lets to the former a messuage with appurs. late in tenure of John May, dec., and 6 lugg of land adjoining taken out of Court close for 99 years on lives of John, son of Wm. Scott, of Grittleton, and Deborah and Mary, daughters of sd. John Sergeant at annual rent of 1s. 6d. . . . tenant to keep premises in repair and at reasonable summons to do suite at Court Baron of sd. Walter White, etc. Signed, The mark of John Sergeant. Seal, armorial. Witnesses, Joseph Packer, Elizth. Ayliffe. A 20. 1697. Indenture made 26th Oct., 9 Wm. III., between (i) Walter White, of Grittleton, Esq., and (ii.) Jos. Beames, senr., of Grittleton, by which on payment of £12 by (ii.) to (i.) the latter lets to the former the close of pasture called Grove Leaze late in tenure of John Sergent, senr., lately dec., 2 ac. for 99 years on lives of his sons Joseph, Isaac, and Roger Beames, at annual rent of 1s. . . . tenant to repair hedges, etc., and doing suite from time to time at the Courts of the Manor, etc. Signed, Joseph Beams. Seal missing. Witnesses, Thos. Tattersall, Saml, Workman. : A 21. 1701. Indenture made 14th Nov., 13 Wm. III. between (i.) Walter White, of Grittleton, Esq., and (ii.) Thos. Brown, of Yate, co. Glouc., yeo, by which on payment of £120 paid by (ii.) to (i.) the latter lets to the former a House with Barn and Stable, etc., and one close called Fishlands, Broadmead 3 ac., Shortlands 8 ac., 5 ac. and 3 farthingdeales in 1 In 1540 John Sargeant, one of the principal tenants of the Manor. 222 The Society’s MSS. West towne field, the premises late in the tenure of John Sergeant, senr., . . . for 99 years subject to the lives of sd. Thos. and his children John and Mary Brown, at annual rent 8s. . . . tenant to keep the premises sufficiently repaired and upon reasonable summons to do suite at the Court of the Manor. Signed, Walter White. Seal missing. Witnesses, J. Mordaunt, Will. Stephens. | Endorsed with note “ Determined by death of Mary Drinkwater, July 26th, 1756.” A 22. 1701. Counterpart of above Lease. Signed, Thomas Browne, Seal missing. Witnesses, J. Mordaunt, Will. Stephens. A 23. 1704. Indenture made 26th July, 3 Anne, between (i.) Walter White, of Grittleton, Esq., and (ii.) Thos. Brokenborough, senr., Innholder, by which in consideration of the surrender of a former lease dated 3rd May, 1697, made between sd. Walter White and ‘Thos. Brokenborough, yeo., lately dec. uncle of the sd. Thos. Brokenborough, and of payment of £8 by (ii.) to (i.) the latter lets to the former the close of pasture called Adrells on same terms, as in lease on page 221, for 99 years subject to the lives of Thos., Walter, and Nich. Brokenborough, sons of (ii.). Signed, Walter White. Seal not armorial. Witnesses, Mary Adye, John Joanes. A 24. 1704. Counterpart of above Lease. Signed, Thomas Broken- borough. Seal not armorial. Witnesses, Mary Adye, John Joanes. Endorsed with note “Surrendered 20th March, 1741, and premisses granted to James Bristow.”’ A 25. 1708. Indenture made 2nd Oct., 7 Anne, between (i.) Joseph Holton, of Trowbridge, Esq., and Priscilla,’ his wife, and (ii.) hos. Broken- borow, yeo., by which in consideration of surrender of a former lease dated 8th April, 1692, made of the premises mentioned below by Walter White, Esq., to Mary Farr, widow, and of payment of £10 by (ii.) to (i.) the latter lets to the former two tenements with barn and garden adjoining and two closes ‘‘Groves-ends” 4 ac., late in tenure of Simeon Farr and since of Mary Farr? and now of (1i.) for 92 years subject to the lives of sd. Thos. Brokenborow’s children, Thos., Rebecca, and Mary, at annual rent of ls. . . tenant to keep the premises in repair and upon summons from time to time to do his suite at the Manor Courts. Signed, Joseph Houlton, Priscilla Houlton. Seal on a bend 3 mullets. Witnesses, Elizabeth Hillier, Mary Wigmore. A 26. 1711. Indenture made 28th Feb., 10 Anne, between (i.) Rich. Smyth, of Grittleton, tailor, and (ii.) Daniell Sargeant, of Grittleton, hus- bandman, on payment of £29 15s. Od. by (ii.) to (i.) the latter lets to the former closes “ Shortlands ” 4 acres, “ Etherford ” 4 ac., and also 2 ac. 3 far- rundeles dispersed in Townefield, late in possession of Rich. Browne, dec., 1 Née White, marr. in 1707. 2 A member of this family, a tenant of the Manor in 1540. By the Rev. Canon F. H, Manley. 223 and now of (i.) and was by Jos. Houlton and Priscilla, his wife, leased by Indenture dated 1st March, 6 Anne, to (i) for 99 years upon death of sd. Richard Browne subject to lives of (i) and his son Robert, for 95 yrs. on same lives at annual rent of Is. 4d. . . . Rich. Smith to pay to Jos. Houlton and Priscilla his wife Cheif Rent &c. payable under above-mentioned Indenture. Signed, Rich. Smith. Seals not armonial. Witnesses, Jo. Nickoll, St. Jo. Fabian, &c. Endorsed with receipt of payment of £29 15s. Od. to (i.). A 27. 1713. Indenture made 19th May, 13 Anne, between (i.) Jos. Holton, of Grittleton, gent., and (ii.) Thos. Browne, of Yate, co. Glouc., yeo., by which on payment of £20 and surrender of a former lease by (ii.) to (1i.) the latter lets to the former a Tenement in Upper Foscott now in possn. of (ii.) with closes 1 ac. adjoining, 6 ac. “ Holden Leaze,” 2 ac. ‘‘ Knavescraft,” for 99 years subject to lives of (ii.) and his daughter Mary at annual rent of 4s. . . . the tenant to keep the premisses in repair and upon reason- able summons to do his suite at the Manor Courts. Signed, Joseph Holton, senr. Seal missing. Witnesses, Rich. Salwey, Jos. Jaques. A 28. 1713. Counterpart of above Lease. Signed, Thomas Browne. Seal, I. H. with tree between. Witnesses as above. Endorsed, Determined by death of Mary Drinkwater, widow, 26th July. » . ‘Now Drinkwater’s.” _ A 29. 1718. Indenture made 16th Oct. 4 Geo. I. between (i.) Jos. _ Houlton, of Grittleton, Esq., and Priscilla, his wife, and (ii.) Rich. White, | of Chippenham, glover, and Sarah, his wife, by which in consideration of surrender of a former lease dated 16th June, ult., between (i.) and sd. | Sarah by name of Sarah Beames, sp. and payment of 1s. by (ii.) to (i.) the latter lets to the former a Messuage with close adjoining lac., Grove Leaze 2ac., in Rickmore Ackmore lac., in South East and North fields called _Clapcotts 28ac., viz., Southen 2ac., Sandpitts 2ac., Clover Leaze 7ac., Bull Furlong 2ac., Berry Croft 13ac., in Common fields 93ac., all late in tenure _of Roger Beames for 99 years subject to lives of (ii.) and Isaac Bristow at / annual rent of 20s., tenant to keep premises in repair. | Signed Jos. Houlton, Jnr., Priscilla Houlton. Sealed, not armorial. | Witnesses Rob. Wiltshire,! Walter Wiltshire. Endorsed ‘ Surrendered 20th _ June, 1732.’ A. 30. 1718. Counterpart of above Lease. _ Signed Rich. White, Sarah White. Seal not armorial. Witnesses Rob. ‘Wiltshire, Walter Wiltshire. | | | 1! Of Foscote. He marr. Rebecca, only daughter of Nicholas Green and \Elizabeth, widow of Walter White. 224 The Society’s MSS. A 31. 1722. Indenture made 22nd Octr., 9 Geo. II., between (i.) Jos. Houlton, of Grittleton, Esq., (ii.) Wm. Newman, husbandman, by which on surrender of a former lease of the property mentioned below dated 23rd June, 1692, granted by Walter White, late of Grittleton, Esq., dec. to John Bennett als Ware, blacksmith, for 99 years subject to lives of his wife Mary and daughters Mary and Jane and on payment of £5 by (ii.) to (i.) the latter lets to the former a Cottage with apps. in Grittleton, now in possn. of (ii.) for 99 years subject to lives of (ii.) his wife Mary and son John at annual rent ls. 6d. . . usual covenants as to repairs, doing suite, dc. Signed Wm. Numen. Seal not armorial. Witnesses Christopher Marven, Rich. Bigges, &. Endorsed ‘ Surrendered 10th Oct., 1738.’ A 32. Indenture made 20th Dec., 12 Geo. I., between (i.) Joseph Houlton, senr., of Grittleton, Esq , and (ii.) Daniel Sargent, yeo., by which on surrender of a lease of part of the land mentioned below dated 5th August, 1696, and of another lease of the other part of this land dated 28th February, 1711, and on payment of £36 paid by (ii.) to (i.) the latter lets to the former ‘ Holden Leaze’ 7ac., Newpoole Leaze 73ac., 43ac. in Townfield, ‘Shortlands’ 4ac., ‘ Etherford’ 4ac, ‘Clay Corner’3ac. . . . rights of quarrying for stone, &c., reserved . . for 99 years subject to the lives of (ii.), his wife Edith and son Daniel at annual rent of 5s. and heriot of 10s. on death of either . . usual covenants as to repairs, doing suite, &c. Signed Daniel Sargent. Sealed I. H. with tree between. Witnesses Christopher Marven, Joshua Freem. A 33. 1725. Counterpart of above Lease. Signed Jos. Houlton. Samesealand Witnesses. Endorsed‘ Surrendered 14th June, 1748.’ A 34. 1729. Indenture made 18th Dec., 3 Geo. II., between (i.) Walter Wilshur,! of Grittleton, gent, and (ii.) Thos. Lester, Taylor, by which on payment of £4 by (ii.) to (i.) the latter assigns to the former the remainder of the term of a Lease dated 14th Aug., 1705, granted by Priscilla and Elizth. White, both of Grittleton, sps., to Robert Wilshur, gent, father of sd. Walter, since dec., in respect of a Cottage with garden and orchard 4ac., adjoining John Lester’s copyhold tenement parcel of 143ac. in West- field, of Foscott, for 99 yrs. subject to lives of sd. Robert Wilshur, his son Walter and daughter Rebecca? . . covenant to produce original Lease as other lands are recited in it not affected by this Indenture. No signature . . seal not armorial . . no witnesses, A 35. 1732. Indenture made 3lst July, 6 Geo. II, between (i.) Joseph Houlton, of Grittleton, Esq., and (ii.) James Freem, of Foscutt, joyner, by which on payment of £6 by (ii.) to (i.) the latter lets to the former a Tene- ment in Foscutt with garden and court on south side of the house, part of a tenement formerly belonging to John Smart for 99 years subject to lives of (i.) and his daughter Mary, aged 2 yrs.,and wife Ruth at annual rent of ls.6d. . . . tenant to keep the premisses in repair. 1 Buried at Grittleton, 1766. ? Buried at Grittleton, 1789. By the Rev. Canon F. H. Manley. 225 Signature cut out. Seal, ona fesse wavy between 3 talbots heads as many bezants, HOULTON. Witnesses Robert Houlton, James Bristow. En- dorsed ‘ Surrendered and new one granted by Robert Houlton, Esq, 7th June, 1771.’ A 36. 1733. Indenture made 11th Dec., 7 Geo. II., between (i.) Joseph Houlton, of Grittleton, Esq., and (ii.) James Bristow of same, yeo., by which on surrender of Lease of premisses mentioned below granted 10th May, 1704, by Walter White, of Grittleton, Esq, to Isaac, father of (ii.), and of payment of £20 by (ii.) to (i.) the latter lets to the former Grove Lease 3ac., Little Park Lease l4ac, Sandpitts 5ac., Downhedge Tyning 5ac. and 3 farthingdells, 2ac. in Acmer, all lying in Foscutt, for 99 years subject to lives of sd. Isaac, brother (szc.) of sd. James Bristow, sd. James Bristow, and Daniel, son of Daniel Sargent sister’s son of sd. James, aged about 20 yrs., at annual rent of 8s. and heriot of 30s. on above lives . . tenant to keep hedges, &c., in repair and do suite at the Courts of the Manor upon reasonable warning and in default of attendance to pay Is., &c. Signed James Bristow. Seal HOULTON. Witnesses Robt. Houlton, Eben. Burges. A 37. 1733. Counterpart of above Lease. Signed Joseph Houlton. Seal and witnesses same as above. A 38. 1733. Indenture made 20th Dec, 7 Geo. I!., between (i.) Joseph Houlton, of Grittleton, Esq., and (ii.) James Freem, of Foscutt, joyner, by which on payment of £10 by (ii.) to (i.) the latter lets to the former a Tene- ment or Barn in Lower Foscutt with garden adjoining and Court between sd, Barn and dwelling house of (ii.) for 99 years subject to lives of (i1.), Ruth his wife, and Mary his daughter, aged 4 years, at annual rent of 4s, . . . tenant to keep premisses in repair and do suite at the Courts of the Manor upon reasonable warning and in default of attendance to pay 1s., &c. Signature cut out. Seal HOULTON. Witnesses Robert Houlton, _ Christopher Marven. Endorsed ‘Surrendered and a new one granted by _ Robt. Houlton, Esq., 7th June, 1771.’ A 39. 1734, Indenture made 9th May, 7 Geo. II, between (i.) Joseph _ Houlton, of Farleigh Hungerford, Esq., and Thos. Barker, clerk,' Rector of | Grittleton, and (ii.) John Sargent, blacksmith, by which Joseph Houlton, _ with consent of Thos. Barker, lets to John Sargent all Tythes and Glebe _ Land of the Rectory of Grittleton, also the great stable, two barns, &c., | with close called Greenhay and yard belonging to dwelling house in occupa- tion of sd. Thos. Barker (except dwelling house belonging to sd. Rectory _and garden, &c., and close called ‘the Glebe” and pasturage of churchyard, &c.)for term of 3 years at annual rent of £124 . . . tenant to find straw for repair of the buildings he occupies and to supply to Thos. Barker | straw for the litter for his horses and manure for his garden . . . general repairs of the premises to be done by (i.) . . . tenant to have such ) grains as shall be ‘‘left by the sd. Thos. Barker after the Brewing of his Ale Beer,” &c. Signed, John Sargent. Seal not armorial. ' Rector 1719—49, M.A. of Lincoln Coll., Oxford, 1718. 226 The Society’s MSS. Endorsed with statement that the exceptions in the above Lease were for the sole use and benefit of sd. Thomas Barker. Witnesses, Robert Houlton, Christopher Marden. A 40. 1734. Indenture made 10th May, 7 Geo. II., between (i.) Joseph Houlton, of Farleigh Hungerford, Esq. and (ii.) Ann Wiltshire,! of Lower Foscott, spinster, by which on payment of £28 by (ii.) to (i.) the latter lets to the former Two Tenements in Lower Foscott late in possession of Jane Jones, widow, dec., and now of Elizth. Jones, her under tenant, with Home Close 3 ac. with outhouse, gardens, and appurtenences, held by sd. Elizth. Jones under a lease dated 5th April, 1715 for her life, for 99 years on ter- mination of Elizth. Jones’ estate subject to lives of (ii.) and her brother Walter at annual rent of 4s. 6d. and a heriot of 20s. on these lives tenant to do repairs and not break up any grass land without consent of (i.) also on reasonable summons to do suite at the Manor Courts. Signed, Ann Wilshur. Seal not armorial. Witnesses, Rebekah Willshur, Christopher Mawen. Endorsed “ Fell into hand on death of Mr. Wilshur and exchanged with lands belonging to farm rented by Danl. Sargent, 30th Jan., 1'767.” A 41. 1738. Copy of Court Roll. Manor of Grittleton. Ata Court Baron of Joseph Houlton, Esq., Lord of the Manor aforesaid held 9th Sept., 12 Geo. II., 1738, before Chas. Aland, gent., steward, it is enrolled as followeth. . . . To the Court cometh Daniel Sargent and took of the Lord of the sd. Manor here in the open court by the delivery of the Steward of the Rod according to the custom of the sd. Manor All that. Messuage and one farrendale of land, etc., late in tenure of Isaac, brother of sd. Daniel Sargent To have and to hold the same unto sd. Daniel and his sons Daniel and Isaac for their lives successively at the will of the Lord, etc., paying yearly the Rent of 5s., and all other services therefore due, etc., and 10s for a heriot, etc., And for this sd. Daniel and his son Daniel give to the Lord a fine of £9, and so sd. Daniel Sargent, the father, is admitted tenant and doth his fealty but the fealty of the sons is respited, etc. Joseph Houlton. Ex. by Cha. Aland, Steward. 22 Ap., 1748, Edith Sargent, wid. of Daniel, is admitted Tenant for her widowhood and did her fealty. Cha. Aland, Steward. Endorsed 30 Ap., 1750, Surrendered by Edith, wid. . . . new copy granted . . . purchaser with remainder to his son Daniel, aged 3 Fine £30, Heriot. A 42. 1748. Indenture made 14th June, 22 Geo. II., between (i.) Joseph Houlton, of Farleigh Hungerford, Esq., and (ii.) Edith, wid. and execx. of Daniel Sargent, dec., by which on payment of £20 by (ii.) to (i.) and surrender of the Lease page 25 the latter lets to the former the pre- misses recited in this on same terms for 99 years, subject to the lives of sd. Edith, Daniel her son, aged 34 years, and his wife Jane, aged 29 years. Signed, Edith Sargent. Seal, Houlton. Witnesses, Sarah White, Joseph Bradley. Endorsed, “ Surrendered 17th May, 1753.” 1 Buried at Grittleton, 1742. By the Rev. Canon F. H. Manley. 227 A 43. 1759. Indenture made 6th Nov., 33 Geo. II., between (i.) Robert Houlton, of Grittleton, Esq., and (ii.) Philip Edwards, of Chippenham, Cardmaker, by which on payment by (ii.) to (i.) of £36 and surrender of a Lease dated 20th June, 1732, of the premises recited in the Lease on page 8 held for 99 years on lives of Richard White, his wife Sarah, now dead, and son John, (i.) now lets to (ii.) the same premisses on determination of Lease dated 20th June, 1732, for 99 years subject to life of Ann, wife of sd. Philip Edwards, aged 38 years at annual rent of 20s. and heriot of 5s. tenant to do repairs and do suite at the Manor Courts, etc. Signed, Robert Houlton. Seal, HOULTON quartering WHITE. Wit- nesses, John Houlton, Joseph Bradley. A 44, 1759. Counterpart of above Lease. Signed, Philip Edwards. Same seal and witnesses. A 45a. 1764. Indenture made 10th April, 4 Geo. III., between (i) Robert Houlton, of Grittleton, Esq., and (ii.) Philip Edwards, of Chippen- ham, Cardmaker, by which on payment of £38 by (ii.) to (i.) and surrender of second lease on page 32, and determination of second lease on page 17, the latter lets to the former the premisses recited in these two leases for 99 years subject to lives of Ann, wife of sd. Philip Edwards and Richard their son, at annual rent of 21s. and heriot 5s. . . . usual covenants for repairs and attendance at Manor Courts, etc. Signature and seal cut out. Witnesses, Jos. Bradley, Jos. Ayliffe. Endorsed with receipt of payment of £38. Signed, Robt. Houlton. Norr.—‘“‘ Surrendered 25th March, 1788, by Mrs. Ann Edwards to Capt. Houlton for an Annuity of £20.” A 45b. 1788. Indenture made 25th March, 28 Geo. III., between (i.) _ Ann Edwards, of Chippenham, widow, (ii.) John Houlton, of Grittleton, _ Esq., whereby, in consideration of an Annuity granted to her of £20; the _ former surrenders to the latter the above Lease. _ Signed Ann Edwards. Seal‘a griffin.” Witnesses R. H. Gaby, Ralph | Gaby. A 46. 1783. Indenture made 25th Aug., 23 Geo. III, between (i.) _ Robert Houlton, of Bristol, Esq , and (ii1.) Laurence Chandler, of Clapcott, _ in Grittleton, yeo., by which (i) lets to (ii.) for fourteen years from 25th _ March next at annual rent of #315, the Great Farm consisting of Messuage _ and appurtenances with 603 acres of land, viz,. West Close, the Meads, Old | Mead, 3 Meads in the Field, Long Grove, Shortlands, Grove Mead, Cow _ Leaze, Tucker’s Leaze, Shady Leaze, Great and New Leaze, Smartson’s and _ Lower Leaze, Ox and Burn Leaze, 3 Sour Leazes, Bennet Leaze, Great _ Groves, Courtfield, Townsends and Middle Field, Bucklands Tynings, Town _ Field, Upper Tyning and Cold Harbour, the Drung, Little Shortlands, | Courtiers Netherford, Daisy Mead, Little Holdings, Cow Leaze Mead, Wiltshire Holdings, Askers Leaze, Great Holding, New Leaze, Windbury _ Close, Fishlands, Short Hedge, Marvens Close .. . all these late in | occupation of Daniel Sargent, and now of sd. Laurence Chandler _ Conditions as to cultivation, repairs, etc. Signature and seal cut away. Witnesses, John Houlton, James Hewett. 228 The Society’s MSS, A 47. 1787. Indenture made 29th Sept., 27 Geo. III., between (i.) Simon Collett, gent., and Isaac Bristow, baker, both of Bath, and (ii.) John Houlton, of Seagry, Esq., by which (i.) lets to (ii.) a Messuage in Grittleton, and closes adjoining 23 ac, Adder Hill 3 ac., Hill Mead 3 ac., 2 Lotts in Ackmore, Park Lease 44 ac., Lanes End 7 ac., Dry Leaze 4 ac., Grove Leaze 3 ac., Sandy Piece 8 ac., in Polden Hill 44 ac., in Town Field 14 ac.,, all these by lease dated 16th June, 1756, demised by Robert Houlton, dec., to Isaac Bristowe, dec., for 99 years subject to life of sd. Isaac Bristow, party hereto, who is now entitled to + of this estate, and Simon Collett to ? of same. . . . Rents and conditions given in full. Signed by the three parties and sealed (not armorial) and duly witnessed. A 48. 1790. Indenture made 9th July, 30 Geo. ITI., between (i.) John Houlton, of Grittleton, Esq., and (ii.) John Sealy, of Foscotges, by which (i.) lets to (ii.) for 7 yrs. from 25th March last a Messuage and lands called Mays, also land thereto belonging called Great Hill Mead, Little Hill Mead, Upper Hill Mead, Great and Little Acmoor, late Gowen’s, Parsonage Acmoor, Dikes and Middle Adderhills, Serjeant’s and Home Adderhills, Little Upper and Great Furlong Crab Ground, Bristow’s and Lower Close, Sandpits, Park Leaze, Lapwell, Great and Long Grove, containing in all 123ac. 3r. 12p., also another Messuage called Bristow’s with lands thereto belonging called Longcroft, Poland Hill, Bush Tyning, Downhedge, Sandy= piece, Dry and Quar Leaze, Lapwell, Croomwall, Lark Leaze, and Townfield, containing in all 78ac. Ir. 13p. . . bothlyingin Foscot . . at annual rent of £124 . . . tenant to repair hedges, &c., being supplied by Land= lord with materials and Landlord to repair buildings . . other usual covenants. Signed John Sealy. Seal not armorial. Witnesses, John Houlton, jn., Jos. Smith. A 49. 1802. Indenture made 24th June, 42 Geo. III., between (i.) John Houlton, of Grittleton, Esq., and (ii.) James Smith, of same, yeo., by which (i.) lets to (il.) for 7 yrs. from 25th March last at annual rent of £40 a Messuage with appurtenances, a Cottage now in occupation of John Oram, and 43ac. 11 perches of land, viz., Drylgate, Little Ground, Town Field, Grove-ends, Little Grove, Fish-land, Broadmead, New Leaze, Knave Croft, Swallow Pitt, Short Lands . . . all nowin occupation of (ii) . . . usual conditions for satisfactory farming, &c. Signed and sealed with mark of James Smith. Witness, Thos. Hosier Saunders. A 50. 1802. Indenture made 24th June, 42 Geo. III, between (i.) John Houlton, Grittleton, Esq., and (ii.) Isaac Turk, of same, yeo., by which (i.) lets to (ii.) for 7 yrs. from 25th March last at annual rent of £50 a Messuage with appurtenances and 48ac. 3r. 26p. of land, viz., Little Close, Little Quare Leaze, Great Quare Leaze, Lapwell, Bristow’s Pack Leaze, Upper Butts Leaze, Lower Butts Leaze, Home Close, Orchards, Grove all now in occupation of (ii.) .-. . usual conditions for satisfactory farming, &c. Signed and sealed, Isaac Turk. Witness, Thos, Hosier Saunders. By the Rev. Canon F. H. Manley. 229 A 51. 1806. Indenture made llth Aug., 1806, between (i.) John Houlton, of Hungerford Farleigh, Esq., Lord of the Manor of Grittleton, and (ii.) James Hewitt, of Grittleton, shopkeeper, by which on payment of £10 by (ii.) to (i.) the latter lets to the former at annual rent of 10/- the Messuage with shop, stable, &c., called Shell’s House, and for many years past the King’s Arms, formerly in occupation of Ann Jaques, widow, and now of (ii.), the Lease to commence on determination of a Lease dated 13th Jan., 1766, granted by Robert Houlton, of Grittleton, dec., to Daniel Grinman, of Castle Combe, mason, for 99 years on lives of sd. Daniel Grinman and his nephews, Daniel Woodward and William Grinman, now determinable on these last two lives . . the present Lease for 99 years subject to life of Elizabeth Hewitt, daughter of (ii.) aged 18 . . . the tenant to do suite at the Manor Courts, keep premises in repair, &c. Signed, John Houlton . . seal notarmorial. Witnesses, Thos. Hosier Saunders. A. 52. 1809. Copy of Court Roll. Manor of Grittleton. At the special Court Baron of John Houlton, Esq., Lord of the sd. Manor, held on Friday, 8th Decr., 1809, before Daniel Clutterbuck, gent., steward there. The Homage James Gale, John Smart, sworn. At this Court came Isaac Sargent, one of the Customary Tenants, and in consideration of £84 paid him by John Hewitt, of Grittleton, Tayler, did by the Steward by the Rod according to the Custom of the Manor surrender into the hands of the Lord Two copyhold Tenements, &c., late in occupation of Anthony Cook _and Thos, Snell but now One Tenement in occupation of John Hewitt, and these the Lord granted to sd. John Hewitt for his life and the lives of | Daniel and Isaac, sons of sd. Isaac Sargent, yielding therefore the yearly rent of ls. and fan an heriot 2s. ‘he sd. John Hewitt paying as Fine to _ the Lord £9 was admitted ‘Tenant and did fealty. The above Tenements are _ part of the premises granted to sd. Isaac Sargent by a copy of Court Roll dated 29th Oct. 1802, for his own life and the lives of his sons, Daniel and | Isaac. | Examined by Danl. Clutterbuck, Steward. | A 53. 1810. Indenture made 4th May, 1810, between (i.) John | Houlton, of Farleigh Castle, Esq., and (ii.) Geo. Toghill, of Batheaston, | yeo., by which (1.) lets to (ii.) for 7 years from 25th March last at anunal rent of £1,100, now in occupation of Anthony Allen as tenant to (i.) the _ Messuage and lands in Grittleton, comprising 6llac. 2r. 30p., called the Great Farm . . for namesof fields see page 227 . . usual conditions for satisfactory farming, &c. Signed and sealed (not armorial), George Toghill. Witness, J. H. Saunders. DEEDS RELATING TO THE MANOR AND Mansion Hovusze. B 1. 1695. Thomas Tattersall,! Minister, and Thomas Brokenbrow, 1 Presented to the Rectory of Grittleton by the King, 10th March, 1695, after a dispute lasting four years in respect of the Patronage. M.A. of St. |Albans Hall, Oxford; Rector of Biddestone St. Peter, 1683; Rector of ‘Monkton Farleigh, 1695. This document seems to have something to do with Mr. Tattersall taking up his ministerial duties at Grittleton. 230 The Society's MSS. junr., Churchwarden, of Grittleton, certifie that Walter White, on Easter Sunday, 24th March, 1695, did immediately after Divine Service receive the Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper according to the usage of the Church of England, 25th March, 1695. Samuel Workman, yeo.,and Joseph Beames, yeo., both of Grittleton, certify that they saw Walter White, Esq., receive as stated above, Ist April, 1695. Declaration by Walter White as to his disbelief in Transubstantiation and that adoration of the Virgin Mary, &c., and the Sacrifice of the Masse as used in the Church of Rome are superstitions, &e. I doe declare that I doe believe that there is not any Transubstantiation in the Sacramt. of the Lord’s Supper, or in the Elemts. of Bread and Wine att or after the consomation thereof by any persons whatsoever. WALTER WHITE. B 2. 1706. Indenture made 20th Nov., 1706, between (i.) Priscilla White, sp., and Elizth. White, sp., both of Grittleton, daughters and co- heirs of Walter White the elder, Esq., late of Grittleton, dec., and sisters and coheirs of Walter White the younger, Esq., dec. (ii.) Thomas Prime, of London, gent., and Wm. Allington, of London, gent., by which on payment of 5s. the former grant to the latter all that the Manor of Grittleton and the Tenement called Foscott Farm with all messuages, lands, &c., belonging to the said Manor and Farm, and also all that the Manor of Easton Pearse! and the Farm called Easton Pearse Farm situate in Easton Pearse, King- ton St. Michael,, and Yatton Keynell, and the Capital Messuage situate in the same with appurtenances, also Home Close 7 ac., Lower Wood Leaze 8 ac, Lower Bottom Mead 6ac., Upper Bottom Mead 8ac., Coles I.eaze 6 ac., Upper Wood Leaze 11 ac., Grubbens 4 ac., Chappell Hayes 4 ac., Cow Leaze also Little Enocks 22 ac., Upper and Lower Enocks 11 ac., New Leaze 9 ac., Upper Cow Leaze, also Upper and Lower Broad Leaze 26 ac., Upper and Lower Sleights 30 ac., Great Sleight 32 ac., Little Sleight 20 ac., also Wood 7 ac., all these late in possession of Robert Lang- ton, and also Land lying in Essex, parcel of the Manor of Asheldam als Asheldamhall, that is to say, Castlehill, Castlefield, Oaken Coppice, one ‘T'enement late in tenure of Henry Skelton, the moiety of meadow called Thirrolds in the parish of Dengay, Coat Marsh, the Salt Marshes and all the Outmarshes with royalties of fishing, &c., belonging to the said Manor, and also the Manors of Newland and Woodfield with appurtenances in County of Worcester and farm called White’s Farm and all messuages, d&c., to the manors belonging, also Tythes in the parishes of Woodfield, Malvern, and Powich in County of Worcester and in Cusop in County of Hereford, To Have and to Hold said Manors, &c., unto the said Thos. Prime and Wm. Allington their executors, &c., for the term of one year paying rent of one pepper corn that they may be in actual possession and thus enabled to take a Grant and Release of the Reversion and inheritance intended to be made to them by Indenture Quadripartite to bear date 21st Nov., 1706. 1 Purchased by Walter White in 1704 from Rob. Langton and Anna, his wife, for £3325 (Wlts Arch. Mag., vol, iv., p. 77). ss ee By the Rev. Canon F. H. Manley. 231 Signed, Priscilla White, Elizabeth White. Seal, a galloping horse. Wit- nesses, Jos. Eyles, Phi. Hodgkinson. Endorsed, ‘‘ Lease for a year of the Partition.” B 3. 1715. Indenture Tripartite made 7th Nov., 1715, between (1i.) Joseph Houlton, the younger of Trowbridge, gent., and Priscilla his wife (ii.) Thos. Horsnell, of the Inner Temple, London, gent., (ili.) Robert Houlton, of Trowbridge, gent., whereby in consideration of 10s. paid by Thos. Horsnell to Joseph Houlton the latter grants to the former All that the Mannor of Gritleton with appurtenances and Forscott Farm with appurtenances and all messuages, lands, etc, to him belonging in Grittleton to have and to hold so that a common Recovery may be had, etc., for the purpose of making a settlement of the property to the use of Joseph Houlton for his life and also of his wife Priscilla for life and of their children. Signed, Joseph Houlton, Priscilla Houlton, Robt. Houlton. Seal HOULTON. Witnesses, John Davisson, Joseph Cooke, Harman King, Nathl. Houlton. 7 B 4. 1715. A Recovery of the Manor of Grittleton, Hil. Term, 1715, Mr. Robert Houlton, Demand., Mr. Thos. Horsnell, Tent. Mr. Joseph Houlton, junr., and Priscilla his wife Vouchees 23 messuages, 4 tofts, 2 dovecotes, 12 gardens, 86 ac. land, 120 ac. meadow, 300 ac. pasture, 9 ac. wood, 26s. 8d. rents, in Grittleton, Thickwood, Cullerne, Stanton Quinton, Sevington, Castle Combe, Alderton, and Hullavington. B 5. 1743. An Indenture dated 16th Jan., 1743, between (i.) Joseph Houlton, of Farley Hungerford, Esq., admr. of the goods, etc, of Robt. Houlton, late of Trowbridge, Esq., dec. (11.) Wm. Logan, M.D., of Bristol, being a Mortgage of the Manor of Grittleton for the life of (i.). By the terms of the Will of Joseph Houlton the elder, late of Grittleton, Esq., £2,000 had to be raised on the Manor of Grittleton to discharge certain trusts and this money was supplied by Dr. Logan at 5% perann. Robt. Houlton, the last surviving trustee under the Will had died intestate. The following schedule of Deeds handed over to Dr. Logan is given. No.1. 17th Jan., 1665. Indenture Tripartite between (i.) Walter White and Priscilla? his wife (1i.) Nicholas Greene and Elizth. his wife (iii.) Mary Eyles and Thos. Neate being a deed of settlement by Walter White on his wife. Nos. 2 and 3. Indentures of Leaseand Release 20th and 21st Nov., 1706, the latter being Quadripartite between (i.) Priscilla White and Elizth. White, (ii.) Francis Eyles, (iii.) Joseph Houlton, jun., and Richd. Salwey,?(iv.) Thos. ‘In the Partition Priscilla White took Grittleton Manor as her portion, and the younger sister, Elizabeth White, the rest of the estate. 2 Daughter of John Eyles, of Devizes, and sister of Sir John and Francis Eyles. Died 1714, buried at Grittleton. 5 Of the Moor, co. Salop. He married immediately after this Elizabeth White, who died in 1710. VOL. XLIV.—NO. CXLIX. Q 232 The Society’s MSS. Prime and Wm. Allington, being a deed of portion of the lands mentioned. No. 4. Chirograph of a Fine of Hillary Term, 5 Queen Anne, between Thos. Prime and Wm. Allington, pl.,and Priscilla White and Richd. Salwey and Elizth. his wife, def. Nos. 5 and6. Indentures of Lease and Release 11th and 12th Feb., 1706, the Release being Quadripartite between (i.) Joseph Houlton, senr., and Joseph his son, (ii.) Priscilla White, senr., and Priscilla White, jun., (iil.) Lister Tigh and John Tidcombe (iv.) Wm. Trenchard, Sam]. Watts, Benjn. Haskins Stiles,! and Francis Eyles, jun., being a settlement made on marr. of Jos. Houlton, jun., with Priscilla White, jun. No. 7. Indenture Tripartite 7th Nov.,1715, between (i.) Joseph Houlton, jun., and Priscilla his wife, (ii.) Thos. Horsnell, (ii1.) Robt. Houlton, being a deed to lead to the uses of a Recovery. No. 8. Exemplification of a recovery, Hillary Term, 2 Geo., suffered pursuant to the last deed Robt. Houlton, demandt., Thos. Horswell, tenant, and Jos. Houlton, jun., and Priscilla his wife Vouchees. No. 9. Attested copy of last Will of Jos. Houlton, sen., dated 5th Dec., 1729.? Signed, Joseph Houlton. Seal, HOULTON. Witnesses, Mary Radford, Will. Greene. B 6. 1743. Indenture made 16th Jan., 1743, between (i.) Joseph Houlton, of Farley Hungerford, Esq., (ii.) Wm. Logan, M.D., of Bristol, being a Mortgage of the Manor of Grittleton for 100 years to commence from the death of Mr. Houlton, to secure £2000 advanced by Dr. Logan and interest. Signed, Joseph Houlton. Seal, HOULTON. Witnesses, Mary Radford, Wil]. Greene. B 7 and 8. 1758. Indentures of Lease and Release of the Manor of Grittleton, dated 21st and 22nd June, 1758, the Kelease being Quadripartite between (i.) Joseph Houlton, of ‘Trowbridge, clothier, (i1.) John Bythesea, of Staverton Wick, in Trowbridge, Esq., Eleanor Elkins, of Westbury Leigh, sp., Wm. Gaisford, of Westbury, clothier, John Dowding, of Trowbridge, clothier, and other persons whose names are set down in a Schedule annexed, being creditors of said Joseph Houlton, (iii.) Wm. Whitaker, John Wereat, and James Coles, all of Trowbridge, and including the handing over for the benefit of the creditors to (iii.) as trustees of all the real and personal Estate of the said Joseph Houlton, for the settlement of claims of creditors in respect of his business at Trowbridge. Signatures of Joseph Houlton and other parties of the deed, some forty. The seals not armorial. Endorsed with names of witnesses to signing and sealing. B 9. 1758. Indenture Tripartite made 18th Nov., 1758, between (i.) Giles Bailey, Esq., and Archibald Drummond, M.D., of Bristol, joint executors of Will of late Wm. Logan, M.D., of Bristol, dec., (ii.) James 1 See Wilts NV. & Q., vol. viii., p. 150. 2 P.C.C. 86 Price, proved 5th March, 1732—3. By the Rev. Canon F. H. Manley. 233 Frampton, of Moreton, co. Dorset, Esq., only surviving executor of Will of Joseph Houlton, late of Hungerford Farley, Esq., dec., (ili.) Isaac Burges, of Bristol, woollen draper, whereby the mortgage for £2,000 on the Manor of Grittleton is transferred to (iii.) Signed Giles Bailey, Archd. Drummond, James Frampton. Seals armorial. Endorsed with names of witnesses to signing and sealing and a list of the deeds as given before handed over to Isaac Burgess. B10. 1758. A Counterpart of this Deed. Signed Isaac Burgess. Seal armorial. Witnesses Thos. Ludlow, Saml. Stokes. B11. 1768. Indenture of four parts made 20th Oct., 1768, between (i.) Harry Dorsey Gough, of Bristol, Esq., sole executor of Will of Isaac Burges, late of Bristol, Woollen Draper, dec., (ii.) James Frampton, of Moreton, co. Dorset, Esq., only surviving executor of Will of Joseph Hulton, late of Farley Hungerford, Esq., dec., (iii.) Robert Houlton, of Grittleton, Ksq., (iv.) Jeremiah Ames, of Bristol, Esq , Alderman, whereby the Mort- gage for £2,000 and interest on the Manor of Grittleton is transferred to {iv.). Signed by first three parties. Seals notarmorial. Endorsed with names of witnesses and schedule of deeds. B12. 1768. A counterpart of this deed. Signed Jerem. Ames. Seal not armorial. Witnesses Levi Ames, John Houlton. B13. 1770. Indenture Tripartite made 28th March, 1770, between (i.) Jeremiah Ames, of Bristol, Esq., Alderman, (1i.) Robert Houlton, of Grittleton, Esq., (ili.) Joseph Smith, of Bradford, gentn., whereby the Mortgage for £2,000 with interest on Grittleton Manor is transferred to (ili.). Signed, Jere. Ames, Robert Houlton, Jos. Smith. Seals not armorial. Endorsed with names of witnesses and schedule of deeds. B 14. 1770. Indenture made 28th March, 1770, between (i.) Joseph Smith, of Bradford, gent., (i1.) John Houlton, of Grittleton, Esq., being a declaration of Trust, stating that the £2,000 paid to Jer. Ames as mentioned in previous was the proper money of John Houlton and that Joseph Smith holds the Manor of Grittleton in Trust for John Houlton. Signed, John Smith. Seal notarmorial. Witnesses Lawrence Chandler, John Hewett. B15. 1770. A counterpart of this deed. Signed, John Houlton. Seal not armorial. Same witnesses. B16. 1772. Indenture made 25th March, 1772, between (i.) Robert Houlton, of Bristol, Esq, (ii.) Charles Long, of Draycot, by which (i.) leases to (il) at rent of £42 per ann. for 21 years with option of terminating the tenancy at end of 7 o1 14 years the Mansion House of Grittleton with gar- den, &c., Berry Croft and Berry Croft Meadow 124ac., Sparks lac., and the appurtenances of the Mansion House . . usual condition, but in particular the Double Dove house standing on the premises is to be divided and one half retained by Robert Houlton for his use. @) 2 234 The Society’s MSS. Signed, Chas. Long. Seal not armorial. Witnesses, Elis, French, John Houlton. B17 & 18. 1785. Indentures of Lease and Release dated 8th and 9th July, 1785, the latter being of three parts made between (i.) Joseph Houlton, of Bristol, gentn., only son and heir-at-law of Robert Houlton, late of Bristol, gent., dec., (ii.) John Houlton, of Seagry, Esq., brother of said Robert Houlton, dec., (iii.) Susanna Houlton, of Bristol, widow of same and mother of said Joseph Houlton, by which (i.) confirms his father’s will and conveys to (ii.) the Manor of Grittleton, including the Mansion House, Foscott Farm 132ac., and Chandler’s or late Sarjeant’s Farm 650ac., with appurtenances, in accordance with the directions of his father’s will under which also John Houlton is made guardian of the children of Joseph Houlton and required to treat them as if they were his own children. There is a further assignment of the personal property of Kobert Houlton, dec., to his widow also in accordance with the terms of his will. Signed, Joseph Houlton. Seal not armorial. Witnesses, James Hughes, Robt. Payne. B19. 1789. Indenture made 7th May, 1789, between (i.) the Rt. Hon. Henry ‘Thomas Fox Strangways, Earl of Ilehester and Baron of Redlynch, co. Somerset, (1i.) Henry Hoare, of Fleet Str.. London, Banker, to whom the Annual or Fee Farm Rent mentioned hereafter was with others con- veyed for securing by way of mortgage £19000 with interest, (ili.) John Houlton of Grittleton, Esq., by which (i.) with consent of (ii.) convey to (iii.) for the sum of £76 1s. Od. the Fee Farm Rent of £2 18s. 6d. per ann. issuing out of the Manor of Grittleton. Signed, Ilchester, Henry Hoare. Seals not armorial. Endorsed with names of witnesses and receipt. B 20. 1791. Indenture made Ist August, 1791, between (i.) Sir James Tylney Long and others, the executors of Will of John Houlton, late of Grittleton, Esq., dec., (ii.) James Mackenzie, of Bath, Esq., by which (i.) leases to (ii.), with certain reservations for six years at rent of £63 the Manor House of Grittleton, with appurtenances also at rent of £27 6s. Od.,. Little Berry Croft and Great Berry Croft 13 ac., with usual conditions, the lease being terminable at end of three years. Signed, Jas. Tylney Long, Jas. Montague, Jos. Smith. Seals not armorial. Endorsed with signatures of witnesses. B 21. 1791. Probate of Will of John Houlton, Esq., dec., of Grittleton, Rear-Admiral of the Blue, with two Codicils, 27th March, 1791. The will is dated 12th Jan., 1791, and by it the Manor of Qrittleton is devised in trust unto Sir James Tylney Long, of Draycott House, James Montague, of Lackham, Esq., Henry James Arnold, D. L.,and Joseph Smith, of Bradford, gent., but for the use of the testator’s great nephew John Houlton, eldest son of his nephew Joseph Houlton, on his attaining the age of twenty-five years and for his male issue. Failing this male issue, the estate passes in sequence to the other sons of Joseph Houlton and their male issue in male tail. Provisions are made for the younger sons of Joseph Houlton. Similar arrangements are made respecting the testator’s property at Tellisford and By the Rev. Canon F. H. Manley. 235 near Trowbridge. Certain messuages and premises in Trowbridge are devised to his niece Sarah Drinkwater, for life and after her decease to her son Joseph Houlton Drinkwater. The china, pictures, etc., in Grittle- ton Manor House to continue and remain as heirlooms in the Mansion. A large number of bequests to relatives and friends. Two Codicils dated 15th and 19th Jan., 1791, are attached to the Will and contain full directions for the testator’s burial “as calmly, quietly, and with as little funeral pomp as possible in the Houlton family Aisle in Grittleton Church.” “ His nephew, Joseph Houlton, Esq., his great nephew Joseph Houlton Drinkwater, the four executors, Mr. Ludlow, the Rev. Dr. Pollock, Rector of Grittleton, and the Rev. Mr. Mosely, the Baptist Minister, only to be invited to the funeral.” The Will proved and administration granted to the executors in P.C.C. 27th March, 1791. [132 Bevor]. 236 A HOARD OF BRITISH COINS FOUND AT CHUTE. By Capt. B. Howarp Cunnineton, F.S.A., Scot.! On September 10th, 1927, a boy named Victor Smith, thirteen years of age, and living at The Forge, Chute, was taking part in a beat for a shoot- ing party over some ploughed land in what is known as “ Chute Forest.” Whilst walking across one of the fields he picked up a round flint, and threw it against another stone lying on the ground, when to his surprise the flint broke to pieces and out flew a number of coins. He picked up 25 of them and then rejoined the shooting party. Later on he returned and found 38 more, and on the following Sunday picked up two others, thus making 65 in all. On the advice of his father to took them to the Police Station on September 24th, and later on the Deputy Coroner for the dis- trict held an inquest on the find. The inquest was held at the Divisional Headquarters of the Wilts Constabulary at Amesbury. After the Coroner had explained the law of ‘‘ Treasure Trove,” and witnesses had given their evidence, the jury brought in a verdict that “the Treasure was found in a field concealed in a flint receptacle and that the treasure found, was in ancient times, deposited, hidden and concealed, and that owing to the fact. that the owner could not be found, it was therefore ‘ l'reasure Trove’ to be handed over to His Majesty’s Treasury.” The coins and the flint that contained them were accordingly forwarded to the Treasury from whence they were sent to the British Museum for identification and valuation. The British Museum retained 29 specimens, and the authorities at the Mint kept 4, making 33 in all, for the National Collections, and the remain- ing 32 were offered to the Wilts Archzological Society by the Lords of the Treasury at the official valuation of £32. This offer was accepted by the committee at the meeting held in January, 1928, and the flint that origin- ally held the coins has since been purchased by our society from the finder, Victor Smith. As, however, the hoard had already been broken up the committee have thought it advisable to retain only nine examples, and with the concur- rence of the Lords of the Treasury have disposed of 19 to the following museums at cost price, viz. :—Salisbury Museum (5), National Museum of Wales (4), Swindon Museum (5), Winchester Museum (2), Cyfarthfa Castle Museum (1), Newbury Museum (2), and by special request of the Treasury four have been sold to Lord John Joicey-Cecil, the Lord of the Manor where the find was made. Globular flints are almost always formed round a fossil sponge and in many cases where the end of the sponge reaches to the outer crust of the flint it has decayed away and disappeared leaving the centre of the flint 1 The Society is indebted to Capt. B. H. Cunnington for the gift of the two plates illustrating this paper. By Capt. B. Howard Cunnington, F.S_A., Scot. 237 hollow and with a hole on one side. Such flints make excellent money boxes, indeed earthenware boxes on precisely the same lines have been in use in recent days, and the Late Celtic people seemed to have not uncom- monly used them for this purpose. The hollow flint containing 14 gold coins of the latter part of the 2nd century B.C. (12 British and two North Gaulish) found at Hosey Common, near Westerham, Kent, on June 15th, 1927, and now in the British Museum, is illustrated with the coins, and de- scribed, in an article by G. C. Brooke in The Numismatic Chronicle, 5th series, vol. vii., pp. 374—377, and also in Antiguzty, March, 1918, p. 89. It is exactly like the Chute example here illustrated. A similar flint contain- ing 11 Gaulish staters was found near Rochester in 1912. In 1839a hollow sandstone containing 150 pennies of Hen. II. was dug up at Ampthill, Beds. The Rev. G. H. Engleheart, F.S.A., remembers hearing from his uncle of a similar find of coins in a large flint on the Downs above Warminster, made by a shepherd 60 or 70 years ago, but in this case nothing as to the number or age of the coins is known. The Chute flint now at Devizes was carefully repaired by the British Museum authorities before being returned to the finder. ‘he hole measures one inch in length and 11/16ths of an inch in its widest part. It appears to have been chipped at its sides, possibly with the view to taking off the rough edges. Just above the hole,-but not shown in the illustration, is a small crater-like excrescence which does not perforate the flint. The diameter of the flint is on an average 34in. It may not be generally known that the Lords of the Treasury adopt a very generous policy when dealing with matters of ‘Treasure Trove.” The total value of the find, less 20 per cent., which is retained for administrative purposes, such as Coroner’s inquest, etc., is paid over to the finder. Thisis done to encourage ‘“‘ honest finders” and thus prevent irreparable loss of valuable historic relics that have so often in the past been disposed of to private individuals, or found their way into the melting pot, such as occurred in the ‘‘ Mountfield Case” in the last century.! 1The famous “ Mountfield Case” of treasure trove is as follows:—A discovery was made in 1863 by a labourer named Butchers while ploughing near the scene of Harold’s death at Senlac, of golden ornaments, believed to be the actual regalia of the King lost at the Battle of Hastings. Un- fortunately Butchers being ignorant or unmindful of the historic traditions of his field of local operations, and believing the said ornaments to be brass, sold them for 5/6 to Silas Thomas. Thomas took counsel on his purchase with a man named Stephen Willett, his brother-in-law, a cab driver recently returned from the goldfields of Australia, who pronounced the ornaments to be gold and not brass, so the two disposed of them for over £500 to certain refiners who melted them down and resold the pro- ceeds with promptitude. ‘Thus did the presumed remnants of King Harold’s regalia untimely disappear in a mid-Victorian melting pot. The treasury, law officers,-and coroner were hard on the heels of the miscreants who apparently failed to realise that the fraudulent concealment of treasure 238 A Hoard of british Coins found at Chute. The lucky finder, Victor Smith, has consequently been paid £50 for the coins as well as the proceeds of the sale of the flint in which they were found, this latter, of course, not being treasure trove. As the question “ What is Treasure Trove ?” is frequently raised, the following extract from a report of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies (1911) may be of interest :— “Treasure ‘l'rove consists of gold or silver advertently deposited any where without abandonment, the owner being unknown. Sir Edward Coke, the well-known legal authority of the 16th and 17th centuries, states :—‘ Treasure Trove is when any gold or silver in coin, plate, or bullion, that hath been of ancient time hidden wheresoever it may be found, whereof no person can prove any property, it doth belong to the King, or to some Lord or other by the King’s grant or prescription.” “A copper hoard therefore is not Treasure Trove. The intention to retain ownership and to retake the property into physical possession when the depositor chooses is of the essence of Treasure Trove. Thus if the property has been ‘advertently deposited in the place where itis found it could not have been lost unwittingly or abandoned willingly.’ ” The following description of the coins is extracted from the Vumismatic Chronicle, Series 5, Vol. vii., with the kind permission of the author, Mr. George C. Brooke, of the Coins and Medals Department of the British Musum. ‘The coins are ancient British, of the type figured in Evans’ Anczent British Coins, B 5. They are struck from seven obverse and twenty- eight reverse dies. ‘The highest weight is 97°4 grains, the lowest 91°6. This suggests a standard weight of about 95 grains. The metal is pale; the specific gravity of eight coins is between 11 “49, and 12°31. One coin has been analysed by Mr. E. C. Padgham and is found to contain :— Gold 37°92 Silver 40°06 Copper 22°02 100°00 In design there is a slight difference between these coins and those of the Westerham hoard (see above). ‘The obverses of the two groups trove was an act of so great offence as to be punishable with death. Anin- quest was held at the John’s Cross Inn, Mountfield, before Mr. Knell, the coroner for the district. ‘Thomas and Willett were eventually tried before Baron Bramwell for ‘‘ concealment of treasure trove” and found guilty, but were bound over to come up for judgment if necessary. But by a further reference of the matter to what was then the “‘ Court of Criminal Appeal,” 2.e. The Court for Crown Cases Reserved, they each were fined £265 (half the cash value of the find) and failing to pay they were sent to Lewes Gaol where they were imprisoned for over a year until released by warrant of a forgiving ‘Treasury on the recommendation of the then Home Secretary. The Chute Money Box, About actual size. British Gold Coins found at Chute. Now in Devizes Museum. Five obverse, four reverse. Al 1 \ : ¢ E aN \ tiv 2 = ' \ 2 & J sl i i { 1 ; ar n { t ( te i es rz i | ) y 2 + By Capt. B. Howard Cunnington, F.S.A., Scot, 239 have no distinguishing feature so far as I am aware, both have the curious bulge representing the face. On the reverse the Chute group has the following differences :—the crescent or oval-shaped mark im- mediately above the horse’s back is set at a slope towards the withers and has sprouted ‘“‘ whiskers” at either end of it (Evans described it as having the shape of “a sort of three beaked head which appears to be pecking at the horse’s shoulder.”) These ‘ whiskers ” at one end attach it to the horse’s withers and at the other end look likea pair of thin curved horns. The pellet below the crescent which forms the horse’s belly has four members flung out from it in irregular fashion, usually with a left-handed curve suggestive of rotatory movement, counter- clockwise. Below the horse’s snout an ornament is added in the field, four curved limbs united in a small central pellett, which may perhaps be a more adequate rendering of the sort of four-limbed whirligig which the artist was trying, in the cramped space at his disposal, to make of the large pellet below the horse’s belly. The exergual line and the meander pattern below it are curved.! The same writer writing in Antiquity of the coins of the Westerham find, which were of the same character as those of the Chute find, says “such coins were struck off by Celtic tribes either in the North of Gaul or in the south of Britain. The famous gold staters of Philip of Macedon, of which an enormous number were coined were the prototype of a large native coinage in central and northern Gaul and Britain in the 2nd century (B.C.). In the north, where the coins were distant descendants of the original _ staters, the design (a laureate head of Philip, and a two-horse chariot) is scarcely discernible. In many cases the laurel wreath and possibly a little _ of the hair alone remains of the head, and the horse consists of four legs “like dumb-bells,” with a couple of curves for the body, and a sort of beaked | head.” —_—ee...?.?.?,kR.m<€& © SS _ _ __ _______ rr, | ‘In the above-mentioned article exact particulars as to weight and the combinations of the various obverse and reverse dies in the several coins lare given. , 240 FIELDWORK IN N. WILTS, 1926—28. By A. D. Passmorge.! The Longstones, Avebury, and the Beckhampton Avenue. In Stukeley, Plate 24, there is a view of the course of the Beckhampton Avenue and immediately to the N. of this line he places the two large upright “‘ Longstones” ; the student who has walked the French Avenues and who also has studied Avebury and other Megalithic works will recognize that the best and broadest side of a stone is always put inside or towards the place from which it will be seen, as in the Kennett Avenue where all the stones face inwards. Now the Longstones have their edge towards the so- called Beckhampton Avenue and therefore could not have formed part of it in any way. Stukeley himself draws them as being in that position ; the history of the supposed existence of the latter avenue seems to be as follows:—Stukeley came to Avebury and as he mentions in his common-place book saw only one entrance to Avebury, later he saw the Egyptian winged disc (Ur-Uatchti) and immediately manufactured another avenue to match that of Kennett, dragging in a few odd natural sarsens and the two Long- stones; it is time all serious archeologists dismissed this fiction and restored Avebury to its proper plan, a circle with one avenue. ‘To the S.E. of the two stones in question there is a ploughed long barrow (W.A.M.,. xlii. 52) which had in Stukeley’s day a line of stones along its sides, these lines continued a little way would include the I.ongstones which are placed symmetrically for the purpose, we see, then, that on this evidence they are not part of a problematical avenue but menhirs standing in connection with a long barrow, the normal position of many such stones. Pit and Causeway Work on Horton Down, Bishops Cannings. O.M. xxxiv. N.E. In the right-hand top corner of this map are two earthen circles. §S. of these is Barrow 68 (Goddard) Bishops Cannings. Be- tween this point and the Wansdyke are a lot of very curious pits, marked on the map and between B.M. 685.4. and spot level 686. ‘They are mostly of one size, 36ft. by 12ft, and rectangular. ‘They appear to form an earth- work of the Windmill Hill type. I hope to survey this spot and report thereon in a future number, meanwhile an air photograph would be a great help. There are other pits of the same general character some distance further off. Ogbourne St. Andrew. Barrow 12 (Goddard). This small round barrow (bowl-shaped) is 44ft. in diameter and 3ft. high. This showed the marks of former excavations and so was excavated (the writer will never touch a virgin barrow under any circumstances). How- ever, the hole was only.18in. deep and the ground below untouched. A trench was carried in from the south across the small ditch, which was. filled up by flints, into the centre where a large area was cleared out down 1 The Society is indebted to Mr. Passmore for half the cost of the blocks illustrating his paper. By A, D,. Passmore. 241 to the solid chalk. Nothing whatever was found except a curious orange and green lizard who lived in a hole on the side of the mound and stayed in spite of the wreck of his abode. Ogbourne St. George. Barrow No. 1 (Goddard). This very large round barrow has been ploughed down very low and is at present over 180ft. in diameter. Originally built on a rise it seems much higher than it actually is, the present centre is only 2ft. above the old ground level. A long trench was dug in from the SE. and passed right across and beyond the apparent centre. No trace of a ditch was noticed. N. of the trench, and probably in the original centre, was a patch of charcoal 10ft. by 6ft., in the middle of which was a small quantity of burnt bones of a small person. Immediately above them was the leg bone of a pig. It seems ex- traordinary that such a huge barrow should have been erected to a small person with no associated relics. A few yards N.W. of this is a very large bowl-shaped barrow, Chiseldon 2 (Goddard) 15ft. high, of which some very interesting tales are told. Dur- ing the above excavation many people came from miles around in the hope that I was opening it, because deep in the bowels thereof there is said to be a huge golden coffin, also the tree growing on the top is such a tree that the like has never been seen by mortal man (to me it is merely an ordinary one like those growing near); furthermore in years gone by, so their grandfathers said, men had dug therein and either their tools broke or something hap- pened to prevent the digging or finally “ government” stopped them. One very old lady implored me not to commence digging or “summat would appen.” Lammy Down, Bishopstone, N. Wilts. On the S. end of this isolated hill is a large mutilated long barrow stand- ing roughly N. and S. Just S. of this and W. of a track leading from Bishopstone to Baydon are two round barrows, these and the long barrow were cut down some years ago and the earth spread over the land by a Mr. _Dore, who formerly rented the land. They are not on O.M. 1913. The round barrow to the north has been cut in two and only the eastern half remains, but is still 78ft. in longest diameter and 12ft. high. This was opened and at the old centre was a simple interment of burnt bones above which was the broken leg bone of a pig and a lump of iron pyrites, The next barrow to the south has been dug away, the whole of the centre has been dug out through a gangway on the east side, leaving a round crater. At the centre on the old ground level was a simple interment of burnt bones; the body had been burnt elsewhere and a saucer-shaped hollow Yin. deep and 3ft. across had been prepared for the bones. ‘The south half of this hollow was coated with wood charcoal 2in. thick, but not the N. half except where a line (curving across and to the west) of charcoal had been drawn. The bones were in the centre of this hollow and covered by a small rough sarsen. No relics were found in contact with the interment, but 242 Fieldwork in N. Walts, 1926—28. One piece of pottery with thumb nail marking was found in the body of the barrow. The bones from the first barrow were not determined, but those from the second were certainly female. Chiseldon. Barrow I. This very large disc barrow is 245ft. in diameter from N.toS. The ditch inside the bank is 4ft. deep, has a flat bottom 4ft. wide, and is 12ft. wide at the type. There is no central tump but the barrow is probably unique in having a small long mound to the west of the centre and ina N. and 8. direction, nearly 100ft. long by about 30ft. wide and from Ift. to 18in. high. Some unknown relic hunter has dug a trench the whole length of this mound and also cut four cross trenches at intervals along it. This old trench was re-opened from the south end to the centre. This proved that the former excavator had found and smashed, and left in the trench, in small fragments, an urn containing burnt bones, the latter in much larger pieces than usual. It could not be ascertained exactly where the inter- ment had originally been. ast of the centre of this long mound was a curious cylindrical hole beautifully and accurately cut in the hard chalk below the old surface, this contained tightly packed wood ashes. Opposite to this and to the west of the estimated centre was a similar hole with similar con- tents but damaged by the former digging, 12in. in diameter and 10in. deep. The bone of a large bird occurred in the first hole. A section of the ditch on the south side was excavated. Here immed- iately above the chalk silting Iron Age people had camped and had left their fires and many bones slit longitudinally for the extraction of marrow. Much broken pottery remained, but had been trodden into small fragments too small for restoration. Finally a narrow trench was cut across the disc barrow itself, from E. to W. across the centre and over the long mound ; the centre was merely hard chalk as elsewhere, but on the west side of the long mound was a shallow pit containing animal bones of doubtful age. Silk Hill, Milston. Here Goddard lists 21 barrows, 15 on the hill and 6 below the 400ft. con- tour; O.M. shows 19. This group has been carefully examined and found to consist of 28 bar- rows, 22 above and 6 below the 400ft. contour. There are 20 bowl, 6 disc, 1 bell, and a flat ring showing in the turf, doubtless the remains of a bar- row. The three barrows on the N. slope, 2 disc and 1 bow], are an interesting and important group as they prove the prior existence of the bowl barrow as the mounds of the two discs are carried over it on either side, thus sup- porting the usually accepted view that the bowl shape was earlier than the disc. To the west of these is a fine disc half ploughed away, not on O.M. Early Gaulish Coin from Swindon. In this Magazine, vol. xxxiv., p. 311, a gold Gaulish coin of the 1st cent. B.C. is illustrated and described as having been found “a few miles east of By A. D. Passmore. 243 Swindon.” Proof is now forthcoming that the coin was found on land immediately in front of Old Swindon Parish Church in Cricklade Street. Barrows at Savernake. O.M. xxxvi., S.W. At the N.E. corner of this sheet is Square Copse. In this on the west side is a group of huge barrows, some of which are 120ft. in diameter and 12ft. high, there is another ploughed down very low in the ploughed field tothe west. These barrows are not shown on O.M. 1900. Mound at Rushey Platt, Swindon. O.M. sheet xv., N.E. Between Rushey Platt Junction Station and the Running Horse public house, just 8. of B.M. 327°9, by the side of a foot- path. Here is a round mound 39ft. in diameter, and with all the appear- ance of a barrow except that it is on low ground liable to be flooded after heavy rains. A trench was carried into this from the west side where a hole had already been made at some former time; at the centre was a large flat stone 4ft. by 24ft., and 5in. thick, placed on the old ground level, below this was a hole about 3ft. deep in clay ; it contained two flint flakes and a worked lump, and at the bottom was a layer of fine gravel stones like peas about 2in. thick. I am by no means satisfied that the possibilities of this mound are ex- hausted. Just to the south of this place and over the canal there is a very curious circle of large local stones in front of a barn, they are possibly connected with the great Norman house which stood a little to the east. Large Rectangular Camp at Burderop. In 1904 I noticed a large oblong earthwork in Burderop Park. O.M. Sheet xv..S.E. At the top of Ladder Hill the road from Wroughton suddenly turns south, at this spot is spot level 579. This point is on the N.W. angle of a large camp, only two sides of which can be now traced on the surface. The N. side is 510 feet long, the Eastern one 695 feet long, while the South side has completely silted up in low ground. The West side is probably represented by the boundary ditch of the Park alongside the modern road. ‘The whole area has at sometime been under the plough and is therefore hard to trace, but there can be no doubt about the two sides of which measurements are given. The earthwork consists of a single large bank with a deep ditch, the latter can be well seen in a chalk pit in Kennel Firs, which cuts through the 8.E. angle of the Camp; here the ditch is nine feet deep and has its inner bank lined with small sarsen stones. The | width cannot be at present ascertained as the pit cuts across the angle of _ the earthwork. Dr. Grundy, without knowledge of this camp, states that the name | Burderop means “ The Village in the Camp,” an illustration of the value of | place names in the hands of an expert. 