rit iT ty MEH iat it i \)) ; Me iP ih pda " Meta M i) oe fs aval bay Me q ih ‘vt Bra TWN i vile ie fh Hise yf Vi uo Math Hiei Phi dit Hat We a AAD ts We iyewe ie Mf ot) Adal Md i Dann! if Wie Ni Me ks tla at AAV We Le aha VA HW HOEY wie re AY ti my ie ! ar aT fay 0 en vd et cht He iene sio7 hat ans Hye , f tay AMY PRO TALY HAP sha P's he rid ) a sAT ANE in i@) Mai ide He bf 4 Ai ane e teal Mina a vara 4 tu ih ‘i AAAS ait Ay Ca ROE Hit) Ay wy) fH Centon WMA i a eM ie act UI Aaa dae ANGRY HAM) at i yi ce Mia iy Veta is 4 LO lye DED MA Ws ue tinay i ve ; Beane NST ONAN a oe My AO OU nN Hts Hy Woh ala inh Maso hid bigs ata i Att ay SSH aa i} Wain yg NUNS, We Ue iit yan hae Pt Pe en! hit >Hi bein ay i i Pe’ ett LU eibi rman ae TALI AATA jrieh Dhaai With ie } ANE RNS i) MLN eat ain Ay iat toca Al iy Tash dite tit ahi te oe eae KY nt Mat VERA Hsia Ney a Mp eisasbeed Diem h 4 M4 tah ” * hie MPs Pes 4F ie D " el ot bla J ny a 4 Hie | i CN Dit safari heb de Hw Hy AMA aL #3; iH tt Y 1 f iD 4 / wayne 4 # iy ep mit ern i nt We MAY rth Tiat) Dit at ad 4 th chat He ahh ibs i Aan ads DAT: mut Hit ii Hh hi if i ia YF unas pitta at sett pane i Hi pad a M4 nine US at , Leth mite df) ry ae ia Ht ini nh LN TENT A 4 ah Went yay Hitt ith paved Reahiut rr ma) Whe PETES | ) 1 hin 4 He Hae AA MAR te Auts Ayia AEA eI ON abet Wistaanghisria pee n'y Hua MPA} Hh Oe mH HI ae wad pan EA can) buyer ee nH thy: 49 9 el ao} H i sito ik AUER HL nl arn mii? vith Mate Heyy yet hse wets PUM MOM BRUNE SE Tn ATAU Ht ip tN Hay wiht Hs Whey te What » i ni if Whe wh i At Hy Rw ts CARRIE AI, iain UMAR AY TY va f 4)! tii A in I i hy +: f ie \ i} wy i USAT ont Ha ay tea qegeay RYH) sbi) ninth RAI, \4) ‘hie wt Us Vivir 1 why HUH ARNGH a i i) AaSCARCn SH HAA) uaerthe yan cat Sea wit hye BN iif tp, ana 1B) raver ees { ' (ih DAH ta Pen NT OEY Mie rai WO A GE ADS APN We a OD a AES, AE) nh fy pe Ap Meg} \ ; Hi ROS a) iy MAGS 4 Aah a, nat pDse Ae Wai Ul pan eee: Me MAINA) } : Ma Sees Ware r tant) teeta | HER wy Winge SATAY 4) ith Hy a anit yb _ ih Bue EM CaN Ta LMP tM HAN Bah te 9 } i AA ae i et Ria ata Net SRN Pata Mev 1) Mth Hu hat Ph A i athe ist ahal Hie yf 0) iy ae i en Deyn iat ee Pitiny gh pee AV lice vat i ae Anta Carey if Hit ny ih WAN Ra hy Pa Hii jahwwias 1 bh his At AY HPT cd inh wane ) nt EY Mi Hey 4. iv a DAG SN PaN bea 4¥ir tive ¢ ‘ TA EAP ey Hh i | Niet 4 i f » fh oF th 1 iP Ale iH a ina rie na if Hy LEAL toa ht Shep aL Sa aK EAT HE in bisa babes 4 Ano ae 4 aah Lal] od leek any e it ey) ei “ih TO eat ony! Mi a) ia a wt I Rey aaah bat ai spi i Haak tei heltaiey ieee Ma Po yee Lacan tilt Mine hiansene em AY sh ok a ay rite Y! ‘anit 1 nt) at ey Uta UAC Rai ih) ; i We Mian’. Lyk VAT) Mange Weim yb ehey Dey Were asst i Ay 1; Taihiaet 4 Bas bel Nofelt ket) tas Wiis Ve inf iar 2 FA ET Att te Hint vin rei § IN iat i Lae yy 1a at i aie i Jay ni she Me Ni es f Pe We i i Hap ' Ma iN ! FUER NSA Mg Bet el el bly Hap ita { Hi STH GTM Maat MA, yee tiaeny Val yy os Hn ui tev gp’ AVA MOL earisabsa PATO td Ait na) i f vite Whe ; if f ati a ") » ne i i Malye poalgeal rh HRT ZA Pt ldo Wee Ta wht eines Re te dhvats TEAC ad ¥ AINA ASOT ROHL A milinvarn NAAN AA Cilia! y i i Hatter iit ‘ pe ptt i Uni hem tt nf) A PUA ES PUA Gallet! Woes errata Wiel + api ated ny Ns ) pain HA Wola Cann Cal) rg iy Swi ribs ‘ OS fyi nyelhe hyp Hey wae ohn Ng , A LAP AN Hen Lo NAT a PP yeR Yt ign i A 19} iit ‘yp birt ve te iV ete Habe hi H+) ny i Uhiey ia Pan Wr SEO A Lit OH Ng SAME Ie eee ted i bra umd ty) i! JO ne “lt YAEL ane | th Gai Od § AMAA Ate yy i sal F i nati SUT ANE By ¥ vit Piel ' biar) Cio ey ot id Nave int) 5 pis ! hil ty ¥ Nya mat ae it MLL i Daa Bh phy bey y WAG HAA) jaa 4) \ he AEE uhh) RUG) dat fast hinh yy Wid ‘ 4 + + s) Via is Wt 1? ha Paley wipe ‘i Wael pent i Aa at (Vy i ' whe Hint be) Sine it Hinata acy) she PAU Weep HIE AMPA) by y Ae TL Hc ay " Hae ee | Poe CLE wi ATH E eA HC AGH LDAY Bt nl AN ny ay as 4 ey RV aa ar cie) eh A 4 At) ih wal Hentatyt vn welt Ta W aa? Navidad enn pee bi ECHOES i siyhearies of) ay ia ited a erin A yuaatanied a] We8 a4 Pee, " Ny 4) init ICME its | a yehait sit rit Hina asthe Lain ' ‘ye HAY ermeaate MICU vay rns yey delaae Dy MANY iy poh Cowan TE Wives § ‘ (nn jivian Le Ne ae shy meh y £9 st TerPan sey HeLa eh TAsheas tee A unhehatt eat i ii He tay mele ee) Abies baie , 4 id 4192 86) L¥; Ais f rib +y A Rewour’ '9S9 HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY GIFT OF Nee oN Nuse wr : VU ee Were oO ; Nesta: nw gu,206 > a ° a jhe Wombat eS OO THE JOURNAL 5 AO) ieee ee The Geelong Field Naturalists’ Club, SoeAND ice The Gordon College Amateur Photographic Association. Vols. I to IV. From August 1895, to July 1899. Nore.—The Wombat did not appear in 1900; the Fifth Volume begins November, 1901. Geelong : Henry Franks & Co., PRINTERS, SSS 1902. Matop Street. 50,006 at ago ei -OMps Cs deolegy C> OCT 23 1943 Lip mar’ vm. INDEX. The Roman numerals refer to the volumes, and the Arabic numerals to the pages. Alexandra Bird Notes IV., 26 Amateurs and Professionals... IV., 22 Andree’s Aerial Voyage III, 59 Apollo Bay Notes I,, 18, & I1., 68 Art as an Educator soon A, 24 Art in Photography aso UA aRax! Bendigo Bird Notes . II., 9, & IL., 43 Birds’ Nests, Photographing... IV., 24 Bird Notes from Alexandra... IV., 26 " 5 », Apollo Bay I, 18, & II,, 68 OF) ” ” Bendigo : IL., 9, & II., 43 5) is », Castlemaine I, 118 56 x . Geelong II, 60, & III., 42 : 90 » Kewell IV, 5 5 a » Lorne I., 45, & :., 69 Otway Forest III, 54 Camera, The, in Natural History I., 54 Camp Hints (Photographic)... II, 55 Castlemaine Bird Notes Veg WE) Cement, Portland II., 86 Chemistry of Photography ..._ II., 81 Cloud Observation coo | LLU, ies Cloud Printing Soong Ue 4sT Coccide, Australian, Catalogue of IV., 37 - Some Victorian IIL., 80 % Two New Australian IV., 13 Coloured Transparencies I., 51.,& I., 77 Counting Time Ibs Cracticus quoui, Eggs of III, 8 Dog Rocks, The soo JUNE Ko) Formalin as a Preservative I, 86, & I., 105 Geelong Bird Notes II., 60,, & III. 42 Gelatino-chloride Paper log OS Islands of Bass Straits, The... III, 31 Kewell Bird Notes IV., 5 Lantern Slide-Making cog dog IE Lorne Bird Notes I, 45, I., 69 Macropodide, Victorian I., 10 Natural History and How to Read it III, 12 Natural History and Photography L, 54, & IL, 17 New Zealand Notes 1. 7G Otway Bird Notes 1II,, 54 Paper Making IV., 69 Photographic Congress Vt, iil a Surveys II., 93 Photography and Art I., 46, & IV., 3 06 and Natural History L., 54, & IL, 17 Platycercus flaveolus, Begs of III. 9 Portraiture in the House TV., 34 Realism L, 83 Rontgen Rays Mey 0 Technical Societies Toning and Fixing I., 89, & II., 18 lis, 3/5 LUE, 7 IV., 10, & IV., 66 Toolangie IT., 57 Transparencies, Coloured I., 51, & I., 77 Uranotype coo DL, BY Victorian Macropodide nee I, 10 op Woods Tr, 15 on Coccids, Some IiI., 80 Woddowro Personal Pronouns and their derivation toa EVERES Yacht Photography cco dig IOS 7 » a ia ” Wyo ea os CAL nie = OER at ot « 4 f Vs! . slaves Uae OEM SS SUE ARR SVD NRE GE sah SAS asia Aloette * t 2 e Drie ae Sy ; ey oA yOIe PALO Hbeyee | « { SALA af th iy i ins \ Hi f ein ? : out “4 hee Raghee iL . ie ein Ao ECE wet YP eee | ¥ bad i Beek Pech epaein, A d Pgs eee 4 Li Bayer bee Eights ay rat Ee On Be a a Far J Lei ard sida tinht oe ¥ wnt . Pea BiolesD” | ' te a ! yiuntacy ie tf wort y Ps aA? 2 al he ¢ oa iy rag: ES fos ee (adad We 1 ee ee ei a SUL DE ad , £ ay e 4 shee wk ey z bt Pepe BBV Pie AVEO AN, ARSE aba Wi cgetey ee aard Fee QUE ERED HOM ' t ene) Sah . bs i Aw re wre Cea avasy monde, a hi go (PA oa | evi isar Latin Ag rE i % : 4 ral e are oi sere a Oe atin | y. Vie Ob ev ( ‘ By % ivieey 2 ume acts, | Re (7 Bybee Bhiae Las biog asa Tt ie @ ‘ A) (NE Po KALLE Lt a r ¢ , ; ba eee 5 : ary FE Hy staegrn dun r & he ea say a) oo qth’ a } i hf rf he Oa), ERI) yas - (6) ee Trait ty hs i . ait Bae a i‘ = Kop S88 MOORABOOL STREET,’ aa & Financial Noent Latest Quotations for Stocks and Shares always av lable. pore ee Ane ger 1s) TRUSY MONEYS TO LEND. e OCT 23 1943 <-> : © FIXED DEPOSIT RECEIPTS IN ANY. BANK BOUGHE «BOR CASH. ite WOMBAT. } A Quarterly Record of the Work of the Gordon College Museum and kindred 4m Associations.» Be E August, 1895. s oS COBB & CO. aD LIVERY & LETTING STABLES, -MALOP STREET EAST, GEELONG. ~~ Drags and Coaches for Picnics and Excursions. Meh Private Carriages for Wedding and Special Purposes. * Single and Double Buggies. Family Waggonettes. Pony Pheetons and Invalid Carriages. Foomy, Loose Boxes and First-class Accommodation for Livery Horses. é BRANCH STABLES AT Steiglitz, Barwon Heads, Drysdale, Ocean Grove, SN a we Portarlington. % : . Horses hired frou Cobb & Co. may be stabled at any of the District Branches Free ap Charge, eo ‘DAILY COACHES leave the Booking Office, Malop St., for Drysdale and oe _. Portarlington, Ocean Grove, Barwon Heads, and Steiglitz. ae WESTERN STAGE CO., FELEPHONE, No. 1. -_._ MALOP ST, EAST, GEELONG. GEELONG ART a oe R. STANLEY ORR, Oa) C> 149 RYRIE STREET. ~) rouse Decorating in all its branches aS OS eee EEE OILS, GLASS, AND COLOURS. WiNSOR & NEWTON’S ARTISTS’ MATERIALS. Studies on Hire, 6d. per week. Oil and Water Colour Boxes, Academy Boards, Sketch Blocks, Canvasses, Artists’ Brushes, Enamels, Gold and Silver Bronzes, Opal, Porcelain, and Decorative Glass for Painting on. HEYLS & REEVES’ COLOURS. - + ASR. STANLEY ORR,@p 149 RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. JOSEPH SMITH. dtlonumental, stlarble & Geneval | MASON, Corner of RYRIE & YARRA STS., GHELONG, Neat and Substantial Memorials in any tesign erected at the lowest possible prices, consistent with honest workmanship. INSCRIPTIONS CUT & GENERAL REPAIRS EXECUTED AT CEMETERIES. EN ee a a a a a a a a Alety Designs in Wrought and Cast Iron Rarlings. Designs, with Estimates for every description of Stonework, free on application. WOODWARD, CARRIAGEH BUILDER. Factory—Corner of CORIO & KARDINIA STREETS. Nos. 2 & 4, KARDINIA STREET. Nos. 54, 56, 58, 60, 65, 65a, CORIO STREET. SHOW ROOMS é OPPOSITE POST OFFICE. All Descriptions of CARRIAGES and BUGGIES Built to Order. A Large Assortment always on hand. LLL ao All kinds of REPAIRS exeouted with Despatch, and at MODERATE CHARGES. ESTABLISHED 1859, i. ia E ey WKS ronda Published by the Associations at the Gordon coe Technical College. ocr a Vol. I.—No. I. QUARTERLY. August, 1895. Contents: Page Notes sales Ae oe 3 Photographic Matter. By Tom QuIxtt.... 5 Counting Time. By Tom Quit Bet 7 Victorian Macropodide. By D. Le SovEF 10 Some Native (Victorian) Woods. By SIDNEY JOHNSON _.... 15 \ iio pollo: Bay. By H.,B. Aine Bes IO Museum Acknowledgments .... rth 25 THE BEST IS ALWAYS THE CHEAPEST. EOE EL! NETS FS EBIET ISI NOGS BETIS McPhiilimy Bros. Cough Drops Are the Best Remedy for Coughs and Colds. Every Lozenge stamped M@cPhillimy Bros. Obtainable from all leading Merchants and Confectioners. Ask for McPHILLIMY BROS. only. ee ~~ DPA C\ Deitel Re Ss Zociney nd Pe = \ Df. &. Heeley _— ‘ Rrehitect ¢ Building Surveyor. Exhibition Exchange, Geelong. NOTE THE ADDRESS —— a J. PURDIE, «a Bookseller, Stationer, & Music Seller, Cr. MOORABOOL & RYRIE STREETS, GEELONG. | . WADELTON, (ate R. MeDONALD’S) NEW DRUG HALL, GREAT RYRIH ST. GHELONG. SLID Orders Forwarded to any part of the Colony on the Shortest otice. PATENT MeDICINES AND PERFUMERY. HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES OF ALL KINDS. T. F. MURRAY, | CONFECTIONER &. PASTRY COO Corner of Moorabool & Little Malop Streets, Geelong, AND AT SKENE STREET, NEWTOWN. ee ; FAMILIES WAITED ON DAILY. ORDERS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO, TELEPHONE No. 204. ——— ete Vou. I.—No. 1. AUIGWUSi 1895: AMO gaya All Communications to be addressed to The Editor, Gordon Technical College, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. Con- tributions invited on photography, art or science. NOSES : “THe Wompatr”’ is the journal of the associations connectedi with the Gordon Technical College. It will contain records of the meetings and excursions of the clubs—-Gordon College Amateur Photographic Club, and the Gordon College Art Society—with occasional notes from the museum, and papers of general interest in the subjects dealt with by these bodies. The Art Society in connection with this institution has been in recess for some time, but is now about to engage again in more active work under more favourable auspices. than it formerly enjoyed, and with a new set of rules. —— Mr. A. Ramage, the hon. sec., is at present engaged im its re-organisation, and will be glad to answer all enquiries in. connection with it. _ The great access of new members will doubtless make it the success which it ought to be. One of its objects will be the formation of a picture gallery in the town. DRINIE ; WwW. J. BROCKWELL’S Hop Beer, 4Zrated Waters, —=ea@ and Cordials. Q. Donaghy § Sons, Geelong, Melbourne & Adelaide. MANUFACTURERS OF ROPE & CORDAGE O07 ALL DESCRIPTIONS. THE FAMOUS ‘Kangaroo Brand’ Harvest Twines. COIR MATS IN ALL VARIETIES. PRICE LISTS ON APPLICATION. New sce Plant, iad Fruit Merchant, A5 RYRIE “ST. WEST. GEELONG (NEAR CORNER OF FENWICK AND RYRIE STREETS). The Choicest Fruit & Vegetables supplied daily. Families waited on fer Orders. Vegetable, Flower, and Farm Seeds of the very best qualities (Colonial and Imported) always on hand. bBridal, Ball, and Presentation Bouquets, Memorial. Wreaths, Crosses, and allother Decorations. Telephone 194. lf ‘B. LEITCH, M.M.C.V.S. Veterinary Surgeon, SALE YARDS, RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. < Veterinary Surgeon to the Geelong Agricultural and Horticultural Society, Geelong Poultry, Dog, Pigeon and Canary Society. The only duly qualified Veterinary Surgeon in the Geelong and Western Districts. CASES PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. CHARGES MODERATE, THE WOMBAT. 5 Bn ONOGHAP EC i MATTER. By Tom QuIiLt. Tue Photographic Society connected with the Gordon College has concluded a most successful year. The object of this section, although frequently regarded by the general public chiefly as an amusement of a somewhat high degree, is really an art requiring the most careful mechanical precision combined with artistic insight of no mean order. It is only with these powers working together towards one object that the great end of this wonderful science is reached, viz :— the production of a picture in its true sense. Apart from the objeet for which the picture is produced, whether for the mere gratification of looking at a pleasant scene, or for the higher aim of teaching some fact by the easiest and at the same time most pleasing of all methods of learning—by means of the visual organs—it necessitates for its students a knowledge even if only a slight one of the wonderful powers he uses in producing his pictures. I think no person can study photo- graphy for any length of time without gaining some knowledge of chemical action and the laws of light, from which would naturally grow a desire to peer deeper into the mysteries of nature’s laws. The advance of photography into everyday life, and its close connection with book illustration and newspaper work, architecture reproduction of plans, drafting and machinery, etc., all serve to show its value as a handmaiden to the arts and success. The G. C. A. P. A. itself has indeed proved its usefulness by bringing to a successful issue one of the largest exhibitions of photographic art ever held in Austra- lasia, while the Congress held in conjunction with it was actually the first. The papers and lectures given by gentlemen holding a high position in the world of science and art cannot fail to produce a more thoughtful and earnest endeavour to attain evena higher standard of excellence than already shown. ‘The remarks of the judges appearing above their signatures cannot ESTABLISHED 1877. ALBERT COFFEE PALACE, Corner of Yarra Street and Market Square, GEELONG. CLOSE TO BATHS, RAILWAY, SHIPPING AND GARDENS. INSTRUCTOR ESTIMATES GIVEN FOR EVERY BARPENTRY & JOINERY CLASS, —~or DESCRIPTION OF JOINERS’ GORDON TECH. COLL. WORK. 4. YY. Fingate, —- Builder and Contractor, W Bee St. Gre TONG, Wy eae J. J. TRAIT, Wine & Spirit Merchant, AERATED WATERS anp CORDIAL MANUFACTURER, Fine stock ot @MALOP ST., GEELONG. New Season’s i es 8 «_TEAS. | Peeing We MKXX Hop Beer guaranteed A SPECIALITY. highest... a a a quality. ANALYSED AND RECOMMENDED BY G. F. LINK, ESQ. DICKINS & SONS, Nos. 89 TO 938, MERCER ST., GEELONG. Tubular and other descriptions of Iron Gates for Carriage Entrances, Stations, Gardens, and Farm Purposes. Wrought and Cast Iron Railings of various designs for Building. D. & Sons have on hand a very large assortment of Wrought and Cast Iron Enclosures for Graves. Estimates for Bridge Work and General Contracting. SMITHS’ WORK IN GENERAL. Makers of Shaw’s Patent Self Opening Gate and Post Lifters. ee THE WOMBAT. Wl but be extremely gratifying to the Society as a whole, and it ° must also be a matter of pride that to its members belongs the credit of initiating the work of a Photographic Congress in the Colony. As a social body, it has advantages peculiarly its own: while the harmony and kindly feeling that prevail, together with the exchange of thought between its members, must improve the mind, and tend to raise the tone of all connected with it. Last but not least there is that bond invisible, but strong, which knits it to kindred societies in other lands, and which is surely one of the small factors of that great power which will some day unite the whole world in one great brotherhood. COUNTING TIME: By Tom Quitt. 1 HAVE seen so many methods of counting time for a photo- graphic exposure, that I hardly know which to recommend. Many are good, and some are really remarkable, so perhaps I had better describe a few and let you make your choice. Some of them you may have seen. For instance, you have doubtless all seen the operator who removes the cap, and with it slowly describes imaginary cart wheels in the air, each circle representing a second of time. He then replaces the cap with the air of one who has achieved a brilliant success which no doubt he has. It is really a great idea, but rathem® distracting to children when he is taking a family group, and sometimes upsets the gravity of an adult. ‘There is also the man who alters his mind regarding the time of exposure. If you are standing by, he will probably try and get your opinion. ‘ Let’s see,” he will say, ‘it’s a bit dull and late, about five seconds ought to do, eh? what do you think”; you reply that it ought to be about right, not what you really think so, but éveryone is a bit hazy about exposure. By the time the slide is in he has altered his mind, and reckons he WW. BOX & SON, General Ironmongers, Tinsmiths & Ironworkers, MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG, Ea CHEAPEST HOUSE IN THE TOWN: Galvanized Iron Tanks a speciality, any size, made on the premises. . ‘3J90199 TOJSUBME puL YEqezZI[y UsaMJoq ‘QUINOCIOW “499u1S SUIIIOD 912917 O2Z% ‘suaquodlu| pue susunoesnueyW =2°OD 8 TIWINS "“M “cS APELERPISE LETTE OTE ELLE POSES TEE PEE TE OSES PSOE TEE TO POPE TRE BET ETEETEPET \ ‘sostulerd 944 uo “2 ‘Suranolop SNOOY DNIDNVHO _ oncwatty doe SITOOU MUVG ‘SOSTUIOIG OY} UO SIsT}IW poousliedxe Aq sutyonojoy puv AYydeaZojoyg ul uoMONAsUT 4 ‘SHOIM +b ‘YSSNAQNOO ‘Nib OVaivi ‘AOART 8,1n}e HAUL GNV —SS sl7s .synz.hnk ‘S7G/7S | ONY SNYFLNVT ( Laie Jy ‘smoinddy Ope (al aiydoshojol ‘SHYOLS DIHdVADOLOHd TWALNAD THE WOMBAT. g had better give another second, to which you agree. He takes the cap off, rapidly counts toseven, and replacesthe cap. He informs you that after he uncapped he thought he would give the seven seconds to make sure, but thinks he made a mistake after all and wishes he had stuck to five. In truth, he has given about four seconds. I should not recommend you to seek his advice when about to expose. Then there is the friend who has learned how many he can count in a single second, and recommends you to do the same, and says he will show you what it is like. He fills himself with wind and suddenly starts offat you sputtering his figures out at an incredible rate, gets red in the face, gasps for breath and glares at you, waves his arms, and reeling off to about fifty- seven, suddenly stops counting and triumphantly informs you that he has counted exactly nine seconds better than any clock could have done. You are too bewildered to dispute his statement, and have no time to work out his arithmetic. Then there is the happy-go-lucky photographer. He is not very particular about anything, and the number of seconds constituting an exposure is a matter of great indifference. If his camera falls over during an exposure he remains un- ruffled, and caimly picking it up again planks it down as near the old position as possibie, and serenely finishes the exposure, quite content with whatever occurs. I like such men for companions, they vary the monotony of a tiring walk. I went to see a photographic friend the other day; his wife let me in, and informed me that he was messing about as usual somewhere upstairs. I suddenly became conscious of a most terrific pounding at regular intervais. Thump! thump! thump! for about twenty times, and then a pause. The whole place vibrated with the concussion. I found my way upstairs, and when just outside his door it recommenced. I entered, and saw my friend with the cap in his hand, thump- ing seconds with his foot on the floor. The place was ina quiver. ‘‘One, two, Hullo old man—three, four, five,—come right in |—six, seven, eight, nine,—How are you !—ten eleven , twelve,—just doing some copying !—thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen,—lI’ll be through in a minute, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty,—and that does the trick. Am giving twenty , Ss. R. J. MAWSON, SURGICAL & MECHANICAL DENTIST, 201, MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. Laughing Gas, &e., administered. Teeth extracted, 2/6. | ARTIFICIAL JTEETH REDUCED TO MEET THE TIMES. Lo { X igo) THE WOMBAT. seconds you see.”” The earthquake gradually ceased as the ponderous pounding came toanend. I remarked that there was no doubt about the twenty seconds anda good many more that slipped in uninvited during his greetings. Whether it would be sharp was a horse of another colour. Another acquaintance invented a sort of clock, that on pressing a spring struck off the seconds on a gong concealed in its internalorganism. It was thrilling to listen to. When he took the cap off he would touch a spring, and away she would go like a bell calling you to morning church, or a fog bell on a steamer. Sometimes through forgetfulness he would start the spring off without setting it to the proper number of seconds, and as he always waited till she stopped before replacing the cap, he would stand by with the gong in one hand and the cap in the other, while she reeled off an exposure long enough to take the inside of a church organ. He says that he is going to improve it, so that it will do the capping as well, and then take out a patent for it. I sincerely trust that one of the above methods of counting time will meet the requirements of all earnest photographers, and if they do not suit you it must be because you are indeed difficult to please. In any case, | shall be glad to answer any inquiries on the subject. VICTORIAN. MACROPODID-. D. Le Souer. GREAT GREY KANGAROO. (Macropus giganteus). Kancaroos are found all. over Australia, the Great Grey Kangaroo being by far the most widely distributed. It is a difficult thing now in Victoria to study them in their wild state, as so very few are left, and it is only by watching those in captivity that their habits can be learnt. In days gone by they often used to be found in large numbers, but now rarely 4 more than a dozen are seen together, and not often that. They frequent thickly timbered country. The males may R. LAWRY & SON, GENERAL PRODUCE MERCHANTS, RYARIE STREET, GEELONG, VICTORIA, Exporters of all Farm and Dairy Produce to all Australian Ports. TELEPHONE No, 99. <> .°. -€e PRESSED HAY AND CHAFF ALWAYS ON HAND. THE WOMBAT. II often be noticed fighting: they stand right up on almost the tip of their hind feet and tail, and leaning back with the full weight on the tail, they kick forward with their hind feet, generally striking their opponent on the belly, and also claw- ing at one another with their fore feet, but they seldom get injured. During the fight they utter a hoarse kind of sound, something like a harsh cough, but at other times are mostly silent. The males are darker in color than the females, and grow to a larger size, some measuring nine feet from tip to tip, and weighing as much as 230 lbs. Old males are often called ‘foresters,’ or ‘“‘ old man kangaroos,” and they do not travel far when chased, but soon bail up, standing up as in the attitude of fighting. The females and young males are very fleet, and can jump over obstacles of a considerable height, and have been known to cover a space of 25 feet in one spring. When the females have good-sized young, or joeys in their pouch, and are hard pressed, they throw the young ones out so as to give themselves greater freedom. When feeding, their tails rest on the ground, and they use it to help themselves along by resting their weight on it as they move their feet forward together, but when they hop, they lean their bodies well forward, and use their tails as a balance only, and do not touch the ground with it, although the popular belief is to the contrary. Before this country was inhabited by Europeans, these animals were kept in check by natives and dingoés, but as these disappeared, the kangaroos rapidly increased, and were in such numbers in many places that battues had to be organised to lessen ther number, when many hundreds were killed in a single drive, and J heard of two men in the Western District who shot 12,000 in one year. Poison and other means were used to destroy them, until now very few are left in Victoria. RED KANGAROO. (Macropus rufus). This Kangaroo is only found in the north and north- ‘western portion of Victoria, but is now rare. The males grow to a large size, and are of a bright red colour, whereas R. C. HOCKING, Clerical, Livery & Ladies’ Tailor. PRICES MODERATE. bea 39, MALOP STREET, GEELONG, (Opposite Bank of Victoria.) I2 THE WOMBAT. the females are a bluish grey, and the sexes are in conse- quence easily distinguished at a distance. These animals are generally found on the plains or lightly timbered country, remaining in the shelter of the timber during the day, and feeding in the open country towards evening. Their fur is short and very soft. They have most of the habits of the great grey kangaroo, but are much more local, and do not spread over:the same extent of country. Albinoes of this kind are occasionally seen, and one white female in the Melbourne Zoological Gardens had an albinoe young one for three years in succession, the male being red. BLACK-FACED KANGAROO. (Macropus giganteus, var. meianops). This animal is only found in the mallee or its immediate neighbourhood, and is popularly called the Mallee Kangaroo. It is dark brown in color, and smaller than the Great Grey Kangaroo, but its habits are almost similar. It is generally found in thickly timbered country, and was formerly very numerous. BEAGK eA ED, \V eww. (Macropus walabatus, var. typicus). This Wallaby is generally found in the densely timbered country towards the coast, and is very plentiful in many places. Its color is dark brown, but some specimens have a more rufous tint than others. In hot weather they are fond of going into the water, and during the day remain in the thickest scrub, coming out into the clearings at night to feed. They have a keen scent, but can be approached very close on moonlight nights if the wind is favourable. RED-NECKED ‘WALLABY. (Macropus ruficollis, var. typicus). This animal is slightly larger than the Black-tailed Wallaby, but is lighter in build. It is found in lightly timbered or scrubby country, and generally more inland than the former species. Its color is grey, with reddish color on the upper part of the back, shoulders, neck, and rump, its ears being black. ROBT. R. STANESBY, “kc ‘ PLAIN & FANCY MOUNT CUTTER. Photographs # Drawings Fertiotically Mounted. YARRA STREET, THE WOMBAT. 13 PADEMELON WALLABY. (Macropus thetidis). This little Wallaby is very plentiful, and is only found in scrubby country, generally near the coast. Its color is dark. brown, with the shoulders and neck reddish, and the hair on the tail scanty. It is very active dodging in and out of thick vegetation, through which they generally have well-worn tracks. Their fur is long and soft. RUFOUS-BELLIED WALLABY. (Macropus villardieri). This animal is slightly larger than the foregoing species, and is of a dark brown color, with a little red on the upper part of the chest. It also inhabits scrubby or densely timbered country, and is very numerous throughout Gippsland and the Otway forests. They are very shy, and are seldom seen in the open, only coming out at night, and are often seen in company with the Black-tailed Wallaby in the deep fern- tree gullies that abound in the districts mentioned. Their tail is short and thick. DiVUSr Al ED) ROCK WALT ABBY: (Petrogale penicillata). This Wallaby is very similar in size to the Black-tailed Wallaby, but is little lighter in color, and has a white mark along each cheek. It is very local, and is found on the rocky ranges near the coast, and occasionally on the Islands near the coast. Its agility and sure-footedness in going at full speed along precipitous paths is wonderful. They can jump a considerable distance from rock to rock, and they go where dogs hesitate to follow them. They have a long bushy tail. Practica Gituie Frame Noalver, GILDER & PLUSH WORKER. ( X{ ORDERS BY POST PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. Opposite Wesleyan Church. TA THE WOMBAT. BRIDLED WALLABY. (Onychogale frenata). This beautiful little animal is found in the north-western portion of the colony. It is sometimes called the Nail-tailed Kangaroo, on account of the horny point at the end of its tail. Its color is light grey, and it has a white shoulder stripe, which. makes it easy to recognise. Its fur is very soft and thick. When hopping along it holds its fore paws straight out in front of it, which gives the animal a peculiar appearance. Like all other wallabys they are easily tamed, and make gentle pets. BRUSH-TAILED RAT-KANGAROO. (Bettongia penicillata). This Rat-Kangaroo is very plentiful in most parts of ‘Victoria. Its color is light greyish brown. During the day they lay coiled up in their nests, which they form by first scraping a shallow hollow in the ground, either in the open or alongside a log or bush. They then make a fair-sized domed nest of grass, very similar to that of the ring-tailed opossum, _ the ‘top of “which is very little above the level)/oi, the ‘surrounding soil. ‘The grass is carried to the nest with the tail, which is prehensile, and the structure might easily escape observation in grassy country. It serves to hide them from birds of prey, but dingoes are enabled to scent them out and pounce on them while in the nest. COMMON RAT-KANGAROO. (Potovous tridactylus). These little animals are much darker in color than the Bettongs, and their tails are not prehensile. They also have a longer and sharper nose, which helps them in getting their food, such as roots, fungus, &«. They are found in damp, scrubby country and. often live in hollow logs. They are very active, and seldom seen, being nocturnal, like almost all other Australian animals. (Names according to British Museum Catalogue). ror FOOTBALLS anp au _ —Zéz Sporting Requisites, (EX @ es oO) irs. BROWNLOW’S SPORTS DEPOT, ‘ MALOP STREET, ° (uext H. Franks’.) THE WOMBAT. 15 SOME NATIVE (VICTORIAN) WOODS. SIDNEY JOHNSON, STATE SCHOOL, PORTLAND. I propose in this short paper to direct the attention of turners, wood carvers, and others interested in wood work, toa few of our colonial woods suitable for ornamental work. For those who, like myself, have a mania for lathe work, there is a gocd number of native woods, for the most part easily obtainable, which would amply repay the trouble of getting them. Being an appropriator of inconsiderable trifles, when- ever I am ina fresh locality I keep my eyes open for the acquisition of fresh specimens, and as the shrubs which furnish them are mostly of small growth, a tomahawk, plus a little -muscular Christianity, soon furnishes me with a supply. But now comes the difficulty. These small, more or less round specimens show a surprising spirit of unanimity in their readi- ness to crack; and it is truly exasperating to find, on examining your collection a week or two after gathering, that, for the most part they are useless. This may be remedied in two ways, each of which has certain disadvantages connected with it. First: as soon as you reach home with your speci- mens, saw the ends square, and at once glue them, either using glue alone, or else gluing a piece of brown paper to: them. Probably a coat or two of paint would effect the same purpose, as the object is to exclude the air, and so prevent f too rapid shrinkage. Then stack in cool shed with good ventilation. As the time of seasoning varies from 6 months to a couple of years, according to diameter of the wood, this method is rather trying to one’s patience. The foregoing remarks apply to the small dimensions say from 14 to 4-5 inches. With larger specimens I find it, better to get my log at once to the mill, and have it sawn into planks of a suitable thickness; or else have the log quartered. Then stack as before. i H. THACKER, * Printer, Lithographer, Bookbinder and Paper Ruler, &c..,, RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. i All Orders receive prompt attention, combined with cheapness. Pe : ore 16 THE WOMBAT. A second method is practised by the professional wood turners in England when time is an object. The green speci- mens sawn into short lengths are placed.in a boiler of cold water into which a handful of wood ashes has been stirred. The whole is then boiled, say, for an hour, and then allowed to cool. When quite cold, but not before, the pieces of wood are taken out, and dried and stacked under cover. If this is properly carried out, the wood when dry will be found ready | for use. Of the woods suitable for ornamental and turning purposes I may mention the following :—(1) Murray Pine; (2) Myall; (3) Quandong; (4) Beech; (5) Pittosporum; (6) Musk; (7) Blackwood; (8) Sheoak; (9g) Wattle; (10) Honeysuckle ; (11) Red Gum; (12) Bursaria; (13) Hakea; (14) Pomaderris; *(15) Callestemon salignus; (16) Eucalyptus melliodora. (1) Murray Pine (Frenela verrucosa). Cabinet work turnery. Panels. Very pretty in figure and grain. (2) Myall (Acacia homalophylla). Sweet violet scented. Turnery; stock-whip handles; pipes; Heartwood very dark. (3) Quandong (Santalum Acuminatum). Wood yellow- ish, rather soft, close grain. Suitable for carving. Engraving. (4) Beech (Fagus cunningham). Wood reddish, often beautifully marked. Cabinet work; panels; carving; turns and screws well. (5) (Pittosporum undulatum). Wood yellowish white, very hard, often with pretty grain, very tough. Turnery. Engraving. (6) Musk (Aster argophyllus). Wood reddish, speckled, very hard; Polishes well: used as veneer; turns well. (7) Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon). Well known to cabinet makers. A variety of this found in Gippsland, and known as ‘‘ Fiddleback,” is perhaps our most handsome wood. The grain requires a lot of filling in polishing, but amply repays for the trouble. | J. HAMMERTON & SON, Jewellers, Engravers, Designers GOLD AND SILVER MEDALS AWARDED FOR JEWELLERY. WHOLESALE AND RETATL. OF GOLD, SILVE THE WOMBAT. wii (8) Sheoak (Casuarina). Small panels; tool handles ; fishing rods (in joints); flexible; tough. (9) Wattle (Acacia). Any of the varieties make tough andle; screws fairly well. (10) Honeysuckle (Banksia marginata). For tool handles that have to stand end blows, as the wood bruises in. (11) Red Gum (£u. Rostrata). Well known. Some of the curly specimens of grain are very handsome, and furnish small articles of turnery. Very fair tobacco pipes. (12) (Bursaria spinosa). Grows along creeks ; shrubby ; 4-5in.dm. Very close in grain; cuts cheesy; very suitable for small boxes with ornamented cover. Carves well. One of the best woods for turning. Engraving blocks. Wood whitish with handsome figure. (13) (Hakea). = be<6d__—_. BUGGY HARNESS, FROM £4 10s. RIDING SADDLES COMPLETE, FROM 38s. THE LARGEST, BEST & CHEAPEST STOCK IN AUSTRALIA OF Photographic AD PaaS Microscopes, Optical Lanterns and Slides, © Mathematical and Surveying Instruments, AND ALL WwW Optical Goods, Is HELD BY W. WATSON & SONS, 783 Swanston Street, Melbourne. LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION. W. SUMMERFIGCLD JONES (LaTE FRANKS’) HIOLDS THE LARGEST STOCK OF * DMNUDSIC ae BOTH IN BOOK AND SHEET FORM IN GEELONG, Orders forwarded to Melbourne daily, and City prices charged. His Stock of General Fancy Goods, including Plated and Glass Ware Ornaments, Albums, Purses,“*Pocket Books, and other Articles suitable for Wedding and Birthday Presents. Ss —~_—!