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= STATION PAPER NO.I8 JUNE 1949
WINTER INJURY AND RECOVERY OF CONIFERS | IN THE UPPER MIDWEST
J. H. STOECKELER and PAUL O. RUDOLF
DIVISION OF FOREST MANAGEMENT LAKE STATES FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION
UNIVERSITY FARM, ST. PAUL |, MINN. E.L.DEMMON, DIRECTOR
U, S. Department of Agricuiture, Forest Service Lake States Forest Exoerincnt Station 1/
Winter Injury and Kecovery of Conifers in the Upper Midwest By
Je H. Stoeckeler and Paul 0. Rudolf Lake States Forest Experiment Station
In the northern olains and the Black Hills serious winter damage to conifers is quite common, but in the natural forest areas of the Lake States it is tfuch less frequent, However, even in the latter region many nurseries and plantings suffered scrious losses during the winter of 1947-48, and such conditions are almost sure to come again, For this reason there is consider able intercst in reliable information as to snecies, sced sources, and practices which will help avoid or alleviate future winter damage. Such observations have been brought together for somo 30 syccics in several localitics in Wisconsin, Ninnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota,
CAUSES OF WINTER DAMAGE
Normally most conifers grown in the woncr midwest are very cold resistant (2). However they may suffer freczing damage when unscasonable warm svells are ig followed by sudden tomocrature drops, or sun scold, or drought injury (3)
when warm, dry days occur while the ground is very cold or frozen, Such conditions occurred over much of northern llichigan, Wisconsin, Hinnesota, and North Dakota the wintor of 1947-48, and in several carlicr years in the Dakotas.
Thore was a combination of conditions which made the period from October 1947 to Harch 1946 unusually hard on plants in northern Wisconsin, Minnesota, and North Dakota, In much of this arca, Octobor 1947 was the warmest on record, Tomperaturcs reached 80 degrecs F, or higher, In November tho weather turncd cold abruptly, and subzcro tompcrotures occurred, Up to mid-February the Winter vas not particularly unusucl, elthough tcmpcratures were below normal, But in mid-February m-ximum temperatures approached or excecded 4O degrees F, In some localitics, at least, this warm period was accomoanicd by bright Sunshine and drying winds, During the first half of larch, temperaturcs agein dipped sharply and reached close to -30 dogrees ¥, or colder,
The ceuscs of domage to conifers may havo been (1) freezing of poorly hard- ened tissue during the sudden cold following the unseasoncbly warm October, (2) excess transpiration or sun scald damage during the Fobruary warm spcll,
1/ Uaintoined at University Ferm by the United States Department of Agriculture in cooperation with the University of iinncsota,
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(3) freozing damage during the ilorch subzcro period, or (4) sone combination of these conditions. Observations in a northeastern Wisconsin locality did establish that the browning of homlock foliage appeared there within 10 days after the mid-February warm period (6), during which tomporatures of Yr to
U6 degrees F. wore accompanicd by bright sunshine and strong, drying southerly winds (reaching 51 niles per hour in extrene instances).
Winter injury in previous years in the Dakotas was also accompanicd by weather conditions especially conducive to freezing or drying out of plant tissucs.
SPECIES INJURGD AND THSIR RECOVERY
Winter injury to conifers in the upper midwest during 1947-4 variocd a good @eal according to soccics, tree size, site, exposure, and other factors, Generally, (1) introduced spocics wore injured more than native spocics;
(2) vlantced trees betveen 1.5 and 5 fect tall suffered more nortality than taller or shorter plantings, or natural trees; (3) some species with heavy foliage browning or even defoliation, recovercd satisfactorily, but others Gid not; (4) ornamental end landscape specinen trees were often badly danaged, disfigured, or evon !cilled; (5) there was little or no injury below the snow line; (6) specimen and open grown trees along the north side of rocds were injurcé more than those protceted from the south; (7) over-topped troes were danaged more than trees of good vigor; (8) fron snowline to a point 2 or 4 fect above it, danage was cspecially scvcre,
Observations in Wisconsin
In tho spring of 1948 a gonoral survey was made in northorn and central Wisconsin to aporaise damage among forest plantations, snow trap plantings, and nlanted ornanentals. A follow-up was made in the fall to determine recovery (Table 1). Sy April many hemlocks had drooved their nocdics and Many other species had developed brown foliage. The reaction of several species was as follows:
Ponderosa pine, white (concolor) fir, Austrian pinc, and Douglas-fir, all introduced specics, suffering heavy nortality.
Scotch pine suffered considerable damage and in individual planta- tions one anc two-year-old vood and somectines the entire tree wa killed, Out of 100 trees 6 to 22 fect tall planted on the Rhine- lender Golf Course, 50 nerecnt were alive and symnctrical on August 27, 194s, 4 percent were alive and slightly mis-shapen, 2% percent were alive but badly mis-shanon (usuelly with dead tons), and 18 yercent wore doad,
Red »ine was damaged more in central than in northern Wisconsin, In the former locality plantations 4 to 12 fect tall suffered about 5 percent nortality and at least 25 percent of the survivors were nis= shepen becouse of death of tons or linbs.2/ On the othor hand,, of 50 red vines 6 to 12 fect tall on the Rhinclander Golf Course sur- Vival was 100 percent, no trees were zis-shapen, and all injured foliage was rceplaced by now growth.