44 Fieldwork in N. Wilts, 1926—28. Roman House at Bishopstone, N. Wilts. O.M. xvi., S.E., and W.A.W/,, vol. xli., 390. Small trial holes were made here and walls of chalk rock were traced over a large area but no trace of the pavement described as above were found ; the search could not be continued because the land was about to be planted. ‘The exact site is 350 feet N.N. West of B.M. 674°8 and in the corner of a ploughed field, W. of the track Bishopstone to Russley Park. Roman House at Swindon. Described in this Magazine, vol. xxx., 218. . During trenching for the foundation of a new house in 1927, further Roman walls were found and have been included in the new building ; they were only fragments and could not be fitted on to the plan published in the Magazine, being slightly too far to the 8. W. Saxon Interment at Wanborough. O.M. Sheet xvi, S.W. In the N.E. corner of this map is Callas Hill at a point where the Koman Road crosses the one from Hinton to Wan- borough. On the south of the cross roads and immediately north of the letter “A” in Callas, and on the edge of the road, men found in 1927 a skeleton of a young Saxon with a long J4-inch iron spearhead and a broken knife. I arrived too late to see how the body was deposited, but the grave was four feet deep in chalk and covered by another four feet of rainwash from the hillside. ‘The bones belonged to a young man apparently under thirty years of age. ‘The weapons were presented to our museum, but are wrongly described in the acknowledgment', the gouge therein mentioned is merely the socket of the spearhead broken away. Soon after the above find was made a trench was carried across the head of a lane leading to the road from Callas Hill to Upper Wanborough at a spot covered by the figure 6 in the acreage of Wanborough ; here the ground was full of skeletons, apparently of no great age; they were re-buried on the spot. Saxon Interment at Marlborough. Men digging at the top of the hill on the London Road near the hospital found a skeleton with which was an iron spearhead of Saxon type, with the socket broken away. Beyond seeing the weapon I could gather no further exact details. Stone Circle and Stone Cairn on Overton Down. N. of Overton and West of Avebury is Down Barn O.M. xxviii, S.E., 6-inch (just south of which are the two standing stones described in W.A.M.,, vol. xlii., 50) ; 377 yards N.N.E. of this building is a stone circle 64 feet in diameter (see plan), it consists of 15 stones placed somewhat irregularly round the periphery with one at the centre. They are com- paratively small, the largest being just under six feet long. One stone on | the S.W. edge has a smaller one lying in front of it, making 17 in all; on | the S.E. edge what appears to be a small round barrow has been constructed |) DW Ae exe ole Plan and View of Stone Circle on Overton Down. Perforated Axe-Hammer of Dolerite from Ogbourne St. George. (See No. 5, p. 247). About 4. By A, D. Passmore. 245 at a later time than the circle. This has been deeply excavated in the centre. It is not on O.M. It is very rare to find on the downs any area with the remains of one age Superimposed on another, but here apparently we have a late Stone Age circle becoming disused and afterwards doing duty asa Bronze Age burial place. Although the barrow has been dug into, probably by relic hunters, the site should be thoroughly excavated again. It is, however, only right to say that these stones lie among many other natural sarsens scattered over the down though it seems desirable to record them as a possible circle here. N. of the above and on the next sheet, O.M. xxviii, N.E., is Parson’s Penning, E. of this and at the triangulation mark 762 is a cairn built of Sarsen stones and hitherto unnoticed because it is covered by a tangle of bush and rough herbage, it stands on an apparently artificial platform 60 feet in diameter, the cairn is now about five feet high, there is one large horizontal slab on the N.W. edge which stood upright at no distant date but now leans over to the south. There is a hole in the centre of the cairn | marking the site of former excavation. : A small silted up trench approaches the cairn from theS.E. and apparently continues under it but does not appear on the other side. An air photograph of this down is given in Wessex from the Air, 1928. New Barrows at Collingbourne Ducis. O.M.xlviii, N.E.,1901. Near cross roads at Leckford Bridge is Cowdown | Barn, in front of this and immediately south of it are four round barrows | close to the road from Collingbourne to Tidworth, south of this again and alongside the same road in the same field is a long barrow and several | round ones, an air photo of this spot would show a large group. Across the road and south of Barrow Plantation and nearly on the edge of the map is a low grass round barrow ; N.W. of this and N. of a track leading from Snail Down to spot level 394 near Leckford Cross Roads and near the west | edge of the map are two low grass barrows. The site of the Long Barrow is 600 yards south of Cowdown barn, and | being on ground just below the four hundred foot contour is itself just above that level and is shown as a contoured mound on the six inch Ordnance Survey map, but is not noted as an antiquity. It lies N.E. and S.W., the former point seems to be higher and wider. Although ploughed the mound as still very plain and about 200 feet long. 246 NOTES ON STONE IMPLEMENTS OF MATERIAL FOREIGN TO WILTSHIRE IN THE COLLECTION OF MR, A. D. PASSMORE. By H. H. Tuomas, F.R.S., and A. D. Passmore. Amongst thousands of stone implements in my own collection from N. Wilts and the adjoining part of Berks are twenty-one specimens made from imported blue or green stone probably obtained in prehistoric times by barter for flint; thirteen of these are from N. Wilts and consist of polished axes or parts thereof, four with circular cutting edges, pointed butts and nearly round sections are of an early pre-dolmen type ; three with straighter cutting edges, flattened oval sections, and thin butts are later. One fine axe has a slightly curved cutting edge, flattened oval section, thin butt with the side edges ground square, and is the latest of all. The re- mainder are fragments or lower halves of axes with flattened oval sections. The large perforated hammer axe herein illustrated has a peculiar history, Found in 1840 alongside the Roman road, south of Ogbourne St. George, towards Bytham Farm, it was placed on a mantel shelf and kept in the finder’s family till acquired by the writer in 1923. Its length is 64in., its greatest breadth 24in., and its height 24in (z.e., length of perforation). The hole measures 324 mm. in diameter in one direction and 29 mm. in the other. Traces of the original polish may be seen inside. Outside the whole sur- face is much decayed and pitted by weathering. It weighs 2 lbs. 13 0zs. The hammer end is round in section ; at the centre in the region of the perfor- ation it is square ; while near the cutttng edge it is oblong. The hammer end is slightly lower than the other. All these implements are surface finds, and in no way connected with barrows or earthworks. As a whole they afford valuable evidence of origin, and in this respect were most kindly examined by Dr. H. H. Thomas, F.R.S., whose remarks are as follows. A. DeR: The implements are of a variety of stone and include dolerites, rhyolite, quartzite and silicified shale and sandstone. The dolerite implements, of which there are a good many, are easily grouped under three separate heads :— (I.).—A moderately coarse olivine dolerite in which decomposed olivine is conspicuous as red and yellow ochreous spots, and which weathers with a pitted surface. (II.).—A similarly textured dolerite without conspicuous olivine. (III.).—A finer grained grey speckled dolerite also with no obvious olivine. By H. H. Thomas, F.R.S., and A. D, Passmore, 247 Do.eRitEs (Group I). 1. Half of axefrom Liddington, a moderately compact blue grey dolerite with ocherous pseudomorphs after olivine and weathering with a pitted surface. 2, Axe from Avebury, blue grey compact dolerite with abundant ocherous pseudomorphs after olivine. 3. Cutting edge of an axe from Medbourne. of flattened oval section. This is of olivine dolerite with a cavernous surface. 4. Pointed butt of axe from Medbourne, blue grey dolerite with abun- dant pseudomorphs after olivine. Group II. 5. Large axe hammer from Ogbourne ; this is a coarse grained even textured non-porphyritic greenish-grey dolerite fairly rich in ilmenite and weathered in a rough surface. 6. Axe from Aldbourne, with pointed butt, four inches long, made from dolerite without conspicuous olivine, no obvious ilmenite but the similarity -to the stone of the above axe hammer is close. 7. Pointed butt of an axe from Liddington Castle, dolerite without conspicuous olivine, rather fine grained but appears to be similar to Nos. 6 and 22 (a Berks specimen not here described). 8. Half of axe, thin-butted and of flat oval section, from line of Kennett Avenue, Avebury, moderately coarse greenish grey ophitic dolerite similar to the axe hammer and No. 6. 9. Top half of axe, long narrow shape with flattened oval section from Liddington, cavernous surface but appears to be dolerite of the kind without conspicuous olivine. Group ITI. 10. A small thin-butted axe with very flattened section, 34 inches long by two inches wide and only 4 inch thick, from Aldbourne. A very fine grained grey speckled dolerite or diabase ; it is unlike any included in the other groups and appears to be olivine free, SANDSTONES. 11. A small fragment from Liddington Castle, is a fine grained dark grey sandstone not of local derivation. INDURATED SHALE. 12. A thin scraper-like implement (probably part of axe) of black silicified shale. At first I thought it was felsite but the material is too soft and it seems to contain flakes of mica. From Liddington, RHYOLITES AND RuyYOLITIC ASHES. 13. Axefrom bed of stream south of Lechlade in the parish of ee is of this group, its red colour is due to accidental firing. All the implements are imported and made of stone brought from some area of palzozoic rocks, the types are such as could be procured from N. Wales and the Welsh borders, but other areas of similar rocks are potential sources and our accumulated facts are not yet sufficient to indicate with certainty one region rather than another ; personally, I am inclined to regard Wales as the most likely source. H.H. T. VOL. XLIV.—NO. CXLIX. R 248 THE SEVENTY-FIFTH GENERAL MEETING OF THE WILTSHIRE ARCHAOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY HELD AT SHAFTESBURY, JULY 24th, 25TH, AND 26TH, .1928. For the fourth time in its history the Society held its annual meeting at Shaftesbury in 1928—the previous meetings there having been in 1861, 1884, 1914, just before the outbreak of the Great War. It had been in- tended to meet there in 1927 but the burning of the Grosvenor Arms Hotel made that impossible, and the meeting was put off till 1928 in consequence. The head-quarters of the Society were at this hotel, now largely re-built. The immense and most elaborately carved sideboard, said to be of the end of the 18th century, which came from Pythouse, was not injured in the fire and still stands in the dining room. TUESDAY, JULY 247TH! According to the programme, proceedings were to have begun with a visit to Castle Rings Camp, but it was found that this was not feasible for the long string of motor cars present, and members went straight to Wincomb Park, the residence of Mr. and Mrs. Hastings, where Mrs. Hastings received the party with every kindness and showed them round the beautiful gar- den and grounds, including the shady walks round the fish ponds, most gratefully cool on an exceedingly hot day. ‘Tea in the garden under the trees looking down on the water and the woods of the beautiful combe on the side of which the house stands, finished a singularly pleasant afternoon, and the party left at 5 p.m. for Shaftesbury, where they were due at 5.15 for the annual business meeting in the Town Hall, most kindly placed at their disposal by the Mayor and Corporation. Here the Patron and Presi- dent of the Society, the Marquis of Lansdowne, was in the chair, and-some 35 members were present. Proceedings began with the reading of the Annual Report by the Hon. Secretary. ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1927—28. Members.—The number of members on July 12th was 19 life members and 420 annual subscribers, with one honorary member, a total of 440 as against 446 at the same period last year. This does not mean, however, a diminution of effective members, but only that the printing of a new list of members in the June J/agazine has caused the removal of a considerable number of names of ;members who had ceased to pay their annual sub- scriptions. 1A full account of the proceedings throughout the meeting was given in The Wiltshire Gazette, July 26th, August 2nd, 9th, 16th, 23rd, and 30th, 1928. PRA S The Seventy-fifth General Meeting. 249 Finance.—The accounts for the year 1927 were printed in the June (1928) Magazine. During the year the General Fund, which provides for the printing of the Magazine, the salary of the Museum caretaker, and the general expenses of the Society’s organisation, increased its balance from £250 17s. 5d. to £310 9s. 9d. On the other hand, the Museum Maintenance Fund showed a decreased balance, £33 18s. 9d. against £38 13s. 10d. at the end of the preceding year. The Museum Enlargement Fund increased from £20 9s. to £33 9s. 9d. and the Museum Purchases Fund from £88 2s. 2d. to £95 14s. The Life Membership Fund also showed an increase from £104 3s. 7d. to £110 9s. 11s.,and the Bradford Barn Account, which began the year with a balance of £61 17s 11d., ended it with one of £69 5s. 7d. Exclusive of the three funds earmarked for special objects, the Wansdyke Fund, the Bradford Barn Fund, and the fund for printing the Register of Bishop Simon of Ghent, the funds of the Society showed an increase during 1927 of £85 12s., from £498 10s. 2d. to £584 Qs. 2d. The Museum.—The Society has been deeply indebted for many years past for successive gifts by Dr. R. C. C. Clay, F.S.A., of large numbers of objects found during his excavations in South Wilts. To these he has recently added the whole of the very large and valuable collection of worked flints, from Wiltshire sites, formed by himself, illustrating the technique of flint manufacture in different localities. This collection is given to the Society on the express understanding that it shall be kept together, and that none of the specimens shall be parted with. From the scientific character of the collection it is very desirable that this condition should be observed. Amongst other gifts received during the year that of the portion of a bronze armlet of Hallstatt age from Cold Kitchen Hill, found by Miss Pugh, may be mentioned. An important addition, made possible by the existence of the Museum Purchases Fund, has been that of the flint money box found at Chute together with nine of the British gold coins it contained. .An account of this find will be given in the December number of the Magazine. The collection of the Wiltshire tokens of the 18th and 19th centuries, chiefly presented by General Palmer in the preceding year, has been put on view in a Separate case in the Library. The Library.—During the year the work of binding up Wiltshire MSS., pamphlets, etc., has been continued, and a large number of volumes have been bound, and the additions to the catalogues of books and prints have been typed and brought uptodate, In this connection the Librarian would record his indebtedness to Mr. C. W. Pugh for much assistance rendered in necessary work entailing considerable drudgery. Amongst the gifts may be mentioned a MS. volume of notes and extracts from Wiltshire manu- | scripts for the Mere and Heytesbury Hundreds of Hoare’s “‘ Modern Wilts,” | given by Mr. R.S. Newall, Colonel W. Hawley’s gift of the last volume of “* Archeologia,” Mrs. Cunnington’s gift of ‘‘'The Pottery from the Long Barrow at West Kennet,” and MS. copies of the monumental inscriptions | in Luckington Church by the Rev. C. E. Hughes, and of the Registers of | Steeple Langford by Rev. W.S. Tupholme, D.D. As in previous years we _ are indebted to Mr. J. J. Slade for a large number of Wiltshire pamphlets, estate sale catalogues, etc., as well as for reprints of notes on the Wiltshire Re 250 The Seventy-fifth General Meeting. Broome family, and of the long series of monumental inscriptions in Salis- bury Cathedral which appeared serially in The Wiltshire Gazette. The Society is also indebted to Mr. A. F. Smith, of Swindon, for three MS. Note Books containing an account of the Heraldry in some 250 churches in the county, copied by himself during the last five years. Magazne. During the year the Nos. 147 and 148 of the Magazine have been issued containing 214 pages, and in addition there was issued with the December (1927) number the first part of ‘‘ The Church Bells of Wiltshire, Their Inscriptions and History,” by H. B. Walters, F.S.A., containing the parishes from Aldbourne to Buttermere in 44 pages. It is hoped to issue a very much larger part of this work with the December (1928) Magazine. The Register of Bishop Simon of Ghent.—The Canterbury and York Society has just issued a Fourth Part of this work, which has been so many years in hand. Members who have subscribed for it have received their copies from the Hon. Secretary. Eucavations.—The excavation of the site of ‘‘ Woodhenge” at Durrington by Captain and Mrs. Cunnington was practically completed in the autumn of 1927. The various sections and pits were filled in, and the whole area has been fenced round. Further excavations in the neighbourhood of the site are, however, contemplated this autumn, and the results of the whole work will be published in the future. At Windmill Hill, Avebury, Mr. Alex Keiller, F.S.A., and Mrs. Keiller have continued their excavations this spring in the series of concentric interrupted ditches on this remarkable Neolithic (2) site, and the work will probably be continued for some years to come. ‘The objects found are preserved in Mr. Keiller’s private museum in London. Dr. R. C. C. Clay excavated in 1925 a rectangular earthwork on Knighton Hill in Broad Chalke, and an account of his work is given for the first time in the recently issued volume “ Wessex from the Air.” At Ogbourne, Bishopstone, Chiseldon, and Rushey Plat, near Swindon, Mr. A. D. Passmore has re-opened barrows or mounds which have been previously opened or damaged. An account of this work will appear in the next number of the Magazine. At Landford, on the extreme southern border of the county, a number of urns, apparently of the late Bronze Age, were found in or near a barrow. It is understood that these urns are now in the Archeological Museum at Cambridge, but with the exception of a short account in the newspapers no details of the find are available. Archeological Excursion. Following the precedent set in 1927, a single day’s excursion, devoted more especially to Prehistoric Archeology, was arranged on June 5th, having Avebury as its principal attraction. Sixty- eight members attended and proceedings at Avebury began at Windmill Hill, where Mr. Alex. Keiller had most kindly kept this year’s excavations specially open for the occasion, and himself showed the party round and explained the diggings. After a picnic lunch on the spot, the cars and char-a-bancs returned to Avebury, where the circles were visited and after- wards the Church, under the guidance of the Rev. E. H. Goddard. After tea the main body of the members returned to Devizes wa the Kennet Avenue and Silbury Hill, where Mrs. B. H. Cunnington acted as guide. All the arrangements were made by Mr. C. W. Pugh, who organised the The Seventy-fifth General Meeting. 251 proceedings as he had done in the previous year, with the result that every- one was pleased, and the day was a great success. ‘The balance on the day’s proceedings was £3 14s. 3d. Stonehenge. The most important archzological event of the year, however, as far as this county is concerned, has not been in the realm of excavation. As an effect to some extent of letters in the papers, the public conscience was at last awakened to the imminent danger of the land immediately surrounding Stonehenge passing into the hands of speculative builders and being covered with bungalows and other buildings. An influential com- mittee was formed in London, and an appeal signed by the Prime Minister, Lord Grey of Fallodon, and other eminent men, was issued and very widely circulated, asking for £32,000 to buy the land within a radius of about one mile from the monument on all sides, in order that it might be handed over to the National Trust and so preserved from building or other defacement for ever. On behalf of our Society, Captain B. H. Cunnington took the matter up and carried through an appeal not only to members of our own Society but to many thousands of members of County Societies throughout England. So far as Wiltshire is concerned, this appeal met with a very | general and generous response, not the least interesting item in which is the purchase of some 75 acres of the land for £1,500 by the family of Mr. W. Heward Bell, our late president, as a memorial to him, which it was felt he would himself have greatly approved of. Altogether, up to the present, £20,158 has been contributed out of the £32,000 asked for. It is not too — much to say that the success of the scheme, so far as it has gone, has been _very largely due to the energy and enthusiasm of Captain Cunnington, | whilst the Rev. G. H. Engleheart also rendered valuable service at the _ beginning of the appeal. In connection with Stonehenge it is gratifying to learn that the various objects found during Colonel Hawley’s excavations, _and preserved in the huts on the spot, are now being carefully catalogued by Mr. R. S. Newall. | The Marking of Farthworks, etc., Scheduled under the Ancient Monuments Act. It will be remembered that a resolution urging the marking of all _ barrows and other earthworks which have been scheduled for preservation, more especially those on the War Office lands on the Plain, was brought forward by Captain Cunnington and was passed at the annual meeting of | the Society two years ago. ‘This resolution was brought to the notice of the authorities, and it is most satisfactory to be able to report that the work of marking each barrow, etc., as suggested, is now actually being carried _out. A concrete block is being placed on each earthwork warning all con- cerned that it is a protected ancient monument. Our committee would wish to express their deep appreciation of the courteous acceptance by the War Office authorities of the suggestions made to them. The Preservation of Rural England. It will be within the knowledge of ‘many of our members that a “ Central Council for the Preservation of Rural England” has been formed in London and that in some counties ‘branches of this Society have been set on foot. The object of such Societies is to prevent the destruction of interesting old houses, cottages, bridges, and other buildings, as well as of rare flowers, birds, and natural objects ; 252 The Seventy-fifth General Meeting. and to guard against the disfigurement of beautiful scenery or sites of historic or archeological interest by the erection of advertisements, petrol stations, and unsightly or incongruous buildings of any kind. The Com- mittee would suggest that our members in all parts of the county can do much to help on this good work by keeping a watchful eye on their own locality, and calling attention whilst there is yet time to any scheme which threatens the amenities of the neighbourhood. An instance in point of what may be done by reasonable remonstrance and good will on both sides was the recent proposal to erect a petrol station at the foot of Silbury Hull. Your Hon. Secretary represented to the firm concerned, Messrs. Herd & Leader, of Marlborough, the objections of the Society from an archeological point of view, and these gentlemen, although a considerable sum of money had already been expended on the station, and a licence had been already granted, most generously agreed to abandon the scheme altogether. The Committee have decided that our Society shall become affiliated to the Central Council mentioned above. _ Personal. The Committee desire to express their appreciation of the work done by the Rev. E. H. Goddard, who as General Secretary, Editor of the Magazine, and Librarian, continues to render invaluable service to the cause of Wiltshire archeology. The report having been adopted, the next business was the election of a president for 1928—29 to succeed Lord Lansdowne. Following the recom- mendation of the committee Dr. G. S. A. Waylen proposed that Captain B. Howard Cunnington, F.S.A., Scot., hon. curator and meeting secretary, be elected president for the ensuing year. Dr. Waylen dwelt on the great debt of gratitude that the Society owed to Captain Cunuington for so many years of strenuous work in many ways on its behalf. The Rev. EK. H. Goddard seconded the proposal, recalling how for three generations the Cunnington family had been the mainstay of the Society, and laying stress on the fact that in electing Captain Cunnington the Society would be acknowledging together with his own work the equally important work of Mrs. Cunnington in the field of excavation, and in the care and improvement. of the museum, to which she had devoted a vast amount of time and skill. The motion was carried unanimously and Captain Cunnington briefly replied. The officers of the Society were then re-elected en bloc with the Rev. E. H. Goddard as hon. treasurer in the place of Mr. B. Hankey, who had resigned, and the addition of Col. R. W. Awdry as hon. local secretary for the Lavington district. Both these alterations had been already passed by the committee, but their confirmation by the general meeting was necessary. A vote of thanks having been passed to Lord Lansdowne for his services as president, the business meeting came to an end. After the annual dinner at the Grosvenor Arms the members adjourned to the Town Hall where the mayor, Mr. W. Milverton, and Corporation in their robes formally welcomed the Society to Shaftesbury. The Marquis of Lansdowne then delivered his presidential address on “ Sir William Petty,” a paper of great interest, containing much unpublished material from the The Seventy-fifth General Meeting. 253 Petty papers preserved at Bowood. ‘The corporation plate, the interesting maces, both with iron flanged ends,! the silver seal of 1570, the two bushel measures, one of the 17th century of bronze, the other of the 18th of wood, and the curious relic known as the byzant, were on exhibition together with historical documents belonging to the corporation, some of which seemed to require considerable attention if they are to be preserved. Seventy-four members and friends were present at this meeting. WEDNESDAY, JULY 25th. At 9.30 a long line of 18 cars and two char-a-bancs left Shaftesbury for Badbury Rings which they reached at 10.15. The day was a perfect one, the majority of the party had never visited the Rings before, and the great earthworks and the surrounding views were at their best. In the unavoid- able absence of Dr. R. C. C. Clay, F.S.A., who was to have described the site, Mrs. Cunnington filled his place and spoke on the great hill camps generally, and on Badbury in particular, and was followed by Mr. H. St. George Gray. The hour spent on this delightful spot seemed all too short when the whistle blew for the resumed journey to Wimborne. Here the Minster was reached at 11.30, and Mr. Vere L. Oliver, F.S.A., Hon. Secretary of the Dorset Field Club, gave an address on the history and architecture of the building, pointing out the chief features of interest afterwards during the perambulation of the Church. After lunch at Gush’s Restaurant, the cars left at 2 p.m. for Farnham Museum, which was reached at 2.45. Here before the members entered the building, Mr. H. St. George Gray, who had worked so long with Gen. Pitt Rivers and had had so much to do with the original formation of the Museum, gave a very interesting account of the General’s work, incidentally mentioning that he had spent regularly about £3000 a year on his excavations and other archeological undertakings, but not more. This he contended was not an unreasonable amount considering the large revenues of the estate. The members then dispersed through the rooms which they found ina condition very much improved from that of some years ago, the present owner, Capt. G. Pitt Rivers, the General’s grandson, being keenly interested in the upkeep of the collection, to which he has himself added a large number of ethnological objects from the South Sea Islands. After tea at the Museum Hotel, members left at 5.15 for Shaftesbury. The evening meeting, at which about 60 were present, took place in the Town Hall at 8 p.m., when a very inform- ing paper was read by Mr. W. Farley Rutter, town clerk, on ‘“ Old Shaftes- bury,” ? containing a great amount of matter on the history of the place, in which the Rutter family have played for generations a somewhat similar 1 The Corporation Plate of England and Wales, by Jewitt & Hope, 1895, describing and illustrating these maces, says that both maces are certainly of the late 15th Century, and that the Royal Arms of the Stuarts and the date, 1604, on the top of one of them are a later insertion, the other mace retaining its original engraved top. ? Mr. Rutter’s paper is printed in full in The Wiltshire Gazette, August 16th and 23rd, 1928. 254 The Seventy-fifth General Meeting. part to that of the Cunningtons at Devizes. Light refreshments were kindly provided on the first night by the Mayor and Mayoress, and on the second by Councillor E. E. Browning. THURSDAY, JULY 26ru. The previous day’s excursion had been wholly in Dorset, this day’s was wholly in Wilts. As before, the motors and char-a-bancs left Shaftesbury at 9.30, arriving at Fonthill House at 10 o’clock. The owner and builder of this splendid house, Mr. Hugh Morrison, M.P.. was detained in London and could not be present, but the whole house, upstairs and downstairs, was most generously thrown open to the members. ‘The centre block of the house is the old gabled Manor House of Berwick St. Leonard, taken down stone by stone, every stone being carefully marked, and re-erected at “ The Ridge,” exactly as it stood on its original site.! The effect of the whole is extremely fine, the situation is charming, and the interior of the house is full of all manner of art treasures, in spite of the fact that many of the most notable pictures and pieces of oriental china have gone to adorn the London house. As it was the hour and a quarter allowed was all too short to allow of more than a glance at the contents. The general effect is not so much that of a show place as of a great house in which every room has been furnished and arranged with exquisite taste, and its treasures have been set out to the best advantage ; a house obviously loved and intended to be lived in. Leaving Fonthill at 11.15,'a quarter of an hour’s drive brought the party to Place Farm, Tisbury, where Mr. H. L. G. Hill acted as guide, describing 1 The history of the successive houses at Fonthill is most complicated. The old house of the Mervins by the lake was burnt down in 1755, soon after it had been purchased by Alderman Beckford. ‘The house built on its site, called sometimes ‘‘ Fonthill Splendens,” cost it is said £250,000. Alderman Beckford died in 1770. William Beckford, his son, began to build his Gothic ‘*‘ Abbey ” in 1796, a considerable distance from the Alder- man’s Fonthill House, which became dilapidated and was partly pulled down. Beckford sold the property in 1822 and 1823, and in 1825 the tower of his “ Abbey ” fell, destroying all but a fragment of the building. In 1859 the Marquis of Westminster built a new ‘‘ Fonthill Abbey ” as a residence about half-a-mile from Beckford’s Abbey, in “Scotch Baronial style.” Meanwhile on the site by the lake Mr. Morrison built a new Fonthill House in the Italian style, retaining one wing of the Alderman’s house, and this remained the Morrison residence until Mr. Hugh Morrison some years be- fore the war removed the old Manor House of Berwick St. Leonard to a site on the hill well above and some distance from the lake, adding two large wings to the central block formed by the Berwick St. Leonard house. This work begun before the war, has since been completed, and the house at first known as “ The Ridge” is now the only “ Fonthill House,” the Morrison house by the lake having been quite recently entirely demolished. The architect responsible for the re-erection of the Berwick St. Leonard house and the additions to it on either side was Mr. Detmar Blow. The Seventy-fifth General Meeting. 255 the outer and inner gatehouses, the great barn, and the remaining medieval features, especially the remarkable 14th century chimney of the existing farm house, which was most kindly thrown open to the members’ inspection by Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Dean, the present occupiers. Leaving Place Farm at 12 o’clock the members reached Tisbury Church at 12.15; at this point 27 cars and two char-a-bancs were present. After a few words by the Vicar the building was described by Mr. H. L. G. Hill, and a few words on the heraldry added by the Rev. W. Goodchild. The upper storey of the tower has recently been practically rebuilt. It cannot be described as beautiful, but it is curious and marks a stage in the history of the Church. It was at first proposed to substitute a modern tower in the perpendicular style, but the diocesan advisory committee, before whom the plans came, strongly advised that the existing building should be retained and rebuilt as far as was necessary for its safety, and this advice was followed by the Church authorities. This seems worth recording as an example of the kind of work which the recently formed advisory Church Committee is doing in the diocese.! The great. yew tree in the churchyard, entirely hollow, measures 36ft. in circumference. After lunch at the Crown Hotel the programme set forth a visit to Castle Ditches Camp, but again the number of cars present made this inadvisable, and instead members left Tisbury at 2 p.m. for Anstey Church, where the Rev. Quartus Bacon, Vicar of Swallowcliffe and Anstey, gave an interesting account of the history of the place and Church, beginning by saying that he was indebted for his information to the Rev. W. Goodchild, Vicar of Berwick St. John, who was himself present, and followed with a few remarks. Both these gentlemen assumed that the existing plain little Church was substantially that of the Hospitallers, but Mr. H. L. G. Hill, F.R.I.B.A., drew attention to the fact that it was really not so at all, for if Hoare’s plan in Modern Wilts is to be trusted, the present building has obviously been largely rebuilt and altered since Hoare’s time, for neither its plan nor its dimensions are the same. At present, the most interesting things in the Church, are the curious font which may be Norman, but has been greatly scraped and newly faced, and the remarkable renaissance carved poppy heads of the choir stalls, which came out of the choir of Salisbury Cathedral. They are beautiful work of a very uncommon type of foliage deeply undercut, and the Vicar mentioned that the Cathedral authorities of the present day would be glad to get them back. The living of Anstey was a “ donative ” in the gift of the University of Oxford, and as such the incumbent was not under the jurisdiction of the Bishop. In consequence Anstey bore a bad character in the later middle ages as a place where irregular marriages were celebrated and other undesirable practices were too common. Mr. Bacon was the last incumbent to be “ donated’ in England before the abolition of “* Donatives”’ by the Act of 1898. He mentioned that owing to the peculiar circumstances there was no stipend at all attached now to the living of Anstey. The large building Tisbury Church is fully described, W.A.M., xxxvi., 559—614. 256 The Seventy-fifth General Meeting, near the Church, once the guest House of the Knights of St. John, was entirely burnt out a year or two ago and its high pitched roof and much of its interest destroyed. It is now used as a wheelwright’s workshop. The house occupied by the Commandery was pulled down in the reign of Queen Elizabeth and a farmhouse was built on the site. Leaving Anstey at 3 p.m. members arrived at Compton Park. Here they were most kindly and hospitably received by Mr. and Mrs. Penruddocke, the Church bells were ringing a peal in their honour, and flights of wild duck circled round over the lake as the long procession of cars took their places in the park, and on the lawn a tent was erected for tea. The interest of the house lies largely in the great dining room panelled from floor to ceiling and adorned with fine carved work of the Grinling Gibbons and Wren period and style, due to Thomas Penruddocke, who married a Freke. In this room are the principal family portraits, the portrait of Prince Rupert, by Vandyke, and one of Thomas Cromwell, attributed to Holbein. But more than the fine pannelling and carving and furniture by Kent and Chippendale, the glass case containing the special family relics appealed to members. Here were exhibited the original warrant signed by Cromwell for the execution of Col. John Penruddocke after the abortive Royalist rising, and the original farewell letter to him from his wife written on May 3rd, 1655, “ at 11 o’clock at night,” when all hope of obtaining a reprieve from the Protector was given up. Here also was the linen cap worn by him when he was beheaded on May 16th. In the same case was the jewel, a rich gold chain with a pendant of a large cabochon sapphire surrounded by rubies, given by Queen Katherine Parr to Sir George Penruddocke for his gallant conduct in the field. This was last exhibited to the public at the exhibition in the New Gallery in 1902. The drawing room has a fine Adam ceiling and mantel piece. With the expression of their warmest. thanks to Mr. and Mrs. Penruddocke, the meeting of 1928 came to an end in the same perfect weather in which it had begun. As usual, time had been kept throughout and all arrangements had gone like clockwork under the command of Captain Cunnington. A sufficient balance remained after all expenses had been paid, and it will remain in the memory of those who ‘took part in it, as by no means the least pleasant of the Society’s meetings. a 257 HEYTESBURY ALMSHOUSE ACCOUNTS, 1592. Copied by J, J. HAMMOND. The Almeshouse of Haytesburye in the Countie of Wiltes. The accompt of Xtofer Dugdaill! clerke, Keeper of the Almeshouse of Haytesburye aforesaid of all the rentes fynes heariotts and other revenues and profits of the mannors landes tens and hereditaments belonginge unto the sayde Almeshouse lyeing in the Countie of Wiltes for one whole yeare ended at the Feast of St. Michaell tharchangell anno tricesimo quarto Domine Elizabethe Regine Anglie etc. annoque Dni 1592 taken at Haytes- burye the Seaventh daye of October anno supradicto before John Mathewe gent Steward of the Mannors and landes belonging to the said almeshowse. Fynes. Imprimis the saide Accountante yeldeth accounte and chardgeth himself with twentye pounds by him this yeare receaved of John Mere- wether for his fyne of Drapers graunted to him for two lyves. xx}, Item the saide accountante yeldeth accounte and chardgeth himself with twenty shillings by him this yeare receaved of John Standlacke for his fyne of certeyne landes in Warmester xx‘. Hearyotts. Item he chardgeth himself with three pounds by him receaved of John Merewether the elder for two heariotts uppon the sur- render of his two coppyeholdes which were granted to him for two lyves vij'4. Money receved. Item he chardgeth himself with twenty shillings receaved of Jasper Moore Esquier laide out this year in lawe chardges in defending the saide Almeshowse xx°- Chieffe Rents. Item he yeldeth accounte of xxxvij*. i. one pound of peper and one pound of comyn by him receaved of the cheiffe rentes of the tennants of the saide mannor of Cheverell Magna for the saide yeare xxxvij§, i7., 1 lb. peper, 1 lb. comyn. Custumarye Rents. Item he yeldeth accounte of xvj!. x8. x4. ob. by him receaved of the rents of the custumarye tenants of the saide Mannor for the saide yeare as in former accountes xvj', v’, x4 Indenture. Item he yeldeth accounte of nyne pounds by him lykewyse receaved of the rent of the farm of Cheverell hales due for the said yeare and of twelve pence for the rent of a pasture called Fulke m’she so demysed unto John Merewether & others by indenture, ix), xij4, Indenture. Item he yeldeth accounte of nyne pounds six shillings eight pence by him receyved of the rent of the farme of Cheverell burnell in the occupation of John Harris for certeyn yeares and of twenty shillinges of increase of rent upon the same farme as in the former accountes x", yj°. viij*, 1 Christopher Dugdale was of the Seend family of that name and appears in their pedigree. 258 Heytesbury Almshouse Account, 1592. Warmester. Item he yeldeth accounte of foure shillinges of chieffe rent of Will™ Middlecott for certeyne lands in Warmester and of tenne shil- linges eightpence of Will™ Alforde for certyne lands in Warminster aforesaide together with ix*. ilij* of increase of rent uppon the saide Alforde as by his lease thereof appeareth xxiv*. Calne. Item he yeldeth accounte of twenty-fower shillings for the rentes of certeyne lands in Stockley in the Parish of Calne dewe by Thomas Weston xxiv’. Scudmore Upton. Item he yeldeth accounte of fortye shillings for the rentes of certeyne landes in Scudmore Upton so demysed to John Smith and others. Sum*® tot!* of the Accomptants chardges Ixvi!, xviii. vij4. 1b. pepper. 11b. Comyn. xl’. Ordynary Chardges. Wherof th sayde Xtofer Dugdaill the Accoun- tante demandeth Allowance upon this Account for money by him payde and disbursed for the necessary provision and findinge of the poore men and women being now tenne in number within the sayde Almshowse for one whole yeare ended at the feast of St. Michael tharchangell anno xxxiv supra- dicto videlicet for theire comons there wheate barley pease oatemeale salte victualls hennes honey candles egges hoppes clothes for their hose & shirtes & for theire shoes hemp & leather to cloute them and for the wages of their barber cater & woman And for divers other necessaries & expenses for the provision of the same howse for one whole yeare as hath been alwaies allowed by the president of the former accounts. And as particularly appeareth by a booke exhibited by the Accountant & thoroughlye examyned uppon the takinge of this accompt xxxij4. i%. Allowances. Item this accountant demandeth allowance of seaventeene pounds fower shillings & seven pence by him laid out the yeare precedent Extraordinary Charges. Item he demandeth allowance of money spent by him this yeare in travelling about th’ affayres of the Almshowse firste twice to London in Michzelmas tearme and twice in Easter tearme as appeareth by a bok of particulars exhibited by their accountant and ex- amined v! xix® ix%, Extraordinary Charges. Item he demandeth allowance vii' xv* x¢ by him laide out in Councellors fees at the day of hearinge in the Rolles takinge out of deposicons our Attorney’s fees & the chardges of a Comyssion at Warmester the xvj of August as by the particular byll appeareth checked upon this accompte and examined vil’ xv° x*. Schole Masters Wages. Item he demandeth allowance of tenne pounds by him payd this yeare to Mr. John Wyglesworth for teachinge the scole there x!, The Kepers Owne Allowance. Item he demandeth allowance for his owne man servante his wages for the same yeare according to the order of the saide howse twenty shillings. And also of one pounde of peper and one pound of comyn as the same hathe always heretofore been allowed by the former accounts to the keeper there xx*. Ilb peper. 1lb, comyn. Copied by J. J. Hammond, 259 The Stewards Fee. Item he demandeth allowance for the Steward’s fee for the keepinge of two courtes this yeare xiil®. i1ij*. and for makinge up of this accompte x’. accordinge to the presidente of the former accountes. Rentes with drawen. Item he demandeth allowance of fyve shillings charged upon his receiptes among the rentes of the customary tennants for a close called pye lease wc he hath not receaved for that there resteth question touching the valyditye of an estate therein claymed by Edward Hungerford Esquier. Summa tot!® de allocacon lxxv! viij® xi. So that upon this accompte allocat allocand disallocat disallocand there remayneth to this accomptant dewe viij! x® 111j4 per me Christoper Dugdaille. per me Johem Matthewe Senescall™ ibm. 260 NOTES. A Crouched Burial at Winterslow. During the gales of February, 1927, a large beech tree in Popple Light Copse, east-south- east of Lobscombe Corner, belonging to Mr. A. J. Seaward, was blown down and a few fragments of human bones exposed. Subsequently we excavated beneath the upturned roots of the tree and found a clean-cut cist measuring 2ft. 8in. x 2ft. Qin. It was 3ft. 3in. below ground level with its long axis pointing north and south. The cist was covered by a cairn of large flints which reached to within a foot of the surface. In the cist was a skeleton lying partly on the back and partly on the left side with the head to the north and the feet to the south. The head lay over the left shoulder with the face turned to the east. The knees were drawn up and separated. The arms were outside the knees with the elbows half extended. The whole skeleton was very tightly packed in this small cist. ‘There were no associated objects. The position of this interment was on the northern slope of the chalk ridge and there were no indications of any mound. In the wood near by were several flint flakes and a rough flint pick. Theattitude of the skeleton and the smallness of the cist point to the burial being of the early Bronze Age. Report on the bones by Sur Arthur Keith, F. BS. “T wish we could tell when that burial was made under the flint cairn at Winterslow. A crouched burial under a heap of stones suggests one made in pre-Roman times, but there is no doubt that the skull of the man, about 50 years of age, found in that grave has characteristics of the Romano- Briton. I have long suspected that the type of man we call Romano- Briton was in the south and east of England long before the Romans came. Is this burial pre-Roman? My other reason for desiring an exact date is be- cause the jaws of this man show a remarkable degree of reduction such as is usually found amongst highly cultured people. The man was about 5ft. 6in. in height, but with rather big bones, delicate in certain parts. ‘The maximum length of the skull is great, 205mm., and its greatest width although measuring 142mm. must be increased to 144mm. on account of a slight compression on one side. The man was markedly big-headed, his cephalic index being about 70mm., and rather low and flat vaulted, the auricular height of the vault being 116mm. ‘There is a per- sistent interfrontal suture and the forehead is wide, 102mm. ; the greatest posterior frontal width being 130mm.. very wide. The forehead is vertical and sharply bent where it meets the roof. The width at the eyebrow ridges, 108mm. The cheekbones are remarkably small, their width between orbital margin and masseteric border being only 225mm. The width of the ascending ramus of the lower jaw is 28mm., and apparently the lower wisdom teeth had never been developed. As to the upper wisdoms nothing can be said as the upper jaws are missing. Se = | “4 | | | Notes. 261 One notices the wide prominent flange-like (or shelf-like) chin, a highly evolved feature, and also the very open angle where the body and ascend- ing ramus meet. The depth of the symphysis is 36mm., but it is thin from back to front, 11mm. ‘The bones of the skull are of medium thickness, the parietal at its thickest being 7mm. ‘The bones contain no animal matter, being straw-yellow in colour, and their state of preservation is such that one could believe that the burial may well antedate the first coming of the Romans. I do hope some other discovery may help us to unravel the date of this burial.” R. C. C. Cuay. A ‘§ Pillow-mound’’ in the parish of Wardour. In the parish of Wardour, west of Rowety Plantation, +-mile8.S. W. of Totter- dale Farm, Lat. 51-2.48. N., Lon. 2.4.23, W., there is a low rectangular mound lying with its long axis north and south. It measures 42ft. x 15ft., and is about lft. high. Its ends are squared and its top flat, and it is sur- - rounded by a shallow ditch. It was first discovered by Col. J. Benett- Stanford. This pillow-mound is very similar to some found on Steeple Langford Down. The nature of these mounds has not been determined, but the excavation of a large rectangular mound in Bury Hill Camp, Gloucester- shire, has proved it to have been a hut site inhabited during the early part of the Roman occupation (Proc. Spelaeological Soc. No. I., Vol. 3, p. 9). Whether the pillow-mounds” in Wiltshire are of the same date awaits proof. — R. C. C, Cray. Stonehenge Avenue. By R. C. C. Clay. A note in Antiquity, September 1927, pp. 342—344. The air photographs which revealed the lines of the Amesbury branch of the avenue showed it running down to the Stonehenge—Amesbury road, but on the other side of the road the ground was under grass and therefore nothing showed in the photo- graph. In June, 1927, trenches were dug at the southern edge of the field lying between the road and the farm buildings of West Farm, across the probable line of the avenue of which there were no surface indications. The eastern edge was found to bea flat-bottomed ditch, 1ft. 10ins. below the surface and 10ins. below the level of the undisturbed chalk. At this level the ditch was 2ft. wide, and at the bottom lft. wide. ‘There were no signs of a bank ‘‘ but the direction of the silting implies that there was one outside the ditch on the far side of the avenue. Near Stonehenge, however, the bank is inside the ditch. ‘The ditch on the western side was found in a part which had been cultivated. The bottom was 8ins. in width. There was no indication of a bank in the silting. ‘The width across the avenue from ditch to ditch was 1104ft. as against 7O0ft. at Stonehenge, 68ft. between the old and new King Barrows, and immediately north of the road 113ft.” Sarsen Stones at Kingston Deverill. It may be as well to put on record how these three large sarsen stones came to be in their present position while the facts are still in living memory. For many years the stones lay close to the river near the spot where the old road 262 Notes, crossed it. Mr. Carpenter, of the Post Office, Kingston, aged 82, well remembers when they were moved by a former Rector (Mr. Clerk) from the river to the Rectory garden close to the N.E. corner of the churchyard. Some years later they were moved again by another Rector (Mr. Moore) to their present position in the field adjoining the eastern side of the church- yard. Carpenter assisted in this removal. The two larger stones were then put upright with the smaller one on top as a capstone. The capstone has since been removed as it was considered dangerous, and now lies at the foot of the upright on the side nearest to the Church. Carpenter remembers that when he was a boy the “old people” said that the stones had been brought down from the hill above the village, called “ King’s Hill,” or ** King’s Court Hill.” There is a brief mention of the stones in the Magazine (vol. xvil., p. 275), in connection with the visit of the Society to the Deverills in 1877 ; at that time the stones were in the Rectory garden before their removal to their present position in the field. In their original situation on the hill the stones seem to have had con- siderable importance attached to them ; one version of local tradition saying that they had been a meeting place of Kings, another that fines had to be paid at them, and a third that executions took place there. Sarsens do not seem to occur naturally in the district, and it is not unlikely that the stones once formed part of a dolmen or other megalithic monument. They are tabular blocks of sarsen, the two larger roughly about 6ft. x 44ft. x 14ft. ; the smaller about the same length and thickness but not so wide. It is said that they were first brought down from the hill to the river to form steps to a barn, or perhaps stepping stones over the river. M. E. CUNNINGTON. The Saxon Jewellery from Roundway. In 1840, near the neck of a skeleton forming the primary interment of a barrow on Roundway Down, were found a number of gold barrel-shaped beads and pendants of garnet and paste en cabochon set in gold, which obviously formed a necklace, together with two gold pins set with garnet and con- nected by a gold chain in the centre of which was a small circular disc of dark paste set in gold, with a cross engraved on itsface. These objects are numbered S 6a—f in the Catalogue of Antiquitiesin Devizes Museum, Part II., where they areillustrated. They have also been illustrated in Akerman’s Remains of Pagan Saxondom, Plate I.; and in Diary of a Dean, fig. 36. They are again figured in The Arts in Harly England, 1915, by Baldwin Brown, vol. iil., p. 371, plate Ixxxi., 2, 3, 4, and are fully described in the same work, vol. iv., pp. 428, 429. ‘‘ The pendants or jewels with carbuncles en cabochon are most probably products of Anglo-Saxon craftsmanship, but arecertainly influenced by Romano-British models though not necessarily by the contemporary activity of surviving Romano-British workman. They are of the Christian period in the 7th Century. The same date will serve for the Roundway Down pins and jewels . . . . the pins themselves with their inset carbuncles would suggest the early part of the 7th Century. The horses’ heads terminating the chains are Saxon rather than Notes. 263 Celtic, and they appear in a debased and therefore late form s the central jewel (on the gold chain between the pins) is a piece of cain importance quite unique in Anglo-Saxon tomb furniture, but it is an imita- tion by a Teutonic craftsman of a distinctly Celtic technique, and only a tentative imitation, for the sinkings are too shallow to have really held a differently coloured enamel paste. The interlacings on the back and the cross motives on the face indicate a date in the 7th Century .. . . such imitations of an unfamiliar technical process suggest something more than the existence as survivals of pieces that could serve as models, they appear to indicate some living perpetuation of Celtic craftsmanship in the midst of Anglo-Saxondom.” [This ornament is illustrated by enlarged photo- graphs both of the back and the front.] Books bought from the family of Col, Will. Long, of Clevedon. After the death of Col. Will. Long in 1926 the Society purchased from his family :— (1) A thick 8vo volume bound in red Morocco containing a great number of letters written to William Long, the author of “ Abury Illustrated” and ‘Stonehenge,’ in Wilts Arch Mag. These letters are for the most part in reference to those papers. A large number are from Dr. John Thurnam, others from Richard Falkner, Will. Cunnington, F.G.S., Canon Jackson, Joseph Fisher, EK. T. Stevens, J. J. Irvine, A. Clark, &c. (2) Another volume bound in red Morocco, 4to, lettered ‘‘ Abury Illust- trated by W. Long, Esq., M.A.” ‘This is a large paper copy of his work on Abury, interleaved and with extra illustrations, and with a great number of letters of appreciation mounted and bound up with it. (3) A number of loose letters dealing with the pedigrees of various branches of the Long family received by Mr. Will. Long whilst he was at work on these pedigrees. Of these letters about 60 are from the Rev. Ed. Wilton, of West Lavington, between the years 1836 and 1871 (in which year Mr. Wilton died) and contain a great deal of information on the Long family history. ‘Twenty-two letters (Nos. 75 to 97) are from Canon Jackson on the same subject. These letters have been placed in a letter file box in the library. EK. H. GoppDARD. Mound at Whetham opened. Dear Mr. Goddard,—You ask us to describe the excavation of a mound on the knoll at Whetham. This mound is surmounted by Scotch Firs and stands in full view of the house on the sky-line, on the far side of the pond. We opened it in 1927, and cut one trench through it from east to west, and two from north tosouth. The original grass line was everywhere distinct and did not appear to have ever been disturbed. Finally the whole of the centre was removed, but nothing whatever was discovered. Mr. Namier, who was staying at Whetham, suggested that our ‘“‘ round barrow ” was raised and planted with pines in the 18th century as a “ pleasing prospect,’ but we failed to persuade this 18th century historian that, since the barrow was erected in his period, he ought to provide the labour to replace it. R. Monry Kyrte. D. A.J. Buxton, F.S.A. VOL. XLIV.— NO, CXLIX. S 264 Notes. Pottery Rings at East Kennet. In digging out the foundations for an addition to East Kennet Manor, the residence of Capt. Vigors, in 1926, two burnt clay pottery rings were found and are now pre- served by Mrs. Vigors—one is perfect, the other consists of rather more than half the original. Nothing else was found with them. ‘They are well burnt to a red brick colour, made of clay with a considerable number of fragments of flints in it, probably from the clay with flints above the chalk, There are examples of these rings in the Devizes Museum, one of them found at Clyffe Pypard. They have been called net sinkers, loomweights, and rings for the support of round-bottomed vessels, and their age has been regarded as uncertain. Mr. Thurlow Leeds, has, however, recently found several on the site of an Anglo-Saxon house at Sutton Courteney, Oxon. Their date seems, therefore, fixed as Anglo-Saxon. The Kennet examples show no signs of suspension as loomweights, but that probably was their purpose. E. H. GoDDARD. Stone Celt found at Box, by Mr. A. Shaw Mellor. The following note appeared in 7’he Antiquartes’ Journal, Oct., 1926, vol. vl., pp. 442—444, The editor is indebted to the Society of Antiquaries for permission to reprint it and for the loan of the block illustrating it. il ! | | | Stone celt found at Box. Notes. 265 “ The specimen illustrated is 33in. long, and interesting in more than one particular. It was found about 1916 at Box, by Mr. A. Shaw Mellor, in a heap of stones thrown out in preparing a garden-bed at Box House, fifty yards south-west of the parish Church; and may be described as a blunt- butted celt of square section and polished all over, of a type rarely found in England, and analogous to flint specimens from Scandinavian interments of the latest Neolithic period, but of a hard, dark, greenish-grey igneous rock of fine texture, which has elicited the following remarks from Dr. H. H. Thomas, petrographer to the Geological Survey :—“ The rock is character- ized by an abundance of small phenocrysts of white felspar which are of all dimensions up to 5mm. ‘These small crystals are commonly isolated and rectangular in form, but a good many have rounded outlines, and there is also some grouping. Occasional larger phenocrysts are met with, elongated in habit, which reach a centimetre in length. All the fel- Spars are peculiar in having their central portions decomposed and replaced by amineral aggregate of darker colour contrasting strongly with the narrow white external layer of unaltered felspar. Without the confirmatory evidence that would be furnished by a thin section cut from the celt itself, it would be unsafe definitely to assign the celt to any particular source, but the macroscopic characters of the rock of which the implement is made are so pronounced and striking that they alone form a basis for the suggestion, if not the absolute identification, of the source. A rock with identical texture, structure, colour, and other macroscopic characters forms an intrusive mass at Bwch-mawr, 14 miles south-east of Clynog-fawr, near the northern coast of Carnarvonshire. It shows particularly the same distribu- tion of the small felspars, their occasional grouping and rounded outlines, and especially the decomposed central portions against a narrow white exterior. Microscopic examination of the Bwlch-mawr rock (K. 518 in the sliced-rock register of the Geological Survey collections) shows that it is a porphyritic quartz-keratophyre or granophyre. The phenocrysts are of albite and perthite, and it is the albitic central portions that have suffered decomposition. The matrix is a fine-textured mass of albite, orthoclase, and quartz, the last two minerals occurring in micrographicintergrowth. In addition, there is an amphibole which forms somewhat indefinite aggregates throughout the rock. ‘This hornblende is now brown in colour and strongly pleochroic, but it recalls the habit and mode of occurrence of riebeckite in the paisanites. Chlorite is distributed generally throughout the rock and contributes largely to the dark greenish-grey tint of the fine-textured matrix. I am unaware of any other rock that offers so many points of similarity to that of which the celt is composed ; in fact the two rocks when placed side by side appear to be identical in all respects, and I would tentatively suggest that the Clynog district is the source whence the implement was derived. The suggestion is made because it may be the means of bringing to light other implements made of the same material, which, by their distribution, may definitely indicate the source.” Circular Earthwork at Ratfyn, Amesbury. Colonel Hawley in his last report of the excavations at Stonehenge (Ant. Journal, April, 1928, p. 166) describes a large circular earthwork found when making Sie, 266 Notes. the railway. It stood over a small deep valley on the north, and was on that side 7ft. deep. Its actual width was not known as it was not properly excavated. Col. Hawley says “It was last occupied in the latter part of the Early Iron Age. This was shown by a good deal of pottery of that period, one perfect vessel being a small red bowl with a cover, a little re- sembling Samian ware in colour but not in form. The site was probably occupied also in the Bronze Age, as about five years ago (cir. 1923) a fine hammer-mace was found close to it on the south, on land now built over, where there were three very low barrows in line with a large one still stand- ing at the corner of the Amesbury road. This ditch though very deep on the N. side, nearly died out on the S. It had no projections on the sides of the ditch, nor bays, or barriers. It had inhumation burials along the bottom of the ditch which were continued nearly to the S. The graves were 2ft. deep and bootnails were found at the feet in every grave. There were no objects of the Roman period noted. ‘This site has never been recorded.” On the back of a photograph of a crouched skeleton Col. Hawley notes it as having been found in a ‘“‘ Bronze Age interment cist in the ditch of a hut circle. Other interments at another part of the circle were on the floor of the ditch, no cist, bodies buried straight. There were three or four of them.” Col. Hawley notes on the back of the photograph here reproduced * Hut circle of Bronze Age overlapping Iron Age.” Roman Coins at Little Somerford. About the year 1888 a number of Roman coins were found at Little Somerford when a well was being dug. Apparently sufficient Roman masonry had been laid to makea cache for between 30 and 40 coins, among them a good specimen of a second brass of Vespasian, now in the possession of Mr. Priddy, postmaster at Horsham, Sussex, to whom the coin was given by the discoverer. The find was not reported and the coins, about which no further information is forthcoming, were distributed locally. S. EK. WINBOLT. Traces of the Roman Road in Conolt Park, Wilts. It is well known that the Roman Road from the city of Winchester to Cirencester broke its direct route before forming the main avenue of Saver- nake Forest by a semi-circular bend to the west (commencing in or about Conolt Park), owing doubtless to the difficulties presented by the contours of this remote down country. The commencement of this bend is now obliterated by the more modern diversion of the roads in Conolt Park, though many indications of its former direction are still to be traced. In process of time these indications will tend to become less and less distinct. It might seem desirable, therefore, to record a recent investigation of the probable route in ancient days. A rough sketch of such an investigation is appended. In the lower corner of this plan is the Hampshire Gate—the meeting point of the two counties of Hants and Wilts. ‘Thenceforth the line of the old road is through the latter county. From this “ gate,” which is situated about 700 feet above sea level, is a superb view over a wide area of the two counties. Andover is distant 63 miles, and Weyhill may be reached in 5 miles by the shire lane dividing the aforesaid counties. ‘Ainqsoury ‘udjyey 4B “41 Ul speliMg yy Youp se[NoITC) 9 ne exe a eas a s 267 ¢ onal WLS Hause Hampshire , Gate - ons Suggested course of Roman Road at Conolt. (Scale: 4in. to a mile). From this point (marked A) the present road is identical with the Roman Road (which runs in an N.E. direction) for some 500 yards. The former then diverges to the right, descends sharply into a dell, with an equally steep but longer rise to point marked C, with the present Conolt House _ on high ground on the right. But in pursuit of our investigation at the point marked B, we enter the park through a gate on the left and the route lies in a perfectly straight _ line beside a broken avenue of chestnut trees, on a well defined terrace | rising in places 15 or 20 feet above the falling ground on the right. A pond _ lies below. | In about 350 yards we arrive at a fence marked “b.” We look back and _ see that the line we have taken is absolutely straight with the road A B, _ which we left. : | Climbing the fence the chestnut avenue recommences—now more or less | doubled with a space of 30 to 40 feet between the lines. Still in a straight / line we continue through somewhat broken ground to a second fence | marked “d.” The distance between the fences is about 500 yards. | Here at “d” we notice a singular drop in the line of fence which is not ‘| accounted for by the greatly sloping lie of the ground : and it seems to me \ that this is an indication that we are correctly on the line of the old road ' and that this sudden dip of the fence is owing to the ancient removal of | soil for the purpose of supporting the level of the road (A to B). 