— HAVE Wouvu i i A REMINGTON TYPEWRITER? If you answer, ‘‘ Yes, I have one,” we ask HAVE WOU A DUPLICATOR? If you answer, “No, I have not,” we tell you that RLLAM’S DUPLICATOR makes your Typewriter 50 per cent. more valuable in your office. Youcan type a document, and in afew hours get ONE THOUSAND copies. As a busy individual can you reasonably say this is of no value io you ? If you answer, 1 HAVE NOT GOT A TYPEWRITER! We say that although it isa pity, yet WE HAVE PEN DUPLICATORS, By means of which a document copied in ordinary handwriting can be reproduced 2090 times in a few hours, and by your office boy. Come and make enquiries from the Sole Agents. STOTT & HOARE, Sole Importers of the Remington Typewriter, 426 COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE. And at 42 CASTLEREAGH STREET (Opposite “The Australia”), Sydney. THE WOMBAT. ; 27 Catalogue of Australian re Balan Parts 1 to 7 2 Abstract of peace Jan. to Dec, 1892 - =a - Mar. to Nov., 1893 - - ” 1894 i i Mar. and April, 1895 - - ‘‘ Two New Australian Lucandiae” - Miscellanea Pomerat) Nos. 1, 2A eS - a a ee ee Te ae ee of Eyes of Deep Se Fishes ” - dine ‘* Ophidians from King’s Sound, N. W. Linnean Society Aust.,”” Proc. 25/2/85 - i “ Remarkable Fee from Lord Howe of N.S.W. Is. > * Plagiostomat of the Paine i Bart Ti) - - - - “« Insects from Cairns District, N.Q.” - “‘ Revision of Genus Lamprina”’ - “Notes on E nopeatt® Coens ) (King’s Sd.”’) i jneects jot King’s Sd.”, Nos.'1, 2, a ‘Census of Australian Snakes ” A number of parts of Proceedings - } 13th Annual Report, St. Paul Public Library Miho Sec. Rept. Trustees Australian Museum for ’94 ibheySec: Koes Koy.) 50C.,,©).,-Vol.. XI, Part, I The Sec. Proc. Zool. & Accl. Soc,. 73, 75 & 78 ) ya Rpts. of ;, i 65-8, 85 & 88-93 | The Librarian. Geelong Grammar School Quarterly, Vol. XIX, No. 2 The Editor. Trans. Roy. Soc., S.A., Vol. XIX, Part 1 The Sec. Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sc., Vol. XIII ) The Smithsonian Inst., Smithsonian Rpts., 92 & 93 per Public Library, Mel. Prospectus, New York Trade School Whe.Sec. Rept. Columbia College, N.Y., for 94 (he Sec. Annual Statement Sheffield Scientific School, Yale Univ., for 93-94 - - - - The Sec. FF. MONTEATH, en x and + Pholoqraphee, RYRIE SEREEA, GEELONG. v & v vies Nah p ARNOLD’S Balsam ot Horehound \ For COUGHS, COLDS. CROUP AND N BRONCHITIS. | OU CAN QUICKLY CURE A COUGH, Overcome an attack of Bronchitis, strengthen a weak chest, or remove hoarseness with Arnold’s Balsam of Horehound. OU CAN CURE YOUR LITTLE ONE’S HACKING COUGH, Caught from exposure, and thus prevent the seeds of Consumption being sown. Keep it in house against Croup. io CAN GIVE A DOSE TO THE AGED AND INFIRM, and ensure them repose at night and ease during the day. you CAN STRENGTHEN YOUR VOCAL ORGANS and Chest by taking a dose before speaking and immediately after. This will prevent any feeling of weariness. you CAN QUICKLY CURE INFLUENZA. Russell-street Police Barracks, 27th September, 1893. Dear Sir,—I wish to thank you for the excellent results I have obtained from Arnold’s Balsam of Horehound. It is the only thing I have found to cure the cough resulting from a severe attack of Influenza. WILLIAM PERKINS, Constable 2156. vee can get it from Chemists, Stores, and Dealers, or from the proprietor, JAMES BRINSMEAD, Chemist, St. Kilda. removes Hairs from Arms, Face, DYMOL Neck, without injury. 3/6., by post, 3/9. f JAMES BRINSMEAD, Chemist, St. Kilda. BRINSMEAD’S Handy Tonic quickly cures. Instructions on label. By its use Egg Production is greatly increased, IN and the birds kept strong. The Handy Tonic contains the ingredients necessary to health which Poultry and other birds find of themselves when at liberty. Within a limited FOWLS. area the supply soon becomes evbanated: therefore the wise breeder, to keep his-yards in perfect health, will use the. Handy Tonic. After being given a short time the Comb and Wattles become a bright red, whilst a beautiful metallic sheen appears upon harkle and wings: these are signs of health. Turkeys, Ducks, Geese, and Song Birds greatly benefit by its use. Sold by Grocers, Storekeepers, Chemists. Agents wanted for Geelong & District. A SAAMI aE i ed —— Oo 6 GOLD, SIiLvVvE THE WOMBAT. 49 this latter process invited swarms of all sorts and conditions of people to the practice of it. Its easy method could be mastered by anyone. Clumsy ignorance, coarse impecunious- ness, rushed to it, as if it were a mine of gold. It lived its day of prosperity, and then passed away before the various paper processes that began to find favor. Ofthese the ‘‘carte de visite” was highly remunerative for sometime. At the introduction of these paper pictures an artistic taste began to assert itself. An artist here and there drifting unrecognised on the tracks of fate had the acuteness to see this new business lying like an Eldorado before him, and he stepped in among the intensely ignorant, who were the bulk of those who just found its riches. This addition of artistic operators soon began to raise the standard of work in photography in the large towns. Unfortunately some of the prosperous began to employ inferior artists to work for them, and this, though it did not impede the progress of the profession on the whole, was at the same time a very ungracious characteristic, which is only too prevalent now. ‘The artists who took pride in doing their own work have almost fallen out of sight. As photographers increased in number, and photography found public favour, so miniature painting died out, Sir William Ross being among the last who made it a success. The painter’s room had held a charm of its own hitherto. It seemed asif poetry, elegance, beauty, radiated an influence from every corner, all qualified by the Bohemian charm of the owner. ‘The photographer in his glass house took possession of the people. A tale is told of two gentlemen who were walking through a photographer’s waiting room into the operating room to speak to the photographer; one gentleman was smoking; an assistant stopped them and said, ‘‘Gentlemen, you must not smoke, this is no common hartist’s studio remember!” The intruders retreated hastily. One was an architect, and the other an artist of great repute at that time. What is Fine Art? A trustworthy person once said, ‘‘ Fine Art is the work of the head, the heart, and the hands.” Does the photograph employ all these in its production? It must do before it can be classed among the fine arts. When the light artist works, he places a sitter in a glass house, and having arranged him or her hastily beside various accessories, ticians, and Lapidaries, LITTLE RYRIE ST. GEELONG. bhies, Badges, Gold & Silver Jewellery in stock, or made to order. TD STONES §IN ROUGH BovGuHuT. hi 50 THE WOMBAT. he takes the cap off a camera that is already filled with a sensitive plate. For some few throbbing seconds the sitter keeps as nearly steady as possible while the light of the form strikes itself on the sensitive film. The operator puts on the cap at such time as his judgment decides. ‘The plate is handed to an assistant who develops it, itis then passed on to a re-toucher. Then a printer places sensitive paper beneath it to receive an impression. This again is toned and fixed, ‘spotted,’ and sent to the client—surely all this is the work of the hand only. Great attention must be paid to, the arrangement of the sitter and accessories, and it is here we note that the photographer must be an artist before such pictures can be produced that we hope to see in the future. The lens is master of the situation, it cannot be used as a brush or knife to carry out an idea or correct a fault. A movement of the eyelid, a jerk of the little finger are remorselessly commented upon and turned into utter nonsense by the lens, and it is powerless to remedy them or atone for them at all. The whole ordeal must be gone through again. Though I maintain that the photographer while photographing can never bring into play the qualities necessary for the painter or draughtsman, yet 1 would strongly advise every taker of portraits by this method being an artist. It is in grouped humanity the photograph fails most signally. Either the attempt to arrange the figures artistically is feeble, or the frank ignorance displayed when they are ordered like ninepins, is revolting. The photographer can gain and apply knowledge akin to the painter’s, in arranging and bringing together the materials of his subject. The more of the artist he is, the more he will see the necessity for coun- teracting the known defects of the lens. I know of a very successful photographer who makes charcoal drawings of the possible arrangements that might be carried out where half-a- dozen people or more are to be represented together; with that before him the result is usually successful, for his mind is free to attend to the mere mechanical considerations, he having his sitters arranged nearly as they had been designed EEE JOHN BUCHANAN, Sail, Tent, Tilt, and Tarpaulin Maker, WMOORABOOL ST., GHELONG. THE OLD SHOP. THE WOMBAT. 51 in the cartoon. Another artistic photographer I can think of whose portraits tell like original drawings of the best class, such is their unfaltering depth and breadth of effect. They are simple, too, owing doubtless to the backgrounds, which are designed and painted by himself. He works in an old- fashioned painstaking way, but it is a way that can never go out of fashion, for the best portrait painters of the best periods have worked in it. He attributes his success to his training as a painter. On the whole photography has a great future beforeit. Art in photography is only just beginning to assert itself. Ifthe public would only show favour for the beautiful, it would become more and more apparent and widespread. Though photography can never take the place of painting it can aid the painter in many ways, and will ever, by its rapidity and truth, be essential to the comfort and pleasure of life. COCOURE DD: PKANSPAKENCIES: By H. Crisp. THE following directions for the production of transparencies (either for lantern slides or otherwise) ranging in colour from a cold black to a rich deep red, at a minimum of expense and trouble, will, I am sure, be of interest and perhaps profit to many amateurs who, like myself, have grown tired of the same unvarying tone, which is considered the correct thing by nine out of every ten lantern slide makers. Even with commercial plates a great variation of colour may be obtained with suitable exposure and development, but none that I have experimented with work so well and give such striking and beautiful results as plates prepared as follows. Presuming that the reader has never attempted plate making, let me just say that if strict cleanliness is observed and ordinary care taken in following the directions given, failure should be impossible. Ma? 23 WON, LEATHER MERCHANT & IMPORTER OF GRINDERY, 7 (<= RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. = CASH Purchaser in any quantity of Rabbit and Opossum Skins, Hides, Calfskins, Sheepskins, Horsehair, Beeswax, Tallow, and Wattle-bark. Highest Cash Prices given. 52 THE WOMBAT. The formula for emulsion is one recommended by Professor Spencer B. Newbury, of Ithaca, N.Y. :—Nelson’s No.1 gel- atine, 123 grains; distilled water, 10 ounces; allow this to soak for half-an-hour, and then dissolve by placing the vessel containing it in hot water, only heating sufficiently to just render the gelatine fluid—When such is the case add 1 drachm of a solution of hydrochloric acid (made by adding one part of acid to 100 of distilled water), and pour the acidified solution into a large stone or opaque bottle. In the dark room add 500 grains of nitrate of silver, preferably in large crystals, and agitate till dissolved, then add 386 grains of potassium bromide (also in crystals) a little at a time, and shaking well between each addition till the whole is dissolved. 154 grains Heinrich’s hard emulsion gelatine are then well soaked in distilled water, drained from excess and melted at alow temperature. Into this pour the emulsion from the bottle (in the dark room of course, as the mixture is now sensitive to white light) and thoroughly mix. The emulsion must now be allowed to set to a jelly, the simplest way being to pour it into a large clean basin, tie a covering over the top to keep out the light and allow it to stand all night—when set it is forced through a piece of coarse embroidery cloth, or canvas, by placing the lump of emulsion in the centre of the canvas, gathering up the four corners in one hand and twisting the lump with the other hand till it is forced through in shreds. These shreds are then washed for a couple of hours in frequent changes of water, an easy plan being to use a small hair sieve to hold the shreds, and to stir occasion- ally while the tap water is running through. 154 grains more of the hard gelatine are now soaked and melted, and the emulsion which has been allowed to thoroughly drain is added, J. S BAYLEY, FISHMONGER AND POULTERER, DS UNG tS oA Hl EW Syl ly el dan oe FAMILIES WAITED ON. Te OYSTERS A SPECIALTY. THE WOMBAT. 53 and the whole melted and well mixed at a temperature of about 120° F. One and one-third ounces of absolute alcohol is then added in a fine stream, stirring constantly in the mean- time, and the batch made up to 20 ounces (if not that already) ‘by the addition of distilled water. It is then again allowed to set, a convenient vessel for this purpose being a clean jug, and in this condition may be kept ‘some days before using. It must be particularly noted that all the operations, after adding the nitrate of silver, must be carried on in a non-active light, and care must be taken when storing to tie up securely, ‘otherwise fogged plates will result. The glass to be coated is well cleaned by soaking first in a ‘strong soda solution, then well washing and rubbing under the tap, then soaking again in an acid bath, again scrubbing under the tap, and then placing in racks to dry in a spot free from dust. When ready to coat, heat a sufficient quantity of the emul- sion, filter into a small teapot, have the glass warm so as to ensure the regular flow of the solution, and pour on enough to allow of a small quantity being poured off again at each of the four corners; the proper amount to leave on cannot be well explained ; experience will teach the operator, suffice it to say, that a thick coating is not necessary. When the glass as evenly covered place it on a cold slab of glass or marble accurately levelled, and by the time three or four plates are so treated the first will have set sufficiently to be taken up and placed in a rack in the drying box, where it should be ‘dry and ready for removal in 24 hours. x, (From London, and late with 7. jer BRATLE McBean & Son, Melbourne.) Practical Chronometer, Watch & Clock Maker, Jeweller, Optician. and Silversmith, 467, Mooraboo!l St., S. Geelong, near Barwon Bridge. Watch Work a specialty. All kinds of Horological Work done on the Premises. A Twelve Months guarantee given for all Watch and Clock Work. 54 THE WOMBAT. The above may seem a very complicated series of oper- ations, but although so much explanation is needed, the process once mastered is very simple, and the time actually occupied very short. The quantity of emulsion mentioned: will be sufficient to coat about 20 dozen lantern plates, and the cost of chemicals will not exceed five shillings. (To be continued.) THE USE OF THEY GAMERA GAN NATURAL HISTORY WORK-* A most interesting lecture was delivered on Tuesday evening, 3rd inst., by Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S., upon “The Migration of Birds,” at the Westbourne Park Institute, London. The lantern slides shown were of first quality, judiciously coloured by J. G. Keulemans, who has gained a reputation for being the first natural history artist of the day. Dr. Sharpe, as an Beata on birds and bird-life, gave much interesting information, as might be expected, for after twenty-five years’ experience in many parts of the world, he should be able to speak with authority, but what is more interesting to photographers is the use of the camera in * From “ Photography,” December 12th, 1895. WY". ) oA SNON] da oA CABINET MAKER, Y.M.C.A. Buildings, Ryrie Street, Geelong, (opposite Post Office.) Furniture made to any Design. Pictures Framed in any Style. Venetian Blinds made to Order. THE WOMBAT, 55 pursuing the fascinating study of ornithology. The lecturer’s remarks upon birds’ nests were illustrated by photographs taken on the spot, often under conditions of extreme difficulty, showing peculiarities of structure hitherto unknown. How- ever much the woodcuts of Bewick or the drawings of Joseph Wolf may be admired, there can be no doubt that the witness of the camera comes first in order of authenticity; and if in science the first thing we look for is truth, the man who, often: at the hazard of his life, secures absolutely true evidence, is he who deserves the chief praise. An account was given of the Messrs. Kearton, ardent photographic ornithologists, who for the last few years have travelled over the British Islands, to find specimens and to photograph them in sztu. One particular instance referred to was that of the solan goose, which was obtained at about four o’clock in the morning on Ailsa Craig, and so early in the season that the birds had not settled down seriously to the business of incubation; this photograph was of especial interest and value on account of the adventures encountered on that beetling crag. In getting down to the edge of the cliff, the photographer placed too much dependence upon the stability of a large slab of rock, which treacherously commenced to slip down the steep hillside at a great pace directly it received his additional weight. He narrowly Pe caeda to save himself and the camera from being shot over the tip of the precipice, and sustaining a fall of several hundred feet into the sea below. Five photo- graphs were taken ofa gannet sitting on her nest, each at closer range, and although she was ill at ease while all this was going on, by working deftly he was able to establish himself somewhat in her confidence, and got close enough to POTTER & EBERY, ‘croc 2 Are the Sole Agents for the celebrated SEAL Brand and other popular Teas, ere ee A le ag (eee 56 THE WOMBAT. obtain the picture forming the frontispiece of the book just issued by Messrs. Cassell & Co. This excellent work of these painstaking naturalists is. worth the attention of all interested in natural history, as it shows what can be done by the camera, work which is of the: utmost scientific value, and to which attention has not yet been fully given. The photographer encountered many difficulties. in his arduous undertaking, as when all was ready preparatory to moving the cap, as if by the malicious intervention of some: unkind fate, the screw affixing the camera to the tripod suddenly dropped out, and the apparatus toppled over sea- wards. It was well on its way to what the Americans describe as “everlasting smash,” when by a dexterous move- ment it was caught, and saved from destruction. By the aid. - of some strong feather shafts—the only materials available— the apparatus was fixed on again, and while ore photographer held on to the tripod, the other from a more secure footing held him by the coat-tails on to the crag, and in this way the exposures were obtained. Of course this adventure was. exceptional, but all photographers may imagine how often the best efforts are spoilt by reason of weather and accident to those who endeavour to work in such departments as that of natural history, and the patience and perseverance necessary do not fall to the lot of every photographer as must be possessed by such masters of the art as Messrs. Gambier Bolton and Sandland, whose natural history studies are beyond compare. The lecturer said much that will not easily be forgotten, while the splendid lantern slides shown to advantage by Messrs. Webster and Girling, of Upper Baker Street, were a complete success. THOS. PERRY & SON, Gunsmiths, Locksmiths & General Machinists. Scales & Weighing Machines Repaired & Adjusted. Metal Turning & Screw Cutting. RYRIE STREET EAST, GEELONG. THE WOMBAT. 57 SOME POINTS IN ‘CONNECTION .WITH TONING AND FIXING GELATINO- CHLORIDE+PRINTS.* Reap sy C. H. BoTHAMLEY BEFORE THE BRITISH PHOTOGRAPHIC CONVENTION. ‘THE object of this paper is to call attention to certain points in connection with toning and fixing, more especially witha view to a better understanding of the changes that take place in what is commonly known as the combined toning and fixing bath. It is sometimes urged that since good results can be obtained by the use of separate and successive toning and fixing baths, the combined bath should be avoided. Asa matter of fact, however, there is a somewhat widespread opinion in which J, for one, share, that a good combined bath giving results equally permanent with those obtained by the use of separate baths, would be a very great advantage. From a commercial point of view there would be much saving in the cost of production owing to the reduction in the number of washings and the labour in general, and from the amateur point of view the saving of time would probably lead to much more printing being done. The experiments described in this paper and illustrated by the examples exhibited are only to be regarded as of a preliminary character, although they lead to some definite conclusions. One of the oldest of toning processes is that in * “¢The Canadian Photographic Journal,’ November, 1895. ALEC LOWE, ddler, aa, 420, LITTLE MALOP STREET, GEELONG. BUGGY HARNESS, FROM £4 10s. ee ee RIDING SADDLES COMPLETE, FROM 38s. THE LARGEST, BEST & CHEAPEST STOCK IN AUSTRALIA OF Photographic Apparatus, Microscopes, Optical Lanterns and Slides, Mathematical and Surveying Instruments, AND ALL & Optical Goods, IS HELD BW W. WATSON & SONS, 18 Swanston Street, Melbourne.. LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION. W. SUMMERFIGCLD JONES (Late FRANKS’) HOLDS THE LARGEST STOCK OF ay, ge A BOTH IN BOOK AND SHEET FORM IN GEELONG, Orders forwarded to Melbourne daily, and City prices charged. His Stock of General Fancy Goods, including Plated and Glass. Ware Ornaments, Albums, Purses, Pocket Books, and other Articles suitable for Wedding and Birthday Presents. —_ u et HAVE Wow i A REMINGTON TYPEWRITER? If you answer, ‘‘ Yes, I have one,” we ask EHBAVE WOU A DVUPLYPLICATOR ? If you answer, “ No, I have not,” we tell you that BLLAM’S DUPLICATOR makes your Typewriter 50 per cent. more valuable in your office, You can type a document, and in afew hours get ONE GHOUSAND copies. As a busy individual can you reasonably say this is of no value to you? If you answer, 1 HAVE NOT GOT A TYPEWRITER! We say that although it is a pity, yet WE HAVE PEN DUPLICATORS, By means of which a document copied in ordinary handwriting can be reproduced 2000 times in a- few hours, and by your office boy. Come and make enquiries from the Sole Agents, STOTT & HOARE, Sole Importers of the Remington Typewriter, 426 COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE. And at 42 CASTLEREAGH STREET (Opposite “The Australia’), Sydney. THE WOMBAT. 59 which the print is immersed in an acidified solution of hypo. _ Acetic acid was generally used, but a similar result can be ‘obtained by the addition of alum solution. When a gelatino- chloride print is placed in either mixture, it is first fixed, and, if withdrawn at this stage and washed and dried, it has the well-known red-brown colour of a print fixed in a neutral bath. If, however, it has been allowed to remain in the liquid, it gradually would have acquired a colour that cannot be distinguished from the colour obtained by gold toning, although of course no gold has been deposited. It follows that the so-called ‘“‘sulphur toning” is subsequent to, and not simultaneous with fixing. Further, no difference was observed between the effect of a hypo. solution that had been acidified some time previously, and was very turbid with precipitated sulphur, and a hypo. solution that had only just been acidified and in which the precipitation of sulphur was only just beginning. The addition of a lead salt, usually in the form of acetate or nitrate, to the combined bath is often recommended, mainly on the ground that it exerts an influence on the molecular condition of the deposited gold, and yields prints of a more desirable colour than can be obtained if the lead salts are omitted. If a solution con- taining 20 parts of hypo. and one part of lead acetate per 100 is used, the prints are first fixed, and subsequently acquire a purplish colour indistinguishable from that obtained with a gold bath, or with acidified hypo. Similar results are obtained with lead nitrate in place of the acetate. Both solutions are quite neutral in reaction, and do not pre- cipitate sulphur, and hence although the resulting colour of the print is similar to that obtained with acidified hypo, it cannot be ascribed to the sulphur toning, and must be brought about in a different way. The chief point to be observed is, that in acidified hypo., or in hypo. containing a lead salt, a gelatino-chloride print may acquire a colour that cannot be distinguished from the colour obtained with gold. Now it is generally admitted that the probable permanence of a silver print is directly proportional to the quantity of gold that has been deposited on the image. It is conceivable that in a combined toning and fixing bath that contained or was supposed to contain gold, and also had been mixed with alum - or a lead salt or both together, the actual toning or colour- F. MONTEATH, Dhistink x anc Pheleqiaphec, RYRIE SPREET, |(GEELONG. & ARINOLD’S Balsam ot Horehound ( For COUGHS, COLDS, CROUP ano \f \ BRONCHITIS. 7 OU CAN QUICKLY CURE A COUGH, Overcome an attack of Bronchitis, strengthen a weak chest, or remove hoarseness with Arnold’s Balsam of Horehound. you CAN CURE YOUR LITTLE ONE’S HACKING COUGH, Caught from exposure, and thus prevent the seeds of Consumption being sown. Keep it in house against Cronp. vor CAN GIVE A DOSE TO THE AGED AND INFIRM, and ensure them repose at night and ease during the day. you CAN STRENGTHEN YOUR VOCAL ORGANS and Chest by taking a dose before speaking and immediately after. This. will prevent any feeling of weariness. Vee CAN QUICKLY CURE INFLUENZA. Russell-street Police Barracks, 27th September, 1893. Dear Sir,—I wish to thank you for the excellent results I have obtained from Ayrnold’s Balsam cf Horehound. It is the only thing I have found to cure the cough resulting from a severe attack of Influenza. WILLIAM PERKINS, Constable 2156. you can get it from Chemists, Stores, and Dealers, or from the proprietor, JAMES BRINSMEAD, Chemist, St. Kilda. removes Hairs from Arms, Face, DYMOL Neck, without injury. 3/6., by post, 3/9. JAMES BRINSMEAD, Chemist, St. Kilda. BRINSMEAD’S Handy Tonic quickly cures. Instructions: on label. By its use Egg Production is greatly increased, IN and the birds kept strong. The Handy Tonic contains the ingredients necessary to health which Poultry and eat birds find of themselves when at liberty. Within a limite Fe OWLS. area the supply soon becomes exhausted, therefore the wise breeder, to keep his yards in perfect health, will use the Handy Tonic. After being given a short time the Comb and Wattles become a bright red, whilst a beautiful metallic sheen appears upon harkle and wings: these are signs of health.. Turkeys, Ducks, Geese, and Song Birds greatly benefit by its use. Sold by Grocers, Storckeepers, Chemists. Agents wanted for Geelong & District. MANUFACTURER : JAS. BRINSIMEAD, English & Foreign Chemist. W ORES: 264-266 High St. and 2 & 4 Farmer St., St. Kilda. a THE WOMBAT. 61 change that took place might be due mainly if not entirely to the effect of the alum or lead salt in the manner just described, and not to the deposition of gold; in other words the print would seem to be gold-toned, whereas little or no gold was actually present. Examination shows that with acidified hypo., or hypo. mixed with alum, or neutral hypo containing a lead salt, the toned image contained a notable quantity of silver sulphide. The quantity, however, is not such as to indicate that the whole of the image has been converted into sulphide, nor as to make it permissible to attribute the change of colour to ‘‘ sulphurisation.”” The greater part of the image still consists of the silvered compounds as altered or reduced by light. It was observed by Just, and confirmed by Valenta, that the paper itself obstinately retains small quantities of lead from baths containing lead salts. Attention has recently also been drawn to the fact by Mr. Baldock at one of the London societies. The fact has been known for some time, and the attention of chemists was called to it several years ago by Mr. L. T. O’Shea. The specimens exhibited show very clearly that pure paper will take up lead from a one per cent solution of lead acetate with lead nitrate and retain it even after prolonged washing. It is also clear that, in the presence of hypo. (20 per cent.), the quantity of lead retained is much smaller, and that it is still further reduced by a second treatment with hypo. solution containing no lead. Even in ~ the latter case some lead is still retained, and the quantity is quite sufficient to cause discoloration of the paper in course of time. The general conclusion, therefore, is that the use of lead salts in a combined toning and fixing bath should be avoided becausé of the danger of the lead being retained by the paper in spite of thorough washing, and that the use of lead salts, of alum, or of an acid should be avoided because any of them will cause a print to acquire a colour indistinguishable from that produced by gold, even though no gold at all has been deposited. It is obvious that in this case the probable per- manence of the prints is much lower than if they were pro- perly toned with gold, and the observations described throw light upon some * previously puzzling cases of the fading of gelatino- chloride prints. FoR youR——— F e G e D E N T. Malop Street, meses DUSE, PHOTOGRAPHIC STOCK DEALERS, 260 Collins Street, Melbourne | AND AT SYDNEY, ADELAIDE, BRISBANE, HOBART. OUR VERY LARGE AND COMPLETE STOCK OF PHOTO MATERIAL AND OPTICAL LANTERN GOODS IS ALWAYS OPEN FOR INSPECTION. We have a splendid assortment of Hand Cameras, of newest designs. Changing backs of most approved pattern to suit same. Specimens of work on applicaticn. We have in stock all the latest designs and tints of mounts equal to the best imported, and can supply special sizes at very short notice. Manufacturers of Austral Bromide and Star Papers for contact andenlargement. Sun Printing Out Paper. Dry Plates. ‘Lantern Plates for Printing Out, or Development, Bromide, Opals, &c., &c. LOCALIL AGENT: J. F. DENTRY, Chemist, Moorabool Street, Geelong. THE WOMBAT. 63 OFFICERS OF THE PHOTO. CLUB. 1895-96. Hife {Member and Watron : PHILIP RUSSELL, Eso. resident : H. G. ROEBUCK, Esg. D tte-Jresidents : Mr. J. B. LEITCH, M.M.C.V.S. Mr. G. H. BRINSMEAD. Creagurer : Secretary : Mr. W. H. THACKER. Mr. J. HAMMERTON, Junr. Counct! : Messrs. A. PURNELL, C. O. DENTRY, J. F. MILLAR, A. E. BRATLEY, anp W. M. WADDELL. Auditors : Mr. B. MURPHY. Mr. T. G. MOORE. Librarian : Mr. S. MAWSON. Muestion Wor Critor: Mr. T. G. MOORE. Wress Correspondent : Mr. W. E. TURNER. Bantern Craineers : Messrs. G. H. BRINSMEAD, A.C. BARTLETT, W.H. HUMBLE, AND W. HILLIER. Mr. G H. STEEDMAN, | PRACTICAL Prayo, ORGAN, AND HARMONIUM MAKER, TUNER and REGULATOR. Tuning and Repairs as per agreement. ERR povress:—-G. HH. STEEDMAN, af MALOP STREET, GEELONG, (Nest Robert Scott & Co.) REELONG BOOT FACTORY. CS Established 1865. == Jos. Strong & Brothers, Sr Employing 180 Hands, All residents of Geeloug. Makers of nearly 400 different Lines in the Trade. Having one of the most up to date Fictories in the Colony. Retailers of their own direct Productions. Variety of Goods to meet the times, and keenest com- petition. Quotations in Boots always misleading. Testations the sure criterion. They challenge on a 30 years’ reputation. Oonsignments from the leading American and English Mikers monthly. Geelong Cooperage. Joww WebeER & Sow, Merce STREET. ees Wine Casks and ‘Vats made to order. NIN INI oe Butter Boxes for Export and Market use a Specialty. ALL INTERESTED IN- NATURAL HISTORY SHOULD READ “THE Naturalists’ # Fournal. THE CHEAPEST ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY MAGAZINE IN LAS VEO Popular as well as seentitie Articles and notes on all branches of Natural History by eminent Naturalists. Free Exchange Column. OE Send 2/6 for a Year's Subscription to the Editor, Economic Museum, Huddersfield, England. N.B.—Six ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS, 12/- (POST FREE.) H. Thacker, Printer, Ryrie Street, Geelong. EZAVE YouR gO DS, POURS Re & IPA BOBLS RIPIMOVED PHE JOHN BANNISTER & SON, ftailway § General Carriers, GHHDLON G. _ —S Agents ‘in every ow in the Colonies. —S= Agents for BROADBENT BROS. No Trouble to Owners. Quick Despatch. Lowest Charges. PURNITURE STORED. : ie Moorabool Street and Railway Station. Telephone 159. HERBERT W. DAY, FLA. INCORPORATED ACCOU NTANT, me Mooraboo! Sh. ., Geelong. STOCK u oe BROKER. Accountant and Agditer.. 2 Eesat Maticer: oe aus: Land & Estate Agency. Trust Moneys to Lend. ; : —s 1 Se Age for geelong and District— Standard Bank of Australia, Ltd. — . Norwich Union Fire Insurance Society. _ National Mutual Life Association of Australasia, Ltd. : Union Insurance Society of Canton, Ltd. (Marine.) Raleigh & Sparkbrooke CYCLE DEPOT, : S95 MALOP STREET, GEELONG. The RALEIGH is without .a doubt the most popula Bicycle in no Australia. a For appearance, workmanship, durability, and speed, it cannot 4 be surpassed throughout the whole of the civilized world. If you want a cheap and nasty machine do not buy a Raleigh. ‘ S @ e a SOME OF OUR LINES: Raleigh, Sparkbrook, Zimmie, and Stanley Cycles, | | From £20 Cash or Easy Terms. ‘LAMPS FROM = _~—ss.. 6d. BEELS =; = 1s. 6d. — TROUSER CLIPS 3d. per pair. MIDGET OUTFITS — ports ee All our machines are fitted: With Dunlop detachable ree ; Any style of old machine taken in exchange for our new ones. 7 We have a first-class assortment of ’95 machines to ‘select | from, and sundries of all kinds at reasonable prices: We will be pleased to give every aor atiog ceqreree to any 3 one calling on us. ‘ | bee at: Repairs cheaply and promptly euecuted: . Agents for the ‘‘ Australian Cyclist, og published every Thursday, If you do not want to be left behind in the striae for” 3 supremacy you must ride a lei 5 ie Hartley & Wilson. soe RALEIGH & SPARKBROOK CYCLE DEPOT, MALOP STREET, GEELONG. 8s MOORA BOOL STREET, Insurance & Financial en Latest Quotations for Stocks and Shares always Gol ey ae t ~ Ld ris April, 1896 Psd ES poe Op oo. CO cee LIVERY & LETTING STABLES, MALOP STREET EAST, GEELONG. Drags and Coaches for Picnics and Excursions. Private Carriages for Wedding and Special Purposes. is Single and Double Buggies. Family Waggonettes. Pony " Pheetons and Invalid Carriages. ; Roomy Loose Boxes and First-class Accommodation for Livery Horses. / BRANCH STABLES AT a Steiglitz, Barwon Heads, Drysdale, Ocean Grove, and " | Portarlington. “ae Horses hired from Cobb & Co. may be stabled at any. of the District Branches Free of Charge. pone DAILY COACHES leave the Booking Office, Malop St., for Be cdaie and ‘ote Portarlington, Ocean Grove, Barwon Heads, and Steiglitz. -. For Time Table sce Daily Papers. WESTE R N STAG z CO. 5) TELEPHONE, No. 1. MALOP ST. EAST, GEELONG. H. Tuacker, PRINTER, Ryriz STREET, GEELONG. en , fi fin J LEAVY GEELONG ARTY REPOSITORY. R. STANLEY ORR, ore > 149 RYRIE STREET. ~~ — House Decorating in all its branches OES eee eae aE EeeESeaes mS OILS, GLASS, AND COLOURS. WINSOR & NEWTON’S ARTISTS’ MATERIALS. Studies on Hire, 6d. per week. Oil and Water Colour Boxes, Academy Boards, Sketch Blocks, Canvasses, Artists’ Brushes, Enamels, Gold and Silver Bronzes, Opal, Porcelain, and Decorative Glass for Painting on. HEYLS & REEVES’ COLOURS. GSR, STANLEY ORR,@D 149 RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. JOSE PH SMTi. duonumental, starble & General MASON, Corner of RYRIE & YARRA STS., GEELONG, Neat and Substantial Memorials in any design erected at the lowest possible prices, consistent with honest workmanship. INSCRIPTIONS CUT & GENERAL REPAIRS EXECUTED AT CEMETERIES. lt i a it i a a Neto Designs in CArought and Cast Fron Railings. Designs, with Estimates for every description of Stonework, free on application. WOODWARD, 4 CARRIAGE BUILDER. Factory—Corner of CORIO & KARDINIA STREETS. | 4 Nos. 2 & 4, KARDINIA STREET. Nos. 54, 56, 58, 60, 65, 65a, CORIO STREET. SHOW ROOMS - OPPOSITE POST OFFICE. All Descriptions of CARRIAGHBS and BUGGIES Built to Order. A Large Assortment always on hand. le i ie ae LL LI All kinds of REPAIRS exeouted with Despatch, and at MODERATE CHARGES. ESTABLISHED 1859, mis Cyvomma A eA COMMA > @ ;\ Published by the Associations at the oe Sarge TMi Technical College. ee Vol. I.