2/ Observations by Alvin Nelson, Wisconsin Consorvation Departzent, Wisconsin Ranids,
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White pine and honlock showed cxtensive neodlo browning oven in natural troes 50 or more fect tall.
Norway spruce suffered nost defoliation in the zone just above tho snow linc, However, one or two-ycar old wood was scldon injured and recovery was bottor than in Scotch pine. In ono lot trees with 60 to 80 percent dcofoliation had a 50 percent reduction in height growth in 1948.
Non-native junivers fared badly.
Blue spruce suffered variable injury but its recovery was fair to
good.
To suoplemcnt the genoraly survey, 333 planted and natural trees near Khino- lander, Wisconsin were tagged and oxamined in carly spring and again in late August 1948. These trees, of seven species, were 8 to 25 fect tall, 10 to 20 years old, and had somewhat better growing conditions than those over
the area as a whole.
A striking feature of this study was the ability of some specics to recover without deformity desnite heavy defoliation (Table 2). Eastern white pine with 58 porcent average defoliation and castern hemlock with 39 to 41 percent averaged defoliation suffered no nortality. White pines with less than 60 percent defoliation showed little dofornity from killing of the leader or
side branches. Some individual white pines were 100 percent defoliated,
but they survived, and by fall wore symmetrical and of fair to good vigor. Bluo spruces over 20 percent defoliated wore ofton mis=-shapon largoly
because of the death of linbs in the zono just above the snow line. Ponderosa pine was wiped out,
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Danage in iinnesota
Wintor damage to conifers was observed in three localities in Minnesota: On the Chippewa National Forest in Cass County, on the Supcrior National Forest in Lake and St. Louis Countios, and in the vicinity of St. Poul. According to sore reports, browning of conifer neocdles took place in late Noverber or December 1947, or Jamaary 1948, but the obscrvations roported hero showed the bulk of such injury ofter nid-Fobruary 1948.
On the Chippewa National Forest 4,800 Scotch nines from 12 to 19 years old were observed, 3/ Of these, 52 porcent were undamaged, 135 percent had loss than 1/2 of thoir foliage injurcd, 28 percent had nore then half thoir foliago injurcd:; and 7 percent diod, ‘Tho majority of the trees which had less than half their foliage injured rocovored satisfactorily, whereas the Majority of thosc more heavily injured did not.
On the Superior National Forest oxperinental plantations of rod pine and Scotch pine 1) years old had 11 and 4 percont of their foliage injured respectivoly.—/ For both specics recovery mpcared to be related chicfly
3/ Ficld cxamination made by Paul J, Zchngraff, Loko States Forest Exporincent Station.
ae, uy Ficld oxamination made by E. I. Roc, Lake States Forost Expcerinent ation,
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Mable 2,~ Winter injury and recovery of tagged trees in northern Wisconsin, U
; O=- 20 percent : 21-40 percent H 41-00 percent : defoliation H defoliation : defoliation Species é : ‘trees’ ; Ae "trees? : aa ‘ “e¢ * Survival’ ve "in Sunvinedy oun * in ‘Survival’ nl — PeREDED class: SSRED ODS ease. a — ae Pot, ot. No, Pet. Pet. Mo. fete (te Bastera 3 white pine 100 0 7 100 6 RS 100 11 «4G Red pine 100 0 7 100 7 15 100 diy iiugho pine 100 0) 3 100 0 2 100 ) Ponderosa pine - - - - - - = a Colorado blue spruce 100 23 13 98 yp Wy 100 Ls 1g Natural hemlocic 100 0 2 100 ) 5 100 0 Planted hemlock - ~ ) 100 50 4 100 0 White cedar 100 0 3 100 7 14 100 14
1/ Tagged and observed for defoliation in late April and early lay 194s, Survivals talen in late August 1948, All trees were planted except the group labeled "Natural hemlock,"
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to severity of injury (Table 3). Considoring now growth on at least half of the crown of injured trees as satisfactory recovery, 98 porcent of the Ted pine, and 25 percent of the Scotch pine fall into this class. If trees with good and excellent recovery ere combined with those not injured, tho percentages become 99 for red pine and 56 for Scotch pine (Table 3).
Troes which did not have more than 1/4 their foliage injured recovered satisiactorily tect or exccllent) in cither ecies. Poor recovery was confined to those trees which had more than 37 of their foliage injured, There was satisfactory recovery by about 25 nercent of the red pines, but by only about 3 percent of the Scotch pines which had nore than 3/4 of their foliage injured (Table 3).