268 Notes. The causeway beyond is now in view flanked on this side by rows of trees. If we still continue in the straight line (towards a rookery) we shall observe, I think, slight indications of the old route, but they are not so distinct as before. If the old road then passed into the present one we have journeyed some 3 mile only from B to D, and we have determined our investigation. But I cannot but think that the old road took its turn within the park and proceeded a good 600 yards through the present lines of trees to the gate (EK) which debouches on the causeway. Outside this gate and for a distance of some 200 yards is an untidy bit of waste on the left side of the present road —ultimately thinning out where the road rises slightly at F and this I take to have been the course of the Roman Road. This point, however, is not. of great importance. If we seek for the cause of this diversion of the old track I venture to think that a very plausible reason may be found. Local tradition has it that in this corner of the park existed a century or more ago a large mansion which was burnt down and not rebuilt. In a truth it may still be said that Conolt Park has no mansion—the present house being but an enlargement of the old dower house or other building on the property. ; If this be so, the owner evidently wished to remove the road traffic further from his privacy ; and at the same time desired to include the once magnificent avenue of chestnuts and other trees which had been planted along the route. 3 He therefore diverted the road from F (or possibly only from D) toa corner at C, and thence at an angle down to B. This is the result of my present investigation : which I should much like any member of the Wilts Archzological Society, who may be interested, to come over and confirm : or by subsequent enquiry, modify. The matter, L venture to think, is not without interest and deserves a record. H. E. B. ARNOLD. Bradford-on-Avon. The Chapel on the Bridge. The Wiltshire Times, Oct. 29th, 1927, contained an appeal signed by Lord Fitzmaurice and Mr. C. R. Quartley for subscriptions for the repair of the Bridge Chapel before it was handed over to the Wilts County Council for safe keeping. The sum required was £300 of which about £110 had been subscribed up-to-date. ‘lhe following interesting report upon the con- dition of the building by Mr. H. Brakspear, F.S.A , accompanies the appeal. Largely through the generosity of Lord Fitzmaurice the necessary sum has been found and the work has now (1928) been completed. “The existing structure is built upon one of the piers of the bridge which occurs between the Norman and 14th century parts of the bridge. This pier was corbelled out to support the original chapel, and this corbelling of the 14th century still remains though the chapel itself has disappeared. In its place has been erected the present structure, !2ft. square, with walls only 12in. in thickness. It bas a doorway on the west side, but no sign of any original windows. The building is covered by a domed roof of stone and | | | i ——— . Notes. 269 is surmounted by a heavy stone finial and iron weather vane. The build- ing was fitted up as a “blind house” or “lock-up” with two cells and an entrance lobby, and the iron bedsteads of the prisoners yet remain fixed to the walls. All over the building, inside and out, are iron straps with the ends turned back into the stonework, which were apparently to prevent the prisoners cutting their way through the thin walls.” ‘The report goes on to describe the amount and method of the necessary repair. Sir John Falstaff and Steeple Langford. A few years ago in a book on, I think, Village Life in the Middle Ages, by a professor at Sheffield, I came across the statement that Sir John Falstaff paid his tithes in the nave of the Church of Steeple Langford in the 14th Century. I could not get any further information from the author and I have forgotten the title of the book; I could not find out the connection of Sir John Falstaff with this village until I discovered in Scrope’s History of Castle Combe that the Manor of Bathampton, part of this parish, belonged to the barony of Combe. This barony was granted to Reginald, Karl of Cornwall (1146—11%75), passed to his son-in-law, Walter de Dunstanville; then to his son Robert de D. (d. 1184, buried at Wilton) ; then to Walter,! who died in 1270, leaving one daughter, Petronilla, who married Sir Robt. de Montfort, and her son, William, sold his manors to Bartholomew, Lord Badlesmere, executed in 1422. Giles, Lord Badlesmere died without issue and the lordship of Castle Combe was assigned to John de Tibetot, who had married Margaret, sister of Giles (1339—41), After the death of Robert, Lord Tiptoft, in 1372, the wardship and marriage of his three infant children was granted to Sir Rich. Scrope in 1372 ; his son, Sir Stephen, married his father’s ward, Millicent, second daughter and co-heiress of Robert Lord Tiptoft, Lord of Castle Combe in 1372. She married, secondly, Sir John Fastolfe, who, after her death, 1446, till his own in 1460, held the estates of Castle Combe, including, amongst many others, the manor of “* Bathampton-Wyly.” From Thomas? de Wyrcestre’s papers it appears that in 1439 John Todeworth, surveyor of the manors of Bathampton Wyly, was examined by the auditors of Sir John Fastolf touching arrears due from him: certain of his charges were disallowed, e.g., 10s. for a‘‘ gourie cloth that Thomas Piers, late reff of Castel Combe had bought.” It would seem that Thomas Piers, or Perys, here mentioned was the priest of Steeple Langford, from a humble letter addressed by him to Fastolf, formally attesting his success in collecting arrears of rent from his tenants at Bathampton- Wily. 1 Philip de Depeford held one-fifth of a Knight’s fee in Batham-Wily of Nicholas de Wily, and he of Alfred of Lincoln, and he of Walter de Dun- stanville. Gilbert de Muleford held half a knight’s fee in the same town (Batham-Wily) of Walter de Dunstanville. “The account given by Hoare, of Wily, and its tithings of Depeford, and Great and Little Bathampton, in the adjoining parish of Steeple Lang- ford is very imperfect. The whole seems to have been a dependency of Castle Combe, at least down to the middle of the 15th Cent” (Scrope). 270 Notes. : Suo Domino, Domino Johanni Fastolf militi etc. Rygt worshypful & reverent lord I recommende me unto your hynesse by sekying you of your grete goodnes that ye be good lorde unto your tenent John Aleynetc. And as ye send wrytyng to Langeforde to your preste & bedesman Sir Thomas I to do yowr commandement. ‘Truly and effectually I have done my part in the Chyrch of Stypellangford to your tenents Robert Edward, Robert Rose, Adam Warrok, Wyliam Peter of Bathampton-Wily that they have trewly payd to Thomas Spurlok the rents of ij yere & thereto they wollen Swere uppon a boke. Also as for the billys that William Dorset wrote schal be sent in the letter asye commanded. Furthermore we haveaccountyed & leyd that Thomas Shurlok hath receywyed ixli xiijs iiijd for ij yere: I contyd in the chyrch of Langeforde forsayd betwixt Matens & Masse the Sonday afore the feste of Sente Mycall in Monte Tumba, to ye whech wrytyng we al yowr tenents putten to our selys. No more unto yow but ye Holy Trynite have yow ever in hys blessed kepying. I wete at Lange- forde the xv day of Octobir. By yowr ouyn trew por bedesman Sir ‘Thomas Pirys, preste of Stipillangford—(4 seals attached). [Rectors of Steeple Langford—1435, Willielmus Ferthyng ; — Johannes Goodyng ; 1443, Johannes Chedworth; 1452—77, Willielmus Crowton]. W.S. TUPHOLME. Roman Building on Draycott Parm near Huish. A letter dated November 11th, 1892, to myself from Mr. G. E. Dartnell, of Salisbury, son of the Rector of Huish, says “‘ That building in a field near Huish has never been recorded, even in the newspapers. When Mr. Newman was leaving Draycott Farm, 8 or 10 years ago, he determined to satisfy his curiosity as to what there was in that field. The growth of the crops showed foundations must be there. Part of the field had Roman tesseree lying about. ‘The Huish folk have a tradition that “a great city ” once stood there. So he cut a way through his wheat to a well-marked spot and dug there at the corners of the supposed walls. A plan of his finds would show the four corner foundations of a room or building, with some “ pillars” here and there in the middle, discovered by prodding with the crowbar. In one corner (of the room) a skeleton was found. ‘The walls ran out in other directions. The search was of course very imperfect, as he only destroyed just enough of his wheat to get at what I have shown [ Mr. Dartnell gives a rough sketch from memory showing the corners of an oblong rectangular foundation with some “ pillars” in the centre]. I am sorry we did not take measurements, etc., at the time.” It is obvious that the ‘‘ pillars’? were hypocaust supports and that the building was part of a Roman house. EK. H. GoDDARD. 271 WILTS OBITUARY. Captain John Edmund Philip Spicer, died March 3ist, 1928. Buried at Chittoe. Born June 27th, 1850, eldest son of Major John William Gooch Spicer and Juliana Hannah Webb, daughter of Rev. Edmund Probyn, of Longhope and Abenhall, Glos. Educated at Eton, joined 1st Life Guards, 1869, and served until 1887. Married 1888, Lady Margaret Mary Fane, younger daughter of 12th Earl of Westmoreland. He soon after settled at Spye Park and resided there until his death. J.P. for Wilts 1881, High Sheriff 1889. He took no prominent part in county business. During the Great War he was second in command of the Ist Volunteer Battalion Wiltshire Regiment. He was best known as a sports- man in the hunting field or on the box of his coach, the “ Nimrod,” which ran regularly from Devizes to Bath in 1892, and from Marlborough to Bath in the following year. He also drove it between London and Brighton, and was for many years a regular attendant at the Four-in-Hand Driving Club meets. He was one of the oldest members of the Beaufort Hunt, and from 1888 to 1895 acted as master of the pack, hunting the country handed over to him by the Duke of Beaufort, the country which after many subsequent changes is now hunted by the Avon Vale Hunt. He also for a time kept and hunted a pack of old English Harriers. There are many references to him in Sporting Recollections of a Younger Son by Claude Luttrell. He is succeeded by Captain Anthony Napier Fane Spicer, who with four other sons survives him, his eldest son and,only daughter having pre-deceased him. Long and appreciative obit. notice with photograph of his coach at the door of Spye Park and some notice of the house, in Wiltshire Gazette, April 5th, 1928. J. W. Brown, died at his home in Salisbury, June, 1928, aged 85. During the greater part of his life he had been connected with the well- _ known firm of Messrs. Powell, of Whitefriars, and was the designer of many _ of their most important works in stained glass. he whole of the Powell _ windows in Liverpool Cathedral, in the lady Chapel and choir, are by him, __asalso is the large window in Salisbury Cathedral to the memory of Bishop (Dean) Webb. ‘There are also windows in New York, Wells, Adelaide, and Belfast Cathedrals designed by him. He continued to design glass till within a year of his death, one of his last works being for a window in a Church in Accrington. Obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, June 7th, 1928. : James Henry Wilson, died May, 1928, aged 63. Buried at | Bishopstone. Born in London, succeeded his uncle in the farm at Longcott (Berks), moved thence to Shrivenham, and in 1904 to Bishopstone, where he _ acted as churchwarden for many years. He had been president of the Live | Stock Traders’ Association, and his services as a judge of sheep were in | demand at shows over a wide area. He married Caroline Hedges, of _ Ashbury, who, with three sons and a daughter, survives him. Obit. notice with portrait, WV. Wilts Herald, June 8th, 1928. 272 Wilts Obituary. Charles James Kindersley Maurice, died June 11th, 1928, aged 52. Buried at Preshute. Son of Dr. James Blake Maurice, of Marlborough. Lived and farmed at Manton Grange. Known asa breeder and judge of pedigree cows. Frank William Marillier, C.B.E., died June, 1928, aged 72. Born at Bristol. At 17, becamea pupil of Major Pearson of the Bristol and Exeter Railway. In 1876 became a draughtsman in G.W.R. works, rising to be works manager at Saltney, 1898, and carriage and wagon superintendent at Swindon, 1914. During the war he was chairman of the technical committee for ambulance trains in England, France, and the United States, and supervised other war work of all sorts in connection with trucks, carriages, wagons, &c. For this work he was made O.B.E. in 1919 and C.B.E. in 1920. He retired in 1921 and lived in Swindon until his death. He was churchwarden and member of the Town Council. Obit. notice, Weltshare Times, June 30th, 1928. Canon Edward Denny, died May 18th, 1928, aged 74. Buried at Codford St. Peter. Educated Pemb. Coll., Oxford, B.A. 1876, M.A, 1880, Deacon 1876, Priest 1877 (l.ichfield), Curate of St. Michael and All Angels, Caldmore, Walsall, 1876—79; St. James, Plymouth, 1879—83 ; Llanfrechfa Upper (Mon.),1883—1910; Vicar of Kempley (Glos.), 1886—98 ; St. Peter’s, Vauxhall, 1898—1910; Rector of Codford St. Peter, 1915, until his death ; Canon of Salisbury, 1924. ‘“ He was one of the chief authorities on the subject of Anglican Orders’. . . in 1912, something in the style of the 17th Century, when men who had business to do in the world mysteriously found time to construct enormous tomes of controversy, he published a most learned volume entitled “ Papalism,” said to have been the only English book which the late Pope ever read, based upon his exhaustive knowledge of the early Fathers.” He was a pronounced Liberal and an advanced High Churchman. Obit. notices, Times ; Salisbury Diocesan Gazette; June, 1928. He was the author of the following :— Anglican Orders and Jurisdiction, 1893. De Hierarchia Anglicana, 1895 [in conjunction with Dr. T. A. Lacey ; Bishop John Wordsworth contributing a Latin Preface]. Papalism, 1912. Rev. Charles Andrew Sladen. Died May, 1928, buried at Alton Barnes. Son of Rev. Edw. H. Mainwaring Sladen. Univ. Coll.» Oxon, B.A.1877, M.A. 1881, Deacon, 1877; Priest, 1878 (Winchester); Curate of Burghclere, 1877—79 and 1882—89; Alverstoke, 1879—81 ; Andover, 1881 —82,; Winsley, 1893—96; Vicar of Burton (Ches.), 1896—1901 ; Rector of Alton Barnes, 1901, with Alton Priors, 1913 ; Curate of Alton Priors, 1911 —13. He resigned Alton Barnes about 1925 and had lived in retirement. Obit notice Wiltshire Gazette, May 24th, 1928. Rev. Vere Awdry. Died July 12th, 1928, aged 73, buried at Box Cemetery. Youngest son of Sir John Wither Awdry, of Notton, Lacock. Educated at Marlborough, qualified as solicitor, but was ordained Wilts Obituary. 273 Deacon from Chichester Theol. Coll., 1886, and Priest 1888(Sarum); Curate of N. Bradley, 1886—91 ; Vicar of Broad Hinton, 1891—95 ; Vicar of Ampfield (Hants), 1895—1917, when he retired to live at Box, taking occasional services, and for the last two years being responsible for the services at Chapel Plaister. He identified himself with the interests of Box in many ways. He married three times, his son by his first wife, Lt. Carol Awdry, was killed in the War, his two sons by his third wife are at the Dauntsey School. Obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, July 19th, 1928. Dr. William John Alexander Adye, Died April 6th, 1928, aged 65, buried at Bradford-on-Avon. Elder son of Dr. William Adye, of Bradford. Assisted his father and succeeded to his practice, becoming Medical Officer to the Urban and Rural District Councils. A singularly touching appreciation of ‘‘ Dr. John” by “ Fay Inchfawn” (Mrs. Atkinson Ward) dwelling on his cheery kindness and humorous way with the suffering and the poor, which made him so beloved in Bradford, was printed with an obituary notice in Weltshire Times, April 14th, 1928. John King, died July 13th, 1928, aged 75. Buried at Bromham Cemetery. Son of James King, builder, of Bromham. Asa member of the _ Devizes Volunteers he became a first-rate rifle shot, and in 1880 won the St. George’s Challenge Vase and Gold Jewel at Wimbledon. On the for- mation of the Wilts County Council in 1888 be contested the seat for the Rowde division as Labour candidate against Mr. H. E. Medlicot. and though he was defeated he was elected an alderman of the council, January 31st, 1889, and continued to serve on the council until his death, being known throughout the county. J.P. for the county 1922. ‘lhroughout his life he was a strong Liberal and Nonconformist. He was an enthusiastic gardener and smallholder. He was one of the best known members of the County Council and was widely respected. ) Obit. notice, Weltshire Times, July 21st, 1928. The Right Rev. Mgr. Count Francis Browning Bickerstaffe-Drew, C.B.E., died July 3rd, 1928, aged 70. Buried at Winterbourne Gunner, Born February 11th, 1858, son of the Rev. Harry Lloyd Bickerstaffe, his mother being the daughter of the Rev. Pierce Drew, Rector of Youghal. Educated at Lichfield Grammar School, Den- stone, and Oxford. At the age of 2U he was received into the Roman Catholic Church and was ordained priest 1884, and was attached to the Pro-Cathedral at Kensington. He was commissioned Chaplain to the Forces, 1892, serving at Plymouth, Malta, and Salisbury Plain. He was _ private Chamberlain to Popes Leo XIII. and Pius X., and Domestic Prelate to the latter. Created a Count and Knight of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre, 1909, and Protonotary Apostolic, 1912. He was an original member of of the Pontifical Council of Malta, and a member of the special council of the Malta University. He served in the war, 1914 and 1915, was | twice mentioned in dispatches, and created C.B.E. Assistant Principal Roman Catholic Chaplain, Southern Command, 1918. He retired 1919 274 Wilts Obituary. He was L.L.D. of the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, and of Marquette University, Wisconsin. He had lived for many years at Winterbourne Gunner and Salisbury. He was best known as “John Ayscough,” the name under which all his writings were published. ‘The Monsignor was a fastidious, and almost an exquisite personage. His literary taste, his sense of ecclesiastical precision, and his love of military life were reflected in his writings and in himself . . . . his best book was “ San Celestino,” - - . This was noticeably superior to his other writings which were most readable when autobiography was disguised in his fiction. . . . Hehad a firm touch in character drawing, a sensitive appreciation of natural beauty, and a cultivated style of writing.” Obit. notice, Times, July 5th, 1928. He was the author of the following works :— San Celestino, an Essay in Reconstruction, Post 8vo., pp. 332. 6/-. (An account of the Life and Papacy of St. Celestine V.). 1909. Marotz [a novel]. 1908. Dromina [a novel]. 1909. Mezzogiorno. Jondon, Chatto & Windus; St. Louis. B. Horder. 1910 [a novel]. A Roman Tragedy. Mr. Beke of the Blacks. Outsiders and In. Admonition. Hurdcott. London, Chatto & Windus, 1911. 73in. xX din, pp. 393 [a novel, scene laid round Salisbury and the Plain]. Faustula. In A.D. 340. Chatto & Windus,1912. 72in. x Sin., pp. 332. 6/-. Gracechurch. Longmans & Co., 1913. 6/-. [Purports to be the auto- biography of the author as a small boy]. 4th edition, 1919. Prodigals and Sons. Chatto & Windus, London, 1914. [27 short stories]. 6/-. Monksbridge. Chatto & Windus, London, 1914. 6/-. [A novel]. French Windows. 1917. Post 8vo. [Impressions of the War]. Tideway. 1918. Fernando, three editions in 1918. Cr. 8vo., pp. 320. 7/-. [Autobiography in guise of a novel]. Abbotscourt. Chatto & Windus, London, 1919. 7/-. [A novel]. Letters to his mother during 1914, 1915, and 1916. Edited with an Introduction by Frank Bickerstaffe Drew. 1919. 8vo. 10/6. A Prince in Petto. Chatto & Windus, 1919. 7/-. First Impressions in America. London, John Long. 1921. 8vo., pp. 318. The Foundress, John Long, 1921. [A novel]. Mariquita. 1922. [A novel]. 7 Dobachi. 1922. [A novel, a Puritan settlement on the New England Coast]. Wilts Obituary. 275 Pages from the Past. 1922. [Reminiscences]. Brogmersfield. Hutchinson & Co., London. 1924. Cr. 8vo., pp. 286. Jacqueline. Chatto & Windus. 6/-. [A novel]. The Story of Oscar. (His first novel was published in 1879, the second in 1903, the third in 1907. His first article was in Chamber’s Journal, 1876], Frederick William Giddings, died Feb. 11th, 1928, aged 59. Buried in Devizes Cemetery. Son of Edwin Giddings, wine merchant, of Devizes. He succeeded with his brother to his father’s business. Joined the 2nd Volunteer Batt. Wilts Regt. asa private and later was commissioned, In 1908, when the Territorial Force was constituted, he retired to the Reserve of Officers, but in 1914 when war broke out he rejoined and was largely instrumental in raising the 4th Reserve Battalion and was for a time in command at Trowbridge, and went with the 2nd/4th Batt. to India, December, 1914. Invalided home in 1916 he served with the 4th Reserve Batt. at Sutton Veny and elsewhere. He had lived of late years at New- bury. He wasa prominent freemason. He married first Miss Mabel Creed and secondly Miss Beatrice Harris who with three children survives him. Obit. notice Wiltshire Gazette, February 16th, 1928. William Page Roberts, D.D., died August 17th, 1928, aged 92. Buried at Farnham Royal, Bucks. Son of W. Roberts, of Broockfield, Lancs. Born January 6th, 1836. Educated at Liverpool College, and for a while at the Wesleyan Theological College at Richmond. His family were Wesleyans, but he decided to take orders in the Church of England and entered St. John’s Coll,, Cambs. B.A. 1861, M.A. 1865. Hon. D.D. University of Glasgow, 1907. Deacon 1861, Priest 1862 (Chester). Curate of St. Thomas, Stockport, 1861—64; Vicar of Eye, Suff., 1864—78; Vicar of St. Peter’s, Vere Street, Marylebone, 1878—1907 ; Canon Residentary of Canterbury, 1895—1907 ; Dean of Salisbury, 1907—19 ; when he resigned and went to live at Shanklin where he died. He was Select Preacher at Oxford and also at Cambridge. He married, 1878, Margaret Grace, 6th daughter of the 5th Lord Rivers, who died April, 1926. Their two sons died young, two daughters survive them. It was asa preacher that he became widely known at Vere Street and Canterbury, and afterwards at Salisbury. Indeed he continued to preach occasionally even in his 89th year. Inopinion he wasa broad churchman, The evening services at the Cathedral which he es- tablished, especially during the war, were attended by very large congre- gations. He had travelled widely in Europe, and also in the United States, Canada, Palestine, Egypt and the Soudan, Ceylon and India, and the West Indies, Long obit. notices, Z2mes, Waltshire Gazette, August 23rd, 1928, and other papers. He was the author of the following :— Law and God. ‘Twelve sermons. 1874. Post 8vo. 5/-.; 3rd edition, 1875, 5/-: 1878. Reasonable Service. Sermons. 1876. Post 8vo. 6/-; 2nd edition, 1877. 4th edition. 276 Wilts Obituary. Liberalism in Religion and other Sermons. 1886. Cr. 8vo ; 2nd edition, 1887. (His first sermon preached in Salisbury Cathedral, September 22nd, 1907.] Wilts County Mirror, Sept. 27th ; Salisbury Journal, Sept. 28th, 1907. [Sermon preached in Canterbury Cathedral, Sept. 29th, 1907]. Sadzs- bury Journal, Oct. 5th, 1907. George Herbert. [Sermon preached in Salisbury Cathedral, Nov. 6th, 1907]. Salisbury Journal, Nov. 9th; Salisbury Dio. Gazette, Dec., 1907. Heredity. [Address to Parents’ Nat. Educational Union at Salisbury.] Salisbury Journal, May 8th, 1909. Darwin. [Sermon preached at Salisbury Cathedral, July 4th, 1909.] Salisbury Journal, July 10th, 1969. [Sermon preached at Infirmary Annual Service at Salisbury Cathedral, Sept. 28th, 1909]. Salisbury Journal, Oct. 2nd, 1909. [Sermon preached Christmas, 1911, at Salisbury Cathedral] Salisbury Journal, Dec. 30th, 1911. Conformity and Conscience. 1914. ‘Three editions. Crabbe Centenary Celebration. Sermon preached at Trowbridge. Salisbury Journal, June 27th, 1914. Shakespeare Memorial Sermon preached at Stratford-on-Avon, April 25th, 1915. Salisbury Journal, May Ist, 1915. Sermon preached in St Paul’s Cathedral at An. Nat. Service for Seafarers, Oct. 20th, 1915. Salisbury Journal, Oct. 23rd, 1915. Armistice. Sermon preached at Salisbury Cathedral, Nov. 17th, 1918. Salisbury Dio. Gazette, Jan., 1919. 277 WILTSHIRE BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, AND ARTICLES, [N.B.—This list does not claim to be in any way exhaustive. The Editor appeals to all authors and publishers of pamphlets, books, or views, in any way connected with the county, to send him copies of their work, and to editors of papers, and members of the Society generally, to send him copies of articles, views, or portraits appearing in the newspapers. | Wessex from the Air. By O. G. S. Crawford, FSA. and Alexander Keiller, FSA, FG.S, with contributions by R. C. C. Clay, MRCS, LB.C.P.. F.S.A, and Eric Gardner M.B., FSA. Oxford, at the Clarendon Press, 1928, 4to., pp. xi. + 264. 50 photo plates, 61 sketch maps and figures. Price 50/- net. This fine volume begins with a chapter on the history and bibliography of archsology from the air, giving a detailed account of the earliest air photographs taken, showing ancient sites. The different classes of earth- works dealt with are then described, camps, villages, fields and barrows. Of the camps Mr, Crawford remarks that the evidence of pits and hut sites in the photographs in many of them goes to show that they were per- manently inhabited, and as to the difficulty of water supply he thinks that regular sieges of fortified places were not a part of the warfare of the times when they were thrown up, and that the normal supply of water was pro- vided precisely as it is to this day in the hill villages of Algeria, by being brought up daily by the women from springs at the foot of the hill. | Of the village sites he says that all of them were apparently inhabited - during the Roman occupation, but that many were of earlier origin. He _ divides these villages of the early iron and Romano-British periods from - 600 B.C. to 400 A.D. into two types. ‘The earliest were pit dwellings as at All Cannings, Swallowfield, and Fyfield Bavant, with thatched roofs; the later, as at Rotherley and Woodcuts, were huts above ground. The _ villages in Roman times were open and undefended, except by a ditch and fence to keep cattle out. “In Romano-British times practically the whole of Salisbury Plain, Cranborne Chase, and the Dorset Uplands were under the plough.” With regard to the origin of cultivation in Wessex, Mr, | Crawford finds reason to modify his former opinion that it began with the | advent of the Early Iron Age people, on account of two new pieces of | evidence, (a) that fragments of querns have been found in the ditches of | Windmill Hill, Avebury, associated with pottery that may be called | Neolithic, and (b) that Dr. Clay in 1925 excavated at “ Wudu-burh” in | Broad Chalke a rectangular earthwork ‘ which is quite obviously later than | the well developed cultivation banks upon which it is laid out. If it was constructed as he concludes by the finger-tip people, agriculture must have | been an ancient industry already when they arrived.” Dr. Clay’s account ————— 278 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. of the excavation of this earthwork on the south slope of Knighton Hill midway between Knighton Hill buildings and the crossing of the Ox-drove by the Roman road, identified by Dr. Grundy as the “ Wudu burh” of the A.S. charters is printed with plan and sections on pp. 131—137. Six sec- tions were cut through bank and ditch and a composite section shows early Iron Age sherds alone on the bottom of the ditch, and the same mixed with Romano-British fragments at two higher levels in the silting whilst at the bottom of the surface mould only Romano-British sherds appear. Dr. Clay identifies those found at the bottom of the ditch as of La Tene I. date one of them having large finger-tip impressions identical with the pottery found at All Cannings, Fifield Bavant, and Swallowcliffe. These must have been deposited almost as soon as the ditch was dug. The air photo- graph shows this earthwork as superimposed upon a series of cultivated lynchets. As to this Dr. Clay says of Section 2—“ It is difficult to show on a plan or to explain by words the evidence that at this spot the lynchet was earlier than the ditch, but anyone seeing the excavations could have no doubt at all.” A much smaller four-sided enclosure with a bank only lft. high close by, was also examined and judged to be contem- porary with the larger earthwork. Incidentally Dr. Clay makes the interest- ing suggestion that the reason why the ends of a ditch next to the causeways are often of greater depth than the rest of the ditch, as at Avebury, may be merely the necessity of providing a greater mass of material at this point to complete the ends of the vallum, and that this may explain the “‘craters”’ at Stonehenge. Mr. Crawford concludes that at whatever date the system of cultivation began, ‘‘it did not reach its maximum extension until the Romano-British period.” Tribal warfare was then impossible, the popula- tion must have rapidly increased, and there was also the stimulus of the export trade in corn. Under ‘ Pillow mounds ” (long more or less rectangular mounds which are not barrows) Mr. Crawford mentions a long flat mound on the south side of Liddington Camp opposite a gap in the rampart, 72ft. long by 22ft. wide, and another on Laverstock Down, 21 yards long by 10 yards wide, and from 2ft. to 8ft. high with ditch all round it. In a list of 46 Wiltshire air photographs not reproduced in the book, the following are amongst the new discoveries noticed :—four barrows in the ploughed ground on Waden Hill, Avebury, between the allotments and the new pond; a new disc barrow on Snail Down, Collingbourne ; circular en- closures on Everley Down; Sarsen rows on the the edge of ancient fields at Totterdown ; the ditches of two ploughed down barrows at West Over- ton; the interior of Barbury Castle shown to contain innumerable pits; a new small single ditched camp between Upavon village and Widdington Farm ; three round barrows in the corner of a field on Milk Hill. The ground to the north of Stonehenge has often been photographed with a view to finding the lost north branch of the avenue but no trace of it is to be seen, Amongst other new sites not photographed are a square earthwork near Porton Down Farm ; the close association of camps and ancient fields at Barbury, Yarnbury, and Lidbury ; a number of pits in a field adjoining the Avebury circle on the S.E., north of the Kennett Avenue; a large Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 279 enclosure $-mile west of Windmill Cottages, Everley ; a small one in the ex- treme N. corner of Laverstock parish ; a long barrow between Fussells Lodge Farm and Figsbury Rings in the parish of Clarendon Park, 171 ft. long, 5ft, 4in. high ; and a possible long barrow on Cockey Down, above the Winter- bourne. Yarnbury Camp is illustrated by an admirable air photograph and is described by Mr. Keiller. All previous writers, apparently following Hoare, have given the height of its main rampart (there are three ramparts and two ditches all round it) as 50ft. or 52ft. whereas its real vertical height is 25ft. Hoare no doubt imeasured the length of the slope instead of the actual vertical height. Of the six existing entries only that on the east is ancient, which is strongly guarded. The interior circle, that probably of an earlier camp, is clearly visible on the photograph, which also shows the curious annexe on the S.W. side. : Chiselbury Camp, in Fovant, with its single rampart and ditch, is also illustrated and described by Mr. Keiller. The single entrance inside a semi- circular outwork has two distinct entries. It is suggested that this camp was the refuge for the people of the La Tene village on Fyfield Bavant Down excavated by Dr. Clay. Of Figsbury Rings an excellent air photo is given, and Mrs. Cunnington’s account of the excavation is quoted. The bronze sword found within the camp in 1704 and now in the Ashmolean is illustra- ted. Of Hamshill Ditches in Barford St. Martin there is an air photo and description by Mr. Crawford. There are two fragmentary round enclosures of the “‘ Spectacle type’”’ connected by a raised causeway with ditch on each side. These were probably sheep or cattle pens with a raised road between the pens. Outside the larger circle are numerous remains of habitations, foundations of a wall, roof tiles, iron slag, and Romano-British sherds, and other objects. This large Romano-British village is apparently contemp- orary with the “ spectacles.” Similar double circles occur on Pewsey Down and at Rotherley. In Britford on the top of a hill one mile due south of Salisbury Cathedral an air photo of land under green wheat showed clearly part of a circular camp. The remainder in fallow ground was invisible both to the camera and upon the ground. This camp unknown before has been named Wood- bury, from the fact that Akerman gives that name to the locality. Hanging Langford Camp, in Steeple Langford, and the neighbouring earthwork Church End are shown on the same photo and described by Mr. Crawford who regards the “camp” as the site of a Celtic village with strong ditches and banks, with a clearly defined entrance on one side, whilst the photograph shows no signs of their ever having existed on the other sides at all. Ebbsbury (in Wishford and Groveley) Mr. Crawford regards as proved by the photograph to have been an important example of “a hill top camp of formidable dimensions, abandoned and partially levelled by cultivation during the Romano-British period. That is the explanation of those detached sections of strong triple ramparts which puzzled Colt Hoare and all subsequent observers. They are not as Colt Hoare thought, the latest part of the design ; and their discontinuity is VOL. XLIV.—NO. CXLIX. ab 280 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. due to deliberate destruction. The destroyers were doubtless the Romano-British villagers whose principal settlement seems to have been outside the camp on the eastern slope of the hill. . . . The importance of the site is that it affords evidence for the first time of the abandonment of a hill top camp by agricultural villagersjof the Romano- British period. The Pax Romana made obsolete the strongly fortified hill top camps. . . . Nowthat Ebbsbury has provided the clue, it is probable that other detached fragments will similarly fall into place. Theramparts west of Hamshill ditches may be the remains of another. . . . From the plan it looks as if Stockton works were the remains of a camp; and in ' many respects, as Colt Hoare pointed out, these remains bear a close resemblance to those at Ebbsbury.” The photograph of Overton Down shows numerous sarsens and lynchets bounding cultivation patches. That of Combe Bissett Down shows a small squarish earthwork superimposed on the “lands” of earlier cultivation. If the earthwork is of Early Iron Age, as it appears to be, the “lands” must be Prehistoric. The photo of Coombe Down, Enford, again shows these “lands” orridges. Mr. Crawford notes that Sadlers Pit, now dry, called “ Comesdeane Well” in 1591, anciently contained water. Of Ogbury, in Durnford, he remarks that the disappearance of the ditch is due to cultivation, ancient and modern. The Celtic rectangular cultiva- tion “ fields” are shown within the camp. “There are few parts of Wiltshire where the Celtic system of cultiva- tion survives in such perfection as on Pertwood Down,” in Brixton Deverill. Here the photograph shows the Roman Road, 21ft. wide, on the usual raised causeway in its relation to the lynchets of the cultivation plots. This road led from the Mendip lead mines to Old Sarum and Winchester, and thence to Clausentum the port, and was in use as early as A.D. 60 since a pig of lead of that date has been found on its course. It is, however, evident that the road when made cut through existing lynchets. Steeple Langford Cowdown, immediately south of Yarnbury, isa “ unique site.” ‘‘ It consists of a dry valley or combe whose sides are covered with Prehistoric fields. At a later date than these a number of mysterious geometric figures have been carved. These stand out in low relief on the turf and can be seen on the ground. . . . The general appearance from the air resembles a number of biscuits laid upon a table.” Of these 21 are noted by Mr. Crawford, who can, however, give no explanation of them, only suggesting as a possebility their connection with Yarnbury fair in some way in medieval times. Colt Hoare illustrated and described them in 1825 in Modern Wilts. Several of the mounds have been dug by Mr. R. S. Newall and have produced nothing. Calstone Fields are given as a good example of medizval lynchets subsisting down to modern times, as shown in an early 18th century map. Bush Barrow, in Wilsford (S. Wilts), and the adjoining Disc Barrows are given in an air photo, and the objects found in the former, now at Devizes, are illustrated from new drawings by Mr. Waterhouse. Tower Hill Barrows in Newton Toney are shown in a photograph and Mr. A. Keiller notes that Hoare, and following him ‘‘ Goddard’s List,” | \ | \ 5 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, 281 place two of these barrows over the Hampshire border. This is wrong, all eight of them are in Wilts. They are not on modern ordnance survey maps. Collingbourne Cowdown Barrows are shown on a photograph. The triple barrow on Amesbury Down, 91 in Goddard’s list, is also photo- graphed and together with the only other examples of triple barrows in England, those on Overton Hill, and at Baltic Farm, Shepherds Shore, is described in detail by Mr. Keiller, who notes “ with disgust” that a late tenant had buried an ox in one barrow of this group (Goddard’s Bishops Cannings 29) and the present tenant had buried a colt in Bishops Cannings 32. “ Mounds were easier to dig,” he said ! Three good air photographs of Avebury village, Avebury Trusloe, and Beckhampton are given, taken to see if they would throw any light on the question of the Beckhampton avenue, but no sign of itappeared. The small angular enclosure at Woodford Clump, and the quadrangular example on Hor- ton Down in Bishops Cannings are photographed, the latter in order to correct Dean Merewether’s very inaccurate plan in Proc. Arch. Inst., Salisbury, p. 101. ‘lwo photographs are given to the Stonehenge Avenue. ‘‘ The Spectacles,” two circular enclosures joined by a ditch, on Pewsey Down are photographed and described by Mr. A. Keiller. Mr. Crawford gives a plan of the many different lines of the old Bath Road in connection with a photo- graph of the rectangular enclosure on Cherhill Down. The earthwork enclosures round Barbury Farm buildings which may be of any age are shown. The polygonal enclosure “ The North Kite,” at Wilsford, is photo- graphed and described as probably a Romano-British farm like Soldiers Ring at Damerham. Mr. Crawford mentions that there is a similar earth- work at Stapleford. It has been impossible in this notice to mention either the Hampshire or Dorsetshire sites dealt with, but so far as Wiltshire Archzology is con- cerned the book is certainly one of the most important and valuable works published in this generation. Its whole get up is sumptuous, and the reproductions of the photographs are as nearly perfect as may be. Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge during 1925 and 1926. By Lt.-Col. W. Hawley, FS.A. Antiquaries Journal, April, 1928, vol. VIII., pp. 149—176. Folding plan, plates of “ Cists in the bank on E. side of ditch,” and ‘‘ Ditch looking E., showing the two barriers, etc.,’ and 4 cuts. This report deals with the excavation of portions of the ditch on the east side, and west of theS. Causeway. Part of the site within the circle was also | dug over. ‘The ditch was found to be very irregular varying in depth _ from 4 to 5 feet and in width from about 9 to 15 feet. The upper layer of _ the silting averages 13 to 15 inches, and the lower chalk silting 33 to 40 | inchesin depth. At one point a barrier of untouched chalk extended right | across the ditch. The floor of the ditch was covered with muddy (apparently _ trodden ?) chalk and sprinkled with flint chips, only a very few of which | showed signs of work. Some beaker pottery occurred at the top of the _ lower silting. The upper layer contained everywhere quantities of chips | from the stones, both sarsens and blue stones, the latter much the most q at 2 282 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, numerous, together with many sherds of Romano-British pottery. None of these chips were found below the upper layer. Two roughly made axes from the Rhyolite fragments of the blue stones were found. Col. Hawley sums up the evidence as to the relative ages of the cremated interments of which several were found at the sides of the ditch, as well as those found in the Aubrey holes. In no case was there any sign of acinerary urn. In the case of the Aubrey holes the cremated remains were clearly put in after the hole had become largely filled up, and were thus later than the digging of the holes. In the same way, the interments of burnt bones in the ditch are all either in the side of the ditch, in which case the bow] shaped “‘ grave ” cuts through the silt of the side before it reaches the solid chalk, or on the interior slope of the rampart which was formed of the debris from the excavation of the ditch. Therefore whether they are in the silt at the side or on the slope of the rampart they are necessarily later than the digging of the ditch. These cremated interments are presumably of the Bronze Age, but with the exception of long bone hair pins in two or three cases, and the remarkable small cushion mace found in a small shallow burial at the base of the rampart in 1924, nothing has been found with these inter- ments. It follows that the Bronze Age was subsequent to the partial filling of the ditch with silt. Col. Hawley remarks that the discovery of * Woodhenge” at Durrington now makesit at least possible that the Aubrey holes which exactly resemble some of those at “* Woodhenge ” held originally not stones but wooden uprights. The further excavations in the ditch during 1926 produced half of a good flint axe from the lower silt as well as other worked flints and cores, also a large ox skull, of Bos premzgencus, deposited in the silt when the ditch was nearly filled up. The upper layer contained quartzite and flint hammerstones, a large quartzite maul, a good barbed flint arrow head, also numerous chips from the stones, and Romano-British pottery. The great irregularity in the construction of the ditch, the straight lengths of it, the numerous bays with lateral projections, which in three instances still form a barrier of undisturbed chalk right across the ditch, suggest that the ditch was left unfinished. At first Col. Hawley was inclined to regard these bays and craters as dwelling places, intercommunicating, but with some artificial partition between them, but the entire absence on the ditch bottom, except in the two craters at the main entrance, of any distinct marks of fire, or of black earth or bones such as are always found in pit dwellings, etc., prove that there could have been no occupation of the ditch as a dwelling place. The presence, however, of the layer of dirty chalky mud everywhere found on the bottom of the ditch, in and above which numerous flint chippings are found, seems to show that the ditch was used for passage for some time after it was made and perhaps that flints were chipped there. Col. Hawley now thinks that the bays and barriers, and irregular and varying width and depth of the ditch were simply due to the method of digging. He suggests that gangs of men began by digging oblong holes which were gradually enlarged until they met, forming the craters and bays, now visible, and that the sides of the ditch were never finished off. He compares this with the interrupted ditches at Windmill Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 283 Hill, Avebury, and in Germany, which have been held to be characteristic of Neolithic work. There is, however, he notes, this difference, that whereas much pottery has been found on the bottom of the German and Windmill Hill ditches, none at all has occurred at Stonehenge, the fragments of beaker pottery having been found higher up in the silting. He remarks “ the multitude of horn picks discovered was beyond any recorded elsewhere, and the great size of many of the horns indicates a race of red deer much bigger than those met with at present. These and the remains of wild oxen and pig proclaim the people to have been expert hunters. The bone remains, however, have not yet been examined.” The digging in the centre of the circle was undertaken chiefly to discover whether the curved line of the inner Bluestone horseshoe was continued beyond the stones now standing. Holes were found large enough to contain stones, and Col. Hawley says ‘‘ Regarding the extension of the ends of the horseshoe, there are certainly three stones on the N.E. which show a definite prolongation of the figure. « . . I believe that the stones of the horse- shoe were continued in a curve forming an ovoid figure and not one of horseshoe shape.” At one spot a disordered mass of human bones was found lying over a grave from which they had apparently been ejected in Georgian times, judging from fragments of tobacco pipes found with Roman pottery and coins near it.” In a general review of the results of the ex- cavation Col. Hawley says “It is now evident that the site is older than the monument standing upon it.. he ditch gives proof of this, for it was silted up when the monument was made, the chips of the stones forming the latter occurring above the silt and never init.” The builders of the structure made no attempt to dig out the ditch again. Beaker pottery was the earliest found, not on the floor of the ditch, or in the body of the lower silt, but either embedded in the top of the silt or in the upper layer above it. The beaker pottery then of the early Bronze Age is that of a people who arrived on the spot when the silting of the ditch was nearly or quite completed, and the building of the present structure must be dated to the end of the Neolithic or the overlap of the two ages. The “ Barrow” on the south was proved to be no barrow but the site of a stone, doubtless of the date of the monument. The Helestone was probably one of two rough stones standing in craters to the south and south-east of its present position, to which it seems to have been moved along a wide groove. The circular trench round it is apparently earlier. ‘The Aubrey holes were earlier than the monument and held wooden uprights. The “ Post holes” Col. Hawley _ regards as the earliest structures on the site, or perhaps coeval with the _ Aubrey holes. Their use is not known. The Y and Z holes are certainly af the same date as the monument and part of the original plan, as their positions are radially opposite the stones of the outer circle. The sharpness of their sides shows that they never held stones and their shape is wrong for wooden columns. ‘The fact that they contained Bluestone chips right down to the bottom show that they were dug after the trimming of the Bluestones. As to the Bluestone lintel Col. Hawley suggests that if the Bluestones formed a circle in South Wales before their transportation to Wilts, the stone may have been in use there, and have been brought with | 284 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, the rest and used as an ordinary upright at Stonehenge. The report con- cludes “ The excavation did not show that Stonehenge was a sepulchral site, but I quite believe it was erected to be reminiscent of something of that nature which had stood there previously. It was no doubt first and foremost a temple and secondly a place of assembly where priests and military nobles dispensed justice and promulgated laws.” The Stratigraphical Distribution of the Corn- brash: I. The South-Western Area, by James Archi- bald Douglas, D.Sc., Sec. G.'S., and William Jocelyn Arkell, B.Sc., F.G.S. Quarterly Jour. of the Geolog. Soc., vol- Ixxxiv., part I., 1928, pp. 117—159. The part of the Cornbrash outcrop here described runs through Oxford- shire, Wiltshire, Gloucestershire, Somerset, and Dorset, of which the Wilts portion, Shorncote Quarries, Charlton Quarry, Garsdon Quarry, Foxley Road Quarry, Malmesbury, Corston and Bancombe Wood Quarries, and Lower Stanton St. Quintin Quarry, with other exposures near Chippenham and Hilperton, occupy pages 135 to 143. The conclusions reached by Mr. S. S. Buckman in a recent paper on “ Some Faunal Horizonsin Cornbrash ” are controverted in many cases by the present writers. Exact sections showing the sequence of the beds in all the quarries mentioned above are described, with their distinctive fossils, and smaller exposures between the larger quarries are also noted. There are four plates of typical Corn- brash fossils. The whole subject is dealt with with scientific exactitude. Savernake Forest. Some Notes for Ramblers. Alfred Joyce Watson, Marlborough. Printed at the County Paper Offices, 1928. Pamphlet, 8vo., pp. 16. Mr. Watson (lately Vicar of Cadley) disclaims any intention of writing a guide book and speaks of “ these scattered notes,’ but they are very pleasant notes by one who has lived in the Forest for the last twelve years, and contain much information not to be found in the ordinary guide book. For instance. after referring to the various well-known great oaks, the King oak, the Queen oak, the Dukes Vaunt, and the Amity or “ Emmety” oak, he tells us that the “ great swollen oak that stands near the Salisbury road is politely referred to in the guide books asthe Wen Oak, but is known in the vernacular as the “Big Bellied Oak.” And again, “ An interesting tree is the Cluster, or Curly Oak, a small specimen about 30 feet high, grow- ing near the Column Drive. It has been described by Professor Henry, of the Royal College of Science, Dublin, as a sport or mutation of the common oak, and he wrote a short article about it in the “ Gardener’s Chronicle” in 1917. The leaves grow in dense clusters, almost forming rosettes, and some acorns sown by Mr. Arthur Yates, of the Warren, have produced little trees showing the characteristics of the parent.” Of the birches he writes, “ The children still know how to tap the birches in the spring, when the sap is flowing, and inserting a straw drink the “ birch wine” with great delight.” Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, 285 He explains the absence of woodland flowers, bluebells, primroses, &Xc., by the presence of deer and rabbits, who also destroy the millions of seed- ling trees that spring up every year. ‘There can be few other tracts of semi-wild country in which the vegetation has been similarly reduced, but unquestionably the deer fence is the explanation. As compensation for the scarcity of flowers, there comes in the autumn an extraordinary wealth of many coloured fungi.’ It is noted that adders are frequent in the Forest, and that the Little Owl is steadily increasing, whilst the Nightjar has become extremely scarce. The heronry, in the middle of the Forest, had formerly as many as 20 nests. The ponds in the Forest mostly contain small Prussian carp. Mr. Watson suggests that both Thornhill pond and Bitham pond were probably clay pits dug out by the Romano-British potters, to whom also the name “ Cockertroop ” lane, 2.e., “ Crockers thorpe ” is due. The open spaces “ Ashlet” and “ Ouselet’” are really ‘“‘ Ashlade”’ and “ Woolslade,” the latter name being associated with wolves not with wool. ‘“ Bushels Clump,” near Cadley, is associated with a queer legend of buried treasure, silver plate stolen from the mansion, in which a bushel basket figures. The avenue called ‘“ Long Harry” derives its name from one Harry Long, who hanged himself on a beech tree, whose stump still remains, whilst Navigation Ride isso called because it was planted by a gang of “ navigators.” The Grand Avenue was planted by Charles, 3rd Earl of Ailesbury, in 1723. Of local words still in use, Mr. Watson gives “ Devil’s Guts” as the name of the wild clematis, and “ Crawl-bush Wind” for the S.E. wind. Of this latter he can give no explanation. Various other items of folk lore are touched on, local ghosts, elderwood, flowers that should not be brought in doors, and “ seed balks,” still believed to portend grievous misfortune. Altogether an excellent and most readable collection of local information. Cranborne Chase and Grovely. In an article entitled “Our Debt to Rome?” in Antiquity, June 1928, Mr. O. G. S. Crawford, in support of the theory of the ‘‘ complete hiatus” between the Roman and medieval civilisations, more especially as seen in the contrast between the “Celtic” and the Saxon systems of agriculture, has much of interest to say of the Romano-British and earlier village sites and cultivation of Cranborne Chase and Grovely. “The whole of which is now Cranborne Chase is covered with the still-visible boundary banks of Celtic fields. That is the explanation of those flint banks in woods which have puzzled so many enquirers. The whole area has reverted to its natural vegetation ; and since there is a thick covering of clay with flints upon the chalk, both here and at Grovely, the natural vegetation is a thick scrub of thorn, furze, and oak . . . . asarule the villagers selected sites just off the clay, since the chalk was obviously preferable for habitation, and this dis- position is very evident on Grovely Ridge. . . . The whole ridge between the Wylye and the Nadder is thickly covered with prehistoric and Romano-British remains, settlements, fields, boundary banks, and barrows. These remains are found equally in woodland and on down- 286 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, land and cultivation. . . . To-day, as for many centuries past, Grovely Wood is Brencled by a belt of downland about half-a-mile wide in places, dividing the woodland from the ploughed fields of the valley settlements. . . . Itishere that the best remaining “ Celtic” settlements are to be found. Perhaps the most important is that called in the Ordnance Map “ Grovely Earthworks.” ‘These cover a large area on the north side of the wood, on Ebsbury Hill. . . . The earthworks called Hanging Langford Camp and Church End Ring form a single whole and are the remains of a village. . . . The Roman road from Old Sarum to the Mendips ran along the top of the ridge and besides lead there came along it coal from the Somerset mines, some of which has been found in the Romano-British village of Stockton and on other contemporary sites.” Dwelling on the essential difference between the Romano-British villages on the heights, and the Saxon settlements in the valleys, he says :— “ No post-Roman objects, and no examples of the easily recognized Saxon objects, have ever been found in a Romano-British village of Wessex. . . . I wish to call attention to the behaviour of the Wilts- Dorset county boundary with regard to the two groups (of Romano- British and Saxon villages), because it provides a clue to the way in which the southern English counties were formed. In Cranborne Chase the county boundary coincides with and follows the frontier between two valley groups (of Saxon villages) ; and it cannot, therefores be older than the valley-villages themselves. . . . . [allude to it merely because I want to show that our county system is closely inter- woven with the system of valley-settlements and groups, whose foundation de novo I attribute to the Saxons.” There are good sketch maps of Cranborne Chase and Grovely showing the ancient settlements, d&c. Wiltshire Village Industries. Under this title Mr. Alfred Williams contributed a series of articles to the Wiltshire Times, September 17th (¢), 24th ; October 1st, 15th, 29th, 1927. He describes how the water mill was used not only for grinding but also for sawing, threshing, and many other purposes. As an example of what village industries meant he takes Wanborough. Here, in addition to the mill, there were spinning and weaving of cottons and woollens, tanyards and leather dressers, lime kilns, blacksmiths and carpenters for making all kinds of implements, wagons, ploughs, &c., a malthouse and brewery, a rope work, a soap and candle works, tailors, butchers, bakers, a shoemaker, and a basket maker. Flax, he says, for linen, was grown on the slopes of the downs, the farmers’ wives and daughters spun their own yarn, hemp was grown locally for ropes and sacks. ‘The wool was sent to Oxfordshire to be dyed, and the cloth also was sent there when made to be finished or “‘ milled.’ The tanners had a festival in June called “ Bark Harvest.’ A cottage shoemaker is said to have left a fortune of £2,000. Soap was made of lees from wood ashes, and potash of lime boiled up with tallow and oil. Where people did not make their own soap they bought grey Bristol soap at 1d. per lb. or black } i es nts i A I — ee Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, 287 soap at 3d. per Ib. Soap pills, he notes, were commonly used medicinally asanaperient. He describes the method of making cottagers’ candles. A number of “ gixes ” were cut from the hedges (seeding stems of hemlock, hog weed, hare parsley, é&c.), these were cut into lengths, a wick was passed through them, and the tube was filled with hot tallow. When the tallow was cold the “ gix ” was cut away and the candle was ready for use. Rush- lights were made from large plump rushes, the skin, except a very narrow strip to hold the pith together, was peeled off, the pith dried and dipped in hot mutton fat. Sulphur matches were, of course, made at home, of slivers of pine wood dipped in brimstone, to be lighted by the tinder box, the tinder being linen rags scorched brown at the fire. The match was applied to the “ swiltering ” (smouldering) tinder on which the spark from the flint and steel had fallen. When tinder was short, Mr. Williams says, the tail of the white linen shirt, worn by labourers in Wiltshire, was cut off to pro- vide more. At Bishopstone (N. Wilts) the feast of Hocktide was observed, and the “ Aldermen of the Hocker bench” presided over the ceremonies and sports. The hemp industry here was considerable and quantities of home-grown fibre was sent to factories in the towns. Willow fibre was another article of some commercial value prepared locally ; this was used for making hats and baskets, the backs of chairs, and so forth.” In the Church at Bishopstone is preserved an iron clock made by the village smith which for 238 years was in use in the tower. It was cleaned in its later years once a year by being taken down by the sexton and having its grease and oil burnt off by paraffin in the churchyard. At Wroughtonchalk was quarried for building purposes, and was weathered, 2.e., exposed for a winter under a roof of thatch to keep it dry, beforeit was used. ‘The hardest blocks were always built into the south and west walls, the inferior material being good enough for the north and east. Mr. Williams gives interesting details of the work of pit sawyers at Wroughton. They were paid 2s. 6d. per 100 ft. for sawing spruce and larch, and 2s, 9d. _ for elm, oak, and ash. Of the former they reckoned to saw about one foot _ per minute, at which they could earn 8d. per hour if that pace was kept up. _ The hard woods, however, could not be cut at this rate. Mr. Williams speaks highly of the admirable work of the old village perch builders and wheelwrights, some wagons still in use have been in use Over 100 years. One farmer mentioned had no wagon on his farm less than | 70 years old, Perhaps the most interesting of Mr. William’s articles is that on Aldbourne here. up to half-a-century ago, village industries flourished greatly. ‘lhe | oldest was silk weaving which was carried on until the end of the 18th century. ‘Then the weaving of linen and fustian and gimp making were standard industries, and later on still, willow weaving, willow plaiting, and straw plaiting. The willow fibre was obtained from young withy poles and _ trees, and sometimes from lime trees. The trees were stripped of their bark, sawn into pieces 3ft.long,and split into quarters, which were shaved into eins. These strips were torn apart into strands rather smaller than straws. | These were passed on to the weavers who wove them into pieces a yard Square. These squares were collected from the cottages and sent by road 288 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. wagon to London to make hats. It is said that they were exported to the Continent for the same purpose. The price paid for weaving was ls. 6d. per dozen squares, and about £50 was earned in the village every week. For willow plaiting the willow was cut into smooth strips with handplanes. and women and girls plaited five strips at a time. When the strips were sewn together the material was locally known as “ Tuscin,” perhaps a corruption of Tuscan. Willow wood was also burnt for charcoal, specially used for the manufacture of gunpowder. Hence the old saying that the withy trees along the upper Thames “ fought for the King.” He also describes the chairmaking industry at Aldbourne, which 20 years ago had an output of 100 chairs a week, but has now entirely died out. The wood used was chiefly ash, birch, and beech, from the Marlborough neighbourhood. The lathe used for turning the legs was of very simple construction, and its method of use is carefully described. Few more interesting and valuable articles have been published in Wilt- shire papers of late years. Archeological Benefactors of Hampshire, Dorset, and Wiltshire. By Heywood Sumner, F.S.A. Presi- dential address, extracted from the proceedings of the Bournemouth Natural Science Society, vol. XIX. [1927]. Pamphlet, 8vo., pp. 27. It was a happy thought of Mr. Heywood Sumner to put together in this way a calendar of the fathers of archeology for each of the three counties in which Bournemouth is chiefly interested ; and he has carried out the idea admirably. In each county the founders of local archzeology are dealt with in chronological order, with accurate details of their principal published writings and some account of their character and of their influence and work in the history of archeology. Wiltshire occupies pages 16—27. Aubrey is dealt with at considerable length, as is fitting, and so are Stukeley and Sir R. Colt Hoare, William Cunnington, F.S.A., and his grandson William Cunnington, F.G.S. John Britton, J. Y. Akerman, John Thurnam, the Rev. A. C. Smith, William Blackmore, and Kdward T. Stevens are all included in the roll of Wiltshire benefactors. Gen. Pitt Rivers, however, is a little unfairly claimed for Dorset, and the description of his methods of excavation and research occupy six out of the ten pages devoted to that county. A most useful, and what is more an extremely readable and even entertaining account of the archeological patriarchs of the three counties with which it deals. The Letters of Maurice Hewlett, to which is added a Diary in Greece. Edited by Latrence Binyon, with Introductory Memoir by Edward Hewlett. Methuen & Co., London, 1926. 