—No. III. QUARTERLY. April, 1896. Contents. Page Notes)... an ze Bee ans ae OT Notes from the Christmas Camp. By H. E. Hitt... 69 Gelatino Chloride Paper in the Australian Colonies. By G. H. BRINSMEaD .... sa ee so O75) Coloured Transparencies. By H. Crisp wa BN ig) Professor Réntgen’s X Rays i Sas bn, ye The Teeclen Caves ft zi wo ESV Or Sketching Club and Art Society es as Se AN SI? The Plague of ‘“ Realism” ... “3. ose 52h 83 Formalin as a General Preservative for Animal and Vegetable Structures. By O. A. Sayce sein OO, Technical Societies and their Affiliation. Py Ci©. DENTRY Ne ae pa 89 Photo. Association ie ai ute EOS Bendigo ... noe ae Be oie zee 5 THE BEST IS ALWAYS THE CHEAPEST. [Lice ackdedddetedehidadddead Lett iee) McPhillimy Bros. Cough Drops Are the Best Remedy for Coughs and Colds. Every Lozenge stamped BicPhillimy Bros. Obtainable from all leading Merchants and Conjiectioners. Ask for McPHILLIMY BROS. only. nh é GF o Deeley jae Architect ¢ Building Surveyor. Exhibition Exchange, Geelong. NOTE THE ADDRESS : — pe P PU JRDIE, Bookseller, Stationer, @& Music Seller, GC) MOORIBOOL 6 RYRIE SEREE US) GEELONG. J. WADELTON, (Late R. McDONALD'S) NEW DRUG HALL, (Swsviay NAG (avs ga sce EI sh Sabin (Gs pian OU Ge- 0 jiag Orders Forwarded to any part of the Colony on the Shortest Notice. « PATENT MeDICINES AND PERFUMERY. FIORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES OF ALT KINDS. T. F. MURRAY, CONFECTIONERS PAS@RVCOOK: Corner of Moorabool & Little Malop Streets, Geelong, and AT SKENE STREET, NEWTOWN. —$$_$_$_<—___ FAMILIES WAITED ON DAILY. ORDERS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. TELEPHONE No. 204. i i i= Id Tf oy fe Al IN i At Ye DPN Feals y re ee: aa) iar i i bah ym WA R ore VY Ui The Journal of the Gordon College Amateur Photographic Association and the Gordon Sketching Club. Vor. I.—No. 3. APRIL, 1896. No. 3. All communications to be addressed to G. H. Brinsmead, Editor, Amateur Photo Association, Gordon College, Geelong. NOTES: THE first number of Vol. VII. of ‘‘ The Practical Photographer”’ is to hand; it is enlarged, and contains many interesting articles and numerous well executed illustrations. This Journal promises to take a leading place amongst the photographic publications. We have also received No. 1, Vol. XI. (new series) of ‘“‘ The Photographic News”; it is full of valuable photographic information and well illustrated throughout. This journal offers liberal prizes to photographers for com- petitive work in writing papers and in photography. The Melbourne Intercolonial Exhibition and Congress of _ Photography to be opened on 22nd of April promises to be a big affair, and should fairly establish the system inaugurated by our Association last year.. Our members are working for this event, and we hope to be able to record a similar proportion of awards for them as was gained at Launceston. The latest time for receiving entries is 2nd April, and all intending exhibitors are requested to be in time. The Executive Com- mittee are working up topics for discussion at the Congress, and already some important ones have been received by our Secretary from Mr. Hart, for the consideration of the Association. Remember that hypo will not fix plates for ever anda day, so donot use it till it is the colour of ink and thick enough to walk on. DRINE W. J. BROCKWELL’S Hop Beer, 4Erated Waters, \—eEift and Cordials. i Horna ghy Geelong, Melbourne & Adelaide. MANUFACTURERS OF ROPE & CORDAGE OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS. ue aaa ‘Kangaroo Brand’ Harvest Twines. COIR MATS IN ALL VARIETIES. evry PRICE LISTS onmNW APPLICATION. =) aN S| i u LN New Seed, Plant, an Fruit Mctehee 45 RYRIE ST. WEST, GEELONG (NEAR CORNER OF FENWICK AND RYRIE STREETS). The Choicest Fruit & Vegetables supplied daily. Families waited on for Orders. Vegetable, Flower, and Farm Seeds of the very best qualities (Colonial and Imported) always on hand. Bridal, Ball, and Presentation Bouquets, Memorial Wreaths, Crosses, and allother Decorations. Telephone 194. J. B. LEITCH, M.M.c.v.s. Veterinary Surgeon, SALE YARDS, RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. Veterinary Surgeon to the Geelong Agricultural and Horticultural Society, Geelong Poultry, Dog, Pigeon and Canary Society. The only duly qualified | Veterinary ‘Surgeon in the Geelong and Western Districts. CASES PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. CHARGES MODERATE. THE WOMBAT. 69 Our Launceston friends have just held a very successful ° Intercolonial Photographic Exhibition, nearly 1,500 exhibits being shown. Four of our members competed, and three secured places among the prize takers—Mr. C. O. Dentry 1st for 4 plate yachting; Mr. A. J. Wood ist, and Mr. J. Hammerton 2nd for + plate landscape. The members of the Northern Tasmania Camera Club are to be complimented upon the success that has attended their efforts in connection with this Exhibition. NODES PROM alHE XMAS.2 CAMP. By abies 0 Eire PartLy because of the illness of one member of the party, and partly because of the amount of time spent in watching the birds in the immediate vicinity of the camp, and in the securing of specimens, very little walking was done during the 95-96 Xmas. camp, and consequently the cameras were seldom called into requisition, and very few fresh birds were noted. When we first reached the St. George valley, where we fixed our camp, we noticed the great number of ‘ cartwheel ” birds that were calling on all sides. The whole time we were out they seemed very plentiful, and whereas on previous trips we had never been able to even get a sight of the bird, on this trip we not only saw a number, but were fortunate enough to secure two—a male and a female—both in fine condition. It turns out to be the rufus-headed bristle bird (Sphenura broadbenti—McCoy). We found afterwards that fires had been through a great many of the gullies about the ranges during the previous twelve months, and that the under- growth had been in many cases completely destroyed, so that the great abundance of the birds may have been only apparent, the birds really having been driven nearer the coast by the destruction of their usual haunts. We searched diligently for a nest, but without success. ESTABLISHED 1877. ALBERT COFFEE PALACE, Corner of Yarra Street and Market Square, GEELONG. CLOSE TO BATHS, RAILWAY, SHIPPING AND GARDENS. INSTRUCTOR i ESTIMATES GIVEN FOR EVERY CARPENTRY & JOINERY CLASS, ony DESCRIPTION OF JOINERS’ GORDON TECH. COLL. WORK, een EEE Tingole, Buildér and Contractor, = WG ee: Soh) Ga ee @ ING. Vika J. J. TRAIT, Wine & Spirit Merchant, AERATED WATERS ano CORDIAL. MANUFACTURER, Fine Stock : MALOP ST., GEELONG. «TEAS. ate © © 6 e@. xXxxKX Hop Beer Fine Stock of } 3 ‘Everything guaranteed & SPECIALITY. highest... I: ej ' quality. ANALYSED AND RECOMMENDED BY G. F. LINK, ESQ. DICKINS & SONS, Nos. 89 TO 938, MERCER ST., GEELONG. ‘Tubular and other descriptions of Iron Gates for Carriage Entrances, Stations, Gardens, and Farm Purposes. Wrought and Cast Iron Railings of various designs for Building. D. & Sons have on hand a very large assortment of Wrought and Cast Iron Enclosures for Graves. Kstimates for Bridge Work and General Contracting. SMITHS’ WORK IN GENERAL. Makers of Shaw’s Patent Self Opening Gate and Post Lifters. THE WOMBAT. Wo When we reached our camping-ground we disturbed a great number of cormorants of two or three species, but in a few days they became rather scarce, being apparently fright- ened out of the valley, as we never missed an opportunity of shooting them. ‘The promise of fish given by their presence was fully carried out, as we found them very abundant. A little cormorant (Phalacrocorax stictocephalus ) which we secure has been having a Gargantuan breakfast of shrimps. The white-shafted fantail (Rhipidura albifrons), blue wren (Malurus superbus ), and waxbill (Estrilda temporalis) were, as usual, in enormous numbers, but we did not notice so many nests of the last-named bird as usual. This bird never seems to care for the denser parts of the scrub to build in, but appears to prefer more open (comparatively) country. The yellow robin (Eopsaltria australis) and the scarlet robin (Petreca leggii ) are abundant. At the Phantom Falls. we secure a pink robin (#rythrod- ryas rhodinogaster ), its nest being visible in a blackwood, but inaccessible. On the creek we secure a musk duck (?) ( Biziura lobata). There is a nice little ‘patch of very thick under- growth on a little flat just opposite our tents, where we fre- quently get a good specimen in the early morning when they appear on the bank of the creek at the edge of the scrub. At the bottom of a gully in particularly dense scrub we secure a pair of rufous-fronted fantails (Rhipidura rufifrons) with their nest and eggs (two). This nest, like most of the few nests we find, is in a musk tree, though we see one or two waxbills’ nests in ‘‘ Ginger Scrub” (Helichrysum ferrugineum). We one day find a fisherman busily occupied in picking up dead leaves from Mt. St. George and carrying them down to the creek, as he considers they look untidy. He does not accept our kindly meant offer to get him a broom, but repulses and reviles us. We have to thank Mr. A. J. Campbell for kindly naming some of our birdskins for us. WW. BOX & SON, General Ironmongers, Tinsmiths & Ironworkers, MOORABOOL STREET, GHELONG. Re CHEAPEST HOUSE IN THE TOWN. Galvanized Iron Tanks a speciality, any size, made on the premises. ‘s]00199 TOISUBMP puUR TEqezly Wood touuNOG|OW ‘190u9S SUIN1OD 9119171 O26 ‘syoquoduu] pue SsuounqyoResnuey, SS 4 ] = - SZ "OO 8 TIVINS “M “CS” ‘sesTurleid ot} uo “029 ‘suULiNoO[oOn pues ‘oyIUM pues Hovig ur dn suryiom ‘Suryponoyey ‘Ssursaejum ‘suynuig ‘surdojeaeq ‘SWOOM ONIOSNVHO ounley lhe SIMOOU MUVd ‘seSTUIOIg 9} UO SIstyy peouotiedxe Aq Suyyonoyey pure Aydersojoug Ul worondysuy na}ell ‘SHOIM ¥ oe ——— lll MTT HaSNIoNee = : Sania Sa Osrviezivw ~— NAG SA slis .sunzLywy = a) ol ‘970/78 —— : ee i GNY SN4ILNYVT dletddiom a ca e +} yd NJ 6 010 ld ‘SIAOLS DIHdVADOLOHd IWaLNAoD THE WOMBAT. 73 Birds identified in three trips to the ranges :— Aquila audax. Lath. Hieracidea orientalis. Tinnunculus cenchroides. Ninox boobook. Lath. Ajgotheles nov. holl. Schl. Vig. & Horsf. Vig. & Horsf. Hirundo neoxena. Gld. Lagenoplastes ariel. Gld. Dacelo gigas. Bodd. Halcyon sanctus. Vig. & Horsf. Alcyone azurea. Lath. Artamus sordidus. Lath. » supercilosus. (2) ,, leucopygialis. Pardalotus punctatus. Strepera melanoptera. Gld. Gid. 7 Temm. Gld. Gymnorhina tibicen. Lath. leuconota. Graline picata. Lath. ‘Collyriocinda harmonica. Gld. Rhipidura albiscapa. Gld. a rufifrons. Gld. Sauloprocta motacilicides. Seisura inguieta. Lath. Mytagra nitida. Gld. Erythodryas rhodinogaster. Sharpe. Petreca leggu. » phenicea. Gld. Hopsaltria australis. Wath. Malurus cyaneus. Lath. Stipiturus malachurus. Sphenura broadbentv. (2) Sericornis osculans. (2) Eimontatis. Waiting McCoy. Gld. Vig. & Hors. Acanthiza pusilla. Lath. (2) 4, demenensis Gld. Ue LITCALG. | Varld. ‘Geobasileus chryssorrhea. Quoy & Gaim. Tomtit. & Hors. Striated Calamanthus, Calamanthus piualigeones, Wath Vig. & Hors. Drap. Wedge-tailed Eagle. Brown Hawk. Nankeen Kestrel. Boobook Owl. Owlet Nightjar. Welcome Swallow. Fairy Martin. Laughing Jackass. Sacred Kingfisher. Azure Kingfisher. Sordid Wood Swallow White-Eyebrowed ,, White-rumped Spotted Diamond Bird Hill Crow Shrike. Piping Magpie. White-Backed Magpie Mudlark Harmonious Thrush. White-shafted Fantail Rufous-fronted Black Fantail. Restless Fly-catcher. Shining Pink-breasted Robin Scarleticn.) Elamnive) 52 Yellow ,, Blue Wren. Emu Wren. Rufous-headed Bristle Bird. Allied Sericornis. White-fronted Seri- cornis. Little Brown Acanthiza Tasmanian Acanthiza triated Ne ? 9 29 S. R. J. DAWSON, SURGICAL &2£ MECHANICAL DENTIST, 201, MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. Laughing Gas, &c., administered. Teeth extracted, 2/6. ARTIFICIAL TEETH REDUCED TO MEET THE TIMES. 74 , THE WOMBAT. Anthus australis, Vig. & Hors. Calamoherpe australis. Gld. Estrilda temporals. Lath. Geocichla lunulata. Lath. Corcorax melanorhamphus Vieill. Meliornis australasiana. Shaw. Prilotis lewinti. Swain. » vittata. Cuv. leucotis. Lath. ornata. Gld. penwillata. Gld. chrysops. Lath. Unihochiere carunculata. Lath. Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris. Lath. Melithreptus gularis. Gld. na lunulatus. Shaw. Myzantha garrula. Shaw. Zosterops cerulescens. Lath. Clhimacteris leucophea. Lath. Cuculus flabelliformis. Lath. Plictolophus galerita. Lath. Calyptorhynchus funereus. Shaw. Aprosmictus scapulatus. Bechs. Platycercus pennant. Lath. eximius Shaw. Tr Pagar nov holl. Gmel. Phaps chalenptera. Lath. » ¢legans. Temm. Cidicnemus grallarius Lath. Ardea nov. holl. Lath. Nycticorax caledonicus. Lath. Hypotenidia philippensis Linn. Anas superciiosa Gmel. Biziura lobata Shaw. Larus nov. holl. Steph. Graculus nov. holl. Steph. stictocephalus. Bon. Forst. 99 Eudyptula minor. Groundlark. Reed Warbler. Waxbill. - Mountain Thrush. White-winged Chough Horseshoe H. E. Lewin’s Ne Singing 5) White-eared ,, Graceful ut White-plumed H. E. Yellow-faced Ws Wattle Bird. Spine-billed H. E. Black-throated ,, Lunulated ia Miner. Silver Eye. White-throated Tree: Creeper. Fantailed Cuckoo. Sulphur-crested Cockatoo. Funeral Cockatoo King Lory. Red Lory. Rosella. Blue Mountain Lorikeet. Bronzewing Pigeon. Brush Bronzewing Pigeon. Stone Plover. White-fronted Heron. Nankeen Night Heron Landrail. Black Duck. Musk Duck. Silver Gull. Australian Cormorant.. Enttle Black Qi Little Penguin. R. LAWRY & SON, GENERAL PRODUCE MERCHANTS, RYRIE STREET, GEELONG, VICTORIA, — Oe Exporters of all Farm and Dairy Produce to all Australian Ports. TELEPHONE No, 99,

PRESSED HAY AND CHAFF ALWAYS ON HAND, Shy ey +t +; THE WOMBAT. 75 GmparinO CHLORIDE, PAPE RY IN FHE AUS RAMAN COLONIES. By G. H. BRINSMEAD. Mucus has been said and written on Gelatino-Chloride Paper relative to its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with Albumen Paper. While many workers of the latter admire greatly the brilliancy and detail of the former, they still stick to the Albumen on account of the difficulties in manipulation of the Gelatino. While on the other hand those who worked Albumen until the introduction of the Gelatino, and who have surmounted the aforesaid difficulties and got fairly in the right groove of working the Paper, look back upon the old Albumen as a commodity of the past, and feel in themselves that the adoption of Gelatino-Chloride Paper is a big step in advance. There is no doubt but that Gelatino Paper will hide somewhat the faults of an indifferent negative and give a very fair picture, where the Albumen would in no way assist, but rather expose the weakness of the negative. It is just possible that this may be one of the advantages which has induced the majority of amateurs to adopt Gelatino. Many complaints are made in reference to its toning and per- manency ; as a worker of Gelatino from its introduction I am of opinion that the faults lie in the hands of the worker. I as rather surprised on seeing some prints exhibited at the Exhibition and Congress of Photography held in Geelong last Easter; the subjects were all that could be desired, but some of the prints were almost as yellow as chloride of gold, and very muddy looking, lacking transparency altogether, while others had all the shades of Joseph’s coat, and presented a very complete piece of patchwork, the indications known as double toning would be no comparison to it. Then the argument arose as to these causes, some ventured the opinion that the alum bath was injurious, others put it down to insufficient washing and fixing, &c., &c. My eye then caught some magnificent specimens on the same manufacture of paper, and in comparing notes it appeared very evident that the difference in the pictures lay in the manipulation. R. C. HOCKING, Clerical, Liwery & Ladies’ Tailor. PRICES MODERATE. 39, MALOP STREET, GEELONG, (Opposite Bank of Victoria.) 76 THE WOMBAT. Each manufacturer gives a formula for working each paper, and no doubt, if the worker sticks close to the instructions given, the results will, in most cases, prove satisfactory. But it is to be noted that these various formule are regulated principally by the climate where the paper is produced, and, as the bulk of it is made in the United Kingdom: and on the Continent, where the temperature all round is much cooler than here, I am convinced, from practical knowledge, that a slight alteration in the weights and measures for toning, &c., is advantageous in these colonies. Every photographer knows that heat accelerates the action of his chemicals, hence the necessity for diluting, &c. My method of working Gelatino Paper is as follows :— Firstly, wash the prints in many changes of cool water, as much depends on the first washing for after results, then immerse in the alum bath Alum, # oz. Water, 24 ozs. for from 7 to 10 minutes, then wash in several changes of water, and start toning operations with the following formula : Sulpho-Cyanide of Ammonium, 25 grains. Chloride of Gold - 2 drams or grains. Water - - 22IOZS. I have found this bath to give evenness of tone, and not too vigorous; and when the desired tone is obtained, which takes from about 5 to to minutes, it will retain its brilliancy and delicacy of tone in the fixing bath, where a vigorous bath and quickly toned print will loose greatly, and possibly give: those indications known as double toning. Finished toning, the prints are again washed in at least 3 changes of water. Then the all important item of fixing comes next. One of the great causes of yellow prints, and want of permanency is due to insufficient fixing, and want of accuracy in weights. and measures. To ensure success, itis absolutely necessary that the fixing bath should be made up with the same exact- ness as any other of the baths, and that the proper time and. ROBT. R. STANESBY, PLAIN & FANCY MOUNT CUTJTE Photographs ¢ Drawings Mrtiotically Nout YARRA STREF THE WOMBAT. fi attention should be given the prints during fixation, and that the prints should be kept on the move while in the fixer. : LIVERY & LETTING STABLES, -MALOP STREET EAST, GEELONG. Dates and Coaches for Picnics. and Excursions. , Private Carriages for Wedding and Special Purposes. Single. and Double Buggies. Family Waggonettes. Pony Pheetons and Invalid Carriages. Roomy Loose Boxes and First-class Accommodation for - Livery Horses. BRANCH STABLES AT ; BiBlitz, Barwon Heads, Drysdale, Ocean Grove, _— Portarlington. es hired oe Soke & Co. may be stabled at any of the District Branches Free of Charge. ae — ILY COACHES leave ne Booking Office, ‘Malop St., for Drysdale eel : Portarlington, Ocean Grove, Barwon Heads, and Steiglitz. Papers. cS : WESTERN STAGE €O., _ MALOP ST. EAST, GEELONG, THACKER, PRINTER, pee STREET, GEELONG. : AY GEELONG ART REPOSITORY. R. STANLEY ORR, OS) © 149 RYRIE STREET. LS) House Decorating in all its beanens a ~~ OILS, GLASS, AND COLOURS. WINSOR & NEWTON’S ARTISTS’ MATERIALS. Studies on Hire, 6d. per week. Oil and Water Colour Boxes, Academy Boards, Sketch Blocks, Canvasses, Artists’ Brushes, Enamels, Gold and Silver Bronzes, Opal, Porcelain, and Decorative Glass for Painting on. HEYLS & REEVES’ COLOURS. ASR, STANLEY ORR,@D 149 RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. JOSEPH SMITH. sWonumental, Marble & oneval MASON, Corner of RYRIE & YARRA STS., GEELONG, Neat and Substantial Memorials in any design erected at the lowest possible prices, consistent with honest workmanship. INSCRIPTIONS CUT & Gene hale REPAIRS EXECUTED AT CEMETERIES. LISI SII Netw Designs in Wrought and Cast Jron Aalings. Designs, with Estimates for every description of Stonework, free on application. WOODWARD, CARRIAGH BUILDER. Factory—Corner of CORIO & KARDINIA STREETS. | Nos. 2 & 4, KARDINIA STREET. Nos. 54, 56, 58, 60, 65, 65a, CORIO STREET. . SHOW ROOMS é OPPOSITE POST OFFICE. — All Descriptions of CARRIAGHS and BUGGIES Built to Order. A Jeeithy Assortment always on hand. SSI LI ™ LL I All kinds of REPAIRS exeouted with Despatch, and at MODERATE EE LS: HBSTABLISIED 1859, ONBAT.” ue 6Sicgmozns ¢ CoM wey-yey So ME Published by the Associations at the Bea "Bootes OCt 2 23 ad Technical College. a d Lipss LOb , Vol. I.—No. IV. QUARTERLY. July, 1896. Contents. Page | Notes et i. a Ens & 99 5 Hand Cameras age «ats Xo a3 103 Formalin as a General Preservative for Animal and Vegetable Structures. By O. A. Sayce. (Concluded) 105 Yacht Photography ... ye a ie 106 Intercolonial Photographic Exhibition & Congress, 1896. I11 A Fortnight in Tasmania. By Snap-sHoT ae 114 The New Photography 3 ae Sis ais Tony, Some Castlemaine Bird Notes. By F.S. BrLtincHursT 118 Photographic Association sou a a I21 Sketching Club and Art Society se ue: 127 THER BEST IS ALWAYS THE CHEAPEST. SOSTEDOLISRDL POLL ELITE ETRE RTHS LS A Are the best Remedy for Coughs and Colds. Ask for McPHILLIMY BROS. only. Every Lozenge stamped McPhillimy Bros. sar Toy pa Fe 2) McPhillimy Bros. Cough Drops Obtainable from all leading Merchants and Confectioners. & & 7. F. Deeley, —— Architect Building Surveyor. Exhibition Exchange, Geelonsg.. NOTE THE ADDRESS Sen Bookseller, Stationer, é Music Seller, C7 MOORABOOL VG VhGuieS Iasi Mase GEELONG. J. WADELTON, (ate k. MeDoNALD'S) NEW DRUG HALL, | GREAT RYRIEH ST., GEELONG. Orders Forwarded to any part of the Colony on the Shortest Notice. PATENT MeDICINES AND PERFUMERY. HIORSE AIND CATTLE MEDICINES OF ALL KINDS. T. F. MURRAY, CONFECTIONER & PASTRYCOOK, Corner of Moorabool & Little Malop Streets, Geelong, AND AT SKENE STREET, NEWTOWN. ————&____—__ FAMILIES WAITED ON DAILY. ORDERS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. ——————_ TELEPHONE No. 204. —— EE ieee Fd Fd id A ime Yo Jo Ve WHT @ Wl Oy AS Pore @ A\Pee The Journal of the Gordon College Amateur Photographic Association and the Gordon Sketching Club. 77) Vot. I.—No. 4. JULY, 1895. No. 4. All communications to be addressed to G. H. Brinsmead, Editor, Amateur Photo Association, Gordon College, Geelong. NOLES: A close season for Murray fish has been proclaimed from 31st September to 29th February, on the recommendation of the chief inspector of fisheries. The fishermen at Swan Hill state that, within a distance of 150 miles of that township there are 31,000 fish-killing birds which destroy 205,000,000 baskets of fish per annum, and in this connection the inspector suggests that a bonus be offered for the destruction of these birds. (Datly Paper.) We all know the capabilities of cormorants in the des- truction of fish, but to accomplish the above feat the birds would have to average nineteen baskets each per diem, which appears to us beyond the powers even of a cormorant. And it would be interesting to know how the number of birds was computed. An expedition left Adelaide the other day for Geraldton, W.A., to continue the exploration left unfinished by the Elder expedition. The necessary funds are supplied by Mr. Calvert, and Mr. L. A. Wells is leading the party. It is estimated that the trip will last about eighteen months. We note with pleasure that the College Council has decided to purchase a copy of the Report on the work of the Horn Expedition to Central Australia. This will be a valuable addition to the Library as a work of reference for students. DRINE Ww. J. BROCKWELL’S Hop Beer, Aerated Waters, —

Obtainable from all leading Merchants and Confectioners. A552 FOR McPrPHILIIMY BROS. ONLY. - =“ 2 oe oat ______ N this important Wine-house, which is situate near Robinson, Burns and Sparrow's Sale Yards, are stored Wines of various ages, from fourteen years old to those of the last vintage, in price and quality as diverse as their ages, and ranged from three to nine shillings per gallon, and are distributed by retail, family and wholesale business. The front of the premises is devoted to the Café; the rear to vaults and bottling division. All the Wines are matured and bottled under the personal supervision of Mr. Thetaz, who brings to the task an experience of FiFTy years, and the lore and study of generations of connoisseurs, supplemented by long residence in the various noted wine districts of Central Europe, by which he has contributed no small quota to the prosperity of the Australian Wine trade, and is allowed to be an authority amongst ourexperts. Mr. Thetaz attributes the cause of Australians not being such a wine drinking community as the peoples of other vine growing countries to the carelessness of retailers, and will guarantee his wine against every normal vicissitude, provided his directions are carried out in the storing and care of bulk parcels, The extent of his trade may be guessed by the large consignments of bottles delivered to his order. Here the different vineyards which supply the establishment receive full justice in the scrupulous care which Mr. Thetaz devotes to their maturing, which in itself does more to further our Wine industry than a world of eulogy. The Café is a most comfortable lounge for patrons resorting thither to enjoy a real good glass of Australian Wine for a modest threepenny-bit, or the older vintages at sixpence per tumbler. It is a thousand pities that more of our retailers do not embrace the oppor- tunity to learn the management of Wine which Mr. Thetaz offers his customers. —> 230 e d___ We hear a lot about SACRAMENTAL WINES used in our Churches which is not fit for human consumption, simply because people will not take the trouble to enquire from a competent judge like Mr. Thetaz, who can supply a very light Wine, which is palatable and very much cheaper, and the strictest teetotaller could not object to. It may be well to inform such an one that there is more Alcohol in unfermented Wines (if required to be kept) than in ordinary Wines, for should they do so, the home consumption of Australian Wines would increase by leaps and bounds. SI mbes. ¥ ee ; AR Cc HVE GT Ss; M ereantile Chambers, Ryrie Street, Geelong. FRANK SHRIMPTON, Late CHAS. SOMMERS, Mercantile Chambers, <>, MOORABOOL & RYRIE STREETS. EN FINANCIER a ilies AND . Gj LEGAL MANAGER. é : S&S @B Housz, Lanp, InsurANcE, MINING AND Telephone No. 96. _ GENERAL COMMISSION AGENT. ELIZABETH STREET, GEELONG. Principal - - MISS HARRIS. - ASSISTED BY A Eull Staff of Efficient Teachers. HERBERT W. DAY, Fria. - . | AUCTIONEER, | |neorporated Accountant, Auditor & Trustee, eS 173 MOORABOOL STREET. g Properties For Sale and To Let. _-__—-VALUATIONS MADE AND RENTS COLLECTED. Norwich Union Insurance Santee Fire | National Mutual Life Association, : - Thames & Mersey Insurance Company, Ltd. North China Insurance Company Limited. as ties Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corporation. ‘STOCK A ND SHARE BROKER. Cash Buyer for all Stocks. : Special Agents in every Mining Centre. “LEGAL MANAGER, BOURNE OFFICE — Victoria Buildings, No. he Queen’ s Walk, Swanston-street. wh B LAR ICE— Vining ee under management OP MT fe EL: PETERS. ee Oy a Oo er Geelong, Melbourne, and Adelide, MANUFACTURERS OF Rove « and GORDAGE OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS. THE FAMOUS NV 77 »5-oir Mats In all varieties Kangaroo ”» Brand | Harvest Twines. Price Lists on. applcse | eee | oH | A P. “McMILLAN, - : AGENT FOR THE @as WY NI IN ¢ LOCAL AGENT—J_ F, DENTRY, Cxemisr, MOORABOOL STREET, GHELONG. aun af aa ae Has hit the public taste, and ay “~ is now the popular ee as ee ir, Ce R. BLACKETT says-- “ Trait’s Hop Beer is an agreeable fermented non- alcoholic beverage prepared from the best materials.”’ G, F. LINK says—“ A Temperance Drink prepared from Hops and Cane Sugar . Will be beneficial in cases of Weak Digestion.” a Se OFFICE & FACTORY, GT. Seer) | ST., GEELONG. GEELONG CO-OPERATIVE | CHAFF-CUTTING & PRODUCE SOCIETY LIMITED, B4° Mi RIC a, | Soe. Gane omnes WHOLESALE & RETAIL GRAIN & FORAGE MERCHANTS Cash Purchasers of Chaff, Hay, Straw, Grain, Potatoes, &c., in any quantity. CHAFF CUTTING AND HAY PRESSING A SPECIALTY ,_eeeanecatms. Head Office and and Works: 21 MERCER ST., GHELONG. SEELEY & KING, Architects & Surveyors, EXHIBITION EXCHANGE, GEELONG. J. HAMMERTON & SON, Jewellers, Engravers, Designers, WHOLESALE & RETAIL. Opticians, Lapidaries, LITTLE RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. Gold and Silver Medals awarded for Jewellery. TROPHIES, BADGES, GOLD and SILVER JEWELLERY in Stock or Made to Order. Gold, Silver & Stones in Rough Bought. J. B. LEITCH, Mamcys, VETERINARY SURGEON, SALE YARDS, RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. The only duly qualified Veterinary Surgeon in the Geelong and Western Districts. CASES PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. CHARGES MODERATE. ALEC LOWE, SADDLE & HARNESS MAKER, G6. LEN er oee lippaee eae All kinds Leather Cases made to order. Address—LITTLE MALOP ST., MARKET SQUARE. R. WILLIAMS, FAMILY BUTCHER, 238, Moorabool Street, Geelong. SEEDS, ‘RELIABLE’ SEEDS Opposite Telegraph Office. 4. T- FARMERS’ ORDERS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. Branch Office and Stores: 882 FLINDERS ST.; MELBOURNE, Austral Coffee Balace MALOP STREET (opp. Franks’) SSS Good Accommodation. SS MISS GRIFFIN, Proprietor. JAS. STRONG & BROS., Boor & SHoEe MANUFACTURERS & IMPORTERS, MOORADOOL STREET. GEELONG. For Window Blinds eo eS ANS Ve GHERINGHAP STREET. JOSEPH SMITH, MONUMENTAL & GENERAL MASON, CORNER OF RYRIE & YARRA STS., GEELONG. = Every description of Cemetery work neatly executed at lowest prices. Designs with Estimates Free on application CURRAN, DEBT COLLECTOR, 126, Ryrie Street, Geelong. COMMISSION ON RESULTS. Of every variety and description. SPECIAL| FLORAL PACKET One Suitiine (12 Distinct Sorts.) PACKET oF CuHotceE BULBS OnE ae ; AY C (2 Varieties.) ROBERT W. DALTON, SEEDSMAN AND eee 163, RYRIE STREET, ‘GEELONG , fs Stee nae ie es Pere a fk bes ————— an tinete. deeendtaldimeaiemendeem seen een uneiitieaeenetitees = ote = — — LITTLE MALOP ST., GEELONG. NExT ‘‘ GEELONG ADVERTISER’’ OFFICE. Ass 3. AH. Novi, COSTUMIERE. Latest Novelties in Dress Materials, Timmings, pone, Buttons, &e. MERCER ST. STEAM WHEEL WORKS AND GAR: TAGE FACTORY. ESTABLISHED 1875. o EVEREST Has on hand a large Stock of First-class Vehicles, Waggonettes, Single and Double-seat Buggies, Pony Phetons and (+igs, Express \Waggons, &e , also Single and Double-seat Buggies and F xpress Wagegons (cecondiana). lil he is pre- pared to sell at the Lowest Prices in Geelong (quality considered). PAINTING, TRIMMING & RHPAIRS: at most reasonable charges. BEST MATERIALS. HONEST WORE. FAIR PRICES: First-class Workmanship in every department. Farm, Road, and Station Waggons, Spring Water Carts, Drays, &c., built to order. Inspection Invited. RICHARD N. CARBINES, NeaR WILCOXx’s MONUMENTAL WORKS, Furnishing Undertaker, 2eVIMOORABOOL) Siti) GEELONG: ALL FUNERA REQUIREMENTS SUPPLI:D AT SHORTEST NOTICE, PRICES TO SUIT THE TIMES. ,_THASKER, Kyrie street, Geelong. g "PHONE 32. My Sey \ ‘NN PRINTER. cf LITHOGRAPHER, THE LARGEST, BEST & CHEAPEST STOCK IN AUSTRALIA OF Photographic Apparatus, Microscopes, Optical Lanterns and Slides, Mathematical and Surveying DS eae And all . O paca Goods, Is HELD BW W. WATSON & SONS, 78 Swanston Street, Melbourne. LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION. Bi Chr The Practical Anobt. Ak. @tanesby, Picture Frame Maker, PLAIN & FANCY MOUNT CUTTER. GILDER & PLUSH WORKER. Photographs & Drawings Artistically Mounted. Orders by Post promptly attended to. YARRA ST. (Opp. Wesleyan Church). INSTRUCTOR CARPENTRY AND JOINERY CLAss, GORDON TECHNICAL COLLEGE. Estimates Given fais aay BEER oA OF Joiners’ Work. “2. TENGE, IU Lise AN) CON Ae rer WELLER ST., GEELONG WEST. Established 1877. ALBERT COFFEE PALACE, Corner of Yarra Street and Market Square, GEELONG. CLOSE TO BATHS, RAILWAY, SHIPPING, AND GARDENS, Photo graphy ji AA H. WATTS’ PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIO, RYRIEH STREET, GEELONG. The utmost care and attention paid to eachsitter, with the object of getting the most faithful and pleasing pictures. We respectfully ask you to favour us with a sitting. J. WADELTON, (ate r. mcDonatn's) NEW DRUG HALL, Orders forwarded to any Cr Ee S¢., Gectlone. part of the Colony on the shortest notice. PATENT MEDICINES & PERFUMERY, HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES OF ALL KINDS. * i, 5: BAYLEY, FISHMONGER AND POULTERER, TELEPHONE 88 RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. —_—~ Families waited on for Orders. OYSTERS a speciality. P. A. RENZOw, Builder and Contractor, —-/ AID g, SWANSTON STREET, ii! ~ SOUTH GEELONG. C. W. PURNELL, Complete Household Furnisher, - ALSO MAKER OF Lantern Slide and Negative Boxes, Science Cabinets, &c., &c., dm _- LITTLE RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. ALBERT T. OWEN, | HOMOEOPATHIC CHEMIST, ee aa GEELONG, NATARA—Dries up a Cold in the Head in a few hours. Tinct. EUPALORIUM PERFOLIATUM for INFLUENZA. Specifies for this Malady. ‘tinct. STICTA PULMONARIA for INFLUENZA. Fa BEE errons Debility. ubuieopatlite TINCTURE OF PODOPHYLLIN for Biliousness, Congestion of the Liver, nstipation, Sick Headache, Jaundice, &c. The Perfect Cure for CORNS & WABTS—Price 1s. 6d, ALBERT T. OWEN, Andrew Storrer, = — HORSE SHOER, &c., GREAT MYERS ST. (opp. Haymarket). DEN IIs tay - <\S. R. J.-WNAWSON,@& 201 MOORABOOL ST., GEELONG. Laughing Gas, &c., administered. Exiradtions 2s. 6d. JUST IMPORTED! Direct from the Manufacturers! A VERY CHOICE VARIETY OF Glass Ware, Leather Goods, CUPS & SAUSERS, CHRISTMAS & NEW YEAR CARDS. ihe ome Mai da varie Fancy Aritcles sutiable for Presents. Inspection Invited. W. SUMMERFIELD JONES, 108 Moorabool St. Fire Insurance Go, GEELONG AND DISTRICT AGENT: F. W. HAINES, > —_———roe=— }+°+&2«20 MALOP ST., GEELONG. ‘CoN HATTER. KAS If you want a GOOD HAT at a reasonable price, PATRONISE -LOCAT INDUSTRY. ee D. T. CLARKE, Mooragoot STREET, GEELONG. R. COLLINS HOCKING, ae CLERICAL, LIVERY & LADIES’ rises Moderate. i LAILOR. 39 MALOP ST. (opp. Bank of Victoria). Mae Younes r” Published by the Associations at the Gordon Ka *zacoay ee Technical College. OCT 28 1943 $0,806 Lt Vol. II.—No. 2. QUARTERLY. mapas: 1897. Contents. Page Notes ... bias oe te bas Bee 26 Annual Report ... 1% ae La os DER Statement of Receipts and Expenditure... ahs 30- Donations and Subscriptions for 1896 ae ae 31 F 4 Return of Attendances... Ait sas ne 32: ‘ Enrolments for 1896 ae ae af ee 33 a Individual Occupations ... ae cs ous 33. 4 Results of Examinations ... $25 Soe ee 34 E - Officers for 1897 We sie ae ee 35 & Museum and Bibracy iyi. ihe ae oe 36 é Donations Sais Be aa ae ee 37 a Publications... \ a 2) eek: ass Ly. E76 q Photographic a soceuee Se tee ee 40- Cloud Printing. By C. O. Dentrv o Oe 2 Notes on the Birds of the Poo District. By W. eos Kan eS se Bae 43 Syllabus Gordon Gales Science Club =e “hee 46 Gordon Technical College—Time Table for LOG Zs i ais 4T Syllabus Gordon College Photographic Association ... 48." Published by the Gordon Technical College and the Allied Associations. VOL. Il.—No. 2. FEBRUARY, 1897. No. 6. All communications to be addressed to the Editor, Mr. H. E. Hill, at the Gordon Technical College, Geelong, Victoria. The Editor is not responsible for the statements in any paper. NOES: The present number of the Wombat contains the annual report of the College, which has previously been published in separate form. Numbers of diamond sparrows (Estrilda guttata) are reported from the neighbourhood of the town, after an absence of many years. The following story is published by the ‘‘New Zealand Times ” on the authority of Mr. Seddon, the Premier :—“ It appears that some time ago Mr. Seddon’s family were the recipients from relatives in Victoria of a beautiful pair of Antwerp homing pigeons, which were duly installed as pets. One day the birds were out flying, but only one returned to ~ the cot, and nothing more was heard of the other, despite every possible inquiry, but on January roth a letter was received from Victoria, in which the wonderful announcement was made that the missing bird had arrived safely at its former home. ‘There can be no mistake about the matter, as the bird was easily distinguished. To reach Victoria from New Zealand the bird must have accomplished the feat of _ flying something like 1,000 miles without rest, and according to the dates it must have done the journey in three days, which would mean that it would have to fly at a speed of from 18 to 20 miles an hour continuously.”—Argus. The rainfall during January, as registered by the college gauge, was 4.40 inches. The Working Men’s College Photo. Club and the Gordon College Club joined the Ballarat Club by invitation at Lal ~ Lal on the gth November, and spent a very good day. ais ct NE Spee ae ae eee Mai Ap THE WOMBAT. 