Less cetailed observations in this general locality indicatec cxtcnsive winter injury on ponderosa pine and Norway spruce and little or no injury
on balsan fir, jack pine, white spruce, bla cle spruce, and northern white~ cedar, White pinc surrercd severe foliage injury, chiefly in the south sido of the crown, but recovery was £00» n the Aurora District of the Superior National Forest, white pines suffored ost damage in a gone about 4 to 6 foot above ground; the tips of the trees and the parts below snow line wore un= affected, hero was sun scald on the southwest side of the trunks, and One=ycar xcedles were injured much more than oldor necdles,
Ome Obscrvations were also made in a commercial nursery nenr St. Poul. 5/ ere was no injury to conifers below the snow lin spruces, red. pinc,
md white pine recovered woll from the winter ae but Austrian pine and nen iderosa, nine were so badly dsemaged that they were grubbec out. Arborvitacs made partial recovery but none were saleable in 1948, Recovery was about 50 or 60 »ercent in the larger Savin and Rakai eee fOr gum or clones (Burk, Canacrt, Schott, and Silvor) wo total loss Two conifers Which escaped injury wore wostorn white Ge “ailis) spruce end the Hill Dundes juniner. Damage apparently occurred ofter Deconbor 25, 1947, since uninjured cuttings of nyranidal arborvitaewere taken at that tine,
Observations in North Dakota
Considerable browning of necdlcs occurr ce among conifers in north-central North Dalcota in late March 1946, during or following some ebnornally warn Wincs, <Atong oxnerincntal plan ations in McHenry County the injury was Cspecially prevalent on nondorosa, Austrian, and Chinese vines, and was
also gquito general on Chincso juniper, Rocky Mountain juniper, red pine,
and limber »inc. Uninjured snecics were western white (Black Hills) spruce, white snrucc, blue spruce, and certain hardy lots of Rocky Mountain juniper (fron feet orn North aleata), Scotch pine (of Finnish origin), castern red Cedar, and dwarf juniper (from La Crosse, Wisconsin),
More detoiled observations on ponderosa pine (6-10 years 01d) in tho sane arca. disclosed theso facts: (1) about 2 nercent of tho trees were killed and 6 to 7 porcont had tops killed back, (2) only 1 nercont of bud=pruncd treos had tons killed back, (3) the scason following injury annual height growth was reduced about 10 percent for cach 10 percent of defoliation (Tablo 4), (4) growth tho second season aftor wintor injury was dettor, but that of injured trees was still about 30 »creent below that of uninjured trees, (5) injury varicd according to soil -~ trocs on dune sand had no
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5/ Observations made by Gordon Bailey of the J. VY, Bailey Nurscrics,
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fable 3.— Degree of recovery according to severity or foliage injury during
-46 winter — pine plantations on Suverior ilational Forest
ReED PING
a Degree of recovery 1/ « No oe Rotal VBasissty on ar injured : None : Poor : Fair : Good :Excellent:*7d™?; :*Tees, total Pet, Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. Yo, Pet 0 artes mn Meatitngr ne pretreat olen ae LOOLO 100.0 Ug5 2729 1-10 eee e@ece eves Ol 99.9 eeoee® 100.0 745 42.9 11-25 e990 eece e@eee 2el 97-9 evece 100.0 3355 1942 26~50 Beige. ainee Zaft 1 JkS0 7963. | smiseu | ~ LOOK bai 6.4
51-75 eee eee 96 46.5 bye e2eege 100.0 La 265 76-90 are 9 Ses 5b 20,40 L363 'Gasee LOO a aS) 91-100 eeeo 25.0 1520 @eco eeece eeese 100.0
Total nam ae Tg 2.9 6769 2He9 MOOLO W756) 1100,0
0 eMart) area" lkveea). |. eeee melas | 200.0 21C0,0 NT es
1-10 Sees @oeo erea e@e2e00e 100.0 coaeeo 100.0 el 1.9 11-25 2eoce aeee e2ce 20.0 80.0 eeose 100.0 25 Coe 26-50 ete. man -': On). HOO WO * wena LOOZO 50 51-75 ware pre 390.8 42.1 14, ited, LOOSO 33 Ges 76-90 ee od 1967.) 54 ; Wotan” | HOOKO). \y, 259) 2259 91-100 oJ 8726 10.6 oJ e000 ecooo 100.0 eu 19,0 Total BA: Bhee- NO.2 667 6.7 42.3 100.0 1,129 100.0
af Based on proportion of crown with new growth, as follows: None, 0; poor, less than 1/4; fair 1/4 - 1/2; good, 1/2 - 3/4; and excellent, more than 3/4,
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ee heed Paaaaniniiiibeeerinariunnimiain a) s
Ae
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St | ONOE %
CMe OOF’ Re | O,00E
"s Kae i A] 4 Vi ls bean C4 Py a ai ee e as ni eg Th |
He yo ae ine: hs Wet Gel.t: G,GR8
Oo, 00a. OO
2 ua 2 a ity a v tebe Pa eg : ee mI " Ook a ee f e ovwne” Owe Goat: Owe ca 3 . a ‘eRe S ak aes as ~ i ee ae” #, é west en oe ae rs ye § (ee : ¥ ae Pea a he re Sai eae ih ee % ie 6 \ ie Ronee iene re panaeR ie Eales tee ett ert
: em — ie wen abby avers 0 poppet 4 wae pe -w Sle yea eer WE ‘eho
Fable 4,.= Growth of €-year-old. Pondcrosa Pine as affected by defoliation coused by winter injury in Nerch 1946. Denbigh, N. D.
a ee
Annual growth
Defoliation .———First season after: Second soason after ties Winter injury : wintor injury Porcont Foot Foot @) 1,02 1636 10 0.94 Ags 20 0.87 1.08 30 0.78 1.04 40 0.63 iO 50 0.57 0.99 60 0.45 0.97 70 0.32 0.95
ee
se 11Q) se
hi
‘ i! WH i) pz: is
«lier yatseaminnepentaie Sie r i peal RDU NHI Saal teers tt
injury, those on Valentine sand (wmland) had 22 to 35 norcent defoliation, and those on Gannett fine sandy loam (swalos) had 55 to 73 porcent defoliation.
