Rea ree a ancl ae aS cighoteiglss bie Sega % . sek ais a . => re ayy X eee NS Md Se meee Cae ate a i ep Re Pphana lh THE WILTSHIRE Archeeological & Natural History MAGAAINK., PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SOCIETY FORMED IN THAT County A.D. 1853. EDITED BY CANON E. H. GODDARD, F.S.A.., RED GABLES, NURSTEED ROAD, DEVIZES. VOL. XLVIII. Nos. 167—171. DECEMBER, 1937—-DECEMBER, 1939. DEVIZES C. H. WoopWARD, EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, STATION ROAD. DECEMBER, 1939. CONTENTS OF VOL. XLVIII. No. GLXVII. DECEMBER ,:. 1937. Notes on Some Buildings in the City and Close of Salisbury connected with the Education and Maintenance of the the Cathedral Choristers : By Dora H. Robertson ...... Report on Natural History of Wilts for 1936: By C.M.R Mezis (eT eres arc olass oiclatovs a\s:oielSro10 be sig siaieisib/e'die se‘ e'siniais'n's o's'tib nis eis’ aie'die On a Hoard of Roman Coins from East Harnham, Salisbury : Cal NA SUCHNELIATIG 2 is icra ccna cies cmon dactewes sa aaalecs ess The Eighty-fourth General Meeting of the Wiltshire Archzo- logical and Natural History Society held at Blandford, Aueust Oth, VOth, and Lith, 1937..0...0..c.6i..-.se00eeneredecs Robert Bingham, Bishop of Salisbury, 1229—1246: By Crnomm|e ve. | kletcher, PRY Hist. Sy oe isacacscees The Domesday Geography of Wiltshire: By F. W. Morgan South Wilts Plant Notes, 1933 to 1937: By Miss B. Gullick, Notes on North Wiltshire Plants: By J. D. Grose, F.G.A..., Neolithic Pottery from Hackpen, Avebury: By Stuart TPIS Ey. 1B Shere GLE Geeta ne re aso Oa ance a The Royal Heraldic Achievements in the Churches of Wilt- shire: By Professor Edward Fawcett, F.R.S., M.D....... Notes.—Carved Norman Stones in Salisbury Close Wall. A NMWoottom Bassett “ Watch; Glove 7... eos. seccdeivecdcccsecseeses Ne Pile OO INDIA rina sc ns cenrsdsisslerstu it sedasgses cueceveodedeagseacccndee Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets and Articles eens d oe mdditrons ton Museum and Library.......-.......cecccsdenncesceceeses No. CLXVIII. JUNE, 1938. Manlboreugh Castle: By H: C.Brentnall, F.S.A. .............5.3 Mural Paintings at Great Durnford Church: By John Syal ayer, VES Je VS ce eae oe eae a Niel ae fly peo oa el The Old Sarum Archers: By F. Stevens, O.B.E., F.S.A....... A Surface Flint Industry from a Site near Stonehenge: By ipanbaravwaidlernand Wi PON. YOUNG... ccc cccenecessee Bishop Richard Beauchamp, 1450—1481: By Canon J.M J. He LCE tio be ap ELIS UR Op eget ater ticiamiecGcinisiseisiee seis siege viscid ai The Barrows of Winterslow: By Frank Stevens, O.B.E., ES AY and John E.:S: Stone, D. Phil. seers Two Recently-discovered Fragments of Pre-Norman Gre. Shafts in S. Wilts: By R. S. Newall, F.S.A. eoeperareegeeocen 1— 30 31— 47 48— 52 53— 58 59— 67 68— 81 82— 86 87— 89 90— 91 92—117 118 119—128 129 130—132 133—143 144—146 147—149 150—160 161—173 174—182 183—184 1V CONTENTS OF VOL. XLVIII. The Walker Bequest: By Mrs. M. E. Cunnington, Hon. HSN SCO te. waa Magia ad sees ona. tiene see aentes Wo tea oe eee eee Note on Sox Church Bells by, A. Shaw Mellor sees ine wat Notes.—Inventories of Poor People’s Furniture at Clyffe Pypard, 17672 — scratch “Dials. Gospel Oak. ihe Wishford Legend of Seven at a Birth. Bremilham Church. Bronze Palstave from Plaitford. The Seal of the extinct Borough of Great Bedwyn. The Arms of Queen Anne in Box Church. Windmill Hill near Ave- bury. A Roman Stone Coffin at Laverstock. Royal (Aoim's ia Wrttle*@heverell, Church wee eee ee Salisbury Choristers: Their Endowments, Boy-Bishops, Music Teachers, and Headmasters, with the History of the Organ: By the late Canon Christopher Wordsworth and: Doras THe IRObDenESOMies a. asses ee ta eee ere eee Walts ODItuary -caccseee a uecten seinen aiaalae sae eos eee ee Oe Wiltshire Books, *Ramiphilets and eArticless s.4---1 4 eeeeenneee Additions to Museum: and Wibraty 22-24. 47ers eee Accounts: ofthe Society ior 1 OSs. a. seesasusces eee cece No. CLXIX. DECEMBER, 1938. Some Early Wills of the Bonham Family: By G. J. HVS Or CINIG Fes ces Wis oioin siete tage oo ROSEN. Sasa aE RC A Hoard of Roman Coins from Highfield, Salisbury, Found October 9 the Us 6Grrbyekiaders: Shortt, Mies peer eee Humphrey Henchman, D.D., Bishop of Salisbury, 1660— IGG82 By Camom lo Wil jj, IMleimc errs IK. IEbISG, So concoosae Clock and Watch Makers of Wiltshire of the 17th and 18th Centunies!; Byes rl Cunnminetons iS) Ay sO CObe ree reeser Excavations on a Roman Site in Brail Wood, Great Bedwyn, Hagel OS Grae MO Sie bya kien Cav astaie tees ner ere eee Notes on some of the Basidiomycetes found in South-West Wiltshire especially round Donhead St. Mary: By raG. We Dunston, yAen and) Captain AG. ae Du NSbOMis ss ee eons nae Scenes he ae ec en ee eee Notes.—Royal Arms in Hardenhuish Church. Royal Arms in Seend Church. ‘‘ The Priory,’’ Bradford-on-Avon. Chippenham Spa. Salisbury Cathedral Glass. Bronze CC mmeleere jbeOeal lOayenOy Be IlalKS, “ lelerionne.? a, Inbure Industry. Objects belonging to Mr. Seamark, The Shrulos Newtown) ais buy .on.sa5) ere ceeeeee ete aoe eee ae Late Bronze Age Urns from Swindon: By C. M. Piggott ... 185—190 19]—192 193—200 201—231 232950 251—264 -265—268 269—272 273—291 292-300 301--312 313—317 318—320 321—347 348352 353—356 CONTENTS OF VOL. XLVIII. An Early Bronze Age Grave in Fargo Plantation near Stonehenge - By.) oh S. Stone, BiA. D.Phil oor. Savernake Forest in the Middle Ages: By H. C. Brentnall, HWS NWR ee Sorters Ne tops aici Nels Slash ans ste eels h'way dO cb ccdieu We eineree The Eighty-fifth General Meeting of the Wiltshire Archzo- logical and Natural History Society held at Marlborough, UcuStroth,, Oth and: TOth, LOSS... se cen ustntuedinne siieceese's WRF @VDATATE YS < 5/0's1)a:010,n 01 oclororetioie.sioisisiss ove swesn ste st shapers tile loieleraisielrsieiecaeis/ste Waultshire Books, Pamphlets and Articles...............:...ceecees Nadittons;to Museum and Library.........csiescecssegustesesretecs No. CLXX. JUNE, 1939. Waltsiane Plant Notes: By J.D. Grose, F:G.A......5.....00.0.035 Stone Coffin found at Bradford-on-Avon: By M. E. Gmmmimeton,. hom. S.A. SCO... .cccis dides juenssdieseesews. ce Two Buried Cruciform Stone Pavements at Atworth, Wilts: ge eS Aye VICILOE statics cn decease sive sede lieeicns slocisies sidesigas Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets and Afticles.....:..:.......s.secceses NBIStRO TMV NE TMIDCES ayo cs cc ccek cde c ndcieds scioccdes sau svieldas sudceeeeseedoveveses Celtic Ornament from Atworth, Wilts: By H. de S. Shortt, Np Wee te Beep Pec tcrni arn a Salata aisles Secs ewjoae bese seme ieleate paadceie Esa ven Pygmy Cups from Boscombe Down ‘West: By H. de S. STOR Gy IN Cave SS See ai ge IC Nae a ‘Notes.--An unrecorded Long Barrow at West Kington. French Moonrakers. Old Font restored to Seend Church. Pre-Norman Cross-shaft Fragment in Broad Chalke Church. Sand Donkeys from Calne and Sandy Lane. Skeletons found near Warminster. Saxon Burial at Netheravon. Bronze Palstavefrom Mere. A Seems Notes on Some of the Basidiomycetes found in South: West Wiltshire, especially round Donhead St. Mary: By tah G. W. Dunston, B:A., and Captain A. E.. A. , LD RESUS LON Saks 1G" eae nes dea Ne eo ak oe Elias de Dereham: By Ganon. M. J. Fletcher, i Ik; Elist..S: Wi silesm OMe Ul Aitayire’s orctsicietns s. Mylborn vijd. Oct 27th coi2Z9s: 7) Giles) bishop vijd. Dec. 13th, 1262. At the Mass of the conception of the Blessed Mary vijd. IDECs Silo, Also received from the Com- munar of the Canons vijs. vijd. (This was the quarterly pay- ment for the Choristers’ commons). Also for O Sapientia 1114s. viiijd. Dec. 16th. Total xxs. viijd. 1521. At the feast of the Annunciation March 25th. of the Blessed Mary. Obit of Herford vijd. Ralph of York xivd. January 14th 1309. de la Wyll, Bishop xivd. January 38rd or 4th 1271. , Nicholastot York savde january 413th. My oy. LOMSOIM Seguin ale oe » » Stoks &Cranborn ijs. tijd. I. Précentor 1466. So ay Linerraion Sel mC nC OS. a aimesmelanen Views Ee Dita tay ey Whee bly xivdy Chancellor, 1506, Salton a xa. March 1354. By Dora H. Robertson. 9 NAME AMOUNT DATE OF DEATH (where known). Obit of Mr. Elyot, Knight. 11s. » » sowzle & Phyppayn ijs. iijd. March 2nd 1352 & March 3rd From the Communar of the Canons vijs. vijd. Total XXVS. At the Feast of St. John the Baptist. Obit of Mr. Hulse is. jd. Chancellor 1470. 3.9, Bewfort ijs.1ijd. April llth & 12th 1447 » », Lhomsun a Vicar 1s. 1jd. At the trental of Mr. Elyot ys. injd. Obit of Ely Deram (Elias de Dereham) vid. April 13th 1245 Obit of Medford, Bishop injs. May 5th 1407 At the trental of Thomsun the Vicar xivd. Obit of Hungerford the Knight ijs. viujd. (Lord Robert) May 14th or 18th, 1445. Obit, of the -wite of ‘William Mesurer ijs. iiijd. | Obit of Kemer, Dean iiijs. viiljd. May 16th 1463. At the Mass in (the feast of) Corpus Christi vijd. ejune 11th. Obit of Longspey, Bishop xivd. May 18th 1297. Pose lea Wyle vijd. Beuer vijd. June 6th 1353. ep eevlicham & eceter —vijd. (Dean) June 18th 1297 & ? Received from the Com- munar of the Canons vijs. vijd. Total xxxviijs. vjd. At the Feast of St. Michael. Obit of Benet & Henby xxyde m Jatthe Altar of Mr: Elyot js. viyjd. * Ol Lord Hungertord 1s. jd. Pe ee Lay mene llsece: xivd. oes LOltbyete. xivd. », », Halym, Bishop xivd. 1417. atk SA i olahany, Bishop iiijs. vijd. 1395. ,, Blunsdon vijd. Received from the Com- munar of the Canons vijs. vijd. Motaly xxiujs.. jd: 10 In the later account rolls, a separate bill is attached for the smaller This is often written on the back of the Obit list. _ are interesting variations in these bills so the following one, for 1526, is here printed with a few extracts from 1521. payments. Notes on some Buildings in the City and Close of Salisbury. Also in monies received from the Canons on the days of St. Edmund the King and St. Nicholas for the use of the Choristers. Also from vij feasts of the Lord Dean Received from the Canons at the time of installation. Sum Total vijf xiijs. 1ijd. usually divided into the four quarters of the year. 1526. 1521. Item for xiij copes bowght of Wylliam Cappa in Carterstrete Item delyviryd and payde to xij queresters to offer with the byshoppe of the queresters that tyme beyng Nycholas Hobbys in die Innoc. Item payde for the offeryng and obyt masse in the day aforesaid Item for xiij peere of shoys Item for xiij peere of hosys Item for strawe for ther bedds for the yere Item for the bellrynger for callyng to matens for the yere Item payd to John Wever for Saynt Edmund and Saint Nicholas nyght Item payd to the forsaid John Wever for 1j Kockfyghtyngs and for ij potations for xj queresters Total xlijs. vijd. Item payd for wyght lynyng for ther gawnys Item for vj sharts Item payd for the makyng of vilj cotes Item for newers (New Years’) gyfts to the Masters servants Item for Mr. Wever for Saynt Edmundes and Seynt Nycholas nyght Item for his soper and other that comyth with hym Item for the fotyng of xij pere of hosys Item for 11} pere of shets made Undated, internal evidence placed between 1542 and 1549. but from -xxvjs. viyjd. xijs. iijd. VS. These small accounts are X1js. ~ ssyjcl. vijd. vs. vd. iijs.viijd. xijd. 1js.viijd. ijs. lijs. viijd. x1js.viijd. lijs.vjd. 1ijs.ilijd. vijs. ys. xvd. xixd. viljs.1jd. Up to the year 1526 the actual food consumed was Charged to the account. rolls we have, that for 1529—-30 and the one quoted below, one penny a day was allowed for In the last two the food of each person in the house. The entry for one quarter only is quoted. And for pence paid for commons of x Choristers this term each of them j penny, thatis vijs.vijd. X whole ones this term Ixxvjs. vijd. And There By Dova H. Robertson. 11 entire that is John Davy for xlviij days ilijs. 7 1ijs. And Austin xxxv days ijs.xjd. Thus between? vijd. the aforsaid participants vjs.xjd. And in pence paid for Commons of the Sub- in pence paid for commons of ij participating uj£ custos and cook there each of them taking a Lixs ed penny a day as is between them for the year iar Un- And in pence paid for viij cartloads of fire logs dated, with a cart of faggots viijd. this year xiijs.xd. etc: And in pence paid for xxi sacks of carbones (coal ? charcoal ?) vjs.ob (4%) And in pence paid for ii bushels of salt xvd. And in pence paid for meal xxd. and for candles bought altogether iiijs.ixd. eee LEZUCKY., CLC: ; And in pence paid for xxvj yards of woollen cloth le mostre de vilice (Note. In old Churchwarden’s accts. often called ‘‘ Mustard Devils ’’) bought of Mr. Goldstone price per yard iujs. altogether cvjs. Ibid. And in pence paid for lxij yards of white woollen cloth for the lining (duplication) of the gowns at vjd. a yard altogether xxxjs. And in pence paid for the repair of the oven within the kitchen of the Choristers’ house vijd. pxxvs. xd. ob. PAPER 6&. THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL. The Charter of the Grammar School at Old Sarum printed in Latin in Sarum Charters, p.8.° From the original document in the possession of the Bishop of Salisbury. Translation by Canon Wordsworth. After 1139. The Charter of King Stephen about the churches of Odiham and Lys. Stephen King of England and Henry bishop of Winchester, to the justices and barons and all his faithful men of France and England, of Wiltshire, greeting— Know ye that I have given and granted for perpetual alms to God and the church of Sarum, for the work of the Master of the school of Sarum, the church of Odiham with the church of Lys and Bynthwrthe, and with other churches and chapels thereunto belonging. Wherefore I will, and I firmly command, that he should hold them in peace, honourably and freely, together with the lands and tithes and customs belonging to them, in wood and dale, (plano) in lands and meads and pastures, and with other ecclesiastical rights so as Roger Bishop of Salisbury and Ralph Bishop of Durham never held them better (illas nunquam melius tenuerint). Witnesses, Phil(ippo) Chancellor, and Rogger de Fisseton and Earl 12 Notes on some Buildings in the City and Close of Salisbury. Waler(an) de Melen, and Robert de Bar., and Yager am, de Say and Willelmo de Puntharche ; at Saresberie. ee In the Valor Ecclesiasticus of Henry VIII (2.p.73. col Ay the above grant is referred to in the following terms :— i eel Under Chancellor. III Dignitary. We The.same Edward (Edward Karne, Chancellor from 1531 to 1537) in the county of Southampton is endowed with the church of Odyham which together with Rotherklytte and Weston in the same county in all outgoings amounts to LoS 6A, The Xth deducted L.XXX—XIIs—d. ‘History of the old Grammar School in Exeter St., New Sarum. The Grammar School in Exeter St. used to pay the obit of Ralph the Chancellor. In the Salisbury Obit Calendar the following occurs :— November 21. Obitus Radulphi Cancellarij de prato de Mylford et Stok communiabus. Canonico, xijd.; vicario, vjd. (The obit of Ralph the Chancellor for the meadow of Mylford and Stok commons. Canons 12d., Vicars 6d.). Canon Wordsworth puts a note to this effect in his Statutes, p. 13, previously printed in his Ceremonies and Processions (1901) p. 241. “Note. Ralph the Chancellor died c. 1200. It seems however possible that one of his eminent successors Ralph Hecham or Hegham (who died in 1274) may be the one here intended. ‘‘ Stok commons ’”’ must refer to lands at Laverstock on the property of the <‘communa ~ > 2 — ~~ Gum ea: 1G) ae at) ° . Pa Pe ee oe Abbreviations employed :—E.=Entomological observations. O.=Ornithological - 32 Report on Natural History of Wilts for 1936. INTRODUCTION. Owing to the increasing popularity of General Natural History and of Entomology in particular, a change will be necessary in the title of the report this year, and acting upon many requests it is thought suit- able to include Entomological notes dealing with the butterflies of Wiltshire which will provide Entomologists with a complete lst of the Rhopalocera occurring in the county, and, further, this list will be Part I of a series dealing with the Macro lepidoptera of the county. Sphingidae, Notodontidae, etc., up to Noctuidae will follow in Part II, Geometridae, etc., will complete Part III, and it is hoped that by the time the third part has been issued there will be sufficient material in hand to conclude with a detailed supplement. In drawing up the list of butterflies attention was attracted to the apparent contradictions in the reports of some observers living almost in the same areas, but it must be remembered that it is quite possible to overlook some of these insects, as many species are so extremely local and conservative in their habits. As an example you may live in an area adjoining a colony of S. galathea quite ignorant of their existence until perhaps one day a rough wind will blow an unsuspecting specimen in your direction, which immediately gives you a clue to the location of the particular colony. Again insects vary considerably in numbers according to environment and season, and as an instance of this discrepancy, so common with Lepidoptera, one cannot do better than give the following extract from the Rev. D. P. Harrison’s obser- vations :— | - “Tn preparing a list of Lepidoptera found in this district and appending letters such as C.A.R.,! etc., I would have you bear in mind that no such letters could be true every season, e.g., that commonest of all, M. jurtina, was practically non-existent in 1926 and P. brassicae I did not see in 1934 nor P. rapae in 1932 or 1933. While S. W—album very rare and actually never seen in most years suddenly appeared in comparatively great numbers in 1934.” It is indeed interesting to note that out of the sixty-eight species of butterflies on the British list, of which three are extinct, six very scarce immigrants, generally favouring coastal districts, four of strictly northern latitudes, and five of very local occurrence in the other counties, we have been able to put on record no less than fifty-three species for the county during recent years, the most noteworthy being the records of N. antiopa, M. arion, S. pruni and P. daplidice, and almost every year there have been some extremely rare and valuable varieties and aberations taken in the county. Particularly is this the case with L. coridon, L. bellargus, P. icarus and many of the Frittilaries. As Entomological notes for the county are not so easy to obtain as Ornithological records any further observations of Lepidoptera occur- ring in the county, especially from North Wilts will be very gratefully acknowledged. 1C=Common, A=Abundant, R=RKare. By C. M. R. Pitman. 33 The Reptiles and Amphibians are also well represented in this report but even so additional information on this subject is still required and once again I am forced to admit that there is a paucity of records from the north of the county, where the distribution of some of the reptiles is not as completely reported as it should be. Furthermore, it is quite possible to meet with interesting varieties in various parts of the county especially during inclement seasons and also according to environment. As a special request will observers please make a particular note of the little red adder mentioned in the list, and if they should meet with it give details as to the exact locality and situation where it was found, together with date and weather conditions. Ornithologists are still well provided for, but as much space has been taken up with the other detailed accounts of Lepidoptera and Reptiles it will be necessary to reduce the migration tables to a list of first arrivals only, and as a fully comprehensive list of birds of the county was published in the last report it is deemed advisable to deal only with the records of unusual occurrences and the rarer species in this issue. Amongst the most noteworthy may be mentioned the Hoopoe, Golden Oriel, Grey Phalarope, Stormy Petrel, Goosander, Pintail and Gadwal. There are also many interesting breeding records. Will observers please send in notes or contributions on general Natural History, especially observations on the distribution and occur- rences of mammals in the county, especially information dealing with the order Cheiroptera=Bats. Any notes will be gratefully received as it is proposed to give a list of the mammalia at some future date. At present there is very little material for this in hand; this especially applies to the identification and distribution of Bats. I have to thank all observers who have responded so generously to the appeals for Ornithological and Entomological notes and observa- tions In previous years, trusting that they will continue to give me their valuable help in the future. I also hope that they will be able to supply information dealing with the other requests mentioned in this report. BIRDS. Hooded Crow. Corvus c. cornix. Five records of this species occurring in the water meadows near Salisbury, three in January and two during March. The last two which were shot were found to be in very poor condition. Golden Oriel. Oviolus o. oriolus. A satisfactory record of this rare vagrant comes from Rev. W. R. Addison who, while collecting Lepidoptera near Downton, was attracted by the call notes and singing of a bird which he knew to be unusual in this country. After listening fora while he traced the bird and caught a glimpse of it three times. On each occasion he was struck by the colour—gold and black—also the size and shape of the bird. This record is all the more reliable as he is very familiar with this species in the East. VOL. XLVIII, NO. CLXVII. c 34 Report on Natural History of Wilts for 1936. Hawfinch. Coccothraustes c. coccothraustes. More breeding localities are given of this species during the last year, - but perhaps the most interesting record is that of a pair that nested and reared a brood in Mrs. Forbes’ garden in Salisbury. Siskin. Carduelis spinus. Very common as a winter visitor in South Wilts ; many more reported than in the last report. On one occasion a flock of about fifty was seen feeding on the alder catkins in a locality near Salisbury. Lesser Redpole. Carduelis flamea cabaret. There are many notices of this species being seen during the winter months, often in company with Siskins, but the most interesting record comes from C. W. Gater and Col. Bond who report the breeding of two pairs near Porton. Both nests were examined on May 27th and found to contain eggs well advanced in incubation ; the observers remarked on the materials employed in the structure of the nest, particularly noticing the inside lining which was composed entirely of the soft down from the willow catkins. Crossbill. Lowia c. curvirostra. Seen near Warminster on February 5th and Marlborough on October 14th. Breeding records from near Redlynch where this species was observed from early February until the end of June, several nests with young being found in April. Cirl Bunting. Emberiza c. cirlus. Very much in evidence and a good number of breeding records dis- tributed throughout the county, particularly Salisbury Plain area. Reed Bunting. Emberiza s. scheniclus. Mention must be made of a singular occurrence in the domestic life of this species when a nest containing ten eggs was found on May 10th, obviously the produce of two females as subsequent observations proved, also proving the fact that they were mated to the same male. Unfortunately, the nest was prematurely destroyed and further obser- vations rendered impossible. Wood Lark. Lullula a. arborea. . A definite increase in the number of records sent in of this species and more nesting records than usual. It is widely spread over Salisbury Plain. | Great Grey Shrike. Lanius e. excubitor. Again seen by R. James on August 14th and August 28th near Ludgershall, and although this record is much disputed in many quarters it is confirmed in British Birds, Vol. xxix, pp. 120, where it is noted that R. N. Ticehurst saw this species just outside Ludgershall whilst travelling that way on July 30th. Full details of identification are given in the report. Pied Flycatcher. Muscicapa h. Baile There are four migration records of this species in the county. The earliest was seen near Chute on May 20th when a male bird remained in a garden there for about a week. By C. M..R. Pitman. 35 ‘Wood Warbler. Phylloscopus s. sibilatrix. Reported as very common locally in the vicinity of ea woods. Grasshcpper Warbler. Locustella n. naevia. Seen and heard in surprising numbers, breeding in many localities and varied situations in the neighbourhood of Salisbury. Dartford Warbl2r. Sylvia undulata dartfordiensts. Local increase maintained during the breeding season. A few observed in different parts of the county adjoining the nesting areas, but no other breeding record has come to hand. Blackbird. Turdus m. merula. An unusual nest built entirely of white paper shavings was found at Harnham on April 3rd, the nest looked almost like a snowball and was indeed very conspicuous. Whinchat. Savxicolar. rubetra. Several nesting records have come to hand, but upon investigation only one proved to be of this species, and that was a nest on the Plain near Stonehenge. Redstart. Phenicurus p. phenicurus. It appears as though this species is getting scarcer in the county, the only record sent in is from Marlborough district, where one was reported as being seen on migration. Nightingale. Luscinia m. megarhyncha. Not up to the standard in most areas, especially in the north of the county. It appeared, however, fairly well in the favoured haunts in the south. Dipper. Cinclus cinclus gularts. Its numbers were maintained with perhaps, if anything, a httle increase in the Ebble Valley, near Coombe Bisset, and up to Broadchalke. Nightjar. Caprimulgus e. euvopeus. Well distributed in the wooded areas but becoming less common in the north of the county. Wryneck. Yumnx t. torquilla. As is the case in the adjoining counties, for some unknown reason this species has practically deserted us, only one notice coming in this year of a bird seen at Charlton near Downton on May 6th. Cuckoo. Cuculus c. canorus. A fresh Cuckoo’s egg was found in a nest containing young Sedge Warblers on June 4th in the Butts, near Salisbury. Hoopoe. Upupae. epops. This unusual visitor to the county was recorded in the Western -Gazette'as occurring near Devizes during April. The following is an extract of the account in the paper :—“ This bird is easily distinguish- able, having an orange-red crest tipped with black, with head, neck, and breast of pale cinamon, and its back, wings and tail barred with black and white, thus giving the bird a very foreign appearance. It is c 2 36 Report on Natural History of Wilts for 1936. to be hoped that, if seen, no attempt will be made to shoot it in order to secure possession of a very rare bird.”” This report seems to be con- firmed by W.F.T. who writes to say that he had seen this species for several days in his son’s garden at Devizes; he also thinks it is quite likely that there was a pair there and the possibility of their breeding was suggested by W.F.T. and others who saw the bird or birds during the month mentioned in the press account. Short Eared Owl. Asio f. flammeus. Always seen on the Plain during the winter. Two records from Britford also. Peregrine Falcon. Falco p. peregrinus. Still to be seen around the Cathedral spire at times, but there was no authentic evidence of the birds breeding there this year. Often met with on the downs, and odd specimens seem well distributed in the county. Hobby. Falco s. subbuteo. Occurred in good numbers, the earliest being one seen at Figheldean on April 8th and the last was one brought to me alive, having been caught at Salisbury during the end of November, probably attempting to winter in this country. Some observers are of the opinion that they do so occasionally, but there has been no real evidence of this. Merlin: Falco columbarius esalon. Reported in various parts of the county during January, February and March. Buzzard. Buteo b. buteo. Definitely increasing throughout the county. Many breeding records have come to hand and the sites mentioned in the last report are still occupied. [Eagle, probably White Tailed. Halietus albicilla. R.S. Newall reports an Eagle seen at Fonthill during March, 1935, where it was observed by him and others for several days. On one occasion it was seen playing with a heron whilst high up on the wing. About this time a White Tailed Eagle was reported as being seen many times in Dorset. It seems quite safe to assume this as a definite record. Hen Harrier. Ciycus c cyaneus. Three records of breeding in the county were authenticated, two being on the New Forest borders and one on the Plain. [Great White Heron. Fevetta a. alba. A Heron believed to have been of this species was seen at Fonthill, Teffont and Tisbury district‘and reported as such in British Birds, Vol. xxix, pp. 249, As this bird was met with frequently on subsequent occasions further details were obtained and it was proved that the species in question was an Albino Common Heron, Ardea c. cinerea. Buffed Backed Heron. Ardeola i. ibis. One of these rare stragglers to our islands was seen for several days during the end of May in the meadows at Britford. The bird was com- By ©. M. R. Pitman. 37 paratively tame and allowed fairly close inspection when it was noticed that there was a ring on its leg. Upon enquiries being made it was found that a number of these birds were ‘‘ rung ”’ and released from the Zoo about that time. Bittern. Botaurus s. stellaris. Reported from the Mill at Charlton near Downton in February. R. S. Newall also mentions two from near Sherrington in March. Wild Geese. Several flocks of Wild Geese were seen from time to time, but identification was uncertain in all instances. R.T. J. mentions a flock of about fifty flying over Ludgershall on December 19th, a party flying 5.S.E. very high near Grimstead on June 26th, and another party near Salisbury on August 13th flying S.W. Canada Goose. Branta canadensis. L. G. Peirson reports a party seen in the water meadows near Marlborough on March 19th. Sheld Duck Tadorna tadorna. Two seen on Coate Water on January 23rd. Mallard or Wild Duck. Auas p. platyrhynca. A fine example of a melanic form, which is very rare in this species has frequented the river Nadder, near Salisbury, most of the winter months, at times coming in with other Mallard and domestic duck to be fed by visitors to the river. Teal. Anas c. crecc. Evidence of breeding comes from Fonthill where a pair was seen with young on May 14th. Thisis the first authentic record of the breeding of this species in the county. Numbers are seen annually distributed throughout the county during the winter months. Wigeon. Anas penelope. Frequently observed during the winter in various parts of the county. A very early arrival was noted at Britford on October 21st. Shoveler. Spatula clypeata. Four seen by G. W. Collett. at Corsham Park lake on March 9th, three males and one female. Also reported from Clarendon on February 14th and December 28th, and often seen at Britford. Pintail. Dafila a. acuta. One seen at Clarendon on March 5th when on that day eight species of ‘‘ Duck.’ were observed there. Gadwall. Anas stvepara. One shot at Clarendon lake on March 5th. An extremely rare visltor to the county. Tufted Duck. Nyvoca fuligula. There is no evidence of actual breeding although many records of birds seen in April and one late record of a male on Clarendon lake on July 12th. 38 Report on Natural History of Wilts for 1936. Golden Eye. Glaucionetta c. clangula. 2 A female shot on Clarendon lake on February 13th. This is also a very rare visitor occurring at times during very cold weather. Goosander. Mergus m. merganser. A record of the occurrence of this species, a male of which was shot at Britford on November 28th, is incidentally the first record since 1892 when one was shot at Lacock Abbey. This ends a remarkably good list of rare ‘‘ducks ”’ in the county and one which is all the more noteworthy as each record was definitely authenticated. Cormorant. Phalacrocovax c. carbo. Seen near Downton during December, and again at Britford in Sep- tember and October. Storm Petrel. Hydvobates pelagicus. A very decomposed specimen of this bird was brought to me during early January having been picked up on the downs near Netheravon. Great Crested Grebe. Podiceps c cristatus. Still reported as doing well in the county and observed in new areas but no more breeding records other than those mentioned in the last report. Wood Pigeon. Columba p. palumbus. G.W.C. reports a huge flock of the continental form feeding on clover near Chippenham and estimates the number to be approximately 1,000 or more. Golden Plover. Charadrius a. apricarius. Seen in large numbers, observers commenting on flocks ranging from fifty to flocks of 500 and more. The first arrivals were noted near Marlborough on October 15th. Green Sandpiper. Tvinga ochropus. Seen in varying numbers, but never more than four at a time, in different parts of the county, chiefly during March, April and August. Redshank. - Jvinga t. totanus. A very definite increase noticed throughout the county. A pair nested near Salisbury and succeeded in rearing a brood on the crest of a hill towering high above the water meadows, a very unusual occurrence. Curlew. Numenius a. avquata. Not so much in evidence as previously, even the birds on the Wilts- Hants border were reduced to one pair. Common Snipe Capella g. gallinago. Heard ‘‘ drumming ”’ during the first week of March near Salisbury. Great Snipe. Capella Media. One shot near Britford on January 23rd and reported by Dr. E. W. Clapham. Jack Snipe. Lymnocryptes minimus. Reported many times from the water meadows near Salisbury especially during January. By C. M. R. Pitman. 39 Woodcock. Scolopax rv. rusticola. General increase noticed in the arrival of immigrants and one partly white was reported from near Fonthill. Grey Phalarope.. Phalaropus fulicarius. Three records were sent in of this rare and unusual visitor. One was brought to me alive, being found in an exhausted condition near Martin on October 7th. One was picked up dead near Charlton on September 17th, and another seen for several days near Figheldean during the end of September. It may be mentioned that very severe winds were pre- valent at the time. However the records are extremely interesting and unusual. Common Tern. Sterna h. hirundo. One was seen on the Avon near Salisbury on April 22nd where it was noticed skimming the surface of the water like aswallow. It remained in this.neighbourhood for several days. Common Gull) Lavus c. canus. Definitely seen and identified amongst Black Headed Gulls in the meadows near Salisbury during January and February. Little Gull. Larus minutus. The following is an extract from L. G. Peirson’s observations referring to this species. ‘‘A bird haunted some gravel workings half-way between Marlborough and Hungerford for two or three days after September 22nd. I was able to have an extremely good view of it as the bird was verytame. In myown mind I was pretty well convinced it was an immature Little Gull, but owing to the great difficulty of the identifi- cation I sent a minute description to Mr. Witherby. He agreed that it was very like a Little Gull and could suggest no other bird that it might be, but considered that my description did not fit exactly and and that the bird had better remain a puzzle.” Great Blacked Backed Gull. Larus maximus. One reported at Idmiston on October 14th and two or three records from Britford district. Black Headed and Herring Gulls. A great increase is noticed in the occurrence of both of these species, which are well distributed in the county, especially through the Avon Valley particularly in the vicinity of Salisbury. Land Rail. Cvrex crex. Two nesting records from near Downton and five other records from localities in South Wilts. Water Rail. Rallus a. aquaticus. Many more records of this species have come to hand than of the preceding, but no definite nesting records. An extraordinary number of these birds was found dead in various parts of the county and in most instances death was due to contact with telegraph wires. Quail. Coturnix c. coturnix. Present in good numbers and two records of nesting come from Salisbury Plain area. 40 Report on Natural History of Wilts for 1936. Partridge. Perdix p. perdix. An albino example of this species frequented the downs near Salisbury — for a considerable time and subsequently paired with a normal mate. . Red Grouse. Lagopus s. scoticus. The under tail covert feathers of this species were picked up on the Plain near Stonehenge, but this does not prove that the bird was there, as the feathers might have come from a hat, but do people put a bunch of these feathers in a hat ? MIGRATION TABLE. Summer Migrants—First Arrivals : Yellow Wagtail M@reemeipit Spotted Flycatcher Whitethroat Lesser Whitethroat Garden Warbler Blackcap Grasshopper Warbler Reed Warbler Sedge Warbler Willow Warbler Wood Warbler - Chiffchaff Redstart Nightingale Whinchat Wheatear Redbacked Shrike Swallow House Martin Sand Martin Cuckoo Swift Nightjar Stone Curlew Turtle Dove Hobby Winter Redpoles Siskin Brambling Redwing Fieldfare Teal Wigeon Pochard Tufted Duck Golden Plover Jack Snipe April 7th, Salisbury. Apri 14th, Marlborough. May 4th, Dinton. April 2]st, Figheldean. April 23rd, Stratford. April 27th, Alderbury. April 22nd, Britford. April 23rd, Figheldean. April 20th, Britford. April 14th, Britford. April 3rd, Salisbury. April llth, Redlynch. March 22nd, Marlborough. April 16th, Savernake. April 21st, Chute. April 12th, Stratford. March 10th, Figheldean. May 20th, Pitton. March 29th, Britford. April 10th, Salisbury. April 7th, Marlborough. Avo raileli¢hiina€ huite: April 23rd, Laverstock. April 22nd, Alderbury. March 10th, Salisbury. April 22nd, Clarendon. April 8th, Figheldean. Visitors : Nov. 23rd, West Grimstead. Nov. 25th, West Grimstead. Nov. 13th, Alderbury. Nov. 10th, Marlborough. October 31st, Devizes. Nov. 11th, Coate. October 21st, Britford. October 26th, Clarendon. October 21st, Clarendon. October 15th, Marlborough. Nov. 20th, Britford. By GM. Ry Pitman. 4] REPTILES. Slow Worm dnguis fragilis. Generally distributed and common on sunny banks and_ slopes. Varies greatly in colour ranging from pink to black. Some specimens show distinct blue spotting. Sand Lizard. Lacerta agilis agilis. Several times reported from Alderbury and the heathy districts near Downton, but only authenticated once some years ago from Alderbury. Common Lizard. Lacerta vivipara. Very common in the south of the county particularly in the S.West. Especially fond of dry sunny railway banks. Varies a good deal ina wet season both in colour and numbers. Grass or Ringed Snake. Natriv natrix natrix. Much commoner than it is supposed to be, and always found in vicinity of ponds or banks and slopes near a stream. Very fond of damp woods. Smooth Snake. Covonella austriaca austriaca. Doubtful reports received from Alderbury and Downton from time to time ; but on May 17th, 1935, a fine male specimen was caught near Redlynch and authentically identified. It lived in captivity for a considerable time feeding on common lizards. Viper or Adder Vipera berus berus. Common and widespread in suitable woodlands although it does not seem so common as formerly. Many varieties occur ranging in colour from black and white chequered specimens to all brown or red. Notice should be taken of a small red adder considered by some as a separate species. The colour and size being always constant and its unpleasant habit of being always so aggressive distinguishes at once this small adder from the commoner type. Like the Common Lizard adders are more frequent in the S. and S.W. of the county. Smooth Newt. Tviturus vulgaris vulgaris. Common in most ponds and often met with in damp situations during the winter months at great distances from ponds. Palmate Newt. Tviturus helveticus helveticus. This is the rarest of the three newts in the county, but has recently been found in some numbers at Fonthill Gifford and near Downton. This species is recognised by its webbed feet Crested Newt. Jviturus palustris palustris. Often seen in great numbers in ponds, especially made-up ponds and dew ponds, recognised by being the largest of the family. Common Frog. ana temporaria temporaria. Well known as being very common and widely distributed. Edible Frog. Rana esculenta. The only report I have had of this species must, after investigation, be treated as referring to an escape from a vivarium. 42 Report on Natural History of Wilts for 1936. Common Toad. Bufo bufo bufo. Met with in most gardens where it does very useful work. Often attains great size and age. Natterjack Toad. Bufo calamita. Twice reported but not authenticated ; there seems no likely area for this species in Wiltshire, unless it comes from the heathy tracts bordering the New Forest. LEPIDOPTERA. PAT IE RHOPALOCERA (Butterflies). Following the Check List of British Butterflies February, 1934. SATYRIDAE. Speckled Wood. Pavage aegeria. Thinly distributed about the county but in some likely places it is not seen at all. Only one record from Savernake since 1908. In favourable seasons there is a fourth brood, the first brood occurring on the wing during the end of April. Wall. Parage megara. Spasmodical in occurrence, sometimes locally common from May to August. Distribution seems to depend upon the season. This insect thrives best in a hot summer. . Marbled White. Satyrus galathea. Locally abundant, often seen in swarms where it occurs. Well dis- tributed throughout the county. Found in colonies during July. Varieties very scarce, but an all-black specimen has been reported. Grayling Eumensis semele. A local insect but never rare. Found in suitable areas in most parts of the county in July and August. Small Meadow Brown Maniola tithonus. Known to some as the ‘“‘ Gatekeeper.’? Very common along hedge- rows during July and August. Some excellent varieties of this insect have been taken in Wilts, including some fine albino and extra spotted forms. Meadow Brown. Maniola jurtina. Abundant in every field, down, wood or hedgerow from June to October. Bleached specimens with symetrical patches on each wing occur from time to time. Small Heath. Coenonympha pamphilus. Very common in every meadow, field or down during June and July and again from August to September. On rare occasions specimens have been taken with white hind wings, and one is known to have been taken near Devizes which was all white. By C. M. R. Pitman. 43 Ringlet. Aphantopus hyperanthus. Locally common in woodlands and damp lanes. On the wing July and August. The varieties Caeca and Avete are fairly common in some woodland localities, and Lanceolata has been taken on several occasions in South Wilts. NYMPHALIDAE. Small Pearl Bordered Frittilary, Avgynis Selene. Common in most woods, likes open spaces and is on the wing during June. Occasional minor forms of variations have been taken, particularly in Savernake Forest and Grovely Woods. Pearl Bordered Frittilary. Argynis euphrosyne. Much more common than the last and met within the same places but on the wing a few weeks earlier. Dark Green Prittilary. Argynis aglaia. Fairly common and to be met with on flowery slopes and downs from July to August. Well dis- tributed in Wilts, but numbers vary according to season. High Brown Frittilary. Avgynis cydippe=adippe. Appears to be now more common than the last and reports show an increase during recent years. Fond of open spaces in woods from July to August. Several specimens heavily marked with black have been reported. Silver Washed Frittilary. Argynis paphia. Locally common in July and August. Reported from Savernake Forest, Grovely Wood, Collingbourne Woods, Great Ridge Wood, Clarendon, Lavington, etc. The variety, Valezina, is met with in the same localities fairly commonly. Marsh Frittilary. Euphrydryas aurinia. Locally common but erratic in appearance, some years literally Swarming in certain areas and in others completely absent. Silbury Hill is a noted locality for this species which is on the wing during June. Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta. Very common in some years, dependent upon spring immigrants. Ina good year it is often abundant in gardens and orchards from July to September. Twice reported as hibernating in Wilts, which is an unusual event in this country. Painted Lady Vamnessa cardut. Occasionally common, like the last. Numbers depend upon spring immigrants from the Continent. In habits it differs, preferring open down and flowery slopes. Variation very rare. Does not hibernate. A succession of broods occurs throughout the year in the Mediterranean region. Small Tortoiseshell Aglais urtice. Usually abundant everywhere ; often seen on the wing as early as March, sometimes on mild days during mid-winter when it is roused from hibernation. 44 Report on Natural History of Wilts for 1936. Large Tortoiseshell. Nymphalis polychloros. Now getting veryscarce in the county. Former haunts are apparently deserted, a solitary report from Lydiard Park in 1932 and one, no doubt an immigrant, from Old Sarum during April, 1934. Camberwell Beauty. Nymphalis antiopa. A very scarce vagrant to the county. One taken at Grimstead in 1928. The latest reports being one taken near Westbury on June 27th, 1936 ; see Entomologist, vol. Ixx.; and one seen by Sir George Aston in his garden at Woodford during 1936 although not caught the specimen was well identified by him and his son. Peacock Butterfly. Nymphalis io. Common, but from general reports not in such large numbers during recent years. Particularly attracted to Buddleia bloom from July to September, and occasionally hibernated specimens are seen in spring. Comma Polygonia c-album. Very rare until about 1920 when it began to establish itself in various parts of the county and the variety Hutchinsont is also very freely met with. Hibernated specimens may be seen as early as March and the main brood is on the wing from July to October. Purple Emperor. A patuva iris. Generally rare, but has been reported from Dinton, Ebbesbourne, Clarendon, W. Grimstead, Compton Chamberlayne and, Whiteparish. It breeds in most of these localities and possibly many others but owing to its habit of flying and settling high up on oak trees it is often overlooked. On the wing during July and August. White Admiral. Limenitis camilla=sibylla. Generally referred to as locally common in woodlands throughout Wiltshire, but of recent years it has increased greatly in numbers. 1935 was a particularly good year, when many were observed miles away from woods and even seen flying along in the streets of Salisbury. To be seen on the wing from June to August. Var. Nigvina has been taken several times in S. Wilts. RIODINIDAE. Duke of Burgundy Frittilary. Hamearis lucina. Fairly common in parts of the county, but is an insect that has to be looked for as it easily escapes detection. Fond of woodland rides and open spaces, where it may be looked for during May and June. LYCAENIDAE. Long-tailed Blue. Cosmolyce boeticus =lampides boetica. Fhe occurrence of this extremly rare:species in the county is included in the list following the detailed account of three worn specimens which were beaten from a holly bush in Savernake Forest, probably during September, 1933, and taken by Major Cardew who subsequently reported the event in the Marlborough College Natural History Report for 1933. This report is of great importance as it is the only instance on record of the appearance of this species in the county. By C. M. k. Pitman. 45 Small Blue. Cupido minimus. Common on the chalk downs, especially in South Wilts where a second brood is usual during August and September. Chiefly found on the long grass growing near chalk pits. Silver Studded Blue. Plebejus argus. May be called rare as a Wiltshire insect ; probably no suitable con- ditions for this heath-loving species are to be found to meet its require- ments. However, on the Wilts—Hants borders near the New Forest it is locally common during July and August. Brown Argus. Avicia agestis. : Common in most parts of the county, occurring in two broods, May and June and July and August. Common Blue. Polyommatus icarus. Common, sometimes abundant, favourite haunts being rough flowery hillsides. On the wing during May and June and again as a second brood in August and September. Many varieties on record for the county. Chalk Hill Blue. Lysandra coridon. The Wiltshire downs are famed for this species especially in South Wilts where the rare form of Syngvapha is often met with, also other rare varieties ranging from Stviata to obsolete forms, and there is at least one Gynandromorphic example onrecord, This locally abundant insect is on the wing from July to August. Adonis Blue Lysandra bellargus. Not so widely distributed as the last but common, and at times in south Wilts abundant, especially in the second brood which occurs in August and September. Wet seasons often produce females which are heavily scaled with blue almost on a par with Var. Syngrapha of the above. Of recent years a variety known as Parvipuncta, which is almost devoid of spots on the underside, has been taken in numbers near Salisbury, and other forms appear annually. Mazarine Blue. Cyaniris semiargus. At one time reported to have been found in Wilts but has long since become extinct. Large Blue. Maculinea arion. Rapidly becoming extinct. The most recent report of this insect occurring in Wilts is to be found in F. W. Frohawk’s British Butterflies pub. 1934, pp. 234, where it says ‘‘ besides Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, Devon and Cornwall, where it still occurs, its haunts were distributed over eight other counties from which it has entirely disappeared.” Holly Blue. Lycaenopsis argiolus. Fairly common in some years; occurs spasmodically throughout the county, and often met with in town gardens. Seen on the wing as early as the end of March and again later as a second brood during July and August. 46 Report on Natural History of Wilts for 1936. Small Copper. Lycaena phiaeas. Very common in most parts of the county. Swarmed in 1933 when a succession of broods continued up to the end of October, and some remained on the wing until the last week of November. During this season some exceptional varieties were taken and at Lavington a white form known as Schmidtit was captured. Green Hairstreak. Callyophrys rubt. Locally common and sparsely distributed. On the wing from May to June. Reports show this insect as appearing very freely in South Wilts especially in wooded valleys. Erown Hairstreak. Thecla betulae. Rare in the county but easily overlooked. Reported from Barford St. Martin, Grovely, Webbs’ Wood, and Savernake. Seen during August and September, when it visits bramble blossom growing in the vicinity of oak woods. Purple Hairstreak. Thecla quercus. Occasionally common in oak wooks and fairly well distributed in the county. On the wing from July to August. White Letter Hairstreak. Stvymon w-album. A very erratic insect, occasionally locally common, as in 1934, when in some districts it swarmed. May be said to be well distributed in the county. Black Hairstreak, Strvymon prunt. Very rare. Reported once from West Woods and twice from near Whiteparish. On the wing during June and July. It is very fond of privet bloom. TIERIDAE. Wood White. Leptidea sinapis. No recent record of this species occurring in the county has come to hand. It is quite likely, however, that it will be reported soon as it is supposed to be increasing in several isolated localities in the neighbour- ing counties, Large White Piers brassicae. Abundant everywhere, especially in gardens, numbers varying accord- ing to season and the arrival of immigrants. Usually on the wing during April and June and again from end of July to September. Small White Pieris vapae. Abundant as the last and more often met within the field. Variation in this and the preceding insect is rare. Green Veined White. Pieris nap. Very common, at times abundant, perhaps depending on migrants. Frequenting less cultivated areas than the last two species. Very partial to damp meadows. Two broods, May and June, and July and August. By C. M.R Pitman. 47 Bath White. Pontia daplidice, I am fortunate in having two records of this scarce vagrant for the county, one of which was taken by a boy near Salisbury in 1928, and the other was captured near Downton in 1930. It usually occurs in this country during May and June. Orange Tip. Euchloe cavdamines. Usually very common. It frequents flowery waysides, hedgerows and the borders of woods, and may be seen from May to June. Variation rare, but an exceptionally rare Gynandromorphic specimen was taken by the Rev. D. P. Harrison near Swindon during May, 1933, and reported in British Butterflies by F. W. Frohawk, pp. 320. Pale Clouded Yellow. Colias hyale. A rare immigrant occasionally met with during August or September. Clouded Yellow Colias croceus =edusa. Rare in some years but occasionally common and in some districts the summer brood is abundant, but it depends entirely upon spring immigrants. DB. I, ida. The foundations of the Chapel “of Sts) jonmea Gore were found some years ago and several cottages are still standing. 6 These appear to have been at least localities possessing a name: the Eburleagh mentioned in a charter of 704 A.D. (Birch, Cartularium Saxonicum (1885), I, 157—8, No. 108) 1s identified as Everley by Birch and Thorpe (Diplomatica’ Aevi Saxonici, 13), and a charter of 844 A.D. refers to a grant of land “in loco qui dicitur Mintih’”’ (Birch, op: cit, Mike Zi No nats): The Domesday Geography of Wiltshire. 69 of a church there—Heytesbury,! Highworth, 2? Upavon,? Sherston Magna.*. Several small holdings survive as single houses or farms— Shaw ° near Alton, Winterbourne ® (Rabson in Winterbourne Bassett), Ponberie’ (Pomeroy near Bradford), Berrleigh® near Broughton Gifford, Rotefelde (Ratfyn near Amesbury), Ballochelie!® (Baycliff in Hill Deverel), Brevresbroc!! (Beversbrook in Calne and Hilmarton), and Stanmere !? (Stanmore in Clyffe Pypard). Box is a village which has grown up near to its Domesday predecessor Hazelbury,!% and Kington St. Michael has developed from a holding within the village then known as Easton.14. To some editors W. H. Jones’ identification of the manor of Theodulveside or Tidulfhide with Tilshead has appeared doubtful, partly owing to the importance of this manor as a borough at the time, but the evidence is in favour of this identification.15 In the vast majority of instances a manor or holding coincided with a village or other separate settlement, so that general distributions are not invalidated. The Survey, too, does not always give the information we should like, such as the total population of a place, since this was not required for fiscal purposes. And sometimes the information given is not easily interpreted, e.g., the entry of the number of plough-lands on each manor, or some of the details of the boroughs. Further, it was only to be expected that, under the conditions of the time, and in the immensity of the task, different scribes should use different phrases, which as far as we can understand them, we cannot always reconcile with the one usually employed. In spite of these limitations, however, much information can be extracted. The entries describe the manors and holdings of the various land holders—first the King, then the Church, then the great earls, then the Sheriff, Edward of Salisbury, and finally the others. Each statement represents the answers given to King William’s commissioners: for each holding are noted the geld assessment in hides, the number of plough-lands on the estate, the number of plough-teams actually there, the numbers of the rural male population,!® the amount or value of the usual appendages—meadow, pasture and wood, the extent of any 1 D.B., I, 65b. 2 DEB. Gab. Sais. 45, Gob. + 1).B:, 1) Gob. See. 12a. SD Bl, OS: CDE Be ele 7] 30: SDS.) Le akoo: 2 D.B., 1, 69a, 74b. HO) 1) 1323 1, 69D. 1). 1, 1b, ida, HED. 1.7 Lb. to Das ob Gob. 1 la, 73b: PAW aids, aly 0a 15 -).B., 1, 65a. Wyndham (op. cit:) gave it as Tilshead or Devises, and A. Ballard, The Domesday Boroughs, identifies it with Devizes. But the later place name forms show continuity: see Ekblom, Wzilt- shive Place Names (1917), and E. Ekwall, Dictionary of English Place Names (1936); the hundred of Rugeberg, in which this manor lay, was nearer to Tilshead than to the site of Devizes. 16 Tt is not clear whether each recorded serf represented a male adult or any servile person: F. W. Maitland suggests the latter, Domesday Book and Beyond (1897), 17. 70 The Domesday Geography of Wiltshire. additional resource, and finally the present value of the estate, and sometimes its value before the Conquest. Occasionally an unusual remark crept in, more than the formal statement of the geld return— thus at Wilcot, which had the usual resources, there were also, the entry runs, a new church, an excellent house, and a good vineyard (et ecclesia’ nova, et domus optima, et vinea bona).! In contrast the treatment of the towns and boroughs appears sketchy. It was only incidentally that towns were of interest to the assessors. In Wiltshire, Cricklade and Wilton, probably the most important then, are httle more than mentioned; other places which were later boroughs are described as large agricultural manors. The precise nature of the borough in Domesday times is still unknown. The physical surface of Norman Wiltshire, as of later times, falls into two well-marked divisions, lying respectively to the north and west, and to the south and east of the chalk escarpment. For long these have been looked upon as the historic divisions of the county. North Wiltshire is an area consisting chiefly of the heavy Gault, Kimmeridge and Oxford Clays, diversified by narrow belts of Greensand and Coralhan limestone near the chalk scarp and passing farther west into the narrow belt of fertile Cornbrash and the small area of Oolitic limestone which borders Gloucestershire. The great extent of the Chalk in Wiltshire is broken in two places where the strata have been eroded, more: completely im the Vale of Wardour, where the Purbeck and Portland beds are exposed, and less completely in the larger Vale of Pewsey, where the Upper Greensand separates the Marlbro’ Downs and Salisbury Plain. In the east and south the chalk is overlain by con- siderable patches of Clay with Flints and, over a smaller area, by Eocene sands and clays. Fundamentally, this environment was the same as that of the present day, but there were important differences. Before centuries of draining operations the subsoil was wetter ; the considerable fall in the level of the water table which has taken place since Roman times had not long been in progress. The rivers and streams could not carry water to the sea as quickly as they can to-day and they flooded more frequently. The natural cover of woodiand, however, had been changed considerably from its-original condition. While it was more extensive than at present, there were not many wide stretches of primeval woodland remaining, if the statistics of the Survey mean anything.2 It must be remembered that the society described in Domesday had been established on the soil for at least five hundred years. > 1D) 183.,,, 1f, Oey, 2 For a discussion of problems of woodland distribution see F. W. Morgan, ‘‘ Domesday Woodland in South-west England,” Antiquity (1936), x, 306, and ““ Woodland in Wiltshire at the Time of the Domesday Book; Wilts: Arch. ‘and NH. Mag. (1935), xlvii, 25; H.C. - Darby; ‘‘ Domesday Woodland in East Angha,’’ Antiquity (1934), xiv, 214. By F.W. Morgan. ~~ real _ From the map of vills it is clear how completély the Saxon settlement laid the foundation of English village geography. The distribution is very different from that for the Romano-British period, when settle- ments lay mainly upon the chalk plateaux. In Saxon times, as now, the strings of villages in the converging valleys of the Plain and at the Roa th ati a K Scale , Miles ae Dea Eee eee . re) 10 _ leeer ~ Ke Nk oe aw 6 \ Cee \ See l IDENTIFIED VILLS 1086 Place with burgesses oy styled a borough — eae of ° : vl ” “J Boundary between the ancient Hundveds of the moth and west ond those of the sovth and east. feet of the escarpments stand out, characteristic of the Wiltshire chalk country. In the lowland the vills are scattered, with a marked area of sparsity around Braden Forest in the north (even to-day settlement is sparse in this area). The parish boundaries, which generally coincide with the original boundaries of the townships, reflect the varieties of 72 The Domesday Geography of Wiltshive. soil: the well-known hill and valley strip type of parish falls into regular valley groups over the chalk, while in the clay vale the parishes are irregular in shape. Small irregular groups appear again in the central parts of the Vales of Pewsey and Wardour and on the water- shed woodland areas from Savernake to Chute Forest and in the extreme south-east. | Permanent Settlement o Villages fo) | Villos ¢ large houses A Potteries @ [ROMANO-BRITISH_ SETTLEMENT (Based upon the Ordnance Survey Map with the sanction of the Controller at H.M. Stationery Office.) How far did the facts of settlement and economic exploitation in the eleventh century reflect the physical divisions of North and South ? The material of the Survey is likely to reveal more when treated on a basis of areas of land concerned. In order to arrive at additions for each of these two divisions the hundred has been adopted as the unit, The ancient hundred can be reconstructed from the Survey, and it was at least a contemporary administrative unit of some kind. Further, By F. W. Morgan. 73 within each hundred it is possible to include occasional small holdings not easy to trace and described only as being in that hundred, and more often than not the settlements included in some distant manor were situate in the same hundred as the manor. The line of division has been taken along hundred boundaries, according as the greater part of each hundred lies to the north-west or south-east of the chalk escarp- ment. The human boundary cannot be made to coincide exactly with the geological one since the parishes at the foot run up over the crest of the chalk ridge. The divisions thus arrived at are those which, in terms of the Domesday units, coincide most nearly with the physical units. In the primary human distribution, that of settlement, the north of Wiltshire appears to have been of more importance. Settlement, as reflected in the distribution of vills, was closer in the north than in the south. The percentage of the total number of vills there is greater than the percentage of the total area which is taken up by this division. - The distribution of plough-teams and plough-lands may be considered as bearing some relation to variations of economic activity. No doubt local and occasional factors influenced the number of plough-teams on manors, but over a wide area their distribution must indicate something of the use which the Saxons made of their soil. For each thousand acres of total area the northern hundreds had 4:2 plough-teams, while the southern hundreds had 3:1. In addition to the number of plough- teams the ‘Survey records the number of plough-lands: e.g., at Aldbourne “ terra est 45 car.’’ (plough-lands) but the number of teams between the demesne and the dependent population was 36.1 In a number of entries the two numbers (i.e., plough-teams and plough- lands) agree as might be expected, but in so many is the number of plough-lands greater than the number of teams, both in Wiltshire and in other counties, that considerable controversy has arisen as to the significance of the second entry. When allowance has been made for differences of phraseology, the most recent suggestion will appear the most reasonable, that the references were to the ‘‘ frequent prospect of further cultivation ; and the commissioners, with the King’s geld in mind, were not uninterested in this.’?2 The regular mention of plough- lands in the great majority of the county surveys suggests that even if these entries were not essential to the immediate business, they were of 1).B., 1, 65a. Tbat lands and teams were implied is suggested by a variation in phraseology under North Newton (D.B., I, 65b), which gives the number of teams as seven altogether and adds “ Totum manerium possunt arare 10car.’’ It should be noted that the Wiltshire Survey uses the abbreviation ‘‘car.’’ for both terms, both of which We we Jones has ‘unjustifiably expanded into ‘‘ carucatae’’ and translated ‘‘carucates’’ (nearest=plough-lands). But in many counties the first is written not as ‘‘car.’’ but as ‘‘terrae carucis,’”’ hence we are justified in translating plough-lands and plough-teams. 2H.C Darby, Historical Geography of England before 1800 (1936), 184. 74 The Domesday Geography of Wiltshire. considerable interest to the people of the time. In Wiltshire the dis- tribution is similar to that of the plough- -teams, in the north 4°7 per 1,000 acres, and in the south 3°6. Thus in the distribution of poorer lands the northern hundreds stand out. ~The distribution of the chief element in the population can be obtained fairly easily, without any discussion as to how far the total population can be derived from the recorded figures. These give the numbers of the male agricultural population on each manor, the villeins, bordars, cottars, coscets and coliberts, and the number of serfs. on the lord’s demesne ; thus the Glastonbury Abbey manor of Christian Malford had two serfs on the demesne, and 11 villeins, 12 bordars, and 12 coscets.1 The distribution of this population followed the same arrangement. In the northern hundreds there were 12°6 members of the adult male rural population per 1,000 acres, in the southern hundreds 10°7. These figures suggest that the north was the more active and the more densely peopled on a purely agricultural basis. It appears, therefore, that the Saxons had gone far in changing the value of the different soil areas, for the north and west consists of heavy clays, difficult to work and traverse, and long unattractive to previous inhabitants who based their agriculture mainly upon the light soils of the chalk plateaux. A complete reversal of the value of the physical background seems to have taken place.? . A further indication of this difference is seen in the distribution of values. The Survey recorded the annual value in pounds of each manor, roughly equivalent, Maitland suggests, to a pure net rent.® But this amount was derived from any kind of revenue producing source—fines from a manorial court, profits from a market, a fishery or a dairy farm, as well as from the more usual agricultural activities. Since the Wiltshire Survey only occasionally gave the value of a manor in the time of King Edward it is impossible to make comparisons lke 2 OIEY, 1 OBI, * In Berkshire, which has a very similar. geological structure, the Domesday distributions show exactly the same features, the northern clay vales being areas of closer settlement, greater density of ploughs and of agricultural population ; the contrast appears to have been even sharper than in Wiltshire. From the Domesday evidence the northern hundreds of Berkshire possessed no woodland, and had no forests, while the corresponding area of Wiltshire had more woodland remaining and contained three forests, which probably reduced the productivity of Ene region. F. W. Morgan, ‘‘ The Domesday Geography of Berkshire, Scottish Geographical Magazine (1935), L, I, 353. 3. Op. cit., 444. By F. W. Morgan. 790 those which can be drawn from the Berkshire account.! However, it is possible to discover that the average of values in the two divisions of Wiltshire differed as did the averages of population and teams: in the north they amounted to £5°73 per 1,000 acres, and in the south £5'5s. The difference is not so great as would be expected, from the greater differences in population and teams, but we do not know exactly how these values of manors were arrived at. Though the plough-land was the economic foundation of the village of the English plain, the pasture and meadow were indispensable adjuncts and the woodland a valuable one. The pasture was measured in acres, except at Purton where it was said to be enough for 50 sheep.2. The great majority of manors had some pasture, and it must be remembered, too, that the stubble was grazed upon after harvest. But over 60 manors and holdings had no pasture recorded for them, and these have a marked location in the north-west of the county beyond Chippenham. This distribution, though clear, has no obvious explanation, for it cannot be related precisely to woodland or to any other factor. The meadow of the medieval village was among the most valuable of all its land owing to the necessity of hay for feeding the stock, especially the plough oxen, in winter.4 This is reflected in the fact that in some counties the meadow is entered in terms of the number of teams for which it could provide hay. In Wiltshire a few large meadows are accounted for by their dimensions, but most were measured in acres. Almost every place had some meadow, but the map shows only the larger ones. The level plains of the northern hundreds had half as much again of meadow as the south. It appears that volume of water did not govern the distribution entirely, for there was as much in the Vale of Pewsey around the headstreams of the Avon as there was lower down by the confluence of the five rivers.° 1 In the northern hundreds of Berkshire the manors were definitely higher in value than those in the southern hundreds, and, moreover, their values had been rising in the twenty years between the Conquest and the Survey, while the: values in the south ‘tended’to fall.. F. W. Morgan, art. cit. 2. DSB. ol 67a: 3 In Cambridgeshire well over a third of the villages were without any record of pasture, see H. C. Darby, ‘‘ The Domesday Geography of Cambridgeshire,” Cambridge Antiquarian Society Proceedings (1936), EKG OO): 4 A probable reference to water-meadows occurs in a charter of 901 A.D., in which a grant of land at Wylye was made, with appendages ee). -. ivleadows,. pastures, woods- and the waters ‘and their @uidlowss 2. (°°. 2, Pratis, Pascuis, Silvis, aquis aquarumque decursibus:=~ ~..-. 2 )=-(Birch, opycit,,. 11, 243, No. 595): > See also the map of Meadows in the Thames Basin, constructed by F. W. Morgan. (H. C. Darby ed. ‘‘ Historical Geography of England before 1800,”’ 199). 76 The Domesday Geography of Wiltshire. The outstanding area was in the north east on the level plains around Cricklade, though the two largest stretches of meadow were assigned to Aldbourne, | league (7.e., 12 furlongs) in length and 5 furlongs in breadth,! and Tilshead, one league in length and six furlongs in breadth.2 That of the former quite possibly lay in the Kennet valley nearby?; that of Tilshead, which appears very large for an area drained by an inter- mittent stream and near the outer rim of Salisbury Plain, may have lain at some distance, but can be accounted for in sztu.4 The woodland of the early village provided fuel, building timber, and feed for swine or ‘“‘ pannage.’’ Most of the woodland remaining lay on the clays of the north-west, though a good deal lay on the younger Clay-with-flints and Eocene beds to the east and south. Considerable amounts, too, not accounted for in the Domesday Survey, undoubtedly lay in the royal forests of Braydon, Chippenham, Melksham, Selwood, Grovely, Great Ridge, Savernake, Chute, Clarendon and New, and in Cranborne Chase, although, strictly speaking, a forest was an area of land subject to special laws for the protection of game, a legal and not a geographical entity.° Many villages were without wood, however, and a map of the entries would show that the appearance of the clay plain was very different from its original condition. Various miscellaneous sources of wealth were mentioned, chief of which was the mill, producing a revenue through the dues paid by dependent villagers who were bound to grind their corn at the lord’s mill. These mills varied in value and in number, owing partly perhaps to natural conditions. On one small stream, for example, the Marden tributary of the Bristol Avon, there were 13 mills above Stanley—nine 1 D-B., I, 65a: It is generally agreed that the league used aa Domesday consisted of 12 furlongs: see F. W. Morgan, ‘““ Domesday Woodland in South-west England,”’ art. cit. 21D) Sel ood: 3 Board of Agriculture Report, 1794, refers to the good water meadows at or near Hungerford, particularly at Standen on the Kennet. 4 Four considerations are relevant :—1, The water table was very much higher in earlier times. 2, The writer observed that in the early part of 1936, and again in March and April, 1937, after fairly heavy rains, for a number of weeks the stream was overflowing and water lay deep in the neighbouring fields, and for a shorter time across the main road to the south of Tilshead. 3, The Water Supply of Wiltshire (Geological Survey Memoir) refers to the plentiful supply of underground water at Lilshead. During the sinking of one well, 400 feet above Ordnance Datum, in the Upper Chalk, so much water came in that the sinker was nearly drowned. 4, Board of Agriculture Report, 1794, describes at considerable length the excellent water meadows of south Wiltshire, estimating that they amounted to 15 or 20,000 acres, many being along the chalk streams. A water meadow at Orcheston, just below Tilshead, produced extraordinary valuable hay crops. 5 See ‘‘ Woodland in Wiltshire at the Time of the Domesday Book,’’ BW. Morgan, avi. cit. By F. W. Morgan. aa at Calne, worth £5 12s. 6d.1 and four at Calstone and neighbourhood, worth £3 3s. 6d.2 To-day along the stream there are 10 or 11 mill sites, with mills active or in ruins. Those mills which are mentioned in the Survey naturally group themselves along the rivers. Fish from streams was a useful addition to food supplies: there is no mention of +25 actes cover @50-99 actes @ 100-199 acres 7 THE LARGER MEADOWS 1086) Most vills had some meadow | Scale re) any in the Wiltshire Survey, though in a charter of 688 A.D., some land was granted to Malmesbury Abbey at Kemble “ at the confluence of the two streams Avon and Wiley and especially to be used for the fishing activities of the brothers’”’ (in loco ubi conjunguntur duo S DSia, le Oslo, JOS Oar ioe 78 The Domesday Geography of Wiltshire. flumina Ayen et Wileo, et hoc maxime ad piscationem fratum).! The variety of economic activity is shewn by references to swineherds at Warminster, Westbury, Bradford and Chippenham? ; to nine bee-keepers and tothe potters (potarii) who paid 20 shillings a year at Westbury? ; to a market paying 45 shillings a year, one arpen of vineyard, and a customary tenant paying seven sextaries of honey at Bradford.4 The manor of Fifield Bavant had 12 pence a year from a smith’s forge (ferraria) at Wilton.® Occasionally there were references to manors which were unable to function properly: at Wulfhall, near Burbage, ‘there is no stock of cattle,’® and at Damerham? (then in Wiltshire) there was some doubt about the assessment: ‘‘ The whole manor in the time of King Edward was worth £36. It now pays £61, but by the assessors the lands are not valued at more than £45 on account of the confusion of the land and on account of the farm rent, which is too high.”’ Though the Domesday account is not a complete statement of urban life in Wiltshire it reveals a good deal of the distribution of towns and of other important centres. Some are referred to precisely as boroughs ; others may be inferred; other places are ranked as outstanding in importance without being boroughs. The borough (A. S. burgh, Latin burgus) seems to have been a fortress in origin which often developed an economic importance and an urban life as we understand it, and in the century preceding the Domesday Book the economic aspect seems to have been increasing. But the town as an economic entity was not always recognised as a legal institution, a “‘ borough.” Often a borough was associated with a market or a mint, but market centres were not always boroughs : in Cornwall there were five market centres but no boroughs.? In Wiltshire Malmesbury is given a quite detailed description at the beginning of the record. The King and various lay and ecclesiastical lords held properties within the borough which paid rents: ‘‘ From its mint the borough pays 100 shillings,” and in the time of King Edward ““When the King was going on an expedition, whether by land or by sea, he was either wont to have from this Borough 20 shillings for the support of his sailors, or he took with him one man for each honour of 5 hides.’’ 18 Wilton was the only other borough referred to as such ; from Wilton the King received £50.11 Cricklade is described as contain- ing many burgesses and as having a Church which belonged to the Church of S. Peter at Westminster.t2 Around the three boroughs of 1S 1Bibeelo, O/H, Coto, I, OLE INO, 7O, 2 D.B. 1G, 641, Gaas ono O4 os 2 1D)sIBon Ib, Oia 1D)15,, I GW. - =: wy Dee) 1705. DID) IB iss 1" TAO 7 DAB 66b, Vai WS WilenaeleyaiGl, OVO, Gitta, “Ills. 9 Fora discussion of urban life in Domesday times see H. C. Darby, op. cit., 214— 223. 10 ().B., 1, 64b. Mt 1D)13,, Il, Oa. 71D) JB... IL, C2. By F..W. Morgan... : 79 Malmesbury, Cricklade and Wilton, even at some -distance, lay manors to which were said to belong (pertinet) certain burgesses (and'sometimes houses) who paid dues. Thus the following manors or holdings had such burgesses in Cricklade : Aldborne six, Ramsbury five, Badbury one; unton one,.Chisledon six; iddington one, Lydiard. (Tregoze) \ i ey w~ aE Cricklade Malmesbury 4 Pi oe Bradford i { | (i + Tilshead + Warminster ! wont a MANORS HAVING CONTRIBUTORY BURCESSES + Place with burgesses ee a anor with burgesses in Cricklade or styled a borough a ; ‘ Malmesbury acer Clyffe Pypard three, Colecut three.! A similar number were scattered around both Malmesbury and Wilton. From the description of Oxford in Domesday it appears that it was ‘upon the houses 1 D.B., I, 65a, 66a, 66b, 67a, 67b, 67a, 70b, 73b. 80 The Domesday Geography of Wiltshire. ‘contributed ’ by the rural properties that the duty fell of keeping the city walls in repair.’ 1 The other boroughs are infered because they were said to contain burgesses ; they appear to have been mainly large agricultural manors, so that although their population included burgesses it consisted mainly of villeins, etc. They were Calne, Bedwin, Warminster, Tilshead and Bradford, and were held entirely by the King. No. of Total of agricultural burgesses. population. Calne? 45 133 Plus on land of the Church 25 26 Bedwin 2 25 2 Warminster #4 30 74 Tilshead ® 66 98 Bradford ® 33 125 No other place is described as a borough. Some settlements held by the King, the largest in each county, made their contribution to the exchequer in a special way—‘‘ It paid no geld, nor was it assessed in hides, but rendered the farm of one night with all customs,”’ i.e., a night’s entertainment to the King and his court. (Non geldavit nec hidata fuit reddit firmam unius noctis cum omnibus consuetudinibus). The value of this was generally reckoned at £110 or £100—this is stated in the entry for Tilshead, and in Somerset a night’s farm due from two manors together (Somerton and Cheddar) was commuted for £100 10s. 94d.7. This form of payment was made by the royal manor boroughs of Calne, Bedwyn, Tilshead and Warminster, and by the royal manors of Amesbury and Chippenham.’ Two other royal manors, Melksham and Westbury, did not provide the night’s farm but paid sums equal in value—£111 11s. and £100.° Another system of payment throws some light on the towns, the “Third Penny.’ The King often received from boroughs which he did not hold one third of the receipts, one third going to the Earl of the County and the remaining third to a person or church to whom it 1 A. Ballard, The Domesday Boroughs (1904). Ballard goes on to refer to a later document, apparently of 1283, in the Register of Malmesbury Abbey ‘‘which gives the names of those who were then liable for the repair of the King’s wall at Malmesbury ; the greater part of this liability fell on the Abbey itself, but certain portions of the wall were to be repaired ‘de feudo de Combe, de feudo de Wrokesalle,’ by the lord of Foxley and by the prior of Hundlavintone.’’ All these appear in Domesday as having burgesses or houses in Malmesbury, i.e., as being contributory in the sense employed by Ballard (D.B., I, 7la, 69b, 72b, 72a). 2 D.B., I, 64b. SD) 15, 1 G25), 7 Debs e264 by 2 ND soie, Wl, Ose. 7 IDB, IL, Galo 7D: Bs Ly 86a: SID) J535, 1 Seo IDE IB I Ge loy. 2, DBs leGoa. = Dbl siGoa:. By F. W. Morgan. 81 had been granted. In Wiltshire the King received from the third penny of Marlborough £4, of Malmesbury £6, of Bedwin £11, of Cricklade £5 (here the other third went to Westminster Abbey), and of Sarum £6.! It will be noticed that Sarum and Marlborough were not styled boroughs in the Survey ; indeed, but for this and for the reference to a church there Marlborough is not mentioned. Ramsbury, seat of the first bishop in Wiltshire, appears only as a large manor of the Bishop of Sarum, and Chippenham, an important fortress during the Danish wars, was not styled a borough. Altogether, the Domesday references to the boroughs provide a far from complete picture of town life. The commissioners were concerned mainly with the legal status of such places, and with the precise form in which they contributed to the exchequer. Thus there is little account of the trading activities which more and more were becoming identified with the real nature of urban centres. was f, 64b.- D.B., 1, 64b, DB. E, 64b. D.Bi, I, 64b.° -DiB., I, 64b. VOL. XLVIII, NO.- CLXVII. F 82 SOUTH WILTS PLANT NOTES, 1933 to 1937. By Miss Be GurErick) B.Sc. “South Wilts,’ from the botanist’s point of view (Watson’s Vice- county 8) is that part of Wiltshire south of the Kennet and Avon Canal, which runs through Devizes and Great Bedwyn, and just north of Trowbridge and Pewsey. The following notes may be of interest as supplementing already published notices of the plants of this area. A new county record has been established for Wilts in the finding of Anemone nemorosa var. grandifiovra Rouy et Fouc, near Redlynch in 1933. This was sent to Kew Herbarium for identification, where it was considered of some interest as two members of the staff there had recently published (Journal of Botany, Dec., 1932) a paper on this mutation which seems to occur spasmodically. Itisa very large white- flowered form of the common wood anemone, with broader leaves of a stronger colour than the normal. This variety has been recorded from New Milton and Fareham, Hants, and near Folkestone. Adonis autumnalis L. In some quantity ina cabbage field on Ashley Hill, two miles east of Salisbury, August to September, 1937. Berberis vulgaris L. Wedge near Standlynch. Draba muralis L. Appeared in a garden at West Grimstead, near Salisbury, in 1937, close to a Spireea bush which had been brought from Hilliers’ Nursery at Winchester two or three years before ; no doubt the seeds were in the soil, for this plant is abundant in the Nursery. (cf. B.E.C. Report, 1936, 239.) Moenchia erecta G.M. & 5S. (Cevastium quaternellum Fenzl.) Land- ford Common. Stellaria neglecta Weihe (S. umbrosa Opiz). Gutch Common, Semley ; near Tisbury Station, and lane from Ham Cross to Chilmark Quarries. Avenaria tenuifolia L. Walls in Mill Road and Harcourt Terrace, Salisbury. (Hussey recorded it at Salisbury, in Preston’s Flora, page 50.) 5 Lathyrus aphaca, which was first seen in 1931 in a stubble field at Milford, has now firmly established itself on the grassy bank and seems a permanent addition to our local flora. Myrrhis odorata Scop. Casual, Sutton Mandeville, near Church. Sambucus ebulus L. Near Enford. Evigeron canadense L. Since 1935 increasingly abundant on road- sides around Whaddon sandpits near Salisbury. Inula helentum L. Still on roadside at Dunge, near Trowbridge ; near a moated house, whence doubtless itescaped. There isa specimen from here, 1883, in the W.A.S. Herbarium at Devizes. Senecio viscosus L. Salisbury station, casual. Senecio squalidus L. Salisbury, Market House sidings and on wall in Water Lane, increasing. Cichorium intybus L. Nowa scarce plant in South Wilts, but there is a persistent and increasing patch near Salisbury Station and in Wood Road, Durrington. South Wilts Plant Notes, 1933 to 1937. 83 The Alien Hemizonia pungens, a yellow flowered composite from California was abundant on waste ground near Fisherton Recreation Ground, Salisbury, in 1935. Vaccinium myrtillus L. Semley Hill. Pyrola media Sw. Between Tisbury and Hindon, occurring chiefly around the conifers. It is suggested that the Pyrola came with the soul on their roots about 40 or 50 years ago when young conifers were mostly brought from Westmoreland and Morpeth in Northumberland. Cowslip hybrids of fine rich brown and red colours in grass field south-west of the Alderbury Lodge of Clarendon Park. Doubtless bees bring pollen from the garden nearby. A few common cowslips occur in the field, but the majority are red-brown. Centunculus minimus L. On Alderbury Common in small quantity and Copse Corner, Whiteparish. Evrythraea pulchella Fr. Clarendon Wood, grass track. Gentiana anglica, Pugsley (G. lingulata Ag. var. praecox (Towns.). In fair quantity on Camp Down, N.W. of Salisbury and on the Bake, South of Wylye. Datura stramonium L. Casual at Petersfinger, Salisbury. Linaria minor. Is abundant on the bare chalk tips from the Lime Kilns at Harnham Hill, Salisbury. Ovobanche hederae Duby. By Burcombe Church. Salvia pratensis L. Several large clumps on the downs near West Lavington. Chenopodium murale L. Abundant among potatoes at Salisbury in 1933 and at Steeple Langford in 1935, but has not persisted. Preston said this required verification for inclusion as a Wiltshire plant. C. rubvum L. Farmyard at Boyton; manure heap, Alderbury ; and farmyard and environs at Britford, abundant. This was not mentioned for the Salisbury district by Preston. Polygonum bistorta L. Water meadow between West Harnham and Salisbury. Euphorbia cyparissias L. WLarkhill Ranges. Euphorbia lathyris L. In 1937 very abundant (two or three acres of fine plants) and having the appearance of being native in a newly coppiced part of Clarendon Wood, cf. W.A.M. xii, very plentiful in Clarendon Wood in 1867. Myrica gale L. A few bushes just inside the Wilts boundary at Plaitford. Bracketed by Preston as doubtful. Ornithogalum nutans L.. Casual in Close, Salsbury, flowering and increasing for several years. Tulipa sylvestris L. A patch in a hedge at Redlynch, which has been known for many years, flowered in April, 1933, but was picked and the bulbs dug up by children from a nearby cottage immediately the flowers opened. Gagea lutea (L) Ker-Gawler. Copse near Moot Lane, Downton. Juncus compressus Jacq. West Harnham, Salisbury, 1934 to 1937, but will probably not survive 1937 owing to road work. F 2 84 South Wilts Plant Notes, 1933 to 1937. Juncus macer S.E.Gray. One casual plant near Alderbury Junction, 1936. Luzula sylvatica Gaud. Marshwood, Dinton; Lower Semley Hill; Batt’s Croft, Downton. Potamogeton lucens L. Britford. P. perfoliatus L. River Nadder, Bemerton to Salisbury, and Avon from Salisbury to Britford. P. crispus L. Bishopstone, Clarendon Lake, Avon S.E. of Salisbury. P. pusillus L. Pond on Camp Down, N.W. of Salisbury, Britford. P. pectinatus L. Nadder, Bemerton to Salisbury and Avon at Britford. Zannichellia palustris L. River at Boyton, and Clarendon Lake. Cyperus longus L. Flowered at Boyton in 1934. See note below. Scirpus sylvaticus L. Stourton. Carex humilis Veysser.. Lamb Down, Codford; Down north of Groveley Wood. Panicum sanguinale L. Casual in garden, Salisbury, September, 1933. P. virgatum L. Casual in creek near Fisherton Mill, Salisbury, 1934. Agrostis setacea Curtis. Abundant on Alderbury Common, now a plantation. Deschampsia flexuosa Trin. Langley Wood, Redlynch; Semley ; Donhead St. Mary. Cynodon dactylon Pers. Casual, well established at Salisbury, First noticed in August, 1934. Catabrosa aquatica Beauv. Bemerton ; Bishopstone; south of Downton ; Donhead St. Andrew. Lycopodium inundatum L. Sparingly on Landford Common, near road from Plaitford to Nomansland. NoTE ON CyPERUS Lonaus L. IN WILTSHIRE. This plant appears to have been recorded at one site only in the county of Wilts, where the possibility of its being native may be Open to some doubt, and where it now seeems to be extinct. This place is Boyton, near Codford, in South Wilts. In W.A.M., xiv, 80 (September, 1873), Dr. T. B. Flower stated that it was ‘‘ first discovered by the late A. B. Lambert, Esq., and Professor Don, in 1829, growing in great luxuriance and profusion, but of late years this elegant species has considerably decreased in quantity, through the rapacity of collectors.’ To this is appended, asa footnote, a brief biography of A. B. Lambert, Esq. He was born in 1761, and attached himself early in life to botanical pursuits and joined the Linnean Society at its foundation. On succeeding to his paternal estate (Boyton Manor) he was enabled to indulge his taste for botany more freely, and laboured with great ardour and success to increase his herbarium, which at length acquired the character of being one of the most valuable and important private collections in existence, of which Professor Don acted as Curator for many years. It included the largest carpological collection perhaps ever made by a private botanist. By Miss B. Guilick, B.Sc. 85 It is this last remark which raises suspicions.. Mr. Lambert in 1829 had. reached the age of 68. In the New Botanists’ Guide by H. C. Watson, Vol. I, 1835, page 46, is ‘‘ Cyperus longus. I hear that it has been discovered growing abundantly near Mr. Lambert’s (Boyton) in Wilts: W. GCG: Trevelyan, MSS.’”’s.and in Vol. 1], 1887, page 566, it is stated that ‘‘in 1829 Mr. Peete found about a quarter of an acre of Cyperus longus within a quarter of a mile of Boyton House’’ It seems incredible that a man who, in early life, was interested in botanical pursuits, could have overlooked such a rarity within a quarter of a mile of his own home, every year until he reached the age of 68. On the other hand, the carpological collection may have contained a surplus of certain seeds, and the place of deposit of unwanted matter at that date is not known. In the Flora of Wilts, by T. A. Preston, 1888, 324, the entry includes “Rogers, Exchange Club Report, 1873, p. 26; still there 1884, Hussey.”’ The note in the Exchange Club Report cannot be checked, so it seems that a wrong reference is given. It appears that this entry in the Flora ds the last published record of the occurrence of this plant in Wilts. About ten years ago an effort was made to ascertain if it was still growing at Boyton, and the following information was collected from Mrs. Steward by the Hon. Mrs. Campbell of Wilton. Some years ago a botanist (who is now believed to have been Mr. T. H. Green, of Bath) called on the Rector of Boyton, then Canon Steward, for information about the Cyperus longus, but it was not at that time known there, nor could it be found by the botanist. Subsequently, Canon Steward took a piece of meadow into the Rectory garden, and made a little pond, and in the following year a plant which Mrs. Steward thought was the Cyperus came up spontaneously on the edge of the pond, but as they did not know the name of the botanist they could not inform him. In 1928, the Rev. E. Graham, then Rector, said that he was told of the Cyperus in the pond before he came, but that he had never seen it, nor could it be ascertained that anyone else had seen it recently, so it was concluded that Cyperus longus was then extinct in Wilts. However on 14th September, 1934, the writer made personal search and found the pond close to and nearly opposite the main entrance to Boyton Manor. At one end wasa small clump of Cyperus longus, flowering, but short and the spikes very small and pale in comparison with specimens from elsewhere. It was growing with bamboos, reedmaces, etc. In that vear it was seen by the Hon. Mrs. Campbell and others. The adjoining meadows and stream sides were searched, but no Cyperus could be found, so it was considered possible that it might have been planted in the pond. This, however, does not appear to be the case. Boyton Manor House is situated at the foot of the downs, close to the river Wylye. In the grounds is a small lake from which a stream drains through the water meadows before joining the river. There was no sign of Cyperus in the lake. In the immediate vicinity on the north are water meadows, not likely to have been disturbed by camps during the war, as were the fields around Codford. 86 South Wilts Plant Notes, 1933 to 1937. In 1936 the Rev. P. H. B. Bridson, then Rector, related that the story as told him was that in Canon Steward’s time, about 1920, an American botanist called and asked to see the Cyperus, saying that it was near the Church. They tramped around looking for it in vain and at last Canon Steward suggested that they should give it up and have tea. They came through the lower Rectory garden and the botanist said, ‘‘Why there it is, growing in the pond.’’ Canon Steward had recently made the pond, and thought that it was a weed coming up. Mr. Bridson could not ascertain that it had been known elsewhere in the village. | Unfortunately no Cyperus was seen flowering in the pond in 1935, nor in 1936, but the reedmaces had increased and had perhaps crowded it out. Thus it seems that Cyperus longus is again extinct in Wilts, yet there may still be dormant seeds which will germinate in due course. There isa specimen in Dr. Druce’s Herbarium labelled Boyton, Wilts, but no date or collector’s name, but Dr. Druce had added ‘“‘ Hb. Ansell, 1844.” In the British Museum (Natural History) are two specimens from Boyton, one collected by F. L. White, 1838 (Soc. Bot. Edin.) and one from the Herbarium of Edward Forster, without date but received by the Museum in 1849. In the Herbarium at Kew are four sheets— one communicated by F. I. White—Coll., Sept., 1838; one in Herb. Borrer collected Oct., 1833, with label ‘‘in a small meadow where some farm buildings stood, which were burnt down about thirty yearsago ”’; one collected by W. A. Leighton, 1830; and one communicated by G. S. Henslow, no date (ex. Herb. Ball). There is no specimen in the Salisbury Museum Herbarium, but in that of the W.A.S. at Devizes is one labelled ‘‘ Boyton Meadow, Oct. 1873. W. Moyle Rogers’”’; and another good sheet, “‘ Boyton, W. Hussey,’’ not dated, but probably 1884, cf. Flora. Doubtless many other Herbaria contain specimens and it would be interesting to know whether any are dated after 1884. Limosella aquatica L. which Preston hesitated to include as a Wilt- shire plant (Flora, page 221), has been found on Broughton Gifford Common, near Melksham, for several years, with Mentha pulegium (noted there by Sole probably about 1800, see W.A.M., xii, 93, but bracketed by Preston), Peplis portula, Nasturtium palustre and Chenopodium rubrum. The North American alien, Ambrosia artemesiae- folia L (Compositae) is well established on the edge of the Common. 87 NOTES ON NORTH WILTSHIRE PLANTS. By). ls Grose. E.Gia. This list comprises a few species new to North Wilts; additional localities for a number of uncommon plants, and notes on the present status of rarities in their recorded stations. Allcritical plants have been examined by the appropriate referees. The numbers refer to the British Plant List, Edition II. 6/27. Ranunculus sphaerospermus B.& B. Sparinglyin the Kennet near Fyfield, 1932. The river was almost dry in 1933 and 1934, but the plant reappeared in 1935 and 1936. 6/33. R. ficariaL. A curious form was noticed at Oaksey, 1932—5. It had apetalous flowers, and numerous small trilobed leaves apparently intermixed with thesepals. Fascicles of similarly-formed leaves sprang from the axils of the upper leaves. A root was transplanted at Potterne by Mr. E. M. Marsden-Jones, and the plant has remained true. 37/6. Fragments of Neolithic A. Pottery from Hackpen, Avebury. 91 92 (S03, JROSGNE, JSURIRAILIDIG INC ISUUE WIBIMMEIN TS ION I BUE: CIRUWIRCIRISS Qe WIL IES TRuLKIs. By Proressor EpwarD Fawcett, F.R.S.,MD! By Royal Achievements of Arms I mean those Achievements which after 1534 when Henry VIII became head of the Church, are generally assumed to have replaced the rood and I assume so long as the rood screen and loft remained were mounted in place of the rood and attendant images. On the disappearance of the screens the royal achievements were placed over the chancel arch and some persist there to the present day. They, in nearly all cases, face the congregation. Now there is no known order of Henry VIII as to the setting up of his arms in places for divine worship ; but immediately on his death in 1547 those who were in sympathy with further reform took immediate action in this and other directions. “The Curate and Churchwardens of St. Martin’s in Ironmonger Lane in London, took down the images and pictures of the saints and the crucifix out of their Church and painted many texts of Scripture on the walls, and in the place where the crucifix was they set up the King’s Arms with some texts of Scripture about it.”’ The crucifix named in this quotation would undoubtedly mean the rood over the screen. The “ Injunctions’’ of Edward VI make no mention of the royal arms but it is known that in a few cases up and down the country the young King’s arms were set up. In the reign of Queen Mary, 4th year, “‘ Likewise the Cardinal (Pole) caused Dr. Story to visit every parish and to see the Roodlofts supplied, the Crucifixes to be placed with the images of our B. Lady and St..John, the one on the right hand and the other on the left, and the King’s Arms with a lion on the one side and a dragon on the other side to be removed from the altar and to be set in a place more con- venient.” (History of the Reformation of the Church of England—12, 1685.) In the talk between Dr. Cranmer, Archbishop, and Dr. Martin at Oxford, in March, 1556, allusion is thus made to the royal arms set up by the latter, ‘‘ But if you mark the divil’s language well it agrees with your proceedings most trulie. For mitie te deorsum, cast thyself downwards, said hee, and so taught you to cast all things down- wards. Downe with the Sacrament, downe with the Masse, downe with 1 The blocks illustrating this paper were used in a paper by Professor E. Fawcett, F.R.S., on the Royal Arms in Gloucestershire Churches in “The Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archeological Society,’’ Vol LV, 1933, and in his Presidential Address, Vol. LVIII, 1936. Many of them had previously appeared in The Romance of Heraldry, by C. W. Scott-Giles, published by Messrs. Dent in 1929. All the blocks have been kindly lent by the Editor of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Society’s Transactions. The illustration of the achieve- ment in Box Church is from a drawing by Colin Olliffe of King Edward’s School, Bath. The Royal Heraldic Achievements in the Churches of Wiltshire. 93 the Aultars, downe with the Armes of Christ and up with a lion anda dog etc.”’ So also Harpsfield, ‘‘ There you should have seen ' instead of Christ’s Crucifix, the Arms of a mortal King, set up on high, with a dog and a lion, which a man might well call the abomination of desolation.” Dr. Harding, in his controversy with Bishop Jewell in 1565, asks his learned opponent, ‘‘ Is it the words of God, that, contrary to the good example of the Queene’s Majestie, besyde the Armes of.the Realme setteth up a dogge and a dragon in place of the Blessed Virgin Mary, mother of God, and St. John the Evangelist which were wont to stand on either side of the signe of Christ crucified.”’ Sander, in the Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism, says, A.D. 1585: ‘“‘In the place of the Cross of Christ which they threw down, they put up the Arms of the Kings of England, namely, three Jeopards and three lilies having for supporters the outstretched feet of a serpent and a dog.”’ Amongst the records at Lambeth Palace is a license granted A.D. 1614 by Archbishop Abbot to “ John Serjent of Hytchen in the County of Hertford, Paynter Stayner, to survey and paynte in all the Churches and Chappells within this realme of England (w'hin o° province) the Kinges Ma"* armes in due forme w™ helme, and mantell and supporters as they oughte to be ¥ The above quotations which are taken verbatim from Bloxam’s Companion to Gothic Architecture, 11th edition, G. Bell & Sons, go to show how closely the putting up of arms was connected with the Royal Supremacy, and it is of especial interest that Archbishop Abbot’s licence required ‘‘helme crest mantell and supporters,’’ in fact an achievement of arms, not a mere escutcheon. The same Archbishop required the arms ‘‘to be painted with the Ten Commandments on on some convenient places within the Chauncels or Bodyes” of the Churches. We have seen that Queen Mary ordered the replacing of the rood screens and of the rood, but at the same time the King’s arms with supporters were to be removed from the altar and to be set in a place more convenient. It is quite likely that this place more con- venient was gladly taken advantage of by those with whom the Royal Arms did not meet with favour whether clerics or architects. At Ogbourne St. George the Royal Achievement placed between the Ten Commandments has been removed to the west end of the N. aisle behind one of the pews. During the Commonwealth naturally the royal arms disappeared or were turned with their faces to the wall. At North Walsham, Norfolk the royal arms of Charles II dated 1660 bear on the back the arms Af the Commonwealth. At the restoration the placing of the royal arms in Churches became for the first time compulsory, as witness, ‘‘ Whereas it is generally en- joined by the Great Counsel of Englaid thatin all Churches throughout the Kingdom of England his Majesties arms shall be sett up.” 94 The Royal Heraldic Achievements in the Churches of Wiltshire. Registers of Warrington, July 30th, 1660 (Cox and Harvey, English Church Furniture Methuen). Many splendid achievements of that time were set up in carved wood. At Stratford-sub-Castle there is a very fine example of Stuart arms in carved wood of the time of Queen Anne (Stuart) which really cries out for restoration of the colours with which it was originally endowed. Most of the Wiltshire efforts of this period are either on boards or can- vas and there has been a tendency for the paint to fade away. The union with Scotland in 1707 altered the Stuart arms, the blazon. then being quarterly ; 1 and 4 England and Scotland impaling France (Mod.) 2, Ireland 3. After Anne’s death George of Hanover succeeded and the arms of - Hanover embracing Brunswick, Luneberg, Westphalia and _ the inescutcheon of Charlemagne, had to be marshalled on to the English shield of arms. This was done by removing England and Scotland from 4 in the shield and substituting therefor Hanover. When in 1801 the Act of Union with Ireland came into effect it was necessary to alter the arms and Hanover became an inescutcheon of pretence, above which (‘‘ensigned ”’ in heraldic language) an electoral bonnet was represented and France disappeared from the shield. In the year 1816 Hanover became a kingdom, and the ensign over the shield of Hanover now became a crown. The Hanoverians were not very popular with the Jacobites and the latter made no bones about it; so a special effort at that time was made to have the Hanoverian arms put up in Churches and the result is obvious. The failure of the male line and the resulting accession of Victoria caused another alteration in the shield. The inescutcheon of Hanover dis- appeared from the shield which now read quarterly, 1 and 4 England, 2 Scotland, 3 Ireland, and it remains so to this day. In my record of the various achievements I have, in order to save space, used many contractions and abbreviations, e.g., “acc.” for accurate, and “correct ~ with the ‘same object. Rhus) anmstead ot blazoning a whole shield of the Stuart period, if that shield was accurate in all details, I have not said more of it than ‘“‘acc.’’ Inthecase of Scotland I have used counter flory or c. flory instead of flory counter flory which, though the correct term, is very long. The terms acc. or correct are to be taken as meaning accurate for the House to which the achievement belongs. With the remainder of the achievements the abbreviation may not be so intelligible, but as I have taken the achievements to include the following it may be clearer. 1, the S/ield surrounded by the garter and its motto, ‘“‘ Honi soit qui maly pense.” 2, the Helmet which IT assume is gold if correct and the mantling which is of cloth of gold lined by ermine. 3, the Cvown normally 2 arched but according to many authorities 4 arched in case of James I and Charles I 4. the Crest, a golden lion statant guardant crowned as the state crown, i.e., 2 arched or 4 arched as the case may be. 5, the Supporters, dexter the lion gold, rampant guardant crowned either 2 or 4 arched, the unicorn silver, rampant, with gold collar from which a chain of gold descends By Professor Edward Fawcett, F.R.S., M.D. 95 between the forelegs, then arches up behind the body to descend to the compartment on the front or left side of the body. The head horned gold, the neck with gold mane, the lower jaw with golden tuft, the hooves gold, the tail erected over the back with golden tufts. 6, the Compartment, the ground on which the hon and unicorn stand and which frequently bears'on it, 7, the Scroll, which in turn bears the Royal Motto which is usually ‘‘ Dieu et mon droit,” but may be as of James I sometimes, “‘ Beati pacifici ”’ ; Elizabeth, ‘‘ Semper Eadem” along witli Dieu et mon droit’ ; Anne; “ Semper Eadem ’’ or.“‘ Dieu et mon Groin William It,“ Jé°main tiendrai*’ or “ Dieu et mon droit”: and in all other cases ‘‘ Dieu et mon droit.” 8, the Badges, the royal achievement concerned may bear dexter near the hind legs of the lion, a rose, near the hind legs of the unicorn, a thistle; and after 1801 a shamrock may appear. When these are observed they arenoted—“ Rd.’’ Demeenose dexter, “Is. thistle sinister. It is: remarkable that’ no example of rose and thistle occurs.on acarved achievement in Wiltshire and it may incidentally be mentioned that no badge save at St. Mary’s, Taunton, and North Petherton in Somerset, occurs in any carved arms in Somerset. Incidentally, too, it may be mentioned that at Bristol, which is especially rich in carved royal achievements, not a single example shows the badges, rose and thistle. Should the badges be crowned, and that is not uncommon in Anne’s achievements, they are to be termed ‘‘ Royal badges,’’ but Anne was the last monarch to have a royal badge, henceforth the badges became ‘“‘ state badges’ and were uncrowned, a rose for England, a thistle for Scotland, and a shamrock for Ireland, all springing from the same stem. I have stated the position of the achievement, the material and in round numbers the dimensions as by estimate not by actual measure- ment, which is not usually possible, thus 6ft. x 4ft. 6in. is only approximate. It is not important naturally. If the above be the normal achievement then The Tudor Achievement is :—1l, the Shield, which is France modern and England quarterly. France azure, 3 fleurs-de-lis gold; land 4 England gules (red), 3 lions passant guardant in pale or (gold), and helmet, mantling, crown crest, supporters, badge, motto (garter), compartment and scroll with motto. Elizabeth bore no supporters. Dexter, a lion rampant guardant or; sinister, a dragon gules, at first, but later a dragon gold. There are three examples of the arms of Elizabeth, viz., at Little Somerford ; St. Martin’s, and St. Thomas of Canterbury, Salisbury. After the death of Elizabeth and the succession of James the VIth of Scotland the House of Stuart was established. HOUSE OF STUART. The shield was now altered. Thus the Ist and 4th grand quarters were quarterly France and England, the 2nd Scotland or, within a double tressure flory counterflory a lion rampant gules, the 3rd Ireland, azure, a harp or, stringed argent. The supporters now became dexter, a lon rampant guardant crowned or, sinister, a unicorn rampant, arg., armed, crowned, gorged 96 The Royal Heraldic Achievements in the Churches of Wiltshire. with a coronet of crosses pattée and fleurs-de-lis and chained or. The crown save in the case of James I and Charles I is said to be 2 arched, in WHIC Ne The Stuarts as Kings of England. the two cases cited, 4 arched, the badges a rose dexter and a thistle sinister. The scroll motto in the case of James I may be ‘‘ Beati pacifici,’’ in the other cases ‘‘ Dieu et mon droit.” From 1603 until 1685 no change was made in the royal achievement. Examples.— James I, Lydiard Tregoze, St. Martin’s, Salisbury, Bulford (either J. I or Ch. I, though dated 1678). Yes ere y— SALISBOR VY "Si AEHO MAS OF CANTER Okie tree = AbuaG Ore E.R., not dated. Over S. door of S aisle. Boards somewhat gaping and framed; c. 5ft. 8in. sq. Shield, acc., offancy shape. Helmet and mantling absent. Crown, gold, two-arched, red lined with mound and cross. Nocrest. Supporters, lion dext., gold, two-arched crown, red lining; dragon sin., gold, scales marked red, tongue red, faded. Badges, a rose on each side of official crown. No garter around shield, hence no garter motto. Motto on compartment: Dieu et mon droit. Initials E. R. near top of frame. Condition, panels gaping somewhat, are laid horizontally. Paint seems to have faded. Perhaps varnish might improve matters. SATIS B Oia Sie VA Tel TN 7S. Wi worachieveniemtsues (il) mixene Ne Stuart. Over W. window of N. aisle. Carved wood; c. 3ft.sq. Shield acc., save Scotland, which has double tressure flory, not flory counter flory. Helmet and mantling absent. Crown, four-arched, red lined. Crest, absent. Supporters; dexter, lion rampant (not guardant) gold, looking | towards unicorn ; unicorn chain left side of body, body painted dull | stone colour. Motto : Dieu et mon droit. No badges. Pirate IIIl.