27 We beg to acknowledge, with thanks, receipt of the fol- lowing magazines: ‘“‘ Photography,” ‘‘ Photographic Scraps,”’ ‘The Magic Lantern Journal,” ‘‘ The Photographic News,” ‘«« Sharland’s N.Z. Photographer,” ‘“‘The American Process Review,” ‘The Canadian Photographic Journal,” ‘The Australian Photographic Journal,” ‘‘ The Practical Photo- grapher,” ‘‘ The Australasian Photographic Review,” ‘‘ The Kodak News,” and ‘“‘ The Photographers’ Record.” A tale has reached us about a certain junior camp from the College which spent Xmas at Lorne. During the gale of January 8, the campers ignominiously deserted their tent in the middle of the night, and each of them might have been seen rushing about wildly in his pyjamas, with a bundle of loose clothes under his arm, looking for shelter in a hollow tree. The annual meeting of the College was held on January 27, when the report (appended) was read, and the officers and retiring members were re-elected with the exception of Mr. Coburn, who desired to be relieved, and whose place was taken by Mr. F. J. Leary. Annual Report for 1896. N submitting to the governors and subscribers the report of the college for the year just ended, the Council has to present a record of experiences similar to that submitted last year, owing to a continuance of the policy of retrench- ment adopted by the Government. . Instead of working under the system gf capitation as in former years, your Council early in the year received inti- mation from the Education Department, that-a vote of £250 had been allotted in lieu of the payment upon attendances and results, the regulations for the working of the classes being on the whole similar to the old ones. From the financial statement, it will be seen by comparison with the expenditure of last year that extreme economy has been exer- cised in every department, and withal a deficiency of £41 exists. At the outset it was seen that the vote of £250 would be altogether inadequate, and as the result of an urgent appeal, the Minister of Education promised, if possible, to supplement the amount from savings he expected to make in distributing the grant. But, further, when the earnings for 1895 are taken into account, it will be observed from the Sins THE WOMBAT. balance-sheet that we had £95 to start the year with, whereas for 1897 there is no fund to draw upon for working expenses until the end of the first term, when the earnings for that period are due. From the experience of the past year the department will now see that it will be impossible to carry on the college unless the vote be substantially increased, as the expenses are cut down to the lowest limit. The amount received from pupils’ fees—f252—shows an increase of £26 upon last year, which is due to the increase in the number of enrolments, and may be considered satisfactory. This also strengthens our claim for a larger grant, for it is obvious that the remuneration of instructors being based upon the number of enrolments means a proportional increase in expenditure under this heading. The item Donations and Subscriptions shows an increase on the receipts from that source last year, _ and other sundry receipts are satisfactory, but still further © improvement may be hoped for as the objects and necessities of the college are more fully recognised. The principle of imposing a ‘caution fee”? upon pupils has been discontinued after a fair trial, and in explanation of the items in the statement, the payments being in excess of the receipts, it may be pointed out that. the most of these fees collected during 1895 were paid last year, in addition to those paid on account of the period under review. ~ The Building Construction class has been revived during the year, and the interest well maintained. The attendance and diligence of students throughout has been highly satisfactory. Trade exhibits were shown by the Car- pentry and Plumbing classes at the industrial exhibitions» held during the year at Ballarat, Albury and Warrnambool respectively ; the judges’ remarks and list of awards, as pub- lished elsewhere, should be a collateral proof of the utility of the institution. The Museum continues to attract a large number of visitors to the College. The honorary curators, Messrs. Hill and Hammerton, have devoted much of their spare time to the work of collecting and arranging specimens, and their report elsewhere indicates the progress of the museum and library. The Reading Room is thoroughly appreciated by the pupils and others connected with the college, the excellent collection of technical books and periodicals forming a good field for those in search of know- ledge. The Wombat, a quarterly journal formerly published by several of the societies associated with the college, has been recognised by the council, and is now the official organ of ~ the institution. Attached to the curators’ report is a list of pub- lications which will show the variety of valuable papers upon all branches of science and trade subjects contained in the read- ing room. A number of gentlemen availed themselves of the cca THE WOMBAT. 29 benefits of the ‘‘ First Aid ” classes formed under the auspices of the St. John Ambulance Association towards the end of the year, with Dr. F. J. Newman as lecturer, and Dr. S. M. Smith as examiner. The usefulness of sect a course has been amply demonstrated, and those who succeeded in passing the. examination (see results elsewhere) will doubtless en- deavour to proceed with the subsequent courses of instruction until the final certificate is obtained. Early in the year the president, Mr. J. H. Grey, resigned his seat on the council, and Mr. G. M. Hitchcock was elected to the position of president, which caused a vacancy for a vice-president. This was filled by Mr. Wm. Humble, who was elected to the position by the council, and Mr. S. R. J Mawson was elected to a seat on the council. In September the Rev. W. Chas. Pritchard resigned as a member of the council, and Mr. W. H. Potter was elected to fill the vacancy. The members of the council who retire, as per constitution, are Messrs. T. G. W. Coburn, Ward Nicholson, W. H. Potter (who took Mr. Pritchard’s seat), W. Strong, and Dr. Kennedy. These gentlemen are eligible for re-election, and, with the exception of Mr. Coburn, have consented to serve if elected. Mr. F. J. Leary has been nominated to take Mr. ‘Coburn’s place. In conclusion, the council desires to place on record its appreciation of the valuable services rendered by the secretary, Mr. Alex. Purnell, who, in the face of the grave difficulties already referred to, has devoted himself with much industry and intelligence to both maintaining and extending the usefulness of the college to the town of Geelong and the SHULOUR GIS districts. GEO. M. HITCHCOCK, President. ; 9 gi Obey (oO) ay eyts (Ye Gee Wat (ott 6 919 oO or€é Oo OLO Teeny 9 SI oL 9 tI 0 (6) fo ain (Opn JAKE 0 O gz O II Q Il VI PI (oy 447 oO 61 (a) (0) Fyn Hoy = AS G2 2 ee a Seeman 6 Gr iby g 4 ii “S eAoge sev jIGeq yYseD ZL (6) (6) oe ae oe es 9 ZL 1eR oe oe ** syunoooy Aapung SULpUur}sINO (A9}yVAA puv uMOT) sozery LNA LY LS AMV LNSINSIAIaAns ‘AADJadIIS “VIANUAY *Xaty "MOANSDIAT, “AHAVS ‘AQ *f “opp ‘ATHIALIN A, “vy NuOf Q90AL0 Punof py paupuvxsy L6/1/€1 9 or ObLe a ee o° +e we sossv[g “ QokGe set on “* yuvey onp souryecy BiG 0 ats pepunjory soe,q uolne) wu oe ve oe oe On [OOM. a mae ss she ** whesny, pue Areiqry “ oe oe os oy on [en uf oe oe ee oe oe SO}PYY “ ve on oe ve On soseysoq ‘ 9 g cz se abe ws ohe Soo,J ,SJuepnys “ an an on on .. asouvimsuy “ 9 61 8 he ne ws oe ** [OOM Jo sles *' - . on a op ysosojuy @) ven {Sau oy ris “s 4S ** saa,y uoyneg “ ae On we on or sosivyy Mt (a) (9 0) OG id Bis saa PIOS syeiteyeyy “ on a oc on vo NESS Pa OR Cumelic Ry ay oe “* "9% ‘SUIOOX JO oulpy ‘ . . on ** sadeA, pue satires ‘ (OS anys 8 2 nN todayy ut syuewasyasApy “ a es Gig ie) ‘+ BUISI}IOADy “ One e Oia mete } * suondiiosqng puv suoyjeuog “ we An . Axouorye}S pue suyung “ O O18 eo sis ** snjereddy 107 a10, C10 a oD sooueryddy pue sanjruiny “ OL On sO Sicamen a9 xe QOgT AO} A104 me om er 6 os ssurpjing Z ox €11 0 ei ** C6gt 10y OH ‘s}TUseEY 6 +s .. ‘. C6g1 wor soureg Aq —S}UVIF) JUDWUIAAOL) OT . SPQ eS ser HAUNLIGNad xe : ‘Sid HORY "96SI ‘A9qQuUL9s9090q 3SI£ P opus avo, AO dINJIPUSAXY PUB s}dIa.0y JO JUOLLIOJBIS THE WOMBAT. Donations & Subscriptions for Aitkin, D. Aitchison, J. 8S. .. Fi Be a Alexander, J. G. ae ate oe Anderson, J. bs Se ae Armstrong, Howe & Co. .. ae de Baxter, J. F. is aS ae Bannister, J. ses ae St Blakiston, J. Bradley & Wiggs se a Bright & Hitchcocks ac =a Brown, H. B. ae te Coburn, Thos. G. W. Cole & Co., CU. 6 bes Creer & Roberts ES &. Daniel, J. ara at Day, H. W. ae Dennys, Lascelles, Austin & Co. Dickins & Sons Dickson, T. As Ars ae a Dobie, T. M. 250: oe ae Ducker, W. F. at i ce Eyans & Co. Fagg, W. ar Be se Franks & €o. ec oe ee “ Friend” te ie ae Geelong Town Council ae a Gilbert, W. P. = ots sac Gillies, J. ee te 5 Gray & Co., A. ue ee x3 Grieve, H. L. k ee Be She Harwood, T. C. oes oe : ee Harvey, Dann & Co. ig 2e =e Hague, Geo. an es os Hearne, W. G. ae 2 a Higgins, H. B. a: ie Bs Higgins, W. sé Ss = Hill & Son, W. ae Bee ai Hill, H. E. Se Ae si Hocking, R. C. ae Ae aa Holden, T. 3 £3 26 Humble, W. a3 ats ee Jackson, A. Fe Sic ee Kennedy, Dr. T.J.M. .. 3 Ee King & Sons, W. B. oe 33 of Kyle, H.S.S. ee ae =. Kernot, W. C. Sg 23 Be Leary, F. J. =e a Lord, T. ae ¥: Marwood, Dr. A. W. ae ee Mathews Bros. Be es ae Mawson, S. R: J. = ES os Max Wall, Dr. ae a As Mercer, G. . 2 8 ee Mueller, Dr. H. ar Aes sh MeMillan, A. P. 23 MeMullen & Co., W. eS Ormond Memorial Fund .. O’Brien, D. S53 hye Pawsey, C. R. Be ae -- o 9 4 . 1896, Suse ae Te TO 0 5 0 On S00 O25 56 L180 010 0 Ogeon20 Orroue 0) Late 0) Dees) bel =. 6 lis Ee6: 010 6 Q10 6 010 0 aes aU L140 OR oO Oe Sa 03 dees 0) 10 0 010 0 Oo. 010 6 Diet Dees (} 2 0°=0 010 0 On =26 Ms] LD) 3 aa pte Y 1020 010 6 ove Tepe) Ooh 20 LE Te Os 0.7226 ia OLT0- 0. 010 0 0 5 0 010 0 L200 1 Oe O 010 0 0.5 @ O25: 0 On 5.0 OF52 0 010 6 Test O Ol1c 6 010 0 ey AL Teel50 010 6 in Hier y, 30, OTRO O225350 010 0 32 THE WOMBAT. £ os. d. Peters, T. Moroats red aE 1 00 Pivot Stove Co. oe ae 55 Pode? :0 Potter, W. H. S53 bile By 05 0 Powers, D. 36 ad BO 0 5 0 Price, J. L. ‘ ae Cals 010 6 Pritchard, Rev. W. Chas. 36 We 2 2 @ Purdie, J. .. é she 010 0 Purnell & Sons as aie an JM a) Richardson, H. F. Re os ae 010 0 Shannon, C. oe 56 ee gE Pe) Shaw, W. ih ‘ ee ® 5 0 Shirra, R. i 5S a 0 5:0 Small, Dr. J. is aie an 010 0 Smith, Dr. §. M. ate aA ais 010 06 Strachan, Bostock & Co. .. 56 11 06 Strong, W.. 0 010 6 ‘Students’ Subscriptions, Reading Room 119 6 Taylor, J. C. 50 bo iw (0) Thacker, H. as ae we 110 Thackrah, W. - oo a 36 0 5 0 Thacker, B. C. Bo Be we 010 0. ‘Traill, J.C. ate ae Y we ilisnd Uacal0) Wadelton, J. ste we: O00 010 0 Williams, C. & A. sts a 36 010 O \ =| bo = | Total ae RETURN OF ATTENDANCES—COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES. COUNCIL—12 Meetings. f PRESIDENT : Mr. J. H. Grey . 2 (resigned July) HA G. M. Hiteheock 13 (elected July) WickE-PRESIDEN® : W. Humble 3 iM J.C. Taylor Le 5 - (QREASURER J. W. Sayer ke 30 3 MEMBERS W. W. Bradley j ei LO T.G.W.Coburn .... abe 1 (resigned) H. W. Day aes a 6 W. H. Denmead 1 (illness) J. Hill Re 7 R. C. Hocking A 6 Dr, T. J. M. Kennedy : 5 Mr, G. F. Link . 2 S. RB. J. Mawson 4 +3 4 (elected July) Ward Nieholgon bes aie 4 T. Peters .. we 40 3 W. H. Potter ite Baia 1 (eleeted Sept.) D. Powers .. a Sie 6 ‘ Rey. W. Chas. Pritchard .. 1 (resigned Sept.) Mr. H. G. Roebuck ae cisvlers 3 rN W. Shaw .. Ke ate 5 W. Strong .. Ac dc 6 CLASS AND LECTURE COMMITTEE—13 Meetings. Mr. G. M. Hitcheoek, Chairman is Mr. D. Powers as ENS J. H. Grey ot H. G. Roebuek .. Hee § J. Hill 5 abs f W. Strong ake eh ae R. C. Hocking .. ew juts -J.C. Taylor .. elie, = ee ESI ean THE WOMBAT. 33 FINANCE COMMITTEE—12 Weetings. ‘Mr. G. M. Hitchcock, Chairman 8 W. W. Bradley 8 H. W. Day 6 W. Strong 6 MUSEUM AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE—3 Meetings. Mr. H. G. Roebuck, Chairman 5 ae H. W. Day : 1 Ward Nicholson 1 Rey. W. Chas. Pritchard .. 1 Mr. W. Shaw 2 WOMBAT SUB-COMMIITHE—1 Meeting. College—Mr. W. H. Potter i - Mr. 8. R. J. Mawson 1 Photographic Association—Mr. C. O. Dentry 1 Science Club—Mr. J. F. Dentry il Art Society—Mr. A. M. Ramage J ENROLMENTS FOR 1896. —— o aS SAEs " : oS lo : anise lg dal ee laa Supsucr. Bs ® a 3 aq (ook Sia) ap Pee ENE 2.2 caie Se ses (e |7 a ae 4 a on =H i Arithmetic 2 4 8 5 3.04 | 4.75 Algebra 3 ue A + 2.29 | 3.75 Book-keeping pe 7 7 8 8 4.26 | 7.50 Building Construction 3 6 5 4 3.53 | 4.50 Carpentry .. : 12 15 27 22 |12.32' | 19.00 Chemistry, Theoretical 6 6 7 | 4.23 °)°'6.05 Practical .. 3) 6 7 4.39 | 6.00 Dress-making Ads ne 4 3.00 | 4.00 Freehand Drawing .. sol] 9 18 20 17 {12.55 | 17.75 German ag Pa x 2 3 2 2 2.00 | 2.25 Manual Training AG ..| 14 18 24 17 | 15.39 | 18.25 Mechanical Drawing .. Be ere 12 14 15. | 11.21 |13.75 Painting ae 12 10 7 6 8.02 | 8.75 Plumbing 8 13 12 i) 8.52 | 10.50 Shorthand 11 13 16 20 |12.30 | 15.00 Veterinary Science . 6 6 6 4,12 | 6.00 Wool-sorting ellie wd 8 13 13 13. | L2L | 13°25 Writing and Correspondence Ar 4 4 6 2 3.08 | 4.00 Totals ..! 122 1160 | 184 | 164 INDIVIDUAL OCCUPATIONS. | ce eee Artisans. Apprentices. | Females. 68 156 58 31 [ Total Individual Students 293. 34 THE WOMBAT. J caminations —_ NOVEMBER —DECEMBER, 1896. NON-SUBSIDISED SUBJECTS. ->e<__— Book-keeping, Honours: Charles J. Bennett, Archibald Murray, Albert H. Madden. German, Honours: Elise Weber, Mary L. Daniel. Shorthand, Honours: Charles Kaufner, Robert L. Jackson, William G. Madden, Louisa A. Viccars. a ist Grade.—Edward J. Barnfather, Leslie E. R. Bailitt, John. W.' Bustace, Alex, |), Sleckies Frederick C. Kettie, Ernest W. Potter, Harry Ibbitson, John F. Trewartha. 3 ) and Grade.—Herbert A. Purnell, Walter R. Craig, William E. Dutton. Writing and Correspondence, 2nd Grade.—Walter Bireh. SUBSIDISED SUBJECTS. Algebra, 1st Grade :—Fred. J]. Green. Practical Chemistry, 1st Grade:—Joseph S. Henry, Langdon Wilson, Charles Battye. Theoretical Chemistry, 1st Grade :—Charles Battye. Veterinary Science, 1st Grade :—John F. Dentry. Woolsorting, 1st Grade.—Passed with Credit: Patrick Marron, Ronald Fletcher, Thomas M. Robert- son, John Hardiman. ‘5 1st Grade.—Passed: William McDonohue, Ernest Weitnauer, John Miles, Thomas Moodie, Joseph J. Hinchcliff. | 2nd Grade.—Passed with Credit: Andrew Angwin, William Hagens, Mark J. Holden, Herbert Vaughan. Passed: Edward Harvey. Carpentry, 1st Grade: Walter Tingate. Elementary Carpentry, (Manual Training) :—Charles Pawsey, Frank W. Sewell, Gerald Morrison, Frank Mason, 9) de THE WOMBAT. 35 ST. JOHN AMBULANCE. “First Aid”: Passed with much Credit.—Thomas A. Sayle, Charles Hobbs, George A. Robertson, Albert C. S. Clutterbuck, William J. Irwin, William P. Dawson, Edmund J. West, Hugh B. Devine. Passed with Credit: Edwin Backwell, John Stock, Albert C. Bartlett. ALBURY INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION. Plumbing Class, 1st Order of Merit, Sanitary Fittings: William C. Freeman, Alfred J. freeman, James Herd. Carpentry Class, 1st Order of Merit, Specimens of Joinery : James Warner, James Ebery, Fred. Barnfather, Herbert Tingate, Walter Tingate, Ernest Jarman. and Order of Merit : Ernest Squires. Copy of Juror’s Minute.—‘‘ The students of Gordon Technical College, Geelong, show a first-class sample of lead- work—joints, bends, &c., being clean and remarkably well put together, The woodwork is also a good sample of work- manship, especially the sashes, which are in some cases equaliy as good as machine made.” Se OFFICERS FOR 1897. Patrons : His ExceLLENcY THE GOVERNOR OF VICTORIA. THe Mayors oF GrELoNG, NEWTowN AND CHILWELL, AND GEELONG WEST. Trustees ;—Mrssrs. C. J. Dennys, W. Homene, anp CO. Siannon. President :—Mr. G. M. Hircucock. Vice-Presidents :— Messrs. W. Humenr anp J. C, Taynor. Preasurer:—Mr., J. W. Sayer. Members oi Council: Mr. W. W. Brapury Dr. T. M. Kennrpy | Mer. T. Perrers » H. W. Day Mr. F. J. Leary » W. H. Porrer » W. H. Denwrapd ay Gay dalige I bursa » D. PowErs on Oe elias g | Mr. S. R. J. Mawson | » H. G. Rorpuck » &. C. Hockine ., Warp NicHotson | ,, W. SHAW Mr. W. Strone. Museum Curators :—Messrs. J. HamMerton anp H. HE. Hit. Auditor :—Mr. J. A. WHrrritLp. Secretary :—Mr. A. Purnewu. Life Governors: Hon. Srpney Austin Mr. James Henpy Mr. James Munro Mr. C. J. Drnnys » W. HumMBLE », CHARLES SHANNON » 4. H. Lascenues » Warp NiIcHoLson » JAMES HuppDART S. H. Face » H. T. Howarp » W. H. Sire » G. M. HircHcock roF, W, C. Kernor | »; J. W. SAYER or 36 THE WOMBAT. MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. During 1896, 139 specimens were presented to the museum, while the library received 265 publications (exclusive of periodicals, against 196 specimens and 156 publications respectively in the previous year. Great improvements have been effected in the new reading-room, which is now a very comfortable place for studying, and is largely availed of by the students of the college, who have subscribed amongst themselves for a new linoleum for the floor. We have to tender our sincere thanks to the’ various publishers (enumerated below) who have kindly supplied us with free copies of their respective journals. There are now 2163 exhibits entered on the museum record, and about 1000 more which we have been unable to find time to deal with so far. One of our weakest points at present is the ornithological branch ; our collection of birds is very small, and it would help us materially if some of our friends would occasionally send us a few bird specimens. The hampered condition of the college finances prevents us making the progress which might naturally be expected, as we are unable to obtain new cases, and are experiencing considerable difficulty in finding case room for large specimens. The most notable addition to our collection during the year was a fine alligator which was sent down from Queens- land by Mr. Ward Nicholson on a recent trip, while the technical side of the museum received substantial help by the presentation of an exhibit illustrating the manufacture of rope, from Messrs. M. Donaghy & Sons. oe pees . Hon. Curators J. HaMMERTON, JUNR., | : 3 The Horticultural Society has issued prize schedules for two Autumn Shows. The frst will be for flowers, fruit, and vegetables, on 25th and 26th March, and the second for chrysanthemums on 27th April next. The members are to be complimented upon these schedules, as all growers seem to be catered for, and the numerous special prizes offered show that no effort has been spared to secure the sympathies of a very large proportion of the citizens of Geelong. Members of the Art Society have been engaged in out- door sketching during the past quarter, so that a fine collection may be expected when the half-yearly examination takes place. It is said that some of the productions are sufficiently meritorious to be placed in any gallery. t bmuke rts See ‘ 4 Vos ot < ay THE WOMBAT. eal Mr anolions for 4th Quarter, 1896. SPECIMEN. DONOR, Podargus cuvieri 21 Specimens ‘Manufacture Slate and Pyrites Two White Hawks Auriferous Quartz Iron Pyrites British Coin (1623) Aboriginal Axe Four-legged Chicken Sulphur, Rotorua, N.Z. Greenstone, N.Z. Aboriginal Axe 4 Specimens of Granite Pair Eggs of Wattlebird st Nest and Eggs Scarlet- breasted Robin s showing Rope —_— : | Mr J. ae ae per Mr. D. Powers Mr. W. Dutton Messrs. M. Donaghy & } Sons Mr. M. Johnson Mr. Geo. Weber in | Mr. A. Kay, Elaine, per Mr. H. Hillier Mr. Frank Mason Master A. Dickins ie H. Clinnick, per Mr. W. H. Potter Mr. H. L. Grieve Mr. J. H. Horwood Mir EE all Mr. A. Purnell Pelican Mr. Geo. Robertson FUBLICATIONS. PUBLICATION. Agricultural Statistics India, 1890-95 Review Mineral Production of India, 1895 Agricultural Ledger Forecasts and Outturns of Crops, &C. Historical Records of N. S. W.. (6 vols.) Seven Colonies of Australasia, 1895-6 Statistical Register of S. A., 1895) Australasian Statistics, 1896 The Fiji Royal Gazette Facsimile Original Plan _ of Geelong Progress ‘Reports Vegetable Pro- ducts, 1-9 British-| | DONOR. x The Government of India The Govt. of N. S. W. ——_-—— he: Gowt. of S.A: The Govt. of Fiji Gee Govt. of Victoria 38 THE WOMBAT. PUBLICATION. Guides to Growers, 16 Nos. Bulletin, No. g Journal of Viticulture, 3 Nos. Handbook of Viticulture a Lecture on Dairying by Mr. D. Wilson ° Report on Dairying, Food for Plants Guide to Manuring Manures and Manuring How to use Nitrate Report Sugar Beet Industry Redwater in Cattle Sugar Beet, by Van de Velde Description of Thistles ae Perfume Plants & Essential Oils Silos and Ensilage i What is Scientific Agriculture ? Practice with Science Report on Australian Wine Trade sel Fibres from Plants = Fruit Trees, Canning, &c. Water-rot in Sheep Poultry Breeding Preservation of Fruit for Shipment Report Wheat Production in U.S. Canada, &c. Report Pork Industry Report Prospects of Trade with China, &c. Report Conference Wine Growers’ Association Report Conference Fruit Growers’ Association The Government Gazette : Annual Cal. McGill College and Univ., 1896-7. Carpentry and Building Prospectus Konig] Sachs Tech- nische Hochschule, Dresden ... 13 copies ‘“‘ Out & Home” : Trans. Roy. Soc. S. A.,, Vol. xx: Part 1 Rpt. Manchester Museum, 1895- 6 Handbook of the Aquarium 1895-6 . . . . x $$ eee = DONORS. \. The Govt. of Victoria , The Secretary Mr. A. Carter The Rictor Mr. J. Hill The Secretary The Secretary The Exhibition Trustees i j ee See, THE WOMBAT. 39 PUBLICATION. DONORS. Proc. hoy. soc. Edin., Vol.xx. Modern Art of Finishing Natural)) Woods Royal Natural History (36 parts), The Mining Journal The Electrical Review The Electrician The Engineer Engineering Science Siftings The Lancet The British Trade Journal The Agricultural Economist The Mark Lane Express Garden The Timber Trades Journal ... The British & Colonial Printer & Stationer Out & Home The British Review The Zoologist The Farmers’ Gazette - The Electrical Review (New York) The Hub Painting & Decorating Ice & Refrigeration The Southern Architect What to Eat The Nidiologist The California Architect The Canadian Electrical News .. Helios _ The Australian Agriculturist The Australian Farm & Home... The Scientific Australian The Typographical Journal The Geelong Advertiser The Geelong Times The Evening Star The Federal Record The Secretary ; the Cleveland Varnish Co, Mr. J. Wadelton The Proprietors, London : 99 Ft », Dublin 5 New. York ee ” ” si Chicago a a Proprietors, Atlanta, eS. oe Proprietors, Minne- apolis, U.S.A. (The Proprietors, Califor- mia, UL S.A ihe Proprietors, San Francisco, U.S.A. \ The Proprietors, Montreal | ) Canada . The Proprietors, Dresden, Germany The Proprietors, Sydney a » Melbourne 9? : 9? +P) 3 of i Gaeelons 40 THE WOMBAT. PHOTOGRAPHIC ASSOCIATION. 30/10/96. Special meeting. Motion carried that all rules relating — to prize competitions be rescinded. 25/11/96. - Monthly meeting. Competition—‘ Landscapes.’—Class A—H. Smith, rst and 2nd; B. Stafford, 3rd. Class B.— jseeeebrices Mr. Waddell gave prize for evening. Rules for competition adopted :— 1.—That all rules relating to past competitions be rescinded. 2.—That each monthly competition be complete in itself. 3.—That prints may be taken from negatives taken at any time from October, 1896, to October, 1897, pro- vided that prints from such negatives have not taken a prize at any previous monthly competition. 4.—That the prize for each month shall not exceed 2/6, except in special competitions. 5.—That the points awarded be three for first place, two for second, and one for third, no exhibitor to count for more than his highest place in that competition ; a record to be kept for the year, and the competitor obtaining the highest score to receive a trophy if provided. 6.—That all prints be mounted on Oxford mounts. 7.—The maximum points to be awarded by judges to be as follows:—composition, 10; negative making, 10; printing and toning, 10; mounting, 3. 8.—Class A to be open to all members of the club; Class B open to those who have not been over twelve working, and to junior members. g.—Three judges to be appointed at each monthly meeting for the competition of that month. 10.—All prints for competition to be handed to the secretary, under sealed cover and nom-de-plume. 11.—Donors of trophy shall have the option of selecting subject. 12.The form of the prize to be announced when the subject for any competition is chosen. 13.—All prize prints to become the property of the club. — mae THE WOMBAT. 41 2/12/96. Papers read: ‘‘Amateurs in Camp,” by Mr. J. Hammer- ton ; ‘‘ Cloud Printing,” by Mr. C. O. Dentry. 11/12/96. Monthly meeting. Mr. C. O. Dentry moved the insertion in Rule g (of the general rules) of the words ‘‘accompanied by first year’s subscription ” after the word ‘ nomination.” ‘Carried. Mr. Millar moved ‘that all candidates for membership ‘be nominated and seconded at one monthly meeting, and ‘alloted for at the succeeding monthly meeting.” Carried. Monthly competition.—‘‘ Xmas. Cards.”—Class A.—A. M. Waddell, 1st and 2nd.; J. Hammerton, 3rd. Class B. Rev. W. J. Eddy, 1st. ‘CEOUD- PRINTING. By C. O. DENTRY. Read before the Photographic Association, and December, 1896, So much has been said and written about cloud printing in ordinary photographic work that there is little in the way of _ original information that I can give you, but, as the majority ‘of our junior members are quite ignorant of the methods usually adopted, I will endeavour to explain the simplest and easiest means of adding clouds to a print from a negative that is defective in this respect. I have frequently, while acting as judge at our monthly competitions, pointed out to what a degree the beauty of a picture would have been enhanced by the addition of suitable clouds in place of the staring sky which actually killed what would otherwise have been an effective scene. Many competitors have honestly said that they do not know how to put them in, while others say it is a great trouble, &c. I trust that the former objection will.no longer hold good from ~ to-night, while for the latter I am afraid I can hold out neither comfort nor cure. Let me, however, remind you that everything worth doing is more or less trouble. As the subject of this paper is rather more a matter for practical illustration than for reading only, I will endeavour to fully demonstrate it by means of the simple apparatus which you see on the table, and which consists of nothing more complicated than an ordinary printing frame, some masks, and a few pieces of cardboard. Let me remind you that it is a very unusual thing for an “observer to turn his eyes towards the heavens and see a clear 42 THE WOMBAT. sky. On the contrary, how often do we hear such remarks as «* What a beautiful sky!” ‘‘ What striking clouds!” and so on. Even when the sky is not particularly effective, we hardly know what an important part it plays in a view until we see a photographic picture with a clear staring sky, meaningless and expressionless, a face without the eyes. In nine cases out of ten a negative will not print its own clouds~ with the view for several reasons. They are chiefly that the sky developes faster than the view, and so becomes exceedingly dense, or that the clouds were not sufficiently marked in themselves, or perhaps the sky was clear. Whatever the cause the print is bare, and clouds must be put in by what is generally termed double printing. I am aware of several methods that have been suggested: for keeping the sky back during development, by local appli- cation of restrainers or by brush development, and also by reduction after fixing. I shall not however enter into these to-night, as they hardly come within the scope of my paper. Let me first recommend you to make a collection of cloud negatives. Take them whenever you get the chance, some lighted from the right, others from the left; also, both top and bottom light. Take a print from each negative, and keep the lot in an album, and from your varied collection you. will soon see which best suits the view in hand. If the-tatter be lighted from the right, choose a cloud lighted from the same direction. The best effects you will get in the morning or evening while the sun is near the horizon. It is almost useless to take white clouds in a clear blue sky; the latter will develope as fast as the whiteclouds. The use of a screen will however overcome this difficulty, but the _ exposure must be prolonged. Coppery coloured clouds take well. Always take about an inch of the horizon with your _ clouds, or you may get them upside down; and, if you can, get them ona platéa size larger than you use. This will enable you to shift your print about to get the best effect. Back your plates and give a short exposure, remembering. that it is not necessary to use your smallest stop. A shutter set to a fairly slow speed is better than thecap. Develope for contrast and not too dense, using rather less than the normal quantity of accelerator. Use the same kind of developer that you use for your ordinary work. Having chosen your cloud negative, take a print from your view, and having carefully cut away the sky along the horizon, or the edges of buildings, blacken the view part all over by exposing it to the light. Write what it is on the back, and you have a permanent mask for that particular view. To use it take a print from your negative, and care- fully fit the mask over it with a touch of gum at corners to hold it in position. Place your cloud negative in the frame sos eae pits i _ chooses other situations. THE WOMBAT. 43 and the masked view in the ordinary way. While it is printing, slightly shade off towards the horizon with a piece of cardboard to get the effect of distance, otherwise the clouds will look like a wall. In putting clouds in a vignetted picture it is better to shade away from the horizon, or the sky would not balance with the other portion of the view. Fora moonlight effect print dark and bring to a colder tone than for a daylight picture. I cannot give you hard and fast rules for every view. Use your own judgment. I must own that the chief beauty of a natural sky lies in » the colouring, and this you cannot reproduce, but do the best you can. Little points will strike you in manipulation, and every failure will teach you something new. : NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF THE BENDIGO DISTRICT. (Concluded. ) By W. MacGIL.tivray. THE order Raptores, as represented in Australia by the hawks and owls we find pretty evenly distributed throughout the colonies, and the district under consideration has its fair com- plement of these noble and useful birds. The Falcons, about the most daring and powerful of the order, will first engage our attention. Two species came under my notice, the Black-checked and the Little Falcon; these two hawks, and more especially the latter, are greatly dreaded by all smaller birds, who generally make off to the nearest shelter ing bush or thicket on their approach. Ducks of various kinds are preyed upon by these birds, being generally killed on the wing. Many duck shooters have a great regard for the Little Falcon, as ducks will rarely rise out of range of the guns when this bird is in the neighbourhood. The common Brown Hawk is frequently met with, and its congener the Western Brown Hawk has been shot, and its eggs taken at Swan Hill by my friend, Mr. R. Hall. The little Nankeen Kestrel, one of the best known hawks on the continent, though commonly called the ‘‘ Sparrow Hawk,” is easily distinguished from the latter bird both by its light reddish brown plumage, and by its well-known habit of hovering in the air over some particular spot on the ground where something has attracted its notice. It usually lays its eggs in a hollow tree on the decayed wood, but sometimes \ ‘water, but were well above it. The majority contained fresh 44 THE WOMBAT. The Wedge-tailed Eagle, the finest example of this order of birds in Australia, was found breeding near Kerang early in spring, and was frequently seen in other parts of the district. Another eagle, though not generally known as such, which came under my notice first at Newbridge on the Loddon, was the Whistling Eagle, my attention being first attracted to it by hearing its characteristic cry which, when once heard, can never be forgotten. These birds will often, on a clear warm day, soar higher and higher till completely lost to sight; they do this, I think, more frequently than any other Australian eagle. Whilst riding along the Murray frontage at Murrabit one day in November a passing shadow caused me to look up- wards, when I was surprised and delighted to seea large hawk passing over, which, from its black breast and conspicuous white band across the base of the primary feathers, I at once recognised as the Black breasted Buzzard, a bird usually found further north in New South Wales, and rarely seen in Victoria. This bird is, by many, reputed to indulge a taste for emu eggs, by first frightening the mother bird off her nest, and then carrying a stone overhead and dropping it on the eggs and so breaking them, and then descending to feast upon the contents. His habit has however never been directly observed by any credible authority. Another very beautiful hawk noted near she same locality on the Murray was the Black-shouldered Kite, a bird ofa general light grey colour witha black mark over the carpal joint. The common Harrier (Circus gouldi) was frequently seen sailing over swamps or cornfields in various places. The only owl noted was the very well known Boobook ; however, the museum of the Bendigo School of Mines contains a number of other species said to have been obtained in the | district. In the first half of these notes I dealt with the Picea and Gallinaceous birds as they were numerically few in number. in the district, and left the Hawks for later consideration ; this will then account for my going on now to the order con- taining the Rails. Thetwo species of this family most frequently met with were the Coot (Fulica australis), and the Black- backed Porphyrio (P. melanotus) both of which species were in great numbers on the lakes and swamps about Kerang and the Murray. I found several nests of the latter bird in the swamps on the New South Wales side of the Murray at — Murrabit. The nests were constructed of green grasses, and placed generally in the centre of a tussock growing in the eggs at the end of November. Bb ny ee ES a eS THE WOMBAT. 45 The Native Companion, Australia’s only crane, occurred in parties of five or six on the plains at Kerang, and paired for breeding purposes on the swamps. Only one solitary Bustard showed himself to us—-by the side of a road near the Murray; this bird is supposed to be protected perpetually in this colony, but is shot whenever seen by sportsmen so-called. That very stately and dignified bird, the Pelican, is a common object on the Kerang Lakes, and in the same sheet of water I have noticed these birds in company with three species of cormorant, the darter, the crested and hoary- headed grebes, and flocks of duck and coot. The Wandella Lake, within a mile of the town of Kerang, usually swarms with aquatic birds which are rarely, if ever, disturbed by the townspeople. Herons were very much in edidene: in this northern part of the district, the Pacific and White-fronted being especially numerous in the open and shallower parts of the swamp country and irrigated lands. One day whilst procur- ing specimens on the Gunbower Creek, I disturbed a number of Nankeen Night Herons (Nyctiardea caledonicus) from the trees, as many as twenty-nine passing over my head at one time, uttering disapproving croaks at my intrusion upon their domain. The Bittern (Botaurus poicilopterus) I came across on the reedbeds on the New South Wales side of the Murray, and was fortunate in finding two of ,their nests; these were found in clumps of rushes in fairly ‘deep water, the rushes being bent over and interlaced so as to forma kind of platform upon which the eggs were placed. One nest contained three partially incubated eggs, and the other five fresh ones. Two species of ibis were very numerous, the white and the straw-necked ; both these species breed in the reedbeds in colonies. The Yellow-legged Spoonbill was often seen in _ their company when out feeding. The Plovers and their allies will next engage our atten- tion, the commonest form being the little Black-breasted Plover, which was seen in all the open parts, and was especially numerous on the plains between Pyramid Hill and Kerang, where they were breeding in thousands; all stages could be seen at one time from eggs to nearly fledged young, during the months of October and November. The Spur- wing Plover was less numerous, and the Thicknee, or so-called Stone Plover, only occasional. Along the edges of the rivers and lakes were noted the Avocet, the Banded Stilt, and the little Black-fronted Dottrel. ‘A number of Snipe were put up in some wet paddocks near Macorna by a dog which a friend had brought with him, one day during October. 46 THE WOMBAT. A flock of Marsh Tern were seen near the Murray seeking a living over a sheet of marshy water ; these birds also nest in the district and generally in company. Ducks and their relatives, as may be expected, are not absent from congenial haunts, such as are to be found around Kerang and along the Murray. Black Swan are numerous as in all similar places in the colony. Two geese, the Semi- palmated and the Maned Goose, or ‘ Wood Duck’ as it is more commonly known, were observed. I found many nests of the former bird in the swamps on the New South Wales side of the Murray; ‘the nests were usually composed of grass, rushes, &c., and placed on a mass of trampled down reeds. Many other ducks nest along the river and in the swamps in this locality. These simply noted were the Musk, Black, Slender Teal, Shieldrake, and White-eyed Duck. This then concludes my notes on the first of the two great divisions of birds—the Carinata, whose chief character- istic is the possession of a keeled breastbone. _ Of the other division, comprising all birds without a keel, I only noted a single specimen, an Emu, and that I can hardly include in these notes, as it was on the New South Wales side of the Murray. rd GORDON COLLEGE SCIENCE. CLUB. Spllabus for Half-Bear ending July, 1897. Feb. 17th—Electricity 2. oo MEAN gG@aok March —Comparative Philology of the Native Languages... Mr. G. Brewer April —Modern Treatment of Gold Ores. Mr. F. Mieioes May —Cement Production eh Mr. R. ‘Taylor June —Fruit Growing in Victoria— . Mr. George Neilson, Govt. Expert July © —Annual Meeting. ee THE WOMBAT. 47 GORDON” TECHNICAL: COLLEGE, GEELONG. Eh A te. 1897. SUBJECT. DAY) a HOUR!» 7 ccs per Herm SEN. JUN. AritHmMetTic & MATHEMATICS | Wed., 7.30—9 p.m. 8/- 5/- Boox- KEEPING Be ..| Friday, 7.30—9 p.m. 8/- 5/- BUILDING Construction ..| Tues. & Thur. 7.30—9 Ioj- 6/- ‘CARPENTRY we ..| Mon., Tu., Wed., 730-8) 15/- 7/6 Conc (Theoretical) ..| Tues. & Thur.,7—8 | i (Practical) aH » 89.30 ee a FREEHAND & MoveEL DRAwING| Tues. & Fri., 7.30—9 ro/- 6/- GERMAN... oe .-| Tuesday, 2—4 10/6 10/6 MANUAL TRAINING (Carpen-)| Tues. & Thur., 3.30—5}| | try for Boys) } Saturday, 1o—r12 f 5I- MECHANICAL DRAWING pot buess & Thur., 7.30—9| Io- 6/- ParntTinG (Oil & Water Colors)} Saturday, 2—4 10/6 10/6 PLUMBING .. ie Gee) buesy & Eri. 7.300) 05 /= 7/6 SHORTHAND Anis .-| Thursday, 7.30—9 10/6 10/6 ‘VETERINARY SCIENCE .-| Wednesday, 7.30—8.30| 10/6 10/6 W00L-SORTING 56 ..| Saturday, 3—5 10/6 10/6 “WRITING & CORRESPONDENCE | Monday, 7.30—9 8/- 5/- Terms for 1897 —First Term: February 1st to April roth. Second: April r2th to June 26th (Recess for Easter, April 16th to 22nd inclusive). Third: July 12th to September 18th. Fourth: September a7th to December 4th. a _ New Classes.—A book is provided at the College, in which all i who desire the formation of Classes in any particular subject should a enrol as Students. 4 Railway Return Tickets.—For the convenience of Students a residing at a distance, the Railway Department issue Tickets at the following rates:—Distances up to 12 miles, 6d.; over 12 and up to 25 miles, 1/-; over 25 and up to 45 miles, 1/6; over 45 and up to 60 miles, 2/- THE WOMBAT. CORDON © OF Li EG Ee AEA iB ovine PHOTOGRAPHIE NS SOC TATION: Feb. 39 SYLLABUS — For half-year ending 30th June, 1897. Sora a a : 17th—Mixing of Photographic Solutions The Secretary 24th—Business & Monthly Competition, Marine Subject March 11th—Methods of reducing with ordinary Camera— July Mr. €. O. Dentry 25th—Business and Monthly Competition, ‘*« Daylieht Interiors ” ‘ist—Lantern Night ... one .-. engineers: 8th—Chemistry of Photography Mr. J. F. Dentry 22nd—Business & Monthly Competition, ‘‘ Landscape” 6th—Lantern Night, (Ladies) 13th—Bromide Work ... Mr. G. H. Brinsmead. 27th—Business & Monthly Competition, “Groups” 3rd—Through the Otway Ranges with the Camera. (Illustrated)—Messrs. Mawson & Hammerton: toth— Paper ... shat --- Mr. J. Wadelton 24th—Business & Monthly Competition, ' ‘‘ Best Lantern Slide’” 7th—Annual Meeting Alternate weeks Beginners will receive instruction from Senior Members. li, THACKEB, PRINTER, RYRIE STREET, GEELONG, SEA-SIDE RESIDENCE. 2 0] BOARD & LODGING 10 SUIT THE Times, Special Terms to Families. ~~ Kar NOTE ADDRESS:- Wiw~s, BOUND, BARWON COTTAGE, OCEAN GROVE. SE VeVGcOoOw STARLING. )-> 5 JO) If t d Tae ooe! eotia Pies. M rs. M OO R E , S FIRST-CLASS LIVERY STABLES, i ie VALOR SsiikE El GE EON G: First-class Accommodation for Travellers. VICTORIGN DYE & CLEANING WORKS. Gentlemen’s Clothes Cleaned & Dyed. Lace Curtains Cleaned and Re-Dyed. Ladies’ Dresses also done, all shades. Carpets Taken Up and Cleaned. CHARGES MODERATE. W. GRUTZNER, 221, Moorabool street, Geelong. OUR GRANVILLE CYCLES. Nee THE ROYAL GRANVILLE RACER. THE IMPERIAL GRANVILLE RACER. THE POPULAR GRANVILLE RACER. THE POPULAR GRANVILL& ROADSTER. BEST QUALITY GUARANTEED FROM £17 10s. INSPECTION INVITED. Sole Agents: WW. Box & Sons, Moorabool-st., Geelong. NOTHING IN THE OLD RUT. BUT SOMETHING POSITIVELY NEW. View tet) EO WV Aske Ts HAS AREREVED ot RwWwRIik SsT., Sterling, Rover, Raglan & Vanguard Cycles from £16 16s. PICTURES FRAMED & PHOTOS HNLARGED. 158 RYRIE STREET, GEBLONG. De ca Sy ea. SOuNisS. Nos. 89 to 98 MERCER STREET, GHELONG. ee Tubular and other descriptions of Iron Gates for Carriage Entrances, Stations, Gardens, and. Farm purposes. Wrought and Cast Iron Railings of various designs for Building. D. & Sons have on hand a very large assortment of Wrought and Cast Iron Enclosures for Graves. .Estimates for Bridge Work & General Contracting. SMITHS' WORK IN GENERAL, Makers of Shaw’s Patent Self-opening Gate & Post Lifters, J. WEBBER & SON, CSEGHELONG COOPERAGE.S) —i>—. ©