An examination of the sane nondcrosa pine nlantations in Scntomber iohg0/ showed. rather sinilar results from the 1947-48 wintor, In gonceral, the lerger trees showed the least injury. Trees with loss then 50 percent foliage injury showed good recovory; those with 50 to 8&0 percent injury recovered fairly wcoll, and those with 90 »ercont or nore injury recovered poorly. Of the trees on Valentine sand (uplond) 21 percent were uninjurcd, 62 oeeent had light injury, 6 percent had moderate injury, 3 percent had heavy injury, and 2 porcent were dead, On the Gannett fine sandy loans (swales) the corresponding percentages were 0 (none), 13 (light), 14 (moderate), Ui (heavy), ond 32 (dead).
Some more general obsorvations!/ indicated that browning of oastern red cedar and Hocky Mountain juniper foliage has been prevalent, esnecially during the 3 or 4 winters just preceding 1947-48, It was eoneraliyy confined to tho north and west sides of trees exposed to northwest winds, and in
sone cascs one-and two-year-old wood was killed,
During 1947-48, however, the trees "burned" on all sides regardless of ex20sure, Injury was most severe in eastern North Doekota, but occurred throughout the State, There was no injury below the snow line, Worst hit in 1947-48 was ponderosa pine, followed in decreasing order by redcedar, Scotch pine, western whito (Black Hills) snruce, and blue spruce,
Danage in the Black Hills
In the Black Hills of South Dakota severe winter damage to the native ponderosa vine has been observed at intervals, It has usually been associatea with Chinook winds which sometimes cause changes of temperatures of as much
as 4O to 60 degrees F, from subzero levels to ynoints above freezing within
a period of several minutes to a few hours (1).
Severe foli injury and sone Waa) 10 kill were note¢d in various localities about 191 1 ef 1936,2/10/ ana 19438 / on ponderosa pine. In 1943 demage was aso ana on native pin cherry, aspen, oak, and service berry, Both freezing of tissue and excess transpiration appear to have played parts in ceusing damage in this area,
6/ Exenination made by F. He tyre, Loko States Forcst Expcrizcnt U liade by E, J. George, Northern Great Plains Ficld Station, Handan,
8/ By C. Ge Bates, Lake States Forest Experiment Station. 9/ By Jacob Roeser, U. Se Forest Service, 10/
_~
By Lee Luckinbill, U. S. Forest Service.
« fh «
,fo hee sbtotob snore 34 of 38 fol tanks * POH, ips pe tt pi tnomnog EY of EE € Saat eis bane er Ma Bee iva 5
Pa
‘Baus so deeeals ae ecohtndinls ante aes id fermen al OR Bw oe ig nest “ hive e
drovsat OF anf? anak Aoi econ? tend sali nuii.at dcootog 08 of O28 dthw apace Le ‘bovworle hasevooet went ad ofoct to tavogoc OP Mate yl wiommistas oto droge 1% (backer) Saar ac ‘foul, Frou to hae otegaben Bad denon i ts grok achat : oskt #tacmed aft oD heed ogow. anes: g fas.” hy. "tist, s¢esabor) AL banged) es, -fonoa) 0 owuw pean yl, roe
how piateno ko act hnwornd edt bogaekbad tinsel koa % glintoowmes ,inoievotg moog end ogo got ay ei siotawe = a
horktacs —— oom #2 BUT HOL gadboosty ch feo ,ebade dow soso of Hoeorte aoaxt Yo eobie eat bok Lest acu boow : hikowtemgnene fo~aa0 &
‘% guskbcgot nobte te : no Shoal gest arid proweniod aschi eh herieso toc stort dso suodeso ab qrofoe daor ery yautnd «xf dsl taco .ovhs worn ode wedod. cuiad ox anv ‘gtodt- ,o8atS oft 2 “inheohot ud wabno gakenounet. m6 bewo Lies rosie Saredppmeytd bande
ght mete amd fh 2 corte -
alti net %
Piaetes
evisem edt: oF enernih - cet! eweves pre tik: $9 ania . Redstone need uifame aot ¢f. ,alavietnd we ‘bevtoato mead mel euke dams an Jo aearte regimes to eeyeada senso pemidemoe ra pherbyr niisghe satescett evods eiaior oF eiavel orn data me ad ft ssoraab 0 rm oD ari gial ver a ot soda wee ™
note binoal aco tay. ‘ad Setor one peep ead ere 3 neg mitt esac EFCL al. .entie aaosednog ao ois reg Tel ee seek a yrted eotrren fie reo ey .Crnesio nig ovate > bebae ‘ sk afteg Soysiy coved of ssoqe sobtertqeantd écooxo bre aml?) | —_ afad al op
SED SOURCE AND WINTER DAMAGE
It is foolish to versist in planting species which suffer heavy winter damage. Yet, the fact often overlooked is that many tree spccies include scveral races which may vary in resistance to wintcr damage as they do in other characteristics, Evidence of such racial variation has been asscmoled for rea. vine, Scotch nine, ponderosa pine, white soruco, Norway spruce, and other specics planted in the upper nidvest. It indicates that trees of native sources or those from similar or slightly colder climatcs suffer less winter Gamage than those from milder climates,
On the Superior National Forest in northeastern Hinnesota, a 19-year old (from sccd) plantation containing 37 sources of red pine, reoresenting 35 localitics in the Lake States and two in New England (4), was examined late in tho summor of 1948, One growing season had elapsed after the 1947-46 wintcr.