—Royal Arms, Christ Church, Bristol, formerly in Stanton Fitzwarren Church. Date 1801—16. By Professor Edward Fawcett, F.R.S., M.D. 115 (2) R. A., Tudor, E. R. W. end of wall between S. aisle and nave. Beards, framed ; 2{t. 9in. h. “x 3ft. 9in. w. _ Shield; quarterly, France and England acc.; surrounded by garter with motto. Helmet and mantling absent Crown,two-arched, gold, red lined. Supporters, dexter, gold lion rampant guardant, two-arched crown ; sinister, dragon gold, gold tongue, scales marked out with red. as at St. Thomas's. Mottoes: Garter and Dieu et mon droit. Badges, two roses on each side of crown. Condition, fair. Most interesting details have been obtained from the churchwarden accounts concerning these achievements and the most interesting of all is ‘‘ 1588 paid to the painter in writing pie Oueene’'s-m“* on letters of gold with a posy! i+.’’ This, from the admirable guide to the church. SOMERFORD, GREAT. R.A. Han., 1801—16 (actually 1814). The date 1814 is interesting because I have been privately advised that the date of Hanover becoming a kingdom was August 12th, 1814, although all books say 1816 and the College of Heralds does not seem to know unless paid two guineas for a search of what ought to be public knowledge. N. wall of tower; boards, framed, upper part of frame arched ; c. 5ft.h. x 6ft. w. Shield, correct save Scotland whose fleur-de- lis all look inward and Ireland’s harp strings are gold, Hanover as inescutcheon ensigned with electoral bonnet whose rim is white not ermine, therefore between 1801—1816. Helmet, gold, four bars gold. Mantling, gold outside green inside. Crown, two-arched. No crests. Supporters, dexter, lion with two-arched crown ; unicorn, acc. Con- dition, fair. Badges, R.,S., T., belowshield. Initials,G.R. Date, 1814. SOVMARHORD, LITFLE, R.A.Tudor; Eliz. Tympanum of chan- eomanch,. painted on wall; -c. 4ft. h.- x 5ft. w. . Shield, acc. --Helmet absent. Mantling also. Crown, two-arched, mound and cross pattern. Crest, absent. “Supporters, dexter, lion’s crown two-arched gold ; sinister, dragon green, may have been gold. Motto: Dieu et mon droit. Badges absent Initials E.R. Date 1602. STANTON FITZWARREN. Arms as achievement now in vestry in All Saints’, Bristol; R.A. Han, 1801—16. Wood, framed, upper edgesconvex, lower concave ; c. 4{t.h. x 5ft. w. Shield, correct save Scotland which has double tressure flory not C. flory. Hanoverian inescutcheon ensigned with electoral bonnet. Helmet, gold, seven bars red lined. Mantling, gold lined with greenermine. Crown, two-arched lined red. Crest, acc. with two-arched crown red lined. Supporters, lion two-arched crown red lined; unicorn, greenish-white, chain comes over back, descends on left side of body. Motto: Dieu et mon droit. Badges, R.dext., T. sin. Condition good. SiRALEORD-SUB-CASTLE. R.A. Stuart, Anne, after 1707 (actually (711). Over chancel arch, naveside; carved wood ; c. 3ft. sq. Shield seems to be accurate save that Scotland isa complete coat, not properly impaled. The shield should read, 1 and 4 England and Scot- land impaled, 2 France, 3 Ireland. Helmet, steel, gold trimmings, four bars gold. Mantling, difficult to understand, extends as a-fold over helmet from one side to the other. Crown, and Crest, not visible. H 2 116 The Royal Heraldic Achievements in the Churches of Wiltshire. Supporters, lion acc.; unicorn, without horn. Badges, not visible. Motto: Semper eadem. The Vicar informs me that these arms were carved at the expense of Thomas Pitt, sometime Governor of Fort St. George, India, and grandfather of William Pitt, Ist Earl of Chatham. For this and other reasons this carved achievement ought to becleaned and repainted in proper colours, TEFFONT EVIAS. Two. (1) R.A, Han., after1816. OverS, door ; carved wood, whitewashed; lft. h. x 3ft. w. Shield: ace. -.and Hanover ensigned with a crown, therefore 1816—37. Supporters, lion, two-arched crown; unicorn, has lost horn and the chain is broken. Mantling, and helmet, absent, and thereis nocrest, The official crown, resting on the shield is two-arched. Badges, R., S., T. Between the lion and the the unicorn are draped flags, On the compartment below appears J. Bubb, Sculp*. (2) Stuart, date 1675. Over central pier of chapel to N. side of chancel and looking towards the chancel; boards, framed; lozenge- shaped, each side c, 4ft. Shield, correct. Helmet, gold, red lined, five gold bars. Mantling, red, lined ermine. Crown, two-arched, red lined. Crest, acc. Supporters, lion acc.; unicorn’s chain turns over to right side of body. Motto: Dieu et mon droit. Dated in lateral angles, “Ano do 1675,”’ Condition of No, 1 —It is unfortunate that thisis whitewashed. No. 2 is much faded, could be cleaned at least, and the boards are split or becoming separated. It might with advantage be repaired. TILSHEAD. RA. Han, G. Til RR 1805. Es iace ores areheor central tower (Cp. Cheltenham parish Church) ; canvas,framed, Shield, acc., Hanoverian escutcheon ensigned with electoral bonnet. Helmet, steel (black), red lined, seven gold bars, gold trimming at shoulder. Mantling, gold, ermine lined. Crown, two-arched, red lined, on blue and white wreath. Crest,acc. Supporters,acc. Motto: Dieu et mon droit. Badges, R., and T., S. doubtful. Dated 18 G. III, R. 05. TISBURY. R.A. Han, 1801—16. W. end, N. aisle; boards, framed ; c. 4ft. sq. Shield, acc. save Scotland whose double tressure is. flory not counterflory Helmet, black (steel) eight gold bars, red lined, gold trimming at shoulder. Mantling, gold, ermine lined. Crown, two- arched on blue and white wreath. Crest. two-arched crown, red lined, lion’s tail extended behind and reflexed over back. Motto: Dieu et mon droit. Badges, R, T Condition, well cared for, probably painted over an earlier coat. No date. No initials. TROWBRIDGE. R.A. Han., 1801—16. Over chancel arch, nave side ; canvas, framed ; total achievement plus frame; c. 6ft. 6in.h. x 7ft. w. Fullachievement. Shield, acc. save Scotland, whose double tressure shows the heads of the flowers directed inwards. Cp. Great Somerford. Han- overian escutcheon ensigned with electoral bonnet. Helmet, dark blue red lined, six gold bars. Mantling gold outside, dark lead coloured lining. Crown, two-arched, much altered in colour, red lined. Crest, By Professor Edward Fawcett, F.R.S., M.D. 117 Gatkweace. Supporters, acc. Badges, RK. dext., T..sin., S. not easy to see. Motto: Dieu et mon droit. No initials. No date. Con- dition, paint much darkened so that upper part of achievement is difficult to read. UENON ELOVELL, . R.A. Han,, a; 1801, dated 1717.. ‘S. wall, im tower; boards, framed; c. 4ft. sq. Shield, curiously marshalled, Hanover occupies only a small part of the 4th quarter. Helmet, gold. six bars. Mantling, gold, greenlined. Crown, four-arched. Crest, acc, Supporters, acc. Badges, R. dext., T. sin. Motto: Dieu et mon droit. Almost certainly an achievement of Anne after 1707 converted to Geo. I. Condition, very dilapidated, could with advantage be repaired. WILSFORD. R.A. Han., a. 1801. Over tower arch, nave side. Carved wood ; c. 2ft.sq. Scotland seems to have whole coat instead of being impaled, and to have a single tressure flory counterflory. Helmet, steel (black) with five gold bars. Mantling, gold, lined ermine. Crown, gold (cannot see arches). Crest, lion seems to have been damaged in hind legs. Supporters, lion crowned and acc ; unicorn, no horn, and chain goes over back from left side of body to right side. Motto: Dieu et mon droit. Badges, R.dext., Th. sin. Condition, save for lion of crest, very good. WAEN SIO Y In A. Han,, '837—. Over W. gallery. Cast metal, all gilt; c. 18in sq. Shield’s charges acc., save Scotland, single tressure. Helmet, six bars. Mantling, all gold. Crown, two-arched with cap. Crest, lion crowned. Supporters, lion crowned, rampant but not guardant, it looks to unicorn ; unicorn’s chain descends behind body. ibadgesmiv. 5.) 0.375. has ‘stem in’ front, bles was amkested and on the charge of making and circulating a false prospectus, he was found guilty and sentenced to 12 months’ imprisonment. All who knew him acquitted him of any desire to act criminally, and they laid the responsibility on the assumption of duties beyond the power of any individual to bear, and ona certain financial recklessness, and a belief in the future which events showed was unjustified.”’ Sir James Currie, K.C.M.G., K.B.E., died suddenly March 16th, 1937, aged 69. Buried at Aldbourne. Born 1868, son of the Rev. James Currie of Edinburgh. Educated at Fettes College, and Wilts Obituary. 121 Lincoln Coll., Oxford. Joined Egyptian Education Service 1899, and became Principal of the newly-founded Gordon College at Khartoum, and Director of Education in the Soudan 1900—1914, where his work was of the greatest value. He became a member of the Governor-General’s Council for the Soudan 1911. He was a member of the Executive Committee of the Kitchener National Memorial Fund 1918. He held the Egyptian decorations of the Osmanieh (3rd class) and Medjidieh (2nd class), also the medal for service on the Blue Nile 1908. In 1914 at the outbreak of war he became director of the work of training munition workers, and in 1918 he became controller of the Training _ Department in the Ministry of Labour, and was responsible for the development of training centres for the disabled. He was Chairman of the Ramsbury Military Tribunal. In 1922 he became a Director of the Empire Cotton-growing Corporation, and Chairman of the Governing Body of the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad. He was also a Governor of the Imperial College of Science and Technology. He was made C.M.G. in 1912, K.B.E. in 1920, and K.C.M.G. in 1933. Hisinterest in education in Wiltshire wasshown by hischairmanshipof the Governors of Marlborough College and of the Governors of Dauntsey’s School. In this latter school he took a deep personal interest. He was J.P. for Wilts and for a short time Alderman of the County Council. He married, 1913, Hilda, only daughter of Sir Thomas Hanbury of La Mortala, Italy, who survives him. He leaves no children. Upham House as it now stands was built by Sir James and Lady Currie. The old house was carefully preserved and now forms the centre of the garden front to which the large wings and additions at the back were added. He was the President of the Devizes Divisional Liberal Association for many years and in the election of 1918 he contested the division, but was defeated. Obit. notices, Times ; Wilts Gazette, 18th March, 1937. William John Mann, of Highfield, Trowbridge, died December 12th, 1936, aged 88. Buried at Trowbridge Cemetery. Born at Trowbridge, son of the Rev. John Mann, Pastor of the Tabernacle. He had for many years been principal of the firm of Mann, Rodway & Green, Solicitors. For nearly 40 years he was Clerk to the Trowbridge and also to the Steeple Ashton Magistrates, and to the Trowbridge Isolation Hospital. He was all his life closely connected with the Tabernacle Congregational Church at Trowbridge. He was an Alderman of the Wilts County Council for over 20 years, and a Freemason since 1871. In 1876 he married Julia, daughter of S. E. Brown, who, with one son, Col. W. Horace Mann, and three married daughters, survives him. In politics he was a Liberal, but of late years he was a supporter of the National Government. He was at one time Superintendeat of the Tabernacle Sunday School, which then numbered over 600 scholars. He was for many years Secretary of the Trowbridge Auxiliary of the Bible Society and was Honorary Legal adviser to the Wilts and East 122 Wilts Obituary. Somerset Congregational Union. The Wiltshive Times in along obituary notice, with a good portrait, says of him ‘‘ Mr. Mann had for over half a century filled a place in the public, official and religious life of Trowbridge, which was unique and which it is not probable will ever again be filled by one man. Upright in character as he was in carriage, a man of supreme integrity and the essence of courtesy in all his dealings with men and women of all sorts and conditions, ‘‘ Willie Mann,’’ as he was called by the older generation, enjoyed the respect of everyone who knew him.”’ Obit. notice, also Wilts Gazette, December 17th, 1936. Rev. Matthew John Tyne Milling, died January 10th, 1937. Educated Down Coll., Cambs. B.A. 1880, M.A. 1894, Deacon 1882, Priest 1883 (Worc.). Curate of Evesham, 1882—84; Vicar of Ashton Keynes with Leigh, 1884, until his death. During his incumbency he was instrumental in removing the nave of The Leigh Church and rebuilding it stone by stone with the addition of a new chancel in a less isolated position where it was clear of the floods which often surrounded it. He also built a Church School close to the Church in its new position. He was greatly esteemed by his parishioners. Obit. notice, N. Wilts Herald, January 15th, 1937. Prebendary William Baker Pitt, died November 21st, 1936, aged 81. Buried at Liddington. London College of Divinity, 1876. Deacon 1879, Priest 1880 (Gloucester and Bristol), Curate of Swindon 1879—82. Prebendary, Rector and Vicar of Liddington, 1882 to 1935, when he resigned. Served with the Church Army in France during the war, 1916/17. Rural Dean of Cricklade, 1926—1935. For 20 years he represented the Wroughton district on the County Council, and was Vice-Chairman of the Highworth District Council for some time. He was well-known and highly respected in the Swindon neigh- bourhood. He married Miss Kinneir of Swindon, who with his son, Mr. Henry Pitt, survives him. Obit. notice, Wilts Gazette, November 26th, 1936. Canon Robert Lewis Augustus Westlake, died February 4th, 1937, aged 76. Buried at Sutton Benger. Educated Tring Coll, Dublin) > BsA., 18892 MLA 1893.) St: Aidanweiheols Coll., 1889. Deacon 1890; Priest 1891 (Ripon) ; Curate of Busling- thorpe (Yorks), 1890—94 ; Ch. Ch., Warminster, 1894—99 ; Warminster, 1899—1903 ; Rector of Sutton Benger, 1903—31; Rector of Tytherton —Kelloways, 1920—31 ; Dio. Inspector of Schools from 1909. Hon. Canon of Bristol, 1928. He retired some ten years ago to live at Chippenham, and continued to take occasional duty in neighbouring Churches until his death. For many years he represented Sutton Benger on the Chippenham Rural District Council and Board of Guardians, and was a member of the District Council up to the time of his death. He was well-known in the Chippenham neighbourhood. His widow and one married daughter, Mrs. Harroway, survive him. Obit. notices, Wilts Times, February 6th and 13th, 1937. Wilts Obituary. 123 Frederick Henry Blair, died August 2lst, 1937, aged 71. Son of Will. Blair, of Trowbridge. Born 1865, For the last 40 years he had carried on a Coal Merchant’s business at Trowbridge. He had been all his life connected with the Emmanuel Baptist Church and Sunday School. He had been associated with the Pioneer Sick Benefit © Society for many years. He took a prominent part in the Urban District Council, of which he was Chairman for several years. He also worked hard for the hospital, and many other institutions and interests in Trowbridge. Long obit. notice with portrait, Wilts Times, August 28th, 1937. Rev. Albert Isherwood, died August 17th, 1937. Buried at Staverton. Educated St. Bees Coll., 1888. Deacon 1890; Priest 1891 (Liverpool). Curate of All Saints’, Southport, 1890—93 ; Worton and Marston 1893—1905.; Vicar of Staverton 1905 until his death. During his incumbency the Church was repaired, a new organ provided, and the school, renovated. He was a prominent Freemason, serving as Provincial Grand Chaplain. He leaves a widow, two sons and four daughters. Obit. notice, with portrait, Wilts Times, August 21st, 1937. Canon Henry Robert Whytehead, died July 22nd, 1937, aged 87. Born 1849, s. of William Whytehead of York. Educated privately and Corpus Christi Coll., Camb. B.A. 1871, M.A. 1887. Deacon 1872, Priest 1874 (Ely). Curate of St. Mary, Bury St. Edmunds, 1872—74 ; St Paul, Princes Park, Liverpool, 1874—75; Vicar of Norley (Ches.), 1876—87 ; Rector of St. Peter’s, Marlborough, 1887—97 ; Vicar of Warminster, 1897—1915; Rural Dean of Heytesbury, 1914—19 ; Canon Non-residentiary of Salisbury, 1917, until his death ; Succentor, 1925—31. On his retirement he went to live at Salisbury. He married, 1876, May, d. of the Rev. C. C. Layard, Rector of Combe Hay, Bath, who died in 1916. He leaves three sons, Mr. H. L. Whytehead, Head of the Chafyn Grove Preparatory School for Boys, Salisbury ; the Rev. R. L. Whytehead of Norwich; and Mr. J. L. Whytehead. Canon Whytehead had of late years suffered from loss of sight. Obit. notice, Wilishive Times, July 31st, 1937. James Smith Haines, died May 28th, 1937, aged 85. Buried at Milton Lilbourne. Born at Erlestoke August 24th, 1851, where his father held two farms. Educated at Waylen’s School, Devizes. Learned farming at Whitchurch (Oxon) and Penton (Hants) and went to Canada for a year. Returned to England 1873, farmed at Puthall and Timbridge, and afterwards at Easton Royal Manor Farm in 1878. From 1895 to 1929 he occupied Sudden Farm, near Wolfhall, and when the Marquis of Ailesbury’s property was sold he bought Manor Farm, Easton Royal, and in 1916 Sunnylands Farm, Milton Lilbourne, and went to live there. He also bought part of Fyfield Farm in 1931. His record of public work was remarkable. He served on the Pewsey Rural District Council for 58 years, and since 1922 had been its 124 Wilts Obituary. chairman. For 18 years he represented Pewsey on the County Council. He sat regularly as J.P. on the Pewsey bench, and was Churchwarden at Savernake and Easton. In his younger days he was on the committee of the Tedworth Hunt. He was a keen fisherman and an excellent shot. Long obit. notice, Wilts Gazette, June 3rd, 1937. Philip Poore, died January 29th, 1937. Buried at Winterslow. S. of Major Robert and Mrs. Benita Poore of Old Lodge, Winterslow. He married Cicely Eleanor, d. of Sir Edward Barry of Ockwells Manor, Maidenhead, who with two sons and two daughters survives him. He had spent many years in S. Africa as a qualified mining expert. He bought the Livery estate at Winterslow about 16 years ago, and became the Resident Director of the well-known Winterslow Land Court con- nected with about 70 small property owners under the scheme which owed its origin to his father, Major Robert Poore. Obit. notice, Salisbury Times, February 5th, 1937. Major A. J. Randell, died suddenly February, 1987, aged 73. Buried at Southbroom. Son of John Randell, architect and auctioneer, Devizes. Educated at- Mr. Pugh’s School, Devizes. Succeeded his father as architect. He joined the old 2nd Volunteer Battalion as band boy and eventually became senior Major in the Battalion. Military service was the absorbing interest of his life, and it was a great disappointment to him that he was not selected to com- mand the service company in the S. African War. He held a high position on the permanent staff of the Wilts Regt. at the Devizes Depdot. At the outbreak of the Great War he went to India with the 4th Battalion of the Wilts Regt., but was invalided in 1916 and served as Second in Command of the 4th (Reserve) Battalion in England and Ireland. After the war he took great interest in the British Legion and other ex-service men’s organisations. He was J.P. for Devizes. He was a prominent Freemason. He leaves no children. Obit notice, Wilts Gazette, February 18th, 1937. Brig.-Gen. John Burnard Edwards, C.B., D.S8.0O., died June 11th, 1937, aged 80. Buried at Windsor. Son of Roderick Mackenzie Edwards, of the Bengal Civil Service. Born in India May 6th, 1857. Educated at Haileybury and Sandhurst. Joined 13th Foot 1878, transferred to 8th Foot (King’s Liverpool Regt.) and to the Central India Horse in 1881. Served in Afghan War 1879—1880, and Chitral Relief Force 1895—96. Captain 1889; Major 1898; Lt.-Col. 1904, in command of 27th Light Calvalry; Col. 1908; retired 1913. In the Great War, 1916, he commanded a Labour Battalion of the Scottish Rifles. Became Hon. Brig.-Gen. 1917, and C.B. 1918. He married, 1896, Mildred Amy Lilian, d. of P. J. White, who with a son and daughter survives him. He lived for many years at Sloperton Cottage, Bromham, and afterwards at Seend, removing some years ago to Windsor. Obit. notice, Wilts Gazette, June 17th, 1937. Wilts Obituary. 125 Major Cecil William Wilson, D.S.Q., died April 7th, 1937, aged 66. Born 1872 at Blackrock, Ireland. Educated at Harrow. Served in the King’s Royal Rifle Corps in the S. African War; became Captain in 1898. Was mentioned four times in despatches, and was awarded the D.S.O. in 1900. Healso served in the Great War 1914— 16. He was J.P. for Wilts and sat on the Swindon Bench. He farmed at Liddington Manor for 27 years, and was a member of the V.W.H. and the Old Berkshire Hunts. He represented the Swindon Branch of the National Farmers’ Union on the Wiltshire Executive. After the assassination by Sinn Feiners of his brother, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, he was guarded by a detective at Liddington for twelve months. He married, 1906, Winifred Aline, d. of Sir Richard Sutton, Bt., of Benham Park, Newbury, who survives him. Obit. with portrait, N. Wilts Herald, April 9th, 1937. Henry Boyce Edwards, died November 25th, 1936, aged 76. Buried at Warminster. A native of Warminster. He spent 60 years of his life in the printing industry, in connection with the Warminster Journal from the time of its beginning in 1881 until last year when he retired. He was a member of the Urban District Council from 1904 to 1920, and from 1924 until his death, and was Chairman in 1918. He became J.P. for Wilts in 1924. He wasa Trustee of the Congregational Church, and of the Methodist Trust at the Common. He served, often as Chairman, on all sorts of committees in connection with the welfare of the town and its business from the years of the war onwards, and the loss of his great experience in, and knowledge of, local matters of all kinds will be a severe blow to Warminster. Obit. notice, Wilts Times, November 28th, 1936. Thomas Henning Parr, died March 3lst, 1937, aged 72. Buried at Bishops Waltham. Born November 12th, 1864, son of the Rev. John Parr, Canon of Salisbury. Educated at Marlborough and Worcester Coll., Oxon. Called to the Bar 1892, he joined the Western Circuit. He was Vice-Chairman of both the Wilts and the Hants Quarter Sessions. He was Recorder of Salisbury and Chancellor of the Diocese of Portsmouth since 1930. Gertrude Theresa Lady Gladstone, wife of Sir John Gladstone, Bart., of Bowden Park, died March 14th, 1937, aged71. Buried at Bowden Hill. Daughter of Sir Charles Haye Miller, Bart., of Froyle Place, Alton, Hants ; she was married 1888. She leaves three married daughters. She was much beloved at Bowden Hill, where she took a prominent part in all Church and Parochial activities. Obit. notices, Wilts Gazette, March 18th; Wilts Times, March 20th, 1937. Dr. Ralph Sanderson Ferguson, died January 20th, 1937, aged 72. Buried at Holy Trinity, Calne. Son of Francis Ferguson, of Hexham. Educated at Durham School and University. M.B. and C.M. of Edinburgh 1891. Practised at Chester le Street (Durham) and 126 Wilts Obituary. Addlestone (Surrey). Succeeded to the practise of Dr. Hayes:at Calne, 1896. In earlier years he was well-known as a cricketer, and later in life asia croquet player: He was a)J.P. for Calne, a fisherman and) a gardener, and had filled many medical posts in the town, where his kindness to patients and others gained him wide popularity. He leaves a son, Capt. F. E. H. Ferguson, R.A., and a daughter, Miss Ferguson, well-known aS woman organiser of the N.W. Wilts Constitutional Association. Obit. notice, Wilts Gazette, January 21st, 1937. Rowena Vawdrey Naish, died January 11th, 1937, aged 80. Buried at Wilton cemetery. Daughter of W. Naish, of Wilton, founder of the Felt Factory and was the senior partner in the present firm. M.A. of Newnham College. She was vice-chairman of the old Wilton Board of Guardians, and afterwards of the Salisbury Area Guardians. She was greatly interested in temperance and in foreign missions, and was a great supporter of the Beckingsale Training Home for Girls, and of the Home for Women Mental Defectives at Wilton. She was a generous supporter of Church Schools, and was greatly beloved by the poor of Wilton. Obit. notice, with portrait, Salisbury Journal, January 15th, 1937. Rowland Maundrell, dicd November 16th, 1936, aged 71. Buried at Calstone. Son of Joseph Maundrell, of East Farm, Calstone, where he was born. He held the Manor Farm, East Farm and South Farm in Calstone, and was widely known in the farming world. He was for many years a Churchwarden of Calstone, and was a member of the old Board of Guardians and Calne Rural District Council. He hunted regularly with the Avon Vale Hounds. He married a daughter of the Rev. G. R. Hadow, Rector of Calstone, who with three sons and two daughters survives him Obit. notice, Wilts Gazette, November 19th, 1936. Thomas Rolls Warrington, Baron Warrington of Clyffe, Market Lavington, died October 26th, 1937, aged 86. Buried at Market Lavington. B. May 29th, 1851, in London, only son of Thomas Warrington, partner in the firm of Garrard & Co., silversmiths and jewellers. Educated at Rugby 1865, and Trinity Coll., Camb., 1873. Barrister, Lincoln’s Inn, 1875, K.C. 1895. Judge of High Court of Justice, 1904. Lord Justice of Appeal 1915. Created Baron 1926, when he retired from the Bench. Married, 1883, Maud, d. of Decimus Sturges, barrister. He leaves no children and the Peerage becomes extinct. He was a Privy Councillor, He was for many years Chairman of the Committee of the Atheneum Club. Education was one of his particular interests, and he was a Governor both of Dauntsey’s Schoolat Lavington and of St. Mary’s School, Calne. He was also a prominent Freemason. At Market Lavington he was a as ee ee Wilts Obituary. 127 churchwarden and was interested in most local matters. He succeeded Mr. E. C. Schomberg at Clyffe Hall. Long obit. notice with portrait, Times, October 27th; Wilts Gazette, October 28th, 1937. Edward Selfe, died suddenly July 24th, 1936, aged 55. Buried at Bradford-on-Avon. Educated at Cowlishaw’s Grammar School; succeeded to his father’s, Will Selfe’s, business as builder and contractor, a business which had been carried on for several generations. He was an earnest churchman, a leading member of the Urban Council, greatly respected by everyone at Bradford. Long obit. notice and portrait, Wilts Times, August Ist, 1936. The Rev. John Lemon Redfern, died suddenly September 5th, 1937, aged 71. Buried at Ashley. Edncated Queen’s Coll., Oxon ; BA. 1884, M.A. 1888. Deacon 1888, Priest 1889 (York). Curate of Beverley Minster 1888—91 ; St. Matthew's, Exeter, 1892—93 ; Tormohun, 1893—94; Uley (Glos), 1895—1900; Rector of Ashley, 1900, until his death. Obit. notice, N. Wilts Herald, September 10th, 1937. The Rev. Albert Thomas Richardson, M.B.E., died February 20th, 1937, aged 75. Buried at Brixton Deverill. Born at Lichfield February 20th, 1862, son of James Cope and Louisa Richardson. Educated at Lichfield and Walsall Grammar Schools, Scholar and B.A. Hertford Coll., Oxon, 1885. M.A., 1890. Deacon 1892, Priest 1893 (Winchester). Mathematical Master, Isle of Wight Coll., Ryde, 1886—94. Curate of Gatcombe, 1894—1902; Vicar of Langrish, 1902—08; Vicar of Keevil and Bulkington, 1908—14; Vicar of Bradford-on-Avon, 19j/4—21; Bursar and Lecturer, St. Boniface Coll., Warminster, 1922—30; Lecturer St. Denys Coll., Warminster, 192428 ; Rector of Brixton Deverill, 1921, until he resigned in 1936 and went to live at Crockerton. He was a prominent Freemason. He took a foremost part in various activities at Bradford during the war, more especially in the foundation of the War Savings movement in that part of Wiltshire, and in recog- nition of this work he was made M.B.E. He was much interested in the history of his parishes. Obit. notice with portrait, Wzlishive Times, February 27th, 1937. He was the author of :— Progressive Euclid; 1891. Progressive Mathematical Exercises, 1891. Graduated Mathematical Exercises, 1892. Bible Chronclogy, 1930. The Rev. David Percy Harrison, died October 11th, 1937. Buried at Lydiard Millicent. Educated Pembroke Coll., Oxon. B.A. 1879, M.A. 1887. Deacon 1882, Priest 1883 (London). Curate of Brompton (Middx.), 1882—92; Vicar of Ixworth (Suff.), 1893—1905 ; 128 Wilts Obituary. Rector of Lydiard Millicent, 1905 until his death. He was an excellent shot and was greatly interested in natural history, more especially as regards butterflies and birds, of both of which he was an accurate observer, with wide knowledge of the English species. He contributed many notes on his own subjects to the Magazine. He never married. The Rev. Lawrence William Greenstreet, diced October 5th, 1937, aged 68. Buried at Harnham. Son of Col. W. L. Greenstreet, R.E. Educated Worcester Coll., Oxon. B.A. 1896. Cuddesdon Theolog. Coll. 1897. Deacon 1898, Priest 1899 (Sarum). Curate of St. Martin’s, Salisbury, 1898—1915. Rector of Compton Bassett, 1915—1936, when he resigned. He had great musical ability and was an accomplished organist. He never married. Canon William Harrington McCann Clarke, died suddenly December 5th, 1936, aged 65. Buried at Bathwick. Born 1871, s. of William Clarke of Co. Tipperary. Educated Trinity Coll., Dublin, 1894.. B.A. 1895, B.D. 1900. Deacon 1898, Priest 1899 (Sarum). Curate of Cheselborne, 1902—04 ; Fugglestone and Bemerton, 1904—-06 ; Vicar of Stratford-sub-Castle, 1906—12 ; Diocesan Inspector of Schools, 1909—20 ; Temporary Chaplain to Forces in Italy, 1917— 19, when he was mentioned in despatches ; Vicar of Westbury, 1912— 21; Vicar of Bradford-on-Avon 1921 until his death. Canon and Prebendary of Salisbury from 1928. Rural Dean of Bradford from 1930. Surrogate from 1922. Married, 1902, Emily Thyea, daughter of A. W. H. Dammers of Downe Hale, Bridport, who with a son and daughter survives him. As secretary of the Trustees of the Saxon Church, he took the greatest interest in this unique building, and it was through him that the Tory Chapel on the hill above the town was purchased and used again for services. By churchpeople and non- conformists alike in Bradford he was affectionately esteemed. His cheerfulness and unfailing tact made him everybody’s friend. Few Clergy in the county have been more sincerely regretted. His death was a real loss to Bradford as a whole. Long obit. notice, Wilts Times, December 12th, 1936. 129 WILTSHIRE BOOKS, PAMPHLETS AND ARTICLES. [N.B.—This list does not claim to be in any way exhaustive. The Editor appeals to all authors and publishers of pamphlets, books, or views, in any way connected with the county, to send him copies of their works, and to editors of papers, and members of the Society generally, to send him copies of articles, views, or portraits appearing in the newspapers. | Glanerought and the Petty Fitzmaurices. By the Marquis of Lansdowne. Oxford University Press. 1937. 8vo., cloth, pp. xxviii + 226. 24 illustrations including a good portrait of the author. The manuscript of this book’had been completed by Lord Lansdowne only a few weeks before his death, and it is preceded by two notes, first an admirable memoir of six pages of the author by Lord Hugh Cecil, and secondly a note by R. W. Chapman on Lord Lansdowne’s literary work. The introduction by the author himself explains shortly the connexion of his family with Southern Kerry and the authorities (amongst the Bowood papers) on which the book is founded. After the Great Rebellion the greater part of the district was granted to Dr. Petty who had just completed his famous Down Survey of Ireland. Petty’s ‘‘ male successors died out and the inheritance fell to the second son of his only daughter. She had married the 20th Lord of Kerry (afterwards the Ist Earl of that name), the head of the Fitzmaurices who had long been established in the northern portion of the county. During the eighteenth century the original Fitzmaurice estates dwindled and finally disappeared. The elder branch of this family died out soon afterwards and the title reverted to the younger, who added ‘ Petty’ to their patronymic. Their principal interests henceforward centred in the most southerly of the ‘baronies’ into which Kerry was formerly divided— Glanerought—so called from the Roughty river which runs through it, and since this volume is principally concerned with that district, I have adopted it as my title.”” An appendix on the genealogy of the Lords of Kerry and Lixnaw traces the pedigree from. Gerald Castellan of Windsor and his son, Maurice Fitzgerald, who died 1176, down to the sixth Marquis of Lansdowne who wrote the book. The body of the work is chiefly concerned with Sir William Petty, his “Down Survey,” his ironworks and other industrial ventures, and the various improvements, road making, forestry, &c., attempted or carried out by his successors, Lord Shelburne and the Marquisses of Lansdowne. A chapter is given to the famine, and two chapters to Derreen, the delightful home of the Lansdownes in the 18th and 19th centuries, with its destruction during ‘‘ The Troubles’’ and _ its rebuilding. VOL. XLVIII, NO. CLXVII. I 130 ADDITIONS TO MUSEUM AND LIBRARY, Museum. Placed on permanent loan by Mr. J. C. CoLe, The Lynt, Inglesham : Barley Pooking Fork of ash wood with three prongs. Presented by MR. CHARLES HEATHERALL, Lower Earlscourt Farm, 23 oe) Wanborough : Barley Pooking Fork with three iron prongs. Mr. H. M. Smitu, Broome Farm, Chiseldon: Implement with a single iron prong. [The ash fork was purchased by Mr. Cole in 1929 at a sale at Watchfield, Shrivenham, Berks, when Mr. William Hedges gave up farming. In a letter Mr. Hedges says that these forks were used before binders came in, and also afterwards in connection with side- delivery reapers, the forks being then used to put “two of the loose sheaves into one before carting.” The last time this fork was used was during the war when a field of barley was cut that was too short for the binder. Pooking forks seem also to have been used for lifting barley ; the barley was not tied and it was left loose until fit to carry when it was lifted by means of these forks, a somewhat slow process but one calculated not to damage the corn. The single prong implement seems also to have been used with side-delivery mowing machines to turn over the ‘grips ’’ or sheaves as the machine threw them out. It is said to have been used also for turning the barley in the swath for drying.] Capt. B. H. CUNNINGTON: Four Sheep Bells bought from a shepherd who remembers these bells in use ; three are of the = canister ty pe- : Mr. T. C. USHER: 18th Century Token for 14d., of the Three Lions Inn at Holt; obverse, three lions and the word Holt ; reverse, 14d. Screw Nutcrackers of carved wood, 18th Century ? Dr. R. Lake: Fragment of Painted Plaster from Roman site at The Kestrels, Easterton. (See W.A.M., xlv, 186, 399, 483.) Capt. C. C. SPICER : Antique Iron for smoothing clothes from Spye Park. Additions to Museum and Library 131 Library. Presented by Mrs. Buxton : Deed concerning Lyneham, 1742. +) » Mrs. E. H. GoppARD: Psalms and Hymns for use in the Chapel of Marlborough College, 1856. ‘‘ English Downland,” by H. J. Massingham, 1936. » lHE AuTHOR, THE Rev. W. J. MEERS: “ Kington Langley, Past and Present, Historical Notes.”’ Deposited on indefinite loan, through Mr. OswaLp BRAKSPEAR: A series of original Charters and Documents connected with Corsham. Presented byf THE PUBLISHERS, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PREss : Glane- rought and the Petty Fitzmaurices. By the Marquis of Lansdowne,”’ 1937. » CANON E. H. GopparD : ‘‘ Walter Long and His Times. By sin. Petrie, 1936. ‘‘ Parsons’ Pleasure, by Bp. W.S. Swayne,”’ 1934. ‘* Aspasia, the Life and Letters of Mary Granville, Mrs. Delany (1700—1788), by C. E. Vulliamy,’’ 1935. “ Katty, Duchess of Queensberry. By Violet Biddulph,” 1935. “Scots Guard by Wilfred Ewart,’’ 1934. ‘‘Memoirs of the Life and Ministerial Conduct, with some free remarks on the political writings of the late Lord Viscount Bolingbroke, 1752.” PeeeNIAJOR-va. (2. INGPEN >= An Ancient ‘Family. —— \( a NN . s me) . y yj: f SS Sp: y : “gy K \ @\) Nag,” I. PLATE IJ.—Flint Implements from King Barrow Ridge: 24, 26, 28, “handled ”’ scrapers ; 25, end scraper ; 27, core end scraper; 29— 38, arrow-heads. 4 By Barbara Laidler and W. E. V. Young. 155 m4 RA LY IW —~ as i PiateE III.—39—4i, 43, grand tranchet axes; 42, 44, 46, axes; 45, 47, polished axes. $ “= & \ yZS DE SSO: rey, LN PLatE IV.—Flint Implements from King Barrow Ridge: 49—50, rough axes or chisels; 51, lanceolate tool; 52, ovate; 53, 54, core scrapers ; 55, butt of knife; 56, slightly polished ovate ; 58, wedge or chopper. $ By Barbara Laidley and W. E. V. Young. PLATE V.—Flint Implements from King Barrow Ridge - pick; 61, 63—65, prismatic implements ; 62—66, fabricators: 67— 69, nosed implements. 4 59 —60, 157 158 A Surface Flint Industry from a site near Stonehenge. sy CH’ LZ SA 2 O/-X iM r = ~~ SIS WC ROE FO \! RY? A Bis 2h Ks Wes Nw pe WSS io. Fe, nity 5 IS 14 Sf oc Fg Pa ) i id g e. y 73:5 a Wj ay S" Zz G PLATE VI.—Flint Implements from King Barrow Ridge: 70—72, 75, 78—79, cores; 76, discoidal implement; 77, rough hand-axe; 80, polished discoidal knife. 4 By Barbara Laidler and W. E. V. Young. 159 axe to any particular period. Of these axes it can only be said that they lie between the earliest triangular axes and the Jater expanded edge type of metal times. Of the other axes all are roughly chipped and unpolished ; No. 49 could more truly be called a chisel. No. 42 with its parallel sides, straight cutting edge and thin-pointed section is, typologically speaking, late. The ‘“‘ grand tranchet’’ series is a striking feature of this industry (see Nos. 39, 40, 41 and 43). These are flake implements, in many cases waisted and in all cases having the cutting edge formed by the removalofa large transverse flake. These implements should, by right of type, belong tothe Mesolithic Age. They can be paralleled by the Kitchen Midden axes of Denmark which they more closely resemble than they do the Lower Halstow type of axe.! The whole industry cannot be lowered to suit a Mesolithic date for these axes. On the other hand it is not improbable that they are due to a breaking through of the old Mesolithic tradition in Beaker times, for many earlier strains must have contributed to our Early Bronze Age cultures. It is of interest to note that rather poorer and less well defined implements of this type occur scattered over the downs near Beachy Head; picks, large ovates and waisted planes also form part of this Sussex industry. A grand tranchet similar in form occurs on floor B 1 of the Easton Down flint mine,? but the flaking is finer and of an altogether different type from the King Barrow Ridge technique. Other grand tranchet implements come from Stoke Down? and Grimes’ Graves flint mines,4 but nowhere else does there seem to be such a series of these implements. The large picks (Nos. 59 and 60) are typical of the industry. They are formed from natural rods of flint, the cortex is left on and the - edges are zig-zag and much battered. The waisted or tanged scrapers are another outstanding feature. It would appear that such a series is unique, although specimens of this type do occur as surface finds elsewhere in Wiltshire. Finally the question of the origin of the flint must be dealt with. This is very definitely not mined flint on account of its poor quality. It is of importance here to note that, of the implements found at Stonehenge, those from the ditch are the only ones bearing any resem- blance to our own implements. Though they are few in number it is none the less evident that the flaking technique is identical with that of the King Barrow Ridge industry. Mr. Newall in No. 150, Vol. xliv, of this Magazine, points out that, on the evidence of the flakes and cores discovered on the bottom of the ditch, it is clear that flint found during digging operations was used for the manufacture of implements. And this, no doubt, was the source of the flint used in many industries. In support of this theory can be cited the discovery made by one of the writers that, scattered around the berm of one of the Normanton group of barrows, there are quantities of struck flakes and cores together with 1 J.G. D. Clark, Mesolithic Age in Britain, 63. 2 W.A.M. xlv, 350. 3 P.P.S.E.A. iv, 89. 4 Ibid. iii, 81. 160 A Surface Flint Industry from a Site near Stonehenge. the small slivers and chips to be found on any working floor. In the digging of barrow ditches natural flint must often have been met with and utilised. Thus the source of the King Barrow Ridge flint is not difficult to imagine, since the site is surrounded by barrows, many of great size, and traversed by the Stonehenge Avenue itself. Our thanks are due to Miss D. M. Liddell, F.S.A., for her kind per- mission to illustrate flints from her collection. But for the painstaking investigation of Miss Liddell and Mrs. Alex. Keiller, F.S.A., Scot., this site would not have offered such interesting and valuable material. We also wish to thank Mr. Alex. Keiller, F.S.A., for his kind assistance. 161 BISHOP RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, 1450—1481. iby, CANON J. M. J. ELETCHER, FR HISr. 5. At the time of Richard Beauchamp’s appointment to the Bishopric of Salisbury, the country was in an unsettled state. King Henry VI was one of the most earnest and religious of the monarchs who had ever sat upon the English throne—so much so, indeed, that, after his death, his canonisation as a saint was seriously contemplated ; and the idea was not abandoned until half a century later, when Henry VII found that it would be a much more costly process than he would care to undertake. He was but nine months old when his father died ; and during his long minority the government of the country was necessarily in the hands of others. Although the glories of Agincourt, and the conquests of Henry V in France had added to the financial burdens of the state, they had ministered to the national pride: but with the cessation of the military activities, some of the wildest spirits were left at large in the land. In spite of his religious earnestness, the King was weak in character —and was largely under the control of such men as Cardinal Beaufort and the Duke of Suffolk. His marriage with Margaret of Anjou was an unpopular one—more especially so because of the con- sequent cession of the provinces of Anjou and Maine. And the King was finally discredited in consequence of the renewed outbreak of war between England and France in 1449, and the losses of French territory. The nation was humiliated: and the people were furious with the government, to whose weakness and stupidity it attributed its disasters. The country was seething with discontent, and Jack Cade’s rebellion burst out in various parts of England. The rioters were not confined to Kent and Sussex. They were to be found also in Wilts and Dorset. The Episcopal Palace at Salisbury was plundered—and the bishop himself was dragged from the altar just as he had finished saying Mass in the beautiful church of the Bonnes Hommes at Edington. He was stripped of his robes and brutally murdered. His fault was that he had neglected his diocese for a too constant attendance on the King. Perhaps what most appealed to the mob was the idea that absence from the neighbourhood implied a lack of hospitality and of almsgiving at his own home. Such was the condition of affairs when, in 1450, the murdered bishop, William Aiscough, was succeeded in the See of Salisbury by Richard Beauchamp. But the new bishop was cast in a different mould. He was a man of a strong character, and, although his hfe was lived more or less amongst kings, he contrived, even in times of great difficulty, to keep clear of politics himself. Richard Beauchamp came of a distinguished Worcestershire family. He was the younger son of Sir Walter de Beauchamp of Powyke, a 162 Bishop Richard Beauchamp, 1450—1481. knight who had fought at Agincourt, and had been sometime speaker of the House of Commons. His mother was Elizabeth, daughter and co-heiress of Sir John Roche, Knight. His elder brother William, in right of his wife, became Lord Beauchamp of St. Amand. By the marriage of his relative, Anne, daughter and co-heiress of the Earl of Warwick, to the Duke of Clarence, he became a kinsman of her brothers- in-law, King Edward IV and King Richard III. Richard Beauchamp had been Archdeacon of Suffolk, and Chaplain to the King.! He had taken the Degree of Doctor Decretorum. In September, 1448, he was appointed to the Bishopric of Hereford, and amongst our Salisbury MSS.? is a certificate of the large sums that he was obliged to pay as dues to the Pope’s treasurer, and to other officials of the Apostolic chamber, He was consecrated bishop on February 6th, 1449, at Lambeth: but on August 15th of the following year he was translated to Salisbury, when still heavier taxes were demanded of him by the papal authorities. That he intended to stand upon his rights, he showed at once at Hereford. At his installation, he placed an interdict upon the churches of All Saints and of St. Peter because they neglected to ring the bells upon his approach to the Cathedral city. He excommunicated the sergeant of the city of “Hereford for his imtenierence with his own constable and bailiffs. He sternly reprimanded the Dean for neglecting to repress open adultery within his jurisdiction; and he established the claim, which no bishop before him had been able to make good, of his right to act as visitor of the Cathedral. His stay at Hereford was but a short one. In eighteen months’ time he was appointed Bishop of Salisbury—where his first work as diocesan was the settlement of a dispute between the monks and the laity at Sherborne. ° But his dealings with the citizens of Salisbury 4 were not destined to be so peaceful. There were some masterful people on the Council in those days. Amongst them was John Hall, a wealthy wool merchant, whose beautiful hall in the Canal is still one of our objects of interest and of admiration. John Hall had been four times Mayor of Salisbury, and in 1453 he represented the city in Parliament. William Swayne was another man of influence and of note on the council. During one of the periods of Hall’s mayoralty, the bishop had granted Swayne a small piece of land, so that he might erect thereon a house for 1 Cant. and York Soc., Register of Bp. R. Beauchamp, pp. 1x1j. 2 Hist. MSS. Commision, Various Collections, Vol. 1 (1901), Muniments of D. and C. of Salisbury, p. 383. 3 Registrum, R, Beauchamp (Canterbury and York Society, Diocese Of Hereford) upp. i lOyuiyO ao CEC. 4 Cf. Benson and Hatcher, Hist. of Salisbury, pp. 764, etc.; Muniments of Corporation of Salisbury, pp. 205—6. ByCanon jf. MM: f. Pletcher, FR Hist S. 163 the two priests who served the chantries in the chapel which he had erected on the south side of St. Thomas’ Church. Hall, on behalf of the council, claimed the land. He pulled down the building as fast as Swayne erected it, and imprisoned the workmen. ‘The bishop took the part of Swayne; and, on going to law, won his case. Hall appealed to the King, to whom the bishop also presented a statement of his rights. Both parties, the bishop on the one side and Hall with some of his colleagues on the other, were summoned before the Council of the King (Edward IV); but Hall used such strong and disrespectful language that he was put in prison. The bishop offered to submit the matter to arbitration, but his offer was rejected. The matter dragged on for some years during which, in many ways, the citizens opposed the bishop’s authority. } But he was the lord of the soil; for originally all the buildings in the city had been erected upon hisland. It was to the bishops that various liberties and privileges had been granted by kings, in former times, for the benefit of the citizens. The city was the bishop’s city, and the citizens were his also. But, quite naturally, they were desirous of liberating themselves from his lordship. The subservience of the Mayor and the fact that he and other officials had to take their oaths before the bishop’s steward, instead of before the Mayor’s own predecessor in the office—that is to say, at the bishop’s court instead of at a municipal convocation, was especially galling. It seemed to imply that the Mayor was practically a nonentity. Appeals to the King and to the law of the land resulted in decisions being given in the bishop’s favour: and eventually, in June 1474, the citizens made their sub- mission to the bishop, whose demands were legally indisputable. They had to wait for a century and a half longer before they obtained the ‘‘freedom ’’ which they so earnestly desired. When the Cathedral was consecrated in 1258, it was without a spire, and only the first stage of the tower had been finished. The upper stages of the tower and the spire were not finished until a century later. A detached belfry, apparently coceval with the Cathedral, stood about eighty yards distant on the north. In this the bells were placed, so that the tower of the Cathedral was always relieved of their weight and was saved from the effect of the vibration caused by their ringing. From the first, however, great anxiety was evidently felt as to whether those four slender piers upon which the spire stood would be able to bear the weight of the lofty structure placed upon them. Various methods were employed in order to minimise the danger of side thrust, not the least of which was the addition of flying buttresses. In spite of these, an inclination to decline from the perpendicular was noticed which seemed to threaten danger. This was stayed, and the danger averted, by the erection of the beautiful perpendicular arches which stand at the entrances to the great transepts—and which it seems cer- tain are owed to the architectural skill and genius of Bishop Beauchamp. It is possible that it is to him also that we are indebted for the inverted 164 Bishop Richard Beauchamp, 1450—1481. arches, which had been erected for the same purpose, at the entrances to the lesser eastern transepts—though some authorities are of the opinion that these are of rather earlier date. It was in the conduct of divine service, as well as in his care for the strength and beauty of the sacred edifice, that the bishop wished to offer to God of the best—and this, too, in his private chapel, as well as in his Cathedral Church. For amongst the Papal Letters! extant is one, dated 6th September, 1459, to the Bishop, in answer to his petition, expressive of the desire that he might have some singers, expert in music, in order that the divine offices in his private chapel might be celebrated with as great or greater decency than had hitherto been the case. ‘The letter gives him permission to have, during the whole of his life, four such singers of his diocese, whether they held parish churches or perpetual vicarages, or were members of any religious bodies, or even were mendicant friars, whom he might replace by others as often as was expedient ; and he was not to be deprived of any of these singers, even by their own superiors. Moreover, those of them who were rectors or vicars might enjoy still the fruits of their benefices, just as much as they would do if they were resident therein, provided that the cure of souls was not neglected. : About this time the bishop enlarged his episcopal residence at Salisbury by the erection of the great hall, and of the tower, above the outer doorway of which is still to be seen the coat of arms of Bishop Beauchamp. Not the least of the difficulties which confronted the bishop upon his translation to Salisbury was that of carrying forward the efforts made for the formal canonisation of St. Osmund, the virtual founder of the Cathedral Church at Old Sarum, who had died in 1099, and was buried in the church which he had erected. From the first he seems to have been regarded as a saint: and, indeed, in the inventory of church goods made by Abraham, the treasurer, 1214—1222, whilst the Cathedral Church was still at Old Sarum, mention is made of ‘“‘ the tomb of Saint Osmund’’ :— Item pallium unum quod dedit dominus episcopus H(erbertus) P(oore) ad tumbam Sancti Osmund.. In 1226, very soon after the completion of the Lady Chapel of the New Cathedral, his body was translated thither ; and his shrine, which evidently dates back to the early part of the 13th century, seems to have been prepared for the reception of his remains. Many prayers were offered at his shrine. Many who were crippled or diseased resorted to it. Various miraculous cures were recorded. At various intervals for more than two centuries endeavours had been made to obtain his formal canonisation, the last of which had dragged on since the time of Bishop Robert Hallam (1407—1417). At length, in 1457, more than three centuries and a half after the death of St. Osmund, and about six years after Bishop Beauchamp’s appoint- 1 Calendar of Papal Letters, Vol. XI, p. 552, 2 Pius II (1459, 6th Sept.). By Canon J..M. J. Fletcher, P:R:Hist. S. 165. ment to the See of Salisbury, after a lavish expenditure of money, and in great measure owing to the generosity and vigorous exertions of the bishop, St. Osmund’s canonisation was obtained; and the bishop received a mandate from Pope Calixtus III, enjoining him to preparea worthy place in the church of Salisbury and solemnly to translate thither the relics of the saint. Moreover, his principal feast and the day of his translation were to be celebrated by allin the city and diocese of Salisbury. The bishop’s elder brother, Lord Beauchamp de St. Amand, was a generous contributor towards the beautifying of the shrine which was placed eastward of the high altar. Amongst the Cathedral documents is a very dilapidated one, from the fragments of which may still be deciphered a few of the gifts offered at the translation of Saint Osmund. The King brought a golden tablet, on which was an image of the Holy Trinity—(studded with) 43 great pearls, and 11 blue precious stones, &c. There were in addition various gifts of precious stones and a sapphire, and gold chains, and a great pearl, with other pearls, cc. &c., ec. But the shrine did not remain in its glory for long. It was despoiled of its riches and shorn of its beauty in 1539, when, early in the year, David Lawes and John Sommer were engaged for nine days at work on its demolition ; four men were employed for a day in the following May : sometime during the summer John Sommer and his mate spent another fifteen days in completing its destruction, during the execution of which work they broke their tools. Mr. Malden! the courteous chapter clerk, and able and learned Cathedral librarian of a quarter of a century ago. thought that the lengthy period during which the demolition was carried on, shows that the shrine was destroyed, not because it was considered an object of superstition, but for the actual value of the jewels, etc., which had been so solidly imbedded in it. The base of the shrine, with its three foramina on either side for the reception of the limbs of the sufferers, was removed from the Lady Chapel to its present position on the south side of the nave by Wyatt in 1789. It was not only in Salisbury that Bishop Richard Beauchamp did great things; for it is to him that is owed the choir of the glorious Chapel of St. George at Windsor, as well as a portion, and possibly the design, of the remainder of the magnificent chapel which, in addition to its distinction as being so intimately connected with royalty, is the ecclesiastical home of the Knights of the Order of the Garter. This most distinguished Order of .the Garter was founded by King Edward III in the summer of 1348. For some time past he had in mind the institution of some such an order—and indeed, five years previously, he had seriously thought of starting an Order of (Knights of) the Round Table.? 1H. E. Malden, Canonisation of St. Osmund, pp. xii, xvi, 58, 77. 2 FE. Ashmole; Hist. of Order of the Garter, 1715, p. 122. VOL. XLVIII, NO. CLXVIII. M 166 Bishop Richard Beauchamp, 1450—1481. The general impression is that its origin was due to the story that Joan, Countess of Salisbury (the ‘‘ Fair Maid of Kent,” the tomb of whose brother-in-law, John Montacute, lies in Salisbury Cathedral), had accidentally dropped her garter, as she was dancing “‘ in a solemn ball.’ King Edward stooped and picked it up, whereupon some of his nobles smiled as though he had been guilty of an indelicate action. The King passed it off with the reply ‘“‘ Honi soit qui mal y pense,” and added, in disdain at their ridicule, that shortly the garter would have advanced so high in honour and renown that they would account themselves happy to wear it. This is but a tale, suggested in after years by the use of the garter. Froissart, a contemporary writer, assigns no such origin. Indeed, there is no mention of it until 200 years later, when Polydore Vergil said something about it. The idea of the garter was to adorn military prowess, and to emphasize the idea of the uniting of the knights of the order more closely to one another and to the King himself. The uniform- ‘ity of robes and of ornaments pointed to the maintenance of amity and concord. The order was intended to be an establishment of religious men, who were to pray together, and to perform their military and other duties to the glory of God. It was placed under the protection of the Holy Trinity, the Blessed Virgin, St. George of Cappadocia (our national patron saint), and St. Edward the Confessor. There had previously been a royal chapel in the Park of Windsor : but this was abandoned, and the chaplains who had served it were brought into the Castle to serve the chapel or chapels within the walls. In 1239—40, Henry III began to build a chapel, some part of which still remains and is incorporated in the Prince Consort Memorial Chapel of to-day. It was in this chapel of Henry III that Edward III established his Knights of the Garter. And in 1351 the establishment was placed upon a new foundation, witha Warden, 12 Canons, 13 Vicars, 4 Clerks, 6 Choristers, and 24 Poor or Alms Knights. In the reign of Henry IV the title of Warden was changed to that of Dean. The present beautiful fabric which was built upon the site of the old chapel was commenced by Edward IV. The superintendence of the building was committed to Richard Beauchamp, Bishop of Salisbury, «« Kinsman of the King,’’ who, as we learn from one of the Patent Rolls,” was appointed, in 1473, “‘ master and surveyor of the King’s works at the chapel of St. Mary and St. George, within the the Castle of of Wyndesore, and other new works there with power to take stone- cutters, plumbers, carpenters, masons, and other workmen, and stone, tiles, timber, shingles, glass, iron, lead, and other necessaries.”’ From 1452 he had acted, on and off, as Chaplain of the Order.? In 1, Ashmole, Hist. of Order of the Garter, 1715, p. 119. 2 Pat., 12 Edw. IV, m. 19 (1473, Feb. 19th). 3 Pat. 15 Edw. IV, pt. 3, m. 18 (1475, October 10th). By: Canon J. M. J. Bleicher, F.R:Hist. S. 167 1475, in consequence of his diligence and care, he was appointed for life Chancellor of the Order, with the custody of the seal,! an office which was to be continued to his successors, the bishops of Salisbury, in whose diocese Windsor was then situated.2 It so continued until the reign of Edward VI, when Sir William Cecil was made Chancellor. But in 1669 it was restored to the Bishops of Salisbury, and remained with them until the county of Berkshire was transferred to the diocese of Oxford in 1836, when the Bishops ofthat See became the Chancellors. On the resignation of Bishop Strong in 1937, the office was again conferred upon a layman. In the Portrait Gallery at the Bishop’s Palace it will be noticed that many of the bishops wear the robe and insignia of the order. On the effigy of Sir John Cheyne, too, which now lies at the N.E. of the nave of the Cathedral, the garter is attached to the left leg, and the badge of the order is placed on the shoulder, whilst the pendant (the double rose and portcullis) is suspended by an SS collar, and rests upon his breast. Bishop Beauchamp held the office of Chancellor of the Order of the Garter until his death. His work in connection with the building of the Chapel of St. George was continued and completed by the artistic and munificent Sir John Braye. At the east end of the south aisle of St. Geis s Chapel at Windsor,* in the stonework of the roof, is a representation of King Edward IV and Bishop Beauchamp kneeling at a cross: and below, at the N.E. corner of the aisle is an inscription on the wall, above which is a recess in which originally was a Sarum Missal, but to-day its place is occupied by a copy of the Bishop’s Bible of 1568 The Treacle Bible, from its rendering of Jeremiah, viii, 22: ‘‘ Is there not tryacle in Gilead,”’ instead of, as in the translation of the Authorised Version, “‘ Is there no balm,’’ etc. The inscription ® runs as follows :— ‘Who laid this book here? The Reverend Father in God, Richard Beauchamp of the Diocese of Salisbury. And wherefore? To this in- tent, that Priests and Ministers of God’s Church may have the occupa- tion thereof, saying Divine Service, and for all other that listen to say thereby their Devotions. Asketh he any spiritual meed? Yes, As much as our Lord list to reward him for his good intent; praying any man, whose duty or devotion is eased by this book, they will say for him this common orison, Domine Jesu Christ, kneeling in the presence of this Holy Cross® ; for the which the Reverend Father in God above- 1 Ashmole, op. cit., p. 193. * Cf. E. Ashmole, Hist. of Order of the Garter, 1715, p. 84. 3 Ashmole, op. cit., p. 173. 4 Lyson’s Bucks, p. 425; Pote’s Hist. of Windsor, pp. 65, 66, where a woodcut is given; Cf. also E. R. Tighe & G. H. Dain, Annals of Windsor, pp. 424—5 (n). 5 Spelling modernised. 6 The cross in the roof above. 168 Bishop Richard Beauchamp, 1450—1481. said hath granted of the treasure of the Church to every man forty days of pardon.’’ 1 From this if has been assumed, and the mistake has been copied from one book about Windsor into another, that the bishop was buried at Windsor; and the grave of John Shorne,? which lies opposite, was assigned to him. It is, however, needless tosay that there is absolutely no truth in that assumption, and the authorities at St. George’s Chapel do not claim him as one whose body rests amongst their worthies. We know for certain that he was buried at Salisbury. Sometime before his death, which occurred on November 4th, 1481, he erected a beautiful chantry chapel on the exterior of the south wall of the Lady Chapel, to correspond with the Hungerford Chapel which had recently been erected against the north wall. Architecturally speaking, it must have been one of the gems of the country ; and though, as we shall see, it was destroyed in 1790, some few remains are still to be seen which 1 One of the principal officials in the MSS. department of the British Museum tells me that in the Middle Ages the prayer alluded to was endowed with enormous indulgences :—e.g., 14,000 years, 46,012 years and 40 days, etc. It was in consequence extremely popular, and is to be found in many books of The Hours. (Cf. V. Leroquais, Les Livres ad’ Heures Manuscrits de la Bibliotheque Nationale I, p. xxxj.) This prayer, which was meant to be said before a Crucifix is as follows :— Domine, Jhesu Christi, adoro te in cruce pendentem et coronam in capite portantem; et deprecor ut tua crux liberet me ab angelo percutiente. Pater Noster. Ave Mania. Domine Jhesu Christe, adoro te in cruce vulneratum, felle et aceto potatum ; deprecor te ut tua vulnera sint remedium anime mee. Pater Noster. Ave Maria. Domine Jhesu Christe, te deprecor propter illam amaritudinem quam pro me miserrimo sustinuisti in cruce, maxime quando nobilissima anima tua egressa est de corpore tuo; miserere anime mee in egressu suo. Pater Noster. Ave Maria. Domine Jhesu Christe, adoro te in sepulchro positum, myrrha et aromatibus conditum ; deprecor te ut mors tua sit vita mea. Pater Noster. Ave Mana. 7 Domine Jhesu Christe, adoro te descendentem ad inferos, liberantem que captivos ; deprecor te ne permittas meilluc introire. Pater Noster. Ave Mana. Domine Jhesu Christe, adoro te resurgentem a mortuis et ad celos ascendentem, sedentemque ad dexteram Dei Patris; deprecor te miserere mei. Patey Noster. Ave Mania. Domine Jhesu’ Christe, pastor bone, justos conserva, peccatores justifica et omnibus fidelibus defunctis miserere, et propicius esto michi miserrimo peccatori. Pater Noster. Ave Mania. 2 ve Shorne, cf. Victoria Hist. of Bucks, Vol. II, p. 108. By Canon]. VM. J. Fletcher, F.R.Hist. S. 169 bear witness to what its beauty must have been. Amongst these remains are the canopied stall work now standing against the north and south walls at the east end of the Lady Chapel, and a good many frag- ments which have been cast out into the Cloisters. The door which formerly gave entrance into the chapel now stands between the portions of the lovely ‘“‘ Angel Screen,” which originally used to divide the choir from the nave. They are now placed against the west wall of the Morning Chapel. The chapel was to be served by four priests, of whom his “‘ faithful servant Robert Hunt was to be one.”’ In accordance with the directions of his Will,} his body was interred in the centre of the chapel. In the S.W. corner of the same was buried the body of his friend, who was one of the executors of his will, Sir John Cheyney, K.G., who died nearly thirty years later (1509) ; and here for 270 years might be seen upon his tomb the effigy of that big strong man who, in spite of his strength, was unhorsed at the battle of Bosworth, by King Richard III, in his frenzied attempt to get at Henry of Richmond. Not much more than sixty years had passed, after the death of the bishop, when his Chantry met the fate of other similar institutions and was dissolved. From the survey of Chantry property,” etc., made in the second year of King Edward VI, it was stated that the property belonging to Bishop Beauchamp’s Chantry consisted of houses and gardens in High St., Winchester St., Gygan (Gigant) St., Fish Row, Castle Street, and Stratford-sub-Castle, let to various tenants, mostly for the term of twenty-one years, which (after the deduction of various charges payable, namely, tothe Sheriff of Wilts 10s. ; to the College of Vaux 25s.; the Bishop of Sarum 26s.; and a yearly stipend of 10s. paid to the keeper of the Lady Chapel in the Cathedral) left a clear remainder of £19 2s. 8d. The church plate belonging to the Chantry weighed l6o0zs. and the goods and ornaments “‘ pertaining unto the said Chantry’ were valued at £1 2s. The bishop’s intention was that the Chantry should be served by four priests, but, after his death, the number appears to have been reduced to one. We seem to have a complete list of eight chaplains who served consecutively until the dissolution. Robert Hunt, the bishop’s ‘faithful servant,’’ died 1498; then came— 1498 J. Easterby (resigned 1511). 1511 Richard Foster (died 1513). 1513 J. Asche or Esshe (resigned). 1513 Nicholas Bower (died 1521). 1521 John Foster Nicholas Lye (died 1531). 1531 T. Mache (living in 1553, with a pension of £6 13s. 4d.). 1 A copy of his Will is given in Gough’s Sepulchral Monuments, Vol. iitappendix, p. 17. 2 P.R.O. Augmentation Office Chantry Certificates, E. 301, No. 58. 170 ‘Bishop Richard Beauchamp, 1450—1481. Of this last chaplain, T. Mache, it was reported that he was “‘ of right honest report amongst his neighbours,’”’ but very poor, and with ‘no other living ’”’ except the Chantry, which, by his own handling, he had increased the yearly value of from £10 to £19 2s. 8d.; and out of this, by his own good will, he had given £1 in alms yearly to poor people. At the dissolution Robert Hyde, gent., December 13th, 1548, wished to purchase the property ; and on March 5th, 1550, the houses in Sarum were granted to him to hold by fealty only.t The Valor, in the time of Henry VIII, had been £12 10s. In 1553 the lands and tenements were valued at £15. We may presume that with the dissolution of the Chantry and the alienation of its revenues, the chapel ceased to be used for the purpose for which it was endowed. Not being used for prayer, the Cisne Chapels became neglected, and in time were merely places where articles might be stored or instru- ments for cleaning put away out of sight. Things were somewhat better after Archbishop Laud’s visitation ; but, after his execution, they relapsed into their previous condition. Captain Richard Symonds, who visited the Cathedral in the autumn of the year 1644,2 speaks of Bishop Beauchamp’s Chapel as being on the south side (of the Lady Chapel) over against the Hungerford Chapel. Outside are carved the arms of Roche, Beauchamp, and Beauchamp quartering Delamere and Roche, within a bordure charged with mitres and surmounted by a mitre. Over the door leading from the Lady Chapel are the arms of Beauchamp within the garter and surmounted by a mitre. He notices four monuments in the Chapel (a) A monument of marble ‘ under the first escocheon,’’ from which the brass inscription and shield are all gone. (b) A monument of marble, these coats over it, (1) Braybrooke ; (2) Quarterly Beauchamp and St. Amand; (3) St. Amand. (c) In the middle of the chappel stands an altar tomb of marble, the inscription and shield gone. (d) An altar tomb of arched marble, that of John, Lord Cheney, K.G. Gradually, through neglect, the Beauchamp and Hungerford Chapels became more and more dilapidated. Price, the architect, in 1736, spoke of them as being in urgent need of repair; but nothing was done. And in 1789, amongst the drastic acts of destruction to be carried out, under the name of ‘‘ Improvements of the Cathedral Church,”’ a resolu- tion of the dean and chapter was passed on August 26th authorising the bishop (Barrington) to take down the Beauchamp and Hungerford chapels, which were “‘in such a state as greatly to exceed any ordinary or probable means of repair and endangering that part of the church 1 Pat. R., 4 Edw. VI, 5th March, 1550. 2 Harl. MS., 939; Camden Society, No. LXXIV, pp. 129—141; W.A.M., Vol. xlvii, 453. By Canon J. M. J. Fletcher, F.R.Hist. S. 171 against which they were built provided it meets with the approbation of the heirs of each family if such can be found.” ‘“The approbation of the heirs’? implied the restoration at their expense. The appeal to the heirs was fruitless, and the chapels were destroyed in 1790. Richard Symonds’ heraldic description shows that four tombs were, at the time of his visit to: Salisbury in 1644, in the Beauchamp Chapel. The bishop himself had been buried in the centre, and Sir John Cheyne lay in the S.W.corner. The other two were the sepulchre of his mother, Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of Sir John Roche and that of his elder brother, William, who was Lord St. Amand, Juve uxoris Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Gerard Braybrooke. But in the Ichnogvaphical Plan? of the Cathedral published c. 1733, only the tombs of the bishop and of Sir John Cheyne are marked. ‘Those of the bishop's relatives must have disappeared during the preceeding century. When the chapel was destroyed, the remains of the bishop and of Sir John Cheyne were removed to the places which they now occupy on either side of the nave of the Cathedral. The word vemains, and not tombs, is used advisably, for of Sir John’s tomb, only the slab with the efigy upon it is the original. And Bishop Beauchamp’s memorial could no where be found. We will let Dodsworth tell the tale. ‘On the south side (of the nave) is a Gothic altar tomb, inclosing the remains of Bishop Beauchamp, which was removed from the middle of his chapel, during the alterations in 1789. The present is not, however, the original tomb, which was mislaid or used, from the negligence of the person who superintended the works.+ This receptacle was an altar tomb taken from the aisle at the north end of the principal tran- sept, in which were no remains, nor could the least trace be discovered to whom it belonged.”’ It will be noticed that the slab on the top is incised with five crosses, as though intended to be used as the mensa of an altar. Amongst the treasures of the Cathedral is preserved Bishop Beauchamp’s episcopal ring of gold, set with a sapphire, which was found when his remains were removed from the middle of his Chapel, ins 89.° But another memorial of Bishop Beauchamp we have, and that is the Reredos at the back of the High Altar. In the centre is the Crucifix, on either side of which are the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. 1 Camden Soc., op. cit., pp. 182—3. 2 A copy, reduced in size, is given in Chambers’ Divine Worship, as frontispiece. 3W. Dodsworth, Hist. of Salisbury Cathedral, p. 195. 4 For the future the conduct of the work was intrusted to Mr. W. Matthews, the Clerk of the Works at Windsor Castle. 5 Wilis Arch. Magazine, Vol. ii, p. 26. 172 Bishop Richard Beauchamp, 1450—1481. John. The other figures represent (rt.) the other Maries, and (l.) Bishop Richard Beauchamp, with Saint Osmund, whose canonisation he was so largely instrumental in obtaining. This Reredos was the munificent offering of the then Lord Beauchamp at the restoratiou of the choir under Sir Gilbert Scott in 1876. One thing more remains to be said. It may be wondered why, at the restoration of the Cathedral, in 1789—90, the representatives of Bishop Richard Beauchamp’s family should take no steps to avert the destruction of his Chantry Chapel; whilst, in 1876, nearly a century later, the then representative made such a magnificent offering as a memorial of him. The reason is this :—In Bishop Richard Beauchamp’s time the head of the family was Sir John Lord Beauchamp of Powyke, whose son left no male heir, so that the estates passed by the marriage of his daughter, Anne, to Richard Lygon of Madresfield in 1496, and the title came to an end. Six generations later, in default of a male representative, the estates passed, by the marriage of Margaret Lygon to her husband, Reginald Pinder, whose son took the name Lygon. He died in 1788, and was succeeded by his son, Wiliam Lygon, M.P., who was raised to the peerage, first in 1806 as Baron Beauchamp of Powyke, and then in 1815 as Earl Beauchamp.! | In 1789 when the chapel was destroyed, there were no Beauchamps of that family. Twice over, male heirs were wanting ; and the property passed through the female representatives. William Lygon had_ only succeeded to the estates in 1788, the year before the question of the destruction of the chapel came up. It is true that he was connected with the bishop by blood, but the relationship was a very distant one, and they did not bear the same name. His sympathies would be with his own county and not with distant Wiltshire; with Worcester Cathedral and not with Salsbury ; and we cannot be altogether sur- prised that he shrank from spending a considerable sum of money in the repair of a mortuary chapel to the memory of a distant relative in a .place in which he had probably no interest The close of the eighteenth century, too, was a period when little interest was taken in church matters. But when nis grandson, Frederick Lygon, succeeded to the earldom of Beauchamp in 1866 it was very different. ‘‘ The Oxford Movement ”’ had already had a considerable influence upon the Church, and the young earl had come under it. Born in 1830, he was educated at Eton, and at Christ Church, Oxford. He was fellow of All Souls 1852—6 ; M.P. for Tewkesbury 1857—1863 and for Worcester 1863 until 1866, in which year he succeeded to the earldom. His interestin Church matters 1 For pedigrees, cf. Nash’s Worcestershive, Vol. II, pp. 118, 263—4; Dugdale’s Baronage, p. 250; Kite’s Monumental Brasses of Wilts, p. 36. BysCanon- | IM. J. Fletcher, F R:Aist. S. 173 is evident in that he was one of the founders of Keble College, Oxford — the College built in memory of John Keble. By the title of the Barony ‘first, and then by that of the Earldom, the name Beauchamp had again been adopted by the family. And it is to the earnest devotion of the sixth Earl of Beauchamp that we are indebted for this munificent gift, which would serve both as a memorial of his great collateral ancestor, Bishop Richard Beauchamp, as a help to worshippers at the Cathedral in their own devotions, and above all as an offering for the greater glory of God. 174 THE BARROWS OF WINTERSLOW. By FRANK STEVENs,! © BE. FeS.A., AND joun Eb, S; SEONE DD) brie. The Winterslow Hut or Pheasant Inn group of barrows is justly famous in more ways than one, but unfortunately they have never been described or mapped adequately. As long ago as 1814 a few of the group were opened by the Rev. A. B. Hutchins (see below), but un- fortunately at that date precise description was not considered a necessary counterpart of excavation. By good fortune some of the objects then found are still preserved, but the whereabouts of others remains a matter for conjecture. The position can to some extent be rectified and we have been helped considerably by locating some of the contemporary paintings of the finds. These portray a number of the objects which are now lost and which have never been illustrated. In his list of Wiltshire barrows compiled nearly a quarter of a century ago (W.A.M., xxxviii, 1913, 153) Canon E. H. Goddard recorded 15. barrows belonging to the group, 11 in Winterslow Parish (Nos. la-k) and four just over the border in Idmiston Parish (Nos. 22, 23, 23a and 23b). Of these, Thurnam’s two very large bell-barrows, Nos. 22 and 23, were the only ones actually identified, probably because a number were then and still are under the plough, and were not readily identifi- able at ground level. By means of aerial photographs it has recently been possible to plan this remarkable group which is now found to con- sist of no less than 21 barrows, with indefinite indications of others in the near vicinity (Plate VI). Further, since the publication of Canon Goddard’s list, a number of other barrows have been discovered in Winterslow Parish, and ready identification now becomes a matter of necessity. We propose therefore as an extension of Canon Goddard’s general scheme to revise and renumber these Winterslow barrows which have since risen in numbers from 16 to 26. This course has become doubly necessary since, presumably through a slight subsequent change of parish boundary, some of the Winterslow Hut group were recorded by Canon Goddard in Idmiston Parish (Idmiston 23a and 23b). EXCAVATION OF BARROWS NEAR WINTERSLOW HuwT IN 1814. CONTEMPORARY PAINTINGS FOUND. In Modern Wilts, Vol. V, Hundred of Alderbury, page 209, is printed a letter to Sir Richard Colt Hoare from the Rev. Allan Borman Hutchins,?2 1 The Society is indebted to Mr. F. Stevens for the cost of the blocks illustrating this paper. 2 From various sources it appears that Allan Borman Hutchins was. born in 1781, and that his father had an estate at Porton. In 1814 he was curate of Newton Tony, in 1824 of Grateley, and in 1844 he was curate of Ludgershall. He died in 1847. The Barrows of Winterslow. 175 curate of Grateley, written from Penton Lodge on the 10th February, 1824. In it he gave an account of his barrow diggings, and mentioned oil paintings made at the time (1814) and on the site by a Mr. Guest of Salisbury, of the contents of barrows at Winterslow Hut. On page 211 is printed a ‘ key ”’ to these oil paintings, which he had previously sent to Colt Hoare. On 13th March, 1844, the Rev. A. B. Hutchins communicated an account of the opening of a bell-barrow at Winterslow Hut to the British Archeological Association, a summary of which is published in the Archeological Journal, I, 1846, p. 156. In this he states that he is in possession of an excellent oil painting by Mr. Guest of Sarum of the contents of this barrow. A similar description of this excavation was communicated to the Antiquarian and Architectural Year Book, 1844, published 1845, page 23, in which Mr. Hutchins mentioned this painting and a similar one which he had presented to his friend, Colonel Hawker of Longparish House. At the end of this account he stated that a drawing in sepia of the urns, beads, etc., had been made by Miss Sabina Heath! of Andover, and was then in the possession of C. Roach Smith, Esq., the indefatigable secretary of the Archeological Society of London. In his paper on ‘‘ Ancient British Barrows’’ in Archeologia, xi (read 1868, 1869 and 1870), Dr. John Thurnam mentions in footnotes on pages 350 and 361, that he had inspected the paintings of these finds, and identified the urns from them. The paintings were then in the possession of A. B. Heath, Esq., of East Woodhay, near Newbury. This seems to be. the last published mention of them, and at the beginning of 1935 all knowledge of their whereabouts was lost. It was only after the most persistent and extensive correspondence that they were located in the possession of Mr. W. H. Heath of Upton Dean, near Andover, son of Mr. A. B. Heath. This gentleman most kindly afforded facilities for the paintings to be photographed, and they are here re- produced (Plates I, II, and IV, Fig. 2). Neither the sepia drawing nor Colonel Hawker’s copy have been located. _ The relics were bequeathed by Mr. Hutchins to the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, which received them in 1847, with the exception. of the Saxon objects from Winterslow, and some from other barrows. It is not known where these are now, nor is anything known of the four “iron arrowheads.’’ The oil painting (Plate I) and the account in Modern Wilts are thus the only records we have of this Saxon burial with bucket, an unusual find in this part of the county. The photographs enabled Mr. Leeds to identify the particular pygmy cup and dagger found in the bell-barrow. Mr. Leeds also very kindly allowed a copy to be made of the MS. notes received with the speci- mens ; these were not all in Mr. Hutchins’ handwriting. It must also be mentioned that Mr. Leeds very kindly provided photographs of the ~1Sabina Heath was the niece of Mr. Hutchins, which ‘no. doubt accounts for the paintings going to the Heath family. 176 The Barrows of Winterslow. Winterslow objects in the Ashmolean Museum (here reproduced as Plates III, 1V, Fig. 1, and V), and impressions of the decoration on the large urn. As a supplement to the oil paintings here reproduced, the contents of the two barrows may be described in modern terms. Of the three accounts published, that of 1824 in Modern \Walts, being the earliest, should be the most accurate; yet it contains several obvious slips, so the other accounts are useful as a check. The two later accounts are almost of the same date, and obviously had a common origin. A manuscript, not in Mr. Hutchins’ hand, which is apparently the basis of both the Arch. Journal and Antiquarian and Architectural Year Book accounts, is in the Ashmolean Museum. It may be contemporary with the excavation. THE SAXON BURIAL. It appears that the opening of one of the Winterslow Hut barrows was suggested at dinner one summer evening by Sir Charles Malet of Wilbury, and early on the following morning Mr. Hutchins began on the ‘‘ Collossal Barrow,’’ now numbered Idmiston 23 in Canon Goddard’s list. Two feet below the top was a large skeleton with iron umbo and handgrip of shield, spearhead, buckle, and wooden bucket hooped with bronze. Mr. Guest made an oil painting before the wood crumbled to dust (Plate I). The excavation was not carried below 8 feet from the top of the barrow which is still 12 feet high. The remarkable horned object or ornament on the bucket appears to be very similar to that found on a bronze hooped bucket by Mr. T. C. Lethbridge in Grave 68 at Holywell.” THE BELL-BARROW OF CHALK. See next section for the identification of this barrow. The barrow contained a Late Bronze Age cremation burial at the top over a primary Beaker burial, with perhaps a Middle Bronze Age inter- ment between. A section is illustrated by Thurnam in Archeéologia, xliii, 322, Fig. 10, from which a model has been prepared in the Salisbury Museum. Eighteen inches below the top of the barrow, towards the south, was a cairn of rough flints, with a key or capstone, covering an inverted 1 For recent measurements of this interesting bell-barrow see L. V. Grinsell, Proc. Prehist. Soc. of East Anglia, vii, 1933, 203. 2 Recent Excavations in Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries in Cambridgeshire and Suffolk, 1931, Fig. 2la. Two others-are illustrated by Jewitt, Grave Mounds and theiy Contents, 1870, Figs. 460, 461, one being from Northamptonshire, and the other from Fairford, Gloucestershire. ‘€z UOISIUIPT MoIIeq WoT syoefqo UOXeS Jo 4sony ‘Ipy Aq SuTjUIeg—]T ALVId ene, Ul, PLATE II.—Figs. Land II. Paintings by Mr. Guest of objects from Hutchins’ Bell-Barrow of Chalk. —e —— a hie Plate I1I.—Fig. Il, Pygmy Cup (4) ; Fig. IJ, Cinerary Urns (a, 18ins., b, 12 ins. high) from Hutchins’ Bell Barrow. Ashmolean Museum. \ WINTERSLO T BARROWS 1000 1500. 2000 scale of feet PLATE VI.—Winterslow Hut Group of Barrows. myevanr Stevens, O.B.E.-F.S.A., and John F.S. Stone, D. Phil. V7 urn,! 18 inches high by 18 inches in diameter at the shoulder, perfect save for one of the massive handles which seems to have been lost before burial, as it could not be found in the barrow. The neck is decorated inside and out with twisted cord impressions in the “ victor’s laurel ’’ pattern 2 (Plates II and III, Fig. 2a). When this urn was removed, the cremation was seen to have been wrapped in linen which had the appearance of a veil of fine lace of mahogany colour. Unfortunately it crumbled to dust and the wind blew it away. The bones were of a yellow tint, and among them were a-bronze awl ® (Plate IV, Fig. la), supposed to have been a pin which secured the linen shroud ; a fluted bronze razor? (Plate IV, Fig. Ib) ; a large conical amber bead, a flat amber button (in the painting, Plate Mit Big. I. it is surrounded by the necklace) ; and four ‘‘ diamond-cut ”’ amber beads all V-perforated from the base (cf. the shale buttons of the Early Bronze Age). There was also a substance which Mr. Hutchins consilered to be hair. It is stated to have been brown, short and brittle. .A specimen of this in the Ashmolean Museum really seems to be hair (Plate IV, Fig. lc) and, improbable as this seems to be with a cremation, it is not inconceivable that the hair was removed before burning and that it was placed in the urn with the unburnt amber beads and other objects later, an interesting sidelight in view of the widespread modern custom of keeping the hair of the dead as a memento. In this instance conditions for preservation must have been favourable since the linen wrapping was also recognizable. 1 Ashmolean Museum. Illustrated by Thurnam, Archcologia, xliii, Pl. XXX, 4, opposite p. 344, and by Abercromby, B.A.P., II, Fig. 356. The urn is a hybrid Middle/Late Bronze Age urn with Cornish affinities, being very similar to that from Tregaseal in the British Museum which is 2lins. high (Hencken, Cornwall and Scilly, 1932, Pl. VIT, 83, 84), and also to those from Berrynarbor, near Ilfracombe (B.4.P., II, 360). and Sturminster Marshall, Dorset, in the British Museum. 2 For detail see Archeologia, xlili, 849, Fig. 26, and Arch. Journ., xxviii, 70, Fig. This type of decoration has recently received attention in Man, xxxvi, 1936, 100. 3 This is in Canon Goddard’s list of bronzes, W.A.M., xxxvii, 151, No. 251. 4 Ashmolean Museum N.C. 446. Illustrated in Arche@ologia, xliii, Pl. XXXII, 8, opposite p. 449; Evans, Ancient Bronze Implements, PON Bie. 260; Proc: Soc. Ant. Scot., xli,.274,- Fig. 198: See also Goddard, W.A.M., xxxvuii, 145, No: 202. It may be noted that razors are but rarely found in urns (W.A.M., xliii, 321, footnote). One is recorded in an urn from barrow Amesbury 71, now in the Salisbury Museum. 178 The Barrows of Winterslow. The remainder of the amber beads, of conical form and V-perforated, making a total of 27 (Plate IV, Fig. 1d), with a small pottery cup! (Plate III, Fig. 1), not mentioned in the Arch. Journ. account, were at the bottom and presumably in the mouth of the urn which was made secure with chalk and flints. The amber seems to have been red on discovery, but decomposed to a straw colour at the surface. The smaller urn 2 (Plates II and III, Fig. 2b) was beside the larger on the same level surface of chalk, also surrounded by large flints; it contained only bones and a few flints. It was 12 inches high by 11} inches in diameter at the shoulder, and was ornamented with false applied handles and finger-tipped raised band round the shoulder in what is now recognized as a Late Bronze Age style. The primary interment was in a cist in the chalk ; 3 feet deep accord- ing to Modern Wilts but 4 feet in the two other accounts. The skeleton lay with head to the north and feet to the south. The skull was large, and the teeth perfect. It was accompanied by a bronze knife-dagger 3 (Plates IV, Fig. 2, and V, a) near the arm (left according to Modern Wilts but right in Arch. Journ.), and a B-beaker* (Plates IV, Fig. 2, and V, b) between the knees and feet, inverted over two flint arrow- heads, one black and the other white® (Plates IV, Fig. 2, and V, d). There was also a slate wristguard® (Plates IV, Fig. 2, and V, c) with three holes at each end (the two holes of Modern Wilts are wrong, and the two flint arrowheads are not mentioned there, though they are 1 Ashmolean Museum N.C. 514. Illustrated by Thurnam, Archeologia, xlili, 361, Fig. 40. Mr. C. F. C. Hawkes considers it a bucket urn with degenerate overhanging-rim ornament on its upper part, and would class it as a hybrid (23—10—35). 2 Ashmolean Museum. Noted by Thurnam, Archeologia, xliii, 350, and illustrated by Abercromby, B.A.P., II, 356a. It is similar to one from Dewlish, Lord’s Down, Dorset (B.A.P., II, 361b) and to one from barrow Amesbury 71 in the Salisbury Museum. 3 Ashmolean Museum N.C. 428. This is stated to be of nearly pure copper; flat blade with rounded point and tang, length 5} inches, breadth 12 inches. See Arvch@ologia, xliii, Pl. XXXII, 2, opposite 1s 449; Montelius, ibid., xli, 106; Evans, Ancient Bronze Implements, 1881, 223: B.A.P. 1, 0.9: WAL xxxvile ls Nora 4 Ashmolean Museum N.C. 507. 8} inches high. Illustrated by Montelius, Arch@ologia, xli, 106, Fig. 30; by Thurnam, 707d., xliii, 393, Pl. XXXI, 2; and by Abercromby, B.A.P., I, Fig. 24. Itis of interest to note that the Easton Down Beaker Settlement nearby has yielded B-beakers (W.A.M., xlv, 1931, 370; xlvii, 1935, 71). 5 Ashmolean Museum N.C. 207. This specimen agrees precisely with that in Mr. Guest’s painting. 6 Ashmolean Museum N.C. 461. See Thurnam, Archeologia, xliii, 429, Fig. 121. a eS Eueevank stevens, O.B.E., F.5.A., and John F.S.Stone, D. Phil: 179 shown in the painting, Plate IV, Fig. 2). According to the Antiquarian ana Architectural Year Book the wristguard was under the right arm. The distinction seems curious if the skeleton was crouched upon its side as shown by Thurnam. In the two later accounts another burial is described situated in the centre of the mound. It was a cremation, with a ‘‘ mixed metal spear- head bent towards the top, four iron arrowheads, and a small circular earthen vase.”’ The Arch. Journ. account mentions that the ashes were in a wooden box, which was reduced to powder. There is in the Ashmolean Museum a dagger (N.C. 429) which is slightly twisted towards the top (Plate V, e), asseen in Thurnam’s sketch in Archeologia, xl, 361, Fig. 41, but wrongly ascribed to Cholderton. The ‘‘ fouriron arrowheads ”’ are difficult to account for, butas Captain C. Musgrave of Exeter College, Oxford, has recently pointed out to us ‘‘since Mr. Hutchins would appear to have excavated the barrow by that worst of all methods, mining from the top, it is possible that he confused his evidence and associated two quite separate burials. There seems to be no reason to doubt his description of them as arrowheads, for in spite of his methods of excavation and his failure to label all his finds or describe them adequately,he seems to have been an excellent archeologist according to his lights, and indeed far in advance of his time.”’ INDENTIFICATION OF HUTCHINS’ BELL-BARROW OF CHALK. Until recently the identity of Hutchins’ bell-barrow had not been established with certainty. Re-excavation would of course settle the matter beyond dispute, but this has so far not proved possible. Fortunately, however, there are other methods of approach. On page 211 of Modern Wilts the situation of the barrow is described as ‘‘ seven miles to the east of Sarum, near Winterslow Hut Inn inclosures, on a point of land within a yard or two of the Idmiston road, which leads into the Salisbury turnpike. This Barrow may be easily indentified, as another, somewhat smaller, adjoins it like a twin Barrow : and, as a further guide to the spot, there stands (a few yards to the west) one of collossal size.’’ In his description of the opening of the colossal barrow on page 210, Hutchins says ‘‘ I mean, some future day to complete this Barrow, and its partner of the same height, which is a little to the west of it. A few yards to the east of this Barrow may be seen the Bell-Barrow of Chalk.’ These remarks limit the field of inquiry considerably as a glance at Plate VI will show. To the east of the enormous bell-barrow, Idmiston 23, are three barrows (here numbered 1—3), whilst to the west of it lies the other large bell-barrow, Idmiston 22, mentioned by Hutchins. In Hutchins’ day the Idmiston and Allington roads were in use and were no doubt clearly visible, but to-day both are disused grass covered tracks, and in places barely recognizable. Just outside the Winterslow Hut enclosures these old roads join before entering the main Salisbury —London road, and it will be seen that the three barrows Nos. 1—3 lie in a point of land which answers to Hutchins’ description exactly. 180 The Barrows of Winterslow. This point of land is a prominent feature owing to the conformation of the surrounding ground and owing to its being bounded by the two ancient sunken tracks. Consequently, in the thickly matted downland grass which has never been ploughed, barrows Nos. 2 and 3 have some- what the appearance of twin barrows. Actually, however, they are dissimilar. No. 2 is a bowl-barrow 52 feet in diameter and about 2 feet high : it does not look as if it had been opened. No. 3 on the other hand is an undoubted bell-barrow about 4 feet high with surrounding berm and wide ditch. In places, traces of a bank outside the ditch are still visible, and, from its uneven surface, there can be little doubt that it has been opened. Measured from the inside edges of the ditch the diameter of this barrow is about 90 feet which is comparable with Hutchins’ 28 yards (28 feet in Modern Wilts is no doubt an error). In order to settle the matter an aerial photograph of the group was specially taken in 1934. This showed clearly that the only recognizable bell- barrows! in the Winterslow Hut group are Idmiston Nos. 22 and 23, and Winterslow No. 3; and that Winterslow No. 2 is an ordinary bowl- barrow similar in all respects to others in the Winterslow Hut enclosure. It is therefore concluded that considerable justification exists for identifying Hutchins’ bell-barrow with Winterslow No. 3 in our pro- posed notation. ANNOTATED LIST OF THE WINTERSLOW BARROWS. The majority of the barrows here recorded have recently been included in the Ordnance Survey map Celtic Earthworks of Salisbury Plain—Old Savum, 2nd Edn. The abbreviation O.M. is used for the Ordnance Survey map 6-inch scale, 1926—27 Edn. Round Barrows. See Plate VI for the position of barrows Nos. 1—19; also O.M. LXI Sa and ey ll aN a 1. Very small unploughed bowl-barrow, 17 feet in diameter and 2 feet high. Apparently undisturbed. 2. Goddard’s Idmiston 23a. Unploughed bowl-barrow. No signs of a ditch. See above for dimensions and references. . 3. Goddard’s Idmiston 23b. Hutchins’ Bell-Barrow of Chalk. See above for dimensions, references, and contents. 4. A well defined but half-ploughed barrow, since a fence runs over it. Trees are growing on the other half. 5. A small ploughed-down barrow visibie at ground level. The surrounding ditch is well defined on aerial photographs. 6. A large ploughed-down barrow, very well defined on the ground. The ditch is plainly visible from the air. 1QOn the subject of bell-barrows in general, including those now under discussion, see L. V. Grinsell, Proc. Prehist. Soc. East Anglia, vii, 1933, 203. By Frank Stevens, O.B.E., F.S.A., and John F. S. Stone, D. Phil. 181 7. Although the ditch of this barrow is clearly defined on aerial photographs, the barrow itself is not now recognizable on the ground. 8. A well defined barrow on the ground, although somewhat ploughed- down. The ditch is visible from the air. 9. Almost ploughed out, but the ditch is clearly visible on aerial photographs. 10. The ditch is well marked on aerial photographs, but the barrow is not recognizable at ground level. 11. A very large and well defined barrow on the ground, half-covered with trees and half ploughed-down. 12. The encircling ditch is very clearly marked on aerial photographs and rabbits are active in it, but the barrow has completely dis- appeared. An indefinite circular marking on certain photographs just to the N.N.E. of this barrow may be the remains of another, but it is not recognizable on the ground. 13—15. Three large bowl-barrows much ploughed down but clearly visible on the ground. To the east of No. 14 a marking is visible from the air which may be another. 16. A small barrow circle visible from the air, but nothing can be seen on the ground. 17. A well defined but ploughed-down barrow. The ditch and apparently the central cist can be seen from the air. 18. Visible from the air, but unrecognizable on the ground. 19. This looks ike a barrow on the ground and has been recorded as such in the 2nd Edn. of Celtic Earthworks of Salisbury Plain—Old Sarum, but it is not well defined on aerial photographs. The field in which barrows Nos. 16—19 are situated is somewhat uneven, although it is under the plough. 20. This barrow, which is 23 feet in diameter and 2 feet high, is situated amongst the Early Bronze Age huts on Easton Down, and was dis- covered and excavated in 1931 (Man, 1934, 51, 52 and 53; reprinted in W.A.M., xlvi, 1934, 563). It contained in achalk-cut cist the solitary skull of an adult Beaker man of Early Bronze Age date, together with a flint artefact suggestive of a phallus. The burial is an interesting instance of cephalotaphy or solitary head burial. Not shown on O.M. LXI S.E. 21. A Middle Bronze Age urnfield on Easton Down discovered and excavated in 1932 (W.A.M., xlvi, 1933, 218). It consisted of a long low cairn of flints 60 feet long by 20 feet wide. In it were seven cremations, four being in urns of degenerate overhanging-rim type. The largest urn contained a necklace of faience, amber, and lignite beads, together with a small bone pin or awl. It was the discovery of this segmented faience bead that suggested the study of such beads which is published in Archgéologia, |xxxv, 1936, 204. Not shown on O.M. LXI S.E. ViOl. XLVIII, NO. CLXVIIL. N 182 The Barrows of Winterslow. 22. A small barrow 27 feet in diameter and 6 inches high, discovered on Roche Court Down and excavated in 1931 (W.A.M., xlv, 1932, 576, barrow 1). It was probably a memorial or cenotaph barrow of Anglo-Saxon date. Not shown on O.M. LXI S.E. 23. Also on Roche Court Down and an exact duplicate in dimensions of No. 22, from which it was separated by 9 feet (zbid., 578, barrow 2). A Saxon skeleton lay beneath in a large cist 8 feet 6 inches long by 5 feet 6 inches wide and 2 feet deep. With the body had been buried an iron knife of 6th century date, the remains of a buckle or clasp, and the leg bones of a sheep. Not shown on O.M. IDX Sie 24. This barrow, also on Roche Court Down, had been previously dis- turbed (bid 5718; barrow 3)... The remains or 2 cecondary, inhumation overlay the disturbed cist which contained a flint scraper and a few fragments of coarse Middle Bronze Age ware. 25. Goddard's Ir. Cobhill “Barrow,” north of ther Roman road at Middle Winterslow, and just N.W. of Middleton Farm. OM. TD XeVAIN SED: 26. A very much ploughed-down barrow 800 feet north of the point on the Roman road where the Idmiston, Pitton, and Winterslow parish boundaries meet. O.M. LXVII1 N.W. Long Barrows. The only known long barrow in Winterslow Parish was discovered in 1934 by Mr. Whitters of the Ordnance Survey on an aerial photograph, where it appeared as a sort of smudge. It was subsequently visited and verified by Mr. O. G. S. Crawford, and has been recorded as barrow _ No. 57A on the O.S. maps, Celtic Earthworks of Salisbury Plain—Old Savum and Map of Neolithic Wessex. Situated in the middle of a field about 380 yards south of Dunstable Pond it is now very much ploughed down though clearly recognizable, and is orientated N.E.—S.W. It is approximately 250 feet long by 90 feet wide, and is from 3 to 4 feet high. O.M. LXVII N.W., Lat. 51° 5’ 40’, Long. 1° 40’ 45” W. While this article was in the Press, Mr. W. H. Heath of Upton Dean has very kindly placed Mr. Guest’s oil paintings of the Winterslow Barrow contents on permanent loan in the Salisbury Museum. 183 TWO RECENTLY-DISCOVERED FRAGMENTS OF PRE-NORMAN CROSS SHAETS IN_S.: WILTS. By dk. S: NEWALT 2 SA! PtANGING IJANGEORD CROSS “SHAFT. I have to thank to Mr. Perrett, of Hanging Langford, for calling my attention to this stone which he found built into a cottage there. The stone in its present state is 2 feet 5 inches long, 114 inches wide, and 7% inches thick. The original width would have been about 134 inches at base and 12 inches at the top. Its sides have been cut down when it was used as a building stone, part of the ornament having jpeemmcutoim thetace:.. The back. is now redressed.. The taper of-the stone suggests a cross shaft. The following note has been kindly supplied by Mr. T. D. Kendrick. ‘This is the only example in the south of England that shows the double plant scroll passing into a lifeless interlace-pattern. This treat- ment of the hving plant-form can be found in Northumbrian sculpture in the middle of the eighth century but the Hanging Langford stone, which introduces the Stafford Knot and advanced interlace details into the loops between the two stems, is probably early or mid-ninth century work and is more closely connected with the plant-and-interlace patterns that are to be seen in Carlovingian manuscripts ene with the eighth century Northumbrian style.”’ This stone has now been placed in Steeple Langford Church for preservation. TEFFONT MAGNA STONE. This stone is only 10 inches. long; it was found while making the garden of Mrs. Heynes’s house which adjoins the Church. Mr. Kendrick says :—‘‘ This is a fine piece of West Saxon interlace of the late ninth century ; probably carved in the reign of Alfred the Great. The style closely resembles that of the great cross at Ramsbury ; but the design differs in that the figure-of-eight knots are arranged in slanting rows instead of in vertical series. It is the only example in England of an interlace of this type and is therefore an exceedingly interesting sculpture.” Mrs Heynes has. consented to give this stone to the Church at Teffont Magna for preservation. 1 The Society is indebted to Mr. Newall for the cost of the blocks illustrating these notes. N 2 184 Two Recently-discovered Fragments of Pre-Norman Cross Shafts Fragment of Pre-Norman Cross Shaft. Hanging Langford. Fragment of Pre-Norman Cross Shaft. Hanging Langford. Yi Teffont Magna. iy, agment of Pre-Norman Cross Shaft. c Fr HE WALKER BEQUEST. By Mrs. M. E. Cunnineton, Hon. F.S.A., Scot. Among the various objects collected by the late Rev. F. G. Walker, rector of Upton Lovel, and given to the Society by Mrs. Walker, as notified in the Magazine (xlvii, 666) are those described below. 12 Byte Rl ce OBJECTS FROM CoLD KITCHEN HILL. ALL Two-THIRDS ACTUAL SIZE. 1. An unusual brooch to be found in Britain being of an Italian early Iron Age type, dating round about 500 B.C. The distinguishing features of the type are the long catch plate, the unilateral three coiled spring and the highly arched bow ; the catch plate sometimes ends ina knob or turned-up end. Quite a number of early Italian brooches, not all of the same type, have been found in Britain. It is stated in the British Museum Guide! that in addition to the British Museum ‘‘no less than seven other museums in the British Isles possess Italian specimens presumably found in our soil.”’ One in the British Museum was found at Box, Wilts, and there are in the Museum at Devizes two others, one from the site of the Roman villa at North Wraxall, and the other from Baydon, also a well-known site for finds of Roman date.2. The settlement on Cold Kitchen Hill, there is good reason to believe, lasted from the early Iron Age (Iron Age A) throughout the Roman period. It is difficult to understand how these early Italian brooches reached our shores, especially as so many of them have been found on sites occupied in Roman times. Were they brought by individuals or traders while still in fashion in Italy, or were the patterns revived at a later period ? It has even been suggested that occasionally a Roman might have brought with him an antique trinket; but how many British to-day, intending settlers or officials, going to Australia or Canada, would take with them trinkets some 500 or 600 years old? It is certain, moreover, that no object as fragile as a brooch could have been in use for 500 years or more. 1 Guide to the Early Iron Age, 1925, p. 93. * Devizes Museum Catalogue, Part II. 1934, p. 201—2; Fig. 33; 2p. 218—9, PI. lxxi, I. 186 The Walker Bequest. \ | | | } | \ | | } | \ iy ) oat | } i} Ht } | ; | i} = >, Ay Dy oth hh, Listy | | me ann a Rh | ot Paramore @'\ | aa Hane 4 | ai UDR IA ri | EH AA Hota | : eb Spo dN , | nic! ae, Si (tyres Henne Vey rf Pirate I—Objects from Cold Kitchen Hill 3. By Mrs. M. E. Cunningion, Hon. F.S.A., Scot. 187 - It seems, therefore, on the whole more probable that these early brooches were brought over here while still in vogue in Italy 1 There is also in Mr. Walker's collection from Cold Kitchen Hill given to the Society an imperfect brooch with unilateral spring, i.e., the coils of the spring are on one side of the bow only; unfortunately it is too imperfect to allow of its type being further identified. 2. Bronze dress fastener; a hook at each end of a thin plate of bronze ; there is a similar but more elaborate object of the same type in the Brooke collection in the museum; these “‘ dress fasteners” are not uncommonly found among objects of Romano-British date.? 3. Ring of thick bronze wire twisted spirally. A clumsy finger ring? Pitt-Rivers illustrates an iron ring with four spirals and describes it as a ferule (Excavations, II, p. 134, Pl. civ, 18). 4. Harness mounting? There are two rivets at the back for attachment to wood or leather. 5, 6. Two small bell-shaped object ts of bronze with loops at the top ; whether they are actually bells is uncertain, as there seems no attachment for a clapper inside the “ bell.”’ 7. Hook of twisted bronze wire. 8. Crescent-shaped ornament of thin bronze plate; there were three rivets at the back for attachment to some material—leather or wood ? 9,10. 11. Three bronze buckles, which from their shapes might be of almost any date, but as no objects later than the 5th or 6th century A.D. are known from this site they are probably Romano-British. PLATE II. Corp KitcHEN Hitt Except Fics. 9, 10 ann II. ALL THREE-FIFTHS ACTUAL SIZE. - 1. Iron ring-headed pin of somewhat rare type, but similar to one of bronze and another of iron from the same site: one of iron was found at Park Brow, Sussex, and was there dated to about 300 B.C. See Devizes Museum Cai., Part II, 1934, p. 127, Fig. 22; W.A.M.., xliii, p- 187, Pl. tx, 1 ; Archeologia, vol. lxxvi, p. 12. 2. Iron ring-headed or swan-necked pin of usual type 3. Half of an iron bridle bit. 4. tron needle. 5. 6. Two iron arrowheads, socketed. 7. Iron Spearhead with split socket ; probably a hunting spear 1 A brooch closely resembling the one from Cold Kitchen Hill is illustrated by Montelius from Trevi, province of Perugia. La Civilisation Primitive en Italie, Series A, Fig. 134. See also W.A.M., xxxv, 394— 5, Figs. 1, 2; Dechelette’s Manuel D’ Archeologie, 11, p. 847, Figs. 2 Devizes Museum Catalogue, Part II, 1934, p. 224—5. ear 188 The Walker Bequest. si 4 HN yth iB S Bee nt Yon y teal) A el { Ault y A } Sat SA Battlesbury. 3 — regs PCA) ( Gy aA By Mrs. M. E. Cunnington, Hon. F.S.A., Scot. 189 8. Socketed blade of triangular form—a knite? The socket is so arge that it must have held a substantial handle that was secured with rivets. A piece of the wooden handle is still retained in the socket preserved by the impregnation of iron rust. 9—10. Two split rings of iron found at the feet of a skeleton near the western entrance to Battlesbury Camp in 1920. 