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The front of the premises is devoted to the Café: the rear to vaults and bottling division. r this important Wine-house, which is situate near Robinson, Burns and All the Wines are matured and bottled under the personal supervision of Mr. Thetaz, who brings to the task an experience of FIFTY years, and the lore and study of generations of connoisseurs, supplemented by long residence in the various noted wine districts of Central Europe, by which he has contributed no small quota to the prosperity of the Australian Wine trade, and is allowed to be an authority amongst ourexperts. Mr. Thetaz attributes the cause of Australians not being such a wine drinking community as the peoples of other vine growing countries to the carelessness of retailers, and will guarantee his wine against every normal vicissitude, provided his directions are carried out in the storing and care of bulk parcels, The extent of his trade may be guessed by the large consignments of bottles delivered to his order, Here the different vineyards which supply the establishment receive full justice in the scrupulous care which Mr. Thetaz devotes to their maturing, which in itself does more to further our Wine industry than a world of eulogy. The Café is a most comfortable lounge for patrons resorting thither to enjoy a real good glass of Australian Wine for a modest Rs ih bit, or the older vintages at sixpence per tumbler. It is a thousand pities that more of our retailers do not embrace the oppor- tunity to learn the management of Wine which Mr. Thetaz offers his customers. —__>»220e—<___ We hear a lot about SACRAMENTAL WINES used in our Churches which is not fit for human consumption, simply because people will not take the trouble to enquire from a competent judge like Mr. Thetaz, who can supply a very light Wine, which is palatable and very much cheaper, and the strictest teetotaller could not object to. It may be well to inform such an one that there is more Alcohol in unfermented Wines (if required to be kept) than in ordinary Wines, for should they do so, the home consumption of Australian Wines would increase by leaps and bounds. Fombs ¥ Duan, ARCHITECTS, Mercantile Chambers, Ryrie Street, Geelong. FRANK SHRIMPTON, Late CHAS. SOMMERS, Mercantile Cham bers, @, MOORABOOL & RYRIE STREETS. WN FINANCIER AND Gj LEGAL _MANAGER. House, Lanp, INsuRANCE, ane & AND Telephone No. 96. - GENERAL ComMIssion AGENT. ELIZABETH STREET, GEELONG, Principal - - MISS HARRIS. ASSISTED BY A Full Staff of Efficient ‘Teachers. / HERBERT W. DAY, , FFLA, AUCTION Ber, ~ Incorporated Accountant, Auditor & Trustee, 173 MOORABOOL STREET. Properties For Sz Sale and To Let. VALUATIONS MADE AND RENTS COLLECTED. Sys" TELEPHONE Nos. 9 & 205. Standard Bank of Australia Limited e ‘Norwich Union Insurance Society (Fire). National Mutual Life Association MESUGISS ) x Thames & Mersey Insurance Company, Ltd. North China Insurance Company Limited. Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corporation. “STOCK AND SHARE BROKER. Cash Buyer for all Stocks. Special Agents in every Mining Centre. LEGAL MANAGER, MELBOURNE OFFIGE—Victovia Buildings, No. 4, Queen's Walk, Swanston-street. TARAT OFFICE Mining Exchange, under management of My. J. H. PETERS. N. DONAGHY & SONS, So CNG ee Geelong, Melbourne, and Adeluide MANUFACTURERS OF . 7 Rope | and GORDAGE OF. ALL DESCRIPTIONS. THE FAMOUS NY) 7) »>@oir Tats in all Varieties... 3 ao” Price Lists on application. AGENT FOR THE @az Wy JAY INSURANCE q Tee oe OFFICE, COUNTRY RISKS A SPECIALITY, Kangaroo ” Brand Harvest Twines. MONEY TO LEND AT LOWEST CURRENT RATES @ ON FREEHOLD PROPERTY. : DEPOSIT RECHIPTS, STOCK & SHARES BOUGHT and SOLD. 17, MALOP St, GHELONG @ FeAKER & ROUSE, = Photographic Stock Dealers, Bsns sat 260 COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE, anp at SYDNEY, ADELAIDE, BRISBANE, HOBART. ig Our very large and complete Stock of Photo Material and Bs i Optical Lantern Goods is always open for INSPEC ius a Cee sn it Zoology LOCAL AGENT—J, F, DENTRY, Cxemsr, \ °°! 29196 IBRAKY MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG; —— aie oo Le : aye as hit the public taste, and _ “* is now the popular beverage. ix im ry Te JG. R. BLACKETT says—“ Trait’s Hop Beer is an agreeable fermented non- _ alcoholic beverage prepared from the best materials.”’ Mr. G, F. LINK says—“ A Temperance Drink prepared from Hops and Cane Sugar _. . Will be beneficial in cases of Weak Digestion.” a OFFICE & FACTORY, GT. MALOP ST., GEELONG. elephone No 12, if ae Tuacker, PRINTER, _ Reais Siguat GrELone. GEELONG CO-OPERATIVE CHAFF-~CUTTING & PRODUCE SOCIETY LIMITED, 21 MERCHR StT., C7 DBO INGE: WHOLESALE & RETAIL GRAIN & FORAGE MERCHANTS Cash Purchasers of Chaff, Hay, Straw, Grain, Potatoes, &c., in any quantity. CHAFF CUTTING AND HAY PRESSING A SPECIALTY ,__ecemecmc Head Office and and Works: 21 MERCER ST., GHHELONG. SEELEY & KING, Architects & Surveyors, EXHIBITION EXCHANGE, GEELONG. “J. HAMMERTON & SON, Jewellers, pads ea Designers, WHOLESALE & RET Opticians, Lapidaries, LITTLE RVRIE STREET, GEELONG. Gold and Silver Medals awarded for Jewellery. TROPHIES, BADGES, GOLD and SILVER JEWELLERY in Stock or Made to Order. Gold, Silver & Stones in Rough Bought. J. B. LEITCH, Mmcys, VETERINARY SURGEON, SALE YARDS, RYRIE STREET, GEELONG, The only duly qualified Veterinary Surgeon in the Geelong and Western Districts. CASES PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. CHARGES MODERATE. ALEC LOWE, SADDLE & HARNESS MAKER, GC. WEES Ore eee All kinds Leather Cases made to order. Address—LITTLE MALOP ST., MARKET SQUARE. R. WILLIAMS, FAMILY BUTCHER, 238, Moorabool Street, Geelong. FARMERS’ ORDERS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. Branch Office and Stores: 882 FLINDERS ST., MELBOURNE, Austral Coffee Balace MALOP STREET (opp. Franks’) Good Accommodation. SS see MISS GRIFFIN, JAS. STRONG & BROS., BoOoT s& SHOE MANUFACTURERS & IMPORTERS, MOORABOOL STREET. GEELONG. For Window Blinds 0,70 |. T. TANSY, GHERINGHAP STREET. Opposite Telegraph Office. JOSEPH Proprietor. SMITH, MONUMENTAL & GENERAL MASON, CORNER OF RYRIE & VARRA STS., GEELONG. a Every description of Cemetery work neatly executed at lowest prices. Designs with Estimates Free on application A. TFT. CURRAN, DEBT COLLECTOR, 126, Ryrie Street, Geelong. COMMISSION ON RESULTS. SEEDS, ‘RELIABLE’ SEEDS Of every variety and description. SPECIAL|F FLORAL PACKET) ‘One SHIELING (12 Distinct Sorts.) a Packet oF CHotceE BULBS ONE SHILLING oe (12 Varieties.) a ROBERT W. DALTON, SEEDSMAN AND FLORIST, 168; -“RYRIE ST REED, GEOR al ae sa x LITTLE MALOP ST., GEELONG. NExT ‘‘ GEELONG ADVERTISER ’’ OFFICE. Niss 3. AH. Alor, COSTUMIERE. Latest Novelties in Dress Materials, Trimmings, Linings, Buttons, &e. MERGER ST. STEAM WHEEL WORKS AND CARSIAGE FACTORY. ESTABLISHED 1875. J. EVERETT Has on hand a large Stock of First-class Vehicles, Waggonettes, Single and Double-seat Buggies, Pony Phextons and Gigs, Express Waggons, &¢c., also Single and Double-seat Buggies and Express Waggons (secondhand), which he is pre- pared to sell at the Lowest Prices in Geelong (quality considered), PAINTING, TRIMMING & REPAIRS at most reasonable charges. BEST MATERIALS. HONEST WORK. FAIR PRICES: First-class Workmanship in every department. Farm, Road, and Station Waggons, Spring Water Carts, Drays, &c., built to order. Inspection Invited. RICHARD N. CARBINES, NEAR Witcox’s MONUMENTAL WORKS, Furnishing Undertaker, 231 MOORABOOL ST., GEELONG. ALL FUNERAL REQUIREMENTS SUPPLIED AT SHORTEST NOTICE, PRICES TO SUIT THE TIMES. PRIN TER, LITHOGRAPHER, AND 7 olieel, Geelong. , A\ 4 PHONE 32. RE THE LARGEST, BEST & CHEAPEST STOCK IN AUSTRALIA OF Photographic Apparatus, Microscopes, Optical Lanterns and Slides, Mathematical and Surveying Instruments, —=tr— | And all. . Optical Goods, Is HELD BY W. WATSON & SONS, 78 Swanston Street, Melbourne. LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION. h The Practical dxobt. de. § tangsby, ,, . Picture Frame Maker, PLAIN & FANCY MOUNT CUTTER. GILDER & PLUSH WORKER. Photographs & Drawings Artistically Mounted. Orders by Post promptly attended to. YARRA ST. (Opp. Wesleyan Church). INSTRUCTOR CARPENTRY AND JOINERY CLAss, GORDON TECHNICAL COLLEGE. Estimates Given fig OHSS SORIANO oe? Joiners’ Work. “2. EE SEEGEE, BU LR Dh AND COmNmtAc Ler, WELLER ST., GEELONG WEST. Established 1877. ALBERT COFFEE PALACE, Corner of Yarra Street and Market Square, GEELONG. HK CLOSE TO BATHS, RAILWAY, SHIPPING, AND GARDENS. rbistic % Photography W. H. WATTS’ PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIO, RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. The utmost care and attention paid to eachsitter, with the object of getting the most faithful and pleasing pictures. We respectfully ask you to favour us with a sitting. A WADELTON, (Late R. McDONALD’S) NEW DRUG HALL, Ryprie St. eelon Orders forwarded to any ON A Ss 2 G (2. part of the Colony on the shortest notice. PATENT MEDICINES & PERFUMERY, HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES OF ALL KINDS. * i, 5 BAYLEY, FISHMONGER AND POULTERER, TELEPHONE 888 =RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. —~V~a Families waited on for Orders. OYSTERS a speciality. Pp. A. RENZOW, Builder and Contractor, _1|j% Aig, SWANSTON STREET, ‘GY ~ SOUTH GEELONG. C. W. PURNELL, Complete Household Furnisher, ALSO MAKER OF Lantern Slide and Negative Boxes, Science Cabinets, &c., &c., dm, _ LITTLE RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. ALBERT TIT. OWEN, HOMOEOPATHIC CHEMIST, Ee ena GEELONG. NATARA—Dries up a Cold in the Head in a few hours Tinct. EUPALORIUM PERFOLIATUM for INFLUENZA. Specifies for this Malady. Vinet. STICTA PULMONARIA for INFLUENZA. PHOS PHORINE—Nervous Debility. Homeopathic TINCTURE OF PODOPHYLLIN for Bilioustiess, Congestion of the Liver, Constipation, Sick Headache, Jaundice, &c. The Perfect Cure for CORNS & WARTS—Price 1s, 6d, ALBERT T, OWEN. Andrew Storrer, om HORSE SHOER, &c., GREAT MYERS ST. (opp. Haymarket). DENTISTRY. evs, R. J- MAWSON, = 201 MOORABOOL ST., GEELONG. coer! Laughing Gas, &c., administered. Extractions 2s. 6d. JUST IMPORTED! Direct from the Manufacturers ! A VERY CHOICE VARIETY OF Glass Ware, Leather Goods, CUPS & SAUCERS, CHRISTMAS & NEW YEAR CARDS For the Home Mail, and an endless variety of Fancy Articles suitable for Presents. Inspection Invited. W. SUMMERFIELD JONES, 108 Moorabool St. “Palatine Bire Inourance Co, GEELONG AND DISTRICT AGENT: F. W. HAINES, > FS, 9 ~ 20 MALOP ST., GEELONG. <( HATTER. KAS If you want a GOOD HAT at a reasonable price, PAFRONISEHE LOCAL INDUSTRY. De. CLARKE, MoorAsool STREET. GEELONG. R. COLLINS HOCKING, —— a CLERICAL, LIVERY & LADIES’ Prices Moderate. i IAILOR. 39 MALOP ST. (opp. Bank of Victoria). TELEPHONE 41. $6 ac aN @ SS JAR ELE: OMBAT.: Published by the Associations at the Gordox ra , of Comps.> ors > Aas Gaal ay Technical College. ( OCI 23 1943 $0,006 Nauenant Vol. II.—No. 38. QUARTERLY. April, 1897. Contents. Page Notes . sas 56 a ae 50 Gordon College Science Club 5 i bie 52 Amateur Photographic Association oh Be 52 College Notes Sap ane are ae 54 Hints to Amateurs in Camp. By J. HAMMERTON ... 55 A Trip to Toolangie uy Os ane 57 Uranotype and its Capabilities Bs aay 59 Notes on the Birds of the Geelong District. By C. F. BeELcHER, B.A. are nae ie 60 With the Camera to Apollo Bay. By S. Mawson and J. HAMMERTON bk ark a6 68 New Zealand Natural History Notes... ay 70 Published by the Gordon Technical College and the Allied Associations. WO, WE INos 4 NIBIRUIL,, 1807, No. 7. All communications to be addressed to the Editor, Mr. H. E. Hill, at the Gordon Technical College, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. The Editor is not responsible for the statements in any paper. N@aiS: The bonus offered by the Government for the destruction of cormorants has been discontinued, owing to the amount voted last year for this purpose having been exhausted. On Yorke’s Peninsula—writes the Adelaide Observer— those who have gardens and vineyards almost worship the little plover, and woe betide the man who shoots one in the vicinity of Stansbury. The ‘‘sportsman’s enemy,” as it is called, from the alarmist cry it utters when it sees any one creeping on game, is encouraged to visit the gardens on Southern Yorke’s Peninsula, and appreciating its position of safety, the plover runs about in quest of insects. The birds have been found exceedingly valuable in ridding the vines of the grub which does such an amount of damage, especially to young vineyards. The amount of grubs one plover can con- sume is simply surprising.—A ustralasian. It is notified in a recent issue of the Government Gazette, that it is intended to issue a proclamation on March 24th, to change the close season for the emu, and to protect this bird, along with the grey and the red kangaroos from January ist to December 31st. The longest commercial distance at which the telephone is now operated is from Boston to St. Louis, a distance of 1,400 miles. The line is almost twice as long as any European line.-—Electrical Review (N.Y.) THE WOMBAT. 5! The Winnipeg street railway system was recently tied up for several hours owing to a sudden thaw followed by a blizzard. Manitoba is having an exceptional winter of sudden changes of temperature.—Canadian Electrical News. Ink for writing on glass :—The following mixture makes a good ink for writing on glass. Dissolve 36 grains of sodium fluoride and 7 grains of potassium sulphate in 500 c.c. of water; dissolve also 14 grains zinc chloride in 500 c.c. water. For use mix equal parts of the solutions and apply with a brush or a quill pen. After half an hour the letters appear in matt etching.—Painting and Decorating. The January number of The Hub contains a good typical picture of coaching in Victoria. The scene is at Queenstown, a few miles N.E. of Melbourne, a four-horse coach being drawn up in front of the ‘‘ pub” and P.O. The following statement in regard to the care of milk is of interest to people of all classes:—Gelatine plates, when exposed to the air for a minute, contain more or fewer germs, according to location. Whensexposed in an ordinary living room five minutes after the floor had been swept, there were 543 germs found of 8 different species; in an open field, 6 germs, 2 species; in an open meadow, 8 germs, 3 species; in a college cow stable soon after feeding time, 570 germs, Ir species ; university creamery and cheese factory, pasteurisa- tion-room after scrubbing, 5 germs, 3 species; refrigerator store-room, temperature 40° F., 1 species. Very few persons have any idea of the numbers of germs that they take into their systems with milk that is kept in insanitary places. This article of diet is, of course, much more palatable when fresh and cool, but unless it can be kept from disease germs, it is far more wholesome when sterilised.—Australian Agricul- turist. Reported discovery ofa silver lode. It is stated that on O’Donnell’s lease, near Adelaide Vale (about 20 miles from Bendigo), a handsome find of silver has been made. It is impossible to get any reliable particulars at present owing to the extreme reticence of those from whom information on the subject might be obtained, but it 1s said by a gentleman from Bendigo that he has been shown some extremely rich specimens. It is furthermore stated that several of the leases in the vicinity, which were taken up ostensibly for gold- mining purposes, have in reality been secured on account of the silver which is believed to exist.—Rendigo Advertiser. 16/3/97. 52 THE WOMBAT. Always blow any dust off your plates before developing. Supposing you have borrowed the dark-room of a man who does not smoke. Is it a fair thing when he objects to your smoking to tell him to go outside ? RAINFALL. REGISTRATIONS AT GORDON ABCHNICALT COLEEGE HOR 18077 | . | Rainfall for | Days Rain | Total raiafall BUGREINEL | Denis ol eat Month. since 1/1/97. | since 1/1/97. January 10 4°40 10 4°40 February | 10 3523 20 | WTS March | 9 “79 29 | 8 52 GORDON COLEE GE SCIENCE COMMU Ist THE members of the Science Club were treated toa very instructive lecturette on ‘‘ Induction Coils” on March 25th, by Mr. L. J. Goodwin, of the Australian Electric Lighting Co., Melbourne An exhaustive description of the construction of the instrument was given, and its value for various purposes was shown by sundry experiments, including the X rays. The chairman, Mr. James Wighton, tendered Mr. Goodwin the hearty thanks of the meeting when he had concluded his remarks. Owing to business engagements, Mr. Brewer will not give his paper on the ‘‘ Comparative Philology of the Native Language” until the next half year. TAGE Tei PHOTOGRAPHIC ‘ASSOCIATION: 3/2/97. Mr. J. Wadelton, vice-president, in the chair. The resignation of Mr. G. H. Brinsmead as lantern engineer accepted with regret. Monthly competition :—subject, land- scape ; judges, Messrs. Brinsmead, C. O. Dentry, and Leitch. Class A.—W. M. Waddell, 1st; J. Wadelton, 2nd & 3rd. Class B.—H. Wadelton, 1st; F. Price, and. THE WOMBAT. 53 Mr. Waddell asked that on account of his leaving the district, his name should be transferred to the list of corres- ponding members; agreed to. It was also resolved to place on record the club’s appreciation of the valuable services rendered to it by Mr. Waddell. 24/2/97. Mr. C. O. Dentry, vice-president, in the chair. Numer- ous items of correspondence dealt with. Owing tounfavourable circumstances the monthly competition was postponed for one month. 10/3/97. Mr. J. Wadelton, vice-president, inthe chair. Mr. C.O.. Dentry practically demonstrated the methods of enlarging and reducing with the ordinary camera. 17/3/97: Mr. J. Hammerton in charge; subject:—making lantern slides. 24/3/97. Mr. H. G. Roebuck, president, in the chair. Certificates and trophies won by members at the Ballarat society’s ex- hibition were distributed by the chairman. Lantern engineers were appointed as follows :—Messrs. A. C. Bartlett, G. H. Brinsmead, H. Dentry, W. H. Hillier, R. C. Hocking, W. H. Humble, J. F. Millar and R. B. Mockridge. Decided to procure new accessories for lantern. Monthly competition.—Subjects :—Marine and Interiors. Judges.—Messrs C. O. Dentry, H. G. Roebuck and J. Wadelton. Marine—-Class A—G. H. Brinsmead, 1st. Interiors— ,, A—G. H. Brinsmead, 2nd; A. E. Bratley,. 3rd. Interiors—Class B—W. Weir, 1st. The librarian gratefully acknowledges receipt of the following publications :—Australian Photo. Journal, Australasian Photo. Review, Practical Photographer, Photography, Photographic Scraps, Photo. News, Photo. Record, American Process Review, Canadian Photo. Journal, Photo. Times, Kodak News, Magic Laniern Journal, N.Z. Photographer. 54 THE WOMBAT. COPED Gis VN@ sss! S1ncE the list of examination results published in last issue of The Wombat, two additional passes have been made by the Education Department, viz.:—Thos. G. Fagg, 1st Grade Building Construction, ‘‘ Excellent”; and Leopold W. Hill, — 3rd Grade Mechanical Drawing, ‘‘ Passed.” It is satisfactory to note that several of our old students are doing well in South Africa; having left this colony during the depression they were not long in securing positions, and some have earned very creditable promotion. We are assured by them that this has been due to the complete training received at the college. Similar testimony comes from Western Australia also. The students’ reading room has been rendered more attractive by the addition of more technical publications, which are highly appreciated by the frequenters of the room. Visitors to the college museum continue to increase, and the aim of the council to make this department ofa thoroughly educational character is not without fruitful results, but lack of funds has considerably hindered progress in respect to many branches of science. The notification that the Government has allotted the same vote as for last year (£250) is rather disappointing, since it was shown that this amount is altogether inadequate to the claims of this important district. Enrolments for the term just ended show an increase of ten on the corresponding period for 1896. There are indica- tions that the increase tor the coming term will be still better, and enquiries are coming in about the formation of classes in subjects not at present dealt with. Three of the successful candidates in “First Aid” ambulance attended the examination on March 27th for the Associations’ prizes, but it will be some time before the results are known, as there are 45 candidates. The curators of the museum beg to acknowledge, with thanks, receipt of the following :—curious seed, Mr. J. Hammerton; 2 aboriginal skulls, 3 clubs, and 11 coins, Mr. H. E. Hill; little whimbrel, Mr. J. S. Bayley; Cantharis vesatoria, Mr. J. B. Leitch; birds’ eggs, Mr. F. W. Thomson ; 1 foot of albatross and calcite, Mr. A. Hendy; marine shells, Mr. W. H. Hillier; piece of bolt showing remarkable oxidisa- tion, Mr. C. Glover; platypus, Mr. W. H. Pengelly; Records Australian Museum, Vol. III., No. 1, The Trustees; Agric. Ledger Series, and Indian Museum Notes, Vol. III. part 7, THE WOMBAT. 55 The Govt. of India; Trans. Roy. Soc. S A., Vol. XX., Part 2, The Sec.; Trans. Roy. Soc. Vic., Vol. 1X., The Sec.; Trans. and Proc. Nova Scotian Inst. Sc., Vol. [X., Part 1, The Sec.; Trans. and Proc. N.Z. Inst., Vol. XXVIII., The Director; Proc. Rochester Acad. Sc., Broc. I., Part I1I., The Director; Bulletin Columbia Univ., No. 15, and Catalogue for ’96-7, The Director; Cat. Woods of Vic. in Museum (Melb.), The Wirector;) Neric), Gazette, N.S.W., Vol. VII.,, Part 6, The Govt. of N.S.W.; Agric. and Live Stock Returns, Govt. Cape Colony; Prospectus (1897) Working Men’s College (Melb.), The Sec.; Rpt. Horniman Museum, The Curator; and free copies of The Cyclist and The Cycle from their respective proprietors, in addition to the various periodicals acknowledged in last number. PoeNas OVA AIIE US iN CAN: By J. HAmMMERTON. For many years it has been the privilege of some of our members to be connected with the Gordon College camp party, and a few cameras are always to be found amongst the luggage. During these trips I have seen many little accidents occur, causing much vexation over things that could have been prevented by the exercise ofa little care before starting. The first thing to be done on starting for a trip is to examine the camera bag ; take the camera piece by piece, and see that everything is safely placed in; examine the slides, and take care that the plates are packed and protected from damp, especially when going near the sea, for the dampness affects the plate, causing a certain amount of fog. Had this precaution been taken on one trip to Cape Otway, although we got fair results, we would have obtained much better ones. There are many little accidents which we are liable to meet, things are lost which cannot be replaced. The screw of the tripod is a small article, which is apt to get lost: have it turned out, remove part of the thread, and put ona loose collar or pin drilled through, and it will always remain on the triangle. The triangle itself is often lost or left behind; it should be kept on the tripod when out for the day, and placed in the bag first when packing up. The cap should be fastened by a cord, for a cap is easily lost, and if you have no shutter to take its place, anything to hand has to be used. Stops are also frequently missed when wanted ;—on a trip to Airey’s Inlet I had the bad luck to lose mine, but I used a piece of cardboard instead; at Lal Lal I noticed a lady using a gum-leaf, and it answered the purpose. If Waterhouse stops are used, fasten together and keep a rubber 56 THE WOMBAT. band round the lens till removal; then if you pick up your camera ina hurry the stops will besafe. (An “Iris” diaphragm on the lens saves this trouble). Perhaps while climbing on the side of a cliff we make a sudden slip and crash goes the ground glass; for instance in a case I know ofat Erskine Falls, a lady had her camera broken in this way, and a delay of three days occurred before she could obtain a fresh glass from Melbourne. A friend of mine had the same trouble while on the steamer coming from England, but he substituted a fine handkerchief stretched tightly and then damped, and this proved equal to the finest glass In exposing plates have a regular system, which will soon become a habit; commence with number one and note it in your book. This will frequently save the vexation and annoy- ance arising from exposing the same plate twice, and thus getting two pictures on one plate. One of our members, after a trip, once lent his camera to some ladies after changing the plates; on developing the plates he found that he was one short, but too late ;—the camera was gone and he had to resign himself to await its return. When it was restored to him the lost was found again, but what a muddle was there ! And though the spoiled plate gave much amusement to the borrowers, the owner of the camera hardly saw the joke in the same light. The writer of this article, being once asked to assist in developing some plates and not caring to be too near the red light, developed in the dark; when he came forward to ex- amine his plate before the lamp, he found that instead ofa group of ladies in evening dress, he had a negative of wax figures of aboriginals. The cause of this was that the aboriginal group had been developed some time before in the club rooms and carried home in the dark slide for convenience; when he went to develope the other plates he picked up his slides in a hurry, shook them and found them full, and carried them off to the darkroom with the results stated. A friend of mine being anxious to secure some pictures at Anglesea borrowed a camera, and thinking the slides were all right, off he went with his mate. After spending much time in selecting their views, as they had decided to take half a dozen only to save changing, they returned the camera, and, with the owner, went to tke darkroom to develope. They opened one slide—no plate ; next slide same result, and again with the third. What followed I decline to relate, but when he told me, I thought it was the best joke I had heard for some time. Never depend on others—see to things yourself. For years I have used Tyler’s dark bags for exposed plates. Do not change your plates in the daytime if you can avoid it; it will not matter by moonlight if the direct rays do not reach the plate. THE WOMBAT. iW), Do not waste your plates, but study your picture. If you can develope your plates while out, you may be able to secure another; if not good, a little handwashing, passing through a mixture of three drops of H. Cl. to two ounces of water, another wash, and through spirits of wine to dry quickly, will preserve the negatives as well as if they were washed in the ordinary way. If you see a view you want, take it; donot put it off from day to day. I once lost a picture at Lorne in this way, and I may not be able to secure it again. It was a view on theriver St. George towards sunset, with the moon just shining over the hills, and reflected in the water shaded by the hills. I put it off for two or three days and, when I went to take it, I found that it was lost; the moon did not reach the top of the hills till it was too dark to take the picture, much to our regret. Never leave your camera standing in the sun. We saw one at Lorne which was left in this way with the cap off and covered by the cloth. Thecloth blew off and the sun, striking through the lens, set the camera on fire. In conclusion, I would recommend patent rubber bottoms for the legs of your tripod for coast work; these can be secured at photographic warehouses. apie ih O MOOWAN Gals. ‘To the Editor of the Wombat. About the middle of January last, a letter was received ‘by the Gordon College A.P.A. from Mr. Harvie, of the Melbourne society, stating that several of their members had organized a trip to Toolangie for a few days towards the end of the month, and inviting such of our members as could join them to do so. Several of us agreed to go, but from various causes I had to) key ‘to go alone when the time came round. I leave Geelong by the morning train on the 24th, and met Mr. Harvie, with the Melbourne contingent, at Flinders-street ‘station at the hour appointed—noon. Reaching Yarra Glen at 2.20 we start for Toolangie with a waggonette and four horses. For the first few miles the road passes through the Yarra Flats—beautiful country from a farmer’s point of view, but not from ours. We then begin to get into the hilly country, passing close to the pipe track which takes the water once forming part of the Murray feeders, to the Yan Yean THE WOMBAT. On (op) system. At about half way there is some very fine scenery, the road traversing a saddle for about a mile, and looking away to Healesville towards the south, and over range after range to the north. It then takes the form of a cutting along the hillsides for several miles; to look at it one would think there was not more than comfortable room for one vehicle,. but by the exercise of great care it is possible for two vehicles to pass one another. This we had occasion to prove, as about half way we met two bullock teams, and by the rule of that road we have to go on the outside, being the lighter team. There is just room and no more, for while our axle box raps that of the bullock waggon, there is not more than six inches. to spare for the outer wheel, but we get by all right, and that is all we want. For the rest of the way the road leads through heavily timbered country with splendid soil, and consequently very much cut up by the heavy loads of palings which seem to be the staple product of the district. Toolangie House (now kept by Mr. Rentall) where we stop, has been too lately described by Mr. Harvie in the Melbourne journal for me to do more than say that we are made as comfortable as we can possibly wish. An excellent table and everything else ‘‘ upto Dick.” The river Yea runs about 300 yards from the house, and from the moment we come to it until we leave—because our plates are all exposed —it is one series of photographic gems. We spend all our time and plates, and only wish we had more of both. Amid so many bits of scenery it is difficult to say which is the finest, but the lower falls on the Sylvia Creek (an affluent of the Yea River) are very fine, and we are fortunate in being there when there is a good volume of water coming down. When returning from these falls we meet some more bullock teams, and one of our party has a shot at them fording a creek, but alas, my plates are all used and | can only look on, to my great regret, for it is a thoroughly typical picture. However, next day we go out again, and at the ford on the Yea River we are fortunate enough to meet another team just coming down to the crossing, and succeed in getting a very fair picture. Wealso take a few shots at the felling of one of the kings of the forest, condemned to death for the benefit of the splitter. We most of us take one plate as the men make their final cuts, and another just as the huge tree begins to fall. At last the hour comes when we have to say good-bye to Toolangie and return to our various occupations, and we. all come away with the fixed resolve to go back again on the very first opportunity. Yours, &c., “WOMBAT.” THE WOMBAT. 