8vo., pp. xi. + 294. The illustrations are :—Portrait ; The Old Rectory, Broad Chalke ; A Garden Pool; The River Ebble. The preface by Laurence Binyon is a critical appreciation of the man and his writings. The Introduction by his younger brother, Edward Hewlett, gives some slight account of the Hewlett family of Chetnole and Yetminster, Dorset, and fuller details of their Wiltshire Looks, Pamphlets, and Articles. 289 grandfather, Henry William Hewlett, who married Octavia Charlotte, daughter of Mr. Gay, of Aldborough Hall, Norfolk. Their son Henry Gay Hewlett married Emmeline Mary, d. of James Thomas Knowles, architect. Their eldest son, Maurice Henry Hewlett, was born at Weybridge, Surrey, January 22nd,1861. He was educated at Hampton and Sevenoaks Grammar Schools, Palace School, Enfield, and the International College, Spring Grove, Isleworth. Leaving school in 1878 he joined the family law business. In 1888 he was called to the Bar and married Hilda Beatrice Herbert. His brother gives some account of his childhood and school days. The letters are very largely taken up with his successive literary works, a large number of them being addressed to Sir Henry Newbolt, his neighbour and friend whilst he lived at Broad Chalke. The Old Rectory there he took originally in 1903, made the garden, left it in 1912, and came back again in 1917, leaving it finally for a cottage near The Knapp in 1921. Was William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, born at Stratiford-sub-Castle P ‘The Wiltshire Gazette, Feb. 10th, 1927 has an interesting article, with further notes on April 14th, on this subject and on the further question as to whether the present front of the old manor house now the Vicarage at Stratford has or has not been rebuilt since early in the 19th Century. The house originally known as Mawarden Court was built as the manor house by the Ear] of Salisbury in 1673. Over the door is the inscription “ Parva sed apta domino 1673.” Thomas Pitt rented it as a leaseholder under the Bishop in 1690. About 1712 he built a western addition in Queen Anne style. His son, Robert, the father of Will. Pitt, lived there from the date of his marriage in 1703. After his death the property was apparently sold, and after several changes was bought early in the 19th Century by the Dean and Chapter of Salisbury, who, in 1849, after the northern wing had been pulled down, gave it as a Vicarage to Stratford. Thomas Pitt rebuilt the Church tower in 1711, and did other work of restoration, as well as giving the communion plate. His grandson, William Pitt, entered Parliament as M.P. for Old Sarum, and it has often been said that he was born in the Vicarage at Stratford. More- over, when he entered Trinity College, Oxford, as a gentleman commoner, in 1726, he gave his birthplace as Stratford-sub-Castle. On the other hand he was, says Lord Rosebery in his Chatham: His Early Life and Uon- necttons, “ born in London in the parish of St. James’s, Nov. 15th, 1708,” and was baptized at St. James’s Church, Piccadilly, Dec. 13th, 1708. More- over, the late Mr. H. J. F. Swayne, who once lived in the house, is quoted as saying that Pitt’s mother went up to London for her confinement, wishing to be under the care of a doctor there. The Rev. Peter Hall, in his Picturesque Memorials of Salisbury (1834), says that ‘the Manor House has been erroneously commemorated by Mr. Seward as the birthplace of William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham ” (see also a further letter by Mr. J. J. Hammond in the Gazette of April 15th, 1927). The very curious question of the date of the present road front of the Vicarage is discussed in these two issues of the Gazette and three views of it are given: (a) from a print published by T. Cadell, engraved by J. 290 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. Landseer after J. G. Wood published in 1795; (b) from the view given in Hall’s Pecturesque Memorials, 1834 ; (c) from a photograph of 1927. The views of 1795 and 1834 are practically identical except that the central gable is in 1795 represented as of considerable size, whilst in 1834 it appears as a mere dormer in the roof. Buckler’s drawing (in the Society’s library) made for Sir R. C. Hoare, 1808—10, confirms the 1795 view in every detail, and Buckler as a draughtsman is scrupulously accurate. In all three of these drawings the centre of the front between the projecting side gables is shown as wide enough to contain on the first floor, side by side, three three-light windows with a central gable over. At present the centre of the front between the side projections and gables is barely wide enough to contain the porch and a small two-light window over, with no gable above, yet the side projections and gables show no signs whatever of having been rebuilt since 1834, It is a curious architectural puzzle. Missing Chapter in Salisbury History, By J. J. Hammond. Pamphlet, 72in. x 43in., pp. 15, with folding map, reprinted from Salisbury Journal, 1928. Mr. Hammond sets out to trace the extremely complicated history of the way in which the course of the Salisbury rivers the Avon and the Wily were many times altered and diverted. ‘he original course of both rivers at the time of the founding of New Sarum is not certainly known. Mr. Hammond conjectures that the Avon ran down the valley across what is now Castle Street to Brown Street and so to Bugmore, whilst the Wily flowed probably just south of the present Palace and joined the Avon at Bugmore. It is believed that the “ Bishop’s Ditch ” represents the original course of the Wily. ‘ Partly to form a defence on the western side of the new city, partly to work the Town Mill, and partly because it was in the way and caused floods at the point where it was joined by the Wily, the Avon was diverted from a point about Blackwell and carried in a new channel as we know it parallel with Castle Street to the Bishops’ Mill and so down to Crane Bridge and by the back of the Close, out of its course all the way, from about where the Corn Exchange stands. . . . The Wily was diverted into it, and the combined rivers carried all round the Bishop’s Manor until they joined the original river below Bugmore at the point known as St. Martin’s Steps.” “ The original course of the Avon from St. Martin’s Steps onwards was by Alderbury and Longford.” Bishop Bingham built Ayleswade Bridge and Crane Bridge. The name Mutton Bridge, really Shoulder of Mutton Bridge at the point where the Bourne joins the Avon, is derived from the shape of an old enclosed field at that point. Ayleswade is a corruption of Earlsward ; the land on the south side of the bridge is still called the Earldoms, and the bridge is the earliest part of that now called Harnham Bridge. Later on at some unknown date the Wily was further diverted to work the Fisherton and W. Harnham Mills. The old ‘“‘ Bone Mill” at W. Harnham appears to be older than 1500 and Harnham Bridge “ could not have been built much before then.” The first body armed with legal powers to regulate the river was the Commission of Sewers, dated July 8th, 1580, and Mr. Hammond prints the series of orders Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 291 issued by these commissioners five years later, as to the regular clearing of the water courses, cutting of weeds, etc. Mr. Hammond attributes the increased flooding of the eity to new cuts and alterations made in the flow of the river subsequent to the Act 16 & 17 Ch. II., for making the Avon navigable from Salisbury to Christchurch, a scheme which failed, and the formation of the Britford Watermeads by Mr. Jervoise, owner of that estate, somewhere about 1650. Probably these were amongst the earliest water meadows in the county. The outbreak of cholera in 1849 caused an enquiry into the sanitary conditions of the city which had then no drains and no water supply other than wells. Drainage and water works were carried out 1853 and 1854 at a cost of £27,000. In 1856 the open channels in Blue Boar Row, Minster Street, and Silver Street, were filled in. In 1860 the Close ditch which ran along the outside of the Close wall from Crane Bridge by the bottom of Exeter Street to Nutting’s Mead where it turned to the right and so into the river was partly filled in. Old Fisherton bridge was destroyed in 1872, Brunel and after: the Romance of the Great Western Railway. By Archibald Williams. With 78 illustrations. Published by the G.W.R. 1925. ‘74in. X 4$in., pp. vii. + 205. Folding map. Price 1s. This small book presents a vast deal of information in a very readable way. Beginning with the prospectus of a projected Bristol and London railway in 1832, it describes the gradual growth of the line until on June 30th, 1841, trains were running from Paddington to Bristol. It is men- tioned that Box tunnel, one mile, seven furlongs in length, cost £100 per yardto make. The opening of the subsidiary and branch lines is also traced, and the original battle of the gauges described, and the eventual change of the whole line from the broad to the narrow gauge. ‘The growth of new lines, and the work of the G.W.R. during the war are noted. Amongst other things it is stated that more than 3,000,000 men travelled over the Swindon, Marlborough, and Andover line during the war, and that the huge quantity of gun carriages, ambulance trains, shell forgings, and other war equipment, made at Swindon, was made without any financial profit what- ever accruing to the Company. At the end a synopsis of all the important dates in the history of the line from 1833 to 1924 is given. A really ex- cellent shilling’s worth. Box Tunnel. The Great Western Railway Magazine for Sept., 1928, has an article, reprinted in Wiltshire Gazette, Sept. 6th, 1928, on the construction of the Box Tunnel, 1836 to 1841, in which year it was opened _ to traffic on June 30th. The bricks, of which 30,000,000 were used, were ‘| mostly made by a Mr. Hunt, on the west side of Chippenham. Some Old Houses of Devizes, No 22, Browfort. By Ed. Kite. Wiltshire Gazette, Mar. 10th, 1927. Originally an | ornamental summerhouse, a plan and elevation of which is given in Oreginal | Designs of Temples and other Ornamental Buildings for Parks and Gardens, 292 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. by Thomas Collins Overton, 1766, described as “a villa built for Mr. Maynard, near Devizes.” Jacob Maynard was warden 1694 and master 1704, of the Drapers’ Trading Guild. He married Eliz. Taylor, of Market Lavington. His son Jacob Maynard, b. 1681, married secondly Joan or Jane d. of John Mayo, of Devizes, and died 1719. Their son James Maynard was an “apothecary ” 1748, and built the Summer House, afterwards Brow Cottage about 1766. He died 1786, aged 79. John Maynard, his elder brother b. 1704, married Ann, d. of Thomas Bayly, of Devizes. His son John, b. 1737, d. 1802, was a doctor in Calne. His sister Jane, b. 1739, inherited his property and on her death left it to her cousin the Rev. Joseph Mayo, b. at Seend, 1793, curate of Poulshot 1820. He became chaplain to the new Prison in 1823, enlarged the house at the ‘‘ Brow” and lived there until 1839, when he went to America, where two of his descendants are now prominent members of the medical profession. On the death of the Rev. Joseph Mayo, 1859, “ The Brow” was sold about 1861 to William Brown, who rebuilt the house as it now stands. The present owner is the Rev. Paget L. Bayly, late Rector of Newton St. Loe, who bought it about 1907, Some further notes on the Mayo family of Devizes are given by Mr. Kite. A Wiltshire Shepherd. Some incidents in his life. By George Pearce, Shepherd, of Laverstock. Wiltshire Gazette, Jan. 18th, 1927. An interesting article. The old man, aged 82, describes the hardships of his early days when he began work at 6 years old and became shepherd over 1,600 sheep at fifteen. He tells a curious story of seeing mysterious little lights bobbing up and down on Knook Down at night. His master also saw them and got the Government to send down a lot of soldiers who “‘ dug about and found guns and swords and dead bodies and where the lights were a large box of valuables and money.” He was given £2 but his master thought it ought to have been more. Also at Knook in a house belonging to a Mr. Flower, in which curious knockings were heard, he slept one night, heard the knockings, located the spot in the floor from which they came, took up a board, and found the dead body of a murdered girl. The murderer was never discovered. ‘The story of the buried treasure is curious if not entirely the product of an old man’s imagination. Some Wiltshire Byways. Third Series. By M.K.Swayne Edwards. Wiltshire Gazette, Oct. 20th, 1927, to Jan. 5th, 1928. Asin her previous S. Wilts series, Miss Edwards writes in a pleasant gossipy way of her motor drives and walks in Central and North Wilts, touching on an interesting Church, a lovely view, a point of history, or an amusing happening to herself, all equally lightly. She does not pretend to write a guide book or to describe even the most interesting things with any completeness, but motorists who do not know the county might do a great deal worse than follow in her wheel tracks and see what she marks as best worth seeing from Tilshead and Lavington to the Pewsey Vale and Ramsbury, and from Bedwyn and Froxfield to Bradenstoke and Dauntsey. She notices out of the way things like the fire hooks on the wall at West | \ | l i i i Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, 293 Lavington, the three plague graves near Erchfont, the excellent custom of the modern inhabitants of Devizes of decorating their lamp posts with hanging baskets of flowers (why don’t other places do likewise? ), the fact that at Broad Hinton where the Church is dedicated to St. Peter ad Vincula which corresponded to Lammas Day, the feast is still kept on Lammas Day, but on the Lammas of the old and not of the new calendar. Here, too, the story of the burnt bible and of the row of consequently handless children (does not the tomb in Church witness to the truth of the story ?) is recorded. She is, too, very entertaining at times in the account of her own small adven- tures, as, for instance, in her search for the site of ‘‘ Woodhenge ” at Durring- ton, and the eventually finding of it by accident, in spite of the well-meant efforts of the natives, who had never heard of it, to send her to Fargo to look for it. The modern Ramsbury font, however, seems to have imposed itself upon her as Saxon, as it has upon others before her. John Spratt of Wootton Rivers. Under the heading, “A Village Genius,” the V. Wilts Herald, June 22nd, 1928, gives an interesting article on the life of this native of Wootton Rivers, who, born 70 years ago, began life as a boy on the farm at seven years of age and stayed on the land till he was 20. ‘Then he obtained employment in a brewery at Maidenhead. Here he began to try his hand at mending the watches of his fellow workmen. Coming back to Wootton Rivers, in 1881, he acted as postman for 17 years, using his spare time in the repair of clocks and watches, making clocks for himself, first an ordinary timekeeper, next a striking clock, then a chiming clock, and lastly a clock playing about 140 different tunes on home-made drums. In 1911 the village proposed to com- memorate the coronation of King George V. by providing a Church clock, but the estimates received proved beyond the local resources. ‘Thereupon Mr. Spratt offered to make a clock on condition that the neighbours gave him all their old metal scraps, broken mowing machines, bicycles, &c. Out of these he made a clock with three dials and six sets of quarter chimes, He has presented two penny-in-the-slot musical boxes of his own making to Savernake Hospital. Lacock, Extracts from Churchwardens’, Over- seers’, &c., Account Book, 1583—1821. Printed in NV. Wilts Ch. Mag. under Lacock, 1925 to 1927. By F. H. Hinton. Lacock. Parochial History in the 18th Century. By F.H. Hinton. Wiltshire Gazette, Jan. 12th—Feb. 9th, 1928. | Extracts from account books of overseers begin with items of parish relief | in 1724. The prices of goods, the wages of labourers, poor relief, beer at _ funerals ? for the bearers, figure amongst the parish expenses, Rent was often | paid by the overseers for poor persons, also payments for the redemption of | goods seized for debt. It is incidentally mentioned that chair making was | an industry in Lacock within living memory. In 1726 a linen sheet cost 3s. 4d., a shift 2s. 2d., a pair of shoes for a boy 9s. 4d., and a pair of ‘‘ breeches” for the same, 2s. 3d. A blanket in 1736 | cost 38. 2d. 294 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, In 1741 barley was commonly given in relief to the poor, also in the same year “peasen,” rice, “ pruans,” currants, biscuits, sinnament, treacle, and salt, as well as meat, mostly in cases of sickness. A sheep’s head and henge cost 4d., a bullock’s head 10d., a shoulder of mutton 9d., a “* quarter of mutton” ls. 4d. Pig meat is not mentioned except lard for medicinal purposes. Milk is only mentioned once, coal only once, but “ turves”’ or “ turfs” at 1s. per 100 often. Faggots cost £1 for the 100. The rateable value of Lacock for the first half of the 18th century was £1,133 (in 1926 it was £7,440) and 1d. rate yielded £4 14s. 5d. The average number of deaths for 20 years was 37. The amount of relief varied from £103 to £499. Of diseases consumption, rheumatism, king’s evil, smal! pox, and epidemics of fever, are often mentioned. In 1740 for “‘ Broaton Water,” or “ Holt Water,” many payments were — made for a girl afflicted with king’s evil. The small pox patients in 1736 were isolated in a cottage on Bewley Common, The Royal Mineral Water Hospital at Bath was opened in 1742 and Elizabeth W. from Lacock was one of the earliest patients, £3 being paid by the overseers for her treatment. Instances are given of entries in the 18th century at the burial of non- parishioners for a special fee for “ breaking the ground.” Of the parish apprentices in the first half of the 18th century two-thirds were placed with broadweavers, fullers, or burlers, in Lacock, Bradford Melksham, Trowbridge, Corsham, and Calne. The Lacock masters in- cluded a fellmonger, a “simster” (seamstress), a basket maker, and a ‘* Manti Maker” (mantua or dressmaker). From 1701 to 1736 very few vagrants, and those only females were re- lieved. But in the war period from 1740 onwards vagrants were continually being relieved and passed on. Expectant mothers and vagrants, ill of the small pox were hastily relieved and seen safely out of Lacock and into the next parish, which in its turn doubtless did likewise. In 1702 the rateable value of the parish was £1133, and a rate of 4d. in the £ was raised “towards amending the ways.” The road down Bowden Hill was in 1704 pitched with stones, Lacock. An article in Wiltshire Times, August 20th, 1927, on the charms of Lacock gives some account of its history, with three illustrations of houses and streets. Lackham, Chapel at. In Wiltshire Gazette, May 5th, 1927, proofs of the existence of an endowed chapel are quoted. In 1308 John Bluet, Kt., granted lands to Robert de le Brigg on condition that he ren- dered yearly 2 lbs. of wax at the Chapel of the B.V. Mary of Lackham. In 1346 John de Peyton obtained licence to have a private Chapel at the Manor of Lackham, and there are Institutions of Chaplains to this Chapel in 1349, 1352, and 1410. Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 295 The Heytesbury Papers. At the sale of the contents of Heytesbury House, April 27th to May Ist, 1926, the most remarkable lot in the library consisted of 40 volumes of MS. Lettersand Papers of William &@ Court, First Baron Heytesbury (1779—1860) who was Secretary to the Naples Legation 1801, and to the special Vienna Mission 1807 ; Envoy to Barbary 1813, to Naples 1814, to Spain 1822 ; Ambassador to Portugal 1824, and to Russia 1828—32 ; and Viceroy of Ireland 1844—46. The diplomatic reports and correspondence contained in these volumes chiefly relate to the missions to Sicily, Naples, Spain, Portugal, and Russia 1814—32 and include many original letters from the statesmen of the time. They are of much importance for the history of the period, and it is now announced that they have been acquired for the British M useum, The Days of Backswording. Stratton Veteran’s interesting Reminiscences. By W. Bramwell Hill. NV. Wilts Herald, Jan. 20th, 1928. A very good article in which John Butcher (or John Ballard), of Stratton, aged 86, tells of the Backswording Gang (3 Pincocks, Hinder, Gregory, Slade, and Lewis), who 75 years ago used to sally forth to all the neighbouring “ feasts” and fight all comers. Aldbourne feast was a terrible place for backswording and so was the White Horse during the three days revel there. At Stratton feast there was also “ Jingling,” in which a bell was tied to a string round one player’s waist, and the rest pursued him blindfold. John Butcher remembered the Stocks at Chiseldon. Salisbury Cathedral, its Services, Revenues, and Administration. Report of the Cathedrals Commission issued by the Church Assembly, and printed in The Wiltshire Gazette, Dec. 8th, 1927. The enquiry was held on Oct. 12th and 13th, 1926. It is mentioned that each of four Priest Vicars receives £340 per annum from a special endow- ‘ment, and a house, the organist £330 and a house, and the other lay clerks (singing men) £115. The Choir School has an endowment of £1323 per annum, 16 choristers and from 4 to 6 probationers receiving their education free at the School. The Cathedral library contains 8,000 books and 233 MSS. | but has no annual income. Some £1,200 to £1,500 a year is spent on the repairs and the upkeep of the fabric. This suffices for ordinary repairs but not for emergencies. The Dean receives a £1,000 a year, the four residen- _ tiary Canons £500 each. The Folk Carolin Wiltshire. By Alfred Williams A short article in the Wiltshire Gazette, Dec. 29th, 1927. Mr. Williams tells us that when collecting folk songs in 1914—15 he found that whilst there were traditional carols and glees to be found in the Cotswolds and in Oxfordshire, there weré practically none in Wiltshire south of the Thames. He gives a carol from Poulton, now-in Gloucestershire but formerly a detached portion of Wilts, and the words of “God rest you merry gentle- men,” as sung by the King family at Castle Eaton, VOL. XLIV.— NO. CXLIX. U 296 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke. F. M. Kelly has an article in Zhe Connoisseur, Oct., 1928, pp. 73—78, on a full-length portrait at Hardwick Hall attributed to Paul van Somer or George Geldorp (cir. 1620—30), there called “ Edward Bruce, 2nd Lord Kinloss.” On the strength of its singular likeness to acknowledged portraits of the 4th Earl of Pembroke, of which he reproduces four, in addition to the “ Kinloss” portrait, he argues that the Hardwick pee is really that of Pembroke and not of Lord Kinloss. A Wiltshire Lady. By Lord Olivier. Fortnightly Review, June 1928, pp. 788—795. An interesting article describing how a Painted Lady Butterfly took possession of a barrow near Oliver's Camp by Round- way, above Devizes, always sitting on the same white flint and occupying his whole time in pursuing, routing, and driving away any other butterfly or bumble bee who ventured to trespass on the territory of the barrow which he had made his own. The scenery is well described. Whitsuntide Customs. By Alfred Williams. Article in NV. Wilts Herald, May 25th, 1928. ‘The writer distinguishes between the Morris dance, which was formerly almost universal in Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire north of the Thames, and the step dance or country dance which obtained in Wiltshire south of the river. He regards the Thames as a real racial dividing line. Two Poems in Wiltshire Dialect, by Alfred Williams, are first published in Wiltshire Gazette, May 24th, 1928. “ Harry Luckett’s Sow,” and “ The Congrave Man.” Longford Castle. Portraits by Gainsborough, &. No. XII. in the series of articles on “* Private Art Collections,” by the art critic of Zhe Times, July 19th, 1928. The principal pictures are noted, Holbein, Quintin Matsys, Mabuse, Correggio, Rubens, Vandyke, Velasquez, Hals, Hobbema, Poussin, Claude, Gainsborough (“There is no finer male portrait by Gainsborough than the half-length of . . . . first Earl of Radnor”), Reynolds (eleven portraits), six miniatures by Nicholas Hilliard (including Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots), &c., &c. Jane on the Plain, A pleasant article in The Queen, July 25th, 1928, by Margaret K. Swayne Edwards, with three good photographs, “ A Typical Wiltshire Barn,” “ White Roads on the Downs,” and “ A Dewpond on the Downs.” Jane isa small car. A Wool Account Book. The Rev. Edgar Glanfield prints in Wiltshire Gazette, May 10th and 17th, 1928, a series of extracts from a small M.S, Account Book which belonged to Mr. Richard Withers, of Corton, in Boyton, and records the prices of wool sold by him from 1736 to 1748, and also a schedule of the stock and crops on Chitterne Farm in 1780, and the prices of many other things at intervals down to 1809. Amongst the terms Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 297 used in the wool trade are a “ weigh of wool ’’=60lbs. ; a “‘ pack ”=four “weighs,” or 240lbs. ‘“ Combing” wool was the best quality, “ Running fine wool ” was wool cleansed in a running stream. Shaftesbury and District, the Official Guide to, issued by the authority of the Mayor and Corpor- ation, 1988. Printed and published by J. W. Pearson & Son, Shaftes- bury. Pamphlet, cr. 8vo., pp. 28,5 plates and 2 maps. A short account of the town, its history, and its principal buildings and institutions, together with notes on walks and drives in the neighbourhood. Early Days of Wiltshire Cricket, The Spring Annual [1926] of The Cricketer contained “Some Notes on Wiltshire Cricket,” noticed in the Weltshire Gazette, April 15th, 1926. During the last decade of the 18th Century cricket was played at various centres in the county, more especially at Everley. In 1820 the Purton club was formed for which EK. H. Budd afterwards played. The South Wiltshire Club at Salisbury was an even stronger club and in 1854 eighteen of its members beat the All England Eleven by three runs. Many remarkable matches are mentioned. Wiltshire Militia. - Under the title “A Vanished Regiment,” the Wiltshire Gazette, June 7th and 14th, 1928, quotes at length from “The Milttiaman at Home and Abroad, being the history of a Milrtia Regiment from tts first training to its disembodiment, with sketches of the Tonian Islands, Malta, and Gibraltar.” By Emeritus, with illustrations | by John Leech. This book was published in 1857. The author was the late Major Prower, of Purton. The regiment was the Wiltshire Militia, Dalminster was Devizes, and Breeze Hill was Roundway. The first chapter describing the first assembly of the Royal Wiltshire Militia at Devizes in January, 1853, is reprinted in full. It re-assembled April 4th, 1854, was permanently embodied on June 10th, and was stationed at Portsmouth, and on March 6th, 1855, a large body of volunteers embarked for service in the Ionian Islands during the Crimean. War. | The Awdry Clog-Almanack. This has recently been acquired by the British Museum from Miss Awdry, the niece of Mr. W.S. Awdry, who bought it between 1858 and 1860 at a cottage sale in West ' Felton, Salop. It is a heavy wooden rod of square section with a handle at one end, the four edges being each notched for a quarter of the year, in groups of seven days separated by deeper cuts. A good illustration of the four sides with a description is given in The British Museum Quarterly, vol, iii., p. 14, 15, 1928. Its date is after 1608, as the 5th November is noted by a long notch. Pre-Norman Donhead, King Alfred’s Work in the West. A lecture by the Rev. W. Goodchild, of which an abstract is printed in Salisbury Times, December 9th, 1927, He corrects the popular etymology which makes Donhead mean the source of the Don River, for iy 2 298 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets. and Articles, the Nadder was never called the Don, and the name means the “ End of the Down.” The place name “ Rowbury ” marks the site of a former barrow covered with bushes. Trial of the Duchess of Kingston. Edited by Lewis Melville. Edinburgh and London: William Hodge & Co. [1927]. Svo., pp. xi. + 328. Three portraits of the Duchess and six other illus- trations. The introduction of 48 pages gives a biographical sketch of Elizabeth Chudleigh, born 1720 (7), died 1788. The remainder of the book is taken up with a very full account of the proceedings and the evidence at her trial for five days before the House of Lords for bigamy in marrying the Duke of Kingston whilst her first husband, the Hon. Augustus John Hervey, afterwards Earl of Bristol, was still alive. One of the series of “Notable British Trials.” West Dean. ‘‘The Borbach Chantry.” The Salisbury Times, April 13th, 1928, contains an article on the curious Chantry Chapel, founded by Robert de Borbach in 1333. This building formed part of the Parish Church until 1868, when the Church was demolished and the present Church built a few hundred yards away. To the new Church were removed a slender column of the 13th century now utilised as a lectern, and two piscinas of the 13th and 14th centuries with a few tiles, whilst the memorials of the Evelyn family were placed in the Chantry, the only part of the old Church which was preserved. ‘These remarkable monuments of the 17th | century are here described at some length. ‘The principal are those of John Evelyn, Elizabeth Tyrell, his daughter-in-law, George Evelyn, junr., died 1641, Robert Pierpont, Earl of Kingston, and Sir John Evelyn, died 1685. Mr. Boulter, Highwayman. By Major Gerald Burgoyne, Born at Poulshot Mill about 1748, he began life as a miller, became a shop assistant at Newport, Isle of Wight, and took up the serious profession of his life, that of highwayman, about 1774, rode from Staines to Poulshot on “Black Bess’? in one day in 1776, and was hanged at Winchester August 19th, 1778. The account of his life left by himself and told by James Waylen in The Highwaymen of Wiltshire is dished up with many appropriate trimmings by Major Burgoyne in Wiltshire Gazette, Feb. 16th, 23rd, March Ist, 15th, 22nd, 29th, April 5th, 12th, 19th, 26th, 1928. St. Boniface College, Warminster. Its hopes and its needs. Anon. article in The Commonwealth, November 1927, pp. 340, 341. The Wiltshire Legionaire. December1927. Vol. I. Special No. The Wiltshire County Committee, British Legion. Trowbridge (Privately Printed), 8vo., pp. 3. Contains only an editorial article setting forth the objects and proposed contents of this newly-launched periodical, very creditably printed by an amateur printer, Mr. Arthur Blake, of Trowbridge. Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 299 Broad Hinton Church. By Gilbert Prince (A. F. Smith, of Swindon). V. Wilts Herald, November 25th, 1927. A number of notes on the contents of the Church, the tombs, bells, &c. Melksham and Bradford-on-Avon. The Avon Tyre and Rubber Works, 1886—1927. Reprinted from The I?ubber Age, May 1927, 4to., pp. 11. 26 photo process illustrations, Tockenham Church, Roman Figure. Built into the outside of the S. wall of the nave is a Roman figure in relief, 2ft. 8ins. high from base to point, standing in a niche with a shell shaped head. The figure wearing flowing garments holds a cornucopia (?) in the Jeft hand, whilst the right hand rests on a staff with apparently a serpent twined round it. This figure is mentioned by Aubrey ( Wilts Collections, p. 194) as representing St. Christopher. A small drawing of it appeared in The Illustrated Archzologist, Vol. I., but until now it has never been adequately published. Thanks to a fine photograph by Mr. A. D. Passmore excellently reproduced as a full page plate, this omission is made up for in Zhe Journal of Roman Studies, vol. xvi., 1926, Plate xxx., p. 232. “It seems to represent Aesculapius or Hygieia.” Stratton St. Margaret. The“ Old Poor House ” or “ Church House ” standing opposite the Jacob’s Ladder Inn, recently demolished, is the subject of the following note by the Rev. James Harris, Vicar from 1797, in an old account or minute book. ‘“ John Barrett of Marlborough, William Barrett of Stratton, and others in the year 1663 gave a messuage or tenement called the Church House, and two acres three-and-a-half roods of land lying in the west end, the produce of which the churchwardens may apply in repairing and adorning the Church or in any other way in the service of the Church, they approve of.” From an article on “‘ Records of Old Stratton,” by W. Bramwell Hillin V. Wilts Herald, October 28th, 1927. In a subsequent article 7bzd, December 2nd, 1927, two extracts from the Churchwardens accounts are given, the spending of £90 18s. 7d. in 1841 in re-roofing the N. Aisle of the Church, and in 1846 the fact that ‘‘ Lead from old Roof of North Aisle of Church sold for £73.” Alabaster Effigies of the Pre-Reformation period, 1303—1540. The recently issued volume of the Archeological Journal for 1923 (szc) includes a very complete paper in which the whole of the tombs bearing alabaster effigies of the Gothic period in England, so far as they are known to the author are described and a large number of them excellently illustrated. Out of the total number, 304, Wiltshire can only claim four. Of these, three, Bishop Mitford, d. 1407 ; Lord Hungerford, d. 1459 ; and Sir John Cheney, K.G., d. 1509, are in Salisbury Cathedral, and the fourth is in the Beauchamp or Bayntun Chapel at Bromham, Richard Beauchamp, Lord St. Amand (?) d. 1509. Of these the three knights have the collar of 8.S, and all three are here illustrated. 300 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. Dunbarrow. By Dorothea Russell. Herbert Jenkins, London, 1926. Cr. 8vo., pp. 344., price 7s. 6d. ‘The scene of this novel is laid at Avebury, which however is called ‘‘ Waden,” whilst Marlborough is ‘“Wanborough.” Why these two places should not be mentioned under their own names doesn’t appear, as ‘I’an Hill and the hurdle barn on the top of it, and Barbury are openly spoken of. The locality is described in considerable detail, and the downland scenery is the setting of the whole story, which has however, beyond this, no specially Wiltshire flavour. Iford Manor. Wooden figure sculptures in the collection of Mr. Harold Peto. By M. Jourdain. Country Lxfe, December 17th, 1927, pp. 936—938. A short article with six illustrations of notable German, French, and English medieval wooden figures in Mr. Peto’s collection at Iford. Malmesbury Traders’ Tokens ofthe 17th Century. By A. L. Hinwood. A short article in Wiltshire Gazette, March 31st, 1927, giving a list of 18 tokens and a few notes on the persons issuing them. Goddard Family. A few notes on monuments and tablets to members of this family in Churches of Wiltshire and the neighbouring * counties are given by “Gilbert Prince” in V. Wilts Herald, August 19th, 1927. Mildenhall Church. By Gilbert Prince. JN. Wilts Herald, March 30th, 1928. Short notes on the Church, giving the inserip- tions on the bells, with a view of the WS. side. Devizes, “An Historical Account of ye Borough,” accompanying Dore’s “ Map of Devizes,” 1759, is reprinted in Weltshire Gazette, Dec. 8th, 1927, and in the same issue ‘An order for the election of the Beedle or Comon Crier’ and ‘“‘ The Othe of the Bedell” are reprinted from “ The Book of the Constitutions of the Borough” of 1628. Lydiard Tregoze and its Church. By Gilbert Prince. A good article in the NV. Wilts Herald, Jan. 6th, 1928. The Church is truly described as one of the richest in heraldry in Wiltshire, and equally truly as ‘‘The most difficult Church in the county to enter, not only the Church but the churchyard is kept locked.” Chilton Foliat. By Gilbert Prince (A. F. Smith) NW. Wilts Herald, February 3rd, 1928. A short article on this village, with a photo of the stocks, and notes on the Church, including the inscriptions on the bells in full. No.5 by Henry Bagley is said to be the only bell made by him in the county. Ramsbury. By Gilbert Prince. NW. Wilts Herald, February 17th, 1928. He notices the curious inn signs, The Boot, The Malt Shovel, and Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 30! The Bleeding Horse, and in the Church the Holy water stoup at the bottom of the belfry stairs, and the inscriptions on the bells. Axford. By Gilbert Prince. . Welts Herald, March 2nd, 1928. A short note on the medieval work of the Chapel, recording the existence of a bell within living memory which has disappeared. Secrets of some Wiltshire Housewives. A Book of Recipes. Collected from the Members of Women’s Institutes. Compiled by Edith Olivier. Printed by Ooates & Parker, Journal Office, Warminster [1927]. Price ls. Cr. 8vo., paper cover, pp. 2 + 69, one illust. This very useful collection of recipes and cures is so far local, in that the contents have been contributed entirely by inhabitants of the county, whose names are attached to their recipes. Miss Olivier has done a good work in collecting them. Stonehenge and the Ancient Mysteries. By John Soul, A.D.U.B. Pamphlet, 8vo., pp. 40 (14 pages of these are advertisements). ‘Three diagrams showing circles, octagon, ovoid, triangles, squares, d&c., as set out on the plan. Freemasonry, Druidism, mysteries of all ages and countries are largely drawn upon in this series of notes, the scope of which may be seen from the following :— ‘The “ Open Cube ” of six equal squares, forming the masonic jewel of the Christian Cross, is met with in the lines of the key measures from ‘* Hel” stone to Sarsen circle, its arms and head formed by the squares east, south, and west. The tomb of Akneaton’s mother is stated to have been erected in this form B.C. 1490. It is also found in the tomb of Ollamh Fodhla, in Ireland.” The notes on the modern history of the monument, the list of private owners of the West Amesbury Manor, &c., are useful. Stonehenge. By Geoffrey Webb. Country Life, Aug. 20th, 1927, pp. 253—255, with six good photo illustrations. This isa good short up-to-date article, giving the main results of recent discoveries and exca- ‘vations, Woodhenge being mentioned as a possible protype of Stonehenge. A curious slip is the mention several times of the newly discovered rows of holes at Stonehenge, as the STY holes. The object of the artlcle is to draw attention to the appeal for the Stonehenge Preservation Fund. Stonehenge, concerning the Sarsens Jan, January, 1927, pp. 12—15, the Rev. E. H. Goddard disputes Mr. E. H. Stone’s con- tention in Man, 1926, that the Stonehenge Sarsens came from a limited deposit of ‘‘ Tabular” Sarsens on the Plain, which were all used up in the building of the monument, etc., and contends that there never were any considerable number of sarsens on the Plain, and that the absence of sarsens in the villages south of Pewsey Vale, as compared with their abundance in the villages to the north of the Vale, proves this. Mr. Stone rejoins with a 302 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. short note reaffirming his belief in the existence of S. Wilts sarsens, and Dr. R. C. C. Clay follows, supporting Mr. Goddard’s contention and supporting the N. Wilts origin of the sarsens. Stonehenge: The supposed Bluestone Trilithon. Man, May, 1926, pp. 95, 96. Notes by Mrs. Cunnington and the Rev. G. H. Engleheart against the suggestion by Mr. E. H. Stone that the cup-shaped hollows on the Blue Stone “ lintel ” were mortars for grinding corn, and Mr. Stone’s rejoinder. [Stonehenge]. Druids’ Journal, Special issue. For use at Stonehenge Summer Solstice Service, 26th June, 1927. 4Ato., pp. 8., illusts. Salisbury and Shaftesbury Bank. Ano article in Weit- shire Gazette, Jan. 26th, 1928, gives an account of the failure of Messrs. William Bowles, Thomas Ogden, and George Wyndham, of the above bank in 1810, caused by the bankruptcy of the London house of Messrs. Bigwood, Rainier, Morgan & Starkey. Liddington. By Gilbert Prince. In an article on the Camp and the Downs the chief points of interest in’ the Church are mentioned, in- cluding an old barrel organ still in working order presented in 1846 by Prebendary G. May, sold and restored to the Church in 189], and the bells, the inscriptions on which are given in full. Christopher Tennant. “Christopher: a study in Human Personality by Sir Oliver Lodge ae of one killed in 1 the war, aged 19).” Pubd., 7s. 6d. Wiltshire Regiment inthe Ypres Salient. Anarticle by Henry Benson in Wiltshire Times, September 17th, 1927, gives a com- plete list of the “ missing ” members of the Wiltshire ‘Aechmea’ who fell in the Salient after August 15th, 1917, whose names are recorded on the Tyne ‘Cot Cemetery Memorial on Passchendaele Ridge. Those who fell earlier than this are recorded on the Menin Cate. 303 ADDITIONS TO MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. Museum. Presented by Mrs. T. Lewis: Oval weight (7) of earthenware with two perforations, ? a loom weight.. From Broad Hinton. » ADMIRAL Str RicHarD Poors, Bart., K.C.B.: A Beaker, Perforated Stone Hammer-axe, fragments of pottery found during excavations in the field adjoining Wood- henge, Durrington. » THE AGENTS FoR Crown Lanps: A large Bronze Age Cinerary Urn, with small Bronze Knife-dagger found in it, exposed by rabbits in the side of the southern barrow outside Oliver’s Camp, Devizes. » ADMIRAL HypDE PARKER: Moulded ornamental bricks from Ramsbury. Library. Presented by THE Rev. C. E. Hucurs: MS. copies of Churchyard In- scriptions, Luckington, and of those in the Churches , of Sherston and Alderton. » THE AutHor, Mr. W. J. ARKELL: “The Stratigraphical Distribution of the Cornbrash: I. The South-western Area.” Reprint from Quart. Jour. Geolog. Soc., 1xxxiv., 1928. » THe Autuor, Mr. W. P. Westatt, F.L.S.: Roman and Pre-Roman Antiquities in Letchworth Museum,” 1928. » CHE Autuor, Rev. A.J. Watson : “ Savernake Forest, some Notes for Ramblers,” 1928. » THE AutHor, MR. J. J. HAMMonpD: ‘ Missing Chapter of Salisbury History,” 1928. » HE Rev. T. C. Date: MS. notes on the Families of Leigh, Ley, Lea, &c., of Wilts, &c., and old deed of Ramsbury. » C.C. BRADFoRD, Esq.: Print of Salisbury Cathedral. » Mrs. ALEXANDER: Old Map of Wiltshire. » He AutHor, Mrs. RicHarpson, of Purton House: “ Long Forgotten Days (leading up to Waterloo),” 8vo., 1928. 304 Additions to Library. Presented by THE Epitor: Three numbers of “The Sarum Record” (Salisbury Theological College). Capt. B. H. Cunnineton, F.S.A. Scot.: Seven Old Wilt- shire Deeds. British Museum Quarterly. Mrs. Loviponp: ‘“ Addresses at a Convention held in Salisbury, 1907.” THe Autor, Mr. E. M. Marspen-Jonzs, F.L.S.: “On the Pollination of Primula Vulgaris,” extracted from Liunzan Society’s Journal, Botany, vol. xlvii., December 1926. Tue PUBLISHERS, THE CLARENDON Press: “ Wessex from the Air,” by O. G. S. Crawford and Alex. Keiller, 1928, Ato. Mer. J. D. CrosFiELp : Three back numbers of the J/agazine and Church Bells of Wilts. Lt.-Cot. W. Haw ey, F.S.A.: “ Antiquities of Kertch and Researches in the Cimmerian Bosphorus, &c.. 1857.” Archeologia, Vol. 77. Mr. A. F. Smita: Three small 4to. MS. Notebooks con- taining the Heraldry in some 250 Wiltshire Churches, noted by him. Mr. 8. RussELL: Photographs of the Shaftesbury meeting, 1928. Mr. A SHaw MEttor: Reflections upon Tithes. By a Clergyman of Wiltshire, 1770. Remarkable events relative to New Sarum, 4th edition, 1819. Printed and Published by C, H. Woodward, Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes. THE SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS (Continued) STONEHENGE AND ITS BARROWS, by W. Long, Nos. 46-47 of the Magazine in separate wrapper 7s. 6d. ‘This still remains one of the best and most reliable accounts of Stonehenge and its Harthworks. WILTSHIRE—The TOPOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS OF JOHN AUBREY, F.R.S., A.D. 1659-1670. Corrected and enlarged by the Rey. Canon J. H. Jackson, M.A., F.S.A. 4to, Cloth, pp. 491, with 46 plates, Price £2 10s. WILTSHIRE INQUISITIONES POST MORTEM. CHARLES T, 8vo, pp. vil. + 510. 1901. With full index. In 8 parts, as issued. Price 13s. DITTO. IN THE REIGNS OF HEN. IIL, ED. I., and ED. II. 8vo, pp. xv. 505. In parts asissued. Price 3s. DITTO. THE REIGN OF ED. III. 8vo., pp. 402. In six parts as issued, Price 13s. A BIBLIOGRAPHY or tHe GREAT STONE MONUMENTS oF WILTSHIRE, STONEHENGE, anp AVEBURY, with other references, by W. Jerome Harrison, F.G.S., pp. 169, with 4 illustrations. No. 89, Dec., 1901, of the Magazine. Price 5s. 6d. Contains particulars as to 947 books, papers, &c., by 732 authors, THE TROPENELL CARTULARY. An important work in 2 vols., 8vo, pp. 927, containing a great number of deeds connected with property in many Wiltshire Parishes of the 14th and 15th centuries. Only 150 copies were printed, of which a few are left. Price to members, £1 10s., and to non- members, £2. THE CHURCH BELLS OF WILTSHIRE, THEIR INSCRIPTIONS AND HISTORY, BY H. B. WALTERS, F.S.A. Part I. Aldbourne to Buttermere, 1927, Price 2s. Part II.—To Rushall, 1928. Price 7s. WILTSHIRE TOKENS. The Society has a considerable number of 17th and 18th | century Wiltshire Tokens to dispose of, either by sale, or exchange _ for others not in the Society’s collection. Apply to Capr. B. H. Cunnineton, F.S.A. wee, Curator, ' piuseum, Devizes. BOOKBINDING. Books carefully Bound to pattern. Wilts Archeological Magazine bound to match previous volumes Or in Special Green Cases, We have several back numbers to make up sets. C. H. WOODWARD, Printer and Publisher, Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes The North Wilts Library and Museum at Devizes. a é In answer to the appeal made in 1905 annual subscriptions — varying from £2 to 5s. to the amount of about £30 a year for this — purpose have been given since then by about sixty Members of the Society and the fund thus set on foot has enabled the © Committee to add much to the efficiency of the Library and — Museum. f It is very desirable that this fund should be raised to at least £50 a year in order that the General Fund of the Society may — be released to a large extent from the cost of the Museum and — set free for the other purposes of the Society. | Subscriptions of 5s. a year, or upwards, are asked for from all — Members, and should be sent either to Mr. D. OwEn, Bank Cham- ~ bers, Devizes, ov Kev. I. H. Gopparp, FS A., Clyffe Vicarage, | Swindon. E. Wiltshire Botany. With a view to the eventual issue of a supplement to Preston’s “Flowering Plants of Wilts” Mr. and Mrs. E. M. Marsden Jones, of the Church House, Potterne, Devizes, will be glad to receive in- |} formation of the finding of any plants, either new to the county, } or to any locality not mentioned in Preston’s work. This informa- | tion should include species, sub-species, and varieties of plants such as Viola, Chenupodium, Hieracium, &c., which are difiicul | to distinguish. In all such cases good specimens of the plant should accompany the information, Please write distinctly. Wiltshire Birds. Mr. M. W. Willson, at St. Martin’s R rectory, Salisbury, is collect- | ing notices of Wiltshire Birds, with a view to an annual report to | be published in the Magazine. He would be greatly obliged if | observers would send hin notes of anything of interest at the above | address. | The Committee appeal to Members of the Society and others | to secure any dl Objects of Antiquity & Natural History Specimens, | found in the County of Wilts and to forward them to the jj Hon, Curator, Capt. B. H. Cunninaton, F.S.A., Scot., Devizes; |) | whilst Old Deeds connected with Wiltshire families or place Modern Pamphlets, Portraits, Illustrations from recent Magazi or papers bearing in any way on the County, and Sale Particul of Wiltshire Properties, as well as local Parish Magazines, will bi most gratefully received for the Library by the Rev. EH. H.)} GODDARD, F.S.A., Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon, Hon. Librarian C. H. WOODWARD, PRINTER, DEVIZES. No. CL. JUNE, 1929. Vou. XLIV. THE WILTSHIRE Archeological & Natural History MAGAZINE, PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SOCIETY FORMED IN THAT COUNTY A. D. 1853. EDITED BY REV. E. H. GODDARD, F.S.A., Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon. [The authors of the papers printed in this ‘‘ Magazine’ are alone responsible for all statements made therein. | DEVIZES : PRINTED FOR THE Society BY C. H. Woopwarp Excuaner Buixipines, Station Roan. Price 8s. Members, Gratis, L NOTICE TO MEMBERS. TAKE NOTICE that a copious Index for the preceding eight volumes of the Magazine will be found at the end of Vols. Vlii., XVl., XXiv., and xxxli, The subsequent Volumes are each fully indexed separately. The annual subscription is now raised to 15s. 6d., the entrance fee for new Members remaining 10s. 6d. as before. Life Mem- bership £15 15s. Members who have not paid their Subscriptions to the Society for the current year, are requested to remit the same forthwith to the Financial Secretary, Mr. DAviID OweEN, Bank Chambers, Devizes, to whom also all communications as to the supply of Magazines should be addressed. 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Preston, M.A. Price to the Public 16s. ; but one copy offered to every Member of the Society at half-price. CATALOGUE or tut STOURHEAD COLLECTION or ANTIQUITIES IN THE SOCIETY’S MUSEUM, with 175 Illustrations. Part I. Price 1s. 6d. CATALOGUE or ANTIQUITIES in toe SOCIETY’S MUSEUM. Part IT. 1911. Fully illustrated. Price 2s, CATALOGUE or tHe SOCIETY’S LIBRARY at tHe MUSEUM. Price 1s) APPENDIX No.1., II., and III., 3d. each. CATALOGUE or DRAWINGS, PRINTS, anp Mars, 1n THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARY at tHe MUSEUM. Price ls. 6d. CATALOGUE or WILTSHIRE TRADE TOKENS rw tue SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. Price 6d. BACK NUMBERS or tHe MAGAZINE. Price to the Public, 8s., 5s. 6d., and 3s. 6d. (except in the case of a few numbers, the price of which is raised). Members are allowed a reduction of 25 per cent. from these prices. —— WILTSHIRE Archeological & Natural History MAGAZINE, No. CL. JUNE, 1929. Von, SUnaY, Contents. Stir WILLIAM Petty: Presidential Address by the Most Hon. Bivew Mana Mess OF TANSCOWME) ssece-.. 0: -.cceccoee-ce svc sto-ssinocecn-es List oF GooDS DESTROYED BY FIRE AT MARLBOROUGH. 1689: Transcribed by Capt. B. H. Cunnington, F.S.A., Scot., from EMER COrMOratlOn RECOLGS)..2: oc csc.scceccecscocser+messweceorecieoe vers TROUBLE WITH THE Bakers or MARLBOROUGH IN 1634: Transcribed from the Municipal Records by permission of the Corporatlon by Capt. B. H. Cunnington, F.S.A., Scot. TISBURY IN THE ANGLO-SAXON CHARTERS: By the Rev. W. Groat Mmill ar ersee set ee ts ot Nees sistas ep aciniseile boise sulne ood maisitn ad nw ees THe ReEceNT ExcavaTIONS aT STONEHENGE : By Lt.-Col. R. H. Cunnington... STONEHENGE. THE Bneesn Decker anions: By! R. S Newall PS oA onan osasbdpp Rugsadalbe > on SOO SECRET TT eee mene ert ene aes HERALDRY or THE CHURCHES oF WILTSHIRE: a the Ree. R. St. John B. Battersby ANAM SOMRBTIMUVARY 9 oacicc sss vecisccest led sodsseievcossesscousecoes WILTSHIRE Books, Pe eee AND ere ADDITIONS To MUSEUM AND LIBRARY .. Sosa See ere: ACCOUNTS OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE Tans NOD Sire decanutene ILLUSTRATIONS. PeellAM; OF StONCHENL! ....c..cscereee cosves veered seeese ved Plans of Chambered Tumuli, Shonen ce PAGE. 305—313 314—318 319—321 322—331 332—347 348— 359 360—371 372—379 380 —394 395 —396 397— 400 348 356 Devizes :—C. H. Woopwarp, ExcHancre Buiipines, Srarion Roan. ee THE WILTSHIRE MAGAZINE. “MULTORUM MANIBUS GRANDE LEVATUR ONUS.”—Oovid. Nom @: JUNE, 1929. Wein NORWAY SIR WILLIAM PETTY. By tHE Mosr Hon. THE MARQUESS oF LANSDOWNE. [Read as Presidential address at the Annual Meeting of the Wiltshire Archeological Society at Shaftesbury, 24th July, 1928.) Almost everyone in Wiltshire must be familiar with the monument which stands on the top of Cherhill Down, near Calne, but few, I believe, could say when it was erected and still fewer what it was intended to com- memorate. I have indeed often been asked these very questions myself, and until recently have been unable to give any certain reply. YVhe obelisk in question bears no date or inscription of any kind, nor was there any in- formation about it even among the members of my own family. Some years ago, however, | happened quite by chance among the papers pre- served at Bowood to discover the architect's account as well as the original specification and contract. These showed that the designer of the monu- ment was the well-known architect, Charles Barry, and its builders, Messrs. Daniel and Charles Jones, of Bradford-on-Avon, the material being Brad- ford stone. Barry was paid £92 for his design, and the cost of the edifice totalled £1359. The contract is dated May 14th, 1845, so it may safely be said that the monument was actually erected in that or in the following _ year. So much for the date, but when writing a few years ago for the Wilts Arch. Mag.? an account of Bowood and its environs I could find nothing about the purpose, and I had to leave it to my readers to accept or to reject the various possibilities which had been suggested. Many seem, to have thought that 1t commemorated the accession of Queen Victoria or the birth of Edward, Prince of Wales, others considered it as a land-mark marking the extremity of the Bowood estate, and some said it was merely cone of those “ Follies” which large landowners delighted to erect (with or 1This paper was printed in the Wiltshire Gazette, July 26th, 1928. * WAM , Nos. 135, 136, 137. VOL XLIV—NO. CL, axe , UO Sir Walliam Petty. without cause) in early Victorian times. Nor, in the absence of any family record, did there seem to be any reason for accepting an alternative theory which I mentioned in my article at the time, namely, that the monument had been erected to commemorate a remote ancestor of my family. ‘Lhis explanation has, however, now proved to be very near the mark, as witness the following draft inscription which I discovered on a half sheet of note paper among some family letters a little more than a year ago :— To the Memory of Sir Walliam Petty, Knight, Son of John Petty, Clothier, ' \ To whose exalted understanding And indefatigable industry This Country was indebted For the foundation of science Which he laid And his family Not less for the example which he gave Than for the inheritance he bequeathed them This obelisk is dedicated By his grateful descendant Henry Marquis of Lansdowne. This inscription was in the hand of Lady Lansdowne, wife of the 3rd. Marquis, and clearly shows what was at the moment the intention of the Cherhill Monument. For reasons which I will presently explain I believe that this plan was subsequently laid aside, but however that may have been, and though his was only a posthumous connection with our county, it is of the man with whom the monument was thus in a sense associated that I propose to speak to-day. Petty was a curious and remarkable character who is, I venture to think, insufficiently known to the general public of to-day. I propose first to tell you something of his life and then to touch on his writings. Both are dis- tinguished by their strange versatility, and some of the writings by an almost uncanny anticipation of modern thoughts and ideas. His biography, as you will remember, was written more than 30 years ago by my unele, Lord Fitzmaurice, from the Petty papers now at Bowood, but these papers are so voluminous that only a smal! portion of them could be made use of in a work of that nature. I have recently been busy with them, anda year | ago 1 endeavoured to supplement the biography by printing a Bamber of Petty’s hitherto unpublished writings, while I have at this moment in the press a further volume which will contain a very interesting unpublished | correspondence between Petty and his friend Sir Robert Southwell.' 3 In addition to more recent volumes there are in existence a number of | books and pamphlets written by Petty and published in the seventeenth — century, during his life time or immediately after his death, as well as hisi 1The Petty—Southwell Correspondence has since been published (Con-_ stable & Co.). By the Marquess of Lansdowne. 307 account of the Down Survey of Ireland, edited and published by Sir Thomas Jarem in 1851. Petty was born in the year 1623, at the town of Romsey, in Hampshire. His father was a clothier, or maker of cloth, who beyond an education in the village school, does not seem to have been able to do anything for his offspring by way of starting him in life; his son must, however, have been a quick and intelligent youth, for he tells us he knew both Latin and Greek, at the age of 15. Thus equipped, and with one shilling in his pocket, he went to sea, serving before the mast in a merchant vessel until he had the misfortune to break his leg and to be thrown onshore on the coast of France not far from the town of Caen in Normandy. Here his Latin stood him in good stead, and to use his own words he was “ strangely visited by many of the name of Le petit mutelot Anglais qui purle Latin et Grec.’ It was probably his remarkable precocity in this respect that induced the Jesuit fathers of Caen to take him under their wing, and give him what must have been a free education in their college. He repaid them by a laudatory ode in Latin hexameters which I printed (with some of his other efforts in verse) in the Petty Papers. After leaving Caen he appears to have led for three or four years a roving existence, hawking according to his own account sham jewellery, playing cards, and “ hair hats,” and serving for a time in the King’s Navy, where he tells us “at the age of 20 years he had gotten about three score pounds, with as much mathematics as any of his Owm age was known to have had.” ‘lhen came the Civil War which no doubt determined him for the time being to pursue his fortunes on the con- tinent rather than in England, and we next hear of him studying medicine at Utrecht, Leyden, and Amsterdam. In 1645-he was reading in Paris with Thomas Hobbs, of Malmesbury, for whom, if he cannot be called his “ dis- | ciple,” he ever afterwards preserved the strongest admiration. A year later he returned to England and somehow found his way to | Oxford, Here he commenced to practice medicine, apparently with con- | siderable success ; he soon was admitted a Doctor of Physics, and amember | of the Royal College of Physicians, and he somehow contrived to become a | Fellow and Vice-principal of Brasenose College, all within the space of © about three years. It was in 1650 that an event occurred which brought him prominently | into public notice, and evidently had an important bearing upon his future career. One Ann Green, an Oxford woman, had, in accordance with the |harsh code at that time prevalent, been sentenced to be hung for the mur- Ider of her illegitimate child. Petty has left us an account of her execution, | She was a strongly built woman, and in order that there should be no doubt B of her being quickly put out of her misery on the gallows, her friends who B were standing by hung on to her legs while she was suspended, whilst (with jthe best of intentions also) some soldiers who were standing by belaboured her body with their muskets. After thus hanging for a quarter-of-an-hour she was cut down, stamped upon to make sure that no life was left in her, jand shut up in a coffin. Petty, however, requisitioned the body for the jpurpose of anatomical dissection, and it was carried off to his laboratory. 9 x 308 Sir Walliam Petty. The coffin having in due course been opened, Ann Green was observed to “rattle in the throat,” and restoratives were applied. She persisted in ‘* rattling,” and Petty thus encouraged proceeded to concoct for her a num- ber of curious prescriptions, which included such items as ground-up rock and a preparation composed of Egyptian mummies. ‘To cut a long story short she emerged hale and hearty to an astonished world about a fortnight afterwards. ‘The event was regarded as almost supernatural, and Petty’s name became widely known in connection with it. It was quite therefore in accordance with the fitness of things that he should be appointed, as he was soon afterwards, Professor of Anatomy at Oxford. Two years later there was a complete change of scene, for he secured the appointment of Physician to General Fleetwood and the Cromwellian army in Ireland, and this appointment in its turn led to an entirely new field for Petty’s: activities. It will be remembered that the Irish rebellion which broke out during the Civil War in England was eventually put down by Cromwell’s troops. When the subjection of the Irish was completed, Cromwell found himself with a depleted exchequer faced with the difficulty of paying his soldiers to whom large arrears were due, and of repaying — those known as ‘“ Adventurers ”—English men of business who had ad- ventured their money for the purpose of financing the campaign. Now the land which belonged to the rebellious Irish had been declared forfeited to the state and the Protector conceived the idea of repaying all parties by means of this forfeited land, hoping thus not only to economise his cash but also to ensure by the planting of his Roundheads on Irish soil the establish- ment of a friendly in place of a disloyal population in that country. He was, however, faced by a difficulty, for there were practically no maps of Ireland in existence and no one knew exactly the extent or the nature of the land which was distributable. It thus became indispensable to have a new and complete survey of the country made. Petty somehow secured the job, though there is nothing to show that he had any previous experience in such matters. He carried it through nevertheless in a little more than a year, having measured in that time as he says “as much line as would encompass the whole earth about five times about.” The survey was called the “ Down Survey ” because it was the first of its kind to be set down in the form of maps. Of the original maps some are at Bowood, though others which were in the Dublin Record Office perished when the building was burnt down in the recent rebellion. There is, however, in ex- istence a complete set of contemporary copies which curiously enough repose in the Bibliotheque Nationaleat Paris. They appear to have been in transit from Ireland to England, in the early years of the 18th century, for the purpose of being engraved, when they were captured at sea together with a state carriage and a number of family portraits, by a French privateer, The French government has consistently refused to give them up but has allowed photographic reproductions to be made, and these can be purchased from the Ordnance Survey Office. The Down Survey Maps are extra- ordinarily accurate, considering that the art of surveying was in its infancy at the time they were made. They held their own and were constantly and By the Marquess of Lansdowne. 