11. From the Rectory garden, Upton Lovel, a bronze buckle; this has a patina usual to objects of Roman date, but there are very similar buckles of the 17th century, A.D. Sherds of undoubted Romano-British pottery, however, have been found in this garden. I THE ‘‘Circus’”’ on KNook Down. Among the Rev. F. G. Walker’s papers given to the Society is a plan with sections of the pit-like depression in the ‘‘ British Village ’’ near Knook Camp. This was believed by Mr. Walker to have been the ‘Circus’ or meeting place of the village.1 Though nothing seems to have been published, apparently Mr. Walker did some excavation in the ‘‘Circus,’’ for the depths of various soils are shown in the sections, and at the bottom of the pit the position of what is described as ‘‘ Skeleton of Bos longifrons.’’ There are also some notes written in on the plan giving information of what was found but unfortunately none of the pottery, etc., can be identified. There are also seven photographs showing different views of the -“Circus~ ‘before excavation. CASTLE BARROW. Among the same papers is a plan with sections through the mound of a small barrow apparently opened by Mr. Walker; he calls it ‘Castle Barrow,” and shows it as lying about half-way between Knook Stone and the “‘Circus.”’ 2 The barrow is not shown on the 6-inch Ordnance maps; it appears to have been a low mound less than 3ft. in height, and some 33ft. in diameter, surrounded by a ditch some 2}ft. deep: under the centre of the mound a grave is shown in section cut some 4ft. deep into the undisturbed chalk below the mound; a note says that at the bottom of this grave fragments of a badly crushed cinerary urn were found and burnt human bones described as those of a child. Some of this pottery has been preserved and is of coarse handmade Bronze Age type. The extent of the excavation in the mound is not shown. Complementary to the two drawings described above there is an enlargement of the 6-inch map showing the positions of the ‘‘ Circus,” ‘““Castle Barrow,’’ and Knook Stone, scale 12 inches to 1 mile. 1 The village from its lay-out and finds on the surface seems to be mainly Romano-British in date, but it may be of earlier foundation. 2 This stone, apparently a sarsen, lies in the N.W. corner of the parish of Upton Lovel, where “Old Ditch’’ running east to west con- nects with a similar ditch running roughly north to south. 190 The Walker Bequest. EXTRACTS AND NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF UPTON LOVEL. The following MS. papers collected by the late Rev. F. G. Walter, were given to the Society by his family in 1937. Notes and extracts from various sources relating to Upton Lovel and its neighbourhood. A list, over 90 pages in length, of ‘‘ Ancient Deeds”’ connected with the parish and the Lovel family. MS. book containing notes on the history of the parish. List of some of the rectors of Upton Lovel from 1387—1730. MS. book containing extracts of Wills of people of Upton Lovel and. its neighbourhood dating from 1552 to 1905. Notes on tombs, coats of arms, etc., in the church (10 pages). Notes on pedigrees, etc., of the Hickmans, Moggs, and Rileys. Terrier of the Rectory, 1671 (copy). Notes on Deeds. Enclosure awards, 1821 and 1825 (copies). “Corton Place Names,’’ being abstracts from copies of deeds in the possession of Mr. W. Ford of Corton. Notes on the Lovels of Lillingstone Lovel, Bucks, and other Lovels. Notes on the Lovels of East Harling and Barton Bendish, Norfolk. Manors of the Lovel family in 1485. Extracts from churchwarden’s account book, 1738—1821. Ditto 1796—1877. Repairs to church 1796—1877, from churchwarden’s books. List of churchwardens 1608—1929. List of overseers 1738—1892. List of haywardens and guardians 1865 —1892. Burnett’s or Birkeledd’s Alm House, !738—1820. From church- warden’s books. Deed, Lease of rectory dated 1720. Record of rights of way in the parish ; a copy of that deposited with the Warminster and Westbury Rural District Council, 1935. é ‘9ORBT ‘TAQUIDAON ‘xog }e 4o0T}S Ot} UT ST[eq YornyD sy} Jo sa1qT{, i 4 ne ; is a i i= a PS i 191 NOTE ON BOX CHURCH BELLS. By A. SHaw MELvor.! In November, 1936, three of the four bells in the belfry of the Church of St. Thomas-a-Becket, Box, Wilts, were removed from the tower for tuning and repair. While they were awaiting removal to the foundry, the opportunity was taken to have them photographed, and the accompanying Plate is the result. On the left hand side of the Plate is No. 1, the treble. Next to it is No. 3, and on the right hand side is No. 4, the tenor. All four bells are described in Mr. H. B. Walters’ book ‘‘ The Church Bells of Wiltshire,’ 2 but in case some readers have not access to this work, I quote his description. ‘Four bells. 1, ANNO DOMINI 1617 (35hin.) 2. (Crown) AL PRAISE BE+GEVEN TO GOD TG (39Hin.) SEONG aA WA? TE REeNA SORA? PRO: NOBISi K-+-Y (43in.) AiWine border “above) +LAVs. DEO, VN..ET. -TRINO. INSECVLA. SECVLORYVM -: Below, Royal Arms and 1610 (47in.) Ist and 4th by Roger Purdue; Royal Arms as Fig. 30, without borders. The Ist was badly cracked in 1900, and is a bad casting. 2nd by lL. Getteries,s- 3rd by “ Ri l.’> both of Bristol..’.All in, bad condition in 1900.”’ As Mr. Walters states in his book, there are neither name nor initials of the founder on No. 1 and No. 4, but from the type of bell, the dates, and from the presence on No. 4 of the Royal Arms, he concludes that these two bells are either by Roger or Richard Purdue, the former of whom flourished in Bristol about 1601—1640, and the latter at Stoford and Glastonbury about 1600—1640; Mr. Walters gives his preference to Roger Purdue. With regard to the founder of No. 3, all that we know about him is that his mitials were RI... Mr. Walters places R.T. at Bristol, about 1480—1500. All four bells were in bad condition in 1900; this has probably been the case for a long time, and none of the bells have been swung for at least fifty years. As can be seen in the photograph, No. 1 is extensively cracked, and apparently an attempt has been made at some time either 1 The Society is indebted to Mr. Shaw Mellcr for the cost of the block illustrating this note. 2.“ The Church Bells of Wiltshire, their inscriptions.and history.”’ H. B. Walters, Devizes 192 as Note on Box Church Bells. J to fill in the’crack, or to improve the cracked tone, by chipping away the edges of the crack. In addition, the cannons of this bell have been either accidentally broken away or intentionally removed at some period, and the bell has been attached to the head-stock by the crude method of drilling four holes in the crown of the bell, and bolting it to the head-stock by four long iron bolts. It is unlikely that the tone of No. 1 was improved by these proceedings! No. 41s also much cracked, though the cracks are not visible in the photograph. No. 3 is a sound casting, and is merely being removed for tuning. It is interesting to note that these are the actual bells that were being rung in the tower of Box Church on the occasion when John Thrift, a parishioner of Box and a relative of the then Vicar, Walter Bushnell, was accidentally killed in the belfry on September 13th, 1646, either through being struck by a swinging bell, or by falling down a ladder. An account of this occurrence is given by Walter Bushnell in the book he published in 1660 entitled ‘‘ A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Commissioners appointed by O. Cromwell for ejecting scandalous and ignorant Ministers in the case of Walter Bushnell, Clerk, Vicar of Box in the County of Wilts, wherein is shewed that both Commissioners, Ministers, Clerk, Witnesses have acted as unjustly even as was possible for men to do by such a Power, and all under the pretence of Godliness and Reformation.”’ 193 NOZES. Inventories of Poor People’s Furniture at Clyffe Pypard, 1767. A certain number of inventories of the contents of large and important mansions, of inns, and of other well-to-do houses in the 17th and 18th centuries, have been printed in previous numbers of the Magazine. These, however, have not been concerned with the dwellings of the very poor. It seems, therefore, worth while to print the contents of a little MS. note book lately found in the smaller chest in Clyffe Pypard Church. Apparently, as the inventories were taken by the churchwardens and overseers of the poor, they were of cottages inhabited by poor people who were in receipt of relief. Or the 21 inhabitants concerned, Ann Swansborough and John Watts seem to have had an irreducible minimum of worldly goods. The latter indeed seems to have had neither a bed nor a candlestick. There was only one “ Coal Fire Grate,’’ all the others had andirons for wood fires, and so none of them required or possessed pokers, though most of them had tongs and a few had a fire shovel. Almost all had dough troughs, for they baked their own bread. The modern saucepan had not yet ousted the medieval iron pot used with hangers and crooks over the wood fire, and wooden trenchers still existed 1n most of the cottages beside the more aristocratic pewter and earthenware plates. Everyone seems to have possessed a skimmer whatever else he lacked, and several had warming pans. There were only four looking glasses amongst the twenty-one. Ironing boxes were usual. One man possessed an oil lamp which he probably had acquired from some better- most house. Salt boxes and pepper boxes were common, but mustard pots are not mentioned. Rather surprisingly two ‘‘ punch bowls”’ occur, but there is nothing to show that they were ever used for punch. Cupboards were scarce, and ‘‘ coffers ’’ evidently took the place of the modern chest of drawers. Everyone seems to have had a “ keever”’ (a large wooden tub), as well as a frying pan; only one gridiron is mentioned, and no clocks. There is a single close stool and one writing desk, and two wooden (harvesters ?) bottles. Neither knives, forks, nor spoons are mentioned. The only other articles of furniture seem to have been a table (rarely more than one), a chair or two, and an occasional joint stool or form. An inventory of the contents of even the poorest country cottage now- adays would contrast strangely with most of those printed below. April 21st, 1767. Inventory’s then taken of the houses © goods of the following persons by the churchwardens & overseers of the poor of the Parish of Clyffe Pipard in the County of Wilts, &éc. Rebecca Teagle. 1 House, 2 pewter plates, 6 earthen plates, 1 Dough Trough, 1 Cupboard, 1 pair of Andirons, 1 pair of Hangers, 1 Barrel, 1 Frying Pan, 1 Iron Bowl, 1 Chair, 1 Bed and Beding, | Bedstead and iped, «3 Boxes. 194 Notes. Mary Theobald. 1 House, 5 Pewter Dishes, 9 Pewter Plates, 1 Frying Pan, 1 pair Andirons, 1 Fire Shovel; 1’ pair of Hangers G Crooks, 1 Warming Pan, 1 Funnel, 1 Tea Kittle, 9 Earthen Plates, 2 Cupboards, 2 Brass. @ 2 Iron Candlesticks, 2 Steels (2), 1 Spitt, 2 Barrels, 1! Iron Pot and Skimer, 1 Beef Fork (?), 1 Joynt Stool, 1 Bed & Beding, 1 Bed & Bedstead, |! Coffer; 3 Boxes, 1 Oval Vable; 1 little’ Dowsh trough, I -Keever. Rebecca Sherer. 2 Hangers, 2 Crooks, 1 pair of Tongs, 1 pair of Bellows, 2 andirons, 1 Spitt, 1 Brass Ladle, 1 Brass Pepper Box, | Iron- Box, 1 Iron Candlestick, 1 Dough Trough, 2 chairs (?), 2 Pewter Plates, — 6 Earthen Dishes, 1 Brass Pot, 1 Iron Pot, | Skimer, 2 Earthen Plates & a Bason, 1 Pail, 2 Tea Pots, 2 Dishes & Saucers, 2 Earthen- Pitchers and Pans, 1 Keever, 1- Table, 1 Cupboard, 1. Earthen Culliner, 1 Frying Pan, 2 chairs, 1 Tubb, | Barrel & Barrel Horse, 1 Coffer, 2 Bedsteads and Beding. Mary -Hayward. il) louse, 2) Brass. Kattles, 1) Bell iBrascmeot 2 Pewter Dishes, 7 Pewter Plates, 1 Skimer, ] Brass Ladle, 1 Cupboard, 1 Tubb, 2 Keevers, 2 Chairs, 1 pair Bellows, 2 Andirons, 2 Hangers, 2 Crooks, 1 pair Tongs, 1 Hanging Glass, 1 Iron Hoop’d Buckett, 1.Table, 1 Form, 1 Frying Pan, I Spitt, 1 Steel, 2 Beds, Bedsteads © Beding, 1 Coffer. Since discharged. John Butler. 1, House, I Iron Pots 1 Skimer,, 1) Chaim shlanger, 1 tronme Box; 2 Clamips,.1 Wongs, I little Kattle 1 sPewter late 1 Bucket, 1 Looking Glass, 4 Barrels, 2 Tubbs, 4 Earthern Dishes, I Salt Box, 1 Dough Trough, | Table, 1 Coffer, 1 Bowl, 2 Bedsteads & Beding. John Blunden. 1 Spitt, 1 Warming Pan, 3 Candlesticks, 1 Pepper Box, 2 Cannisters, I Brass Ladle, 1 Ironing Box, 2 Clamps, 1 Hangers, 1 Chain Hanger, 1 pair Iron Dogs, 1 Dongs, 1 Fire Shovel, 3) chairs; 2) Joynt Stools; 2 Pewter Wishes, Do, 1 Plates 6 Barthenmriavesy 9 Trenchers, 2 Tea Potts and Dishes, 1 Form, 3 stools, 1 Slate, 1 Bellows, 1 Table, 1 Tin pan, 4 Barrels, 4 Tubs, | Large Brass Kittle, 1 Prying Pan, 62bsenchers, A Walle; 2 Weevers, Weck. l Handle Bowl, 1 Brass Pott, 1 Iron Do., 3 Buckets, 7 Earthenware Pans, 1 Brass Skillet, 1 Wooden Platter, 1 Skimer, 2 Bedsteads & Beding, 2 Trunks, 9 Boxes, 1 Cotter, | Mable Board, 1 Dough: Trough ce: George Greenaway. 6 lron Candlesticks, 1 Oil Lamp, 1| Spitt, 1 Iron Coal Grate, 1 Tongs, 1 pair Hangers © Crook, | Frying, 1 Lanthorn, 2 Wittle Kittles, 1 Cupboard, W Stool, 2-Chairs; 1 Lrough; i= Bewter Pottenger, | Punch Bowl, 6 Earthen Plates, 2 Tea potts, 6 cups, 1 Salt Box, 1 Bellows, 2 Andirons, 6 Barrels, 1 Box, Iron & Clamp, 1 Large Dough Trough, 3 Forms, 2 Barrel Horses, 2 Tables, l Knite Box, 2 Bedsteads and Beding, 3 Coffers, 2 Chairs (?), 1 Trunk, 1 Bucket, 1 Pail, 1 Wooden Platter. | Thomas Tuck. 1 Hanger, 1 Fire Shovel, 1 Tongs, 2 Andirons, 1 Box & Clamps, 2 Iron, Candlesticks, 5 Chairs, 6 @renchers; 7) Vables 1 Warming Pan, 2) Iron’ Potts, | Brass; Kittle; 1) Bucket le iulbia: 1 Frying Pan, 1 Barrel, 1 Box, 2 Bedsteads & Beding, &c. Notes. 195 John Watts. 1 House, 2 Hangers, 1 Cupboard, 3 Iron Potts, 3-Trenchers, 2 Earthen Platters, 1 Earthen Pan, 1 Frying Pan, 1 Form, 1 Coffer, &c. Peter Collett. 2 Iron Candlesticks, 1 Box Iron & Clamps, 1 Bellows, 1 Fire Shovel & Tongs, 1 Brass Ladle, 4 Earthen Platters, 1 Barrel, ierancers, | Brass Pot,'1 Iron Pott, 1-Skimer,-1 Barrel -25 Gall., -] Frying Pan, 6 TrencHers, 2 Forms, 1 Pail, l Table, 2 Bedsteads and Beding, 1 Chair, 1 Box, 1 Trunk, | Earthen Dish & Pan. Rebecca Snow. 1 Warming Pan, | Brass & 1 Iron Candlestick, 1 Hangers & Crook, 1 Brass Ladle, 1 Bason (?), | Frying Pan, | Tongs, Stand tora Box Iron, | Pepper Box, | /Trippet; 1 .Chair,. 1 Bellows, ieboxel tin-Pint, | Tubb, 2 Barrelsy l~ Bottle, -1 -Coffer, 2 “Boxes; 2 Bedsteads & a Trifle of Beding, 1 Table. Thomas Milsom. 1 pair of Hangers & Crook, 3 Chairs, 1 Table, Z Marthen Pans, 1 Iron Pot,.1 Handle Bowl, 1 Tubb, 1 Tunbowl (?), 1 Box, 1 Coffer, 1 Bedstead & Beding, 1 Large Brass Kettle, 2 Pewter Dishes, 6 Pewter Plates, 1 Keever, &c. Elizabeth Richens. 1 pair of Andirons, 1 Fire Shovel & Tongs, 1 Bellows, 1 Hangers, 4 Chairs, 2 Iron Candlesticks, 2 Cannisters, 8 Trenchers, 1 Lanthorn, 1 Coffer, 1 Dough Trough, 1 Joynt Stool & cover (sic), 1 Earthen Dish, 2 Tubbs, I Keever, 1 Pail, 1 Pot, 1 Skimmer, 2 Bedsteads and Beding, 1 Coffer, 2 Barrels, &c. Anne Swanborough. 1 Bedstead & Beding, 1 Box, 1 Chair. Isaac Ruming. 1 pair of Hangers, 1 Bellows, 1 Tongs, 1 Joynt Stool, 1 Iron Pot, 3 Pewter Dishes, 4 Plates, 3 Earthen Pans, 1 Bedstead & Beding. _ Grace Wicks. 1 Pair Hangers, 2 Crooks, 1 Bellows, 1 Tongs, 1 Brass iepper ebox,-l ‘Iron Candlestick, 4 Chairs, Il-~Table, 1 Iron Pot, 6 ianthen Pans, 2--Barrels,;-.1 Bucket, 6-Earth Dishes; } Frying Pan, 1 Skimer, I Large Cupboard, 1 lIron-& Clamps, 3 Boxes, 1 Trunk, 1 iKeever;,! Coffer, fb Tubb, 1 Bedstead & Beding. John Baine (?). 1 Bellows, 1 Hangers, 1 Iron Candlestick, 1 Tongs, 1 Large Cupboard, 1 Bedstead & Beding, House included, &c. Jiohmeviexander.-- | Iron Pot, 1 Brass, I Bell Brass. Do.,. 3 Large Pewter Dishes,-8 Pewter-Plates, 1 Lete Pail (?), 2 Tables, 2 Forms, 1 Salt Box, 1 Large Grindstone, 1 Large Chest, 6 Trenchers & Rack, 1 Frying Pan, 1 Warming Pan, 2 Wooden Bottles, 4 Earthern Dishes, 1 Close Stool, 1 Oval Table, 1 Writing Desk, 1 Large Chest, 1 Box, 3 Barrels, 1 Keever, | Tub, 2 Tongs, 1 Gridiron, 2 Bedsteads & Beding. Jacob Spackman, Bushton. 2 Hangers, 1 Iron Pot, 1 Tongs, 2 Bellows, 2 Andirons, 1 Spitt, 1 Ironing Box & Clamp, 1 Steel, 1 Brass, 1 Iron Candlestick, 1 Ironing Stand, 3 Chairs, 1 Looking Glass, 12 Earthen Plates, 2 Earthen Dishes, ] Punch Bowl, 1 Pewter Plate & Divers Earthen Wares, 1 Pewter Pottenger, 1 Table, 1 Fire Shovel, 1 Glass Cupboard, 1 Bucket, 2 Tubs, 1 Keever, 3 Bell Brass Pots, | Skimer, 1 Warming Pan, 1 Bacon Rack, 2 Earthen Dishes, 8 Trenchers, 3 Barrels & Horse, 1 Trunk, 3 Boxes, 1 Coffer, 2 Joint Stools, 2 Bed- steads & Beding, including the house &c. 196 Notes. Eliz" Greenaways House & Goods. The House, 2 Beds and Beding, 2 Tables, 1 Box, 2 Stools, 2 Chairs, 1 Pot, 1 Tea Kettle, . . . 1 Tongs, 1 Billows, 2 Candlesticks, 1 Cubord, 1 Coffer. Scratch Dials. There is on the west side of the porch o N. Bradley Church a scratch dial which is not mentioned in the lists of such dials printed in Vol. xlv, 227, 291, 533, of the Magazine. It has no doubt escaped notice owing to its unusual position, which is probably due to the stone being re-used when the porch was rebuilt. S. Do MS Dav ys: Mr. R. G. V. Dymock also reports that a scratch dial exists on the Churchyard Cross at Bremhill, and that there is said to be one at Chapel Plaister which he has not yet seen. Gospel Oak. As bearing upon the identification by Bishop G. F. Browne of the Cricklade ‘‘ Gospel Oak”’ with the spot where St. Augustine met the British Bishops from Wales in conference, it 1s interesting to note that in an exchequer document of 18 Chas. I, of which a copy occurs in Vol. ‘‘Chirton to Clyffe Pypard ”’ in the great collection of MS. notes on Wiltshire Genealogy by the late John Sadler,_ now in the Devizes Museum Library, the following evidence occurs as to the bounds of the Forest of Chute (p. 107), ‘‘Shereoakes extended from Manckhorne Corner to a place called the Gospel Oake, thence to Washbeards Corner, thence to Hatherden,’’ &c. This is one more proof that ‘Gospel Oaks ’”’ were not uncommon, and that they derived their name from the fact that they marked the spot at which portions of the Gospel were read during the perambulation of the boundaries. The Wishford Legend of Seven at a Birth. J7ve Illustrated London News of 25th Dec., 1937, has an interesting illustration of ‘‘A monument to the septuplets who were born in Hamelin in 1600.’ The father, mother, and five elder children are represented kneeling before the Crucifix, whilst seven swadled infants, lie, one separately and six others arranged in a row lying on a sortofsheet. It will be remembered that in Wishford Church in the Wylye Valley there is a monument to Sir Thomas Bonham and his family, and that a tradition exists in the village that after his return from a seven years’ pilgrimage in the Holy Land his wife had seven children at a birth who were all brought to Baptism in the Church in a sieve, which was after- wards hung up as a memorial in the Church. This German monument testifying to the fact of seven children born at a birth, together with the existence of the greatly-advertised Dionne Quintuplets in Canada, as well as reports in the papers of other examples in various parts of the world, seems to prove that there is no reason to regard the Wishford legend as a mere myth, but that it may well be therecord of an actual fact. Ee El GoppAarn: Bremilham Church. The N. Wilts Herald, 31st December, 1935, has a good view of the west end of this little Church, which is roughly 10ft. long by 8ft. wide. It has not been used for services for Notes. 197 50 years, but there was a funeral in 1904. After this the churchyard was closed for burials. This building is all that remains of the Parish Church of Bremilham alias Cowitch, oras it is now called Cowage, and it adjoins the farm of that name. It is now in Foxley parish, the parish of Bremilham having ceased to exist in 1884. The roof was last repaired by Sir George Holford of Weston Birt. The building has two windows, a western door and a plain bell turret over the door. It contains two mural tablets to the Thompson and Hillier familhes, a font and a bell dated 1729. Bronze Palstave from Plaitford. A palstave found by M. Moody in the garden of a house on the main road, almost opposite the school, Plaitford, near the county boundary, O.S. 6-inch map, LXXVIII, N.W., with no associated objects, is now in Salisbury Museum, and a drawing of it has been placed in the Society’s Museum at Devizes. It measures 23in. long by 1 fin. wide in the blade. Ithas deep slots, and is quite plain without ornament. The blade appears to have been worn away and rounded on one side, and the surface is much pitted. FE. STEVENS. The Seal of the extinct Borough of Great Bedwyn. This fine solid silver seal which has been in the custody of the Marquis of Ailesbury, measures 32 inches in height, and weighs 540z. av. It bears on the globular handle the inscription “ The Gvift of the Honorable Daniel Finch Esqr.” surrounding the crest of the borough, a Griffin passant or. The seal bears the inscription ‘The . Common . Seale . of . the. Corporation . of . Great . Bedwyn . Surrounding the arms of the borough, azure, a tower domed, argent, crest (as above). There are very faint traces round the boss of the handle of some engraved ornament, but it is not clear enough to show what it has been. It is illustrated, from a drawing by Mr. E Kite in W.A.M., vi, 271. The seal which is wholly of silver is in excellent condition and is pre- served in its original case of dark green shagreen with silver hinge. It was offered to the Society’s Museum by Lord Ailesbury, but the curator felt that under present conditions, its safety could hardly be guaranteed. In these circumstances it was offered to the Ashmolean Museum on indefinite loan, and it has been accepted by the keeper, on the condition that if and when Wiltshire has a museum where it can be securely preserved it shall be transferred to its own county. E. H. GoppDaRD. The Arms of Queen Anne in Box Church. In Professor Fawcett’s account of the Royal Arms in Wiltshire Churches printed in the last number, the remains of the Arms of Queen Anne in Box Church were described and illustrated (W.A.M., xlvili, 104). Since this account was written the missing panel has been very skilfully restored by Mr. G. Coakley, a London expert, and the arms will be again hung up in the Church. They appear to be rather a hatchment for Q. Anne than an ordinary specimen of the Royal Arms as usually WOL. (45.7)... ) as Custos of the chorister boys serving in our church of Sarisberie or his attorney according to the exigence and effect of our charter made for the said Custos on this behalf being prepared to hold as valid and well-pleasing whatsoever the same our attornies or one of them shall have done in our name in the aforesaid matters. By the testimony of these present which we have caused to be secured by the impression of our seal. Given at Poterneon the 24th day of August in the year of our Lord one thousand three hundred and twenty two and of our consecration the seventh. Seal, neatly perfect, of Bishop Roger de Mortival. By the late Canon Christopher Wordsworth and Dora H. Robertson. 203 6. Patent Roll 4 Edward ITI, Pt. I, m. 47 (1330). Feb. 10. Tower of London. Inspeximus and confirmation of the following letters patent of Roger, Bishop of Salisbury. (1) Dated Poterne, 5 February 1329, providing for the apportion- ment of the income of the parish church of Preshut, with its dependant chapel of St. Martin Marleberg, lately appropriated to the Keeper of the choristers of the Cathedral, subject to the right of the bishop, or chapter, in case of voidance of the see, to institute a vicar on the pre- sentation of the Keeper. Subsequent to the appropriation, John called Atte Stone of Fiffide, resigning his vicarage of All Saints, Chitterne, has been instituted as vicar of Preshut ; and for the purpose of assigning and apportioning the revenues of the church between him and his successors, the bishop, after due and careful enquiry, following the example of the appropriation made of the church of Bremele, ordains as follows: That, inasmuch as the keeper of the Choristers, by the statutes of the Church, must be a canon of the Church perpetually resident there, and would not so well perform his duties if he were re- quired to concern himself with the affairs of the church of Preshut, the vicar shall be the person to collect, levy and store within the rectory house all tithes, obventions, fruits and other things belonging to the church; that as the church of Preshut is of the yearly value of 30 marks, £20 shall be paid yearly to the said keeper in the hall of the choristers within the close on the 1 October, 1 January, 1 April, and 1 July, by equal instalments, from the 1 October next, while all other profits of the church shall remain to the vicar with the close and rectory : that the vicar shall pay 40s in stipends to the vicar celebrating divine service in Marleberge Castle and to the priest of St. Martin’s Chapel, and 20s. to the Cathedral, as of old hath been accustomed: that the vicar shall restore and rebuild the chancel when necessary, and be responsible for books, ornaments and other charges pertaining to the rectory: that in the case of any tithes or other quota charged on the church, the keeper shall pay on 20 marks, and the vicar on the residue of the tax- ation ; that every vicar upon institution shall bind himself by oath for the due payment of the said £20 to the keeper, and in case of default payment shall be recovered by sequestration. 7. Charta ov deed in the Muniment voom, dated 10th December 1323 from Ramsbury, consisting of letters patent from Bishop Roger to the Dean of Marlebergh, in answer to one from him. Exhibited and read in Chapter at Salisbury on 13th December. “Roger by Divine Permission Bishop of Saresbury to our beloved son . . . Dean of Marleberg interior, health, grace, and benediction. We have granted not long since the parish church of Preschut in our diocese, as his perpetual possession, for his own use, to ~.. :. ‘the perpetual Custos Choristarum of our Cathedral Church of Sar’ as to the patron thereof, for the sustenation of the said Choristers, having first obtained licence from the King, and with the concurrence of all (pre- liminaries) which are by law required on that behalf. And albeit the 204 Salisbury Choristers. said Custos hath acquired possession of the appropriation of the said church (of Preshute) obtained from Master Iswyn, at that time Rector, by the payment to be made each year, and which payment on that occasion We saw performed in our presence by the said Rector, such payment having been rightfully and in all respects duly ordained for him by Us, in our authority as Ordinary : Nevertheless in order that the business may be carried on with more solemnity and greater security of transaction, We do commit and enjoin to thee (the Dean of Marleberg) with the express consent of Master Iswyn, by this mandate of injunction, that since the said Master Iswyn hath now received a dignity with cure of souls in our Cathedral Church, thou shalt by our authority induct the aforesaid Custos or his proxy, into corporal possession of the said church (of Preshute) with all its rights, adjuncts and appurtenances whatsoever, and when he is (so) in- ducted, act in his defence, canonically compelling gainsayers and rebels by every kind of censure ecclesiastical. For all these purposes we do commission thee (the Dean of Marleberg) to act officially as our deputy invested with coercive powers. -. And in what manner thou shalt have carried out this mandate, do then report to Us within three days clearly by an open letter in reply, . treating every point in order. Fare thee well. Given at Ramsbury Park vi Id, Dec. (Dec. 8th) A.D. 1323, and of our consecration the 9th year. Bishop Roger goes on to say that he has received an (immediate) answer from the Dean Rural to this effect : ‘‘ By authority of this mandate ’”’ (which he recites at full length). “T went myself to the Church of Presshut and inducted the said Custos into corporal possession of the same with all rights thereto belonging, executing furthermore your (lordship’s) mandate with all respect ; all which matter I hereby do notify to your Fathership and to all such as this concerns. In testimony and for credence whereof I have attached to this letter the seal of my office (as Dean of Marleberg). Given at Preschut, Dec. 9th (1323).”’ The Bishop in his patent sent to the Chapter at Salisbury and dated 10th Dec., did not enclose the Dean of Marlborough’s letter to himself but only recited it, so we have not here the name of that official nor his seal of office. Also the Bishop’s seal has disappeared. Neither have we the name of the Custos Choristarum in this document. CAREER OF ROGER DE MortTIVaL. (Notes by the late Canon Christopher Wordsworth.) 8. Roger de Mortival had died on 14th March, 1329—30. The XVth century Obit kalendar gives that date, March 14th, as the day on which his obit was observed, and Bp. W. Stubbs recognises it (Registry. Sacrum Anglicanum 1897) as the day of his decease. | The entry in the Obit kalendar records the payments to be made for those who took part on March 14th at his yearly anniversary Mass at Salisbury, viz., 3s. to be shared by the Canons present and 4ob to one of the Vicars. By the late Canon Christopher Wordsworth and Dova H. Robertson. 205 Roger de Mortival had been Chancellor of Oxford University 1293, and at the time of his election to the bishopric of Salisbury by the Salisbury Chapter (on 23rd May, 1315: the mandate for hls enthrone- ment bears date 9th October, 1315, according to his Register II, p. 6): he had been Dean of Lincoln, 1310—15, having held successively certain prebends there, and the Archdeaconries of Huntingdon, 1288, and Leicester, 1295, in that diocese. As he held the prebend of Netheravon from 6th Feb., 1297—-8, until he became Bishop in 1315, he was eligible for election by Salisbury Chapter. But earlier in his lifetime he had succeeded his father or grandfather, Sir Anketill de Mortivall (sheriff of the counties of Leicester and War- wick), as lord of Noseley in the county of Leicester. In his manor- house at Noseley, Nousele or Gnousale, Sir Anketill founded a chapel and chantry about the year 1303. A few years later, Roger de M., about the year 1306, being at that time Archdeacon of Leicester, further endowed the chantry in the manor-house of that, his native place, where he was the last heir male of his line. The chapel, founded in 1274, was made a collegiate church and enlarged. It was dedicated in honour of the Ascension of our Lord and the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The college at Nouseley or Gnousale, according to the 1846 Monasticon, VI, part 3, p. 456, was richly endowed, and it maintained a Warden and Brethren, and was served by three priests, three clerks and four choristers. The priests had their separate prebends in Leicestershire, known as Morehall, Berley-hall, and Saukesworth or Andrewschaw. Although Bp. Roger de M.’s willis not found, the present Indenture supplies some information about certain details in it. And it is on record that his monument in Salisbury Cathedral bore a statement that he conferred many gifts on ‘‘ this church.” A large fragment (118 leaves, not entirely consecutive) ofa large Ponti- fical, which has found its way into the possession of the Bodleian, M. S. Rawlinson, C. 400 =12254, retains a note (Surtees Soc., 61, p. 199) which shows that the Bishop bequeathed it to each of his successors while they retained the see of Salisbury, on condition that the volume should come back “‘ faithfully’ to the Cathedral Church ‘‘B.M. Sarisbyrensi ”’ when each vacancy occurred. There are also books still at Merton which he gave to them, the Warden and Scholars, at Oxford. 9. A TRANSLATION, BY CANON WORDSWORTH, SOMEWHAT ABBRE- VIATED AND IN PARTS CONJECTURAL, OF A HARDLY LEGIBLE, STAINED AND NIBBLED INDENTURE RECORDING THE LEGACY OF SIR ROGER DE MortivaL, Lorp oF NousELEY, BISHOP OF SALISBURY, 1315—1330, FOR THE CHORISTERS AND THE VICARS. 21ST SEPTEMBER, 1344. IN THE NAME OF GoD, AMEN. This indenture witnesseth (21st September in Salisbury Chapter house) that it was the Will of Sir Roger de Mortivall of memorable fame, that after the gathering together of his lands, rents, and possessions 206 Salisbury Choristers, for the purpose of his Chapel of Nousele according to the tenor of his will, if there should be any noticeable residue sufficient for the purchase of a perpetuity (or permanent endowment) to assist the sustenance of the boy Chorusters of the Church of Salisbury after the payment of his debts and legacies, and enough after this provision for the Chorusters, a sum in residue to provide for the Vicars of the Church of Salisbury, so that each Vicar should receive one half-penny a day, over and above their customary payment from the Church, and so he made ede for them. And that a Canon who shall be appointed and deputed by the Chapter to be Custos Choristarum to give administration of the legacies to them and to the Vicars with consent etc. of N, the locum tenens, of M, the Dean for the time being. (Note. The reason for a locum tenens was. the fact that from 1297 until 1309 the Deanery was held by Peter de Sabaudia, a Savoyard who was usually non-resident, and from 1309 to 1379 by five Cardinals or other relatives of Popes who were provided by papal authority out of the revenues of the Deanery.) The Canon appointed Custos Choristarum could not speedily carry out the disposition of the Will, neither could the Vicars—nor indeed were either of them in law obliged to do this. (So) there arose a debate between these parties and the executors (of the late Bishop.) At length it was agreed by tl.ose parties with the express consent of the locum tenens and of the Chapter, to compound the matter in dispute as to the legacies bequeathed for the benefit of the Church and of the Choristers and not to be diverted for any other purpose. The argument was that the Choristers should have 100s. in perpetuity towards their maintenance and the Vicars 40(£). The executors paid down £500 Sterling in full, in the presence of the Canon (who was Custos Choristarum) and likewise of the Vicars, and of the locum tenens Decani, and of a notary public having apostolic authority, etc. Furthermore the Canon Custos Choristarum and also the Vicars all together and one by one made oath on the Gospels, in presence of the l.t. and Executors, that they will faithfully, and to the best of their power and as speedily as they can, make disposition of the £500 and no more unless they all agree in common according to the terms of the Will; also, that the money shall not be lent, in whole or in part, toany of the Canons, or Vicars, or any other person, nor alienated away for a a time or in perpetuity, etc., etc. It is their will, and they grant expressly, that in future when any Vicar is admitted, he shall at his admission take the like oath in presence of the Chapter, and swear that he will not at any time molest or incommode the Executors, or their heirs or their Executors, concern- ing any matter connected with the Will, nor to the best of his ability will he ever allow anyone to molest them, nor move any person to do SO. Wherefore we the 1. tenens, and Canons, the Chapter, and the Custos Choristarum, and the Vicars all and sundry, considering and lawfully By the late Canon Christopher Wordsworth and Dora H. Robertson. 207 knowing of a-surety-that this agreement and composition for the benefit and the good of the Church and of all and each of the Choristers and the Vicars and the Executors, have proceeded lawfully in good faith desiring equity and to recognise the truth, do acknowledge in the presence of the Executors that the payment of the £500 was made in full to the Custos Choristarum and to the Vicars, to our satisfaction in all respects, and by this writing we do render them and acknowledge them acquitted and discharged. The Custos Choristarum and the Vicars (in their turn) having the consent of the l.t. and the Chapter, do bind themselves and their successors. (Here follows a lengthy formula for the sealing of the document.) Given in our Chapter House of Salisbury on the 21st day of the month of September in the year of our Lord 1344. (The Notary’s Attestation) And I John de Hemingby clerk of the diocese of Lincoln notary public by apostolic authority was present when I saw and heard The authority and consent of N, the l.t., of M. the Dean, and of the Chapter, é the promises and words of agreement, the compounding for the legacies, the counting of the £500 and payment therof, the promise and the oaths of X the Custos, and of the Vicars their engagements, the (release) from legal proceedings, actions and quarrel or demands which are assailing or would assail them in reference to the legacies, their confessions and obligations of the Chapter’s common seal and all and sundry particulars afore mentioned together with the wit- nesses names below (Here follows a lengthy statement of the date, etc.) Present, N, the locum tens of M. the Dean, The Chapter of Salisbury, and X. the Custos Choristarum, The Vicars all and sundry, and the Executors mentioned (above). Present also the discreet persons Sir Robert de Whitlegh, priest, - Robert de Olney (or Oliey) Robert de Worke, Edmund Fitzjohn de Wynterborn, Master Henry de Lutegarshall, notary public by apostolic authority, and others in a great company called especially and invited as wit- nesses of the premises. (The notarial mark used by J. de Hemingby is neatly and firmly drawn in the lefthand margin.) 10. Papal Registers. etitions to the Pope, Vol. I (1342—1419), p- 235. 1352. II Clement VI (f. 107). The Chapter of Salisbury. Signification that in the Cathedral there are fifty-two vicars and fourteen choristers, whose portions are so small 7 208 Salisbury Choristers. that they are not enough to live upon, wherefore the chapter, in order to increase the vicars’ portion by $d. a day each, and the choristers’ together by 100s. a year, have bought the patronage of the church of Henney in the diocese of Salisbury, value £40. They therefore pray the Pope to grant a faculty to the Bishop, to appropriate to the chapter the said church, in which there is of old a perpetual vicar, so that the augmentation as above described may be carried out. Granted. Avignon, 8 Id. Sept. 6 Sept. 1352. Il. Patent Roll 26 Edward IIIf. Pi: I, m. I (1352). March 10. Westminster. Licence for the alienation in mortmain by the Prior and Convent of Longavill Giffard, aliens, to the Dean and Chapter of the Church of St. Mary, Salisbury, of the advowson of the church of Henneye, Co. Berks, held in chief, which is in the King’s hands on account of the war with France, and for the appropriation of the church by the dean and Chap- ter, on condition that these last pay daily to each of the Vicars of the Church of Salisbury 4d. and to the choristers of that church 100s. yearly beyond that which they now receive and that to this they be specially bound by the ordinance to be made for the appropriation of Henneye church. By K. on the information of the Treasurer. 12. Holmes Register, p. 10, par. 2. On May 21st 1395 in the Chapter the aforesaid reverend and discreet gentleman Master Ralph Selby, presented a paper schedule which he read, an ordination about and concerning other collects for the happy state of the Rev. John (Waltham) Lord Bishop of Sarum about which there is mention above in the Acts which were performed in the Chap- ter House on the 27th April, the original whereof should be placed and ought to be kept in the Archives of the said church, and at the contents of the schedule the Dean aforesaid and his brethren gave their assent. On the same day and place the Dean and Chapter consented that the Choristers of the said church for the time being or in the future, should chant every day the antiphon which begins St. Mary Virgin intercede etc, before the High Altar after compline before the chanting of the psalm De Profundis, so that the said choristers and their successors in each year should receive 6s/8d and their sub-master 2s, from the rector of the conventual house of Edyngdon and the convent of the said house for ever and in order to fulfill this, all and several canons aforsaid, for the honour of the glorious Virgin, and the reverend Father Lord John Bishop of Sarum, on the 27th day of May, gave their consent. 13. Tyvanslation of Archbishop Courtney’s Decree (deed in the Muniment Room at Salisbury, the Chorister’s box). | To all children of the Holy Mother Church who shall see these letters present William, by divine permission Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of all England and Legate of the Apostolic See, greeting in the Lord and continual remembrance of the thing done. By the late Conon Christopher Wordsworth and Dora H. Robertson. 209 By the tenor of these presents let it be known to you all that con- sidering the meritorious doings by which our venerable brother John, Bishop of Salisbury with pious devotion regarded the Choristers of the Cathedral Church of Salisbury, by the Dean and Chapter with the con- sent of the said Choristers, our own authority intervening, after con- versations it was agreed and it was ordained that in future times for ever, every day immediately after Compline has been said, all the Choristers of the said Church, unless illness or other lawful impediment prevents, should gather before the principal altar of the said Cathedral Church, and there kneeling, for a perpetual memorial of our venerable brother aforesaid, should sing with a loud voice the antiphon Sancta Maria Virgo with a verse Ova pro Nobis Sancta Dei Genitrix and the orison In omni tribulatione et angusta. After this chanting, let each say the Paternoster and Ave Maria, and that the Secondary Master of the said Choristers, on his admission to that office, should take his corporal oath that he will cause the said Choristers to perform this without fail all and everyone ; of which things ordained by the Dean and Chapter and Choristers themselves we authorise, approve, aud con- firm, and have decreed by these presents to be done, performed and observed in future times for ever. In witness and belief of all which, we have caused these presents to be ratified with our seal and the com- mon seal of the said Dean and Chapter. Given (written above, “as far as concerns the sealing ’’) in our Manor of Lambhyth the 24th day of the month of May in the year of our Lord 1395 and of our consecration the 14th. _ And we, the Dean and Chapter etc,—Given as concerns the sealing in our Chapter House in the 27th day of May in the same year. No. 14. Augmentation of Preshute. July 6th, 1560. : (Preshute Box, Muniment Room.) John (Jewel) by divine permission Bishop of Salisbury. We have heard from certain pious and trustworthy men very grievous complaints and deadly hatred more than that of Vatinius which have arisen not only these recent years but have increased in these years, between 2 parties, our Custos of the Choristers of the Cathedral Church and the parish Church of Preshute in our diocese and immediate juris- diction with its rights and appurtenances impropriate and annexed of the one party, and the Vicars Resident of the said perpetual vicarage of Preshute of the other party concerning the slender living of the vicarage itself and the stipend of £8 a year which is too small for bring- ing up a family. In the interests of peace we have appointed Mr. George Carew (elected Master of the Choristers 1559 and Precentor 1558) and Sir John Read clerk of the said Vicarage of Preshute who agree at Jength that the said Custos of the Choristers and his successors shall have all fruits rents and profits and all and every kind of tithes, greater and less, oblations, mortuaries and other ecclesiastical rights and emoluments whatsoever referring in any wise to the said Church of Preshute saving only those mentioned below. 210 Salisbury Choristers. The said perpetual vicar and his successors shall have and possess the houses and buildings in the cemetery of Preshute lately built with a portion of the said cemetery to be enclosed, also a certain close com- monly called the Vicar’s Close on the s. side of the house. In order that the said Vicar and his successors may be able to maintain his position they have agreed that the said Custos shall pay or cause to be paid to the Vicar every year £13 : 6 : 8 : of good English money by quarterly payments (etc. etc.). Precis. Custos to repair the vicarage... Vicar to pay tithes etc. Bishop asked to authorise this. When vacancy occurs, the Chapter shall present a suitable person chosen by the Custos, to be instituted by the Bishop. Ratification follows. Bishop reserves to himself and his successors the power to correct and reform the Statutes. Sealed by Bishop’s Seal 5th July 1560 in first year of consecration. The Chapter on 12th November 1565 ratified this. The Tilshead Endowment. 15. Frome Register, p. 157. May llth, 1724. Chapter Meeting. Before Canons Daniel Whitby, Dr. Wyatt, Richard Eyre and Thomas Coker. Agreed unanimously that nine hundred pounds a fifth part of which sume is belonging to the Choristers of the abovesaid Cathedrall Church be laid out in an Estate now the Estate in fee of the Reverend Mr. William Aishton of Prestwick in Lancashire Situate lying and being in Tidulside in the County of Wilts and also at the same time ordered that the Master of the Choristers conjointly with the Dean and Chapter abovesaid enter into articles with the Reverend Mr. Roger Key Agent for the said Mr. William Aishton in order for purchasing the same, the sixth part of the profitts of wch said Estate when purchased and Vested in the sd. Master of the Choristers and Dean and Chapter is unanimously declared to be for the benifitt use and behoof of a Librarian to be nominated by thesaid Dean and Chapter of Sarum in Chapter assembled and for good considerations the first nomination of such Librarian is now agreed by the Chapter to be made by Dr. Wyatt abovesaid. The other five parts of the profits of the abovementioned Estate so. as abovesaid to be purchased are for the property use benefits behoofs and advantage of the abovenamed Choristers of the sd. Cathedrall Church and for no other use whatsoever. SECTION II.—THE BOY BISHOP. The celebrations in connection with the Boy-Bishop (who at Salisbury was elected on December 6th, St. Nicholas’ Day, but did not officiate until December 28th, Holy Innocents’ Day) gradually lost their sacred character and by 1448 had degenerated into the rowdyism recorded in the following ‘“‘ Statute.’’ By the late Canon Christopher Wordsworth and Dora H. Robertson. 211 ad _ Appended is a list of all the names of Boy-Bishops which I found recorded in the Dean and Chapter Registers, with the oblations offered to them by the people. The boy was usually allowed to keep this money and it was often used for his better ‘‘ exhibition ’”’ at the Schools. The Boy-Bishop’s oblations were thus the medizval fore-runner of the present Choristers’ Exhibition Fund. Burgh Register f.37. Statute for restraining the insolence of the Choristers. Two Chapter meetings were held, on December 28th and December 30th, 1448, in the vestry and Chapter House respectively. Whereas a certain vicar of this Church, who was vicar of the Bishop’s stall and prebend of Poterne, did at the house of the Choristers, mortally wound a retainer of one of the Canons, while coming from this Canon’s house in company of a Chorister towards the Choristers’ dwelling about 8 (o’clock) at night, the unruly conduct (insolencia) of the boys who struck with sticks and also the abusive jesting of the vicars having given occasion to the said mishap, In order therefore to restrain and entirely (prevent) any such occasion or cause of such mishappening, the loss and disgrace (scandalorum) which might very likely occur hereafter, as in fact they have occurred already, from the unruly behaviour of the choristers and the mockery or abusive jesting of vicars and other servants of the Church jesting about (circa) the services in the Cathedral and outside it, on Innocents’ Day in the canonical hours of divine service, The Dean and Chapter thereupon ordained and decreed That from henceforward the Choristers one and all shall come by themselves to the dwellings of the Canons their masters to dinner or supper all Christmas-tide, in such sort as they have been used to do at other seasons To wit, they shall go back when dinner or supper are over, by them- selves to the Chorister’s dwelling, not escorted, led, nor accompanied by any retainer or servant of the Canon Also in immediate pursuance of the business the said Dean and Chapter ordered and decreed, That no Chorister shall carry a stick in the Church or in any place on the Feast of the Holy Innocents, for the purpose of striking any servant of the Church, nor any other person, nor shall he strike any one or make a noise (tumultum) during the said festival, on pain of forfeiting his habit. Also the said Dean and Chapter ordained and decreed That each vicar whose name is set on the list for such duty, for Divine Service on the Feast of the Holy Innocents, to read (a lesson), to sing or chant versicles shall read or sing as devoutly as they can to the honour and praise of God and of all the Holy Innocents, without introducing anything in the nature of mockery, howling or profanity (alicujus derisorii vel ululatorii vel laicalis) on pain of forfeiting their habit, ipso facto Also, seeing that at processions which are done at first evensong of St. Stephen, St. John, Childermas, and St. Thomas the martyr, with 212 Salisbury Choristers. silken copes, and wax candles lighted, going from the vestry to the altars of the saints aforesaid, the silk copes are very frequently damaged, and wax candles are broken and stolen and the allowance (custus) for daily expenditure has suffered encroachment, the Dean and Chapter ordained and decreed on pain of perpetual forfeiture of his habit ipso facto. That the Vicars one and all shall be present in the Choir and Church at all services by day and by night, and all the processions of the Saints aforesaid, to which according to the custom of the Church of Salisbury, the Vicars have been used and accustomed to wear silk copes and carry burning tapers The silk copes must be brought and the wax candles set standing (ready) in the quire. They who are to wear the said copes shall put them on in the Quire and take them off in the Quire, and must receive the wax tapers in the Quire and, after the procession is over, must give them back in the Ouire :— It should be stated in addition that the Presbyters in the procession of St. Stephen will walk in front in:their black copes and the Deacons will follow after wearing silk copes and carrying lighted tapers, in the procession to and fro. | On the Festival of John (the Evangelist) the Deacons will observe the like rule and order And the Choristers upon Innocents’ Day for the Childermas solemnity will take the prominent place and vestments for the procession, doing as the Deacons on St. Stephen’s Day, or the Presbyters on the Feast of St. John, have done Also whereas the Constitution of Ottobon rubric, Of clerks carrying weapons, prohibits clerks from carrying weapons of attack, on pain of excommunication, because such weapons oftentimes render those who bear them more prone to strike and embolden them to attempt other evil actions, The Dean and Chapter, in order to restrain such presumptuous atrocities on the part of those who carry weapons, and with a desire to avoid such mishaps as are of daily occurrence frequently, have further- more of their authority, ie. (in extension of the, then ecatime Constitution) ordained and decreed That no Vicar, or servant of the Church, shall carry weapons of offence within the precincts of the Close of Salisbury by day or by night unless it be in winter time when it occurs that they have to arise for matins (in the dark) ; under pain of perpetual forfeiture of their (choral) habit: unless he be leaving the Close on his way to distant parts, or be returning from some long journey. By the late Canon Christopher Wordsworth and Dora H. Robertson. 213 The Boy-Bishops and the Oblations offered to them on Innocents’ Day, but paid at the beginning of January. (Year reckoned according to modern calendar.) IN DATE NAME REGISTER OBLATIONS.- f s. d. 1389 William Hardegreave Dunham p. 88 = 1403 John Cornour Draper p. 3 46s. 2-6. 0 1420 John Fowler (ffouler) Harding f. 7. n. 49s. 4d. 2 9 4 1424 Thomas Rumsey 6 —— 1425 Martin Webbe 5 36s. 11d. 1 16 11 1426 Robert Wattys . 48s. 10d. 2 8 10 1427 John Husiot x £4 13s. 4d. 4138 4 1428 Thomas Edmund a — 1429 Richard Grene 4 73s. 94d. 3.13 9} 1441 John Charlying Hutchins p. 31 75S. 3.15 0 1442 Laurence Cokerell - p. 50 Lascsod: 3.1% 5 1443 John Savery = p.60 4 marks pa le Mia! 1444 William Wayte re p..72 6Jmarksld. 4 0 1 1445 Henry es p. 82 7 marks 413 4 1446 —— PS pe OF 4 marks 3s. 2 16 4 1447 Thomas —— a p.- 109 ‘73s. 4d. 3 13. 4 1448 Thomas Pye Burgh p. 9 —= - 1449 —— Ped 5 marks 216 8 1455 Robert Bremner oo pelts —— 1456 John Harper 5. 4p» b3d0 89s. Lld. 4 911 1465 John Clerke Newton p. 77 5 marks ZeloS 1471 Robert Brownrop Machon p. 51 4marks3d. 213 7 1472 Thomas Nuttebeame 7 p. 79 106s. 5 6 0 1473 William Whytmershe R: p. 102 60s. 3.0 O 1474 Stephen Lettecombe 5 p. 125 106s. 8d. 5 6 8 1526 Nicholas Hobbys Chor. Collector =—— SECTION III—MUSIC TEACHERS. The Residentiary Canon responsible for the welfare of the Choristers, under Bishop Roger de Mortival’s statutes, was known as the Custos Puerorum, or Magister Choristarum, and had to furnish an annual account at Michaelmas. His deputy, who lived with the boys in the Choristers’ House or Song School, was called the Submagister. At first he taught grammar, but later on the older boys had to attend the Chancellor’s Grammar School in Exeter Street. In pre-Reformation times the Submagister was a Vicar-Choral; the Singing-Instructor was non-resident, was paid a salary and wore the same “livery ’’ as the Choristers. It is probable that he was also the Organist, as there is no record of different men holding the two appointments. The Choristers were educated from 1554 onwards at the Grammar School in the Close. After the Reformation, stringent economy became necessary, Owing to the rise in the cost of living, and the loss of many perquisites. The MOL. XLVI, NO; CLXVIIL. P 214 Salisbury Choristers. Submagister was now called the Keeper of the Choristers; he was a Lay-Vicar and he taught the boys singing. In 1587, the three offices were combined in the person of John Farrant the elder, who became Organist on the death of the notorious Thomas Smythe and held the three posts until his flight in 1592. The offices were again separated in 1598, and it was under John Bartlett that the neglect of the Choristers came to a head. Thenceforth, until 1847, they lived in their own homes. After the Restoration, the offices of Singing-instructor and Organist were combined. Since 1847 the Choristers have been boarded with their schoolmaster. Appended are one pre-Reformation, and two post- Reformation Organists’ and/or Singing-instructors’ agreements, which are interesting as showing the development of music, and what was. expected in service to the Choristers, of the different functionaries. The inventory at the end applies to the goods in the Choristers’ House (now No. 5, The Close, the residence of the Organist) and shows what rooms there were in the house in Elizabethan times. The terms ‘the Byshope’s chamber ”’ and still more, “‘ the chamber within the Byshope’s chamber ’’ are very puzzling. It seems hard lines on John Farrant that he had to take over, in 1580, the same “‘ vj peyre of old torn Sheats ”’ that John Taylor was responsible for in 1569. The Choristers’ cows, whose ancestress was bequeathed by Precentor Thomas Bennett in 1559, appear in the last line. Sub-Magisters. Singing Instructors. Organists. (1419 Sir Peter Fadyr. 1428 __,, Robert Dryffeld. 435 _,, William Malton, | Succentor. 1440 ‘_,, John ffarle. 1461 ,, John Cook. 1461 John Caccherowe (or Catherowe). 1464 ,, Robert Lavyngton. 1463 John Kegewyn. 1463 John Kegewyn. 1468 ,, Richard Southsex. 1468 John Catherowe. TAO Sway. 1495-6 Alexander Bell. 1496, Pevesey. 1509 ,, Richard Whyttok. 1504-29? John Wevere. Phy ohm Surdoxs. 1519-30 Sir John Fryer. : 1530 Sir Laurence Mann. 1529 432? - Lhomia's 1538-43 ? Knight. Thomas Knight. 1549 , Richard Power or IRoonre: The above persons are known to have been holding their appoint- ments at the dates named. The only dates of actual appointment known are John Burdox in 1511, among the Sub-magisters, and John Kegewyn in 1463 and Thomas Knight in 1538 among the Organists. By the late Canon Christopher Wordsworth and Dova H. Robertson. 215 Post REFORMATION. Keepers of the Choristers Singing Instructors Organists. in 1558 Sir Beckwyth, in 1561 Robert Chamberlayne. 1566-69 Thomas 1566-87 Smythe. Thomas Smythe. 1569-71 John Taylor. 1569-71 John Taylor. (June—Sept 1571, Alicia Taylor). 1571— John Farrant the 1571-92 John Farrant 1587-92 John 92 elder Farrant. 1592-98 Richard Fuller. 1592-98 Richard 1592-98 Fuller: Richard Fuller. 1598-1621 John Bartlett. 1598-1621 John 1598 ?-1618 Bartlett. John Farrant the younger. Tt is not known if John 1621-29, John Holmes. 1618 ?-36 Holmes boarded the boys. Edward Tooker In 1634, in Laud’s Visitation, or Tucker. it was stated that ‘‘ they co- 1629 Giles Tomkins. 1636? Giles habit not as they should, and Tomkins. as longago they did, but not The exact date when Tucker handed fot late.” over to Tomkins is not known. In 1634 it was stated that of 7 lay- clerks, one was organist and another teacher of the Choristers. Post-RESTORATION. Organist and Teacher in Music. re-appointed 1660 Giles Tomkins. 1668-88 Michael Wise. On April 29th, 1668, Wise agreed to board the boys but on Oct. 8th it was decided to pay the boys salaries. Deputy Organists for Wise. Stephen Jefferys, 1677. Joachim Mitternacht, 1679. 1688 Peter Isackes. 1792. Joseph Corte. 1692 Danie! Rosingrave. 1804 Arthur Thomas Corfe. 1700 Arthur Walkeley. 1863 John Richardson. 1718 Edward Thompson, 1881 Bertram Luard Selby. 1746 John Stephens. 1883 Charles Frederick South. 1781 Robert Parry. 1917 Walter G. Alcock (knighted 1933), MUS. DOC., M.V.0.,etc. As the names and dates in this list (previous to 1668) differ very con- siderably from those given in West’s Cathedral Organists (Novello & Co., 1899) it must be stated that there is documentary evidence for all of P 2 216 Salisbury Choristers. them, either in the Dean and Chapter Registers, the Clerk of the Work’s Accounts, or the Choristers’ Collectors and receipted bills in the Muni- ment Room. 15TH CENTURY ORGANIST’S AGREEMENT. Newton Register, p. 57. On May 7th 1463 in the Chapter House of Salisbury, came Mr. John Stokes the Precentor and Locum Tenens, before William Fidion, W. Ingram, W. Osgodby, T. Estinton and J. Cranborn, Canons of the Cathedral summoned and making a Chapter for various business con- cerning the benefit of the said Church. In the name of God Amen. In the year of the Incarnation of the same according to the computation of the Church of England 1463, the 11th indiction, the fifth year of the Holy Father the Pope Pius II by divine Providence, the 7th May, (the same Canons as above) fixed and agreed with joy with John Kegewyn then present there in the manner and form following, videlicet, that he, the same John will instruct and in the best manner that he knows shall teach the Choristers of the said Church, 14 in number, in chant and in other accustomed subjects and that he will keep the Mass of the Blessed Mary with organs to the same and other Antiphons at all seasons according to the form and custom on that behalf for a considerable time customary and observed, and that the same John when he has worked diligently shall receive as his stipend and salary and should have annually all and several emoluments from the vicarial stall of the Prebend of Chardstock in the same with- out any diminution whatsoever and 3 yards of broadcloth for his livery of the suit of the Choristers with 12d. for his commons from the Master or Warden of the said Choristers from their income to be paid him weekly and the said John shall observe choral duties in the day and night hours on principal feasts and on other feasts according as he pleases and he shall have been able to do it conveniently. Nor shall he, in any manner, his labours being considered, be mulcted for his ab- sence like other Vicars. It is dispensed with him that he should have his commons for his absence wherever he likes within the Close nor shall the same John be removed from his office so long as he remains (loosed from a wife) unmarried and shall be of good reputation, unblemished character and honest conservation. To all which matters and the con- ditions above-said each and all of the Authority of the Vicars of the aforesaid Church and other such interested in the matter intervened (consented). AGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE DEAN AND CHAPTER AND VARIOUS ORGANISTS AND CHOIR MASTERS IN THE 16TH CENTURY. Lease Book 25 Henry VIII to 4 Elizabeth, No. 136777: The Office of the Solicitor to the Eccles. Commissioners, Westminster. A slightly abbreviated copy, with some notes of original spelling, of the grant of the office of Organist and (song) Schoolmaster, to Thomas Knight, Singing-man, of the Close, in 1538. By the late Canon Christopher Wordsworth and Dora H. Robertson. 217 Indenture dated 30 April, 30 Henry VIII (1538) between the Dean and Chapter and Thomas Knight, singeing man, now abiding within the Close. Witnesseth that the said Dean and Chapter, with one assent and consent, have given and granted, and by these presents do give and grant, to the said Thomas Knight, the office of orgeyn playinge there and Scole Master of the Choristers within the precincts of the said Cathedrall Church of Sarum under manner and form follow- ing—that is to say, the said Thomas shall at all times by himself per- sonally, or by his sufficient deputie if he be deseased or otherwise by any lawful cause or impediment approved by the said Dean and Chapter lettyd or by them licensed to be absent, observe and keepe laudabie the orgeyns in playing in time of Divine Service as well by day as by night to the Lawd’s praise, and honor God as in times past has he been most laudabie used and accustomed in the said Cathedrall Church. Also, the said Thomas Knight by himself personally, or upon causes as is aforesaid by his lawful deputy, shall sufficiently from time to time yerely teach and instruct the Choristers of the said Church and every of them playnsonge, prycksonge, faburdon or distento as the rules of musycke in that behalf shall in any manner of wise to them, or any of them, require and be expedient. To have, hold, occupie, and exercise the said Office of Keeper and Player of Orgaynes and ScoleMaster of the Choristers, and all other the premises with others apperteyning, to the aforesaid Thomas Knight, or to his sufficient deputie as is aforesaid, during the natural life of the said Thomas Knight, having, recyvynge, taking and enjoying yerely for the exercising of the said offices of the said Dean and Chapter and their successors, £6 : 11 : 8 : to be paid yerely to the said Thomas Knight after the old laudable custom thereof in the said Cathedrall Church, that is to say, yerely of the Chancellor for the time being 30s; of the Dean and Chapter bv the hands of their Communar, yerely 14s; of the Worke, yerely, 26s : 8d: of the profitts of St. Thomas’ Chapel, yerely 35s. Which sum of £6: 1l : 8 :, the said Dean and Chapter, with one assent for them and their successors in manner and form above said, do grant by these presents to the said Thomas Knight to be paid at four times of the yere, vizt,on the Feasts of (1) the Nativity of St. John the Baptist, (2) St. Michael, (3) Nativity of our Lord God (4) Annunciation of our Blessed Lady the Virgin, by even portions. Also the said Dean and Chapter for themselves and their successors do grant to and with the said Thomas Knight that he, the said Thomas Knight, shall have meate and drinke daily if he comes thereto of every Canon now resident of and in the said Cathedrall Church being present, or that hereafter shall be resident there, during the life of the said Thomas Knight by course, that is to say, dyne and soper to be-gyn with the highest dignitie or ancient and so dyrectly to the lowest; and so from day to day to begyn again, provided always that if the said Thomas Knight be taken by any of the King’s lawful Commissioners to any other service, or that he accepts or take any other service or office so that he cannot, doo not or wyll not, exercise the same office in manner and form above said by the space of three months, 218 Salisbury Choristers. that then this present grant of the said office and also the said annual fee, with all other commitments and grants comprised in this Indenture, to be void and of none effect. 1569. Agreement between the Dean and Chapter aud John Taylor, in the Choristey’s Box, Muniment Room. The Indenture made the Seavententh day of Septembre in the Eleventh yere of the raigne of o’ Soveryne Lady Elizabeth by the grace of god Quene of England ffrance and yreland defender of the Faith etc. Betwene the Deane and chapitor of the cathedrall churche of Sar in the County of Wiltes of thone p/tie and John Taylor of the close of Sar in the countie of Wiltes aforesaid gent of the other p/tie witnesseth that itt ys covennted concluded and agreed betwene the said p/ties in manner and forme folowinge that ys to say the said John Tailor for hym his Executors and administrators doth covennte and grnnte to and with the said deane and chapitor and their Successors by thes presents that he the said John Taylor for the consideracons and cawses under wryten upon his owne ppre costs charge and expense after and from the ffeaste. of St. Mychaell tharchangell next ensuynge the date hereof shall and will from tyme to tyme Duringe the naturall lyfe of hym the said John Taylor not only well and suffyciently teache and instruct in the arte and scyence of musike all the children that nowe be and that hereafter shalbe choristers of the said cathedrall churche duringe so longe tyme as the said children shalbe choristers of the cathedral churche aforesaid so that the said children at no tyme excede the numbre of tenn but also fynde ministre geve and p/cure to and for the said children and eny of them duringe so longe tyme as they shalbe choristers as ys aforesaid good holesome meete and convenyent meate, drinke, lodginge washinge pollinge, and all sutche and the like apparrell and other necessaries, at sutche and the like tyme and tymes as heretofore the coristers of the said Cathedrall churche have used and byn accustomed to have, weare or use AND that also he the same John Taylor upon his own p/pre coste and charge shall and will duringe the naturall life of hym the said John Taylor in and by all thinge well and suffyciently repeyre susteyne and maynteyne in cylinge and wallinge the mansion house comonly called the choristers house situate and beinge w* in the close of the canons aforesaid and the same and eny p/te thereof so well and suffyciently repayred susteyned and mayntened att the deseasse of the same John Taylor or w*in one moneth after shall leaveand yelde upp A ND thet further the Ex- ecutors or administrators of hym the forsaid John Taylor shall leave and delyr to the said Deane and chapitor or their Successors all sutche goods cattalls Implements and household stuffe and sutche others for the same of the like value as ar expressed and mentioned in a schedule Indeted hereunto anexed In Consideration whereof the said Deane and Chapitor forthemand fortheir Successorsdo covennteand grante to and w" the saide John Taylor his Executors and administrators by thes presents, that he, thesaid John Taylor shall peacably and quyetly have holde occupie and By the late Canon Christopher Wordsworth and Dora H. Robertson. 219 enjoye during the life naturall of the said John Taylor the said mansion house with thapp*/tennces commonly called the choristers house situate as ys aforsaid in the close aforsaid and also pasture lease and feadinge of and for two kyne to be from tyme to tyme pastured and fedd in and upon the churchyarde and marshe and other grounde w ™ the said Close as heretofore have byn used and accustomed w* out paying of any rent for the said mansion house with thappurtennces or for the said lease or pasture AND that also the said Deane and Chapitor and their Successors shall and will iustly and trewly duringe the naturall lite of the said John Taylor yerely satisfie content and paye or cause to be so satistied contented and paide to the same John Taylor ffiftie and two pounde fyve shillings eight pence of good and lawfull money of England viz by the master of the Choristers for the tyme being fourtie pounde vs vuid and by the comuner for the tyme being twelve pounds att fower usual Termes of the yere that ys to saye, att the ffeaste of the natyvitie of o? Savior Jhesus Christe the annunciation of St. Mary the vyrgin the natyvitie of St. John Baptiste and St. Mychaell tharch- angell by even portions the firste paymente therof to begyn at the ffeaste of the natyvitie of o’ Savior Jhesus Christ next ensuynge the Date herof. And that also if itt happen the said sum of liif vs and viiid—or any p/te or p/cell of the same be behynd and not paide to the saide John Taylor in p/te or in the whole after any ffeaste or the ffeaste aforesaide in which itt oughte to be paide by the space of one moneth that then and from thenceforth itt shalbe lawfull to and for the said John Taylor and his assynes into all and (?) the lande tenement and hereditamente whatsoever of the Deane and Chapitor aforsaid to entre and distraiyne and the distreyns ther takin to leade dryve carry awaye impounde and w hym and them to reteyne untyll the said sume of lif vs viiid and eny p/te and p/cell of the same w™ thaverage (if any shall happen to be) shalbe to the said John Taylor or his assynes fully satisfied whereof the p/ties abovesaid by this p/sent Indetures interchangeably have set their Seales given the day first above wryten. By me Jhon Tailer. The lease between the Dean and Chapter and John Farrant th’elder, dated May 31st, 1580, is similar to the above but differs in. several important respects. The last paragraph, which protects John Taylor against any default on the part of the Chapter, does not appear at all. The number of the choristers is to be eight instead of ten, and the money payment is reduced from £52 5s. 8d. to £45 Jl1s., the Chapter however now being responsible for the upkeep of the Chorister’s house. John Farrant ‘‘shall from tyme to tyme during his naturall life in his own person furnish the quier of the Cathedrall Churche in certain order and tyme both in singing and playing upon the organs except the said John Farrant shall be lawfully letted so to do by sickness or for his necessary business shall be licenced to be absent (etc.)—and shall also serve and furnish the quier of the said Church with eight Choristers having 220 Salisbury Choristers. having good comendable voyces for trebles and meanes.”’ The Dean and Chapter also grant that ‘‘ John Farrant shall during his natural life have the only namynge, appoyntinge, placinge and displacing of such as are or hereafter shall be Choristers.’’ He is allowed rather more pasturage, presumably for the cows, although they are not mentioned, but the proviso is made that ‘‘during the tyme and tymes of all and every fayre and fayres’’ he must relinquish his rights. Furthermore, they promise that he “‘ the said John Farrant shall have and enjoy the office comonly called the organ player’s office which now Thomas Smythe hathe and enjoyeth immediately after the said Thomas Smythe shalbe avoyded thereof or shall avoid from thence or yelde upp the same —. And shall from thence forthe yerely receive and take for the exercise of the said office the yerely fee of twenty-six shillings and eight pence to be paid by the Clerk of the Works.’’ The schedule missing from Taylor’s lease is affixed to Farrant’s. A Schedule Indented of certain goods cattalls Implemement and howshold stuff belonging to the Chersters of the Cath¢ Churche of Sarr w” the pryces thereof. In the hall. One old planke xx d one longe form w* the Sylinge vj s viij d one syde table and a forme to the same ijs one Cobard jjs, ijd, fower cuppes and one bason ijs iijjd and one peyre of trestells viijd. In the Buttry. Two planks to sett ale uppon and one borde ? the ales xij d two other planks to sett ale uppon, i1ij shelff bordes, and two stone cupps in the lytle buttry xij d. In the Larder. Three plancks, iiij shelfe bordes iiij peces of other borde and one almery xijd x platters, iij pottengers, ij sawcers and one dishe w‘ two eares xij S liij d, 1ij candlesticks xij d, two brasse potts x s, 1j lytle pannes x}j d, iij caudrons x s, two payre of potthokes vjd, one broche viij d, one brasen ladell x d, one great bucking tubb ij d, one salt seller vj d, and one Cofer xij d. In the uttermost Larder by the Kittchen one Almery xx d two plankes iiij d, two bordes ij d, one powdertingtubb vij d, one forme i111] d and one shorte thicke planke y d. In the Ketchen. One roope viij d, one mouldinge bord xij d, one great stole ij d, one peyre of Anndyrons ij s, ij peyre of pothangers viij d, one grdyron viij d, one chaffing dishe i11j d, one chaffer xx d, one fier pann 1iij d, one cleaver vj d, one mynsinge kniffe 111j d, one old fryinge pan 11ij d, one boxe to putt eggs in illj d, one byll hoke iij d, and one hatchet jij d. By the late Canon Christopher Wordsworth and Dova H. Robertson. 221 In the boultinge house. One boultinge hutche! xij d, two kevers ij s, one dowe grater j d, one coffer to putt meale in vj d, one great tub w a kever xij d, one old tubb ij d, one longe bord iiijd, one sacke of two bushells viij d, one donge pike ii1j d, one wodden measuringe pynt j d and one boxe to putt candells in j d. In the pl or (parlour). One cobard vj d. In the dortey (dormitory). Sixe playne bedsteds vi s, vj flocke bedds w® their bolsters xvilj s, v payre of sheates x s, vj peyre of old torn sheats iij s, ij old blancketts viij d, iii or iij old Kewletts v s, and one old playne presse vj d. In the Byshopes Chamber. One old chest vj d, ij shelf bords ij d, one letice window ij d, and ij straw basketts ij d. In the Chamber within the Byshopes Chamber. One old short table iiij d, one lettice windowe ij d, one old tubb ij d, one playne bedsted xij d, one old flockbedd w* the bolster ij s, vj d, x surplices for the Chorusters xxv s, fiftene old surplices iij s and the old hangings ij d. In the Yeard. Thre hand towells and one short canvas table clothe xvj d, one yron welcroke iiij d, and two kyne iij Li, vj s viij d. SECTION IV.—HISTORY OF THE ORGAN. There has been an organ in Salisbury Cathedral since very early times, and the following notes refer to several different instruments which were in due course replaced by more up-to-date ones. The first entry refers to Old Sarum. Mr. Fisher and Mr. John Harding, both Clerks of the Works in the 19th century, have left note books of their observations based on the old Clerk of the Works’ accounts, and both appear to have been interested in the organ. Information about some early organs in Salisbury Cathedral, chiefly from the Clerk of the Works’ accounts, and Mr. Fisher’s and Mr. John Harding’s notes thereon. 1392—3. Feb. 21st. Dunham Register, p. 118. Then it was proposed that the Chapel at the Castle (Old Sarum) was to be repaired at the expense of the Castle and that the organs need repairs and mending, the repair of which pertains to the Treasurer. It was ordered that the proctors should repair them at the expense of their Master according to the custom of the Cathedral. Se ee toe a 1 A wooden bin for meal. 222 Salisbury Choristers. 1480. Clerk of the Works’ Accounts. Item in cash paid Thomas Flege the Fabrick smith for mending staples and hasps of iron to the organ outside of the Choir and to the, great organ in the body of the Church. In toto 8d. Harding’s Notes. “It appears from these Accounts that in 1480, the earliest date at which there is any reference to it, the Great Organ was standing in the Nave—in corpore ecclesie—indeed we learn from them also that in that year the Vault under the Tower was in progress of erection, so that then the Organ could not have been under it ; but probably soon after the Vault and the new Arches below it were finished, it was removed. from the Nave, and placed over the entrance to the Choir ; at all events it would seem to have been in the latter position in 1539. It is evident also that in ancient times there was another Organ in the Lady Chapel; while in 1539 a third is spoken of having been brought from Winchester and set up in the Choir. This must have been a comparatively small instrument, and was probably placed near the high Altar for use during the great Festivals. It may be the one referred to in 1586, when payment was made ‘ for a sacke of Colles for to breath the Organs in the Quiare,’ which seems to imply that there was another elsewhere.’’ Vode Cio; Waaccts: Paid for the Draught stoppes and other things pertaining to the Organs in the Chapel of the Blessed Mary. 9s. Od. 1539. Ibid. Paid 3s. 4d. to Thomas Knyght for carriage of the Organs, and 3s. 4d. the fifteenth day of November to Lewis Gryffyn, Joiner, for making the Stand and Enclosure of the Organs, working 5 days at 8d. per day. For nails to the same 2d. And 26s 8d. paid the 19th day of November to Robt. Clarke, Organ maker, for the Organs brought here from Wyn- ton, for mending and erecting them in the Choir, also for mending the Organs in the Chapel of the Blessed Mary, and the great Organ in the Choir. And 2s. paid Thomas Knyght, Organist, for playing in the Week of Pentecost. 1568. Ibid. A mason is paid ‘for making the foundation for the posts that beareth up the Organs’”’ and ‘‘ for making up the top of the Wall under the Organ-loft.”’ 1625. Ibid. Mr. Meidge or Madge was paid 40s. per term for “‘ 2 single sackbuttes and 2 cornetts on all Sondaies and hollidaies.”’ 1635. Fisher's Notes. Contract for enlarging the great Organ and adding a Choir Organ to it. (Extracts.) | ‘“That the said John Burward, his Executors, Administrators . shall= |". ). an consideration of the sum’ of money hereundemmien= tioned before the Ist day of June 1636, . . . cause to be repaired the GreatOrgan . . . nowstanding . . . inthesame Church . and make or cause to be . . . added thereunto three and twenty By the late Canon Christopher Wordsworth and Dora H. Robertson. 223 new Diapasons and repair . . . the other pipes in the front of the Organ that are’ .—.-.. to be, repaired and..likewise all the inner pipes . .-. that shall be faulty (taking also for the doing thereof so much of the old Metal remaining as shall be necessarily re- quired to be used . . . in and about the same) and moreover before the lst of June make . . . inand to the said great Organ one stopt Diapason of good Wainscott to be placed where the oy monwesicancethand in like manner ~:~ -:.». repair ~. \'.. ....the Bellows andtnowlnee-boands:‘ot the’ . .°-.: Organ and also make ..° i... a new sound board for the said Organ with all needful conveyances, con- duits and other things necessary . . . so that the said Organ shall before the Ist of June be substantially repaired and perfectly fitted and made and “be a perfect good Organ, and those great pipes of the Diapason Stop to be of the Model with those of the Great Organ of St. RaulestChurch, London.’ He also bargains ‘‘ to set up to the said great Organ a Choir Organ according to the Model and fashion of the Choir Organ of St. Paul’s Church, London, with 5 stops, | Stopt Diapason of Wood, 1 Flute of Wood, and Principal of Metal, together with the Case, Carriage and all Joiner’s work, gilding and painting the pipes of the Choir Organ, and all other things requisite necessary thereunto, Carpenter’s Work and Carriage of both Organs only excepted and at the Costs and charges of the said Dean and Chapter to be done.” ithe Dean and Chapter: agree “to pay or cause to be paid ito John Burward or his Assigns. etc the sum of two hundred and twenty pounds in manner following, four score pounds the 18th day of June next at the Dwellinghouse of William Ireland Gent. in Westminster and the residue upon the Ist day of June 1636, or as soon before as the said Great Organ and Choir Organ shall be by the said John Burward pale stantially repaired and made a good perfect double Organ Burward next engages to return to the Dean and Chapter all the old metal that shall be left of the old pipes. Dated May 14th, 1635. HOSO2 C0; VW. Acts. Carriage of the Organ £6. 10s. New Wainscott to fill the arch about the. Great Organ £3 10s. To the Wainscott about the Choir Organ 39/4d. To Mr. Bell for Culleringe and guildinge the Organ £44. 1643. Ibid. To 4 men helping to take down the Organ 4/-. Beer for them 6d. Mr. Harding comments that this Organ had a brief career, ‘‘ for the political and religious dissensions which resulted in Revolution in the State, and the suppression of the Church services, even then began to have a threatening and dangerous aspect,’ so that ‘‘the Dean and Chapter deemed it prudent, in order to save the Organ from destruction and in the hope of better times, to have it taken down and the materials safely preserved.” 224 Salisbury Choristers. 1661. ILbid. £100 paid for the Organ subscribed by the Lord Bishop. The sum of £35 which had been laid out on the Organ and Singing Books. Harding’s Notes. Payments on account of the Organ are made to ‘“‘ Mr. Thomas Harris Organ Maker” and in 1661 ‘for mending the windows in the new Workshop ”’ for him; so that he was probably employed to reinstate the Organ. The amount paid him is not clearly stated, but there are other charges about the same time relating to the Organ, and among them ‘‘for painting it in part 40£,’’ ‘‘ New Door,” ‘‘ Wainscott,” etc. These are in 1662—3. 1668. C. of W. Accts. “Articles of Agreement between the Rd. Chapter of Sarum and Thos. Harris Organ Maker concerning the said Thomas Harris his making of an Organ with 4 stops and one halfe for the use of the Dean and Chap- ter of the Ch. of Sarum made concluded and agreed Decr. 29, 1668. ‘“‘viz. the said T.H. promiseth to make “a, Diapason Consort pitch ““a Flute “a Twelf from ye Diapason “a Fifteenth “a Hoyboy half way ‘“The Compass from double A re to C sol in Alt ‘Bellows as it shall be most convenient for the place, either with Stain or Cords completely to be wrot and set up by Mich. next. In considn. whereof the Chapter promise to allow him thirty pounds out of the 50£ wh. he oweth to the said Chapter.”’ (Signed) Richd. Drake Com. Lo. Ten. Thomas Harris. John Priaulx. - Test. Mich. Wise. Thos. Henchman. Thos. Smith. Thos. Lambert.” ‘The said Thomas Harris gave his full assent that in case he perform not his forenamed promise at the time appointed it shall be lawful for ye said Chapter to make sale of his Organ deposited in their hands.”’ Test. Michael Wise. (Signed) Thomas Harris. Jane Drake. INOS. Sivonen, Harding’s Notes. ‘“The place where this Organ was to be ‘set up’ is not mentioned in the Agreement, and it was too small to have been intended for the Cathedral, so that probably it was to be a security to the Dean and Chapter for the 50£ debt, instead of the other Organ ‘ deposited in their hands ’ which Harris would then be at liberty to dispose of.” By the late Canon Christopher Wordsworth and Dora H. Robertson. 225 In 1679 is the following note :—‘‘ For the Organ sold at Bristol, not paid for hitherto £050. 00. 00.’ This might have been the subject of the foregoing agreement. Nothing is to be found in the accounts relating to thesmaller Organs in the Cathedral, viz., the one in the Choir and the other in the Lady Chapel, after 1539, but there can be no doubt that they were taken down when the Chantries were suppressed a few years later, being na longer necessary. In 1671 occurs a payment to ‘‘ Moringe for his Bill for the iron Pillars that beareth the Organ £6 1. 0.’’; this of course was the great Organ. 1688. Frome and Prince Register, pp. 100O—101. October the ffirst The Accompt of Renatus Harris Organ-maker to the 1688 Reverend the Deane and Chapter of the Cathedrall Anaccompt of the Church of Sarum of the repaires of their Organ repaires of the being a particular of the names of the Stopps and Organ number of pipes both before and since the mending of the Organs, As alsoe a particular of the names of the New Stopps and number of pipes in each Stopp (viz) In the Great Organ Names of the Stopps Number of Pipes Two open Diapasons re a Asse 22 02 Two principalls _... sieis ies 2102 One Stop’d Diapason of ood ae sae ...051 | One fflute Stop’d of wood.. aa, sean he OBL 459 One great Twelfth... sa De ae ‘| Two ffifteenths .... a vs ae = 102 in all-688 In the Choire Organ Epes One principall ae mie 5, the aboriginal folk had already built) the great moot at Avebury and the great circle for the ‘cult of the dead at Stonehenge. ‘Then: with the primary intention of reaching the Baltic =< -. .» they spiomeereds a caravan route to the Humber ”’ (i.e., the Fosseway). On the (for him) most opportune finding of the two scarabs (modern forgeries from Egypt in all probability) on Salisbury Plain he exclaims ‘‘ Only those who have followed the fascinating conjectures of Perry and Elliott, Smith and Massingham, and have yearned that some tangible confirm- ation might be attained of what these scholars have held on little more than faith, will appreciate how litterally epoch-making is this discovery.” It is needless to say that the “ fascinating work ’’ of Mr. Hippisley Cox, and the philological discoveries of Prof. Rendell Harris are called in support of ‘‘ The Dream.”’ The Gentleman of the Party, by A. G. Street. Faber & Faber, London, 1936. Cr. 8vo., cloth, pp. 356. This is the history of a large farm in the Wylye Valley from 1872 down to the present time. The vicissitudes of farming in South Wilts for the last 60 years are clearly set forth, as the good times and the bad times succeed each other, and are reflected in the life of the farming community. Asinall Mr. Street’s books the tenant farmer and the agricultural labourer fill the chief parts in the play, with the landowner, the agent, and the dealer behind them. The main theme throughout the book is the struggle for supremacy between the wheat grower and the dairy farmer, and it will surprise no reader of the author’s previous books to find that in the end the former is ignominiously routed by the latter, and that grass land for South Wilts and out of door dairying comes into its own. Mr. Street holds no brief for the farmer as a class, and his less attractive qualities are by no means slurred over in this book. Indeed ‘‘ The gentleman of the party ’’ who gives the title to the book is the old dairy man, who has lived all his life, except for a short interval, on ‘“‘ Sutton Manor ”’ farm, a noble example of what the old-fashioned agricultural labourer could be at his best. ‘‘ Everybody except old George Simmons had wanted more out of the land than they put into it, and many of them had forgotten to keep faith with the good earth which rewarded them so generously. Of all the party the old dairyman had always been the most contented. Yet he had given the most and received the least. He had given his whole life to Sutton fields with no thought of ambition or money gain. . . so much he Wiltshive Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 261 had given, and so little, so very little he had received in return. Alone amongst them he had always put the land first, and himself second.”’ Quite one of the best books Mr. Street has written. Wren. By Geoffrey Webb. [Great Lives Series. | Duckworth, 3, HenriettaStreet, London,W.C., 1937. 74 x 44, pp. 144. This little book is not an ordinary biography of Sir Chr. Wren, but rather an account of the various influences at West- minster School, and at Wadham College, Oxford, which seem chiefly to have been responsible for the bent of his intellect in later days, as well as an appreciation of his work not only as an architect, but also as a man of science. Of his early years the author writes— “The. part of Wren’s life when he was pre-eminently a man of science covers twenty years from 1645 to 1665; and of that, for the first five years he was hardly more than a precocious school boy, and in the last two he had already shown signs of that interest in architecture which was eventually to become an almost exclusive pre-occupation. : In many ways Wren seems nearer to Leonardo da Vinci in the multiplicity of his interests than to the modern man of science, who confines himself so strictly to the cultivation of his own garden.” His chief scientific interests centred in medical investigations and in astronomy and mathematics, and he has been claimed as one of the founders of modern mechanics. As to hisachievements as anarchitect, “Tt would be difficult to exaggerate the part played by the city Churches in this development. Wren is distinguished among architects, not only by his natural gifts and early distinction as a man of science, but also by the timing of his opportunities. It was a stroke of extra- ordinary good fortune that gave him the city Churches to design just when he had finally devoted himself to architecture, and an even greater that the carrying out of the St. Paul’s design was delayed until the experience on the city Churches had been digested. For it was his work on the City Churches that helped to develope that superb gift for space composition that distinguishes the completed St. Pauls.” The history of his other chief buildings is given, with criticisms as to his work. At the beginning of the volume the dates of his birth and of his entry at Wadham College, about which much confusion has occurred, are discussed at some length. A very useful book. Richard Jefferies. Selections of his Work, with details of his Life and Circumstance, his Death and Immortality, by Henry Williamson, Faber & Faber, London, 1937. Cr. 8vo., cloth pp. 442, eight illustrations including three portraits of Jefferies, with the bust in Salisbury Cathedral, and views of Coate Farm, Coate Water, and Liddington Camp. 262 Wiltshive Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. The title gives a fair description of the contents of this book, which, in spite of the number of books about Jefferies continually appearing— still fills a place, and has a usefulness of its own. It is arranged chronologically, and gives a considerable section of each of his works in the order in which they appeared. His early writings from 1866 to 1871; The Wiltshire Labourer, 1872; Field Faring Women and The Scarlet Shawl, 1874; The Amateur Poacher, Green Ferne Farm and Wild Life in a Southern County in 1879, and so on down to The Story of My Heart in 1883, and Field and Hedgerow aud the papers of the last months just before his death. ‘‘ Jefferies has two distinct styles. One of them is straight- forward and concrete: the style of a natural man. The other is a candent, and often incandescent, flow of words driven from him, as he wrote, by his doemon (in Shelleyan language). Because of these two distinct styles, both of them aaenene Jefferies has two kinds of reading public. The one appreciates his straightforward descriptions of country scenes and characters such as are to be found in The Amateur Poacher, Wild Life in a Southern County, and Hodge and His Masters; and this kind of reader does not like The Story of My Heart and the later essays wherein he wrote about himself and his own feelings. And there is the second kind of reader, who is pathologically akin to Jefferies, who prefers his introspective, sensuous writings, to his matter of fact chapters.” The author makes no secret of the fact that he belongs to the second class himself. ‘‘ Richard Jefferies was a poor man who in moments of inspiration believed himself to be a prophetic thinker and writer of the world,’’ and he goes so far as to say, ‘‘ The affinity of Jefferies with Jesus of Nazareth is patent in nearly all his work.”’ A Potsherd from the primary silting of the Stone- henge Ditch. Plate VII, Antiquity, Vol. X, June 1936, p. 221, shows a potsherd in Salisbury Museum from the Stonehenge excavations of 1920—26. Mr. Stuart Pigott notes that it was found with some other sherds of the same ware in the original silting of the ditch, but has not been noticed before. It has the shallow grooved ornament ‘characteristic of a group of pottery recently recognised as belonging to the Early Bronze Age in Britain and including the wares from Woodhenge.”’ Similar sherds were found at Ratfyn. ‘‘ The sherd is of considerable importance in deciding the date of the Stonehenge ditch, for it shows that the primary silting of the ditch was formed in the Early Bronze Age, and the evidence cf the two groups of the beaker fragments found on the top of this silt shows it to have been completed within this period.” Without knowing Mr. Walkley. Personal Memor- ies by Edith Olivier. Faber & Faber, London, 1938. 8vo., pp. 320. Among the illustrations are, in addition to family Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 263 photographs, Wilton Rectory; The Daye House, Quidhampton; The Banner of the Wilton Foresters Club; Memorial Tablets in Wilton Old Church; The House in the Close at Salisbury ; Salisbury Cathedral, the Flooded Nave, Jan., 1915; and Fitz House, Teffont. The book, which is an autobiography of the writer, is divided into three parts, Part I concerned with Wilton Rectory and her early life there ; Part II, away from Wilton, in Salisbury Close and Fitz House, Teffont, with the events of the war period ; Part III, Wilton once more, life at the Daye House, Quidhampton, lhterary work and friendships, sight seeing and things in general. For Wiltshire readers the sections that deal with the author’s childhood and early hfe at Wilton Rectory, and in Sajisbury Close, and those on the war and the working of the Women’s Land Army in Wilts, of which she was the chief organiser, are undoubtedly. the most interesting. Everyone who lived in Wilton in those days from her father the Rector himself, down to ‘‘Old Thresher ” the miser, and Mrs. Staples who discoursed on pre- destination, happily possessed some peculiarity, or said or did some- thing funny, which was worthy of record, and has been recorded most entertainingly in these pages. Prior Savage (of St. John’s Priory, Wilton) who recklessly drove two donkeys tandem in a wheel chair ; Toomer ‘‘in the Netherhampton Choir, ‘‘a gentle furtive man with a black beard who said he liked to sing air but stammered so badly that he had hardly ever begun to sing before the hymn was over ”’; and Mrs Musselwhite who declared that she ‘‘ didn’t care about talking to anyone, but you, and the Saviour and the Clutterbucks.’’ These are only samples of the kind of people who lived at Wilton in Miss Olivier’s early days. We can only be thankful that they have found in her their vates sacer. For those who demand more serious fare, there is plenty to be found in the excellent picture of the life'and work in a country Rectory and parish, half a century ago, and of the way in which the war affected the country districts, and more particularly the working of the Women’s Land Army scheme, for which Miss Olivier -was herself so largely responsible in Wiltshire, and for which she necerved the O.B.E. Surrender of Devizes Castlein 1645. In Wilis Gazette, 14th April, 1938, Capt. B H. Cunnington reprints in full a small 4to. pamphlet, of which there is a copy in the Society’s Library, entitled “A Letter concerning the storming and delivering up of the Castle of the Devizes unto Lieutenant General Cromwell for the service of the King and Parliament. Sent to Mr. Samuel Bedford Scoutmaster Generall to the Committee of both Kingdoms. Printed Sept. 25th, 1645.”° In 1644 Sir Charles Lloyd, Governor of Devizes Castle, set to work to repair and add to its defences. In 1645, Cromwell having received the surrender of Bristol, moved on to Devizes, entered the town, and surrounded the Castle. Sir Charles Lloyd replied that he would hold it to the last, but a bombardment by ten guns stationed in 264 Wiltshive Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. the Market Place all night made him alter his mind and he accepted Cromwell’s terms, that all officers with their arms, and the soldiers without their arms, should march out and be free to join the nearest bodies of the King’s forces. Northgate House, Devizes. An interesting account of the former history of this house, by Capt. B. H. Cunnington, is given in the Wilishive Gazette, Nov. 4th, 1987. A MS. diary of 1777 mentions the King’s Arms as a large coaching inn, kept by Halcombe, with 40 beds, and good garden and bowling green, &c. This was the house now known as Northgate House. About 1781, Halcombe left the King’s Arms and took over the Black Bear. After this it apparently became a private house, and was occupied by a Mr. Montgomery who died there. The Town Council then bought it and by means of a public subscription furnished it as lodgings for the Judge of Assize. It continues to be so used at all Assizes held at Devizes. With this proviso it is let as a private house. In 1871 the Earl of Pembroke, Colonel of the Wilts Militia, gave a grand ball at this house, at which all the county notables were present. It appears that another King’s Arms Inn existed early in the 19th century at the junction of the London and Salisbury roads at the eastern entrance to the town, which was pulled down as an im- pediment to the roadway. 265 ADDITIONS TO MUSEUM AND LIBRARY, Museum. Placed on permanent loan by THE WILTS CouNTYy CouNcIL: The Matrix of the old seal of the County Council. [The Council has adopted a new seal embodying the Arms of the County.] Presented by THE Margulis or LANsSDowN, through Capt. A H. Hoop: A pair of Wooden Harrows for the Bradford Barn meccollection:. bs i NR RR. J. SALMON: .Two old Wooden Ploughs,, of different patterns, for the Bradford Barn collection. Mr. Salmon has also handed over to the Society for a smallsum a curious circular harrow. a 7 NR CHARD,< Of Barton: Farm, Bradford: A Barley Chumper. a » Mr. WooKEyY, SENR., of Upavon: A combined Thresher and Chaffcutter worked by water power. ie » Mr. W. J. Diptock, of Trowbridge: A Portable Blower or Winnowing Machine. be ;, Mr. JAMES Ev Les, of Bencroft Farm, Stanley : A Cottage Chimney Crane, and a Breast Plough. ee: , Capt. W. Brown, of Aldbourne :_A Hoop-raved Wagon wfth wooden axles. 5 » Mr.N. Giriine, of Swindon: Hand Chaff Engine by Ransomes (1851) for the Bradford Barn collection. eee’. to the Museum : By the Will of the late Mr. WILLIAM ALFRED WAYLEN, the sum of £200 has been left to the Museum —the capital to be invested and the interest to be ex- pended on repairs to the buildings. Library. Presented by Capt. B. H. CUNNINGTON : Volume 1.— Letters addressed to William Cunnington of Heytesbury, 1798 to 1810, by Archdeacon Coxe, H. Penruddocke Wyndham, Phillip Crocker, and Sir R. Colt Hoare, 1804 to 1810, some 250 letters in all. They give accounts of the excava- tion of many sites of archeological interest in Wilts and a variety of kindred subjects. Volume 2.—Letters addressed to and from Wm. Cunnington of Heytesbury, 1798 to 1810. They com- prise letters to and from John Britton, Aylmer Lambert, The Rev. Thomas Leman, James Sowerby, The Rev. J. Douglas, and some 45 other persons. Volume 3.— Letters from Sir R. Colt Hoare as to the proposed excavation work to be undertaken in certain 266 Additions to Museum and Library. years. Account of William Cunnington and his life, etc., his journey to his old home in Northamptonshire in 1809. Letters on excavations of various sites. Synopsis of the British antiquities in his house at Heytesbury. An account of tumuli opened by him in Wilts, read at the Society of Antiquaries, 1803. ‘‘ The Recess or Cell of Science,’’ a poem written on his museum at Heytesbury dated Warminster, Jan. 16th, 1809. Another volume of his manuscript notes written for Ancient Wilts, numbers 1 to 4 and 5 to 7. These are accounts of his excavations and formed the found- ation of Sir R. Colt Hoare’s Ancient Wilts. Stonehenge and Avebury notes. A collection of original letters, newspaper cuttings, and press reports of Stonehenge, Avebury, etc., dated from 1810 onwards collected by William Cunnington, F.G.S. (grandson of W. Cunnington, of Heytesbury). Stonehenge and Abury. A bound volume of articles on Stonehenge and: Avebury, “Silbuny = null etcr illustrated by plates, original sketches and water colour paintings, photographs, and a copy of ‘‘ The Fallen Trilithon,” 1797, by Maton. Collected by William Cunnington, F.G.S. Miscel- laneous papers No.1. Copies of letters sent to various persons by William Cunnington of Heytesbury, 1802, and onward, concerning various matters. The Wilts Long Barrows. Written in pencil by W. Cunnington, F.G.S., apparently extracts from W. Cunnington of Heytesbury’s manuscripts. Stone Monuments and other Antiquities. A bound volume of accounts of Stone Circles, Cromlechs, Ancient Crosses, etc., in Great Britain with numerous illustrations. A Volume containing 51 original water colour draw- ings by Philip Crocker of objects then in the possession of W: Cunnington, FSA... of Hey tesburys-smosion these objects are now in the Stourhead Collection of Antiquities in the Society’s Museum at Devizes: 26 drawings are the originals of some of the illustrations in Hoare’s Ancient Wilts. Crocker was also employed to make drawings, plans, &c., by Sir R. Colt Hoare. Inside the book is a letter referring to the drawings by W. Cunnington, to Hoare dated 1805. Until now this book has been continuously in the possession of the Cunnington family. Additions to Museum and Library. 267 A typed copy of the transcription made by Capt. B. H. Cunnington of the Registers of Overton and Fyfield. tonesented by “lHE PUBLISHER, Mr. A.. Hi. STOCKWELL, Ltp.: ‘ Old Folks at Home,” by Mrs. Wells, 1938 (Stories of West Dean) ; and ‘‘ Verses 1927—1937,” by Harold Charles of West Lavington, 1938. - » Mr. H.W. DartNeELL: “ Amesbury Deanery Magazine ”’ for 1937; St. Paul’s, Salisbury, Magazine’”’ for 1937; Cuttings from papers. a » CANON E. H. GoppDARD :/ “Antiquity,” ‘ Salisbury Diocesan Gazette,” and ‘ North Wilts Church Magazine ”’ for 1937. 2nd and 3rd Reports (Soc. of Antiquaries) on the Excavations at Richborough, 1928, 1932. Wilts Portraits, Cuttings, &c. ‘ Archeologia,’’ Vols. 85 and 86 (for 1936 —37. ‘“ Life of William Beckford,” by J. W. Oliver, 1932, 8vo. ‘“ Life of Wiliam Hazlitt,’’ by P. P. Howe, 1922, 8vo. ‘“ Memoirs of the Life and Works of Sir Christopher Wren,’’ by James Elmes, 1823, 4to. Sarum Tunes. By the Rev.H.J.Trueman. Alfred Foley’s Music Warehouse, Salisbury, 1903, cr. 8vo. Life of S. Ealdhelm, First Bishop of Sherborne. By W. B. Wildman, 1903. Bs » Mr. V. S. MANLEY: A volume of papers and notes con- nected with the Manley and Strode families of War- minster and Salisbury in 18th and 19th centuries. i » Mr. B. Hankey: Maps and old prints of Wiltshire houses, etc., about 30 in number. ms ,» Mrs. CUNNINGTON: Water colour drawing by John Buckler, of Bremhill Vicarage (civ 1810), framed, given by Sir Richard Colt Hoare to Mrs. Bowles. A small old oak table for use in Library, and cards for the Card Index of Wiltshire Deeds. “3 » Miss Emity CuUNNINGTON: ‘English Clothing in the 19th Century, by Dr. Cunnington,”’ 4to., 1937. ). LHE AUTHOR, :Mr.. J. LEE Osporn: ‘Fragments that Remain,’ 1937. iB » Mr. A. D. PassMORE: Six photographs of Wanborough Church. es -,, Mr. H.C. BRENTNALL: Conjectural plan of Marlborough Castle. A 3; Major A. -L. INGPEN: ‘Twenty-five years of the National Art Collections Fund,” 4to. 268 Additions to Museum and Library. Presented by Mr. .F.-C: Pitr: 25 old’) Pamphlets, Sermons; etc.; connected with Wiltshire; new to the Society’s collection. Mr. F. STEPHENS: A amen of old Deeds and Papers, etc., connected with S. Wilts. Drawings of Bronze implements, etc. THE BRITISH RECORD ASSOCIATION: Old Deed (Tidworth), 1310. 40 Deeds 14th to 16th centuries relating to property of the Grubbe Family in Devizes. Mr. OSWALD BRAKSPEAR: Drawing of incised sepulchral slab at Monkton Farleigh. THE -AUTHOR;, Mrs. Dora H. ROBERTSON : o6 Selicuban Close. A History of the Life and Education of the Cathedral Choristers for 700 years.” 8vo., 1938. Mr. C. H. Harris: ‘ The Salisbury School Magazine,”’ 4to., 1901—5. “The Salisburian,’’ 8vo., Vol. V, 1912—1916. THE AvuTHOoR: Mr. H. L. HoNEYmMaAN, A.R.I.B.A.: ‘“‘Master Elias Dereham and his connection with Durham.’ Reprint from paperin Trans. of Archi- tectuval and Archeological Soc. of Durham and ‘ Northumberland. THE AUTHOR, Miss OLIVIER: ‘‘ Without Knowing Mr. Walkley,” 8vo., 1938. 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JO }SO09 9Y} SpleMOY UOTPEUOG—-qqoM “VM O° 6 oe qe ie : “+ oog jo Ado o9zvoydnqa—eoyQ prose, oqng me "s JUNOSOYV 9eGL Wor oOULTe” OT, SE Vv ay) "p re ye 272 9 TI GIIF 9 II 3ITf Ler << : aa "* 4soroqzuy yisodaq 0 SI eT uo1jdiiosqns oJ1j—ios8uIs “"y—juUeIDH be NOM yuNODIW ysodeq—sourjrg O- Sit Git worjdiqosqns oy J—YosAey] “O OL 6. Sih DUNG! eee) “SIdIGOaa | 0} pollojsuel} “P9 “STI ZITF JO Y}Ue}-0u0 Ag G Den " JuUNO.DY 9EBT Wor soURTeEq OL “SF "SLNAWAVd Ds. ‘GUNNA dIHSHHadWaW AAT eS 9 SUL “soured Aq ‘ysq Arenuel ‘ge6] > & wires ees see a \ L FI B6F L UL Gar Ge nes rl lb) Dearne G ysed Aq9d 6 yunosy j1sodeac{ 9 OL SHIP SUOSTN sulystqnd 10} 9a -9o°q' gq ! qUNOIDY JUIIIND—: sourleg 9 3 yso10juyT zisodeq OL Z SOIIPUNS PUL S}JOHOT]L HV 9 sprvoysog pur soy’ jdwieg jo safes Or LI QOUPINSUT O11,J ey FAL TU uleq 0} uoIsstupy Aq 6 Sil eile) ECU)” SITJON suynzng qSTE Ioquis.eq € LLP saredayy CAG 8 : : ; Pome Icen Ag 0 0 F : IOYeJIICD OT pS FF ysq Azenuel ‘267 DS Wks 7 ISTE Taquissaq ‘761 ‘INQOO0V NUVA AHLIL GRSLOUKEA RK! aH YU AN > U 2) 9) a 6) Pe) w — Nn a oh 3 = = 5 x v 20 5 3 ct is) 3} ia ial Ss w c 3 uo) € ep , Printed aud Published by ©. THE SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS (Continued). SEFONEHENGE AND ITS BARROWS, by W. Long, Nos. 46-47 of the Magazine in separate wrapper 3s. 6d. This still remains one of the best and most reliable accounts of Stonebenge and its Earthworks. WILTSHIRE—The TOPOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS OF JOHN AUBREY, F.R.S., A.D. 1659—1670 Corrected and enlarged by the Rev. Canon J. E. Jackson, M.A., F.S.A., 4to., Cloth, pp. 491, with 46 plates. Price {1 7s. 6d. WILTSHIRE INQUISITIONES POST MORTEM, CHARLES I, 8vo., pp. vii. + 510. 1901. With full index. In 8 parts, as issued. Price 13s. DITTO. IN THE REIGNS OF HEN. III, ED.I,and ED.II. 8vo., pp. xv. 505. In parts as issued. Price 13s. DITTO. THE REIGN OF ED. III. 8vo., pp. 402. In six parts as issued. Price 13s. A BIBLIOGRAPHY oF THE GREAT STONE MONUMENTS oF WILTSHIRE, STONEHENGE, anp AVEBURY, with other references, by W. Jerome Harrison, F.G.S., pp. 169, with 4 illustrations. No. 89, Dec., 1901, of the Magazine. Price 5s. 6d. Contains particulars as to 947 books, papers, &c., by 732 authors. THE TROPENELL CARTULARY. An important work in 2 vols., 8vo. pp. 917, containing a great number of deeds connected with property in many Wiltshire Parishes of the 14th and 15th centuries. Only 150 copies were printed, of which a few are left. Price £1 2s. THE CHURCH BELLS OF WILTSHIRE, THEIR INSCRIPTIONS AND HISTORY, BY H. B. WALTERS, F.S.A. Published in III Parts. Price 16s. (N.B.—Separate Parts can no longer be sold.) A CALENDAR OF THE FEET OF FINES FOR WILTSHIRE, 1195 TO 1272, BY E A. FRY. 8vo., pp, 103. Price 6s WILTSHIRE TOKENS. The Society has a considerable number of 17th and 18th century Wiltshire Tokens to dispose of, either by sale or exchange for others not in the Society’s collection. Eppiyato Capi. |B Fl Cunnincron, F.S.A., Scot., Curator, Museum, Devizes. BOOKBINDING. _ Books carefully Bound to pattern. Wilts Archeological Magazine bound to match previous volumes, Or in Special Green Cases. We have several back numbers to make up sets. C. H. WOODWARD, Printer and Publisher, Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes. The North Wilts Museum and Wiltshire Library at Devizes. All Members of the Society are asked to give an annual subscription towards the upkeep of the Devizes Museum and Library. Both the Museum and the Library are concerned in the first place with objects of interest from this County, and with Books, Pampblets, MSS., Drawings, Prints and Photographs connected with Wiltshire, and together they form one of the most important branches of the Society’s Work. The Library is the only institution of the kind in Wiltshire, so far as its collection of all kinds of material for the history of the County is concerned. Old photographs of any Wiltshire Houses, Churches, Cottages, or other objects of interest, will be welcomed by the Librarian. Subscriptions should be sent to Mr. R. D. Owen, Bank Chambers, Devizes. Wiltshire Plants. Miss B. Gullick, Crane Bridge Road, Salisbury, will be glad of notes of any fresh localities for plants already recorded in Preston’s “ Flowering Plants of Wilts,” or any new or uncommon species found. In the case of plants difficult to identify specimens should be sent to her. Wiltshire Birds, Butterflies & Moths. Mr. C. M. R. Pitman, Malvern, Southampton Road, Clarendon, Salisbury, is collecting notices of Wiltshire Birds, with a view to an annual report to be published in the Magazine He would be greatly obliged if observers would send him notes of,anything of interest at the above address. Also with a view to the compilation of a list of Wiltshire Lepidoptera Mr. Pitman would be grateful for ary notices of Butterflies or Moths within the County. eR a WOODWARD, PRINTER, DEVIZES, a © No, CLXIX. DECEMBER, 1938. | VoL. XLVIILI. WILTSHIRE Archeeological & Natural History MAGAZINE PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SOCIETY FORMED IN THAT COUNTY A.D. 1858. EDITED BY CANON E. H. GODDARD, E.S.A., Red Gables, Nursteed Road, Devizes. [The authors of the papers printed in this “* Magazine” are alone responsible for all statements made therein. | DEVIZES PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY C. H. Woopwarb, EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, STATION ROAD. Price Ss. Members Gratis. NOTICE TO MEMBERS. TAKE NOTICE that a copious Index for the preceding eight volumes of the Magazine will be found at the end of Vols. viii., XVL, XXlv., and xxxli. The subsequent Volumes are each fully indexed separately. The annual subscription is 15s. 6d., the entrance fee for new Members is 10s. 6d. Life Membership £15 lds. Members who have not paid their Subscriptions to the Society for the current year, are requested to remit the same forthwith to the ~ Financial Secretary, Mr. R. D. Owen, Bank Chambers, Devizes, to whom also all communications as to the supply of Magazines should be addressed. 