Anong the verious red pine sources from 2 to 55 nercent of the foliage had been injured, On the average, the local northeastern Minnesota sources had suzfored least (4 percent), There was a trend toward increasingly greator injury with distance of origin from the planting site, as follows: WNorth- westorn Wisconsin (5 percent), north-central Minnesota (6 percent), north- eastern Wisconsin (7 percent), woper Michigen (12 vercent), central Wisconsin (13 percent), lowor iichigen (31 percent), and New England (39 verecnt). If the poorest northcastern Minnesota source (6.2 vercont foliage injury) be taken as a base, significantly more injury was suffored by trecs of the following sources: One from north-ccntral Minnesote, 2 from woper Hichigean, 2 from central Wisconsin, and ell those from lower Michigan and Yew England (Zable 5). Viewed from another aspect, the best 25 percent of the lots (those with least injury) included 4 from northeastern Minnesota, % from horthwestern Wisconsin, and 2 from north-central Minncsota, The poorest 25 percent, on the other hand, included 5 from lower iichigan, 2 from New England, and one from upper iichigan,
$
Recovery was satisfactory (now growth on more than half of the injured crown) among all trecs of the sources from northorn HMinncesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, ‘here were small but increasing vercentages of trecs with unsatis- factory recovery emong the sources from contral Wisconsin, lower Michigan, end New England, However, some individual lots even from these Latter Locolitics showed satisfactory recovery for all trees,
Scotch Pine
On the Chippevo National Forest thore are expcrimentcl plantations of Scotch pino of 40 sced sources representing 15 Suropean countrics, Three plantations With ages of 12, 17, and 19 years from sccd were studicd. Because of sinilar- itics of response the results were grouped togethcr,
The percentage of trees with browned. folinge ronged from 0 to 98 for the diffcrent sources, Gencernlly those from the more northerly sources showeé less damage than those fron farther south, But, latitude alone did not explain the differences, However, when those sources from a climate similar to that of the Chippowa National Forest (according to Koppen's classification) were compared with those from milder localitics, the differences were striking.
- 12 -
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3 aga iat 4 ywneet toMuie” dabdy eatesas ya goktrake 22 te oF i Sarees ohesons avfoscs coed eae dls ae pacha eae wh of pe 2a seen seduky of epmtakees af ery eet pate: spar 2000 aed aOldaiaow isiost deve Bo iggy sealse. Sa, ar 7 “gene. - corey OPE yaad: neomheog » )) gektec, to eoctd aad? satiqkind @f aoubhy | wart © Wedebs weed woYtoa: eotamble wiiee yittshte a % ees : yee bappeaahan Se 5
5 p> ae > eo FE von EN Totes heen me. ooo Tano btal » . F arden so ype Sow te. soo Tf guineas pore bad Boxtanes iM ae Be Sanit wa ot ow bee actoe@ wie ose ak Suetdel ode sorts heaqnio tad aoenen a oe i :
to. tmopter Be at 4S: pa sean: oly: be ‘ stoeocedi! & SoG SA fseel ad? ,o7nonmh ocd m0 96 sinaceont heaves Reot? © est pau eltioatey a) ted s 2 ,otde gine otf mot afgtwo to opmatakh ae, ) ates acnbis oudaowedtien , tdioteg: dren
o tee 4 A. Pus
fkencoot gi tarasiier | 5.5) feat wee one | insted FP. 5 SS gh tanemer ve ng 8 went haps pasting i pastetrit ses gvel 5 ad {vnc ogakict taveweg Set? sotto ntosonnt need seaside att to ecanf > ny Paige & Tans sel vees nie ‘“ktanslhiegte 20a ,rgedo hs toc noe ¢ ,otesonh Sl Ioutecowiiven mis aad: saoozeee . SecferR wold be cos ido Ei Qedel mest aod Eis Sen (ceenones LY Lasting a stot aft to Gunotog FS teed alt ,Jaoges santona moet don roe mow ° ntoesark! egotandiven gett } Soleiiont Gombe’ desed #8 dectoog off .otosocntll Sovtcooeeliton gost Gf oom ~adenena ff
er fecs vol monk £ yncrdioln cowed more ¢ ales wei Pesce toskt@ ost te egtdoge, Nabi iid
A nose ottete ste. ‘Avert: wort) cregontatitne enw, Re
(stig t9 £ odd Ww is okesoas aH sarki! vrecsidvon. moet comer ade. be aoo%d
mgbioost Migv eoort i sesctnuoken SZ beeoenaek gud Sine axou 9 (yop tde kt) cael grtenooad Besiaue meee sebeme ont eoms biter an movent cecd? saxt cowe Aner he myvosbbelad om che tra nla eboses
i aso tindoaig Latiuamess oesce ‘ote onodé tsomot brant
em0bindunfq avn? altaron shoqn sual Lo + GS AE
egntirts to cumoct. ,dothrte. otoy hoot meet wneg, £: Bets \¢ osoclncgod it tiaatteeh wi wt old zi
att sot OC ot. 2 por’ Dogen't opr he peril Soveig scomos Ylomifrer oon: att ; tan Sth oneke-obwtitnd ,oat yc ‘etude ovomkle is Mogi aoowes. wend faonss hale ess "aes
Table 5,- Winter injury and recovory among plantod vines of different sced origins in northeastern Minnesota
ROD PINS
“ : Amount of - Trees with Region of secd origin : Sources : foliage injured ‘unsatisfactory recovery H : Average 3; henge ; Average ¢ Range Wunber Percent Percent Percent Percent Northeastern Minnesota 7 4.0 2.2- 6.2 0 o Northivcstern Wisconsin 5 466 3.0 =): Gul 0 - Worth-central ilinnesota 3 6.5 363 -— 12.3 6) - Northcastern Wisconsin it fol Bec | oeO 0 Uoper Poninsula, ilichizan Uy Maly 6,1 - 20.4 fo) - Central Wisconsin 4 ae 10.6 - es 0.6 O- 1.6 Lower Michige 5 cule 18.9 — 44,3 64 0 - 19.0 New Englond 2 35.8 Cael = 5be5 946 O - 30.8 Al1 sources Biri On 7 Cec — 55,3 ie 0 - 30.8 SCOPCH PINE lianchuria ay 0.0 - @) ~ Northern Europe 7 poe 0.0 = 21,9 lee (oY reese ley Centrol Zurope 19 78.8 58.6 - 92.0 79-2 50.0 -100.0 All sources 27 yin dp 0.0 - 92.0 U3 0) [100.0
a ee
- 13~-
= 22
<
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i: IN" ENRON
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mare ONS ert frie
*
* Dylile ©.