59 UNO Vien VANDI ts CAPA BM ith S -* At a recent meeting of the South London Photographic Society Mr. Albert Hill treated the members to an interesting demonstration of the working of a new printing process. The process consists in the use ot a paper sensitised with uranium salts, and the name of ‘‘ Uranotype”’ has been adopted as a distinctive title. It possesses some remarkable qualities as to capacity for giving distinctive colours according to treatment, and promises to place a new power in the hands of the photo- grapher. In the course of the demonstration Mr. Hill showed several prints as taken from the printing frame, the image being faintly visible, and somewhat similar to that obtained upon platinotype paper at the same stage; he then proceeded to develope the picture, which is done either by immersion in a bath, or brushing over with a solution of ferricyanide of potash ; the latter was the method chosen by the demonstrator, and immediately the solution was applied the image appeared in full strength, the colour being somewhat of a Bartolozzi red. If desired, the prints can at this stage be fixed by placing them in a solution of sulphate of iron 1 part, water 6 parts, or if slow action is wanted the sulphate may be less. In this bath the prints go rapidly through various stages of red-brown, &c., until they reach a deep blue and, if the action is allowed to continue, a bright green. The action may be stopped at any moment, so that almost any colour within certain limits may be secured. A purple photographic tone may be obtained by the use of a strong gold solution—gold 4 grains, water 1 0z — and, as this strength is somewhat expensive, it may be economically applied by means of the brush. The develop- ment of the paper and its change of colour can be kept well under control by using weak solutions, and a valuable feature is that it is practically impossible to overprint, as, no matter how long the picture may have been exposed to light or how dark it becomes, on development it may be brought back to its normal condition by immersion in a weak solution of ammonia and water. Mr. Hill laid stress upon the fact that all dishes used in the process must be kept perfectly clean, and pointed out the great advantage that accrued from the entire dispensing with hypo. in the process, thus enabling a print to be developed, fixed, and dried (if required) in about ten minutes. The drying may be done by heat, as there is no gelatine coating on the paper. Mr. Hill also pointed out the ease with which several colours could be produced on one print by means of applying the various solutions with a brush, thus the sky ina landscape may be made blue by the application *The British and Colaatel Baha and Stationer. 60 THE WOMBAT. of sulphate of iron, while with a weak ammonia solution part of the colour may be removed, thus forming white clouds; in a similar way various colours may be obtained ina portrait negative, such as a green dress, a blue or back background, &c.; in fact all the colours obtainable on the paper may be secured on one print by a judicious brush work, so that a wide field is opened up for artistic treatment. NOTE® ON THE BIRDS Ob THE CEPLONG DISTRICT. BY /€) BY BELCHER, Bee I.—TuHeE HoneEyYEATERS. Tue Geelong district may be regarded as fairly repre- sentative of the bird-life of the colony. Within easy reach of our town we have a great deal of bush land; wide stretches of grassy plain; undulating lightly-timbered country; and lastly, a river and lake region. All of these show great variety in the forms of bird-life. The bush along the Queenscliff road and the part of the Otway Forest that fairly lies within a radius of (say) 30 miles from the town, give ample opportu- nity for noting the birds that love the quieter places, such as the flycatchers and robins, the shrikes and thrushes; the plains to the north and west are the home of the plover, and the larger birds of prey, as the hawks and eagles; while the Barwon river and Connewarre lakes attract many species of duck, coot, and other waterfowl all through the year. The Queenscliff road bush extends from near Portar- lington on the north to Ocean Grove on the south; and it is by far the best observing ground we have in the district for birds ; some 8o or go species are known to breed within its limits. South of this bush and the Connewarre lakes is a belt of more open country with salt lagoons at the eastern end, like Lake Victoria, and with a good deal of ti-tree. This is rich in birds of the genera Acanthiza and Sericornis—the scrub tits. Turning westwards we come upon sheoak country, south of the Barwon Heads road, and further west still lies the Grass Tree Plain, an excellent yround for the careful naturalist. Here, too, we meet the Otway Forest at its extreme eastern part, and again we come upon bird-life somewhat similar to that of the Queenscliff bush, but there are also species not found in the latter place, such as the bristle-birds. North of the coast scrubs there is no forest land proper, but open country with patches of timber mostly near the creeks, as at THE WOMBAT. 61 Bream Creek and the Merrijig, or isolated as at “Gillies.” In these patches of woodland we may look for rare visitants, especially of the smaller kinds of birds. For instance, at the Dog Rocks, the elsewhere somewhat rare rufous-fronted ‘flycatcher often appears, along with the white-shouldered Lalage or ‘‘ bee-eater”’ as it is called here. The bush at the Anakies and the You Yangs presents no species that may not be observed in the country south of Geelong, with the exception of a few hawks and crows. Coming now to the regular distribution of birds through- out the district, the family which is most in evidence every- where is that of the honey-eaters, of which I propose to note there those species which regularly breed in the Geelong district, or at all events occur as visitors. In the course of some.years I have noticed some ten kinds of honey-eaters breeding here, and about half a dozen more as casual visitors. Commonest of the honey-eaters in the open country is the -Garrulous Honey-eater (.Myzantha garrula), whose local name is minah. It does not occur in the remoter parts of the Queens- cliff Road:bush, nor at all in the Otway Forest proper ; else- where it is plentiful. As early as August 2nd I have taken the eggs of the minah, while I have observed nests building -at Lake Connewarre in July. Its nest is cup-shaped, warm, and deep, lined with wool and hair. It is usually placed ina -gum or honey-suckle tree eight or ten feet from the ground. Sometimes, though, a lofty gum tree is chosen, while on the -other hand a nest taken in 1891 was built in long grass and bracken. The eggs usually number three, but I remember ‘taking a nest with four eggs near Lake Connewarre in 1888. Along with the rest of the honey-eaters, the minah is frequently made use of by the pallid cuckoo as a foster parent for its egg and subsequent young. The ground colour of the minah’s egg differs from the general run of honey-eaters’, being much paler in tint, and the egg is generally thickly speckled and ‘blotched with red. The spots generally run together into a patch on the larger end, but are occasionally equally distri- buted over the surface. A few minahs may be noticed in the town itself in the ‘winter, but they do not remain after August at the latest. In May, 1889, these birds appeared in great numbers in the Botanical Gardens. It may be remarked that when a minah ‘is flushed from its nest it will fly straight away without making -any noise at all. Less frequently seen than the minah, but still by no means rare in this district, is the Wattled Honey-eater or wattle bird 1( Acanthochaera carunculata). Through the winter the wattle bird -assembles in large flocks for the gum blossom, and comes into ithe town, but when August and spring arrive they disband 62 THE WOMBAT. into pairs for breeding purposes and retire into the bush. The eggs may be found from August till December throughout the Queenscliff Road bush, and at Spring Creek andthe Dog Rocks. A pair used to breed yearly in the Botanical Gardens. The nest is shallower than the minah’s, and one misses the woollen ornamentation of the exterior which the latter bird seems to regard as necessary for its comfort. The wattle bird’s eggs are invariably two in number in this district, so far as my experience goes, though three have been found elsewhere. The ground colour is a warm reddish-buff, which grows deeper towards the larger end—in fact the eggs are typical honey- eaters. The spots are dark brown with an undershow of lilac here and there. Unfortunately these eggs fade a great deal in one’s collection box. It is a good plan, in connection with these and other eggs that tend to lose their colour, to: smear them immediately after blowing with some of the white; this, while possibly imparting a rather forced looking gloss to the shell, at any rate preserves the original shading for good. It will be found worth trying, and comes less expensive than varnish. The wattle bird builds in much the same situations as the minah, but never very low down. I do not remember ever having seen a nest that you could reach from the ground. The ends of the boughs of a fairly tall gum or wattle sapling is the best place to look for the nest, and you rarely find it in a solitary tree, but generally in one of aclump. At Queenscliff Road the honeysuckle—Banksia—is the favoured tree; wattle plantations the bird is very fond of, such as there are at the foot of the You Yangs. The Spiny-cheeked Honey-eater is a shyer and rarer bird. In the winter months, when there is a good deal of eucalyptus. blossom about, this honey-eater may be noticed in the scrub at the Dog Rocks or Gillies, along with many other species of the same family, and distinct from the rest by its melodious song, warbled, as one might say, under the bird’s breath. In appearance it somewhat resembles the wattle bird, but is smaller and has a good deal of white about it. It is erroneously known in this district as the ‘‘ brush-wattler,” but this bird is really a distinct species. The spiny-cheeked honey-eater breeds sparingly with us during the months of August, Sept- ember, and October, making a pensile nest of fine grasses, cupshaped, and lined with feathers or hair; it is built usually in a sheoak or “‘ wild cherry’ tree. On October 30th, 1891, I took a nest of this species in the ti-tree scrub that edges the beach near Point Lonsdale; though late in the season for this bird, the nest contained a pair of fresh eggs. The nest was built about twelve feet fromthe ground. The eggs are always two in number and are very like large specimens of those of the “‘greenie” (fPtilotis penicillata), being, of a k | i THE WOMBAT. 63 yellowish ground colour with brown spots thickening some- times into a ring at the larger end. The nest, too, resembles the ‘‘ greenie’s,” but is larger and more open. Ihave found nests at the Dog Rocks and in the ti-tree scrub near Lake Victoria, while a pair used to build in the Botanical Gardens every August. The New Holland Honey-eater (Meliornis Nov. ‘Toll.) is a brilliantly plumaged bird, conspicuous by its yellow striped wings and the black markings on its breast. The local youth call this bird the ‘“‘ Wild Canary,” probably from its plumage, for the singing capacity of the New Holland Honey-eater is limited toa series of discordant, grating chirps. Commencing the work of nest building in August or late July, it may yet be found laying as late as December and January. A nest taken at Airey’s Inlet in May, 1891, contained young birds, a curious instance of breeding out of season. The nest is open and rather deep, outwardly built of grass and twigs, and lined asa rule with seed down of one kind or another, but sometimes with horsehair. It is placed in all sorts of situations, but the bird uses some care in concealing it: at Queenscliff Road one looks for the nest in the acacia hedges, while at the Anakies I have seen the nest among bracken fern. The first time I took the eggs as a boy was in August, 1890, at Spring Creek, in the prickly mimosa bushes on the south bank; there had been a flood, and the nests were well hidden among debris brought into the bushes by the stream. I never saw more than two eggs in the nest, though writers credit the bird with three. The eggs are of the usual honey-eater type. The genus Ptilotis supplies us with at least four species of resident honey-eaters, of which the best known is the White plumed Honey-eater, or ‘‘ Greenie” (P. penicillata). The ‘‘ sreenie’s ’ eggs are amongst the earliest treasures of a Vic- torian youngster’s collection, and are never very hard to obtain. The bird is not shy of the society of man, and will breed as freely in town gardens as in the most secluded forest glade. Any tree whose boughs droop and overhang will suit the ‘‘ greenie,” so we find them nesting in all kinds of native trees and in the English willow; I remember seeing a nest built in a projecting branch of a pine tree, but, generally speaking, the ‘“‘oreenie”’ prefers a more ‘‘airy ” situation for its hammock- like home. The eggs are two or three in number. I have noticed what are apparently separate varieties of this bird in the Botani- cal Gardens; the one makes a somewhat rough and thick nest, laying two eggs of a whitish ground colour with red speckles, while the nest of the other variety is frequently ‘transparent,’ and neatly suspended from light twigs, the eggs in this case numbering three and showing a much darker ground colour, in some cases approaching a light red. I should like to know 64 THE WOMBAT. whether others have noted this distinction. Both varieties, if such they be, breed from August to November. A nest with two eggs was taken in the gardens on July 4th, 1889, but of course this is exceptienally early. Still, nests may be always found building in the latter part of the month. The White-eared Honey-eater (Ptilotis leucotis) known here as the ‘‘ greenback,” is a handsomer bird than the greenie, and may be distinguished by the white patch on the side of the head, which gives the specificname. This bird never comes near the town, preferring the quietude of the bush. The first time I saw it was in October, 1888, near Marcus Hill, where I came across six or seven of the birds haunting a patch of furze in the bush. Hard asI looked I could discover nothing but old nests, and it -was not till the following year that I lighted on a nest with one fresh egg, in the same spot. The nest 1s always near the ground, in an acacia hedge or furze bush, or even in long grass, where I have noticed it once or twice. The grass-trees (Xanthorrhea) at the Queenscliff Road afford the bird a good nesting place, and just at the top of Fenwick’s Hill there is a lot of low ti-tree scrub by the roadside, where one or two pairs breed every year. In 189i I took a pair of eggs on September 5th, but October and Nev- ember are the regular breeding months. The nest is deep and warm, lined with horsehair and feathers matted together into a strong felt. The regular clutch of eggs is two; once, however, in 1889, I took two eggs from a nest whence I had removed one a month previously. The white-eared honey- eater may be found in all the more thickly wooded parts of the district, as at Queenscliff Road, Spring Creek, Jan Juc, Anakie, and the You Yangs. It breeds wherever found, not being in any sense a migratory species. The same pair of birds will build within a few feet of the same spot year aiter year. The eggs are flesh pink with a sparse sprinkling of reddish spots. The Yellow-faced Honey-eater (Ptilotis chrysops) is found all over the Geelong district, though its eggs are somewhat difficult to obtain. The bird is variously known as the ‘ fruit- bird,” ‘‘ moss-bird,” ‘‘goldeneye,” etc. The name “ moss- bird ” comes from the nest, which is very often ornamented with mosses on the outside. The birds are common in gardens in the town until October, when they disappear into the quieter parts; the breeding season lasts thence till February. In 1890 I took a pair of eggs at Lake Connewarre on the 12th of that month. November is the height of the season, as for the majority of honey-eaters. Like the greenie, the yellow-faced honey-eater builds a pensile nest, most often in the projecting boughs of an acacia hedge, at an average height of eight feet from the ground. At other times the nest is built in mimosa scrub, or even in a briar bush, while in the THE WOMBAT. 65 Otway Forest the messmate tree is favoured. A ti-tree creek is an excellent place to seek the nest in. Care must be taken in examining a nest of this species, for the birds will desert it on the slightest provocation. The eggs number generally two, sometimes three, and show many variations of colour ; the commoner type closely resembles a small minah’s egg in its thick red speckles, while a rarer variety has the yellowish ground colour and reddish-brown markings that distinguish the eggs of the honey-eaters as a class. I have found the bird breeding at Queenscliff Road, Anakie, Spring Creek, and in the coastal ti-tree from Point Lonsdale to Airey’s Inlet. Probably the least known member of the genus Ptilotis that breeds hereabouts is the Singing Honey-eater (P. sonora t vitiata). Though found inland in other parts of the con- tinent, with us it is rarely seen except in the belt of ti-tree above mentioned, which lies on the landward side of the sand hummocks ; and so the bird has been called, not inaptly, the coast or sandhill honey-eater. So far as my own experience goes, the bird does not justify its vernacular title by any excess of melody. On the contrary it is a silent and shy bird for the most part, and one just catches a glimpse of it now and then on the top of some spray of ti-tree, whence next moment it has disappeared. A good deal of patience is necessary to discover the nest, and much scratching of coun- tenance is frequently the sole result of a day’s toil among the interlacing ti-tree boughs. On November 2gth, 1890, I found a nest of this species near Barwon Heads with two young ones. On December 22nd of the same year I was fortunate enough to take a nest containing three fresh eggs on the hummocks at Airey’s Inlet. Certainly the eggs, when found, repay a little trouble in getting them. They are not unlike those of the pallid cuckoo, save that there are no spots; the colour is a rich salmon pink, deepening in tint at the larger end. The nest is of the common honey-eater type, and is built fairly high up in a thick ti-tree ; it is hardly distinguishable in form from that of the greenie, but is slightly larger. I noticed the birds in March, 1891, at the Sheepwash on the lower Barwon. They only leave the ti-tree of the coast in the winter, when they come inland a little to feed on the gum blossom. A nest taken at Spring Creek on October 17, 1891, contained three eggs, which is probably the usual clutch. The Lunulated Honey-eater (Melithreptus lunulatus) isan occasional visitor only to the immediate neighbourhood of Geelong, when it makes its appearance in small flocks, but in the forests it is common and breeds there towards the end of the year. The bird may be known at once by its small, bright green body, black head and white breast, while the red patch over the eye will serve to distinguish it from other members of the genus Melithreptus. The nest is a beautiful 66 THE WOMBAT. piece of construction ; it is small—so small indeed as to be very hard to see when swung away up in a cluster of gum leaves—round, and cupshaped ; and it is built of fine shreds of bark and fibre interwoven, while the inside is lined with hair or feathers. Nests of this species are rare at Queenscliff Road, though at Airey’s Inlet I have often discovered the nest high up in a messmate tree. It is difficult to get at, since it is always far out in the leaves at the end of a high bough. Usually one has to cut through the bough some way from the nest, and then gradually draw it in until within reach. Three is the number of eggs laid, and the month of December is the time for finding them. The pallid cuckoo has evidently a high opinion of the lunulated honey-eater’s care as a foster- parent, for one may often see the eggs of both species in the one nest. The Spinebill or Cobbler’s Awl (Acanthorhynchus tenui- vostris )is to be seen with the other honey-eaters in our gardens in the winter time, flitting hither and thither, and probing with its long beak the deep flowers of some honey- yielding shrub. To find the nest, however, isa hard matter, and seven years of hunting in this district left me still without the coveted set ofeggs. I have, however, an egg in my collection taken at Airey’s Inlet in 1890, and in January oi this year (1897), I founda nest in a shortwood bush on the banks of Airey’s Creek in a quiet locality some eight miles from the mouth. It was built of fine pieces of grass and warmly lined with feathers, some of which projected over the edge of the nest. The bird was very quiet and almost suffered herself to be caught. The nest was within easy reach of the ground, but, unfortunately, contained a pair of young birds. Similarin its habits to the Spinebill is the Tasmanian honey-eater (Lichmera australasiana), a shy bird,and one whose eggs, so far as] know, have not been taken in the district, though it most certainly breeds in the scrub behind Spring Creek and Anglesea River. It frequents ti-tree creeks, and may be known by a horse-shoe shaped mark on the breast. A dash of yellow on the wings makes it something like the New Hollandhoney-eater. I ‘have noted the Tasmanian honey- eater at Anakie, Spring Creek, and Jan Juc, and in that forest generally. In May, 1889, many of these birds were to be seen in the Botanical Gardens along with a dozen or so other species of honey-eater, but they did not remain till the spring. The nest is to be sought in the scrubby ti-tree that fringes forest creeks; it is wider and thicker than the nests of the majority of the smaller honey-eaters. The Brush Wattle Bird (Anellobia mellivora) greatly re- sembles the common wattle bird in appearance, but is smaller — THE WOMBAT. 67 in size and has not the yellow patch on the breast. I do not think this bird breeds in the Geelong district, though last summer I observed four or five ‘‘ bush-wattlers” near the Merrijig Creek on the Jan Juc Road. It is essentially a forest- bird, and only visits the more open country in the winter. During June and July it inhabits the timbered parts of the Dog Rocks, near Batesford. The most likely locality for the nest would be the Anakies, where the birds appears to remain all the year round. The nest is like that of the wattle-bird and is similarly situated. The eggs are two in number. The shyest of all the honey-eaters is the Fulvous-fronted (Glyciphila fulvifrons). Where there are wide heaths with low bushes and grass-trees and an occasional stunted gum, its weird piping note may be heard, resembling a human being whistling the first few bars of a tune in an undertone. In the Geelong district the habitat of the fulvous-fronted honey- eater is limited to the grass-tree plains and the patches of stunted grass tree that occur here and there on the untimbered parts of the eastern Otway. It may be met with near Wensleydale, and then southwards wherever the country is open, as far as the sea. But its most easily get-at-able haunt is the Grass Tree Plain that lies to the north of Spring Creek, outside the ring of the forest. No naturalist,so faras 1 am aware, has taken the eggs in this district, but the bird is most certainly not migratory, and in October, 1892, I came across some young ones squatted on the ground under a bush about eleven miles out along the Spring Creek Road. This would point to September as the best month to look for the eggs, and the low scrub on the Grass Tree Plain as the most likely place. The Warty-faced Honey-eater (Meliphaga phrygia) is very seldom met with near Geelong, and can only be regarded as a chance visitor. In July, 1889, I noticed a pair of these birds at Airey’s Inlet, and again in November, 1896, a single specimen at the Dog Rocks. The bird is brilliantly marked all over with black and pale yellow, is slightly smaller than a minah, and more like a large specimen of the New Holland honey-eater than anything else. In all probability it does not breed in the district. Rarer still is the Graceful Honey-eater (Ptilotis ornata), which is very like the common greenie, but has light longitudinal markings of grey on the breast, which will enable it to be dis- tinguished from that bird, and also a yellow mark on the neck in place of the silver-coloured ‘‘ring”’ of the greenie. It is occasionally a visitor to us in the winter time, when it may be seen clinging to sprays of pittosporum blossom at the tops of the trees. It has not been known to remain to breed. There is a good specimen of this bird in the Geelong museum. 68 THE WOMBAT. WITH THEY CAMERA «Or APOLE ORBAN By S. Mawson anp I HAMMERTON. Havine decided to take a trip to Apollo Bay for the Xmas-. holidays, it was decided that we could derive more pleasure and rest by driving our own buggy than by going by the usual: method. Leaving Geelong on December 26th, a start was made for Deans Marsh, the sky having every appearance of rain ; passing Layard white ibis were seen in great numbers,. and a few miles further on the crows were equally numerous ; on the edge of the Wordieboluc swamp, cormorants, plover, waterhen and swan were noted. A little further we passed the ‘‘Wormbete”’ station, the homestead with its garden close to the road forming a very pretty view. At about half-past one we passed the well-known “Ingleby” station—dear to the memory of the museum Xmas camp in ’94,-—and watered the horses at the bridge on: the road. At half-past two we reached Mr. Josiah Hunt’s. place near Deans Marsh, having completed our first day’s stage of forty miles. After tending our horses and enjoying a good repast pre- pared by the daughter of our host, we went in search of game: and found the rabbits thick on every hand; we also had the pleasure of coming across a deserted nest of the wedge-tailed eagle in a messmate tree at a height ofabout 100 feet. Many birds were noticed, but nothing rare. At about six the rain which had been threatening all day set in and fell almost continuously till seven next morning, when we turned out to: pay a visit to the milking yard and enjoy a morning nip.. After breakfast we were dubious about continuing our journey, owing to the still threatening sky, but at 11.30, after exposing a plate on the homestead, we harnessed up and bade adieu to our friends. Shortly after passing Darcy’s Half- way House the rain began to fall again, and at Gerangemete a heavy thunder storm broke over us, the lightning being so vivid that the horses became almost unmanageable. Passing Yaugher we reached Forest at 3 p.m., and we did full justice to the meal provided by Mr. Pengelly, of the ‘‘ Terminus” Hotel. We were afterwards told that the rain- fall in that district during the twenty-four hours was a little under two inches. Next morning we were up at six and, after Charlie, the storeman, had been relieved of his molar by our medicine man (who had brought the necessary instruments of torture in his bag), we left at ten for the Bay. Near Barramunga the nat- uralist drew off the attention of the medicine man from his horses to a king lory in a tree near by, the result being that the wheels went over a stump with much ensuing discomfort to the naturalistic nerves. THE WOMBAT. 69 Shortly after passing Barramunga we exchanged Xmas greetings with Mr. Floyd and his family on his selection ; the forest scenery here is beyond description. Comical Corner, a real artist's study, was soon after reached, and here the ‘cartwheel bird”’ was to be heard on all sides. After resting at the half-way house on the top of Mt. Sabine, we went to the western head of the Barwon to secure a view ; on the road a fine native tomahawk was discovered, and also a most lovely nest of the rufous-fronted fantail. It was lined with scarlet fibre, but was unfortunately lost before we returned home. After spending a couple of hours in this delightful place we resumed our road to the bay ; owing to the heavy rain of the previous day the track was very greasy, and we found it necessary to bind our brakes with rope to make them hold, especially when we got to the big hill—‘‘ Gentle Annie,” at the foot of which is Skene’s Creek bridge. We reached Cawood’s at 5.30. After dinner we strolled over to the Barham River in the cool of the evening and visited our old camping ground, which called to mind the holidays of previous years. Next morning, while we were having a swim, we were called out owing to the sudden illness of Mr. Watt, the life of the party, who, within a few minutes, dropped dead from heart disease ; much sympathy was expressed for his wife, and the sad event cast a gloom over the township. We spent the day on the Barham with our cameras and obtained some good views. On the following day we started at 8 a.m. on the return journey, and we fully availed ourselves of the opportunities afforded of obtaining many interesting bits, the day being perfect for photographic purposes. Once while focussing a view, an old Irishman came along and was taken in the picture; he went off delighted, exclaiming ‘“ he had been taken in his un-i-form,” which happened to consist of a pair of moleskins and a shirt. At Barramunga Mr. Floyd and his son kindly guided us to the Fallson Barramunga Creek, and we were well repaid by the views secured for the scrambling and scratching in getting there; the place was alive with small birds, and old nests abounded on every side. We reached Forrest on the following day and decided to stay for a while. We spent the day fishing and shooting; some good specimens can be secured here, and among others, black cockatoos seem plenti- ful. After taking some views of the Barwon, we resumed our journey at mid-day on Saturday (January 2nd), and reached Geelong in time for dinner on the Sunday, thoroughly bene- fited by the change, and well pleased with the views secured and the information gained. In conclusion we must thank all friends on the road for the kindness shown to us during the trip. 70 THE WOMBAT. NEW) ZI AeA NUN AR UIVATE ET Sat @ ie) NOES: Dear Mr. Epiror, Your letter duly reached me apropos notes on some natural history topic for your journal, and I am only too glad to try and send you something. I hope ere long to send the College a small collection of local woods with a few notes thereon, for the forests are most varied and gorgeous, and contain many valuable woods at present little known. However, in the meantime, I send a few notes relating to the local fauna, not at all scientific, for I cannot lay my hands on any books that deal with New Zealand natural history. Vague as these notes must be, still I hope they may prove of some little interest to readers of the College journal. The district of Pohangina is somewhere about three degrees to the south of Geelong, situated in the south of the North Island of New Zealand. We are some 20 miles from the sea as the crow flies, and some 600 feet above the sea level; the averave temperature is about two degrees lower than in Melbourne, but we catch the tail end of the Pacific rains, which means a rainfall of about 55 inches. During the two years we have been here, I have been continually struck by the poverty of animal life where one would think the most exuberant hfe would exist. The forests of Victoria, which are spoken of as silent and forsaken, are veritable hives of life compared with those of New Zealand. The rufous-fantail is fairly plentiful and does its best t© liven up things, but is silent for the most part of the year. Another old friend is the “ silver-eye,’’ which is if anything more plentiful than with you. Then we have too what looks like the ‘‘ white-breasted robin,” only if anything the white is more pronounced on the throat, and the bird is somewhat smaller. The “ Tui” (Maori name) or “ parson bird,” a well-known New Zealand bird, is very plentiful, and really a very beautiful bird, its note is liquid and varied, and it moves about the trees very much in the manner of your “‘Garrulous Honey- eater,’ it is of a brilliant raven black, with a perfect little parson’s tie of two white feathers which stand well out from the neck ; it comes down the dense gullies with a whizzing swoop like the swoop of a magpie. Another curious bird is the ‘“‘ Caw-Caw ” (so called), a dirty black parrot about half the size of a black cockatoo; it has a harsh mournful grating call, climbs about the trees in search of fruit ina lazy, sleepy kind of way, and is the reverse of shy. a THE WOMBAT. fe The wingless birds so characteristic of New Zealand are rapidly becoming extinct ; the Government is doing what it can to preserve them, but they are so easily run down by dogs that they must speedily disappear. I have seen but one Kiwi, and that I am not quite sure of as the light was fading, and I had but 2 passing glimpse of it as the bird crossed the road in front of my horse; but one frequently meets with ‘“‘ wekas,” (as the Maories call them) a rich brown wingless bird that runs with amazing swiftness, it 1s somewhat smaller than the ‘“‘mallee hen.” Inthe swamps are numbers of ‘‘ coot,” or pukakis (here called), they call sometimes at night very much like a “curlew.” ‘eal too are plentiful on all the rivers, and wood pigeons are seen in great numbers, when the ‘‘tawa” (a tree which bears a fruit like a damson) is in season, but like our Wonga pigeons they are stupidly tame, and will sit to be shot despite any noise; in fact if one fails to bring the bird down first shot it will frequently sit for another or simply fly to the next tree. The bird is like a large edition of the “blue rock” with unusually long and strong tail feathers. The ‘ boo-book owl” is very common ; on a still night one hears their plaintive call in all directions. These are some very scant notes of native birds found here ; that the district is well suited for birds is shown by the manner in which imported birds thrive and multiply. English pheasants, Californian quail, skylarks, gold- finches, yellow-hammers, sparrows, thrushes and starlings are seen in great numbers and do well, in fact so well that they are rapidly becoming a nuisance. The general rule through nature is that when the conditions are so favourable that a thing will multiply too rapidly, something is brought into existence that will keep it in check, yet here we have a country in which spiders and night-dying insects are a perfect pest, but there are few Insessores; swallows are never here ; bats and night jars are very scarce, although owls are plenti- ful ; there are neither ‘‘newts” or frogs to keep in check the pond-life, and lizards are almost unknown. ‘There are no native mammals excepting only a few insignificant rats; that a country so wonderfully fitted to support a large and varied list of fauna should yet be so poor in types and numbers is to me unaccountable. In entomology too we are poor. Butter- flies and moths are poorly represented, but we have some very curious beetles. Weevils are in very great variety, some with ridiculously elongated snouts, longicorns, big and little in great numbers, in fact all wood borers are well repre- sented ; then toothere are many quaint and curious species of walking sticks (diapheromera), some measuring 8 or g inches in length, with all the disguises so distinctive of the family ; the true mantis, however, is not plentiful, and the specimens one meets with are asa rule insignificant and of a uniform 72 THE WOMBAT. green. Many of the insect pests introduced in one way or another are rapidly becoming a menace. The codlin moth increases despite all precautions taken to keep it in check. The scale, woolly aphis, pear slug are all muchin evidence ; then we have an insect that is, as far as I am aware, still unknown in Victoria, the ‘‘ current clear wing,” a member of that small family that has all the appearance of a fly, but is a true day-flying moth. The larvee attack the currant bushes (the red currant in particular), boring its way up through the pith of the branches, often killing outright. An unscientific desultory description of species could be prolonged ad nauseam, but I trust that from among the few notes I have written, you may be able to glean something that will prove of interest. Yours, &c., HERBERT L. GRIEVE. ‘¢ Gattonside,”’ Raumai, Wellington, N.Z. The April meeting of the Gordon College Science Club included a lecture-demonstration by Mr. Matsen, of the Ballarat School of Mines, the subject being ‘“‘ The Recovery of Gold by the Cyanide Process.” The lecturer introduced several experiments to show the methods adopted, and the results attending this important process in connection with the mining industry of Victoria and elsewhere. The saving attributable to this new departure has been the means of opening up new ground as well as drawing attention to many abandoned districts, and the treatment of tailings and other waste as formerly regarded, opens up fresh fields for industry and experiment. It was decided to hold a Conversazione in connection with the annual meeting of the Club in July; the Vice-presi- dent and the Secretary were appointed to carry out arrange- ments. This sub-committee has already received encouraging support for what promises to be a thoroughly instructive entertainment. H. THACKER, PRINTER, RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. SEA-SIDE RESIDENCE. soap BOARD & LODGING 10 SUIT THE Times, Special Terms to Families. Ba NOTE ADDRESS:- Wins, BOUND, BARWON COTTAGE, OCEAN GROYE. 