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No. CLXIX. DECEMBER, 1938. Vol. XLVIILI. Contents. PAGE. SOME EarLy WILLS OF THE BONHAM FamILy: By G. J. EGGS COM OMG iss gssietsslscutscdocvedonveslg orevevee ws’ 273—291 A Hoarp oF Roman CoINS FROM HIGHFIELD, SALISBURY, FOUND OCTOBER 9TH, 1866: By H. de S. Shortt, M.A. 292—300 HUMPHREY HENCHMAN, D.D., BisHop oF SALISBURY, 1660 —1663 : By Canon J. M. J. Fletcher, F.R. Hist. S....... 301—312 CLOCK AND WATCH MAKERS OF WILTSHIRE OF THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES : By B. H. Cunnington, F.S.A., Scot. 313—317 EXCAVATIONS ON A ROMAN SITE IN BRAIL Woop, GREAT BEDWYN, IN 1936 AND 1937: By F.C. Warren......... 318—320 NOTES ON SOME OF THE BASIDIOMYCETES FOUND IN SOUTH- WEST WILTSHIRE ESPECIALLY ROUND DONHEAD ST. Mary: By T. F. G. W. Dunston, B.A., and Captain Nee MING MO) VETS LOI er, cei odes w ssw anles de ctwasdscesvescoeevsesores 321—347 Notes.—Royal Arms in Hardenhuish Church. Royal Arms in Seend Church. ‘The Priory,’’ Bradford-on-Avon. Chippenham Spa. Salisbury Cathedral Glass. Bronze “tracer ’’ from barrow at Lake. ‘‘ Herbing,” a Rural Industry. Objects belonging to Mr. Seamark, The SHGDS EINE WOW): LISDUEY. «oo. cies cosets ot osteeeqcsees ce ceeceses 348—352 LATE BRONZE AGE URNS FROM SWINDON : By C. M. Piggott 353—356 AN EarLty BRONZE AGE GRAVE IN FARGO PLANTATION NEAR STONEHENGE : By J. F. S. Stone, B.A., D.Phil... 357—370 SAVERNAKE FOREST IN THE MIDDLE AGES: By H. C. Here MMMM AMP eet es SAG te Mey a sald. Spouse ecties owes «oe cious eee as 371—386 THE EIGHTY-FIFTH GENERAL MEETING OF THE WILTSHIRE ARCHZOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY HELD AY MARLBOROUGH, AUGUST 8TH, 9TH AND I1OTH, 1938... 387—393 By iy atenentn Sim ©) ANTVAGRIY es cre crarctc tiers Aeon cols civ'n's Giclee owie's tuisla@alsaws veebeoe cece 394— 396 WILTSHIRE Books, PAMPHLETS, AND ARTICLES ..cccccccssoees 397—404 ADDITIONS TO MUSEUM AND LIBRARY uecevosccccccccces sccocesse 405—406 il ILLUSTRATIONS. Radiate Coms from Hightieldy Salisbury yay..-n. saeco Plan of Excavations at Brail Wood, Bedwyn, 1936 and 1937 Late Bronze Age Urns found at Swindon (2... vsses--c--6eee sere Accessory miniature Vessels found with Urns at Swindon ... Plate I, General Plan showing position of grave in Fargo PIlANCACIOM ener veces meee nce eee cee eieseicers certs saeco ten serreeys Plate II, Plan and Section of Grave in Fargo Plantation ... Plate Til, Beaker and Hood-vessel from’ Grave”... 2s... scene Plate IV, Fragments of Food-vessels from Barrow Wilsford I fn ane rere SE ene NE ABBE SANDE G URE MG NO BS panabGdd800000 000 PAGE 293 319 354 355 358 359 363 365 DevizEs :—C. H. WooDWARD, EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, STATION ROAD. THE WILTSHIRE MAGAZINE. “<< WULTORUM MANIBUS GRANDE LEVATUR ONUS.”—Ov171d. NO. CLXIXx. DECEMBER: 1938. Vou. XLVI. SOME EARLY WILLS OF THE BONHAM FAMILY. By G. J. Kmszon, CMG. The Bonham tamily take their name irom a place called Bonham, which lies mear Stourhead, just across the Somerset border. John Leland, who visited it abont the year 1541, writes -—“ There isona ill a- litdle without Stourton a grove, and im it a very praty place called Bonhames, builded of late by my Lord Stourton. Bonhome of Wileshire, of the auncienter House of the Bonhomes there, is Lorde Or i” _ Bonham is not mentioned in Domesday, and Eyton supposes that it was Included im the neishbourmg Wiltshire manor of Stourton, which was held by Walscelin de Douai with Raduliashis under tenant. When the Bonhams acquired the property 1s unknown, Dut im the Pipe Rolls ot 1167 to 1171 there are several references to one Walkelinus de Bonham and the Bonhams contimued in possession till the days of the 14th Lord Stourton! (1677 to 1743) who purchased the fee from them. Bonham sill ments Leland’s description as “a very pretty place,” but it is almost unknown, and oi the many hundreds who yearly visit the grounds of Stourhead very few ind their way up the rough track 1 History of the Noble Family of Stourton, 1899, p.589. From various Inguisitions p.m., down to that of Walter Bonham im 1527, we know that the Bonhams held the manor ot Bonham of Lord de Ferrers as of bis manor o: Norton. But im the Inquisition of Nicholas Bonham in 1559 the Jurors state that he held 1 ot Lord Stourton as of his manor of Norton Ferrers. The Ferers overlordship evidently passed to the Sitourtons between 1527 amd 1559, but they apparently continued to rent the place from their own under-tenants for many generations. VOL. XLVI, NO. CLXIX. wu 274 Some Early Wills of the Bonham Family. through the woods above the lake which leads to the littl Roman Catholic Church and Presbytery and the ‘old farm buildings which are all that is left of the ancient manor house. It is a beautiful and romantic spot and well worth a visit. But though Bonham was the ‘‘ Stamschloss ”’ of the Bonham family, from which they took their name, their chief residence for many cen- turies was at Great Wishford in the Wylye Valley. A half-share of this manor came to them through the marriage of a Bonham to Juliana, one of the two daughters of Henry de Albiniaco (Daubeney), whose grandson, Maurice de Bonham, inherited the property on the failure of heirs male in the Albiniaco family in 1278. This may seem rather a long introduction to the matter of the family wills which I propose to discuss, but as the first of these wills is con- cerned with property at both Bonham and Wishford it seemed necessary to account for the Bonham interest in both these places ; moreover, it gives some indicatian as to the standing of the family. They were evidently people of some consequence, who inter-married with the great families, but can scarcely be classed with the great nobles of the realm. It is the more interesting, therefore, to have an early will which gives us an insight into the household arrangements of this class in the 14th century. Nicholas de Bonham, who was a grandson of that Maurice who inherited Great Wishford from the Daubeney family, in 1278, was granted all the family property by his brother Robert in 1356.1 His name frequently appears in the Patent and Fine Rolls of the period and from them we learn that he took an active part in the business of the county. He was Knight of the Shire almost constantly from 1372 to 1383, was Steward of the Borough of Wilton in 1364, Justice of the Peace, Coroner and Commissioner of Array... Commissions - were showered upon him for all sorts of work, from investigating the evasion of the duties on cloth, tracking down apostate friars, and repairing the Castle of Old Sarum, to enquiring into disturbances in Salisbury in 1381, the year of Wat Tyler’s rebellion, and making provision for an imminent invasion by the French in 1385. In fact he seems to have been a worthy representative of the long line of English country gentlemen who, without aspiring to great honours or rewards, nobly carry on the less ostentatious work of their own districts. Nicholas de Bonham made his will at Great Wishford on June 12th, 1386. It is preserved in the British Museum (Add Charters, 15,174) and is beautifully written and as fresh and clear as on the day on which it left the hand of the clerk more than five and a half centuries ago. He commends his soul to God and his body to be buried ‘in the Church of St. Giles (Egidius) at Great Wishford before the altar of the Blessed Mary in the northern part of the Church.” 1 Br. Mus, Add. Charters, 17754. eS: ae a ee By G. J. Kidston, C.M.G. 275 He then goes on to make various religious bequests ; the Bonhams were evidently pious folk and these-are both numerous and generous :— ‘““To the Church -of the Blessed Mary of Sarum. (the Cathedral) 18s. 4d. : Wo, the “Church of Christ (possibly Christchurch Priory, co. Hants, but more probably some local Church) 40d. To the Church of Great Wishford, a great book called a Portiforium, to the use of the Divine Service, to the honour of God and the glorious Virgin Mary as well as the Confessor St. Giles in perpetuity (temporibus perpetuis duraturum). To each of the following lights in the Church of Great Wishford four bushels of wheat and four of barley :—‘ The Holy Cross, the Blessed Mary, the Blessed Nicholas and St. John.’ To the fabric of the Church of Berwick St. James 8 bushels of wheat and 8 of barley and 2 sheep from my stock (stau1o) there of the value of 18d. each. To the fabric of the Church of Storton (Stourton) a cow of the value of 6s. 8d. and 2 sheep of the value of 18d. each, from my stock at Bonham. To the fabric of the Church of Fenny Sutton (Sutton Veny) 8 bushels of wheat and 8 of barley. To the fabric of the Church of Sts. Peter and Paul at Heightredebury (Heytesbury) 10s. To the Lady Matilda, Abbess of Wilton, a cup of silver with a gilt cover and a cup (ciphum) called a Note.! To each nun of the Abbey of Wilton, 12d., to pray for my soul and for the souls of my parents and benefactors. 7 Wo ahe brethren of the Order of Preachers. of New Sarum and to: the brethren of the Order of the Minors of New Sarum, 13s. 4d. each, to pray for my soul and for the souls of my parents and benefactors. To Sir John Adam, Chaplain, 13s. 4d. To Sir Thomas Condel, Chaplain, 6s. 8d. To Sir John Grene, Chaplain, 20s. To Sir Thomas, Chaplain, 13s. 4d.”’ This completes the religious bequests. In the will itself the bequests to the Orders of Friars in Salisbury and to the four Chaplains come later, after the family and before the servants, but I have grouped them here together for the sake of convenience. One or two points in these bequests seem worthy of note. The four lights in the Church of Great Wishford, each presumably before an altar, seem to be a liberal allowance for so small a Church; they include the light of the Blessed Mary, before whose altar, it will be remembered, the testator was to be buried. 1 Canon E. H. Goddard suggests that this was a cocoa nut cup. Wire 276 Some Early Wills of the Bonham Family. The benefactions to the Churches of Great Wishford, Berwick St.. James, Stourton and Sutton Veny were doubtless due to the fact that Nicholas owned property in all these places, but the reason for the bequest to Heytesbury is not so clear, though it may perhaps be accounted for by the nearness of Heytesbury to the Sutton Veny property. The Abbess of Wilton, who gets two cups, was Matilda de Bokeland. Having done his duty towards the Church, Nicholas next provides. for his own family. John, his eldest son, was evidently to have the Bonham property, for he leaves to him his farm stock and implements there. These consist of :— 8 oxen of the value of 10s. each. 3 cows of the value of 6s. 8d. each. 1 sow of the value of 20d. 6 hoglets (hoggettes porcinos) of the value of 2s. each. 20 sheep of the value of 18d. each. 20 breeding ewes (oves matrices) of the value of 12d. each. A wagon (carectam) bound with iron with all its furnishings (cum toto apparatu). 3 mares (jumenta) with their collars and traces (cum colaribus et tractubus) and all things necessary to the aforesaid wagon. 1 plough (carucam) with its ironwork (ferramentis), yokes, chains and all its furnishings. 2 harrows (hercias) with iron teeth (ferro dentatas) with all their furnishings. John is also to have a bowl with a silver cover marked with the letters T.B. But “if it should happen that John Bonham, my son, should disturb, aggravate or in any way molest Edith, my wife, or our male heirs of the Manor of Wishford, then all the goods and chattels bequeathed above to the aforesaid John shall remain to Edith, my wife, and Thomas and William Bonham, my sons.” John duly inherited the manor of Bonham, but it came back in the next generation to the son of Thomas, who inherited Wishford. The enumeration of the farm implements at Bonham is interesting. We are accustomed to think that at such an early date farm wagons, ploughs, and harrows were of the rudest and most primitive description. The iron fittings were valuable enough to merit special mention, but it is something of a surprise to learn that they existed at all in the 14th century. The will goes on :— To Cristina, my daughter, a bowl with a cover of silver marked with the letters VWoB: To Master William Bonham, my son, Rector of the Church of Grae Wishford, my best missal, my best psalter and a mass book with music (librum gradale). By G. [. Kidston, C.M.G. 207 To Nicholas Bonham, my son, a bowl with a cover of silver marked with a red rose (Rosa blodea) and the letters N.B. To Sir (Dom.) Thomas Bonham, rector of the Church of Babestoke {Baverstock) 2 oxen and 2 cows at the disposal of my executors, and 20s. To Agnes, my daughter, nun of Shaftesbury, a bowl with a cover of silver marked A.R. and in the same bowl is an image of St. Katherine ; a brass pot (ollam eneam), a platter (patellam), a jug and bason (pelvim cum lavatorio), a pewter charger (unum charger de peutre), six dishes, six plates (discos) and six salts of pewter, at the disposal of my executors. To Sibilla, my daughter, nun of Wilton, a small bowl with cover of silver and three silver spoons (coclearia) marked with the letters J.B., a gold ring, a gold brooch (fermaculum) with an inscription in red letters. (scriptum litteris blodeis), a ‘‘Godard’’! of silver gilt and a “Ewere ”’ of silver with two spouts (guttis.). To the same Sibilla, after the death of Edith, my wife, a pair of plates (unum par de platys) of silver and blue (argenti et azuri) on which are depicted on one side the crucifixion of our Lord, Mary and John—and on the other side three images (ymagines) of the Blessed Mary, St. Katherine and St. Margaret, a table cloth (mappam mensale) with a napkin (tuell), a jug and bason, a brass pot, a platter, a pewter charger, six dishes, six plates ~ and six salts of pewter and a coffer, at the disposal of my executors. To Laurencia, my sister, 20s. To Alice Baretours (?) a piece (peciam) of silver with a cover marked with the letters A.B.” In this list of family bequests Nicholas mentions four sons and three daughters ; two of these sons were priests and two of the daughters nuns. William held the family living of Great Wishford which had been given to him by his father in 1382, and Sir Thomas was Rector of Baverstock ; his name appears in the Patent Rolls in that capacity more than once and as late as the year 1401. To the names of the two daughters in religion, Agnes of Shaftesbury and Sibilla of Wilton, we can, I think, safely add that of the sister Laurencia to whom Nicholas left 20s., for in 1361 2 Laurencia Bonham was instituted by Bishop Wyvill to St. Nicholas’ Hospital, at Salisbury. The large proportion of priests and nuns witnesses to the piety of the family. The lay members were John, Cristina (of whom nothing more is known), Nicholas and a second son of the name of Thomas, who is mentioned later as one of the executors of the will. He inherited 1 A goblet. Canon Goddard informs me that the tradition of keeping a ‘‘ Goddard ” or goblet as a family heirloom survives in his family to this day. 2 W.A.M. xxv, p. 126. 278 Some Early Wills of the Bonham Family. Great Wishford on the death of his mother, to whom it seems to have been left for life. The will only disposes of personal property and it will be noticed that no legacies are left either to the widow or to this son Thomas, who is not even mentioned in the body of the will. The presumption is that all the stock and chattels at Great Wishford were entailed or assured to them by some separate arrangement. If, as I think we may quite fairly assume, the inheritance of the widow and her son Thomas at Wishford included some silver plate, the quantity of that commodity bequeathed in the will is rather unexpected evidence of the comparative luxury of a household of this status at that period. There are no fewer than six bowls with silver covers, two silver cups, a silver ‘‘ Godard ’’ and ewer, two silver enamelled plates, three silver spoons, a gold ring and a gold enamelled brooch. The thought of what any of these things, if they had survived, would be worth to-day makes one’s mouth water. The three 14th century silver spoons alone, if sold at Christie’s, would fetch a snrall fortune, while the ‘‘ Godard’”’ and ewer, the bowl with the image of St. Katherine, the silver and azure plates with the crucifixion on one side and i images of saints on the other would be worth a king’s ransom. I have not discovered the maiden name of Edith, the testator’s widow: who inherited Great Wishford for her life. Her son and successor, - Thomas, followed in his father’s footsteps as a county magnate, was prominent in all local affairs, and was High Sheriff of Wiltshire in 1395 and 1410. Alice Baretours (?), who got a piece of silver plate under the will, has not been identified, but from the place in that document in which her name occurs it seems probable that she was a near relation. ~~ - The last section of the willis taken up with Deg iesas to servants and other dependents. “To Alice, the daughter of Thomas Gosselyn, my servant, 3 cows from my stock at Bynlegh (not identified) of the value of 6s. 8d. each, 12 sheep of the value of 18d. each, 12 breeding ewes of the value of 12d. each, 3 quarters of wheat and 3 of barley, a jug and bason, a brass pot, a platter of masselyn and a cauldron (cacabum), anda bed. Thecattle were to be at Alice’s own selection. : To Edward Cnouke, my clerk (clerico meo), woollen cloth for a new robe and a young bullock and a cow from my stock at Bonham. To Robert Leverich, my clerk, 20s., one of my best robes and a chestnut (rubrum) horse called ‘le Rede colt.’ To Philip, my servant, my second best robe and 10s., a cow of the value of 8s., 2 sheep of the value of 18d. each and 2 breeding ewes of the value on 12d. each. To Cristina Stede of Sherreneton (ohereneton a COW. To John Brigge, my bailiff (ballivo) at Bonham, a cow of the value of half a mark, 2 sheep and 2 breeding ewes, 4 bushels of rye (selignis) and 4 bushels of barley. By G. J. Kidson, C.M.G. 279 ~ To John Conk, my shepherd (opilioni) at Bonham, a young bullock, a sheep, a breeding ewe, 4 bushels of wheat and 4 bushels of barley. To every other of my servants at Bonham, 2 bushels of wheat, 2 bushels of barley and 12d., to be paid at the Feast of St. Michael next to come after my death. To John Gildesher, my bailiff at Nywenham (Newham, near Sutton Veny), a cow of the value of 4 a mark, 4 bushels of wheat and 4 bushels of barley. To every other of my servants at Nywenham, 2 bushels of wheat and 2 bushels of barley. To John Grey, my servant at Berwick St. James, 4 bushels of wheat and 4 bushels of barley. To John Fisherton, my bailiff at Wishford, a robe. To every other of my servants at Wishford, 2 bushels of wheat and 2 bushels of barley. For the good and faithful execution of this my present will I order, make and constitute as my executors the worshipful (venerabiles) and discreet Lords John de Waltham and John Chitterne, clerks, John Bonham, Thomas Bonham, William Bonham and Sir Thomas Bonham, pastor of the Church of Babestoke, my sons, and Robert Leverich, that they may deal with my goods so bequeathed above and especially may dispose of them for the welfare of my soul, as will seem to them opportune. In testimony whereof I have set my seal to this will at Great Wish- ford on the day and year above stated.”’ The bequests to servants, apart from their generous scale and the fact that no one seems to have been forgotten, call for little comment. It will be noticed that Nicholas employed two personal “ clerks ”’ ; they were probably minor clergy, but their functions perhaps approximated to those which we associate to-day with the use of the word. One of them, Robert Leverich, was one of the executors of the will and his name is found in other Bonham family documents down to the year 1400. It may well have been one of these ‘“‘ clerks’ who drew up his employer’s will ; whoever did so well deserved a handsome bequest, for it is an admirable piece of work. The executors of the will merit a little more attention. With the exception of the two laymen sons, John and Thomas Bonham, they are all clergy. (Incidentally, it may be pointed out here that while Nicholas styles himself de Bonham, he always refers to the other members of his family by the simple surname without the ‘‘de.’’) The first executor, John de Waltham, was a great ecclesiastic, who, two years later, in 1388, became Bishop of of Salisbury, when Richard II was present in person at his consecration. In 1391 he was Lord Treasurer of England. He appears to have kept up his friendship with the Bonham family, for in his will (1395) he left ten marks to Thomas Bonham, the layman, his fellow executor. John de Waltham was so beloved of Richard II that that monarch caused him to be buried among the royal tombs in 280 Some Early Wills of the Bonham Family. Westminster Abbey—the only instance, it is believed, of such an honour being accorded to one not of royal blood. John Chitterne, the second executor named, was Archdeacon of Sarum. Roger Leverich has already been mentioned above and the other executors were four of the testator’s sons, the only son not nominated to act in that capacity being the testator’s namesake, Nicholas. He was perhaps too young to be included. It would be difficult, I think, to find a more shapely document than this will of Nicholas Bonham. He takes in turn his Church, his family and his household, and deals with each in perfect order and with admirable clearness. It gives us a good picture of the arrangements of a country gentleman’s household and farm in the 14th century, though it is curious that, with the exception of a coffer and a bed, no single article of furniture is mentioned. It would, perhaps, be too much to claim that the will reveals the character of its author, Nicholas Bonham, yet one does somehow get the impression of a pleasing personality, of a man of devout piety and yet of sound commonsense and of a country gentleman who knew every detail on his estates and farms and was a good master and kind friend to all his people. WILL OF JOHN BONHAM. The next will, dated March 14th, 1411, is that of John Bonham, that son of Nicholas de Bonham who had inherited the live stock and farm implements at Bonham under his father’s will. He desires to be buried at Great Wishford and the Rector of Stourton (the parish Church of Bonham) is to have 20s. for his burial. The numerous pious bequests to the Church, which were so striking a feature in his father’s will, are not repeated in that of the son, but he leaves 100s. to be distributed to the poor on the day of his burial, and to the fabric of the Church of Great Wishford 40s., “‘ a standing crucifix of silver, to pray for the souls of my parents and benefactors, a ‘ pax- bred ’ of silver in the keeping of Thomas my brother and a silver cup “swaged ’ to put the body of our Lord Jhesus Christ in at Easter.” He mentions a son John, who was apparently the only son, and four daughters, Joan, Edith, Maud and Julian. His tenements in Bristol are to be sold by his executors and his tenements in Salisbury and the profits of land rented at Little Horningsham are-to go to his son. His daughter Joan is to have his tenements in Wilton and a silver cup with cover, seven silver spoons and one large cup. By G. J. Kidston, C.M.G. 28:1 His daughter Edith is to have a silver cup with cover and “‘ 50 of the best sheep in my fold at Sutton-super-la Sonde (? Sutton Veny). His daughters Maud and Julian are each to have 20 sheep. His sister Agnes is to have a silver cup ‘‘swaged.’’ This was the sister who was a nun at Shaftesbury, to whom her father, Nicholas, left silver plate and other gear in his will. His brother Thomas is to have a silver pot, but it is in the keeping of William Webb, for five marks, and Thomas must acquire it to his own keeping :—in other words, it was pledged and Thomas must pay to get it out of pawn. Edward Shafton is to have a gold ring with a stone called an ‘“‘ Everdeboys ”’ (? a cameo) with a white horse. William Stourton (probably Sir William Stourton, who married Elizabeth Moyne and was father of the first Lord Stourton) was to have a gold ring, ‘‘ which I had of Elizabeth, his wife.”’ The servants do not fare so wellas in his father’s will; Roger Houghs is to have a cow, a cloak and 20s. Thomas Pudemoris to have 13s. 4d. and acloak. Joan Dygon is to have a cow and John Cory is to have ““my best sword.” Elizabeth, his wife, was the chief beneficiary. She was to have “all my stock, all the utensils in the kitchen and buttery and everything in the halls at Bonham and Berwick St. James.’’ Other bequests to her are two table napkins, two of the best towels of Paris work, two beds with curtains, two pairs of coverlets, two pairs of sheets, etc., together with a large quantity of silver plate, which will be dealt with presently. The executors are the testator’s brother, Thomas Bonham, John Cleymond and Thomas Bacon, Rector of the Church of Great Wishford. A note appended to the will states that the executors refused to serve and that the estate was administered on April 24th, 1411, by the Rector of Steeple Langford. This refusal was doubtless due to a dispute which arose over the widow's share of the estate. She was Elizabeth, daughter of Ralph Busshe, and the dispute was over a sum of 40 marks due to the estate by her father in respect of her jointure. It led to a curious arrange- ment between the parties, the text of which is preserved in the British Museum (Add Charters, 15,301). It was signed at Shaftesbury and is in Norman French. The date, I think, is late for the use of that language and the French is decidedly of the ‘‘ Bowe”’ variety. It enumerates much more clearly than the will itself the nature of the goods bequeathed to the widow, especially the large quantity of silver plate. Attention was drawn to the unexpectedly large amount of plate left by John’s father in 1386. John had inherited only one silver bowl and cover under that instrument, but by the date of his death in 1411 he possessed a very well-filled plate-chest. I have attempted a translation, but the original text is such an 282 | Some Early Wills of the Bonham Family. amusing specimen of the Anglo-French of the time that I trust I may be excused for giving it also in full. The document is endorsed in a later hand :—‘‘ Indenture of covenant between Thomas Bonham and John Cleymond, executors of John Bonham, of the one parte, and Elizabeth, which was the wyeff of the said John, of the other,—for the delivery of goods due by her joyneture.”’ ‘This is the agreement made at Shaftesbury the Saturday next before the feast of St. Lawrence in the 12th year of Henry IV since the Con- quest between Thomas Bonham and John Cleymond, executors of the will of John Bonham, of the one parte, and Elizabeth late the wife of the said John Bonham of the other part.—Witnesseth that the said Thomas and John etc. have granted and given and promised to deliver to the said Elizabeth all the following goods :—firstly, a silver pot weighing 2lbs. 30z. ldwt., Troy (68s. 2d.),—a silver drinking cup with cover, and griffin feet, weighing 4lbs. 9oz. Idwt. (£6 13. 0),—also a wounde! drinking cup with silver gilt cover weighing Ilb. 100z. Idwt., —also a ‘flat’ silver drinking cup weighing 2lb. 90z.—also, a round drinking cup and cover weighing 10}0z. (23s. 11d.)—also, 12 spoons weighing Ilb. }foz. (28s. 7d.)—also, a silver salt celler weighing Ib. (28s.). Also, a mazer weighing Ilb. 30z. (35s.)—also, a mazer weighing 50z. Also, a silver chalice weighing 80z. I dwt. (19s. 10d.). Also, a covered silver drinking cup weighing 10 marks (13s. 4d,). ; Also, all the garnishings and necessaries lying and belonging to the hall at Bonham and Berwick complete. Also, all the garnishings and necessaries lying and belonging to the kitchen, pantry, buttery and bakery. Also, all the garnishings and necessaries of the Larder, with the salted meats remaining there. Also, all manner of corn and hay of whatever sort growing and being on the lands and manor (mansion) of Bonham, Gayspore (Gasper, a hamlet near Bonham), Wincanton and Round hill in the county of Somerset and at Berwick St. James and Uppington in the county of Wilts.- Also, all the (?) timber (mearenne) felled for building purposes in the aforesaid places. Also all wagons, ploughs and carts and implements for tilling the soil in the aforesaid places. Also, all the ploughs there being, with all their fittings and belongings. Also, all the other live stock being in the aforesaid places. In addition to them, it is granted to the said Elizabeth that she shall have all the goods that were bequeathed to her by John Bonham, her late Baron, according to the purport of the will of the said John in that respect. - And moreover, the said Elizabeth on the Sunday before the Feast of St. Lawrence, in the 12th year of Hen. IV, after the Conquest at Shaftesbury, did sell to the said Thomas and Jolha Cleymond the elder all the following goods :—(here follows a complete list of all the silver “ Canon Goddard suggests that fc may have been a cup with a ‘‘wounde ’’ or twisted stem, or perhaps bowl or knob. Such cups were usually defined as ‘“‘ wrythen.”’ By G. J. Kidston, C.M.G. 283 plate enumerated above) on condition that if Ralph Bush, father of the said Elizabeth, pay, or cause to be paid to the said Thomas and John Cleymond, etc., 40 marks, which were due to the said John Bonham for the marriage of the said Elizabeth, at the Feast of All Saints next ensuing at Shaftesbury, then all the aforesaid goods sold to the said Thomas and John Cleymond will be restored to the said Elizabeth and Ralph or to their attorneys to hold to them and their executors for ever. And if the said Ralph fail in the payment of the aforesaid sum on the aforesaid day then the said Elizabeth wills and grants that the said Thomas and John Cleymond have and hold all the aforesaid goods sold to them and their executors for ever. In witness whereof the aforesaid parties have mutually set their seals to this indenture. Given the year and place aforesaid.’’ The widow seems to have been in league with her late husband’s executors to induce her father to pay up the balance of her jointure, but the means adopted do not sound very promising, and whether they were effective we do not know. The following is a transcription of the original document :— C’est le accorde fait a Shaftesbury le samady procheyn devaunt le fest de Seynt Laurence l’an le roy Henri quarte puys le conquest xii par entre Thomas Bonham et John Cleymond, l’executeurs de testament de John Bonham, d’un part, et Elizabeth, jadis la femme de dit John Bonham, dautre part:—tesmoigne, que lez dit Thomas et John Cleymond executeurs de testament de dit John Bonham ount grauntez et donnez et fait promis a delivrer al dite Elizabeth toutz lez biens ensuantz :—en premier, on poot dargent poysaunt deux livres, trois onces, i d., poyx de troie, (Ixviii s. iid.) — un hanap dargent avec le couver avec peez de gryffons povsaunt quater livres, ix onces et id. — (vi 77. xiii s) — auxi un hanap wounde avec le couver sussare poysaunt i livre, dix onces, et id. — auxi un hanap dargent flat poysaunt deux livres, neuf onces. — auxi un hanap roundes avec le couver poysaunt dyx onces et un quarter dun once, (xxiii s. xi d.) — auxi dosze esqylers poysaunt un livre et un quarter dun once. (xxviii s. vii d.) — auxi un salar dargent poysaunt un livre. (xxviii s.) — auxi un maser poysaunt un livre et lil onces. (xxxv s.) — auxi un maser poysaunt v onces. — auxi un Chaleys dargent poysaunt viii onces et i d. (xix s. x d.) — auxi un hanap dargent couvert poysaunt x marcs. (xiii s. lili d.) — Auxi touz lez hostelmentz et necessariez gysauntz et appartenantz a ls Sale de Bonham et Berewyke en toutz poyntz. Auxi touz lez hostelmentz et necessariez gysauntz et appartenantz al cuizyne en toutz poyntz. Auxi touz les hostelmentz et necessariez gysauntz et appartenantz al Panetrie “et boterie en touz poyntz. Auxi touz -hostelmentz et necessariez gysauntz et appartenantz al pistrine. Auxi touz hostel- mentz et necessariez de larder house appartenantz avec les chars sales remenauntz en ycelle. Auxi touz maniers dez bleez et foing de quelles natures que lez soyent cressauntz et esteauntz en les terres et mansion de Bonham, Gayspore, Wyncaunton et Rounhull en le comite de Som. 284 Some Early Wills of the Bonham Family. et en Berewyke Seynt Jame et Uppington en le comite de Wiltes. Auxi touz le mearenne abatuz pour edifier en lez lieuz avauntditz. Auxi touz waynez, charus, charyettys avec leur entiers appointementz et necessariez a terre gainer en lez heuz avauntditz. Auxi toux lez charuz avec touz ces entierz appointementz et necessariez illoque estauntz. Auxi tout le autre store vive estaunt en lez lieuz avauntditz. Et outre ceux sont grauntez al dite Elizabeth gel avera touz lez bienz queux furent a luy demisz par John Bonham, jadis son Baron, selon cele que le testament de dit John Bonham en cele partie purporte. Et en outre le dit Elizabeth le Demange procheyn devaunt le feste de Seynt Laurence lan le roy Henry quart apres le conquete xii a Shaftesbury a venduz a ditz Thomas et John Cleymond leyne touz lez biensz que ci ensuauntz ; — en primes, (here follows a list of the silver plate already enumerated in the earlier part of the document) sour tiel condicion que si Rauf Bussh, pere le dit Elizabeth, paye ou fait paier al ditz Thomas et John Cleymond, executeurs de John Bonham, xl marcz queux furent dus al dit John Bonham pour le mariage de dit Elizabeth, al feste de Touz Saintz a ore procheyn ensuant a Shaftesbury, que a doncq touz lez biensz avauntditz a ditz Thomas et John Cleymond issint venduz serront rebailez a lez ditz Elizabeth ou Rauf ou a leurz attornez, a tener a eux et a leur executeurs pour touz jours, Et si le dit Rauf faile de paiement de somme avauntdit al jour avauntdit a doncq le dit Elizabeth veut et graunte que lez ditz Thomas et John Cleymond eyent et tiegnent touz lez biensz avauntditz issent a eux venduz a eux et a leurs executeurs pour touz jourz. En temoignaunce de quele chose a ceste endente les partiez avauntditz enterchaungeablement ount mis leurs seal. Done lan et lieu avauntditz. WILL AND INVENTORY OF SIR WALTER BONHAM. 1551. The third will is of much later date, but it is still of quite respectable age, for its maker was knighted after the battle of Pinkie in 1547 and died in 1551. He was the 3rd son of Thomas Bonham of Stanway Hall, co. Essex. This Thomas Bonham first appears in Essex about the year 1497 and was founder of the Essex branch of the Bonham family. He bore the same arms as the Wiltshire Bonhams and was undoubtedly a cadet of that house, but unfortunately all efforts to discover his parentage have so far proved unavailing. His father’s name was Thomas and it is not improbable that he was a son of that Thomas of Wishford who died in 1473 and is best known to fame as the husband of the heroic lady who By.G. J. Kidston, C.M.G. 285 is said to have produced seven children at a birth. However that may be, Thomas Bonham prospered exceedingly in his new home in Essex. He married an heiress, Catherine, daughter of the first Lord Marney and widow of Sir Edward Knivett, amassed huge estates and filled various high offices, including that of Receiver-General of the Duchy of iancaster, Knight -of the Shire-and Sheriff of Essex (thrice).-. He had five sons and two daughters, for each of whom he provided a rich marriage by the process of acquiring the wardship of eligible young men and maidens whom he married off to his own children. Sir Walter in this way was mated with Alice Dale and with her gota life interest in the estate of Soberton in the Meon valley in Hampshire. His will itselfis of no great interest. He seems to have been a soldier of fortune and nothing more, but one or two significant facts transpire which show a connexion with Wiltshire and so confirm the theory that the Essex Bonhams were an offshoot of the Great Wishford family. In a dispute with regard to the tenancy of Soberton the tenant’s agent writes! in 1538 to Lady Lisle, the tenant’s wife, that if he is to get into touch with Walter Bonham he ‘‘ must ride to Salisbury, within 3 miles of which he lies.’”’ This seems clearly to indicate Great Wishford. Another link with Wiltshire was his intimacy with Sir William Sharington of Lacock who was one of the executors of his will. In the year of his death (1551) he was joint creditor with Sir William Sharington for a debt of 1,000 marks owed to them by Sir John Gresham and, as we shall see presently, he occupied Sharington’s house at Hackney. He mentions in his will one son Edward and two daughters, Jane and Dorothy, but the profits of his estate are to go to one Jane Alen, “so long as she continue soule and unmarried ’’ and if she dies or marries the property is to be divided between ‘‘ Edward Bonham, my son, Jane and Dorothy Bonham, my daughters, and that child that Jane Allen is now with child with.’ Jane Alen’s child by Walter Bonham apparently appeared and was a girl, for in a petition? to the Court of Bequests the two legitimate daughters are associated with a sister named Anne in a complaint that they have been defrauded of their fair share of their father’s estate, consisting, among other things, of the Manor of Litton in Yorkshire and a great chain weighing 17oz. of pure gold. But though the will itself is of no great interest, there is in the Public Record Office (Court of Wards, Deeds, etc., 94 D/5) an Inventory of all the goods owned by Sir Walter Bonham at the date of his death in 1551 in the house of Sir William Sharington at Hackney, which is of considerable interest. The Inventory takes us from room to room and catalogues the furniture and hangings in each. The very full list of wearing apparel and arms and armour is, I think, unusual and may appeal to students 1 Gairdner’s Letters of the Reign of Henry VIII. 1538. 2 P.R.O. Court of Bequests, Elizabeth. Bundle 318. 286 Some Early Wills of the Bonham Family. of costume, while the contents of the linen cupboard which seems to have been very plentifully supphed for such an establishment, and the fittings of the kitchen will perhaps not be without interest to the modern housewife. 1551. An Inventary of all the goodes and Catalls aswell moveables as unmoveables, money, plate, juells and other housholde stuf, w“ were belonging and apperteigning to Sir Walter Bonham knight at the time of his decesse and remayning within the mansion hous of Sir William Sharrington knight, in the parish of Hakney in the countie of Midlx., viewed and praised by Edward Tagg, letherseller and Henry Glyn Goldsmythe the xxx" daie of Octob' in the ffifte yeer of the reigne of our sovreign Lord Edward the sixth, by the grace of God of England, ffraunce and Ireland king, defender of the faith and on earth of the Church of England and also of Ireland the Supreme Hedd. V1Z. In the hall Imprimis a joyned table, 1] fformes anda settle, praised at vjs. viujd. Sum. vjs. viljd. In the parlo’ Item. The parlo* hanged w* grene say KOC), Item a joyned table with a carpet therunto of grene cloth praised at Sais Item. 4 dosin of stooles, $ dosin of quisshions wrought with nedle worke and 4 dosin of grene quisshions VS. Item. A joyned cupborde and carpet therunto praised at illjs. Item. ij olde grene chaires praised at vjs. viljd. Item. A faire paire. of Andirons, a fier shovell and a paire of tongs and a shrine, praised XXV]S.vujd. Sw, JIkocinys wy In the [blank] Item. The chamber hanged w' yelowe and blue saie, praised at IDKS, Item. 1j stooles of yelow velvet quilted 3/Se Item. A redde chaire ANI: Item. A pair of andirons, a fier shovell and a pair of tongs, praised all at VS. Sim, — Lsopnys. In the [blank] Item. The chamber hanged w* olde redd and blewe say, praised at xs Item. A joyned bedstede xls: Item. The Tester of crymson velvet and purple satin, the curtens of crymsin sarcenet and purple, w' the fether- bedd, bolster, and all things thereto belonging 1jZ2. By G. J. Kidston, C.M.G. Item. A joyned table w' a carpet therto Item. A fflaundres cheste, praised at Sum: In the [blank] Item. The chamber hanged w’ grene saie, praised at Item. A joyned Bedstede, a tester of yelow and blewe sarcenet quilted, w a fetherbedde, bolster, quilt and all thynges therunto belonging Item. A cupborde w‘ a carpet therto Item. -A grene-chair Item. ij little joyned stooles Item. A cheste w‘ a little cheste Item. A paire of andirons, a fier shovel and a pair of tonges Item. A warmyng panne _ Item. Inthe same chamber, a pallet w* a little olde coverlet and ij matresses PAs, Sum. In the [blank] Item. ~The chamber hanged w' painted clothes, wta Bedstede and a tester of redde and blewe silke, and also the curtens of redde and blew sarcenet w* a fether bedde, bolster, quilt and alithinges therunto belonging, praised at litem A cheste Vijitw xijd. Sum. In the [blank] Item. The chamber hanged wt painted saie, a fether- bedde, bolster, bedsted and all things therunto belongrng, and 1} joyned chests xlisy Vind: SUIS EOxs. In the [blank] Item. The Chamber hanged w' a stayned clothes, _ praised at Item. 1j faire joyned presses SUM.“ sclijs. vid. In the thre servnts chambers. tem. «ihre borded Bedstedes, 11j fetherbeddes, iij matresses and all things therunto belonging, praised all at Sum. xls. Lynnen. Item. xxx‘ paires of shets, course and fyne, praised at Item. x paires of pillowberes Item. xx" tableclothes, corse and fyne Item. viij dos. of napkins, diap and other Item. Oon dos. of towells diap and other Sum. 287 i]s. xxd. ».O. Bip eres ze Lid] S: vjs. viijd. iiijd. iiijs. VS. xijd. XXS. xls. xxd. XXS. Ws. Vid. xis. xls, viijlt. xls: xls; XKX1S. XS: 288 Item. Some Early Wills of the Bonham Famutly. Apparell (and other furnitur) An olde clothe night gowne, garded with velvet and furred with conies Item. Item. w' velvet Item. A fyne cote of black cloth and a Spanish cloke A Spanish cloke w’ a cape of velvet and garded A buff Jerkyn garded w' velvet w' Buttons of silver and gilt Item. A white Spanish lether Jerkyn edged w' golde parchemet lace and w' gilt buttons Item. Item. Item. Item. Item. An olde riding cote garded w' velvet A pair of olde hoses of blake satten A paire of white hoses welted in velvet vij shertes A Taffata hatt w' a brouch and a plume of white fethers Item. Item. Item. Item. Item. w? velvet Item. Item. Item. Item. Item. Item. Item. Item. Item. Item. Item Item. Item. Item. Item. Item. Item. Item. garded in Item. Item. Item. Item. Item. Item. A knit hatt w’ a blacke fether A rapiar and a dagger A sworde and a Bukler ij pairs white dimilawn harness A shurt of mayle lyned w' fustian and garded A stile (i.e. steel) Terget and a mace A Dagge w' ij chardges ij paires of velvet shoes An old aunsen (?) ij plumes of fethers blacke A skarf of yelow and blak sarcenet A pair of wynter bootes and gilt spurres A cloke bagge and ij souldiers cotes A Bowe, and ij quivers w*’ arowes A Pollaxe more, oon Gowne of Blacke velvet furred w* conies Oon Cote of blak Taffata garded w' velvet Oon paire of hoses, the breaches of Blacke velvet Oon dublet of blak Satten A nyght gowne of blak satten furred We sables ij velvet cots furred w’ conies A cote of blak satten garded w' velvet A Spanish lether cote furred w* squyrell and velvet A frisead clok A blak spanish lether Jerkyn furred A grene cote A white Taffata Dublet A white fustian Dublet A fyne canvas Dublet KS s xls. xls. XXS KES) Vs. iijs. jd. VS. Sls. OOS. lijs. uijd. vjs. viljd. eee SOG AIS VASE DiS atlas xijd. VS. VS. Ljs. ij. XS. eeee XOX): XXS. <8, xa ijl. LOOKS, KS! KGS): aS) vjs. viujd. vis. viijd. Mj Seminal lijs. uijd. By G. J. Kidston, C.M.G. Item. ij paires of hoses, the breaches velvet Item. A crossbowe and a long bowe Item. A saddell, the seate of velvet quilted, and the harnes of velvet Item. iiij other saddells for geldings Item. ij stele saddells Item. A faire blak harnesse w™ was for hymself Item. A Terget of plate Item. Oon Gelding, price Item. Oon Cowe praised at estemed at Sum. Iviilz. viijs. vijd. Catall. Sum. XXijs. 1ujd. Plate, Jewells and reddie money. Item. A chayne of Crowne golde waieng xvij onz., lacking a q* gold onz. Item. Oon ring of golde w’ a diall and seale in it, and a pair of braseletts, wt W.B. in eidy of them, of golde, pondering in all [blank] onz. Item. Oon ring of golde w* a table diamonde in it Item. ij cappes of velvet garnished w' agletts worth Item. A Potindish of silver and gilt w' a cover pon- dering xx onz. ij Orters Item. A salt of silver and gilt pondering vij onz. Item. 4 dosin of spones, pondering viij onz. quarter Item. A casting bottell of silver gilt and pondering ie Vj onz. Item. A glasse corded w' silver and gilt, pondering lllj onz. Item. hehadinredie money, when he died, in his purse xX iiijvjli. ijd. ob. Sum. Item. 4 dosen of pewter pottes Item. The pewter vessell in the kitchin all praised at Item. vii candelsticks, wherof i11j of pewter Item. ij chafyndisshes of lattin — Item. inj brasse pottes item. 11} kettels Item. ij chafers Item. A pairr of andirons, fire panne and tonges and Item. ij gredirons and a dripping pan WiOL= XLVIII, Vessell and other implem* in the kitchin. Item. A Basun and Ewer Item. 1 other basuns 289 Ixs, XXS: XXS; XXVjs.vlijd. als: eee XS, xiijs. iiijd. xlvil7. viljs. vit. 1Xs; vill. Clijs. Ixd. XXXVIJS.vjd. XXXvijs. ob KING. 11d. XViljs. Kyle. Vs: vid. llljs. xd. xis. Bals. vjs. ijs. viijd. vjs. vid. Vs. NESE ls. 290 Some Early Wills of the Bonham Family. Item. A frieing panne Item. — Excavation on a Roman Site in Brail Wood, Great Bedwyn. 319 other small finds are consequently treated as a whole, no distinction being possible by reason of their position or depth below the surface. Several exploratory trenches gave no result, but the two areas of tessellated paving were extended all around. A trench, No. 1, dug on the axis of the squared stone C (plan) brought to light another squared stone, F, of Bath oolite,on the same axis, slightly larger, 3ft. 6ins. south-west, but extension of the trench another 3ft. 6ins. (where the trees grew very close) gave only disturbed soil. The dimensions of Gieserstones are given on the plan. A’ trench, No. 2, 4ins.:to 30ins. deep according to surface, was dug between the two areas of tessellated paving, in expectation that a wall must have divided two separate chambers of which these were the floors, and ultimately the mortar base of a wall, G, across the line of the trench and 12ins. wide was found at a depth of a foot below the paving level. This wall turned at right angles, H, along the side of the trench, and projecting from under this length of wall was a hard level-surfaced strip (J) of mortar lft. wide. At the northern end of G, a thin layer of bright yellow clay lay under the mortar. The positions and dimensions of these features are shown on the plan. A fragment of wrought iron (handle or knob) was found a foot below ground by the “‘flinty stone (I) near the grey and.white paving. Chemical analysis has shown as its outstanding feature, compared with modern wrought iron, a very high percentage of phosphorus, °340, and almost complete absence of manganese. This corresponds with a recorded analysis by the Iron and Steel Institute of some wrought iron of B.C. 54 where phosphorus was *350 and manganese was completely absent, but it has not been possible to prove it of Roman origin, which is considered doubtful, and a hoax is suspected. A large stone of flinty nature (1) leaning at an angie of about 45° was found-where trench No. 2 ended in the excavation for the grey and white tessellated paving, but its significance has not been ascertained. Efforts to lift it upright failed on account of its weight (probably three- quarters of a ton) and fixity at one corner. On the last day an attempt was made to find the original border, or edge, of the area of red paving by driving a trench from the slope on its west, but the tangle of roots met with prevented this being done in the time. Mortar masses, sometime borne on what appeared to be a filling of stone. debris, were met with almost everywhere and were broadly conceived to be the disjointed remains of a bed for tessellated paving that had disappeared, and to tell a story of general dislocation of soil resulting from the removal of stone and previous searches for finds. At the point marked J, a level-surfaced layer of hard mortar was found below the filling of loose stone supporting the mortar assumed to be the bed of former tessellated paving. This hard bed was “ picked ”’ through to natural clay—see section on plan. 320 Excavations on a Roman Site in Brail Wood, Great Bedwyn. The existence of this hard mortar underneath the other artificial formation strongly suggests an earlier building of which it formed part of the floor. The same layer was found projecting northwards 12ins. from under wall H, for its whole length. On September 5th, 1937, after a day’s work which was representatively fruitless, it was decided to abandon these excavations, in xiew of the difficulties of the site as compared with the rosources of the society. PoTTERY FINDS—MAINLY BY Mr. E. R. POLE, IN 19386. Extract from Mr. C. F. C. Hawkes’ letter of \st July, 1937. “ T have looked through the 74 articles from the Brail Wocd, Bedwyn, site, submitted following your letter of June 16th, and am returning them herewith sorted into groups.”’ ‘‘Tt is the pottery which is the more interesting, and one can say at once that it is predominantly Late Roman. There is nothing that need be earher than the latter part of the 2nd century A.D. and most of the material is more definitely 3rd or 4th century. I have labelled with brief descriptions the various groups into which I have sorted the collection, and need not repeat these here. But on the whole one may say that two conclusions are possible : either this site was only occupied in the latter two centuries or so of Roman rule, or else an occupation in © these centuries followed on an earlier one of which the relics are still buried.” Samian (4 pieces). Il cr Ill Century buff ware (3 pieces). II or III Century colour-coated ware (3 pieces). Late II: or III or lV Romano-British grey ware (34 pieces). Do. Imitation Samian (8 pieces). III or IV Mortaria (4: pieces). IDO, k.B. Flanged pie dishes (6 pieces). Do. Late Roman New Forest ware (3 pieces). Do. Late Roman Buff ware (4 pieces). Unclassified (5 pieces). : NotE ON ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ROMAN SITE NEAR BEDWyYN, WILTS, By DoROTHEA M. A. BaTE, 18TH AvuGuUST, 1937. These anima! remains are few in number and are generally in a fragmentary condition, apparently broken prior to excavation. Five species are represented and, with one exception, the rabbit, these are doubtless dumestic animals. Bos Sp. Ox is-represented by a last molar and by two fragments of metapodials. Sheep ov Goat. Where are- two cheek teeth, and parteorjantibia. Sus Sp. Whereis a distal-end of a humerus, and an) imipexteer canine tooth of a pig. / Equus Sp. A distal end of a cannon bone of a horse. Oryctolagus Cuniculus. Rabbit is represented by a fragment of a femur. 321 NOmES ON. SOME OF THE BASIDIOMYCETES FOUND ENG SOUTH-WEST WILTSHIRE, ESPECIALLY: ROUND DONHEAD ST MARY. By T. F. G. W. DunsTON, B.A., and Captain A. E. A. DUNSTON. The period over which the following notes have been made extends from 1922 to 1923 and from 1935 to 1937 but with only two exceptions the former observations are covered by those of the latter period. The area over which the observations have been made is all within the county of Wiltshire and consists of all land within the following boundaries :— Starting from the Wiltshire—Dorsetshire boundary at Shaftesbury follow the boundary to Ashmore—Berwick St, John—Whitesheet, Donhead St. Andrew and follow the old coach road on the top of the downs to Salisbury, thence by the Salisbury— Devizes road to the crossing of that road and the Taunton— London road and by the latter to Winterbourne Stoke—Deptford—Wylye—the Fonthills—Hindon— East Knoyle—Sedgehill—Semley and back to Shaftesbury. We have been very fortunate in having the assistance of Miss E. M. Wakefield, M.A., F.L.S., of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, who determined all the species in this list. It would be difficult to find appropriate words to express our gratitude for her co-operation. Vir ASD. Cotton, O.B.E,, M.A:,-F.L.S., the keeper of the Herbatium at Kew, has supplied sympathetic encouragement without which it is unlikely that we should have ventured on the task of recording the Fungi of Wiltshire, which up to the present have been described only by two writers, C. E. Broome in W.A M., viii, 170—239 (1862—64) ; and C. P. Hurst, dealing with East Wilts, in W.A.M., xlu, 548—555; xliii, 143—155; xliv, 25—29 (1924—1927). Itis hoped that this first contribution will be followed by others, when groups besides Basidiomycetes may be tackled. The arrangement is according to the standard work, British Basidiomycetes, by Carleton Rea (Cambridge University Press, 1922). Many species new to Britain have been recorded since this work was published; these have been published from time to time in the Transactions of the British Mycological Society. We would draw special attention to the following species which are uncommon in Britain :— Pholiota destruens (Brond.), Fr.; Tvicholoma bufonium (Pres.), Fr.; Hygrophorus olivaceo-albus, Fr.; Ganoderma resinaceum (Boud.), Fr.; and Boletus pulverulenius, Opatowski. The descriptions of many of the fungi are taken from or founded on the descriptions given by Mr. G. Massee in his work, British Fungi and Lichens, published by Messrs. George Routledge & Sons, who have kindly allowed free use to be made of the work. Wor. SLVIIL, NO. CLXIX. x 322 Notes on some of the Basidiomycetes found in South-west Wiltshive. We have to add our thanks to another mycologist, Mr. A. A. Pearson, F.L.S., for expert assistance in the final preparation of this paper for the press. Phallus impudicus (Linn), Pers. (=P. foetidus). The Stink-horn, as this fungus 1s commonly called, first comes up like a large owl’s egg and from this stage it elongates—in favourable weather at an almost incredible pace—when fully grown it attracts flies which are enticed by the dark green mucous substance on the top to eat the spores embedded therein which pass through them uninjured and are thus widely dispersed. When fully grown and the mucous substance intact, this fungus admits the foulest of odours. In its egg state it is eaten in some parts of the Continent but we found it not very appetising. Particularly common in the woods round Fovant. Lycoperdon celatum (Bull.), Fr. The carved puff-ball—a broadly top-shaped fungus often depressed on the top, 7in.—8in. high and 3in. to 7in. broad. The external wall is composed of a thick white brittle layer covered with large persistent coarse angular warts, white at first then changing to dirty brown. Its habit of growth is solitary but it is not infrequently found in circles. Said to be edible when young, common—on Chilmark Downs the motorists are often seen to draw their cars up to pick what they hope to be mushrooms but are really thousands of these puff-balls. L. saccatum (Vahl), Fr. Peridium greyish-white, becoming brownish in age, often with a long stem-like base. Uncommon. Donhead St. Mary. L. depressum (Bon.). Peridium, yellowish-white, turning yellowish and finally brown. Fairly common. L. perlatum Pers. (=L. gemmatum Auct. Pl.). Top-shaped, lin. to 2in. high and lin. to 14in. Often broad, assuming very irregular forms owing to its cespitose growth. Slightly umbonate at the apex or slightly depressed. The surface is covered with long and short scaly tufts disappearing as the plant grows to maturity, leaving a net-like marking behind. Czspitose on wood or on the ground. Common. L. pyriforme (Schaeff), Pers. The pear-shaped puffball. lin. to 2in. high, tan to brownish. In maturity the surface is often minutely scaly. Densely czspitose on decaying wood. Common in Farnham Common Wood and the woods round Chilmark Down. Scleroderma auvantium, Pers. (=S. vulgave (Hornem), Fyv.). The Earth Ball—so named as it is very often found almost covered with earth. It is at times mistaken for the truffle (Tuber aestivum). Abundant locally in Donhead St. Mary and not uncommon in Donhead St. Andrew. S. verrucosum (Vaill.), Pers. Peridium ochraceous or dingy brown, covered with minute warts. The normal growth is easily distinguished by the long stem which is surmounted by a sack-like peridium. Notso common as the previous species. By T. F.G. W. Dunston, B.A., and Captain A. E. A. Dunston, 323 Pluteus cervinus (Schaffe.), Fr. A large conspicuous plant, with large fawn colour pileus and pink spores, growing luxuriantly in sawdust and also on stumps of trees. Burltons, Donhead St. Mary, on the trunk of an up-rooted beech tree. Lepiota procera (Scop.), Fr. The Parasol Mushroom is probably the most easily recognised of all the edible fungi and by many is perferred to the common mushroom (Psaliota campestris), because of its delicate flavour. The cap varies in size from 4in. to 6in., and is at first egg- shaped becoming expanded as it grows but always umbonate; the raised cap being dark brown. When old the margins frequently turn up, and the cuticle breaks up into large widely spaced radiating brown scales. Stem 7in. to Yin. long, ring large and thick and moveable when old. The base becomes enlarged into a prominent bulb. Locally abundant; one field on the Donhead Hall Estate in 1937 was full of this fungus and its long stem and scaly caps gave the field a very weird appearance. L. rhacodes (Vitt.), Fr. Not unlike a smaller form of the preceding but it is easily recognised by the turning of the flesh to a reddish colour when bruised, and it is not umbonate. Edible and as good as the L. procera, but less common. SBurltons, Donhead St. Mary. L. excoriata (Schaeff.), Fr. The fawn-coloured parasol, though it is the least like a parasol. Cap about 2in. broad and a general fawn colour. Cuticle smooth and then breaking up into irregular patches which adhere to the cap—beneath the broken cuticle, the surface being white and silky. Stem about 2in. long, dirty white seldom thickening at the base. The broad collar near the top is easily removable. The main difference from the other fungi in the parasol group will be seen to be that the irregular patches of cuticle take the place of the scales and gives it an appearance of being unrelated to the rest of the group. Fairly common in some districts. L. gvacilenta (Krombh.), Fr. Much like the preceding, but as its name would imply it is more slender in growth. While there is still the resemblance to the parasol it is smaller and the scales on the cap are much smaller and less conspicuous and the stem is thinner and almost white with a slight swelling at the base. The brown apex is entirely missing. Seldom more than 6in. high. Excellenttoeat. Not a common species but widely distributed on all the downlands. L. acutesquamosa (Weinm.), Fr. —— |. 1. de-Albertini, I¢:,D..de Schweinitz. Batsch.—A. J. G. C. Batsch. B. & Br.—M, J. Berkeley, '\C. E. Broome. Berk.—M. J. Berkeley. Bolt.—J. Bolton. Big. & Guill.—Bigeard & H. Guillemin. Bon.—H. F: Bonorden. Boud.—E. Boudier. Bres.—J. Bresadola. Brond.—L. de Brondeau. Bull.— P. Bulliard Cooke.—M. C. Cooke. Curt.—W. Curtis. D.C.—A. P. de Candolle. Dick.—J. Dickson. Fl. Dan.—Flora Danica. Fl. Wett.—Flora der Wetterau Fr.—E. M. Fries. Genev.—G. Genevier. Holmsk.—T. Holdskiold. Hornem.— J. W. Hornemann. Huds.—-W. Hudson. Jacq Nes) de Jacquin. | Kalch.— C. Kalchbrenner. Karst.—P. A, Karsten. Krombh.—J. Von Krombholz. Lam.— J. B. P. A. de M. de Lamarck. Lash.—W. G. Lasch. Cenz.—F. A. Lenz. Lév.—J. H. Léveillé. Linn.—C. Von Linnaeus. Maire.—René Maire. Mill.—O. F, Miller. Opat.—W. Opatowski. Pass.—G. Passerini. Pat.—N. Patouillard. Paul.—J. J. Paulet. erss——C, Hi, Persoon. Ouél.—L. Quélet. Relh.—R. Relham. Retz.—M. D. & J. Retzius. Rostk.—J. F. Rostkovius Roze.—E. Roze. Schaeff.—J. C. Schaeffer. Schrad.—H. A. Schrader. Schrank.— F. Von. P. Von Schrank. Schulz.—S. Schulzer Von Mueggenburg. Schum.—C. &. Schumacher: Scop. — J. A. Scopoll. W. G. Sm,—W. G. Smith. Sow.—J. Sowerby. Swartz.—O. Swartz. Vahl.—M. Vahl. Vaill.—S. Vaillant. Vitt.—C. Vittadini. Wahl.—G. Wahlenberg. Weinm.—C. G. Weinmann. Willd.—C. E. Willdenow. Wulf.—F. X. Von Wulfen. 347 348 NOTES. Royal Arms in Hardenhuish Church. HARDEN- HUISH ST. NICHOLAS. R.A. Hanover, between 1714 and 1801. Actually dated 1764. On E. wall of vestry. Canvas, framed, c. dft. sq. Very decrepit, Shield circular enclosed in Garter. Quarterly, England and Scotland, but not impaled, Scotland being represented by a small island-like rectangular vertical oblong to the sinister side of the lions of England, there being no attempt at impalement. The shield of Scotland has been gold but is now black. It bears a single tressure without any fleurs de lis, within which is the red rampant lion of Scotland. 2, France (Modern), 3, Ireland, 4, Hanover, whose three shields are quite correct, thus, per pale and per chevron 1. Gules two lions passant guardant in pale or, for Brunswick. 2, or, semée of hearts ppr. a lion rampant azure: for Luneberg 3. Gules a horse courant argent, for Westphalia: 4. over all on an inescutcheon gules, the golden crown of Charlemagne. Helmet faded, but is gold red-lined and with 6 gold bars. Mantling, red and gold outside, ermine inside. Crown, red-lined two-arched. Crest, a golden lion statant guardant with tail recurved over back and a crown red-lined with two arches. The initials GIII (Crest) R. appear as shown near the crest. Supporters are both accurate, the dexter lion is armed as to teeth which are represented argent but the claws are gold. The Unicorn as sinister supporter is accurate in all details. Badges: there are a dexter rose and a sinister thistle. Mottoes: Garter, Honi soit qui mal y pense, and the Scroll Motto is Dieu et mon droit. The Compartment is red, much foliated, and bears at each end a red head. Additional comments. Owing to the, shall we say, weathering of the canvas on which the Achievement is painted most of the gold has come ~ away leaving a black background which gives at first sight a very curious effect. Some attempt has at some time been made to repair the lower edge of the canvas by putting a lath across the whole width of it immediately above the lower part of the frame—a laudable attempt, despite the fact that it half conceals the date, but it is somewhat dis- tressing to notice that two brass hooks have been screwed to this lath from one of which is suspended a surplice and from the other a hood. ~ i; BAWCEL.: Royal Arms in Seend Church. SEEND. R. Achieve- ment. Hanover 1714—1801. South wall of chamber over north porch. Canvas framed c. 6ft. sq.; very dilapidated condition. Shield, circ. surrounded by garter with motto, tinctures of the various coats much faded but appear to have been correctly painted originally. The Notes. 349 marshalling is the usual one for the period thus :—Quarterly, 1 England impaling Scotland, 2 France modern, 3 Ireland, 4 Hanover, comprising :—1 Brunswick, 2 Luneberg, 3 Westphalia, and 4 an inescutheon of pretence charged with the golden crown of Charlemagne. Helmet, blue, six vertical bars of the same. Mantling, gold doubled ermine. Crown, four-arched red-lined gold. Crest, a golden lon statant guardant with tail reflected over back, crowned with two-arched crown. Supporters Dexter, a golden lion rampant guardant armed and crowned with three arched crown. Unicorn, argent rampant with golden horn and usual gold garnishings ; tail ending to left side of body. Mottoes : Honi soit qui-mal y pense, and Dieu et mon droit, the latter on the Scroll. Badges under the hon supporter a rose and under the unicorn a thistle. At each end of the Scroll there is a head and the initials G.R. are in the neighbourhood of the Crest. Note.— All the crowns-differ in the number of arches they bear. E.,. FAWCETT. The above were accidentally omitted from the List of Royal Arms in Wiltshire Churches printed in W.A.M., xlviii, 92—117. ‘The Priory,’ Bradford-on-Avon. The Wiltshire Times, August 13th, 1938, contains a photograph of the remains of a newel stair- case found built up in the walls of ‘‘ The Priory ” during its demolition, together with notes of other finds. This house, built by the Rogers family in the reign of Henry VI, and bought by Paul Methuen in 1657, had been greatly altered and added to by successive owners, down to modern times. It had been unoccupied for some time, and as neither owner nor tenant could be found for it, it was purchased for demolition by Messrs A. Alexander & Son. The work was carried out carefully by them, and much worked stone of various periods was found built up in the walls. The most interesting discovery was an upstairs chamber apparently used as a chapel with a painting of bigh quality, of St. Christopher, on the wall. This was examined by Mr. Long, of Oxford, an expert in mural paintings, and an attempt was made to remove it in order to preserve it elsewhere. Owing, however, to the thinness of the plaster, this was found impossible. Subsequently the newel staircase, evidently leading to the chapel from the ground floor, was found built up ina wall. Though known as ‘‘ The Priory,” there is no evidence that the house had any monastic connection. Much worked stone has been sold by Messrs. Alexander. The upper portion over the door leading from the garden has gone to Corsham Court, and a crowned kings head to Monkton Farleigh. Up to August, 1938, over 200 tons of worked stone had been disposed of. The same issue of the Wiltshive Times recorded the finding of a stone coffin containing a male skeleton at Budbury. (Bradford) during the building of a house there for Mr. Alfred Bird. It was apparently of the Roman period. 350 Notes. Chippenham Spa. Mr. E.N. Tuck has an interesting note in Devizes Gazette, March 3lst, 1938. In the garden of the house now known as) ““ TheiGrove * was theisite of a= Spa, wisiteds by nuhe: wales Arch. Soc. at its July meeting in 1902 when the house was inhabited by Mrs. Clark. In (694 “The Grove ” then a much smaller house than the present one was inhabited by a Welsh judge named Holland. He erected a small freestone building over the spring which was reputed to have great curative properties. Britton writing in 1801 says, ‘“‘ There are two mineral springs in the vicinity one of which was built over and a pump erected, the waters obtained for a time a degree of celebrity, and the pump is still standing, as is also the little freestone building under which it sheltered . . . The motto over the pump was “ Mille malis prodest.”” The other spring remains in its original state, but is not wholly neglected by the inhabitants.’’ The freestone building mentioned had a fine portico. of four freestone pillars and a lintel on which was carved a flowing design. This becoming unsafe was pulled down in 1863 or 64, but the columns and lintel were retained as the entrance to an arbour or shed, and a good photograph of them is given. The house then called Monkton Cottage was occupied by Mr. Peter Awdry father of the present Mr. E. M. Awdry. The other chalibeate spring, says Mr. Tuck, was undoubtedly “‘ Arthur’s ” well at the end of the wall enclosing the Milk Factory offices on the right hand side of the road to Bath. Salisbury Cathedral Glass. In a useful letter in The Salisbury Times of March 11th, 1938, Mr. F. Stevens, F.S.A., discusses the controversial question of the discovery of old glass by Dr. Stanley Baker, and his offer of panels of it, leaded by himself, to the Cathedral authorities. Mr. Stevens concludes his letter thus: ‘Certain facts are now clear, the first is that the glass does not come from the Town Ditch, and is not that thrown away by John Berry in 1786. It came from De Vaux Place where it may quite likely have been dumped in recent times. It includes 15th century as well as modern glass, but handled by qualified men could be leaded into small windows if placed freely at the disposal of the chapter.” Bronze ‘“‘ tracer ’’ from barrow at Lake. A paper in The Antiquaries Journal, July 1938, vol. xvii, p. 243, by Herbert Maryon, on ‘‘ Some Prehistoric Metalworkers’ Tools,” makes the interesting point that some of the small bronze implements generally known as ‘“‘awls’”’ in collections, are really ‘‘ tracers,”’ 2.e., small narrow chisels intended for cutting straight or curved lines on bronze objects. Such an implement would be held slantwise, and would cut the line by a succession of blows of a hammer on its handle made either of bone or hard wood. Asan example, the small bronze implement, about 23in. long, of square section, with narrow chisel edge, from a barrow at Lake, now at the British Museum, is illustrated in Fig. 7 on p. 244, and the method of its use is described Notes. 351 “Herbing,”’ a Rural Industry. By “Peter Gurney” in The North Wilts Herald, 15th July, 1938. This is an interesting and well-informed account of the ‘“‘herbing ” industry which has flourished for many years, and still flourishes in N.W. Wilts, round about Sutton Benger and Braydon. The ‘‘herbwoman,’’ who has acted as collector for a large firm of herb merchants for the last twenty years, has ‘“‘workers who come from as far afield as Sherston, Alderton, Brinkworth, Minety, Charlton, Braydon, Cirencester and Swindon . . .. the herbs are inspected for quality, species and dryness, are weighed, and the gatherers are paid. : The payment varies from twopence or threepence to half-a-crown a pound; an easy evening’s work may result in a herb picker earning 2s. 6d., and I know of one man who, with his brother, spent an evening picking wood betony. It was one of the higher priced herbs at the time, and their joint evening’s work earned them 22s. 6d. But no more betony ever grew at that spot. A season’s earnings may be a few pounds, or as much as £20 to £30, while one man who had spent years at the job earned in the region of £100 in a single season . . . at intervals the herb pickers receive cards announcing the type of herbs required, and the payments per pound made for them. The payments of course vary with the demand for the herbs, though some of the rarer species such as skull cap (used for the nerves) are always attaimhy, high prices’), . . -at-the:centre:to which the pickers bring their herbs I was shown a shed full of great bales of different herbs . . . where afew pounds of a bag of herbs require a little more drying, they are spread on wires in the shed until the process is completed, and then they are sewn with the rest in great sackcloth bales.”’ When a sufficient number of bales are ready to the weight of a ton or more they are sent off by rail to the herb merchant. Amongst the herbs used are mint, great and lesser celandine, dandelion roots, violet leaves, St. John’s wort, meadow sweet, sorrel, burdock, wood betony, figwort, comfrey, sanicle, ragwort, wood sage, herb robert, valerian, broad leaved plantain, walnut leaves and nettle. Objects belonging to Mr. Seamark, The Shrubs, Newtown, Tisbury. 1. Flint celt of Neolithic or Early Bronze Age date, found in 1910, on Chilmark Bake in a field after sheep folding. Unpolished but neatly chipped with white patination, greyer patches on one side. A considerable amount of cortex remains on both sides. The shape is very regular though there has been one accidental but contem- porary fracture at the butt end. Length 6°9ins., greatest width 2-7ins., greatest thickness 1:25ins. 2. Bronze palstave found on Chilmark Bake in 1912, with flanges and stop ridge, the flanges and central core are chipped and one flange 352 Notes. is cracked. The cutting edge is splayed and rounded. The whole is covered with a smooth dark green patina, except at certain prominences where the metal shows bright. Length 4°4ins., width at blade 2°2dins, thickness at stop ridge ‘9ins. 3. Small Saxon spearhead found at Bulford in 1906, when the camp was being built. Coated with rust. Leaf-shaped blade and widely split socket of the same length. The blade and socket edges Put chipped but containing a sound metallic core. Length 5-4ins., width of blade 1-lins., width of socket °55ins. Full size drawings of these four objects have been given to. the Society’s Library at the Museum. H: des: SHORTT. [These objects have now been placed on indefinite loan in Salisbury Museum. | 353 LATE: BRONZE AGE URNS FROM SWINDON. By C..M. PicGorr. The urns here published were acquired for the Swindon Museum by Mr. Gore, the Honorary Curator, at the time of their discovery in 1935, and it is through his kindness and with his collaboration that they are now published. The site lies on the side of a slight hill just east of the Swindon— Marlborough road, and less than a mile from Old Swindon, of which it is rapidly becoming a part. Its co-ordinates are :—Long., I°, 47’ 50’. Lat., 51°, 32’ 33”. | The site of discovery is now marked by a manhole in Bouverie Avenue, being about 120 feet along it from the centre of the island marking its junction with Carlisle Avenue, Corby Avenue and Goddard’s Park. In 1935, while digging a sewage trench, one of Mr. Bradley’s men turned up a fragment of pottery which he showed immediately to Mr. Gore, who was then able personally to supervise the excavation of the urns. Mr. Bradley kindly lent two men to assist. The urns, of which there were four, were buried in sand and lay about 3ft. 6in. below the surface, and each about 3ft. away from the next. Number 2 seems to have been the centre of the group and was found standing on a sandstone slab, and with fragments of the same stone on top. It also contained all three small accessory vessels. In all probability the whole group was once covered by a barrow which has since been ploughed down. Description of the Urns. 1. Fig. 1.—Paste light reddish brown with few grits. Height _ probably just over i6ins., and width at rim llins. Two applied horse- shoe handles and finger-tip impressions all the way round. 2. Base and rim missing. SBarrel-shaped and undecorated. Paste not very gritty. Contained the three small vessels. 3. Fig. 2——Badly made and the ornamentation is difficult to define. One low ‘circular boss remains, but there was probably another on the other side which has since been destroyed. 4. Base only. Dark grey-black, heavily gritted ware. Cremated remains were found in the first two of these pots, and Iam deeply indebted to Captain Musgrave for his most interesting report, which shows so well what a surprising amount of detail can be discovered from very fragmentary material. The Accessory Vessels. (a) Light red-brown clay with no grits and black core. Very burnt and broken. It seems originally to have had about seven knobs evenly spaced. : (b) Light pinkish clay with no grits. This vessel is complete, and MOL use Vill NO. CLxIxX. Z Late Bronze Age Urns from Swindon. 354 Ga =) 0 9 ‘@ uly) = Sa eM BSR % St °F T ‘UOPUIMG 7e PUNOF suin osy ozuoig 93e] 355 Bay 6. Ms Piecott. ‘UOPUIMG ‘) “dG ‘VY ‘9ZIs TINY ye SUIN YIM puNOF sjassa A oinjzerult Alossa.0y "gE Shy 356 Late Bronze Age Urns from Swindon, has nine small and evenly-spaced knobs placed round its circumference of little more than two inches. (c) Ware similar to (b) but rim broken. Two applied knobs on each side. REPORT ON CREMATED BONES. By CAPTAIN C. MUSGRAVE. From Urn 1. The upper rim of the right orbit is sharp, the head of the femur and the patellae are small, the sacro-sciatic notch of the os innominatum has a wide angle, and the body of the sacrum is flattened ; all feminine characteristics. On the other hand the bones are quite robust. There is a slight arthritic deposit on the edges of the lumbar vertebral bodies, a skull fragment shows a suture (? sagittal) completely closed, and one tooth (the left upper second premolar) had been lost shortly before death. Probably a robust female of about middle age. Height from analogy with other skeletons with similar-sized head of femur, would be about 5ft. 4ins. From Urn 2. The bones of the skull are very thin, the upper rim of the right orbit is very sharp, and the forehead smooth. The left mastoid process is long butslender. The individual was probably female. The bones are all very small and slender, the upper and lower jaws and the teeth especially so, but the head of the radius is joined to its shaft, as is also the head of the humerus. But since there is no sign of any third molar, either upper or lower, it is unlikely that her age was much more than twenty. ; NOTE ON THE ACCESSORY VESSELS. The custom of burying miniature vessels with the main cinerary urn is in this case particularly interesting, since it was by no means a regular feature with Deverel-Rimbury burial.customs. Accessory vessels which we have reason to believe must have been thrown on to the pyre, and collected either whole or in pieces, are certainly quite commonly found, but the deliberate inclusion of such small pygmy vessels seems to be without parallel in the Late Bronze Age. A small pot measuring little over an inch in height and almost identical in form and decoration with (b) comes from Brighton and is at present in the British Museum, but details of its discovery are not known. The habit of making these pygmy vessels, all forms of which are frequently grouped indiscriminately as ‘“‘incensecups,’’ was fairly common in the Middle Bronze Age of this country, and there are quite a number of partially analogous pots figured in Abercromby ITI, from such sites as Lincoln, Sheffield, and Yorks, all well outside the Deverel- Rimbury area of occupation, and representing degenerate and probably chronologically late types. It is therefore suggested that the idea was a native one, and this is borne out by the ware of the three small pots, all of which closely resembles Middle Bronze Age gritless red paste ; but the knobs themselves seem to be a Deverel-Rimbury rather than a native decoration, and the chance resemblance to ‘‘ grape cups’ (caused by putting so many knobs on so small a pot) must be purely fortuitous. 357 Nee wiwiu yy, BINONZE AGE. GRAVE IN, FARGO meaAN LATION NEAR- STONEHENGE. By. |. Esa Stone, B.A., DPHIL, In November, 1937, the Rev. H. G. Williamson, M.A., C.F., drew my attention to some very unusual potsherds picked up on a rabbit scrape in Fargo Plantation by Boy Scouts J. A. Warner and W,. Holmes of Larkhill. These sherds clearly formed part of a decorated food-vessel, analogues of which are well known in Yorkshire and Northern England but are very poorly represented in the south. The comparative rarity of this type of vessel in Wessex, and in Wiltshire in particular, has frequently been commented upon, but Piggott in his recent masterly study of the Early Bronze Age in Wessex (Proc. Prehist. Soc., 1938, IV, 82) has adduced strong evidence for an extension of the native food- vessel culture south into Wiltshire, the main cultural type-fossil recognised by him being the crescentic amber necklace, the northern prototype being. made in jet. The possibility that here, therefore, situated amongst the numerous barrows which surround Stonehenge, we might be able to gather further evidence—ceramic in this instance —of cultural contacts with the north, or even of a sub-stratum of an actual food-vessel culture in the south, clearly indicated that close in- vestigation of the burial with which the sherds were associated should be immediately undertaken. Fargo Plantation les three-quarters of a mile N.W. of Stonehenge, It now contains much undergrowth, and a preliminary visit to the site on awet November day amongst rotting leaves, numerous rabbit scrapes and thickly matted bushes was not very promising. No trace ofa barrow or of the former existence of one could be discerned from superficial ob- servation. Other barrows in the same plantation (Amesbury G. 53, 54, 55 and 56) as also the ditch and bank of the Cursus are, though rabbit ridden, well preserved, and it seemed probable therefore that complete dispersal by cultivation could be discounted. The exact position of the flat grave is best recorded by reference to the fence which separates the plantation from the cultivated fields to the east. It lies 217 feet along the fence measured in a northerly direction from the centre of barrow Amesbury G. 52, and 38 feet at right angles to this fence into the plantation (see Plate I). Its co-ordinates are Lat. 51° 12’ 27”, Long. 1° 50’ 20” W. (6-inch O.S. map, Wilts LIV, S.W.). Permission to excavate was readily granted by The National Trust to whom I here wish to express my indebtedness. I must also express my gratitude to the secretary of The National Trust, Mr. D. M. Matheson, for his kind offices and interestin the matter ; to Commander H.G Higgins, D.S.O., R.N., and Major E. V, Hallinan, M.C., R.A., for their help in the actual excavation; and to Mr. R. S. Newall, F\S.A., An Early Bronze Age Grave in Fargo Plantation. 358 UOT} eYUL[_ OS1VJ UI 9AVIS JO UOT}ISOd Surmoys uUL[g [eIsUeED— |] ALW Id 399} JO 9)PDs sms in> UOIEUL[g OBIVY UI VALID JO UOIZDaS puke UeIG— TI ALVI1d 399} JO 9)/e95 : NOIL93S Jayxeog J9SSaA pooy JO oseg (payeneoxa you) ‘ EEPiE j SONSHANOLS NOILVLNV1d OSuYV4 By J.-F. S. Stone, B.Aq, D.Phil. 359 Miss L. F. Chitty, Miss M. Kitson Clark, F.S.A., and Mr. A.S. Kennard, A.L.S., F.G.S., for considerable assistance recorded later on in this paper. Excavation was undertaken in April, 1938, and this was at first directed solely towards finding the grave. Later, the grave was found to be associated with a very remarkable ditch system, and clearance from undergrowth and complete exposure of a much larger area than had at first been anticipated was undertaken. This was rendered difficult since tree roots were very matted, and the ground was very insecure due to extensive undermining by rabbits. THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE GRAVE. The grave was partly surrounded by or, more correctly, was bounded by a pair of unsymmetrical ditches, two opposing causeways having been left for access to the centre (Plate II). These causeways were 7 feet 6 inches and 4 feet wide respectively and, measured centrally through them, the main axis was found to be 14° east of true north. Both ditches were well cut in the chalk rock and their sides were remarkably steep, almost vertical in places. The width at the top of the chalk surface varied between 5 feet and 5 feet 6 inches, whilst the base which was flat and level was practically 3 feet wide throughout. The total depth from the present surface was more or less constant at 4 feet 6 inches, the chalk cut depth being 3 feet 10 inches. In extent these ditches did not enclose a large area, the total outside dimensions being approximately 24 feet by 19 feet, the inside dimensions being 20 feet by 13 feet. As already noted, disturbance by rabbits was very marked and as a result stratification was not well defined. Two main layers could, however, be distinguished in the contents of both ditches, (a) mixed mould and chalk dust, and (b) the primary chalk rubble on the base which varied in thickness from 6 inches to 1 foot. A fact of some im- portance that throws light on the original shape of the grave was the position of the bank thrown up from the material of these ditches. This had been placed on the outside and had not been used to form a mound over the central grave. The angle of rest of the primary chalk silting clearly indicated that it had slipped in from the outside. From the shape of this ditch system it seems clear that we are here dealing with a plan unconnected with the normal circular ditch of the round barrow period. The lack of symmetry and the presence of the causeways recall on a very small scale the interrupted ditch systems of the ‘‘henge’”’ monuments. We may compare its plan for instance with that of Arbor Low, Derbyshire, considered with other monuments of the henge type by Dr. J.-G. D. Clark (Proc. Prehist. Soc., 1936, II, 25, 40). In spite of the multitudinous barrow and grave excavations recorded, our knowledge of their construction still remains far from complete. No precise equivalent of this small ditch system associated 360 An Early Bronze Age Grave in Fargo Plantation. with a flat grave appears yet to have been recorded for direct comparison. On complete clearance of the central area enclosed by the ditches it was found that the chalk surface was on an average 6 inches lower than that of the surrounding chalk level. Approaching inwards from either causeway the level sank gradually but not abruptly to a level platform. The overlying soil, almost pure mould, was here about 12 inches thick and lay immediately on the chalk surface with no intervening naturally decomposed chalk. From this it would appear that the central area had been intentionally lowered, and would indicate that a central mound or barrow had not been originally intended as part of the construction of the grave. Although snail shells could not be visually detected on this central area or in the material filling the ditches, samples were collected for examination by Mr. Kennard, since the proximity of this grave to Stonehenge rendered comparison desirable in view of the somewhat abnormal results obtained from that site. His report is reproduced later. The primary and more or less central grave was found at A (Plate II). This was rectangular in shape with rounded corners, and the sides were vertical. It had been carefully excavated, but one corner had been subsequently disturbed by the later insertion of a cremated burial (A4). It measured at the base 4 feet 7 inches in length, 3 feet 5 inches in width, and its total depth was 3 feet, being 21 inches deep measured from the chalk surface. Its contents are described later. A secondary interment at B consisted of an urnless cremation in a circular cist. The depth of this cist from the surface was 2 feet 3 inches and the diameter 13 inches. Other than charcoal and a. few minute scraps of burnt bone the cist contained no object. A circular hole 12 inches in diameter and 23 inches deep at C may have served some ritual purpose or may have been a post hole. It contained no object but was filled with mould. The D-shaped hole at D also contained no object. Its dimensions were 16 inches by 17 inches at the top and 12 inches deep, and the straight side was separated from grave A by only 4 inches. The curved side was vertical to the base, but the straight side shelved slightly with a step 3 inches wide 5 inches from top. Its sides were remarkably smooth and there were no tool marks. ‘The filling consisted of mould to the base. THE CONTENTS OF THE PRIMARY GRAVE. The primary grave A contained four burials, one by inhumation (A 1) and three after cremation (A 2—4). Unfortunately the problems raised by these contiguous burials are no longer completely soluble as rabbits had caused a certain amount of disturbance. The inhumation lay on the base of the grave and consisted of the articulated and undisturbed upper part only of a young slender person. ., By J. F. S. Stone, -B:A., D.Phil. 3 361 Those parts of the skeleton which remained in situ consisted of the upper ten vertebre (lacking axis and atlas) and associated ribs, both scapula and clavicles, and the bones of one hand near the shoulder. No trace whatever either in the grave or outside remained of the skull, arm and leg bones, pelvis, lumbar vertebre, feet, or the other hand. The body, such as it was, had been placed on its left side not centrally in the grave but in acorner. At the back and touching the vertebre were the fragments of a crushed beaker now skilfully reconstructed by Mr. Newall (Plate III-A). There is no doubt that this beaker had been deposited with the inhumation, though fragments had subsequently been scattered by rabbits. Cremation A 2, consisting of a pile of burnt earth and charcoal with a few well-burnt bones, was found centrally placed in the grave. This pile had been deposited in a shallow oval hole cut 2 inches deep into the base of the grave. The hole measured 15 inches by 12 inches. The missing base of the food-vessel was found between this cremation and the skeleton on the floor of the grave. Rabbits had unfortunately burrowed between these two interments and had caused the scattering of the fragments of this vessel as far away as into the ditch at E. Fortunately practically all pieces were recovered (Plate III B). It is thus impossible to say to which interment the vessel belonged. Since the inhumation was associated with the beaker it is probable that the food-vessel belonged to cremation A2. In the corner opposite the inhumation lay cremation A3. This was quite distinct from A2 and was separated from it by 6 inches. It had been deposited in a specially cut round shallow hole 1 inch deep in the base of the grave, and 12 inches in diameter. It consisted of a pile of burnt human bones unmixed with charcoal or burnt earth. Practically the whole skeleton was represented. Cremation A4 had clearly been interred at a later date and was a secondary deposit. Not only had its insertion defaced the corner of the grave but, also, the filling of the hole, which consisted entirely of mould, differed considerably from that of the main grave. The total depth from the present surface was 3 feet 4 inches, the base having been cut 4 inches deep into the base of the grave. At the base this cist was circular and measured 18 inches in diameter. It contained a few burnt bones and a small quantity of charcoal but no other objects. The relationship of burials Al, A2, and A3 was, however, not so clear. Whilst the digging of the cist for A4 may have disturbed and completely removed the skull of Al it is not so certain that the deposition of cremation A2 could have removed completely all the missing bones of the inbumation. Nor can we lay the blame entirely on rabbits since they had caused but little mixing of the contents of the grave, the stratified layers of which were well marked. Thesides of the grave had been originally lined with turf 6 inches thick. The inhumation, after having been placed with its beaker in a corner of the grave on the chalk base, had been covered with a 6-inch layer of small chalk rubble 362 An Early Bronze Age Grave in Fargo Plantation. which in turn had been covered with fine mould to the surface In course of time this chalk rubble consolidated and formed a compact mass over and amongst the bones. But it is also a fact that this same compact layer of chalk, and also of the same thickness, was continuous and covered cremations A2 and A3. At .the time of excavation and when all the interments had been completely exposed to view it seemed perfectly clear that these three interments had been carefully spaced across the grave and had been deposited contemporaneously. But if this was the case it would mean that the upper part only of a body and a single hand had been interred with the beaker, which is not impossible, but seems somewhat improbable. It should be remarked that the missing bones had not decomposed; those remaining were in good condition, as is usual in chalk-cut graves. In view of the obvious disturbance caused by the insertion of A4 one would have expected similar disturbance of the chalk rubble in the case of A2 and A3 had they been deposited at a later date. There is thus unfortunately an element of doubt as to the relationchip of the burials in this grave. Graves have been recorded which contained both inhumations and cremations interred presumably at the same time ; see for instance the Blake Low, Derbyshire, barrow (Bateman, Len Years’ Diggings, 1861, 42), and Canon Greenwell’s references to the subject (British Barrows, 1877, 153, note 2). But we are here unfortunately faced with the fragmentary nature of the skeleton. This, however, may be offset by its position in the grave and by the continuous compact covering of chalk rubble over the three interments. THE BEAKER AND FOOD-VESSEL. The beaker is a typical member of the A class of vessel which, as Clark (Antiquity, 1931, V, 415) and Piggott (Proc. Prehist. Soc., 1988, IV, 181) have emphasized, reached Wessex as a result of overland immigration from the north and east. It possesses an incurved rim, and the restored. vessel measures 5% inches in height (Plate III A). The food-vessel, all parts of which were recovered, measures 5 inches in height with a maximum rim diameter of 5% inches (Plate III B). It possesses three raised mouldings or ridges besides a moulded rim ; also a well marked foot-ring. Ornament has been freely employed on the ridges, and similar ornament encircles the outside bevel of the rim. This ornament has been executed with what appears to have been a bird bone, the deep wedge-shaped impressions possessing a slight boss at their deepest parts corresponding to the annular hole of a bone shaft. The paste is of buff colour and almost gritless; and the interior and exterior have been well smoothed. In hardness and texture the material is quite unlike that of local collared cinerary urns. Food-vessels of this type have rarely been found in the south. Iam therefore greatly indebted to Miss L. F. Chitty for so kindly placing her knowledge of such vessels at my disposal. Miss Chitty describes this 363 BY oe: 900ne, BA. D.Phil. © "YW OAPILT) WOT (¢ OSSOA-POO, UP | (] ¢ I were ye ee urvVen veer e ws UuiTEeUe Sr eyTere’ Hie TTT yeeeEP EY weescressscomoma| (Vv) Jexyeogq—'TTI ALVW Id SRWhtAGWOQeAReAnbeo CE SC Se ? 2 ae Pogo” eee’ oe Se Pane Se.0% 2. i—) vadbaw oe — maammtha ARAVA noAnaacaehoeq i Raed uu @ew a Sere sev ad lgaumWQwe amram 364 An Early Bronze ‘Age Grave in Fargo Plantation. vessel as an English Ridged Food-Vessel and regards it as a sub-type of Abercromby’s 2 (grooved shoulder). In B.A.P., I, 93, Abercromby says, “‘Sometimes the groove is bounded above and below by two raised mouldings,’’ and adds his sub-group 2a, ‘‘ A third moulding is sometimes found below the grooved shoulder.’’ The distinction made by Miss Chitty in mapping the series is that the ridges thrown up by impressing the groove are moulded and accentuated by ornament (usually oblique incisions or dashes) while the groove becomes a secondary feature. The type is clearly at home on the Yorkshire Wolds. Thus we may note amongst others B.A.P., I, figs. 26, 70, 91, 110 (rolls), 112, 115, 117, 179 (rolls), 181 (approx.), 185; also enlarged specimens such as Fig. 95 and Mortimer, Forty Years’ Researches, figs. 406, 730, and 965. But even there examples with three ridges are exceptional (B.A.P., I, figs. 89, 100, and 113 (footed) ). Three come from the North Riding (B.A.P., I, figs. 40, 174, and 192). What appears to have been an Enlarged Food-Vessel is recorded from a cist in the Hasting Hall Barrow, Offerton, Durham (Arch. Aeliana, 3, XI (1914), 148, fig. 13). The double-ridged type occurs in the Southern Peak district (B.A.P., I, figs. 42, 175, 184, and 186), A somewhat similar two-ridged vessel came from a barrow near Tenby, Pembrokeshire (Avch. Camb., 1868, 265, fig. 28). The general appearance of the Fargo vessel may be compared with the two food-vessels ‘‘ from a Dorset Barrow” in the British Museum which Miss Chitty has identified with Warne, Celtic Tumult, Plate VII, 5, 6, from Badbury Barrow 85; but these have concave necks and sharp shoulders and belong to what seems to Miss Chitty to be a variant of Abercromby’s type 3 with a wide-spreading lip (like the Fargo vessel) but ornamented along the outer edge of the rim. But the closest analogies to it according to Miss Chitty are certain Enlarged Ridged Food-Vessels from the south of England, a type that clearly needs detailed study (see B.A.P., IT, fig. 459, from Winterbourne Stoke, Wilts). In the Dorchester Museum is a four-ridged vessel from Cunnington’s B. 8, Ridgeway near Friar Mayne (1884—9—66) ; also a fragment from Grimstone that seems to be related. A vessel with two ridges, the lower one incised, from Potters Corner, Ashford, Kent, is in the Maidstone Museum. Its appearance is curiously like the Fargo example. Another somewhat similar vessel from a gravel pit near Faringdon, Hampshire, is in the Guildford Museum. Its shoulder is narrowly grooved with the ridges notched above and below. Although related, however, it may not be necessary to seek parallels among the enlarged food-vessels. A similar but normal sized vessel with four ridges from Sturminster Marshall, Dorset, is illustrated by Abercromby (B.A.P., II, fig. 460}. Further, some fragments of two vessels hitherto unpublished have recently been brought to my notice by Mr. Newall. These were found about 1898 scratched out by rabbits 365, DEP hit. ‘By Jk. S.Stone, B.A., L/L “FL t) PIOFS[IAA MOIIE WOT S[PSSOA-Pooy] JO sJUSWISeIJ— AT ALW Id 366 An Early Bronze Age Grave in Fargo Plantation. from Barrow Wilsford G 74 on Lake Down (Plate IV). Although very fragmentary these sherds are similar to the Fargo vessel in texture and possess similar ridges and ornament. They differ, however, in the shape of their rims. Finally I should mention that Miss Chitty is unaware of any examples of the English Ridged type of food-vessel in Scotland or in Ireland. The Irish Ridged (or Corrugated) food-vessel (Abercromby’s type C, but poorly represented in B.A.P.) is quite a different style of pot: a few related specimens are found in Scotland, as also in Wales. This type grows into various enlargements, many of them quite beautiful, includ- ing some of the Irish Encrusted Urns. With this brief summary of the type we must now consider the relationship of the beaker and food-vessel in the Fargo grave, since as we have already emphasized, the relationship of burials Al, A2 and A3 could not be distinguished with certainty. Miss M. Kitson Clark has recently studied the Yorkshire food-vessels in detail, and has clearly re-demonstrated the lack of evidence for the contemporaneity of beakers and food-vessels in that region (Arch. J., 1938, xciv, 43). And for lack of evidence we are unable to prove the matter one way or © another for Wiltshire. In Barrow Figheldean G 25 a food-vessel was clearly secondary to a Beaker interment (W.A.M., 1928, xliv, 118) but as this food-vessel is unlike the one under discussion direct comparison is impossible. Basing our conclusions solely on the Yorkshire evidence it would appear therefore that the food-vessel and cremations A2 and A3 were secondary to the Beaker inhumation in spite of the objections raised earlier in the paper. FINDS OTHER THAN IN THE GRAVE. A small fragment of the blue stone Rhyolite was found 2 feet from the base in the mixed silting of the ditch at E (Plate II), very close to the fragments of the food-vessel and beaker scraped out by rabbits from the central grave. Due to the disturbed nature of the ground at this point (the articulated hind quarters of a comparatively recently buried sheep were found I foot above) it is not possible to say whether the fragment was contemporary with the grave or not. On the subject of blue stone fragments found in barrows around Stonehenge see Antiquity, 111, 1929, 78 and 223; also Antiquaries J., xii, 1932, 17. Nine small fragments of deers’ horn antlers were found scattered in the primary chalk silting on the base of the ditch. Presumably picks of this material had been used for excavating the ditch—compare for instance the quantity found in the ditch surrounding Stonehenge—but no marks of their use were detected on the walls or base. The fragment of a rim of Neolithic B or ‘* Peterborough ”’ ware, heavily ornamented on both the inside and outside with “‘ maggot ”’ impressions, was found in the mixed silting at F. Eighteen flint flakes and four roughly made flint scrapers were also recovered during the excavations. ) BY Wks, 9. 910ne B.A, DP. 367 REPORT ON THE Non-MARINE MOoOLLUSCA By A. S. KENNARD, A.L.S., F.G.S. Samples of the soil from four ditferent loci were submitted for examin- ation. Of these, three were from different levels in the ditch, whilst one came from a depth of 1 foot near the grave. This last had been considerably disturbed by rabbits, and a number of the shells were in fresh condition including two species Lauria cylindracea (da Cost.) and Ena obscura (Miill.) that did not occur in the ditch. The majority of the shells were, however, old, and the faunule greatly resembled that found in the layer 2 feet from the bottom of the ditch. In all prob- ablity this mixed faunule represents the accumulation from the construction of the grave to the present day, so it has not been listed. The presence of any object in disturbed ground has no real value. 2 3 4 Pomatias elegans (Miill.) — lf — Pupilia muscorum (Linn.) 14 ] — Vertigo pygmea (Drap.) 1 a —— Cochhicopa lubrica (Mill.) 6 — - Vallonia excentrica Sterk. 1] 1 — Vallonia costata (Miill.) 4 oo — Vitrina pellucida (Miil).) 2 — — Arion sp, 80 2 2 Vitrea crystallina (Miill.) 14 i — Helicella cellaria (Miill.) 1 -— — Retinella nitidula (Drap.) 1 — —- Retinella radiatula (Ald.) 4 4 — Retinella pura (Ald.) 2 —— — Limax arborum Bouch.-Chant. 1 — — Xevophila itala (Linn.) 5 2 — Trochulus hispidus (Linn.) 20 2 1 Arianta arbustorum (Linn.) — lf — Cep@a nemoralts (Linn.) 1&f — — Clausilia rugosa (Drap.) 4 1 — Ovum 1 — a Species Totals 17 9 2 Locus 2=—2 feet from bottom of ditch. » . d8=1 foot from bottom of ditch. “a 4—bottom of ditch. e f =fragments. The construction of a grave would entail the destruction of the mollusca, and in this table one can trace the gradual colonization from the surrounding area, the commoner species being the first to appear. There are no woodland forms, so one can assume that the adjacent area was grassland with coarse herbage and possibly afew bushes. The full faunule is of that character and certainly points to damper conditions 368 An Early Bronze Age Grave in Fargo Plantation. than prevail to-day. One must not expect to find a uniform fauna even if the meteorological conditions are the same, and the noteworthy feature is the almost total absence of the larger forms. That they did exist is shown by the presence of fragments of Pomatias elegans, Anrianta avbustovrum, and Cepeéa nemoralis. This condition is probably due to the presence of hedgehogs, and one can easily understand how, when the, larger snails left the comparative safety of the adjacent untouched area, they would be quickly seen by their enemies. It should be noted that the sample from near the grave yielded three perfect Cep@a nemoralis as well as fragments, whilst the ditch only yielded one immature example and one fragment. ) The faunule from the ditch greatly resembles that found in the Beaker pit on Boscombe Down East (W.A.M., 1936, xlvii, 486) and in the pit at Ratfyn, Amesbury (lbid., 1935, xlvii, 64). It does not differ greatly from the Stonehenge faunule (Antiquaries J., 1935, xv, 432), the chief difference being the total absence at Stonehenge of the zonitoids Helicella and Retinella. This may arise from local causes and it may be pointed out that Gontodiscus rotundatus, a species that is usually found in Beaker deposits and was present at Stonehenge, is absent from Fargo. There are other factors besides rainfall that determine the presence or absence of a species but we do not know what they are. There can be no doubt that the faunule from Fargo strongly confirms the view that in Beaker times the rainfall was greater thanit is to-day, and that much damper conditions prevailed on the Wiltshire Downs. IPWANTS ae A few seeds found in the samples of soil by Mr. Kennard were sub- mitted by-him to Dr. A. J. Wilmott, F.L.S., of the British Museum (Natural History), who kindly identified the following :— Locus-2. One seed of Rubus id@us Linn. (Raspberry). One seed of Lychnis alba (Mill) (White Campion) Locus-8. Two seeds of Rubus id@us Linn. The presence of the seeds of the raspberry may possibly be due to birds, and is not proof that the plant was growing in the ditch, though it certainly lived, near, SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. The interest and importance of the Fargo grave hes in the demon- stration of the elements of a real food-vessel culture in Wiltshire, rightly inferred by Piggott from certain amber equivalents of the typical northern crescentic jet necklaces. Also, as pointed out by Dr. Clark (Antiquaries: J., 1932, xii, 158), the plano-convex flint knife is no less typical of the culture and we should note its occurrence.in the south, By J. F. S. Stone, B.A., D.Phil. 369 for instance in a Beaker dwelling pit on Easton Down (W.A.M., 1935, xlvii, 72). The type of food-vessel found clearly needs more extensive study since it is obviously related to numerous examples from Yorkshire, but is poorly represented at present in the southern counties. Piggott has considered the native element in his study of the Eariy Bronze Age in Wessex (Proc. Prehist. Soc., 1938, iv, 90) and some remarks of his are pertinent : ‘‘ The native element in the culture is elusive and difficult to assess. It seems likely that it is to the native Bronze Age tradition that we are to ascribe the persistence of the rite of inhumation into the period under discussion, cremation being probably introduced from Brittany to Wessex. Its gradual spread northwards has been commented upon more than once. The origin of the cinerary urn and its precise relationship with the food-vessel in its early stages has still to be worked out, but there seems every reason to suspect a common stock, with cinerary urns ful- filling their name only by reason of the early introduction of cremation into Southern England.,”’ Can we then ascribe this Fargo food-vessel to the very earliest period of the introduction of cremation, and antedating the introduction of the southern cinerary urn? As we have noted, the evidence derived from its association with an A Beaker in the same grave though strong is not conclusive; and no food-vessel of this type has yet been found associated with a cinerary urn in Wessex. If, however, we are to infer that the food-vessel and cremation are secondary to the Beaker burial we must not omit to consider the chances of such a burial being located, and centrally at that, in such a comparatively inconspicuous flat grave. Had the grave been covered by a barrow the chance would not have been remote, as many barrows containing secondary interments exist around Stonehenge; but in this case it is probable that the cremation would have been inserted at a higher level. The fact that it had been placed on the base of the grave 3 feet below the present level and without obvious disturbance of the filling (other than the presence of the fragmentary but articulated skeleton) suggests that no barrow ever covered the grave; and this is confirmed by the presence and depth of the truly secondary cremation A4. The relationship of these burials is clearly not soluble at present, but I feel that I must record my opinion that they are contemporary. Further finds of a similar nature and a more detailed study of this type of food-vessel in Southern England are obviously needed. The construction of the grave with its attendant double causewayed ditch is unusual, and is the first to have been found near Stonehenge. The shape of the ditches and their lack of symmetry seem to be more akin to those of the ‘‘ henge’? monuments than to those of the full round barrow period. The ‘henge’? monuments are to some extent connected with A beakers (Proc. Prehist. Soc., 1936, II, 27; 1938, WOW. X—accused firstly of illicit charcoal-burning with consequent dis- turbance of the King’s beasts ; secondly, of pasturing his own cattle and swine on the King’s lands, agisting those of his tenants on the same and pocketing the proceeds; thirdly, of impounding the swine of the parson of East Kennett, when lawfully agisted, and fining him for alleged trespass ; fourthly, of appropriating the profits on heather and bracken (sold presumably for litter), and, fifthly, of malversation of the fees accruing from the expeditation of dogs.? There is a note in the margin of the roll that Sturmy paid a fine for the charcoal-burning on the spot but obtained the reference of the other counts to Westminster, because they were dealt with in a petition which he was presenting to the King. That petition fortunately survives. It is a recital of all the rights of the Sturmy family as hereditary wardens of Savernake, and it appears that nearly all the malpractices alleged were no more than the exercise of those rights. (There is nothing about charcoal-burning, however.) . For the rest, he declares that he failed to make the customary claim before the justices in eyre until too late. The Sturmys and their tenants, ‘‘ down from the time wherein the memory of man standeth not, have been accustomed wholly to enjoy all the above-mentioned profits as of right pertaining to the said guardianship up till the Friday next before the Feast of the Blessed Virgin Lucia in the sixth year of Edward the present King [December 11th, 1332], on which day the Eyre of the Forest in the said county was shut by the King’s Justices in Eyre associated with Robert de Ufford, though Robert was absent, wholly debarring the petitioners from the aforesaid perquisites, to their manifest disinheritance.”’ 