som
In the formor grow (sources from Romania, Finland, Poland, Sweden, Norway, Latvia, East Prussia, and & ssia) from 0 to 27 percent of the trees had injured foliage, and no source had over 3 percent of the trees with heavy injury. In tho latter group (sources from Xomania, Poland, Hungary, Franco, ae Germany, Denmark, Holland, Scotland, and Austria) from 61 to 98 percent
£ the trees hed injurcd foliage and from 10 to 72 percent of the trees wero Peay injured (5).
On the Superior National Forest observations were made in a plantation con- taining 20 sources of Scotch pine 19 years old from sced and an additional 7 sources of Scotch pine two years younger. ‘They wore obtaincd partly fron foreign sources and partly from local plantations, and included ono lot from Menchuria, 7 of known or supposed northern European origin, and 19 of know Or supposed central Buropean origin.
trocs of Menehurian origin were uninjured during the winter of 1947-h8, e of known or supposed northern european origin were much less injured trees ie leone: 1 Suropean origin (Table Se The best or the tatter (50 percent) had more than double the amovnt of foliage injury sustaincd by the poorest of the former (22 percent).
ct Hi ay Sy 5S oO
5 B 1)
Scotch pines of Manchurian and northern Huropeoan origin actually averaged
dess foliage injury thon local northeastern Minnesota red pine sources, On
the other hand, Scotch pines of ccntral European origin were damaged den
more than the poorest red pine lots. On the basis of the numbor of trees with less than 10 percent of thoir foliage injured, there vere included 94 percent of the northern European Scotch pine (including one Asintic source), 71 percent of the red pino, and only 4 percent of the central European Scotch pines.
Pondorosa Pine
Ponderosa pine of four sceod sources planted in McHenry Boutys North Dakota, differed in the amount of foliage injured during March 1946, Among these 6-yoar-old trecs those of nearest native origins (western North Dakota, and castern Montana) sufforcd the least damage (Table 6), ‘Trees of the western Nebraska and Black Hills sources suffered more foliage injury. y the end of the second growing sca ae however, recovery was quite complete for trees Of ali sourees, and there was no aoe aula aniong trees of any source,
Following the winter of 1947-48, trees of the noar-local sources again showod less foliage injury than those of tho two more distent sources.
Spruc cos
ca ee plantation of several snecics and sources Of (spruce. i irecans ela irom sccd, was peoneaey) on the Nicolet National Forest in northeastern Wisconsin in tke sumer of 1948, Noodle danege varied 2 great deal within Specics as woll as betwoen specics (Table 7). Undamaged wore western white soruce and white spruces of three northern sources, White syruce cf two
iy By C. Fe. Arbogast, Lake States Forcst Exporincnt Station.
ag) ee
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oe 0 otentnake? a. + ak oor ovo
“Tones thie: na far bode poet Bho wee Mork akiuog batkndde wtow yor? werQeey, eee, mont Got ace iy omg agen tera bindrehey fnoo: pe
al hy
Pee nit cree Rone, LM mon Bo
geist i Og ie f moiectie one: eer: ‘can ‘ioe ow cae é ch nagk sik oFoW atsbyo. ROO ENG. adconadhioni | . ha one te geod OAR: ms see MRS, “i “a en Essar “ert ee agptiot baat peergine’, fh a *
fogenow ‘Shinetins pa eee erubiwin bes ‘egvenaanie ‘to santana quik foe obowatatid wee bergsie yor ingal: ged venbad dusts hogtied oti abyss LOD, iodine. te gordo dos oo8 x git vib covet te Hd deatee tte. bo gtend pate nO ator: woke hot a “OOONT. tee sonan #2 hobekonk oxo? anak? howe wr kiot. thodd. be’ 150808 x a (rome ottated one gushatent) sake davan8 imoqotl =
‘
f aaoot HNO. iy se uae %o Sa saacaa v yine fens one
rent
nihes wo died . yore setae ne pobre novos 1
amt? ions Al Sout qekee: bowaaz op: rere hewn boxe ase Tea ShOND ertgive. oviaas Soto te ‘ont >), Bebe ore whi oO epost me wea) aaah tanot ould padi rl bite coe Yew wrist ni ‘waynete ‘ contin boro poor oti ; Ang By LeeOe ud hate eau Yaoreods ,tavowedl 208700
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~
feonthile hogs aooion ieoket vor oid. Be. aout vinta te sotabe ; . hiethanhinl ganda kh oes, ave oath , '
Teacet Th caries to dowtmoe ben ‘spies: ith origtert itt vidal pate pofca
oda peaked ‘0, | awe Xo oe. sina i
Table 6,.— Effect of seed source of ponderosa. pine on Hesistance to winter injury in March 1946 at Denbigh, N. D.