6 GOOD STABLING. y> (JO) If t d THEE bea te cee Wy S. MOO RE’S FIRST-CLASS LIVERY STABLES, LIE, MALOP, STREET, GEELONG. First-class Accommodation for Travellers. VICTORIAN DYE & CLEANING WORKS. Gentlemen’s Clothes Cleaned & Dyed. Lace Curtains Cleaned and Re-Dyed. Ladies’ Dresses also done, all shades. Carpets Taken Up and Cleaned. CHARGES MODERATE. W. GRUTZNER, 221, Moorabool street, Geelong. OUR GRANVILLE CYCLES. NN eee THH ROYAL GRANVILLE RACER. THE IMPERIAL GRANVILLE RACER. THE POPULAR GRANVILLE RACER THE POPULAR GRANVILLE ROADSTER. BEST QUALITY GUARANTEED FROM £17 10s. INSPECTION INVITED. Sole Agents: WZ. Box & Sons, Moorabool-st., Geelong. NOTHING IN THE OLD RUT ____ ccm BUT SOMETHING POSITIVELY NEW. Va EL Brow A EDS HAS a P RYRIE ST., Sterling, Rover, Raglan & Vanguard Cycles from £16 16s. PICTURES FRAMED & PHOTOS BNLARGED. 168 RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. DICKINS & SONS, Nos. 89 to 98 MERCER STREET, GEELONG. SS Tubular and other descriptions of Iron Gates for Carriage Entrances, Stations, Gardens, and;Farm purposes. Wrought and Cast Iron Railings of various designs for Building. & Sons have on hand a very large assortment of Wrought and Cast Lron Enclosures oe for Grayes. Estimates for Bridge Work & General Contracting. SMITHS' WORKIN GENERAL. Makers of Shaw’s Patent Self-opening Gate & Post Lifters, J- WEBBER & SON, CEGHEHELONG COOPERAGE.S>5 —=P>. © SS Wine Casks (Round or Oval) all Sizes, Made to Order. BUTTER BOXES A SPECIALTY. RUEX. WHUUREE 5 CQ, 2S PAV @) @Pe Als @ @ar > De ae an ae Grocers & Wine & Spirit Merchanis, DUVOISIN, Blacksmith, Shoer, &c. Corner Clarence and Pakington Streets, GEELONG WEST. (From London, and late with rie cin Gl ) FRATLEY, | McBean & Son, Melbourne.) Practical Chronometer, Watch & Clock Maker, Jeweller, Optician, and Silversmith, 467 MOORABOOL SJ., SOUTH GEELONG, NEAR BARWON BRIDGE. Watch Work a specialty. All kinds of Horological Work done on the Premises. A Twelve Months guarantee given for all Watch and Clock Work. Fala ete) cla lM IN| Chaff, Grain & Produce Merchant, Steam Chaff Cutting and ~ Obtainable from all leading Merchants and Confectioners. ASK FOR McPHILIIMY BROS. ONLY, Inside Roller. | (WI i) Ul i pp, fp = GEELONG. Vulcan Foundry, > SS Zi: e ! ————— ZA = = = S| SSSSSSSSSSssssssSsssSSS==—_ Se Z == if ———f = ro: SSSR i = ———————SSN aaa ————— ss — —————— OWFLi KE” W shing Machine. The Greatest Labor-Saving Invention ever offered to the Public. A Marvel of Simplicity & Durability. THETAZ’S Wine Vaults and Cafe, JAMES STREET (off Ryrie Street), <6 GEBLONG,. ae) —_————_s @> 0 ee a ____ N this important Wine-house, which is situate near Robinson, Burns and Sparrow's Sale Yards, are stored Wines of various ages, from fourteen years old to those of the last vintage, in price and quality as diverse as their ages, and ranged from three to nine shillings per gallon, and are distributed by retail, family and wholesale business. The front of the premises is devoted to the Café; the rear to vaults and bottling division. All the Wines are matured and bottled under the personal supervision of Mr. Thetaz, who brings to the task an experience of FIFTy years, and the lore and study of generations of connoisseurs, supplemented by long residence in the various noted wine districts of Central Europe, by which he has contributed no small quota to the prosperity of the Australian Wine trade, and is allowed to be an authority amongst ourexperts. Mr. Thetaz attributes the cause of Australians not being such a wine drinking community as the peoples of other vine growing countries to the carelessness of retailers, and will guarantee his wine against every normal vicissitude, provided his directions are carried out in the storing and care of bulk parcels, The extent of his trade may be guessed by the large consignments of bottles delivered to his order, Here the different vineyards which supply the establishment receive full justice in the scrupulous care which Mr. Thetaz devotes to their maturing, which in itself does more to further our Wine industry than a world of eulogy. The Café is a most comfortable lounge for patrons resorting thither to enjoy areal good glass of Australian Wine for a modest threepenny-bit, or the older vintages at sixpence per tumbler. It is a thousand pities that more of our retailers do not embrace the oppor- tunity to learn the management of Wine which Mr. Thetaz offers his customers. —__>200e-<___ We hear a lot about SACRAMENTAL WINES used in our Churches which is not fit for human consumption, simply because people will not take the trouble to enquire from a competent judge like Mr. Thetaz, who can supply a very light Wine, which is palatable and very much cheaper, and the strictest teetotaller could not object to. It may be well to inform such an one that there is more Alcohol in unfermented Wines (if required to be kept) than in ordinary Wines, for should they do so, the home consumption of Australian Wines would increase by leaps and bounds. Sebi = ~) “ue Gombs ¥ Duvian, ARCHITECTS, Mercantile Chambers, Ryrie Street, Geelong. FRANK SHRIMPTON, Late CHAS. SOMMERS, Mercantile Chambers, @ MOORABOOL & RYRIE STREETS. EN FINANCIER AND Fj LEGAL MANAGER. SS QD House, Lanp, INsuRANcE, MINING AND Telephone No. 96. GENERAL COMMISSION AGENT. NEWTOWN LADIES’ SCHOOL ELIZABETH STREET, GEELONG. Principal - . MISS HARRIS. ASSISTED BY A Eull Staff of Efficient Teachers. HERBERT W. DAY, FELA. AUCTIONEER, [Incorporated Accountani, Auditor & Trustee, 173 MOORABOOL STREET. Properties For Sale and To Let. VALUATIONS MADE AND RENTS COLLECTED. TELEPHONE Nos. 9 & 205. Standard Bank of Australia Limited Norwich Union Insurance Society (Fire), E National Mutual Life Association. Agencies ) Thames & Mersey Insurance Company, Ltd. North China Insurance Company Limited. Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corporation. STOCK AND SHARE BROKER. Cash Buyer for all Stocks. Special Agents in every Mining Centre. LEGAL MANAGER, MELBOURNE OFFIGE—Victoria Buildings, No. 4, Queen's Walk, Swanston-street. BALLARAT OFFIGE—Zining Exchange, under management of Mr. J. H. PETERS. 26 CARS oe Geelong, Melbourne, and Adelaide, MANUFACTURERS OF Rope and CORDAGE OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS. THE FAMOUS N) Y ‘‘Kangaroo’’ Brand Harvest Twines. »>@oir Mats in all Varieties. — a Price Lists on application. A. P. McMILLAN, see THE Grnaay, yy Duré ee COUNTRY RISKS A_ SPECIALITY, MONEY .TO:..LEND (AT, JLOWEST (CURRENT wRAgES ON FREEHOLD, PROPERTY, DEPOSIT RECEIPTS, STOCK & SHARES BOUGHT and SOLD. le 2 17, MATJOP ‘Sih. (Gb eiiGiviGa. a , 24 teatan cre BAKER & ROUSE, | raphic Stock Dealers, BBs at Zoo, COMMING ST REE MEL BOURNE, AND AT SYDNEY, ADELAIDE, BRISBANE, HOBART, Our very large and complete Stock of Photo Material and _ Optical Lantern Goods is always pees for Joke Etta. ; ee * ocr 23 1943 LOCAL AGENT—J F. DENTRY, Gene Tae MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. Has hit the public taste, and wy, Ss now the popular beverage. 7i* @@ BLACKETT says— “Trait’s Hop Beer is an uetpeuile fermented non- x , beverage prepared from the best materials.’ B LINK says—“ A Temperance Drink prepared from Hops and Cane Sugar Will be beneficial in cases of Weak Digestion.” ; —— > sto & FACTORY, GT. MALOP ST., GEELONG. GEELONG CO-OPERATIVE ~ CHAFF-~CUTTING & PRODUCE SOCIETY LIMITED, BAC) METS BUC Bae eee G5; Bs es @ INE WHOLESALE & RETAIL GRAIN & FORAGE MERCHANTS Cash Purchasers of Chaff, Hay, Straw, Grain, Potatoes, &c., in any quantity. CHAFF CUTTING AND HAY PRESSING A SPECIALTY ,_ meres Atm ——___ FARMERS’ ORDERS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. Head Office and and Works: 21 ERCER ST., GHELONG. SEELEY & KING, Architects & Surveudis, EXHIBITION EXCHANGE, GEELONG. J. HAMMERTON & SON, Jewellers, Engravers, Designers, WHOLESALE & RETAIL Opticians, Lapidaries, LITTLE RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. Gold and Silver Medals awarded for Jewellery. TROPHIES, BADGES, GOLD and SILVER JEWELLERY in Stock or Made to Order. Gold, Silver & Stones in Rough Bought. J. B. LEITCH, mucvs, VETERINARY SURGEON, SALE YARDS, RYRIE STREET, GEELONG, The only duly qualified Veterinary Surgeon in the Geelong and Western Districts. CASES PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. CHARGES MODERATE. ALEC LOWE, SADDLE & HARNESS MAKER, GC. All kinds Leather Cases made to order. | Address—LITTLE MALOP ST., MARKET SQUARE. —— ee R. WILLIAMS, FAMILY BUTCHER, 238, Moorabool Street, Geelong. Branch Office and Stores: 382 FLINDERS ST., MELBOURNE, dustral Coffee Balace MALOP STREET (opp. Franks’) SSS Good Accommodation. MISS GRIFFIN, Proprietor. JAS. STRONG & BROS., BOOT & SHOE MANUFACTURERS & IMPORTERS, MOORABOOL STREET. GEELONG. For Window Blinds 80.70 7. T. TANSY, GHERINGHAP STREET. Opposite Telegraph Office. JOSEPH SMITH, MONUMENTAL & GENERAL MASON, CORNER OF RYRIE & YARRA STS., GEELONG. Every description of Cemetery work neatly executed at lowest prices. Designs with Estimates Free on aunlication A. T. CURRAN, DEBT COLLECTOR, 126, Ryrie Street, Geelong. COMMISSION ON RESULTS. SEEDS, ‘RELIABLE? SEEDS Of every variety and description. SPECIAL| FLORAL PACKET One Suaituine (12 Distinct Sorts.) 6) ae (12 Varieties.) PacKET OF CHOICE BULBS ONE SHILLING ROBERT W. DALTON, SEEDSMAN AND FLORIST, 163, “(RYRIE: STREET, GEELONG a LITTLE MALOP ST., GEELONG. Next ‘‘ GEELONG ADVERTISER’’ OFFICE. Miss 3. A. AMeocre, COSTUMIERE. Latest Novelties in Dress Materials, T: immings, Linings, Buttons, &e. MERCER ST. STEAM WHEEL WORKS AND GAR-IAGE FACTORY. ESTABLISHED 1875. y EVEREST IIas on hand a large Stock of First-class Vehicles, Waggonettes, Single and Double-zeat Buggies, Pony Phetons and Gigs, Express Waggons, &c, also Single and Double-seat Buggies and F xpress Waggons (secondhand), which he is pre- pared to sell at the Lowest Prices in Geelong (quality considered). PAINTING, TRIMMING & RHPAIRS at most reasonable charges. BEST MATERIALS. HONEST WORK. FAIR PRICES. First-class Workmanship in every department. , Farm, Road, and Station Waggons, Spring Water Carts, Drays, &c., built to order. Inspection Invited. RICHARD N. CARBINES, Near Witcox’s MONUMENTAL WorKs, ¢ Undertaker, 231 MOORABOOL Sila Se ONG: ALL FUNERA: FEQUIREMENTS SUPPLI'D AT SHORTEST NOTICE. PRICES TO SUIT THE TIMES. _THASKER, ., Street, Geelong. y = =a eS ARATING a TAA AA PID TRARIINIRPRRIRARATUN PRINTER, LITHOGRAPHER, en ee eee e eee eee cence a a THE LARGEST, BEST & CHEAPEST STOCK IN AUSTRALIA OF Photographic Apparatus, Microscopes, Optical Lanterns and Slides, Mathematical and Survey Its instruments, And all . Opucal Goods, Is HELD BW W. WATSON & SONS, 78 Swanston Street, Melbourne. LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION. ; A is CAL. z The Practical divobt. CNV Dtangsby, Picture Frame Maker, PLAIN & FANCY MOUNT AT GILDER & PLUSH WORKER. Photographs & Drawings Artistically 1 Ttowikarl, Or ders by Post promptly attended to. So YARRA ST. ( (Opp. Wesleyan Church) } INSTRUCTOR CARPENTRY AND JOINERY CLASS, GORDON TECHNICAL COLLEGE. Estimates Given diva GuSiap Dasomanon | of Joiners’ Work. “J. OM. “LENGAEE, BWLD AINED COmN TE ACroOz, WELLER ST., GEELONG WEST, Established 187’'7. ALBERT COFFEE PALACE, Corner of Yarra Street and Market Square, GEELONG. CLOSE TO BATHS, RAILWAY, SHIPPING, AND GARDENS. ~-W. H. WATTS’ PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIO, RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. The utmost care and attention paid to eachsitter, with the object of getting the most faithful and pleasing pictures. We respectfully ask you to favour us with a sitting. J. WADELTON, (ate rR. McDoNALD’s) NEW DRUG HALL, vi ° Orders forwarded to any GA RY SEY 2 Geelong. part of the Colony on the shortest notice. PATENT MEDICINES & PERFUMERY, HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES OF ALL KINDS. * i. 5S, BAYLEY, FISHMONGER AND POULTERER, TELEPHONE 88. RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. ~~ Families waited on for Orders. P. A. RENZOW, Builder and Contractor, —0./ Sha SWANSTON STREET, SOUTH GEELONG. ew’. PURNELE, Complete HMousehold Furnisher, ALSO MAKER OF Lantern Slide and Negative Boxes, Science Cabinets, &c., &c., ttm LITTLE RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. EBERT IT. OWEN, 94 RYRIE STREET HOMOEOPATHIC CHEMIST, (OPPOSITE POST OFFICE), GEELONG, NATARA—Dries up a Cold in the Head in a few hours Tinct. EUPALORIOM PERFOLIATUM for Ly FLUENZA- Specifies for this Malady. Vinet. STICTA PULMONARIA for INFLUENZA. PHOS PHORINE—Nervous Debility. Hommopathic TINCTURE OF PODOPHYLLIN for Bilionsness, Congestion of the Liver, Constipation, Sick Headache, Jaundice, &c. The Perfect Cure for CORNS & WARTS—Price 1s. 6d, ALBERT T., OWEN, OYSTERS a speciality. Andrew Storrer, om HORSE SHOER, &c., GREAT MYERS ST. (opp. Haymarket). PE INT WSU Wo -ooS., R. J. MAWSON,’ 201 MOORABOOL ST., GEELONG. Laughing Gas, &c., administered. Extractions 2s. 6d. JUST IMPORTED! Direct from the Manufacturers ! A VERY CHOICE VARIETY OF Glass Ware, Leather Goods, CUPS & SAUCERS, CHRISTMAS & NEW YEAR CARDS For the Home Mail, and an endless variety of Fancy Articles suitable for Presents. Inspection Invited. W. SUMMERFIELD JONES, 108 Moorabool St. €Palatine KRire Inourance Go, GEELONG AND DISTRICT AGENT: F. W. HAINES, o> ——_—==r 9 ' 20 MALOP ST., GEELONG. od HATTER. bas If you want a GOOD HAT at a reasonable pete! PATRONISE LOCAL INDUSTRY. D. T. CLARKE, MooRABOOL STREET, GEELONG. R. COLLINS HOCKING, ——az- CLERICAL, LIVERY & LADIES’ Prices Moderate. Ks ITAILOR. 39 MALOP ST. (opp. Bank of Victoria). TELEPHONE 41. It Te -T ins 3) OMBAT:” 4S -— 0-0. evo eee Published by the Associations at the Gordon ga ot Copa Technical College. oe Zeoloey "@CT 23 1948 x , LIB RAB Vol. II.—No. 4. QUARTERLY. July, 1897. Contents. Page Notes 74 College Notes 77 Gordon College Amateur Photographic Association ... 78 Gordon College Science Club ... 80 Gordon College Science Club—Annual Conversazione 81 The Chemistry of Photography. By J. F. Denrry 81 Hints on Lantern Slide Making. By H. Crisp 85 Portland Cement. By Ricuarp TayLor 86 Photographic Surveys. By C. H. B. 93 eens 2 Published by the Gordon Technical College and the Allied Asscciations. VOL. IRs "No. a. ULNA 3807- No. 8. All communications to be addressed to the Editor, Mr. H. E. Hill, at the Gordon Technical College, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. The Editor is not responsible for the statements in any paper. IN‘@ sess: The following note is supplied by Mr. J. Hammerton :— “On March 8th, 1897, while returning from Torquay (Spring Creek), I noticed a pair of Black Cockatoos feeding on the seeds of the grass trees. This is the first time that I have noticed them on the Grass Tree Plain.” At the Conference of delegates of the corresponding societies of the British Association, Liverpool, 1896, perhaps the most original paper read was one by Mr. W. M. Flinders Petrie ‘Ona Federal Stafffor Local Museums.” The author advocated the formation of ‘‘a federal staff to circulate for all purposes requiring skilled knowledge, leaving the permanent attention to each place to devolve on a mere caretaker.” By this arrangement ‘“‘each museum would have a week of attention in the year from a geologist, and the same from a zoologist and an archeologist.” The duties of such a staff would be to arrange and label the new specimens acquired in the past year, taking sometimes a day, or perhaps a fortnight at one place; to advise on alterations and improvements; to recommend purchases required to fill up gaps; to note duplicates, and promote exchanges between museums ; and to deliver a lecture on the principal novelties of their own subject in the past year. ‘ The effect at the country museums would be that three times in the year a visitant would arrive for one of the three sections, would work everything up to date, stir the local interest by advice and a lecture, stimulate the care- taker, and arrange routine work that could be carried out before the next year’s visit, and yet would not cost more than having down three lecturers for the local institution or society apart from this work.” Zoologist, March, 1897. THE WOMBAT. 75 Mr. J. A. Hill supplies the following note on the stump- tailed lizard :—‘‘ The stump-tailed lizard is among the most interesting of Australian Reptiles. It has been well described by Prof. McCoy with its method of breeding. It is also called the ‘‘sleepy lizard” on account of its sluggish movements. During the winter it remainsin a complete state of torpor from April till about September ; its food consists chiefly of flowers when these are obtainable, and at other times it eats a flat fungus. When confined it will eat meat and will become quite docile. Unlike many of the lower creatures it has little or no regard for its offspring, leaving them to fight their battles alone soon after they are born. A remarkable instance of this came under my notice on the 7th of April last; while cutting a rabbit out of a log I came across a female and two young ones apparently only a day or two old; while observing them one of the young ones walked near its mother’s mouth which she immediately opened; the young one put its head in her mouth when, to my surprise, she immediately closed it, killing the young one instantly. Thinking she might have been mistaken as to her young one I put the other young one near her, when she again opened her mouth and, with her vice-like squeeze, killed it in an instant, thus showing that she had no maternal regard for her offspring. Perhaps this little incident may give food for thought to some of your Natural History readers. In the Wombat of April 1896, page 71, in some notes on the museum Xmas camp for 1895-6, it is stated that a pink- breasted robin ( Erythrodryas rhodinogaster) was secured at the Phantom Falls, its nest being visible in a blackwood, but inaccessible. Some doubt having arisen as to this skin, it was submitted to Mr. A. J. Campbell, who kindly indentified it for us as the rose robin (£. rosea). Asthe pink robin was secured near the Erskine Falls by the museum camp of Xmas 1893, it appears that both of these birds inhabit the Otway Forest. The camp party missed a good thing in not securing that nest, as the eggs of E. rosea were not discovered till the following season. The German Zoological Society has planned a work which shall contain an account of all known species of recent animals described up to the present time. The work, Das Thierreich— The Animal Kingdom—has already begun to appear. It is roughly estimated that 96 volumes of 800 pages each will be required, so that the work is hardly suitable for a private liability. Contributed. 76 THE WOMBAT. — The Number of Recent Species of Animals. The editor of the Zeological Record, with the assistance of his staff of recorders, last year made an estimate of the number of described species of recent animals. The numbers are as follows :— 1. Mammalia 2,500. 2. Aves 12,500. 3. Reptilia and Batrachia 4,400. 4. Pisces 12,000. 5. Tunicata goo. 6. Mollusca 50,000. 7. Brachiopoda 150. 8. Bryozoa 1,800. g. Crustacea 20,000. 10. Arachnida v5 10,000. 11. Myriapoda & Prototracheata 3,000. 12. Insecta sia a 250,000. 13. Echinoderma 3,000 14. Vermes 6,150. 15. Ccelenterata ys 2,000. 16. Spongize ces ahs T,500. 17. Protozoa a 6,100. 386,000. Total, Reintensification. ‘‘ What can be done to reintensify a negative which has been intensified with mercury and ammonia and is not dense enough?” Bleach the negative in the mercury solution, and then, after washing, apply Schlippe’s salts 24 grains, ammonia 5 minims, water 2 0z., and wash well and dry. Photographic News. Makeshift Weights. A new sovereign weighs 123°274 grains, a shilling 87:273 grains, forty: Siehk pennies 1 lb. avoir., a halfpenny and a threepenny piece } oz., a florin anda _ six- pence } oz., three pennies 1 oz., four half-crowns and a shilling 2 oz., four florins, one half-crown, and two pennies 4 oz. Photographic News. RAINFALL REGISTRATIONS AT GORDON TECHNICAL COLLEGE HOR Sarscoe Toran Ratn- Montz. Days or Rain | RAtyraun For; Days Rain | parr Since Monta. Since 3/1/97 1/1/97. April 8 "56 37 9:08 May 12 2°34 49 I1-42 June a LAG 56 12°89 THE WOMBAT. Hal COELE CGE NO RES. At the recent Warrnambool Exhibition the students of the College were fairly successful. The awards secured were :— Plumbing—W. C. Freeman, 1st Order of Merit. J. Herd, 2nd Order of Merit Carpentry—A. W. Purnell, rst Order of Merit. J. Warner, 2nd Order of Merit. Mr. Allan Banfield, a recent student in the college short- hand class, has been appointed Government shorthand writer at Perth, W.A. Mr. C. Y. Wardrop has been appointed instructor in the newly-formed classes in carving and modelling. The number of students enrolled for the second term showed a good increase on those enrolled for the first, and also an increase on those for the corresponding term last year. The improvement is most marked in chemistry. The photographic club are carrying out a series of Saturday evening entertainments during the winter. The first took place on June 23rd, but the attendance was small owing to the inclemency of the weather. University Extension. The council of the College is endeavouring to do its share in the effort to revive the system of University Extension lectures in the town, and it has offered the use of the hall for the purpose at a low rate. On May 26th Mr. G. F. Sydenham, of Colac, gavea lecture in the town hall on the Otway Forest and its resources, in aid of the college. This was a highly interesting lecture, but the unpropitious weather prevented this also from being a financial success During the term five fresh periodicals have been added to the reading room, making a total of 37. The room is well patronised by the students of the College. The hon. curators of the Museum beg to acknowledge with thanks receipt of the following :—Exhibit Geelong Solar Salt, Messrs. Cheetham & Co.; Lizard from Wellington District, N.Z., Mr. H. L. Grieve; Quartz, Coolgardie, Mr. F. Shrimpton; Quartz, Toolangie, Mr. A. Purnell; Maori Club, Mr. Thos. Fletcher; Columbia Univ. Bulletin, Presi- 78 THE WOMBAT. dent’s Address, The Secretary, New York; Annual Catalogue, Mass. Inst. Technology, Secretary, Boston; Register, Leland Stanford Univ., the Secretary, California; Prospectus, City and Guilds, Tech. College, the Secretary, London; 15th Annual Report, St. Paul Public Library, the Secretary, St. Paul; Prospectus Konigl. Sachs. Tech. Hochschule, the Rektor, Dresden; Journal Roy. Geog. Soc. of A’sia, N.S.W. Branch) they Secretary, | Sydney. jy rgrocminoye SOC.) | © miele XI1., the Secretary, Brisbane; Catalogue Historical Society of Hawaii, the Secretary, Honolulu; Technical Art Series, 1896, Agricultural Ledger Series, Report Inland Trade, 1895-96, the Govt. of India; Flowering Plants and Ferns, Piss % 2, 3) 4, and 5, Aemculturall Gazettes oruNeo we Vols. Ties is, OVE Ve Val VA Walesa dean Glonmetiae Agricultural Dept., Sydney; Mines and Minerals, Tables Qualitative Analysis, Grazing, Farm and Garden Soils; ditto, ditto, Practice, Australian Agriculture, Wattles and Wattle Barks, Raw Wools and Uses, do. Descriptive Cata- logues, 1, 2, and 3, Woolsorting, Classing and Packing, Types of Wool, Rept. on Beetles destroying boots, Australian Economic Botany, Gems and Precious Stones, Foul Brood in Bees, Wheat Rust Disease, The Codlin Moth, Fruit Blights, Rept. Tech. Education and Manual Training, Tech. Education Calendars, 1896 and 1897, Rept. Minister Public Instruction, Department Public Instruction, Sydney; Bulletins, Nov 25533) 455 @and!) 6y25 Modernnta Dainyinory skanstapemsiia Wheat, Permanent Pastures, Manures and Manuring, Insect and Fungus Pests in Field and Garden, Dept. of Agriculture, Hobart; Rain, River, and Evaporation Obser- vations, Current Papers No. 2, Periodicity of Good and Bad Seasons, Physical Geography and Climate, Climate of Lord Howe’s I., Great Meteor of May 7th, 1895, Measures Doutle Stars, The Sydney Observatory ; Science For All 60 parts, Mr. W. Parker; Annual Report and Meteorological Observations, Royal Alfred Observatory, Mauritius, New Jdeas, and The Farmer, Mr. A. Carter; also from the proprietors, first copies Cottage and Castle, Electricity, The Cultivator and Country Gentleman, Plumber and Decorator, Brickbuilder, National Printer-Fournalist. GORDON COLLEGE AMATEUR PHOTO- GRAPHIC] ASSOC AMIONeG 23/4/97. Mr. J. F. Dentry read a paper on ‘‘ Chemistry of Photography,” as far as is concerned in the manufacture of plates and paper, and in the processes of developing, toning, etc. THE WOMBAT. 79 Judges for the evening: Messrs. Crisp (Ballarat), J. F. Millar, and J. B. Leitch. Subject: Landscapes. Glassen) Mir G. Ll brinsmead, 1st. Misa eirnelly and: Mr. G. H. Brinsmead and Mr. J. Hammerton, 3rd. Class by) Mis) Blake; 1st. Mr. J. H. M‘Phillimy, 2nd. Mr. W. Weir, 3rd. 28/5/97. Mr. R Johnstone elected a member. Decided to purchase a new lantern. Competition.---Subject : Groups. Judges: Messrs. J. B. Leitch, R. C. Hocking, and G. H. Brinsmead. Class A. Mr. J. Wadelton, rst. Mirani. Bratley, 2d: Mr. J. Wadelton, 3rd. Claissibre Miike Be Mockndge, 1st. Rev. W. J. Eddy, 2nd. Mr. W. Weir, 3rd. Mr. J. F. Dentry offered a special prize of 10/6 for the best enlargement 15 x 12, about August. Conditions left to committee. Mr. Brinsmead consented to allow the use of his. room for the purpose. 25/6/97. Nominations received for office-bearers for 1897-8. Mr. J. Wadelton read a paper on “ Portraiture.” Competition (Lantern Slides) Judges: Messrs. J. B. were pO. On Dentry, and kK. (©. Hocking: Class A. Mr. J]. Hammerton, rst. Mr. G. H. Brinsmead, 2nd. Mi A eurnellsrd. Claiss IB, Ieee WWE Io Ibekeby, wisi: Mr. R _B. Mockridge, 2nd. Wits seek. MEGE-hullimiy. 3icd. The annual meeting of the A.P.A. was held on the oth of July. The Secretary’s report stated that the membership of the club now amounted to 65, three members having resigned, and five having joined during the year. The competitions (the details of which are shown in the quarterly summaries of the club’s proceedings in the Wombat) had been carried on successfully, Mr. A. E. Bratley having secured the gold medal, and Mr. G. H. Brinsmead the silver one. A new lantern had been purchased at a cost of £35. The consideration of the: balance sheet was deferred till the next monthly meeting. 8o THE WOMBAT. The election of office-bearers resulted as follows :— President: Mr. H. G. Roesuck (re-elected). — Vice- Presidents : Messrs. S. Mawson anv J. H. McPuiurmy. Committee : Messrs. C. Dentry, A. PurNngeti, A. E. Brat ey, J. B. Leitrcu, ano G. H. BrinsMEap. Lantern Engineers : Messrs. G. H. BrinsmeaD, H. Dentry, R. C. Hockine, R. B. MocxripcE, J. F. Mituar, W. H. HIviger, A. PURNELL, AND W. HuMBLE. Secretary : Mr. J. HAMMERTON, JR., (re-elected). Treasurer : Mr. R. C. Hockine (re-elected). Entertainment Committee : Messrs. J. H. McPuitiimy, W. Westacott, C. DEntRY, W. H. Tuacker, anD R. JOHNSTONE. GORDON COLEEGEY S@IENCE Cliiis: 17/2/97. Messrs. Pohl, Mockridge, and Dean elected members. > NO Ii you want a good 9 Turn-out, go to me Vrs) MOORE S FIRST-CLASS LIVERY STABLES, ILI ILI, | WU Spa !3 1, (GIs ONKE: First-class Accommodation for Travellers. VICTORIAN DYE & CLEANING W ORKS. —— SSS Gentlemen’s Clothes Cleaned & Dyed. Lace Curtains Cleaned and Re-Dyed. Ladies’ Dresses also done, all shades. Carpets Taken Up and Cleaned. CHARGES MODERATE. W. GRUTZNER, 221, Moorabool arreet) Geelong. A CETERA CA ERE OUR GRANVILLE CYCLES. VN THE ROYAL GRANVILLE RACER. THE IMPERIAL GRANVILLE RACER. THH POPULAR GRANVILLE RACER. THH POPULAR GRANVILL&G ROADSTER. BEST QUALITY GUARANTEED FROM £17 10s. INSPECTION INVITED. Sole Agents: WW. Box & Soms, Ioorabool-st., Geelong. NOTHING IN THE OLD RUT _ i BUT SOMETHING POSITIVELY NEW. eS Vie ase CeO UAE LOSS HAS ARRIVED AT RYHRiIE ST ., WITH THE Sterling, Rover, Raglan & Vanguard Cycles from £16 16s. PICTURES FRAMED & PHOTOS BNDARGED. 158 RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. MES | 8s, Soms. Nos. 89 to 98 MERCER STREET, GHELONG. 2 Tubular and other descriptions of Iron Gates for Carriage Hntrances, Stations, Gardens, and Farm purposes. Wrought and Cast Iron Railings of various designs for Building. D. & Sons have on hand a yery large assortment of Wrought and Cast Iron Enclosures for Grayes. Estimates for Bridge Work & Gener al Contraciing. SMITHS' WORK IN GENERAL. Makers of Shaw's Patent Self-opening Gate & Post Lifters, J. WEBBER & SON, CSEGHEHLONG COOPERAGE.S) =. 0

= SSS —-— GEELONG. SOLE MAKERS, | Vulcan Foundry, Humble & Nicholson, : a : Ba = The ‘“‘SNOW LAKE” Washing Machine. The Greatest Labor-Saving Invention ever offered to the Public. A Marvel of Simplicity & Durability. Ne == = >= = 55-34 25 St —— ee: ae cite’ = i THETAZ’S Cate, JAMES STREET (off Ryrie Street), ‘CoN GEELONG ) —————t <> 0 1) 8

2D? oi@oir Mats in all Varieties... *’ Kangaroo ”’ Brand | Price Lists on japplicatiom.. A. P. McMILLAN, } SCENT EOE THE — ee Of Duré es ) ra COUNTRY RISKS A _ SPECIALITY. ~ MONEY TO: PEND VAT LOWEST CURRENT RAGES ON, FREEHOLD PROPERTY. DEPOSIT RECEIPTS, STOCK & SHARES BOUGHT and SOLD. 17, MALOP ST. GHEDLONG. | ees ol. I1l.—No. fo 8 } oclotien, 1897. Sg tt “oct 23 1943 Lierant gras Stock Dealers. s 260 COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE, AND AT . SYDNEY, ADELAIDE, BRISBANE, HOBART. Our very large and complete Stock of Phote Material and ‘Optical Lantern Goods is always ope for inspection. Local Agent— J. F. DENTRY, Chemist, ‘MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG r rimpton & Stroy, uctioneers & Financiers, < : - Howe, and, Eotate, urance, and eneral Gommioosion Tegents, \ : Shh Fire & Marine Insurance Goy. York Life Insurance Coy. ntile Chambers, Geelong. 4} 2 oY ye RINTER, Rye STREET, GEELONG. GEELONG CO-OPERATIVE CHAFF-CUTTING & PRODUCE SOULETY LIMITED, a) N/E ee ee Gy es GEELONG. WHOLESALE & RETAIL GRAIN ‘& FORAGE MERCHANTS. Cash Purchasers of Chaff, Hay, Straw, Grain, Potatoes, &c, in any quantity. — CHAFF CUTTING AND HAY PRESSING A SPECIALTY. CEE ORDERS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. Head Office and Works: 21 HEB oid Se GEELONG. SEELEY & KING, ‘fitchitects & Surveyors, EXHIBITION EXCHANGE, _ mE O Ne. J. HAMMERTON & SON, Jewellers, Engravers, Designers, WHOLESALE & RETAIL- Opticians, Lapidaries, LITTLE RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. Gold and Silver Medals awarded for Jewellery. TROPHIES, BADGES, GOLD and SILVER JEWELLERY in Stock or Made to Order. Gold, Silver & Stones in Rough Bought. J. B. LEITCH, M.v.cus, VETERINARY SURGEON, Sale Yards, Ryrie Street, Geelong. The only duly qualified Veterinary Surgeon in the Geelong and Western Districts. CAsEs PRompTLY ATTENDED TO, ' CHARGES MODERATE, For SADDLERY & HARNESS None better than Pe EGS) GV ea, LT. MALOP ST. (Next Prince of Wales Hotel) All Stable Requisites kept in Stock. Sole Agent for SOLOMON’S SOLU'TION. R. WILLIAMS, FAMILY BUTCHER, Corner of Moorabool ¢ &t. Myers-sts., Geelong. Branch Office and Stores: -ge2. SS, sT., “MELBOURNE. SUNNY BAY DAIRY Gowies GREEK. MICHELLI, BROS., Wholesale & Retail Dairymen, PAKINGTON STREET, GEELONG WEST ~The Favor of your Patronage and, Recommen dation appreciated. _ Chaff supplied direct from the Farm. JAS. STRONG & BROS., | BOOT &s& SHOE MANUFACTURERS & IMPORTERS, — MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. H. McGREGOR, SAIL, TENT AND TARPAULIN MAKER, ,. MOORABOOL STREET, ~— ' (Next Strachan, Bostock & Co.) MarQugEEs & FLAGS FOR. SALE or Hire. MARK GOUGH, COACH PAINTER « SIGN WRITER, ee ' (dlluminated Addresses « a speciality) TOP OF MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. Hop BzeEr, ZE RATED WATERS AND CORDIALS. SEEDS, ‘* Reliable ’”’ SEEDS Of every variety and description. SPECIAL( OUR JJ» FLORAL PACKET, — Most PLEASING. (12 Distinct Sorts.) | AY FLORAL DESIGNS on SHORTEST Notice. Ds hedadadadadiadadadadchadudadeddeddedudedadededededed Telephone, 187, ILLIA LALLA LLL LALLA ALAA deh ddd ddd ddd dddidtss ROBERT W. DALTON, SEEDSMAN AND FLORIST, 163 RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. | DRINK W. Je BROCKWELL’S 2 tise eam ‘ Poa es hae oe... McRorie Bros., «--« 2 - Decorators, &e.. —=—~Malop Street, Geelong.——-~ ——— Large Assortment of English and American Paperhangings, Oils, Colors, Glass and Artists’ Materials. Mercer St Wheel Wor ks & Carriage Factory. ESTABLISHED 1875. SIEM se Has on hand a large Stock of First-class Vehicles, Waggonettes, Single and Double-seat Buggies, Pony Phetons and Gigs, Express Waggons, &c., also Single and Double-seat Buggies and Express Waggons (secondhand), which he is prepared to sell at the Lowest Prices in Geelong (quality considered). PAINTING, TRIMMING & REPAIRS at most reasonable charges. BEST MATERIALS. HONEST WORK. FAIR PRICES. First-class Workmanship in every department. Farm, Road, and Station Waggons, Spring Water Carts, Dra:s, &c, built to order. INSPECTION INVITED. Geelong Chilled. Shares... I beg to call your attention to these Shares for Next Season’s Ploughing. These Shares are equal to the English, without seams, a clean Share and durable—a trial will prove this. Soliciting a Sample Order for a trial, I am, Gentlemen, Yours faithfully, Barwon Foundry, HENBY HOBBS. SOUTH GEELONG. A LARGE STOCK ON HAND. Maker of Horse Works and Chaffeutters, and Engineering in all its branches. Now Sir, If you Require PRINTING that will properly Advertise your Business, I can recommend —____.s0m Beet iis. : H. THACKE R, BOOKBINDING..... PAPER RULING.... RYRIE STREET, GEELONG, : Fags es to do the job with neatness and First-class Accommodation for Visitors at Moderate Rates AT THE Barwon Heads Coffee Palace Splendid Sandy Beach, Bathing, River & Ocean Fishing, Boating’ & Sailing. PLAYGROUNDS FOR THE CHILDREN. Cricket Ground, Tennis Court and Billiard Room, SPECIAL TERMS FOR FAMILIES. MRS. EDWARDS, Proprietress. Terminus Hotel, Forrest. First-class ACCOMMODATION for Visitors. Letters and Telegrams promptly attended to. CHARGES MODERATE, Best Brands only of Wines and Spirits Kept in Stock. Wis Jel MeIaING UL IL V0, Proprietor. Robt. R. Stane lesby, The Practical.2<° wae Picture Frame Maker, PLAIN & FANCY MOUNT CUTTER. GILDER & PLUSH WORKER. Photographs & Drawings Artistically Mounted. Orders by Post promptly attended to. YARRA ST. (Opp. Wesleyan Church). INSTRUCTOR CARPENTRY AND JOINERY CLASS, GORDON TECHNICAL COLLEGE. Estimates Given for every Description of Joiners’ Work. i, W. TINGATE, A SQUPMLIL IOVS. SVE ID) CONTRACTOR, AUTUMN ST., GEELONG WEST. Established 1877’ ALBERT COFFEE PALACE, Corner of Yarra St. & Market Square, GEELONG. CLOSE TO BATHS, RAILWAY, SHIPPING & GARDENS. JI. WADELTON, (Late B. McDonald's) NEW DRUG HALL, RY RIE SS eae ae ey on Gas Ee @ Nee Orders forwarded to any part of the Colony on the shortest notice. Patent Medicines and Perfumery. CEES aod Cattle peers: of all kinds. The CORIO ONE-FIRE COOKING STOVE IS THE BEST, CHEAPEST, AND SIMPLEST IN THE MARKET. Large Numbers have been Sold during the past year, and Entire Satisfaction given. It is so constructed that in Five Seconds it can be altered to Burn either WOOD or COAL, without expense of an extra Coal Grate. CALI AND INSPECT BEFORE DECIDING. W. BOX & SONS, Ironmongers, Are the Sole Neodots oH une above Corio Stove. C. 6. Ww. P urnell, Neue citer INTESOS, ANEAICE RU.O Bes 2 Page se ts Lantern Slide & Negative Boxes, Science Cabinets, &c., &c. LITTLE RYRIB SRS Gaon Gr -OSMOND CALL & INSPECT See HMcevelEs OSMOND 1807 Model “OSMONDS” (er = SWIFT CYCLES SWIFT AT DD. TT. CLARKE’S, CYCLES MOORABOOL STREET 7 SINGER (NEXT MASJINGHAM’S) CYCLES SINGER H Pine i pad eA ere CMUCILIES Machines Built to Order. Second-hand Machines ARIEL Bought and for Sale. Ladies’ and Gents’ Cycles for CYCLES ARIEL elaine. SENS and Sundries. Cass or Terms. CVCEES Teeeietor i M. A. K Diceneedl by Plumbing Metropolitan Gordon at aes ae a in eed Board of Technical Lore Works, pullese: 2d 3 PLUMBER, eee 244 LITTLE MALOP STREET pies en eee oS Sn LOWEN HOMEOPATHIC CHEMIST, 24,878, STREET mmm NATARA—Dries up a Cold in the Head in a few hours. Tinct. EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM for ‘ae Specifics for this Malady. Tinct. STICTA PULMONARIA for INFLUENZA PHOSPHORINE—Nervous Debility. Homeopathic TINCTURE OF PODOPHYLLIN for Biliousness, Congestion of the Liver, Constipation. Sick Headache, Jaundice. &c. alte Perfect Cure for CORNS & WARTS—Price 1s. 64d. ALBERT T. OWEN, For all CYCLE & General Repairs Try Alex. Whitelaw, Ryrie St., Geelong (Opp. H. Thacker’s). Ail Work Guaranteed. Charges Moderate. Country Orders Promptly Attended to. Bieveles Stabled. DENTISTRY. ie Je Wz AE AK FAK eovS. R. J. MAWSON, “2 201 MOORABOOL ST., GEELONG. Laughing Gas, &c., administered. Extractions, 2s. 6d. «Wi. Obtainable from all leading Merchants and Confectioners. /SSAss VaWOvsy OMecwSaSraranPenewitwe ASps(Oys. Ooasbisc R. @ollins Hocking, — eNO eee ©AILOR. And LADIES’ —>=& TELEPHONE 41. (opp. Bank of Victoria) MALOP ST. PRICES MODERATE. Published by the Associations at the Gordon 1 Technical College. G0, 006 Vol. III.