1 PURO. ES 32, 207, and 218. - Both ready“ 29) fa aennicus Sturmey, Custos foreste predicte, ab ultimo itinere usque nunc, viz., per El annunt =)... .°.> His offences range trom 9 Pedy) to ode tile 2 This operation consisted in the removal of three toes from the fore paws of all dogs kept in dangerous proximity to the King’s deer. For each animal so treated the owner paid 3s. 4d. 3 And is quoted by Waylen, ‘‘ Hist of Marlborough,”’ p. 70, but with- out a reference. By H.C. Brentnall, F.S.A. 383 The position becomes plainer. At every eyre claimants of privileges must recite their claims and receive confirmation from the Justice of the Forest or his assessors. If they fail to appear, their claims go by default. Sturmy had not appeared in time, and over 200 years of unquestioned privilege counted for nothing at all. In some of its aspects the case reminds us of the Macdonalds of Glencoe and their delay in taking the oath. We may suspect that in Savernake, as in the Highlands, there was more behind it. That ‘‘ shutting of the eyre,”’ the time limit for the hearing of all formal claims before the judicial business began, evidently occurred with unusual celerity, and it is significant—or at least Sturmy thought it so—that the Justice of the Forest this side Trent was not on the bench at the time. The pre- sumption is strong that the subordinate justices had been “ got at,” if Robert de Ufford’s absence does not imply that he was himself privy to the whole transaction. I suggest that Robert de Bilkemore of the West Baily was behind it, as he was certainly a party to the charges against Henry Sturmy hurriedly presented at the same eyre. We find him two years later petitioning the King to prevent Sturmy’s high-handed interference in the West Baily... With that petition must be associated another? apparently of the year 1337 from the poor tenants of the Barton of Marlborough, Manton, Elcot, Preshute, Wick and Wootton—the town- ships, in fact, of the West Baily—alleging that for five years past Henry Sturmy has deprived them of their rights of common, “ which harsh- ness befalls them because they did not claim the said common before the Justices of the eyre last held in Wilts.” So here, you see, is another clan late for the swearing. The premature shutting of the eyre, designed, as it would appear, for the discomfiture of Henry Sturmy, » caught Bilkemore’s own tenants napping. He must have found the result distinctly disconcerting, since it enabled Sturmy to pass on to the gander the sauce intended for the cooking of his own goose. But Bilkemore’s tenants were not the only sufferers from the quarrel. The Patent Rolls of these years show the Sturmy clan breaking Bilkemore’s close at Wootton (that is, at East Wick) and generally pillaging his property and assaulting hisservants. The law’s delay was Sturmy’s opportunity. While plaint and counterplaint were finding their tedious way through the courts and parliaments of Westminster, the Sturmys were making things as uncomfortable as they could for their enemies down in Wiltshire. In the end the case went against them. In 1342, ten years after the trouble began, the Patent Rolls announce that Simon Simeon, King’s yeoman, is to be the steward of Savernake Forest, lately held by Henry Sturmy and taken for lawful causes into the King’s hand. Did Henry Sturmy (who by this time was another Henry) submit meekly ? It would seem improbable. The revenues of Marlborough iP k.©. E..32, 219. . 2 P.R.O. Ancient Petitions, file 63. 384 Savernake Forest in the Middle Ages. and Savernake were at this time part of the dower of Queen Isabella of unhappy memory, and there was much breaking of the Queen’s parks and closes in the next ten years.!_ It would be surprising if there were no Sturmy at the bottom of this trouble, though it was probably the work of sympathetic kinsmen. Where Henry Sturmy himself spent this period of eclipse I cannot say. I can find little evidence for the statement that the Sturmys lived at Wolfhall from the time of Domes- day to the fifteenth century. At intervals we certainly find them there, as in 1275 and 1371,2 and perhaps continuously thereafter till 1426, but they never held it apparently at much less than third hand, and we know that Sir Roger Stokke was in possession as late as 1331.2. Certainly it was not a Sturmy holding at the time of Domesday. At last, in'1359, the clouds blew over, and after 18 years of disgrace, Henry Sturmy was restored to the stewardship of Savernake Forest ‘“ because it was proved to the King that he was unjustly removed from office by the malice of his enemies.’’ That is all the Patent Rolls have to tell us. We look at once for tidings of the Bilkemores. Robert, we learn, died in 1361.2. Of his relations to Henry Sturmy in those last two years we know nothing, but it would be strange if they were cordial. And in 13870 Henry Sturmy also died holding, much to our surprise, “the West bailiwick of Savernake Forest with the vill of Estwyke lying in a place called Bonecliff between the cover of Savernake Forest and Mattelshore ’’—an eminence better known to us as Martinsell.? May I lift the curtain on one last scene in this Sturmy story? It belongs to the end of the year 1361, the year of Bilkemore’s death. A special inquisition is being held at Marlborough, most probably on this very spot where we are now gathered.? The court is full, for the newly- appointed Justice of the Forest this side Trent is presiding. It is William of Wykeham, now fairly launched on his ministerial career but still six years from his bishopric. Henry Sturmy is present with his fellow- forester-of-fee, Harden of Bedwyn Brails, whose name survives in Harding Farm. Six lesser foresters, the two remaining verderers, twelve regarders, three free tenants from the Forest and twelve from outside it complete an imposing assembly. They are met for one sole purpose— to arraign Hildebrand Barr, late forester of Savernake. His crimes covered five years. They began with simple deer-stealing and went on to various forms of extortion and peculation : they ended with an orgy of illicit timber transactions prompted by the knowledge that Henry Sturmy was soon to be reinstated. The charges covered most of the offences which the Charter of the Forest was intended to check, offences which were always rife when the hand of authority was weak. It never seemed to me that Simon Simeon, yeoman of the King, was likely to make a good job of Savernake, and I dare say Henry Sturmy was of the same opinion. It must have given him a grim satis- faction to bring this rascally Hildebrand to book. 1 Patent rolls. 2 Wilts I.P.M. S°P RR Om Beae solar By C.-Breninall, S.A: 385 So the struggle was ended. To whom the honours went, if the word is at all appropriate, I cannot tell you. The Bilkemore interest was merely a life interest, and they may have enjoyed it, so far as the Sturmys allowed them, till the end. But at least the coveted area, the solid block of the diminished Savernake, was in Sturmy hands again. There is no more talk of a separate Farm Baily. Savernake is once more the Saxon Safernoc which we first hear of in the year 934.1 That identity, which is still maintained, may gratify our English love of con- tinuity. A thousand years is no bad record. But it is not to be supposed that the return to these pre-Conquest bounds gave any satisfaction to the Sturmys. They were not anti- quaries but foresters of a sadly shrunken fee, and they did not despair, even now, of increasing it again. At each succeeding eyre the wardens of Savernake, mindful no doubt of one Henry Sturmy’s misadventure, appeared to recite the unexpurgated bounds and all their rights from the saddle, bridle, sword and horn of their stewardship to the ‘“‘ retro- pannage of the agistment of pigs.’’ As late as the year 1491 we find John Seymour, descended from the Sturmys in the female line, boxing at the forest eyre at Amesbury the compass of the old bounds of the West Baily from Falstone Pond to the Ridgeway, though they had been out of the Forest for 160 years.? I spoke, when I began this paper, of the romance of the Forest. I fear I can hardly have succeeded in conveying much of it to my audience. For me it lies partly in that continuity to which I referred a while ago. Let me give a single instance. In the year 1340 the regarders were complaining’ that ‘‘ the undergrowth to the west of Brayden (now Fairbough or New Pond Bottom) was being worsened by the adjoining townships owing to a certain custom called woodleave and fernleave and by damage to the oaks, because at certain seasons of the year the men of the aforesaid townships have licence of the forester- of-fee to enter the forest in search of dead wood and bracken.’’ The custom of ‘‘ woodleave’’ at least has survived the strictures of the regarders, aS anyone may see who watches the perambulators of the cottagers trundling home their firewood on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Let us hope the new lessees of the Forest may find it possible to respect this ancient privilege. Partly, also, I find romance in the Forest Rolls, though for these I must go to the Public Record Office. But the full flavour of them depends upon a knowledge of that greater Savernake with which they deal and the patient identification of a hundred spots whose names have changed or disappeared. It depends too, as I only realised when I began to write this paper, on acertain knowledge of forgotten technicalities, which can hardly be conveyed to others without risk of tedium. But 1 Kemble C.D. 1109. Ee. ©., Duchy of Lanc:., For, Proc. bundle III, 34. Pei. ©. 1. 32, 210. MOU XLVII, NO. CLXIX. bo 386 Savernake Forest in the Middle Ages. we can all stand, if we wish, at the head of Brayden (it is really the foot, if we must be geographically precise) and imagine those two Ramsbury men with their bows and their seven arrows and their three greyhounds and the light of anticipation in their eyes, waiting riskily for a likely buck to break cover. Or would you have me say “ loitering with intent’’? ‘Then it was, as I half suspected, a sordid business after all . . . And how evanescent is Romance ! 387 moe BPIGHTY=-FIFTH GENERAL MEETING OF. THE Mee LSHIRE ARCHATOLOGICAL- AND NATURAL ErSLORY ~ SOCIETY HELD AT - MARLBOROUGH, AUGUST 8tuH, 9TH AND 10TH, 1938. MONDAY, AUGUST 8TH. The annual business meeting was held at the Town Hall, by the kind permission of the Town Council. The President of the Society, Mr. H.C. Brentnall, F.S.A., after thanking the Mayor and Corporation for their kindness in placing the Town Hall at the Society’s disposal, called on the Hon. Secretary to read the THE ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1937—38. Membership.—The number of members including those elected recently, is two honorary members, 18 life members, and 476 annual members, 496 in all, an increase of 83 during the past year. In addition we exchange publications with 30 other societies. This increase in the membership of the Society is very satisfactory and at the present time the number of members appears to be greater than at any previous date in the Society’s history. FINANCE. The General Fund.—tThe year 1937 began with a balance of £200 12s 2d. and ended with one of £174 9s. 5d. The two numbers of the Magazine cost £248 9s. 1ld. and £80 was specially granted towards the cataloguing of the collection of Wiltshire deeds. The expense of the completion of this work will fall on the Society’s funds this year, together with the cost of unexpected work on the drainage and repairs of the Museum. In these circumstances it is particularly gratifying to note that during the last year notice has been received of two legacies left to the Society, one of £200, the income of which is earmarked for the repairs of the Museum, was left by Mr. W. Waylen. The other of £20 was left to the Society unconditionally by Mr. E. O. P. Bouverie. During the last 50 years only one other legacy, of £5, has been received by the Society. If members generally would remember the Society in their wills for however small an amount, the scope of the Society’s work and useful- ness might be greatly increased. Museum Maintenance Fund —Beginning with a balance of £88 9s. 7d., apart from the usual items dealt with by this fund, there was a special payment of £60 as part of the cost of the new records room at the Museum, the remainder of the cost being carried to the present year. In addition to this the unfortunate necessity of attending to the drains of the Museum has left a further sum to be provided during 1938. 2. BD 388 The Eighty-fifth General Meeting. Museum Purchases Fund.—The balance of this fund on Ist January, 1937, was £62 6s. 4d., and that on 3lst December was £38 Is. Id. The principal items of expenditure were £19 5s. 3d. for obsolete agri- cultural implements for the Bradford Barn coJlections, and a donation of £5 in connection with the Rev. F. G. Walker’s bequest. Museum Building Fund. ‘The balance at the beginning of 1937 was £1,002 18s. This increased to £1,039 6s. 9d. on 31st December from interest and the usual annual payment of the rent for the Museum caretaker’s rooms. Life Membership Fund.—The balance of £78 17s. 5d. at the beginning of the year increased to one of £101 6s. 4d. at the end of the year. This increase is due to the election of two new life members during the year. Bradford Barn Fund.—A balance of £8 2s. 5d. on Ist. January, 1937, increased to £11 15s. 6d. on 31st. December, repairs to the amount of £4 17s. 3d. having been paid for during the year. The amount received from entrance fees and the sale of pamphlets and postcards during the year was £14 ls. 2d. THE Museum. A valuable collection of objects from the Prehistoric and Romano- British site on Cold Kitchen Hill, formed by the late Rev. F. G. Walker, was left to the Museum by him. ‘These have been incorporated in the Society’s collection from that site. Of other gifts and additions the principal have been obsolete farming implements obtained by Mr. H. R. Pollock, to be exhibited in the Bradford Barn. They include wooden ploughs and harrows, a chaffcutter and thresher, and a winnowing machine. THE LIBRARY. The work of cataloguing the Society’s collection of Wiltshire Deeds begun in 1937 has been continued in 1938 and is now almost finished. As the deeds have been dealt with, they have been arranged in bundles under parishes and placed in the pigeon holes with which the new Deed Room attached to the Library is lined, so that now for the first time it is possible to find and consult any deed required, or to ascertain what deeds concerning any particular locality exist in the collection, now numbering somewhere about 7,000 to 8,000 deeds. Among the most interesting and valuable items in the whole collection are a series of Corsham charters with great seals attached, which has been deposited on indefinite loan through Mr. Oswald Brakspear. These are now exhibited in a separate case in the Library. Among many other gifts to the Library were three volumes of the Court Rolls of the Manor of Heytesbury 1660 to 1867, from Lord Heytesbury; a transcription of Bromham Churchyard Inscriptions, and a number of photographs of old cottages, etc., from Mr. W. A. Webb; 30 old maps and prints new to the collection, from Mr. B. Hankey; 40 Wiltshire deeds from the British Record Association; and from Capt. B. H. Cuninngton a volume containing 51 original water colour drawings by The Eighty-fifth General Meeting. 389 Philip Crocker of objects found in excavations by Will. Cunnington, F.S.A., and Sir R. C. Hoare, 26 of which are the originals of illustrations in Hoare’s Ancient Wilts; also a series of volumes containing original MS. Letters and Notes by Sir R. C. Hoare, Will. Cunnington, and many other Wiltshire archeologists concerning excavations in barrows, and Wilts antiquities in general, as well as collections of notes, articles, etc., by the two William Cunningtons. In addition Capt. Cunnington has given a typed copy of the transcription of the Registers of Overton and Fyfield by himself. Miss Emily Cunnington has given a copy of the valuable work on “ English Clothing in the 19th century,” by Dr. C. Willett Cunnington. BRADFORD BARN. The negotiations with a view to handing over of the Barn to the care of the Office of Works are still in hand. THE MAGAZINE. No. 166, completing Vol. xlvii. (with the Index), and No. 167 beginning Vol. xlviii, were published during the year 1937. The Editor has again to thank the writers of several of the papers for paying the cost of the blocks illustrating their papers. iie RECORD BRANCH OF THE WILTSHIRE. ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. With Mr R. B. Pugh-~as its-hon. secretary; this new branch has been successfully launched during the year and at present has a member- ship of 134 and an income of £98 11s. 6d. Mr. G. J. Kidston has made another generous donation to the funds. It is proposed to hold a general meeting at Salisbury in the autumn, to inaugurate the branch formally and draft the constitution. Mr. Kidston has consented to act as chairman of the branch. The annual subscription is fixed at 10s. 6d. for those who are members of the main Society, and double that amount for those who are not. The work of the branch will be the printing of unpublished records connected with the county and it is hoped to begin this year with the publication of the Feet of Fines of Edward I and II. EXCAVATIONS IN WILTSHIRE. The work at Clarendon Palace has been continued under Dr. Borenius. The discovery of a kiln for making paving tiles has been the most interesting result of the work during the past year. At Avebury the triumphant completion of Mr. Keiller’s work on the section of the great circle between the Swindon road and the Manor, and the dis- covery and re-erection of so many stones whose existence was unknown, has already made Avebury a show place as it never was before. This year’s work has begun on the section on the other side of the village street, and has already resulted in the discovery of seven more buried stones, which will in due time be re-erected. In addition to the work of excavation, a museum in the building which 390 The Eighty-fifth General Meeting. was the stable aud coach-house of the Manor has been admirably adapted and arranged for the exhibition of objects found during the excavations at Avebury and: Windmill Hill. This museum is open to the public daily. At Atworth, Mr. Shaw Mellor has uncovered the foundations of a Roman house, whose walls extend to some 50 or 60 yards in length. Two or three hypocaust rooms have been found, but only small remains of tessellated pavements. Such small finds of pottery, etc., as have occurred are being preserved in the school at Atworth. These diggings will be described later on in the Magazine. At Bishopstone, in North Wilts, Mr. A. D. Passmore has located the position of the Roman house known to exist in that neighbourhood. A tessellated pavement was partially uncovered, but was found to be in a dilapidated state and was covered up again. At Cherhill the fragment of Roman pavement uncovered in 1914 (?) under the pathway outside the small gate of the churchyard leading into the Manor House garden, was again uncovered and photographed by Mr. Blackford. It appears unlikely that more of this pavement exists as the roadway has obviously cut into it, but this remnant is well preserved and of high quality, and is quite worth removal and preservation. At Bedwyn Brails Wood the tessellated pavements found many years ago were again partially uncovered by a party of excavators from Paddington, but were found to be in very fragmentary condition. The excavation of the prehistoric camp at Woodbury, near Salisbury, discovered through an air photograph has recently been begun, and is being carried on by the Prehistoric Society. At Lanhill Long Barrow near Chippenham a previously unknown chamber was discovered by Mr. A. D. Passmore, the examination of which was placed in the hands of Mr. Alex. Keiller. The results have been recently described very fully in the jouinal of the Prehistoric Society. The Gilbertine Priory of St. Margaret’s, Marlborough. Diggings on this site by a party of boys from the College have revealed much disturbance, and nothing but a few ridge tiles and stained glass dating from about 1300 has so far been found. THE ANNUAL MEETING. Last year this was held out of the county at Blandford. It was not so largely attended as some other recent meetings, but was a particularly interesting one, the main attraction being the remarkable excavations at Maiden Castle and Dorchester. The usual single day’s excursion this year had to be given up unavoidably in consequence of the illness of the Hon. Meeting Secretary. The Eighty-fifth General Meeting. 391 THE PLACE NAMES OF WILTSHIRE. The Place Name Society, under Sir Alan Mawer, has for some time been engaged in the preparation of a volume on the Place Names of Wiltshire. A great mass of material has been collected and arranged, but the Field Names to a large extent have not yet been dealt with. The Report was passed, and in accordance with the recommendation of the committee, Col. R. W. Awdry was proposed as the President for the ensuing year. Col. Awdry having expressed his willingness to accept the post, was unanimously elected. The officers of the Society were then re-elected en bloc. There was an unusually large attendance of members at the meeting, who at its conclusion proceeded to St. Mary’s Church. After this the company returned at 4 o’clock to the Town Hall where they were most hospitably entertained at tea by the Mayor and Mayoress who were warmly thanked for their kindness After tea the two gardens of the Master at the College, and of Dr. and Mrs. Mauriceat Lloran House were open to members, as well as the Grotto in the Castle Mound, and the buildings of the College. The annual dinner was at the Ailesbury Arms Hotel at 7 p.m., and the evening meeting at the Town Hall at 8.15 began with a public reception of the Society by the Mayor (Mr. W. J. Burchell)- and members of the Corporation, the Mayor warmly welcoming the visit of the Society in an appropriate speech. The President of the Society, Mr H. C. Brentnall, F.S.A., after thanking the Mayor, gave his presidential address on the history of Savernake Forest,4 a subject peculiarly appropriate both in time and place. TUESDAY, AUGUST 91H. The long string of cars and charabancs left the Market Place at 9.30 and proceeded first to Ogbourne St. Andrew Church, where the company more than filled every seat in the building, which was described by the Vicar, the Rev. J. C. B. Eaton, with a few additional words from Canon Goddard. The Church has several features quite out of the common run, and was much admired. Leaving Ogbourne at 10.50, and journeying by Wroughton, Broad Hinton Church was the next item on the programme. Here the Vicar, the Rev. H. V. White, gave an instructive address on the points of interest, and showed the fine 17th century plate, telling the curious story of its having been stolen and subsequently restored to the Church. The most outstanding objects here are the monuments, but the tasteful floral decoration of the Church by Mrs. White added to the charm of the building. 1 The address is printed in this number of the Magazine. 392 The Eighty-fifth General Meeting. The next item was Winterbourne Bassett Church, where as the com- pany was too large to fit comfortably into the building, Canon Goddard speaking in the churchyard drew attention to the beauty of the 14th century work in the north transept, of a type which is uncommon in Wiltshire. _ From Winterbourne a short drive brought the party to Avebury where lunch at the Red Lion Hotel awaited them. Here at 2; p.m. Mir. Alex: Keiller; SoA met the memibsers:andiaddnresseds tiem: on the results of the recent explorations, conducting them along the segment of the re-erected stones of the outer circle, to the point in the village street where work was actually then going on. Here members were able to see for themselves the evidence only just then uncovered, of the original causeway, on the site of the present village street, a detail of the original plan that it was quite unexpected, as well as the stone of the outer circle that stood on the site of the blacksmith’s forge recently demolished, upon which the walls of the forge had actually been built. From the point of view of the members nothing could have been more opportune than the discovery of these two features at this particular moment. ‘The further work of re-erecting the recently un- covered stones between the village and the Beckhampton road was well seen from the top of the vallum of this section. Members also visited the new museum, made out of the old stables of the Manor House, which has been recently opened by Mr. Keiller. Here are preserved the objects found during the series of excavations at Windmill Hill, the Kennet Avenue and Avebury itself. It is needless to say that every- thing is exhibited and explained to the best possible advantage. The museum is to be open free to visitors every day. After seeing the museum many of the members visited the Church, where the Saxon and Norman work was explained by Canon Goddard. Leaving Avebury at 4.15, members went on to East Kennet Manor, where in a large tent pitched in front of the house, Capt. and Mrs. Vigors had most kindly provided a sumptuous tea. Leaving East Kennet at 6 p.m. the cars returned to Marlborough where about 100 members dined in the College dining hall at the invitation of the Master, and afterwards assembled in the Memorial Hall for a very interesting paper by the Rev. R. H. Lane n ‘‘ Wheeled Transport through the Ages.’ WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 10TH. Leaving the Market Place at 9.30 the party made for the Column in Savernake Forest, where Mr. Brentnall gave a short account of the history of the monument, after which the members went on to Tottenham House where they were received and shown over the house by the Marquis of Ailesbury. Before leaving the whole party, nearly 200 strong, was photographed in front of the house. Great Bedwyn Church was next visited. Here the Vicar, the Rev. C. G. Philips, described the Church, and mention was made of a late 14th century wooden screen, and.a parish chest from this Church, both of which are in the Victoria and “Albert Museum. As regards the The Eighty-fifth General Meeting. 393 screen, it was suggested recently that the Museum would be willing to return it to the Church, but the Church authorities could not see their way to.act on this suggestion. From Great Bedwyn, the cars went on ~ to St..Martin’s Chapel, in Chisbury Camp, where Mrs. Cunnington said a few words on the, probably, Iron Age Camp, and Canon Goddard pointed out the features of the interesting little building itself, and deplored the fact of a large hole in the thatched roof. With regard to this the tenant, Mr. Gauntlett, said that the timbers of the roof were in such a condition that no thatcher could safely repair it, and that nothing short of an entirely new roof would meet the case. The build- ing served no useful purpose on the farm. Ramsbury! was the next point on the programme, ith lunch at The Bell Hotel. After lunch the Church was visited and an excellent account of its history was given by Admiral Hyde Parker, after which the members gathered round the remarkable collection of pre-Norman cross shafts and tomb slabs preserved at the west end of the north aisle, where Mr. E. Sexton, who has special knowledge of work of this age, gave an interesting account of them. Leaving Ramsbury at 3.15, Aldbourne Church was next visited, after which tea was most kindly provided by the Misses Fox, at the Institute, and with the inspection of their garden at the Old Rectory, which has grown in recent years into one of the most interesting in the county, the meeting of 1938 came to a particularly pleasant end. From the point of view of numbers attending, it was by far the most successful meeting in the Society’s history ; 220 tickets were taken, and the number on each day’s excursion was nearly 200. The balance on the meeting amounted to over £58: a most welcome addition to the society's finances. The programme too was an interesting one, the evening meetings were largely attended, and the arrangements through- out, thanks as usual to Capt. Cunnington’s elaborate planning, went without a hitch, and were punctual to the minute. 1 A visit to Ramsbury Manor was included in the original programme, but the necessity of dividing the members, who numbered nearly 200, into several successive parties to go over the house would have occupied more time than was available, so the visit had to be abandoned. | 394 WHERS, OB TOO ARN: Canon Edmund Walter Sotheron-Estcourt, died August 13th, 1938, Born 1854, eldest son of Charles Wyatt Estcourt of Newport (I. of W.). Educated at Marlborough and Balliol Coll., Oxon, Gloucester Coll. 1876. B.A., 1874; M.A., 1878. Deacon 1876, Priest 1876 (Glouc. and Bristol). Curate of Long Newnton, 1876—84 ; Rector, 1884—1901; Vicar of Swindon, 1901—1910; Rural Dean of Cricklade, 1903—10; Rector of Shipton Moyne (Glos.), 1910—16; Rector of Long Newnton, 1917—18; Hon. Canon of Bristol, 1898. In 1915, on the death of his cousin, Lord Estcourt, he succeeded to the family estates in Wiltshire, Gloucestershire and Yorkshire, and took the additional surname of Sotheron, but in 1919 he surrendered his entire life interest in these properties to his eldest son, Capt. Thos. E. Sotheron Estcourt. He married, 1876, Eleanor Lucy, only daughter of the Rev. William J, Bucknall Estcourt, and had four sons and four daughters. His youngest son was killed in France in the war. Since 1920 he had lived with his eldest daughter, Mrs. Godfrey Matthews, at Milton on Sea, where he became an expert apple grower. Obit. notice, Times, August 16th, 1938. Edward Oliver Pleydell-Bouverie, died May 13th, 1938, aged 81. Buried at Market Lavington. Second son of Rt. Hon. Edward Pleydell-Bouverie and grandson of William, 3rd Earl of Radnor. He lived at the Manor House, Market Lavington, 1869—1889. J.P. for Wilts. He was for some years one of the hon. secretaries of the Wilts Archeological Society. He was obliged to give up this and other activities on account of ill-health, and for many years had lived at Combe Down, near Bath. He-left a legacy of £20 to the Wilts Arch. Society. Obit. notice, Wilts Times, May 21st, 1938. The Hon. Beatrice Wickens, Lady Gatacre, O.B.E., died suddenly May 138th, 1938. Buried at Claverley, Salop. Daughter of Ld. Davey, Solicitor-General in 1886. Married Major-Gen. Sir William Gatacre, K.C.B., 1895, who died 1906. She lived several years at West Lavington, coming to Devizes where she built ‘‘ Seven Gables ” a few years ago. She took a very prominent part in county matters, served on the County Council for many years, and wasa member of the Education Committee, the Visiting Committee of the Mental Hospital, and the Committee: for the Care of the Mentally Defective. She represented the County Council on the Bristol University Council, and the Devizes Education Committee. She was also a member of the Guardians Committee. ‘It was perhaps as an ardent supporter of the Women’s Institutes movement that Lady Gatacre was best known to the general public. . . . As a speaker she was in great demand, and she must have motored thousands of miles for the purpose of Wilts Obituary. 395 addressing upon a variety of subjects, Institutes in villages in all parts of Wiltshire.’’ In all these activities as well as in her work as a County Magistrate (1929), she did everything thoroughly. Such leisure as she allowed herself she spent in gardening, devoting her attention more especially to flowering shrubs, and of these, around her house, there was rapidly growing up a collection which would have been notable. Just before her death, however, feeling, as she said, that she could not go on gardening, she sold her house and was proposing to live in Bath. Obit. notice, Wilts Gazette, May 19th, 1938. Canon Edward Courtenay West, died August 7th, 1938, in Westminster Hospital, aged 66. Born 1872, educated Haileybury and Trinity Hall, Camb. B.A. 1894, M.A. 1900. M.A. ad eundem, Cape University 1905, Cuddesdon Theolog. Coll. 1894. Deacon 1895, Priest 1896 (Glos. and Bristol), Curate of St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol, 1895—99; St. Matthew, Moorfields, Bristol, 1899—1900; Chaplain at Cuddesdon Coll., 1900—03; Chaplain to Order of Ethiopians, Grahams- town, S. Africa, 1908—19 ; Canon of Grahamstown, 1911—19; Rector of St. Paul, Port Elizabeth, 1916—19; Archdeacon of Port Elizabeth, 1917—-19; Pioneer of Mission of Help to India, 1921—22; Assistant Secretary S.P.G., 1919—29; Principal of St. Boniface Coll., Warminster, 1929, until his death. He married, 1912, Hilda Florence Scott and leaves a son and three daughters. As Principal of St. Boniface his work lay in preparing men for the ministry in the mission field, a work for which his own vast experience in Africa, India, Burmah and Ceylon peculiarly fitted him. Long obit. notice with portrait, Wilts Times, August 12th, 1938; also Times, August I1th, 1938. Major John Archibald Davenport, died October 28rd, 1938, aged 61, buried at Preshute. After serving in the Lancashire Fusilers, he became Bursar of Marlborough College in 1920, an office he held until July, 1938. A former President of the Marlborough branch of the British Legion, he took a specially active interest in the welfare of ex-service men. He was also Chairman of the Lockeridge Wayfarers Hostel until it closed. The very large attendance at his funeral showed the deep respect in which he was held by college and town alike. Obit. notice N. Wilts Herald, October 28th, 1938. Dr. Henry Mackay, died October 30th, 1938. Bornin Dublin 1858, son of William Gordon Mackay, army schoolmaster. Educated at Montrose Academy and Edinburgh University, where he studied under Huxley. His first practice was at Berkhampstead. He moved to Devizes as partner with Dr. Carless in 1890. He joined the Territorials and became Assistant Director of the Medical Service for the Wessex Division. He wrote a handbook on Field Ambulance Work and lectured widely on this subject. During the war he worked in the hospitals at Bedford, returning to his practice in Devizes at the peace, 396 Wilts Obituary. until he resigned in 1936. He wrote a ‘“ History of the Scottish Regiments”? which is now in the press. He married 1886, Flora, daughter of John Alexander MacKenzie, who predeceased him. He leaves no children. He was a man of scholarly and scientific attain- ments, interested especially in medical science—he wrote several medical treatises—in botany and music. Long obit. notice, Wiltshive Gazette, November 3rd, 1938. The Rev. Arthur Du Boulay Hill, died November 1938; born’ October l3th, W850. S: of Rev “Georges Ell, | ducatediyat Winchester and Magdalen Coll., Oxon.; B.A. 1874; M.A. 1877; Assistant Master Winchester Coll. 1874—82; Deacon 1876; Priest 1877; Chaplain Winchester Coll. 1881—2; Vicar of Downton with Nunton (Wilts) 1882—98 ; Rector, East Bridgford (Notts) 1898—1927 ; Rural Dean of Bingham 1898—1927. Married 1888, Gertrude Esther, d. of Will. Palmer. He was the author of :— The Mizmaze on Breamore Down, Hants, near Downton. Wats Arch. Mag. xxix, 98—101. Plate. Downton Church. Arch. Journal, xlv, 81—84. A Descriptive and Historical Sketch of the Moot at Downton, Wilts. Pamphilet,cr. 8vo. pp.-8. Plan.) Benett Bros.) Salisbuny- A Saxon Church at Breamore, Hants. . In one common ysrawesare successively entombed four adult men, a youth of twenty, an aged woman, another in the prime of life, a child of twelve, and a year old baby. This mixture of sexes and ages is significant: there is no question here of the ceremonial burial of a chieftain, or of slain warriors, or of attendants sacrificed at the entombment of a local king. The archeological evidence shows that successive burials took place in the barrow, and there is nowhere any hint of sacrificial, cannibalistic, or other similar practices having been performed. Moreover, a distinct family resemblance is anatomically apparent between certain members | | aaa Wiltshive Books, Pamphlets and Articles. 403 mths group . . . the Lanhill family, obviously people of importance in their day, were buried as they died, in their family sepulchre, their remains being. thereafter undisturbed, save to accommodate later burials. The method of interment was uniform, and whatever funerary cermonial was practised, it was accorded to both men and women and to young and old alike.”’ Stonehenge, The Blue Stone ‘“‘Lintels.’’ Mr. A.D. Passmore has an article in Wiltshive Gazette September 28th, 1938, in which he sets himself “‘ to givea new explanation to stone 150.’’ This is one of the two ‘‘ Blue Stones ”’ which have what are commonly regarded as mortice holes on their flat sides, showing, it is contended, that they were lintel stones of small blue stone trilithons which stood either at Stonehenge or possibly were transported with the other blue stones to Stonehenge from some other locality in which they originally formed part of a similar circle. This is the ‘*‘ orthodox’’ view. Mr. Passmore will have none of it. Founding his argument on the widespread use of stone door sockets in the east, he maintains that these two stones are threshold stones, and that the ‘‘mortice’”’ holes are sockets for the revolving door posts. If this is so, these two stones must mark the points of entrance. Mr. Passmore finishes his article in these words, *“Tf stone No. 150 was in any other ruin in Europe it would at once be recognised. as a doorstone.’’ This may be true, but it has to be remembered that in no other monument in Europe do mortice holes which are not door post sockets occur as they do at Stonehenge. Still the theory is a possible one. The Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Salisbury, 1938, by Canon Fletcher, F.R. Hist. 8., Librarian of the Cathedral Library. Issued by authority of the Dean and Chapter. Pamphlet 7+in. x 5in., price 3d., pp. 17. The illustrations are :—Choir and Sanctuary, Ground Plan, Grave Slab ascribed to Bishop Roger, Base of St. Osmund’s Shrine, Tomb of William Longspee 1226, Choir and Nave looking west, Diminutive figure of 13th Century Bishop (erroneously spoken of as the Boy Bishop). The text, with each object ofinterest in heavier type, takes the visitor step by step through the whole building. The origin of the Diocese, and the building of the Cathedral are treated as concisely as possible, and each object of interest is touched on and where necessary explained at greater length. The information given is above ail short and accurate, matters of interest which might escape the notice of the casual visitor, such as the con- secration crosses, the Jesse window, the Monuments to Bishops, St. Osmund’s Shrine, the Cope Chest, the original screen, and the Cadavers are pointed out, and a list is given of the sculptures in the Chapter House. Nobody could want a better small and handy Guide. 2.:C2 404 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets and Articles. The Statues on the West Front of Salisbury Cathedral, with a Note on the Gargoyles by Canon Fletcher, F.R. Hist. S. 1938. Price 3d. Pamphlet, 7yin,. x 5in., pp. 16, 4 illusts. This little pamphlet is intended to give visitors to the Cathedral some account of the statues which now fill the niches on the west front, and it serves this purpose excellently. Of the statues which originally filled the niches only nine, mutilated beyond recognition, remained in 1863 when the restoration began. The great majority of those now existing are the work of the sculptor, J. F. Redfern. Canon Fletcher notes that the figures and subjects of groups were obviously suggested by Mrs. Jameson’s Sacred and Legendary Art, published a few years before the restoration began. The Legend of Christian Art, by the Rev. H. T. Armfield (1869), gives the names of the figures then restored. These are given by Canon Fletcher with a few words on the lives and respective emblems of each Saint represented, with a short note on the gargoyles, with three good pencil drawings by Miss Cecilia Malcombe. The Plan for Avebury, an Appeal to the Nation. This is printed in Antiquity, December 1937, pp. 490—493, with an admirable recent air view of the whole circle and village, from a photo by Major G. W.G. Allen. This appeal for the preservation of Avebury has not received anything like the attention from the general public that it deserves. Scheme for the Preservation of Avebury. Public Government Enquiry at the Red Lion, Avebury. The proceedings at this enquiry and the speeches made on behalf of the Joint Planning Committee by Col. R. W. Awdry and Mr. W. R. Davidge, the County Planning Adviser, and those by Mr. Osmond and others on behalt of the landowners, whose farms might be affected, and the race horse trainers who objected chiefly to the proposed position of the new cottages, together with that of Mr. Alex. Keiller who spoke in favour of meeting the objections as to the site of the cottages, were reported at length in the Wiltshive Gazette, November 18th, 1937. Avebury Excavations. Letters appeared in the Times in July, 1937, from several landowners and others in Avebury finding fault with the removal of trees in the ditch and on the bank at the N. (Swindon road) entrance to the Circle, and protesting against the whole scheme for the preservation of Avebury. These objections were answered on July 29th, 1937, by Mr. Alex. Keiller in a long letter detailing the reasons for the removal of the trees at that point, mention- ing the discovery of new stones, and advocating judicious planting where the trees will not interfere with the plan of the monument. 405 ADDITIONS TO MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. Museum. Presented by Mr. E. R. PotE: A Steward’s Stick’ and a Member’s Stick and Rosette, of the extinct Great Bedwyn Club. (Mr. Pole makes the same stipulation as in the case of his previous gift, see vol. xlvii, 666, June, 1937.) Mr. G. Sanpdy, of Stafford : Four Bronze Pins found in Bulford Camp in 1916. One complete with head appears to be Romano-British, 44 inches in length; the others, headless, are doubtless of the same period. Mrs. WILTSHIRE, of Bishops Cannings: A Sampler worked by Martha Ruddle, 1836. An Earthenware Vessel dug up in Mr. Ruddle’s garden at Bishop’s Cannings. Dr. Lake: Fragments of Romano-British pottery dug up in the garden of The Kestrels, Easterton. THE HiGHWORTH RurRAL DIstTRicr CoUNCIL: Eight Wig Curlers of baked clay, one stamped W.B., perhaps for William Buckland, or Buckhard, who also made clay pipes in the 17th century. A large number of Wig Curlers, said to have been some hundreds, were found in a “‘chamber’’ under the roadway in the Market Place at Highworth in 1938. Also an Iron Knife with wooden handle, found with the Wig Curlers. THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF ARCHZOLOGY AND~ ETH- NOLOGY, Harvard University, @ambridge, Mass., WrS-A.5:. Various Sherds of. Pottery, etc., found in excavations on Wexcomb Down in 1914. THE REv. E. C. GARDNER, Wayford Rectory, Somerset : A 16-17th century Mortar of Bell Metal, dug up near Warminster. (On permanent loan.) Mrs. ALDERSLEY, of Coulston: Papal Medal of Pope Innocent IV (1248—1254), dug up at Conock 1932. Library. Mr. A. SHAW MELLOoR: Plan of Saxon Church of Brad- ford-on-Avon, by Major A. Gorham, 1932. Mrs. CUNNINGTON : Extract from Man, July, 1938, ‘A Witch Glove from Wootton Bassett.”’ Dr. C. E. GODDARD: Papers on Prehistoric Trephina- tion of the Skull, by T. Wilson Parry (five pamphlets). A parcel of back numbers of the Magazine. Mr. C. R. Everett: A number of Wiltshire Deeds. Canon H. E. KETCHLEY: The Arts in Early England, by G. Baldwin Brown. THE AUTHOR, ADMIRAL HyDE-PaRKER: A Short History of Ramsbury Church. Reprint from N. Wilts Church Magazine. 406 Additions to Museum and Library. ” » .MR.H DE S. SHORTT: Drawings of Objects inthe possession of Mr. Seamark, of Tisbury. Now on per- manent loan at Salisbury Museum. THE AUTHOR, MR. STUART PiccotTt, F.S.A.: The Early Bronze Agein Wessex. Reprint from Proc. Prehistoric Soc., 1938. o » FH AUTHOR, CANON |. M. |. FreccHer, ER? Huse S.: “The Statues on the West Front of Salisbury Cathedral, with a note on the Gargoyles.’’ Pamphlet, 1938. “The Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Salisbury. Issued by Authority of the Dean and Chapter.’ Pamphlet, 1898. THE BritisH REcORD AssociaTIon : A number of old Wiltshire Deeds. CANON E. H. GoDDARD: Antiquity; N. Wilis Parish Magazine ; Salisbury Diocesan Gazette, for 1938. Wiltshire Prints, Portraits, Cuttings and Scraps. Life of S. Ealdhelm, First Bishop of Sherborne, by W. B. Wildman, 1905. The Marlburian, bound vol. 1865— 66. John Wordsworth, Bishop of Salisbury, obituary notice, British Academy. The Poems of George Crabbe, ay Uiterany, and Historical Study by Rev. J. H. Evans 1938, cr. 8vo. Miss INEZ Story MASKELYNE: A large number of MS., Notes, Pedigrees, &c., connected with Wiltshire Families, by her late brother, Anthony St; jehn Maskelyne of the Record Office. Mrs. LoviBonp: Issue of local paper of 1820. THE Rev. W. H. PEtHam: Photograph of the Old Font of Chilton Foliot. Capt. B. H. CUNNINGTON: Reprint of Account of open- ing of Wiltshire Barrows by W. Cunnington, F.S.A., from Arche@ologia. Mr. H. A. LEADLY: Original Petition from Marlborough as to Postal Service, 1822. THE AvutTHoRS, Messrs. ALEX. KEILLER AND STUART Piagcott: The ‘Excavation of the Long Barrow at -- Lanhill, reprint from Proceedings of Prehistoric Soc., 1938. | Major A. L.. INGPEN: “‘ Twenty-five years of'the Nona Art Collections Fund 1903—1928.”’ 4to. THE AuTHoR, Mr. T. P. BEAVEN: ‘“‘ A Sportsman looks pack saloss: Printed and Published by C. H. Woodward, Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes. 9) >”) THE SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS (Continued). STONEHENGE AND ITS BARROWS, by W. Long, Nos. 46-47 of the Magazine in separate wrapper 3s. 6d. This still remains one of the best and most reliable accounts of Stonehenge and its Earthworks. WILTSHIRE—The TOPOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS OF JOHN AUBREY, F.R.S., A.D. 1659—1670 Corrected and enlarged by the Rev. Canon J. E. Jackson, M.A., F.S.A., 4to., Cloth, pp. 491, with 46 miates. - Price {1 7s. 6d. WILTSHIRE INQUISITIONES POST MORTEM, CHARLES I, 8vo., pp. vii. + 510. 1901. With full index. In 8 parts, as issued. Price 13s. PreTO: IN THE REIGNS OF HEN. III, ED.I,andED.II. §8vo., pp. xv. 505. In parts asissued. Price 13s. DITTO. THE REIGN OF ED. III. 8vo., pp. 402. In six parts as issued. Price 13s. A BIBLIOGRAPHY or THE GREAT STONE MONUMENTS oF WILTSHIRE, STONEHENGE, anp AVEBURY, with other references, by W. Jerome Harrison, F.G.S., pp. 169, with 4 illustrations. No. 89, Dec., 1901, of the Magazine. Price 5s. 6d. Contains particulars as to 947 books, papers, &c., by 732 authors. THE TROPENELL CARTULARY. An important work in 2 vols., 8vo., pp. 917, containing a great number of deeds connected with property in many Wiltshire Parishes of the 14th and 15th centuries. Only 150 copies were printed, of which a few are left. Price £1 2s. tHE CHURCH BELLS OF WILTSHIRE, THEIR INSCRIPTIONS mae HISTORY, BY H. B. WALTERS, F.S.A. | Published in III Parts. Price 16s. (N.B.—Separate Parts can no longer be sold.) A CALENDAR OF THE FEET OF FINES FOR WILTSHIRE, Pee fo 1272, BY E. A. FRY. 8vo., pp, 103. Price. 6s. WILTSHIRE TOKENS. The Society has a considerable number of 17th and I 8th century Wiltshire Tokens to dispose of, either by sale or exchange for others not in the Society’s collection. Apply to Carr. B. H. Cunnineton, F.S.A., Scot., Curator, Museum, Devizes. BOOKBINDING. _ Books carefully Bound to pattern. Wilts Archeological Magazine bound to match previous volumes, Or in Special Green Cases. We have several back numbers to make up sets. C. H. WOODWARD, Printer and Publisher, Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes. The North Wilts Museum and Wiltshire Library at Devizes. All Members of the Society are asked to give an annual subscription towards the upkeep of the Devizes Museum and Library. Both the Museum and the Library are concerned in the first place with objects of interest from this County, and with Books, Pamphlets, MSS., Drawings, Prints and Photographs connected with Wiltshire, and together they form one of the most important branches of the Society's Work. ‘The Library is the only institution of the kind in Wiltshire, so far as its collection of all kinds of material for the history of the County is concerned. Old photographs of any Wiltshire Houses, Churches, Cottages, or other objects of interest, will be welcomed by the Librarian. Subscriptions should be sent to Mr. R. D. Owen, Bank Chambers, Devizes. The heavy expense of necessary repairs of the Museum Build- ing during 1938 has far exceeded the resources of the Museum _Maintenance Fund. Any gifts towards this unexpected expense will be gratefully received. Wiltshire Plants. Miss B. Gullick, Crane Bridge Road, Salisbury, will be glad of notes of any fresh localities for plants already recorded in Preston’s “Flowering Plants of Wilts,’’ or any new or uncommon species found. In the case of plants difficult to identify specimens should be sent to her. Wiltshire Birds, Butterflies & Moths. Mr. C. M. R. Pitman, Malvern, Southampton Road, Clarendon, Salisbury, is collecting notices of Wiltshire Birds, with a view to an annual report to be published in the Magazine. He would be greatly obliged if observers would send him notes of anything of interest at the above address. Also with a view to the compilation of a list of Wiltshire Lepidoptera Mr. Pitman would be grateful for ary notices of Butterflies or Moths within the County. WOODWARD, PRINTER, DEVIZEs, JUNE, 1939. VoL, XLVIII. THE WILTSHIRE Archeological & Natural History MAGAZINE PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SOeCrEDyY PORMEDOIN THAT: COUNTY, A.D." 1853: EDITED BY CANON E. H. GODDARD, F-:S.A., Red Gables, Nursteed Road, Devizes. [The authors of the papers printed in this ‘‘ Magazine’’ are alone responsible for all statements made therein. ] DEVIZES PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY C. H. WooDWARD, EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, STATION ROAD. : Price &s. Members Gratis. NOTICE TO MEMBERS. TAKE NOTICE that a copious Index for the preceding eight volumes of the Magazine will be found at the end of Vols. viii., XVi., Xxiv., and xxxli. The subsequent Volumes are each fully indexed separately. The annual subscription is l5s. 6d., the entrance fee for new Membersis 10s. 6d. Life Membership £15 15s. Subscriptions | should be sent to Mr. R. D. Owen Bank Chambers, Devizes. Members who have not paid their Subscriptions to the Society for the current year, are requested to remit the same forthwith to the Financial Secretary, Mr. R. D. Owen, Bank Chambers, Devizes, to whom also all communications as to the supply of Magazines should be addressed. The Annual Subscription to the New Record Branch for Members of the Society is 10s. 6d.; for non-members £1 Is. The Numbers of this Magazine will be delivered gratis, as issued, to Members who are not in arrear of their Annual Subscriptions, but in accordance with Byelaw No. 8 “ The Financial Secretary shall give notice to Members in arrear, and the Society’s publications will not be forwarded to Members whose Subscrip- tions shall remain unpaid after such notice.” All other communications to be addressed to the Honorary Secretary : Canon E. H. Gopparp, F.S.A., Red Gables, Nursteed Road, Devizes. THE SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS. To be obtained of Mr. R. BV. OWEN, Bank Chambers, Devizes. THE BRITISH AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF THE NORTH WILTSHIRE DOWNS, by the Rev. A. C. Smith, M.A. One Volume, Atlas 4to., 248 pp., i7 large Maps, and 110 Woodcuts, Extra Cloth. One copy offered to each Member of the Society at £1 ls. A few copies only. THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF WILTSHIRE. One Volume, 8vo., 504 pp., with Map, Cloth. By the Rev. T. A. Preston, M.A. Price to the Public 16s. ; but one copy offered to every Member of the Society at half-price. CATALOGUE OF THE STOURHEAD COLLECTION orf AN- TIQUITIES 1n THE SOCIETY’S MUSEUM, with 175 Illustrations. Part I. Price Is. 6d. CATALOGUE OF ANTIQUITIES IN THE SOCIETY’S MUSEUM. Part II. 2nd Edition, 1935. Illustrated, 2s. 6d. By post 3s. CATALOGUE or THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARY at THE MUSEUM. Price Is. APPENDIX No. I, Il, and III, 3d. each. CATALOGUE or DRAWINGS, PRINTS, anp MAPS, IN THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARY at THE MUSEUM. Price Is. 6d. CATALOGUE oF WILTSHIRE TRADE TOKENS In THE SOCIETY’S COLLECTION. Price 6d. BACK NUMBERS oF THE MAGAZINE. Price to the Public, 8s., 5s. 6d., and 3s. 6d. (except in the case of a few numbers, the price of which is raised). Members are allowed a reduction of 25 per cent. from these prices. WILTSHIRE Archeeological & Natural History MAGAZINE, No. CLXX. JUNE, 1939. Vol. XLVIII. Contents. PAGE. Maetstine PLANT-Nores: By J. D. Grose, F.G.A.......... 407—414 STONE COFFIN FOUND AT BRADFORD-ON-AVON : By M. E. Srmamine Leis IONS ES 2A. SCOb. iicclcccs ossccsdececccesesses 415—418 Two BuRIED CRUCIFORM STONE PAVEMENTS AT ATWORTH, pies erty, PA Ona w IMCMOL 2 i222 .5 a Erompar: radiate the great lines of the hills like the spokes of a wheel. Cotswolds to the north, Mendips to the west, Dorset hills to the south-west and Salisbury Plain to the south, with the high chalk ridge of the Berkshire downs to the north-east. From this centre also spring the sources of Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 431 five rivers.’” Avebury was the Stone Age capital of England. The ancient Egyptians came to Britain for gold and amber. Amesbury is derived from amber. “‘Silbury 1 am convinced was originally erected for moot or assembly purposes. It is a remarkable coincidence, too, that the daily gauge of the shadows of Silbury is almost identical with that of the Great Pyramid in Egypt.’ One of the hills near Avebury is called Martinsel, I believe Martinsel was one of the principal hills of assembly. The word ‘‘moat” or ‘‘moot’’ can be allied with the Egyptian maat or mut which means the ‘‘ Goddess of truth,’’ and I can’t help thinking that ‘‘ Martin’”’ relates to this root word. ‘“‘Martinsel”’ Maat-Tan-Sil means ‘‘ The holy fire of truth ’’ and so on and so forth. The committee of the Wiltshire Archeological Society sent to the B.B.C. a unanimous resolution protesting against the lucubrations of Mr. Foster Forbes being broadcast as representing the conclusionsof present day archeologists and etymologists. Mr. Forbes’ third address was not published in the Listener. The Cotswold Bruderhof: a Picturesque Com- munity. The Times, September 6th, 1938, had five good illustrations of an article on ‘‘ Communal life on a Farm. German peasant colony,”’ describing the settlement at Ashton Keynes of the Bruderhot community, consisting now of 200 members working a 300-acre farm at Ashton Keynes. Half of these are Germans who have been expelled by the Nazis in 1956 and 1937, 40 are British, and the remainder are representatives of seven other European countries. The illustrations are :—The Barn and a Wagon drawn by oxen ; Work in the fields ; The printing press ; With the children ; and the Buildings round the farm- yard. ‘‘ These people are a religious community holding all goods in common and living mainly by farming. They are orthodox Christians in the sense that they accept the ordinary evangelical beliefs, but they refuse all military service, do not render oaths, and, on the model of the Church in Jerusalem, reject all forms of private property among wmemselves: . ..-. They speak of themselves as one household. At their head are four ‘‘ Servants of the word, whose duties include the celebration of marriages. . . .” They have a library of 10,000 or 11,000 volumes. They publish and print a quarterly journal ‘‘ The Plough, towards the Coming Order.’’ They have a school of their own for children up to the age of fifteen, with fourteen trained teachers. They have built their own school, kindergarten, hospital and dining room, mostly with concrete blocks made from gravel on their own farm. They have an electric plant of their own. Farm and garden and various crafts occupy the men. The children are well cared: for. ‘A hardworking frugal existence is the lot of the Bruderhof, yet they seem to be happy in it. They embrace it of their own free will but there is first a period of novitiate and no one becomes a member without feel- ing called to this way of life for the rest of his or her term on earth.”’ & 432 Wiltshive Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. Will. Henry Fox Talbot, the father of modern photography. The Times of January 7th, 1939, had a long article describing the respective shares of Will. Fox Talbot and Louis Daguerre, of whom portraits are given, in the invention and develop- ment of photography. This article is in connection with the exhibition of photographic apparatus, &c., at the Victoria and Albert Museum in January, 1939. This date was fixed as the centenary of the discovery because on January 7th, 1839, Arago read an account of Daguerre’s discovery before the Academie des Sciences in Paris, and on January 30th of the same year Fox Talbot’s work was described to the Royal Society in London. : The Poems of George Crabbe, a Literary and Historical Study. By the Rev. J. H. Evans, B.A., Hon.C.F. London. The Sheldon Press, 1933. Small 8vo., 7s. 6d., pp. xv + 208, 24 illusts. The author takes the poems of Crabbe on one hand, and his biography on the other and extracts and comments on the passages in the former which bear on or refer to the events of his life in the many curacies and chaplaincies that he held throughout his life, until the Duke of Rutland made him Rector of Trowbridge and Vicar of Croxton Kerrial (Leics.), in addition to other preferments which he already held. After this seven pages contain all that the author has to say about Trowbridge and Wiltshire, and Crabbe’s life and death therein, with illustrations of the Church and the Rectory at Trowbridge. Some Notes on Castle Hill, Mere, Wilts, and Richard, Earl of Cornwall. By Frances E. Lovibond, 1937. Pamphlet 8vo., pp. 11. This is a paper read at a meeting of the Mere Women’s Institute, May 27th, 1937. It contains a few notes on what is known of the history of Mere Castle built by Richard, Earl of Cornwall, in 1253. A rough sketch plan of the building, shows a rectangle of about 390ft. by 102ft., with four circular towers, two on each side, and a rectangular tower at each end. This plan was drawn from the results of partial excavations on the site made by the writer’s father, Mr. T. H. Baker, of Mere Down Farm, and the Rev. E.G. Wyld, Vicar of Mere, in 1887. Of finds made on this occasion a pottery salt-cellar im the: form of a) jester isi srill imeithe awrtterss possession, but ‘‘a gold finger ring upon which was an inscription in Latin, stating that it belonged to the Keeper of the Castle at Mere ’”’ has disappeared. The Castle was finally demolished and the materials sold for building purposes, 1780—90. Notes on the Life of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and the principal religious houses built or endowed by him are added. Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 433 Early Iron Age Objects from Old Sarum. The Antiquaries Journal, October 1937, p. 438, 439, has a note by Mr. F. Stevens with illustrations of two bronze objects found during the ex- cavation of Old Sarum, one apparently a belt link which seems to have been gilt. It is assigned to the Ist Century, A.D. Itis preserved in the Museum at Old Sarum. The other, which is in the Salisbury Museum, seems to be an example of what, for want of a better name, have been called cheek pieces, and are probably horse trappings of some kind. Mr. Stevens discusses its probable age—it has been suggested that they are of the Viking period —and decides that they are probably Romano-British. There is an example, though different in detail, from Casterley Camp in the Society’s Museum. Rushall Baptist Chapel. This, one of the oldest Noncon- formist places of worship in the county, has recently celebrated its 232nd anniversary. Built about 1706, it was endowed in 1743 by Ann Tyler, who lived in the house immediately opposite the Chapel. It was restored or rebuilt in 1760. There are no records before 1813, but from that date for 50 years dispute followed dispute until in 1868 the Baptist Assembly of London, appointed as new trustees members of the Conigre Baptist Church, Trowbridge, who apparently settled mat- ters, and Mr. Keate, of Trowbridge, served as minister for 14 years. Wilts Times, October 8th, 1938. Avebury. “Britain unearths a new wonder of the World.” This is the title of a full page article in The Sunday Express of June oth, 1936, by C. A. Lyon with three photographs—an aerial view of the village showing the Avenue and the section of the Circle already re-erected, the great stone at the Swindon Road entrance, and workmen re-erecting one of the newly dug out stones. The article is written in ‘‘ popular ”’ language but it has obviously been inspired by the highest authority, and contains a good deal of information and interesting theory that had not then found its way into recognised archeological literature. Avebury in fact, thanks to Mr. Keiller, has become ‘‘ News,”’ and the British public is being told to go and see it without delay. The Kennet and Avon Canal. “A Canoeing Holiday, the best canal and river tour to begin with.’’ 7 lhe} blue stones-at Stomehnenee: were proved: by the late H. H. Thomas to have come from the Presely Hills, and Mr. Grimes . . ._ has indicated ancient routes over which they may have travelled, upon the most probable hypothesis that they were transported by land from the quarry to a port of embarkation and thence for the greater part of the remaining distance by sea.”’ Stanton Fitzwarren House. The North Wilts Herald of July 30th, 1937, has a full description of the new house of the ‘Cotswold ”’ type recently built on the site of the old Manor House by Robert Ducas, a New York business man. The old house chiefly of Georgian and more recent date, with no special architectural features, has entirely disappeared, and illustrations are given of the front of the new house, the swimming pool, and the herbaceous borders. The issue of the same paper of August 6th gave some details of the descent of the Manor. Fulco Fitzwarren held it in 1299 ; in 1576 the Organ family of Lambourne held it; and in 1667 Robert Hippisley, High Sheriff of Wilts, owned the property. Later the Hippisley heiress married a Trenchard of Cutteridge, and the Trenchard heiress married an Ashfordby and their son, Dr. John Ashfordby, took the name of Ashfordby-Trenchard in 1800. On the death of Mohun Ashfordby- Trenchard in 1929 the property, of 1,200 acres, passed by entail to John Trenchard Caldwell Masters who sold the Manor House and 200 acres of land in 1935 to Robert Ducas, retaining possession of the remainder of the property. Corsham. History of the Manor, &c. A useful lecture by Lord Methuen. Waltshive Times, January 30th, 1937. Wiltshive Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. 435 A Bird in the Bush. By E. Hilton Young (Lord Kennet of the Dene). With Illustrations by Peter Scott, 1936. ‘‘ Country Life.”’ Cloth, 4to., 10in. x 71 in. pp. 146, 21 illustrations. 10s. 6d. A charming book about birds, all from the point of view of the bird lover and bird observer, and not at all from that of the sportsman or the collector. The author gives us a list of 50 birds which he has seen and identified in his own garden of about two acres at Lockeridge Dene in Overton, and gives us a series of chapters on birds in general, birds in poetry, birds in literature, the song of birds, the evolution of birds, birds as connected with landscape, birds in allmanner of aspects, including birds rare in England whose acquaintance he has made abroad. A charming book with charming drawings of birds as illustrations. Farming in the Pewsey Vale, features at Wilsford Manor Farm. N. Wilts Herald, 9th April, 1936. By “Peter Gurney.”’ Mr. Henry Horton is a son of the late H. J. Horton, and was born at Costow, in Broad Hinton. He farms at Wilsford, Charlton, and N. Newnton, over 2,000 acres, with 320 cows producing Grade A milk. All his cattle come into the sheds for the winter. A flock of 400 sheep is kept. Chiseldon Vocational Training Camp. The North Wilts Herald of July 30th, 1937, contains an article by ‘ Peter Gurney ”’ describing the present work of the farm as a training centre for agricultural workers. Draycot Foliat Farm of 600 acres was taken over in 1927 and a year later an additional 1,000 acres was added and since that date about 1,000 young men after serving seven years in the army have been trained in all branches of agriculture, and the farm has been run at a profit as a part of the whoie training camp which flourished so wonderfully under the rule of the late Col. H. J. Stibbard. It appears that the Ministry of Labour to whom the whole camp is to be transferred next year, propose to give up the farm, a course which “Peter Gurney ’’ protests against most vigorously. Shepherd Lore. By ‘Peter Gurney.” A series of weekly articles in the N. Wilts Herald from November, 1936, to June, 1937, of real value and interest, containing character sketches of many of the oldest shepherds of North Wilts with accounts of actual interviews with them, and notes on their work and life history. There is valuable information, too, on sheep bells and their makers, and on all sorts of other matters connected with sheep, sheep farming and shepherding in Wiltshire. The shepherds’ conversations are obviously genuinely reported, and not invented in the newspaper office. More- over they are reported in good Wiltshire dialect. 436 Wiltshire Books, Pamphlets, and Articles. Kington Langley Past and Present. Historical Notes compiled by the Rev. W. J. Meers, Vicar, (1937). Small 8vo., paper cover, pp. 23. There are three illustra- tions of the modern Church built in 1885, one of St. Peter’s Cottages which are supposed to stand on the site and incorporate the walls of ‘the old St. Peter’s Church which was a Chapel of Fase to Kington St. Michael, and was demolished in 1670. There is also an illustration of the old barn at Fitzurse Farm where stood in Aubrey’s time the remains of the great. house of the Fitzurses. These notes so far as they affect the more recent history of the place since the building of the present Church in 1855 and the constitution of Kington Langley as a separate parish in 1865 when the Rev. J. J. Daniell became the first Vicar, is chiefly derived from a diary of parish events kept by Mr. Daniell. Some account of the Rev. Charles Clarke who succeeded Mr. Daniell in 1871 and retired in 1927 is given. Literary Rambles in the West of England, by A. L. Salmon. Chapman & Hall. Published 1906. Re- ~ vised edition 1937, cr. 8vo., pp. 275, contains a chapter, pp. 234—247, on “‘ The Wiltshire of Literature.’’ More than half of this is taken up with Richard Jefferies and the “ Jefferies Country,’’ and what is left is occupied by Bowood and Wilton and Longleat and the names connected with them, with just.a glance at Winterslow. ‘‘ To catch the atmosphere of the county in its most characteristic region, the Great Plain, we go to the work of one who had no association, immediate or ancestral, with Wiltshire, one who came hither from far overseas. Hudson’s A Shepherd’s Life is probably the best purely Wiltshire book that was >) ever written. Lucy and Amades. By Esther Meynell. Chapman & Hall, London, 1938. Cr. 8vo., pp. 332. The scene is laid in an old hall in the Wylye Valley, and the date is 1859 and after, but the language and the manners are those of at least half a century earlier, and the atmosphere in spite of abundant mention of Salisbury and Stonehenge and the Downs has no particular taste of Wiltshire about it. Early Methodist Leaders at Bradford-on-Avon, by the Rev. W. N. Warren. Wiltshire Times, May 14th, 1938. ““ The shrine,”’ he writes, ‘‘“.was of the finest gold, and enriched with the most precious gems: but the workmanship was even more excellent than the material used. Amongst those present at the translation were the King, the innumerable company of Archbishops and Bishops, Abbots, Priors and Magnates, both from the other side of the sea and from this country, with the incomparable artificers Walter de Colchester, Sacrist of Saint Albans, and Elias de Derham, Canon of Salisbury, to whose skill the shrine was entirely due.”’ _ The translation was an act of national reparation ; and the fact fe the making of the shrine was entrusted to Elias de Derham and Walter of Colchester is conclusive proof that they were regarded as being the two foremost craftsmen of their age. Of the shrine nothing now remains. But like our own shrine of St, Osmund, or that of Edward the Confessor in Westminster Abbey, it rested upon a stone base, wherein were foramina, or openings, in which the sick and lame might place their diseased limbs with the hope that the mere proximity to the remains of the saint might prove of benefit to the suffering members.2 As was the case with our own memorial, it was upon the base that the shrine itself rested. When the covering was removed, it appeared blazing with gold and jewels. Its sides were plated with gold and damasked with gold wire. Cramped together on this gold ground were innumerable jewels—pearls, sapphires, diamonds, rubies, and emeralds, whilst in the midst of the gold were rings or cameos of carved agates, cornelians, and onyx stones. But where are these treasures now? Where isthat.wonderful shrine, the work of those incomparable artificers, Elias and Walter? All Swept away and destroyed. The gold and precious stones went to satisfy the rapacity of Henry VIII and the cupidity of his myrmidons, The shrine itself with its base was utterly destroyed... ‘We are more fortunate at Salisbury than they are at a sevaalaell Our shrine is gone, but its base is left to us. j ; : » And the remains of St. Thomas? His very name was ‘‘ anathema” to King Henry VIII. His bones and his ashes were scattered to the winds. His skull, or what was reputed to be such, was treated as an imposture and burnt to ashes. Every statue has been destroyed—and every mention of his name in the service books was ordered to be erased. The commencement:of the erection of the new Cathedral at Salisbury was practically contemporary with the translation of the remains of St. Thomas. Elias had made his mark. He was:known far and wide as ‘‘the incomparable artificer.””’ He was a Canon of Salisbury, where 2 M. Paris, Hist. Min.; pp. 241—2. cies | Mea aeaaeas 2 A. P. Stanley, Op. Cit., pp..222—3.... aa. NG 2. 494 ne Elias de Dereham. he held the Prebendal Stall of Potterne, and one of the foremost of them. In any deed, and the name of Elias appears in many, he is almost invariably described as ‘‘ Magister,’’ and very frequently he follows the four dignitaries in the list. At the commencement of the building, in 1220, he was appointed vector nove fabrice ecclesi\@¢—a post which he retained for twenty-five years until his death. in 1245—and his name was in the Sarum Martyr- ology which Leland! records that he saw, when he visited Salisbury three centuries later. A sure proof of the high estimation in which his work for the new Cathedral was held. In 1222, he was one of the Cathedral Chapter which fixed its seal to a document which exempted certain Churches from Archidiaconal Visitation. An ordinance of the Chapter in 1224,? relative to the customary drinkings at Christmastide, showed that he was Communar —Magtister Elias de Derham qua tune custodtuit communam. In 1225 he was one of the Canons who met.on the day before the dedication of the Lady Chapel. He was present at the dedication itself—and was appointed by Bishop Poore to take charge of all the offerings presented, because ‘‘ he had the most implicit confidence in him.’’ ? On December 30th of the same year, a mandamus was issued to Hugo de Neville to furnish Elias de Dereham with thirteen tall and straight grown oaks from the park at Odiham, as a gift from the King, for making window frames at Salisbury Cathedral. In 1226 he was appointed by the Dean and Chapter one of their two proctors, who were to represent them in London on important matters. He is said to have been the founder of the Order of Freemasons in Salisbury.® But his work as an architect was by no means confined to Salisbury Cathedral. He seems for a short time to have accompanied Richard Poore to Durham, when the Bishop.was-removed from Salisbury to that See in 1228.6 The beautiful Chapel of the Nine Altars there was not built until 1242; but a comparison of its special features with his work at Salisbury has led specialists to think that it was designed by Elias, and that Bishop Poore had intended to build it if his life had been sufficiently prolonged. It is thought, too, that Elias probably designed the west front of the Cathedral at Wells, whose Bishop, Joscelin, was one of his special friends, and where he himself was one of the Canons. 1 Leland, Itinerary (Oxford 1744), Vol. III, fol. 64. 2 Register of S. Osmund (Rolls Ser.), Vol. II, p. 22. 8 Register of St Osmund, Vol. II, p. 44. £ Op. Cit., Vol. I1, p. 63: 5 Harrow Octocent. Tracts, xii, 20. 6 See Master Elias Dereham and his connection with Durham. Paper by H. L. Honeyman, A.R.I.B.A., in Transactions of Archit. and Arch. Soc. of Durham, VIII (1937), pp. 15—26. Reviewed in Wilts Arch. Mag., July, 1938, vol. xlvili, pp. 252—3. By Canon [2M j.-Fietcher FR. A1st.-S. 495 But at the King’s Hall and Castle at Winchester we are on surer ground. From 1232 to 1236 Elias superintended the erection of the King’s Hall at Winchester. Elias de Dereham Custos operationts domint regis Wintonts.1 The Sheriff of Southampton is ordered to cause windows to be made in the King’s painted panelled chamber within the Castle of Winchester, which is too dark—according to the design of Mr. Elias of Dereham.? In 1235 directions were given for the addition of a new kitchen at the King’s Hall at Winchester—for the panelling of the great chapel there, and the erection of two altars, and of the images of the Blessed Virgin and of St. Thomas—with orders of payment of the necessary cost to Mr. Elyas de Derham.? In the following year, 1236, directions were given for the decoration of the King’s Hall at Winchester, and for glazing the windows of the Hall, according to the designs of Mr. Elyas de Dereham.4 Meanwhile the work at Salisbury was still proceeding, and Elias took his full share in the business life of the community, and in various agreements he acted as the Bishop’s deputy. Upon Bishop Poore’s translation to the See of Durham, and con- sequent resignation of Salisbury, Elyas de Dereham and Reginald de Kaynne were put in charge of the temporalities of the See during the vacancy ; and he was one of the Canons who is recorded as having given his formal consent in writing to the election of Robert Bingham to the Bishopric of Sarum. We know for certain that the Bishop’s Palace, or some part of it was built in the early days of Bishop Richard Poore ®—for on May 9th, 1221, the King gave orders that the Bishop was to have, as his gift, twenty couples of beams from his park at Gillingham to make his hall at New Sarum ;-and-again on 30th December, 1221, another gift from the King was ten couples of beams of oak from Wilcot wood, to make his chamber at Sarum.§ The hall would be the great upper room of the present building (with the undercroft, or crypt below it) now used as the great drawing room, where the portraits of the Bishops hang on the walls; and the camera in the small drawing room leading out of it at the S.W. corner.” Can we for a moment doubt but that this was built from the plans and under the superintendence of that ‘incomparable artificer,’’ the Tenowned architect, Elias de Dereham, who, at the time, was so intimately connected with the erection of the Cathedral, in its near vicinity. 1 Close Roll, 1234, Printed Cal., p. 433. ~ 2°-1233, Liberate Roll, 17-Hen- 1H, m: 6. : 3 Rot. Cancell., 19 Henry III (1235). 4 Rot. Cancell., 20 Hen. IIT. > Close Rolls, 6 Henry III, m. 11. ® Close Rolls, 6 Henry III, m. 16 7 Cf. Wilts Arch. Mag., xxv, 181—183. 496 tz: Elias de Dereham. Elias had also, as he tells us, completed his own residence (domus) } at enormous cost, as a pattern of what a Canonical house should be. It was known in 1232, as it is at the present day, by its name of Leden- halle, or Leadenhall—presumably because it had a leaden roof, instead of having as the other houses, a covering of thatch, or of stone. Until the year 1916, the unsightly ruins of the old house were to be seen to the south of the present Georgian residence. It had for a long time been useless for habitation. For 60 years past, one tenant after another had intended to remove.it, but from their interest in Elias de Dereham —and out of respect to his memory—they could not bring themselves to do so. And when, in 1915, the dangerously tottering fabric was condemned to demolition by an order of the Dean and Chapter,” the new occupant of Leadenhall, Canon Myers, had some excellent photo- graphs taken of the old buildings and arranged that the stonework of the three earliest windows with the north doorway and the XIVth century window which lighted the south wall should be -preserved. These he had set in modern stonework, at a height where they can be easily inspected. Elias de Dereham, in a deed of 1232,3 thinking of his decease, directed that the Canon who was appointed to succeed him in the house, should pay 100 marcs to his executors, of which half should be given to the buiiding of the fabric of the Cathedral, whilst the remainder was to be disposed for the purposes of his (Elias’) will. And each year on the anniversary of his death, the Canon was to feed, at his own cost, 100 poor persons, as well as to give to each Canon present at Mass on that day 4d., to each Vicar 2d., to each Chorister and Altarist 1d. The next occupant was to pay 25 marcs to the executors of his pre- decessor—and 25 to the Cathedral. The third resident was to pay 123 marcs to each. Subsequent tenants entered free of charge, excepting for undertaking to maintain yearly the above charges of the obit, which was to be done by all who entered into possession of ‘the Canonry of Master Elias de Derham.”’ There cannot be much doubt that the advice. of the dicunemened architect would be sought and freely given with regard to the erection of the residences built for his brother Canons—and that the coeval re- mains at No. 21, which was a Canonical residence until the death of Canon W. L. Bowles in 1850, and the undercroft wlth its 13th century pillar, on the north side of the gateway. of the North Canonry, are portions of buildings which were erected under the surveillance of Master Elias de Dereham. In the spring of 1238, Joan, Queen of Scotland, the beloved sister of Kking Henry III, died at Havering, in Essex, in the arms of her brother, 1 Sarum Charters, pp. 203—5. Liber. Evid., B.452—4, ff. 141b—144. * See Wilts Arch. Mag., vol. xxxix, pp. 433—444. 3 Sarum Charters (Rolls Ser.), p. 203. By Canon JM]. Fletcher, F-R. Hist. S. 497 the King! Two days after her death, the King gave directions for a marble tomb to be made at Salisbury by Master Elias de Dereham, which was to be carried with all speed to Tarrant (in Dorset) tointomb there (tumulandum) the body of his sister, Joan, Queen of Scotland. There is a tradition that the tomb and effigy of Bishop Poore at ‘Tarrant, as well as the memorial of Queen Joan, were the work of Elias de Dereham. But ofthese, alas, no tracenowremains. BothChurchand Abbey have been levelled with the ground. ._The Abbey Barn alone remains; whilst carved stones and tiles, dug up from time to time, are all that give a clue to the site where the Monastery stood. How highly he was regarded in his latter years may be seen from the fact that in 1239 when the Archbishop, Edmund Rich, was about to choose a site fora great Church at Canterbury, which apparently he had intended to build, emphasis is laid upon the statement that Elias was with him, presente magistyvo Elia de (Derham).? Seven centuries ago an architect was not merely a designer. He was a skilled sculptor and a master of every detail of his art. He was also a worker in precious metals! In 1244, about a year before the death of Elias,? directions were given to the keepers of the Bishopric of 'W inchester to arrange for Master Elias de Derham to have 30 marks of the King’s gift out of the issues thereof to make a cup (cuppon) to re- serve (vecondendam) the Eucharist over the altar of St. Mary’s, Salis- bury.4 This must have been one of his last works, for he died on the 13th of April, 1245, and we are told that, upon his vacant rents, Magister Martin (the Papal Legate) laid rapacious hands for the use of the Pope. In conclusion, how do we know that Elias was the architect or designer of the present Cathedral at Salisbury ? That he was, is not expressly stated in so many words; but from what has been stated above, there can not be much doubt about it. Itis strange that there is no mention of him in the Dictionary of National Biography ; but he is ranked by Pugin amongst the best of the English medieval architects. We have seen the estimation in which he was held by Hubert Walter, the future Archbishop of Canterbury, by whom, when Bishop of this See, he was induced to come to Salisbury and by whom his merits must have been brought to the notice of King John, whose trusted and capable helper he became and remained until the day of his death. Engaged in the direction of great and important works, Elias was no mere ‘‘clerk of the works,’ but a distinguished architect, who in his Menor 1D. 22 tenry. IIL,m.07.. Pipe, Rou, 38. Henry Ill, m.. 7. Proceedings of Dorset Arch..Soc., vol. xlix, pp. 21, 22. ' 2 Gervase Cantuar, Acta oneeeum (RollssEd.); pedis. 3 Calendar of Liberate Rolls, 28 Henry III (1244), m. 13. 4 Matthew Paris, Chron: Maj., Rolls:Ed.; p. 418. 498 Elias de Dereham. day took rank among the very greatest masters of our incomparable Early English style of Gothic architecture.1 As an additional proof of the estimation in which he was held, he was one of the very few Commoners, without rank or title, whose death the great chronicler, Matthew Paris, condescended to record.? In the Cathedral Church at Salisbury, which owes so much to his genius, we have no memorial which bears his name, but may it not truly be said of him here, as it is said of Sir Christopher Wren at St. Paul’s Cathedral in London—“ Si monumentum vequiris, circumsptce.”’ If you look for his monument it is the Cathedral itself. Addenda. Amongst the MSS. in the library of the British Museum is one from the Scriptorium of the Abbey at St. Albans, in which is a ~ geometrical figure designed to illustrate a theory of the universe and two ‘‘ Circles of the Winds.’’ On the margin are written the words— Secundum Magistrum Elyam de Derham, with the date 1233. The MS. of six pages, apparently of the 13th century, is bound up with other matter of later dates. The impression of his seal may be seen in one of the show cases in the Cathedral Library, where it is attached to ‘‘ a composition between Mr. Elyas de Derham, Canon of Salisbury and another touching tithes at Ymmer (Immer),” 1238. It is of the not uncommon form of a ring, in which is placed a cameo bearing the head of a female. Round the ting is the inscription :—MAG(IST)RI HELIE DE DERHAM S(IGILLUM). 1 Cf. Arch. Journal, vol. xliv, p.365. R.I.B.A. Journal, April 12th, 1880. 2 Matt. Paris, Chron. Maj. (Rolls Ed.), p. 418. 3 Cotton, Nero, D. 1, ff. 184—5. 499 WikTS “OBITUARY: Major-Gen. Sir George Grey Aston, K.C.B., died December 2nd, 1938, aged 77. Buried at Woodford. Born December 2nd, 1861, son of Lt.-Col. Henry Aston, Indian Army. Educated West- minster, and Royal Naval Coll., Greenwich. As Lieut. in Royal Marine Artillery, he served three years in the Mediterranean. In 1886 he was appointed by Adm. Ld. John Hay, First Sea Lord, to the ‘Foreign Intelligence Committee.’’ In 1889 he went up to the Staff College. In 1892 he served in the Flagship Victoria in the Mediterranean, but next year obtained leave to complete his practical staff training with troops at Aldershot, and so was absent when that ship.was sunk. He returned to duty on the Flagship Ramillies. From 1895 to 1899 he was Professor of Fortification at Greenwich In the South African War he served as Staff Officer to the Assistant Inspector General, Western Lines of Communication, and as Chief Staff Officer to the Flying Column under Sir Charles Parsons, and as D.A.A.G. for Intelligence to the 8th Division. For his services he was promoted Brevet Lieut.-Col. and was made C.B. He next became Deputy Assistant Adjutant Gereral at the Head- quarters of the Royal Marines. From 1904 to 1908 he was D.A.A.G.at the Staff College, Camberley, where he lectured on Imperial Strategy, and kindred subjects. He then became Brigadier-General, General Staff, S. Africa, having been promoted Lt.-Col. in the Marine Artillery in 1908. He was the first Marine officer to hold such a high army appointment. After four years under Lord Methuen, Gen. Smuts asked him to stay on to train the S. African staff officers under the new Defence Act, and he organised the school for them at Bloemfontein which was opened in 1912. From 1911 to 1917 he was Aide to the King. At the outbreak of the Great War he commanded the Marine and Naval Brigades which were sent to Ostend and afterwards to Antwerp. At this point his health broke down, and on recovery he resumed command of the Marine Depot at Eastney, retiring with the rank of Major-General in 1917. In 1918—19 he was employed in the secretariat of the WarCabinet. After the war he continued to be a voluminous writer until recent years when his health broke down. He acted as The Times correspondent on many occasions. He was an enthusiastic fisherman. He married, 1909, Dorothy Ellen, d. of Vice-Admiral W. Wilson of Clyffe Pypard Manor, who with three sons and two daughters survives him. For many years he lived in Salisbury and afterwards at Woodford where he died. Long obit. notice, with portrait, Times, December 38rd, 1938, and an appreciation by Capt. Liddell Hart on December 6th. He was the author of the following writings:— __ 1911. Letters on Amphibious Wars, with Maps and Plans. John Murray, London. 8vo., pp. xv + 372, 8 maps. 500 Wilts Obituary. 1914. Sea, Land, and Air Strategy. A Comparison. London. John Murray. 8vo., pp. xi + 308, 4 maps and diagrams, Index. 10s. 6d. 1918. The Triangle of Terror in Belgium. London. John Murray. Post 8vo., pp. xiii + 105. Qs. 6d. | 1918. “Jargon” in the Great War. Nineteenth Century. No. 1794. March, 1918, pp. 603—610. 1918. Clausewitz and the Kaiser—Battle. The Culminating Point. Evening Standard, April 3rd, 1918. 1918. The Saving of France in 1914. Cornhill Mag., April and ee 1918, 3 plans. 1918. Violence and Cunning. The Lessons of Brest and Bucharest. Nineteenth Century, June, 1918, No. 496, pp. 1125—1136. 1918. For all Prisoners and Captives. Cornhill Mag., October, 1918, — pp. 337—352. ee 1918. The Fourth Dimension in the War. Nineteenth Century, No. 501, November, 1918, pp. 814—824. | 1918. [He regularly wrote notes on the War in the Liverpool Courier during the later months of 1918.] 1919. War Lessons, Newand Old. London. John Murray. 8voO., pp. ix + 272, 10 illusts. and maps. [Articles reprinted from Cornhill Mag., Nineteenth Century, Army and Navy Gazette, Journal of R.U.S. Institution, Country Life, and Evening Standard, and a ae from The Triangle of Terror. 1919. Memories of a Marine, an Amphibiography. London. John Murray. 8vo., pp. 10 + 302, 9 illusts. 12s. 6d. [A large portion of these memories appeared serially in Cornhill Mag. during 1919. Re- viewed Times Litt. Supplement, November 13th, 1919; Spectator, April 3rd, 1920.] 1919. The Battle for Man—Soul (March to July, 1918). Nineteenth Century Mag., No. 504, February, 1919, pp. 328—340, 2 plans. 1919. The Admiralty in the Eighties. Cornhill Mag., July, 1919, pp. 97.—112. ; 1919. “Military” and “ Militarist.” Nineteenth Century Mag., No. 52, October, 1919, pp. 631—639. 1920. Propaganda and the Father of it. Cornhill Mag., February, 1920, No. 284 N., pp. 233— 241. 1920. How the Next War willbe Fought. Nineteenth Century Mag., March, 1920, No. 517, pp. 424—438. d 1920, Man Power in the Next War. Nineteenth Century Mag., April, 1920. ) 1920. The Morality of Sea Power. Fortnightly Rev., May, 1920, pp. 802— 807. Wilts Obituary. 501 1920. The May Fly is Up. By George Southcote, the Authority on Dry Fly Fishing. Daily Sketch, May 26th, 1920. 1920. Jutland and Mons (a comparison). Cornhill Mag., June, 1920, pp. 666— 673. 1920. Bolshevik Propaganda in the East. Fortnightly Rev., August, 1920. 1920. A Wiltshire Water Meadow in May. By George Southcote. Country Life, May 15th, 1920, pp. 651—2. 1920. A Butterfly Hunt by the Sea. By George Southcote. Country Life, August 28th, 1920, p. 283. [Croyde Bay, Devon.] ‘ 1920. AGrayling Day. By George Southcote. Country Life, January 10th, 1920. [At Woodford in the Avon Valley. ] 1921. Mostly about Trout. Demy 8vo., pp. 223. [Articles republished from magazines, concerned with fishing at Woodford. ] 1922. Trout Fishing with Nymphs. By George Southcote. Country Life, August 12th, 1922, p. 177. [Fishing from the garden of Court House, Woodford.] 1923. The Operations of War Explained and Illustrated by General Sir Edward Hamley, K.C,B., K.C.M.G. A New Edition. Brought up to the latest requirements by Major-Gen. Sir George Aston. W. Blackwood & Sons. Large 8vo., pp. 456, many plates and diagrams. 1924. Inthe Water Meadows. Rival Fishers. (Anon.) Art.in Times. October 24th, 1924. (Scene at Woodford on the Avon.) 1925. The Problem of Defence. Reminiscences and Deductions. London. Philip Allan & Co. Cr. 8vo., pp. 5 + 178. 1926. Letters to young Fly Fishers. London. Phillip Allan & Co. Cr. 8vo., pp. xiii + 154, 8 illustrations and 21 diagrams. 1927. The Navy of To-day, with an Introduction by Admiral of the Fleet, Earl Jellicoe, with a map. Methuen & Co., London. Cr. 8vo., pp. 7 + 99. 1930. Secret Service. London. Faber & Faber. 8}in. x 5}in., pp. 3G, 1 Portrait.of Author. The Rt. Hon. Gerald Arthur Arundell, 15th Baron Arundell of Wardour, died March 30th, 1939, aged 77. Buried at Wardour Chapel. Born December 11th, 1861, 3rd son of Theodore Arundell and his wife, Louise, d. of John Hussey, of Nash Court, Dorset. His great grandfather, the Hon. Thomas Raymond -Arundell of Ashcombe, Wilts, was a younger brother of the ninth Ld: Arundell of Wardour. Educated at Prior Park. In 1898 he went to live with his cousin, the 12th Ld. Arundell at Wardour Castle, and con- tinued there until his death. On the death. of his elder brother, the 14th: Ld. Arundell, in 1921, he succeeded to the Peerage. He married, 502 Wilts Obituary. 1906, Ivy, d. of Capt. William Segrave, 71st Highlanders, who with two daughters survives him. His son, the Hon. John Francis Arundell, born 1907, educated at Stonyhurst and New College, Oxford, succeeds to the title. . Obit. notice with portrait, Times, April Ist, 1939. Captain Sir Sidney Herbert, Bart., died March 22nd, 1939, aged 48. Buried at Wilton. Born 1890, son of the Rt. Hon. Sir Michael Herbert, G.C.M.G.,C.B. Educated Eton and Ball. Coll., Oxford. Served in the Great War in the Royal Horse Guards, 1214—19. Con- servative M.P. for Scarborough and Whitby Division, 1922—31. Parliamentary Private Secretary to Prime Minister, 1922—27. Hewas Major in the Royal Wilts Yeomanry. He was the brother of the late Hon. Michael Herbert in whose memory he gave to Wilton the Hall named after him, opened by Ld. Baldwin in May, 1938. His country house was Boyton Manor. Robert George Seton, died March 30th, 15939, aged 78. Buried at Little Gaddesden, Herts. Born December 3rd, 1860, son of W.S. Seton-Karr of Bramshot, Hants, and Eleanor Katherine Cust. Educated at Eton, 1874—79, and New Coll., Oxford. Called to the Bar, 1885, and joined the Western Circuit, on which he was the accredited representative of the Times newspaper. He held the office of Recorder of Devizes from 1904 until his death. J.P. for Wilts and for Devizes. Revising Barrister for part of Devon, -1908—15; Civil Liability Commissioner for Cornwall and Scilly, 1915— 18; Member of the General Council of the Bar; Associate of the Western Circuit, 1908. A keen cricketer, one of the oldest members of the M.C.C. Member of the Athenean and Carlton. In London Scottish Territorials 1884—95. Married, 1899, Janet Gertrude, d. of Sir Mark MacTaggart-Stewart. He leaves three sons and one daughter. Long obit. notice, Wilts Gazette, April 6th, 1939. Major the Hon. Sir John Hubert Ward, K.C.V.O., of Chilton Foliat, died December 2nd, 1938. Born, 1870, 2nd son of Ist Earl of Dudley. Educated at Eton, where he was in the Eleven and Master of the Beagles. Served in S. African War as A.D.C. to Major- General J. P. Brabazon, commanding the Imperial Yeomanry. Later he became D.A.A.G., Headquarters’ Staff, and Chief Press Censor. In 1901 he became Assistant Private Secretary to Lord Stanley (now Earl of Derby), Financial Secretary to the War Office. Inthe Great War he served as a General Staff Officer with Rank of Captain, becoming Major in 1919. Equerry to K. Edward VII, 1902—10; Extra Equerry to K. George V from 1910; Equerry to Q. Alexandra from 1910. M.V.O. 1904, C.V.O. 1909, K.C.V.O. 1917. Chevalier of Legion of Honour 1905, Wilts Obituary. 503 Officer 1917. Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic of Spain; of Zahringer Lowen of Baden; of the Crown of Prussia; of Jesus Christ of Portugal; of the Crown of Italy ; of our Saviour of Greece ; of the Dannebrog of Denmark. Married, 1908, Jean, d. of Hon. Whitelaw Reid, the American Ambassador, who with two sons survives him. He was a first-class shot and a member of the Royal Yacht Squadron. Obit. notice, Wilts Gazette, December 8th, 1938. Herbert Sainsbury, died December 15th, 1938, aged 76. Buried at Devizes. Son of James Sainsbury, he succeeded his father as a Corn and Coal Merchant. He became a member of the Town Council in 1910 and was Mayor for three consecutive years from 1912. He was J.P. for Wilts and sat regularly on the Devizes Bench. He was one of the Borough Chamberlains, a great supporter of the hospital, and as a lover of music for many years a member of the Committee of the Wiltshire Musical Competitive Festival, and President of the Devizes Musical Association. His wife died ten years ago; his eldest son, Charles, was killed in the war. His son, Donald, is in his father’s business. He leaves also a daughter, Doris, now Mrs. Mitchell. He was a regular attendant at the Wilts Arch. Soc’s annual meetings. He lived at Greystone House — one of the most beautiful houses in Devizes. Obit. notice, Wilts Gazette, December 15th, 1938. Capt. Arthur John Grahame Stancomb, died Decem- ber 27th, 1938, aged 78. Buried at Trowbridge Cemetery. Born, 1860, eldest son of Arthur Perkins Stancomb of the Woodlands, Trowbridge. Educated at Harrow, where he was in the football eleven. Married, 1920, Muriel Winifred Mattock, who with a son and daughter, survives him. He was President of the Wiltshire Football Association for nearly 40 years. He also played cricket for Trowbridge. He was J.P. for Wilts, for 21 years a member of the Urban District Council and Board of Guardians, and was for 37 years Churchwarden of Holy Trinity Church, Trowbridge, where the electric lighting and the adornment of the East End and the Transept Chapel were due to his generosity. He also took an active part in many other Trowbridge organisations, especially the Church Lads’ Brigade, and was a leading Freemason. Long obit. notice with portrait in Wiltshive Times, December 31st, 1938. Rev. Mostyn Walter Clarke, died February Ist, 1939, aged 52. Buried at Melksham. Educated at Sheffield University. Became an electrical engineer. After holding positions in the north of England he came to Melksham as electrical engineer at Messrs. Spencers Works. Here he became a lay reader and gained a great influence over VO. XLVIII, NO. CLXX. 27K 504 Wilts Obituary. young people. Owing largely to Bishop Donaldson’s advice, he deter- mined to be ordained, gave up the important post he occupied as an engineer, entered St. Boniface College, Warminster, in 1931, and a year later was ordained Deacon at Salisbury, and became Curate of St. Mary’s, Bridport, and was ordained Priest in that Church. Here he was largely responsible for the raising of funds for the building of the new Church at West Bay. He became Vicar of Broad Town in 1938, and here, too, he did a remarkable work in raising in a short space of time in a poor parish the considerable sum necessary for the restoration of the Church, and his death after an operation and long illness, was felt as a very real misfortune by ail his parishioners. A singularly successful country Parson. Obit. notice, The Bonifacian (Warminster), Lent Term, 1939, p. 5. The Rev. Paul Hugh Bowen Bridson, died December Ith, 1938. Born 1876 at Pilkington, Manes. -S. of Cape Wille ean! Bridson. Educated Elizabeth College, Guernsey, and Pemb. Coll., Oxon, AOC. 1903) -"Deacon 1903. Priest 1904) St Albamnce= Curate of St. John’s, Seven Kings, 1903-06 ; Licensed Preacher Die: ot St Albans, 1906—07 ; Curate of St. Andrew’s, Worthing, 1907—17 ; Rector of Elford, 1917—29; Rector of Boyton with Sherrington, 1929, until his death. Married, 1917, Florence Edith, d. of Lionel Booth, M.D., who with two children survives him. Drowned in a shallow brook apparently in consequence of a heart attack, whilst returning from a Boy Scouts’ supper at Boyton Manor. Popular and much respected in parish and neighbourhood. _ Obit. notice, Salisbury Diocesan Gazette, January, 1938. Lt.-Col. Godfrey Clement Walker-Heneage, D.S.O., M.V.Q., died May 6th, 1939. Buried at Coker Court. Born May 17th, 1868. S. of Major Heneage, V.C., of Compton Bassett. Educated at Eton where he was in the shooting eight. Commissioned 1888 in the Grenadier Guards, Captain in 1898. Served in the S. African War at Belmont, Modder River and Magersfontein, mentioned in despatches five times. He sold the Compton Bassett Estate on his marriage with the heiress of Coker Court, Yeovil, where he subsequently lived. Obit. notice, Times, May 8th, 1939. Rev. Allan Henry Lines Bolton, died April 22nd, 19389. Buried. at Yatton Keynell: -Gonville and Caius Coll), (Camb) e7 1882. Deacon 1882 and Priest 1883, St. Albans. Curate of Ashwell, 1882—84 ; Great Stanmore, 1884—85 ; Rector of Yatton Keynell, 1885 —1928, when he resigned. Wilts Obituary. 505 Rev. Percy Augustus Nash, died April 8th, 1939, aged 77. Born 1862, educated at King’s Coll. School, London, and Corpus Christi Coll., Cambridge. B.A, 1885, M.A., 1890. Deacon 1885, Priest 1886 (Southwell), Curate of New Radiord (Notts), 1885—92 ; Secretary to Missions to Seamen, ]892—97 ; Curate of Cheltenham Parish Church, 1897—99 ; Vicar of St. James’, Cheltenham, 1899—1911; Rector of Trowbridge, 1911—23; Vicar of Wilcot, 1923, until he resigned and went to live at Cheltenham. He was Rural Dean of Bradford, 1919— 23. During his incumbency at Trowbridge the bells were re-cast and the daughter Church of St. Stephen was closed and pulled down. Obit. notice, Wilts Gazette, April 18th, 1939. Mary Jane Cooke, died April 16th, 1939,aged 102. She had lived at the Old Vicarage at Little Bedwyn for 67 years. Born at Elcot, near Kintbury, she was married at Grafton. At 10L she continued to carry out her duties as Parochial Church Councillor, School Manager, and representative of the parish on the Pewsey Ruri-decanal Conference. She was also a regular attendant at the Women’s Institute and Mothers’ Union meetings. Obit. notice, Wilts Gazette, April 20th, 1939. Peter Delme Radcliffe, died suddenly April 18th, 1939, aged 87. Buried at Woodborough. Son of the Rev. Alston William Radcliffe, Vicar and later Rector of North Newnton. Articled as Solicitor to H. V. Hulbert, of Devizes, 1870. He held the office of Clerk of the Peace for Devizes for nearly 30 years from 1908 to 1938. He held also other offices in Devizes. In his earlier life he lived at N. Newnton, but for the last 40 years or so at Woodborough, where as a sincere and active churchman he was held in high esteem. He taught in Sunday School until he was 80. Long obit. notice with portrait, Wilts Gazette, April 20th, 1939. Canon Anthony Arnold Mayhew, died May 11th, 1939, aged 65. Son of Rev. A. L. Mayhew. Born 1878. Educated at Clifton and Trin. Coll., Oxford. B.A. 1898, M.A., 1902. Cuddesdon Coll., 1899. Deacon, 1900; Priest, 1901 (Winchester). Curate of Portsea, 1900—04; Benenden, 1905—09; Vicar of Waterford (Herts), 1909—12; Redcar, 1912—20 ; Waterford, 1921—23; Private Chaplain to Bp. of St. Albans, 1925; Curate of St. Albans Abbey, 1923; Proctor in Convocation, 1924; Hon. Canon of St Albans, 1924; Editor of St. Albans Quarterly, 1928; Canon Residentiary, Salisbury, 1935; Prolo- cutor in Convocation, 1936. Popular and beloved especially among the younger people. Obit. notice, Times, May 138th, 1939, 2K 2 506 Wilts Obituary. Rev. Henry Stewart Travers, died May 19th, 1939, aged 76. Buried at Erlestoke. Born in Ireland, educated at Trin. Coll., Dublin, 1883; Sarum Theolog. Coll., 1884; Deacon, 1886; Priest (Sarum), 1888. Curate of Rampisham (Dors.), 1886—9@ ; Chardstock All Saints (Dors.), 1891—9%8; St. Mary’s, Marlborough, 1898—1902 ; Vicar of Erlestoke, 1902—-26 when he retired to live at Great Cheverel. He served on the old Board of Guardians and afterwards on the new Guardians Committee until his death, and was a member of the Rural District Council for 36 years. He was Inspector of Schools (religious) for the Deanery of Potterne. Well-known and respected in the Erlestoke neighbourhood. Long obit. notice, Wilts Gazette, May 25th, 1939. GIACS TO wUSEUM AND LIBRARY. Museum. Presented by Mr. E. R. Poe: A dish, plate and mug, inscribed ‘‘ Great Bedwyn Friendly Society, 1821. ‘Let Brotherly Love Continue.” ’ Mr. JosHuUA Brooke: Fragments of Romano-British pottery, including a complete conical cover of grey ware with hollow knob on top, said to have been found near the Column in Savernake. (Site 147, W.A.M., Vol. xlv, 202. = ,», Mr. HENRY ROBINSON: Horse shoe dug up in the Deer Park at Roundway in the part known as “ Dragoon Ground.” Mr. A. F. WILLIAMS: Horse shoe dug up at Chippenham. Mr. A. SHAW MELLOR: Piece of a saddle quern or mealing stone and a ‘‘ hammer”’ stone, both of sarsen, found in Bury Wood Camp. A rounded object of black glass, smooth on one surface; apparently a linen smoother, or calendar ball; dug up in a field at Wadwick, Box. ts », Mrs. CUNNINGTON: A Beaker found at Lockeridge some years ago, from the collection of Mr. Joshua Brooke. a? ” 2d >? Library. Presented by THE BRITISH RECORD ASSOCIATION : Twelve deeds relating to Wiltshire. ae » LHE PUBLISHERS, Messrs. HODDER & STOUGHTON: ‘Wiltshire, the Cradle of our Civilisation, edited by Arthur Mee, 1939.”’ 5 » CANON E. H. GopparpD: Folding pedigree of Fry of Corston. M.S. indexes to the personal names and place names in the bound volumes of John Sadler’s Genealogical collections in the Library. - », Mr. W. A. WEBB: ‘A Short Account of Rowde,”’ typed notes, extracts from records concerning parish and Manor, monumental inscriptions, etc., etc., 40 pp. Mr. C. W. PuGcH: Book slide for recent publications for library table. 2» 20 508 Additions to Museum and Library. , Mr. W. H. Hatram: A number of pamphlets, reports, etc. ~- ~ connected with Swindon. , [HE AUTHOR, MR. ALFRED J. PuGSsLEY: ‘‘ Dewponds in Fable and Fact,’’ 1938, cr. 8vo. Mr. WILLIAM RENDELL: The original Minute and Account books of ‘‘ The Devizes Society for Prosecuting Felons,”’ founded Dec. Ist, 1787. Capt. AMBROSE DuNSTON: Three numbers of ‘‘ The Wiltshire Legionnaire,” 1928 and 1929. THE AutrHor, MR. L. V. GRINSELL: ‘‘ White Horse Hill and the Surrounding Country,” cr. 8vo., 1939. Mr. F. C. Pitt: ‘‘ The Life of the Rev. Thomas Howard Gilly Rector of Drowbridge,- by, 2. Hes eollardas. number of pamphlets, illustrations and cuttings. Capr. G. Rice : Back numbers of the Wilts Arch. Magazine. Mr. ALLAN SMITH: A parcel of old Wilts deeds. CANON KETCHLEY : “‘ Anglo-Saxon Sculpture,” by E. H. L. Sexton [Part II of Vol. VI of The Arts in Early England.| THE Rev. J. E. T. Poiriips: Photographs of Old Font found buried in Seend Churchyard, and of Royal Arms in the Parvise there. 509 cee ees See eet — —— -«_——— € 8 109F - £ 8 1097 ’ SI 00€S O € on DUCE MRYyseg) 0) ee Il 6 80. ~~ o yuver je uses) 0 OL Lb * 4901S UMA % FE | O 8 Itl °* ySO9 7v S97 ROyTA -19Q SSUTALS [RUOTZeN—sOURlTeEgG | G £L Tt seliIpunsg pue A1IQUOIZLYS ‘SOdPISOg | TOT 2c HOMUTOUN MSA S,A1}JIINVS [VIOUPUTT | 0 0 9 SOBE AA SJoxeJIIeD ¢ 9 | ale Bonk ‘soqvidouren QOUPTLIYT Gao Sl 0 PF th © FF SG 0}JIP Sp1O99Yy | 0 0 @ s14Z ‘suolditosqns | —! 881J91N0G [OLsO[OBYIIW JO ssarsuo0|) | O22 2 yang ‘gq ‘YW—youelg sp100ey7 I TI puvysuy pein yy yo UOTPLAIASOIG 9Y} IO pLOUNOD 0. f Zz UOLJRLIOOSSY Sp1OIAY YS LI | 0 SII UOIUL) ,S}SIPPINJVNY UI97S9 AA -'S | Ques 2 uOIzeIOOSSY suInosnyy oy], Oo at ak ISNIT [Puolen > Tl foo "es 4sarazNyT yisodaq 0 gI AJIIIOG I110}SIYOI 0 SLI aoe YO0IS IEA % Fe uo 4819} UT a 881F9ID0G 19Yy}O 07 SUOI|dLIOSqns e 9 8c BY Suse penuuy yo sourreg Osc Sic also glOl. 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B. WALTERS, F.S.A. Published in III _ Parts. Price 16s. (N.B.—Separate Parts can no longer be sold.) 0 A CALENDAR OF THE FEST OF FINES FOR WILTSHIRE, Seeies LO 1272, BY E. A. FRY. 8vo., pp, 103. Price 6s. WILTSHIRE TOKENS. The Society has a considerable number of 17th and 18th century Wiltshire Tokens to dispose of, either by sale or exchange for others not in the Society’s collection. 4 Apply to Carr. B. H. Cunninctox, PS Ack Scot. (Curator, _ Museum, Devizes. | ~BOOKBINDING. _ Books carefully Bound to pattern. Wilts Archeological Magazine..bound to match previous volumes, Or in Special Green Cases. We have several back numbers to make up sets. C. H. WOODWARD, Printer and Publisher, Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes 4 om! a . , Emenee? pth The North Wilts Museum and Wiltshire Library at Devizes. All Members of the Society are asked to give an annual subscription towards the upkeep of the Devizes Museum and Library. Both the Museum and the Library are concerned in the first place with objects of interest from this County, and with Books, Pamphlets, MSS., Drawings, Prints and Photographs connected with Wiltshire, and together they form one of the most important branches of the Society’s Work. The Library is the only institution of the kind in Wiltshire, so far as its collection of all kinds of material for the history of the County is concerned. Old deeds connected with properties in Wilts are especially welcome. Old photographs of any Wiltshire Houses, Churches, Cottages, or other objects of interest, will be welcomed by the Librarian. Subscriptions should be sent to Mr. R. D. Owen, Bank Chambers, Devizes. . The heavy expense of necessary repairs of the Museum Build- ing during 19388 has far exceeded the resources of the Museum Maintenance Fund. Any gifts towards this unexpected expense will be gratefully received. Wiltshire Plants. Miss B. Gullick, Crane Bridge Road, Salisbury, will be glad of notes of any fresh localities for plants already’ recorded in Preston’s “ Flowering Plants of Wilts,’ or any new or uncommon species found. In the case of plants difficult to identify specimens should be sent to her. Wiltshire Birds, Butterfiiles & Moths. Mr. C. M. R. Pitman, Malvern, Southampton Road, Clarendon, © Salisbury, is collecting notices of Wiltshire Birds, with a view to — an annual report to be published in the Magazine. He would be | greatly obliged if observers would send him notes of anything of | interest at the above address. Also with a view to the compilation of a list of Wiltshire Lepidoptera Mr. Pitman would be grateful for any notices of Butterflies or Moths within the County. WoOCDWARD, PRINTER DEVIZES, No. CLXXI. DECEMBER, 1939. Vol: XE Vir. eI EersSHIRs Archeological & Natural History MAGAZINE PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SOGre Ly FORMED IN THAT COUNTY A:D, 18538. EDITED BY | CANON E.