309 authoritatively used until they were supplanted by the modern ordnance maps with which we have now become familiar. Petty was paid for his work partly in Irish land and partly in cash which he employed for the most part in buying more ‘land in Ireland. Henceforward, therefore, we hear little more of medicine, as the quondam doctor became an Irish land- lord. ‘The remainder of his life was for the most part taken up with Irish affairs. In virtue it must be supposed of his interests in that country he was in 1676 made Judge and Registrar of the Admiralty Court in Dublin. When he was not engaged in admiralty affairs he was kept busy with the dis- putes consequent upon his Irish possessions, his retention of which became in- creasingly threatened by the rise of the Roman Catholic interest in the latter part of the reign of Charles II. and in that of his brother James II. It was during this part of Petty’s life that he produced most of the writings to which I have already referred as well as some of his more important published works. He died in December, 1687, at a moment when things looked very bad for those who depended for their tenure on the Act of Settlement. In the following year indeed all such properties were once more declared for- feited by their grantees and they were in process o: distribution to their former owners when William III. and the Battle of the Boyne intervened. Under the house of Orange the Protestant interest in Ireland again became secure, and Petty’s son and successor was able to secure and even to add to the extensive properties which his father had left him. Petty was buried in the Abbey Church at Romsey, his place of birth. His only daughter Anne, married the Lord Kerry of the day, thus becoming the ancestress of the first Marquess of Lansdowne. ‘his statesman, who is better known in history as the Earl of Shelburne, has left it on record that — though his grandmother was “a very ugly woman” she “ brought in his family whatever degree of sense may have appeared in it and whatever de- - gree of wealth is likely to remain in it.” “The Cherhill Monument as we have seen was never inscribed and the original intention of dedicating it to Petty must have been afterwards laid aside in favour of another plan. ‘he third I.ord Lansdowne probably con- sidered, on second thoughts, that his ancestor would be more suitably com- memorated in the place where his body rested, than in the home of his descendants in Wiltshire, for up to that time not even a stone marked Petty’s last resting place at Romsey. A monument in the form of a sarco- phagus surmounted by Petty in a recumbent effigy designed by the well- known sculptor, Westmacott, was accordingly erected by Lord J.ansdowne’s order in the Church at Romsey a few years later (1858). That this took the place of the monument to Petty seems clear from the inscription which it bears, and which has a strong resemblance to that originally planned for the Cherhill Monument. “Tn memory of Sir William Petty, a true Patriot and a sound Philosopher, who by his powerful intellect, his scientific works, and indefatigable industry, became a benefactor to his family and an orna- ment to his country.” It would be impossible, within the limits of this paper, to deal with all 310 Stir Wallram Petty. Petty’s writings published and unpublished. I must be content to-day to indicate some of the ways in which he anticipated future developments in thought and idea. He seems to have been the first person to realise that economic problems could only be successfully dealt with after all the basic facts were known and accessible. He constantly insisted that ‘‘ Ratiocina- tion ”’ (as he was wont to call ‘‘ discussion’) should be carried on in terms of ‘number, weight, and measure.” In other words he saw that without Statistics, as we now call them, no advance could be made in Economics. Thus he may fairly be claimed as the inventor of the Science of Statistics, and of Political Hconomy in so far as the second depends for its exercise on the first. It is perhaps difficult to realise that in Petty’s time practically no statistics were available. There was nothing like a census of the popu- lation, or a general record of births, deaths, and marriages. Nobody knew what was the proportion between males and females, the average number in a family, the area or wealth of the country, the figures of imports and exports, or the countless data which are now open toall readers of Whitaker’s Almanack. The first attempt to collect and collate any figures of this character is to be found in a pamphlet entitled ‘* The Observations on the London Bills of Mortality.” It was published over the name of John Graunt, an intimate friend of Petty’s, but it was freely stated at the time that Petty, and not Graunt, was really responsible for this book. I have been able to discover among the Petty papers a considerable amount of fresh evidence in support of this view, though there are still some who hold that Graunt was indeed the writer. I cannot, however, pause to go into this question to-day, but it is agreed that the writer, whoever he was, is entitled to pride of place in statistical science, for the ‘“‘ London Observations” constitute the first at- tempt at what we should now call applied statistics, and they contain the first known “ Life Tables,” in which an effort is made to calculate the expectation of life at various ages. The J.ondon Bills had been regularly kept for some fifty years before Petty (or Graunt) dealt with them in this — book, but they were in fact the only statistics then available. In his various — papers Petty is constantly demanding further information of the same kind, — and it 1s clear that if he could have obtained the necessary authority he was — fully prepared himself to collect it. He made in fact more than one at- — tempt to get himself appointed “ Registrar”? or * Accountant General” of the country for the express purpose of ascertaining all the facts about the — people, the land, the wealth, and the trade of England. But his appeal fell ~ on deaf ears, and most of the statistics which he required were not forth- — coming until a century or more after his death. But it was not only in the field of statistics that Petty was before his time. Owing no doubt to his early maritime experience, he was greatly ~ interested in nautical affairs, and he spent much time and trouble in devis- — ing what he called a Slutce Boat or Double-bottom Ship. ‘Yhe affair — consisted of two distinct hulls fastened together, rather like certain ferry — boats which may still be seen in Scotland, by a deck or platform which — stretched across both. ‘This arrangement gave to the ship greater stability — and thus allowed a much larger amount of canvas to be carried than ina By the Marquess of Lansdowne. DI single-bodied ship, while it gave also a larger deck space and a greater carrying capacity than in an ordinary vessel. Four “ Double-bottoms ” were built and launched under Petty’s auspices, and at one moment the invention appeared likely to enjoy great success. A “ Double-bottom ” met several other boats in a sailing competition in Dublin Bay and carried off the prize. She outsailed the Holyhead packet across the Channel, and Petty began to entertain projects of converting the whole of the King’s Navy into boats of a similar character, and to this end endeavoured to enlist the sympathies of Samuel Pepys. His hopes were, however, destroyed by the foundering of his ship in the Bay of Biscay, all hands being lost, and later on when he returned once more to the charge and built a yet larger and stronger ‘Sluice boat,” she refused to sail at all, and had to be incontinently scrapped. A very successful ‘ Double-bottom,” however, re- appeared nearly 200 years later in the shape of the well-known “ Calais- Douvre” steam packet, the property of the Southern Railway, which for a period of some 20 years carried innumerable passengers between the two -ports from which she took her name, and was immensely popular with the travelling public. Another of Petty’s inventions was an “engine to be fixed in a ship to give her fresh way at sea or inacalm.”’ This engine, it is true, was one de- signed for man or horse power, but it was the same paddle-wheel which, when steam was introduced, came into and remained in use until sup- planted by the screw propeller. Petty made excursions also into military problems. Not the least curious among his papers are those relating to a War Charzot, which in its ob- jects and use, if not in its construction, forcibly recalls the tank of the Great War. Like the tank its special purpose was to economise the use of in- fantry or cavalry. It could act by itself or in squadrons in formation, though it was intended to be used in conjunction with the other arms. It was to ‘run a push with great violence against any object,” and when it had done so and had got into the enemy’s position, it was to act as a ‘* Fort Royal,” a self-contained unit carrying its own arms and equipment which would be able by itself to resist all hostile attack. It was no doubt a weak spot in this chariot that it had to be horse-drawn, and that its protection consisted only of brushwood, but Petty could scarcely have been expected to foresee armour plate or catterpillar traction ! We can some of us remember an election about 40 years ago which was largely fought on the popular slogan of three acres and a cow. ‘This was asserted to be the inherent right of all who laboured upon the land, and bright hopes were held out that it might be obtained by those who sup- ported the Radical party at the time. I am not concerned to examine whether the proposal was possible or economically sound. Probably in a perfect ordered world three acres would not be enough for a man to make his living, and would be more than anyone whose living was made in other ways could successfully cultivate. But the origin of the idea is interesting. It was thought to have been invented by the late Mr. Jesse Collings, who was foremost amongst its advocates, or by Mr. Joseph Chamberlain. It appears however that, excluding the cow which may have been a happy thought on 312 Sir Walliam Petty. the part of those two eminent politicians, the “ three acres” was originally Petty’s idea, for three acres a head is constantly being urged by him in his various writings as the ideal distribution of land per inhabitant. In the region of medicine Petty was the first to urge the establishment of a very modern institution, namely the Jsolation Hospital. He recom- mended this, and no doubt rightly, as the best method to overcome the plague, which constantly recurred, especially in London, until the Great Fire destroyed the greater part of the insanitary dwellings from which it probably had its origin. He foreshadowed also modern proposals in the shape of a Ministry of Health and a Medical Research Council, for it was, as he says, against the interests of the state to “ leave physicians and patients to their own shifts.” He advocated Lying-in Hospitals for Women, which, I believe, did not exist until Queen Charlotte, wife of George III., founded that which still bears her name, and he seems to have contemplated that, in certain circumstances, children should be educated and maintained by the State. Speaking of the causes of the plague and other epidemics he has a curious passage: “the most powerful armies on earth are a sort of soldiers who for their smallness are not visible . . . Millions of invisible animals that travel from country to country, even out of Africa into Eng- land, and do fall on and draw back on a day as seems to be the effort of some commanding intellect that commands them on the whole matter.” Here we surely have, though crudely expressed, the modern germ theory. It was towards the end of the 18th century that William Pitt came to the conclusion that the best way to secure peace in Ireland was to unite that country with England, and the Act of Union was passed in the teeth of strenuous opposition in 1800. It subsisted until afew years ago. I suppose it would be correct to say the principal argument for the recent discarding of this Union with Ireland was that it had been found by experience that a distinctively Irish population would never be contented under British rule. Petty anticipated Pitt’s Union by more than a hundred years and seems to have foreseen the cause of its ultimate failure. For though he con- stantly advocated it, he coupled with it a proposal that there should be a wholesale transference by emigration of English to Ireland and of Irish to England, without which mixture of populations he claimed that it would not be a real or lasting one. Petty’s was a drastic suggestion, no doubt, but it showed that he was fully aware of the difficulties which would ensue un- less the populations of the two countries were somehow made homogeneous. As for London he was insistent that it should be allowed to administer its own affairs by a Common Council of its own, with subsidiary Councils for Health, Trade, Finance, &c. It was just about 200 years later that London became an administrative county and that the London County Council, with its various committees to deal with internal affairs. was actually instituted. That Taxation and Representation should go hand in hand has now be- come a political commonplace, but Petty was one of the first to insist on this axiom, and he constantly deplored the inequalities of representation as existing in his day. Much water was to pass under the bridge before these began to be corrected by the first of the nineteenth century Reform Bills. a By the Marquis of Lansdowne. 313 For the House of Lords also he was prepared with schemes of reform, one of these being that the Upper House should be strengthened by repre- sentatives ‘from all and every part of his Majesty’s dominions” in order that it might hold its own against a too powerful House of Commons. In another he suggests the creation of a number of Life Peers (who were ap- parently all to be Dukes) in order to override possible opposition to such measures as had been approved by the King and the Commons. It is re- markable also to find him advocating Manhood Suffrage, which now obtains, after 250 years. It may seem strange amongst all these intelligent anticipations that he did not also advocate votes for women. To the above list I might add a proposal for a General Land Registry, in order that properties might be more easily identified and dealt with. In a very limited form this has been initiated for London, but only in recent times and after much opposition. We have yet to see it instituted for the whole country. Under the title of a ‘‘ Scheme for the Provision of the poor ” he advocated something which resembled our modern Labour Exchange, in which skilled was to be differentiated from unskilled labour, while those who were able to work were distinguished from those who were unemployable. He had prepared also a system of undenominational teaching and a special Catechism suited thereto, which might have provided ideas to the later framers of the Cowper-Temple Clause. He suggested the Decimal Coinage, now in general use abroad. No doubt we are never likely to get it here, though experts are, I believe, agreed that we ought to have it ; and, lastly, in a paper entitled ‘‘ For preventing the abuse of oaths and ascertain- ing testimony,’ he proposed something akin to a Monomark. Every person over eighteen years of age was to have a seal on which would be engraved his name and date of birth, with his distinctive marks. The seal was always to be added to the signature of any legal documents, thus avoiding any possibility of mistaken identity. Both Evelyn and Pepys were fervent admirers of Petty ; the former has left of him in'his famous diary*a long appreciation. In case I may have wearied you with all these details, I will use Evelyn’s own words by saying in excuse that “ Having never known such another genius, I cannot but mention these particulars among a multitude of others I could produce.” Petty once complained in a letter to a friend that he was‘ represented by some to be a conjurer and by others to be notional and fanciful near up — to madness.” | have told you of some of his strange and prophetic “notions.” ‘hey are taken, not from his works printed and published at the time, but from his private writings, thrown off in moments of leisure, and probably never shown to any but a few personal friends, for new ideas (as Petty himself hints) were not always well received at the time. His “ notions,” though they did not materialise at the time, prove once more the truth of the familiar adage that “there is nothing new under the sun.” Hvelyn’s enthusiasm must, I think, have been justified when he wrote in the account to which I have referred, “ If [ were a Prince I would make him my second Counsellor at least. There is nothing impenetrable to him.” O14 LISTS OF GOODS DESTROYED BY FIRE AT MARLBOROUGH, 1679. Transcribed by Capr. Bb. Howarp Cunnineaton, F.S.A., Scorm., from the Corporation Records. The town of Marlborough suffered from several smaller bad fires besides the memorable one in 1653 when the greater part of the town was burnt down and damage done to the extent of £80,000. A somewhat serious outbreak in 1679 resulted in the destruction of several houses and a great deal of property belonging to the poorer in- habitants. 3 Amongst the Corporation papers of the period are a number of accounts for payment for damage done by this fire, which by the courtesy of the Mayor and Corporation [ have been allowed to extract. ‘They are especially interesting from the fact that they give a good idea of some of the principal items of household furniture and trade utensils in use at that period. The original spelling is given and where possible the meaning of words now obsolete. . : FIRE, APRIL 9th, 1679. An acount of deborah Stanmers lost by fiere. Nn Ste en 2 Beds flok Ol. 10. 00. One Chaf Bed OOs, @ B OG One Silk (2) rugg OO, 1G) OO; Five pece of blankats 00; 152° 00: 2 flok bowsters : 00. 05. 00. 2 father pelows OG; 10, CO, One father bowster 0022.00; Twoe bedsteeds NOL 00s 00% One pere shets 00. 4:00. One cradel Rug (0, 08: OO, 5 boxes 2 Cofers one table bord OO, 4a OOr 2 bouster cases 3 pelo cases 00, 09:00; 3 bibles and other boks OO, 14. OO; © dishes peuter & hony & dripen pane 00: 10: 00: ffor waring Aperall linen & wolen OP OO; 00, ffor lumber goods & 2 hats O05. 00: lite Me eG Lists of Goods destroyed by fire at Marlborough, 1679. 315 A bill of the lost that was sustained by William and Samuell ffowler which was consumed by the fire Aprill 9th, 1679. £ d. ‘Two tenement house Soe Onn Os One tester bedsteed with matt coard Oe meOse a0: Thre Livery bedsteeds & one trundle bedsteed with Matts & coards ORS RIGS O; One high Cubberd with drawers Oy LORS 0: One small Cubberd One 2/0 9 shirts & smocks 8 sheets and aprons and other small linnings ee Ose sO: 3 bibles O24 (6255;,0. 2 bolsters & one flockbed On 124-570. 2 blankets ON ae a0; One round table board OR oan 0. One other table board On was) One long fourm and 3 Joynstools On oro 0: 2 Flagons and a pewter tankard Ona 70; 2 Tubbs Opes eG: 2 Coffers On 3a 30; One settle Oe) das Os 2 other settles and 2 racks OF onus 0: One horse to sett barrells on Onsen £0; 2 small chaires Onsale °6, Working tools & seats and lasts in the shop Tr OO: For bonelace to the value of OF oan 0. One pealow coverled & a rideing hood One ie? 0: For other things as lumber about the house On 40: 42 3. 0) William and Samuell ffowler This is the envitory of the lost of Richd. Sutton as neare as wee can judge. : OAD era) Wis - 32 dozen od whalebone at 11s. 6d. p. doz. I, Os, Ol; - A parcell of thread cost WS a 5.00; 7 pd of pinke & Cornacion holeing thread O01. 09. O04, 3 pound of Cornacion pinke stiching thread Ol; - O01. < 00. Beetwene 2 or 3 pounds selke at £1 per pd. 02. 12. 00. 17 ends of Teck'sum 17s. per pece sum 18s. NS5 Oi COs in money | 09. 15. 00. 3 quart of a C (hundred) of fagots OO, abl. “COs 3 Bedes 2 high Beades and one low Bead 05. OG. O00. 2 pare of Cortins Ol. 04 00. 3 Bolsters Ol. 10. 00. 3 ruges Ol OR OO: 1? Bed Tick for Mattresses. 316 Lists of Goods destroyed by fire at Marlborough, 1769. | ; fo gen Od 4 pare of blancotts 02. O00. 00. 3 bedsteads and matts and cords _ O1. 04, 00. 3 coufers and two boxes of linnen valued at 07, 00. O00. my wife two gounds and 5 peticots 09. 00. 00. 3 long skarfs cost O01. 06. 00. 2, neck skarfes | 00. 05. O00. 2 new Castors Ol. 00. 00. 4 Velts ! 00. 12. 00. 5 Barills and Beare 01. 08. 00. 7 peces of silke Goelome | Ol. 17. 00. 9 peces of thread Goelome 01. 08. 00. my two shouts of Clothes 03. 00. 00. my childrens clothes 02. 10, 00. a pare of bootes and Leather hose 00. 09. 00. 3 Table boards and two frames OL 08s 00: | 5 cofers and 3 boxes 00, 15. 00. i 3 Tronks 00. 17. 90. 1 Counter in the Shope 00. 12. 00. All my Shopebords and Bulke 01. 09. 00. Benches stoles and Chayers 01. 03, 00. A parcell of hard wood judge to be a tun 00. 12. 00. A parcell of made ware judge to be 9 orl1 Dozen 18. 00. 00. 9 dozen of white & colard Leather 01. 08. 00. 90 ells of Jockerum? cost Is. 14d. per ell 05. 03. 00. 1 flagon and a Cobbord 00. 08. 00. _ Between 5 & 6 Dozen of ware cott out & stich 09. 00. 00. 2 Baren clothes, one sarge & ye other cloth O0.; (195) 00. 3 shuts of childbead lining O01. 06. OO. 4 pare of showes 7 pare of stockins 00. 19. 00. 6 papers of bonelace?threed , 00. 19. 00, 1 Tablebord and 1 box more and hogshead 00. 10. 00. Of maney bords for benches and sheules ® cost 00s Nak OO: 2 Tubes and one Kive 4 00. 18. 00. 2 bocketts and 2 looken Glaseses 00. 39. 00. 1 sack and 1 grist bagg 00. 04. 00. 1 pare of billes and 1 chiver 00. 04. 00. Bibels tastemens and Books 00. 15. 00. Rack and manger 00. 02. ~6. 1 dreser board and settell 00, 06. 00. 6 holand aprons and two calicoe & 2 green say® Ole We 20r 1 lanthorne and fier bucket 00. 04, OO. 1? Felts. * Lockram, cheap linen. 3 « Sheules,” probably a miss-spelling of stools. 4 Kive, Keeve, a large brewing tub, > Saye, a kind of serge. Transcribed by Capt. B. Howard Cunnington, F.S.A., Scot. 26 Chaynges (Chains) 2 wendor cortens (window curtains) A parcell Chayney and perigon Temsor serch! and Kele 4 pound of oringe skey (? sky bie) & Greene threed 00. 1 remlot of red satten 1 flaskitt 2 steele platts and 1 presen ieron (press- ing iron) 3 pare of fusten drawers and 3 wastcott my shope booke cost , Stomigers? goeing one in the worke A parcell of short whalebone contayning 37 lb. By my acount it dothe amount to Ze 03. 00. Ol. 00. 90. 00. 00. 00. Ol. 00. 159 Ss. 10. 04. 10. 04, 09. 07. 03. 19. 02. 13. Whe 15. d. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 317 Bee sides maney other nesescareys Bee longing to howse keping as allsoe the damidge of what I may loose by the lost of my shope booke the which I doe heare for bare to relate. lost in mony and wood ~ Jost in linion and woollen Jost in lumber goods and dyett lost one fustian mantl vallue first in mony lost at ye fire 2 gold rings vallue one sutt of clothes vallue one holand sheet and two holand pillowbeds one brase pott and a brasen candlesticke 3 pewter poringers and 2 pewter salts 2 sallett (? salad) dishes a turkey cussen (cushion) Richard Sutton. Timothy Chivers losse by ffyer as underwritt. A sute of cloths of mine and my wife In linon of all sorts and lace In houshold goods of severall sorts 03. 10. 00. 04. 10. OO. 2. 10. OO sum 10. 10. 00. An a count of ye lost of Constant Bennett. One waynskett bed sted and one standing bedsted 110; “0, One chest one coffer one'box 2 chayers 1 joynstoll O}- 12, 0; Ol. 14. 0. 0; 10. 0, Ole 1.05) 020. ON 85 O) Suma £5 14s. Od. The lose of William Engles goods att ye fire. Oo itge 0); lhe LOW 0; 3.’ 10. 0. lee LOSs (0: On on 0: Oy a) 1) Oo 6 0. Ig 216 2. 10, “0. for small linion 1 20. stand and cool in. Some is 12—05—10. cg Bea NY SLD A lemse or Search, a small sieve, and Keel, a vessel for liquor to 2 Stominger=Stomacher. 318 — Lasts of Goods destroy oyed by fire at Maribononan 1G 72. John Allen his loss att ye ane £ Sse. dd. lost in wareing clothes & stockins and shoos | 1, 110,00: lost in linen shirts and bands and drawers 0. 10. 00. bibles and a book of heraldrye and many other books 3, 0. 0. colours vermilion and pink and verdygrece and white- led and redled and other colours to the valueof 2 0O. 0. 3 Marble stones aud Mullers ae Oe Os brushes and pencells and other tooles On al. 70: lost in boxes and | cofer and things in them iy © lost in money Bo and I lost all my paterns and other things, pictures and the like which I dont know ye worth of and the lost of my lifeinge house. I hope you will consider of it. (Dorithy Titcombe). [There is no heading to this account but it begins as follows :—] on bedsted on bed of flacks and fethers on fether boulstr, on fether pelow, on pair of blankets, on shet on rugge AVE SOO Oy on bedsted, on bed of flokes and fethers on fether Boulster, on pair of blankets on sheet onrugge 2. 10. 0. on bedsted on flocke bed, on fether boulstr on flocke boulstr on pair of blankets on coverlet hee Orc Op On chafe bed, on floke boulstr on floke pelow on trusell bedsted pene 8. on standing bedsted Seine, (nee 0), on livery bedsted 0: 5 0. On chest, 2 fether pelos on new blanket Lf OS 0: On coffer with a coverlet in him on deske full of linen to the valy of thirty shilling Pema 0) | On chest, 2 petycotes, 2 wascots on new pair of — | bodises 2 pair stokins, on pair of shous 2 | chaings on sheet on riding Howed | 3, 0: 0. Of brase burnt as much as com to thirty fiveshilns 1. 15. 0, On pauter plate puter chambr pot - Ose gee a) On coubord, on cine, on cendr and five tubbes, on paill, 2 Tabell bords and frams, en gine’ stoll, 2 gine chairs, 2 laders, on T'abl bord without a ; fram on great prese Blea On SOL Wood and boards eee, CO), 23. 08: )-50; Besids the loast in the estate of my hows which estate wase 24 or 25 years at rent fre consedred the Chamber rent pd and my owne dwelling fre, the which | lave to your considration to Judg. Dorithy Titcome. 14 Gine stoll, 2.2. joint stool, joint chair. 319 TROUBLE WITH THE BAKERS OF MARLBOROUGH : IN 1654. : Transcribed from the Municipal Records by permission of the Corporation ; by Capt. B. H. CunnineTon, F.S.A., Scor. The Complts are for breaking the Judges order, wch order consists of these pts. 1. ‘That the bakers stand in the Mkett howse. 2. ‘That the Assize should be given according to the law by sworne men, All which is fullfilled. And it may be thus made good ‘viz. 1. They have not been disturbed in standing in the Markett howse. 2. The Assise hath been geven them by sworne men according to the booke. | Tage 3. In geving thassize the Mayor & Justices have alwaes acknowledged __ the order to be just. | ia Toe Bakers’ MISDEMEANOR. 1. They have publiquely charged the Mayor wth injustice. 2. One of them have cursed some of their supposed adversaries. 3. They have threatned the Jury wth the starrchamber insomuch that some of them have said for feare that they had rather geven xs then to serve in the Jury. 4. Joseph Blake hath said lett the Mayor sitt the assize if he dare, I will make my bread as I wish. eb: They have broken the assize in an extraordinary manner viz. liij oz and more in a penny white lofe. 6 They make spiced bread, and say they will do so still, and make it not above halfe so weighty as it should be. Every busshell of wheate con- “teyning lvj lb averdepois is 816 oz Troy weh is 6528 oz troy to the quarter of wheate, Kvery quarter of wheate may be made into 8 sorts viz one halfe inte wheaten a fourth part into white and a fourth pte into hows- hold as*appearth in the booke. | So that according to the price of wheate at xls the quarter if you account the weight of xxxd in wheaten bred it comes to 378 oz troy. - By weh it appeares that when wheat is sett at vs the bussell according to the weight of lvj lbs averdepois the baker may be drawing his bread out of that weight, makes Ix penny worth of bread and yett have remayning to him- selfe out. of every busshell 57 Ib 3 qr weh is 462 Troy over and above ye vjs in every quarter wch is allowed him. JOHN ELLIOT MAKES A STATEMENT ON OaTH. Jobn Elliott of Marleborowe in the County of Wiltes Baker aged twenty and nine yeares or thereabouts, sworne, deposeth as followeth, That ever since this deponents remembrance the Bakers of Marleborowe have used upon the faire and markett dayes to sett upp standings or stalles for the | selling of theire bread in a certeine house in the markett of Marleborowe | called the Markett House wthout any deniall or interrupcon of the Mayor of the Towne or Burrowe of Marleborowe untoll nowe of late tyme. ‘hat | aboute three yeares since the said markett house was pulled downe and a 320 Trouble with the Bakers of Marlborough in 1634 newe one sett upp in the same place with some enlargement ther of upon the Earle of Hertfords wast land of the mannor of Marleborowe, ‘That the newe Markett house was built partlye att the charge and cost of the Chamber of the said Borowe and partlye att the charge of divers pticuler psons namely Walter Jeffery, John Elliott, John Blake, and John Bushell, bakers and some other of the townsmen. That ever since the rebuilding of the said ‘Towne house the bakers of Marleborowe have had their standings or stalls in the said ‘Towne house upon fayer and markett dayes for the sell- ing and ventinge of theire bread as formerly they had wth out any inter- rupcon ontill aboute St. James tyde laste. That at the last Quarter Sessions holden for the Borowe of Marleborowe An order was made by the Maior and Justices of the borowe the coppies whereof under the hand of the Towne Clerke is hereunto annexed for the binding of such psons to theire good behavior and apparance att the next Quarter sessions for the said Borowe that should prsume to place any standings or stalls in any part of the said Markett House wth out speciall license of the Maior and Justices of th peace of the said Borowe. That since that time this deponent and the said Swithen Hayes, Walter Jeffrey, Joseph Blake, Bakers and one Richard Dangerfield servant unto the afore named Bushell, for breach of the said order in setting upp standings or stalls in the said Markett house for the sellinge or ventinge of theire bread there, were compelled to enter into severall recognizances taken by Stephen Iawrence Maior of Marle- borowe and Phillipp ffrancklyn Justices of the Peace for the said Borowe ot Marleborowe or one of them, to be of the good behaviour, and to appeare at the next quarter sessions to be holden for the said Borowe, And th said Maior and one John ffrancklyn the towne Clerke of Marleborowe have threatened this deponent and the other afore named Bakers, that they will certifie theire severall recognizances as forfeated and cause them to be estreated yf they sett up any standings or stalls in the said Towne house, And this deponent further deposeth that in the said newe Towne House there is roome sufficient for the placeinge sellinge and weighinge of all th woll butter and cheese that is at any markett or fayer daye brought to the markett of Marleborowe to be solde, as alsoe for the said Bakers to sett upp their stalls or standings there in for the sellinge and ventinge of theire bread as they have formerly done. JOHN ELLIOTT. XVI Day October 1634. THe Bakers’ PETITION TO THE PRIVY CoUNCIL. To the Right Honble the Lords & others and others of his Matie Most noble Privie Counsell. The humble peticon of Swithin Hayes, Walter Jeffrey, John Elliott, and Rich: Dangerfield being bakers of the Borrough of Marlborough in the County of Wiltes. Humbly sheweth yor Lo?’ That whereas there is some difference be- tweene yor peticoners and the Maior and Justices of the said Borough concerning yor peticoners standings in the Market place there on the market dayes for the sale of there bred wch tyme out of mynd hath been used by the bakers of the said Borough, And the said Maior and Justices Transcribed by Capt B. Howard Cunnington, P.S.A., Scot. 321 haveing latelie made an order that if yor peticoners did presume to set up any standings there any more that yor peticoners should be bound unto the good behaviour. And yor peticoners continuing their said usage, were all for that cause bound to bee of good behaviour by the said Maior and Justices And the said Maior and Justices have caused a writt of Sc facias to bee brought against yor peticoner Haies and doe threaten to bring the like against yor other peticoners, and to present them upon the said recognizances as being forfeited for that yor peticoners doe continue there said standings, And John Baily gent the late Maior and John ffrancklin gent the towne Clerke have of late given away yor peticoner Swithin Haies, his and one Joseph Blake another Bakers bread wth out weighing the same. And the said John Bailey did comit yor peticoner Swithin Haies his sonne William Haies to prison for saying unto him That hee might have done well to have weighed the bread before hee gave it away. And Stephen Lawrence gent the now Maior and Phillip ffrancklin gent one of the Justices of the Peace of the said Borough have by men unsworn assessed yor peticoners at 4s. 8d. for a bushell of wheate when they pay for the same 5s. 2d. and at 4s. 6d. when they pay 5s. by wch yor peticoners are inforced to lose 4d. or 6d. in everie bushell. And yo! peticoners further show That the said maior and Justices will not allow yor peticoners such a proporcon for baking as they ought to doe to yor peticoners greate wrong and prejudice. And the said Joseph Blake shewing the said late maior Phillip ffrancklin and the said towne clerke the assize booke heretofore sett forth by authority They did slight the same and the said Phillip ffrancklin said it was a bauble and feebleand the said John ffrancklin said hee brought an Epistle and Gospel and that he should fare nothing the better for it. And the said Maior and Justices doe weigh yor peticoners bred when itis not weighable and doe greevouslie amerce yor peticoners without cause I regard they have not set the Assize by sworne men nor yeild yor peticoners such allowances for backing as they ought to doe by the same booke and they have given yor peticoners two assizes in one weeke noe market day betweene contrarie unto the lawe. And yo’ peticoners doe further shew yo Lo’?* that the said maior and Justices seldome or never weigh the forraigne Bakers bread that doe frequent th said Market day but doe as much as in them ly, seecke the utter overthrow and undoing of your poore peticoners. By reason of wch hard measure offered, yor peticoners, they are made wearie of theire trade and must be enforced to leave the same and the towne to their undoing and to the greate prejudice of the poore of the saide towne and of travellers that shall have occasion to refresh themselves there unlesse yor Lo’* will be pleased to releeve yor peticoners herein. May it therefore please yo" Lo’?* the premises considered to take yor poore peticoners cause in to yor Lo’?* consideracon and to take such speedie course for your peticoners reliefe herein as by yor Lo’?* grace, wisedome shall seeme most fitt. 7 And yor peticoners as in Dutie bound shall daylie pray for yor hono® &c. (Note.—It is a pity there are no further details of this trouble.) VOL, XLIV.—NO. CL. 4 322 TISBURY IN THE ANGLO-SAXON CHARTERS. By tHE Rev. W. GoopDcdHILD. The earliest mention of Tisbury (Tissebiri) occurs in a charter of the year 759 (Birch No. 186). This charter belonged formerly to the muniment room of Winchester Cathedral, but is now in the British Museum. It recites and confirms an earlier charter, by which in the year 704, Coinred, sub-king of Wessex, nephew of king Cynegils, and father of king Ini, for the healing of his soul and for the relaxing of his penances, gave to Abbot Bectune an estate of thirty hides (c.e., sufficient land to maintain thirty families) having for its northern boundary the river Fontmell (Funtamel), and for its southern boundary the land of bishop Leutherius of blessed memory (bishop of Winchester 670—676). The charter of 759 after reciting king Coenred’s grant to Abbot Bectune continues as follows “I Cyneheard, an unworthy bishop (of Winchester 754 —759), have made the sign of the cross p¥« to confirm and ratify this char- ter, which I acknowledge to have been signed in the following circum- stances :— ‘‘The successor of the above-named Abbot Bectune, Catwali by name,! gave the above-mentioned estate of thirty hides to Abbot Wintra for his money, and wrote another copy of this grant and of the above holding, but he did not insert the words of the original grant or the names of the kings, bishops, abbots, aud noblemen, who were wit- nesses of it, because this same conveyance of land, being copied into a book among the other title-deeds of the abbey, could not readily be separated from them, nor canjit be so separated now. Consequently when the original witnesses were dead, there was a long dispute be- tween the members of the two monastic bodies, and it has been carried on up to the present time. But the land has been always held, ever since it was first conveyed by the aforesaid Abbot (Bectune, probably abbot of Iwerne) to Wintra by his successors ; and the original deed of conveyance bearing the signatures of the above-mentioned witnesses, has been held by the abbot of the other monastery and his successors.” [The signatures referred to are :—“Coinred,” sub-king of Wessex 704— 709; ‘* Leotherius,” a bishop but not the bishop of Winchester? ; Curiburt and Hadde, abbots ; and Wimbert, a priest, who drew up this and other charters}. <<, 1A British name indicative of some fusion of the British and Saxon races in Dorset. 2 Who had been dead 28 years in 704, unless bishop Cyneheard, as rep- resenting the see of Winchester, thought that he might properly append the name of the bishop who formerly endowed Iwerne. © Tisbury wm the Anglo-Saxon Charters. 323 “Therefore I and our king, and the other persons, whose testimony, and signatures are written below, have now reconciled and made peace between the parties, partly by a gift of money, partly by a sworn agree- ment, to the effect that henceforward the successors of abbot Wintra, that is Egwald and the monks, who are in the monastery which is called Tissebiri, with the permission of the other monks, who are ruled by the abbot Tidbald, shall hold and possess the land concerning which the dispute has arisen, and I have drawn up this title-deed. And, with the permission of abbot Tidball and his monks, I have taken the preceding extract from the deed originally given to abbot Bectune, and have given it to abbot Egwald ; and the witnesses whose names appear below have agreed to and confirmed what I have written, and have condemned any other deeds concerning this property which have been produced. These things have been done in the 758th year from the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, in the 12th Indiction. The of of Kinewulf, the King (757—786). The v¥« of Herewald, Bishop (Sherborne 737—772)._ The pf of Scilling, Priest. Cerdic, Priest, and others.” In the year 704 when abbot Wintra bought the 30 hides of land at Font- mell from abbot Bectune of Iwerne, Haeddi, bishop of Winchester lay dying, after being sole bishop of the great and increasing kingdom of Wessex for twenty-eight years. . Ini had been pushing the power of the West Saxons over Somerset and Dorset. One of the canons promulgated by the provincial synod of Hertford, held in 673, was that every diocese should be divided as soon as an increase of population began to make it unmanageable. In July, 705, Haeddi died, probably on his great estate at Downton. Bede tells us that he was so deeply respected that a big hole was made in the ground in the place where he died, because those who loved and admired him carried away great quantities of the earth as a relic and a charm. ‘Two hundred and fifty years later Haeddi’s Grove was pointed out as a land-mark on the boundary of the lands of the property of the bishops of Winchester on the Pepper Box hill south of Salisbury. Soon after Haeddi’s death a synod was held for the kingdom of Wessex at which the diocese was divided, the western portion, ‘‘ west of Selwood,” being given to St. Aldhelm, the eastern portion, east of Selwood, to Daniel, who had been Aldhelm’s fellow student at Malmesbury. Many matters had to be settled in connection with this division of the diocese. and the synod probably met two or three times. One or more of the meetings was most likely at Tisbury, for one of them is called by the chroniclers the Synod of the river Nadder (Nodr), and no monastery, except that of Tisbury, is known to have existed near the Nadder in the seventh century. (David Wilkins in the sixteenth century said that the place was Adderbourne, and he has been followed by most later writers, but Adderbourne has never existed). Dy SiC O24 Tisbury in the Anglo-Saxon Charters. It is certain also that abbot Wintra of Tisbury was present at one of the synods of 705, and took a leading part iu the proceedings. Some difficult matters had to be settled. St. Aldhelm’s Abbeys, Malmesbury, Brad- ford, and Frome, were very unwilling to part with him and the monks desired to keep him as abbot after he became Bishop, but the canons of Hertford forbade bishops to exercise any control over abbeys. Another canon made any election of a new bishop void unless it was approved by the archbishop of the province. ‘The members of the Wessex Synod felt that they had been too precipitate in pressing on the division of Haeddi's diocese without consulting Brihtwald, who succeeded Theodore as arch- bishop of Canterbury in 693 and retained the primacy until 731. The difficulty was a serious one and required delicate handling, lest the arch- bishop should take offence at the independent action of the Wessex Synod and pronounce their proceedings irregular and invalid. It was felt that a tactful and competent representative must be sent to Canterbury to explain the circumstances to the archbishop. Several mem- bers of the synod said that a young monk, named Winfrith, then residing at the abbey of Nursling, was exactly the kind of man that they wanted for this commission, because of his high character, his learning, and his un- erring judgment. ‘lhe strongest testimonials to his character were given by Wimbert, abbot of Nursling, Bearwald, abbot of Glastonbury, and Wintra, abbot of Tisbury. Winfrith was fetched to the place of meeting (probably Tisbury), was introduced to King Ini, accepted his commission, carried it out with great success, and socommenced a career of noble and distinguished service for the Church, which he ended as St. Boniface, the Apostle of Germany, by his martyrdom in Holland in 755. So the Synod of the Nadder brought together, at or near Tisbury, St. Aldhelm, Daniel, bishop of Winchester, Ini, the pious and beneficent king of Wessex, and St. Boniface, the greatest of. English missionaries. It is known that considerable numbers of Anglo-Saxon men and women ~ went out from Wessex to join the mission stations that were founded by St. Boniface in Thuringia, Hessia, Bavaria, and on the Lower Rhine, and there is good reason to suppose that the monks of Tisbury Abbey regularly remembered the monks ot St. Boniface’s German abbeys in their daily prayers, until in the ninth century the abbey was destroyed and the monks were massacred by the Danes. Arrangements for mutual prayers were made between the English and German abbeys, and registers of departed saints were interchanged. : -After the year 870 we hear nothing more of Abbeys at Tisbury or at Iwerne. Presumably no trace of either remained when the battle of Ethan- dune restored southern England to king Alfred. He founded the abbeys of Athelney and Shaftesbury in commemoration of his victory, but had great difficulty in finding monks or nuns to fill them. He endowed the abbey of Shaftesbury with much of the land that had belonged to the ruined abbey of Tisbury, other portions of it were granted to noblemen and members of the royal family. By the Rev. W. Goodchild, 325 The charters give us some information with regard to the subsequent ‘devolution of the land at Tisbury and in the adjoining parish of Fonthill. A most interesting letter (Birch, No. 591) unsigned but clearly written by Asser, bishop of Sherborne, to Edward the Elder, son and successor of king Alfred in 901, has been preserved by the bishops of Winchester, as showing their title to the lordship of the manor of Fonthill Bishop. This lordship they still retain though they were compelled in the nineteenth century to transfer the advowson to the bishops of Oxford. Asser’s letter was ‘printed both by Kemble and by Birch among the Anglo-Saxon charters, and it was also printed with a translation by Thorpe, but it has attracted less attention than it deserves. In the following translation an attempt has been made to give the mean- ing of the original in an intelligible form rather than a verbatim rendering which would require many notes for its elucidation. The letter runs thus :— “ Dear Friend (Leof), I am writing to tell you the circumstances connected with the land at Fonthill (Funtial), being five hides, which Aethelm the Monk (Higa) is claiming as forfeited to him.! “When Helmstan?committed the crime of stealing king Ethelred’s belt,? then Aethelm quickly lodged a claim against him, along with other claimants for his land at Fonthill Bishop.4 Then Helmstan came to me and entreated me to intercede for him (with the king), because I was his godfather before he committed the crime. And then I did speak in his favour to king Alfred and made his peace with the king (may God reward his soul), and he granted, through my intercession, that Helmstan (instead of being outlawed) should be permitted to de- fend a suit for his land against Aethelm in a court of law. Then he bade us bring the two men to a compromise. I was one of the com- missioners named for this purpose, and Wihtbrord and Aelfric, who was keeper of the king’s robes, and Byrthelm, and Wulfhun the Black of 1This Aethelm was kirg Alfred’s nephew, son of king Ethelred I., who, was wounded at the battle of Martin, died, probably at Witchampton, a few days later, and was buried at Wimborne. Aethelm’s tender years made him an unsuitable successor for his father’s throne, and he seems to have made no claim to it ; he was bred as amonk at Glastonbury and became archbishop of Canterbury 914—923. His younger brother, Aethelweald, did claim the throne after the death of king Alfred and was recognised king in the north of England for a few years. 2 A young thane at King Alfred’s court. 3 A richly jewelled and ornamented belt which had been worn by king Ethelred, and was treasured after his death. 4 Because by king Alfred’s laws, in addition to other penalties, Helmstan was obliged to restore three or four times the value of his thefts to the per- sons whom he had robbed. 326 Tisbury in the Anglo-Saxon Charters. Somerton (Somertune), and Strica, and Ubba, and more persons than I can now remember. ‘Then each of the parties told his tale. Then we all decided that Helmstan must appear before us snd bring the title deeds of the estate, and prove his right to possess it, that he held it as Aethelthryth [King Alfred’s daughter] had sold it to Osulf [apparently Helmstan’s father] at a proper price ; and she said to Osulf that she had full authority to sell it to him, because it was her husband’s Aethelwulf’s wedding present to her on the morning after they were married.!. And Helmstan included all these facts in his declaration of ownership; and king Alfred had given Oswulf his written testimony that he had bought the land from Aethelthryth, and the purchase must stand good, and Edward [king Alfred’s son, to whom Asser wrote this letter] signed it, and Aethelnoth, and Deormod, and anyone else who chose to be present at the signing. W hen we came to Wardour to settle a compromise between the parties, the above statement of title was produced and read ; all the signatures were upon it, and it appeared to all the commissioners who were present for arranging the compromise, that Helmstan had come nearer than Aethelm to being able to make a sworn claim to the ownership of the land. Then Aethelm was not) convinced, until we went in to the king and told him what our decision was and our reasons for it. Aethelm himself stood there among us, and king Alfred was standing and wash- ing his hands, at Wardour, in the inner chamber. When he had finished washing, heasked Aethelm why our decision did not seem right to him, and said that he could think of no more equitable plan than that Helmstan should swear a declaration of ownership of the landif he was prepared to do so. Then I said that Helmstan would make bold to swear the declaration, and prayed the king to fix a date for the swearing of the declaration, and this he did. And Helmstan consented to the date for swearing the declaration and begged me to support his affirmation, and said that he had rather lose the property than ever break his oath or deny it. ‘hen I said I was willing to support him in gaining what was rightfully his, but never in gaining anything wrongly, on condition that he put his title deeds into my possession. He gave me his title deeds in pledge,? and then on the appointed day we rode [probably to Wardour] to complete 1 This Aethelwulf was the brother of king Alfred’s wife, Ealhswith, and uncle of Aethelthryth. Posssibly the marriage was annulled on the ground of consanguinity. Aethelthryth afterwards married Baldwin II., Count of Blenders: a son of her father’s stepmother, Judith. 2'This was practically a mortgage of the land at ishops Fonthill to bishop Asser, to forestall any claim that Aethelm might subsequently make for the possession of it. Such a mortgage would include all the slaves, cattle, sheep, swine, and implements of husbandry that were then upon the land. By the Rev. W. Goodchild. 327 the settlement : I myself, and Wihtbrord! rode with me, and Byrthelm rode thither with Aethelm. And we heard Helmstan swear to all the particulars of his claim ; and we all pronounced that the proceed- ings were concluded, as what the king had decided had been carried out. And, my dear friend, when can any litigation be brought to a conclusion, if it cannot be terminated either by pecuniary compensa- tion, or by sworn guarantee? And, if all king Alfred’s decisions are to be set aside, when will the sittings of our courts be brought to an end ? And he [Helmstan]) then gave me the title deeds to keep as he had previously given them to me in pledge, as soon as he had sworn his affirmation of ownership. And I told him that he might retain a life in- terest in the land, if he would hold it without getting into disgrace. Then half a year, or perhaps a year, afterwards he stole the oxen that were not being worked at Fonthill [Funtial], so as to bring utter ~ ruin upon himself? And he drove them to Chicklade [Cytlid], and he was caught in the act, as his drover [speremon] was careless about removing the animals’ droppings. When he ran off from the place, a bramble scratched him across the face, and when he wanted to deny the theft, he was told of that fact as proof against him. Then Eanulf,? of Pennard, the king’s escheator, came down on him, and seizedallthe landed property that he owned at Tisbury [Tyssebyrig]. Then I asked him why he did this, and he said that Helmstan waa a thief, and that this property was adjudged forfeit to the king as Helmstan was a king’s servant. And Ordlaf‘ seized the land [at -'Tis- bury] which belonged to him because the estate that Helmstan occu- pied there was leased from him‘ and could not be alienated from him by Helmstan’s forfeiture. And you [king Edward acting for his father] pronounced sentence of outlawry on Helmstan. And then he went to visit your father’s corpse [at Winchester ],° and he brought a signed certificate to you, and you released him from the forfeiture of bis own land and of the arable land on which he has lived till now. And I took possession of my land [Bishops Fonthill], and 1 Wihtbrord received a grant of Fovant from king Edward the Elder, and he and Byrthelm witnessed many of that king’s charters. 2 He removed the cattle to other land which he held at Chicklade, thus lessening the value of Asser’s interest in the property. 3 He was alderman of Somerset, and in 845 with the militia of Somerset and Dorset had beaten the Danes in a battle fought at the mouth of the Parrett. 4 An earl who received grants of land at Bishops Lydeard and at Stanton St. Bernard. ’ This was either to take sanctuary there, or perhaps to qualify for a par- don granted to certain offenders by king Edward at his coronation. 328 Tisbury in the Anglo-Saxon Charters. gave it to the bishop there [bishop Denewulf of Winchester] as was witnessed by you and by your witan ; the five hides of land in exchange for five hides at Bishops Lydeard, and the bishop and all the convent handed over the four hides to me and the fifth was tithing land.! And so, my dear friend, it is very necessary for me that the matter should stand as at present arranged, and as was long ago settled. If something else is done, then I shall be and will be pledged to do what- ever seems to you right as a matter of charity.” ENDORSEMENT. “>¥q And Aethelm the monk withdrew his suit when the king was at Worminster [not Warminster but Worminster, near Shepton Mallet] as was testified by Ordlaf, and Osferth, and Odda, and Wihtbrord, and Aelfstan the Blear-eyed, and Aethelnoth.”’ King Edward the Elder’s son, Edmund, who reigned 940—946, desiring to gratify his first wife, Aelgifu, made her a present of a great estate,which had probably belonged to the ancient abbey of Tisbury, comprising great part of Tisbury, Wardour, Chicksgrove, Sedghill, Berwick St. Leonard, and perhaps Fonthill Giffard. The nuns of Shaftesbury, as successors of the Tisbury monks, held this land but they were compensated for the loss of it by a grant of Butleigh (Bucticanleah) near Glastonbury. This exchange of land greatly displeased St. Dunstan, who strove ener- getically to prevent property, which had ever belonged to a monastery, from being transferred to laymen or to secular clergy, Having the reins of government in his hands at the beginning of the reign of Edwy, the boy king, who succeeded Edmund in 955, he obtained the return of Tisbury to the Shaftesbury nuns in exchange for Butleigh. That second exchange was confirmed by Edwy’s nephew, king Aethelred the Unready, when Dun- stan had returned to England after being exiled by Edwy, and was again directing the policy of the country as chief counsellor of a boy king. Aethelred’s charter (Kemble, Vol. IIJ., No. 641), probably drawn up. by St. Dunstan himself, begins with an invocation of the Three Persons of the Holy Trinity, and then a quotation from the first chapter of the first epistle of St. Peter, verse 15, “ But as He that hath called you is holy, so be ye holy.” The lesson suggested being that only good faith and exactness in the management of worldly possessions can give a title to the winning of those heavenly possessions for which Christians hope. So king Aethelred in the exercise of good faith and honest exactitude gives in perpetuity twenty mansae or “‘livings,” to the monastery of holy ladies at Schaftesbury, situated in the place which is commonly called Tissebiri. And just as in ancient days all his predecessors had given these mansae, so he gave them in perpetual succession with the advice of his council. He then recites the history of the exchange for Butleigh and of its re- versal, and declares that the land so given shall be free from all lay taxation, —<——t 1 Land given to the see of Winchester in lieu of tithes; and now trans- ferred to Asser for the see of Sherborne, q EE EE SS SS ee — By the Rev. W. Goodchild, — 329 with the usual exception of the 7'rinoda necessitas, military service, repair of bridges, and upkeep of fortresses. The Shaftesbury chartulary, which contains Aethelred’s grant, was copied in the thirteenth or fourteenth century, from a faded and perhaps mutilated original and is consequently faulty in many places. The manu- script, now in the British Museum, suffered by fire. It is necessary therefore to make emendations here and there in the printed text, to render it intelligible. And of course the correctness of such conjectural emendations is problematical. In the Tisbury charter a preliminary paragraph states that a certain wood called Sfgenyllebar had been wrongfully stolen from the Abbey of Shaftes- bury by some of the king’s reeves.' Aethelred said that he now restored it in full and dared anyone to interfere with it in future ; it was “for the use of the nuns of Shaftesbury as long as the wheel of this present dispen- sation shall turn. If any person should presume to infringe this gift, made - with divine sanction. let him be tormented for ever in the eternal fire of the bottomless pit along with the devil, unless in this present life he has made amends for his trespass against our decree.” “ The above property is surrounded by the following boundaries.” ‘These are the boundaries of the twenty hides of land at Tissebiri.” The surveyor who made this list of boundaries of the twenty hides starts “ \Where the Cigelmarc brook falls into the Nadder [Nodre], [Cigelmarc is generally supposed to be Chilmark, but may be an error for Cigesmare, which is a possible variant for Cigesgraf, now Chicksgrove]; then along the stream to Gofesdene [perhaps this should be Gosesdene=Goose Vale]; then to the place where the stream is divided ; from the division of the stream to the boundaries of Wilburge [this is Wilbury, the Britons’ fort, now called Castle Ditches]; then on the greenway to Wermund’s Tree [this may be a sacred tree dedicated to the Anglo-Saxon hero Wermund, or a pillar or post set: up in his honour, or a Christian emblem replacing the old heathen landmark]; from Wermund’s Tree straight down to the meadow fields ; from the meadows along the stream to the old Wood Ford [across Ansty brook] ; along the green road beneath the main boundary posts from the main boundary posts straight on by Twelve Acres [a name still preserved for a part of Wardour Park]; where it comes to the British way ; then to Highway [now High Wood]; then to Wood's Flood [a spring in Wardour Park]; then to the ford in the south pasture ; then along a hedgerow till it comes to the Nadder [Nodre]; along the Nadder to the Sem [Semen] ; along the Sem to lodelee [probably for Rotherlee, the cattle pasture]; then to Whitemarsh; then to Maple Tree Hill ; then to thestile (or perhaps the “ point ”) ; then to Sapcombe ; then further west to a turning on the right ; then it bends northward to Pole’s lea [Pol is the Anglo-Saxon name of the Teutonic God Baldr, the God of beauty and manly grace, whose 1 In this case it is likely that the original charter had the wyrd Segchylle- bar, which meant Sedgehill Wood. 330 Tisbury in the Anglo-Saxon Charters. name is preserved in Poulshot, near Devizes ; but perhaps Poceslea, Puck’s Lea, should be read. ‘There is a Pixley Hole Gate below White Sheet, near Ferne House]. Then to the boundary brook ; then to the willow brook ; then to Sedgehill moor [the manuscript has “ Sidinic,” probably a misreading of “ Sidgihil ”] ; then straight on to Knoyle (Cnugel] pasture and to Hiclesham [this may mean the hedgeless or unenclosed pasture]; then to the road that leads to the common pasture; from the road along the ridge to Impedeforde {amisreadingof Nipredeforde, thedark red ford, at Niprede, an ancient estate in Tisbury]; then along a road till it comes to Fonthill [Funtgeal] on to the broad road [herpath, a road on which horsemen could ride abreast]; then to the ivy-draped combe [the manuscript has “ gificancumbe,” probably in error for ifitancumbe]; along the combe to the gravelled road; along the ridge to the little leaze ; then to Leofrich’s boundaries [Leofrich was a thane who signed this charter as one of the witnesses]; onward by those boundaries again to Fonthill [Funtal]; to Finches Ridge [the manuscript has ‘“ Fintes hrigce” for Finces hricge]; along the Ridge to Alfgar’s boundaries [Alfgar was alderman of Wilts about 950] ; further on by his boundaries to the main boundary posts; then to Chilmark brook ; along the stream again to the Nadder [Nodre]. In the 984th year since the Incarnation of our Lord this charter of my gift was written, with the unanimous acquiescence of all these witnesses whose names are drawn with their pens below in accordance with the proper precedence of each of them.” I, Aethelred, king of the Angles, in renewing the above donation, have stamped it with the mark of the Holy Cross, and have granted it to God and to all His Saints for ever pf. I, Dunstan, Archbishop, have assented in granting pf [Canterbury 960— Osh) _ I, Oswold, Archbishop, have agreed pf [York 972—992]. I, Aelfstan, Bishop, have confirmed this ef [London 961—996]. I, Atbulf, Bishop, have appended my signature pf« [Hereford 954—1012]. J, Aelfheah, Bishop, have signed pf [generally known as Saint Alphege, was Bishop of Winchester 984—1005, Archbishop of Canterbury 10065 ; was martyred by the Danes April 19th, 1012}. I, Aelfheah, Bishop, have sealed this »f« [Lichfield 973—1004]. I, Aescuig, Bishop, have agreed ef [Dorchester, Oxon, 975—1002]. I, Aelfric. Bishop, have confirmed it by [Crediton 977—986]. I, Aethelsige, Bishop, have added my signature ef« [Sherborne 978—991. I, Wulfgar, Bishop, have agreed bi [Ramsbury 981— 985]. I, Aethelgar, Bishop, have confirmed it rf« [Selsey 980—988]. I, Aelfwine, Karl pf [A Prince of the royal family of Wessex, Alderman of Hants and Wilts]. I, Bertnod, Earl pf [Alderman of Essex, killed at the battle of Malden, 11 Aug., 991; brother-in-law of Queen Aethelflaed, wife of King Edmund Ironside}. : I, Aethelweard, Earl of [Probably the Earl Ailward, who was killed at the battle of Assandun, Oct. 18, 1016}. By the Rev. W. Goodchild. 331 I, Aelfric, Earl pf« (Called Aelfric Cild, the Boy Aelfric, who succeeded his father, Aelfhere, as Alderman of Mercia in 983. He betrayed his country in 992, when commanding a fleet that was intended to destroy the Danish fleet, by his secreticorrespondence with the Danes]. I, Ordulf, Thane rj [Succeeded his father, Ordgar, as Earl of Devon. Founded Tavistock Abbey. Was an uncle of King Aethelred]. I, Godwine, Thane »¥« [A brother of Aelfric Cild]. I, Aelfric, Earl »¥4 [Perhaps inserted in error, but may be an Earl of Kent}. I, Aelfward, Thane ae [Son and successor of Aelfheah, Alderman of Hants and Wilts]. . I, Aelsige, Thane »¥« [Perhaps a grandson of King Aethelred]. I, Wulfsige, Thane »f« I, Aelfric, Thane whey I, Beorhtwold, Thane js I, Leofric, Thane 4 [Son of Aethelwine, Earl of East Anglia, who was the founder of Ramsey Abbey]. I, Aethelmer, Thane p< (Alderman of -Wessex. Perhaps the man who, finding Aethelred utterly incompetent, joined Sweyn at Bath, 1013]. I, Aelfwine, Thane »f« [Son of Aethelmer]. I, Aethelsige, Thane »¥« [Probably uncle of Leofric]. I, Aethelweard, Thane »f« [This may be the historian of royal blood who © wrote a chronicle that is still preserved and valued]. I, Aelfgar, Thane {J [May befthe Aelfgar, who was the son of the traitor Aelfric, and was blinded: by King Aethelred for his father’s treason]. I, Wulfsige, Thane vf | I, Wulfric, Thane >} [Perhaps the Wulfric who received many grants of lands that he might act as chief huntsman for the Kings. Later he became Earl of Leicester]. I, Leofwine, Thane »¥« [Perhaps the father of Aelfhelm, Earl of Northum- bria, who was treacherously murdered by Edric in 1006]. 332 THE RECENY EXCAVATIONS AT STONEHENGE, By Lz.