a “rees in various percentage classes : Average Seed 4
k < eke of needle browning Jas tonto pila — mar ee CO ee ee eee OS ISSO - Grego AIetOO sation NO Pet. Pct. Pet. Pete Pet. Pieitue Pete Glendive, ilontana 90 73 23 2 2 0 fo) uy Medora, North Dakota 52 65 34. a} 0) ) 0) 48 Western Nebraska. o7 ol 28 8 2 i @ 7.0 Black Hills, ‘ South Dakota 99 10 62 22 7 @) 6) 16.3
ae
~15=
fe
a a 1 Cae mia a+ 2 ean Alte es UNS RE Sees se
a a t . -
: = : Needles : y - : frees : killed on : Basis Species : Seed source :sdamaged: damaged : nplots 2/ : : ; trees :
Pet. Pct. No.
<P = ny western white spruce Custer, S. D. ) 0 2 White spruce Superior HW. F., Minn. 0 0) 2 White spruce Chippewa N.F., llinn. 0) 0) 2 White spruce Port Arthur, Canada 0 0 5 White svoruce Douglas, Ontario 16 S 5 White soruce Wisconsin 20 5 1 Siberian spruce Unknown LO 1 2
Norway spruce
var. oorealis Unknown 29 15 2 Norway svruce Bryansk, USSR 39 as ik Norway spruce Gomel, USSR 65 35 3 Norway spruce uOsirs, USSR 7 55 5 Norway spruce Selgrade, Yugoslavia oT 50 6 Oriental spruce Caucasus, USS 100 5 Z Serbian spruce Belgrade, Yugoslavia 100 50 ne Red spruce Pennsylvania 100 51 ul Red spruce North Carolina 100 65 2
1/ Sometimes known as Blacl: Hills soruce. 2/ Picts usually originally contained 100 trees, and have present survivals of atout 50 to 80 vercent.
=n See
y pe NL pelea Nash NR ON TERRES NA
‘eeogete
i
sources suffered lizht injury. All Norway spruccs suffered nore winter injury then any of the white spruces, but trees of two northern sources suffored notably less demage than those from milder clinates, Henvy damage was sus- toined by Norway spruce fron Yugoslavia, oricnteal soruce, Serbian spruce, and tio sources of red spruce, In spite of scvere defoliation there was little
x no mortality in ony lots.
ESSONS FOR FUTURE PLANTING Losses fron winter injury sustained by conifers in tho upper midwest can be turned to advantage by heeding the lessons which are ovident, Through proper selection of specics and seca sources, and the use of cortain cultural practices, future losses from severe winter conditions can be mininizcd,
Specics Selection
Anong the points that stood out in tho studics roported, were (1) the superiority of tho native pines and spruces over introduced species in the northern Lake States; (2) the uniformly good showing of western white (Black Hills) sprucc; (3) the remsrkeble recuperative vowor of white pine end sono of the spruces after severe foliage injury; ond (4) the general supcriority of white spruce over Norway spruce in the Northorn Lake States,
Seed Source
She superior herdiness of trees grown from secd originating locally or fron areas Of similar climate was clearly demonstrated for red pine, Scotch pine, ponderosa pine, white soruce, and Norway spruce. Other snecics which grow Over an oxtensive naturol range can be expected to show similer racial differences, In many cases damage of minor consequence for forest production May be of scrious nature for landscape or ornamental purposes. Growers shouid, thorefore, choose secd sources with carc,.
Cultural Practices
Maintenance of vigorous growth of trees in plantations by proper sclection of sitc, adequate ground preparation, and preventing excessive suppression and shading by ovorstory trees may reduce winter injury, Adequate care of planted trees, cspecially by cultivation of windbreaks and ornamentals is helpful, dandsemo stock may in sone instences benefit by watering just before the plonts go into the wintcr.
Spring planting has a distinct advantage over fall planting in that heavy first yoar losscs such as those caused by umsual weather conditions during Winter may sonctines be avoided,
In windbreaks ond sholterbelts in the Great Plains orea, winter injury of Conifors caused by dessiceating winds may be reduced by planting thom where they recoive sone vrotection from dcciduous syccios.