-H. GODDARD,. F:S.A., Red Gables, Nursteed Road, Devizes. [The authors of the papers printed in this ‘‘ Magazine”’ are alone responsible for all statements made therein.] DEVIZES PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY C. H. WoopwarbD, EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, STATION ROAD. Price Ss. Members Gratis. NOTICE TO MEMBERS. TAKE NOTICE that a copious Index for the preceding eight volumes of the Magazine will be found at the end of Vols. viii., Xvi, xxiv., and xxxll. The subsequent Volumes are each fully indexed separately. : The annual subscription is 15s. 6d., the entrance fee for new Membersis 10s. 6d. Life Membership £15 15s. Subscriptions should be sent to Mr. R. D. Owen Bank Chambers, Devizes. Members who have not paid their Subscriptions to the Society for the current year, are requested to remit the same forthwith to the Financial Secretary, Mr. R. D. Owen, Bank Chambers, Devizes, to whom also all communications as to the supply of Magazines should be addressed. The Annual Subscription to the New Record Branch for Members of the Society is 10s. 6d.; for non-members £1 Is. The Numbers of this Magazine will be delivered gratis, as issued, to Members who are not in arrear of their Annual Subscriptions, but in accordance with Byelaw No. 8 “ The Financial Secretary shall give notice to Members in arrear, and the Society’s publications will not be forwarded to Members whose Subscrip- tions shall remain unpaid after such notice.” All other communications to be addressed to the Honorary Secretary : Canon E. H. Gopparp, F.S.A., Red Gables, Nursteed Road, Devizes. THE SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS. To be obtained of Mr. KR. D. OWEN, Bank Chambers, Devizes. THE BRITISH AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES OF THE NORTH WILTSHIRE DOWNS, by the Rev. A. C. Smith, M.A. One Volume, Atlas 4to., 248 pp., 17 large Maps, and 110 Woodcuts, Extra Cloth. One copy offered to each Member of the Society at £1 1s. A few copies only. THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF WILTSHIRE. One Volume, 8vo., 504 pp., with Map, Cloth. By the Rev. T. A. Preston, M.A. Price to the Public 16s. ; but one copy offered to every Member of the Society at half-price. CATALOGUE oF THE STOURHEAD COLLECTION oF AN- TIQUITIES in THE SOCIETY’S MUSEUM, with 175 Illustrations. Part 1; (Price sod: CATALOGUE OF ANTIQUITIES IN THE SOCIETY’S MUSEUM. Part II. 2nd Edition, 1935. Illustrated, 2s. 6d. By post 3s. CATALOGUE oF THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARY at THE MUSEUM. Price Is. APPENDIX No. I, II, and III, 3d. each. CATALOGUE or DRAWINGS, PRINTS, anp MAPS, IN THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARY at THE MUSEUM. Price Is. 6d. CATALOGUE (or WILISHIRE TRADE TOKENS (an) cose SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. “Price 6d: BACK NUMBERS oF THE MAGAZINE. Price to the Public, 8s., 5s. 6d., and 3s. 6d. (except in the case of a few numbers, the price of which is raised). Members are allowed a reduction of 26 per cent. from these prices. THE WILTSHIRE Archeeological & Natural History MAGAZINE. INo- CLXXI. DECEMBER, 1939. Voll AL VTE. Contents. PAGE. An Iron AGE “A” SITE ON HARNHAM HILL: By C. M. at M Ch ts temete retorts Neyo erated ha asl orcr Pi eia'clare'dtorsiee ia.cie sie « visinie sis eine Siete gts eo siadlne 513—522 NoTES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE NAMES OF STREETS IN WoODERN SWINDON: By W.-H. Hallam .............s.c0000 523—529 THE ANCIENT WOODLAND OF WILTSHIRE: By G. B. Grate lay pam D SeIEALL Ca rao cies stot ose sjeltcisioisis o's «'c'Simninician geese ssidoce dese 530—598 ODITIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY ....-:....00e.0c00 ceeeeee 599— 600 INDEX TO VoL. XLVIIIL: Compiled by Canon E.H. Goddard 601—670 MAGUS RATIONS: PAGE elamimuaineern eel SECON OF DICH 6... cc .cccsceescwesersescesseees 514 Harnham. Fig. II, Sections of Working Place and three of Reale miles he iatareretstarr?s erelelois ie olctlelsiotsieietisisisiels csi e vide sede s uaa vdccaceeciesss cece 516 Eiainham: « Kis. TIM, Sections of Pits 13 and 16....:..........4:. 517 Harnham. Fig. IV, Iron Age Pottery and Spindle Whorl... 520 iemanamies hic. Voelron Age POttery.. 2.1... .-<.c0ceridcesssscetens 521 ilarmiam. | Fig. VI, lron Age A and Belgic Pottery........... 522 Map of Ancient Woodland and Forest of Wiltshire............. 530 DeEvizEs :—C. H. Woopwarb, EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, STATION RoaD. ie | THE WILTSHIRE MAGAZINE, ‘““MULTORUM MANIBUS GRANDE LEVATUR ONUS.’’—Ovid. NO CLXXI. DECEMBER; 19599. VoL. XLVEEE: AN TRON AGE “A” SITE ON HARNHAM HILL. By C.-M. PIGGoTT. During the construction of a road (Harnwood Road) over the hill at Harnham, near Salisbury, an Iron Age site of a type similar to that since excavated by the Prehistoric Society at Woodbury,! was cut through, and post holes, pits, and a section of ditch were exposed. The Siecniesion ©.5. Gin. Wilts, Lat. N. 51° 3’ 22”, Long. W- 1°. 48’ 157”. It would be impossible to localise the material from each pit, since the pottery was continually being brought into the museum by helpful passers-by, or by the workmen employed in making the road. Two or three of the pits were excavated by Mr. W. E. V. Young with the help of Messrs. J. F. S. Stone and Stuart Piggott. Sergeant Lewis and Miss B. Gullick are also to be thanked for originally drawing the Salisbury Museum ’s attention to the site, and for collecting a large proportion of the pottery from it.? The pottery has therefore been here described en masse, but at the same time it should be mentioned that stratigraphical evidence from such pits as these is seldom of any value, as they appear to have been deliberately kept clean during use, and filled up when no longer wanted. Only one instance of chronological sequence was observed, and this was Oo interest as it gave the relationship between the pit and a ditch seen im section on the north side, and probably enclosing the whole site. One pit, which lay immediately inside the ditch, and in an area later 1 Bersu, Proc. Prehist. Soc., TV (1938), 308. 2 The entire material is now in the Salisbury Museum, and I am indebted to the Director, Mr. Frank Stevens, for facilities for its examination, and for permission to publish. WOE. XLVIII, NO. CLXXX. Fan HARNHANM NorTH DITCH secrion 514 An Ivon Age “‘A”’ Site on Harnham Hill. covered by the ploughed-out rampart, was filled with the clean white chalk obtained from cutting the ditch. This, which, as can be seen from the section (Fig. 1) is V-shaped, and closely resembles the Wood- bury one, had evidently been added to a pre-existing settlement site. Several small postholes were excavated, but it was not possible to clear any appreciable area, and no plan of any building was recovered. Since the road exposed only a narrow strip across the site, no plan is given of the relative positions of the pits, etc., since its incomplete character would have no significance. Fragmentary remains of several ovens, identified at Woodbury by Dr. Bersu as being for corn drying purposes,! or for bread baking, were found in the pit fillings. Their appearance at once suggested analogy with those fragments from Highfield 2 which had been thought to be covers for the pits. There is therefore little doubt that in this district, within a mile of Salisbury, were three, if not more, of these centres of intensive corn production. No worked bone or metal object was recovered, and with the exception of saddle querns and a chalk spindle whorl (Fig. 5) all the other finds were pottery. THE SECTIONS. It was not possible to obtain sections of all the pits, but those that were drawn and measured show interesting fillings. im 3 m7 ae aIAII . , mT VW LN | | eee MES; WS = sh Ss ees Mr Ws To LAG (APA UA eae LOIN, Sagano. PUSTEN! SOIL ~ ® Soy ee CARTINNGTSICa Soe ict, WITH POTBOILERS DW A FRO A oO b Dew "oi no" 88 o oy Wee HOOSE ln ane 5 Dy .S.. PRIMARY 5 o So. SILT G an S 9: “of we Kop ;0. ‘s Se 79 Fig. 1.—Section of Ditch. 1 Bersu, Joc cit, 310. 2 Stevens, W.A.M., xlvi, 579. 10 | 2 oa By C. M. Piggott. 515 THe Ditcu (Fig. 1). This was V-shaped and therefore characteristic of this type of settle- ment. It had been somewhat unevenly cut, and probably did not remain in use for a great length of time as the loose primary silt was not weathered or dirty, as might be expected if this had been the case. Above the primary silt was a layer of earthy silt which contained a large proportion of burnt flints, but there was no pottery in the section exposed in the side of the new road. This material must either have been allowed to collect in the ditch, or possibly it was occupation soil from the interior of the settlement, thrown in in order to level it, as at Woodbury. The ditch was 6ft. in depth below the natural chalk, just over lft. wide at the bottom, and 14°5ft. at the top. THE ‘‘ WORKING PLACE”’ (Fig. 2). This type of pit, which will be more fully described in the Woodbury report, appears to be characteristic of farming sites. Unfortunately, the plan of the Harnham example was not obtained, as it was only seen in section, and half had already been destroyed by the road- makers. It appeared that in making the working place an earlier filled-up pit had been cut through. Working places such as this, usually consist of a series of depressions of different depths frequently surrounding an earlier deep pit filled up to the level of the working place floor. In some countries to-day exactly similar sites can be seen and the peasants use them for sitting in to sort grain, make baskets, CLC. Pir 4 (Fig. 2). This had evidently been deliberately filled. The material was mainly chalk rubble, and in three stages of its filling loads of biack hearth soil had been emptied in. When the filling of the Woodbury pits was studied in detail by Dr. Bersu, he was able to show that these lines of black material in no way proved that hearths were im situ in the pits. He showed that the material immediately below and at the side of the burnt layer was not affected by heat. Piproy (Pig:2)). This had been deliberately refilled at one time, as the filling was quite consistent right up to the layer of rubble at the top. A few flints had been thrown in first, and then the rest of the pit filled nearly to the top with occupation soil. Rings, (Fig. 2): This shallow pit was filled with earthy rubble and contained a few sherds of pottery including the bead rim No. 37. 94S G4 516 An Ivon Age ‘‘A”’ Site on Harnham Hull. HARNHAM ‘work PLACE’ & PIT1 seriaw HUMUS FINE EARTHY SILT . \ 7 = “WK puRnt mip Ze OCCUPATION 7 Ys; i “lle ia Z Es HARNHAM — PIT 4, sectvon AEE pamper) Be poe) gL Be Stas: oO. Efe 2 oF Ait os I CAO eC Ke EO a ener) Zi oe aor OSOOG ope San, Bese UMUS ea (iu ChE aes Sompeoun SS Witih $O) rile Ole ohn pare one Poke Oh oR OST Gig “J f See Dene af 8 oO at, DM 5 er: Peo ) YRS AS Ze PRT DRGETIE Fig. 2.—Sections of Working Place and three of these ts: By C. M. Piggott. 517 Bia, 13) 1(Hise3)- This shows several stages in its filling, with one well-marked interval in the process, during which turf had time to form. HARNHAM : PIT 13 section pial Pa AT Igo! 2-4 2 pa | sana | ni [III | URF Hf oe S HA EARTHY | HH Whi RUBBLE || nas iil ll ie il i Hil] lit pili Us LLL me 2. CLEAN CHALK u Wie | {II | BURNT DAUB il Il I | Mi 4 cf ci wt im I Hiuuseser? seat ant ull HARNHAM : PIT 16) seczvow [ts 2 eS ete Sone ETT aoa | IA AAAI ee : ‘ SRS ete ° cog Se RUBBLE: o',’ Uli 0.9 idg Or Po i BR OKEN PIECES or C CLAY OVEN | & CHALK DAUB al Fig. 3.—Sections of Pits 13 and 16. 518 An Iron Age ‘‘ A” Site on Harnham Aull. A heap of burnt flints had been thrown on to the floor of the empty pit, and this in turn was covered by earthy rubble. A layer of burnt daub (oven material) and one of clean chalk represent two more successive stages. The spreading out of the daub fragments on a relatively flat surface across the pit suggests a lapse of time sufficient for this to have been spread by rain, etc., and the clean chalk may be weathering from the sides of the pit. When the filling had in this way reached a thickness of 3ft. 6in., a turf line appears to have grown before the rest of the pit was filled by two successive but contemporary tips, one of clean chalk rubble and one of burnt flints. The evidence from Woodbury, however, suggests that similar turf-like material may result from other causes than decayed humus. Pir 16 (Fig. 3). This shows three different materials in the filling. The first tip of dark occupation soil had been weathered or trampled to a flat surface before large fragments of corn-drying oven (comprising both the inner clay and the outer cob layer) were thrown in. Further occupation soil then more than half-filled the pit with dirty chalk rubble above it. The upper part of the pit had been destroyed by road-making. THE POTTERY. THE WARES. With the exception of a few hybrid wares the majority of sherds fit into one of the four classes described below. 1. Grey-black corky ware with a large amount of grass used for binding, and present right through its composition. Very hard and roughly made, and at first sight it suggests Saxon ware. 2. Hard grey-brown leathery ware, sometimes burnished and hematite coated. Baked very hard. Contains only a little flint backing and in section is fine and homogeneous. Some- times has a sandy red surface. 3. Some grass in make-up, but less rough than 1 and not so fine as 2. 4. Very hard fired light grey paste. With the exception of one or two unusual pots, the majority from this site are closely analogous to those from Fifield Bavant! and Swallowcliffe,2 and should date from the latter half of the Iron Age, and belong predominantly to the ‘“‘ A ”’ culture. . Inturned rims such as No. 17 occur at Woodbury, and wide-mouthed vessels comparable to Nos. 1, 2, and 3, were found at Meon Hill. The ornament on No. 7, and the form of the platter No. 8, are both more i Clay, W.A.M., xii, 457 2 Clay, W.A.M., xliii, 59. MiP telly Vey coyen Jalcnuus Ja(Oo, say, PA. eval saul, W —_ Ses Sst—‘C:;C;:C — ~ = — net 5 epee re NE By C. M. Piggott. 519 difficult to parallel, but a similar decorative motif was used at Glaston- bury,! though on the body of a pot not on the rim, and a shallow dish was found at All Cannings Cross.? No 16 is unusually large for its form. THE BEAD Rims (Fig. 6, Nos. 37, 38, and 39). There is no reason to believe that these were later than and intrusive into the settlement, since two were found in Pit 15 with other pottery of ‘‘A”’ cultural affinities, and the other fragment in Pit 8, also with other sherds. Although hand-made, these pots definitely show Belgic rather than any form of ‘‘ B”’ affinities (e.g., the burnished areas on No. 39 may be compared with a bead rim pot from London, which may be as late as A.D. 65—80). Their presence on this site, and their association with sherds of earlier types, suggests that occupation continued if only in a diminished form sufficiently long for these late and alien types to have been acquired by the Iron ‘‘ A” inhabitants. 1 Bulleid and Gray, Glastonbury Lake Village, ii, Pl. lxxiv, p. 148. 2M. E. Cunnington, All Cannings Cross (Devizes, 1923), Pl. 28, No. 133. 8 Hawkes and Dunning, Arch. Journ., |xxxvii, Fig. 28, 4. 520 An Iron Age‘‘ A” Site.on Harnham Hill. SOM ita ie Gao Fig. 4.—Iron Age pottery and chalk spindle whorl from Harnham. (4) By C. M. Piggott. Fig. 5.—Iron Age potterygfromJHarnham. (}) 522 An Iron Age ‘‘ A’”’ Site on Harnham Hill. { 37. Fig. 6.—Iron Age A and Belgic pottery from Harnham. (}) The shading on No. 39 indicates burnishing. 523 NOTES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE NAMES OF StREP ES IN MODERN SWINDON. By, W.El., HALLAM. Ashford Road. This, together with Kent, Maidstone, Folkestone and Hythe Roads, was built upon the estate of a retired brewer named Shepherd, who at the time was living in Kent, and called the streets after towns in that county. Avenue Road. So called from the fact that it was the first street built with trees planted along it. Armstrong Street. So called in memory of J. Armstrong, a super- intendent of the G.W.R., though built long after his time. Bath Road. This road leads to Bath. The older name ‘‘ The Sands ’”’ referred to the sand extensively dug on the site. Bruce Street. Called after Bruce Morrison the owner of the land. Brunel Street. One of the earlier streets of New Swindon, named after the famous engineer of the G.W.R. Belle Vue. So called from its commanding position. Bridge Street. Crossed the now extinct canai by a drawbridge. Birch Street. J. Birch was chairman of the Urban District Council. Brock Hill. This was the old name (in use 50 or 60 years ago but never used now) of Cricklade Street, Old Swindon, particularly that portion which passes from the Goddard Arms past Christ Church. This is an interesting placename. Brock is the old English name for Badger and the derivation here is easy. The whole of the N. side of Swindon Hill is a precipitous descent towards the railway as is evidenced by the present roads leading from Old Swindon to New Swindon, 1.e., Cricklade ixoad, Belle Vue, Prospect Hill, Dover Street, Eastcott Hill, and King’s Hill. Brock Hill was formerly much steeper than at present. Indeed the footpath leading into the S. side of the parish churchyard represents the original level. Being too precipitous for cultivation, there must have been a strip of scrub and vegetation right along the N. side of Old Swindon, from the Parish Church to Okus, and, being of the sandy and brashy soil beloved of the badger for its burrow, this strip doubtless was the home of numerous brocks or badgers. The Okus site still remains in its original rough state near where the Marlborough and Andover Railway crosses the old Wilts and Berks Canal. Butterworth Street. Named after asolicitor who succeeded to the old established firm of Bradford in High Street, Old Swindon, and financed _ several speculative undertakings. Butts, The. Meadow lying between Wrcoughton Road and Coate Road, just S, of Croft House. Site of medieval archery ground. 524 Notes on the Origin of the Names of Streets in Modern Swindon. Bullin’s Bridge. Over the Cricklade branch of the Wilts and Berks Canal, it took its name from a Wantage man named Bullin who was the first licensee of the Union Tavern which was built close to the bridge. The bridge itself is said to be the first iron trellis bridge erected in Wilts, and was sent from the U.S.A. to the Great Exhibition of 1851. Bradford Road. Built on the property of James Edward Goddard Bradford, solicitor, in High Street, Old Swindon. Cromby Street. From Cromby a retired engine driver who invested in speculative building and became bankrupt. Curtis Street. Named after a partner of Cromby. Clifton Street. These houses were built about 1860—70 under the cliff formed by the excavation of the side of King’s Hill to supply material for the embankment of the line to Wootton Bassett. The builders were largely financed by Messrs. Arkell, the brewers. Years ago this portion of the town was generally known as Cyprus. Carlton Street. Named after Samuel Carlton, manager of the G.W.R. locomotives works. Cow Lane. A way for cattle leading from Old Swindon to the Old Eastcott Farm House. Commercial Road. So called when the Rollestone estate was laid out, in the hope that it might take the place of Regent Street as the chief shopping centre. Cromwell Street. Named after the Protector. Cambria Place. This block of stone houses was built by the foreman, manager and mill hands, who were brought specially from Wales for the work of rolling the rails for the G.W.R. in the rolling mills. Cannon Street. Named after Tom Cannon, aG.W.R. signalman, who built the first house there. Corporation Street. Was built after the Corporation Power Station was erected there. Carfax Street. Was one of the undertakings of the Oxford Building Society, which finished up in liquidation about 1890 (?). Davies Street. Named after one of the partners of Morse & Davies, who developed a considerable part of the Rollestone estate in the building boom cir 1890. De Burgh Street. Was laid out during the S. African War: 1899— 1901. Named from a place in S. Africa. Dean Street. So called in memory of William Dean, a well-known superintendent of the G.W.R. Works, whose house lay at the west end of the street. Dover Street. Cf. Ashford Road. _ Devizes Road. On the western border of the Old Town was formerly called ‘‘Short Edge.’’ By W. H. Hallam. 525 Deacon Street. W. Deacon, silversmith and jeweller in Old Swindon, bought and built on this portion of the Rolleston estate. Dunsford’s Wharf. This was the canal wharf for Old Swindon, and Dunsford was the first canal manager. Tombs of his family are in Holyrood churchyard. Dammas Lane. Led from the square in Old Swindon to the Lawn garden and orchard (damsons). Eastcott Hill. This was for many years the only road from the New Town to Old Swindon. Eastcott was.one of the manors. The electric works now occupy the site of the old farm house. Emlyn Square. Around the Mechanics’ Institute, was named after Viscount Emlyn, chairman of the G.W.R., and an_ unsuccessful candidate for parliament. Euclid Street. (?) So called because Euclid is taught in the Higher Elementary School in this street. Exeter Street. When the G.W.R. built the streets near the works for their employees, civ. 1840—50, the principal towns served by the G.W. line, Bristol, Taunton, Exeter, gave their names to the streets west of the Mechanics’ Institute, whilst the streets to the east took their names from stations east of Swindon, London, Oxford, Reading. East Street. Abuts on the east end of the G.W.R. cottages. Folkestone Road. See Ashford Road. Ferndale Road. The longest street in Swindon. Apparently only a fanciful name. Fleet Street. (?) Copied from the London street. Faringdon Street. On the line of the road to Faringdon. Goddard Avenue. Ambrose Lethbridge Goddard of The Lawn was Lord of the Manor of Swindon, and owner of the property on which the street was built. Groundwell Road. Named from the farm of that name at Stratton. Gorse Hill. There is neither gorse nor a hill. The old name was Tabernacle. Groves Street. Groves was a brewer at Weymouth. Gladstone Street. From the statesman. George Street. Named after a speculative builder of that name. Gooch Street. Named after Sir Daniel Gooch, first superintendent of the G.W.R. Works. Granville Street. Named after the liberal minister by L. L. Morse, a prominent liberal in the town. Guppy Street. Named after Guppy, of Bristol, one of the original directors of the G.W.R. 526 Notes on the Origin of the Names of Streets in Modern Swindon. Harding Street. Named after J. Harding Sheppard, who owned the land on which this street and Sheppard Street are built. Hunter’s Grove and the adjoining St. Mary’s Grove preserve the names of a successful tradesman of Swindon who bought and developed this land, and of his wife, Mary Hunter. Hayden Street. Was called after James Hayden, an assistant manager of tre G.W.R. Works. Havelock Street. Is one of the earlier streets of New Swindon, built about the time of the Indian Mutiny. Hythe Road. See Ashford Road. High Street. The principal street of Old Swindon. Eorsell Street. Named after an overseer of Swindon, afterwards a speculative builder on the Rolleston estate. Hawkins Street. Hawkins was a musician and bandmaster, who speculated in building this street. Hay Lane. When the G.W.R. Company was first in operation, they had to make small repair shops at Hay Lane, near Wroughton Wharf, on the W. & B. Canal, and for the accommodation of the few workmen there, erected a row of small single-storey timber-framed cottages. When the Company erected their works at Swindon, these cottages were transported to Swindon, and re-erected by the side of the ancient foot- path leading from Swindon (Old Town) to Shaw and Rodbourne. This site was between Eastcott Hill (just opposite the ‘‘ George’’ public house) and the top of Rollestone Street, and the name ‘‘Hay Lane Cottages’’ was given to it. The cottages have now been demolished, but the name survives. In fact, this portion is all that survives of the original footpath itself. It forms the backway to the houses above the ‘‘George.’’ It passed into Ragget Street, and by the W. side of Gilbert Hill Schools, and from there, until it leaves Redcliffe Street, in Rod- bourne Road, is diverted into new streets and roads. One portion of it originally passed by an underground subway from the W. end of Dean Street, beneath the new erecting shops of the G.W.R. Works, emerging at the end of Redcliffe Street. Henry Street. Named after John Henry Sheppard, a member of the Sheppard family. See Harding Street. Hinton Street. James Hinton was a speculative builder, and Mayor of Swindon. Hunt Street. Walter Hunt, a foreman in the G.W.R. Works, built the first house here for himself: hence the name. Joseph Street. Called after Joseph Williams, a builder. John Street. Called after John H. Sheppard. See Harding Street. Kitchener Street. This street and Omdurman Street were being laid out at the time of the battle of Omdurman. Kingshill Road. The original road connecting Old and New Swindon. By W.H. Hallam. 527 Kent Road. See Ashford Road. Kembrey Street. Kembrey was a haulier who developed the begin- ning of this street. King Street. So called to balance Queen Street opposite. Lansdown Road, parallel with Bath Road. From Lansdown Hill, Bath. Linslade Street. A native of Linslade (Bucks) built the first houses in this street. Maxwell Street. Named after a partner in the firm of Maxwell & Tuke, civil engineers, who laid out the Rolleston estate for building. Morse Street. Named after Levi Lapper Morse, a prominent shop- keeper in Swindon. Milton Road. Is said to have been named after the blind poet, because E. Jones, a blind tradesman, occupied the premises at the corner of this and Faringdon Road. Morrison Street. Named after Bruce Morrison, solicitor, who bought and developed this portion of Rodbourne Lane. He was a member of the Marlborough family of Morrison. Merton Street. Built by the Oxford Building Society. The Mall. A fancy name of the latest of the building sites in the town. Morris Street, Rodbourne Road. Named after its builder, the son of ‘‘ Badger ”’ Morris, founder of the Swindon Advertiser. Medgbury Road. At one time a cul-de-sac. A block of houses here adjoining the Whale Inn, known as Cetus (a whale) Buildings was with the inn built by the Wilts and Berks Canal Company for accommoda- tion of their bargees. Market Street. Recently built facing the New Swindon Market. North Street. When first built it was actually the north edge of the town. Oriel Street. Like the other streets named after colleges, &c., at Oxford, was built by the Oxford Building Society. Oxford Buildings. In Rodbourne Road; were also built by the Oxford Building Society. The last of their property was bought by the Swindon Town Council and laid out as the Rodbourne Recreation Ground. Okus Road. This led from Old Swindon to Okus Farm on the west _ edge of the town. | | | | Prospect Place. The name is due to its fine position. Ponting Street. Called after the builder who built several of the off- streets of Manchester Road. Queen Street. The New Swindon Gas Works were originally here. 528 Notes on the Origin of the Names of Streets in Modern Swindon. Quarry Road. This occupies the site of the large quarries and lime kilns, now worked out, which supplied the fine building stone of the Portland beds. Rodbourne Road. Originally Rodbourne Lane; leading from West- cott Place to Rodbourne Cheney village. Ragget Street. Is a crossing from Dixon Street to Stafford Street, named after H. Raggett, a prominent Nonconformist and Radical whose grocer’s shop was at the corner of Stafford Street and Eastcott Hill. Ripley Road. Named after the Rev. T. H. Ripley, Vicar of Wootton Bassett, or Jeremy Jepson Ripley, author of ‘‘ Aldhelm and Ethelfled,”’ 1818. Rolleston Street. A part of the estate of the Rollestone family Lords of the Manor and Lay Rectors. Regent Street. The main shopping centre of the town. Radnor Street. Named after Earl Radnor. ? Why. Read Street. Named from the architect who planned the houses. Rose Street. Named after a partner in the firm of Butterworth & Rose, solicitors, who financed speculative builders. Sheppard Street. Built on the property of John Harding Sheppard. South Street. So called because it is at the back of North Street. Springfield Road. So called from a field on the S. side in which was a spring which ran into a stone trough on the Wroughton Road. Stanier Street. W. H. Stanier was superintendent of the stores department of the G.W.R. Works. Salisbury Street. Was laid out about the same time as Gladstone Street, and was called after the rival statesman. Station Road. Is the approach to the Railway Station. Thomas Street and Turner Street. Called after Thomas Turner, brickmaker and builder, who coming to Swindon with nothing, left at his death a fortune of £100,000. Turl Street. Another of the several streets financed by the Oxford Building Society. Tennyson, Milton, Dryden, and Shelley Streets. Seem to point to some lover of poetry connected with the lay-out of the Rollestone estate. Tydyman Street. Preserves the name ofa local builder. Victoria Road. Was laid out about the time of the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee: Vilett Street. The Vilett family were property holders in Swindon, and were connected with the Rollestone family. Whiteman Street. Named after a farmer and financier of speculative builders. By W. H. Hallam. 529 Whitehead Street. Named after a publican, who was also a music seller, organist of the Masonic Lodge and speculative builder. Wood Btreet. A street of the Old Town which was a square enclosed between High Street, Wood Street, Devizes Road, and Newport Street. Westlecote Road. Occupies the site of an old cart track leading from the Old Town down to Westlecote, one of the oldest sites on the Manor. Wellington Street. Leading direct to the station, was built about the time of the death of the Iron Duke. Some houses still retain their old fire insurance signs. Westcott Place and Street. The oldest part of the New Town lies on the original highway from Wootton Bassett to New Swindon. Some of the houses built about the time of the construction of the Wilts and Berks Canal retain their old iron boot scrapers, and one house, No. 161, Westcott Place, has its original bow-shaped shop front, probably the oldest in Swindon. The name Westcote is that of the old farm to which the accommodation road from Westcott Place led. The Hall. This was the original name of the fine old house now occupied as the office of Messrs. Calderwood, solicitors; built about 1700 by the Harding family, between Christchurch and the Goddard Arms Hotel. Together with considerable landed property on the site of the G.W.R. Works, it passed to the Sheppard family, the last of whom, John Henry Harding Sheppard, gave his four names to four streets in New Swindon, already mentioned. VOL. XLVIII, NO. CLXXX 5 2M 530 THE ANCIENT WOODEAND Os WlesESiTa lias. By Go Ba GRunpy, Dy bia PREFACE. This, like my work on the Saxon charters of the county, is pioneer work, for no one has so far as I know attempted in the past to plot out all the woodland recorded in Domesday Book. The Domesday record is the only comprehensive record in existence of the woodland of England in the medieval period. Many of the perambulations of the forests of the post-conquest period present great diffiulties, and though I believe that my calculations of the general areas of those forests at different times are either correct or nearly so, still it is certain that both in relation to them, and perhaps to the Domesday woodland, people with peculiarly local knowledge may discover mistakes of detail which I hope they will correct. In some instances I make it quite clear that | am not satisfied with my solution of some detail or details of the evidence. In all the secases I should be very glad to receive help in making necessary corrections which I should not merely acknowledge but publish. I am glad to say that I have persuaded Mr. H. C. Brentnall, of Marlborough College, to write the chapter on Savernake Forest.! He is a skilled archeologist with a peculiarly intimate knowledge of the evidence and of the district to which it relates. G. B. GRuNDY. ABBREVIATIONS. B (with number). Charter in Birch’s Cartularium Saxonicum. By. Boundary. Co. By. County Boundary. DB. Domesday Book. Fur. Furlong. K (with number). Charter in Kemble’s Codex Diplomaticus. OM1. One-inch ordnance map. OM6. Six-inch ordnance map. Pn. Perambulation. PRELIMINARY Dara. At the back of the matter of this article are general facts on which it is to a certain extent based. (1) Measurements of the areas of woodland in Domesday Book. he DB. commissioners for the various counties adopted one of two methods of stating or implying the areas of woodland attached to the lands of different holders. In some cases, as in that of Wiltshire, they give the areas in dimensions of length and breadth in terms of the league and the quarantene, which was one-twelfth of the league. In others they give the numbers of the swine which could be fed annually on the local woodlands. 1 This was printed in W.A.M., xlviii, 371—386, Dec. 1938. 2 For further information on these measures see the Geographical Journal, vol. XCI, No. 3 (March 1938). S53 2 38 COUNTY BOUNDARY ————— WOODLAND AT END OF RKKRAKHKX = q oly Ky yee te Z @ O&wiZeEs Pipa sre oo tee eR ee ~ = SK A Bs ° = MEN TERN A | Traenn anh et ce uae The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. 531 Ancient authors state that the Gallic league was 1} Roman miles, a statement which must not be taken as mathematically accurate, but as being closely approximate to the facts. The Roman mile has been estimated at about 5,000 English feet, though some put it at rather less, viz., 4,834 feet. The latter estimate aims at an accuracy which the evidence hardly warrants. But it may be assumed that the Gallic league was somewhere about 7,300—7,500 feet in length. For the pur- pose of the Domesday measurements it has been reckoned at 2,420 yards. The next question which arises is whether the Normans introduced this measure into England, or whether it was already known and used in the country. There are two negative considerations to be takeninto account. The Roman mile as a measure of length does not appear to have been used in this country after the time of the Saxon conquest. Secondly, the present English mile of 1,760 yards is of comparatively modern creation.} It may be regarded as practically certain that the Gallic Celts of pre- Roman times in this country, who settled so largely in Britain, especially in the south, brought with them the Gallic league as a measure of length, and that was the largest customary measure of distance used in Britain before the Roman conquest. In the Roman province of Gaul, in spite of the making of a large network of Roman roads, the Gallic league survived the centuries of a Roman occupation longer and much more intensive than that of the province of Britain.? That it survived in Britain during the period of the Roman occupa- tion is probable owing to the fact that Roman roads were comparatively few, and, save those radiating from London, not on the lines of trade and other through communications, so that the use of the native through tracks would be maintained. Ogilby, who wrote the road book of England published in 1675, gives distances between places in two forms, ‘‘computed miles,” and measured miles of 1,760 yards. Measured on the map these computed miles are of very various lengths. They vary from 1,910 to 3,052 yards. But these are extreme and rare cases; and the length most usual and also the average length is about 2,400 yards. It looks as if the ‘‘computed mile’”’ of Ogilby’s Day was a direct 1 It was first authorised for the purely local purposes of an act of the reign of Elizabeth relating to lands near Westminster. Ogilby, by the publication of his road book in 1675 in which he sought to substitute it for the very vague customary mile of his day, did something to en- courage its standardisation. But it was not legally standardised till so late as 1824. 2 Promoted by the fact that the Emperor Trajan substituted it for the Roman mile as the official measure of length in the province of Gaul. 2M 2 532 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. descendant of the Gallic league introduced into England 2,000 years earlier. Applied to the actual woodland the measures stated in DB. cannot be expected to give more than an estimate of the average length and breadth. It has been suggested that the lengths and breadths given by the Domesday commissioners are the extreme lengths and breadths of the various woods. But the commissioners wanted to know the area, not the extreme linear dimensions of each woodland ; and the local inhabitants, from whom the commissioners must in many instances have got their information, would not be at all likely to give linear dimensions which would exaggerate the area of woodland on which dues proportionate to the area would in many instances have to be paid. Even a primitive mathematician would know that the area was a question of average length and breadth. SIGNIFICANT TERMS IN PLACE-NAMES. (1) The ending -FIELD (Saxon, feld) applied to a place which has developed into a village community (parish) implies a patch of open land in woodland, generally towards its fringe, where a wood or forest is beginning to give out. This is strikingly illustrated by the positions of places the names of which end in -field in various parts of England. They are practically all of them in, or, far more usually on the fringe of what are, or are known to have been, areas of heavy woodland. (2) -STEAD asaname ending of village communities is, as a reference to the map of any county will show, associated with places in woodland areas. The steads (Saxon, stede) were buildings erected to shelter cattle which were put to pasture in more or less open spaces in forest or woodland. (3) -LEY, -LEIGH (Saxon, Jeah), meant originally land not under cultivation. Most village communities had their leys in the parish which were used for the pasture of cattle other than pigs. They would usually be thinly wooded, with patches of gorse and brambles, and grass in between. Areas of a similar character would occur in forests. These latter were not originally attached to any village community, but used by communities outside the forest. The extraordinary number of -leys in forest areas renders it almost certain that the lands of village communities having names with that ending were at the time of the first Saxon settlement in the region uninhabited areas, and parts of what was at the time forest.t Those who read this paper will notice the discrepancies which occur between the areas of woodland recorded in Domesday and the forest 1 Writers on place-names have used the term “ clearing ”’ as a trans- lation of this term Jeah (-ley, leigh). That many such areas were cleared, sometimes perhaps not very long after they came into use for pasturage, is shown by the fact that village communities sprangup onthem. But ‘clearing ’ is not the original meaning of leah. By G. B. Grundy, D. Litt. 533 areas of later times. The reason is that the DB. record is of woodland pure and simple, whereas the term forest as used in post-Conquest times included woodland, heath, cultivation, and pasture land. Inthe case of Exmoor Forest, for example, only about one-fifth was woodland. This is, indeed, an extreme case.- The commissioners who drew up the Domesday survey of Wiltshire give the length and breadth of the woodland in each land-unit (parish), and, as what they wanted was the area of the woodland, it may be presumed that the length and breadth which they give are averages. From these statistics it may be calcalated that the total area of wood- land in the county was 149,396 acres or about 109 acres to the square mile. Inasmuch as the county contained part of the Forest of Kemble, one half of Selwood, and the whole of the forests of Braydon, Saver- nake, Chippenham, Melksham, Chute, Groveley and Clarendon, and a part of Cranborne Chase, the total of woodland seems small; but the DB. commissioners are concerned with the actual woodland, whereas a forest contained very often, or even always, areas on which there were no trees. Of the total woodland recorded in DB. no less than 67,765 acres are attributed to what are obviously the forests of Chippenham, Melksham, Chute and Clarendon; but they are not referred to as forests. The woodland is set down as belonging to Chippenham, 19,360 acres, Melksham 19,360 acres, and Amesbury 29,040 acres, i.e., is cited just as if it were ordinary manorial woodland, which, no doubt, it was technically. These places are royal manors, and so the woodland is the King’s woodland, the King’s forest. These three land units (parishes) could not, any one of them, have contained more than a tithe of the woodland attributed to them, even supposing they were covered with woodland, which, as a fact, they were not. On the DB. evidence alone it would be impossible to say how that woodland was distributed outside the bounds of the places to which it is attributed. Still, judging from the DB. records of woodland in other counties, it is probable that the modern parishes in the neighbourhood of those places which are not mentioned in Domesday, i.e., which had little if any population at the time, were covered with woodland, and probably the 1 They state the dimensions in Jeugae (leagues) and quarentenae, the league being the Gallic league of 14 Roman, miles, or about 2,420 yards, and the quarentine one-twelfth of the league, or about 202 yards. The Gallic league appears later in history as the old English mile. (See “ The Old English Mile,” G. B. Grundy ; Geog. Jourvn., XCI, 3, March, 1938. | . 2 But see a possible modification of these figures later on. Devon in D.B. has 23 ac. to the sq. m.: Somerset, 71 : Gloucs., 81 : Oxfordshire, 147. Essex, Hertfordshire, Derbyshire and Bucks all have over 250 acres to the sq. m. 534 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. modern Biddestone, Kington St. Michael, and Pewsham, were in Chippenham Forest. The total area of these parishes, together with that of Chippenham, is 12, 759 acres. But that accounts for only about two-thirds of the area of woodland given in DB., and, as far as DB. goes, 1s the only evidence which may be got from it. In the case of Melksham the difficulty, though not so great, is present. There is quite a large area to the S. and S.S.E. of Melksham parish covered with modern parochial names which do not appear in Domes- day.t The total area of these parishes, including Melksham itself, is 21,657 acres, so that, if it could be assumed that all three places which DB. does not mention were forest covered,? then the 19,365 acres of woodland attributed in DB. to Melksham may have stood on these combined areas. On the DB. evidence the site of the 29,000 acres of woodland attributed to Amesbury is quite indeterminable But it is possible to get further hight on the woodland attributed by DB. to these and other forest areas of Wiltshire by reference to such perambulations of later date as survive. From the Pn. of the Forest of Chippenham made in 1300 it appears that in addition to the land-units (parishes) which the evidence of DB. would suggest as having been within the forest, there was included in it a part of Calne Without. But this perambulation made in the later years of Edward I is an example of the drastic reduction in forest areas made at that time, for the area is reduced to something less than 6,000 acres. The only assistance which it gives in relation to the statistics of DB. is the fact that Calne Without was in the DB. woodland attributed to the forest. But the official method of dealing with the woodland of the forests of Chippenham and Melksham varied at different times. in DB. they are treated separately as belonging to different royal manors. In the Melksham Pn. of 1228 they are treated as one forest, for the Melksham 1 Semington, 1,564 acres ; Seend, 2,759; Bulkington, 974; Poulshot, 1,531; Worton, 972; Marston, 906; Erlestoke, 2,054; Great Cheverell, 1,846 ; Little Cheverell, 1,025; and Melksham itself, 8,406. 2 Modern parishes (land-units) not mentioned in DB. are, it would seem, in two categories: (1) those entirely unpopulated and covered with woodland ; (2) those which were at the time parts of neighbouring land-units which DB. does mention, but have been separated from them in later times. There is obviously a certain probability that such modern units in the neighbourhood of forests were unpopulated and covered with woodland. 3 In Domesday Calne is credited with 97 acres of woodland. But that woodland is obviously that of the village community of Calne, possibly woodland on which some dues were paid to the King, but not part of the King’s forest. By GB Grundy Ds Lit. 535 Pn. of that year includes all that is attributed to Chippenham in the Pn. of 1300 as well as that attributed to Melksham in the same year. But this Melksham (and Chippenham) Pn. of 1228 includes only 27,389 acres of forest, whereas the DB. of Melksham and Chippenham gives 38,725 acres to those places. It has been already suggested that the DB. woodland of the two places covered Biddestone, Kington St. Michael, Pewsham, Chippenham, Semington, Seend, Bulkington, Poulshot, Worton, Marston, Erlestoke, Great and Little Cheverell,and Melksham. Of these places Biddestone, Kington St. Michael, Semington, Bulkington, Poulshot, Worton, Marston, Erlestoke, and Great and Little Cheverell, are outside the Melksham Pn. of 1300 which included the two forests. Assuming that they were included in the forest between 1086 and 1228, the total area of these parishes which is 14,759 acres added to the 27,389 acres of the Melksham Pn. would make 42,148 acres, i.e., an area larger than that recorded in DB. But were the 2,871 acres of the two Cheverells, the parishes furthest from Melksham, omitted from the conjectural element of the DB. forests, then the figures would be in a sense approximate ; and, were either Worton or Marston omitted, the acreage would be almost the same. The great Melksham Pn. of the year 1228 falls within the reign of Henry III when, in accordance with the provisions in Magna Charta a policy, at any rate professed, of doing away with the additions to the forests made in the reign of John was being pursued. No record of John’s dealings with Melksham has survived; but the forest of 1228 is about three quarters of its area in 1086 as recorded in DB. It will be understood by those who appreciate the various discrepan- cies between the evidence of DB, and that of the perambulations of Melksham of three centuries later that the foregoing conjectures cannot claim to be a final solution of the difficulties involved. It is true that that they rest on what is found elsewhere in the DB. records of other counties, namely, that land-units (manors) credited with woodland far larger in area than the number of acres in them, have nearly always in their immediate neighbourhood land-units (parishes) not mentioned in Domesday. That means that those parishes had very little or no population in 1086; and, as these areas would certainly have been cultivated had cultivation been possible on them at the time, and were brought under cultivation in later times, the only obstacles to that cultivation must have been the presence of woodland or marsh—the latter a very rare obstacle outside the Fen district. Heath lands would be too poor in quality for people living at a time when they were dependent for their annual food supply on the land they cultivated. But in the present instance another solution of the difficulty is possible, though it is one which cannot be paralleled in the rest of the Domesday record. The Domesday commissioners for different counties differed in the way in which they treated manors or holdings, and it may be that Chippenham and Melksham, being both royal manors, had joint rights 536 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. over the greater part of the area of the woodland in the forest,! and that the commissioners for Wiltshire attributed to each of them the area of the woodland in which they shared rights. It is noticeable that the woodland attributed to both of them is not only very large but exactly the same in area. Thus in the record the number, 19,360 acres, was set down twice, whereas in numerical reckoning it ought to appear only once. Subtracting this number 19,360 from the seeming 40,110 acres of the DB woodland there remain 20,750 acres of. wood- land in the forest area in 1086. Thus the DB. record is brought into close relation with the area of woodland which may be calculated to have been in the forest in the time of Henry III, an area which as the forest records of that reign show, was that of the forest prior to the reign of Henry II, and was probably the area of the forest in 1086. Amesbury, credited by DB. with 29,000 acres of woodland, is now an all but treeless region. There can be no doubt that the woodiand attributed to this royal manor included that of the Forest of Clarendon. Some of it was in Chute Forest. Of Clarendon two perambulations, one of the time of Edward I and the other of the time of Edward III survive. The bounds of the former are not traceable owing to the nature of the landmarks, which is such as to make their survival im- probable. But that of the time of Edward III can be traced. It in- cludes about 9,259 acres. Britford is also mentioned in DB. as being in the King’s forest, and it is interesting to note that DB. records that a quarter of Laverstoke and half of Milford were in the King’s forest in 1086 for this shows that the bounds of the forest at that time were, in that part, at any rate, the same as at the time of the Pn. of the time of Edward III. It is not probable that the Pn. of the time of Edward I would throw much light on the question of the woodland attributed to Amesbury by DB., because the Pns. of that reign give forest bounds which have been reduced drastically in area. On the whole the only possible conjecture is that the whole of Clarendon Forest as it was in 1086 was a much larger area of woodland than at the time of Edward I and Edward III, and was attached to the royal manor of Amesbury. But it is hardly likely that Amesbury was in Clarendon Forest, because it is too far north. There may have been little or no woodland on its area. Yet it is not certain that this was the case, for between Amesbury and the N. By. of Clarendon Forest as it was in the time of Edward III are various modern parishes which are not mentioned in DB., and were not therefore village communities in 1086. These are Woodford, Winter- bourne Gunner, Winterbourne Earls, and Stratford-sub-Castle. It is 1 i.e., Excluding the small areas of woodland in each land-unit which from time immemorial had been the property of the village community. 2 i.e., The 19,360 acres of the King’s woodland plus the individual ‘community ”’ woods attributed by DB. to the land-units which were later in the area of the official forest of Melksham. byiGb.Grundy, DoLit. 537 possible that these land-units were covered with forest woodland in 1086, and, if so, Amesbury may have been somewhat heavily wooded at the same date. It is noticeable that Newton Tony which adjoins Amesbury on the E. is credited by DB. with 1,210 acres of woodland. Were it to be assumed that these places were covered with woodland in 1086, then their area, added to the area of Clarendon Forest temp. Edward III would account for 22,452 acres of the 29,000 attributed to Amesbury. All these land-units were in Chute Forest in the time of Henry II. As has been already said the Pn. of Clarendon Forest under Edward I is not soluble as a whole; but it does show that there was at the time a part of the forest to the S. of that contained in the Pn. of Edward III. This might make up the deficit between the 22,452 acres mentioned above and the 29,000 acres of Amesbury. Recurring to the Forest of Chute it is the fact that Henry II brought the bounds of that forest as far S. as the Roman road from Old Sarum to Winchester, the N. By. of Clarendon Forest. But the afforestations made in his time do not necessarily imply that the areas afforested by him contained timber or woodland of any kind. Also when the area added by him was disafforested later, the forest in Wiltshire was reduced to little more than the areas of the modern parishes of Chute and Chute Forest, which would, judging from what is said of the reductions made by the disafforestations of the areas added in the time of Henry II, be the ‘“‘ vetus foresta,”’ i.e., the forest as it was before his time, probably the forest of 1086. This ‘‘ vetus foresta ’’ of Chute is a long way from Amesbury, but it may be included in the woodland attributed to Amesbury by DB. With the woodland of the other forests of the county DB. deals in a different way. It does not mention any large masses such as it attributes to Amesbury, Melksham, and Chippenham. The reason is that the clearing of these other forests had been far advanced before 1086. In their case not a single land-unit (parish) is expressly stated to have been within the area of a forest, though in most cases consider- able areas of woodland remained within the old forest bounds. Selwood Forest, i.e., the Wiltshire part of it, is represented in DB. by 13,882 acres of woodland actually reported as being on the lands of village communities within what are known later to have been the bounds of the forest. But there were within the area of the forest when at its greatest extent various modern parishes which do not appear in DB. These parishes amount altogether to 16,253 acres. Therefore it would appear that at the time of DB. there were about 30,000 acres of the forest still existent in the county. That means that the process of clearing the forest had gone very far by the the end of the Saxon period. In the N.W. part of the county, partly in what is now Gloucester- shire, was the remnant of the old forest of Cemele or Kemble. This 1 T give these calculations for what they are worth. They do not afford more than a possible explanation of the DB. figures for Amesbury. 538 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. forest is referred to in a very early Saxon charter! professing to date from A.D. 688, which records a grant of lands to Malmesbury Abbey, and the lands are described as lying ‘‘on both sides of the wood which is called Cemele,’’ a name of Celtic origin. A later charter speaks of the wood as having to a great extent ceased to exist. DB. records 6,902 acres of woodland as existent in 1086 in what must have been the old site of the forest. To anyone not acquainted with the charters of Malmesbury Abbey, the amount of woodland attributed by DB. to Brokenborough, just N.W. of Malmesbury, 7,260 acres, would be surprising. The charter B. 921-2, K. 460, gives the bounds of an area of which Brokenborough forms but a small part. Unfortunately, a large part of the bounds is not traceable. But it is evident that they included all of what might be called the home estate of the abbey, a series of parishes blocked to- gether under what was after the Conquest the Manor of Brokenborough. There is no doubt that the 7,260 acres of woodland were scattered over these parishes, and it is probable that two of them were Sherston and Foxley, neither of which, though mentioned in DB., is credited with any timber. The average amount of woodland in the parishes in this Manor must have been larger than the average amount of timber credited to parishes in DB. The Forest of Braydon lay generally speaking W. of Swindon. The amount of woodland recorded on its area by DB. is 8,608 acres, more than three quarters of which were in Purton and Wootton Bassett. But Braydon parish was not a village community at the time of DB., and therefore judging from many similar cases in woodland and forest areas, was probably covered with woodland. This would make the DB. woodland of the Braydon Forest area 10,091 acres. What the actual area covered by Savernake Forest in 1086 was it is impossible to say. But the DB. record of woodland in those parts leads to the suspicion that the natural forest extended originally as far N. as Aldbourne and as far E. as Froxfield.2 The actual area of woodland recorded is singularly small, only 4,418 acres.4 But the two Saver- nakes * and Froxfield do not appear in the DB. record, and were, there- = 1B}, WO), Iss BO), 2 In Wilts, Crudwell, 4,840 acres ; Oaksey, 605. In Gloucestershire, Poole Keynes, 1,210; Kemble, 247. Some of the woodland area attributed to Crudwell must have been outside the parish for it is only 4,899 acres in extent, and the Malmesbury Charters referring to it show that the land was under cultivation to a much larger extent than 59 acres. The woodland may have been in Hankerton which is not mentioned in DB. 3 Aldbourne, 1,210 acres; Ramsbury, 528; the Bedwyns, 2,424; Mildenhall, 256. 4 These ought not, perhaps, to be included, as they are of modern erection. Yet it is probable that they were woodland areas in 1086. By G-B. Grundy, D: Litt. 539 fore, for reasons given above, covered with woodland. If these be added, then the acreage of woodland was 12,557 acres, a much more probable number. Of the places mentioned Aldbourne and Bedwyn were royal manors. Mildenhall was under Glastonbury and Ramsbury under the Bishop of Salisbury. The area covered by Chute Forest in 1086 is not definitely known. A survey of it goes back to the time of Henry II. The modern parishes of Chute and Chute Forest do not appear in DB., and were therefore probably woodland. Only 1,511 acres of woodland! are actually recorded on its area in DB., but, adding the areas of Chute and Chute Forest, the woodland amounts to 6,740 acres in 1086. The Forest of Grovely, a few miles N.W. of of Wilton seems to have never been more than a very large wood. As far asactual numbers are concerned there is not one acre of woodland mentioned in DB. in the forest area. It is true that Grovely Wood, now a parish of 1,469 acres, is not mentioned in DB. But there is no royal manor to which it can be attributed, and all that can be said is that it may have been wood- land in 1086. But it is strange that it is not traceable in any form in Ene DB. record. The greater part of the county S. of a line drawn E. and W. through Salisbury was in Cranborne Chase. In the W. part of this region there is a good deal of woodland recorded in DB., viz., 10,767 acres. In the E. part very little is recorded, only about 715 acres, making 11,482 acres in all, of which no less than 9,075 acres were in the two parishes of Ebbesbourne Wake and Broad Chalke. There are no other con- clusions with regard to this region to be drawn from DB. In the time of John a very large area on the W. borders of the county was comprised in the official forest of Selwood. It is by no means to be assumed that the whole of this was a wooded region, for John’s policy was evidently to bring as large an area of the country as possible under forest law regardless of whether the area included was forest land or not. The intent of this policy was to increase the royal revenues, and, possibly, to bring as large an area as possible under laws which gave peculiar powers over the population resident in the areas included. The Wiltshire Selwood (see page 537), contained eleven parishes to which DB. attributes no timber at all; then three others with less than ten acres; and only six with over 100 acres. ? 1 The two Collingbournes, 1,210 acres; Tidworth, 301. It is notice- able that the Collingbournes are a royal manor. 2 Stourton, 1,210 acres; Maiden Bradley, 1,210; Steeple and West Ashton, 1,210; Warminster, 4,851 ; Westbury, 1,819; N. Bradley, 1,210. 540 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. Uhe total area of timber recorded by DB. in the Wiltshire Selwood is 14,509 acres, about one-sixth of that part of the official forest which isin the county. But it is evident that by the end of the Saxon period a very large portion of the forest had been cleared and brought into cultivation. The evidence of the Saxon charters tends to confirm rather than add to the information contained in DB. In the charters two terms, feld and haga are used at times, both of which imply the presence of exten- sive woodland in a neighbourhood.1 Feld occurs in seven Wiltshire charters: in Little Bedwyn and twice in Burbage, both on the edge of Savernake Forest: in Stockton, per- haps on the edge of the woodland of Grovely Forest : in Frustfield (V. above), Fyrstesfelda in Clarendon Forest: in Combe Bisset, about five m. S. of Wilton, in what was the N.E. part of Cranborne Chase ; twice in Great Bedwyn in Savernake Forest. The Domesday record shows the extent of the woodland alt the end: of the Saxon age. In this and in other counties the only clues to the woodland which existed at the close of the Romano-British period and was cleared during the Saxon age is the occurrence of the names ending in -field and -ley or -leigh of places outside the woodland recorded by DB. The only heavy woodland recorded in DB. outside the forest areas already mentioned is 4,848 acres in Corsham, about 5 m. S.W. of Chippenham. This was no doubt part of the area of the natural as distinct from the official Chippenham forest. Yet it is a royal manor which, for some reason unknown, was either never included in the official forest or was disafforested before the time at which the Melksham and Chippenham perambulations were made. Colerne, about 10 m. W.S.W. of Chippenham, on the Co. By. is credited by DB. with 1,210 acres of woodland. The only other parish in Wiltshire which is not in or near a forest and yet in 1086 contained a considerable area of woodland is Tilshead with 2,420 acres, about 12 m. N.W. of Salisbury. When it comes to a question of tracing the areas of woodland at the 1 Haga occurs in the surveys attached toseven Wiltshire charters: (1) Harden Huish, just N.W. of Chippenham, referring evidently to a part of Chippenham Forest; (2) Ham on the N. edge of Chute Forest ; Christian Malford, 443 m. N.E. of Chippenham, where it may refer toan outlyer of the forest of Braydon or to the 605 acres of woodland recorded by DB. as existent in the parish: Frustfield, a lost site known to have been in Clarendon Forest: Kemeleshage, in the Brokenborough charter, B. 921—2, K. 460, refers to a part of Kemble Forest: Burbage on the S. edge of Savernake Forest ; Fromesetinga Haga, in the Steeple Ashton charter B. 782, K. 395, was a wood belonging to the people of Frome (Som.) in Selwood Forest. By G. B. Grundy, D. Liit. 541 end of the Roman period it is necessary to note the positions of com- munities with the name endings -ley, -field, and -stead. The places in Wiltshire with names having one of these three endings are as follows :—Leigh, about 4 m. W.S.W. of Cricklade, was evidently at one time part of Braydon Forest, as also Lea (and Claverton) about 3m. E.S.E. of Malmesbury, may have been. Kington Langley and Langley Burrell, about 2 m. N. of Chippenham, were parts of Chippen- ham Forest. Monkton Farleigh, Winsley, and Limpley Stoke, N.W. and W.N.W. of Bradford-on-Avon, had been parts of the natural forest of Selwood, as also had Winkfield, 3 m. W.S.W. of Trowbridge. Froxfield, about 9 m. E. of Marlborough, was in the actual forest of Savernake in 1068. Everleigh, about 12 m.S. of Marlborough, adjoined the Collingbournes, and was evidently part of the old natural forest of Chute. Semley, towards the W. end of the S. By. of the county, was in Cranborne Chase, and, as it is not mentioned in DB., it may have been a more or less wooded waste in 1086. Within the area of Clarendon Forest were Farley and W. Grimstead. E.Grimstead was also probably within its area. As compared with other counties the contrast between the woodland in 1086 and that at the end of the Roman period is comparatively small; but the number of -ton names within the county, indicat- ing occupation at the time of the earliest settlement of the Saxons in the region, is so unusually large that, inasmuch as the earliest settlers would take up lands already cleared, it shows that the clearing had been carried far in Roman times. Not many of the -ton names fall within those areas of woodland recorded by DB. asin actual forest areas. In Braydon there are two: in Savernake none: in Chute none: in Clarendon four: in Cranbourne Chase five : in Selwood seven : in Melksham and Chippenhamone. These indicate that the penetration of some of the forest lands had taken place before Saxon times. The main areas of the original settlement are clearly marked. There was a cousiderable one in the Thames basin N. of Savernake Forest and N. and E. of Braydon, where 9 -ton names occur. By far the largest region of early settlement in the county, and perhaps the largest block of primary settlements in England, stretched from Braydon Forest on the N. to Cranborne Chase on the S., bounded on the W. by the forests of Chippenham, Melksham, and Selwood, and partly on the E. by Chute Forest. A branch of it went westward between Braydon and Chippenham Forests to the Somerset boundary, and another eastwards between Chute and Clarendon to the Hampshire border. In this intrusive region of the N.W. are 12 -ton names; in that to the Hants border 3. In the main central and south central region, which includes Salisbury Plain and a large area to the N. of it, are forty. There is furthermore a small region round Downton, between Clarendon Forest and the S. By. of the county in which there are four -ton names. The distribution of the -hams in Wiltshire is peculiarly striking. As ham meant “‘house,’’ and there can be no real doubt that places with 542 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshive that name ending began life as settlements of individual families of squatters belonging to a secondary period of settlement when it became necessary for late settlers to carve out holdings from the woodland. Later, they developed into village communities. All the -hams of Wilt- shire are either in or abut on forest areas. Tockenham and Lyneham, S.W. of Wootton Bassett, abut on Braydon Forest. Chippenham, Corsham, Pewsham and Melksham are all within the area of Chippen- ham and Melksham Forests. Bromham, E. of Melksham, abuts on that forest. Horningsham, S.W. of Warminster, was in the middle of Selwood. Harnham, W.S.W. of Salisbury, abuts on Clarendon Forest. Ham, on the Co. By., E.S.E. of Marlborough, was on the edge of Savernake and Chute. Settlements of this type became possible when the tide of invasion flowed W. of Wiltshire, and the settlers in that county had no longer unconquered Britons in their immediate neighbourhood. While that danger existed, the settlements had to be of the communal type—of ten hides (families) if the cleared land allowed it, of five hides where the area available was less than that required for ten families. Such were the conditions prevailing anywhere near the frontier of the time being. But in Wiltshire, for example, if the first flood of invasion carried the frontier right across the county to Selwood, then it is quite possible that well behind that frontier settlements of individual families (hams) might be made on areas in the forest cleared in Roman times, but of a size too small for occupation by more than one holding, at any rate, not larger than would provide one or two families with sufficient land for their support. 2 That the first settlers of the Teutonic tribes which conquered Britain were members of the armies which made the various conquests is almost certain. Armies on the move in the England of those days and for six centuries afterwards had to use such Roman roads as were usable or the ridgeways as lines of march through the country. In dry weather they could, no doubt, cut corners in the winding ridgeways; but in other than dry weather, they had to avoid the deep mire or morass near 1 Traces of such settlements still survive on the map of Hampshire. The parishes of East and West Meon are made up of tithings which are known from the Saxon charters to have been originally small land units of one or two hides. ‘These parishes are in what was the easternmost part of the Andredsweald. In the same way, the parish of St. Mary Bourne, one of the same type, was in Doiley Fcrest, in N. Hampshire. The old ‘‘ composite’’ parishes made up of tithings, wherever they are found, are always in what were originally woodland areas. 2 From what Professor Ekwall says on p. xiv of his introduction to his “Oxford Dictionary of Place-names,’’ it might be concluded that he regarded -hams as settlements anterior to -tons. The map of every county would refute such an idea. By G. B. Grundy, D. Liit. 543 rivers and streams. The settlers in the Thames basin of Wilts used, in all probability, the great ridgeway which comes up from Reading via Englefield in Berkshire to join the great ridgeway of the Berkshire Downs, a few miles E. of Wantage; or they might have used the Roman road which runs from Silchester via Newbury to near Swindon. The West Saxons are reportcd in the tradition preserved in the ‘‘ Saxon Chronicle’”’ to have landed in the neighbourhood of Portsmouth. Per- haps all that this really means is that they landed on the Hampshire coast, near Portsmouth and Southampton water.t It seems to me that Mr. Leeds’ theory is founded on evidence which is far from complete, and may be carried much further than it has been carried so far. The finds on which his theory is based are from Saxon burial places. In the Saxon charters are a number.of references to “heathen burial-places,’’ which are not lows or barrows. Nor can they have been supposed by the Saxons to have been the burial places of their Romano-British predecessors. It seems probable that they are the graves of pagan Saxons before the race was converted to christianity. These burials are mentioned 52 times in the statements of boundaries attached to the Saxon charters, and they are almost certainly of the same period and type as those from which Mr. Leeds has drawn his conclusion. Until some of them at least have been examined, it does not seem possible to form a valid argument from what has hitherto been found in Saxon graves. These burial places are scattered all through the S. of England, viz., Glos., 1; Oxon, 2; Dorset, 1; Wilts, 16; ants and I.W.,.12; Berks, 11; Northants, 3; Worc., 4; Bucks, 1; unknown locality, 1. Thesites of the majority of them are determinable to witbin a few yards. From Portsmouth and Southampton Water, Winchester could be reached by the Roman road from Porchester, via Bitterne, near Southampton, to Winchester. From the latter,a Roman road led to Old Sarum, near Salisbury, and along much the same line was a ridge- way which led to a crossing of the Avon at the site of the modern Salisbury. By these routes anarmy could have reached Salisbury Plain and the large region of the primary -ton settlements on the plain and north of it. 1 On the basis of the types of articles found in Saxon graves, etc., Mr. E. T. Leeds, of the Ashmolean Museum, in Oxford, has put forward the view that the conquerors of Wessex came down the Icknield Way from the Wash. Had they done so remarkable a thing it might have been expected that a tradition of it would have survived. Of course, the tradition of the West Saxon invasion, which has survived, is that contained in the ‘‘ Saxon Chronicle’’ under the years 501, which gives Portsmouth as the place of landing. 544 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. The Geological distribution of the DB. woodland in Wiltshire is as follows :— Acres of Formation Square Acres of Woodland to Miles Woodland the Sq. Mile G. 2. Middle Lias 3 61 21 G. 4—5. Inferior Oolite 6 63 10 G. 6—8. Great Oolite 96 15119 157 G9. + C@ornbrasia 45 11548 257 G. 10. Oxford Clay 188 41116 219 G. 11. Corallian 46 3304 72 G. 12. Kimmeridge Clay 72 3426 48 G. 13. Portland Beds 10 723 72 H. 2. Lower Greensand 16 1136 qi = Hes: Gault 45 1301 - Hag) 2 H. 4. Upper Greensand 113 6367 56 1 H. 5. Chalk 676 59194 88 i228 Wowerdsocene 21 486 23 I, -32° London Clay. 18 659 37 I 4. ‘Bagshot Beds LT 91 8 The areas of timber on the chalk varies very much in different counties. The 88 acres to the square mile in Wilts is slightly above the ‘average. Butin Buckinghamshire this formation carries no less than 332 acres to the square mile. On the Cornbrash and the Oxford clay the acreage always tends to run large. In Wiltshire it is exceptionally large. 1 Tn the cases of these formations the amount of woodland is certainly understated. The reason isthis. These formations run in narrow belts across the country, and may form a small fraction of the area of a parish. The only method of calculating the areas of the DB. woodland on the different formations in that parish is to divide the amount of woodland according to the fraction of the parish area covered by each formation. Yet it is well known that these three formations are peculiarly productive of timber, and almost certainly carried more of it than the above method of dividing by fractions would indicate, but no other method is available. The modern areas of timber in a parishare too unsafe a guide to the areas of former times. Ov By G. B. Grundy, D. Litt. 54 BRAYDON FOREST PERAMBULATIONS There are extant four perambulations of Braydon Forest of which two are dated and two are not. The dated ones are assigned to the reigns of Edward III and Charles I. Of the undated ones, one includes exactly the same area as the Pn. of the reign of Edward III, though the landmarks are not asa rule the same. The other includes what is certainly a smaller area than the reputed Pn. of the time of Edward III, and should therefore be of a later date than it. The forests had been so reduced in size by the Pns. of the later years of Edward I that the monarchs of the next three centuries seem to have almost lost interest in them, probably because the dues coming from them were so small as to make them almost a negligible factor in the royal revenue. Charles [, being hard put to it to find money for his own and public purposes, sought for it wherever it could be found, and probably exacted from dwellers in and users of the forest various dues which had fallen into abeyance in the three preceding centuries. It will be well to take first the Pns., the bounds of which can be fully determined. PERAMBULATION A. _ This is said to date from the reign of Edward III. l. ‘‘Brimynges Bricge (Briming’s Bridge).’’ This bridge was on Woodbridge Brook (OM1), probably where the modern road crosses it on the W. edge of Webb’s Wood (OM1). 2. ‘‘ Thence West.’’. The By. ran W. along the brook. 3. ‘To the Gavesbourne.’’ The bourne is Woodbridge Brook.2 The old name contains the same element Gars- which is found in the name of the village of Garsdon further along the brook. 4. Along Garesbourne to La Wodebrigge (Wooden Bridge or possibly bridge near the Wood).’’ The old name of the bridge may survive in the name of Woodbridge Brook and certainly does survive in that of Woodbridge Copse, a small wood in the corner of Garsdon parish about $m N.E. of Cleverton village. The bridge would be where the road running N.E. from Cleverton crosses the Gavesbourne (Woodbridge Brook). 5. ‘* Along Garesbourne to Garesdone (Garsdon).’’ This takes the By., not actually to the village of Garsdon, but to a point on the brook where another brook enters it from the N. at the S.W. corner of Garsdon parish. 6. ‘To Wishmeres Mull (read Fishweres) (Mill at the Fish Weir). This was on the site of Garsdon Mill (OM1) about 5 fur. W. by N. of Garsdon Church. It is called Mill of Gavsedon in another Pn. 1 The date will be discussed later. 2 In the great Brokenborough ase! B, 921—2, K. 460, Woodbridge Brook is called Gevesbourne. WOE XVIII, NO. CLXXX — ZN 546 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. 7. ‘*To Schalde Forde (Shallow Ford).’’ The By. goes up the brook of 6 to where the Cricklade—Malmesbury road crosses it about 3 fur. S.W. of Charlton village. This ford is called Waldes Forde, Ford of the Forest, in the Charlton charter K. 23.1 8. ‘To Braden Brok (Braydon Brook). The By. ran up the brook of the last landmark to its source which is not far W.S.W. of Hankerton village. It then crossed a short watershed to Braydon Brook (OM1), meeting it probably at the sharp bend which it makes about 1m. N.W. of Hankerton Church (OM1). 9, “To La Steorte (the Tongue of Land between two’ streams) The By. passes along Braydon Brook to a tongue of land between the brook and one of its tributaries where the railway crosses the N. By. of Minety parish. The name survives in that of Sturt Farm (OMI). From this point onward the modern Braydon Brook takes the name of Swill Brook (OM1) ; but its old name throughout was Bradene Broc. 10. ‘“ ToLa Pye Hegge (the Magpie Hedge).’”’ A writerin Arch@ologia thought it was at Pike Corner (OM1) at the N.W. corner of Leigh parish. The By. is still following Swill Brook. 11. “Along the River Tamyse (Thames) to Halegheston (Hailstone).”’ It is assumed evidently that the By. is following the brook to its junction with the Thames near Ashton Keynes village. It follows that river to Hailstone Hill (OM1) a long mile W.N.W. of Cricklade town. 12. ‘‘ Along the River Tamyse to West Mull (Mill).”’ West Mull (OM6, 5, S.W.) is about }-m. N.W. of Cricklade on the Thames. Marked as “‘ Mill”’ in OM1. 13. ‘“‘To La Coulede Cross (the Cowled Cross).” ”? 1 Kemble, vol. Ill, p.374. 2 Charter of Mordune in Rodbourne Cheney (Abingdon Cartulary, p. 377. By G. B. Grundy, D. Litt. 547 20. ‘To Shaghe Brigge (Shaw Bridge).’’ This was where the road from Shaw (OM1) to Lydiard Millicent crosses the stream near the Nine Elms (OM1). 21. To ‘‘To the Pond of Lydiard Tregoz.’”’ This is the lake at Lydiard Tregoze. 22. ‘To the Mill of Mighale (Midge Hollow).’’ This is now Midge- hall (OM1) about 14m. N.E. of Wootton: Bassett. The mill must have been on the stream close to it. 23. ‘‘ To Batllardes Asshe (Baillard’s Ashtree).’”’ The name Ballard’s Ash survives (OM1) on the ridgeway 14m. N.N.W. of Wootton Bassett. The By. followed the ridgeway W. for about 2m. 24. ‘‘To Tres Divisas (Three Boundaries).’’ This is where the boundaries of Lydiard Tregoze, Brinkworth and Wootton Bassett meet on the ridgeway about 3 fur. W. of Highgate Farm (OM1). The area included in this Pn. is 31393 acres or about 49 sq. miles. The area included in the Pn. is large. Taking its limits as laid down in the Pn. it is very difficult to see where on any side of it there could have existed any part of the forest outside the Pn., except such areas as were added by Henry II and John, areas which in many cases were in no sense whatever forest land. (See the note added to Pn. B.) This Pn. is said to date from the reign of Edward III, i.e., to be later than the reign of Edward I in the latter years of which drastic reductions were made as is shown by the Pns. of that part of his reign. The spellings in the document show that it is highly improbable that the extant copy dates from before 1250 A.D. If, then, this document shows traces of being the original copy of it, it may date asearly as the later years of Henry III or from an early year in the reign of Edward I. If the choice of date lies in one of these two periods the latter alternative is the more probable for the reason that from Pns. made in the early part of the reign of Edward I, it seems fairly certain that that king was determined to maintain the forest areas as far as possible as he found them. The difficulty of assigning the Pn. to so late a date as the time of Edward III is as follows:—Pn. A. includes what is the same area of forest as Pn. B. and a note appended to the latter states expressly that it does not include the lands afforested at the time of the first coronation of Henry II. That statement seems to imply that the afforestations of Henry II were disafforested at the very time Pn. B. was made, and, as Pn. A. includes the same area, also at the time A. was made. If the afforestations of Henry II survived the drastic. DV Zien SP avish. Acres. ° Parish. Acres. Crudwell circ: 245 Cricklade circ. 6091 Hankerton circ. 1101 Purton 6464 Garsdon circ. 1015 Lydiard Milicent circ. 1870 Minety 3778 Lydiard Tregoze circ. 3258 Charlton: ico, cire: S8i2 Brinkworth circ. 1215 Leigh 1461 Braydon 1483 ZeNer 2, 548 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. reductions in forest areas made in the latter part of the reign of Edward I then Braydon is in that respect a marked exception among the forests of England. In point of fact itis unlikely that it was; and the probability is that this Pn. A. is of the reign of Edward I, and, if it is, Pn. B. is also, though not perhaps emanating from the same authority. But, as has been already said, the perambulations of Edward I were in two different categories, that of the earlier part of the reign showing a determination to maintain the forests at as wide an area as the times and circumstances permitted, and that of the later part of his reign involving a wide surrender and reduction of the forest areas. Pns. A. and B. retain what must have been the widest area of natural forest in the Braydon region even at the time of DB. three . centuries before, and therefore the early part of the reign is the more probable period of their composition. PERAMBULATION B. This perambulation is not apparently dated ; but it may be assumed perhaps that, as it appears in the Close Rolls (p. 103) of 1227—8, it belongs to that date, i.e , to the earlier years of the reign of Henry III. It comes after a general outlined statement of the bounds of Savernake Forest. After giving those bounds the text runs on :—“‘ they say that the bailey of Bradeleg? is ancient forest.’’ It then proceeds to give the bounds of the forest of Braydon, bounds which seem almost certainly to include the same area that is included in Pn. A. It is also stated that anything outside the Pn. was afforested after the first coronation of Henry II. Pevambulation. 1. ‘‘ From Eton of the monks (Nuns) of Godestouwe by the water- course of Werfe as far as Spersolt.’’ ‘The By. begins where the River Ray (Worfe) enters the Thames a litttle below Cricklade.? Eton is Water Eaton (OMI). Godstouwe is presumably the nunnerv near Oxford. Spersoltis not represented on the modern map; but it was, judging from the next landmark, where the stream which comes from Lydiard Tregoze joins the Ray about 5m. W. of Moredon. 2. ‘From Spersolt up the watercourse which goes to Lydiart of Roger of Stafford (Lydiard Tregoze).’’ This carries the By. to Lydiard Tregoze village. 3. ‘From Lydiart by the said watercourse to Antidoure.”’ 1T do not know what evidence in respect to date is to be found in the calligraphy of these two documents. Jhe date in Edward III’s reign is assigned to Pn. A. by a writer in Arch@ologia, xxxvil. 2 Bradeleg is an obvious error. But it would be interesting to know how it arose. Also the use of the term “ bailey,’’ which does not mean a forest but a division of a forest, for what is, as the Pn. shows, the whole forest of Braydon, is, to say the least of it, curious. 3 See note to landmark 17 of Pn. A. By'G..B..Grundy, De Litt. 549 4. ‘From Didoure down to the place where Garseburn falls into Tidour.”’ 5. “And from Tidoure down Garseburn to the mill of Garsedon.’’ These three landmarks taken together present a difficulty which is not soluble unless a not very probable conjecture is accepted. Tidoure is a stream name containing the Celtic element defy or dofr which appears as ‘‘dover”’ in various stream and place names in England. In a survey attached to the Dauntsey charter (B. 457—8) there are two references to a stream called Ydouve. Its name survives in that of Idover demesne Farm (OM1) in Dauntsey parish, and the stream is unquestionably the modern Brinkworth Brook (OM1), It would not be unnatural to identify the Ydoure of the charter of 850 A.D. with the Tidoure of the perambulation of four centuries later. Now comes the difficulty, namely, that in landmark 4 the Garseburn is described as falling into Tidouve. It is certain that the Garseburn is the modern Woodbridge Brook. That is shown by Pn. A., by the name Garsdon, and also by a landmark of the Brokenborough charter B. 921—2. But Woodbridge Brook and Brinkworth Brook are on opposite sides of the watershed along which runs the great ridgeway from Swindon to Malmesbury, and they enter the Avon at points 3m. apart. The only solution of the difficulty is to assume that the Ydoure of the Dauntsey charter and the Tidoure of the Pn. are not the same stream, but that ZTidouvre was an alternative name of the Garseburn, i.e., of Woodbridge Brook (OM1). In favour of this is the fact, evidenced in the Saxon charters and many later documents, that different names in different localities might be applied to the same stream.1 It is noticeable, too, that ‘‘ T’’ is a persistent element in the stream name of the perambulation; and it was certainly never part of the Idoure of the Dauntsey charter which is a Saxon Ig-dofr, ‘‘ Stream of the Island or Eyot.”’ Landmark 5 takes the By. up the stream which flows down from the IN about 4m. W. of Garsdon Church. .The mill of Garsdon (OM6, 8 S.E.) is marked a ‘‘ Mill’”’ in OMI and is 4m. W.N.W. of the village. So the Pn. is passing up the W. By. of Garsdon parish. 6. ‘‘ From the Mill down to Cherleton (Charlton).’’ This carries the ‘By. up the same stream and eventually to Charlton village. 7. ‘From Cherleton by the said watercourse to Bradene Brok (Bray- don Brook).”’ 2 7 8. ‘From Bradene Broc to the Spring of Haltestan (Hailstone near Cricklade) which falls into the Thames.” The By. follows Braydon Brook and its modern continuation Swill Brook to the Thames, 1.e., - 1 To many people this may not seem a very convincing conjecture; but I myself am inclined to think that it is correct. 2 See landmark 8 of Pn. A. 550 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. still takes the same line as Pn. A. The Spring of Hailstone must have been somewhere near where the Swill Brook enters the Thames. 9. ‘ By the Thames to Eton where Werffe enters the Thames.’’ See landmark 1. There is added a note: ‘“‘ All outside these bounds was afforested after the first coronation of Henry II.” This tends to confirm the conjecture that this Pn. and Pn. A. date from either the later years of the reign of Henry III or the early years of that of Edward I. Then comes the question why there should be two perambulations of the same area of forest. The explanation may be that Pn. B. emanates from Malmesbury Monastery as does a variant form of Pn. C. (see later). In the case of Gillingham Forest, in Dorset, Glastonbury made a Pn of its own. The monasteries found that such perambulations were necessary owing to encroachments made or attempted by the Crown on monastic lands in the neighbourhood of the forests, which would bring additional areas of monastic land under forest law, and increase the burdens and liabilities attached to them. PERAMBULATION C. This perambulation is undated.!. Nor are its bounds traceable throughout; but enough of them can be traced to show that it includes a smaller area of forest than Pns. A. and B. ‘That implies that it is of later date than they are. The forms of words in it show, however, that it is not of much later date. It might be conjectured that it is of the late years of Edward I. There are, as a fact, two copies of it, one of aitiels is in the Malmes- bury Cartulary, made probably at the instance of the monastery. It contains certain landmarks not found in the other copy. PERAMBULATION. (Additions and variants from the Malmesbury copy are inserted in brackets.) 1. ‘‘ Beostocke, (Betslolke) (Buscolke).”’ 2. ‘To the Grenebourne (Green Brook).’’ The Gvrenebourne is now Derry Brook (OM1) the large brook which, coming from the S., enters the Thames opposite the village of Ashton Keynes. Landmark 1 does not survive in any modern form. It was possibly at some point on Derry Brook, S. of the railway, near Minety station. 3. ‘Along Grenebourne to Colstockes Forde (Culstoke Ford) (Kulsoke Forde).’’ 4. ‘‘To the two Sandfordes (Sampford).’’ The latter ford, as is shown by cross-references to Pns. A. and D., was upon the Cricklade- Malmesbury road, where it crosses the Grenebonrne, Derry Brook, at Sambourn Bridge (OM1). Sambourn is evidently another old name for this part of Derry Brook. Connected with it is the name Sampford of the Malmesbury Pn. 1 This means that the only copies I have been able to find are not dated. By G. B. Grundy, D. Litt. 551 The name of the Ford on landmark 3 does not survive, but it may have been where a road or track crosses Derry Brook, about 300 yards E.S.E. of Minety railway station (OM1). 5. ‘To Calewe Hull (Bare Hill) de la Coue (Cove) (Callawell Hulle).”+ The name of the hill is recorded in an Elizabethan Pn. of the manor of Leigh. It was on the N. By. of Leigh, where the road from Ashton Keynes to Braydon crosses that stream. Thename ofthe Cove appears also in the Elizabethan Pn. of Leigh in the form Couwewoode, which was 4m. N.W. of the hill. 6. ‘To Godefrayes Hurne (Godfrey’s Corner) (Godefrayes Hull).”’ 7. “To Sandragges Hoke (Sandriches Hoke) (Sandrychshoke) (the Oak on Sandridge).”’ The Elizabethan Pn. of Leigh shows a Sandridge to have been on the Malmesbury-Cricklade road, probably about 3 fur. W.N.W. of Chelworth Green. (OM1) landmark 6 was somewhere on the same road, between Callow Hill and Sandridge. 8. ‘‘ To Canones Weye (Canon’s Way) (Canewye) (Canonweye).” This must have been a road or track which went N. from landmark 7 to the Thames. Its line has not survived. It was possibly along the Leigh—Cricklade By. 9. ‘‘ To the River Tamesie (Thames) (Tamzis).’’ The By. after reach- ing the Thames went evidently down that river as far as West Mill. (See landmark 12 of Pn. A.). 10. ‘‘To Couelde Croz (the Cowled Cross) (Ceudecrouche) (Coude- crouch).’’ -A cross reference in Pn. B. shows that the Cross was on what is now the Cricklade—Wootton Bassett road just outside the town of Cricklade, about 300 yards from where the railway crosses that road. 11. ‘‘Along the Via Regia.’’ The By. runs S. along the road above mentioned. The Pn. now cites landmarks the names of which do not survive in any modern form.? 12. ‘To La Fryth (the Clump of Brushwood) (La Frithe).”’ 13. “To Stoke Brigge (Stoke Bridge).”’ 14. ‘To Wide Mor (the extensive Swampy Ground.) 15. ‘To (Peuereles Wode) ? (Peverill’s Wood}.’’ 16.- ‘‘ To Le Merwey (Bouadary Way) (Morewaye).”’ 17. ‘“ (Battenhende).’’ * 18. ‘' (Ratedelvngs).” 4 i9= "fo Bocchede Lynde.” 20% Golo (Lholnitves Hulle\ Polmetreshulle) (.'. ... °. Hill). * 21 “Lo La Sivode (the Marsh).” +22. “Fo Beostoke (Buscoke).”’ See landmark I. Ve 1 Obviously an error. Several of the forms in the Malmesbury Pn. are very suspect. It may be a later copy of an original made by some- body who had difficulty in reading a blurred text. 2 The names are given here in case anyone with local knowledge of the region can trace the line which the Pn. follows. ~ 3 This is only in the Malmesbury copy of the Pn. 4 Only in the Malmesbury copy. | 552 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. The first thing which is evident about these two Pns. is that one or both of them is very much corrupted, so that in some cases not merely the locality but also the nature of the landmark is not determinalle. The only one to which any apparent clue exists is the Peverill’s Wood of 15. It is mentioned in the later Pn. of the time of Charles I where Green Bourne, which is now Derry Brook, is said to run between Peverill’s Wood and the manor of Myntie (Minety}. The Green Bourne, i.e., Derry Brook, forms the whole of the E. and the E. part of the S By. of Minety. In a map of the region of Minety dating from the time of Elizabeth the name of the wood occurs in the corrupted form Peuceles Wood, and, so far as can be estimated from what is a very rough map, it stood about $m. W.S.W. of Bury Hill (OMI) in the curious and narrow W. extension of the parish of Purton. But this identification of site raises the difficulty that the By. starts at the Green Bourne, i.e., Derry Brook, (see landmark 2) and yet between Peverill’s Wood and the Green Bourne, near to which the wood lies, are eight landmarks, 16—23. The only possible conjecture as to the course of the Pn. is suggested by the very unusual nature of the parish boundaries of the region. The parish of Purton has a long narrow extension running W. up to and beyond Bury Hill. It is 2m. long and less than 4m. wide. The parish of Cricklade has a still more extraordinary extension. It runs first W. along the N. side of the extension of Purton ; doubles round that, and then runs E. along the N. side of Braydon parish. These features, very unusual in parochial boundaries, must have been due to local circumstances of an unusual character, namely, the inclusion in Purton and Cricklade at the time of the final disafforestation of the forest of two areas of the forest now represented by the extraordinary extension of the parish of Cricklade. If this conjecture be possible, then it is probable that the modern Braydon parish was part of the area of the forest at the time when the Pns. now being considered were made. Oa this assumption it is possible to make suggestions as to the sites of landmarks 12—14. Stoke Brigge of 13 may have beea where the modern road crosses the River Key in the village of Purton Stoke. If so, the By. must have run S. along the line of the modern Cricklade —Wootton Bassett road (landmark 11) as far as the cross roads on the E. edge of Purton Stoke village. Le Fryth (brushwood) of 12 was probably at those cross roads. From Stoke Bridge the By. would run apparently W.N.W. across Purton parish to the N. By. and the swampy ground of 14 may have been where that By. crosses a stream just E. of Leighfield Lodge Farm (OM1). Landmarks 16—22 are not now to be identified. This is due to some extent to their being in corrupted forms. If the conjecture which has been made is true, they must have been on the N.E. and S. boundaries of Braydon parish. 1 The suggested conjecture can be followed by reference to OMI. By G. B. Grundy, D. Litt. 553 PERAMBULATION D. This Pn. dates from the reign of Charles I, at the time when that monarch was trying to revive some of the lapsed revenues which the crown derived from the forests. Perambulation. 1. ‘From Charnam Oak.” Ze)», bo Peverell’s-Wood.”’ 3. ‘‘To the Greenbourne.” This stream is now Derry Brook (OM1). Peverill’s Wood is shown on an old sketch map of the manor of Minety. It must have stood between Bury Hill (OML) which is 13m. N. of Braydon village, and Derry Brook. The Pn. was possibly passing along the brook, which is the W. By. of Cricklade parish. The oak tree of 1 may have been near where Derry Brook makes a sharp bend from W. to N. about 4m. N.N.E. of Ravensroost House Lodge (OM1). 4. ‘* To Sandford.”” This was where the_road from Cricklade to Malmesbury crosses Derry Brook at Sambourn Bridge. 5. “‘Along Leigh Marsh.” The By. follows as a fact the Cricklade —Malmesbury road. Leigh Marsh was on the road to the S.W. of Leigh village. 6. ‘To Burnlake (the Slow-flowing Stream).’’ The name occurs in that of Bournlake Farm (OM1) about 2m. W.S.W. of Cricklade. The stream flows along the E. By. of Leigh parish. (ee lo the: Thames.” This would-be where the Bourn Lake enters the Thames due N. of the above farm. 8. “To Hailstone Bridge.”’ This was probably where the road from Cricklade to South Cerney crosses the Thames at Hailstone Hill. 9. “By the Thames to West Mills.’’ West Mill (OM6) is marked in OM1 as ‘‘Mill.” Itis on the Thames, about 4m. N.W. of Cricklade. ~ 10. ‘ By a lane bordering on Cricklade.’’ This was on the line of the lane running S from West Mills. Bites Lor @ulver Hay-Close.” The name does not. survive, but the close must have been about where the above lane crosses the railway. 12 Lo'the-Forty.’’ This curious name survives in OM6 on the Cricklade-Wootton Bassett road, about 1 fur. S. of where it crosses the railway. 13. ‘By the King’s Highway, to the end of Chilworth Lane.” This is the lane which, coming from the W. from Chelworth Green (OM1), joins the highway at Broadleaze Farm (OM1). Meee othe Mrithss nd.’ Dhis is probably La Fryth of Pn..C. landmark 12, which was possibly at the crossroads. at the E. edge of Purton Stoke village. 15. ‘‘To the Dutchy Ragg and two other Raggs.”’ ‘‘ Ragg’’ means probably rough ground. The Dutchy Ragg (OMI) is on the W. extension of Cricklade parish, about 2m. N.N.W. of Braydon village. The other Raggs appear in field names in the neighbourhood, viz., Great Raggs and Middle Raggs, both in Purton parish, N. and 5S.W. respectively of Bury Hill Farm (OM1). It looks as if the Pn. took what has been the conjectured course of Pn. C., viz., from Purton Stoke N.W. 554 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. across Purton parish, and then along the By. between Cricklade and Purton. 16. ‘‘ To Poucher’s Raggs.’’ This may be the Middle Raggs referred to in reference to the previous landmark. It extended probably to the extreme E. corner of the narrow W. extension of Purton parish, $m. N.N.E. of Ravensroost House Lodge (OM1). 17. “To Munck’s Rails.”’ 18. “To Stoke Bridge.”’ This last landmark is almost certainly the Stoke Bridge of Pu. C landmark 13, which seems to have been the bridge at Purton Stoke. It is almost impossible even to guess what line the Pn. took from landmark 16—18. Landmark 17 is, by nature, unidentifiable. Either the Pn. is of the most sketchy nature in this part or, what is more probable, some landmarks have been omitted from the extant copy. It is probable, however, that it followed for a long distance either the parish By. between the extension of Cricklade which runs back E. and the W. extension of Purton, or that between Cricklade and Braydon parishes. 19... “To” Scholar's Close in Stoke Marsh.- “Bhis may have been where the road from Purton Stoke meets the highway from Cricklade to Wootton Bassett. The area of the forest included in Pos. A and B is about 30,117 acres. Within this area Domesday records the existence of only 6,301 acres of woodland. But Minety, Leigh and Braydon are not mentioned in DB., and were therefore not village communities in 1086, probably because at that time they were uncleared forest land. This would make the total area of the woodland in 1085.a little over 13,000 acres. Nor does the forest appear to have been much more extensive at the beginning of the Saxon period. The name Lea (Lea and Cleverton) implies the former existence of woodland in that small land unit which may have been part of the forest; but there is no other evidence which would support any assumption that any other region outside these perambulations was formerly in the natural forest. The bounds of Pns. C. and D. are not sufficiently traceable for it to be possible to say what area was included in them. But the area was much less than that included in the previous Pns. It is certain that on the N., Minety and Leigh had been disafforested; and it is almost certain that a still larger area in the S. of the old forest was not included in these later perambulations. CERTAIN ELIZABETHAN PERAMBULATIONS OF THE Forest.t EXCHEQUER SPECIAL COMMISSION ANNO 15 ELiz. Three perambulations of 1572, i1e., of the reign of Elizabeth, survive. They do not add anything of note to the topographical detail, but they are important as rare examples of Pns. made in that reign. It is evident that at the date at which they were drawn up any attempt at an accurate tracing of the old bounds was causing perplexity. l These perambulations were communicated to me by Canon F. H. Manley, of Great Somerford, to whom I owe a great debt of gratitude, all the more so as he sent me complete MS. copies of them. By G. B. Grundy,. D. Litt. 555 But those who drew up these Pns. need not have been perplexed, becanse their work, when examined, corresponds very closely to the Pns. of at least two centuries earlier, so closely indeed that it would be superfluous to print the documents they have drawn up in view of the fact that the evidence on which they relied is already given in extenso in the texts of the earlier Pns. The commissioners state that they were directed ‘‘ to inquire into the _ testimony of ancient inhabitants and to review the bounds supposed to be the bounds of the said forest.”’ But it is improbable that the commissioners could have got the in- formation which they produce from inhabitants of even a patriarchal age. Apart from that, any surviving tradition existent in the days of Elizabeth could only relate to the latest perambulation preceding her time. It is inconceivable that tradition could have gone back to Pns. of earlier dates—of the reigns of Henry III or Henry II. Thus the in- structions to make inquiry on the spot meant nothing more than that they were to use that means of helping out their readings of the old Pns. when a reading was doubtful, and to add any details which might further elucidate the old documents which they used. That they used the old documents as the basis of their report is practically certain. Most of the landmarks in their Pns. correspond with those of the earlier ones which have been already discussed ; and the additions which the commissioners made consist mostly of the mention of houses near which the Pn. passed. But there is a sinister side to their activities. They did not confine themselves to recording the bounds of the forest in its reduced form of the late years of Edward I, but also cited still earlier Pns. which gave the bounds of the forest when it was of much larger extent. This looks as if the Crown was prepared to re-include in the forest much that had been disafforested in those later years of Edward. It is a tendency still more marked in the reign of Charles I, and there are traces of it also in the reign of James 1.1 Of these Pip abetnan Pns., one is derived from the Pn. which belongs probably to the reign of Edward I. Its main landmarks correspond with those of the Edwardian document. There are a few textual errors all of which can be amended without any difficulty, and there are a few additional details which consist in references to houses belonging to owners of the Elizabethan age. But the forest area is the same as that indicated by the Edwardian Pn. The second Elizabethan Pn. is derived from the Close Rolls of 1227—8, the reign of Henry III. Save for a few variants in spelling, the two documents give what are practically the same landmarks. e.g. with regard.to the forest of Rockingham in Northamptonshire. Under Charles I the tendency was shown in the case of the forest of Selwood in Wilts, and the forest of Whittlebury in Northants. 556 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. The third presents some difficulty, not topographical, but in respect to the date of the Pn. from which it is obviously derived. The com- missioners ascribe it to the reign of Henry III. In recent times it has been ascribed! to the reign of Edward III. As it includes a larger area than the Pn. of the time of Edward I it is practically certain that it is of earlier date, and is, as the commissioners say, of the time of Henry III. It is in fact a more detailed Pn. of the same area as that included in the Pn. in the Close Rolls of 1227—8. SlsO INS, JO MASI: There are six perambulations extant relating to the Forest of Chute. Of these perambulations (hereafter labelled A, B, C, D, E, F), Bisfrom the Forest’ Roll 28 Edw. il, A, BE, and: — aresall}iromuthewkecord Office Proceedings of E 32, No. 225. Pn. D. belongs to the year 1300. Pn. A seems to be a Pn. of the forest when it was at its largest extent, and belongs probably to the reign of Henry II. This is in a sense con- firmed by the one Pn. which is not in the above series, a charter of 1300, 1.e., of the later years of Edward I. In a note attached tot, itis stated that it gives the bounds of the forest when the area attached to it under Henry II had been disafforested. If that is so, and there is no reason to suppose that it is not, the area added to the forest in Henry II’s time was unusually large, for the Pn. of 1300 includes but a small fraction of that area. It is curious that two of the Stowe Pns. include the same area as that included in the Pn. of 1300, though the landmarks are not all the same. In the case of other forests Pns. including the same areas are found ; but in those cases they can generally be explained by the existence of a monastic Pn. side by side with that made by the crown. In the case of Chute there is no monastery which is hkely to have had any interest in the bounds of the forest in its reduced form. All that can be said is that these two documents must be, as Forest Pns. go, of late date. They may be two Pns. of the forest made, for some reason not known, in the reiga of Edward IIL. Two of the Pns., E and F, refer to two areas in the neighbourhood of Hippenscombe in Tidcombe and Fosbury parish. Part of Hippens- combe had been transferred to the Forest of Savernake. There is no question as to where the area included in them lay, and their bounds are on the whole traceable. All the documeats are copies made by scribes who knew apparently nothing of the local topography of the lands with which the documents deal; in fact the mistakes they make in the spellings of names are such as to render it doubtful whether they were well acquainted with the English language of the time. This defect is just as noticeable in the Stowe MSS. relating to Savernake. 1 On what authority I do not know. By G. B. Grundy, D. Litt. 557 All the documents are labelled as belonging to Chute, and are un- doubtedly Pns. of the forest made at different times. But, though three of them are attributed to the reign of Edward III, one of them is certainly of the time of Henry II or John, probably, for reasons already mentioned, of the former. It is certainly most improbable that the forest was ever of an extent greater than the very large area included in the Pn. A. The other two documents already mentioned, B and C, include, as has been said, the same area of land as the Pn. of 1300. They may be copies of Pns. of the later years of Edward I, or they may be revised surveys made for some reason or other in the reign of Edward III. The other two documents labelled Hippenscombe are, like the others, labelled as belonging to the Forest of Chute. It may be that they refer to a small patch of forest exempted from the disafforestation of 1300.1 In these Pns. the descriptive matter is in Latin, which is here given in translation, and the proper names are in what profess to be their middle English forms. Pe eA: For reasons given above, this Pn. originates in all probability in the reign of Henry II; but the extant copy is of Edwardian date. l. ‘“‘ From Lovesgate, now Coudenesgate, so far as Cathangre (Cat Hanging Wood) by the boundary of the counties of Wiltshire and Southampton.” The Cathanger as a name survives in that of a wood (OMI and OM6, 49 N.E.) in the S.W. part of Chute parish and on the borders of Conholt Park (OMI). It is, as implied in the landmark, on the Co. By., and further landmarks show that the Co. By. was the E. By. of the Wiltshire part of the forest. 1 It may be well to add a note on the actual date of the MSS. in the form in which they are extant. In dealing with extant copies of Saxon charters my practice has been to arrive at the dates of them by taking the forms used in them of the spellings of certain terms common in land charters of the Saxon and post-Conquest age. Of these terms, 56 in number, I have collected about 60,000 examples from documents officially and satisfactorily dated between the years 1100and 1550. In the case of most of the Saxon charters it is possible to get a sufficient number of examples of these 56 terms to make it possible to say to within half a century to what period the extant copy of a charter belongs. In many of these copies forms of spelling of essentially pre- Conquest date are found mingled with other forms of the post-Conquest period. You know then that the extant copy, though it may show signs of having been made as late as the fifteenth century, is a copy of a document of the Saxon age, which is the main point to be determined. It is sometimes, but, as a fact, rarely, possible to say whether it is a secondhand copy of the original, ie., a copy of a copy. Applying this method to these Stowe MSS. they are marked down quite clearly as belonging to the half-century, 1300—1349, i.e., to the later years of the reign of Edward I, or to the reign of Edward II, or to the earlier half of the reign of Edward III. 558 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. The final landmark of this Pn. makes it clear that Coudene Gate was on the Co. By.! But a reference in a document ot 1259 recording a judgment which defined the By. between Chute and Savernake forests at Hippenscombe speaks of Godevenevate, which is on the site of the gate of this Pn. The gate was where the Co. By. crosses the Hippens- combe valiey, called Conholt Bottom in this part, about $m. W. of Vernham Dean. . | 2. “ By the same county boundaries as far as Capyden et inde usque Clanefeld.’’- Cross references in the later Pns. show that Capydene was the valley down which the E. By. of Chute Forest parish and the Co. By. run for more thana mile. After that the Co. By. diverges from the bottom of the valley ; but both this and the later Pns. seem toimply that the forest By. continued down the road which runs along the bottom of the valley to a point where about a furlong E. of Flinty (OM1) the Co. By. turns W. and crosses the road which runs down the valley. Hereabouts, as the later Pns. show, was the Clanefeld.* 3. ‘‘ And so towards the west as far as Buddeston.’’ (Biddesden OM1). The Pn. goes westward as stated in the landmark, along the Co. By. to Biddesden on the S. By. of the parish of Chute Forest. 4. ‘In the south part of that forest as far as the Park of Lutegarsale (Ludgershall) which Walter Duck (enclosed ?).” In the extreme SE. corner of Ludgershall parish is the name South Park (OM1) where the Co. By. makes a bend. From Biddesden therefore the bounds of the forest would seem to have run first W. along the Co. By. for about a mile to where it bends S. at right angles, and then S. along the said By. to South Park, a survival of the Park of Ludgershall which must have been W. of that part of the Co. By. which runs S. 5. ‘‘ And thence by the county boundary as far as Todeworth Husee.? 6. ‘And so by the said county boundary as far as Le Schyrmel.” ‘Todeworth is N. Tidworth on the Co. By. What Schyrvmel means it is not possible to say. It is just possible that the first element in it is the ME. form of the AS. sczrv, ‘‘ a dividing line,’’? and the second mael, “. “love Rydehone... 