-Con. R. H. CUNNINGTON. The reports on his excavations at Stonehenge by Col. Hawley are spread over a number of years, and the subject matter is arranged in the order of his discoveries; so that the recent knowledge gained about the monu- ment is difficult of access, and a summary, arranged feature by feature, appears desirable. The object of this paper is therefore to give a short account of every dis- covery of importance that has been made, with full references to the vols. of the Antiquartes Journal in which the reports appear. The attempt has also been made to draw deductions. These appear to lead in a definite direction as regards dating the monument; but naturally noclaim for finality is made with such a difficult subject. The Ditch. Nearly half-the circle, from N.E. to S.W., was excavated, and the centre line was found to be a very fairly true circle concentric with the rest of the monument. The width was usually 6ft. or 7ft. at the bottom, and the depth 4ft. or 5ft. ; but these dimensions varied very much, and there were two gaps of 10ft. (Vol. VI., p. 4) on the south side, and of 3ft. a little further round towards the west (Vol. VIII., p. 162), where the ditch was not excavated. ‘The filling consisted of a layer of turf about 12in. thick, followed by a layer of earthy chalk rubble extending from about 12in. to about 18in. be- low ground level, and then silt to the bottom of the ditch, the lower part of the silt being usually of white chalk rubble. The two upper layers are described (Vol. V., p. 21) as the “ top layer” distributed more or less evenly over the whole surface. ‘ It varies in thick- ness from 1 to 15 inches, rarely deeper ”; and in it the finds, such as frag- ments of Bronze Age and Romano-British pottery and mason’s chips are jumbled in any order, with no stone chips below it. Again in Vol. VIII., p. 173, stone chips are said never to have been found in the silt. There are, however, important exceptions to the absence of stone chips below this top layer. Vol. L., p. 34, gives a section 39in. den’ in which the earthy chalk rubble of the top Inver extends to a depth of 18in., at which depth was found a Lee Enfield cartridge case. Stone chips are reported to have been found in decreasing quantities down to a depth of 22in. On the same page is a second section, 54in. deep, with the earthy chalk rubble extending to 17in. Blue stone chips are figured in the section and described, at a depth of 25in. that is to say 8in. deep in the silt. In a later report the exceptions, which are evidently still being met with, have to be explained away as follows (Vol. III., p. 22), “Sometimes there are cavities which contain chips of stone throughout their depth, In The Recent EBacavutions at Stonehenge, 330 this instance it can be inferred that the cavity was filled at the time Stone- henge was built.” ‘‘ Another cavity might have chips and Romano period pottery.” | In Vol. VIII, p. 156, a length of ditch (sections 17 and 18), at least 2o0ft. long, is suspected of disturbance, ‘‘a chalky humus takes the place of silt as in section 17” where vegetable matter was found 3in. to 8in. thick near the bottom, (Vol. VIII., p. 155). In this section a large sarsen maul was found ~ embedded in the silt with a similar fragment in contact below it. Close to them at 27in. below ground level (2.e, 7in. below the “top layer’’) burnt matter was found, and at the same level and quite near, a large piece of rhyolite shaped like an axe hammer.! The presence of these so far down is explained by this being “ rather a disturbed spot.” Another slab of rhyolite and a broken rhyolite axe were found in the next (No. 19) section embedded in the silt (17in. below ground level). Here “the silt was not so earthy as before but not altogether like normal’ (Vol. VIII, p. 156), and the objects found embedded in it are said to have “belonged to the upper layer.” It should be noticed that the suspected disturbance apparently left no trace of stratification in the refilling, and, if a reality, would have meant emptying 20ft. or 30ft. feet of ditch for no imaginable reason. We have also no record of any unusual stratification in the “cavities” referred to previously, and nothing beyond this brief mention is said about them. A further suspected disturbance (Vol. VIII., p. 163) also appears to need more evidence than this change in the appearance of the silt which again becomes more earthy ; every ditch filling will show such changes. It is de- scribed as a. bowl-shaped cavity in the silt filled with more earthy matter than usual. An exceptional depth of turf (27in.) had grown over this. The conclusion drawn—that it was later than the ditch, but earlier than Stonehenge, because no chips were found in it—is surely unwarranted. In addition to the Sarsen maul already referred to as°embedded in the silt, another Sarsen maul of 30 lbs. weight was found similarly embedded (Vol. II, p. 50) where the filling was above suspicion. The silting of a ditch is not likely to remain exposed without a turf covering for more than quite a few years after the ditch has been excavated, railway cuttings are quite sufficient proof how turf will grow under much more unfavourable conditions. These Sarsen mauls could not, when falling into the ditch, have penetrated through turf and into the silt ; we must suppose therefore that they fell when the silt was still exposed, that is to say shortly after the ditch was made. ; As regards the pottery found in the ditch. ‘That of the Romano-British period was found at all depths in the “ top layer ” but never below. Beaker pottery, 10 associated pieces in one place (Vol. VIII., pp. 149 and 150), and | 12 in another (Vol. VIII., 151), were found lying on the silt at depths of | 20in. and 18in. respectively. 1Some of the rhyolite axes found at Stonehenge had ground edges: it is questionable how far this makes them dateable. ; 334 The Recent Lxcavations at Stonehenge. A piece of “ gritty ” pot was found 10in. above the bottom and 28in. down in the silt (Vol. VIII., pp. 151 and 152). ‘Coarse pot with incised lines marking ’’ was found at the junction of the silt (Vol. VIII, p. 154). The Beaker pottery, as shown by its appearance anywhere in the “ top layer” is of course no evidence of a contemporary date. A report on the flints will be found in Vol. VI., p. 17. Cremations found in the Ditch. Five of these were found in bowleshaped cavities cut partly in the silt and partly in the solid chalk of the ditch side (Vol. VI., p. 5; Vol. VIII, pp. 151, 152, and 154) ; and in one of these cases there was distinct evidence of a hole, 5ft. x 5ft., at the top, having been dug down to the interment. Three are described as being found in the silt itself at depths of 35in., 17in, and about 17in. respectively (Vol. II., p. 49; Vol. VI., p. 4; Vol. VIIL., p. 156). It is clear that all these had been made after the ditch was silted up. But there was one other made in the floor of the ditch where no suspicion of disturbance in the ditch filling is reported (Vol. I., p. 34). It is described as lying in a bowl-shaped cavity ata depth of 4ft. 6in. in the floor of the ditch. The ditch section drawn opposite page 34 shows all the normal silting above it—8in. of white chalk rubble immediately over it, fol- lowed by the usual silt—but places the cremation on instead of sunk into the floor. The ditch cremations are mostly in the east and south-east, a few were as far north as the main entrance, but none further west than the south - “causeway” (Vol. VIII. p. 156). In the greater number hardly any wood ash was present. Cremations containing a few bones were also found not in the ditch but under the surface near the rampart (Vol. V., p. 33). In one of these was found a polished mace head of the cushion type. The “cremation was like the others, but with a shallow cist scraped 2in. deep in the chalk rubble.” None of the others contained anything but the bones. The modern ‘ Druids,’ who practice cremation, used until recently to bury a few bones from each cremation in the Stonehenge enclosure, and some of the surface cremations found may be these. ‘he mace head cre- mation is of course of no value in dating the monument as it may have been made before or after its erection. Evidence of Date. ''wo conclusions seem to follow from the evidence of the ditch as we have it. The first is that it is of about the same age as the monument, and not earlier as the report is inclined to insist. The grounds for thinking so are :— 1.— The plan is concentric with the monument and almost truly circular. 2.—The presence, though rare, of blue stone chips in the silt. 3 —The two sarsen mauls and the rhyolite embedded in the silt. 7 y By Lt.-Col. R, H. Cunnington. 335 4.—The filling up of the ditch near the entrance where it overlaps the the Avenue (see later under “The Entrance”). This appears to have been done very shortly after the ditch was excavated in order to rectify a mistake, or perhaps, if the Avenue on the axis was an afterthought, on a change of plan. ‘The Avenue, follow- ing the line of the axis, must of course have been contemporary with the monument or later. It should be remembered the first silting of a ditch takes place very rapidly, especially if the rampart has been placed close to the edge. At any rate near the South Barrow it must have been very close, judging from the position of the South Barrow ditch. Pitt Rivers, in Hacavations, vol. IV, p. 24 (address to the Arch. Inst.) states that the freshly re-excavated ditch at Wor Barrow silted up (without help from the rampart which was turfed over) to a depth of 24ft. in four years. It is difficult to estimate how much a rampart near the edge might add to this. The rampart at Stonehenge is on the inner side and would have protected the ditch during this period from all but a very few chance admissions of stone chippings from the enclosure. In the course of time these found their way in (perhaps from further subsidence of the rampart after being made up with debris from the surface when construction was completed), and eventually Romano-British and other later relics forming the finds of the “top layer.” The “top layer,” though considerably shallower, repre- sents an immensely longer period, and naturally contains far more relics than the silt itself. The second deduction that may be made follows from the cremation at the bottom of the ditch, which appears to date it as later than the Beaker period. The Aubrey Holes. The Aubrey holes were excavated for about half-way round the circum- ference, and as the plan shows, they follow very nearly a true circle con- centric with the monument. Of the 23 excavated in the first year the largest was 5ft. in diameter, and 3ft. 5in. deep, and the smallest 2ft. 6in. in diameter and 2ft. deep. Stone chips were found plentifully in the upper portion of the filling, but decreased in number downward, and were rarely found below 20in. from the surface (Vol. I., 33). Examples are given of blue stone chips and Romano-British pottery ata depth of 2vin., t.e., 6in. to 8in. below the level of the solid chalk and 17in. from the bottom of No, 21 hole (Vol. I., 31). In No.5 hole Romano-British pottery was found at a depth (as measured in the section) of 2ft., and blue stone chips at 2ft. 6in. The full depth of the hole is 3ft. 3in., and the depth to the solid chalk 15in., so that these objects were Qin. and 15in, re- spectively below the level of the chalk (Vol. I., 33), A piece of pottery described in Vol. III., 17, was found 23in. down in No. 29. Other particulars of this hole are :—depth, 3ft. 7in. ; diameter, 3ft. 4in. ; depth of solid chalk below surface, 1ft. 3in. There wasa central depression 336 The Recent Hxcavations .at Stonehenge. with humus in the filling extending to a depth of 9in. below the solid chalk. Two blue stone chips and one sarsen chip were found in the “ deeper cen- tral humus.” In Aubrey hole 19 were found 92 stone chips and six small pieces of Roman period pottery in the 18in. of “ top soil” (Vol. IV., 37). The solid chalk was 9in. below the surface, so that in this case some of the “ top soil” finds were 9in. down in the hole, and cannot fairly be included in the jumbled material of the “top layer.” Cremations in the Aubrey holes were found in all but four of those ex- cavated in the first year (Vol. [., 31). In the summary (Vol. VIII,, 157) it is stated that “‘they were not in those last excavated toward the west.” [It is not said which these are, but they are presumably Nos. 29 and 30, for a cremation was found in No. 28 (Vol. III, 17), where the hole is numbered 291), but not in No. 30 (Vol. VI., 14)], “ with the exception of these they have been found in all the others from hole X 2 in the main entrance all the way round to the south-west, except in hole No. 19 where there was a dump of white flint flakes.” No. 19 is the hole cut into by the ditch of the South Barrow, so that any cremation there would have been lost. ‘The holes which it may be sup- posed held cremations are therefore Nos. 2 to 28 inclusive and those without were presumably X, XX, and No. 1 (excavated the first year) and No. 29 and 30 (excavated last). If no cremations are found when the other half circle is excavated it must be concluded that the south-east and south-west quadrants were preferred. If cremations are found we should have the interesting fact that they are absent only in X, XX, and No. | on the path of the Avenue, and in the holes almost (but not quite) opposite. Absence of cremation on the path of the Avenue suggests the possibility that no posts were put into these three holes as in the remainder [we are not told if the filling was in any other way different], in which case the gap in the Aubrey circuit would exactly fit the width of the Avenue, and may well have determined it, and we should have additional evidence of a change in plan. It is also stated that “all had been disturbed.” ; Some of these disturbances are referred to in previous reports. In No. 16 (Vol. I., 32) wood ash and cremated bones were found from a depth of lft. 7in. to the bottom at 3ft. 3in. In another hole a cremation at the side was ‘‘ diffused downwards from 19in. to 30in. below ground level ” (Vol. II, 47). In No. 28 (first called 29) a bowl-shaped recess with human crema- tion was found at 18in. below ground level and other burnt human bones distributed downwards (Vol. III., 17). In No. 18 (first called 19) cremated remains were found 6in. down extending to within 3in. of the bottom (Vol. IV., 37). : ' A comparison of the plan and text of the earlier vols. shows that some of the holes have been renumbered, probably all between 18 and 28, and perhaps others. By Lt.-Col. R. H, Cunnington. 337 More wood ash was found with the Aubrey hole cremations than with the others, and in most cases they seemed to have contained all the bones (Vol. VIII., 158). The conclusion is reached in Vol. VIII., p. 158, that the Aubrey holes contained wooden posts in that they resembled very closely those recently found at Woodhenge. Wooden posts would also account for the way in which the cremations are diffused downwards ; if placed originally near the surface and against the post they would slip down into the hole as the wood decayed. ‘This of course indicates a date later than the Beaker period for the posts. There appears often to have been a slight ramp or recess on one side of the hole, presumably to assist in lowering the posts. In describing No. 19 (afterwards 18) the report (Vol. IV., 37) states “ The crushed depression on the side observable in most of the other holes was longer than usual, being 2ft. Gin. wide and extending down to 22in.” As regards position. The Aubrey holes are placed at intervals of 16ft. These are described as regular both in interval and line of circle (Vol. II., 46). The first plan published in Vol. V. shows Nos. 17 and 18 on each side of the stone hole in the “South Barrow,” at the exceptional interval of 20ft., and equally spaced from it ; and No. 19 only 12ft.from No. 18. The report, however, (Vol. III.. 16) describes the finding of No. 18 (there called 19) close up to the stone hole [it was not actually dug out till later]; and the plans in subsequent vols. place it in this position, and give a regular inter- val of approximately 16ft. to all the holes. It may be supposed that the later plans are correct. As regards indications of date. The presence of Romano-British pottery so low down in the filling is ex- plained most naturally by supposing that the wooden posts had not fully decayed when the pottery began to be scattered on the site, and that the pottery slipped down the holes as the wood decayed. ‘The only alternative ! seems to be to account for its presence by the action of worms; but neither worms nor anything else carried Romano-British pottery down into the Woodhenge post holes under apparently precisely similar conditions, for there is plenty of surface Romano-British pottery at Woodhenge available. This supposition involves a later date than is usually accepted for the holes, and a later date is also suggested by the fact that Aubrey saw de- pressions in the ground over the holes now named after him. These de- pressions had apparently disappeared in Colt Hoare’s time 150 years after, and have now so completely gone that knowledge of the exact spot where a hole will be found does not assist in detecting the least sign of a depression. Since it has been shown that the holes probably contained wooden posts 1The suggestion of disturbance in Vol VI. is not repeated in the sum- mary (Vol. VIII., 158] when wooden posts are first suggested. It would not account for the observed facts. VOL. XLIV.—NO, CL. Z 338 The Recent Excavations at Stonehenge. it must be assumed that the depressions were due to the stumps gradually rotting away. ‘The slow sinking caused by the disappearance of the wood would be balanced to a great extent by the growth of turf above, and the filling of the depressions since Aubrey’s time shows how quick the process is. Butin Aubrey’s time there were still depressions, and that implies that the wood had not then, or had not very long before, completely decayed away. The presence of blue stone chips so far down in the holes can also be best explained as following down the rotting wood. They were “rarely found below 20in.” (Vol. I., 83) and decreased in quantity downwards. One hole, No. 5, shows them at 2ft. 6in. depth, or 15in. below the level of the surrounding chalk (Vol. I., 83), but they were never found quite at the bot- tom. It is unlikely that the blue stones were chipped until after the posts were erected, for if the chips had been lying on the surface some would have fallen in with the packing, but there is no reason to suppose that any long interval intervened. The gradation of stone chips also shows that the filling was never sub- sequently disturbed by renewal of the posts. The early reports suggested that the holes might have held a ring of the blue stones before they were trimmed. ‘The only argument for this seems to have been that the numbers roughly correspond. The shape of the holes, round instead of oblong, is almost sufficient to preclude this idea ; they also seem to be too small; and even without the further blue stone stumps or holes that have been found, they were probably too few. Also if stones had been taken out and the holes filled up, it is hardly conceivable that de- pressions would remain until Aubrey’s time, at least 2000 years later. Finally the Woodhenge explorations put the matter beyond doubt and Col. Hawley, as already stated, believes now that they held wooden posts. He still considers, however, that they are older than Stonehenge, but gives no reason for this except “‘ If the shallow line of chalk occurring a little be- low the top of the ditch silt was discarded from them, they would have been made when the ditch was nearly silted up and would antedate the monument by a short period ” (Vol. VIII.. 174).! A contemporary date seems the most natural supposition. The spacing and alignment are both so exact as to be compatible with the rest of the monument and superior to any other. It would be a strange coincidence if two such exceptional works were carried out on the same spot at substant- jally different dates, and the onus of proving it certainly lies with those who wish to think so. 1 This material in the ditch silt seems, to say the least, more likely to have come from the bank slipping back into the ditch. It is hardly likely that the contents of the Aubrey holes would have been thrown over the bank into the ditch beyond, and even less likely that such material could be recognis- able, considering how trifling must have been the amount. By Lt.-Col. Rh. H, Cunnington. 339 The circle is so true that it is possible to locate the centre within a few inches, as is also the case with the lintel circle ; and it seems that the former has been taken from a point about 2ft. S.S.W. of the latter. It is equally evident that the Aubrey circle was marked out before any work was started in the inner enclosure which would have prevented the use of a cord, picketed at the centre. The precise centre of the ditch circle is less certain, but it seems to have been that used for the Aubrey circle and not the lintel. Though the ditch Appears to have been contemporary, doubtless it too was laid out before the centre was obstructed. After marking out the line of ditch and position of the Aubrey holes, there is no reason to suppose that any particular care would be taken in preserving the exact position of the centre, and it is evident that no par- ticular care was taken to recover it when the lintel circle was marked out, for it could easily have been found with more accuracy. The loss and re- covery show the same disregard of minutiae, and the discrepancy cannot be taken as an indication of any considerable interval in time, and it is of course not noticeable. In this connection we must distinguish between the plan as designed and the plan as actually laid out on the ground: the for- mer may have been conceived as a whole from the start, but the latter would proceed step by step as the execution advanced. The South Barrow. This was opened by Colt Hoare who thought it to be a barrow, but found nothing in it (Ancient Wilts, Vol. J.,144—5). The evidence now obtained {Vol. III, 15) points to there having been an undoubted stone hole in the centre, 4ft. deep with a ramp; and its position corresponds to that of the two existing stones of the “ Four Stations.” A ditch surrounds the “ bar- row”; the side next to Stonehenge rampart is nearly straight and 15in. wide and 8in. deep '; on the east it is 18in. wide and I6in. deep. It descends rapidly to a depth of 30in, where it cuts into Aubrey hole No. 19 [in the report this is numbered 20 but corrected to 19 in the subsequent plan], and wises rapidly the other side of it. Stone chips were found to the bottom of the ditch. The inference is drawn that it is not earlier than Stonehenge ditch and the Aubrey holes. The stone hole is apparently contemporary with the monument and its position indicates that 1t was made at an early stage in the erection, before the trilithons and lintel circle, which obstruct the view. The “ Four Stations” are exactly opposite each other across the centre, and so placed that the lines joining them form half a right angle, symmetrical with the axis (Flinders Petrie Stonehenge, Plans, Descriptions, and Theories). The mound was found to be a very low one, owing most of its prominence to a rise in the natural level of the chalk. ‘The depth of the soil upon solid 1Presumably 8in. in the solid chalk, not 8in. from the surface as with most other measurements. Th 340 The Recent Excavations at Stonehenge. chalk is stated to be 14in. (Vol. II., 48); but near ‘ihe centre it seems to have been only 9in.; vzde report on Aubrey hole No. 18 (first numbered 19) in Vol. IV., 37. It seems likely that no mound was intended, in which case the site would correspond to that of the Heel Stone and its ditch. [The corresponding station in the north has lost its mound, if it. ever had one. Colt Hoare notes that both had ditches]. The purpose of these ditches is not suggested, and it would appear probable that they formed no part of the original design. There is a lack of symmetry in the absence of a ditch round the East Station stone. That round the Heel Stone obstructs the avenue. ‘The plan of the ditches. is incompatible with the regularity of the rest of the monument. What is more vital is that the South Barrow ditch cuts down deliberately to the bottom of the Aubrey hole on both sides. This would upset the stability of the Aubrey post, supposing it held one, and quite needlessly unless it was intended to extract the post; and this seems the only reason- able explanation. A conceivable alternative—that it was intended to reach the solid chalk to secure a firm foundation—is an explanation that fits only with our modern conception of building where a brick or stone wall is in question. If an Aubrey post was excavated down to the bottom on both sides to extract it, it was probably because the post was already a stump, broken off short, as posts do, at ground level; otherwise it could have been dragged out with much less excavation. One can imagine purpose In such a trench after Stonehenge was in decay, e.g., in connection with the sides of a wooden hut where the central stone supports the roof. But if contemporary, the object is obscure, the plan strangely irregular, and the excavation quite gratuitously dangerous. The Slaughter Stone. Excavation showed that a hole had been made all round and 10in. below it in the middle, deep enough to bury it, so that the upper surface is at ground level (Vol. I., 34). A hole 10ft. in diameter and 63ft. deep was found about 14ft. (centre to. centre) from it (Vol. I., 36) and about 6ft. (centre) west of the axis. It had a slab of stone, presumed to be a packing stone, at the bottom, and the hole is suggested (Vol. I., 36) to have been that in which the Slaughter Stone stood. If this was the case, as seems likely, the Slaughter Stone would have stood west of the axis, and the Heel Stone when upright east of the axis,. the two forming sights or pointers left and right.! Its distance from the lintel circle would equal the diameter of the lintel circle, and it would stand very nearly half-way between the circle and the Heel Stone. Heel Stone. Two pits (called stone holes?) 4ft. 6in. deep and 5ft. and 4ft. diameter ' On the axis these stoues would have hidden the rising sun. 2 In the report all the larger holes or pits are called stone holes, irres- pective of the shape, and the smalier are called post holes. by Lt.-Col. Lt. H. Cunnington. d41 respectively, were found about 24ft. south and and south-west of the Heel Stone, and post holes 2ft. in diameter and about 3ft. deep partly across the avenue (Vol. V., 24). A trench enclosed the Heel Stone on the southern (excavated) side, and presumably goes all round; it is 10ft. from it and 4ft. deep and 34ft. wide (Vol. V., 25). The Entrance. A causeway was found 374ft. wide (Vol. IV., 32) and on each side of it the ditch was exceptionally deep and wide, forming craters with steep sides. Opposite the causeway the side was nearly perpendicular (Vol. IV. 32). The crater on the N.W. side is 74ft. deepand 224ft. wide. Thatonthe 8.E. is 4ft. 9in. deep against the side of the causeway. Under the usual top layer the filling “instead of silt was clean white chalk, which had been brought from elsewhere and cast into the ditch. Some of this chalk had been bruised and crushed to a fine consistency and had become set into masses so extremely hard that they could only be removed by under-cutting the softer material below them and breaking the substance into blocks. They gave the idea of the chalk having been wet when cast into the ditch ” (Vol. LV., 30 and 32). The steeper sides are also evidence of deliberate filling, as they cannot have weathered, and the hardness of the filling suggests ramming. The inference (which is not drawn) is that this part of the ditch was filled up again shortly after excavation, and before it had time to silt up in the normal way. ‘The end of the ditch to the east of the causeway cuts some 30ft. into the line of the Avenue or nearly half-way across, and the deliberate filling of this end has been generally recognised to have been done to make the ditch accord with the position of the Avenue. It is even more evident that the filling was done in a newly excavated ditch, otherwise there must have been silt in all the lower half with a definite turf line between. The report suggests that the craters were used as hut dwellings or guard houses to a fortified enclosure ; but there appears to be very little evidence for this (Vol. 1V., 36), and Stonehenge ditch elsewhere bears little resem- blance to that of a fortified enclosure. ‘l'races of fire were found near the bottom, but no human remains except some bones in the chalky filling. The Avenue. The Avenue approaches to within 10ft. of the ditch (Vol. V., 22) and its ditch at this point is very shallow, 18in., and narrow, 3ft. (Vol. IV., 30). The distance between the Avenue ditches is about 68ft. Near the Heel Stone the depth of the ditch, as seen in the section (Vol, V., 24) is 39in. be- low ground level and the width is 6ft. The sides are cut V shape and earthy chalk rubble coming from the rampart side only fills one side and bottom to a depth of 12in. On the other side the filling is shown as earthy and similar to the top turf layer. Blue stone chips are shown lying an inch or two in the silt, while the report (Vol. V., 23) states that masons’ chips 342 The Recent Excavations at Stonehenge. reach down to the top of a layer of muddy silt about 12in. thick over the bottom. ! The inference is drawn that the Avenue ditch is older than Stonehenge because there are no blue stone chips at the bottom; but there seems even less reason for this than for a similar inference drawn from the con- tents of the main ditch; and it is evident from its alignment that the Avenue is certainly not earlier than Stonehenge. Post and Stone Holes near Entrance. A large number of post holes, 12in. or 15in. in diameter, were found on the causeway, and a few larger holes big enough to have contained stones. The report suggests that these formed part of a barricade (Vol. IV., 36). No trace was found of the four stones mentioned by Inigo Jones (Vol. IV., 36). It is impossible to say whether the post holes of the cause- way were extended over the filled in ditch to cover the whole width of the Avenue approach. Their position would be lost in the ditch itself ; and it. is not reported whether they were looked for, close up to the ditch on its northern side, where they might appear. ‘The suggestion that these post holes were ever a barrier becomes more doubtful, however, in view of the numerous other post holes subsequently found in the enclosure (see under Post Holes). 2 and Y Holes. These were explored over half the circumference and found to lie exactly behind each stone of the lintel circle except one which is apparently miss-- ing behind No. 8. The Z ring is that nearest the lintel stones and the Y ring that further out. The first opened was the Y hole 37ft. from No. 30 (Vol. V., 27). It was 5ft. x 3ft. on top and 2ft. Sin. x lft. 4in. at the bottom, and 3ft. deep. The soil was ‘““humus” down to the bottom; and the lower portion, below the surface layer, had 65 foreign stone chips, and 12 more were found at the very bottom. The second hole, 36ft. from 29, also had chips to the bottom, which was again found at 3ft. The sides were sharply cut and three entire antlers at the bottom showed that no stone had stood init (Vol. V., 27). In the summary (Vol. VIII., 175) it is stated that all the Z and Y holes had steep sides without any sign of packing stones, and that blue stone chips were found penetrating to the bottom. ‘he conclusion drawn is that they “are certainly of the same date as the monument and came into the original plan as can be seen from their position.” It is evident that they were constructed after the blue stones were chipped. ‘They were also dug after the lintel circle was erected, for some of the Z holes are cut into the ramps required for their erection (Vol. V., 29); and the holes, even with- out stones in them, would have been in the way. j The report suggests that they may have been intended for the blue stones, and a little consideration will show that this is almost inevitable. It can hardly be supposed that this double ring of stone holes was dug without having the stones available to put into the holes, and, as no stones were put by Lt.-Col. Rk. H, Cunnington. 343 in, we must conclude that they were used elsewhere, If they were not the _ blue stones, these 60 have vanished completely, leaving no trace of where they were used. The holes are all rectangular, unlike the Aubrey holes, and were evidently intended for stones, and their shape corresponds to that fof the blue stones.! Details of the Z and Y holes are given in pages 37—50 as an appendix to Vol. V. report. The depth of the Romano-British pottery found in them is interesting : Y3 at 30in., Y5 in the layer between 17in. and 22in., Y6 be- tween 19in. and 27in.,, Y9 between 2lin. and 27in., Y10 104 pieces at 15in, Z3 Romano-Gallic at 2lin., Z11 between 20in. and 27in. It is unfortunate that the exact depths are not recorded, nor in most cases the distance down to the solid chalk: that of Y5 is recorded at 17in. and Y6 at 19in. The steep sides show that they were deliberately filled, as might be expected, for they would have been unsightly obstacles if left open. As the filling sank with consolidation, hollows would be left on the surface in which apparently the Romano-British pottery collected'before the growth of turf had completely filled them. In only one hole is there reported any other evidence bearing on the date, namely Z4 (Vol. V. 29). With Z4 the top layer is 14in. in depth. At 18in. was found dirty soil. mixed with burnt matter, and below that charred wood. Below that ‘‘a fairly level place holding natural flints indicating a roughly improvised hearth.” ‘‘ About the same level were found 42 pieces of black pot with plain round beaded wide mouth.” Below this were three pieces of gritty pottery identified as La Tene? at 24in. depth (Vol. V., 30 and 32), The total depth was 4lin., and the section shows the solid chalk level at about 16in. down. It is suggested in the report that the pottery owes its presence to a disturbance, the hole being used in the Early Iron Age as a hearth. The size would be about 4ft. xX 2ft. at 18in. depth. This involves the supposition that the hole was re-excavated to that depth, or a little more, that a fire was induced to burn in it, and that pottery was Jeftat ora 1The dimensions varied as much as do those of the blue stones, but the average size at the bottom is about 3ft. x 1 ft. and the average depth about 3ft. . 2 This is almost the only, if not quite the only, instance recorded of Early Tron Age pottery, and the identification was made by Mr, Reginald Smith. Not much pottery of any kind was found, and most of it still awaits expert examination. The Beaker pottery, while found anywhere in the top layer, is said to occur more often near the bottom (Vol. VIII, 173). This would be the case if the soil accumulated in depth from rubbish brought into the enclosure, because any pottery lying under the original turf would get buried up. (See under Surface Soil of the Interior). 344 The Recent Excavations at Stonehenge. little below the bottom.' The more natural supposition is that the remains of a fire and rubbish heap were thrown in when the hole was first filled, and that the hole was cut in the Early Iron Age. The Rampart. Only a few feet of the rampart has been dug into and apparently nothing has been found under it which would help to date the monument (Vol. III., 14). It is suggested that this might bea useful field for further exploration, as any objects found under it must have been lying on the ground when the rampart was first thrown up and have been safely covered by it ever since. The Blue Stone Circle. Stumps and holes were found in much disturbed ground between Nos. 34 and 33. They indicate stones having been placed at a very close interval in an almost continuous trench ; one stump was 18ins. from No. 34 (Vol. VLI., 8). A similar almost continuous trench was found opposite the lintel stones 15 and 16, from which four stones may have been taken (Vol. VI., 11), and in this sector also stumps and holes appear to show the same close interval. The conclusion is drawn that the blue stones of the circle may have formed an almost continuous wall (Vol. VI., 12) ; but it is admitted that the ground was much disturbed. Blue Stone Horseshoe. Four stone holes were found in an alignment which would have closed the horseshoe and converted it into an oval. No packing stones were found in them, but no packing stones were found with Nos. 49 and 31 (Vol. II., 48). These four holes are as follows :— (1). Is placed in continuation of the south-east end of the horseshoe : it is about 11ft. (centrally) from the last stone and the same dis- tance from No. 150. The size of the hole is 34ft. x 3ft. and 43ft. deep (Vol. VIII., 172). (2).2 Continues the same curve at the same interval of iift.. and lies about 9ft. centre to centre behind No. 31. It is 3ft. lin. x lft. Sins. and 4ft. deep or 2ft. 3ins. in the solid chalk (Vol. VIIL., 169 — and No. 2 on list p. 168). (8).2 In the same alignment and nearly 4ft. clear from No. 2 above. It is situated about 9ft. centre to centre behind No. 49 (Vol. VIII., 170). The size is 5lin. X 2O0in. and it is described as 15in. and 28in. deep in the solid. (No. 8 list. np. 168). 1Tt is possible that 9in. out of the 16in. of surface soil may have accumu- lated since the hole was dug (see under Surface Soil of the Interior) so that the supposed re-excavation need not necessarily have been much more than 9in, deep. Even at that depth it would be very difficult tomake a fire burn in this confined space, and one cannot see why the attempt shonld have been made. 2The excavation of Nos. (2) and (8) affords some further evidence of a change of plan in connection with the blue stones. Each of these holes is By Lt.-Col. hk. H. Cunnington, 345 (4). About 11ft. behind No. 46 and 11ft. centrally from No. 3 above. The hole is stated to be oval and about 34ft. wide(Vol. VIILI., )72). There was a fifth hole rather out of the line behind No. 48 at a distance of 43ft. clear, which would have held a small stone(Vol. VIII, 170). ‘This is given as No. 4 in list p. 168, and is 38in. x 2lin. and 14in. deepin the solid chalk. Omitting this, the four holes form a continuous curve and are symmetrically placed about the axis giving spacing centre to centre of 11ft. (from last standing stone on S.E.), 11ft., 7ft., and 11ft., the 7ft. space coming centrally on the line of axis. It is not suggested in the report, but it seems possible that the lintel stone No. 150, which is 74ft. long (Vol. VI., 13), was designed to bridge the gap between (2) and (8) over theaxis. It was, however, used, as an excava- tion shows, in its present position. The sockets on this stone are 3ft. 5in. apart centre to centre, and would have served for stones in Nos. (2) and (3) holes if these stones were a little wider above ground than below. Nothing is said in the report of the holes being damaged or the filling disturbed by the extraction of stones; and it seems not unlikely that the oval continuation of the horseshoe was contemplated but never carried out. We have fairly clear evidence in the Zand Y holes of one change of plan in connection with the blue stones, and this continuation of the horseshoe, if not carried out, would mean another. It should be noted also that the earlier plan,in the Z and Y holes, gives the blue stones a position of inferior 1m portance. There is evidence that the blue stones were the last to be erected. ‘The Aubrey circle and ditch circle must have been laid out before any stones were put in the middle, which would have prevented the use of a cord. For the same reason the lintel circle must have followed (presumably with a gap to introduce the trilithon stones). In none of the Sarsen holes excavated have blue stone chips been found near the bottom. Also that Gowland’s excava- tions prove the trilithons must have been put up before the blue stone horseshoe. If, as seems likely, the blue stone circle was also later than the trilithons, it would depend for alignment on the position of stones already up; this would explain why the circle is not so true as the lintel circle, and also, perhaps, why the spacing is comparatively irregular. The blue stones are usually supposed: to have been brought from Wales for Stonehenge ; but they may have been standing as part of an earlier monument or J.ong Barrow on Salisbury Plain when Stonehenge was built. They were evidently not trimmed to lighten them when the labour of dug in what is described as the floor of a ramp leading respectively to Nos, 31 and 49 of the blue stone circle. But Nos. 31 and 49 are 7ft. distant in the clear, and it seems incredible that ramps of this length (or longer) should have been made for such small stones ; furthermore none of the other | blue stones appear to have had (or needed) ramps. If these are indeed ramps one must suppose they were meant for much taller stones, such as those used for the horseshoe trilithons; and the existence of holes already dug may explain why Nos. 31 and 49, when eventually placed in them, are a little out of line with the rest of the circle. 346 The Recent Excavations at Stonehenge. moving them from Wales was undertaken (see under Stone Chips); and if they were put up latest at Stonehenge and first planned to occupy the fringe of the circle, they do not seem to bear the significant part we should expect. if specially brought all the way from Wales. Post Holes. It is difficult to give any description of these. ‘They were almost every- where on the southern side, from near, but not on, the LOft. southern cause way, past the neighbourhood of Y. 10, and into the enclosure as far as the S.E..end of the horseshoe (Vol. VIII, 172). Some were small and shallow and others as deep as 28in.; the width varied as much as their depth, the average diameter being about 12in. to 15in., and the largest 23in. A second group, already mentioned, is near the main entrance and resembles them closely (Vol. VI., 3). ‘he filling is fine dirty chalk (Vol. VI., 15) with no Stonehenge material (Vol. VI., 3) except in one near stone No. 10(Vol. VL, 6), which it is supposed was dug into and enlarged ; stone chips in this hole were found to the bottom. ‘The end of a post hole is said to have been found at the bottom of Z. 13, projecting Qin. into the chalk and filled with earthy chalk rammed hard. As, with the one exception stated, none had stone chips’in the filling it is argued that they are older than Stonehenge (Vol. VI., 6); but this does. not seem very convincing. There is no reason to suppose that the posts standing in them were anything like the same size as the holes, which must. necessarily be fairly large for convenience in excavation ; there was probably therefore very little organic matter to decay as the posts rotted, and the holes would be filled by the surrounding disintegrated chalk, only the very top getting a small increment from the turf layer above. Unless. therefore stone chips were used, as well as the excavated chalk, in packing the sides of the posts, we should not expect to find stone chips in the holes. now. ‘The chips may have been there, but buried, as now, in the turf, and not lying available on the surface, as when the Z and Y holes were filled. In such a position the chances of chips getting into the holes would be very small. In any case, as their plan is confused, they do not, with our present state of knowledge, appear to be of much importance. ‘They might have served for the erection of shanties at almost any period. The large number of precisely similar post holes elsewhere tells a little against the supposition that those at the main causeway were ever intended as a barricade. Stone Chips. Far more blue stones than Sarsen chips were found. In the N.E. quad- rant of the surface the numbers of each were 3911 and 864 (Vol. V., 34). Another area gave 2061 and 398 (Vol. II., 37) ; and in the small space of 10ft. by 5ft. there were 700 and 85 respectively (Vol. I., 29). Considering the much greater bulk of the Sarsen stones, this has been recognised as almost conclusive evidence that the Sarsens were chipped, at. least roughly to shape, elsewhere; while the blue stones arrived at Stone- henge untrimmed. The stone chips are comparatively scarce in the area furthest from the entrance (Vol. VI., 14). By Lt.-Col. R. H. Cunnington. d47 Surface Soil of the Interior. Trenches were cut over most of the southern area (Vol. V., 26; Vol VI., land 14). The surface soil near the causeway was very shallow, but gradually deepened inwards; and on the line of entrance there seems to have been a definite layer of flint 9in. below the surface and with 5in. to Qin. of chalk rubble below it, which extended inwards as far as stones 29, 30, and 32 (Vol. VI, 13; and Vol. V., 26, 27). In the enclosure of the lintel circle the soil averages from 15in. to 19in. thick above the solid chalk (Vol. VIII., 168—170), and quite close to the lintel stones the depth might be even more. From trial holes (not made by Col. Hawley) at three places round the outside of the enclosure the depth of soil was found to average about ‘in., as it usually is on the Plain, so that it is likely that some 8in. to 12in. of soil has accumulated at Stonehenge. This may be all due to the refuse left there since the monument was erected ; or some of it may, as has been suggested, be the debris of ramps used for the erection of the stones and not all put back on the rampart, together with material from the excavated stone holes.! Some allowance should be made for it in the recorded depth of the holes. No explanation is given for the flint layer. One that seems possible is that the surface was sO worn during construction that the turf perished ; and the 5in. to Qin. of chalk rubble represents the disintegrated surface of the original chalk together with the remains of the turf, excavated material, and ramps, which may have been repaired with flints ; while the upper Qin. represents the growth of turf and imported refuse since. Flints, however, if left at any time on the surface of the turf would sink to that level by the action of worms.” It is not stated if there was any difference in the “ flnds” above and below the flint layer. The Date of the Monument. There seems to be not only no evidence of different dates for the principal features—the ditch, avenue, Zand Y holes, Aubrey holes, or stones—but definite evidence that they are all roughly contemporary. ‘lhis, however, does not mean that they were all put in hand at the same moment. The evidence from the ditch points to a period later than Beaker ; the evidence of the Aubrey holes to a period later than Beaker and probably not very long before the Roman invasion ; and the evidence from Z 4 hole _ puts this period in the Early Iron Age, which should therefore be con- sidered, provisionally, as the date for the whole monument. | : ) | | 1 Material from the holes of the stones now standing would raise the level of the area within the Z holes by nearly 2in. if spread evenly. 2 Darwin has shown that stones will be lowered by the action of worms | through vegetable mould ; but not, one would suppose, through stony ground or anything like frail rubble ; and it is questionable how far light _ articles such as pottery fragments would be affected. here may indeed be more stratification of the pottery in the “ top layer” than has been sus- | pected, which has been overlooked owing to the presence of Romano-British pottery so low down in it. 48 STONEHENGE, THE RECENT EXCAVATIONS. By R. 8S. NEWALL, F-.8.A. [Reprinted by permission from Antiquity, March, 1929, Vol. IIL, pp. 75— 88, with folding coloured plan. |] John Webb, in his preface to Inigo Jones’s posthumously published Séone- henge, in 1655 says :— This discourse of Stonehenge is moulded off and cast into a rude form, from some few indigested notes after the late judicious Architect, the Vitruvius of his Age, Inigo Jones.” Upon these notes, Webb undoubtedly dined not wisely but too well and I trust I shall not be accused of doing the same with Colonel Hawley’s many and well digested notes. J have one advantage over Webb in that I have seen Stonehenge, and I very much doubt whether he had. In describing the stones, I shall begin at the centre and work outwards, taking as centre the point where a line drawn from stone 91 just inside the bank to stone 93, and a line from hole 92 in the middle of the supposed barrow to hole 94 in a similar barrow in the N.W. quadrant, cut each other and the axis of Stonehenge. It is from this point as centre that all the black circles on the plan are drawn. ‘The axis is a line through the centre, © which divides the stones and earthworks into two equal parts. The stones already mentioned are as follows. No. 91 is a rough, some- what pointed stone, now leaning outwards. No. 93 is much smaller and is dressed on all four sides. Both of them lie 140ft. from the centre. Hole 92 was dug into by Hoare ; he found nothing there, but mentions finding a cremation burial in hole 94. It is, however, more probable that he dug out “ Aubrey ” hole 46, as will be shown later. These four points could not have been exactly fixed after Stonehenge was standing, but their intimate connexion with the plan of the monument sug- gests that they were fixed just before its erection. ‘The only other stone circle that has outlying stones, other than an avenue, is Turusachan, Caller- nish, but there the stones are in a different position as regards the avenue and the north. The centre of the circle having been defined, the next stone to be con- sidered is No. 80 (red, stippled), which is 16ft. long by 8ft. 4in. wide and lft. 9in. thick, and is at present pressed into the ground by the weight of stones 55 and 156, which have fallen on the top of it. This is the only piece of micaceous sandstone at Stonehenge and fragments of it are rare, Its original position is uncertain, but it is more than probable that it does not ~ now stand init. The northern end is more or less pointed, the southern — has been dressed flat. In nearly every case where the base of a stone is ex- posed, it is found to be naturally pointed and left undressed. A pointed base would be helpful in raising a stone to the perpendicular, for it could be inclined one way or another more easily than if the base were flat. ‘To flatten a pointed base would also reduce the height of the stone, and thein- tention of the builders seems to have been to get the greatest possible height (SELES OCS OS 00 S005 00 S00 SOC SOS OCT 00 IOUS III OTTO IOUT OOO OGG i i 8 STONEHENGE ; | 4 tol 5 i 0) This Plan is based upon the Survey made ; fal by H.M. Office of Works published by | | The Society of Antiquaries of London \0 | {eo} i fe Hh) | (0 4 Ih | iy 10) 0 e VJ (0) }0) p | 0 Sse IO OC 20 C Micaceous Sandstone Sarsen, Standing Fallen Absent Hole for Spotted! Dolerite, Standing Fallen | | | | Absent Volcanic Ash stump below turf 00C___000C—_ 0007 4000C—D000C JOOS Hole for Blue Stone O Rhyolite, Standing O Hole and Incline combined f @ Grave between two post holes || ©) -Z and ¥ Holes O O O O O Q © Post holes, period uncertain © Post holes, Aubrey Circle period is RI I 460 __(70__—*/80 ———o00C000C 0 % se aan yrrhsi Maaidornbis nie spiedehaene igdasantyoe apse ese IO) iRenreeees PauesMei? TH et PD Eb ee eee ty nos ie ‘hues ai nel, “ai miro W to. ocandl * “—s ae AH i ; hl ; j i j i f i] i | Stonehenge. The Recent Lacavations. 349 out of the material. If, however, stone 80 did stand upright in a position on the axis, it must have fallen in such a way that the middle of it lies directly over its hole; and if, on the other hand, it stood in a hole some- where near the present position of the base, that is, off the axis, one would expect to find its pair, Outside stone 80 lies the horse-shoe of blue stones (blue), Nos. 61 to 72, some of which stand on the arc of a circle with a radius of 19ft. They are all of spotted dolerite, and increase in height from No. 61, which is now 5dft. Gin. but must have been a little more originally, to over 8ft. where they stand near the axis. Stone 67, which stands on the axis, would seem to render useless any viewpoint behind it. All these stones are very carefully dressed and taper gradually from the ground to the flat top. No. 68 differs from the others in having a shallow vertical groove on its northern side, but this is due to the stone having been dressed by cutting a groove and then pounding down the ridges, as is shown on the outside face of No. 59. It has been suggested that this horse-shoe was originally an oval, but there do not seem to be enough holes on the northeast side. The five big trilithons, Nos. 51—60 (pink), are the most impressive stones here, but, though large, they are not nearly so large as some stones moved by prehistoric men. The broken menhir at the end of the long barrow, called Er-Grah, at Locmariaquer, in Brittany, has a total length of 67ft., whereas the largest stone at Stonehenge, No. 56, is only 29ft. 8in., of which 8ft. are below ground. ‘The trilithons increase in height towards the centre : 51 and 52 are l6ft. 6in., 53 and 54 are 17ft. 9in., and 55 and 56 are 22ft. ‘The last mentioned stones were probably the first to be erected. When No. 56 was raised upright from a leaning position in 1901, it was discovered that it had been run down an incline cut in the chalk tothe bottom of its hole from the inside of the circle, thus proving that the blue stones were erected afterwards, for they stand over this incline and it would be impossible to erect the big sarsens once they were standing there. Another point of interest in connection with these two stones is that although No. 56 has 8ft. below ground, its fellow (55) can only have had about 4ft. covered. The greatest height was wanted here, and in order to get that height out of No. 55, which is nearly 4ft. shorter than No. 56, the part below ground level was not dressed but was left nearly twice as thick as the upper portion, in order to give ita broad, firm base. The lintels of these trilithons are very carefully cut to a curve on both the inner and the outer sides, and they are about 6in. wider on their upper surface than on their lower, so that they should not give a tapering effect when seen from below. ‘Their average measurements are 16ft. long, 44ft. to 4ft. wide, and 34ft. thick. ‘The very even height at the top of each pair of uprights is noticeable. It would be impossible to place pairs of stones so exactly, however carefully their length and the depth of the holes were measured, because the crushing effect of their weight on the chalk would be an unknown factor. In practice, however, this difficulty could easily be met by erecting the stones and letting them settle in their holes and then seeing how much had to be cut off the top and how much had to be left for 350 Stonehenge. The Recent Laecavations. the tenons which fit into the mortise holes at each end of the lintel. 'This use of mortise and tenon for jointing stone seems to be unique, being a method usually only used for jointing wood. It can have had little holding power here, for in the cases where it can be examined an situ, as for instance on stone 52, there is a space between the joints large enough for a jack- daw’s nest. Outside the big trilithons is the circle of blue stones, 31 to 49 and 150, with a radius of 39 feet. ‘he stones vary in height, shape, and material ; besides 16 spotted dolerites there are four: rhyolites and four volcanic ash stumps broken off below ground level. Although this is the least accurately placed of the circles, it must have been pegged out on the ground when the rest of the structure was planned, for no circle could be drawn once the five trilithons were standing. ‘lhe inaccuracy can partly be accounted for by the fact that the stones were erected after all the sarsens were in position. That this was the order of erection is proved by the fact that no chips of the blue stones have been found in any of the holes of the sarsens which have been excavated. It is the blue stones which give us some little evidence as to when Stone- henge was built. Dr. Thomas has shown (Anteguartes Journal, IIL, 239) ‘that these stones came originally from the Prescelly Hills in Pembrokeshire. It is almost inconceivable that rough undressed stones should have been brought a distance of 145 miles in a straight line overland, or round the coast by water and up the Salisbury Avon, when plenty of stone of other kinds could be obtained quite close at hand. ‘The problem is partly solved by stone 150. This now lies pointing inwards, but if it were set upright on its present N.E. end it would fit exactly into the circle of blue stones, and there can be little doubt that this was its original position. It is the only one of the blue stones known to have mortise holes in it, and when it stood upright. it was so placed that these holes were on the outside. Nowa universal feature of Stonehenge is that the best face of a stone is always on the inside. . Therefore it may be safely said that some form of megalithic monument composed of Prescelly blue stones and having at least one trilithon was brought from some place unknown and incorporated into Stonehenge after the sarsens had been erected, and that stone 150, originally part of a trilithon, was then used as one of the uprights of the circle of blue stones. ‘The stones of this circle are a rather uneven lot. Nos. 49 and 31, on either side of the axis, are intentionally a little nearer in than the others. Nos. 46 and 48 are rhyolites and have 38 and 40, the only other rhyolites, almost diametrically opposite them, which is curious. In fact most of the stones in this circle have a stone diametrically opposite them, which shows that the circle is more complete than one would imagine from looking at it, for it is not likely that in every case pairs of diametrically opposed stones would have been destroyed. Another interesting point is that at present there is no evidence of any of the stones in this circle having stood at the four cardinal points of the compass. Blue stone fragments have been found in other parts of Wiltshire, the | two best instances being at Boles Barrow (a long barrow at Heytesbury), | | by R. S. Newall, FSA. JL and in a round barrow near Stonehenge. William Cunnington, writing to H. P. Wyndham in 1801 (W.A.J/,, xlii., 432), after describing the big sar- sen stones weighing from 28 to 200 lbs. each and forming a ridge down the middle of Boles Barrow, adds a note: “Since writing the above I discover among them the Blue hard Stone also, ye same to some of the upright Stones in ye inner circle at Stonehenge.” ‘This definitely proves the pres- -ence of blue stones in Neolithic times in Wiltshire, but not necessarily at Stonehenge. It is more likely that the blue stone in Boles Barrow is con- mected with the megalithic monument of which stone 150 in Stonehenge ‘was originally a part. ‘The second instance occurs in Hoare’s Ancient Wilts, 1,, 127, though the admissibility of this as evidence of blue stones occurring in a round barrow has been disputed. ‘The barrow in question was 76ft. in diameter and 3ft. high. Hoare suggests that it had been opened earlier by Stukeley, and goes on to say: “ We observed a heap of white soil which having removed we came to the primary interment of burned bones within .a fine circular cist and found a spearhead of brass (bronze dagger) in fine preservation and a pin of the same metal (bronze awl). It is somewhat Singular that these burned bones, a more than usual quantity, should have deen unmolested in a barrow where there were a hundred rabbit holes. On removing the earth from over the cist, we found a large piece of one of the dolue stones of Stonehenge. In opening a fine bell-shaped barrow N.E. of Stonehenge, we also fonnd one or two pieces of the chippings of these stones” Itis evident that Hoare thought that blue chips were contemporary with the primary interment, and that Stonehenge must, therefore, have ‘been built before this barrow. The last circle of stones is composed of thirty dressed sarsens, Nos. 1 to 30 (pink), with a continuous ring of sarsen lintels, a unique feature in stone circles. Each upright sarsen has at the top two tenons to fit into the mor- tise holes at the end of each Jintel where they meet each other on the top of the upright. The levelling of the tops of sarsen uprights was mentioned in ‘connection with the five trilithons, and there is further evidence for it here. A very large number of hammerstone chips, mostly flint, were found just below ground level around the inside faces of stones 29, 30, 1,and 2. These ‘splinters and chips were evidently knocked off the hammerstones in re- ducing the height of the sarsens and cutting the tenons. They were found -on the inside because the lintels must of necessity have been put up from ‘the outside of the circle, probably by rolling them up an inclined plane of -earth and wood, and when this was removed the hammesrtone chips which had fallen on the outside would have been removed also. The lintels are further secured by their ends being toggle—or fishtail—jointed to each other. They are cut out on the are of a circle to fit the circle of radius of 49ft. on which the uprights stand. One of the lintels, that resting on stones 1 and 30, was thicker than the others and in order to make it level at the ‘top with the others the seating at each end was reduced by a few inches. The uprights of this circle have been proved by excavation to have been erected from the outside by sliding them down an inclined plane to the bot- stom of the hole and then pulling or levering them upright. Once they were 352 Stonehenge. The Recent Hxcavations. upright there seems to have been feverish haste to keep them so by throw- ing packing blocks into the space between the stone and the chalk walls of the hole. In some cases, large sarsen mauls were used for this purpose, also rough sarsen blocks, pieces of Chilmark limestone, and, more rarely, blocks of green sandstone. ‘The Jast two are interesting as showing that stone was obtainable nearer than the sarsens. Chilmark or Teffont, the nearest sources of supply for this material, are only eight miles away, whereas the Marlborough Downs, the presumed source of supply of the sarsens, are about eighteen miles from Stonehenge. The Z and Y circles of holes (green) must now be considered, and may be taken together. These holes are oblong in shape with sides and ends sloping outwards; taking Z3 as a fair example they measure 33in. deep, 7Vin. long, and 56in. wide at the top, and 42in. long and 28in. wideat the bottom. ‘The filling is of a redder shade than the earth in any of the other holes here. A glance at the plan will show that these circles differ from all the others in their irregularity, and this shows that they were not pegged or marked from the common centre, which would be an impossibility once the stones were — standing. They are moderately exact in their radial position, the radius being 64ft. for Zl and 90ft. for Y1, but there is a tendency to pairing on the south-west, and there seems to bea break in the continuity at Y8. Evidence of their lateness is given by the fact that they are the only holes which con- tain fragments of the blue stone on the bottom; there is no Z8, stone 8 having evidently fallen. before they were dug. Another proof that they were dug after the erection of the sarsen circle is afforded by the fact that the filled-up incline to stone 7 was cut into by hole Z7. Apparently the only case in which anything had been intentionally buried in one of these holes was in Y30, where five red-deer antlers were found carefully laid on the bottom. ‘Though no date or period can be deduced from these, it may be noted that they were rather less robust than those found in the bottom of the ditch. Fragments of pottery of every kind from the beaker onwards — were found in these holes, but in no stratified layers, and it can be safely said that they had fallen in with the earth, seeing that there was similar pottery all round the areain which they were dug. It is only in an instance like Y11!, where 104 pieces of Early Iron Age pottery were found on an ashy layer or hearth at 15in. below the ground level, or Z4 where 52 pieces of a bead-rim pot were found at 20in. down, that any suggestion can be made as to date; and one is inclined to think that if Druids ever had any connexion with Stonehenge it was here that they may have put up some addition, to augment or bolster up their hocus-pocus at a monument, whose use, in their time, would long have been forgotten. The ‘‘ Aubrey ” holes, bank and ditch (orange) may be taken together. It is unfortunate that the crest of the bank is not shown on the plan, but it will be found to be just outside the ditch of the “ barrow ” 92, or 16ift from the ** Aubrey ” holes centre. The bank was, of course, discontinued at the main causeway entrance and was probably not its full height at either of the two other causeways, to the north and south; here what bank there was would soon have been worn away by modern cart-tracks. It is also By kh. S. Newall, FSA. 353 unfortunate that hardly any excavations were made in the bank. ‘Two were begun, and soft ground was found outside ‘‘ Aubrey” holes 2 and 7, but owing to the lateness of the season there was not time to finish them. The extreme irregularity of the ditch is a striking feature. It appears to have been made by digging round holes (as outside ‘‘ Aubrey ” holes 24, 25, 26,) and afterwards cutting away the divisions between them. A large number (about eighty) of deer antlers, mostly picks, were found lying on or near the bottom, as though left there at the end of a day’s work, and there is reason to believe that this ditch was never finished and was left open. In fact, there must always have been enough loose chalk rubble lying in it to hidethe picks, or one would suppose that they would have been taken away and used for some other purpose. ‘There was no evidence of occupation at the bottom, only four very small pieces of pottery being found there. Flint flakes were numerous, many made no doubt in cutting through natural layers of flint ain the chalk, or in whittling a flintin anidle moment. ‘lwo small Cissbury- type celts were found, but implements were extremely rare, unless the chipped lumps or rough cores can be called implements. ‘The whole ditch resembled a quarry whence chalk blocks were obtained for building the bank. Rather more than two thirds of the ditch was filled with the chalk rubble containing the objects mentioned above, and part no doubt had been frosted in from the sides and from the bank. ‘The blue stone chips were rarely found more than a few inches down in this rubble. On top of this was found pottery of all dates from the beaker to the present day, a large sargsen maul like those used for dressing stone, a barbed and tanged flint arrowhead lying next one of iron, and blue stone axes; in fact a similar collection to that found amongst the stones. To return to the “ Aubrey holes ;—they are so cailed because John Aubrey, F.R.S., in his plan of 1666! (which seems mainly based on Inigo Jone’s plan) shows holes in this position. It is curious that some of the holes were visible as small depressions at that date whereas there is no surface evidence of them to-day. It may have been a dry summer when he saw them, or the turf may have been eaten off by sheep. ‘Ihe holes are circular, their inner edges being more sloping than the outer, and they vary in size from a depth of 24in. and a diameter of 30in. to a depth of 4lin. and a diameter of 45in. If, as seems probable, they are spaced out evenly on the circle, there should be 56 of them, of which 32 have been excavated, If a diameter (orange) is drawn through the space between Nos. 55 and 56 and through that between Nos. 27 and 28, and produced north-eastwards, it will be found to correspond with the middle of the main causeway entrance of Stonehenge more closely than the axis does. Also, if a circle is drawn (orange) with its centre on this diameter, 33ft. south-west from the centre of Stonehenge, with a radius of 144ft, it will be found to fit the “ Aubrey” holes better than the circle (black) from the Stonehenge centre, the greatest difference being 5ft. 