Cutting end pruning of dofoliated linbs shortly efter winter injury scons inadvisable until the growing sceson is woll oolong. Hoeny such linbs produce another crop of necdles and recover complcotely if loft undisturbed for one or two ycoors.
ete:
ie
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oo go eorbin wore ay oy wee
moue’ng iearord? = toabivo om Mage’. ‘ hi racrtiao sf dirt site isd be odd Buy f- ; De
ghoudtenden s 3 cotake otev a Hoek itnici oma
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ROMO coll avec eo ‘oti ae a,
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wy SP Oe Cee son-nu'k {OS DONE Oa orien: bo gesesedy ened: Gienta aero ROR ON, hoa aust Re xh arma lann dt Oe: TEAR eet : oe an achat Bowe. a
wo few ower oF eonume mnie serie Dane | hokiorogety brat to ouso adegoobh wtmelad wonky oombot "gat Bount “ynode
ok ek: icone hun winotdbaly So modtoveline pf yiadoog Pam, wha dyn e Sehreat F ommreosnccs ‘orton ch eset pond anne volte ost
vi
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oe
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ey lca ieee ees etn toon alt ah $ | whode moult neksae te we hoouhew od Bie | ie |
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— sao
Gonerel
Whether for forest production, windbresks, shcltcrbelts, snowtraps, landscme purposes, or other ornamental use, the plenting of weil edapted sced sources or the proper specics on the right sites and the usc of good cultural practice bofore and efter planting cre the surest neans to success.
REFERENCES CITED
1. Csneron, D. C. Midwinter Temerature Antics in the Black Hills. Weatherwise. 1(6): 126-127, 138, illus. Dec. 1948.
BP. Waxinoy, Ne As ext Book of Plant Physiology. P. 126-129, leGraw Hill Book Co,, Incs, New York. 361 rages. 1930.
Pee lier he On Plant Phystolosy, Ps 502) MeGraw Hill Book Co,, Inc. , New Fork, 1,201 poses, “1945.
u, Rudolf, P. 0. Irmortance of Red Pine Seed Source, Proc, Scc. An, $ s yy fod = s lie For, Meeting 1947. 354-398, illus. 1948, Be Budoit, Py O. Wainter Damase to Scotch Pin Northern liinnesota, Leke States Forest Ex, Sta, Tech, Wove lioe 305. Ura nse.) . October 1948,
6. Stocckelor, J. H. Recovery of Winsor Injurcd Conifors, Aner. Nurseryman, 63(9): 9, 54. Novomber 1, 19468.
cea
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in ansoteeel homwtal soenitt to rovonat. a *
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List of Common ond Scicntifi Roferred ip
COMLION NAME
oe ee
Aspen, quaking Arborvitae, pyranical Arborvitae, Siberian Douzles-fir
Fir, balsan
Fir, white (concolor)
Henllock, ecastern
Juniner, Burk Juniper, Canacrt
Juniper, Chinese Juniner, dwarf
Juniper, Hill Dundee Juniper, Pritzer
Juniper, Schott
Juniper, Savin Juniper, silver
Juniper, Hocky Hountein Oak, bur Pine, Austrian
Pine, eastern white
1A), cleat’
= 19 =
¢ Manes of Species C
SCIELTIFIC NAME
Pooulus tromuloidcs
te 2 Gs Cu. ce) )
ricntolis, clone stricta
%. occidentalis, clone Globe
Pscudotsug. toxifolia Abics balsanea A. concolor Tsuga canadensis Juninerus virginiana clone burki
Je Virginiana clone canacrti
J. chinensis
de COmmMNiISs CLOne! nana
clone hilli
Ios e <i
irginiana
pritzerians
Js Chinensis clone
Je Virginiana clone schotti
Je Virginiana clone glauca
Ke
Qucrcus macrocoma
P. tabdulsefornis
Pe Sia Obws
ae : orere ss re viv. ome fea 8h vt a I
pitt Par ehi .
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Pantry Seal
Fas
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7 8) 2002
ta aor a a
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. p Wee tae - = te see AP a a Sy Ate 4 es "4 * r ae “i, “i Cope un to BOF om ene), Fits mn ewe * Moe Peart ‘rns Fv] er: A pee ahs LL iorbeue Siphie tlitesoy 3 Sa. t od ee és ee t ty 7 , : aan . Eee ee bets ae Oe * ‘ es oon tn Bn AB: ad z , 2s = oo Lt. ee - ae ie ise "A tp eghian + erties Nineties ae hpi a
eurnd Erode ao ‘ a
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POSNOO Ga Tos ; =
Oe eee etm tae Rie ovis ai) meh ee ern
£5 meres Bare i a
cAueaes
COON MAME
oe
Pinc, jack
PAG. Labor
Pino, mgho (Swiss mounta
Pinc, pondcrosa Pino, red
Pine, Scotch Redecdar, castern Sorviccberry Spruce, black Spruce, blue Sprucc, Norway Spruce, oricntal spruce, red Spruce, Serbiar Spruce, Sibcri
Spruce, western white (Black Hills)
Spruce, whito
White-ccder, northern
SCISNTIFIC NA
P. banksiana
n) P. mugo
Juninerus virginiar
Anelanchicr sp.
Po onoriks P. obovata
cal
» Gloucs ver.
PB. glauca
Thuja occidentalis
-~ 20 ~-
albertiana
en er 0 af Selgin sh bls oan
hae
Maly, Soe hy ease) eo se ihe ree
Rep
een aL) We Re PO
OR phere fs re NG
& itt See
pyewnr curr ate st
fr aeetirer BL eaeacee
x By hy Wik ag Hdd sae iti ae i veaelnndey es 5 ay beg DS wast j Re Paes : - uegeee oe a “MEN y i
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