16. ‘To Le Stretgaie’’ (Street Gate). Theselandmarks, 12—16, take the Pn. along the S. By. of one of the Pns. of Savernake. Street Gate of 16 is mentioned in two of the later of these Stowe MSS., and also in a Pn. of Savernake. It was where the boundaries of Tidcombe, Collingbourne Kingston, Grafton and Chute meet at Scot’s Poor (OM1), 2im. E. by N. of Collingbourne village. The William of White Way got his name, no doubt, from the fact that he lived on that road. The road is mentioned as part of the S. By. of a Pn. of Savernake. In the Savernake Pn. the name is applied to the road which runs through Aughton and Brunton (OMI) just N. of Collingbourne village right through the parish from W. to E. But in this Pa. it seems to be applied only to the part of it W. of Aughton, the rest being apparently the Green Way of landmark 14.1 The Athelyngedene of the same landmark is almost certainly the valley which the Green Way crosses along 3m. W. of the Street Gate. The Pound of 13 was probably near Brunton hamlet. The Rydehone of 15 seems to be a corruption of some name which defies identification. It must, of course, have been on the By., not far from Street Gate. 17. ‘‘ As the great way (leads ?)? from the Street Gate by the bottom of the valley of Hippenscombe.”’ 1 Before the days of maps local nomenclature was apt to be variable. Mr. Brentnall has called my attention to a passage in a Savernake document (Exch. K.R. For. Proc. Bundle 11, No. 25) which confirms the identification of the Green Way. “Per viridem viam que ducit apud Wyteweve.”’ 2 The latin word is ‘‘condonat.’’ It appears elsewhere in these MSS. Whether it is a variant for ‘‘conducit’”’ or not it is fairly certain that “leads” gives a correct interpretation of what is implied in the text By G. B. Grundy, D. Litt. 561 This is the road which runs in a general E. direction from Street Gate down Hippenscombe Bottom (OM1) through the S. part of Tidcombe and Fosbury parish. 18. ‘‘As the same road leads as far as Hevemitestone’”’ (Hermit’s Stone). The road follows the bottom of the valley for some distance until it reaches a bend in the valley at Blackdown Barn, about 4m. E.S.E. of Scot’s Poor barn. The Hermit’s Stone was almost certainly at or close to the barn. 19. ‘‘And thence as far as Louesgate, which is now called Gondonegate, which is mentioned above.’’ See landmark 1. The total area included in this Pn. of the official forest at its greatest extent is about 59,702 acres, or 93 sq. m. The next three perambulations, B, C and D, as they include the same area of forest, although the landmarks do not in all-cases correspond, may be taken together. For clearness sake it may be well to print the whole of them before attempting to define the individual landmarks. Te B.1. © ‘‘To the west end of Covelee.”’ 1-250). Po the west-end.ot Coueleye.,’ 1 C.3. ‘Between the wood of our lord the king and the wood of John de Insula to the path called Coupath’’ (Cow Path). EW: C.4. ‘And so between the said wood of our lord the king and the aforesaid wood of John de Insula to Smythsclade’’ (Smith’s Wooded Valley). D.2. ‘Ascending between the demesne wood and the wood of John de Insula to Le Smytesslade.’’ MAMe C.5. ‘‘ And so between the aforesaid wood of our lord the king and the aforesaid wood of John de Insula to La Heldelonde”’ (. . . Land). Nie ipa. “No the Hachegate” (Hatchgate). €\6. ‘‘And-thence to the Hachehete.”’ D.3. ‘‘To the Hachgate in Grenestandene’’ (Green Valley of the Stone.) Vile B.3. ‘‘By the Holdecherchewey”’ (Old Church Way). Vil, C.7. ‘And so as the road lies outside Gouleshegge’’(. . . Hedge). VIII. B.4. ‘To the Chalkeputtes’’ (Chalkpits). 1D 6,8. ‘To Ioyesmapele’’ (Joy’s Mapletree). D.4. ‘‘To Lloyesmapele.”’ C.9. ‘And so between the demesne wood of our lord the king . . . HON ANAT, AN KO) gM Ollp.O;d:¢ 2.0 562 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. as the way runs to the field of John de Styhele called Reddeland”’ (Red Land). D.5. ‘As the way leads between the demesne wood and the holding once held by Robert le Whyte called ydefeld’’ (? Rede Feld, Red Field, 1.€., an Open space in woodland). XI. B81 ho Capydenwal. 5) Walleye C.10. ‘‘And so by the same Field as far as the Northennde (North End) of Captesdene round Tahenethwichene’’ (. . . Crossroads). D.6. ‘‘To the north end of Capedene over against Cabytwyehene.”’ XII. B.6. ‘To Captesdenes Suthende’’ (South End). Cill. “Along Capyedene to Britteshurne (~ «2; = Coren): im: Thanefeld”’ (? Clanville). D.7. ‘Along Capydene as the way leads between the demesne wood and the wood of Thangeleye (Tangley) and so along Capydene to Brittesherne.’’ XIII. C.12. ‘‘ And so as the road leads between the demesne wood of our lord the king and the pasture of Remerygh (Ramridge) to Stanndene’’ (Valley of the Stone). XGINE | C.13. ‘‘And from Stanndene between the wood of our lord the king .. as the way runs to Gorden”’ (Valley of the Gore). D.8. ‘‘ Westwards by the end of a wood as far as Gordene.”’ XV. B.7. ‘To the Cross of Budesdene’”’ (Biddesden). XGvale C.14. ‘As the way leads as far as Bortitesdene’’ (read Budesdene, Biddesden). D.9. ‘To Buddesdene. XOVALT. B.8. ‘‘ Through the middle of the village of Budesdene.”’ C.15. ‘And so through the middle of Buddesdene.”’ DOs s and as the way leads through the middle of the villa of Buddesdene.’ Vane C.I. and C.16. “From Thomasedene.’’ ‘‘ As the road leads along Thomasedene.”’ OK Cli. “Lo Crokespaih (Crook's? Path) and) them ankaasor Loutegareshale’’ (Ludgershall). D.11.° ‘ho Croukespathe.~ 1. The Pn. begins at or close to a point where the Co. By. turns S. near Faberstown (OM6, 49 S.W.) a short mile due E. of Ludgershall village. As is shown by Pn. A. landmark 4, the Park of Ludgershall (XIX) must have come up to that point. BY Gab. Grundy, Dit. 563 From that point the By. of the present Pns.ran N. The Cvrokespath of XIX is represented by the lane called Crawlboys Lane (OM6, 49 S.W.), which runs up to Crawlboys Farm (OM1). Covelee of I must have been the region W. of that lane. II, the Cow Path must have been on the track which runs E.N.E. along the parish By. from Crawlboys Farm (OM1). III. Smith’s Slade is probably the valley which runs up N. from Biddesden ; and the point indicated is where the parish By. crosses it by the wood called Coldridge End (OM1). IV. Heldelonde is not a determinable landmark ; but it was probably on the parish By. near Forest Farm (OM1). V. The landmark D.3 gives the clue to the situation of the Hatch Gate. Green Standen as a name survives in that of Standen, which is obviously the name of the considerable valley which runs S. through the parish of Chute Forest from Lower Chute (OMI) and Cadley. At landmark XIII the Pn. crosses the same valley further S. The Hatch Gate must have been where the parish By. crosses the valley at Lower Chute (OM1). VI. The Old Church Way must have been along the line of lane along which the parish By. runs E. of Cadley. ~VII—X. At this point in the Pn. the landmarks of the three documents vary considerably ; but, though they are not determinable individually, they must have been on or near the lane mentioned in VI, at points between Cadley (OM1) and the place where the lane meets the Co. By. along 4m. further E. The lane meets the Co. By. about 3tfur. N.N.W. of Tangley village. It meets the By. at the bottom of a valley, which is the Capadene of XI, and the place of meeting is the N. end of Capedene. The By. now runs S. down that valley, along the bottom of which the Co. By. and a road run S. for a considerable distance. As far as the other names in this landmark XI are concerned, the only thing which is certain about them is that they are very corrupt. Tahanetwichene seems certainly to contain the element twiccene, cross- roads. If so, the reference is to the crossroads where the lane meets to Co. By. and the road running down the valley. The other name, Cabytwyehene, probably contains the same element twiccene, and must be an alternative name of the crossroads. The Caby- may be a mis- representation of the Capy- or Cape- of Capedene. XII. The variants of this landmark in the three Pns. all carry the By. for a long distance down Capedene along the road which traverses it as far as a point close to Flinty (OM1) in the SE. corner of Chute Forest parish. The only landmark mentioned between the extremities of this long stretch of By. is the wood of Tangley. It will be noticed that. at the: S: end of this piece of By. the Co. By. diverges from Capedene and runs down E. of it. It may be that the piece of country between the valley and the Co. By. was the site of the wood. Britt’s Corner was certainly at the angle in the Co. By. close to Flinty (OM1), and may be a reference to the angle. The corner is said 2022 564 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. in C. II to be in Clanefeld, and it has been suggested in reference to landmark 2 of Pn. A that this name may survive in the name Clanville, the hamlet about 4m. S. of the corner.! XIII. Ramridge as a name survives in that of Ramridge House (OM1) and Ramridge Copse in the SE. part of Appleshaw parish about 3m. SE. of the village. But the landmark is quite a mile N. of that place. The ridge runs N. and divides Capedene from that Standene a northern part of which is mentioned in landmark V. The Pn. has now turned along the Co. By., and the Ramridge mentioned here would be on that By. not much more than jm. W.oflandmark XII. After pass- ing over Ramridge the Co. By. and the Pn. cross over Standene about 4m. further on. XIV. The way here mentioned is the road which runs all along the Co. By. in this part. A short 4m. W. of Standene the Co. By. and the road cross a small vailey which must be the Gordene of this landmark. XV. It can only be guessed that the Cross of Biddesden was at the cross-roads on the E. edge of Biddesden Park (OM1) and on the Co. By., for it is at such road meetings that crosses were wont to be set up. XVI and XVII. The landmarks refer to where the Pn. and Co. By. are passing through Biddesden Park. XVIII. From Biddesden Farm (OM1) a valley with a road along the bottom of it runs up due W. This is the Thomasdene and the road of this landmark. . XIX. See landmark 1. The Pn. contains the parish of Chute Forest and part of the parish of Ludgershall. The whole area of the forest within its bounds was, as near as can be calculated, about 2,151 acres, or somewhat more than 3 sq. m. as compared with the 93 sq. m. of the official forest of the days ef Henry II. In the case of other forests very drastic reductions are made by the Pns. of the later years of Edward I; but there does not appear to be any other case in which a forest was reduced to less than one-thirtieth of its former size. THE HIPPENSCOMBE PERAMBULATIONS Pevambulations E and F. As has been already mentioned these two Pns. are labelled Chute in this series of Stowe MSS. It is known that the road running down the bottom of the Hippenscombe valley in the S. part of the parish of Tidcombe and Fosbury was the By. between Savernake and Chute Forests; therefore, as both of these Pas. are labelled ‘‘Chute,’’ they ought to apply to the region S. of the road. Asa fact any satisfactory attempt to trace the whole of their boundaries is faced with unusual difficulties, though such 1 Clanville may possibly be derived from Claene Feld, Clean Field, i.e€., an Opening in woodland clear of bushes or scrub. By. G. B. Grundy, D. Litt. 565 difficulties are apt to arise in solving topographical documents which deal with small areas, and consequently cite landmarks of a minor nature such as would rarely survive in modern local nomenclature. The fact that the two Pns. have many landmarks in common would seem to imply that they refer to the same area. Pevambulations E and F. (Title) of E. ‘‘The metes and Bounds of Hyppyngescumbe.”’ E.1. ‘‘From the Strethete’’ (Read Stretgete, Street Gate). ols.) Chey begin. at the.Stveizate.’’ E.2. ‘Along the bottom of Grymesdych (Grim’s Ditch) to Harpedene’’ (= Valley). F.2. “And so along the bottom of Grymesdych to Harpedeneseynde ”’ (@iherendof~. -i- : 4 Valley). E.3. ‘‘Andso as the road leads to Heremyteston *(Hermit’s Stone). F.3, ‘‘ And so as the road leads to Le Heremite Stone.”’ F.4. ‘And soas the way leads to Blerenhullesseyt’’ (The . . . of Hill). F.5. ‘And thence as the way leads in Longendine (Long Dean) of Hyppingscumbe.”’ E.4. “‘‘And as the way stretches along the valley as far as Hockholtesdychende ’’ (The end of the ditch of Oak Holt). F.6. ‘‘ As far as Ockholtesdych.”’ E 5. ‘‘And so round the hill as the way leads to the ditch Undergesemeresdoune’’ (Under . . . Hiaill). F.7. ‘‘ And thence as the way leads uphill as far as Covenholtesdych.”’ E.6. ‘‘ And thus as the ditch leads to Strethete.”’ E.1. and F.1. The boundary of the Pn. starts at Street Gate which, as a cross reference in a Pn. of Savernake shows, was at Scot’s Poor (OM1) at the point where the parishes of Tidcombe and Fosbury, Collingbourne Kingston, and Chute meet. E.2 and F.2. These landmarks take the By. along Grim’s Ditch to the end of Harpedene. ‘The traces of this ditch are shown on OM1, and far more clearly on OM6 (43, S.W.) running roughly from N. to S. through Scot’s Poor (OMI). The Pn. went along that part of it which is N. of Scot’s Poor for about 3fur. when it reached the top end of the valley of Hippenscombe and the last modern traces of the road which runs down the bottom of the valley for all its length. This is the Harpedene of the landmark. | 73. and 37, Phese: take the By. .down the’ above road to: the Hermit’s Stone, which may have been where the combe makes a sharp bend at Blackdown Farm (OM1). The stone is mentioned in landmark 16 of Chute Pn. A. F.4. This partly corrupted landmark means probably ‘‘ the side of Blerian Hill,” the form Blerian being borrowed from a Saxon charter of Collingbourne Kingston. At the point at which the hill is mentioned in the survey attached to the charter the Collingbourne By. is running with the By. of a Great Bedwyn charter which includes Grafton. On 566 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. this Collingbourne-Grafton common By. are certain corresponding land- marks, and that common By. begins about 4m. W. of Scot’s Poor where these Hippenscombe surveys begin. The first of the common landmarks of the two charters is at the meeting place of the two boundaries 4m. W. of Scot’s Poor. Then come two more common landmarks. Then in the Collingbourne charter only, is the landmark Blerian Hyl, and after that one more common landmark of the two charters. This means that the Bleyvian Hyl of the charter was considerably W. of Scot's Poor; and on the evidence ‘of the charter the hill, must be identified with Grafton Down (OM1). But in this Hippenscombe Pn. it appears as a landmark at a point rather more than 2m. E.S.E. of Grafton Down. There can be no question but that the hill of the charter is that of the Pn. The difficulty can be solved by reference tothe map. Grafton Down is the W. end of a ridge which extends for more than 4m. through the S.E. part of Grafton parish and also through the parish of Tidcombe and Fosbury to the neighbourhood of the village of Vernham Dean, part of it being called Wexcombe Down (OMI) at the present day. The name Blerian Hyl was, as the Pn. shows, applied to the whole ridge. Side ridges run S. from it to the N. slope of the Hippenscombe valley, and it is the S. slope of one of these which is the landmark of the Pn. The local topography suggests the hill bastion at the bend of the valley close to Great House (OM1) as the point referred to in the Pn. F.5. The term longendine in this landmark is a reading open to suspicion. It has been suggested! that it is a misreading for “in longitudine,” ‘‘ along the length of.’’ Another possibility is that it is for a Middle English equivalent of the Saxon andlang dene, ‘‘ along the vallev.”” In any case the landmark takes the By. further down Hippenscombe. The Hockholt or Ockholt of E.4 and F.6 is probably represented at the present day by Oak Hill Wood (OM1) in the S.E. part of Tidcombe and Fosbury parish.2 The wood must at the time of the Pn. have come down to the road in the bottom of the valley, and the ditch marking its boundary must have been along the line of the road. E.6 shows by its wording that it must refer to a ditch which passed along the bottom of the valley where it bends up N.E. under the hill 1 By Mr. H. C. Brentnall. 2 The Saxon ac, ‘‘oak,”’ has a clearly marked development in Middle Bnglish: ihe “a of the term developes) gradually imtoss or aasGne ‘‘a’’ spelling, which takes the forms ac, ak, aka, ake, ach, aca, ace, acha, is absolutely prevalent till 1150. The ‘‘o”’ spelling, ock, occ, okke, ocke, oc, Oke, ok, hok, hoke, makes its first appearance in the half-century, 1200—1250; but it occurs in only 14 p.c. of the forms in use at that time. By 1250—1300 the percentage has risen to 40 p.c. Between 1300—1350 it is 59 p.c. By G. B. Gundry, D. Liit. 567 on which Fosbury Camp (OM1) and Oak Hill Wood (OM1) stand. Semeresdoun is apparently the old name of the hill. This carried the By. to the extreme end of Hippenscombe about 4m. W. of Vernham Dean village. F.7. Covenholt survives as a name in that of Conholt Park (OM1) in the N.E. part of Chute parish. The road was probably on the line of the modern road which runs upto the park from Vernham Dean. Thus the Pn. has bent round to give the S. By. of the area included in it. The ditch would seem to have run along the road which forms the N. By. of the park. _ E.6. Conholt may have extended at the time of the Pn. some dis- tance W. of what is now the W. By. of the park. At the present day the distance from the park to Street Gate is two miles, a long leap between two landmarks of a Pn. As regards the line of the dych con- necting the two points it seems fairly certain that it followed that part of the Roman road known as Chute Causeway. Whether the dych is a reference to the agger of the Roman road! or toa ditch cut along its line to mark the By, of this section of the forest is uncertain. CEARENDON FOREST, There are extant two perambulations of Clarendon Forest, one of the reign of Edward I and the other of that of Edward III. But the latter was of the Forest of Pancet which was only part of the forest of Clarendon.? The bounds of the second of these Pns. are traceable, not without difficulty. Those of the earlier one do not seem to be definable at the present day in spite of the fact that many of them are of a nature such as might be, judging from what has happened elsewhere, expected to survive in some form or other on the modern map. It is, as a fact, the case that when a Saxon charter deals with land included later in a post-Conquest forest, difficulties are wont to arise with regard to names which, though existent before.the Conquest, seem to have vanished in later times, possibly because of the disappearance of the population from lands brought under the severe and harassing forest laws. In this very forest region, the S.E. corner of Wilts, are certain lands of three hides, the bounds of which are appended to a Saxon charter of South Newington, N. of Salisbury. They relate to a place called Fyrste Felda, later Frustfield, which is known to have been in the forest. But the name itself has vanished, and not one of the 15 landmarks is identifiable on the modern map. The Pn. of Edward JI 1 The AS. dic, ‘‘dyke,”’ is used at least once in the Saxon charters of the agger of a Roman road, viz. of the Foss Way. 2 The text of the Pns. is taken from Archéologia, xxxvil. 568 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. presents the same difficulty. But this is a post-Conquest document, the names in which were in existence long after the official forest was formed. PERAMBULATION A, TEMP. EDWARD I. 1, Woodgate (possibly Woodfield Gate in Downton parish). 2, A ditch on the east side of Marlyng Putte (the Marlpits). 3, By a ditch. 4, King’s Mead. 5, Meadow called Scherpgore (Gore with an acute angle). 6, Meadow of William of Wodefold. 7, A ditch. 8, Beyond the highway. 9, Hoveswyeshed. 10, East side of the Holewey (Hollow Way). 11, The land of Muleford (Milford). 12, A ditch. 13, Pinkele- wey (Pinkley Way). 14, By Wyldeneditch. 15, Schiveves Wood (Sheriff’s Wood). 16, The west side of that wood. 17, By the way to Ruthere- sheved. 18, Descending by a ditch: 19, Stolkewey (2. <=. Way); 20, By Wyldene ditch. 21, To the Slaygate of Putton (Pitton). 22. Ascending by the three ditches. 23, To the corner of Rodesle. 24, By the way descending between the wood of our lord the king and Redesle (the lea of the path through thc wood). 25, Langhunesway. 26, By Odesle. 27, To the Houe (probably Ridge End). 28, Descending to S. Stongesgore. 29, Between the wood of our lord the king and the wood of John de Lucy. 30, Ascending to Tveyslandscheres (Three bound- aries). 31, By the way between the wood of our lord the king and the wood of John de Grinstede (Grimstead). 32, Lagones-croftesbourne (the brookjate, 9) 227, 2) | Crott)y | 33) a BieneCResia Delen (nuns ur oles probably a landmark of property). 34, Along by the ditch. 35, To La Wilicroft (2? Croft at the spring). 36, To the ditch of Wydebroke of our lord the king. 37, By the ditch to the cross of John de Grimstede (Grimstead). 38, To Wodegate (see landmark 1). Of these 38 landmarks only three give any clue to the course of the Pn. Woodgate of 1 is probably Woodfield Gate in Downton parish. Milford of 10 is certainly Milford on the River Bourne on the eastern outskirts of Salisbury ; and Putton of 20 is Pitton about 6m. E.N.E. of Salisbury. Its Slaygate, ‘‘ gate of the sheep pasture,’’ would be between the pasture and the cultivated land, probably in the N. of the parish. It is noticeable that the Avon is not cited as a landmark in the pass- age of the Pn. from Woodgate to Milford. It must therefore have passed up W. of that stream. This may be explained by the fact that DB. records that Britford was in 1086 in the King’s Forest. Therefore the Pn. included land W. of the Avon which is not included in the Pn. of Edward III. It is also certain that it included lands in the S. part of the forest which were also not included in the Pn. of Edward III, for that Pn. does not take in Downton. 1 T printed the text of the survey of Frustfield 17 years agoin a paper on the Saxon charters of Wiltshire published in the Ayvch. Journ., vol. lxxvi, of the old, and xxvi of the new series, with the suggestion that some local archeologist might be able to solve its difficulties. But I have no reason to suppose that anyone has done so. byiG. B..Gundry, D.Litt. 569 What line the Pn. took between Milford and Pitton is quite uncertain. All that is certain is that Amesbury and the Winterbournes were in the forest in 1086. But, if the Pn. is of the late years of Edward I, then it is almost certain that it represents a forest much reduced in area, and it is unlikely that it includes the places above-mentioned. It is just possible that the two references to the Wyldene Ditch, 14 and 20, may refer to the Roman road from Old Sarum to Winchester, which is cited as a By. in the second Pn.1 This is unfortunately all that can be said of this perambulation. PERAMBULATION B.# PENCHET FOREST PART OF CLARENDON Forest. TEMP. EDWARD III. 1. ‘‘ Where the Winterbourne enters the Avon.’’ This is at Dairy- house Bridge on the SE. edge of the town of Salisbury. 2. ‘‘ To the Mill of Mumeworth.’’ This wason the Winterbourne at Ford (OM1). 3. ‘To Winterburnford by the great road.”’ The great road would on this wording appear to be the road up the Winterbourne valley on the. side of the river. But it is possible that “by ’’ has been mistakenly copied for ‘‘ to’ and that the road is really the Roman road from Old Sarum to Winchester. The Ford was where the Roman road crosses the Bourne river. 4. ‘ Ykenelde Strete.’’ This is the Roman road from Old Sarum to Winchester.’’? 1 «Ditch ’’ equals ‘‘ syke,’”’ and ‘‘ dyke’ in mediwval times, like the Saxon dic, was applied not merely to a ditch but also to the bank thrown up at the side of it... Dic is applied in a Somerset charter to the ‘‘ agger ’’ or raised course of the Foss Way and the ‘‘ditch” may bave been the agger of the Old Serum —Winchester road 2 Text from Archeologia, xxxvii. The original is in the Chartae Forestarum of Edward III. 3 This is a very interesting case of the use of the name Icknield. Were it not for this document it would not be known that the name was ever applied to this Roman road. It is of course best known as the name of the great Romanised road which runs along the N. foot of the Berkshire Downs and along the W. foot of the Chiltern Hills after crossing the Thames at Streatley. Icknield isalso undoubtedly the real name of the Roman road which starts from Bourton-on-the-Water in Gloucestershire and runs N. through what is now Birmingham into Derbyshire. It is now called Ryknield Street, the ‘‘r’’ of the Saxon definite article having got attached in parlance to the real name, i.e., “ Aet thaere Icenhilde Straet ’’ was the locative form of the name and the i of ithaere ’- became attached to Icenhilde. . Cf..‘‘ Roke for aet thaeve Ac.” ‘‘at the Oaktree,’’ and Ray, a common river name, for meacuinacve Ha. “atthe River.’ * 570 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. d 5. ‘To the gallows of Winterslow.’’ The By. runs along the Roman road probably to where a road running S.S.E. goes off to Winterslow village. The gallows were probably at these cross roads. This side road leaves the Roman road about 5fur. N.N.W. of the village and - runs through the village. 6. ‘Ascending to Curtepath (Short ? Path). This is the side road of the previous landmark. 7. “By the same Path in the middle of West Winterslow.’’ The above side road goes through West Winterslow. 8. ‘By the same Path to Hundewoode (Hounds’ Wood).’”’ The By. continues S. from West Winterslow along the same, i.e., the modern road, to Hundewoode, which is now Hound Wood in the S.W. part of Winterslow parish (OM1). A later landmark shows that Hound Wood extended certainly to the line of the modern road and possibly to the nels folue: 9. ‘By the Ditch into Bentlewode.’’ This landmark makes it pro- able that Hound Wood extended to’ the parish By. of Winterslow in the neighbourhood of Livery Farm (OM1), and joined up to Bentley Wood (OM7) ; and the By., passing between the two woods, went along the extreme S. end of the E. By. of Winterslow. 10. ‘‘ By the bounds between Bentlewode and Hundewoode.”’ This is explained in reference to the previous landmark. ll. ‘‘ To the head of a Hedge round the Field of Favlee under the Wood of West Winterslow.’’ The Field of Farley would be open land in wooded country, and, as a fact, the N. part of Farley parish at the present day is devoid of woodland. It is probable that the Pn. followed the N. By. of Farley. As Farley has been joined to Pitton or vice versa, the W. part of the old N. By. has vanished ; but it is probable that it continued to run W. as far as the W. By. of the parish. The wood of West Winterslow is an obvious difficulty. Pitton is not mentioned in DB. and was not therefore a village community in 1086. It may have been so at the time of this perambulation,! three hundred years later, and may have been part of Winterslow. But what is more probable is that West Winterslow had rightsin a wood in the forest just N. of the N. By. of Farley. Perhaps Church Copse, the S:W_- part of Hound Wood, is on the site of the wood of Winterslow. This brings the Pn. to the E. By. of Clarendon Park, and the next question is whether the By. did or did not include the park. Judging from the fact that it reaches the Avon eventually at Longford, it seems most probable that it did include the park, and that it ran along the S. By. of it. Itis probable then that Clarendon Park By. is very old, running along the line of the fence by which, as the name “‘ park ’”’ implies, it would be enclosed. 12. “Lo Lepeden (Valley of the Deerleap).~ It is but axconjectunc; but is it possible that Lepeden may be the hollow over which the W. By. of Farley passes at a point S5fur. due W. of the village. 1 The mention of it in the previous perambulation of Edward I makes it almost certain that it was. By G. B. Grundy, D. Litt. 571 13. ‘To Sterden de Owrlt.”’ Sterden may be the stream valley over the head of which the S. By. of Clarendon Park passes at the S. end of the lake in the park. 14. ‘‘To Dernford (Hidden Ford).” This was probably where a track which passes down the By. of Alderbury crosses a stream about 100yds. S. of where the railway cuts the By. at the N.E. corner of Whaddon Common. 15. ‘“‘To the Turbary of Wathden (Whaddon).” Wathden is un- doubtedly Whaddon. It is probable that the Turbary was on the Common. 16. ‘Straight to the Bridge of Langfordon the Avon.’ The Bridge of Langford was certainly at Longford (OM1) on Avon in Britford parish, and may have been where the modern bridge stands. The By. is described as going ‘‘straight to the bridge.’ If so, it must have passed due W. from Whaddon Common (OM1) through the middle of Alderbury parish and just S. of that village. 17. By the Avon to the Mill of Mumeworth.’ See landmark 1. The total area of forest included in the Pn. is about 9,259 acres. GROVELY FOREST. The perambulations of Grovely Forest which follow are taken from Hoare’s History of Wiltshive. They are said to belong to the reign of Edward I. If so, it is highly probable that at least one is of monastic origin, emanating in that case from Wilton Monastery. The monasteries show anxiety to have definite records of their own of the bounds of forests which either contained or were bordered by lands belonging to them. It looks as if Hoare was right in his dating of the documents. Discussion of this question, so far as the evidence admits of discussion, may be left till the bounds shown in the Pns. have been as far as possible determined. All that is recorded of the forest before the time of Edward I is that Gravenig, as it was in 1228, was all ancient forest. This looks as if there was a Pn. in that year which disafforested all the additions made to the forest by Henry II and John. PERAMBULATION A. Temp. Edward I. Gvavelinge (Grovety). Stated to be on the E. side of Wye (River Wylye).1 1. ‘‘From the Cross.” The last landmark shows this to have been in Wylye village. 2. ‘‘ Descending the River Wylie’’ (R. Wylye). The By. goes down the Wylye. 1 Whether this statement is in the document copied by Hoare or Hoare’s own explanation I cannot say. 572 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. 3. ‘To Hanginge de Langforde ever by the stream of the river.” The By. goes down the Wylye by Hanging Langford (OM1), which is close to the village of Steeple Langford. 4. ‘Descending to Little Langforde by the stream.’’ The By. continues down the river to Little Langford (OM1]1). 5. ‘To Great Wishforde.’”’ The By. still adheres to the river as far as Great Wishford. 6. ‘To Dichamton to Staspar near the House of St. John, Wilton.”’ The By. is still going down the Wylye. Dichamion is Ditchampton (OM1), about 4m. N.W. of Wilton. Staspar is untranslateable and indeterminable. The house referred to is the Priory or Hospital of St. John at the Ditchhampton end of Wilton, founded in 1189, and still existing as an alms house. 7. ‘ To Ugeforde ascending the Nodder’”’ (R. Nadder). This brings the By. by implication first to the junction of the Wylye and Nadder at Wilton, and then up the Nadder to Ugford (OM1) near Burcombe. 8. “By stream to Brodecumbe’’ (Broad Combe).! Brodecumbe is certainly Burcombe. It may be the old name of the place or, more probably, is a corruption of the name. This carries the By. a short way up the Nadder. 9. ‘To Bereforde (2? Ford at the Wood where there is pasture for Swine) up stream.’’ ‘This is the village of Barford St. Martin, on the Nadder. 10. ‘‘Up stream to the Mill of Dalwode.’’ The name survives in that of Dalwood Farm (OM6, 65 S.W.), in Dinton parish, about 300 yds. N.N.W. of Dinton railway station. The mill may have been on the Nadder, S. of the station. ll. ‘By a stream in Teffont Evias which descends into Noddr.” This is the stream which comes down through the village of Teffont Evias and enters the Nadder about 3fur. S.E. of the village. 12. ‘‘ Through the middle of the village of Teffont towards the east.” The orientation is important. 13. “Wo Byulene.2 14. ‘To Etone”’ (? Ea-tun, ‘‘ village or farm on the river ’’). 15. “By a Via Regia (King’s Highway) to the Cross of Wyly.” Landmarks 13 and 14 are very obscure and uncertain in signification. If their conjectured meanings be correct, then they were both on a river. But was that river the Nadder or the Wylye? The answer to that question is not by any means certain, but two considerations come into account: 1, landmark 12 says expressly that the By. passes E. through the village of Teffont Evias, not N. as it would have done had it gone directly towards the Cross in Wylye village. Then comes the question 1 It may be suspected that the form of the name is one of those mistakes made frequently by government copyists at the centre of things who had no personal acquaintance with the region. 2 The word as it stands is not translateable. Is it a corruption of mulne, “mill” and the whole ea-mulne (or mylen) ‘‘ mill on the river ?”’ By GB. Grundy, Do Eitt. 573 of the identity of the Via Regia. Roads are very tenacious of life, and this road, which was, as its name implies, of some importance, is not likely to have vanished from the map. It looks very muchas ifitcould only be represented at the present day by the road running to Wylye village from due S. This road runs S. through Dinton parish to meet the Nadder river just S. of Dinton station. It runs down Im. E. of Teffont Evias village. It is quite certain that landmarks 12 and 13 are between the village and that road. No emphasiscan possibly be placed on the proposed meanings of them, but if those conjectured are correct, then the mill and the Etone must have been on the Nadder, 1.e., from Teffont Evias village the By. must have doubled back. But of course, it may have gone direct to the Via Regia if the emendations of these obscure landmarks are not correct. It is noticeable that the highway leads direct to the centre of Wylye village, where the cross would, in all probability, stand. It is possible that the Pn. was from Teffont Evias village down the N. By. of the parish back to the Nadder. [In that case the part of Teffont Evias included in the forest was a detached part of it. There is another possibility, viz., thus Etone may be a mistake for Dintone, i.e., Dinton village, and in this case the By. would run due E. from Teffont Evias village. PERAMBULATION B. The Pn. is what appears to be a statement in general terms of the anea included in it. The forest extended at one time :—a, ‘‘ As Grymes Dich runs along Grasing as far as Poltanstan.’’ b, ‘‘Una medietas (one half) to the maner of Wichford (Wishford) and another towards the S. to the manor of Beveford (Barford St. Martin) and to the villa (village) of Northwredecumb.”’ The line of Grim’s Dyke is well evidenced in various oaxon charters. hie first traces at the E. end are in the N:W. angle of Wilton parish where there is a fragment of the dyke running from E. to W. (OM6, 66 N.W.)!, which came originally up from the Wylye river. This part of it is mentioned in the Ditchampton charter (K 778) under the name Grimes Dic. The dyke then continued W. to the summit of the ridge and met the line of what was a great ridgeway along the water shed between the Nadder andthe Wylye. It then runs W.N.W. in a rather wavy line along the general line of the ridgeway and so-called Roman road through the middle of the parish of Grovely Wood till it reaches the site of what is now called Powter’s Stone, the Poltanstan of the present document, and the Puntes Stan of the Saxon charter of Little Langford. (B 934, K 446) and the Poultingstone of a Pn. of Wishford made in 1591. In the same Little Langford charter Grimes Dic is mentioned close to the stone which must have been at or close to where the parishes of Little Langford, Baverstock, and Grovely Wood meet about 3 fur. N.E. of Grovely Lodge (OM1). The meaning 1 Marked “ ditch” in OM1. 574 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. of Grasing is not determinable. ‘The line described in this landmark is not intended to represent a By. of the forest but a sort of axis of its area, that area being N. and S. of the dyke. Landmark B shows that the area of the forest N. of Grim’s Dyke must have consisted of little if anything more than the parish of Great Wishford. The limits of the S. part as shown in B would appear to have been confined to what is the parish of Barford St. Martin, N. of the Nadder River, the remainder of the land between the Wylye and the Nadder to the E. of this towards Wilton being left out. It is true that Northwredecumb is not a determinable landmark, but it may have been the large Com be down which the W. By. of Barford St. Martin runs. It is evident that this very general but on the whole comprehensible statement of the limits of the forest shows the forest at its smallest extent, and, if it dates from the reign of Edward I, it dates certainly from the later years of that reign when the forest areas were reduced toa minimum. The exclusion of the E. part of the angle between the Wylye and the Nadder would be due almost certainly to the influence of the monastery at Wilton. But Pn. D which seems to be of the same date as this Pn. does not exclude this easternmost part of the angle. PERAMBULATION C. Hoare regards this Pn. as that of the lands described in Pn. B. This Pn. C shows clearly that it included lands W. of the By. described in Pn. B; and the fact that it includes a larger area than B makes it certain that it is of earlier date. Some of its landmarks have vanished from modern records, but nevertheless a fair estimate of the area included in it may be drawn from such elements in ute Pn. as are of a determinable character. 1. ‘‘Ascending Noddve as far as the ‘ductus’ (watercourse) which goes through the middle of Teofunte and falls into Nodre.’’ ‘This is the stream of landmark II of Pn. A (q.v.) 2. “And then. ‘de capite’ (from the head of) Teffonte ‘ Abbisse Scti. Edwardi’.’’ The reference to the Abbess suggests that this Pn. may be of monastic origin! This landmark corresponds to landmark P2Fofeeine NG 3. ‘Ascending ‘per medios campos’ to Tristum de Marlburo which is between Pidle and Wungelie ‘in medio chemino’ (road) which ascends towards Mere.’ The only thing which is certain about this landmark is that the road is that which runs through the village of Teffont Magna to Mere, which is more than ten miles away to the W. 1 Tt would be natural to suppose that the monastery would be Wilton or perhaps Shaftesbury. Monasteries in Saxon times had frequently more than one dedication, though a document in referring to them may only mention one. Wilton was dedicated to St. Mary and Shaftesbury to All Saints; but either or both may have had a second dedication to St. Edward. I suspect very strongly that the abbess here mentioned is that of the nunnery at Wilton. By G. B. Grundy, D. Liit. 575 4. ‘And then from Tyisto north to a road which runs from Wiley towards the hills and descends ‘ante portum’ Doflad to the river Wiley.’’ This road is almost certainly the via regia of landmark 15 of Pn. A Dofiad may be an AS, Dofr-lad, ‘Side stream of the river,’ and a reference to one of the side streams of the Wylye. 5. ‘‘ Along stream towards Wilton.’’ The By. goes down the Wylye towards Wilton. This landmark covers landmarks 1—6 of Pn. A. It is evident that this Pn. deals with the forest at a time in which its extent was as implied by Pn. A. PERAMBULATION D. Hoare (Hist. Wilts) attributes this Pn. to the time of Edward I, and says that it was repeated in the time of Charles I. 1. ‘‘ The Noddre below Bereford.’’ ‘This implies a passage along the Nadder from its junction with the Wylye to Barford St. Martin. 2. ‘‘By the Noddre to Aschewell Lak.’ The identity of Aschewell Lak is established by a charter of Baverstock in the Wilton Cartulary.1 It is a brook which, coming from the N., flows through Baverstock village to the Nadder. - 3. ‘‘ By the Lak to Pultingstan.’’ For this landmark v. landmark a. of Pn. B. In the rainy season the Lak must rise quite near the stone. 4. ‘* Towards the west as far as the Mene Weye (Common Way).”’ 5. ‘By it as far as Radeweye (Red Way).” 6. “Through Radeweyes Don (variant Den) to La Mere (The Boundary).” 7. ‘To Wylyford (variant Wyveles Ford) by streant to the Stone ‘ante portum Sti. Ionis de Wilton ’.”’ 8. . ‘By stream to Noddre.”’ Landmarks 4, 5, 6 are all mentioned in a late 16th cent. Pn. of Wishford which clearly determines their sites. The Mene Weye appears there as Meane Way. It ran down the S. part of the W. By of Wishford. The Rade Weye ran along the same By., further N. The fade Weye appears iu the popularly corrupted form Rodney’s Deane, which is the valley down which the W. By. of Wishford runs. The La Merve of 6 appears as Meare about halfway down the parish By. Wyvelesford is Wishford. Landmark 8 takes the By. to the junction of the Wylye and the Nadder. It seems propable that Pns. A and C belong to the earlier and B and D to the later part of the reign of Edward I. Pn. C is almost certainly of monastic origin, and so probably is either Pn. Bor Pn D, but which of them is not clear. The area of the forest in the early part of the reign of Edward I was about 12,331 acres or 19} sq.m. By the later Pns. the area has been reduced to 4,790 acres or about 7$ sq. m. The question of the amount of woodland recorded in DB. on the area of the forest as it was in the early part of Edward I’s reign presents a great difficulty such as is not found in the case of any other of the great forests of the post-Conquest period. Within the bounds of all the others ~1V,. Dugdale, Monasticon. 576 The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire. more or less large masses of woodland existed in 1086, except in the case of Exmoor where the deficiency is accounted for by the well- known fact that it was largely made up of the enormous area of rough pasture on Exmoor itself. The village communities which existed as such in 1086, the lands of which were included in whole or in part in the early Edwardian forest, were Teffont Evias, Wylye, Steeple Langford, Little Langford, Dinton, Baverstock, Great Wishford, Barford St. Martin, Burcombe Without, and Wilton. The modern parish of Grovely Forest is not mentioned by Domesday. The woodlands such as are attributed to these places are undoubtedly the local woodlands belonging to the village communities, not to the king nor to anyone else. Assuming, what was probably the case, that what is now Groveley Wood parish was all woodland, the whole area of woodland at the time of DB. within the limits of the forest as it was in the early years of Edward I’s reign was 1,802 acres.! MELKSHAM FOREST. The earliest perambulation of Melksham Forest, now extant, is found in the Close Rolls of the year 1228 (Henry III). It seems to be a Pn. of the whole of the ancient official forest, i.e., the forest before the time of Henry II: The landmarks are stated in general terms, but are throughout easily traceable. It is stated that all outside the bounds here given, i.e., the additions made temp. Henry II and John, are dis- afforested. PERAMBULATION OF A.D. 1228. 1. ‘‘ Town of Caln.”’ It starts apparently at the crossing of the two main streets of Calne. 2. ‘By the Regia Strata (King’s Highway) to Divisae (Devizes), and whatever stretches towards Divisae and Rodes (Rowde).’’ This is the E. By. of the forest. It passes along the line of the modern road through Quemerford and Blackland and then S. to where on the N. slope of Roundway Hill (OM1) (34 N.W.), the N. By. of Roundway parish runs off W. The latter part of the landmarks seem to be designed to indicate that the forest lay W. of the road; but the wording is somewhat curious. 3. “By. the water of odes (Rowde) to the River Semen dane above-mentioned N. By. of Roundway runs to the head of a stream at 1 Tt must be admitted that this area of woodland is unnaturally small. I relegate to a note the conjecture that part of the very large area of woodland, 29,040 acres, which were attached to the royal manor of Amesbury in 1086, was in Grovely forest. It is true that in documents later than 1086 there is not any evidence of the association of the forests of Clarendon and Grovely, though Melchet Forest in Hampshire is sometimes spoken of as part of Clarendon. (Close Rolls, Edw. I, 1272—9). By G. B. Grundy, D., Litt. 577 Mother Anthony’s Well (OM1) (34 N.W.), and then runs right down that stream for a long distance, along the W. By. of Rowde, the W. By. of Poulshot, and the N. By. of Bulkington and then enters a large stream now called Semington Brook at a point about Im. N.W. of Bulkington village (39 N.E.). The large stream is the Semet.1 4. “And by the Semnit to the Avene (Avon).’’ The By. follows the Semnit for several miles along the S. By. of Seend and the N. By. of Semington to where it meets the Avon, about Im. E. of the village of Eolt.2 5. ‘Up the Aven to where the Brook of Melkeden falls into Aven.’ The Avon forms the W. By. of the forest for many miles N. right up to and beyond Chippenham when Harden Brook (OM1) falls into it, the Melkeden (obviously an error for Merkeden) of the Pn. 6. ‘“‘ Ascending the brook to the town of Cawne (Calne).’? Marden Brook, which flows through Calne, forms the whole of the N. By. of the forest. PERAMBULATION OF MELKSHAM Forest, A.D. 1300. J]. ‘From the Bridge of Whatton (Waddon).’’ Whaddon is in the N. of Semington parish. The bridge was where Semington Brook (the Semet) meets the Avon on the N. By. of Semington (32 S.E.). 2. “ To the Bridge of Semelynton (Semington).’’ The By. runs E. along Semington Brook to Semington Bridge (OM1) on the N. edge of Semington village. 3. ‘‘ By the same water to Sandheved (Sandy Headland of a Plough- letmal)\n472 4. ‘By the water to Bydemel.’’* The name Bydemel survives in that of Byde Mill Lane, a lane in Poulshot parish (39 N.E.) which runs N.W. to Semington Brook from Townsend Farm (OM1). The landmark would be on the brook near where the lane ends. 5. ‘‘ By water to Somerham (Summerham).’’ The name survives in that of Summerham Bridge (33 S.W.) where the road from Seend to Devizes crosses the stream on the E. By. of Seend parish. 1 In the Saxon charter of Edington, Wilts (B, 1127), this stream is called Semnit. Another stream in Wilts, the name of which contains the root Sem-, is the Sem at Semley in the S.W. part of the county, which is called Semene in the Saxon charter, K 641. Dr. Henry Bradley believed this root to be pre-Celtic, i.e., Iberian. 2 For a considerable distance on this part of its By. Melksham Forest marches with the original By. of the official forest of Selwood. 3 Old forms of the name Seend are :—temp. Henry II, Seend: TN. Scinde, Sende: HR. Sende: IPM. (Henry III) Send, Sende: NV. Sende. The soil is sandy. | 4 The element Byde- is found more than once in Saxon charters, Either Byde or Byd seems to be a stream name. Cf. Byd in S. Glos., now the River Boyd, B. 887 and B 1282, K 570. Also Bydeburna in Dorset B. 696. | VOL Mr. A. D. Passmore: Upright Spout of Medieval Pitcher, apparently similar to the vessel from Marlborough now in the Museum. (Catalogue, part 2, 2nd edition, p. 266, Fig. 46). Dug up at Bradenstoke Abbey, 1933. Mr. JAMES EyLes: Farm Lantern with bottle glass windows. Capt. B. H. CuNNINGTON: Watchman’s Lantern from Bishops Cannings. Mr. A. SHAW MELLor: Iron Spiked Key of 16th century type, dug up in garden of Box House, Box. Canon E. H. GopparD: Two old Inkpots from Clyffe Pypard, and probably made there. One almost cubical, of lead with brass plate at top, engraved ‘‘W. C. 1765”’; the other of yew wood (?) turned and circular. Mr. W. H. Hattam: A Newgate Token, found under the floor of a house at Sutton Benger, cir. 1889. This is a penny of Geo. III of 1797, the reverse of which has been rubbed flat, and has very faintly scratched upon it the following inscription, surrounding a heart crossed by two arrows, above which is the name Jane Bray. Round the edge is this inscription: ‘‘ Keep this in remembrance of your unfortunate Brother T. Bray.” This seems to be explained by a passage in Chronicles of Newgate”’ by Major Arthur Griffiths, 1881, Vol. II, p. 215. ‘‘ The more peaceably disposed (of the prisoners) found some occupation in making Newgate Tokens, leaden hearts, and grinding the impressions off penny pieces, then pricking figures or words on them to give to their friends as memorials.”’ Library. Presented by Mr. E. R. PoLtE: Five MS. Note Books containing a) 29 accounts of payments made to Belgian refugees and to the families of soldiers in Great Bedwyn, 1914—1919. THE FRIENDS OF THE CATHEDRAL: The Close Gates of Sarum, pamphlet 1939, and reports of the Friends for 1937 and 1938. Mr. A. F. WILLIAMS: Two Wiltshire Deeds. 600 Additions to Museum and Library. Presented by Canon E. H. GODDARD: Ayrcheologia, vol. 87, for 1937. Through the Wilderness, by H. J. Massingham, 8vo., 1935. Wilton Armoury, art in Connoisseur, July 1939. Mr. H. R. Pottock: A large Box of Deeds, connected with Erchfont. » Mr. A. D. PassmoRE: Photographs of Wanborough Church, etc. » He AuTHOR, Mr.) Georce Cross, of) Compton Chamberlayne Park: Suffolk Punch (Autobiography). 9) EN DEX: EO VOL AXE VIL: [December, 1937, to December, 1939.] Compiled by Canon E. H. GODDARD. SSS Abbot, Archbishop, orders Royal Arms in Churches, 93. Abbots Bromley, 250. Abbotswood Farm, 578. Abingdon Cartulary, 546. Abraham, treasurer of Old Sarum, 164. Achievements, Heraldic, defined, 94, 95. Acre Field, 589. Adam, Dean of Salisbury, 60. Adam, Sir John, 275. Adams, Maurice, writings, 373. Wey ols. Addison, Rev. W. R., 31,-33. Addlestone (Surrey), 125. Adlam, A. T., excavations, 292. «« Admirals All,’’ 242. Adonis Autumnalis, 82. Agincourt, battle, 161, 162. Agrimonia, 409. Agrostis setacea, 84. Aidan, St., 492. Ailesbury, Marquis of, 197, 371, 392. Aira, 413. Aishton, Rev. Will., 210. SNe. 7 Ock,’.” in Place Names, 566. Akers, Thos., 313. ‘“Aladore,”’ 242. Alcock, Mrs. A., 31. G., 215. Aldbourne, 120, 229, 256, 265, 407. Bell Foundry, ceases, 437. Chase, 374. Church, Royal Arms, 97, 102; Visited, 393. In Domesday, 73; In Savernake Forest, 538. Manor, Royal, 79, 539. Meadow in Domesday, 76. Plants, 408—412. Rectory, Old, garden, 393. Wood- land in Domesday, 538. VOL. XLVIII, NO. CLXXI. Sir Walt. Alderbury, 302; Boundary, 571. Common, plants, 83, 84, 411. Smooth Snake, 41. Whaddon Common, plants, 410. Aldersley, Mrs., gift, 405. Alderton, herbing, 351. Alexander (—), 313; Messrs., 349. G. ©., 323: John, 29. R., 313. Alfred, King, 372, 374. All Cannings Church, RoyalArms, 100, 102. Cross, Early Iron Age pottery, 519. Allen [Alen], Jane, 285. Major G. W. G., air photos, 404. Thos., 306. Allington, 179. 408, 409, 4)1. Almery, 220. Almond, Edward, 28. Alnwick, Will., 237. Alopecurus fulvus, 89. Alton Barnes Church, Chr. Words- worth on, 235. Alton Pancras, Prebend, 312. Alton Priors, Milk Hill dewpond, 442, 444. Alvechurch, 232. Alvediston in Domesday, 68. Alveston (Warw.), 229. Amanita sp., 324—326, 472. — Phalloides, poisonous, 325. Amber bead necklace, Winter- slow, 176—178. Crescentic necklace, 357. Ambrosia artemisicefolia, 86. Amesbury, 315. Andover Rail- way, 462. Barrow, bronze tazor, ,and urn 177. 78: In Clarendon Forest, 536, 569. Deanery Magazine, 267. Manor, Royal, 80, 533, 534, 536, 576. Woodland in Domesday, 533, 534, 536, 537, PAB Down, plants, 602 INDEX TO VOL. XLVIII. 559, 576. lusca, 368. Amor, Will., 29. Hung in chains, dying speech, 429. Amphibians of Wilts, 33. Anagallis sp., 411. Andirons, 193, 286. Andover, 175. Railway, 462. Andredsweald, 542, 597. Androsace, sp., 484. Anellaria separata, 324. Anemone, vars., 408; Nemorosa, VATe Ooe Anglo-Saxon Sexton, 508. Animal Bones, Horse, Ox, Pig, Sheep, 182, 320. Anjou and Maine ceded, 161. Anjou, Margaret of, 161. Ansell, H., 86. Antennaria, 410. Antidoure, 549. Anthoxanthum, 413. Antler, picks, 366, 399. Antoninus Caracalla, 292. Pius, coins, 293. Antrim, (—), 28. Antwerp, 499. Apium, 410. Appleshaw, 564. Arabis, perfoliata, 87. Arbor Low (Derbys.), 359. Arch, Mir., 22: Archers, Royal Company of Scotland formed, 147. Archery, books on, 149. Club formed, 147. Arenaria, sp., 408. 82, 87. Aretium, 410. Argall, Thomas, 291. Arion, sp., 367, 368. Arkell, Messrs., 524. Arles, Roman mint, 50, 52. Arlington, Lord, 311. Arnitield Es ih ameesend sor Christian Art, 404. Armillaria, sp., 326. Arminghall (Norfolk), timber monument, notice, 254. Arms, 95. Armstrong, J., 523. Arnold, John, 29. Artemisia, 410. Ratfyn pit, mol- Sculpture, by John, 29. Tenuifolia, Arundell, 137. Arundell, of Wardour, 9th Lord, 501. Arundell, Edward, 291. Gerald Arthur, 15th Baron, obit., 501, 502. Ivy, Lady, 502. Louise, 501. Theodore, 501. Hon. Thomas Raymond, 501. Asche [Esshe], J., 169. Ashcombe, 501. Ashe, Thermuthis, 427. Ashen Copse (Longleat), 587, 588. Ashford (Kent), Potters Corner, food vessel, 364. Ashfordby-Trenchard, Dr. John, 434. Mohun, 434. Ash Hill Farm, 580. Ashley, 127. In Horningsham, 594. In Kemble Forest, 596. Ashley Hill, plants, 82. Ashmolean Museum, Bedwyn Seal, 197. Urns, etc., from Winterslow Barrow, 175, 176. Wessex cultural objects, 396. Ashmore, 321. Ashton (Chapel Ashton, Rood Ashton), acreageand woodland, 592. Ashton Keynes, 122, 546, 551. Cotswold Bruderof des- cribed, 431. Derry Brook, 550. Plants, 408. Roman bronze statuette, 54. Ashton, Steeple, in Selwood, extent of woodland, 539. Ashton, West, deeds, 240. In Selwood, 539. Geldenes Ashton, acreage and woodland, 592. Ashton, John, 28. Ashwell, 504. 575. Assche, Sir Henry de, 21. Aston, Dorothy Ellen (Lady), 499. Lt.-Col. Henry, 499. Major-Gen. Sir Geo. Grey, K.C.B., obit. and list-of writ- ings, 499—501. Astragalus danicus, 87. Astroporina, sp., 474. visa, 328. Athelyngedene identified, 560. Simon, 28. Lak identified, Preter- INDEX TO VOL. XLVI. Athenzum Club, 126. Atte Stone, John, 203 Atworth, 247. Celtic orna- ment from, H. deS. Shortt and C. F. C. Hawkes on, 459—461 (fig). Church, Royal arms, 100, 102. Geology, 421. Poplar Farm, cruciform buried stone pavements, A. Shaw Mellor on, 419—424. Roman coins, 461. Roman villa excavated by A. Shaw Mellor, 390, 423, 459. School, Roman _ objects preserved at, 390. Aubrey, John, writings, 236. Audland, Major, 307. Audley, Bp. Edmund, Chantry Chapel, 67. Audley, End, 255. Aughton, 560. Augustine, St. Bishops, 196. Aurelian, coins of, 293, 294. Auricularia, sp., 345. Aurillac, 467, Austin (—), 27. Australian Naval Board, 246. Avebury, Beckhampton Avenue (?),399. Causeway, entrance under street discovered, 392, 399. Church, Royal Arms, 98, 102; visited, 392. Cottages, new, 404. Ditch and vallum later than circles, 398, 399. Egyptian origin of, 260, 430, 431. Excav- ation and reconstruction, 54, 389, 398; Articles on, noticed 398, 433; Protests against, 404. Iron Age fields, 401. Kennet Avenue, beaker burials, 400; Cup and ring marks on stones, 400 ; Line of, tortuous, 401; Objects ex- cavated, in museum, 392; Fallen stones re-erected, 400: Stones shaped or dressed, 400 : Stone holes marked, 400. Knoll Down, plants, 410. Museum in Manor = stables opened, 90, 388—390. Neolithic Pottery from Hack- pen Hill, by Stuart Piggott, and = British 603 90, 91; Plants, 88; Preserv- ation scheme appeal, 55, 404; Red Lion Inn, 392, 404; Ridgeways converge at, 257 ; Sarsen stones, buried, re- erected, 389, 399; Brought from downs near, 398; Method of erection described, 398; Skeleton with coins and scissors under fallen sarsen, 399: Stake holes in the stone holes, 401 ; Stone under forge, 392; Stones fell before Iron Age, 401; Trees in ditch re- moved, 404; Wayden’s Pen- ning, 90; Windmill Hill, barrows restored, 198 ; Objects from, in Museum, 390, 392; Neolithic pottery, 90. Avery, Kingston, 313. Avon River, 577; (Amesbury), 559: ; (Chippenham and Lacock), 579, 580; (Malmes- DULY) .\07,-.48:> Blamts, -84,- (Salisbury), 568, 570. Avon Vale Hounds, 126, 249. Awdry, Misses, 428. Edmund, 428. Ed. M., 350. Peter, 350. Col. R. W., president, 391, 404. Ayldeford Bridge, 546. Aylward, Geo., 29. Ayscough, Bp., 23; Murdered, 161. Bacon, Roger, 142. Thos., 281. Badbury Manor, 79. Badges, Royal, described, 95. Bailie, Richard, 309. Baine, John, 195. Baker, John, 313. Matt , 376. Dr. Stanley, releads old glass, 350. T. H. excavates Mere Castle, 432. Bales, Copse, 588. Balfour (—), 245. Ball, Edwin, 29. Ballard, Edward, 148. Ballards Ash, plants, 410. Ridgeway derivation, 547. Banks (—), 29. Bar, Rob. de, 12. 2R2 604 INDEX TO VOL. XLVIII. Barbour [Barbor] (—), 27. Mhosevi: Will 7 Barentyne, Frances, 290. Baretours, Alice, 277, 278. Barford, 307, 438. Barford St. Martin [{Bereford], 575, 576. Butterflies, 46. Church, Royal Arms, 100, 102. Customs in Groveley, 236. Derivation, 572. Parish, 574. Barfote (—), 7. Barley chumper, gift, 265. Barley pooking forks, 130. Barlow, Charles, 29. Thos., 29. Barkley, 589. Barnes, Mrs., 407. John, 28. Barnston, Canon (Dr.), 26, 305. Barows, Mr., 8. Barr, Hildebrand, forester, 384. Barrington, Bp., 170. Barrows, cenotaph., 182. Long, of Wilts, MS. notes on, by W. C., 266; Chambered, family sepulchres, 402. Palisade in, Holland, 254. Secondary interments in, 369. ~ Of Wessexculturein Dorset and Wilts, list of, 398. In Yorks, flints, 151. Barry, Cicily Elleanor, 124. Sir IDGly, uebs Bartlett, John, 214, 215. Barton (—), 29. Canon, 63. Barton Bendish (Norf.), 190. Barton Seagreave (Northants), 301. Basidiomycetes (fungi), notes on some found in S.W. Wilts, especially round Donhead St. Mary, by T. F. G. W. Dunston and Capt. A. E. A. Dunston, 321—346, 471—487. Basildon, 437. Batchelor, Dan., 29. Bate, Dorothea M. A., on animal bones, 320. Bates, H. H., on Salisbury Street names, noticed, 438. Bath, 315, 407. K. Edwards School, 92. Road 133. Bath, Joscelyne, Bp. of, 490, 612. Bath and Wells, Bp. of, 60. Bathwick, 128. Bats, of Wilts, 33. Battenhende, 551. Battle Abbey, restoration, 249. Battle Lake, 409—411, 413. Battle, Richard of, 21. Battlesbury Camp, skeleton and iron rings, 189. Baudry, Rob., 13. Baverstock [Babestoke], 277, 279, 573. Brook, 575. Bavin, W. D., writings, 438. Baycliffe (Hill Deverill), Baillesclive ; [ Ballochelie] acreage and woodland in D.B., 592. Baydon, Italian brooch, 185. Plants, 409, 413. Bayeux Cathedral, 491. Bayliffe of Monkton and Seagry, pedigree, 131. Ci MM.) pitt; 131. Baxter, Richard, 310. Baynton, Annica Susan, 438. Beachy Head, flint implements, 159. Beads, faience segmented, and amber, Easton Down, 181. Beal, Charles, 29. Beaminster, Prebend, 3, 22. Beaton, Mary, port., 255. Beauchamp Arms,170. Baron, of Powyke, 172. Earl, 172. Lord, gives reredos to Salisbury Cath., 172. Anne, 162, 172. Fred., JSAyel 119/92. Johny. iid] of Powyke, ize Richard, Bp. of Salisbury, Canon Fletcher on, 161—173; Buried in Salisbury Cath., 168; Chancellor of Garter, 167; Inscription in St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, 167; Ring, 171; Tomb lost, 171; Visitation of, 17. Sir Walter de, 161. William, Ld. St. Amand, 162, 165. Beaufort, Cardinal, 161. Beaven, T. B., writings, 441; Gift, 406. Thos., 313. Becket, St. Thomas a, 65; Cult. of, widespread, 492; Martyrdom and burial, 492; Skull of, 493. Beckford, Louise, 258. Peter, INDEX TO 258. Will., bibliography, 257. By Guy Chapman, noticed 257, 258; Character of, 258; Income of, 258; Life of, by J. W. Oliver, 267. Beckhampton dewpond, 443. Longstones, Beaker Age, 400; Remains of separate circle, 400. Beckingsale Training Home, 126. Beckwith (—), 215. Bedford, 395, Bedford, Sam., 263. Bedsteads, testers, 286—291. Bedwin, Herbert de, 61. Bedwypn, Brails, 384; Excavations on Roman site, 1936 and 37, by F. C. Warren, 318—320, 390; Animal bones described, 320; Pavements, 318; Pottery described, 320; Sling pebbles, 318. In Savernake Forest, 380. Tron knob found, 319. Bedwyn, East, 379. Bedwyn, Great, 82. Borough, 80; Silver Seal in Ashmolean Museum, 197; Church, chest and screen in S. Kensington Museum, 392; Visited, 392. Club” steward’s. stick, LOseutewm= netc,, given,’ 405, Common, plants, 411, 412. meld in «Place Name, 540. Friendly Soc., plate and mug, 1821, 507. In Savernake. “Horest (?), 538. MS. account books ; Belgian Refugee Funds, etc., 599. Norman mint, 140. Portreeve staves and flags, «O84. ixoyal> ~ Manor, +1539: Saxon Charter, 565. fy bhirdeenniy, + Sh: Bedwyn, Little, Church, Royal Arms, 96,103. Vicarage, old, 505. Woodland area, 538. Bee keepers in Domesday, 78. Belmont, battle, 504. Bell, Mr., 223. Adam, 378. Alex, 214. Rev. John, 230. Bell Farm, 579. Bellus, 7. Bellyngham (—), 27. Bemerton, 128, 198, 305. VOL.) SEVILL: 605 Church, old, illust., 256 ; Royal Arms, 98, 103. Plants, -84. Rom. road, 64. Bencroft Farm, Stanley, 265. Benekestapel, Etymology, 568. Benenden, 505. Benet, John, buys Fonthill, 258. Benet and Henby, 9. Benham Park (Berks), 125. Bennett (—), 29. Chin. 22724 —26; Agreement with Dean and Chapter as Headmaster, DAE IPA 8s De a | Rev. George, 230. Giles, 313. Thos., Precentor, 3, 214. Bentlewood (Winterslow), 570. Beostocke [{Buscoke, Buscolke], 5o0; Salk. Berberis vulgaris, 82, 408. Bere Regis (Dors.), Church visited, Die Bereford=Barford St. Martin, . 573. Berkhampstead, 395. Berkshire in Domesday, 75. Forest of, 374. Woodland, 74. Transferred to Oxford Diocese from Salisbury, VG 0 Berley Hall (eies:) > Prebend, PADS: Berry, John, destroys Cathedral glass, 350. Berrynarbor (Dev.), Bronze Age urns, 177. Bersu, Dr. Gerhard, excavates Woodbury, 426, 427, 514, 515. Berwick Basset Down, dewpond, 444. Berwick St. James, 279. Church, legacy to, 275, 276. House, 282; Furniture, 281. Not in D.B., 598. Berwick St. John, 315, 321. In Domesday, 68. Betenson, Mrs., 290. Beuer (—), obit., 9. Beverley Minster, 127. Beversbrook (Calne and Hilmar- ton), in Domesday, 69. Bevis, George, 27. Bewchamp, obit., 8. Bewfort, obit., 9. Bible, ~ireacle,> described. Gi. ‘ : 606 INNEX TO VOL. XLVIII. Biddesden [Budesdene, Chute Forest], Cross, 562, 564. Park and Farm, 564. Biddestone, Beckhill Wood, plants, 409. Church des- cribed, 100; Royal Arms, 103. In Chippenham Forest, 534, 535. Plants, 88, 408, 412. St. Nicholas Church, ac- count of, noticed, 434. Biddlecombe, Edward, 28. James Thos., 29. Will., 28, 29. Biddulph, Violet, writings, 131. Biggs, Richd., 313. Bilkemore, Rob., 381, 383, 384. Billing, Gt., 302. Bilston, 241. Bincknoll, plants, 411. Bingham, 396. Bingham, Lucie, 59. Sir Ralph de, 59. Rob. de, 59, 60. Robert, Bp. of Salisbury, by Canon J. M. J. Fletcher, 59— 67; 495; Built Harnham Bridge, 64; Burial place in Cathedral, 66, 67 ; Consecrated at Shaftesbury or Wilton, 62; Completes Cathedral, 62; Pre- bendary, 61; Seal of, 66. Binghams . Melcombe _ (Dors.), house and Church visited, 56, 59; Bingham family at, 56. Birch, J., Swindon street named after, 523. Birds, see Dotterell, 441. Bird, Alfred, 349. Bishops Cannings, 405, 599. Barn built, 252. Church illust., 256; Tower, story of small spire, 467. Bishopston, Hen. de, 60. Bishopstone, prebend, 24. (N. Wilts) Church, Royal Arms, 103; Roman villa pavements opened, 340. (S. Wilts) Church, |RoyaleyAnms, 0s Plants, 84. Bishopstrow, acreage and wood- landnine DEbayoo2: Bishop- strow Church, Royal Arms, 100, 103. Bishops Waltham, 125. Biss River [Yarnbrook], 590. Biss Wood, plants, 413. Bitterne (bird), 37. Bitterne (Hants), Rom. road, 543. Blackbird, 35. Blackcap, 40. Black Dog Siding, Samborn bridge, 579. Blackdown (Chute), barn, farm and wood, 561, 565, 589. Blackford, Mr., 390. Blackland, 576; Plants, 412. Blackmore, Dr. H. P., 48, 49; Excavates Highfield, 292. Blackrock. 125. Blair, Fred. Hen., obit., 123. Will., 123. Blake Low Barrow (Derbys.), 362. Blandford, Crown Hotel, 56. Annual Meeting of Wilts Arch- Soc., 1937, Account of, 53—58, 390. Blatchley, Thos., 313. Blathwaite, Key. Fsbo 3: Blerian Hill [Blerenhullesseyt] = Grafton Down, 565, 566. Bliss, Will., writings, 433. Bloemfontein, 499, Blomfield, Sir Arthur, 249. Blue (Butterflies) Adonis ; Com- mons Holly Ware aleong- tailed, occurrenceatSavernake; Mazarine ; Silver studded ; Small; 44, 45. Blue Stone, rhyolite, fragments in barrows near Stonehenge, and in ditch of grave in Fargo plantation, 366. Blunden, John, 194. | Blundesdon, Will., founds Chan- try in Cath., 15. Blunsdon, obit., 8, 9. Com- mon Platt, 410. Plants, 88, 410. Bocchede Lynde, 551. Bodmin gaol, records removed to in war, 239. : Bokeland, Matilda de, Abbess of Wilton, 275, 276. Bolbitius, sp., 483. Bolde, John, schoolmaster, 26, 228. Boletus, sp., 321, 341, 342, 484, 485, INDEX TO VOL. XLVIII. 607 Bolingbroke, by Sir C. Petrie, noticed, 256; Memoirs, 131. Bollen, Mordecai, executed, 429. Bolting tub, 290. Bolton, St. Barnabas Church, 249. Bolton, Rev. Allan, H. L., obit., 504. Bond, Col., 34. Will. de, 560. Bonecliffe (Savernake), 384. Bonham (Stourton), 273, 280; Farm, 278 279; Manor House, 282 ; Furniture, 281 ; Inventory of farm stock, 1386, 270; Roman Catholic Church and Presbytery, 274. Bonham family, Some early wills of, by G. J. Kidston, C.M.G., 2'773—291 ; Essex branch, 284, 285. Bonham, Agnes, 277, 281 ; Anne, DepeeiCath-, 285 :° Christina, 276; Dorothy, 285; Edith, 276) 277,280, 281; Edw., 285, 29 Eliz.,. 281, 282; . Jane, 28oenjoan, -280>. John, 276, Dion SO 282.283: Will of; 280—284; Julian, 280, 281; jeaurencia. 277 :..Maud,. 280, 281 ; Maurice, 274; Nicholas, Biowold 2l-; Will of, 274 280; Rob. de, 274; Sibylla, 277 : Thos., 276—281, 284, 285; Thos., of Wishford, 284 ; Sim Whos. 277, 279; 282, 283 ; Tradition of, 196; Walkelinus deweaioa: Walter, 2733 .Sir Walter, 290, 291 ; Will of and inventory, 1551, 284—291 ; Will., 276, 279. Bonyng, Ralph, 379. ‘*Book of the Blue Sea,” 242 ; of ‘‘Good Hunting,” 243; ‘Of the Happy Warrior,”’ 242; Of ‘“The Thin Red Line,’ 242. Boot scrapers, old, 529. Booth, Florence Edith, 504; Lionel, 504. Boreham in Savernake, 376, 380, 381. Boreham Wood (Overton), plants, 409. Borenius, Dr., excavates Claren- don, 389. Boroughs in Domesday, origin and growth, 78. Bortitesdene, see Buddesdene, 562. Bos longifrons, Knook, 189. Boscombe, 302. Church, Royal Arms, 100, 103. Down East, Beaker Pits, 368. Down West, Pygmy Cups, illust., by H. de S. Shortt, 462—465 ; Barrow destroyed, 462. Bosworth, battle of, 169. Bothwell, 247. Botontinus, mound, defined, 423, 424. Botrychium, 414. Boulter, Thos., highwayman, captured and executed, 429. Boulting Hutch, 221. Bourges Cathedral, 491. Bourne River, 307, 568. Bourne, Dr., 438. Bournelake Farm, 553. Bourton on the Water, Ryknield Street, 569. Bouverie, Es 1O 7 P., legacy-;:to Museum, 387, 511. Bows and arrows, 288, 289. Bowden Hill, 125; Pitters Wood, plants, 410. Bowden Park, 125. Bower, Nicholas, 169. Bowerchalke in Domesday, 68. Bowles, Canon W. L., 496; Mrs., 267. Bowood, literary associations, 436;\ Papers, 129. Plants, 409, 411, 413. Park Lake, Sanbourne Stream, 579. Box: 313, 599: Church Bells, A. Shaw Mellor on, 191, 192; Arms of Q. Anne, note, 197, 198; Royal Arms, 92, 97, 103, 104. Hatt House, 239. In Domesday, 69. Iron Age brooch in B.M., 185. Plants, 408, 409, 411. Rates, 1628, 240. Boy Bishop, 10. Boyd’s Bridge, plants, 413. Boyle (—), 29. Boys; J.C; 3. Boyter (—), 29. Stephen, 29. Joseph, 28. 608 INDEX TO Boyton, 504. Manor, 84, 85, 502, 504; House, 85. Plants, 83, 84; Cyparus longus, note on, 84, 85. Brabazon, Major-Gen., 502. Bracher, John, 313. Braden Forest, see Braydon. Bradenstoke Abbey, medieval pottery, 599. Bradford-on-Avon, 12, 128, 313— 316. 505. Barn, account, 53, 54; Collection of old farm im- plements, 54, 265, 428, 438 ; Fund, 272, 388; Offered to Office of Works, 55, 389; Re- pairs, cost of, 55 ; Stone coffin, 415. Barton Farm, 265; Borough in Domesday, 80. Budbury, Rom. stone coffin, 349. Free School abandoned, 18. In Selwood Forest, 593. Bridge Lock-up, Methodist in, 436. Charter, 589. Methodist leaders, W. N. Warren on, 436. Not in Selwood, 595, 596. Priory bought by Paul Methuen, 349 ; Built by Rogers family, 349 ; Chapel upstairs, mural paint- ing of St. Christopher, 349; Demolished, 349. Saxon Charter, 596. Church, plan by Major A. Gorham, 405; Trustees, 128. Stone coffin, Mrs.Cunningtonon,415—518. Swineherds, 78. Tory Chapel bought, 128. Vine- yard in Domesday, and _ bee- keepers, 78. Bradford, James, 313. James E. G., Swindon property, 523, 524. Bradley, Bailey of, 548. : Bradley, Gt., wood, plants, 409. Bradley, Little, wood, 587, 488. Bradley, North, 590, 593. Church, scratch dial, 196. Etymology, 596. In Sel- wood Forest, 539. Wood- land, extent of, 539. Bradley, Mr., 353. Disklemnys PAL Lhe Brady, Nicholas, 305. Brakspear, Sir Harold, 434; VOLE. xviii: Church work, 249. gifts, 131, 268, 388. Brambling, 40. Bramshot (Hants), 502. Brandon, Sir Charles, 290. Brandyre, 6. . Br—tford (sic.), Thos., 14. Bratton, 249, 256. Acreage and woodland in D.B., 592. Not wooded, 596, 598. Bray, Jane, 599. T., Newgate token, 599. Braybrooke Arms, 170. Eliz., 171. Gerard, 171. Will., Ole, Oil, 33, Hes. We. Braye, Sir John, superintends building of St. George’s Chapel, 167. Oswald, Braydon [Braden, Bradon], Brook, 546, 549. Forest, 71, 76, 533, 540, 541. Ne SWORN Maskelyne on, 240. Affores- tations of Hen. II reduced by dete 547 Extent of, 538, 541, 547. Perambulations, Elizabethan, etc., 545—556. “Ton’’ names in, 541. Woodland, area in Domes- day, 533, 538, 554. Braydon herbing industry, 351. Parish, 538, 552, 554. Pond, plants, 409, 413. Village, 553, 554. Breamore, 462. Mizmaze, 396. Saxon Church, 396. Breast plough, 265. Brecon, 248. Bredwardine (Heref.), 428. Bremhill [Bremele] Church, 293; Royal Arms, 98, 105. Churchyard cross, scratch dial, 196. Grove, plants, 413. Vicarage, water colour by Buckler, 267. Wick Hill plants, 409. Bremilham, alias Cowitch, Church, bell and parish, des- cribed, 196, 197. Bremner, Rob., 213. Bremridge [Bremelrigg], 593. Brentnall, H. C., 560. Gifts, 133) or. Guide, 292. On French Moonrakers, 466, 467. On Marlborough Castle, INDEX. TO VOL. XIVIIT. 609 133—143. On Savernake Forest in the Middle Ages, 371—386, 530. President @EW Ay Soc., 53, 55, 56,387, oot Writings, 530. Bridgford, East (Notts), Hist. of, 396. Brigge, John, 278. Brighthelmstone, 308. Bridport, 306. Sts Church, 504. Bridson, Rev. Paul Bowen, obit., 504. Kevaarbs sb. Jp 86. Capt. W. P., 504. Brimble Hill (Wroughton), plants, 87. Brimstone (butterfly), 47. Brimyngs bridge, 545. Brind, Richd., 28. Mary’s Brinkworth, 429. Boundary, 547. Brook, 549. Callow Hill, plants, 410. Church, Royal” Arms, ~97,-98, 105. Herbing, 351. Ridge- way, d47. Bristol, 306, ole Bell founders, 191. Castle, 137. Christ Church, 99. Churches, Royal Arms in, 95. Museum, objects, 441. Property, 280. St; Mary, Redcliffe, 395. St. Matthew, Moorfields, 395. Surrender of, 263. University excavations at Nettleton Scrub, 54. Bristow, Mrs., 470. Britford, birds, 36 —39. Bridge, 571. In Claren- don Forest, 536,568. Plants, 83, 84. British Legion, 395. British Museum objects, 177, 350. Nat. Hist., 244. Wessex culture, 396. British Record Association, gifts, 54, 268, 388, 406. Brittan, Meshach, 313. Brittany, cliff camps of Veneti, 426. Brittleshurne (Chute Forest), 562. Britton, John, letters, 265. Britts Corner (Chute Forest), 563. Brixton Deverill, 127. Not in VOL. XLVIII, NO. CLXXI. Selwood, 595. in pot, 430. Broad Chalke Church, Saxon Cross fragment, 468. Dipper, 35. In Cranbourne Chase, 539. In Domesday, 68. Broad Hinton Church, Royal Arms, 98, 105. Visited, 391. Broad Leaze Farm, 553. Broadsheets, dying speeches, 428, 429. Broad Town Church, restored, 504. Broche (spit), 220. Brodecumbe (Burcombe), 572. Brokenborough, Manor, extent Roman coins of, 538. Saxon Charter, 540, 545, 549. Woodland, extent of, 538. Brokenere, 594. Brokeway (Corsley), 595. Bromham, acreage and area of woodland, 581, 582. Bound- ary, 578. Churchyard inscriptions copied, 131, 388. Cottages, old, photos, 131. Derivation, 6542. In Melksham Forest, 542. Plants, 409, 411, 413. Brompton, 127. Bronze Age, early, in Wessex, and objects of Wessex culture, by Stuart Piggott, noticed, 397, 398, 406; Invasion from Brit- tany, 397 ; Amber objects, 398. Bronze Age, early,grave in Fargo plantation, excavated by J.F.S.Stone,35'7—366, figs. Urns from Berrynarbor and Tregaseal, 177. Miniature accessory vessels found in cinerary urns at Swindon, 356. Bronze implements, drawings, 268; Awl, Winterslow, 177; Knife Daggers, Wiainterslow, 176, 178. Palstave, Chilmark Bake, 351; Mere, 470; Plait- ford, 197. Dagger, Winter- slow, 179; Flat, 151. Dagger Graves, 397. Razors, 177: Amesbury, 177; Winterslow 176,- 177. Tracer from Lake Barrow, 350. 2s 610 INDEX TO VOL. XLVIII. Brooches, Italian, of Early Iron Age, 183; How did they come here? 185, 186; From Cold Kitchen Hill, 185. Brooke;, | joshua, gitt, 50%; Beakers from Lockeridge, 507. Brooklie (Heywood), 594. Broom, John, 313. Broome, C. E., writings, 321. Broomsgrove Copse, plants, 409. Broughton Gifford Common, 86. Plants, 413. Egyptian connexion (?), 441. Brown Argus (butterfly), 45. Brown, E. L., 248. G. Bald- win, writings, 405. Julia, A, TRaeln,,, 28). Sy Bs, Ake Theodore, obit., 248. Capt. W., gift, 265. Will., 29. Browne, Bp. G. F., 196. Brownrop, Robert, 213. Brunel, engineer, 523. Brunton, 560. Brunswick Arms, 94, 97, 98. Bugats, 7. Bubb, J., 116. Bucking Tub, 220. Buckinghamshire, woodland in Domesday, 533. Buckland (? Buckhard), Will., pipe maker, 405. Buckley, Francis, 313. Budbury (Bradford), Rom. Brit. burials, 415. Buddesdene [Buddeston], Bid- desden, 558, 562. Bufford, Rog,, 27. Bugden, Thos., 28. Bugley (Bogeleigh), 592. Bulford, bronze pins, 405. Butterflies, 47. Church, Royal Arms, 96, 105. Down, plants, 87, 408. Saxon spear- head, 352. Bulkington, boundary, 577. In Melksham Forest, acreage, 534, 535. Not in D.B., 598. Bullin (—), gave name toSwindon street, 524. Bullock, L., 313. T., 318. Burbage, ‘“‘ Feld ’’in Place Names, 540. Charter, 540. In Savernake, 540. Property, 380. Burchell, W. J., 391. Burcombe Without, 576. Plants, 83. Burderop, plants, 411. Burdock, 351. Burdox, John, 214. Burgh, Hubert de, besieged Marl- borough, 137. Imprisoned at Devizes, 65. Burltons, see Donhead St. Mary. Burnlake, Etymology, 503. Burkasy Avob ere Burrough, T., 313. Burton Dasset (Warw.), 229. Burward, John, 222, 223. Bury Hill Farm (Purton), 552,553. Bury St. Edmunds, St. Mary’s Church, 123. Bury Wood Camp (Colerne), Sar- sen saddle quern 597. Bush Barrow, objects asin Breton barrows, 397. Bush [Busshe], Mr., 439. lize 2s Raul poof Bristol, 24. Real Ralph, 281, 283. Bushey Marsh Farm (Chittoe), 578. Bushnell, Walter, 192. Buslingthorpe (Yorks), 122. Butcher (—), 313. Butler, John, 194. Butt, Edward, 229. Butterflies and moths of Wilts, 32. Buttermere Corner, 374. Rockmoor Down and _ wood, plants, 411. Butts, The, Field Name, 147. Buxton, Mrs., gift, 131. Buzzard, nesting, 36. B.V.M. Mass at Conception of, 8. Bydeburna (Dors.), 577. Byde Mill Lane [Bydemel] (Poul- shot), Etymology, 577. Byfleet, West, 407. Bynlegh, 278. ‘‘ Bynthewrthe’’ Church granted to Sarum Grammar School, 11, 12. Cabytwyehene (Chute Forest), Etymology, 562, 563, Caccherowe [Catherowe], John, 214. INDEX TO VOL. XLVIII. 611 Cade, Jack, rebellion, 161. Cadley, 5653. Cadnam, A. S. M:,.on, 240. Calamogrostis, 413. Calcott [Colcote] Bridge, Rom road, 546. Calderwood, Messrs., house, 529. Caldwell, James, highwayman, execution, 429. Messrs., house, 529. Callitriche, sp., 409. Callow Hil] [Calewe, Callawell, De la Coue, Etymology, 411, 551. Callow, Robert, 28. Calne [Caune], 126, 314, 315, 577. Borough in Domesday, 80. Green, 250. A Grinity Church: 125. In Melksham Forest, 534, 576. St. Mary’s School, 126, 250. Sand donkeys, 468. Without, acreage and forest area, 534, 581, 582 ; Disafforestation, 581; In Chippenham Forest, 534. Calstone, 315. Church, Royal Arms, 105. Manor, E. and Ssiarms, 126. Mills, in D.B., ide Calverley, John, 290. Camberley, Staff Coll., 499. Camberwell Beauty, butterfly, 44. Cambridge in ID B:, 76: st. Giles’ Church, 232. Campanula, 411. Campbell, Hon. Mrs., 85. Camps, large double-ditched, Ist Cemty. 1356... 259. “ Cause- Way,” 257. Canada. fungi, 326. Canals, Wilts and Berks, 529. Cannon, John, 313. Tom, gives name to Swindon Street, 524. Canones Weye [Canewye], 551. Canterbury, 142. Cathedral, Beckett’s Crown, 492, Shrine of St. Thomas, des- cribed, 493; Made by Elias de Dereham, 492; Pilgrimages to, 492; Removal of body to shrine, 492, 493. Canterbury, Courtney, Arch. Bp. of, 201. Will., Arch. Bp. of, 208. Cantharellus, sp., 340. Capedene [Capiesdene, Capyden] (Chute Forest), 558, 562—564, Capon, William, 24. Capps, William, 10. Caracalla, coins; 295. Carausius, coins, 293. Cardew, Major, 44. Carduus,sp., 410; Pycnocephalus, var., 88. Carew, Geo., 209. Carex, sp., 84, 89, 413. Carless, Dr., 395. Carlisle, Bp. of, 310. Carlton, Sam., Swindon Street named after, 524. Carmarthenshire, 120. Carnarvon, 301. Carnuntum, conference, 50. Carson, Sir Edw., 246. Carter, Oliver, 213. Walle, Sis: Carter’s Wood, plants, 413. Carum, 410. Casterley Camp, Iron Age bronze cheek piece, 433. Castle Combe, 313. Royal Arms, 100, 106. Castle Eaton, plants, 409, 410, 413. Castle Hill Camp, Pennebury or Poundbury, 586. Castle Wood, plants, 408. Catabrosa aquatica, 84. Catanger Wood (Chute), 557. Catcombe Wood (Huilmarton), plants, 409—411, 413. Cathedrals commission, 241. Friends of, 599. Cave, Dr. J. E., on Rom.-Brit. skeleton, Bradford, 415—418. Cecil, Anne, Countess of Stam- ford, 255. Ld. Hugh; 129: Sir Will., Chancellor of the Garter, 167. Celandine, 351. Celtic ornament, Atworth, H. de S. Shortt on, 459—461. Cemele [Kemble] Forest, 537, 538, see Kemble. Cennick, John, acct. of, noticed, 437. Centunculus minimus, 83. Centenarians, see Cook, Mary Jane. Church, 2° Sr? 612 INDEX LOMVOb shy alin Centuriation in Rom.- Britain, 424. Cepea, sp., 367, 368. Cephalotaphy (head Easton Down, 181. Cerastium, sp., 82, 87, 408. Cerney, South, 553. Chadenwich (Mere), acreage and woodland, 591. Chaffcutters, old, given, 54, 265, 388, 438. Chalcot (Dilton Marsh) [Chal- decot], 595. Chalfield, Great, Egyptian con- nection, 441. Manor House restored, 249. Etymology, 596, 597. Chalk Hill Blue (butterfly), 45. Chalke Manor in D.B., extent of, 68. Chalke puttes (Chute), 561. Chalk spindle whorl, 514, 520. Chaloner, Major Hon. Thos. Weston Peel Long, 2nd Baron Gisborough, 239. Adm. Thos., 238. Chamberlaine, Rob., 215. Webb, 313. Champflowre, Joan, 7. Chancefield Farm, 389. Chandler, John, 23. 26. Chantrell, Rob., 29. Chantries, foundation of, des- cribed, 2. Chapel Plaister, scratch dial, 196. Chapel Royal, organist, 27. Chaplain, Sir Thos., 275. Chapman, R. W., 129. Chapmanslade (Dilton Marsh), 595. Chappell, John, 309. Chapple, J., 407. Chara, 414. Chard, Mr., gift, 265. Chardstock All Saints (Dors.), 506. Prebend , 216. Charett, Rich: 7. Charles, Prince, 304. Chri at Heale House and Salisbury, 307, 308. Charlemagne, escutcheon = on Royal Arms, 94, 97, 98. Charles, Harold, verses by, 266. burial), Rich., 20, Charlton [Charleton], 247, 549. Egyptian connexion, 441. Charlton (Donhead), 39. Charlton (Downton), birds, 35, 37. Charlton (Pewsey Vale), farming, 435. Charlton (Nr. Malmesbury), 545. Herbing, 351. Park House, Chr. Hussey on, noticed, ~ 255; Built by Countess of Suffolk, 255; John Thorpe’s work, 255; J. Wyatt’s work, 200; E.\ front rebuilt, 250° Hall made from court yd., 255, 256 ; Portraits, 255. Charlying, John, 213. Charminster and Beer, Prebend , 23. Charmouth, 306. Charnham Oak, 553. Charterhouse (Som.), K. John at, 490. Chartres’ Cath 491 3 3St ahos: of Canterbury, 492. Cheddar (Som.) Manor, 80. Chelms Combe (Sussex), neolithic pottery, 90. Cheltenham Parish Church and St. James’, 505. Chelworth Green, 551, 553. Chenopodium, sp., 83—86. Cheppyng Knyves, 7. Cherhill Down, dewpond, 444. Egyptian connexion, 441. Manor House, 390. Plants, 410—412. Rom. pavement nr. Church un- covered, 390. Cherington, Egyptian connexion, AA1, Cheselborne (Dors.), 128. Chester, Bp. of, 310. Chester, M.P., 120. Chester le Street, 125. Cheteweyhey, 579. Chetnell, Rich., 27. Cheverell, Gt., 506 ; In Melksham Forest, acreage, 534, 535; not tay IDI), Otel, Cheverell, Little, Church, Royal Arms, 200; In Melksham, acreage, 534, 535 ; Notin D.B., 598, INDEX TO Cheyney [Cheyne], John Ld., Tomb, 170. Sir John, effigy, in Salisbury Cathedral, 167, 169, 171. Chichester, Bp. of, 60, 309. Chiffchaff, 40. Chiffern, Edw., 29. Child (—.), 28. Chilmark, 307. Fungi, 472— 476, 478—480, 482—486. Bake, flint and bronze celts, 351. Downs, fungi, 322, BLOMEOLO! B20.°509, dal, 332, 304; 336, 338, 340, 342, 343. Quarries, plants, 82. Chilton Foliot, 502. old font, 406. 89, 412. Chilworth Lane, 553. Chimney crane, 265. China, 247. Chippenham, 75, 119, 122, 249, alia, O20, 316, 428. Arthur’s Well, mineral spring, 350. Birds, 38. Bridge, 580. Derivation, 542, 581. Forest, 76, 540, 542, 580; Disafforest- ation, date of, 580 ; Extent of, 533, 540, 542 ; Modern parishes in, 5384; Perambulations, 580 ; Perambulation of 1300, G. Gruxily on, 534, 579—583. Woodland, extent of, 533, 534. Chippenham and Melksham Forests, area reckoned as one, 534—536 ; Acreage in D.B. and in 1298, 582; Separated, 580. Fortress in Danish wars, 81. Gibbet, 429. Mail robbed, 429. Milk Factory, 300, Mineral springs, 350. Monkton Cottage, 350. Manor, Royal, 80, 535. Patterdown, plants, 412. St. Paul’s Church, 249. Spa Building, notes on, 380. Swineherds in D.B., 78. Chippenham Within, acreage of forest and woodland, 581, 582. Disafforestation, 581. Chippenham Without, acreage of woodland, 533, 534, 540, 582. Cininch: Plants, ov, WOL, XLVI; 613 Chipping’ =Sodbury, *St..: Eliz’s School, 250. Chirton Church, Royal Arms, 98, 106. Chisbury Camp, St. Martin’s Chapel, visited, 393. Plants, 88. Chiseldon Church, 99; Royal Arms, 100, 106. Hodson, plants, 412. Manor, 79. Plants, see also Coate. Chiseldon and Draycot, A. S. Maskelyne on, 240. Chitterne, 317. All Saints’ Vicarage, 203. Clay Pits; dewpond, 444. Dotterell, 441, St. Mary’s Church, Royal Arms, 100, 106. Chitterne, John, 279, 289. Chittoe [Cheteweyheye], 578. Acreage and area of woodland, 581, 582. Boundary, 578, D9: Derivation, 578. Houses, old, 131. Plants, 88, 409, 413. sandy Lane, plants, 410. Wansdyke,.578. Chitty, Miss L. F., 359, 362, 364, 366. Cholderton, 179. Plants, 4142. Christchurch, connection with Brittany in Bronze Age, 397. Priory, benefaction, 275. Christian Malford, 466, 540. Manor, in Corsley, 595. Shirestone (Sherston), 589. Cortinarius, sp., 327, 473. Corton, MS. notes on Place Names, 190. Cory, John, 281. Corydalis, 408. Cosin, Bp. of Durham, 310. Costow (Broad Hinton), 435. Cotswolds in Early Bronze Age, 397. Cotteridge (Corridge), acreage and woodland in D.B., 593. Cottles House (Atworth), 247. Cotton, A.D., 321. Couelde Croz [Coudecrouche] (Cricklade), 551. Coulston, 258, 405. plants, 412. Coupath (Chute Forest), 561, 563. Courteney, Will., 258. Covelee [Coueleye] (Chute Forest), 561, 563. Covenholt [Conholt Park], 567. Covenholtesdych (Chute), 560. Coventry, Ld., 307. Miao One Beauclerk, Arthur, 247. Hen. Rob. Beauclerk, 247. Muriel Joan Eleanor, 247. Lady Muriel Sophie, obit., 247. Cowage [Cowitch], Farm and Parish, 197. Coward, E., writings, 440. Cowley, Ld., 428. Cowper, John, 27. Cowlishaws Grammar School, 127. Cowslip, hybrids, 83. Cox [Coxe], Archdeacon, letters, 265. Hippisley, writings, 260. Will., 318. Coxe’s House (India), failure, 149. Crabbe, Geo., 406; Poems of, noticed, 432. James, 313. Coulston, Crackington Haven (Corn.), 250. Cranbourne, J., 216. Cranbourne Chase, 76, 533, 540. Extent Of oo9s ole ‘“‘Feld’’ in place names, 540. Joined Selwood, 597. “On. mMamesmeo4i. Woodland, extent of, 539. Crane, Mr., 148. Cranmer, Archbp:, 92: Craterellus, 484. Crawiord > ©; Ga oeweOor Writings, 423. Crawlboys Lane and Farm, 563. Crawley, D, 314. Cremation, introduced from Brittany, 369. Crepidotus, sp., 337. Cricklade, 122, 5463 563: Borough in Domesday, 70, 78, 79. Boundary, 552. Buar- gesses, 79. Church, 78. Gospel Oak, 196. Coulede Cross, 646, 551. Roads, 545, 002, 553. Meadows in D.B., 76 Parish, 554. Plants, 410. R. Thames, 433. The Forty, 553. Dhird, SeennyA eile West Mill, 546. Crispus, 50. Crocker, Philip, original drawings for Ancient Wilts given, 266, 389 ; Letters, etc., 265. Crockerton, 127; Acreage and Woodland in D.B., 592. Crofton, Kennet and Avon Canal, Aso elamtseailos Crofts, Thos., 314. Croke’s path ([Croukespathe] (Chute Forest), 562, 553. Cromby (—), Swindon Street named after, 524. Crook family, Foresters of Chute, 380. Charles, 26. John, 34. Crosborough family, 301. Cross, Geo., gift, 600. Will., 314. Crossbill breeding, 34. Crossbow, 289. Crosse Oak, 5&8. Croucheston Down, plants, 408. Crow, Hooded, 33. INDEX TO Croxton Kerrial (Leics.), Crabbe, Vicar, 432. Croyde Bay, 501. Crucibulum, 472. Crudwell Church, Royal Arms on bench-end, 106, 107. In Kemble Forest, 538. Woodland in D.B., 538. Cuckoo, 35, 40. Culstoke Ford, 550. Culver Hay Close, 553. Cunnington, Capt. B. H., Curator of Museum, 55, 56; Gifts, 130, lol 265, 388, 406, 599; Ex- cavates Long Barrow, 401; Meeting secretary, 56, 393; On Clock and Watchmakers of Wiltshire in the 17th and 18th Cents.; 313—317; On Devizes Soc. for prosecuting felons, 444; Writings, 264, 428, 439. Dr. C. Willett, writings, 389. Emily, gifts, 267, 389. Henry, Curator of Museum, Sommers. Vi H. (Mrs. B: H.), as guide, 393; Gifts, 267, 405 ; On Beaker found at Lockeridge, 507; On Saxon Burial at Netheravon,469; OnSkeletons found near Warminster, 468, 469; On Stone Coffin found at Bradford-on-Avon, 415—418 ; On Walker Bequest to Museum, 185—190; Work at Museum, 56. Col_K. AH. as guide, 57. Sava oh SoA. » barrows opened, 406; MS. account of lite, »éce., 266: Letters . and notes, 265, 388. Will., F.GS., MS. notes, 266. Cupid, book of, 243. Curlew, 38. Curll, Bp. Walt., 305. ‘Currie, Rev. James, 120. Sit James, obit., 120. Lady, Ne Curtepath (Winterslow), 570. Gurwen, -. G., on origin of Lynchets, 442. Cuscula, 411. Cust, Eleanor Kath., 502. Cuthbert, St., 492. Cutteridge, 434. Cynodon, 84. VOL. XLVIII, NO. CLXXI, VOR. XEVIFE 617 Cyperus longus in Wilts, Miss B. Gullick on, 84—86. Cyphella, sp., 345. Dacryomyces, sp., 346. Daedalia, sp., 344, 485. Dafford’s |Wood (Dertford’s Wood. Longleat), 588. Daguerre, Louis, invents photo- graphy, 432. Dahl, painter, 312. Dale,-Alice, 285. DalwodeMilland Farm (Dinton), 572. Damerham, Manor in D.B., 78. Dammers, A. W. H., 128. Emily Thyea, 128. Dandelion, 351. Daniell, Rev. J. J., 425, 436. Danvers, family notes, L3L. Darby; Hw C.,-75. Darcye, Ld., 29°). Darell, family, 373 Darlington, Archers, 149. Dartnell, H. W.., gifts, 267. Datura; Sa. Daubeny [de Albiniaco], family property, 274. Hen., 274. Juliana, 274. Dauntsey Charter, 549. Church, Royal Arms, 98, 107. Idover Farm, 6549. School, 121. Davenant, John, Bp. of Salisbury, 302—304. Davenport, Abraham, 28. Major John Archibald, obit., 395. Davey, Ld., 394. Davidge, W. R., 404. Davis, Jesse, 314. John, 28. Marg., 239. Weston Blocklesby, 239. Davy, John, 11, 27. Lady, 407. Davys, Rev: 5. D2 M., 196. Dawber, Sir Guy, 249. Dawkins, Rich., 29. Day, Geo., 28. Deacon, Arthur Will., obit., 249. G., 249. W. gives name to Swindon Street, 525. Dean, West, stories of, 267, 439. Dean [Deane], Walt., 14. Wille e27: Dearman, Will., 429. 618 INDEX TO VOL. Debnam, Isaac, 314. Deeds, given to Museum, 405, 507. Delamere Arms, 170. Delany, Dr. Patrick, 258, 259. Mrs. Aspasia, life and letters by C. E. Vullhiamy, noticed, 258. De la Roche, John, the grave of, 578. Dell, Ralph, 27. Dene, Rich., 14, 21. Deptford, 321. Derby, Earl of, 502. Derbyshire, woodland in D.B., 533. Peak, cave of the winds, 142 Dereham Monastery, founded, 488. Deerham, West (Norf.), two Churches, St. Andrew’s Round Tower, 488. Dereham, family, 488. Elias de, by Canon J.M.J. Fletcher, 483—498; As_ goldsmith, maker of Beckett’s Shrine, 493, 497: Builds Castle Hall at Winchester, 495; Communar of Salisbury Chapter, 494; Executor of Archbishop Hubert Walter, 490; Master Elias and his connection with Durham, by H. L. Honeyman, noticed, 252, 253; Obit. of, 9, Seal of, 498; Will of, 496; Work at Durham and Wells, 494; At Tarrant, 66 ; His work as architect, characteristics of, 253. Geoffrey de Dereham, 488. Nicholas de, 489. Rich. de., 489. Derreen (Kerry), 129. Derry Brook [Green Bourne] (Ashton Reynes), 550—553. Deschampsia, sp., 84. Deverill, 592. Deverel—Rim- bury burials, 356. Devil’s Den, 256. Devizes, 82, 248, 314—317, 395, 429, 503, 576. Assize Courts, Muniment Room, 54. Bed- borough Tithing, 444. _—_—_ Birds, 345). Black Bear Inn, 264. Black Swan Inn, 444. XLVIII. Butterflies, 42. Castle, besieged by Cromwell, 263; Hubert de Burgh imprisoned at, 65; Surrender of, letter concerning, 263 Corn Ex- change, Royal Arms, 107. Festivities, 1814, hand bill of, 131. Greystone House, 503. Grubbe family deeds, 268. King’s Arms Inn, 264. Kennett and Avon Canal, 433. Lacock Road, 579. Napoleon’s downfall, handbill of rejoicings, 439. North- gate House, B. H. Cunnington on, noticed, 264; Ball, 1871, 264; Judge’s lodgings, 264. Devizes Museum, Brooke col- lection, 187; Building Fund, 388, 511; Gifts, 180, 405, 507, 599 ; Herbarium, 86; Mainten- ance Fund; 53. 270, 510; Objects in, 150, 185, 433, 464, 469, 470; Purchases Fund, 53, 3088, 510; Records Room, new, cost of, 54, 387, 510; Repairs, 387; Legacy for repairs, 387 ; Stourhead collection, Crocker’s original drawings of objects, 266; Wessex culture, objects of, 398. Devizes Museum Library, gifts, etc., 54, 131, 132, 215—218, 405, 406, 507, 508, 599: Sadler Coll., 196; New Deed Room and card catalogue, 54, 239, 267, 387, 388, 510. Devizes Nursteed Tithing, 444 ; Plants, 88, 408, 409; Pugh’s School, 124; Recorder, 502; Roundway Tithing, 444. Church ot Steel, Hubert de Burgh ee talkes sanctuary, 65; Mayor’s pew dispute, 440 ; Royal Arms, 107. Church of St. Mary, Royal Arms, 98, 107. Seven Gables, 394. SOC, Ore Prosecuting Felons, Minute book, 444, 508. Waylen’s School, 123. Week tithing, 444, Devon, woodland in Domesday, 533. INDEX TO VOL. XLVIIT. 619 Dew, amount of water from, 443. Dewlish (Dors.), Lord’s Down, Bronze Age urn, 178. Dew ponds, in fable and in fact, by A. Pugsley, noticed, 442— 444, 508. Age of, 445. Condensation theory given up, 444, In brickholes, 444. In Saxon charters, doubtful, 443, Makers, Smith family, 44,4, Neolithic, unproved, 443. Not filled by dew, 443. Dick, Charlotte Anna, 238. telon. We WwW. FE; H., 238. Dicks, W., 314 Dickson, Adm. J. B., 119. Dickson-Poynder, John Poynder, idealishnugton, obit., 119. Didour [Tidoure), Etymology. 549, Digitalis, 411. Dilton [Dulton], acreage of woodland, 592. Dilton Marsh, 589; Acreage, 595; In Westbury, 593; In Selwood Honest. 597: Chalcot, 595: Marsh, 695; Penley, 596 ; Short Street (Sheater Street), 593. (Dinton,.503, d/o. Butterflies, 44, Church, Royal Arms, 98, 107. Marshwood, plants, 84. Diocletian, 49, 50. Coins, 51; Coinage reformed, 51, 2953. Dionne Quintuplets, 196. Dipper, 35. Diplock, W. J., gift, 265. Diplotaxis, 408. Dipsacus, sp., 88. Dicheridge, rates, 1628, 240. Ditchampton, 572. Charter, 573. Ditches, bivallate, cattle ways from pasture, 259. Doddington, Gt. (Northants), Legend of K. Hen. VII, 301. Doflad, Etymology, 574. Doily Forest (Hants), 542. Domesday Book, Exchequer and Exon books, 68. For Wilts, by W. H. Jones, contents, 68. Forests in Wilts, methods of measurement, 529, 530, 532. Geography of Wilts, by F. W. Morgan, 68—81. Modern parishes not mentioned, 534, Pasture, measurement Ob, Vo. Survey, contents ex- plained, 69. Woodland in, 530. Domitian, coin, 292. Don., Prof., 84. Donaldson, Bp., 504. Donhead, plants, 413. Donhead Cliff, plants, 410, 412. Hall, fungi, 323, 327, 331, 332, 334, 336—340, 342, 343, 345, 478. House, fungi, 326, 343, Donhead St. Andrew, 321. Fungi, 324—332, 334, 336, 337, 339—342, 344—346, 472—484, 485. Madgrove, fungi, 326, Plants, 84. Donhead St. Mary, Basidiomy- cetes (Fungi). Notes on, by T. F. @ W. and A. E. A. Dunston, 321—346, 471—487. Alec’s Shade Wood, 328. Burlton’s, fungi, 323—327, 472480, 482—486. Plants, 84. Dorchester, Colyton Park, Rom. houses excavated, visited, 57. Judge Jefferies’ lodgings, 57. Museum, visited, 57; Objects, 364. Maumbury Rings in Civil War, 57 ; Visited, 57. Dorlegate [Durlett Farm], 578. Dorling, E. E., 230; Writings, 3. Dotterel, at Chitterne, 441. Douai, St. Thos. of Canterbury, 492, Walscelin de, 273. Douglas, Bp., 311. Rev. J., letters, 265. Dover, Etymology, 549. Dowland, Rev. Edm., 230. Down turf, effect of sheep, 257, Down Hale, Bridport, 128. Downham Market (Norf.), 488. Downing, Simon, 249. And Rudman, Ch. work, 249. Downton, Batts’ Croft, plants, 84. Birds, 33, 39. Church, 396 ; Modern glass, 144. Butterflies, 46. Moot, acct. Zed 2 620 IN DEXe 2O Wao noe yaanle of, 396. Newt, Palmate, 41. Plants, 83, 84. Saxon boundaries, 596; Early settle- ment, 541. Smooth Snake, 41. “Ton ’’ names, 541. Woodfield Gate, 568. Draba, sp. 82. Drake, Rich., 224, “ Drake’s Drum,”’ 242. Draycot Cerne House, ice skat- ing, 428. Draycot (Fohot) in Chiseldon, plants, 410. Drew, Col. C. D., 57. Druce, Dr., 86. Drury, Dr- G. Dru, as guide; 58, 66. Dryffield, Sir Rob., 7, 214. Drynam (N. Bradley), 590. Dryopteris, 414. ~ Dublin, 395. 60. Ducas, Rob., 434. Duck, Pintail, 33. AU. Duck, Stephen, 236. Duckworth, Margaret, 241. Rev. W. A., 241. Dudley, Ist Earl of, 502. Duncombe, Anth. Ld. Feversham, 438. Dundas, Annie, 119. 119. Dunge (Nr. Trowbridge), plants, 82. Dunstable (Beds.), dewpond makers, 444. Dunston, T.F. G. W. and Capt. A. E. A., Notes on Some of the Basidiomycetes (Fungi) found in S.W. Wilts especially round Donhead St. Mary, 321—346, 471—487. Capt. A., gift, 508. Duppa, Brian, Bp. of Salisbury, 309. Durbeyfield, John, 59. Durham, 142. Bp. of, 60, 310. Cathedral, 252 ; Chapel of Nine Altars by Elias de Dere- ham, 2538, 494. Copy of Magna Charta, 66. School, 1253. Durnford, Great, 229, 248 256. Church, Commandments, Archbishop of, Tufted, 37, EL Ds: Greed and) Wordis~ Prayer, formerly, 146; Gallery, 146 ; Glass, 146; Mural painting, St. Christopher, J. Salmon on, 144—146; Royal Arms, 97, 107. Derivation, 571. Durnford, Little, mills, 256. Durrington, Wood Road, plants, 9 Dutchy Ragg (Braydon), 553. Dyas, Florence Margaretta, obit., 250. Dygon, John, 281. Dyke, bank and ditch, 569. Dyke, John, murdered, 429. Dymock, R. G. V., 196. Eagle, Whitetailed, 36. Faldhelm, St., Life ofiby W. B. Wildman, 267, 406. Earle, Mr., gift, 131. Will. Benson, 28. Earles, John, 309. Farlsman, Edw... 22 Earth lodges (N. America), 254. Eastcott (Erchfont), 315. Easterbye jp, 16g: Easterton, The Kestrels, Rom. building, 130, 405. Sands, plants, 411. Easton, Prior of, property, 381. Easton Down, Beaker dwelling pits, 151, 178, 369. Bronze Age huts, 181. Bronze Age urn field, 181. Flint mine, 159. Easton in Kington St. Michael, 69. Easton Grey Church, Royal Arms, 98, 107. Easton Royal, 124. Manor |Senciooy, 31483, Eaton, Rev. J.C By 39k Ebbesbourne Wake, 248. Butterflies, 44. In Cran- borne Chase, 539. Rector, 228. Ebroiensis (Normandy), Bp. of, 60. Eccilia, sp., 236, 478. Echinochloa, 413. Ecclesiastical Commissioners, Salisbury leases, 1. Edington [Edyndone], acreage \ INDEX: 20, VOL.) XLVItIl; 621 and woodland in D.B., 592. Church, Bp. Ayscough mur- dered, 161. Glass, 1465. Saxom Charter, 077, 096. Edington, Bp., obit., 8. Edmund, the King, St., 10, 492. Edmund, Thos., 213. Edward IV, 162. Edward VI, Royal Arms in Churches, 92. Edwards (—), 27. And Crabbe, 314. Hen. Boyce, obit., 125. Brig.-Gen. John Burnard, obit., 124. Roderick Mac- kenzie, 124. Thos., 314. Egyptian colonisation of Wilts, Rendel Harrison, 441. Scarabs on Salisbury Plain, W.H. Watts on, noticed, 259, 260 ; Stonehenge and Avebury built by, 430, 431. Elagabalus, coins, 295. Elcot (Berks), 505. (Marl- borough), 142, 383. Elford, 504. Elkins, Rob. Hen., 29. Wynd- ham Earle, 29. Ellis, James, 28. Rev. 4-200; Ely, Bp. of, 309. Elyot, Mr:; obit., 8,°9. Emuline, 572. Emlyn, Viscount, gives name to Swindon St., 525. Enamels, Celtic in Roman period, 460. Enford Church, Royal Arms, 100, 108. Plants, 82. Englefield (Berks), ridge way, 543. -“Englsh’’ Anthology,” 243. English clothing in the 19th cent., by Dr. Cunnington, 267, 389. English poetry, The Study of, 242. Entoloma, sp, 330, 475. Epilobium, sp., 87, 409. Epipactis, 88. iEnehtoht, 3dlid. 410, 413, 600. Erigeron, sp , 82, 410. Plants, 409, Erlestoke, 123,506. Hill Wood, plants, 412. In Melksham Forest, 534, 535. Plants, 413. Erysimum, sp., 408. Erythrea, sp., 83. Esseby, Adam de, 61. Essex, Forest of, 373. Wood- land in: DBs oo: Essex, Albert, 28. Estcourt, Id., 394: Charles Wyatt, 394. Eleanor Lucy, 394. Will... 27. Rev. Will., J. Bucknall, 394. Estinton, T., 216. Estovers, defined, 375, Esturmy [Esturmit], Geoffrey, 378. Hen., 380. Estwick (Savernake), 384. Etchilhampton, plants, 88. Eton [Eaton], Etymology, 572, O73. See Watereaton. Ettry, Joel, 314. Euphrasia, sp., 411. Euphorbia, sp., 83, 412. Evans, Rev. James, 229, John, 229. Rev. J. H.; 406. Evenley (Northants), Rom. coins, ‘““Everdeboys’’ stone in ring, 281. Everest, Mt., 245 Everett, Adm. Sir Allan Fred., obit., 246. Ca kk: 21, 405. Colzij.is 246. Everley ([Eburleagh], 68. Boundary, 560. Church, Royal Arms, 98, 108. In Chute Forest, 541, 596. Longstreet Down, plants, 408. Not in D.B., 68. Every, Mark Rogers, 30. Evesham, 122. Battle of, 136. Ewart, Wilfred, writings, 131. Exeter, St. Matthew’s, 127. Exeter, Bp. of, 310. Exidia, sp., 346. Exmoor Forest, 538. Wood- land and Moor, 576, 596. Expeditation of dogs, described, 382. Eyer, Mr.,.20. Eyles, James, gifts, 265, 599. Richd., 210. Faberstown, 562. Face of Britain, English Down- land, by; HH. Gs. Massinger, noticed, 256, 622 INDEX TO Fadyr, Sir Peter, 214. Fairboard Coppice (Longleat), 588. Fairford (Glos.), Saxon bucket, 176. Falconer (—), 29. Falmouth, hoard of Rom. coins, 52. Falstone Pond (Savernake), 385, 560. Fareham (Hants), 82, 407. Fargo, plantation, barrows, 357. Early Bronze Age Grave by J. F. S. Stone, 357—370 (figs.); Food vessel, 464; Mollusca, 367; Flat grave and ditches, 359, 360 ; Stonehenge, Cursus at Fargo, 357. Faringdon (Hants), food vessel, 364. Farle, Sir John, 214. Farleigh Hungerford Rowley added to, 594. Farley in Clarendon Forest, 541; Boundary, 570. Farm implements, obsolete, in Bradford Barn, 38. Farm implements with iron fittings of 1886, 276; Lantern, gift, o99: Farm stock; etc., inventory of Bonham Manor, 1386, 276. Farming, wheat v. dairy, 260. Farnham Common Wood, fungi, 3227) S24) OL OO Sao oo ool 302, 334, 340, 341, 343, 345, 473—482, 485. Farquhar, John, buys Fonthill, 258. Fausta, 50. Fawcett, Prof., Edward, F.R.S., on The Royal Heraldic Achievements in the Churches of Wiltshire, 92—117, 200, 348, 349. Fawconer (—), 28. bury, 240. Fayeth, John, 27. Fayrebowed, oak, 588. Fecamp, 309. Reet ombiness 2dmlvandsies puts: lished, 389. “Feld” in place names, 540. Ferguson, Miss, 126. Francis, (Som.), Of Salis- VOL. XLVIII. 125. Dr. Ralph Sanderson, Olomg., TAS NAG. Capit yak, Jal. IAG, Fearnley, John, 314. Ferrers, Ld. de, 273. Ferris, D., 314. Fershaw Wood (West Wood), 594, Fiddington Sands, plants, 408. Fidion, Will., 216. “held Peldyeinjplace names, meaning, 532, 540—542, 596. Field, Thos., 314. Fieldfare, 40. Fiennes, Celia, diary, 134, 135. Fifhide, 203. Figge, Maurice, 228. Figheldean, 39. Barrow, food vessel, 366. Birds, 36. Figwort, 351. Finch, Dan., 197. Fire, insurance signs, 529. Fisher, Archdeacon John, 440. Mr. 221. Fisherton, Anger Gaol, execution, 429, Mill, 84. Plants, 83, 84. Fisherton Delamere — Church, Royal Arms, 98, 108. Fisherton, John, 279. Roger de, ll. Fishweres Mill, 5465. Fistulina, sp., 344. Fittleton, 248, 249. Fitz, Thos., 314. Fitzgerald, Maurice, 129. Fitz John, Edmund, 207. Fitzmaurices in Kerry, estates, 129. Fitz Peter, Geoffrey, 489. Fitz Robert, Walt., 489. Fitzwarren, Fulco, 434. Flammula, sp., 334, 476. Flavius Severus, 49, 50. Fleet, 407. Flege, Thos., mends organ at Old Sahenian, LP). Mletcher, Canon, | Vinelp emits: 406. On Elias de Dereham, 486—498; On Bp. Rich. Beau- champ, 161—173; On Bp. Rob. Bingham, 59—67; On Bp. Humphrey Henchman, 301— 312; Writings, 4, 238, 406. INDEX TO; VOL. XEVII- 623 Flewell, John, 314. Flint, for implements from excavation from barrow ditches, etc., 160. Scrapers, Fargo. Plantation, 366. Surface Industry from site nr. Stonehenge, by Barbara Laidler and W. E. V. Young, 150—160. Flinty, 558, 563. Flisteridge Wood (Oaksey), plants, 87, 409. Florence, St. Thos. of Canterbury, 492. Flower, family, 241. Dr; I, 1B ign toes \ Flycatcher, Pied, 34. Spotted, 40 Foley, Alfred, 267. Folkestone, 82. Fomes, sp., 343, 344. Fonthill, 321. Abbey, building and fall of, 257, 258; Cost of, 957; Nelson’s visit, 257. Binds. 136, 37,739. Fungi, 327, 476. House built by Alderman Beckford, demolish- ed, 257 Palmate Newt, 41. Food vessel period in Wessex and N. of England, 397. Foord, John, 112. Foort, Alex, 28. Forbes, Mrs., 34 writings, 430. Ford, nr. Salisbury, Mill, 569. N. Wraxall, plants, 410, 413. Hord,, W., 190. Forder, W., 198. Forests in Domesday, acreage, 082 ; In Wilts, original acreage, 597. cOONSCattsa- 7 ai O: Clearance, process of, 372. ““Eyre’’ and Eyre Rolls, 372, 376. Justices of, 372. laws 9 defined, 3/2) 3730; Extended by early Kings, 598. Perambulations of 1228, re- stricting forests, 534, 535, 564. Not merely gamepreserves, 596. Not confined to wood- land: 533 996; Name applied to single woods, 581. Place names, 532, Purlieu lands defined, 379. Je Boster, Purprestures, 376. Regard- ers defined, 375. Verderers, Sides Vert and Venison, 376. Forest Farm (Chute), 563. Forestier- Walker, Sir Geo. F. R., 247. Col. Robert Stuart, obit , 247. Forster, Edw., 86. Fort, Edw. 28. Rich.28; Wa liao: Forty, The, on Wootton Bassett Road, 553. Foss Bridge, plants, 87. Fosbury, 377. Camp, 567. Parish, 561, 563, 564, 566. Fosseway, 259. The “Agger” called ‘‘ Dyke,’ 567, 569. Foster, Miss, 407. John; 169: Raich. 169, Will, 30; 107. Fovant, fungi, 322, 326, 331. Wood, plants, 409. Fowler, John, 213. Fox, Misses, hospitality, 393, Stephen, 27. Foxhill (Liddington), plants, 88, 408, 411. Foxley absorbs Bremilham, 197. In Brokenborough, 538. In Domesday, 5388. Lord of, to repair King’s wall at Malmesbury, 80. oyster Jonn, 7. Frampton (Dors.), pygmy cup, 464. France, arms of, on Royal Arms, 94, Francis, Giles, 28. Thos., 27. Freeman, John, 28, 301. Rob., 27. Dr, Williams on camps and ditches, 259. Freemantle (—-.), 29. Freer, Rev. W. L., 31. French invasion, 1385, 274. Friar Mayne (Dors.), barrow, food vessel, 364. Fritillaria, sp , 89. Frittilary (butterflies), sp. and vars., in Wilts, 43, 44. Frith End [La Fryth], 553. Frog, Edible, 41. Froissart in Britain, 242. Frome (Som.), 540. River, 589. barrow, 624 INDEX TO Fromesetinga Hagga Wood, 540. Prowd Dy 3ie Froxfield in Savernake Forest, 538, 539, 541, 596. Kennet and Avon Canal, 433. Froyle Place (Hants), 125 Frustfield in Clarendon, 540 Meaning of, 540. Survey of, 568. Fry (—), 29. Gauntlet, 29. John, 314. Fry of Cor- ston, pedigree, 507. Fryer, Rich., 20. Thos , 20. Frying pan, 6. Fryth, La, 502. Etymology, 551. Fugglestone, 128. Fulham, Bp. Henchman buried, 301. Fuller, G. P., 239. John, 239 ; Sir John, 247. Norah, 247. Rich., 215. Thos., 303. Coll Wek 459: Fumaria, sp., 408. Fungi, names of authors on, 347. Notes on Basidiomycetes found in S.W. Wiltshire, especially round Donhead St. Mary, by T. F. G W. and A. E. A. Dunston, 321—346, 4'71—487. Furniture of house, 1551, invent- ory, valued, 286—291, Futcher, Kingston, 28. Fyfield (Milton Lilborne), Down, dewpond, 444. Farm, 123. Plants or. Registers copied by B. H. Cunnington, 267. Fyfield Bavant Manor, 78. Pits, pottery, 518. By fyd-heter Jie Fygge, Morrice, 26. Fyllde (—), 26. Fynnam, bridge (Whetham), 579. Fyrste Felda in S. Newington, 567. Will., 27. Gaddesdon, Little (Herts), 502. Gadwall, 33, 37. Gagea lutea, 83, 89. Galera, sp., 336, 473. Galerius, coins 48—51. Galium, sp., 88, 410. Gallienus, coins, 292—296. VOL. XLVIII. Game Laws, 372. Ganoderma, sp , 321, 344. Garden, Thos., 231. Gardiner, Chr., painter. 311. John, 228: IKE Wd Onlits 405. Thos., 228: Gare Hill [Gares, Gore], 585, 588. Garesbourne, The, 545, 549. Garsdon [Garesdone], derivation, OAS. Mill, 249, 545. Garter, Order of, story of the founding of, 165, 166. Chan- cellorship given to Bishops of Salisbury and Oxford, 167; Given to a layman, 167. Knights “in SOld= Chapel im: Windsor Castle, 1662 in St. George’s Chapel, 165. Gasper [Gayspore], Nr. Bonham, 282. Castle Wood, plants, 409—413. Gatacre, Major-Gen. Sir Will., 394. Hon. Beatrice, Lady, Obit Oo 4s OF Gatcombe, 127. Gates, C. W., 34. Gauntlett, Mr., 314, 393. Gawse, Julian, 29. Geese, Wild, 37. Gefferies, T., bellfounder, 191. Genista, 409 Gentiana, sp., 83, 411. George, Reuben, appreciation by J. Lee Osborne, 439. Gerall (—), 27. Geranium, sp., 409. Gerstenberg, I,, 245. Geum, sp., 409. Ghaeraeds, Marcus, portraits, 255. Ghent, Bp. Simon of, 21; Gives Choristers’ House, Salisbury, 2, AO Ol volits alee Gildesher, John, 279. Giles, Bp., obit , 8. Gilkes, Ben., 314. Tobias, 314. Gilling, Norman, 438; Gift, 265. Gillingham Forest (Dors.) 597 ; Perambulation, 559. Gillingham, Major, Prebend, 302, 309. Gillo [Gillow], Edw., 27. Humphrey, 23. _—‘Rolf, 28. Thos., 27: Richd., 314. a INDEX TO Gilsborough, Rich. Godolphin Walmesley, Chaloner, Ld., obit., 238. Gladewyn, Sir Walt., 3, 4. Gladstone, Gertrude Theresa, Lady, obit., 125. Sir john; 125. Glanerought and the Petty Fitz- maurices, noticed, 129. Glanville, Bertha de, 489. Ralph de, 489. Ranulph de, 489. Glass, stained, see Church, 146. from Box, 507. Glaston (Rutland), 232 ; Writings by Chr. Wordsworth, 233. Clastonbury, Abbey, held Milden- hall, 539 ; Made Forest Peram- bulations, 550; Property. 74. Bell Foundry, 191. Early Iron Age pottery, 519. Glory Ann(WinterbourneBassett), dewponds, 442, 444. Gloucester, 142. Gloucestershire Churches, Royal Arms by E. Fawcett, 92. Woodland in Domesday, 533. Glyceria, sp., 413. Glyn, Hen., 286, 291. Gnaphalium, sp., 410. Godalming, 245. ‘‘Godard ” (goblet) of silver gilt, tradition in Goddard family, ails 21S. Goddard, Ambrose Lethbridge, Swindon property, 525. Annica Susan, lived at Sloper- ton, 438. Edw., 438. Ganon EH 3h, 2277, 282 ; Gifts, 131, 267, 271, 275, 406, 507, 599, 600; As guide, 57, 391—393; Inventory of Poor People’s Furniture at Clyffe Pypard, 1767, 193—196; List Durnford Linen smoother, of barrows, 174; Notes, 196, 197; Writings, 440. Mrs. io... eitts,, 1ot. Dr iG. Ee. writings, 405. Goddard Arms Hotel, Swindon, 529. Godefrayes Hurne (or Hull), 551. Godevenevate, 558. VOL. XLVIII, NO. CLXXI. VOLLUXLVill.- 625 Godstow Nunnery [Godestouwe], 548. Gold brooch, 277. 289. Golden Eye, 38. Goldrynge, John, 5, 6. Goldwyer, W. H., 148, 149. Gomphidius, sp., 333, 476. Gondonegate (Chute), 561. Goniodiscus, sp., 368. Gooch, Sir Dan., 525. ‘*Good Child’s Garden,’’ 242. Goodfellow (—), 29. Goosander, 33, 38 Goose, Canada, 37. Gordene (Chute Forest), mology, 562, 564. Gordon, Lady Margaret, 258. Gordon College, Khartoum, 121. Gordonegate (Chute Forest), 558. Gore, Mr., 353. Adam, house in Close, 4, 5. Gore’s Hill [Gares Hill], 588. Gorges, Thes., 309. Gorham, Major A., plan of Saxon Ch., 405. Gospel Oak, meaning of, 196. Chain, 285, Ety- Goss, Geo., 30. John, 314. Joseph, 29. Thos,,.29: Gosselyn, Alice, 278. Thos., 278. Gough, W., 118, 314. Will., 314. Goulden ( —), 314. Gouleshegge (Chute Forest), 561. Grafton, 505. Boundaries, 560, 565, 566. Down, Charter, 565, 566. Plants, 409. Pottery, British, 244. West, plants, 408. Graham, Rev. E., 85. Grahamstown (South Africa), 395. Grammar School,master’s stipend, 16. Grantham Australis, 302, 305, 309. Granville, Mary, Mrs. Delany, 258. Life and letters of, 131. Grasing, 573, 574. Grateley, 174, 175. Gravenig (Gravelinge] =Groveley, 571. Gray, Ld. Thos., 290. Grayling, butterfly, 42. Prebend, 2h Ui 626 INDEX TO Great House, Hippenscombe, 566. Great Ridge Wood, 76. But- terflies, 45. Plants, 410. Great Western Railway, Bristol line, 133. Grebe, Gt. Crested, 38. Green [Grene], Gabriel, 27. Sie olan, ATH. IRUIClief ABs T. H., 85, 86. Greenaway [Greneways] (—), 28. Eliz., 196. Geo., 194. Greenbourne, The, 553 ; = Derry Brook, Ashton Keynes, 550, 552. Greenclose Hedge, 589. Greenfield (Yorks), 313. Greenhill, John, painter, 27. Green Lane Wood, plants, 413. Greenly, Rev. John, 230. Greenstreet, Col. W. L., obit., 128. Greensand, woodland on, 544. Greenstandene (Chute), Ety- mology, 561, 563. Gre neweye, 560. ‘‘Grenvilles, The Book of,’ 243. Gresham, Sir John, 285, 290. Grey, John, 7, 279. Grey Wethers Preservation Fund, 244 . Grigg’? Col. Sir Edw., and Lady, 119 Griffiths, Anne, 30]. Major Arthur, 599. 