'Tn his Monumenta Britannica (manuscript, unpublished, in the Bodleian Library, Oxford), won, XLIV.—NO. CL. 2A oo4 Stonehenge. The Recent Excavations. The ditch of the “ barrow ” 92 is not only cut in the bank of Stonehenge but cuts through “* Aubrey hole 19, and the “ barrow ” itself covers holes 17 and 18, showing that it is later than the “‘ Aubrey ” holes and the bank. Its intimate connection with the stones has already been shown. The exactness of the coincidence of the ‘‘ Aubrey ” holes with the orange circle would be impossible unless the circle had been described from the ‘“¢ Aubrey ” centre by the peg-and-string method before the stones were stand- ing. If any reliance can be placed in the plotting of those holes not yet exca- vated, stone 93 would stand almost in ‘* Aubrey ” hole 39, and will require the most careful sectional excavation at a future date. Inthesame way “ bar- row ” 94 should be found to cover three or more “ Aubrey ” holes. It will be remembered that Hoare digging here early in the 19th century, says that he found a cremation burial in the middle of this ‘ barrow,” but it is more than likely that he dug into “ Aubrey ” hole 46. As to the contents and use of the ‘ Aubrey’ holes, twenty-three out of the thirty-two excavated contained a cremation or part of a cremation. In very few instances was the cremation in a compact mass, but in nearly every case it seems to have been placed on the side of the hole near the top and to have dribbled down to the bottom; in no case did blue stone or garsen chips go down to the bottom, though sometimes they are deep in the hole. ‘These points, together with the lower filling of the ditch and the position of the ‘ Aubrey’ holes, are very strong evidence for assuming that the holes, the ditch and, necessarily, the bank are earlier than Stonehenge. In order to determine the purpose of the holes, let us take a typical example, No. 9. The depth of this hole is 4lin. Down toa level of 28in. below the turf there were found 32 sarsen chips, 56 quartzite chips from hammerstones, and 51 bluestone chips. Signs of cremation were met at 10in. below the turf, and wood-ash was encountered at 24in. down on the inner side, continuing in a downward slope to the opposite side and the bottom. The cremation was diffused among the wood-ash. This was a large hole with more or less vertical sides; it was filled with earthy chalk rubble, there was white chalk rubble on the inner side under the wood-ash,. and a certain amount, as is usual, on the opposite side. A peculiarity was the depth to which the brown earth had penetrated and the finding of stone chips of all sorts at a greater depth than usual. If these holes had been dug as cists for cremation burials, the burnt bones would not have been in this scattered state ; if they had contained stones one might reasonably expect a few packing blocks ; also, it might be easy to get a stone intoa hole 4lin. deep and 45in. across, but to get it out would entail the clearing of all the material between it and the side of the hole, and perhaps cutting down one side of the hole, which would scatter the cremation still more, supposing that it had been placed at the side of the | hole against the stone. If, however, a wooden post stood there, its gradual | decay would cause the cremation to dribble down, and stones and earth at. | the top would fall in and generally reproduce the description of the hole | given above. | | The causeway must of necessity be as old as the ditch, and undoubtedly | By RB. S. Newall, FS.A. 300 the post-holes (orange) on it formed a barrier to block the entrance. It has been shown that the causeway corresponds better with the ‘ Aubrey’ circie diameter than with the axis of Stonehenge, but the Axis is central to the avenue ditches (pink) and the avenue banks, so that the avenue appears to belong to Stonehenge and not to the ‘ Aubrey ’ circle. Two stones remain to be described. No. 95 is a well worked stone, 2!ft. 6in. long, 6ft. 9in. wide, and 2ft. 9in. thick. ‘he top end, which lies towards the south-west, is dressed flat. The other end, which lies towards the north-east, is about 154ft. from the centre, and to the north of it is a hole, - 10ft. in diameter and 64ft. deep, in the bottom of which was found a large flake of sarsen. On the north side of this hole there was the impression of a stone on the rammed chalk which must have filled the hole between the edge and the stone. There is no doubt that this hole once held an upright stone, and considering the symmetrical arrangement of the stones already described, it may be fairly assumed that No. 95 formerly stood upright on its north-east end, thus making a pair. No hole was found for it, but there was a cutting in the chalk about 4ft. deep all round the stone: if this represented the depth of its original hole, it would leave 17ft. 6in. of it above ground, in which case the total height of its fellow would have been 24ft. This would be a similar case to that of stones 55 and 56, where the necessary height was obtained at the expense of the foundations of the _ shorter stone. The last stone, 96 (about 256ft. from the centre), is a rough naturally pointed stone and bears little or no trace of dressing. A ditch, so far as it has been excavated, seems to surround it. A fellow stone on the other side of the axis is to be expected, although the ditch rather negatives the idea of there being two stones, unless it took the form of a figure 8. Another reason for there having been two stones will be given. The Stonehenge end of the avenue has been mentioned ; it contains various holes for which it is impossible to suggest a use. The discovery of its con- tinuation beyond the Old and New King Barrows is one of the wonders of air-photography of which the Editor of Anteguzty should be justly proud.! As to the origin and purpose of Stonehenge, it has been shown that it is of two periods. ‘he earlier, the “ Aubrey” circle, can be compared with Avebury, the Ring of Brogar, Stennis or other circles where there is, or was, something in the middle, though in the present instance all trace of the central object has been obliterated by the erection of the big stones. If acollection of drawings of stone circles be made, it will be found that stones on a circle, called peristaliths, can vary in height from 18ft. to a few inches, and as much in diameter. If Avebury be taken as one extreme, a barrow on Dunstable Downs, in which a circle of fossil urchins was found, | can be taken as the other, and a sequence between these two can be found of every height and diameter. It is therefore rather difficult to differentiate between a stone circle and a cairn circle. In the last two instances given | 1 For this, see Antiquity, i, 342, and the Antiquaries’ Journal, iv., 57, and Air Survey and Archeology, 2nd edition, 1928 (Ordnance Survey Office). 1, IN BD eoreera pe a aoe —_— A ofloadbecBoodonae (E> x aa) Jafrmdstoneoter A< =I ' = mH a my) on mo oo i+ a B=°8 B eeB i - WW) = a) cS i RE Ke ee ee ee Gey ey ee eG es UJ Gt ee 1 ee oe ox pee Ge = ao ft eee g Bee igi son ees <9 \Sof 09 off By RB. 8. Newall, BSA. 357 above the circle of stones surrounded something, in the first case two smaller circles, and in the other a burial of a woman and a child. Circles are not always necessarily made of upright stones only ; in some the stones stand planted on an earthen circle, or the stones may be entirely absent as in the Giant’s Ring at Drumho, Co. Down, which has a surrounding earth bank some 15ft. high enclosing ten acres with a dolmen at the centre, or the earth circle at Naas, Co. Kildare, which is 21 ft. 6in. in diameter, having one upright stone at the centre with an early bronze Age cist-burial at the foot. In almost every case, however, where a stone circle has been properly excavated, its use has been found to be sepulchral and nothing else. The “ Aubrey ” circle can be classed with these circles and, judging by the objects found in the upper part of the ditch, its period would be Early Bronze Age at the latest, and more probably Neolithic. As to the stone part of Stonehenge, which belongs to a later period, comparisons must be made with another class of sepulchral monuments. The following instances are given in what might be called their construc- tional order, but their chronological sequence is not yet definitely known. They are not drawn to any one scale. West Kennett Jong Barrow (fig. 1) had a peristalith, a passage entrance and a roughly rectangular chamber. (Arch&ologia, xlii., plate 14). Weyland’s Smithy (fig. 2) was similar, but had two transepts at either side of the inner end of the passage, and two stones, one on each side of the passage towards the entrance but at right angles. (Antequaries Journal, 1., 193, fig. 3). Hetty Pegler’s Tump, the Uley loug barrow (fig. 3), had four transepts and two stones at right angles to the passage. (Arch&ologia xlii., plate 14). Camster Cairn, Caithness (fig. 4) is usually described as tricamerated or tripartite, but in comparing it with the other examples it will be seen that the end chamber has become more enclosed and the four side chambers. more open, and it may still be said to have five chambers. ‘The passage entrance is longer in proportion to the whole and has four pairs of stones at right angles to it. (Procs. Soc. Ant. Scot., vi., plate 27). Ormiegill Wick (fig. 5) is like the last. It is in a short horned cairn, but the chamber is surrounded by a circular wall of stones inside the cairn, which may be said to take the place of an inner peristalith. .(Procs. Soc, Ant. Scot., vil., plate 62). Stoney Littleton (fig. 6) has six transepts and two pairs of stones at right angles to the passage. (Archeologia, xlil., plate 14). How can these be compared with Stonehenge (fig. 7)? Both long and round barrows have instances of either peristaliths or dry walls surrounding their bases; this corresponds to the sarsen circle. The passage entrance has become stones 30 and 1, 95, 96 and their fellows. In fig. 5, the dotted circle shown (which is deep in the cairn, and probably occurred in many other instances, only it is not usually looked for after the burial chamber has been rifled), corresponds to the blue stone circle. The transepts, now reduced to three stones each, are the five trilithons. ‘The best example of a trilithon entrance to a transept is in la Hougue Bie, Jersey, which has two transepts and an end chamber. In none of the above instances are there examples of dolmen idols or pillars standing free in the 308 Stonehenge. The Recent Hacavations. central chamber. Bryn Celli Ddu in Anglesey has one and J.a Hougue Bie had three, though in this case they were only 18in. high. It may be that they are symbolic effigies of the dead, and it is possible that the horseshoe of blue stones represented these. This comparison with chambered cairns may be thought rather exaggerated, since the one thing common to all these cairns is a roof; but at Stonehenge the roof is there now, symbolically represented by the lintels of the five trilithons and, to a lesser extent, by the lintels of the sarsen circle. The cairns and long barrows seem not to have been made for single interments but for repeated burials, the partly charred remains of domestic animals which have been found in them being offerings to the dead. If therefore it be granted that Stonehenge represents a development. of the chambered cairn, it may be supposed that by the time it was built ancestor- worship had taken a more prominent part in religion than mere offerings and worship at the actual grave, and that this development demanded a building which, whilst retaining its sepulchral character, should be greatly increased in size. It may be objected that the jump from a chambered cairn a few feet high to Stonehenge, which is over 20ft. in height, is too great, but intermediate forms may possibly be provided by wooden structures, the archeology of: which is as yet only in its infancy. A wooden‘structure has been found in a long barrow in Wor Barrow, and Bleasdale seems to be a wooden circle (Trans. Lancs. & Cheshire Ant. Soc., xviii). Woodhenge, which has not yet been published, is undoubtedly similar to Stonehenge and may have had eight trizulons, if such a word can be allowed. Nothing has been said as yet about orientation. That Stonehenge was orientated towards the sunrise at the summer solstice is a fact. That any data can be deduced from that fact is doubtful, and for any further evidence to be got from it, one must wait until the orientation of chambered cairns, either Jong or round, is firmly established and explained. ‘The intentional orientation of Stonehenge is confirmed by the fact that the axis does not coincide with the middle of the causeway. Had orientation been of no importance, one would suppose that the stone circle would have been so built that its axis would correspond to the middle of the existing causeway of the older ‘ Aubrey ’ circle. As to when Stonehenge was built, it must be frankly admitted that any definite date is at present beyond our knowledge. Even a period in the Bronze Age is suggested with diffidence and must be received with caution. The “ Aubrey” circle cannot be later than the earliest period of the Bronze Age, and may belong to the end of the Neolithic Age. That Stonehenge was built after the “ Aubrey ” circle is certain, and it appears to be closely associated with several barrows of the Middle Bronze Age. If it is true that chips of the blue stone were found in two of these barrows, then Stonehenge must be earlier than them, We are thus left with the end of the Early Bronze Age or the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age, to which a comparative date of about 1500 B.C. may be given. Of the many post-holes (black) shown on the plan and not yet mentioned, Due Se NGiall,, TS VA: 3909 nothing definite can be said. In two cases a shallow grave had been cut between two post-holes; no objects were found in them, and the remains have been classed as Early Iron Age or later. ‘The holes (dotted blue) at the inner ends of the inclines to the outer blue stones on the north-east, may be connected with the “ Aubrey ” circle. [The Society is indebted to the Editor and Publishers of Antiquity for the loan of the block on p. 356. | 360 HERALDRY OF THE CHURCHES OF WILTSHIRE. By the Rev. R. Sr. Jonn B. Batterssy. [*= Names untraceable. ] STEEPLE ASHTON. (St. Mary the Virgin). CHANCEL. I.— Beneath the Altar. Ledger Stone. Argent, an eagle double-headed displayed gules. Samuel Martyn, of East town, 1687—1714. IIl.—South wall of Sanctuary. Mural Monument. Sable, a lion ram- pant between eight crosses crosslet argent (LONG); impaling quarterly, 1st sable, a fess engrailed, between three pole axes argent, helved gules(WREY). 2nd argent, a cross engrailed gules, between four water bougets sable (BOURCHIER). 3rd quarterly, 1st and 4th azure, three fleurs de lis or, 2nd and 3rd gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or (PLANTAGENET). 4th azure, on a bend argent, cottised or, between six lions rampant of the third, three escallops gules (de BOHUN). Crest. Out of a ducal coronet or, a demi-lion rampant argent. Richard Godolphin Long, 1835. Florentina (wife) daughter of Sir Bourchier Wrey, 1835. III.—Floor between Choirstalls. Ledger Stone. Vairé argent and gules on a canton or, a stag’s head cabossed sable (BEACH); impaling argent, a fleur de lis within a bordure azure (SIDSERF). Crest. Out of a ducal coronet or, a demi lion rampant proper. Robert Beach, 1672. SoutH WaLL OF NAVE. 1V.—Last Hnd. A Brass Tablet. Crest. A demi lion rampant couped gules. Motto, “PER DAMNA PER CAEDES.” Harriet Maria, wife of Eustace Fulcrand Bosanquet, 1901. V.—South Wall. Stained Glass. Badges. White rose(YORK). The sun in splendour and a white boar (RICHARD IIL). VI.— West End of S. Wall. Mural Tablet. Argent, a lion rampant gules. An escutcheon of pretence argent, two bars sable (MARTIN). Henry Long. Richard Long. John Martin, of Hinton, 1672. VIL.— South Approach of Baptistery. Mural tablet. LONG(II); impal- ing per fess embattled, sable and argent, six crosses pattée counterchanged (WARNEFORD). John Long, of Monkton Farleigh, 1833. | Heraldry of the Churches of Wiltshire. 361 VIII —Mural Tablet LONG (IL). William Long, 1783. IX.—War Memorial Tablet. Gules, ona chevron between three leopard’s heads cabossed, or, as many crescents of the first. Crest. A lion’s head cabossed or, between two wings displayed gules. John Eugene Impey 1916. BAPTISTERY, (Beach Chapel). X.—WNorth Wall. Mural Tablet. Per fesse dancetté, azure and or, a | fesse dancetté between three escallops, all counter changed ; impaling BEACH (III.). The Rev. William Wainhouse. Anne Beach. — XI.—Maural Tablet. Quarterly, lst and 4th vairée, argent and gules, ona canton azure, a pile or (BEACH). 2nd and 3rd vairée azure and or, a pale ermine, on a chief argent, two chaplets of the first (TURNER); an escutcheon of pretence quarterly, Ist and 4th azure, acastle argent, between two lions rampant combattant or(HYNES). 2nd and 3rd, or, a lion rampant regardant gules, on a canton sable, a lion’s head argent. (GUTHRIE). Crest. A demi-lion rampant argent, gorged with a coronet or. Helen Beach, 1771. Thomas Beach, 1774. XIIl.—H#ast Wall of Baptistery. Mural Tablet. Quarterly, lst and 4th gules, on a chevron, between three cinqfoils argent, as many leopard’s faces sable(SMITH). 2nd and 3rd, paly of three per fesse embattled, gules and argent counter changed, three demi-lions rampant issuant of the second, crowned or (BENNETT); impaling, or, between two bendlets gules, an escallop in dexter chief point sable (TRACY). John Smith. Anne (née Tracy), his wife, 1745—1765. XIII.—South Wall of Baptistery. Mural Tablet. Argent, on a bend sable, three roses of the field (CARY); impaling SMITH (XIL). Ann Cary (née Smith), 1772. XIV.—¥Floor of Baptistery. ‘Three Ledger Stones. 1.—(Left). Arms and crest. BEACH (III.). Grace Beach, 1732. ii.—(Middle). Beach (III.); impaling per fesse dancetté argent and gules, three annulets counterchanged (AMERVILL). Elizabeth Beach, 1734. lli.—(Right). Beach (III.). Thomas Beach. XV.—WNorth Approach to Clothier’s Chapel. Mural Tablet. Gules, a _ fesse wavy between three fleurs de lis or. Crest. A buck’s head, couped at the shoulder or, gorged with a chaplet of roses gules. Motto, “TOUT EN BONHEURE.” (HICKS). John Hicks, 1782. 362 fleraldry of the Churches of Wiltshire. CLOTHIERS CHAPEL. XVI.— North Wall. Mural Tablet. Sable, three cingfoils, between nine crosses crosslet or(D’ARCY). (Burke gives D’Arcy as, azure, semée of crosses crosslet, three cingfoils or). Motto, ‘‘ UN DIEU, UN ROY.” Thomas D’Arcy, 1819. XVII.—East Wall of Chapel. Mural Tablet. BENNETT (XIL); im- paling, per fesse or and argent, a lion rampant azure (YERBURY). Crest. A demi-lion rampant argent, crowned or, supporting a tower proper. Thomas Bennett. Thomas Bennett Smith. XVIII.—South Wall of Chapel. Engraved Picture. LONG (II); im- paling argent, on a saltire engrailed . . . within a bordure si charged with 6 crescents . . . Acrescent in fesse point . . . An anchor in base.* XIX.—Koof. Ona Bossatthe West End. Argent, between two bendlets sinister gules, three torteaux, a point in point engrailed of the second, in dexter chief point, a mullet of four points of the same. CHURCH YARD. XX. North Side. Yombstone. Argent, a lion passant sable, langued gules, armed or, on a chief of second, a ducal coronet of the last (JON KS) ; impaling LONG (II). Jones, 1731—1732. XXI.—HICKS (XV.). John Hicks, 1782. NOTES KINDLY SUPPLIED BY CANON E. P. KNUBLEY. Several of these monuments do not occupy their original position. Some of those in the Beach and Clothier’s Chapels were removed during restorations of 1853 and 1872 from the Lady Chapel and from the pillars of the Nave. One has disappeared without leaving any trace but Canon Jackson’s notes, which are as follows ;— “ On the East end of the North Aisle, there was once a brass of the Styl- man family, the arms, the sameas given below, impaling Philpott—‘“‘a cross between four swords erect.” “Earlstoke Marriage Register :—‘ Mr. John Stileman of Steeple Ashton and Mrs. Christian Philpot were married . Feb, 22 . 1708.” ‘“‘Stylman of Steeple Ashton. Arms, granted 6 May, 1562. Sable, a unicorn passant or, on a chief of the second, three billets of the first.” Crest. A bear’s head erased azure, billettée, muzzled, collared, lined and ringed or, on a collar three hurts.” By the Rev, kh. St. John B. Battersby. 363 There are brasses to two members of the family of Marks, but without the coat of arms: Azurea lion rampant argent, between three fleur de lys or. XI.—Elizabeth Turner, widow of George Turner, of Lingfield, co. Surrey, Bsqesshedied . ... 172. et. 66. Canon Jackson writes :—‘‘ When Col. Beach made up the quarterings on his father’s monument, there was a part for Turner, which became the second and third quarterings of the coat on Thomas Beach’s monument. Of course, he could not prove George Turner entitled to use the Coat granted Turner in 1604, although used on Elizabeth Turner's monumental slab.” XVI..—Canon Jackson records the motto, UN DIEU UN ROY. The scroll of white marble is still in situ but the lettering has perished. The Rev. Edward Wilton, a former curate of Steeple Ashton, 1820—24, has left the following record :—‘‘ On D’Arcy’s gravestone, below, is also William James Sugden, of Bath, d. 1810. D’Arcy married Miss Long, of Kath, daughter of Mrs. Long, whose monument is placed against one of the piers of the middle aisle; not of Rood Ashton family, but using their Arms. He took the name of Sugden after Long, according to the will of a friend, (perhaps this very Wm. James Sugden) and had a grant of arms for both the names, Long and Sugden. See Burkes Dict.” “The ancestor of these Longs was a journeyman tallow chandler at Steeple Ashton, went to Bath in the same capacity, married his master’s widow, and thence descend a respectable Bath family.” Canon Jackson notes that “ in 1787 there were the following Hatchments _ inthe Church :—Bennett ; Hicks, J. I.. but never put up: his representatives _ refusing to pay the fee; Mrs. Robert Smith, of Comb Hay (heiress of Bennett); | her son John Smith, Esq., M.P. for Bath) Arms—Smith impaling Tracey ; | also his wife’s, who died first, same Arms as Arms on monument, also Arms of | Cary, of Hampstead ; Martyn: Mrs. Thompson, wife of Avery Thompson, | Vicar, and daughter of Bartholomew Martyn; Long with Martyn on _ escutcheon of pretence; Iong impaling Lamb. All these hatchments seem to have been removed from the Church even before Canon Jackson’s time. | In addition to those recorded above, the Rev. Edward Wilton, writing from West Lavington, Sept. 11th, 1835, to a Mr. Beach, states that he dis- | covered in the cottage of Robert Mattick, carpenter, of Steeple Ashton, during his residence as curate there, an escutcheon with the arms of Beach | and Timms, which might probably be of some value to the immediate des- cendants, as showing the alliance which first settled the family at West | Ashton, and he offered his services to rescue the escutcheon from oblivion. _ The Coat, he says, was that used by the family prior to the change of name and was to the best of his recollection :—Vairée, argent and gules, ona canton or, a buck’s head cabossed sable. BEACH, impaled with party per ‘chevron wavy, or and azure, three fleurs de lys countercharged. TIMMS. Crest. Issuing from a ducal coronet or, a demi lion rampant argent. ! a an | } 364 Heraldry of the Churches of Wiltshire. WESTBURY. (All Saints). I.—Sanctuary. Ledger Stone almost obliterated. Dates and names names quite obliterated. Ermine, a bend cottised . . . . . . impaling Crest. A demi-eagle displayed . LADY CHAPEL. Il.—ast Window. Quarterly, Ist and 4th sable, a trefoil slipped ermine, between eight mullets six pointed, argent. (PHIPPS). 2nd, gules, a bend fusily ermine. (HELE), 3rd, gules, two bars ermine, in chief a lion passant or. (HILL); impaling azure, a lion rampant argent, in chief three escallops of the same. (CLUTTERBUCK). Crest. A lion’s gamb erect sable, holding a mullet argent (PHIPPS). IIlI.—Quarterly of Six. 1st and 6th PHIPPS (II.). 2nd, argent, a lion rampant sable, between three trefoils slipped vert (MOLLOY). 8rd, azure, a lion rampant guardant or(HORTON). 4th HELE (II), 5th HILL (II). IV.—PHIPPS (II). V.—CLUTTERBUCK (II). Crest. A buck lodged gules, between two laurel sprays proper. VI—CILUTTERBUCK (II); impaling or, on a bend gules, three crosses formée argent.* SoutH Winbow oF SANCTUARY. VII.—Per cross, azure and gules, over all a cross engrailed ermine. Crest. A garb or (OSBORNE). VIII.—PHIPPS (II) ; impaling (OSBORNE VII). Crest. PHIPPS (II). IX.— Quarterly. ist and 4th PHIPPS (IIL), 2nd and 3rd quarterly, Ist and 4th argent, 2 wolf rampant between three trefoils slipped sable.* 2nd HEI (II). 2rd, azure, a lion rampant guardant or (HORTON) ; im- paling (OSBORNE VII). Crest. PHIPPS (IL). X.—PHIPPS with crest (IL.). 1871—1877. FLoor oF Lapy CHAPEL. XI.—Arms and crest of PHIPPS (II). Scattered all over, in tiles. WrouGut IRON SCREEN OF J].ADY CHAPEL. XII.—'Two shields of PHIPPS (II.) and the crest of same, on a shield between. Repeated also on the outer side of the screen. SoutH WALL oF LADY CHAPEL. XIII.-—Hatchment. Quarterly, Ist and 4th PHIPPS (II.), 2nd and 3rd HELE (II), on an escutcheon of pretence quarterly Ist and 4th, argent, a wolf rampant, between three trefoils slipped sable.* 2nd and 3rd CLUTTERBUCK (IL). Crest. PHIPPS (Il). Motto, “ VIRTUTE QUIES.” by the Rev. R. St. John B. Battersby. 365 XIV.—Stone Monument with Five Canopies. This monument contains copper tablets engraven with the PHIPPS pedigree from 1445—1841. Above, in carved stone, the Arms and crest of PHIPPS (II). On the tracery of each canopy are two small shields as follows :— I.—i. PHIPPS (II); an escutcheon of pretence sable, three water bougets argent (LILBOURNE). ii PHIPPS (IL). An escutcheon of pretence HELE (IL). Il.—i. Quarterly. 1st and 4th PHIPPS (II.), 2nd and 3rd HELE (II) ; impaling CLUTTERBUCK (II). : li. The same without the impale, but an escutcheon of pretence quarterly 1st and 4th argent, a wolf rampant, between three trefoils slipped sable.* 2nd and 3rd CLUTTERBUCK (IL). III.—i. Quarterly. Istand 4th PHIPPS(II.)., 2nd and 8rd quarterly, Ist and 4th, argent, a wolf rampant, between three trefoils slipped sable, 2nd, HEI.E (1I.), 3rd azure, a lion rampant guardant or (HORTON); impaling, argent, three talbots heads erased sable, between six crosses crosslet azure. ii. The same but impaling (OSBORNE VII.), a crescent in chief argent for difference. 1V.—i. The same. but impaling, azure, a lion passant or, between three fleur de lys argent. A mullet in chief of the last for difference. ii. The same, but impaling, quarterly, Ist and 4th gules, on a chev- ron, between three mullets or, three lozenges sable,* 2nd and 3rd, per cross sable and or, a cross engrailed argent. A martlet in chief of the last, for difference. An escutcheon of pretence quarterly ; Ist and 4th, sable, a lymphard or.* 2nd and 3rd, argent, a lion rampant gules (JOYE). V.—i. The same, but impaling, quarterly Ist and 4th argent, a lion ram- pant gules, between three roses azure, seeded and leaved of the second.* 2nd and 3rd, Vert, a chevron argent between three bucks courant or. An annulet argent in chief for difference.* ii. The same, but impaling, or, on a bend gules, three crosses formée of the first (these should be argent as in VI.). A fleur de lys argent in chief, for difference. South WINDow oF LADY CHAPEL. XV.—PHIPPS (II) ; impaling or, on a bend gules, three crosses formée argent, Emma Mary Phipps, 1885. NortrH Watt or Lapy CHAPEL. | XVI.—PHIPPS (II); impaling CLUTTERBUCK (11). Crest as PHIPPS | (11). Thomas Hall Phipps, 1790. 366 Heraldry of the Churches of Wiltshire SoutH TRANSEPT. XVIL— East Wall. Stone and Marble Monument with two recumbent figures. Above, an heraldic achievement with supporters as follows :— Quarterly of 12. 1st and 12th, Argent a chevron between three seals heads couped sable (LEY). 2nd. or, a chevron engrailed ermine, between three leopards faces sable.* 3rd, or, a chevron ermine between three roses gules..* 4th, Argent, a chevron between three cornish choughs sable (LAMBERT) 5th, Argent, three pine trees eradicated vert (LEY). 6th, Ermine, a chev- ron paley of six . . . between three leopards’ faces.* 7th, Argent, on a chevron ermine, three chess rooks.* 8th, Argent, two chevronnels gules, a label in chief azure.* 9th, Gules ten Bezants (ZOUCHE). 10th, Or, a lion rampant between eight trefoils slipped, sable. 11th, Argent, a cross ending in fleur de lysor. Crest. A lion sejant or, the dexter fore paw raised (LEY). Supporters, Dexter, A lion argent semée of trefoils slipped vert. Sinister. A lion gules (this should be bezantée). Motto: * VINCENDO VICTUS.” Below : 1.—LEY (as Ist quarter above) 11.—The same, impaling per cross or and azure, on a bend vert, three martlets of the first (PETTEY). iil.— Blank cartouche. iv.—blank cartouche. Jacob Ley, Earl of Marlborough. Mary Ley (daughter of John Pettey). 1678. SouTH WALL OF S. TRANSEPT. XVIII.—Hatchment. Quarterly, Ist and 4th azure, a chevron or, charged with six (Burke gives only three) bars gemel gules between three eagles rising of the second; onachief or, five lozenges of the first (LOPES). 2nd and 3rd, In a landscape field with mountains in the background, a fountain,,. thereout a palm tree all proper (FRANCO). Surmounted by a baronet’s coronet. Crests. Ist, a lion sejant, erminois, gorged with a collar gemelle gules, the dexter paw resting on a lozenge azure. (LOPES); 2nd, a dexter arm embowed and couped, habited purpure, purfled or, cuffed, argent, holding in the hand proper, a palm branch vert (FRANCO), Mottoes, ‘QUOD TIBI ID ALII” (LOPES). “SUB PACE COPIA” (FRANCO) (not on the hatchment). Supporters. On Roman fasces proper, two Pegasi sable, winged and collared gemelle or. XIX.—Hatchment. PHIPPS (IL). On an escutcheon of pretence ermine, a chief quarterly or and gules (PECKHAM). Crested helmet PHIPPS (11.). Motto. Ribbon blank. Sourn Winpow or S. TRANsEPT. XX.—LOPES (XVIII). Cordelia Lady Lopes and Dame Susanah Lopes, 1899. By the Rev, R. St. John B. Battersby. 367 West WALL oF 8. TRANSEPT. XXI.—Hatchment. Lozenge Shaped. Argent, a chevron, between three seals heads couped sable (LEY). An escutcheon of pretence or, three battle axes sable (GIBBS). XXII.—Hatcbment. Argent, a chevron between three bears’ heads couped sable; an escutcheon of pretence argent, three battle axes sable (GIBBS). Crest. A lion rampant sable bezantée. Motto, “IN CAELO QUIKS,” (LUDLOW). XXIII.—Mural Monument. PHIPPS (II); impaling per bend sinister 3 ermine and ermines, a lion rampant or (KDWARDS). William Phipps, 1748 —1756. XXIV.—LUDLOW (XXII.). Crests. 1. LUDLOW (XXII.). ii. GIBBS (broken off). An arm in armour embowed proper, garnished or, holding in the gauntlet, an axe argent. Motto. “NEC TEMERE NEC TIMIDE.” Abraham Ludlow, 1822. Susannah Ludlow (née Gibbs), 1841. SoutH WALL or NAVE. XXV.—Window. Royal arms (modern). XXVI.—Mural Monument. Sable, three mascles two and one or; impaling quarterly, lst and 4th Barry of six or and azure, an inescutcheon ermine, on a chief of the first, three palets between two gyrons of the second (MORTIMER), 2nd and 38rd azure, three bucks trippant argent.* Crest. A horse passant argent (Burke gives or). John Whittaker, 1831. Anna Maria Whittaker, 1848, XXVII.—Mural Monument. Sable, three lozenges argent (WHIT- TAKER). John Whittaker, 1819. XXVIII.—Mural Monument. Azure, a wolf rampant argent, collared and chained or, in chief three crosses crosslet fitchey of the second (Burke gives crosses pattée fitchey), (BUSHE); impaling WHITTAKER (XXVII). Crest. A goat’s head erased argent, attired sable. (Burke gives “ charged on the neck with a crescent.”) George Bushe, 1842—1876. West WALL oF NAVE. XXIX.—Tablet. Azure, three battle axes argent, within a bordure ermine (GIBBS); an escutcheon of pretence sable, a lion rampant between three ladders, two and one bendwise, argent (JEFFREY). Mary Gibbs, 1837. John Gibbs, 1847. Lucy Gibbs, 1888. Joseph Gaimes Gibbs, 1918. 368 Heraldry of the Churches of Wiltshire. XXX.—Argent, a chevron gules between three greyhounds courant sable, Crest: a greyhound courant sable. Richard Gaisford, 1847. (Burke gives these arms for GAINSFORD, but with a different crest. Fairbairn gives no crest of a greyhound to GAISFORD). XXXI.—Mural tablet containing four escutcheons in base. i. A plain lozenge. Ermine, on a saltire engrailed azure, five fleur de lys or (GA VEN) ; impaling ee: three fleur de lys between elght crosses crosslet. ; li. Azure, three estoiles or, a chief wavy of the last (ROBERTS) ; im- paling quarterly, lst and 4th, a chevron between three lions’ heads erased; 2nd and 3rd azure a cinqfoil pierced within a bordure engrailed or (AY LER). ili. The same but impaling 1 above on a decorated lozenge, iv. Blank shield. Crests (not shown) I.a dexter hand, holding a ducal coronet capped, between two laurel branches all proper (GAVEN). II. A lion rampant or, holding a sword wavy argent, hilt and pommel of the first (ROBERTS). Geoffrey Gaven 1803. Sarah Roberts 1873. NortH WALL oF NAvVe. XXXII.—Quarterly Ist and 4th, argent onafesse . . . 3 roundels between 8 demi horses salient . . .*; 2nd and 8rd ., . . 8 battle axesin pale . . .*; impaling argent, on a fesse azure between 3 unicorns’ heads . . . , d3fleurdelis . . .* Crest. A demi hind argent. Robert Haines 1843. BAPTISTERY. XXXIII.—Floor. Krmine on a cross quarter-pierced sable, four mill rinds argent (CURNER) ; impaling sable, on a bend ermine, three leopards’ faces of the first (K EMBLE). Henrietta Francis Kemble, 1749,and . .°. . Turner. XXXIV.— Window of Baptistery. i, Quarterly, lst, or, on a chevron between three lions’ heads erased gules, a fleur de-lis between two annulets of the first (BECKETT); 2nd, argent, on a fesse gules, three crosses crosslet or (BASSETT); 3rd per pale sable and argent, a cross moline counter changed.* ; 4th argent, a fess gules between three bucks’ heads cabossed sable. Crest. A fleur de lis azure charged with a lion’s head erased ermine. iil. Quarterly, Ist and 4th, ermine, ona cross sable quarter pierced, four mill rinds argent between five trefoils slipped vert (TURNER). 2nd and 8rd BECKETT (XXXIV., 1.). Crest. A lion passant gardant erminois, facing sinister, charged with three trefoils slipped vert and holding in the dexter paw a mill rind sable. (TURNER). 2nd crest (XXXIYV.). By the Rev. R. St. John B. Battersby. 369 lil, Quarterly, lstand 4th BECKETT (XXXIV), but within a bordure wavy gules, 2nd and 3rd per pale indented argent and azure, a mill rind between three escallopes, all counter changed, in chief a label of three points vert. Crest. (BECKETT). (XXXIV,, i.) charged with a bendlet sinister wavy or. Rev. Thomas Beckett Turner. XXXV.—Fust Wall of Baptistery. TURNER (XXXIV,, ii.) but without trefoils ; impaling argent, three fountains two and one. Martha Drew, 1768. Norta TRANSEPT, XXXVI.— West Wall. Or, on'a fess engrailed between three nags’ heads erased azure, as many fleur de lis of the first (BAYLY) ; impaling per fess sable and argent, in base three bars, in chief a bend all counter changed. Sarah Bailey, 1761. XXXVII.— Window of N. Transept. i. Azure, an episcopal staff in pale or, ensigned with a cross patté argent ; surmounted by a pall of the third, charged with four crosses formée fitchée sable edged and fringed of the second (SEE of CANTERBURY). li. Gules, three estoiles or, a canton ermine. Crest. A pelican vulning herself argent, bequé or (LEVERTON). : ili, Azure, the Virgin and Child in pale or (SEE of SARUM). | In memory of Abraham Laverton, 1886, of Farleigh Castle. _ XXXVIIl.—Zast Wall of N. Transept. Mural Tablet. Quarterly of _ six, lst and 6th grand quarters, quarterly Istand 4th TURNER (XXXIII.) | 2nd and 3rd BECKETT (XXXIV., i), 2nd grand quarter obliterated, 3rd | grand quarter obliterated, 4th grand quarter per pale sable and argent, a cross moline counter changed, 5th grand quarter argent a fesse gules between three bucks’ heads cabossed sable. Gilbert Trowe Turner, 1796. CHorrR VESTRY. XXXIX.—South Wall. Two Brasses. i, Or, three demi-lions rampant gules two and one, a mullet in chief azure, for difference (BENNETT). (Burke gives Bennett, of Westbury, as :—(Gules three demi-lions rampant argent, a mullet or in the centre, for cadency). il. Sable, three greyhounds courrant or, a crescent in chief for difference. Thomas Bennett. Margaret Bennett (née Buriton), 1605. | XbL.—Wall Tablet. A Lozenge obliterated (or, a bend engrailed gules 'cottised sable charged with three mullets argent). | Helena Andrews, 1769. ‘| VOL. XLIV.—NO. CL. 2B 370 Heraldry of the Churches of Wiltshire, EDINGTON. (St. Mary, St. Catherine, and All Saints). SoutH AISLE. T.—Cheney Tomb. . . . aship’srudder . . .* I1I.—Gules, a fesse lozengeeachcharged with an escallop sable(CHEN EY). IfI.—. . . fourescallops .. .* IV.—CHENEY (II.). V.--CHENEY (IL). VI.—Quarterly Ist and 4th CHENEY (II.) 2nd and 3rd azure a cross fleury argent (CHENEY), VII. -CHENEY (II.) impaling CHENEY (VI._). VIII.—As 2nd and 3rd quartering of VI. IX.— As 2nd and 38rd quartering of VI. The brasses of two figures and four shields have been removed from this tomb. SouTtH TRANSEPT. Beckington Tomb. A recumbent figure in stone. X.—A rebus, charged with a beech tree growing out of a tun, lying fesswise proper occurs in three places on this tomb. First SANCTUARY. Choir Stalls. Oak Carving. 7 XI.—Arms of the See of Sarum: in base a Bishop’s staff, appended thereto three bells representing the arms of Bishop Wordsworth, ‘“ Argent three bells azure.” XII.—Quarterly, 1st and 4th azure, fretty argent ; 2nd and 3rd sable, a chevron between three escallops shells within a bordure argent : impaling sable, semée of crosses crosslet a lion rampant argent LONG. ~ XIII.—Or, on a cross engrailed gules, five cinqfoils of the first (JOHN OF AILESBURY). (In Burke under Edington Priory). XIV.—A cross fretty between four mullets . . * REREDOS OF SAME. XV.—(Quarterly 1st and 4th France; 2nd and 8rd England, over all in chief a lable argent (BLACK PRINCE). XVI.—JOHN OF AILESBURY (XIII). XVII.—Argent, two chevronels sable between three roses gules seeded or (WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM). XVIII.—Azure, two lions passant or, within a bordure argent (EDING- TON). ! | i | | with a crescent for difference. Part of an old mural tablet. | date. By the Rev. hk. St John B. Battersby. 371 SECOND SANCTUARY. South Wall.—A Marble Monument with two figures recumbent, at the feet a lion and lioness ecouchant. XIX.—Quarterly, 1st azure, a lion rampant or, 2nd azure, a chevron between three fleur-de-lys argent, 3rd gules, three chevronnels argent, 4th azure, a chevron between three spear heads argent embrued gules. XX.—XIX. impaling per cross >r and gules over all a bend vaireé, XXI.—The impalement of XX. (EARL OF DORSET). Sir Edward Lewys. : Margaret Lewys (daughter of Earl of Dorset). Nort TRANSEPT, XXII.— West Wall, LONG (impalement of XII.) impaling—a chevron . between three fleur-de-lys. John Long, 1807, XXII.—North Wail. (obliterated). John Long, 1746. XXIV.—Floor. A lozenge with a bend. LONG (impalement of XII.) impaling quarterly Too worn to blazon. BRATYON. (St. James). I—South Aisle, West End. Ledger Stone. Sable, a lion rampant between eight crosses crosslet (LONG) ; impaling ermine on a cross quarter pierced sable, four mill rinds argent (TURNER). Date obliterated. II.— West Wall. Mural Plaque near the floor, south aisle. LONG (L.) No name or 372 WILTS OBITUARY Lady Grey of Fallodon, died Nov. 18th, 1928, aged 57, buried at Woodford. Pamela Geneviere Adelaide was the youngest daughter of the Hon. Percy Scawen Wyndham, of Clouds, and Madeline, daughter of Major- General Sir Guy Campbell, Bart. She, with her two sisters (Lady Wemyss and Mrs. Adeane), were painted by Sargent in the famous group of ‘The three Graces.” She came of a brilliant family. ‘‘ The life at Clouds was full, especially of literature and art ; among constant visitors were painters such as Watts and Burne Jones, as well as many others who with their various gifts, made a society of distinction and charm.” She married, 1895, Edward lriaulx, son of Sir Charles Tennant, who became Baron Glenconner in 1911 and died 1920, leaving three sons and one daughter. The eldest son, Edward Wyndham ‘Tennant, was killed in France 1916. The second son, Christopher Grey Tennant, is the present peer. !ady Glenconner mar- ried in 1922, as his second wife, Viscount Grey of Fallodon. Jord and Lady Grey continued to live principally at Wilsford Manor, which had been largely rebuilt and added to by Lord Glenconner. Before taking up. their residence at Wilsford Lord and Lady Glenconner had occupied Stock- ton Manor for some years, and the scenery and people of the Wylye Valley are admirably described in “ Village Notes ” and others of her earlier writ- ings. ‘ As her books show she shared her brother George Wyndham’s love and knowledge of literature especially of poetry.” She inherited an interest in Spiritualism from her father, and as her friend Sir Oliver Lodge says in an appreciation of her in The Times, “ Throughout her later life the sub- ject dominated her thoughts, she was consulted by many people in distress and on the strength of truly remarkable evidence she attained profound conviction in immortality. In this faith she lived and died looking forward to a happy re-union with those she had lost.” Obit. notices, Zimes, (with portrait), Nov. 20th; Waltshire Gazette, Nov. 22nd, 1928. She was the author of the following writings :— Village Notes and some other papers. By Pamela Tennant, with illustrations from original photographs. London: William Heinemann, 1900. Crown 8vo., cloth, pp. xiv. + 208. 13 plates. 6/-. Some of these essays had already appeared in The Outlook. ‘he majority are concerned with the people and country of the Wylye Valley. The Book of Peace. The Chiswick Press,1901. 6/-. [A collection of passages from the Bible, the ppocry plas and the Imitation, arranged for daily reading. | The Legend of the Ass. Spectator, Dec. 26th, 1903. A poem. Windelstraw, a Book of Verse with Legends in Rhyme of the Plants and Animals. London: Chiswick Press, 1905. Cloth, 63in. x din, pp. xvi. + 107. 2/6. [One of these poems had appearedin | Country Life, Nov., 1904, another in the Westmanster Review, March, 1905.] Wilts Obituary. 373 The Child. Country Life, March 11th, 1905. [A poem.] Salisbury Plain. In Memorials of Old Wiltshire. 1906. pp. 234—241. One plate. The Children and the Pictures. 1907. Cloth, square crown 8vo, 21 coloured plates. 6/-. A Caravanning Journey. Spectator, May 29th, 1909. [Article on a journey through Dorset and Wilts. ] The Tennant Gallery. By Lady Tennant. Country Life, June 18th, 1910, pp. 869—873, 8 process illusts. The Story of Joan of Arc. The Sayings of the Children, written down by their mother, Pamela Glenconner. .. . Oxford: B. H. Blackwell, 1918. 3uckram boards, 7gin. X 54in., pp. 9 + 131, 6 plates. Ist edition, Feb. 1918 ; 2nd edition, March 1918. Edward Wyndham Tennant. A Memoir by his mother, Pamela Glenconner, with Portraitsin photogravure. John Lane, Lon- don and New York, MCMXIX. Linen 8vo., pp. xi. + 334, 7 por- traits. £1 1s. [‘* Flower of the Field, or Hester,” a poem by the authoress, June 1916, is re-printed as an appendix. ] An Appreciation of South Wiltshire. By Lady Glenconner. Spectator. Neprinted in Wiltshire Gazette, Jan. 5th, 1921. The Earthen Vessel. A Volume dealing with Spirit Communi- cations received in the form of Book Tests by Pamela Glen- conner. Lane1921. 6/-. Preface by Sir Oliver Lodge. Portrait. Songs of the Birds. 1922. [Reviewed in Zimes, June 19th, 1922, by Walter Garstang. | Shepherd’s Crowns. 1923. The Vein in the Marble. By Stephen Tennant and Pamela Grey. Philip Allen. 1926 12/6. [l)rawings by Stephen Tennant, letterpress by Lady Grey.] The White Wallet. 1928. [An Anthology.] Capt James Henry Sadler, of l.ydiard House, Lydiard Millicent, died March 27th, 1929, aged 85, Buried at Lydiard Millicent. Born 1848, second son of Samuel (‘hampernowne Sadler, of Purton Court. Married Matilda, daughter of T. P. Butt, of Arle Court (Glos), and widow of Rev. James Fisher. J.P. for Wilts, 1890, he was for many years chair- man of the Cricklade and Wootton [asset bench of magistrates, and of the - Board of Guardians and Rural District Council. He was a D.I.. for Wilts. - He joined the Wilts Yeomanry in 1873 as Cornet and rose to be Captain. He gave the Institute to Purton and their present beautiful ground to the | Purton Cricket Club. He was the oldest member of the V.W.H. (Crick- | lade) Hunt Committee. | Obit. notices, Weltshire Gazette, April 4th; N. Wilts Herald, April 5th, 1929, 374 Wilts Obituary. Rev. John Alexander Guillebaud, died Feb. 17th, 1929, aged 69. Younger son of Rev. H. L. Guillebaud, of Malvern, born June 14th, 1859. Educated at Haileybury, King’s Coll., London, and Trinity Coll, Camb., and Ridley Hall. K.A. 1882, Deacon 1888, Priest 1883 (Chichester). Curate of Westfield (Sussex), 1882—84; St. Thomas, York, 1885—92; H. Trinity, Eastbourne, 1892—94; Vicar of Southhill, Beds, 1894—1907 ; Rector of Yatesbury, 1907—27; when he retired to live at Southborough, Kent. He married, 1887, Sarah Helena, d. of Edward Peters, of York, who with a son and two daughters survives him. Obit. notice, Times, Feb. 20th, 1929. Rev. Septimus Firman, died March, 1929, aged 80 (?). Buried at Cherhill. King’s Coll., London, 1874. Deacon 1874, Priest 1875 (Ripon). Curate of Ch. Ch., Battyeford (Yorks), 1874—77; Kirby Mis- perton (Yorks), 1877—83 ; Vicar of St. James the Less, Liverpool, 1883— 1906 ; Rector of Cherhill, 1906, until his death. As a pronounced High Churchman, the ritualistic character of the services in his Church at Liverpool led to long continued riotous demonstrations and he several times had to take proceedings against “‘ brawlers ” in time of service. At Cherhill he was singularly successful as a Parish Priest. Devoting himself entirely to his parish he was seldom seen, and took no part in matters outside it, but in Cherhill he was valued at his real worth. His hobby was English Porcelain, of which he possessed a collection of well chosen characteristic examples, and on this subject he wasan acknowledged authority. He never married. Obit. notice, Tzmes, March 6th, 1929. Rev, Leonard Frederick Packer, died suddenly on Jan, 5th, 1929, aged 63. Buried at Winterbourne Bassett. Son of Rev. John Graham Packer, Vicar of St. Peter’s, Bethnal Green, and Arreton, I. of W. Educated at Magdalen School, and College, Oxford, B.A. 1887, M.A. 1891. Chichester Theological College, 1890. Deacon 1891, Priest 1892.( Winchester). Curate of St. Heliers, Jersey, 1891—93 ; Alderney, 1893—95 ; St. Andrew’s, Plaistow, 1895—98; Watford, 1898—1901; Farnham Hoyal, 1901—04; Chaplain of Wycombe Workhouse, 1905—11 ; Kector of Saunderton, 1905 —24; Rector of Winterbourne Bassett 1924 until his death. He leaves a widow and five children. He was an advanced Anglo-Catholic. Obit. notice, with portrait, MW. Wilts Herald, Jan. 11th, 1929. William Arthur Harvey Masters, died suddenly Dec. 8rd, 1928, aged 52. Born at Long Marston, Herts, Sept. 30th, 1876. Edu- cated at Clifton Coll. Son of Canon William Caldwall Masters, Kector of South Marston. Articled to Messrs. Carpenter & Ingelow, architects, of London. Assistant to W. F. Unsworth, architect, of London and Woking. Licentiate of the Royal Institute of British Architects. Settled as architect in Swindon, 1903. Diocesan Surveyor for the Swindon portion of Bristol Wilts Obituary. 375 Diocese, 1921, He was a prominent Freemason. He married in 1923 Rosalie, d. of Rev. H. G. Hopkins, Vicar of Clifton Newark, and leaves two daughters and one son. Obit. notice, VW. Wilts Herald, Dec. 14th, 1928. Canon Frederick William Macdonald, died Nov. 24th 1928, aged 80. Buried at Wishford, Son of Archdeacon Macdonald, Vicar of Bishops Cannings. Educated at Queen’s Coll., Oxon, B.A. 1872, M.A. 1876, Deacon 1874, Priest 1875 (Oxon.). Curate of Coggs, Oxon., 1874— 1876; Brize Norton (Oxon.), 1876—77; Vicar of Stapleford, 1877—95 ; Berwick St. James, 1880—95 ; Rural Dean of Wylye, 1893—1920 ; Rector of Wishford Magna, 1895—1924; when he retired io live at Clevedon. Canon of Sarum, 1912 —24. In his younger days he played cricket for the county, and was a pioneer of golf in South Wilts. He served as a member, vice-chairman, and later as chairman for many years of the Wilton Board of Guardians and Rural District Council, and became a recognised authority upon Poor Law administration. He was vice-chairman of the Wilts Poor Law Conference, and a member of the Central Poor Law Conference Com- mittee, as well as of other committees. He wasan Alderman of the County Council until he retired in 1922, his special interest being education. Heacted as vice-chairman of the Education Committee. He was for many years on the committee of the Salisbury Infirmary. In politics he was an ardent Conservative. In Wishford itself he took a prominent part in the forma- tion of the Oak Apple Club, ‘‘ the definite object of which was the sustain- ing and exercising the rights of the villagers in Groveley Wood without doing unnecessary damage to the property of the owner, Lord Pembroke.” This object was largely attained and the friction which at the time of its promotion threatened serious consequences became a thing of the past. He was an excellent example of the type of the country clergyman, now be- coming much rarer, who took a prominent part in the public and adminis- trative life of the district in which he lived. Obit. notice, Welts Gazette, Dec. 6th, 1928. Canon Wyndham Arthur Scinde Merewether, died Dec. 3rd, 1928, aged 76. Born 1852, third son of Henry Alworth Merewether, @.C., of Bowden Hill. Educated Winchester, 1866, Oriel Coll., Oxon., B.A. 1871, M.A. 1880, Deacon 1876, Priest 1877. Curate of bradford-on-Avon, 1876—80; St. George’s, Hanover Square, 1880—85 ; Vicar of N. Bradley, 1885—1908 ; Bradford-on-Avon, 1908—14 ; St Thomas, Salisbury, 1914—22; when he resigned. Canon of Salisbury, 1919. Rural Dean of Wilton, 1919, until his death. After his retirement he lived in the | Close, Salisbury. Whilst at North Bradley the new Church at Southwick _was built at a cost of £3000. He married Harriet Edith, d. of Dr. Wilson , Fox, F.R.S., who died recently. ‘Their only son, Capt. W. K. Merewether _was killed during the war. Obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, Dec. 6th; Waltshive Times, Dec. 8th, | 1928. 376 Wilts Obituary. Mary Eleanor Lauderdale, Dowager Countess of Suffolk and Berkshire, died Oct. 31st, 1928. Buried at Charlton. Born Sept, 25th, 1847, d. of the Hon. Henry Coventry, married when 21 the 18th Earl of Suffolk, who died 1898. She was one of the chief founders and supporters for the last forty years of the Malmesbury Cottage Hospital and Maternity Home, which owes its present position largely to the efforts she made on its behalf. The Young Men’s Christian Association also owed much to her support, as well as other good causes in Malmesbury. During the last two years of the war she held the command of the Red Cross Hospital in Devizes, for officers wounded in France, and was beloved by her staff and by those under her care. Obit. notice with portrait, Wiltshire Gazette, Nov. 8th, 1928. Charles Forbes Moir, died Sept. 24th, 1928, aged 65. Buried at Charlton. Born in London. Educated at Wellington College, spent some years in India, came to Malmesbury in 1897, and in 1900 became a partner of Mr. William Forrester, solicitor, He was Clerk to the Magis- trates and Registrar of the County Court. Much respected in Malmesbury, he was especially interested in the Restoration of the Abbey Church, and in both the earlier work of restoration and the present effort, he acted as secretary to the committee, and gave his whole energy to the furtherance of the work. Obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, Sept. 27th, 1928. Rev. Ernest Robert Knapp, died April 29th, 1928, aged 72. Tondon Coll. of Divinity. 1882. Deacon 1885, Priest 1886 (Exeter). Curate of St. Mary Major, Exeter, 1885—88 ; St. John Evan., Penge, 1889 —91; Vicar of Rodbourne Cheney, 1891, until his death. He married a daughter of Mr. George Crisford, of Kingshill House, Swindon, who with five sons and a daughter survives him. Obit. notice, NV. Welts Herald, May 2nd, 1928. George Yates, died Oct., 1928. Buried at Devizes. Born at Leicester. Began his journalistic career at Southampton. Moved to Bath as reporter for the Bath Chronicle, assisting also the Bristol Times and Jfirror, Afterwards he owned and edited the Weston-super- Mare Gazette. lveturned to Bath, 1885, as editor and joint proprietor of the Bath Chronicle. In 1898 he became editor of the Wilts County Jirror and Express published at Salisbury, from which he retired about 1911. In1914he resumed work at | Devizes on the staff of the Wiltshire Gazette, from which he only retired | a few months before his death. He was probably one of the oldest journalists | in England. His whole energies were absorbed in the work of the paper. A very appreciative obituary notice was published in Weltshire Gazette, Oct 26th, 1928. Captain Anthony Napier Fane Spicer, died Nov. 16th, 1928, aged 37. Buried at Chittoe. Born 17th July, 1891, son of Capt. John Edmund Philip and Lady Margaret Spicer. Educated at Wellington Coll, Walts Obituary. B77 was attached at first to the 2nd Batt. Northamptonshire Regt. In 1912 he joined the Ist Life Guards and served in France in 1915 and 1916, being invalided home. He held the post of Adjutant to the Ist Life Guards for four years, retiring from the Army about six years ago. He succeeded to the Spye Park property on his father’s death on March 31st, 1928. He was killed by the fall of a tree in the grounds of Spye Park during the great gale of Nov. 16th, 1928. He was well known in the hunting field both with the Duke of Beaufort’s and the Avon Vale hounds, and was beloved by his many friends. Obit. notices, NV. Walts Herald, with portrait, Nov. 23rd; Wiltshire Gazette, Nov. 28th ; Wiltshire Times, Nov. 24th, 1928. Rev. Joseph Pitts Wiles, died April 15th, 1929, aged 80. Buried at Devizes Cemetery. ‘Trinity Coll., Cambridge. Entered the Baptist Ministry 1881. Pastor at Hope Chapel, Cambridge, 1928, and was instrumental in building the new Chapel in Tennison Road in 1898. In 1907 he became Pastor of the Old Baptist Chapel, in Maryport Street, Devizes, and remained there until his resignation. A classical and Hebrew scholar, much esteemed by those who knew him. Obit. notice, Wiltshire Gazette, April 25th, 1929. He was the author of the following works :— Half-Hours with the Minor Prophets. Morgan & Scott. 1908. 8vo. Half-Hours with Isaiah. With Preface by the Rt. Rev. H.C.G. Moule, D,D., Bishop of Durham. Morgan & Scott, 1915. 8vo. Sermons preached by Mr. J. P. Wiles, M.A., at the Old Baptist Chapel, Devizes. [A large number of sermons, each printed as a st parate pamphlet, 8vo., from 1906 to 1917. No. 115 is dated February, 1917. Generally 8 pp. each]. Sermons preached at the Metropolitan Tabernacle, November 2nd, 1919. Printedin Weltshire Advertiser, November 27th, 1919. Instruction in Christianity. By John Calvin. Newly translated from the Latin into simple modern English by Joseph Pitts Wiles, M.A., sometime Foundation Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge. Dolby Brothers, Stamford [1920]. Price, paper covers, 3s 6d.; cloth covers, 4s. 6d. Mightand Right. A sermon preached at the Old Baptist Chapel, Devizes, 20th January, 1918. Pamphlet, 8vo., pp. 8. God and His Critics: Some Plain Words about Inspiration and the Higher Criticism. By J. P. Wiles, M.A., of Devizes. Price 41. 27s. per 100 for distribution. ©. J. Farncombe & Sons, J.ondon. melo Pamphlet, 8vo., pp 24. Spiritualism and the Scriptures. A Lecture delivered at Brighton [1921 ?] Pamphlet. Price 2d. | Humphrey Purnell Blackmore, M.D,, died February, | 1929. Buried at London Road Cemetery, Salisbury. Born 1835, s. of William Blackmore, Mayor of Salisbury 1841. Mducated at Queenwood 378 Wilts Obituary. College. He qualified as M.D., and was associated in his practice at Salisbury with the late Dr. Coates. He was on the staff of the Salisbury Infirmary for many years. He continued to practice until 1927, and his. interest in Archeeology lasted until his death, which came almost suddenly. An appreciation by Mr. IF. Stevens says “‘ By the death of Dr. Blackmore,. Salisbury has lost not only one prominent in the life of the city, but also a figure of national reputation. His great age, it is true, had withdrawn him somewhat from the eyes of the present generation, but despite his advancing. years he still maintained his keen and varied interests, and only a few weeks before he died he was in consultation with the authorities of the British Museum on the report of the chalk fossils of Salisbury, on which he was the outstanding expert. More than 70 years ago he devoted himself to the investigation of the local gravel and brick earth deposits of Fisherton and elsewhere, which led to the recovery of an intensely valuable series of mammalian remains which were included in the Blackmore Museum, founded by his brother, of which he and his brother-in-law, Mr. E. T. Stevens, were the joint curators. In this he was the colleague of Sir John Evans, Sir Augustus Franks, Lord Avebury, and Prof. Boyd Dawkins. As years advanced he moved with the times and was the first to establish the existence of Koliths in the Alderbury gravels. He was also associated with the excavations of the Early Iron Age settlement at Highfield, Salis- bury, one of the first of these sites ever discovered. He was one of the founders of the Salisbury and S. Wilts Museum more than sixty years ago. For over half a century he acted as Hon. Director of the museum. His private colletions were extraordinary varied. His personal knowledge of the city and its inhabitants was profound . . . indeed he was the last surviving link between many interesting personages in the city and district, and the present day.” In Geology, in Natura] History and Ornithology, as wellas in Prehistoric Archeology, he was at home. He was a gardener, too, and a collector of china and mezzotints. He was in short an outstanding example of the old- fashioned Antiquary, Archeologist, and collector, whose interests ranged widely over every branch of antiquity and archeology instead of being confined as is often the case nowadays to some one comparatively narrow subject. Obit. notices, Salisbury Journal, partly reprinted in Weltshere Gazette, Feb. 14th, 1929. He was the author of the following writings :— Remains of Birds’ Eggs found at Fisherton, near Salisbury. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 1854, pp. 74, 75. [Fossil eggs of goose and duck from the Brick Karths] British Fossil Mammalia and Flint Implements [Salisbury]. Geologist, VI., 395. [1863]. Discovery of Flint Implements in the Higher Level Gravel at Milford Hill, Salisbury. Arch. Journ., xxi. [1864] pp. 248—245. On the Discovery of Flint Implements in the Drift at Milford Hill, Salisbury. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., xxi, 250. [1865]. Wilts Obituary. 379 On the Recent Discovery of Flint Implements in the Drift of the Valley ofthe Avon. W.A.M., X., 221—233, [1867]. Notes on the Drift and Cave Series [pp, 12—32 of Flint Chips, by HK. T. Stevens. 1870. 8vo.]. ~The Development of the Stone Age. Lecture at Salisbury. Printed in part, in Salisbury Journal, Nov. 26th, 1887. Tobacco and Pipes. Lecture at the Blackmore Museum, Salis. bury. Salisbury Journal, Dec. 5th, 1896. On a Barrow near Old Sarum. Salisbury Pield Club Trans., I., 49— ol. On Recent Discoveries at Ramsbury (Pottery in Church wall). Salisbury Field Club T'rans., I., 91—93. The Eoliths at the Salisbury Museum. [letter defending their authenticity. Salisbury Journal, Aug. 31st, 1907]. The Fossils and Prehistoric Remains of Salisbury. /estival Book of Salisbury, 1914, pp. 6—10. 