35 Jee, 2X0 Rob., 301. Grimes’ graves, flint mines, 159. Grimes, W. F., writings, 434. Grims Ditch [Grimesdych], 565, 573, 574. Grimstead 256. Birds, 37. East, in Clarendon Forest, 541. West, butterflies, 44. — Church, Royal Arms, 97, 108. In Clarendon Forest, 541. Plants, 82. Grinstede, John de, 568. Grimstone, food vessel, 364. Grinsell, L. V., gift, 508. Grogan, Lady, hospitality, 56. Gronyle, Peter of, 21. Grose, J. D., Notes on N. Wilts Plants, 37—89, 407—414. Grosteste, Rob., Bp. of Lincoln, 60, 62. Grosvenor, Earl, buys Fonthill, 258. VOL, 2GoVilil: Grouse, Red, 40. Groveley Forest, 76, 533, 540. Woodland, area of, 533, 539, 578, 576; In D.B., 539. Customs of Wishford and Bar- ford in, 236. _ Included Ames- bury, 576. Joined Selwood, 597. Perambulations, G. B. Grundy on, 571—5"76. Groveley Lodge, 573... Wood, butterflies, 43, 46; Down, plants, 84; Fungi, 473, 474, 485, 486. Parish, modern, 539, 573, 576. Rom. coins, 430; Rom. road, 573. Groves (—), gave name to Swin- don street, 525. Grundy, G. B., The Ancient Woodland of Wiltshire, 530— 598. Grutte, Godfrey de la, 375. Gryffyn, Lewis, 222. Guest, Mr., paintings by, 175. Guildford Museum, 364. Guisborough, 238. Priory given to office of works, 239. Gull, sp., 39. Gullick, Miss B., 407, 513. On Cyperus longus in Wilts, 84—8S6; On Plants in S. Wilts, 1933—37, 82—86; Writings, 430. Gunter, Capt., 308. Guppy (—), gives name to Swin- don Street, 525. Gurney, Peter, writings, 351, 428, 435, 437. Gutch Common (Semley), fungi, 474; Plants, 82. Gwatkin, Major R. G., 31. Gwyne, Geo., 314. Hachgate [Hachehete] (Chute Forest), 561, 563. Hackleston, 249. Hackney, Sir W., Sharington’s House, Inventory, 285. Hadow, Rev. G. R., 126. Hadrian, coins, 294. ‘Haga’ in place names, meaning, 540. Hailstone (Cricklade) [Hale- gheston MHaltestan], Bridge, 553. Hill, 546. Spring, 549, 550. INDEX. TO! VOL. XLVILI- 627 Haines, James Smith, obit., 123. Rob: 314. Hair, human, from Bronze Age barrow, Winterslow, 177. Hairstreak, sp. (butterflies), 46. Halcombe (—), 264. Hale, Geo., executed, 429. WEED, 314. Halegheston (Braydon), 546. Hall [Halle], John, quarrel with Will. Swayne, 12, 162, 163. P. M., 407. Hallam, Bp. Rob., 164. W. H., gifts, 508, 599; Origin of names of streets in modern Swindon, 523—529. Hallett (—), 29. Halliman, Major E. V., 357. alym, Bp., obit., 9: Ham, 540. Cross, plants, 82. Derivation, 542: Ei; plants, 88, 412. Near Saver- nake and Chute Forests, 542. Lower Spray Copse, plants, 412. Saxon Charter, 540. SaLtameeranad < bon’, in Saxon Place names, significance of, 541, 542. Ham (—), 28. Hambledon, 308, Hamelin, monument to seven children at a birth, 196. Hamilton, Walt. Kerr., Precentor and Bp., 3. Hampreston (Dors.), 229. Hamspray, Spray Copse, plants, 411, Hamptworth Common, plants, 409, 411. Hanbury, Sir Thos. and Hilda, LAE Handel (—), 258. Hanedstocke, meaning of, 560. Hanging in chains, 429. Hangings of house 1551, valued, 286— 291. Hankerton, 546. im ON.,, 538: Hankey, B., gifts, 267, 388. Hanney (Berks), advowson of Church, bought for Salisbury choristers, 201. Woodland ‘Harris, family, 306. Hannington, plants, 408, 411, AVS: Hanny, (Berks), 229. Hanneys, Rob., 7. Hanover, Kingdom of, arms, 94. Salic Law and succession, 100. Hanwell (Mid.), 229. Hansard, Geo. Agar, 149. Hapt, S., 314. Harben,.-ben.; 27: Harborough, Hen., 23. Hardegreave, Will., 213. Harden Brook (Chippenham), Bi he Property, 380. Harden (—), 384. Harden Huish, 427. Church: Royal Arms, 348. De- rivation, 540. SaxonCharter, 540. Hardiman, J., 29. Harding Farm (Bedwyn), De- rivation, 384. Harding, family, built The Hall, Swindon, 529. Dr., 93. John, notes, 221. Bhos:24- Hardewareman, Thos., 8. Hardwick, Edw.,, 227.229: Harlebury Manor Ho., restored, 249, Harligh, John, 21. Harling, East (Norf.), 190. Harnham, 128, Birds, 35. Derivation, 542. East, Hoard of Roman coins, C. H. V. Sutherland on, 48—54, 430. Harnwood, 513. Hill, Iron Age A. site, C. M. Piggott, on, 513—522; Ditch excavat- ed, 513—515; Pits excavated, 514—518 ; Pits for corn drying, burnt daub oven material, 514, 518; Early Iron Age working place described, 515, 516. Iron age pottery, 515—522. In Clarendon Forest, 542. Plants, 83. Harold} john; 7. Harpedene, 565. Harper, John, 213. Harrington, Thos., 29. Mr., 310. C., gift, 268. Gertrude, 302. James, 28, 302, 429. John, D4 AOD? 628 INDEX TO 28. Renatus, organ builder, 225, 226. Rendel, on Egyp- tian colonisation, 431, 441; Writings, 260. Thos. makes new organ in Cathedral, 224. Harrison, Rev. David P., 31, 47; On butterflies, 32; Obit., 127. Will., 314. Harrow Church, nave arcade, 491. Manor and Rectory, 491. Rectors connected with Salisbury Cathedral, 491. Harrows, wooden and circular given, 265. Hart, D., 314. Capt. Liddell, 499, Hartham, Poynder property, 120. Harvy, Roger, 27. Harwood, Will., 29. Haskell (—), 314. Hastings, Eliz. Frances, and Hon. Paulyn F. C. Rawdon, 245. Havent, James, obit., 8. Haverfield, Prof., writings, 424. Haverford West, 120. Havering (Essex), 496. Hawfinch, 34. Hawkbrooke, John, 17, 21, 252. Hawker, Col., 175. Hawkes, C. F. C., 179, 462. Celtic ornament from Atworth, 459461. Hawkins (—), 314, 526. Hawkridge, acreage and wood- land in D.B., 592. Hay, Adm. Ld. John, 499. Hayden, James gives name to Swindon Street, 526. Hayes, Dr., 125. John, 248, 249. John Fred., obit., 248, 249. Haynes, H., 31. Harry, 29. Hayter, Aaron Upjohn, 30. Hayward, John, 29. Mary, 194. Hazeland, plants, 411, 413. Hazlebury House, plants, 412. In Domesday, 69. ©; Anne’s Walk, 198. Rates, 1628, 240. Hazlitt, Will., life of, 267, Headington Quarry (Oxon.), 248, Heal |Hele], Rich., 229. Heale House, Ch. II at, 307, 308. VOL. XLVIII. Eleath) AG Es qsligia: drawings, 175. 182, Heathen burial places in Saxon Charters, meaning of, numbers in Wilts, 513. Heather and bracken, sale of, 382. Heatherall, Ch., gift, 130. Hebe, 255. Hebeloma, sp., 330, 475. Hecham [Hegham], Ralph, 12. Heddington, acreage of forest, 581, 582. Child family, notes, 240. King’s Play Down, Saxon barrow, 470. Hedges, Will., 130. Heeley, Hen, 19. Heldelonde, Ld., 561, 563. Hele, Rich., 227. Helicella, sp., 367, 368, Hember, J., 314. Hemingby, Alex. de, 202 John de, 207. Hemizonia pungens, 83. Hen Harrier, 36. Heneage, Major, V.C. 504. Henchman, family, legendary origin of name, arms, 301. Ellen, 302. Humphrey, Bp. of Salisbury, by Canon J. M. J. Fletcher, 301—312; House in Close, 303; Lays foundation of St. Paul’s Cath., 311; Letter from, 310; Outed for delin- quentcy, 306; Portrait, 311; With Ch, II during his escape, 307, 308. John, 302. Thos., 224, 301. Hende, Will., house of, 23. Hendon, plants, 83. Henney, Church, bought, 208. Henry VI,proposed Canonization, 161. Henslow, G. S., 86. Herb Robert, 351. Herbert, Geo., 303, 305. Herbing, as_ rural _ industry, Peter Gurney on, noticed, 351. Herbs in use, list of, 351. Hereford, All Saints’ Church, Interdicton, 162. Cathedral, Sabina, Wi, Tel, 75). advowson INDEX TO ip: “as visitor, 162. St: Peter’s Church, 162. Herbert, Sir Michael, 502. Capt. Sir Sidney, obit., 502. Heraldry, Royal Motto, altered, 95. Herford (—), obit., 8. Herminium, 412. Hermit’s Stone [{Heremitestone] (Chute Forest), 561, 565. Heron, Albino, 36. Buff- backed, 36. emme; Rev. ik. C.; 57. Hertford, Ld. D. of Somerset, 134. Hertfordshire, woodland in D.B., Doo: Hertyng; Sir Rich. de, 21. Hervy, Walt., 21. Heskyns, Thos., 24. Hewett, George, 314. Hexham, 125. Heytesbury [Heightesbury], acre- age and woodland in D.B., 592. Church, 609; Legacy, 275, 276. Court Rolls, 1660— 1867, given to Library, 131, 388. Manor, Royal, 586. Museum of W. Cunnington, 266. Heytesbury, Col. Ld., gift, 131, 388. Alice of, 14. Walter Olt, hase William of, 13. Heywood, 592 In Selwood Forest, 597. Hibberd, John, 27. organ blower, 226. Hickman, MS. pedigree, 190. Higgins, Com. H. G., 357. Higgons (—), 29. Highfield Pits (Salisbury), burnt clay covers for corn drying, 514. Highgate Farm, 547. High Post (Salisbury), plants, 408. Highworth, 122, 315. Church, 69; Royal Arms, 98, 108. Plants, 88. R.D. Council, Widow, gift, 405. Wig curlers found, 405. Hill Deverill, plants, 412. Hill (—), 29. Adam, 26, 228. Rev. A. Du Boulay, obit, VOL. ScEViIl, 629 and list of writings, 396. Rev. Geo., 396. James, 29. Nath,.29: Major-Gen. WVide les cos Will., 30. Hillier, monument, 197. Hillman, Hen., 28. Hills, P. N., 31. Hilmarton, 119. Wood, plants, 413. property sold, 120. Hilperton [Hulprington], 249, 316. Acreage and woodland in D.B., 593. Church, Royal Arms, 98, 109. Not in Sel- wood in 1620, 595. Plants; 410. Hindon, 313, 315; 316) .321. Notin DB 68: Hinton Charterhouse (Som.), in perambulation of Selwood, 584. Hinton Downs, plants, 408, 411. Hinton, Great [Henton], acreage and woodland in D.B., 593. Haggs Hill, 590. Village, 590. Hinton Parva Church, Royal Arms, 98, 109. Plants787- Hinton, James, gives name to Swindon street, 526. Hippenscombe, 560, 565, 566. Bottom Road, 561, 564. In Chute Forest, 378 ; Perambula- tions, 564, 565. In Saver- nake Forest, 380, 381. Hippisley, Rob., 434. Hiscock, Will., executed, 429. Hitchens, Will., 436. Hoare, Sir R. C., 174,175, 267; Let- ters, notes, &c., given, 265, 388. Hobby, 36, 40. Hobbys Nicholas, 213; Boy Bishop, 10. Hobday, Mr., 459. Hochuns, Edith, 7. Hockholt (Ockholt)=Oak Hill Wood, Ditch End (Chute and Tidcombe), 565—567. Hodder & Stoughton, Messrs., gifts, 507. Holdecherchewey (Chute Forest), 561, 563. Holder, Major Denzil, 248. Holes, Andrew, 16. Holewey (Holloway), 568. Catcombe Poynder 630 INDEX TO VOL. XLVIII. Holford, Sir Geo., 197. Holhurst, Rich., 4, 5. Holland, Judge, built Chippen- ham Spa, 350. Holloway, F. A., 250. John, 314. Kath., 250. Holme, East (Dev.), 232. Holmes, John, 215, 302. Thos., Dil W., 357. Holt ot. Reminiscences of, 441. Three Lions Inn, 130. Holtby, obit., 9. . Holtune, John de, 491. Holyfarge, Rob., 27. Holywell, interment, 176. Honeybridge [Hombrigg], 593. Honeyman El, 9Ly, “eitt, 9268: Writings, 494. Honeystreet (Alton Barnes), Rom.-Brit. site, iron hobnails, 469. Hood, Capt. A. H., gift, 265. Robin, 373. Hook Street (Lydiard), plants, 413. Hook Wood, 589. Hoopoe, 33, 35. tope, sim Wally i227 Hopkins, Edw., 31/4. Horder (—), 29. A., 31. Horne, The House of, cross, 579. Horningsham, Ashley in, 594. Church, Royal Arms, 100, 109. Derivation, 542. In Selwood Forest, 542. Magna, 592. Parva (Newbury), 280, 592. Horse drill and horse hoe, by Jethro Tull, 437. Horse Shoe, Chippenham, 507 ; Roundway, 507. Horseleferde, identified, 579. Horsell (—), 526. Miss, 407. Horton (Bps. Cannings), 314. (Dors.), 20. Hortons Che. 27 Dicon, 28. He 435: ilaly, Bie Hen., 435. Hosier. Mr., 257. Houe, The (Chute Forest), 568. Houghs, Roger, 281. Houghton le Spring (Dur.) Church, 262. Hound Wood (Winterslow), 570. Hovewyeshed, 568. Howard, Eliz., Countess of Ban- bury, 255. Mrs., Countess of Suffolk, 255. Howberry (nr. Wallingford), 437. Howe, Rev. L., 57, 58. Pak writings, 267. Howse, Geo., 314. Thos., 314. Hubbard, A. G. and G., on dew- ponds, 442, 443. Hudson’s ‘“‘A Shepherd’s Life,” 436. Hughes, James and Richd., 314. Huish property, 380. Hulbert, H. V., 505. Hull, archer’s rules and uniform, 147. Hull (Hill Deverill), acreage and woodland in D.B., 591. ulilixob = 285 Hulse, Mr., obit., 9. Humewood (Wicklow), 238. Hundewood (Houndswood) (Winterslow), 570. Hundlavintone, Prior of, to repair King’s wall at Malmes- Rich., 314. bury, 80. Hundred in Domesday, 72, 73. Hungerford, 378. Water ~ Meads, 76. Hungerford, Ld , obit., 9. ILGle Rob. Chantry Priest's House in Salisbury Close, 2. ILel. Rob., obit., 9. Thos., 14. Hunt, Geo., 315. Hen., 315. Rob., 169. Walt., gives name to Swindon street, 526. Will, 315. Hunter, Mary, gives name to Swindon street, 526. Hunter’s Way, site of, 584, 585, 587, 588. Huntingdon, Archdeacon of, 205. Bevel Ort, 87/33, Hurd, Hen., note, 468. Hurll, Mary, conversion of, 236. Hurst, (Cy writings oie John; 27: Hurstborne, Prebend, 302. Huse |[Husee], Hen., 374, 375 Richd., 558. Husiot, John, 213. INDEX TO VOL.” XLVIII. 631 Hussey, John, 21, 501. 501. W., 86. Hutchins, Rev. Alan B., excava- tions of barrows, etc., 174, 175, 179. Hyde family, 306. Keep Cathedral in repair, 305. Mrs., 307, 308. Alex; Bp of Salisbury, 302, 309. Ered, 308. Lawrence, 307; Sir Lawrence, 307. Maria, 302. Mary, 307. Rob., buys Chantry property, 170. Hyde Parker, Adm, as guide, 393 ; Gift, 405. Hydnum, sp., 344 Hydrocotyle, 409. Hypholoma, sp., 330, 475. Hygrophorus, sp., 321, 332, 333, 476. Hypericum, sp., 408. Hytchen (Herts), 93. Louise, Ichnield way, crossed Thames at Streatley, 569. Rom, road, Old Saram to Winchester, 569, Saxon attack on Wilts by, 543. Idmiston, barrows, 174, 176, 179, 180. Birds; 39. Roman Road, 182. Idoure (Dauntsey), Etymology, 549. Idover Farm (Dauntsey), 549. Imber Church, Royal Arms, 109. Plants, 412. Inglesham Church, Royal Arms, 100, 109. Cole River, plants, 408. dihes ynt) 130: Plants, 88, 408, 410. Thames River, 433. Inglewood, Heroes of, 373. Ingpen family, genealogy, 131. Major Aw il.; giits) 131, 267, 406. Ingram (—), obit., 8 John, 29. W., 216. NV alle 3: Inkpots of wood and lead, given, 599. Inocybe, sp., 474. Insall, Squadron-Leader, air photos, 254. Insula, John de, wood of, 561. Inula, sp., 82. Irchester, Freeman family, 301. Ireland, Act of Union, Royal Arms altered, 94. Celtic tradition, 460. Iris, sp,, 412. Iron Age A Site on Harnham Hill, C. M. Piggott on, 515— 522. Iron Age bronze objects, cheek piece, Old Sarum, 433. Iron Age camps in N.W. France, by Rk. E. A. Wheeler, noticed, 425, 426; Due to use of sling, 425. Iron arrowheads, Cold Kitchen, 187, 188; Winterslow Barrow, 179. Bridle bit, Cold Kitchen, 187 ey, 699: Knife, triangular, Cold Kitchen, 188, 189 ; 17th century, given, 405 ; With skeletons, 469. Needle, Cold: Katchen? 187. Ringed pins, Iron Age, Cold Kitchen, 187. Pyrites found with flints, 151. Spear head, Cold Kitchen, 187, 188. Ironing boxes, 1938. Isabella (Queen), Savernake her dower, 384. Isackes, Peter, 215. Isherwood Albert, 123. Isis and Nephthys in Wilts, by Rendel Harris, noticed, 441. ‘‘Tsland Race, The,” 242. Islington, Ld., obit., 119. Iswyn (—), Rector of Preshute, 204. Ixworth (Suff.), 127. Jackson, A. B., 407, 412. Hen: 315: Adm. Sir Hen., 24.6. Canon J. E., writings, 373 James, Nieman) sri: John, 25, 26. Readiss. lk Jeboult, Will., 29. Jefferies [Jeffrys], Ch., 28. Jobn,=27, 28. Rich., anni- versary of death, 438. : Lee Osborn on, 439. Selec- tions and details of life, noticed, 261, 262 Jefferys, Stephen, 215 Alias Hibberd, Stephen, 27. Jefferies country, 436. 632 INDEX TO VOL. XLVIII. Jellicoe, Adm, 246. Jenkins (—), 315. Jenkinson (—), 87. Jennings, Will., 315. Jerrad, H., 315. Jesse, Leonard, 197, Jewell, Bp. John, 93, 209; Aug- ments Preshute living, 201. Joan, Q. of Scotland, death, 496. Johnson, Ch., 239. Jones, E., givesname to Swindon street, 527. Canon W. H. Rich., writings, 2 Joscelin, Bp. of Wells, 494. Joyce, Joseph, 315. Joyesmaple (Chute Forest), de- rivation, 561. - Juncus, sp., 83, 84, 413. “June, The New ”, 242. Juxon, Archbishop, 311. John, 30. Karne, Edw., 12. Kaynne, Reginald de, 495. Keate, Mr., 433. Keble, Coll. (Oxford), founded, 3 Keble, Edw., 24. Keele, Dan, 315. Keevil, 127. Church, Royal Arms, 98, 109, 110. Not in Selwood, 1620, 595. Wick, 592. Keevers, 193, 221. Kegewyn, John, 214. Keiller, Alex., 160, 404, 433. As guide, 392. Gift, 406. On recent excavations at Avebury, noticed, 400. Excavates new chamber at Lanhill Long Barrow, 390. (And Stuart Piggott), on ex- cavations of an untouched chamber in Lanhill Long Bar- row, noticed, 401—403. Work at Avebury continued, 54, 389. Keiller, Mrs. Alex., 160. Kellaway, Thos , 27. Kellow, Ch., 28. Kellway, Hewes, 28. Kember, James, 315. Kemble [Kemele], Fishery pro- perty of Malmesbury Abbey, ide Kemble Forest (cemele), 530, 533, 540; Woodland in, 533, 537, 538. Plants, 87. Kembrey (—), gives’ name to Swindon Street, 527. Kemeleshage in Clarendon, meaning of, 540, 546. Kemer, Dean, 9. Kendell, Will., gift, 444 Kendrick, T. D., 459; On pre- Norman work, 183. Kennard, A. G., 359, 360. Kennet River, 87, 135, 138, 372. Kennet & Avon Canal, 84, 433. : Kennet Valley, meadow in Domesday, 76. Kennett East Church, Royal Arms, 98, 110. Manor hospitality, 392 Rector’s swine impounded, 382 Kensington, parish register, 1639, 240. Kent and Sussex, Jack Cade’s rebellion, 161. Kent, Will., 28. Kerry and Lixnaw,. Lords of, Genealogy, 129. 20th Lord and Ist Earl of Kerry, 129. Ketchley, Canon” Hi. 2s) cits, 405, 508 ; Writings, 434. Key River, 546, 552 Key, Roger, 210. Keyte, Thos., 315. Kid (—), 29. Kidston, Mr., 459. Gra eatts 389 ; Note, 197, 198; On some early wills of the Bonham Family, 273—291. Kilmington [Kelmeton] Church, Royal Arms, 100, 110. Common, plants, 408; Court House, 583; King’s Wood, 585 ; Transferred to Wilts from Somerset, 585; Wood of, dis- afforested, 585. Kilvert’s Diary, 1870 (Rev. Rob. Francis), noticed, 427; Rev. Rob., 427; Thermuthis, 427. Kimber, Tom, drawings of bells, 437 Kimmeridge (Dors.), 232. Kimpton (Hants), 249. King Barrows, 150. King INDEX TO Barrow Ridge, flint industry, extent of, 152; Implements, figs, 153—158. King, A, 315. King’s Highway, 553, King’s Settle Hill, derivation, 586. Kingston Deverill, acreage of forest and woodland in DB,, 591, Kington Langley Church built, 436. Old St. Peter’s Church, site of, 436. Fitzurse farm, barn, site of mansion, 436. In Chippenham Forest, 541. Parish formed, 436. “Kington Langley, Past and Present,’’ by Rev. W. J. Meers, noticed, 436. St. -Peter’s Cottages, 436. Kingston St Michael, in Chippen- ham Forest, 534, 535. Kington, West, long barrow and two round barrows, unrecorded, 466. Kinneir, Miss, 122. Kinson (Dors.), epitaphs, 470. Kite, Edw., 197; Wilts clock- makers, 313. Knapp Hill, barrow excavated, o4 Churchyard Knight [Knyght], Thos., 214, 216, 27, 222. Knights of the Round Table, 165. Knighton, plants, 412. Knollys, Will., Earl of Banbury, 205. Knook Castle, barrow opened. isi Cinerary urn, 189. Down, British village, 189 ; “‘Circus,’’ notes on diggings, 189; Camp. 189; Stone, 189. Knowle [Little Bedwyn), 374. Knoyle, East, 321. Acreage and woodland in D.B., 591. Road to Shaftesbury, 587. Knoyle, West, Church, Royal Arms, 110. Knoyle [Cnowell],Odierne (West), 591. Church, Royal Arms, 98. Knyvet [Knivett], Cath., 285. Sir Edw., 285. Sir Hen., 255. VOL. XLVIII, NO. CLXXI. VOL. XLVIII. 633 Kylsant, Owen Crosby Phillips, Ist Baron, obit., 120. Kymer, Gilbert, 16. Kyn Welmarsh (—), 291. Lacock, 285, 579. Abbey, copy of Magna Carta, 66; Mural painting, St. Christopher, 144; Plants, 413. Acreage of forest and woodland, 581, 582. The ash cf, 579. Birds, 38. Boundary, 580. Dis- afforested, 581. Not in Chippenham Forest, 581. Laccaria, sp., 332. Lactarius, sp., 338, 339, 482, 483. Lacy, Edw., 30. Lagones-crottesbourne Forest), 568. Laidler, Barbara, on a Surface Flint Industry from a site near Stonehenge, 150—160. Lake Barrow, bronze tracer, 350. Lake =Slow Stream, 590. Lake -Edw..,:227. Dr. R., gifts, (30, 405. Sales 28: Lambert, Aylmer B., herbarium, 84, 85; Letters, 265. Charles, 29. Thos., 224. Will., 28. Lambourne, 434. Lamborne, Geo., 29, La Mortola, Italy, 121. Lamium, sp., 412. Lanark, 247; 248, Lancaster, Duchy of, 285. Owned Aldbourne Chase, 374. Landford Common, 84; Plants, 82, 409, 412, 418. andra, oo. Lane, John, 16, 21. Rev. R. H., gifts, 151; On wheeled transport, 592. W., dE5: Langford Bridge, see Longford. Langford, Hanging, 572. Pre- Norman cross shaft fragment, 183. Langford, Little, 572, 576. Saxon Charter, 573. Langford, Steeple, 572, 576. Church, Pre-Norman cross, fragment given to, 183, 184. Langford, Edw., 27. Langham [Langenham], acreage and woodland in D.B., 598. 2.V (Chute 634 INDEX TO VOL. XLVIII. Langhunesway (Chute Forest), 568. Langley Burrell, 427. Church, restored, 249. In Chippen- ham Forest, 541, 596. Birds’ Marsh, plants. 413. Langley Fitzurse, 427. Langley, Nich., 315. Langrish, 127, Langrish, Rob., 23. Langton, Archbishop Stephen, 490; At Salisbury, 60. Lanhill, long barrow, new cham- ber excavated, 390, 406; Family burial place, 401, 402 ; Excava- tion of an untouched chamber, by Alex. Keiller and Stuart Piggott, with report on the dis- covery by A. D. Passmore, noticed, 401—403. Lansdown Hill, Bath, 527. Lansdowne, Ld., 258. George, created Ld. L., of Bideford, 259. Marquis of, 129; Gift, 265 ; Writings, 129, 131. Laon Cathedral, 491. Will., 29. La Pye MHegge (Braydon), Etymology, 546. Larkhill, 357. Plants, 83. La Tene enamels, brooches, etc.., 460. Lathyrus, sp., 82, 409. Laud, Archbishop, visitation, 170. Laurence, Thos., 228. Laverstock Hall, 198. In Clarendon Forest, 536. Rom. stone coffin, F. Stevens on, 198, 199. Stock Com- mons, 12. Lavington, 314—316. Butter- flies, 43, 46. Plants, 413. Lavington, Bishop’s, Rector of, 228. Lavington, Market, 126, 394. Church, Royal Arms, 98, 110. Clyffe Hall, 127. Manor House, 394. Smith family, dewpond makers, 444. Lavington Sands, plants, 408, 409. Lavington, West, 266, 394. Dauntsey’s School, 126. Plants, 83. Lavyngton, Sir Rob., 214. Law, Arthur, 428. Lawes, David, 165. Hen., 302, 304. Thos., *.302. Will., 302. Lawrence, Hen., 29. Richd., 315. Layard, C. C. Mary, 123. Lea and Claverton, 554. In Braydon Forest, 541. Leach, A. F., writings. 2. Leadly, H. A., gift, 406. League, The Gallic, use of in England, 530, 531, 533. Lear, Archdeacon, 252. Lechlade, R. Thames, 433. Lechlade, Lawrence de, 202. Lee, Mr:, 305. Leeds, E. T., 175; Theory of Saxon invasion by Thames Valley, 543. Leicester, Archdeacon of, 205. “Leigh,” “Ley.” teal!” in place name endings, meaning, 532, 533, 540, 541, 542, 596. Leigh Church, nave removed to new site, 122. In Braydon Forest, 541, 554 596. Manor, 551. Marsh and village, 553. Pike Corner, 546. School built, 122. Leigh Delamere in Chippenham Forest, 596. Leighfield Lodge Farm, 552. Leighton, W. A., 86. Leland, John, 275; On Marl- brough Castle, 135. Leman, Thos., letters, 265. Lemna, sp., 413. Lenten veils, 236. Lentinus, sp., 484. Lenzites, sp., 344. Leontodon, 411. Lepeden, Etymology, 570. Lepidoptera, pyralidina, etc., of Australia, New Zealand and Pacific, works on by Ed. Meyrick, 244, 245. British Lepidoptera, handbook to, by E. Meyrick, 243, 244. Lepidoptera of Wilts, butter- flies, List of, 32, 4247. Lepiota, sp., 323, 324, 471, 472. Letcombe (Berks), dew pond, 443. INDEX TO VOL. XLVII. 635 Lethbridge, T,. C., 176. Lettecombe, Stephen, 213. Leverich, Rob., 278, 279. Roger, 289. Lewes, Griffith, 229- Joseph, 229. Lewis, Sergeant, 513. “Ley” in place names, 540. See “‘ Leigh.” Leycester, Sir Rob., 21 Libraries, national receive books gratis, 458. Lichfield, 127. School, 127. Lichfield, Alex. Bp. of, 62. Licinius, 49, 50. L. Junior, 50: Coins, 48, 49. Liddell, Miss D. M., 160. Liddington, 122. Art on, 439. Camp, 261. Manor, 79, 125. Plants, 409—411. Lights in Church, legacies for, 215. Lille Cathedral, 492. Lillebonne, Will., woods of, 381. Lillingstone Lovel (Bucks), 190. Limax, sp., 367. Limosella, sp., 86. Grammar Limpley Stoke, 596. Ety- mology, 4596. Hanging Stoke, acreage, 593. In Selwood Forest, 541. Church, Royal Arms, 110. Plants, 412. Linaria, sp., 83, 411. Lincoln, 142. Bronze age minia- ture cup, 356. Cathedral, St. Hugh Bells, etc., by Chr. Wordsworth, 233; Statutes, etc., by Chr. Wordsworth, 233, 234; Work of Geoffrey de Noyers, 253; Use of Lincoln, eo by Chr. Wordsworth, 235. Lincoln, Hugh, Bp. of, 490. Dean of, 205. Geoffrey, Bp. of, 138. Linen, in Bronze Age barrow, Wiaterslow, 177. Linum, sp., 408. Linslade (Bucks), 527. Lisbon, St, Thos. of Canterbury, ~ eult. of, 492. Lisle, Lady, 285. Littlecot (Hilmarton), plants, 410. In Savernake Forest, 378. Littleton, 593. Down (Imber), plants, 409. Wood Farm (Semington), 590. Litton (Yorks), Manor, 285. Liverpool, 223, 248. Cathedral buys Canon Wordsworth’s library, 233. Livery Farm (Winterslow), 570. Lizards, sp., 41. ‘; Llandaff, Bp. of, 309. Llangannock, 120. Lloyd, Sir Ch., 263. Lock (—), 28, Lockeridge Dene, birds, 435. Wayfarer’s Hostel, 395. Loder (—), 28. London, 142. Charterhouse, portrait of Bp. Henchman, SL. City Churches, effect on plans of St. Pauls, 261. Fire destroys St. Paul’s, 311. Fulham Church, 311. Plague, 311. Pottery, bead rim, 519. Rom. mint, 50, 51. St. Paul’s, old and new, 311. Tower, 490. Lonicera, 410. Long barrows and megaliths in S. Wales, map noticed, 434. Long, Harry, 373. Rich. Penruddocke, 238, 396. Major Rob. Critchley, obit., 396. ** Walter and his Times,’ noticed, 131. Longavill, Giffard, Prior of, 208. Longbridge, 546. Longbridge Deverill, 250, 256, 587. Church, Royal Arms, 1005 FAIL: Part not in Sel- wood, 595. Longe (—), on mural paintings, 349. Longendine in Hippenscombe, 565, 566. Longespee, Bp., obit., 9. Ela, Countess of Salisbury, endows St. Nicholas’ Hospital, 64. Will., 64. Longford (Langford), 570. Bridge, 571. Castle, 438. See also Langford. av 2 636 INDEX TO VOL. XLVIII. Longleat House, 175; Literary association, 426. Park ex- cluded from Selwood Forest, 588. Perambulation shows boundary, 588; Plants, 410, 412, 413. Redway Plain, plants, 410. Looking glasses, 193. Lottisborne brook, 584, 587. Lousley, J. E., 895 407. Louthorpe, Geo., 5. Lovel family manors, MS. notes on, 190. Lovesgate (Chute Forest), 597, O61. Lovibond, Mrs. Frances E., gifts, 132, 406, 429; Writings, 118, 432. Lowe, Edw., 27. Geo., 27. James, 28. Thos., 27. Lucy, John de, 568. Ludgershall [Lutegarsale], 174. Birds, 34, 37. Castle, Dr. Williams Freeman _ on, 259; Visited, 55. Parish, O64. Park, 558, 562. Ludgershall, Hen. de, 207. Luke, Charles, 229. Lewis, 29. Lulworth Castle, 255. Luneberg arms, 94, 97, 98. Lush (—), 29. Lushill and Samborne family, 240. Luzula, sp., 84. Lychnis, sp., 368. Lycoperdon, sp., 322. Lycopodium, sp., 84. Lydeway, 316. Lydiard Millicent, 127, 128, 407. Hook Street, plants, 408. Manor, 239. — Plants, 408, 410. Shaw Road, 547. Lydiard Plain, 409. Plants, 411—413. Lydiard Tregoze, 248, 256. Boundary, 547. Church, mark of rood on Chancel arch, 145; Mural paintings, St. Christopher, 144 ; Royal Arms, 96, ILL. Manor, 79. Park, butterflies, 44; Lake, 547; Copse, plants, 409, 412. Ridgeway, 547. Lye, Nich, 169. Lygon, Anne, 172. Fred, 12. Margaret, 172. Rich., 172. Will., 172. Lyme Regis, 306. Lymeand Halstock, Prebend, 305. Lynchets, strip, the plough and the origin of, by E. C. Curwen, noticed, 442. Lyneham, 315. Avongrove Wood, plants, 411. Deed, Sle Derivation, 542. In Braydon Forest, 542. Plants, 88, 410. The Strings, 410. Lyon, C. A., writings, 433. H., 315. Lyons, Rom. Mint, 50, 52. St. Thos. of Canterbury, cult. of, 492. Lys, Church of, granted to Sarum Grammer School, 11. Lyte, Sir Hen. Maxwell, 239. Macdonalds of Glencoe, 383. Mache, T., 169, 170. Mackay, Dr. Hen., obit., 395. Major G., 249. Mackenzie, Flora, 395. John Alex, 395. Mackirdy, David Elliot Scott, 248. Capt. Eliot {Scott obit., 247, 248. Will. Aug. Scott, 247. Macnamara, F. N., 240. Macrocystidia, 477. MacTaggart-Stewart, Janet Ger- trude, 502. Sir Mark, 502. Maddington Church, RoyalArms, te, JILL. Not in D.B., 598. Madresfield, 172. Magersfontein, Battle, 504. Magna Carta and Forest Law, 372. Copy in Salisbury Cath. Library, 66. Sealing of, 491. See also Lacock Abbey. Maiden Bradley Church, Royal Arms, 97, I11. Etymology, 596. Frome Road, 584. In Selwood Forest, 539. Woodland im “Dib etoile Extent of, 539. Maiden Castle, analogous earth- works in France, 425. 426. Ditch, original, of Halstatt Age, ! INDEX TO VOL. outside ditches by invaders, from Brittany, 425. Exca- vations, visited, 57, 259. Neolithic ditch, 57. Sling stones, use of, 425, 426 ; Pebbles stored for use, 318. Maidstone Museum, objects, 364, Mail, coat of, 288. Malcombe, Cecilia, 404. Malden Ac R., obit:, 237. ie E165: Maldon (Meauton) (Yorks), Elias de Dereham, Rector, 490. Malet, Sir Ch., 176. Mallard, Black, 37. Mallard’s Ford, 587. Mallory, Ch., 245. Malmesbury, 313—316. Abbey Cartulary, 550; Cemele Wood, grant, 538°; Charters, 538 ; Church; “Royal. Arms, 1l11; House, 248; Property, extent of, 538; Register, 80; Restor- ation, 249. Band, 428. Borough of, 248 ; In Domesday, Ss hee Burgesses in other manors, 79. King’s Wall, repairs of, 80. Mint, 78 Property of Ld. Northwich, deeds” given, “54: Third Penny, 81. Malmesbury, Earls of, 302. Malton, Sir Will., 214. Malvern Little, hoard of Rom. . coms, 52. Manley, Canon F. H., 554. V..-S., gift, 267. Manley and Strode families, MS. notes on given, 267. Mann, Rev. John, 121. Will. John, obit. 121,. 122. Sir Lawrence, 214. Col. Will. Horace, 121 ;, Obit., 249. W. Jj., 249. Manningford Abbots, plants, 413. Manningford Bruce, 42y. Mansteld, IR. J. 31. Manton, tenants, 383. Map of Britain, by Mat. Paris, — 133. Map, Walter, writings, 138, 142. Maple Farm, Sandridge Hill (Maple in perambulations),578. Mappowder, Rich. de, 61. XLVIII. 637 Mapson, Will., 315. Marasmius, sp., 471, 483, 484. Marbled White, butterfly, 42. Marcbrok (Steeple Ashton), 589. Marcigny Priory, Wilts connec- tion, 240. Marden Church, Royal Arms, 98, 111. River, 577,579 ; Mills, 76, 77. Markes, Isaac and Will., 315. Marlborough, 125, 3183—381L7, 468. Ailesbury Arms Hotel, 391. Armorial motto, 142. Bailey Ward, The Bally, 139. Barton, The, 139; Royal Manor, 135; Property of Q. Dowager, 136; Tenants, 38e. Birds, 37—39, 244. Castle, by H. C. Brentnall, 133—143, Plan. Bailey, Inner and outer, 138, 139; Base Court, 135; Besieged, 137; Buildings described, 138; Three Chapels 138; Constable’s Quarter’s, 130; Curtain, site of, 135, 186; Date of foundation, 140; Hall, parliament held in, 136; Held for Empress Maud, 137; Garrison expenses, 137; King’s Tower, 135; Mound, Antler picks found, 141; A barrow ? Merlin’s grave, 142; Keep, on, buttress found, 135; Dimensions, 141; Not a Saxon burh, 140; Grotto in mound, 391; In civil war, 184; Rom. coins found, 141, 142; Spiral pathway, 135; Summer house and water tank on top, 136, 142; 13th cent. plan, 140, 267; Will and Ch. bikat oi34- Stables, 1384; Surrendered to the French, 137. Castle Inn, 133; 1345 Soe Chapel of St. Martin, 208. Charities and Churches, Chr.Wordsworth on, 236. Civil war, 134. Marlborough College, 121, 135, 395 ; Chapel Hymn Book, 131 ; Cinerary urns found, 244; Court, 139; Dining hall, 392; Master’s garden visited, 391; Memorial Hall, meeting in, 392; Museum handbook, 248, 638 INDEX TO VOL. XLVIITI. 244; Prize Day, 136; Well, 138. Common, 139. Derivation, 142. Death of Earl of Salisbury, 236. Downs, 374; In Early Bronze Age, 397. “ French of Marl- borough), 138) Gilbertine Priory, 236; Diggings, 390. Grammar = School by, Chir, Wordsworth, DSS), In Domesday, 81. Lloran House garden visited, 391. Mayor, hospitality, 391. Mentioned by A. Neckham, 142. Old,; notes” by, Chr. Wordsworth, 235, 236. Parliament of, 139. ROvteny, medizeval pitcher, 599: Meeting of Wilts Arch. Soc-, 1879, 373; Meeting, 1938, account of, 387—393. Norman mint, 140. Plants, 409, 411; Handlist, 244. Postal services, 1822, 406. Poll Tax, 237. Seymours’ Old House, 139. St. Mary’s Church, 506; Visited, 391; Wiican, 202: St. Margaret’s, Prior’s property, 381. Sit Peter’s parish, 139; Church, 123, 189, 232; Royal Arms, 98, 111; Rector, 202. Statutes of Marlborough, 136. Town Hall, 391. Rural Dean of, 903, 204. Third Penny, 30. Marlborough, Duke of, 255. Marling pits, 568. Marney, Ld., 235. Marrubium, sp , 88. Marrsin. JEchiy.. SHa, Ono, 315. Marsden Jones, E. M., 87. Marshman, Joshua, centenary, 439. Marston, 23% In Melksham Forest, 534, 535. INOrE sal DEB, O98: Marston Meysey, plants, 89. Marston, South, plants, 412, 413. Martin, sp., 40. Martin, birds, 39. Martine Dre 92 Davida2ss Ek. A., on dewponds, 442, Jane, 315. Papal Legate, 497. Walt., 28. Martinsell [Mattelshore], 256, 384. Dew pond, 444. Egyptian derivation, 431. _ Maryon, Herbert, writings, 350. Maskelynes: | Anphony, 9) Stony. Genealogical writings, 406. Inez Story, gifts, 406. Massee, G., 321. Massingham, H. G., English downland, noticed, 256, 257. Masters, John Trenchard Cald- well, 434. Mattheson, D. M., 357. Mattelshore = Martinsell, 384. Matthews Mrs. Godfrey, 394. W., 171. Mattock, Muriel Winifred, 508. Maundrell, Jos., L26. Rowland, obit., 126. Mawer, Sir Alan, on Place Names, 57, owl. Maxentius, 49, 50; Coins, 52. Maximian, 49, 50; Coins, 48, 49. Maximinus, coins, 48, 49. Maximinus Daza, 49. Maxwell & Tuke, Messrs., 527. Maydeston, Clement, tracts of, 234. Mayhew, Canon Anthony Arnold, obit., 505. Rev. A. 1s 505. Mazers, 282. Meade, Hen., 440. Will., ‘Ballads of a Moonraker,” noticed, 440. Meadow Brown, bttterfly, 42. Meadow Sweet, 351. Meadow land in Wilts in D.B., US, Whe Mears & Stainbank, bell founders, 437. Mediford, Bp., obit:; 9° Walt., 14 Medicago, sp., 87, 409. Mee, Arthur, ‘‘ Wiltshire,’’noticed, 507. Meers, W. W. J., writings, 436. Megalithic monuments, MS. notes on, 266. Use of wood in, by A. Vayson de _ Pradenne, noticed, 254. Meidge [Madge], Mr., 222. Melampyrum, sp., 411. INDEX TO VOL. Membury, plants, 412. Melbourne, 246. Melchet Forest (Hants), Clarendon ? 576. Melcombe Bingham (Dors.), 59. Melilotus, 409. Melissa, 412. Melksham, 3138, 314, 316, 503. Acreage and area of woodland, 534, 582. Bridge, 579 Derivation, 542. Floor sand, 468. Melksham and Chip- penham Forests, acreage, 581 ; Disafforestation, date of, 580, part of o8l ; Geological basis, 582 ; “Ton’’ names, 541. Melk- sham Forest, 76. Extent and acreage of, 533, 534, 536, DAD TOOL. Perambulations, 540, 576—583.; Of 1228, 554, oom Ot LOO, 535, 577579 - ? Reduced temp. Hen. III, 539 5 Woodland, amount varied, 533 Dd4., Freemasons, 239. House, 239. Manor, Royal, SOF Ooo: Parish, extent of woodland, 538,534. Parishes, modern, 534. White ditch, 578. Melksham Without, boundary, 578. Mene Way [Meane], Etymology, 575. Mentha, sp., &6, 88, 412. Menyanthes, sp., 411. Meon, East and West (Hants), Early Saxon settlements, 542. Ele iron ;Age “pottery, 518. Valley, 285. Mercurialis, sp., 88. Mere, 256, 307, 313, 316, 574, 579. Acreage of woodland, oul Bronze palstave, 470. Bull Ring, 470. Castle, ex- caveted, 432 ; Destroyed, 432 ; Gold Ring, 452. Castle Hill, AO Notes’ on} by- EF. E. Lovibond, noticed, 132, 432. Castle Street, 470. Church, glass, St. Christopher, 144; Royal Arms, 97, 112. Down, plants, 410. Manor, Royal, 586, 587. Long Hill, 470. Plants, 408. Rom. coins, 430. XLVIII. 639 Merasnuus, sp., 340. Merkeden [Marden River], 580. Merlin, 36. Merlin’s Grave, 142. Merryfield, John, 28. Merton Coll. Library, books given by Bp. Roger de Mortival, 205. Merulius, sp., 344, 486. Merwey, Le, 501. Mesurer, Will., 9. Methuen, Gen. Ld., Writings, 434. Meynell, Esther, writings, 436. Meyrick, Edw,, obit. and list of writings, 248—245. ©, 272: Micham and Leceter, obit,, 9. Microlepidoptera, 243, 244. O77, 119, 499 ; Middleton, acreage and wood- land in: 2B 592: Farm (Winterslow), 182. Middleton, H. de, 4. Midtord) [Muteford] (Limpley Stoke), 593. Midgehall [Mighale] Mill, Ety- mology, 547. Miell, Ch,, 29. Migham [Mycham], Simon de, 4. Milan, Rom. mint, 294. Milbourne [Muleborne] in Bratton, acreage and woodland in D.B., 592. Mildenhall Church, Royal Arms, 96, 2 U2: Held by Glaston- bury, 9539. In Savernake, 538. Woodland, 538. Mildervale, Constantine de, obit., on. Mile, ‘‘“computed”’ defined, origin of, 531, 532. English, when introduced,. -d317), -533. Roman, defined, use in Britain, Gay) Mays rye Milford (Salisbury), 82, 568, 569 ; In Clarendon Forest, 536. Milk Hill, dewpond, 442, 443. Plantsc7. Miller, sir? Ch. Haye; 125; Gertrude Theresa, 125. Wo 33) bss Milling; Reva Mea i. obit 122. Col. R., gift, 54. Mills in Domesday, 76. Milsom, Thos., 195. 640 INDEX TO) VO) Sabri Milston Church, Royal Arms, 100, 112. Milton Abbas (Dors.), 57. Church and mansion visited, 56; Lady Chapel destroyed, o7. Milton Lilborne, 123. Church, Royal Arms.) 98) abl2: Sunnylands Farm, 123. Milton, New (Hants), 82. Milton-on-Sea, 394. Minety, 546. Derry Brook, dol. Herbing, 351. In Braydon Forest,554. © Manor, 552. NOt sin) DsBs, 6s: Penceles Wood, 552. Plants; 87-89. Mint, 351. Missal, psalter, &c., 276. Mitchell, Doris, 503. Mithraism on coins, 295. Mitternacht, Joachim, 215. Modder river, battle, 504. Moenchia, sp., 82. Mogg family, MS. notes, 190. Molinea, sp., 40, 89. Moleyns, De, barony revived, 245. Monk (—), 315. Monkman, Ch., 422. Monkton Deverill, acreage and woodland in D.B., 592. Monkton Park (Chippenham), 247. Monkton Farleigh in Selwood Borest, 04. Sepulchral slab, 268. Stone king’s head from Bradford Priory, 349. Mons, St. Thos. of Canterbury, cult. of, 492. Montacute, John, tomb in Salis- bury Cath., 166. Montgomery, Mr., 264. Monthly Review, 243. Moody, M., 197. Moonraker, ballads of, by Will. Meade, noticed, 440. Moonrakers, French, by H. C. Brentnall, 466, 467. Moore, James, 315. Wns, 17 Tom, and Sloperton, art on, noticed, 438; ‘‘The Minstrel Boysa sbi ee An Gea Strong, noticed, 437. W., 315. Moredon (Rodbourne Cheney), 548 ; Bridge, 546 ; Charter 546. Purton Road, 546. “Mordred, a tragedy,” 242. Morehall (Leics,), Prebend, 205. Moro, Antonio, paintings, 255. Morgan, H., 31. F. W., The Domesday geography of Wiltshire, 68—81. Morgan’s Hill, plants, 410, 412. Morpath (Northumb.), 83. Morrice, Capt. Geoffrey Wilmot, obit., 250. Canon J. D., 250. Morris, ‘‘Badger,’’ gives name to Swindon Street, 527. Mai Alice, 120. Niches 23: Rob., 28. Thos., 120. Will., 245. Morrison, Bruce, gives name to Swindon street, 523, 527. Morse; jiohinia 23 ceria Levi Lapper, 525; Gives name to Swindon street, 527. Morse and Davies, 524. Mortar, 6; Bell metal, given, 405. Moseley, Dr., 19. Moss, Dir, 2272 John, 29. Mortival, Sir Anketil, 205. Bp. Roger de, 1, 2, 202; Burial place, 66; Career of; by, Chr. Wordsworth, 204, DANSS © Endows collegiate Church at Noseley Manor (Leics.), 205; Endows Cath. choristers and Vicar’s choral of Salisbury, 201; Gives advowson of Preshute to choristers, 202: Monument in Cathedral, 205; Obit., observed, 204 ; Statutes, 2iae Mother Anthony’s Well (Brom- ham), 577. Mounds, Roman, “ Botantini,”’ 422. Mount Bures (Essex), Norman motte, 141. Mow, John, 315. Moxon, James and Joseph, 315 Moyne, Eliz., 281. Mucegros, Rob. de, 376. Muleford (Milford), 568. Mumeworth (Ford) Mill, 569, 571. Muncks rails (Braydon), 554. Munday (—), 28. INDEX. TO°VOLe XEVITK 641 Mural paintings, see Bradford Priory, Durnford, Gt., Lacock Abbey, Lydiard | Tregoze, Oaksey. Musard, Walt., 379. Musgrave, Capt. C., 179. Musical festival, 503. Mussell, J., 462. Musselwhite, Mrs., 263. Mustard Devils (cloth), 11. Mutinus, 471. Mycena, sp., 335, 336, 477. Mycene, tombs, 402. Myers, Canon, 305, 496. Mylborn, obit., 8. Myles. Mr., 22. Myosotis, sp., 88, 411. Myrica, sp., 83. Myrrhis, sp , 82. Mytens, portraits by, 250. Nadder [Noddre], river, 572— 7G. Plants, 84. Naish, Giles, 28. Rowena, V., obit., 126. W., 126: Napoleon’s downfall, Devizes rejoicings, 439. Narcissus, 412. Nash Court (Dors.), 501. - Nash Hill Farm. 579, 580; Derivation, 580. Nash dxev. Percy Aug., .obit-, 505. Nasturtium, sp., 86. National Trust, 357. Nat Hist. of Wilts, report, 1936, by C. M. R. Pitman, 31—40. Natterjack toad, 42. Naucoria, sp., 335, 477. ‘‘Naval Hist. of the War,” 243. Neckham, Alex, 141. Neolithic pottery from Hackpen, Stuart Piggott on, 90, 91. Nepeta, sp., 88. Neston, 247. Netheravon, birds, 28. Church, 99; Royal Arms, 112. Prebend, 205. Saxon burial, 469, 470. : Netherhampton House, 241. Netherstreet, plants, 415. Nettle. 337.7) © > Nettleton Church, Royal Arms, Je 112. “Plants. 8S: - Scrub, Rom. villaexcavated,54. VOL, XLVI, NO.) CLXXI. Neville, Hugh, 494; Constable of Marlborough, 139. Newall, R= S., 31,36,- 37, 159: 307, 361, 364; Gift, 132, 183; On two recently discovered fragments of pre-Norman cross-shafts in S. Wilts, 183— 184, figs. New bolt; ikevo hie he a247) Sir Hen. Jolin, obit. and list of writings, 241—243. —- Newbury, Kennet and Avon Canal, 433. New Forest, 76, 378, 597 ; Extent of, 374: Newgate Token, described, 599. ‘““New Paths on Helicon,’’ 243. Newham [Nywenham}, nr.Sutton Veny, 279. Newham, A., 3l. Newington South, Saxon Charter, 567. Newman, Mr., 444. Hen», -27.. Newnton, Vicarage and Rectory, 505. Newnton, Long, 394. Newnton North, Church, Royal Arms, 112. Farming, 435, Jewport (I. of W.), 394. Jewt, sp., 41. ewton, North, 73. Newton, Geo., 315. Newton, Tony, 174, 302. Church, Royal; Arms, 97, tis. Plants, 409, 411. - Wood- land in DB .o37. New Zealand, governorship, 119. Nicholas, -St.; + a0; Anthony, 26. 228: Martha, 309. Secretary, 309. Nightingale, 35, 40. Nightingale, John, executed, 429. Nightjar, 30, 40. Nine Elms, 547. Nolanea, sp , 336, 478. Nomansland, 84. | Norbert, St., founds Premonstra- tensian Order, 488. Norborne family notes, 131. Norley (Ches.), 123. Norman mottes, 142. Normanton barrows, flint chips round, 159. Zi Zee Zs 2WwW 642 INDEX TO Norridge (Upton), acreage and woodland in D.B., 592. Norris, Thos., organist, 29. North, John, 313. Northumberland, Archdeacon of, 228. Duke of, 134. Northumberland House, 255. Northwredecumb, 573, 574. ‘North Wilts Magazine,’’ 267. Norton Bavant, 228; Acreage and woodland in D.B, 592. Norton Skidmore, acreage and woodland in D.B., 592. Norton Common, 588, Norton Ferris (Kilmington), 588. Manor, 273. | Wood, 586. Norwich, 123. Nouseley . (Leics.) [Gnousale, Nousele], manor, Collegiate Church and. Chapel, 205, 206. Legacies by Bp. Roger de Mortivale, 201. Noyers, Geoffrey de, work at Lincoln Cath., 253. Noyes, John, 241. Noyon Cathedral, 491. Nugge, Hen., 21. Nunton, sp., 396. Nursteed (Bps. Cannings), 313. Nutcrackers, wooden screw, 130. Nuttebeame, Tho., 213. Nyctalis, sp., 340. O. Sapientia, 8. Oakhill, plants, 413. Oakley Down, copper knife dag- ger and flint fabricator, 151. Oaksey Church, mural painting, St. Christopher, 144. Flisteridge, Wood, 87, 88, 411. In Kemble Forest, 558. Oare, 377. Hill, dewpond, 4A4,, Oatley, Sir Geo., 249. Obits., foundation of described, 2. Money for given to Cath. choristers, fund, 2. List of, 8. Ock and Ake in Place Names, 566. Ockholtesdych (Chute), 565. Ockwolds Manor, 124. Odesle (Chute), 568. Odiham Church granted to Sarum VOL. XLVIII. Grammar School, 11, 12. Oaks for Salisbury Cathedral, AQ A, Cfnanthe, sp., 88, 410. Ogbourne St. Andrew Church, visited, 391. Ogbourne St. George Church, Royal Arms, 93, 100, L138. Ogbourne, Whitefield Hill, plants, Al]. Ogden, Mr., 148. Thos., 149. Ogilby, ‘‘ Road Book,” 531. Oil lamp, 193. Okus (Swindon), plants, 87, 408, 409. Oldbury Castle (Cherhill), plants, 410, Old Catholic Congress, 232. Old Sarum archers, gold medal, 1793, 148. Oliver’s Castle (Devizes), dew- pond, 442, 443. Oliver, F. V.M., 464. Thos., 436. Olivier, Edith, gift,268 ‘With out knowing Mr. Walkley,” noticed, 262, 263. Olliffe, Colin, 92, 105. Olney, Rob. de, 207. Omphalia, sp., 478. Oram, James, 3lo. Orange Tip (butterfly), vars., 47. Orcheston water meadow, hay crops, 76. Orcheston St George, Church, Royal Arms, 97, 113. Orchis, sp., 88, 412. Orford, (Suits) garrison, 137. Organ family held Stanton Fitz- warren, 434. Oriel, Golden, 33. Ormes Head, Little, Rom. coins, o2. Ornithogalum, sp., 83, 88, 412. Orobanche, sp., 83. Orwin, C. S., on lynchets, 442. @sborn, Jj7 Wee Meitte2or. Writings, 267, 439. Osbourne (—), 315. Osgodby, Will., 23, 216. Osmington (Dors.), 440. Osmond, Mr., 404. Osmund, St., Canonization, 60, Castle, war INDEX: TO- VOL. XLVIIl. 643 164, 165. Sacum, 61. Ostend expedition, 499. Ostia, mint, 52. Otts Meadow, 589. Overton, 3106. And Fyfield registers, copied, 389. Down, dewpond, 443. = Hill, barrows, 256. Plants, . 412 Sanctuary, Beaker Age, 400 ; Flint arrowhead, 151 ; Timber roof ? 255. Registers copied, 267. Owens, Owen, 301. Owl, Short Eared, 36. Oxalis, sp., 409. Oxford and Bucks’ Light {nfantry, story of, 242. Oxford City Walls, repairs, 79, 80. Kalendar, 235. Lady Compiles “‘ Use of Margaret Hall, 232. Sur- render of, 306. Thames, river, 433. University Press, gift, 131. Oxfordshire, woodland in D.B., 533. Pacare, Sir Will., 5. Packer, Rob., 7. Paddington Archeolog. Soc. excavates Rom. building in Bedwyn Brails, 318. Page, Isaac, 315 Paine, Will., 319. Palermo Cathedral, 492. Palmer, Gertrude Esther, 396. Green, 29. Will., 396. Panzolus, sp., 477. Pancet Forest, part of Clarendon, 569— 571. Panicum, sp., 84. Panus, sp., 484. Papal, medal, _Innecent I[V_ Conock, given, 405. Papaver, sp., 408. Papps, Will., 29. Pardons or Indulgences, 237. Paris, Notre Dame Cathedral, 491. Paris, Matthew, 63, 133. Parishes divided into tithings in woodland areas, 542. Modern, not mentioned inD.B., 534. Shape of, on chalk, etc.,-72, 73. Park Brow (Sussex), iron ring- headed pin, 187. Parkers Isaac, 24: W.M., writings, 438. fsaac, 315. Parr, Canon John, 125. Thos. Henning, obit., 125. Parry, Governor, 148. Rob.., organist, 29, 215. T. Wilson, writings, 405. Parson. ke lc: Parsons Pennings, dewpond, 443. Parsons Pleasure, gift, 131. Partridge, Albino, 40. Passmore, A. D., 31, 255; Gifts, 267, 599, 600 ; On discovery of a new chamber in Lanhill Long Barrow, 401; An unrecorded Long Barrow at West King- ton, 466. Paston, John, 290. Pasture land in N.W. Wilts in Dab 75. Paxcroft [Paclescroft] acreage, 593. Paxillers, sp., 340. Payne, Mr., 150. Peabody Museum, gifts, 405. Peacock, butterfly, 44. Pearson, Av A. .322) 474. Pease, Will., execution of, 429. Pedwell, John, 5. Peete, Mr., 85. Peglar, David, 315. Peirson, G., 39. Pelham, W. H., gift, 406. Pembroke, Earl of, 264. Pembury [Pomroy], 593. ‘Pen ”’ in place names, 586. Penchet Forest, part of Claren- don, perambulation, 569—571. Pendarves, Alex., 258. Penker, Richd., 8. Penley (Dilton Marsh), 395. Penne, La, Pound, 586. Pennebury [Poundbury], Castle Hill Camp, 586. Penney, Mr., 148. Pennicott, Will., 28. Pennycourt, Thos., 28. Will., 28. Penruddocke-Wyndham, 1B, letters, 265. 2w 2 644 INDEX TO} VOL vada Penselwood village, disafforested, 586. Penshurst (Kent), 440. Peplis, sp., 86, 87, 409. Pepperbox Hill, butterflies, 47. Perambulations of forests made - by monasteries, 550. Peregrine Falcon, 36. Perrett, Mr , 183. Perry, Mervyn, 28. Persalve, Hen., 290. Pertwood |Peortworth], acreage wand=woodland am DBs o9le Church, Royal Arms, 100, 113. Ine. Knoyle, ool: Peterborough, Bp. of, 310. Peters, Rev. Will., painting by, 255. Peter’s finger (Salisbury), plants, 83. Petherton, North (Som.), Church, Royal Arms, 95. Petrel, Stormy, 33. Petrie, Sir C., writings, 131. Retty; Geoluspeke” 198: Sir WINES Ins Donia Suieveyy "Out Ireland and grant of lands to, 129. Petypas, Rob., 7. Peverels Wood, 551—553. Pevesey (—), 214. Pewsey, 82, 123, 124. Down, hanging in chains, 429. Vale, 256, 374, 381, 440. Barrier- between N: and S. Wilts in Bronze Age, 397. Farming, 435. Geology, 70. Meadow in D.B., 75. Parishes, shape Oi maar Wharf, plants, 413. Pewsham, acreage of forest. Derivation, 542. Dis- afforested, 581. In Chippen- ham Forest, 534, 535. Pewter vessels, 1386, 277. And brass in inventory, 289. Pewterer, Edw., 7. Phalarope, Grey, 33, 39. Phallus, sp., 322. Phelps; ‘Geo:, 229: Peter, 229. Philip (Chancellor), 11. Legacy, 278. Philips, Rev. C. G, as guide, 392, Philipps, Rev. J. E. T., 467, 508. Canon Sir James Erasmus, 120,245. Jestyn Reg. Austin Plantagenet, 2nd Viscount St. David’s,245 JohnWynford, Ist Viscount, St. David’s, obit., 245, 246. Owen Cosby, Ld. Kylsant, 120. Phillips, Col., 308. Gr Witex- cavates barrow on Knapp Hill, oA. Sit Edw., 307. Rob.., 508, Col: Rob 30, = Rev. W. J. 439. Phlebia, sp., 344. Pholiota, sp., 321, 326, 327, 473. Picket, John, 315. : Pickoll (—), 27. Pidle, 574. Piere, Rich., 14, 15, 21. Pierson: 1eG 3) Pierrepont, Eva Mary, 248 Hon. Evelyn Hen., 248. Piggledene, ‘‘ Valley of Rocks,”’ 256. Piggott, C. M. (Mrs. Stewart), 462. On Late Bronze Age Urns from Swindon, 353—356. On Iron Age “A” site, Harn- ham Hill, 518—522. Piggott, Stuart, excavations, 513. Gift, 406. On excava- tion of untouched chamber in Lanhill long barrow, noticed, 40 1—403. On Neolithic pot- tery from Hackpen, 90, 91. Writings, 397. Pile, Simon, 315. Pilkington (Lancs), 504. Pinckney, Alice M., on truffles; 429. Pinder, Margaret and Reginald, 72, Pinguicula, sp., 412. Pinkie, Battle of, 284. Pinkley Way, 568. Pintail Duck, 37. PipanrdslKob:oniO: leryorte, Wiceey 4X0), Pitman, C.M.R., 31 ; Lepidoptera of Wiltshire, 42—47. Pitt, F.C gilts 268008: Hen., 122. Thos., 116. Will., Earl of Chatham, 116. Preb, Will. Baker, obit., 122. INDEX TO Pitt Rivers, Gen., excavations, 469. Pitton, Rom. road, 182. The Slaygate, 568. Place Name Society, Wilts Vol. faiand: 7. oo 1. Forest and woodland names, 532, 582. Plaitford, 84 Bronze palstave, 197. Plants, 83. Plantain, 351. Plants of Wiltshire, Notes by J. D. Grose, 87—89, 407—414. Platters, wooden, 7 Pleurotus, sp., 336. Plewell, John, 315. Pleydell family, notes, 131. Pleydell Bouverie, Rt. Hon. Edw., 394. Edw. Oliver, legacy and obit., 394. Plomer, Will., writings, 427. Plough lands and teams in D.B., 73, 74. Ploughs, wooden, and harrows given, 388. In Sussex, 442. Plover, Golden, 38, 40. Plumtre Church, 396. Pluteus, sp., 323, 472. Pochard, 40. ‘“ Poems New and Old,”’ 242. “Poetry and Time,” 242. Roles Cardinal, 92. Eee: 3118 ; Gifts, 54,405, 507, 599. Polemonium, sp., 411. Pollock H.-R... 388 ; Erchfont deeds, 600. Polton, Bp., T., will of, 236. Polyporus, sp., 342. Polystichum, sp., 344, 414. Pomatias, sp., 367, 368. Pomeroy (Pembury,nr. Bradford), acreage and woodland in D.B., 69, 593. Pontifical, bequeathed to Salisbury, 205. Ponting, C. E., 144, 146. Work on Churches, 249. Pooking forks, 130. Poole (Dors.), 229, 470. Poole Keynes in Kemble Forest, 538. Poore, Benita, 124. Bs, Herbert, 164,°" Philip, obit., 124. Bp. Richard, 60, 63, 65; Bp. of Durham, 61, 490, Gilly of VOL! XEVIII. 645 495 | Buried\-at. larrant, 66; Seal, 66; Work on Salisbury Cathedral, 62, 64, 494. Major Rob., 124. Pope (—);.6. laleakey PAPE Pope Calixtus ITI, 165. Popham, Sir John, 7. Population of Wilts, Domesday, 74, Populus, sp., 412. Porchester to Winchester, Rom. road, 543. Port Elizabeth (S. Africa), 395. Portland, 505, 306. Porton, 174. Birds, 34, Portsea, 505. Portsmouth, 246. Diocese, 125: West Saxons land at, 543. Postern Hill, Savernake, 378. Postumus, coins, 293. Potamogeton, sp., 83, 84, 413. Potentilla, sp., 409. Pottengers, pewter, 194, 195, 920. Potterne, 202, 203. Church, Royal eet 98, 113. Green Lane, wood, 413. Heron Bridge, plants, 418. Plants, 409. Porch House, 440. Prebend and stall, 211, 494. Potters in Domesday, 78. Pottery,- Bronze’ Age ‘beakers, 398; Arminghall, 254; Easton Down, 178; Fargo, 362—364; Winterslow Barrow, 176, 17 8 : Bowl of Beaker Age, Avebury Avenue, 402. Food vessels, notcontemporary with beakers, : 366; Corrugated Irish, 366, Ridged, inS. of England, 362— 364; Culture of, in Wilts, 357, 368, 369; Fargo plantation, 300, 464.9) Sol S640 A nd. Cinerary urns, 366, 369. Cinerary ‘urns, 399 ;:: Easton Down, 181; Sturminster Marshall (Dors), 177; Winter- slow, 176,177; Irish encrusted, 366. Bronze Age incense Cups, small food vessels ? 465 ; Aldbourneand Grape Cups, 398, 464, Pygmy cups, toys? 462—465; Boscombe, 465; Cambridgeshire, 465; Framp- 646 INDEX TO VOL. XLVIII. ton (Dors.), 469; Winterslow, 463. Neolithic pottery, Peterborough ware, Fargo, 366;Grooved ware, Stonehenge, 254. Early Iron Age pottery Bead Rimand Belgic, Harnham Hill, 518—522. Romano- British, Easterton, 405. Recent, Bishops Cannings, 405. ) Poltanstan [Powter’s Stone], 573, OP Pouchers Raggs (Braydon), 554. Poulshot, 299, 429, 444. Boundary, 977. In Melk- sham Forest, 534, 535. Not in D.B., 598. Pound, The, site of, 560. Power (or Poore), Rich., 214. Powyke (Worcs ), 16}. Poynder, Sarah and Thos., 119. Pozz, Anthony, 315. Premonstré (Picardy), Canons of, founded, 488. Pre-Norman Cross Shafts, two recently-discovered fragments in S. Wilts, R. 8. Newall on, 183, 184. Presely (Pemb.], 434. Preshute, 7, 395 Church, ad- vowson given to — Salisbury Cathedral choristers, 201—203. Houses in Salisbury, Vicars’ Close; &c., 210. Tenants, 383. iithes; collected: ‘by, Vicar, 203. Vicarage, re- pairs of, 210. Vicar’s dis- pute with Custos of choristers, 209, 210. Preston, Prebend, 309. Prestwick (Lancs), 210. Prevetmore, derivation, 578. Priaulx, John, 224. Pride (—), 315. Prideaux, Canon John, biog., noticed, 441. Prince Regent, as archer, 147. Prior Park, 501. Prong, single prong farm imple- ment, use of, 130. Prosperous Farm, Shalbourne, 437. Protection of ancient buildings, 245. Prunella, sp., 88. Prunus, sp., 409. Psalliota, sp., 324, 472. Psathyra, sp., 471, 478. Psathyrella, sp., 336, 478. Psilocybe, sp., 335, 475, 477. Pudemor, Thos., 281. Pugh, C. W., gift, 507. IK, IBY. Hon. Sec of Wilts Record Soc., 56, 389. Pugsley, Alfred on Dewponds, noticed, 442, 443. PN a\ > lle gift, 508 Pulle (—), 7. Pulmonaria, sp., 411. Punch bowls, 193 Pundfald (The Pound), 560. Pupilia, sp., 367. Purchas, R., 110. Purdue, Rich. and Roger, bell- founders, 19}. Purple Emperor, butterfly, 44. Purton, 554 Bury Hill, 552. Church, Royal Arms, 98, 100, 113, 114. In Braydon Forest,538. Greenhill, plants, All, 413. Manor, 79. Perasin, M4. Bi! Pasture in Domesday, 75. Plants, 413. Pry Farm, plants, 412. Purley Copse, 413. Star chamber case, 240. Purton Stoke bridge, 552, 554. Puryton, Peter of, 21. Pusey Estate, near Farringdon, 438, Puhal ss Putton = Pitton, 568, 569. Pye, Thos., 218. Pynnocke (—), 6. Pyrola, sp., 83. Pythouse (Semley), fungi, 485. Pyttes, Rich., 23. Quail nesting, 31, Queensbury, Kittie, Duchess of, 131. Quemerford, 576. Queresters, Bishop of the, 10. Querns, saddle, Harnham Hill, 514. Quidhampton, The Daye House, 263. Quirk, Canon, 304, INDEX TO Rabbets, Thos., 112. Rabson (Winterbourne Bassett), in D.B., 69. Radcliffe, Rev. Alston Will., 505 Peter Delmé, obit., 505. Radeweyes, Etymology, 575. Radford, New (Notts.), 505. Radnor, Earl, gives name to Swindon Street, 528 Iageett, “EH. gives “name to Swindon Street, 528. Raggs, Gt.and Middle (Braydon), D090, DOA, Ragwort, 351. Railways, S. American and Ld. St. Davids, 246. Ramillies, H.M.S., 499. Rampisham (Dors.), 229, 506. Ramridge House and _ Copse (Chute Forest), 562, 564. Ramsbury, 121, 239, 314, 376, 386. Bell Hotel, 398. Chase, 374. Church, History of, by Adm. Hyde Parker, 405 ; Pre-Norman cross shafts, &c., 183, 393 ;- Visited, 393; Held ‘ by Bp. of Salisbury, 539. In Savernake (?) 538. Manor of Bp of Salisbury, 19,01, 393. Park, 103; 204 ; Park broken into, 381. See Woodland area in Randal (—), 29. Randell, Major A., obit., 124. John, 124. Ransome, Messrs., 438. Ranunculus, sp., 87, 408. Ratfyn (Amesbury), Beaker pottery, 262. In Domesday, 69. Ravensroost House Lodge, 553, (554. Rawlins, Mr., 419. Ray, river {Worfe), 546. Derivation, 569. Raymond, Charles, Eve and James, 315. Read (—), architect, 528. Sit john, Vicar of Preshute, 209. Richd., 25, 26. Reading, Englefield Ridgeway, VOUL XLVI, 647 043, Kennet and Avon Canal, 433. Record Association, gift, 507. Record Branch of W.A. Soc. founded, 389. Records edited by A. S. Maskelyne, 240. Red Admiral, butterfly, 43. Redcar, 505. Reddeland (Chute Forest), 562. Redfern, John Lemon, obit , 127. Redford, Water, 588. Redlynch, birds, 34. Langley Wood, 84. Planis, 83, 84. Smooth Snake, 41. Redpole, nesting, 34, 40. Redshank, 38. Redstall, Francis, 315. Redstart, scarce, 35, 40. Reed Bunting, 34. Reeks, Rev. John, 229% Reeve, Rev. Andrewes, and Mary, 2320. . Regia Strata, 576. Reid, Jean and Whitelaw, 503. Remerygh [Ramridge] (Chute Forest), 562. Rendell, Will., gift, 5u8. Reptiles of Wilts, 33, 41, 42. Reston, South (Lincs), 230. Retinella, sp., 367, 368. Rheims Cathedral, 491. Rhinanthus, sp., 88, 411. Ribes, sp, 409, Rice, Capt. Godfrey, gift, 508. Rich, Edmund, Archbishop, 62, 497, Canonization, 65 Richard Cceur-de-lion, 137. III, King, 162; At Bosworth, 169. Richards, Rev. J., 230, Richardson, Albert Thos, obit. and list of writings, 127. James Cope, 127, John, 215. Izouisa;, 227, Richborough, excavations, 267. Richens, Eliz., 195. Richmond, Hen. of, 169. Ridge End (Chute Forest), 568. Ridgeway, The, 371, 374, 542, 573. Used by Saxons, 542. Riley family, notes, 190. Ringlet, butterfly, vars., 43. Ripley, Jeremy Jephson, writ- ings, 028. Rev. T. H., 528. 648 INDEX TO Rivar Firs and Inwood Copse, plants, 88, 411, 412. Road Bridge, 589. Common, 589. Heath, 589:— Village, 589. Road Hill, 589. Churchy.99)- Royal) Arms, 100; sis) a Woodland in D.B., 593. Robertson, Rev. Arthur Gordon, 230. Dora Els 302 9 Git 268 ; Salisbury Choristers En- dowments, &c., 201—231 ; Notes on some buildings in the City and Close of Salisbury, connected with the Education and Maintenance of the Cathedral Choristers, 1—30 ; ‘¢«Sarum Close,” &c., noticed, 201, 252. Robinson, Hen., gift, 507. John, 230. SAO: Roche Court Down, barrow, 182. Roche Arms, 170. Eliz., 162; Tomb, 171. Sir John, 162, ele Roches, Peter des, Bp. of Win- chester, 490, Rochester, Bp. of, 60, 309. Rockingham (Northants) Forest, 554. Rodberd, Mr., 148. Rodbourne Cheney, 526, 528 Church, Royal Arms, 100, 114. Roddenbury Camp (Warminster), 588, 595. Rodesle (Chute), Etymology, 568. Rodmead (Maiden Bradley) Farm, dewpond, 442, 443. Rodeneye, Rich de, 201. Rodneys Dean (Wishford), deriv- ation, 575. Rogers family build ‘“ Priory,” Bradford, 349. Robs, ole. Will., 28. W. Moyle, 86. Rogerson, Roger, 229. Roles, Ch., 30. Rolf, Master, 438, Rolle, Edw., 29. Rollestone not in D.B., 598. Rolleston family, Swindon prop- erty, 528. Roman agrimensores and botontini in land surveying, 422, Bronze _ bell-shaped VOL. XLVIII. Objects, Cold Kitchen 137; Buckles, 187; Crescent-shaped ornament, 187; Dress fastener, 186, 187 > Hoole isi Spiral ring, 187; Toe ring, Maiden @astles sone Centuriation, 424. Roman coins, Hoard from East Harnham, C. H. V. Sutherland on, 48—52. Hoards found in S. Wilts, B. Gullick on, noticed, 430. Minted in Britain, 293; At Cologne, 296 ; At Lyons, 297—300; Milan, 296, Rome, 296. Coinage of the Constantine? “period; notes on, 950, dl. The Antoninianus, 292, The Follis described, 5l. Sun God on coins, 295. Roman cruciform buried plat- forms in Yorks, 422) Har- ness mounting, 187, Iron - hobnails, 469. Land — sur- veying in Britain, 423, Measurements, 423. Pave- ment uncovered, Cherhill, 390, Roads in Britains 531; Used by Saxons, 542; At Old Saiguimes oe Wille, are Ate worth excavated, 390, Rom.- Brit. Settlements in Wilts, map Ole Wi or Rom.-Brit. Skeleton from Bradford, Dr. A. J. E. Cave on, 415—418. Rome, cult. of St. Thos of Canter- bury, 492. Rood Ashton, 238 Rood Lofts, figures of B.V.M. and St Ohi, ie oe: Roods removed, 92. Roods and lofts restored under Mary, 92 Rosa, sp., 409. Rose (—), gives name to Swindon Street, 528. Walley: Rosingrave, Dan., 215. Rosyth, 246. Rouen Cathedral, 491. Rotherkliffe Church, granted to Sarum Grammar School, 12. Rothomajo (Rouen), Walt. de, 60 Rottenbury Hill, 587. Roughty, river (Kerry), 129. ENDED TO, VOEL! SEV 649 Roundway Hill and parish, 576. Plants, 412. Rous, Alice le, 14. Routledge, Geo., 321i. Rowde, 470. Acreage of forest and woodland, 581, 582. Boundary, 577. Houses, old, photos given, 131. MS. ~ notes on, 507. Plants, 410, Al Rowde Ford, plants, 413. [Rodes] Water of, 576. Rodewyk, Wick Farm, 578. Rowden (—), 3lo. Rowland, Eliz., 428. Rowley [Roule], Wilts parish included in Farleigh Hunger- ford (Som.), 594. Royal Heraldic achievements in the Churches of Wiltshire, by Prof. Edward Fawcett, F.R.S., 92—117. Royal Arms replace Roods in Churches on screen or over chancel arches, 92, 93; Injunctions of Ch. II, 106: Carved, 94; Royal Badges and Motto, 95, 101; Crown arched, 100, 101; Alterations ims, Supporters, 101; Q. Anne, 97 Q. Eliz., 95; Stuart described, 95, 96, 100; Tudor, 95, 100; Will. III and Mary, Gi Nictoria, 94; Erance omitted 101; Nassau, 97; Hanover, 94, 97, 98, 100. Royal Scots Militia, 119. Rubus, sp., 368. Rudd, Edw., 316. Ruddle, Mr., 406. sampler by, 405. Rudge in Savernake, dis- afforested, 378, Rudge Lane (Westbury), 589. Rudloe (Box), plants, 408. Rudman, Rob. Edw., Downing, obit., 249. Walt., 249. Rugeberg, Hundred, 69. ~Rumboll, Rog., 316. Rumsey Oak Farm (South Wick), 589. Rumsey, Thos., 213. Runnymede, 491. Rushall, Baptist Chapel, history, VOL. XLVIII, NO. CLXXI. Martha, 433, Church, 99; Royal Arms, 114, Rushden (Northants), 302, 308, Russel} John, lo; 17, 2); Patricks, 316; Will., 374, Russell, J. Cox, writings, 252. Russula, sp., 337, 338, 471, 478— 482. Rutland, words, 233. Rutland, Duke of, 432. Rutheresheved, 568. Ruming, Isaac, 195. Ryde (I. of W.) College, 127. Rydefeld (Chute), Etymology, 562. Rydehome, Le, 560. Ryknield Street, Rom _ road, Bourton on the Water, 569. Rynchospora, 413. Ryves, John, 302, 309. Mar- garet, 302. Sabaudia, Peter de, Dean of Salisbury, 206. Sacheverell, H., 256. Sackville, Edw. and Rich., Earls of Dorset, 255. Sadler, John, MS. vols. on Wilts Genealogy, 196; Indexed, 507. Wally 27 Safe, Mary, 21. Sagina, sp., 408. ‘‘ Sailing of the Long Snes. 242, Sainsbury, Herbert, obit., 503. Charles, Donald, Doris, and James, 503. St. Albans, 142, 504, 505. Abbey, 63, 498. St. Amand, arms, 170. Will., Led., V7. St. Asaph, Hugh, Bp. of, 62. St. Catherine “of Alexandria, dedications, 441. St. Cross, Hospital, work of Elias de Dereham, 253. St. Davids, Bp. of, 309. St. George’s Day, 242. St. John a Gore, Chapel founda- tions found, 68. st. John’s Coll., Cambs; 229. St: John’s Wort, 351." St. Martin de Garenne, 490. St. Martin’s, Ironmonger Lane, XS 650 London, Royal Arms replace rood, 92. St. Mary Bourne, in Doiley Forest, 542. St. Omer, St. Thos. of Canterbury, cult. of, 492. St. Paul’s (London), organ, 223. Salisburian, The, 268. Salisbury, 123, 126, 175, 229, 248, 267, 285, 313—317, 407, 504, 505. And Shaftesbury Bank failure, 149. Avon River, 24, 64; Crossing of, 543. Ayleswade Bridge, 13. Bell Inn, 3, 19. Birds, 33, 34, 35—38. Bishop, election of 1228 described, 61, 62; Bishop’s Boy, 252; Bishop’s Mill, 65. Bishop’s Palace, 21, 22, 303 ; Arms of Bp. Beaucham, 164 ; Chapel, Papal Letter re- specting, 164; Restored, 311; Close wall, 118; Garden, 441 ; Hall and tower built, 164; An Inn during Commonwealth, 311; Plundered by rioters, 161; Portraits, 311, 312; Un- dercroft, &c., built by Elias de Dereham, 495; Bishop’s Walk, Choristers’ House, 3, 22. Bourne Hill, derivation, 438. Braybroke House, 22. Butterflies, 44, 46, 47. Castle Street, 169. City seal, 14. The Butts, 35, 147. Camp Down, plants, 83. Canal, New and Old Town Ditch, 438. Carter Street [Caterenstreet], 7, 10, 12, 14. Salisbury Cathedral, 228, 238, 256, 301, 302. Altars and Chapels, Chr. Wordsworth on, 234; Altar of Mr. Elyot, 9; High altar reredos, gift of Ld. Beauchamp, 172. Audley Chantry, 68. -Beauchamp Chapel, Capt. R. Symonds on, 170, 171; Built by Bp. Rich. Beauchamp, 168; Destroyed, 170, 171; Door of, in Morning Chapel, 169; Canopied stone- work, 168, 169; Fragments in Cloisters, 168 ; Monuments described, 170; Plate, 169; INDEX TO VOL. XLVIII. Priests, List of, 169; Property, houses, &c., value of, 169, 170; Tomb of John Ld. Cheney, 170, Wade Salisbury Cathedral, belfry, de- tached 163 ; Benefactions, 275; Boy Bishop, 252.; Cere- monies described, by Dora Robertson, 210—213; Listof, 213; Oblations made to, 211; Tomb, 403. Cadaver, 403. Canons, Common Fund, 1 ; Communar of, 9 ; Contributions to building, 60, 61 ; Installation fees, 10 ; Co-opted to fill vacan- cies, 304; Stalls, 238; Cere- monies and Processions by Chr. Wordsworth, 234; Chantry of Ld. Rob. Hungerford, House of the ‘Priestsi=252) = Chant cellors, list of, 238 ; Chantry of Will. Blundeston, stipend of, 15; Chapel destroyed, 170, 171. Chapter Acts, books or registers, 1—3, 251; Com- munars’ rolls, 1. Chapter House sculptures, 403 ; Song Of Jacob: andi siiosep, 2 Gini: Wordsworth on, 237. Salisbury Cathedral Choristers and Scholars of the Close ‘School, list of names, 1344— 1813. By Dora H. Robertson, 27—30; Salisbury Cathedral Choristers, Notes on some Buildings in the City and Close, connected with their Education and Maintenance, by D. H. Robertson, 1—30 ; Salisbury Choristers. Their Endowments, Boy MSBishops, Music Teachers and Head Masters, with the History of the Organ. By Can. Chr. Wordsworth and Dora H. Robertson, 201—231; Salis- bury Choristers’ Endowment Documents, by Canon Chr. Wordsworth, 201—210 ; Chor- isters ‘‘ Collectors ’’ Account Rolls, 2, 3; Commons, 8; En- dowments, 238 ; Choirmasters’ and organists’ agreements in 16th cent., 207 208, 216—218 ; Legacy by Bp. Roger de Mortival, 205—207 ; Custos INDEX TO VOL. XVIII: 651 Puerorum, 1, 2, 206,213, 214; Choristers’ Exhibition Fund, 2h Grammar School, 2; 3; Houses, 2—4; Sub- Magister, 3; Warden, 4; Wood, ee indiles, eces, 1] Salisbury Cathedral Choir, 403 ; Roofed and completed, 60, 63 ; Stalls, 64; 312. Consecrated, 63; Consecration crosses. 403. Lady Chapel, dedication, 60, 63, 64,494; Keeper of, 169. Clerks not to carry weapons, 212: Communars’ Rolls, 4, 8, 9, 12; Constables, functions, 440, 441; Cope chest, 403; Copes, Zi Cupitor reservation, 497 ; Currers Mass, 15; Disorder in service time, 304, 305; Floods in nave, 237, 263 ; Ground plan, 403 ; Glass, Jesse window, 408 ; Old glass found, 350; Guide to by Canon Fletcher, 403; Hun- gerford Chapel destroyed, 168, 170. Innocents’ Day, riotous choristers, 211, 212; Invent- ories, 237; Inverted arches, 163, 164; Library, L 66; Dance tunes, 238; Sealed Book of Common Prayer, 310; Librarian endowed, 210; Magna Carta,.-238: Master of -the fabric, 1; Muniment Room, 1, 2; Nave roof completed, 68 ; ©bits ot Constantine, 6; Oak window frames, 494. Organ, History of, 221—227; Organs, details of repair, 223, 225, 226; Given by Geo.. III], 226, 227; Organ by Thos Harris, details of, 224; New organ and case by Renatus Harris, 226; Organ, great, 1635,-enlarged, 222 ; From Winchester, set up in chow, 222; Organs in choir and nave, 222 ; In Lady Chapel, 222; Over entrance to choir, 222; Organ blower, payment of, 227; Organists, list of, 214 —217; Organists’ agreement, nos, 216.4) Livery, 216 ; Residence, 2, 4, 214; Organ given to St. Thomas’ Church, 226; New organ enlarged, 227. Salisbury Cathedral, paradise (workshop), 26. Peregrine Falcons, 36. Prebendaries, non-resident, 25. Prepar- atory School, 3. Processions on St. Stephen’s and St. John’s Days, 212. Restoration, condition of the Cathedral, 309. Screen, original now in Morning Chapel, 169, 403. Shrine of St. Osmund, 403; Base of removed to nave, 65, 165, 493; Demolished, 165; Precious stones and relics, 165. Song -. Shatton (—), 316. Shaw, 314, 315. [Shaghe] Bridge, 547. (Alton) In Domesday, 69. Nr. Swindon, 526. Shaw Mellor, A.,excavates Rom. villa at Atworth, 390. Gifts, 191, 405, 507, 599. On Box Church Bells, 191—192. On Two; Buried Cruciform Stone Pavements at Atworth, 419—424. Shearwater, plants, 409—411, 413. Sheffield, Bronze -Age miniature vessels, 356. Sheep bells, canister type, 130. Sheld Duck, 37. Sheldon, Archbishop Gilbert, 311. Shepesnadeswe, Etymology, 585. Shepherd Lore, by Peter Gurney, noticed, 435. Shepherd, Mrs., 407; (Rich., 229. Sheppard family, Swindon prop- erty, 529; John Harding gives name to Swindonstreets, 523, 526, 528, 529. Sherborne Abbey, 162. Sherer, Rebecca, 194. Sherrington, 278, 504; Birds, 37. Sherston=Shirestone, Corsley, site of, 589. Church, 69. Herbing industry, 351. In Brokenborough, 538 ; In Domesday, 538. Sherwood outlaws, 373. Sie lot. Miers Shillingford, Thos., 29. Shipton Moyne (Glos.), 394. Shireburn (—), Will. ot, 21. Shirestone, Road Head, site of, 589. | Shore, Hugh, 316. Shoreham, 308. Shorne, John, tombin St. George’s Chapel, 168. Short, hos. 27. Shortt, H. de S., gifts, 352, 406; On Celtic Ornament from At- worth, 459—461 ; On Pygmy Cnps from Boscombe Down West, 462—465 ; On Hoard of Roman Coins from Highfield, Salisbury, 299—295. Shoveler, 37. Shrewton, 229; not inD.B., 598. Shrike, Red-backed and Gt. Grey, 40. Shuter, Solomon, 29. Shuttleworth, Francis, 316. Slaypster, joanna: Sibley, Stephen, 29. Sidbury Hill Camp and ditches, visited, Dr. Williams Freeman on, 55, 259. 656 INDEX TO Sieglingia, 413. Sievier, Will., 316. Silbey, Will., 28. Silbury Hill and Avebury, air photo, 256. And the Gt. Pyramid, 431. Butterflies, 43. A Moot place, 431. A Norman Motte, 142. Plants, ALO. Silchester—Newbury, Rom. road, 542, 543. Silene, sp., 408. Silver Bowls, covered, 276. Chalice, 282. Cup, cocoa Nut} 275; Covered cups, 275, 280, 282; Drinking cups, 282 ; Swaged cups, 99280); 238i Writhen cups, 282; Crucifix, 280; Hanap, 283; Paxbred, 280; Plate of Bouverie family 14th cent., 278 ; Pot, 282 ; Pot- indish, 289; Silver and enamel plates, 277; Salts, 282, 289; Spoons, 277, 280, 282, 289. Silverthorne, Sidney, 316. Simeon, Simon, 383, 384. Simon, Earl, rebellion, 137. Simmonds, Will., 29. Simmons, Geo., 260; J. 316. Siskin, 34, 40. Sisymbrium, 408. Sium, 410. Skeate, Highmore, 29. Skeates (—), 28. Skimmers, 193. Skinner, Rev. Dr., 227, 229. John, 229. Skipper (butterfly), sp., 47. Slade, H. P. on Dewponds, 442. 5 lon OD, DOs T., 316. Slattsbrook, 589. Slaughterford, plants, 408. Slaygate (Pitton), Etymology, 568. Sling, use of, effect on Iron Age Camps, 425. Sloper, I, 110. Sloperton Cottage, Bromham, 124; Tom Moore at, 438. Slow Grove Common, site of, 690. Slow Worm, 41. Small, John, 28. Small Copper butterfly, var., 46. Small Heath butterfly, var., 42. VOL. XLVIII. Smallbroke, 592. Smedmore, John, 27. Smith, Allan, gift, 508. CG Roach, 175. Geo., 316. H.M., gift, 130. INOS. AC, 224, Will., 27. Smiths Slade (Chute Forest), 563. Smollett, P., 316. Smuts, Gen., 499. Smythe, Thos., 214, 215, 220. Will.-27. Smythsclade [Smytesslade], Ety- mology, 561. Snake, Grass, 41. Snipe, sp., 38, 40. Snook, James, 29. Snowstorm at Wingfield, 1881, A39 . Snow, Ben., 27. John, 316. Nich., 316. Rebecca, WOS¢ Rich:, oliG. Will., 27, 316. Soberton (Hants), 285. Sodbury, Old, 200. Soissons Cathedral, 491. ‘Soldiers’ Faith, The,” 242. Sole (—), 86. John, 290. Solidago, sp., 410. Sombourne Church, 59. Somerford, Gt., 99, 428, 554. Church, Royal Arms, I15. Commons, plants, 87. Somerford, Little, Church, Royal Arms, 95. Somerset and Wilts, boundary, 583. Parishes transferred to Wilts, 587. Woodland in Domesday, 533. Somerton (Som.) Manor, 80. Somner, John, 165. “Songs of Memory and Hope,” 243. Sorbus, sp., 87. Sorrel, 351. : Sotheron Estcourt, Canon Edmund Walt., obit., 394. Capt. Thos. E., 394. South family, 241. Fred., 215. ODE ai Southam, Thos., 4. Southampton, 306. 495, Southbroom, 124. southby, Dr., 87. Smooth, 41. Sheriff of, INDEX TO VOL. XLVIIL. 657 ‘““Southcote, Geo.,”’ writings, 501. Southgrove in Savernake, 380, 381. Copse, plants, 409. Southport, 123. Southsex, Sir Rich., 214. Southwick, 593. Boundary, 590. Brokenere in, 594. Court? Farm, -.590: In Selwood Forest, 597. South Wilts Plant Notes 1933— 37, by B. Gullick, 82—86. Sowerby, James, letters, 265. Sowzle and Phyppayn, obit., 9. Spackman, Jacob, 195. Sparassis, sp., 344. Sparganium, sp., 413. Sparrow, John, writings, 437. Speckled Wood butterfly, 42. Speke, Dame Rachel, 198. Spencer, Messrs., works, 503. Spergula, sp., 408. Spersolt, 548. Spicer, Capt.,(C. C., gift, 130. Spiranthes, sp., 412. Springs and Holy Wells in Wilts, Chi: Wordsworth on, 236. Spye Park, property, 438. Wansdyke, 578. Plants, 87. Squire, Edw. and Sam, 229. Stainsbury (—), 316. Stancombe, Capt. Arthur John Graham, obit., 503. Arthur Perkins and Muriel Winifred, 503. Standen (Chute Forest), 562— 564. Manor, 374. Water Meadows, 76. Standlynch, plants, 82. Stanier, W. H., gives name to Swindon Street, 528. Stanley Bridge, 579, 580; Gate of, 579. Stanley, Ld., 502. Stanmore [Stanmere] iBypard); im > 1):B., Stanmore Gt., 504. Stanton, 316. Stanton Fitzwarren, Church, 99. Royal Arms now in Ch. Ch. Bristol, 115. House rebuilt, 434. Manor, descent of, 434. Plants, 412. Stanton, St. Quintin Church, VOL. XLVIII, NO. CLXXI. (Cly ffe 9. stone figure, St. Christopher, 144. Stanton: (Wak. 3. Stanway, Hall (Essex), 284. Staverton Canal, plants, 408 Stapleford, 316. Church, Mural painting, 145. Cross, 396. Staples, Mrs., 263. Starbridge (—), 316. Starkey, Rich., 291. Stasper, 572. Staunden, Geoffrey of, 374. Staverton Church, 123. “Stead ”’ in Place Names, mean- ing, 532, 541, 542. Steaphens (—), 316. Stede, Cristine, 278. Steeple Ashton, 121, 249 ; Bound- ary and Townsend, 590 ; Saxon Charter, 540, 589, 596; Wunt- ferd, Etymology, 596. Steeple Langford, Cow Down, strange earthworks, sugges- tions as to, 424. Plants, 83. Rector, 281. Steeple and Tyneham (Dors), Dou Steepleton (Dors.), 258. Steorte, La, Etymology, 546. Stepel Knoel, 586. Stellaria, sp., 82, 87, 408. Stephen, King, at Marlborough, 137. Stephens, Edw., 29. Elias, 316. Ellick, 316. John, 215: Will., 29. Stephenson, Geo., 316. Stercum, sp., 345. Sterden de Owili, Etymology, 571. Stert, plants. 409, 413. Stevens, E. T., excavates High- field, 292. Erank: Gi8.3292) 513: Gifts, 48,049, 149. 174, 198, 268; Notes, 197, 350; On Barrows at Winterslow, 174—182; On the Old Sarum Archers, 147—149. Writings, 433. Thos., 28. Steward, Canon and Mrs., 85, 86. Stockton), beldijs «in Blace Names, 540. Manor, descent of, 240. DAY 658 INDEX TO VOL. XLVIII. Stockwell, A. H., gift, 267. Stoford, Bell Foundry, 191. Stoke, 17. [Purton] Stoke Bridge, 551, 552, 554. Stoke Down, flint implements, 159. [Purton] Stoke Marsh, 554. Stoke Parvain E.Coulston, acreage of woodland, 592. Stoke, Canon Will. de, 19. Stokes (—), 28. John, 216. R. de, 59. Will., 19, 20. Stokhouse, Roger, 27. Stokke, Reginald de, 375. Sir Roger, held Wolfhall, 384. Stokkene Lake, 546. Stoks and Cranborn, obit., 8. Stolkeway, 568. Stone, flint arrowheads, Petit Tranchet, 151; Winterslow Barrow,178. Axes, chipped, 159 ; Lower Halstow type, 159 ; Polished, 151, 159; Grand Tranchet axes, 150. Cores, 150. Early Bronze Age flints, Lot Vag: -Fabricators, 151. Flakes with serrated edges, 150. Grand Tranchet, 159. Hammerstones, 150. Kitchen Midden, Danish axes, 159. Knife, discoidal, polished, 150, 151. Meso- lithic implements, 159. Phalluse (2), 13): Picks, large, 159. Pre-Beaker im- plements, 151. Scrapers, 150, 151 ; From polished axes, 151 ; Waisted and tanged, 159. Strike a lights and iron pyrites, 151, Sarsen mace heads, Windmill Hill, 198. Stone (Corsley), 595. Stone, Mrs. E. H., gives Wilts photos, 54. Drs coisa Se. 464; Excavations, 513; On Barrows at Winterslow, 174— 182; On an Early Bronze Age Grave in Fargo Plantation near Stonehenge, 357—370. Stone Curlew, 40. Stonehenge illusts., &c., 142, 256. Age of various parts, 254. Air photos, 256. And Avebury, MS. notes, &c., 266. Avenue, 150. Blue stones, possible routes from Presely, 434; Lintels really door stones, A. D. Passmore on, 403. Centre of old ways, ZONE Charles II at, 307. Cursus, 150. Ditch excavated by deer horn picks, 366 ; Early Bronze Age, 262; Flint dug from ditch used for implements, 159; Pottery, Beaker and Grooved ware from, 254, 262. Egyptian origin, 260. Mollusca, 368. Trilithons, 254, 256; The Fallen Trilithon, by Maton, 266. Wooden roof ? 255. Stoneyhurst, 502. Stongesgore,South (Chute Forest), 568. Storm Petrel, 38. Stony, Dire Story Maskelyne, Edmund, 239. Anthony St. John, obit. and list of writings, 239—241. Stour River; 440. Stourton Blackslough, plants, 412. Acreage and extent of woodland in D:-B., &c.,- 491, 539. Church, legacy to, 275, 276. Held by Radulf, 273. In Selwood, 539. Manor, 273. Plants, 84, 408, 409, 41), 413. Rector of, 280. Stourton, Lord, 281 ; Built Bon- ham,273 9 liz. 28 isin Walle 281, Stowe School founded, 239. Straight (—), 28. Stranger ona|e, ole Strange of Knockin, Barony revived, 245. Stratford St. Anthony (Berks), 229. Stratford-sub-Castle, 128. Church, Royal Arms, 97, 115. In Clarendon Forest, 536. Property of Beauchamp Chantry, 169. Woodland, 536. Stratford, John, Bp. of Win- chester, 22, 23. Stratton Green, plants, 413. Stratton on the Fosse, 259, 260. Stratton St. Margaret, Ground- INDEX TO VOL. XLEVIII: 659 well Farm, 525. plants, 410. Stratton, John, 316, 429. Streatham, 248. Streatley, Ichnield Way crosses Thames, 569. Street Gate [Le Stretgate] (Chute Forest), 560, 561, 565, 567. Street, A. G., ‘‘ The Gentleman of the Party,” noticed, 260. Strelley Church, 396. Strickland, John, 26. Strode, Ld., 551. Strone, Bp., 167. Stropharia, sp., 327, 475. Strugnell, James and Thos., 28. Stuart Arms, union of England and Scotland, 94. Stubbs, Bp., W., 204. “Studies Green and Grey,’ 243. Studland (Dors.), Rector, 228. Studley [Stodeley],579. Upper, in N. Bradley, 590. Sturges, Decimus and Maud, 126. Sturmid, Rich., 380. Sturminster Marshall (Dors.), Bronze Age urn and food vessel, 177, 364, Sturmy [Esturmy], family at Wulfhall, 384; Hereditary wardens of Savernake, legal rights, 380, 382, 384; Geoffrey, 380. Hen., 379—382, 384, 385 ; Charges against, 382, 384; Whipped for poaching, 381. Stephen, 381, Summerham Bridge, 577. Surgeons, Royal Coll. Museum, 417, 418. . Sussex, Dewponds, 444. Sutherland, C. H. V., on hoard of Rom. Coins from East Harnham, 48—52. Sutton (Surrey), 407. Sutton Benger, 122, 314. Herbing industry, 351. Newgate Token, 599. Plants, 408, 410. Sutton Bingham (Som.), Bingham - family at, 59. Sutton Mandeville, plants, 82. Sutton Veny [Fenny Sutton: Sutton super la Sonde], 281. Church, legacy, 275, 276. Ren Hall Sutton, Geo., 30. Sir Rich., 125: Winifred Alice, 125. Sturt Farm (Minety), Etymology, 546. Styhele, John de, 562. “Submarine and Anti Sub- marine,’ 242. Sudden Farm (Wulfhall), 123. Suffolk, Duke of, 161. Earl of, 247. Sugar Hill, plants, 412. Sully, Hen., 429. Swallow, 40. Swallowcliffe, Early Iron Age pottery, 518. Swanborough Ann, 193, 195. Swayne [Swaine], Hen., 316. Jiohmey 29), Walle 2 Oe: Feud with John Hall, 162. Bp. W. S., writings, 131. Swerford, West, 248. Swift, 40. : Swift, Dean, 258; Sir John, 13. Swill Brook [Brayden Brook], 546, 549, 550. Swindon, 122, 125, 249, 314, 394, 508. Armstrong Street, origin of, 523. Ashford Road, derivation, 525. Avenue Road, origin, 528. Bath Road, 527; Origin, 528. Belle Vue, 523. Birch Street, origin, 525. Boot scrapers, old, at front doors, 529. Bouverie Avenue, cin. urns. [Swansborough], found, 353. Bradford Road, origin, 524. Bridge Street, origin, 523. Brock Hill, origin, 523. Bronze Age Pygmy Cups, 462, 464. Bronze Age. urns; Capt., C: Musgrave on, 356. Late Bronze Age Urns,C. M. Piggott on, 353—356. JBruce Street, origin, 523. Brunel Street, origin, 523. Bullins Bridge, origin, 524. Butterflies, 47. Butts, The, 523. But- terworth Street, origin, 523. Cambria Place, origin, 524, Cannon Street, origin, 524. Cartax Street, origin, 524. Carlisle Avenue, 353. aw 2 660 Christ “Church, 523, 529, Clifton Street, origin, 524. Coate Road, 523. Commer- cial Road, origin, 524. | Corby Avenue, 353. Corporation Street, origin, 524. Cow Lane, origin, 524. Crick- lade Street; origin, 523. Croft House, 523. Cromby Street, origin, 524. Crom- well Street, 524. Curtis Street, origin, 524. Cyprus, 524. Dammas Lane, origin, 525. Davies Street, origin, 524. Deacon Street, origin, 525. Dean Street, origin, 524. De Burgh Street, origin, 524 Devizes Road, 524, 529. Dover Street, origin, 523, 524, Dryden Street, origin, 528. Dunsford’s Canal Wharf, origin, 525. Bristol Street, origin, 525. East Street, origin, 525. Eastcott Farm House, 524; Eastcott Hill, 523, 525, 526, 528 ; Manor, 525. Emlyn Square, origin, 525. Euclid Street, origin, 525. Exeter Street, origin, 525. Faringdon Road and Street, origin, 525, 527. Ferndale Road, origin, 525. Fleet Street, origin, 525. Folkestone Road, origin, 525. Gas Works, 527. George Inn, 526; Street, origin, 525. Gilbert Hill Schools, 526. Gladstone Street, origin, 525, 528. Goddard Arms Hotel, 523, 529 ; Goddard Avenue, origin, 525 ; Goddards’ Park, 353. Gorse Hill, 525. Gooch Street, origin, 525. Granville Street, origin, 525. Groundwell Road, origin, 525. Groves Street, origin, 525. Guppy Street, origin,525. The Hall, origin, 529. Harding Street, origin, 526. Havelock Street, origin, 526. Hawkins Street, origin, 526. Hayden Street, origin, 526. Hay Lane Cottages, origin, 526. Henry Street, INDEX TO VOL. XLVIII. origin, 526. Herbing Indus- try,351. High Street, origin, 026, 529. Hinton Street, origin, 526. Holyrood Ch. yard, 525. Horsell Street, origin, 526. Hunt Street, origin, 526. Hunters’ Grove, origin, 526. Hythe Road, origin, 526. John Street, origin, 526. Joseph Street, origin, 0126. | Kembrey Street, origin, 527. Kent Road, origin, 523, 527. King’s Hill excavated, 9024; Road, 5238, 526. King Street, origin, 527. Kitchener St., origin, 526. Lansdown Road, origin, Oode The Lawn, 525. Linslade Street, origin, 527. London Street, origin, 525. MaidstoneRoad,origin,523. The Mall, origin, 527. Manchester Road, origin, 527. Manor, 525. Market Street, origin, 527. Maxwell Street, origin,527. Mechanics’ Institute, 525. Medgbury Road, origin, 527. Merton Street, origin, 527. Milton Road and Street, origin, 527, 528. Morris Street, origin, De Morrison Street, origin, Die Morse Street, origin, SPN Museum, objects in, 353. Newport Street, origin, 529. North Street, 527, 528. Okus, 523; Plants, 410, 412, 413; Quarry, 412; Road and Farm, 526. Omdurman Street, origin, 526. Oriel Street, origin, 527. Oxford Buildingsand Street, origin, 525 527. Plants, 87, 88, 408, 412, 413. Ponting Street, origin, 527. Prospect Hilland Place, 523, 527. Queen Road and Street, origin, 527, 528. Radnor Street, origin, 528. Ragget Street, origin, 526, 558. Read Street, origin, 528. Reading Street, origin, 525. Redcliffe Street, 526. Regent Street, origin, 524, 528. Ripley Road, origin, INDEX. TO VOL! XLVIII; 661 O28. Rodbourne Recreation Ground, 527 ; Lane and Road, D220; 527. Rolleston Estate and Street, 524—526, 528. Rose Street, origin, 528. Rushey Platt, plants, 413. Short Edge, 524. St. Mary’s Grove. origin, 526. Salis- bury Street, origin, 528. Shelley Street, origin, 528. Sheppard Street, origin, 526, - 628. Smith Street, origin, 028. Springfield Road, origin, 528. Stafford Street, 528. Stanier Street, origin, 528. Station Road, 528. Origin of Names of Streets, by W. H. Hallam, 523—529. Tabernacle, 528. Taun- ton Street, origin, 525. Tennyson Street, origin, 528. Thomas Street, origin, 528. Murch Street; origin, 928. Turner Street, origin, 528. Tydyman Street, origin, SPAS Union Tavern, 524. Victoria Road, origin, 528. Vilett Street, 528. Welling- LOM otreet, origin, 529. Westcott Farm, 529; Place and Street, 528, 529 Westle- cott Road, origin, 529. Whale Inn, 527. Whitehead Street, origin, 329. White- man Street, origin, 528. Wilts and Berks Canal made and houses built, 523, 524, 527, 529. W.E.A., 438. Wood Street, origin. 529. Wrough- ton Road, 5238. Swindon-Malmesbury Ridgeway, 549. Swineherds in Domesday, 78. Swinesbrook [Swans Brook Farm] 589. ‘“« Syke,’’ =Ditch or Bank, 569. Symonds, Capt. Rich., on Beau- champ Chapel, 170. Symonsbury, John, 23. Symphytum, sp., 88, 411. ‘“°T.R.,” bell founder, 191. Tagg, Edw., 286, 291. Tahanetwichene (Chute), Ety- mology, 563. Tailor, Hen., 376. “Taken from the Enemy,” 242. Talbot, Will. Hen. Fox, Father of photography, 432. ‘‘Tales of the Gt. War,’’ 242. Tallow Chandlers Co., records, 240. Tamisia (Thames), 546. Tamesie River (Thames), West Mill, 551. Tamyse (Thames), 546, Tan Hill, plants, 88, 413. Tangley, 563. Tarrant (Dors.), Abbey and Church destroyed, 497 ; Tombs of Bp. Richard Poore and Q. Joan of Scotland, 66, 497. Tate,’ Dro Baithiuly- 4305; Nahum, 305. Tatham, Eliz., 21. Taunton, St. Mary’s Church, Royal Arms, 95. 7 Taylor Alicia, 215. John, 214, 215 ; Agreement with Salisbury Chapter, 218, 219. Taylour, Nich., 6, Tayntrell, obit., 9. Tea kettle, tea pot, 194. Teal 37,40: Tedworth Hunt, 124. Teffont, 574. Birds, 36. Manor, plants, 408. Sand stone, 198. Teffont: Evias, 573, ~576: Church, 99; Royal Arms, 97, 100, 116. Fungi, 483. Stream, 572. Teffont Fitz House, 263. Teffont Magna Church, pre- Norman cross fragment, 183, 185; Plants, 408, 412; Mrs. Heynes House, pre-Norman stone, 183; Road, 574. Telamonia, 473. Tellisford, Bridge and Village, 589. Templer, Stephen, 25. Tennes Corner [Tenhies], Farm identified, 58Y. Terminus (Roman), defined, 423, Teagle, Rebecca, 193. Tern, 39. 662 INDEX TO Tetbury, plants, 87. Tetrarchy of the Rom. Empire, AY. Tetricus, senior and junior, coins, 292 294, 298—300; Coins, Barbarian copies, 295. Tewkesbury, 29, 172. Thachamp, Will., 7. Thames, River, 133, 500, 553. Plants, 408. Thangeleye [Tangley] Forest), 562. Thelephora, 486. Theobald, Mary, 194. Thesium, sp , 412. Thetford, Norman Motte, 141 Third Penny payment, 30. Thistlethwate, John, 290. Thlaspi, sp., 87. Thomas, H. H., 434. John, 28 Thomasedene (Chute Forest), 562, 564. Thompson (—), 28. Obit., 9. Monument, 197. Alger- non, 441. a@weslo- Thornely, T. H., 31. Thoulston [Tholveston] (Upton Scudamore), acreage and wood- land in Domesday, 592. Thresher and chaffcutter given, 265. ‘¢ Thresher Old,’’ miser, 263. Thrift, John, killed in Box Ch. tower, 192. Thurland, Rev. F., 230. Thurmam, Dr. John, 175; ex- cavates Long Barrow, 401. Thruxer (Hants), 229. Thymus, sp, 88. | Thynne, Canon A. B., 467. Ticehurst, R. N., 34. Tidcombe, 377 ; Boundary, 560 ; Parish, 561, 564— 566. Tidulfshide [Theodulveside] = Tilshead, 69 ;=—Devizes ? 69; Cathedral endowment, 210. Tidworth Cow Down, plants, 410 —412; Woodland area, 539. Tidworth, North, 558. Tilbey, Walt., 28, 29. Tilshead, 256. Domesday, 80. Church, Royal Arms, 116. Estate given to Cathedral choristers, (Chute Borough in VOL. XLVIII. 201, 210. Estate sold to War Office, 201. Floods, 76. In Domesday, 69. Meadow in D.B., 76. Well sunk, 76. Woodland in D.B., 540. Timber circles, 254. Timbridge, 123. Tinhead (Edington), plants, 410. Tinney, John Pern, 29. Tisbury, 315. Church, Royal Arms, 116. Plants, 82,783: Tithings in parishes, origin of explained, 594. Toad, 42. Tockenham, derivation, 542. In Brayden Forest, 542. Plants, 87, 88. Tockenham Wick, plants, 410, 413. Todd, Miss, 407. Todeworth Husee, manor, 558. Tollard Green, plants, 411. Tollard Royal, fungi, 473. Tolmetreshulle[TholnitresHulle], ool. Tomkins, Giles, 215. Ton in” Saxon) place, names shows early settlement, 541, 598. Tonson (—), 8. Tooker, [Tucker], Edw., 215. Toomer (—), 263. Tormarton, 466. Tormohun, 127. Tortoiseshell butterflies, 43, 44. Tottenham House, 392. Totterdown, Old, dewpond, 444. Townsend Farm (Poulshot), 577. | Townsend, Hen., 229. Rev. Von BAB), Thos) 229: Will., 229. Townson, Mrs. 302. Gertrude, 302. Rob., Bp. of Salisbury, 302. Toxophilite Society founded, 147. Trafalgar, Battle, 241. Cen- tenary, 241. ‘« The Year of,”’ 241, 242. Tragopogon, sp., 411. Trajan Coins, 294. Introduces Gallick League, 531. Trametes, sp., 344. Travers, Rev. Hen. Stewart, obit., 506. INDEX TO Trebarwith (Corn.), 250. Tregaseal (Corn.), Bronze Age wen, 177. Tremella, sp., 345. | Trenchard, family held Stanton Fitzwarren, 434. John, 305. Trencheam Montis, Hill Trench or Dyke, 584. rent (Som.),, 307. Trent River divides Forest Juris- dictions, 372. Tres Divisas, where Lydiard, W. Basset and Brinkworth meet, 547. Trephination of skull, | pre- historic, 405. Tresoldi, Jos., 316. Trevelyan, W. C., 85. Treves, Rom. mint, 50, 51. Trevi, Early Iron Age brooch, Si7- Treyslandscheres (Chute Forest), Etymology, 568. Tricholoma, sp., 321, 328, 329, 475. Trifolium, sp., 87, 409. Triglochin, sp., 413. Tringham, Parson, 59. Trinia Glauca, 88. Triplett, Thos., 309. Tristum de Marlburo, 574, 575. Trochulus, sp., 367. Tropenell Cartulary, 241. Trotman, Rob., epitaph, 470. Trove, Rich, 23. Trowbridge, 82, 123, 265, 314— a6; 503, 505. Conigre Baptist Church, 433. County Council Offices built, 19. Emmanuel Baptist Church, 123. Free School abandoned, 18. High Field, 121, 249. H. Trinity Church, 503. Isolation Hospital, 121. Lady Down Farm, plants, 413. Not in Selwood, 595. Parish Church Royal Arms, 116. = Rectory illust., 432. St. Stephen’s Church pulled down, 905. Tabernacle Church: 1212 Towns End, 590. Trowle [Trol], acreage and wood- land in D.B., 593. VOL. XLVIII. 663 Trueman, H. J., writings, 267. Truffle, 322. Truffle hunting at Winterslow, origin of, 429. Trumper, W. F., 31. Trundle, The, Neolithic pottery, 90. Tubaria, sp., 336. Tuck, E. N., 55, 350, 440. Thos., 194. Tulipa, sp., 83, 413. Tull, Jethro, art, on, noticed, 437. Tunstall, Cuthbert, Dean of Salisbury, 491. Turberville, family, 59. Lucie and Rob., 59. Turner, Hugh Thackeray, obit., 245. Lawrence, 245. Thos. gives name to Swindon Street, 528. Turtle Dove, 40. ““Twymans, The,’’ 242. Tyburn ticket explained, 444. Tyler, Ann, 433. Tylopilus, sp., 340. Tytherton, Moravian Church, Cennick celebration, 437. Tytherton Kelloways, 122. Ufford, Rob. de., 382, 383. Ugford, 572. Ulex, sp., 409. Uley (Glos.), 127. Ulmus, sp., 88. Ulverston, Rich., 22. Undergesemeresdoune, 565. Upavon [Upavenne], boundary, 560. Church, 69. Wode Mulle, site of, 559, Upham, Upper, House, built in- corporating old house, 121. Held by John of Gaunt, 374. Uppington, 282. Upton. Cnoel (E. Knoyle), dis- afforested, 591. Upton Dean, 175, 182. Upton Lovell, Burnett’s alms- house, hist. of, 190. Church, MS. notes on, 190; Repairs, 190 ; Royal Arms, 98, 117. Churchwarden’s books and list of, 190. Deeds, 190. Enclosure awards, 190. Guardians, list of 190. History MS. notes by F. G. 664 INDEX TO Walker, 54, 190. Overseers, list of 190. Rectors, list of, 190. Rectory, bronze buckle, 189. Terrier and lease, 190. Wills, &c., 190. Upton Scudamore [Skydmore], acreage and woodland in D B., 592. Upton, John, 14. Urquhart; Dees Usher, T. C., gift, 180, 467. Vaccinium, sp., 411. Vaggs Hill (Southwick), 589. Valerian, sp., 351. Valines, Bertha, Maude, and Theobald de, 489. Vallonia, sp., 367. Vaughan, Rich., 20. Veneti refugees from Cesar in Gaul built multiple ditch camps, 426. Vernditch Chase, plants, 412. VerneBailey,Savernake=original Norman Forest, 380, 381. Verney, Margaret, 438. Vernham Dean, 558, 566, 567; In Chute Forest, 378. Verona, St. Thos. of Canterbury, 492. Veronica, sp., 88, 411. Vertigo, sp., 367. Via Regia, 551, 572, 573. Vicia, sp., 409. Victoria, H.M.S., 499. Victorinus, coins, 292, 294, 295, 297, 298. Vigors, Capt. and Mrs,, hospit- ality, 392. Vilett family, A. S. Maskelyne on, 240 ; Property in Swindon, 528. Vills and Boroughs in Wilts at Domesday, 71. Vinci, Leonardo da, 261. Vineyards at Bradford in D.B., 78. Viola, sp., 87, 351, 408. Viper, 41. Virgins, mass of the 11,000, 8. Vitra, sp., 367. Vitrina, sp., 367. Volvaria, sp., 472. Vulliamy, C. E., writings, 131. VOL. XLVIII. Wadwick (Box) linen smoother, 507. Wagon, four-wheeled, hoop raved, given to Bradford Barn, 54, OARS HLL ke Wahlenbergia, sp., 411. Wagtail, Yellow, 40. Wainwright, Major, 3l. . Wakefield, E.M., 321, 342, 471. Will., 29. Waldes Forde (Charlton), 546. Waleran, Earl, 12. Waleys, Rob., 7. Walker, Mrs., 54, 271. Rev. F. G., gifts, 04, 388 >> “Fhe Walker Bequest to Devizes Museum, Mrs. Cunnington on, 185—190; Notes on hist. of Upton Lovell, 54. Walker Heneage, Lt.-Col. Godfrey Clement, obit., 504. Walkers’ Hill (Alton), plants, 408, 411. Walkeley, Arthur, 215. Wall Butterfly, 42. Wallace, E. C., 407. Walnut leaves, 351. Walsall, 241. Grammar School, EQ Walsham, North (Norf.), Church, Royal and Commonwealth Arms, 93. Walter, Geoffrey, son of, 377. Hen., 489. Hubert, Bp.- of Salisbury, 488, 489; Founds Monastery at Dereham, 490. Walters, H. B., writings, 191; Gift, 131. Family, 488. Waltham, Bp. John, Bequest to Cathedral choristers, 201; Prayers for, 208, 209. Waltham, John de, Bp. of Salis- bury, 230, 279; Obit., 9. Walton (Hants), 229. Castle (Suff.), peace garrison, 137. Wanborough, 249. Church, photos, 267, 600. Earls Court Farm, 130. Plants, 410, 412. Wanda, Will de, Dean of Salis- bury, 60. Wansborough, Mr., 429. Wansdyke |. [Wodenes_ Ditch] INDEX TO (Chittoe), 578, 579. Plants, 88. Wansey, Hen., 316. Wantage, 542. Ridgeway, 543. Warblers, sp., 35, 40. Ward (—), 29. Capt: Ele Ne, 31. Jane, Lady, 503. Rev. John, 318. Major Hon. Sir John Hubert, obit., 502. IROD..coi. Warde, Will., 27. Wardour Castle, 501. Chapel, 501. Vale of, Geology, 71. Shape of parishes, 72. Wareham, St. Martin’s Church, visited, 57. St. Mary’s Church, sarcophagus of St. Edward, lead font, and early inscriptions, 58. Warming pans, 193. Warminster [Warmestre], 122, 123, 125, 245, 250, 267, 313— 316, 592. Acreage, 590. Birds, 34. Borough, 80. Camp, new, 468. Common, Methodist Trust, 125. Con- gregational Church, 125. Greenhill, 246. In Selwood, 539. Journal, 125. Rom. coins, 430; Rom.-Brit, Skele- tons found, 468. Royal Manor, 586. St. Boniface Coll 127," 395; 504. St. Deny’s Coll., 127. Swine: herds, 78. Warminster Way, 584. Wood, 584, 587. Woodland in D.B., 539. Warner, J. A., 357. Warren (—), 28. F. C.,on ex- cavations on a Roman site in Brail Wood, Gt. Bedwyn, 1936 and 1937, 318—320. Warrington Registers, 94. Warrington, Thos., 126; Thos. Rolles, Baron of Clyffe, obit., 126. Warwick, Arthur, 26, 27, 227, 228, 231. Ela, Countess of, 375. Earl of, 162. Washerne in Domesday (now in Wilton Park), 68. Watchfield (Berks), 130. Watchman’s lantern, gift, 599. VOL. XLVIII, NO. CLXXTI. VOL. XLVI. 665 Water Eaton [Eton], 548, 550. Plants, 413. Waterfall (Staff.), 229. Waterford (Herts), 505. Waterland, John, 29. Water meadows in S. Wilts, ex- tent of, 76. Water Rail, 39. Waters, John, 29. Water table higher in early times, 76. Wathden [Whaddon], Turbary, 571. Watkin, W. T., writings, 424. Watson, H. C., 85. Watts Cole. 407: John, 193, 195. N. H., writings, 259. Wattys, Rob., 213. Wavendrum, Rob., 14. Way, Hen., 306. Waylen, James, writings, 381. Will. Alfred, legacy toMuseum, 209;7051. Wayte, Will., 213. Webb, John, 26. Martin, 213. Will., 28, 281. W.A., gifts, 131, 271, 388, 468, 507, 510. Webbs’ Wood, 545. flies, 46. Weddle, B. W., 31. Wellingborough, Henchman fam- ily, 361. Wellman (—), 29. 29. Wells, Bishop’s Palace, 252. Cathedral, work of Elias de Dereham, 253, 494. Wells, Mrs., writings, 267, 439. Rob. and « James, bell- founders, 437. Wenn, Charles, 316. Wentr., Thos., 290. Wentworth, Thos., 316. Werfe River, 550. Wessex Hill Fort B_ culture, origin of, 425. West, Canon Edw. Courtenay, . obit., 395. Rob., 316. Westbury, 128, 314, 396, 429, Butter- Francis, 589, 592. Butterflies, 44. Common, 589. Potters in D.B., 78. Rector, 305. In Selwood Dez, Rectory, 304. 666 INDEX TO VOL. XLVIII. Forest, 539. Leigh, 429; Baptist Church, 439; House of Joshua Marshman, 439. Manor Royal, 80, 586, 589. Swineherds, 78. Vicar, 228. White Horse, 256. Woodland, extent of, 539. Westbury, Rob., 28. Westcote Farm (Swindon), 529. Westcott (—), 29 Westlake, Canon Rob. Lewis Aug., obit., 122. Westlecot (Swindon), 529. West Mills (Cricklade), 546, 553. Westminster Abbey, 309 ; Cricklade payment to, 81; Property, 78; Monuments, 241 ; Shrine of St. Edward, 493. Little Cloisters, 232. King’s House at, 490. ! Weston Church, granted toSarum Grammar School, 12. Weston Birt, 197. Westphalia, Arms of, 97, 98. Westrop (Highworth), plants, 410. Westwood, 594. Acreage and woodland in D.B., 594. In Selwood, 596. West Woods, butterflies, 46. Once in Savernake, 381. Wever, John, 10, 214. Wexcombe Down, 89, 566; Plants 89, 411; Pottery found, 405. Weybridge (Surrey), Hoard of Rom. coins, 52. Weyhill (Hants), Cruciform trench and mound, 422. Weymouth, 228. Connection with Brittany in Bronze Age, 397. Whaddon (S. Wilts), Common, Ble, Plants, 82. Sand pits, 82. Whaddon (Semington), 593. Bridge, 577, 579. Whale (—), Thos., 28. Wheatear, 40. . Wheeler, Dr. R. Mortimer, as Guide, 57; On Iron Age Camps in N.W. France, noticed, 425, 4.26. Thos., 29. Wherewell Head, 587. Wheteley, Thos., 7. Whetham, Bridge of Fynnan, 579. Plants, 35, 87, 88, 409. Whinchat, 40. Whitear, John and Westwood, 28. White Butterflies, sp., 46 ; White Admiral increasing, 44. Whitethroat, 40. White, Mrs., 391. Rev. H. V. as guide, 391. F.L., 86. James, 302. Judith, 302. Mildred Amy, 124. iP Ate 124, Whitbourne (Corsley), 595. Whitby, Canon Dan., 210. Whitchurch (Oxon), 123. Whitecliffe, deeds, 240. Whitehead, Lewis, 29. White Horse Hill, 508. Whiteman (—), gives name to Swindon Street, 528. Whitemarsh (in Longleat), 588, 590. Whiteparish, butterflies, 44, 46. CommonandCopse Corner, plants, 83, 411. Whitesheet Hill, 321; Plants, 411; Down fungi, 324, 329. Whiterow bridge, 590. Whiteway, 560. Whiteweye, Peter de, 560. Whitlegh, Sir Rob. de, 207. Whitlock, R., 31. Whitters, Mr., 182. Meee wer Forest (Northants.), 554. Whittyer, Ben., 27. Whyte, Rob, le, 562. Whytehead, H. L, 128. Canon Hen. Rob., obit., 123. alae; 123. Re 123. Will., 123. Whytmershe, Will., 213. Whyttok, Rich., 214. Wicham, Archdeacon Thos. de, 4. Wick Hill, plants, 408. Wicks, Grace, 195. Wide Mor, 551. Widhill, Lower Farm [Widihull] (Blunsdon), 546, Wig curlers, 235. Wigeon, 37, 40. INDEX: TO ‘VOL. XEVIIT. 667 Wilcot, 505. Church and vine- yacd ny DB.; 70. Wildman, W. B., writings, 406. Wile, Hen. de la, 14. Wileystream (N. Wilts), 77, 78. Wilicroft, Etymology, 568. Wilkins (—), 29. John, 516. Will., 317. Wilks (—), 317. Willes Johnson, Capt. and Maud, EEA, 396: Williams, A. F., gift, 507, 599. Edw., 317. John, 317. Joseph gives name to Swindon Street, 526. Williams Freeman, Dr., 422. Williamson, Rev. H. G., 357. Willoughby, Ben, 317. Willoughby de Broke, Ld., 438. Wills, Alex, 29. E.F., writings, 441. Edmund, 3517. Wilmot, Ld., 307. Dek -j.., 368. Wilsford, 315. Church, Royal Arms, 98, 117. Farming, 435. Lake Down Barrow, food vessel, 365, 366. Manor Farm, art. by Peter Gurney, 435. Wilson, Major Cecil Will., obit., 125. Dorothy Ellen, 499. Field Marshal Sir Hen., 125. Hen. Francis, 240. Rob:, 228: Vice-Adm. Will., 499. Wilton, 307, 314, 502, 576. Abbey, dedication, 574. Legacy to each Nun, 275. Wilton Borough in D.B., 78, 79; Capital of Wilts, 65. Con- secration of Bishop, 62; Steward of, 274. Burgesses, 79. Church, .old;)-263: Felt Factory,126. Foresters’ Banner, 263. Grim’s Dyke, 573 House, armoury, 600. In Domesday, 70. Literary associations, 436. Mental Home, 126. Michael Herbert Hall,502. Monastery, - perambulation of Grovely, 571 ; Nun of, 277. Property, 280. Rectory, 262, 263. St: John’s Priory (hospital), 263, 572, 575. Smith’s Forge in Domesday, 78 ‘“‘ Wiltshire,’’ by Arthur Mee, 507. Wilts, Ancient, MS. notes for, 266. Wilts Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc- iety accounts, 1937, 1938, 269 1 2. ods OUD: Annual meeting at Blandford, 1987, 53—58, 390. Ditto at Marl- borough, 1938, 387—392. At Swindon, 1987, 55. Annual Reports, 1936—37, and 1937—38, 53—55, and 387—390. List of Members, 445—458, 387, 512. Ex- change Societies, list of, 457, 458. Elon: secretary, ©:. P: Bouverie, obit., 394. Wilts Arch, Magazine, cost of,. 269 ; Back numbers given, 405. Wilts Books, Pamphlets and Articles noticed, 129, 251— 264, 397—404, 425. Wilts Record branch, 269 ; Founded, 55, 56. Wiltshire climate at Domesday, 70. County Council, loan, 265. Old seal matrix lent, 265. Dialect poems, 440. Domesday Book, Wiltshire extracts by Wyndham, 68. Deeds given to, 508. Football Associa- tion, 503. Geology, 70. Journal of a poor Wiltshire Wiican: W236: ‘« Wiltshire Legionnaire,’’ 508. Wilts Ministers, 1643—62, by Chr. Wordsworth, 236; Puritan Ministers, Association, 1653, 236. Wilts; Ne and)-S.in Saxon times and Domesday, 72—74; S. Wilts, defined, 82. Wiltshire Oak, site of, 587, 588. Wilts Regt. Devizes Depot, 124. Saxon charters, 530. Visitation, Benolt’s,. 241. Wilts Volunteer Batt- alion,, 124: Woodland in Domesday, 74. Wiltshire, Mrs., gift, 405. Wimborne Grammer School, 229, 230. Wincanton (Som.), 282. Winchester, 142. . Castle, King’s DRE > 668 Hall built, 495; Kitchen and Chapel, 495. Cathedral, 252 ; Work of Elias de Dereham, 253. Church bells, 396. College, 396. Execution, 429. Hilliers’ Nursery, 82. Roman road, 537, 543. Windmills, foundations of, 422. Windsor, 124. Choir boys, 304. Park, Royal Chapel, 166. Prince Consort’s Mem- orial Chapel, 166. Site George’s Chapel, building of, 166. Choir built by Bishop Beauchamp, 165. Figures of Bishop Beauchamp and Ed. \INV;- 1167. Niche with Treacle Bible and _ prayer directed by Bishop Beauchamp, 167, 168. Windsor (—), 317. Castellan of, 129. Wine [Wind], Hill in Longleat, 588. Wingreen Downs, Fungi, 329. Winkfield [Wingfield, Wenefield], Gerald, 593. In Selwood Forest, 541, 596. Great snow of 1881, 439. Parish of Rowley in, 594. Winnowing machine, given, 265, 388. Winsley, 250, 429. Derivation, 536, 597. Church, Royal Arms, 160, 117. In Selwood Forest, 541. Winton (Winchester), 16. Wintworth, Thos., 31. Winterbourne (S. Wilts), 149, 207. W. Bassett Church visited, 392. Down plants, 408. W. Earls, hoard of Rom. coins, 430 ; In Clarendon Forest, 536, 569; Woodland, 536. W. Ford, 569. W. Gunner in Clarendon Forest, 536, 569; Plants, 409, 411; Woodland, 536. W. Monkton, 88; Barrow, 198. W. Stoke, 316, 321; Food vessel, 364; Manor House, fungi, 323, 339, 346. W. Stream, 569. W. Valley abe, sblsjobiey lbs Caceene Road,’ 569. a‘ % gn “a INDEX TO VOL. XLVIII. Winterslow, The Barrows of, by F.. Stevens and J. F. S. Stone, 174—182. Amended list of Barrows, 180—182. Bell Barrow excavated, objects found, 176; Identified, 179, 180; Beaker, Bronze razor, Pygmy cup, 176; Ashes in wooden box, 179; Barrows re-numbered, 174; New barrows discovered, 174. Church Copse, 570. Coalpits Copse, plants, 412. Dun- stable Long Barrow, 182. Easton Down, excavations by Dr. Stone, 54. Gallows, site of, 570. Hut or Pheasant Inn, 174; Barrows, group of, excavated, 174—176 ; Contem- porary accounts of, 176; Contents, paintings of, traced, 175, 176; Bell barrow opened, 175; Group of barrows, map, 177; Barrows visible only from anbe, IL) — als, Land Court, 124. Literary associations, 436. Livery estate, 124. Long barrow nr. Dunstable Pond, 182. Middle Winter- slow, Cobhill barrow, 182. Old Lodge, 124. Plants, 408. Roman road, 182. Saxon bucket burial, painting of contents, 175, 176. Truffle hunters, art on, noticed, 429. Winterslow West, wood, 570. Wise, Michael, 215, 224. Wishford, Great, 280, 281, 285, 572. Bonham family, 274. Customs in Groyeley, 236. Church of St. Giles, 274; Altars, 275 ; Legacies to, lights and portiforium, 275, 276, 280; Seven at a birth tradition, evidence in support, 196, 285; Silver crucifix and paxbred, 280. lpeyeron, 47/8). Manor, 274, 278, 573. Parish, 574, 575: Poor benefaction, 280. Wishmeres Mull, Etymology, 545. Witch glove from Wootton Bassett (?) 405. Witcombe Hill, plants, 409. : t BAR AWA INDEX TO VOL. XLVIII. 669 Witenham, nr. Farleigh Hunger- ford, 594. Witford, nr. Bradford, in D.B.,68. Witham (Som.), 584; Park ex- cluded from Selwood, 588. Witherby, Mr., 39. : Witherington Down, plants, 412. “ Without knowing Mr. Walkley,” by Edith Olivier, noticed, 262, 263. Wodefold, Will. of, 568. Wodegate (Chute Forest), 568. Wogheborn brook (Chittoe), derivation, 578. Wolfhall, plants, 410. Sturmys at, 384, Wood wasted, 375. See also Wulfhall. Women’s Land Army in Wilts, 263 Wood, John, 317, Wood Betony, 351. Woodall, Canon T. J., 31. Woodbridge(Manningford Bohun) Brook, derivation, 545, 549. Woodborough, 505. Church, Royal Arms, 98, 117. Woodbury Camp, burnt flints, use of, 427. Iron Age site excavated by G. Bersu, 390, 426,427,513. Iron Age Farm, date of ditch, 426. Circular house sites, 427. Clay ovens and domes for roasting grain, Ade Pits, all storage, 427, 514, 515, 518. Pottery, Iron Age, 518. Woodcock, 39. Woodford, 7, 499. ford, Prebend, 309. flies, 44. Church, Royal Arms, 98, 117. Court House, 501. Fishing, art. on, 501. In Clarendon Forest, 536. Lower, 307. Wacar of; 16. Woodland, 536. Woodgate (Downton) = Wood- field, 568. Woodhay, East, 175. Woodhenge, 150, 254. Flint arrowhead, 1651. Infant burial, 254. Pottery, beaker, 262 ; Grooved, 254. Purpose of, 254. Timber roof ? 254, 255. And Wils- Butter- Woodland, Ancient, of Wiltshire, by G. B. Grundy, 530—598. Woodland at end of Roman period, held 4 and “leigh: in Place Names, 540. Cleared in Saxon period, 540, 597. In Domesday, extent of, how calculated, 532, 533, 540. Geology and acreage, 544. In Norman times, 70. On the chalk in Wilts and Bucks, 544. Pannage for swine, 76, 530. Wood Lark, 34. Woodmarsh Common, 590. Wood Pigeon, 38. Wood Sage, 351. Wooden bottles and trenchers, 193. Woodward, Hen., 28. Rich., 28. Sees 410) Will., 28. Woodyer (—), 29. Weordlge Wookey, Mr., gift, 265. Wool (Dors.) Church, visited, 57. Wootton (nr. Savernake) =East Wick, 383. Wootton Bassett, 313—315, 529, 542. Ballards Ash, 547. Borough, 256. Boundary, 547. Cricklade Road, 546. Ducking a scold, order for (forgery), 118. G.W.R. line, 254. In Braydon Forest, 538. Old Park Farm, 413. Plants, 88, 411, 413. Ridgeway, 547. Witch glove (forgery ?), 118, 405. Worbarrow, timber chamber, 255. Worcester, battle of, 306. Cathedral, 172. Will., Bp. of; 62. Worfe [Werfe] River=Ray, 546, 548. Worke, Rob. de, 207. Wordsworth, Bp. Christopher, 232. Canon Christopher, 2, 21, 1455. Obit. -and )hsé “of writings, 232—238. On Salisbury Choristers’ Endow- ments, &c., 201—231 ; Library bought for LiverpoolCathedral, 233% Dame Eliz., 232. Bishop John,232, 406; Memorial 670 INDEX TO VOL. XLVIII. stalls in Cathedral, 312; Ser- mons, 237. “ World, The, as in my time,’ 243. Worthing, St. Andrew’s, 504. Wort & Way, Messrs.,, 150. Worton, 123. In Melksham Forest, 534, 535. Wraxall [Wrokesalle], 80. Wraxall, North, plants, 408. Roman villa, early Italian brooch, 185. Wraxall, South, 238. 408. Wren, Bp. of Ely, 310. Sir Chr. as man of science, 261 ; At St... Pauliss 4970 30; Memoirs, 267; James Elmer on, 267 ; Geoffrey Webb on, 261. Wright, John, 27. Wristguard of slate from Win ter- slow barrow, 176, 178, 179. Wroughton, 122, 245, 315, 391. Brimble Hill, plants, 88. Hay Lane, plants. 88, 413. Wharf of canal, 526. Wroughton family, 373. Wryneck, 35. Wulfhall (Burbage) Manor, 78, see Wolfhall. Wungelie, 574. Wyatt (—), 165. Dr., 210. James, builds Fonthill Abbey, 258. Wyche, John, 148, 149. Wydebroke [Wydeneditch], 568. Wyer, Dositheus, 236. Wyght, Rich., 27. Wykeham, Will. of, Justice of Forest, 384. Wyke Regis (Dors.) Rectory, 305. Wylberhtes Stan (Collingbourne), 560. Wyld, Rev. E. G., 432. Wyldene Ditch ? agger of Roman road, 569. Wyle, Bishop de la, 9; obit., 8. Will. de la, 4. Wyllsone (—). 26. Wylye, 321. Bake, plants, 83. Church, Royal Arms, 98, Plants, 117. Cross, 571, 578, 585, River, 57, 85, 572—575 ; River head at Kilmington, 585. Water meadows in Saxon Charter, 75. Valley Farm in, 260; Scene of novel, 436. Village, 573, 576. Wyndham, Frank, 307. Thos., Lord W. of Finglass, 28. Wynn, hes; 17,21; Wynton [Winchester], Road, 558. Wynton, Sir Nich. de, 21. Wyveles Ford (Wishford), 575. Wyvil, Bp., 277. Xerophila, sp., 367. Yarnbrook River = Biss, 590. Yarnbury Castle (Camp), Fair, 424. Iron hob nails, 469. Plants, 410, 412, 413. Yatton Keynell, 504. Ydoure, stream identified, 549. Yeates, family trufflers, 429. Yeomanry, Wilts, i19. Yeovil (Som.), 229. Yatesbury, Prebend, 302. Ykenelde Street =Rom. Rd. Old Sarum-Winchester, 569. York, 49, 142. Castle mounds, 141. Prymer of, 238. York, Archbishop of, 309. Duke of, 148. Nicholas of, obit:,_8. Ralph of, obit., 4, Sy 2p tae Yorkshire, Bronze Age, miniature vessels, 356. Charms and pardons, 234, 235. Young, E. Hilton, Ld. Kennet ‘* Birdin theBush,’’noticed,435. EV ieroie G. M. on com- mittee, 56. John, 29. W. E. V.. excavations, oll3: On a Surface Flint Industry from a site near Stonehenge, 150—160. Zannichellia, sp., 84, 413. Zeals, acreage of woodland in DIB ool Plants, 411. Zulu War, 396, END OF VOL. XLVIII. Printed and Published by C. H. Woodward, Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes. PRE SOCIETY Ss PUBLICATIONS (Continued). THE INDEX TO VOLS. XLVII and XLVIII oF THE MAGAZINE, printed in Nos. CLXVI, and CLXXI, can also be bought separately, price ls. 6d. STONEHENGE AND ITS BARROWS, by W. Long, Nos. 46-47 of the Magazine in separate wrapper 3s. 6d. This still remains one of the best and most reliable accounts of Stonebenge and its Earthworks. WILTSHIRE—The TOPOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS OF JOHN AUBREY, F.R.S., A.D. 1659—1670. Corrected and enlarged by the Rev. Canon J. E. Jackson, M.A., F.S.A., 4to., Cloth, pp. 491, with 46 plates. Price £1 7s. 6d. WILTSHIRE INQUISITIONES POST MORTEM, CHARLES I, 8vo., pp. vii. + 510. 1901. With full index. In 8 parts, as issued. Price 13s. piTtO” IN THE REIGNS OF HEN. III, ED.I1,andED.I1. 8vo., pp. xv. 505. In parts as issued. Price 13s. DITTO. THE REIGN OF ED. III. 8vo., pp. 402. In six parts as issued. Price 13s. A BIBLIOGRAPHY oF THE GREAT STONE MONUMENTS oF WILTSHIRE, STONEHENGE, anp AVEBURY, with other references, by W. Jerome Harrison, F.G.S., pp. 169, with 4 illustrations. No. 89, Dec., 1901, of the Magazine. Price 5s. 6d. Contains particulars as to 947 books, papers, &c., by 732 authors. THE TROPENELL CARTULARY. An important work in 2 vols., 8vo., pp. 917, containing a great number of deeds connected with property in many Wiltshire Parishes of the 14th and 15th centuries. Only 150 copies were printed, of which a few are left. Price {1 2s. THE CHURCH BELLS OF WILTSHIRE, THEIR INSCRIPTIONS AND alo tOkY, BY HB. WALTERS; F.S.A. Published’in III Parts. Price 16s. (N.B.—Separate Parts can no longer be sold.) A CALENDAR OF THE FEET OF FINES FOR WILTSHIRE, £1G5 TO 1272, BY B.A. ERY. 8vo., pp, 103. Price 6s. WILTSHIRE TOKENS. The Society has a considerable number of 17th and 18th century Wiltshire Tokens to dispose of, either by sale or exchange for others not in the Society’s collection. Epply co Carr. 5.) Hi CuNNINGTON, F.S.A., Scot., Curator, Museum, Devizes. BOOKBINDING. _ Books carefully Bound to pattern. Wilts Archeological Magazine bound to match previous volumes, Or in Special Green Cases. We have several back numbers to make up sets. C. H. WOODWARD, Printer and Publisher, Exchange Buildings, Station Road, Devizes. The North Wilts Museum and Wiltshire Library at Devizes. All Members of the Society are asked to give an annual subscription towards the upkeep otf the Devizes Museum and Library. Both the Museum and the Library are concerned in the first place with objects of interest from this County, and with Books, Pamphlets, MSS., Drawings, Prints and Photographs connected with Wiltshire, and together they form one of the most importaut branches of the Society’s Work. The Library is the only institution of the kind in Wiltshire, so far as its collection of all kinds of material for the history of the County is concerned. Old deeds connected with properties in Wilts are especially welcome. Old photographs of any Wiltshire Houses, Churches, Cottages, or other objects of interest, will be welcomed by the Librarian. Subscriptions should be sent to Mr. R. D. Owen, Bank Chambers, Devizes. | N.B.—The heavy expense of necessary repairs of the Museum Building during 1938 has far exceeded the resources of the Museum Maintenance Fund. Any gifts towards this unexpected expense will be gratefully received. Wiltshire Plants. Miss B. Gullick, Crane Bridge Road, Salisbury, will be glad of notes of any fresh localities for plants already recorded in Preston’s | «Flowering Plants of Wilts,” or any new or uncommon species found. In the case of plants difficult to identify specimens should be sent to her. | Wiltshire Birds, Butterflies & Moths. Mr. C. M. R. Pitman, Malvern, Southampton Road, Clarendon, Salisbury, is collecting notices of Wiltshire Birds, with a view to an annual report to be published in the Magazine. He would be greatly obliged if observers would send him notes of anything of — interest at the above address. Also with a view to the compilation of a list of Wiltshire Lepidoptera Mr. Pitman would be grateful for any notices of Butterflies or Moths within the County. WOODWARD, PRINTER, DEVIZES. BY DANO E ths Hat ae Oe Been, ae or rrrs ee et | , “rh oe det Re 6: Res S25, 48.s he F . a Any Rises Cr Se Aut if. ’ 53s ; 1 ry ae sie. k BOND Port a y. r <4 4 ey ba: aes - . ji, wee W been & | DS ane 3 g% jolly hE Roe ‘nk w ni Sghaa ds rr} ? Rayo Pete teed te Sy Beet aS Tees Pinks Su er~ a ee Oaena ee ~— nied ee stn 78 Bawa SAM i asia a. Be, e hensea tn thet sea oh cp Seale ou Shah a Sa eae ae ek Lelrter ateta eee Ane: Bo he Ss wal y Bho ok 7 * RS 3 eet me : ¥ Sear sents Teena a a deattne: Seen Seas ee aaa ip Seog wating “aoe Ca Famamune Se ceed Sa e be reer