380 WILTSHIRE BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, AND ARTICLES. [N.B.—This list does not claim to be in any way exhaustive. ‘The Editor appeals to all authors and publishers of pamphlets, books, or views, in any way connected with the county, to send him copies of their works, and to editors of papers, and members of the Society generally, to send him copies of articles, views, or portraits appearing in the newspapers. | From a Great-Grandmother’s Armchair. Helen Countess Dowager of Radnor. ‘The Marshall Press, limited. Milford Lane, Strand, London W.C. 2. [1927 ] Cloth, 10in. x 64in., pp. 862 + 6 (index), 18 illustrations, including three portraits of the authoress, two of William, 5th Earl of Radnor, and an illustration of the steel chair at Longford. ‘The authoress was the daughter of Henry Chaplin, Vicar of Ryhall, Rut- land. Born in 1846, she married in 1866 the Hon. William Pleydell Bouverie, afterwards Viscount Folkestone and the 5th Earl of Radnor. She gives many reminiscences of her childhood, of her life in society later on, and of hunting and deer stalking adventures. The earlier part of her married life was spent at Coleshill, and there are few references to Longford during this period, for relations were strained between the then Lord and Lady Radnor and herself. In 1889, however, her husband, the 5th Earl, succeeded his father, and Lady Radnor began at once to make a catalogue raisonné of the pictures. At that time nothing was known of the origin of any of the pictures in the collection, but by dint of careful search in the muniment room a series of account books were found, in the hand- writing of the first Viscount Folkestone, and the first and second Karls of Radnor, in which were entered the amounts paid for the various pictures as they were purchased. ‘he first I.ord Folkestone always added the name of the picture and where he had bought it, but the later owners were content to note “* By a picture—so much.” On this foundation, however, lady Radnor, with the assistance and advice of Sir George Scharf, Mr. Lionel Cust, and Mr. W. Barclay Squire, built up her admirable and exhaustive catalogue of the whole collection. It was found that Jacob, Ist Viscount Folkestone, bought over. 100 of the pictures including at Dr. Mead’s sale ‘Erasmus ” for £110, and “ Egidius” for £95. Hisson William, Ist Karl of Radnor, bought about 75 pictures and commissioned many family portraits by Reynolds and Gainsborough. Jacob, 2nd Karl, added over 80 pictures between 1776 and 1828, after which there were no additions to the collection until in 1926 a collection of small pictures was left to Jacob, 6th Earl, by Mr. Will. Barclay Squire. Of the building and the subsequent alterations of Longford Castle itself, by its successive owners, a short but clear account is given, ending with the work done between 1870 and 1874, under the direction of Mr. Anthony Salvin, by the 4th Earl, in the completion and restoration of the building. Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, asl Of the famous steel chair, Lady Radnor notes that it was given by the City of Augsburg to the Emperor Rudolf II., was used at his coronation cir. 1577 and was looted by the Swedes from the Imperial Museum at Prague, where it was placed by the Emperor. It was brought to Bourne- mouth by the descendants of the Swedish officer who looted it, and was sold to Jacob, 2nd Earl of Radnor, for £1000. Lady Radnor mentions the sale in 1890 to the National Gallery of three of the chief pictures at Longford, Holbein’s “ Ambassador,” Velasquez ‘‘ Spanish Admiral,” and Morelli’s ‘“* Portrait of a Man,” for £55,000, rendered necessary in order to provide for the legacies left to Lord Radnor’s younger brothers and sisters. The serious work of Lady Kadnor’s life, however, between 1881 and 1896, lay in music,when for years together she tells us she never took part in less than sixty concerts in the year, when her “ Ladies’ String Band,” number- ing 82, and her “ Ladies’ Chorus,” numbering 120, were amongst the best known musical institutions in England. She herself, as Lady Folkestone, was renowned as a singer and as a musician. She was also an artist, for she painted herself a large window for Salisbury Cathedra] as a memorial to her husband, and other windows for Britford Church and the English Church in Venice. She was one of the chief supporters of the Anglo- Israelite body. The Godolphin School, 1726—1926., Edited by M.A. Douglas and C. R. Ash. Longmans, London, 1928. Cloth. 8vo, pp. vi. + 2 + 252. Seventeen illustrations. Por- trait of Elizabeth Godolphin ; Baynton House, Coulston ; Godolphin House, Helston, Cornwall; ‘'ablet in Westminster Abbey Cloister; Portraits of Ld. Nelson, Miss Douglas, Miss Ash, &c.; four views of the School. ““This book is intended in the first place to record what is known of Elizabeth Godolphin and her bequest. In the next place it is intended to be a homely story of the school.” Elizabeth Godolphin, daughter of Francis Godolphin, of Baynton House, Coulston, as recorded on the Westminster memorial tablet, died July 29th, 1726, her husband, Charles, brother of Sidney, Earl of Godolphin, having died in 1720. She carried out, by her will, their joint design of endowing a school at Salisbury in which eight young orphan gentlewomen, between the ages of eight and nineteen, were to be educated. Her will is here printed at length, as well as the Report of the Charity Commissioners in 1833. The | school was opened in 1784 in Rosemary Lane, adjoining the Close. A series of reminiscences are given by old girls and old mistresses, | describing experiences of the school from 1836 down to the present day, | under the successive mistresses: Miss Bazeley, Miss Polhill, Miss E. | Polhill, Miss Andrews, and Miss Douglas, who as head mistresses did so - much to develop the school and enable it to occupy the high position that | it now holds. ‘This plan of letting representative girls of each period tell _ the story of their own time at the school, or rather the impressions that it left upon their minds, in a very few pages each, has changed what might have been a dry collection of dates and facts into a most readable and 382 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, entertaining series of articles, which must provide delightful reading for all who were themselves at the Godolphin, now one of the most important girl schools in the West of England, and are by no means without interest even for complete outsiders. The book is handsomely printed and got up, and is worthy of the high position now occupied by the school in whose honour it is published. The Orders, Decrees, and Ordinances of the Borough and Town of Marlborough. Founded on the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1575. Extracted from the Municipal Records of Marlborough by B. Howard Cunnington, F.S.A. (Scot.), 1929. Royal 8vo,, pp. iv. + 48. Illustration of the Roll of Ordinances, [Privately printed by the transcriber] The first Charter to Marlborough was granted by K. John in 1204, establishing a fair of eight days at the feast of the Assumption, a market on Wednesdays and Saturdays throughout the year, and a guild of merchants. Other charters followed, but Marlborough did not become a corporate body until the grant of the charter of Elizabeth in 1575, when John Lovell was mayor. Based on this charter, bye-laws, orders, decrees, and ordinances drawn up and agreed upon by the Mayor and Common Council on Nov. 8th, 1576, formed the constitutions of the borough. ‘These are written ona roll of parchment comprising 16 sheets, sewn together, the total length being 23ft. 9in. Of these sheets 48 belong to the time of Elizabeth, the remainder were added from time to time. ‘These facts are set forth in ashort preface, and the various orders, &c., 79 in number, follow, with a short index at the end. ‘The orders range from “ How the justices shall be chosen,” and “ An acte that none shall kepe tipling in tyme of comon prayer,” and another “ Against such as shall put measled pork for sale wth out a signe on it,” to others ‘“ For destroying of Wants (moles) in ye Thornes & Portfield,” “ For setting of Sheepe Cubbes & Standings ” (in the fairs), and “ Against the using of Stage Players in the Guildhall.” One of the original ‘ Actes”’ orders “ that evry inhabitant of the said borough shall from hencforth contynually have in reddynes in their Shopes or other place where they may redely come by them, clubbes, billes, or pertysannes or other necessary weapons, and that the said inhabitant or some of their servants shall upon evry outcry or breach of the peace be in redynes wth their said weapons for the suppressing of the same outcry, breach of the peace or outrage.” Another “ Acte” orders “ yt all inhabitants shall kepe in their beasts untill ye herd blowe his horne in ye morning.” Report of the Marlborough College Nat, Hist. Soc. for the year ending Christmas, 1928. The interest of this report lies largely in the biological notes contributed by Mr. A. G. Lowndes which deal with the Copepoda and other minute water beasts in the study of which Mr. Lowndes is an acknowledged authority. Of the Copepoda he gives a list of no less than 34 species which have been now identified in the | Wiltshire Books, Pumphlets, and Articles. 383 Marlborough district. He has notes too on the curious fact that a common seaweed, Hnteromorpha intestinalis, is to be found frequently in the Saver- nake Canal, accompanied almost always by another marine Calanoid, Huryte- mora velox. It is suggested that they are brought to the canal on the feet of birds. The Entomological Section reports the capture of Colias hyale and C. edusa, the latter in numbers (1928 was a Clouded Yellow year), 353 species of Lepidoptera having been taken during the year. Species new to the dis- trict are recorded among Coleoptera and Diptera, and special interest attaches to a Scorpion Fly, Panorma communis, for which Marlborough is almost the only known locality, the species having been named from a Marlborough specimen. ‘To the notice of it this sad statement is appended “* Alas the Christmas post destroyed it,” In the Botanical Section Mrs. Wedgewood found some 16 or 17 varieties (not species) new to the district. Reminiscences of a Wiltshire Vicar, 1814—1898. Under this title there appeared in the Woltshire Gazette, from June 7th, 1928, onwards in a Series of twenty-five instalments, the notes and recollec- tions on his life, written by Francis Goddard, non-residentiary Canon of Salisbury and Vicar of Hilmarton, in the autumn of 1887. ‘They were written without any idea of publication at the time, and they are here printed as they were written. ‘The writer, the son of the Rev. Edward ‘Goddard, Lord of the Manor and Vicar of Clyffe Pypard, was born January 2\st, 1814, and died November 2nd, 1893. His retentive memory enabled him to recall the events and conditions of his childhood with unusual dis- tinctness, and the life of the family at the Manor, as well as the condition of things in the parish, are dealt with at some length. ‘ Clyffe Feast” was then the occasion of “ Backswording” in which the Hilmarton men, an even rougher lot than the Clyffe men, usually fought the latter. In those days the Vicarage was the shell merely of a poor brick building, begun but never finished, as for two generations the squires had also been parsons of Clyffe. Canon Goddard remembered the stocks, which with a railed enclosure for shoeing oxen, and a large old pollard elm, stood in the middle of the village. In 1824, when about ten years old, he was sent to Marlborough Grammar School, then under the rule of the Rev. Thomas Lawes, “ the greatest tyrant that ever tormented little and big boys,” and he gives a vivid description of the miseries of the school,at this period. On the death of Mr. Lawes, which happened in his time, he was sent to Mr. Shapcote’s Grammar School at Southampton, From there he entered “Commoners.” at Win- chester, in i828. The account of life at Winchester, under the head mastership of Dr. David Williams, is to Wykehamists naturally the most interesting part of the ‘‘ reminiscences,” and is given at considerable length and in much detail. In 1833 Francis Goddard went up to Oxford, as a scholar of Brasenose, and the life of the University at that time is des- ribed at some length and in by no means complimentary language. In 1837 he was ordained to the Curacy of Winterbourne Bassett, the Rector being non-resident, and lived in the old Rectory, a small house of two O84 Wiltshire Books. Panphlets, and Articles, rooms downstairs and two upstairs, besides attic and kitchen for the servants. Here for four years his brother, George Goddard, had preceded him. Here the Church choir was composed “as all parish choirs of that day were, of all the musical talent and all the instruments of music in the parish. We Clergy . . . certainly were not wise in our generation. . . . I got rid of all this, as most of my brother Clergy did. . . . ‘The old choirs might profitably have been re-formed, but I did not know how to do it. So we lost them and their music and their old twice-a-day Church- going ways; and they went off, some with their instruments, some without, to the Dissenting Chapel.’ He notes that whilst residing at Winterbourne he rode over to Marden, for some time in the summer, ten miles distant, and took an afternoon service there, returning for the evening service at Winterbourne. On the whole, as regards the religious conditions of the country parishes, he saw but little improvement in 1887, upon the state of things which had prevailed 50 years before. He has a good deal to say of Capt. Budd, R.N., then occupying the Manor Farm, and of other inhabitants of Winterbourne of the period, and of the doings of the machine breaking rioters of 1832 in the neighbourhood. After spending a time abroad for his health, Canon Goddard held the curacy of Matherne, near Chepstow, and afterwards those of Writhlington, near Radstock, and Cameley, also in Somerset. In 1849 he became Vicar of Alderton, near Grittleton, and has. something to say about the Neeld family, and the work of Mr. Joseph Neeld, especially in the rebuilding of Churches and Parsonage houses, and other Church objects. In 1858 he moved to Hilmarton where he remained Vicar until his death. Here the Poynder family did what the Neelds were doing in the Grittleton neighbourhood. ‘The Church was restored, the farm houses and most of the cottages on the estate were rebuilt by Thomas Poynder, his son, Thomas H. A. Poynder, and more especially by the brother of the latter, Will. Henry Poynder, who for the seven years during which he held the property, spent practically the whole income of the estate in this way. On the other hand the universal merging of small freehold properties, and of small holdings alike, in large properties and large farms, which was such a marked characteristic of the period—at Hilmarton and elsewhere—is strongly condemned in the reminiscences, and the conditions of things in 1929 proves the soundness of that judgment. The Forests of Melkshamand Chippenham. Some Stray Notes by Ed. Kite. Two articles in Wiltshire Gazette, Jan. 3rd and 10th, 1929. Mr. Kite’s “stray notes” as usual contain more solid merit than most other people’s set articles. He begins with the Per- ambulation of the Royal Forest of Melksham, a/zas Blackmore, in 1300 [28 Ed. I.] and gives its boundaries as there described. Within those bound- aries were the town of Melksham and the village of Seend. He notes that a traveller from Devizes to Melksham would enter the forest at Summer- ham, ‘‘ where, in the corner of the field on the left of the road, between the brook and the foot of Seend Hill, may still be traced the remains of a moat which must once have enclosed a keeper’s lodge at the forest entrance.” | ee Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles, 385 “The part of this forest known as Blackmore included Sandridge Hill with house and park.” ‘The Perambulation of Chippenham alzas Pewsham Forest is also given. A number of grants of oak trees as recorded in the Close Rolls of Hen. III.’s reign follow, from 1222 onwards. In 1260 Hen. Ill. grants to Countess Ela, Abbess of Lacock, 40 acres in Melksham Forest in lieu of a weekly cartload of dead wood for fuel which he had granted her in 1241. The boundaries of this land which the Abbess was allowed to enclose are given. In 1294 the Abbot and Convent of Stanley had licence to dig iron ore and make iron thereof on the demesne lands of the Abbey, within the bounds, but without the cover of the forest. In 1304 Ed. I. granted to Hugh le Despenser 472 acres of waste land in Melk- sham Forest, with licence to impark this, and his adjacent wood of Cou- faud (Seend Park) within the boundary of the forest. In 1330 John de Paulesholt complains that 32 acres of land in Melksham Forest which he held of the Queen as part of the Bailiwick of Devizes Castle. had been dis- posed of by William de Harden. This land Mr. Kite identifies as Bushey Marsh, near Chittoe, an outlying portion of Poulshot. In 1347 Humphrey de Bohun had license to crenellateSeend Manor. He also held in 1361 236 acres of ‘“‘ assart ” in Seend, evidently part of Melksham Forest. In 1610—11 the feed of certain portions of the forest, known as “ The Clears ” and Blackmore, were assigned to the Commoners, and were to be separated by rails from the rest of the forest which the Crown reserved. _ At the disafforesting, Blackmore, Woolmore, Woodrow, Whitley, Beanacre, and Shaw, were assigned to Melksham, whilst “The Clears” (200 acres) went to Seend and Seendrow. In 1624 Sir Francis Fane, lord of the | Manor of Seend, having obtained possession of this last, allows his “ Free- holders and Copyholders to inclose the Cleares.” Devizes Market, AD. 1141—1929. Some Stray | Notes, by Ed. Kite. Wiltshire Gazette, April 4th, 1929. The present Market Place, says Mr. Kite, was in Norman times an outer Bailey _ of the Castle, and the town consisted of the parish of St. Mary’s, or the ' “Old Port,” only. St. John’s Church was an appendage to the Castle until after the wars between Stephen and the Empress Maud, when “ The New | Port,” or the parish of St. John the Baptist came into being. The two _ parishes were united under one Rector cor. 1400. Matilda granted a market _ to Devizes and her grant was confirmed by Hen. II., John, and Hen. ITI. | The market is mentioned in the Hundred Rolls of 1274, and a deed convey- ing a stall in the market of about 1346. ‘‘The weekly Market on Thurs- | days was, no doubt, originally held in the Old Port, on the west and south- west of the Church of the B. V. Mary, the market space, yet distinct, being now considerably curtailed by the erection of buildings, partially obscuring the Church, which was evidently intended to be open to the main street. The Corn Market was held at the angle of the ** White Bear,” where stood the Cross, and the Cattle market westward of the Church, still the site of the Candlemas Fair. In parts of the town, the open spaces in the streets, not included in the main road, were occupied as market sites, and in most of mol. X Ruth; 224. Smith family, of Shaw, portraits, 188. Alfred C., acct. of, 288 ; On birds, 478. A F., copies mon. inscrips., 10; Gifts, 304; Help, 121; MS. notes on Ch. heraldry, 250, 475. Anne, - tablet and arms, 36). Mrs. A. L., 134. Hannah, arms, 426. James, 228. John, 151, 156, 258; M.P. for Bath, arms, 363; Monuments and arins, 361, 426. Jos., 228, 233, 234, Joshua, gift, 92. Mich. (I. & II.), deeds, 36, 37. Reg., 343. Mrs. Rob., Hatchment, 363. Thos., obit. and writings, 173. Thos. Bennett, tablet and arms, 362. Victor, 236, 238. Smith Barry, James H., obit., 171. Nina, d. of Capt. R. H., 71. Smyth, arms, 427. Rich., 222, 223. Thos., 32. Snell, Thos., 229. Snipe, nests, 79. Soap, “ Grey Bristol” or “ Black,” method of making, 286, 287. Sole, Mr., 62. Somerford, land given to Malmes- bury, 16, 17. Somerford, Great, 151. Church and bridge, illust.,184. Manor Ho., sold, 72. Somerford Keynes, Church, mon, inscrips., 13. Somerford, Little, Roman coins, 266. Somerset, ‘“ Earthworks and Camps,” 395. Somerset, Charles, 6th Duke, 196. John, 4th Duke, 196. Sarah, Duchess, gives Thornhill to B.N.C., 145; Founds Broad Town and Froxfield charities, 144. Will., 2nd Duke, 196. Somerton, 326. ; Somerville, Adm. Boyle, on orient- ation, noticed, 74, 75. Somme, battle, 189. Sonchus, rust on, 29. Sone bridge, 68. Soul, John, gift, 92 ; ““ Stonehenge and ancient mysteries,” noticed, 301. South Sea bubble, 162. Southampton, Shapcote’s Gram- mar School, 383. Southborough (Kent), 374. Southbroom, Bluett’s Court, plan and remains, 386,387. Church, mon. inscrips., 13. Held by Sir J. Eyles, 80; by Gilberts, 386. Wick tithing, Manor Ho. held by Drews, 386. See also Devizes. Southill (Beds.), 374. Southwell, Sir R., 306. Southwick Baptist Chapel, 197. Church built, 375. Spackman, Mr., 146. Family property at Jericho, Clyffe Py- pard, 151. Ambrose, 155. Hen., 174. Jacob, deeds, 37 —39. Roger, deeds, 37, 38, 192. Thos., deeds, 37, 38; founds school at Thornhill, 163, 170. Spence, Thos., medallist, 9. Spencely, Col. Hugh, obit., 71. Sphenolobus, species, 132. Sphyradium, species, 406. Spicer, Capt. Anth N. F., 271; killed in gale, 392 ; obit. 376. Capt. John Edmund, 376 ; obit., 271. Major J. W. G., 271. Lady Marg. M., 271, 376. Spiritual Healing, 173, 174. Spirthill (Bremhill), Broome fam., 191, 192. Geology, 197. Spratt, John, of Wootton Rivers, art, on, noticed, 293. Sprint, J., 408. Spurlock, ‘Thos., 270. Spye Park, 271. Gale, Capt. Spicer killed, 377, 392. Squire, W. Barclay, leaves pictures to Longford, 380, Stachys, galls, 137. Stafferton (Stawton), arms, 428. 542 INDEX TO VOL. XLIV. Stamboul, fountain, 52. Stamp, Eliz., ledger stone, 167, 168. Will., 155—157; Ledger stone, 167, 168. Stancombe [Stankham], James, 441, 445, 452, 454, 456, 458—461. John, 451, 454. Standen Hussey (Berks), Goddard family, 154, 159, 162, 164, 169. Standlacke, John, 257. Standlynch, Ch. & chyd. inscrips., ] 3. Stanford, Col. J. Benett, gifts, 91. Stanley Abbey, License to smelt iron ore, 385. Tiles from, 395, 475. Stanmer, Deborah, inventory, 314. Stanmore Lane & Wood, owners, 151. Stanton Drew (Som.), circle & cove visited, 479, 480. Stanton Fitzwarren, Ch. & chyd. inscrips, 13. Geology, 197. Stanton St. Bernard, Church in- scrips.,13. Held by Ordlaf, 327. Stanton St. Quintin, girl killed in gale, 392. Houlton property, 231. Quarry 284. Stapleford, 375. Illust., 486, 487. Chyd. inscrips, 13. Staples Wood (Westwood), plants, 62. Starke, John, 431, 440. Staverton Mills, tokens, 7. Wick, 232. Steeple Ashton Church, Beach & Clothiers Chapels, 361, 362. Brasses, 362, 363. Glass, 360. Hatchments formerly, 363. Heraldry, B.St.J. Batters- by on, 360--363. Jones tomb @& arms, 362. Steeple Langford Cowdown,Earth- works, Celtic fields, &c. air photo, 280 ; Pillow mounds, 261. Hanging Langford Camp & Church end, 279. Sir John Falstaff’s connexion, by W. S. Tupholme, 269,270. ttectors, 15th Cent. 270. Registers copied, 199, 249. Stennis, stone circle, 355. Stephen (King), 20. Stephens, Richd. & Thos., 148, 149. Will., 222. Stephenson, John, 108. Sterne, Capt. Rob., obit., 70. Stevens, E. T., acct. of, 288; Cui- ator of Museum, 378; Letters, 263. Frank, 88 ; notes, 378. Steward, Charles, not a son of Ch. II., monument at Bradford, 185. Richd, 185. ‘*Stiche ” of land, defined, 437. Stiles, Ben. Haskins, 232. Will., 145. Stileman, John, 362. Styleman, arms & brass, 362. Stockport, 275. Stocks, repair of, 430. See Chil- ton Foliat ; Grittleton. Stockton, Ch. and chyd inscrips., 133. Gale, Nov., 1928, 392. Manor, 372. “Works,” Camp or village, 280; Somerset coal found in, 286. Stoke, 417. Stokes, Sam., 233. Stokke Common, “ Birds Hole,” 24, Fungi, 26—28. Stone Curlew, 60. Stone implements, flints, Eolithic, 379; Origin and age, H. G. O. Kendall on, noticed, 179, 180; Alderbury, 378; Braydon, 180. Glacial and Precrag., 180. Implements, surface,at Avebury, date of, 180 ; Cornwall, 180. Neolithic, N. Wilts, 180. Palogolithic, H. G. O. Kendall on, noticed, 179, 180 ; Hackpen and Knowle, 179 ; Hertfordshire, 180; Microliths and Pygmies, 179; Salisbury, Milford Hill, 378, 379. Arrowheads, Bronze Age, 80 ; Dragshoi (Schleswig), 117; Overton, 99; Stonehenge, 282, 353, Axes, sandstone and Dolerite, Liddington, 247. Axe hammers, perforated, Hove, 112; Ogbourne St. George, 245 —247; Woodhenge, 303, 475. Celts, Stonehenge, 282, 353 ; Of blue stone, Stonehenge, 333, 353. Daggers with beakers, age of, 80; Barrow, Figheldean, 118. Implements from Wilt- shire,collection given by Dr.Clay, 199; Rare type, 91, Knives, flint, polished, list of all known, age of, 99; made from broken polished celts, 91, 97; Rectan- gular thin, Yorks,99; biddestone, 91; Ogbourne, 103. * Picts INDEX TO VOL. XLIV. 543 knives,” of stone, 97. Polished flint knives, by R. C. C. Clay, _97--105. Mace head, perfor- ated, Durrington, 395, 475 ; Stonehenge, 282, 334. Sarsen implements, axe head,79 ; Mauls, 333: Mullers, 79. Stone im- plements of material foreign to Wilts, H. H. Thomas and A. D. Passmore, 246, 247. Stone monuments, Megalithic, cir- cles earlier than Stonehenge, 183. Not orientated, 75. Not sun temples, 74. See Odilienberg (Alsace); Stanton Drew; Sten- nis; Turusachan. Dolmens and chambered tumuli, see Drumho ; La Hougue Bie ; Locmariaker, Weyland’s Smithy. Stone, E. Herbert, obit. and list of writing, 69; Writings, 301, 302. Mrs., gifts, 91. Re Ns Stonehenge, Altar Stone, original position, 348. Articles on noticed, by J. Soul, 301; E. H. Stone, 68; G. Webb, 301; EH. Walls on, 488. As astrono- mical instrument, by A. P. ‘Trot- ter, noticed, 74. Aubrey Holes, Blue Stone and Sarsen Chips, 335, 336, 338, 354; Date of, earlier than S , 283, 354, 355, 358 ; Contemporary with S., 338, 339 ; Later than Beaker Age, 337: Cremations 1n, 336, 337, 354, 491 ; Cremations later than_ holes, 282; Derivation of name, 353; lixeavation described, 335, 352, 353; Neolithic or Early Bronze, 355, 357, 358; Rom.-Brit. pot tery, 335, 336, 337; Wooden posts not stones, 76, 282, 283, BODO STOO 4 ASG, Avenue, air photos, 281 ; Date contemp- Orary with 58., 335, 341, 355; Ditches described, 341, 342; Holes in, 355 ; north branch not in air photos, 278; no cremations in Aubrey holes on path of avenue, 336; West Amesbury branch near river found, 261. Axis, centres of Sarsen and Blue Stone circles, differ, 75; fixes midsummer agriculturally, 74; not in centre of Causeway, 358. Bank not excavated, 353. ) Barrow near, Blue stone chips, &c., 351 ; Bronze dagger, 491. “South Barrow,’ 335—337 ; Ditch of, 340; excavated, 339 ; Cremation in, 354; later than Aubrey holes, 354; Hole for stone in centre, 283, 339. Beaker pottery, 283, 332—334, 343, 353. Blue stones, axes of, 282, 333, 353; Chips in Barrow, 358; strength of evidence of, 491; in ditch, 332, 353; not in Sarsen holes, 350 , chipped on the spot, 346; erected after Sarsens, 345, 349, 350; from Prescilly (Pemb.), 350; came by land, 488; From monument on the Plain before Stonehenge, 183, 345, 350. Blue stone circle nearly continuous wall, 344; dressed by grooving, 349; stone with groove, 349. Blue stone horseshoe,all dressed, 349; really an oval, 283, 344 ; never finished (1), 345. Blue stone trilithon, by E. H. Stone, noticed, 69; Lintel belonged to circle in Wales (2), 283; mortice holes not mortars, 302; used as up- right at S., 350; used as bridge over axis, 345. Bone pins, 282. Causeway at entrance, craters at sides, 341; post holes for barrier, 355; south causeway, 281. Chilmark limestone as packing, 352. Cremations near surface, modern (1), 334. Cur- sus, flint knife, 97. Date of S., Neolithic or Karly Bronze 283; Middle Bronze, 358, 491 ; Early Iron Age, 347; of two or three dates, 75, 488. Deer Horn picks, 283, 353; in Y hole, 352. S. a development of chambered cairn, 358. Ditch, axes of Blue stone, 333 ; Barriers of chalk across, 281, 282. Beaker pottery, 281 ; Craters and bays used as dwellings (?), 282, 341, 353; Cremations in, 334; Cremations later than ditch, 282; Ditch contemporary with S., 3389; Ditch & bank earlier than S., 283, 354; ends of ditch filled up to make avenue, 341; ex- cavations in ditch described, 281, 332, 334, 335 ; flint arrow-heads, 544 INDEX TO VOL. XLIV. Celts, hammerstones, 282, 332, 353; later than Beaker period, 335; method of digging, 353 ; Neolithic, 488 ; Rom. Brit. ob- jects in ditch, 335; Sarsen & Blue stone chips and mauls, 281, 333; silting up of ditch, time taken, 333, 335. Druids and midsummer, 391; Druids added Y & Z holes (1), 352; Druidical origin, 181—i83; Mod- - ern Druids’ service,302. Early Iron Age, date of S., 183, 343, 344. Erecting stones, method of, by E. H. Stone, noticed, 69. Excavations, reports on by Col. Hawley, noticed, 281—284 ; closed down, 121; Recent Ex- cavations, by Col. R. H. Cun- ington, 332--347 ; ditto by R. S. Newall, 348--359. Flint polished knife, 121. Flints, layer of, 347. Four stations, the, 339, 340. “The Great Law,” noticed, 395. Hele stone, 75; Ditch round it, 340, 341, 355 ; in its original position (4), 283, 340 ; one of a pair, 488. Human bones, 283. La Tene pottery, 343, 344. Leaning stone, erection of, 349. Lintels cut to a curve, 349, 351. Mace head, stone per- forated, 282, 334. Mauls, Sarsen used in packing, 352. Medal, 91, 181 ; B. H. Cunning- ton on (figd.), 8, 9. Midsum- mer sunrise, EK. H. Stone on, noticed, 69; Art. noticed, 391 ; First flash or whole orb, 75, 76 ; Tradition of, not old, 74. Mortice and tenon, unique, 350, Sole Notes, MS., by EK. H. Stone, given, 91. Orientation, 358 ; By Adm. Boyle Somerville, noticed, 74, 75. Ox skull, 282. Plans, 181 ; Compared with chambered barrows (/figs.), 356, 357; Showing excavations, Aubrey and Y. and Z. holes, (figd), 348. Post holes at entrance, 342; Age of, 283, 346 ; Grave between two, 359. Presentation Fund appeal, 474 ; Memorial to W. H. Bell, 251. Rampart, 335, 344. Rom.- Brit. pottery, 183, 282, 332, 333, 343, Roofed over? A. D. Passmore on, noticed, ‘76. Sarsen and blue stone chips, relative numbers, 346; Sarsen circle, 351, 357; Erected from outside, 351. Sarsens shaped roughly elsewhere, 346; Not from the Plain, 301 ; With pointed bases, 348. Slaughter stone, hole in which it stood, 340 ; Once upright, 75; Origin- ally two stones, 340, 355. “The stones of,” by E. H. Stone, noticed, 68. Temple and place of assembly, 284. Trilithons erected before blue stones, 345 ; Trilithon lintels, symbolic of roof, 358; size of stones, 349. Z. and Y. holes, described, 342, 352 ; Contemporary with S., 283, 342 ; Early Iron Age pottery in, 352 ; Intentionally filled up, 343 ; Later than sarsens and chipping of blue stones, 342, 352, 488; T'o hold blue stones, 342, 343; To hold wooden posts, 76. Stoney Littleton, chambered bar- row plan, 357. Stork, John, 217, 431, 434, 435, 440, 441, 447, 449—451, 453—462. Chr,, 441. Rob,, 447. Storrington (Sussex), polished fiint knife, 100. Story Maskelyne family of Basset Down, 161. Stourhead Ho. visited, re-built, Empire furniture, 125. Largest cedar, 125. Stourton, Bristol High Cross, 125. Church and chyd inscrips., 18 ; Glass, effigies, armour, 125. Stow in the Wold, 163. Stowborough (Dors.) King Bar- row, tree trunk coffin, 104, 113. Stowell Lodge (Wilcot), Jersey Cattle, 171. Stowford Mill, Plants, 62. Strachey, John, 83. Stradling family hold Dauntsey, 489. Edw., murder of, 489. Strange, arms, 428. Stratford-sub-Castle, Church and chyd. inscrips., 13; Plate given and tower built, 289. Enclo- sure Act, 395. Was Will. Pitt born there ? 89, 289, 290. _—Vic- arage [Mawarden Court], Hist, INDEX TO VOL. XLIV. 545 of, was the front rebuilt ? 289, 290. Stratford Tony, Church and chyd. inscrips., 13. Stratton St. Margaret, backsword- ing, 295. Church and chyd, inscrips., 13 ; Memorials, art. on. noticed, 391; Aisle roofed, 299. Church House demolished, 299. Feast, ‘‘ Jingling,” 295. Old industries, art. noticed, 391, Stratton, Ricd., 124, 147; Of Broad Hinton, 87; of Newport, Biog, notice, 86, 87. Will., 153. Straw plaiting, Aldbourne, 287. Strica, 326. Strong, Phil., 388. Strongbow, 64. Stropharia, species, 27. Studley, 174. Stukeley, Will., acct. of, 288. Excavates barrowat Stonehenge, 491. On Avebury, 240. On Druids, 181. On eclipse, 88. Stumpe, Will., buys Malmesbury Abbey, 390. Stype, mollusca, 406. Sub-tenants forbidden, 453. Suffolk, Duke of, 196. Hen., 10th Earl, 90. “ Lady S. and her circle,” by L. Melville, no- ticed, 90. Mary Eleanor L.., Countess, obit., 376. Sugden, Will. J., tablet, 363. Sulphur matches, home-made, 287. Summerham (Seend), moat, keep- er’s lodge, 384. Sumner, Heywood, gift, 200; writings, 288. Will., 40. Sun worship in Britain, 74. Sunderland Wick (Yorks), tree trunk coffin, 105. Surrendel, Gore family, 215, 216. Sutton Benger, land given to Malmesbury, 17. Sutton Court (Bristol), 83. Sutton Courtenay (Oxon.), Saxon House excavated, 264. Sutton Mandeville, A. S. charter, 101. Ch, & chyd. inscrips., 13. Given to Wilton Abbey, 101. Sutton Veny, regiments at, 275. Sutton, Eugenia, w. of A. G., 73. Richd., inventory of furni- ture, 312; Loss by fire, 3177. VOL LIV. NO} CLI: Swallowcliffe, 255. Ch. & chyd. inscrips., 13. Down, Early Iron Age pits, cattle ways and lyn- chets, 77, 78,121,277; Pottery, 278. Swanton, E. W., on Fungi, 26, 134, 136, 402—405. Sway (Hants), polished flint knife, 100. Swayne, H. J. F., 289; Writings, 185. Will., 186, 487. Swayne Edwards, M. K., note, 487. Sweyn (King) at Bath, 331. Swift, Peter, 197. Swindon. 145,160. Beaker Bur- ials, 84. Bell Hotel, 87. Bought by Thos. Goddard, 165. Chamber of Commerce, 73. Even S. geology, 47. Gaulish coin, 242. G. W. R. Works, 22k Independent Chapel, Hist. of, 392. Kingshill Ho., 376. Lawn, The, 73, Marl. and Andover Railway, 291. Mayor’s Chain, 73. Museum, 43, 236. Nonconformity, rise of, 392. * Pilorim Way.” 184. Property, 31. Rushey Plat, Norman Ho., & Mound opened, 243. Roman Ho., 244. Thos., Parson of, Tithes, 191. Vict. Hospital, 73, 490. Walcot Tithe, 191. War Work, am- bulance trains, 291. Well, deep, 194. Swindonian, The (Magazine), 91. Swiss Lake Dwellings, turned wooden cup, 117. Symbiosis in Hepatics, 132. Symphytum, rust on, 29. Species, 62. Synchytrium, species, 405. Syrencot House, 118. Taff Vale Railway, 67. Talbot, Jane, monument and arms 420. Tan Hill, 300. Tanacetum, species, 62. Tanks in war, anticipated, 311. Tanner, Canon G. F., obit., 69, 174. John,, 69. Tarring of roads, effect on Mol- lusca, 23. Tattersell, Tho., 221, 229, 230. Taunton, Gertrude E., d. of Will., Wee Tavistock Abbey (Dev.) founded, 301. Za) 546 INDEXeeRO? V.Ow, exaulve Tayler, Adm. Jos. N., 387. Taylor, A. J., 477. Eliz., 31. Hen., 32. J. W., notes, 23. Jos., 31. Maurice, note, 61. Phil., 32.. Sam., 387. Thos., 155, 157, 160, 163. Teagle, Sam., 41. Tedworth, North, Ch. and chyd. inscrips., 13. Teffont, stone from at Stonehenge, 352. Teffont Ewyas, Ch. and chyd. in- scrips., 13. Tellisford, 234. Temse=Sieve, 317. Tennant, Christopher, by Sir A. Lodge, noticed, 302. Chr. G. (Ld. Glenconner); Edw. P. (Ld. Glenconner); Edw. Wyndham, 372; Memoir of, by his mother, 373. Tennant gallery, 373. Terebratula, new species, 198. Tetbury given to Malmesbury, 17. Tetraphis, species, 128. Thames, Upper, racial boundary, 296. Theodore, Archbishop, 324. Thickwood, 231. Thomas, Edw., 184. H. H., on blue stones, 350 ; On stone axe, Box, 265 ; On stone implements of material foreign to Wilts, 246, 247. Canon J. W., obit., 70. R. E., 405. Silas, 237, 238: Thompson, Avery, 363. Thornborough (York), circle, 393. Thorner, Richd., 218, 430. Thorney (? Thorner), John, 430, 437— 439. Thornhill (Clyffe Pypard)=Tor- nelle, 145, 165. Census, 1861, 152, 153. Manor Farm, in- scription on stables, 146. Manor given to B.N.C., Oxford, 144, 155. Thorock, West (Essex), 32. Thrincia, rust on, 29. Thrum, defined, 409. Thuidium, species, 130. Thuringia, missionsof St. Boniface, 324, Thurnam, John, 112; Acct. of, 288 ; Excavates W. Kennet Long Barrow, 187; MS. notes bought, 120 ; Letters, 263. Thyme, galls., 24. Thynne arms, 419. Col. Ld. Alex., 190. Sir John, 148. Thwing (Yorks), polished flint knife, 100. Tibetot, John, holds Castle Combe, 269. Tidbald, Abbot of Tisbury, 323. Tidcombe, mosses, 131. Tidcombe, John, 232. Tidworth, North, 173. Lands of Bradenstoke, 158. Tigh, Lister, 232. Tiler, Will.,, 431. Tilerd, Will., 467. Tiles, encaustic, Stanley, 395. Tilshead, 292. Timms, arms, 363. Tinhead, plants, 63. Tipping, H. A., on Littlecote, 195. Tiptoft, Rob., Lord, and Millicent, 269. Tisbury Abbey, Abbots of, and Charter, 322, 323 ; Destroyed by Danes, 324 ; Property, 328. Church, tower, top rebuilt, 255 ; Visited, 255;Ch. &chyd.inscrips., 13 ; Old yew tree, 255. Crown Hotel, 255. Earliest mention, B22. Granted to Shaftesbury Abbey, 329, 330; Restored after alienation, 328. Inthe Anglo- Saxon charters, by W. Good- child, 322--331. Niprede, 330. Property of Q. Aelgifu, 328. “ Synod of the Nadder ” at, 323. Zion Hill Chapel & graveyard inscrips., 13. Tisbury, Place Farm, visited, 254. Titcombe, Dorothy, inventory, 318. Tithingman, The, 429, 446, 447. Tobacco and pipes, 379. Tockenham Church, Roman figure, illust., 299. Broome family, 39, 192. Button, Sir Will., 185. Chyd. inscrips., 13. Greenway, 39. Jacob family, 161. Land given to Malmes- bury, 17. Manor, 30. Pinniger family,151. Property, Si, 84. Wick, Geology, 197, 198. Todd, Miss E. S., 25. Todeworth, John, 269. Toghill, Geo., 229. Tokens, corn, &c., issued by D, Arnot, of Holt, described, 1, 2, INDEX TO VOL. XLIV. Murder of Wolf Myers, 1768, 5—7. Wilts tokens, 17th & 18th Cents., given by Gen. Palmer, 120; In Devizes Museum, 1—9. See also Badminton, Devizes, Holt, Malmesbury, Staverton, Warminster. Toker, Thos., 145. Tomlin, J. W. S., gift, 200. Tooker, Ch., 145. Topley, E., token, 5. Toppin, G. P., copies inscrips., 10. Tor (Dev.), 163. Torquay, 168. Torrs, Glenluce, knife, 99. Tortula, species, 128, 129, 401 Tothill, Francis, 172. Adm. Sir Hugh D., obit., 172. Tottenham Park, hepatics, 132. Mosses, 129, 131. Plants, 24. Totterdown, sarsen rows on edge of lynchets, 278. Towe, Will., 156. Townsend, monument and arms, 421. F. N., 405. Towthorpe (Yorks), barrow, 105. Tracey, Anne, tablet and arms, 361. Trametes, species, 24, 26. Treasure, burial, tradition, see Savernake, T. trove defined, 238; Concealment of, 238. . See Chute. Tree worship, 86. Trefeglwys(Montgomery),polished flint knife, 100. polished flint Trenchard, Will., 232. Monu- ment and arms, 421. Trentepohlia, species, 134. Trethowan, F. H., obit., 177. Will., 177. Tricholoma, species, 26, 135, 402, 403. ‘Lrones Wood, battle, 189. Tropenell Cartulary bought, 67. Printed, 119. Trotter, A. P., on Stonehenge, no- ticed, 74. Trowbridge, 70, 72, 174, 222, 231, 235, 275, Conigre Baptist Chapel, 197. Co-op. Soc., 482. Crabbe Centenary sermon, 276. Fire Brigade, 482. Houlton family, 215. Parish Ch,, inscrips., 13. People’s Park, 482. Philharmonic Soc, 178. Silver Street Chapel, hist. | 547 of, noticed, 196—7; Burial grd., 197; Christening bowl, 197. Stone Mills, 482. Yerbury Street, 482. Trufle, edible, 28. Trustees and Treasurer appointed, BOR, Tuck, Thos., 153. Tucker, John (I. & II.), 217, 481— 434, 436—448, Roger, 436. Tuckeys (field), 148. Tufa in Roman buildings, 51. Tuffnell, Bp. Edw. W., 143. Tufted Duck nests, 79. Tugwell family at Westwood, 485. Thos., 35, 38. Tupholme, W.S., copies registers, 249; gift, 199; On Sir John Falstaff and Steeple Langford, 269, 270. Turk, Isaac, 228. Turner, arms, 361, 68, 69, 71, 426. Miss, 482. Eliz.. w. of Geo., Ledger Stone, 363. Gilbert, 1T., tablet, 369. Thos. B., Memorial, 368. Turold, Abbot of Malmesbury, 18, 20. Turusachan, Callernish Stone Cir- cle, 348. ‘‘Tuscin,” defined, 288. Tussilago, species, 62. Twyford, G.W.R., opened, 85. Twyford, John, 413, 414. Tyes family, 191. Tyler, Will., 433, 439. Tyne Cot Cemetery, 302. Tyrell, Eliz., monument, 298. Tytherton Kelloways, Broome family, 192, 198. Tytherton Lucas, 161. mon. inscrips., 13. Ubba, 326. Uffington, G.W.R. opened, 85. Uley (Glos.), Long Barrow, plan, BO Uy Unio, species, 406. Unsworth, W. F., 374. Upavon, 415. Church mon. in- scrips., 13. Camp, 278. Upham (Aldbourne) 154, 158. Goddard family, 164. Upper Horse Hall Hill, Plants, 24. Upton Lovell Ch. & chyd. inscrips., 13. Gold ornaments from bar- row, 112. Mills bought, 482. Upton Scudamore Barrow, Bronze ZO, Church 548 INDEX TO VOL. XLIV. dagger, wood coffin, 104. Lands of Heytesbury Almshouse, 258. Scene of Novel, ‘‘ The Les- ser Breed,” 394. Uromyces, species, 29. Utrecht, 307. ‘“* Uttwell Man,” 415, 416. Vaccinium, species, 190. Vale of White Horse Hunt, 66, 373. Vallonia, species, 406. Van den Bempde, arms, 422. Vandyke, works of, 84. Van Somer, Paul, 296. Vase from barrow (Yorks) in Eng- lish treasury temp. Hen. I., 1138. Vaughan, arms, 428. M., notes, l 61. Venice, English Church, 381. Verlucio, Rom. Station, Wans, 49, 58. Vernon, arms, 423. Veronica, rust on, 29. Verrucaria, species, 405. Verteg, The (Mon.), 387. Vertigo, species, 406. Vespasian’s Camp, 78. Vigors, Capt., 264. Village Industries, A. Williams on, noticed, 286, 287. . Vinea, species, 62. Vipont, arms, 422. Virgate defined, 435. Vortigern (King), 181, 182. Wadley, T. W. & Bridget, 163. Wadworth & Co., 388. Wagtail, Yellow, nests, 79. Wainhouse, Will., tablet & arms, 361, Waite, Will, 35, 36. Wakeman, Mary L., d. of W. W., 70. Walcote, John, 156. Wales, National Museum, 236. Walker, T. W., gift, 395; Writ- Ings, 387, 391, 392. Will., obit., 482. Walker’s Hill, Adam’s Grave Long Barrow, visited, 476. eee Sir Will., Siege of Devizes, 8 Wallis, arms, 424. Walls, E., “ Bristol Avon,” noticed, 183—185; ‘Salisbury Avon,” noticed, 486. Walter, Abbot of Malmesbury, 20. Bp. Hubert, on crusade, 388. Rob., 388. Walters, H. B., ‘‘ Church Bells of Wilts,” by, 120, 250, 476. RB. C., writings, 395. Walpoole, Stephen, 32. Walwyn, John, 217. Wanborough, Callas Hill, Saxon burial, 91,244. Church, brass, 164 ; Tower bnilt, 165. Karls Court, Sarsens in Vale, 63. Flax and hemp grown, village industries, 286. Phillipps fam., 162. Property, 158. Wancy, Will. and Godfrey de, 143. Wans, ‘‘ Breach of Wansdyke,” 57. Site of Verlucio, 49. Wansdyke excavation, 1927, 204; Fund, 400. In Savernake, H. C. Brentnall on, 79. Post- Roman date, 79. Wansey, arms, 419. Wants (Moles), order to destroy, 382. War Chariot, invented by Petty, oll. Ward, Mrs. Atkinson (Fay Inch- fawn), 273. Bp. Seth, 452. Wardour, Anglo-Saxon meeting at, 326. Geology, 193. Park, 329, Property of Q. Aelgifu, 328. Roman Catholic Ceme- tery, mon. inscrips,13. Row- ety plantation, Pillow Mound, 261. Ware, Aldhelm, 433. Benedict, 446, 447. Benet, 438, 442. Eleanora, 469. Thos., 453. Warin, Abbot of Malmesbury, 18. Warley, Little (Essex), 171. Warminster, Christ Church, 177. Common, bad repute of, 394. Hollow flint wlth coins, 237. Lord Weymouth’s Grammar School, War Memorial, 419. Minster Church, Heraldry by R. St. J. Battersby, 418--420 ; Phillipps’Chapel Windows,arms, 418, 419. Nonconformist Cem- etery, inscrips., 13. Property of Heytesbury Alms House, 258. St. Boniface Coll., 298.. St. John’s Church, inscrips., 13. St. Monica’s School, 394. Scene of Novel, 394. Token, 5. Warneford arms, 360, Francis, 38, 39. John, 146, Phil., 430, 432. Warnford, 188. INDEX TO VOL. XLIV. 549 Warr, Clemens, 432. Warren, F. C., writings, 194. Warrok, Adam, 270. Warton, Thos.; 467. Wassailingin Wilts,by A. Williams, noticed, 85, 86, 392. Water Rail, 79.. Water Supply of Wilts,by Whitaker & Edmund, noticed, 193, 194 ; of N. Wilts, 43, 47, 48. Water- works described, 194. Mills, 286. Waterhouse, Mr., 280. Wath (Yorks), urnin oak coffin, 105. Watson, A. J., gifts, 200, 303; “ Savernake Forest” by, noticed, 284,285. H.C., 25. Watts (Painter), 372. David, 63. Sam., 232. Waxwing, 79. Waylen, G.S. A., 252, 477; Vice- ~ President, 123. James, writ- ings, 298. Sergt.-Major, 189. Wayte, 147, Webb family, portraits, 188. Annie, 461. Aristotle, 191. Hen, 445. John, on Stone- henge, 181, 348. Simon, 157, 158, 166. Thos., 191. W. A. “Final years of Bath Coaches,” noticed, 85. Webb, alias Evered, John, 190. Webb family of Overton (Wrough- ton), 166. Webb, alias Kich- man, Thos., 191. Webbs Gully Wood Plants and Fungi, 25, 26. Wedgwood, Mrs., 383. Wedhampton (Urchfont), 163. Red Grouse, 79. Weekes, H. A., 178. Walt., 178. Will. H., 6bit., 178. = Will., 178. “ Weekly Entertainer and W. of England Miscellany,” 91. Weeks, John, 388. Weisia, species, 129, 134. Welch, Mrs., 171. James, obit., 171, 172. Wells and Springs in Wilts, List of, 194. “Wells, Ancient of - Gloucestershire,” noticed, 395. Wells, Bekynton Cafe, 479. Cathedral, Palace, and Vicar’s Close, visited, 479; Clock not from Glastonbury, 479; Glass, 271. | Wells, John, Abbot of Malmes- bury, 14. Welwyn, !79. Wemyss, Lady, 372. Werden, Susanna, d. of Sir John, 168. Wereat, John, 232. Wermund’s tree, 329. Wessex Diocese divided, 323. * Wessex from the Air, 1928, Crawford & Keiller, noticed, 277 —— veil lr West Dean (Brighton), polished flint knife, 100. West Riding Volunteers, 171. West Woods, vaccinium, species, 190. West, James, 108. Westall, W. P., gift and writings, 203. Westbury, boring for coal, 194. Church, Hatchments, 366, 367 ; Heraldry, by R. St. J. Batters- by, 364--9; Ley Monument, 366; Phipps’ mont. and arms, 365. Tron ore, 45. M.P.’s see Baynard, Sir R. Westbury Leigh, 232. Westerham (Kent), hollow flint with British gold coins, 237, 239. Westfield (Sussex), 374. Westmacott (Sculptor), work, 309. Westminster Abbey, Godolphin tablet, 381. Westmorland, Earl of, 27). *“ Weston-super-Mare (Cazette,” 376. Weston, Thos., 258. Westwood Church, architecture described, 486; Font cover and figure of devil over, legend of, 486; Glass described, 486 ; Heraldry, by R. St. J. Batters- by, 427, 428; Tower built by ‘lL. Horton, 485. Church House, destroyed, 485. Flints and Roman pottery, 61. Manor, Barn, 485, 486 ; Held by Bp. of Winchester, Sir J. Hannam, and Tugwell family, 485. Manor House, description and illusts., noticed, 485, 486; Built by 'T. Horton, 485 ; Finial, tra- dition as to, 486; Glass, 486 : King’s Koom, portraits, 485; Plan, 485. Plague of Locusts, tradition, 486. Plants, 62. 550 INDEX TO VOL. XLIV. Wexcombe, Dairy Ranch, 86. Weybridge (Surrey), 289. Weyhill (Hants), 266. Ridge- way, 78. Weylands Smithy, Chambered Barrow, plan, 357. Wheatley (Oxon), geology, 197. Wheeler, D, 37. Whetacre, Will., 388. Whetewang, John de, 156. Whetham, ‘“‘ Bridge of Fynamore,” Bile Mound opened, 263. Stream, 57. Whitaker, Will., 232. “Water Supply of Wilts,” 193, 194. Whitchurch, F. S., 424. White, Mrs., 467. Alice, 434, 440, 442, 444, 446, 447, 452, 460, 462, 463, 465. Eliz., deeds, 217, 223, 224, 230, 231, 452, 455, 464, 465, 472. Hen., 440; Buys Grittleton, 215. Hester (I. & IL), 216—218, 220, 447, 448, 452, 454, 455, 463—467, 469, 470. John, 227; Brass and arms, 426, 427. Jos., 220, Kath., 452, 455, 463—465. Marg., 452, 455, 463. Mary, 464. Priscilla (1. & IT.), 224, 230—232. Rebecca, 226. Richd., 223, 227. Sarah, 228, 226, 227, Thos., 440, 442 ; Brass and arms, 426, 427. Walt., 215—225, 230, 231, 430, 431, 440, 442, 443, 447, 455, 469, 471,472 ; Governor of Bristol, 217; M.P. for Chip- penham, 220. Widow, 459. Will., 471. White Cleve, see Clyffe Pypard. White Hart Lodge, 484. White Horse (Berks.) Revel, back- swording, 295. Whitemarsh, 329. White Sheet Hill, 330. Ridge- way, 77. Whitelock, Sam., 145. Whiteparish, Ch. & chyd. inscrips., 13. White’s Farm (Worcs.), 230. Whitley (Melksham), 411, 417. In the Forest, 385. Whitsuntide customs, dances, 296. Whittaker, John & Anna Maria, mon. and arms, 367. Whyrr Farm, 150. Wick, 196. Wick Ball Camp, 78. Wicks, John, 38. Widener, Jos., 84. Widows’ estate, custom, 149, Wigmore, Jos., 439. Mary, 222. Wihtbrord, 325, 328. At Fovant, 327. Wilbury (Castle Ditches Camp), 329. Wilcot, 145, 195. Church, ghostly bellringing, 190. Es- tate, 81. See also Stowell Lodge. Wilcreak (Mon.), 191. Wild, Isaac and Hannah, arms, 426. James, 37, 38. Wildman, John, 31, 382. Wiles, Jos. P., obit. and list of writings, 377. Wilkins, David, 323. Richd., 446. Wilkinson, arms, 428. He monument, 422. J., writings, 411, Willes, John, 148. Willett, Stephen, 237. William I. (King), 18. Williams, Alfred, writings, noticed, 295,296,392. David, 383. John, 468—470, 'Thos., 438, Aes Herb,as mark in boundary, Willow wood fibre for hats, &c., plaiting and weaving at Ald- bourne, 287, 288 ; for gunpowder, 288, eee Sir Ernest, owns Littlecote, 95, Willson, M., Report on Birds, 478. Wilmot, A. J., 24. Wilsford and Woodford Prebend, 482. Barrow, bronze dagger, wooden boxes, 104. Ch. & chyd. inscrips., 13. Manor, 372. North Kite earthwork, air photo., 281. See also Bush Barrow. Wilson, James H., obit., 271. Margaret G., d. of R. G., 81. Wilton, 145, 150. Abbey, prop- erty of, 101. Cemetery, in- scriptions, 13. Churches, old and new, and chyds., and Con- gregational ditto, inscriptions, 18}, House, Diptych, sold to Nat. Gallery, 484 ; Sir P. Sidney at, 488. Wilton (in Bedwyn), Brails, Fungi, INDEX TO VOL. XLIV. 25, 26,29 ; Gallsand flowers, 24 ; Mosses, 130; Plants, 25. Common, Fungi, 25—7. Wilton. Edw., letters and notes, 263, 363. Wilts and Dorset county boundary, A.S. origin, 286. Wilts Agricultural Assocn., 171. Wiltshire Archeological Soc., ac- counts, 1926—28, 93—96, 201— 204, 397—400, 474, 475. An. reports, 1926—28, 119—122, 248 —252, 474—476. An, meet- ings, Bath, 1929, 474--430; Frome, 1927, 119--127 ; Shaftesbury, 1928, 248--256; 476. Members, list of, 205-- 214; Numbers, 120, 248. Prehistoric excursions, 122, 476. Wiltshire Bacon Co., 7). Books, pamphlets, and articles, 74-- 90, 181--198, 380--394, 484-- 492. * Wiltshire County Mirror,” 376. Dialect poems, 296. ‘‘ Wiltshire Gazette,” 376. * Wiltshire Legionaire,” 199, 298. Wiltshire Nursing Assoc. 177. Wiltshire Obit- uary, 64---73, 171---130, 271 ---2'76, 372---379, 481---483, Wiltshire Regt., 171—173. Me- -morial at Ypres, 302. 2nd Batt. in Gt. War, record of, 1914 —18, by W.S. Sheppard, noticed, 189—190. 4th Reserve Batt. raised, 275. 7th Batt., memoir of, noticed, 87. Volunteer Batt., 271. Wiltshire tokens, 18th & 19th Cents., given, 249. Wiltshire Working Men’s Conservative Benefit Soc., 66, 72. Wiltshire, Ann, 226. Mary, writings, 393, 394. Rebecca, 224. Rob., 223, 224. 223, 2294, Wily, Nich. de, 269. Wimbert, Abbot of Nursling, 322, 324. Wimborne, 325. Deans Court, 485, Minster, visited, 253. Winbolt, S. E., 49 : Note, 266. Winchester, Bishop of, see Dene- wulf ; Property at Bushton, 146 ; Downton, 323; Tisbury, 322; See also Fonthill Bishops. Cathedral muniments, 322. College, life in, 383. Monastery Walt., 551 of St. Swithin, property, 16—19, 150. Museum, 236. See of, founded, 22 ; Divided, 323. Wincomb Park (Dors.), visited, 248. Windbury (field), 227. Windsor, polished flint knife, 100. Winetell, Edw., 433. Winfrith (St. Boniface), 324. Wingreen Ridgeway, 77. Winsley, 272. Winterbourne Bassett, 179. Church & chyd. inscrips., 13; Choir, 384. F. Goddard at, 383. Manor Farm, 384. Old Rectory, described, 383. Winterbourne Dauntsey, Chyd. inscrips., 13. Winterbourne Earls, Ch. & chyd. inscrips., 13. Winterbourne Gunner, 273, 274. Ch. & chyd. inscrips., 13. Winterbourne Monkton, Ch. & chyd. inscrips., 13. Enclosure Act, 395. Polished flint knife, 100. Winterbourne Stoke, barrows, wooden coffins, bronze daggers, &e., 104. Ch. & chyd. in-° scrips., 13. Winterslow, Bronze Age inter- ment, R. C. C. Clay and Sir A. Keith on, 260. Ch. & chyd. inscrips., 13. | Lobscombe Cor- ner, Popple Light Copse, 260. Winton (Hants), polished flint knife, 100. Wintra, Abbot of Tisbury, 323, 324 ; Charter to, 322; Property at Fonthill, 323. Wiseber (Yorks), Bronze Bowl with skeleton on wood, 105. Wishford, Bridge, 415. Ch. & chyd. inscrips., 13. | Ebbsbury Camp, described, air photo, 279. Groveley celebrations, 487. Oak Apple Club founded, 375, Owned by W. Bonham, 414. Witchampton, 315. Wither, arms, 421. Withers, Richd., account bk., 296. ‘““Withy trees fought forthe King.” 288. Wodam, Richd,, 436. Wolsey, Cardinal, arms, 419. Wolverhampton, 70. 552 Women justices, the first, 177. Suffrage Bill, 481. Woodborough Church inscrips., 13. Woodbury Camp, see Britford. Woodcock nests, 79. White, 61. Woodcuts, Rom.-Brit. Huts, date, OHV Wooden Circles, Chambers, &c., see Bleasdale, Woodhenge, Wor Barrow. Cups from Barrows, &¢., Liv. Tree trunk coffins, 112. Woodfields (Wores.), 217, 220. Woodford, 372. Ch. & chyd. in- scrips., 13. Clump, air photo, 281. Woodford, Rob., endows St. Kd- mund’s, Salisbury, 186. Woodgreen, 177, Woodhenge (Durrington) Barrow excavated, Beaker and Perfor- ated Stone Axe Hammer, 303, 475. Central burial of a child, Mrs. Cunnington on, 488. Circles excavated, 77, 121, 476 ; Mrs. C. reads on, 125, 126. Druidic Grove, La Tene period, 183. Pottery, Middle Bronze Age, 125, 488. Wooden struc- ture, prototype of Stonehenge, 76, 77, 125, 126, 337, 358, 488. Woodland, ‘I’. H., reads paper, 123. W oodlark nests, 190. Woodman, Jacob, 217. 466. Woodmancote (Glos ), 483. Woodminton Barrows, Urns, &c., given to Museum, 120. Woodroffe [Woodrow], Elias, 217, 437—439, 443—445, 447, 452, 456, Woodrow, in Melksham Forest,385. W oodrow, see Woodroffe. Woodward, Dan., 229. Woodwork, Choir stalls, at Anstey, 250: Grinling Gibbons’ car- ving, see Compton Chamberlaine. Pulpit, Malmesbury Abbey, 390. Screens, see Crudwell Ch.; Dauntsey Ch. Wool sent to Oxfordshire to be dyed, 286. Woolbury Camp (Hants), Ridge- way, 78. Woollen Industry, Hist. of, art. on, noticed, 392. Origin of many families, 185, Terms of, de- fined, 297, Thos., INDEX TO VOL. XLIV. Woolmore, Melksham Forest, 385. Woolner, C. G., 406. Wootton Bassett, 184. Alias W. Vetus, 31. Adder, 61. Brimsden’s Farm, tithes, 35, 36. Church inscriptions, 13. Copped Hall, 159. Election procession, 1808, print, 92, 121, Geology, 197. G.W.R. opened, 85. Inns, list of, 188. Mollusca, 405. Property of Malmesbury Abbey, 16, 17. Town Trust, 123, See also Little Park. Wootton Rivers, advowson, 146. Church clock made, 2938. Manor given to Broad Town Charity, 144. Mollusca, 406. Wor Barrow, wooden chamber, 358. Ditch, silting up of, 335. Worcester, Will. of, at Corton, 150. Wordsworth, Bp. John, arms, 370. Workeman, Aldhelm, 438. Workman, Sam, 220, 221, 230. Worminster (Som. ), 328. Worms, action of in stones, 347. Worston. Thos. & Will., 156, Worton Choral Soc., 178. Wraxall, South, Church inscrips., 13. Wren, Richd., 450. Wrey, Florentina, w. of Sir Bour- chier, monument and arms, 360. Writhlington (Som.), 384. Wroughton, 86. Chalk for build- ing, 287. Church, art. on, noticed, 392. Mollusca, 405, 406. Pit Sawyers, 287. Weglestock (Westlecott) prop- erty, 158, 165. Woodham Ho., 483. See also Ellendune Wroughton, Charlotte,81. Geo, 81. Geo. W., 145. Wuduburh, earthwork, 78. Wulfgar, Bp. of Ramsbury, 330. Wulfhun, 325. Wulfred, Abbot of Malmesbury,20. Wulfric, Earl of Leicester, 331. Wulfsige, Thane, 381. Wulfsinus, Abbot of Malmesbury, 75 AD, Wyatt, removed porch from Cathedral, 187. Wycombe, 374. Wyden Eels (Northumb.), trunk coffins, 105. lowering tree ae At $ r ¢é INDEX TO VOL LXIV. DOO Wyglesworth, John, 258. Wyldegos, 156. Wykeham, Will. of, arms, 370. Wyks, Ralph, 156. Wylye, 375. Ch. & chyd. in- scrips., 13. River, 487 ; Ford, 78. Valley, illusts., 486 ; In * Village Notes,” by P. Tennant, 372. Wylye, Bp. Walt. de la, builds St. Edmund’s Church, Salisbury, 186. Wyndham, arms, 423. George (I. & II.), 802, 372. Hen., 187. Hen, P., 851; rebuilds St. Ed- mund’s Coll., Salisbury, 187. ~ Sir John, 186. Hon. Percy S., 372. . Wadham buys St. Edmund’s College, Salisbury, 186 ; Sir Wadham, port., 185, 186. Wynford, Hon. Mary M., arms, 419, Wyrcestre, Thos. de, 269. Wyse, John, 31. Xambriht, Abbot of Malmesbury, 20: Xanthoria, species, 405. Yardland, defined, 435. Yarnbury Castle (camp), 78; Air photo, A. Keiller on, 279 ; Inner circle Neolithic, 86, 279 ; Celtic fields, 278. Fair, earthworks on Steeple Langford Cowdown ? 280. Yate (Glos.), 221, 223. Neale family, 188. Yates, Arth., 284. 376. Yatesbury, 150. Barrow, tree trunk coffin and bronze dagger, 104, Church inscrips., 13. Dormice, 23. Lane, 151. Yatton Keynell, 230. Ch. & chyd. inscrips., 13. Yeomanry, Wilts, 71, 73, 373. Print, 92. ‘Token, 1794, 5. Yerbury, arms, 362. Yetminster(Dors.), Hewlett family, 288. Yew Trees, see Tisbury chyd. Yiewsley (Midx.), polished flint knife, 100. Yokefleet Hall (Yorks), 175. York, St. Thomas, 374. York (W. Australia), 177. York, Edmund, D. of, 144. Badge, 360. Youghal, 273. Young, E. V., gift, 121. John, 459, 460. Thos. 161. W.KE., gift, 97. Yoxford (Suff.), 196. Ypres, 189. Menin Gate Me- morial, 302. Zammit, Prof. T., gift, 91. Zeals, chyd. inscrips., 13. Zeebrugge, 189. Zeete, John, 444. Zely, Dorothy, 448, 449, 455, 467. Zouche, arms, 366. Zulu War, 71. Zygodon, species, 130, 131, 401. George, obit., TSO SanS suds 554 ERRATA, . 112, 1. 13 from bottom. for “of the Gold and Amber Disk,’ read — ‘Cand the Gold and Amber Disk.” . 126, The site of Woodhenge has noé been given to the National Trust; but remains up to the present in the hands of Capt. and Mrs. Cunnington. . 156, 1. 14 from bottom. Mor Johanna Garard, read Johannes. . 168, 1. 21 from bottom. For Frances Goddard, read Francis. . 172, 1. 18 from top. For Nantilus, read Nautilus. . 176, It is stated that Dean Burn was responsible for placing the ex- planatory notices, now exhibited, on the principal tombs and monuments in Salisbury Cathedral. This is an error. This valuable innovation is due not to Dean Burn, but to Canon J. M. J. Fletcher. 188, 1. 24 from top. For March 1923, read March 1928. . 216, |. 14 from top. or Surrenden, read Surrendel. . 265, l. 24 from top. For Bwch-Mawr, read Bwlch-Mawr. . 802, |, 21 from top. ‘“ Christopher,” by Sir Oliver Lodge. This notice was Inserted under a misapprehension. Christopher Tennant, the subject of Sir Oliver Lodge’s book, was not the son of Lord Glenconner, nor was he a Wiltshireman. . 374, 1. 4 from bottom. For South Marston, read Stanton Fitzwarren. END OF VOL. LXIV. Printed and Published by C. H. Woodward, Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes. THE SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS (Continued) _ STONEHENGE AND ITS BARROWS, by W. Long, Nos. 46-47 of the Magazine in separate wrapper 7s. 6d. This still remains one of the best and most reliable accounts of Stonehenge and its Harthworks. - WILTSHIRE—The TOPOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS OF JOHN “AUBREY, F,R.S., A.D. 1659-1670. Corrected and enlarged by the Rev. Canon J. E. Jackson, M.A., F.S.A. 4to, Cloth, pp. 491, with 46 plates. ‘Price £2 10s. f WILTSHIRE INQUISITIONES POST MORTEM. CHARLES TI, 8vo, ‘pp. vii. + 510. 1901. With fullindex. In 8 parts, as issued. Price 13s. i DITTO. IN THE REIGNS OF HEN. IIL, ED. I., and ED. II. 8vo, pp. xv. 505. In parts as issued, Price 3s. ' DITTO. THE REIGN OF ED. III. 8vo., pp. 402. In six parts asissued. Price 13s. A BIBLIOGRAPHY or tHe GREAT STONE MONUMENTS of WILTSHIRE, STONEHENGE, anno AVEBURY, with other references, by W. Jerome Harrison, F.G.S., pp. 169, with 4 illustrations. No. 89, Dec., 1901, of the Magazine. Price 5a 6d. Contains particulars as to 947 books, papers, &c., by 732 authors, | TAH TROPENELL CARTULARY. Animportant work in 2 vols., 8vo, pp. 927, containing a great number of deeds connected with property in many ‘Wiltshire Parishes of the 14th and 15th centuries. Only 150 copies were “printed, of which a few are left. Price to members, £1 10s., and to non- members, £2. — THE CHURCH BELLS OF WILTSHIRE, THEIR INSCRIPTIONS “AND HISTORY, BY H. B. WALTERS, F.\S.A. Part I. Aldbourne to Buttermere, 1927. Price 2s. Part Il.—To Rushall, 1928. Price 6s. Part III., Conclusion. Price 8s. WILTSHIRE TOKENS. The Society has a considerable number of 17th and 18th century Wiltshire Tokens to dispose of, either by sale, or exchange for others not in the Society’s collection. Apply to Capt. B. H. Cunnineton, F.8.A. Scot., Curator, Museum, Devizes. WILTSHIRE BIBLIOGRAPHY. A Catalogue of Printed Books, Pamphlets, and Articles bearing on the History, Topography, and Natural History ofthe County. Compiled by Canon E. H. Gopparp, F.S,A., 1929. Part I.—Wiltshire as a whole. Part I1.—Individual Parishes arranged alphabetically. 8vo., Cloth, pp 276. Price 4s. 6d. net, post free 5s. Published by the Witts EDUCATION COMMITTEE OF THE County Councit. To be obtained from the County Epuca- TION OFFICE, TROWBRIDGE. BOOKBINDING. | Books carefully Bound to pattern. Wilts Archzxological Magazine bound to match previous volumes Or in Special Green Cases. We have several back numbers to make up sets. C. H. WOODWARD, Printer and Publisher, Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes. *'The North Wilts Library and Museum at Devizes. \ In answer to the appeal made in 1905 annual subscriptions varying from £2 to 5s. to the amount of about £30 a year for this, purpose have been given since then by about sixty Members of the Society and the fund thus set on foot has enabled the Committee to add much to the efficiency of the Library ane | Museum. Le It is very desirable that this fund should be raised to at leagi, i £50 a year in order that the General Fund of the Society may | be released to a large extent from the cost of the Museum ame set free for the other purposes of the Society. Subscriptions of ds. a year, or upwards, are asked for from all: it Members, and should be sent either to Mr. D. OwEN, Bank Cham- | bers, Devizes, or CANON Ii. H. Gopparp, FS A., Clyffe Vicarage, | Senda: Wiltshire Botany. We have been asked to prepare a snpplement to the Rev. T. A. | Preston’s “ Flowering Plants of Wilts,’ which was published by the Wiltshire Archeological and Natural History Society in 1888, This very excellent work is now largely out-of-date, and a con- siderable amount of botanical research has been carried out in the county since its publication. We desire to make the supplement as complete as possible, and with this object in view, we ask all Wiltshire residents and visitors to the county, to communicate to us any material of botanical interest which they may have in thei possession. Since the exact identification of all species and varieties recorded is of supreme importance, we shall be glad to have records supported by specimens which can be retained at Kew, - or the Natural History Museum, for future reference. Specimens should be sent to us addressed the Church House, Potterne, Devizes. - For the current year we particularly desire to receive specimens ! from all parts of Wiltshire of critical genera. Amongst others we — would stress the willows (Salix), mints (Mentha), eyebrights (Zuphrasia), buttercups (Ranunculus), especially the water-— q buttereups, knapweeds (Centawrea), campions (Silene), thyme (Thymus), and dandelions (7'araxacnm). P. and E. M. MarspEN-JONES. nano or ae J ] Wiltshire Birds. Mr. M. W. Willson, at St. Martin’s Rectory, Salisbury, is collect- ing notices of Wiltshire Birds, with a view to an annual report to be published in the Magazine. He would be greatly obliged it. observers would send him notes of anything of interest at the above — address. it C. H. WOODWARD, PRINTER, DEVIZES. i oS ee ap h sl pail Ae Mens 7, 4 3 ‘ \ ; \ f - d { \ » | Be i j 2 { \ fi ) nut \ 4 ie) ( } Si y bf ; 5 ye a: we : | f wate : \ = t : | x _ | f | \ | i y | | >| | ) uy : | ana = . | { : i ) i malig \ , z i i | : \ ' | : 3 1) | i : . ‘, 3 | | = ) ( a ‘ \ = if ‘ ~. ; , DAA i i e ‘i ; ) 4c v | i i s , ‘ & 3 z . ra ‘ \ . Piss ( S it ( i i \ S , 1 y } ———s i ; ; fe ; Be : ‘ ‘ I ' Oe aes, i J fe i 4 z e } ~. \ cS i sy 1 é i | pa. > ) ay N yay, G J | vy Wont i \ ", I i 4 ‘ \ \ t ' 4, 1 : i i j ) i ES } f \ : i j | 4 Q er Y } {. iy f fi \ 1 = } 2 { i} 3 \ ; (ea i j 1 = a : — ) \ Si ! os a ( ) syria i f f 5 i { 1 ; , i ; , i ay 4 y { 5 ' ii 4 J % : Mor if a i By 5 ¢ ‘ i va N ‘ x Lb i e y (ri ¢ nee \ Pane Poti is bas op Sim 6 wee Phot at od be m6 Piso + Lie Sheiy fits Hi ehay es 2 me CL eg me tM Sher rege) rf Of hr bee Sixt of SOOT Re tt eh: 44 pe ee pert st re tv ix te at i 34 Ph M4 fey she P< © & oy tt aie Bh Sete ete 4 Rey ih PERE zi Rare eare eee B > ‘ aie co eye - CWLS Lee a wate tei Ss ot = ae ree eel ee Zoeekes= teva tere ese roy! beley ene cet pet es : ig Sea lem ome Fete Se - aes bpad S ue mph ae_aer 4 {> =z. — qt wr bees ert er : c. : See en ee Fi vas ce eaten my =. 2a ctor 3. Soy aa oy hen 84 Pep Ropeeeenets eens ft bee 344 Say rey oe ete te re 4 Se te an orm