—No. 1. QUARTERLY. October, 1897. Contents. College Notes INGLES | fe. Amateur Photographic Association The Return Dinner to Mr. A. J. CampBELL ... A Description of the Eggs of Cracticus quoyi and Platycercus flaveolus. By A. J. CAMPBELL. ake Doe Rocks.) By T. S) Hatr... Natural History, and how to read it. By James Wimceni si...) 0 Page Age) 12 Published by the Gordon Technical College and the Allied Associations. VOL. III.—No. 1. OCTOBER, 1897. No. 9g. All communications to be addressed to the editor, Mr. H. E. Hill, Gordon Technical College, Geelong, Victoria. The editor is not responsible for the statements in any paper. COLE CEN Ois: Mr. J. A. Hill supplies the following :—It is not always the most attractive and brilliant colours that catch the attention of the naturalist—very often the plainest coloured moths have the most peculiar habits. Teara edwardsit is a very interesting species; it is about two inches across the wings and is of a cream, or light buff colour. ‘There are two broods in the year—one appearing in April, the other in November. The eggs are laid on or near the mistletoe, and when hatched the larve form a covering of web at the base of the plant, under which covering they stop during the daytime as long as they are in the caterpillar stage; at evening they emerge from their cover in single file, forming a procession of great regularity; hence the vernacular name of ‘“‘Procession Moth.” They feed on the leaves of the mistletoe, and often strip off every leaf before they reach the pupa stage. When the caterpillars are fully matured, they leave their cover and form the chrysalis under rough bark or other shelter, the cocoon consisting of a thin silken web; they only remain in the pupa stage a few weeks, and the moth is very short lived. One peculiar feature about them is a fine dust that flies from the web; should it fall on anyone it immediately produces a small blister, causing great irritation ; should much fall on you it causes great swelling and uneasiness. The third term of this year has shown a very healthy increase in the number of students, and there are indications that a steady revival is about to take place. We would remind each student that it will forward the interests of the college if they will make it.a point to induce their friends to join one or more of the classes. Good work is being done by the classes in woodcarving and modelling formed last term; Mr. Wardrop, the instructor, is confident that the students will shortly give a good account of themselves. THE WOMBAT. 3 The‘ second of a series of entertainments conducted by the photographic association in aid of the college funds was given on 20th August, a few pounds being netted as the result of the effort. Under the University Extension system Professor Laurie delivered six weekly lectures in the lecture hall of the college, commencing on 19th August, the subject being ‘“‘ Browning, Poet and Thinker.” The lectures were well patronised. Arrangementsare in progress to re-organise another course of ambulance lectures, seeing that last year’s course proved so successful. W. C. Freeman and J. Herd, pupils in the plumbing class, attended the examination recently held by the Metropolitan Board of Works, and intelligence is just to hand that Mr. Freeman has passed in the theoretical and practical tests, and is now qualified to practise as a plumber in connection with the deep drainage system ofthe metropolis. Mr. Herd passed in the practical examination, and will attend the next exami- nations for theory. Still further additions have been made to the students’ reading room in the form of technical and scientific literature during the quarter, and this department is now a recognised feature of the institution. The museum curators desire to gratefully acknowledge receipt of the following :—Fossil bone, Fyansford—Mr. H. Mann ; specimens gold bearing quartz, Murchison, W. A.— Mr. A. Whitelaw; Maori weaving appliances, fish-hooks and shells, N. Z.—Mr. W. Humble; Crab, Corio Bay—Mr. W. Johnston; Drum and other implements used at Waterloo— Mr. G. H. Steedman ; Jubilee Medals—The Mayors Town of Geelong, and Boroughs Newtown and Chilwell, and Geelong West. Statistical Register, Cape Colony, 1896—Govern- ment, Cape Colony; Indian Museum Notes Vol. IV. No. 2, Agricultural Statistics, Br. India, Agricultural Ledger Series— Govt. of India; Agricultural Gazette, Vol. VIII. parts 4, 5, 6, 7 and8; Farmers and Fruit Growers Guide; Annual Report Railways, 1896-7—Govt. N.S. W.; Journal of Agricuiture and Industries, Vol. I. parts 1 and 2—-Govt, of S, A.; Special Report on Education—Education Dept., London; Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, Vol. X. part 1—The Secretary; Trans. Roy. Soc. S. A. Vol. XXI. part 1—The Secretary; Trans. Roy. Geog. Soc. A’sia., Vict. Branch, Vol. X1V.—The Secretary; Australian Museum Report 1896, ditto Records, Vol. III. part 2—The Trustees; Annals, Queensland Museum No. 3—The Trustees ; Results Meteorol. Observations—Govt. Astronomer Melb. ; Annual Report Hawaiian Historical Soc., ditto Papers 1 to 7— The Secretary ; Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. II., part 4—The Secretary ; Report Manchester Museum, ditto Notes 4 THE WOMBAT. 1 to 4—The Trustees; Catalogue New York Trade School, 1897-8—The Secretary ; Catalogue Columbia University 1897 —The Secretary ; Report and Prospectus Konig] Sachs Tech. Hochschule, Dresden—The Rektor; Paper, Probable Miocene Age at Shelford—Mr. J. F. Mulder; Descriptions of New Birds and Eggs Queensland—Mr. D. Le Souéf; Geelong Grammar School Quarterly—The Publisher; Vic. Parliamentary Debates 12 Vols.—Mr. F. Shrimpton; English Grammar 1753— Geelong West Free Library Committee; also from the proprietors, first tree copies of The Osprey; The Australian Coachbuilder and Saddler; The Australasian Schoolmaster. RAINFALL REGISTRATIONS AT GORDON TECHNICAL COLLEGE FOR 1897. Month. DAS om wes RAINFALL For| Days RAIN | RaINFALL NTH. | SINCE 1/1/97 |SincE 1/1/97. July 14 1°84 70 14°73 Aug. 16 2°46 86 Li AKC) Sept. 12 1°54 98 Peasy ts) NOTES. The Bacchus Marsh Express of 11/9/97 relates the follow- ing story :—a rabbit trapper near Ballan had lost a number of his traps, and he could not conceive how so many could be torn up and dragged off by the rabbits. One morning how- ever he arrived in time to see an eagle flying off with a rabbit, with one of his traps attached. He followed the bird up till it deposited its burden in its nest, when he immediately set fire to the tree. When it fell he found no fewer than nine of his traps which had been carried off from time to time. The game act passed last year appears to have failed in the principal object for which it was passed, judging by the proceedings in connection with the recent seizure by the Customs department. Some gooo birds were seized, chiefly ducks, but after obtaining the opinion of counsel on the new bill, the department decided not to go on with the case, and released the birds. THE WOMBAT. 5 AMATEUR “PHOTOGRAPHIC ES SOCIATION SUMMARY OF MEETINGS. 30/7/97- ; Mr. Mawson, Vice-president, chairman. Correspondence from Wellington Exhibition Committee, and several societies. Mr. L. H. Leigh elected a member, andone nomination for membership. Resolved to purchase new tri-unial lantern. Monthly Competition:—Portraits. Class A: J. Wadelton, 1st & 3rd; CO Wentny sand. (CHGS) IE e WAV WANerins, Seretsy ie Ry Be Mockridge, 2ndand 3rd. Judges—Messrs. Brinsmead, Leitch, and Purnell. 27/8/97. ihe President’ (Mr. Hi. G. Roebuck) ‘in’ the « chair. Correspondence from Royal Photographic Society, Working Men’s College. Letter of condolence to Mr. Leitch re death of Mrs. Leitch. Votes ofthanks passed to Messrs. Hammerton, McPhillimy, and Mockridge, for bearing cost of frames for prize pictures. Mr. Thos. Lord elected a member, and 3 nominations received. Resolved to cover floor and otherwise furnish club room. Monthly Competition—Landscape. Class A: Messrs. Bratley and Brinsmead equal 1st; A. E. Bratley, 2nd. Class B: Mr. J. H. McPhillimy 1st and 2nd; H. Wadelton, 3rd; Judges—Messrs. Dentry, Mawson, and Roebuck. 17/9/97. Mr. Mawson, Vice-president, in the chair. Corres- pondence from Austn. Photo. Journal; Photo. Soc., Ohio. Messrs. D. & R. Griffiths and S. Drew elected members. Notice of motion tabled by Mr. J. B. Leitch, to amend Rule 8, concerning amateur work. Monthly Competition, ‘‘Happy as a King.” Class A; Mr. J. Wadelton, 2nd. Class B: Mr. R. B. Mockridge, ist: Mr. R. Johnston, and. Judges—Messrs. Dentry, Bratley, and Purnell. The usual practice nights have been carried outas per syllabus, and on 24th September a successful ladies’ social was held; the evening’s entertainment included an illustrated trip to Toolangi, by Mr. J. H. Harvey, of Melb., and members of this assn. The attendance of ladies and friends was exceedingly gratifying. 6 THE WOMBAT. — THE annual meeting of the Gordon College Science Club was held during August. The report shows that the member- ship (exclusive of honorary members) has increased to 40 from the original 23. Seven meetings have been held, some being open to the public, with an average attendance of 50. The financial position is also satisfactory, as the receipts for the six months since the foundation of the society amounted to £4 7s. od., while the expenditure was only £1 17s. 2d. ‘The following office-bearers were elected for ensuing 12 months :— President, Mr. Jas. Wighton; Vice-presidents, Messrs. Jade) Dentry, o,.C. Hocking, ||. s.p le eitels and aS oa igen Mawson ; Treasurer, Mr. J. F. Dentry; Secretary, Mr. J. B. Leitch ; Committee, Messrs. J. Hammerton, A. Miller, O. Pohl, A. Purnell, and H. G. Roebuck ; Press Correspondent, Mr. C. O. Dentry; Auditors, Messrs. R. Mockridge, and A. Ramage. It is proposed to hold two meetings monthly in- stead of one, as previously. Nosyllabus has been issued for the current quarter, but among the papers promised are one from Mr.G.B. Pritchardon “Fossils: their preservation and interpret- ation’; one from Mr. Fletcher on “‘ Wash-products (chemical) in Victoria”; one from Mr. Brewer on “‘ Native Philology,” and one from Mr. Hepburn on ‘“‘ Paper Manufacture.” THE RETURN DINNER TO MR. A. J. CAMPBELL. A complimentary dinner and reunion of ornithologists and oologists was held in Melbourne on Aug. 26th in honour of Mr. A. J. Campbell and his work. Mr. McAlpine, Govern- ment pathologist, occupied the chair. After returning thanks Mr. Campbell made the following remarks :— “Tt is a very happy thought to make these reunions of ours annual affairs. If we keep them up, no doubt they will merge into an Australian Ornithological Union at no distant date. August too is about the best month to meet, because it may be regarded as the New Year of Australian oology, when the earlier birds commence to lay, and when migrants from far-off Siberia are taking wing for our southern shores. These feathered visitors—about a score of species—are of great interest to Australian workers, especially the oologists. I do not think any of our generation will ever track them to their nesting grounds—many of their eggs we know absolutely nothing about, and they have yet to be described, but I dare say some of those who are growing up will doso. It is an easy matter to reach Japan now, and there will soon bea Siberian trans-continental railway ; so that we will be able to get out at almost any point to collect. THE WOMBAT. 7 Mentioning these northern migrants, it will be noticed that some of the birds have arrived unusually early this season. The first snipe was shot at Heatherton, between Cheltenham and Dandenong, on the 27th of last month (July), breaking the earliest record by a week. There is a greenshank in Dr. Snowball’s collection which must have been also shot about that date, while, on the 21st inst., 1 saw a knot amongst a bunch of double-banded dottrels from Gippsland. You may be anxious to learn how the vernacular list of names of Australian birds is progressing. It has passed through the various sub-committees, and is ready for presen- tation to the science association at its Sydney meeting in January for adoption or otherwise. Mr. Edward Degen, at some considerable trouble, not to mention the tax upon his time, is wading through the British Museum Catalogue of Birds (26 volumes), and is taking therefrom the classical nomenclature of the Australian species, so that, when our vernacular names are published, the accepted scientific names will appear alongside. Very good work in the oological field was performed last year, chiefly on account of the commendable enterprise of Drs. Charles Ryan and Snowball and Mr. D. Le Souéf in securing Mr. Harry Barnard’s services to work the Cape York region, with the gratifying result that several species of eggs new to science were found. The most important finds were the nests and eggs of Albert’s rifle-bird and the manucode—both of the beautiful bird-of-paradise family. There were also nests and eggs of three rare flycatchers—white-breasted (frill-necked), yellow-breasted, and broad-billed—while a variety of the brush turkey (Talegallus) has been established, and a robin— the white-faced—found, which has hitherto only been recorded for New Guinea. Mr. G. A. Keartland, too, has done good ornithological field-work, notwithstanding the unfortunate fate that overtook the Calvert exploring expedition. We commend him for the heroic endurance he displayed on that terrible journey, and sympathise with him in the loss of the greater part of his ornithological and oological collections, which were abandoned in the desert. However, Mr. Keartland has reason to be thankful that he escaped the pathetic fate of two of his less fortunate companions—Messrs. Chas. F. Wells andG. L. Jones. With regard to future field work for this season, if all be well, Mr. Tom Brittlebank and my son propose spending the best part of two months in the “‘ Big Scrub” of the Richmond River district, a most fascinating field. Mr. H. Barnard will probably go north again, while Mr. Alex. Morton, of Hobart, has commenced a collecting tour in the great western territory. 8 THE WOMBAT. At our last reunion the name of Captain Charles Bendire was mentioned. Captain Bendire, as you are aware, was honorary oological curator at the National Museum, Washing- ton, and was the author of probably the finest literature pertaining to life-histories of birds published in any part of the world, now being issued in parts. Death has removed Captain Bendire. As far as man’s limited vision goes, truly it may be written of Captain Bendire, his ‘‘sun is gone down while it was yet day.” AS DESCREPIION OR Meni Exe se Ols CRACTICUS QUOYI: AND) PLAT Y@ERCUS ID Ll 7 1 OULGUIS: By A. J. CAMPBELL. CRACTICUS QUOYI Lesson. Brack BuTCHERBIRD. Figure. Gould, Birds of Australia fol. II. pl. 53. Reference. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. VIII. p. 94. Geographical Distribution. Northern Territory, and North Queensland, also New Guinea or Papuan Islands, Waigion, Aru and Salwatti. Nest. Resembles that of the black-throated butcher-bird (C. nigrogularis ) ; composed outwardly of twigs, lined inside with rootlets, and situated in the forked branches of a tree in scrub or in open forest. Dimensions over all 64 inches; egg cavity, 5 inches across x 2 inches deep. Eggs. Clutch 3: oval, more compressed at one end; texture somewhat fine; surface glossy; colour a beautiful greyish green, sparingly, but boldly marked with round- ish spots and blotches of sepia, and a few markings of dull slate. The majority of the markings are about the apex, and some have the edges softened off penumbra like. These eggs, excepting that they are smaller, resemble a type (C) described for the Gymnorhine (Magpies). Dimensions of a clutch in inches:—(1) 1°4 x 1'0; (2) 1°35 x °98; (3) 1°33 x °98. Another type resembles those of C. nigrogularis (Black- throated Butcher-bird); (1) 1°44. x °77; (2) 1°27 X ‘92. THE WOMBAT. 9 Observations. Some years ago I received from the late Dr. Kutter a single example of the egg of the Black or Quoy’s Butcher-bird from the Aru Islands. I was under the impression that the eggs from Australia had been described until I found to the contrary, when recently working up notes on the nests and eggs of the genus. To Messrs. Dudley Le Souéfand W.B. Barnard I am indebted for either specimens, or notes from personal observations on the nidification of this fine northern species. Mr. Le Souéfinforms me that during his visit to the Bloomfield River district of Northern Queensland, he noticed a pair of Black Butcher-birds frequently in a patch of scrub, but they were shy, and he did not often get a near view, although their clear liquid notes were often heard, either singly or inconcert. However, after careful observation for some time the hen was seen to fly into a thick leafy tree, and there remain. Mr. Le Souéf made his way through the scrub towards the tree, and when a short distance off saw the bird fly away. The nest was soon discovered, but had it not been for seeing the bird fly off, the nest and its hand- some eggs would probably have been missed, so thick was the leafy covert. The nest was situated about 30 feet from the ground ina fork made bya fairly thick bough branching from the parent stem. The eggs, 3 in number, were slightly incubated. Date 23rd October, 1894. A second nest was found on the 4th November, but in this instance situated about 50 feet from the ground near the top of a eucalypt by a small stream in open forest country. One of the parent birds was secured with the nest and eggs. The eggs, asin the former instance, were slightly incubated. The chief breeding months are October, November and December. Merve nGUS my MeAVE OWS, GouLn. YELLOW PARRAKEET. Figure. Gould, Birds of Australia, fol. V. pl. 25. Reference. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. XX. p. 545. Geographical Distribution. N.S.W., Vic., and S.A. Nest. Eggs: A hole or hollow in a limb of usually a red-gum tree (Eucalyptus rostrata), growing on a flat or bordering a stream. Clutch 4-5; round ovals in shape, more obtusely- pointed at one end; texture of shell fine; pure white with a slight trace of gloss upon the surface. Dimen- sions of a proper clutch in inches :—(1) 1-16 x *93; (2) TOC) 2 5500 (3), Index G2 WA) aT Ol Xe 2O2 » IO THE WOMBAT. Observations. As far as it is yet known the Yellow Parrakeet has a somewhat limited range, being chiefly confined to the inland provinces of New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. The bird is numerous in some localities, notably Riverina, where it appears to take the place of the familiar rosella (P. eximius), but its alarm notes are louder and harsher. I have noticed the Yellow Parrakeet as far south as the Pyramid Hill and Echuca districts, Victoria. At the latter place one dewy morning in early spring, I came upon a flock of about 30 or 40 feeding upon the surface ofa sand rise. While placing myself under a clump of silver wattles all abloom to make observations upon this unusually large congregation of parrots, a pair of vagrant dogs that had been rabbiting on their own account close by, crossed the rise, and dispersed my feathered friends. In the Moulamein district of Riverina, Mr. J. Gabriel and myself found the Yellow Parrakeet numerous, especially in the timber bordering streams, and not in- frequently visiting the gardens of selectors and others. The birds were then (Sept.) pairing, or had paired, but we were unable to discover in the numerous red gums on the flat, or along the water courses, the eggs which were new to science. However, Mr. S. White, with a relative, who happened to be out collecting during the .same month in the Flinders Range, South Australia, kindly forwarded mea set of 4 eggs, which specimens are herein described. They were taken on 20th September, 1894, from a hole under an elbow of a large red gum (eucalypt) growing in a grassy vale in the Warrabra Forest, which is about 200 miles odd north of Adelaide. THE DOG ROCKS. 1Bh7 oS Soe JEUNE, One of the first things, probably, that strikes any one who notices the geological structure of any district is the change that takes place in the vegetation as we pass from one type of rock to another. Thus our “ blue-stone” or lava plains are, for the most part, treeless, and if we compare the shrubs and grasses that grow on such an area with those that are found on a stretch of sandy soil, the differences are striking. For instance, on the road to Spring Creek for a mile or two beyond Mount Duneed we are on a lava plain, with merely a few patches of sand and gravel in places, and it is not till we cross Bream Creek that we reach the heathy country. The change THE WOMBAT. Il in soil and subsoil has produced a corresponding change in the flora. A couple of miles further on we get into the timber,. and any one who, knowing the district, will look at the geological map will see that the edge of the timber has been taken as a geological boundary by the surveyors. But a change in the flora means a change in the fauna. Fresh plants afford a source of food to new forms of insects, and the insects again will bring new forms of birds. The geologically most isolated area near Geelong is. that occupied by the Dog Rocks. This small area of about a square mile in extent 1s in the main occupied by granite.. Its soil differs both chemically and structurally from that of the country round it. To a superficial observer the sandy soil may appear the same as that which we have noticed near Spring Creek, but it is in reality very different, being richer in certain salts, such as potash, derived from the gradual waste of the granitic rock. Besides this the differences in the: subsoil make the underground drainage different, and thus a different series of plants and consequently of animals is found. The soil is not so rich as that of the country to the north- west nor that forming the plateau across the river, but the close texture of the lava of these areas produces imperfect subsoil drainage that is unsuited to the growth of trees. Whereas here on the Dog Rocks we find, as we do in all but Our more mountainous granitic areas, an open park land well suited for grazing, but for little else. Now, it is well in a society or club to have some definite aim in view, and to attempt some piece of work which holds. out some prospect of definite results being attained within a reasonable time ; moreover, it should be onein which as many different branches of study as possible are represented. It is. here then that the Dog Rocks affords a field on which it would be well to concentrate all the forces at the disposal of the Club. Itis so near at hand that it can be visited again and. again at all seasons of the year; its area is small and its differences from the surrounding country are striking. Now, would it be possible for a ‘‘ Dog Rocks Natural History Com- mittee ’’ to be formed to take the subject up? Work can be found among birds, reptiles, insects and plants. Perhaps. some of the smaller marsupials may be found which have been killed off elsewhere in the neighbourhood. A careful search will disclose a few minerals new to the district, while there are numerous characteristic views of granitic weather- ing worthy of study, and which should attract the attention of the photographers. Let each member keep to his own. branch and make his collection and notes as thorough as he can. A definite aim instead of desultory observing will have a considerable effect in raising the status of the club, and will be excellent mental training for its members. I2 THE WOMBAT. NAT URAL, ISR ORY «AND ELON an@ TRAD) IIE, By James Lipcett, F.E.S. Read before a Public Meeting in the A.N.A. Hall, Bacchus Marsh, 12/8/97. Ir has been said that popular treatises on natural history generally involve inaccuracy, although in reality a popular treatise may be as rigidly correct in all statements of fact as a compilation too technical to be of any interest to you this evening. There are three chief departments in the study of natural history :—(1) original research; (2) the thorough study of a branch of natural science in all its details, with such observations, experiments, and calculations as may be necessary to give a complete mastery of it; and (3) the study of scientific facts without a mastery of the methods or pro- cesses by which they have been ascertained—a form of study which may be compared to wandering on pleasant bypaths beside the regular roadway. The two first-mentioned depart- ments are no doubt the most important, but the latter is, to’ my way of thinking, the best method of preparing ourselves for the study of the former; personally, this is my method of making observations and calculations, though the subject, like any other, is strictly relative, and what suits one does not suit another. I do not intend dealing with any single method or single subject; all we can hope todo this evening is to select a group of facts every here and there, and to hang from them a few pictures which will, I hope, give you a view of the first principles which underlie the problems of natural history. The study of natural history can only be entered upon by degrees, and we can only become successful by adopting a slow and gradual process, following the maxim of “first the blade, then the ear, and then the full corn in the ear.” To persons engaged in country occupations, whether for pleasure or for profit, a systematic study of the phases of animal and plant life is not only of great interest, but also of much importance. My paper this evening treats of the subject under three headings, viz :—1st. Phenological Observations—our need of them; 2nd. The Study of Natural History Applied to Rural Pursuits; 3rd. Natural History as a Science. eS SS ae ee = SS Rr i 2 . t i ! £ : THR WOMBAT. 13 PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. Let us take for our first example the well-known fact that one field will grow wheat or clover while another will not; or that one pasture will fatten sheep or cattle quickly, while another will only do so but slowly. Such a knowledge as this is generally termed “ practical farming,” which, after all, simply means taking notice of such points and remember- ing them. Therefore I venture to suggest at the outset that, of all the attractions of rural life, probably none is more interesting than the periodic phenomena associated with plants and animals, and, to persons engaged in rural pursuits, they form a source of much anxiety. The germination of seeds, the blossoming, leafing and ripening of fruits and seeds, the appearance of insects and their larve, the migration, song, and nesting of birds, the habits and instincts of animals are all phenomena of this kind, and, being largely dependent on seasonal and meteorological conditions, are correlated to and dependent on one another; and, as a matter of fact, should be studied together. The observation and, above all, the record- ing of facts relating to the principal phases of the life history of plants and insects are extremely useful to meteorologists, medical men and others interested in sanitary questions and health resorts; a list of such observations, carefully collected and preserved, would form a standard with which to compare local variations—such observations to be extended, of course, over a period of (say) twenty years. And toscientific natural- ists, agriculturists, and horticulturists, it would give a means of observing the relationship between organic and meteorologi- cal phenomena, and their dependence on each other. During the last two decades the study of natural history has altered much, both in methods of observation and in character. It no longer consists of merely collecting, preser- ving, classifying, and naming species of plants, insects or animals ; it consists in observing the development, life history, and periodical phenomena of such objects, with due regard to the modification and the variation of species under natural and artificial conditions; and the relation they bear to each other and to the pleasures and wants of mankind. Analyti- cal methods of studying natural history are not so much required now, and are fast giving way to synthetical methods ; therefore instead of pulling plants to pieces, dissecting birds or anatomising animals to ascertain their minute physical differences—though I am not willing to admit that such methods of observation are not necessary to the scientific naturalist—attention is given to their relation to each other and to the forces and agencies by which living organisms are developed, built up, and preserved. I4 THE WOMBAT. What a wonderful change has been produced during the last few years by the discovery of the germ origin of disease. It seems strange indeed to think that the inflammation which follows a wound, whether the result of an accident or of a surgical operation, comes within the domain of the naturalist to explain ;—or that the disease which claims no less than one- seventh of the human race as its victims—commonly known as consumption—can now be explained by the teachings of natural history. Tuberculosis in the lower animals is identical with consumption in the human, and furnishes another example of their relationship ; the disease in both cases is due to the growth and development of germs or plant life. It may seem strange at first hearing that plants grow and reproduce themselves in our living and circulating blood, but such is the case, and it is asa result of the observations of our most devout workers in natural history that. we are enabled to employ measures to prevent the spread of such diseases. The world-wide practice of inoculation is due to the result of such investigations and experiments. Thus you see that the study and observation of plant life are not only applied to the vegetation of mother earth with its specific and physical differences, but also to the agencies which produce the greatest mortality amongst mankind. Hence I repeat it is necessary to study their modifications and relationships, their dependence on each other, and the effects of meteoro- logical conditions, to make natural history complete. Again the ravages of insects and their larve are a con- stant source of annoyance and loss to persons engaged in the cultivation of the soil; in fact itis impossible to form anything like a correct conception of the enormous amount of damage annually caused by insect pests. It is only by observing the earliest times of appearance and recording the same that preventive measures can be employed with anything like a prospect of success; a careful and systematic inquiry into the foodplants of the larve of all destructive species is needful ; the general time of their first appearance; and the result of meteorological conditions affecting their food supply. For Ll can say from my own limited observations that the food supply regulates to a certain extent the amount of insect life. It is now well-known—and I believe I was one of the first in Victoria to point it out—that almost every genus of insects. is identified with certain natural orders of plants. For instance, if I see an ‘¢ Admiral” butterfly flitting about I know in a moment to my own satisfaction that the stinging- nettle flourishes in the district, for its larva feeds on that plant and no other. I could multiply examples of this kind to occupy the next two hours, but this is sufficient to show you that if we study insects and their history it brings us into THE WOMBAT. 15 contact with the plantson which they live. Many persons may not have the time or the inclination to devote their attention to all the subjects of inquiry, but the specialist who confines his labours to one or two sections cannot fail to be interested in the correlative phenomena, and thus gain a wider view of the significance of his favourite branch of study. Let us next review the subjects for observation for the purpose of recording the facts which relate to natural phenomena, and which would be included in our ‘ phenological observations.” Of course the scientific value of such observations would depend on the care with which they had been made, for it would be necessary to take averages extending over a period of not less than fifteen or twenty years. It would include the ‘recording of the “ first blossoming of plants; the ripening of fruits and seeds, and their time of harvesting, with special attention to the survival and second blossoming of plants and trees at unusual seasons, and the falling of leaves as indicating the ripening of buds, and the prospect of future fruit crops; the first appearance of insect life, and the casual appearance of insects and birds at unusual seasons; and the hibernation and other phenomena of animal life.” Such a code of obser- vations, carefully compiled, and extending over twenty years, would constitute a fixed standard with which to compare local variations, and would eventually lead to observing the period- icity of natural phenomena, including climatic conditions. * We divide the year into four seasons, but in Australia nature divides it into three, with a disposition to contract it into two as we proceed north or south from the tropics. Hence you see the natural seasons are merely the result of variations in the quantity of heat and light from the sun’s rays; ofcourse in the tropics moisture plays the principal part. In an article on ‘‘ Phenology and Rural Biology” by Mr. J. E. Prince in the Victorian Naturalist, it is stated that “the seasons of organic objects are (1) the season of growth, or its correlative, reproduction ; (2) the season of maturation, 7.e., the ripening of fruits, and seeds, and buds, and vegetables, _and the consolidation and fattening of animals ; (3) the season of rest, or equilibrium of the two former conditions, z.e., the defoliation of trees and, in extreme cases, the hibernation of animals.” The natural seasons among animals are more noticeable the lower we go in the scale of organic existence. Nevertheless they are more or less noticeable throughout the animal and vegetable kingdoms. Not forgetting that the se: S.ms vary with different species of plants, and are also * Vide Article by Mr. J. E. Prine?. 16 THE WOMBAT. modified by various natural and artificial conditions. Culti- vation, as you are aware, with all its appliances for modifying the physical conditions of temperature, moisture and soil tends to hastening or shortening of the earlier seasons. Hence cultivated plants generally blossom earlier than wild ones of the same species, and some meteorological conditions, such as high temperature and droughts, if they do not suspend vegetation altogether, shorten the period of growth, and hasten that of maturation, and sometimes give rise to the exceptional phenomena of a second leafing and blossoming of plants in the same year. * This threefold division of the seasons 1s dis- tinguished among insects by the three stages of their life history—caterpillar, chrysalis, and perfect insect; and among birds, growth by the nesting, maturation, and fattening of both young and parent birds, and rest by migration. Such observations as I have suggested are known to meteorologists and botanists 4s phenological observations ; they have been made in England and on the continent for many years, and were commenced in this colony by the late Baron von Mueller in 1856, but, being of a spasmodic nature, they had no value for average comparison. This brings us to the most important question, how to determine the climate of a place as a health resort by record- ing the condition of vegetation at different times of the year; no method is so easily carried out, and no method is so in- teresting and satisfactory. | Meteorological observations require a great amount of skill when made by means of in- struments, and such observations are faulty, as the instruments used are liable at any time to get out of order. Moreover the interpretation of such observations is often puzzling and unsatisfactory, as differences in climate are due to subtle combinations of sunshine, rain, wind, and soil, which no instrument can faithfully record, and which can only be truly declared by the varying conditions of vegetation, and remotely by insects which feed upon it, and by birds and animals which feed on both, and are themselves influenced by such conditions. At all events the evidence is more in favour of biological than of physical data regarding the methods of distinguishing climate and the benefits thereof. Writers on climatology do not recognise this importance . as a rule, but trust too implicitly to mere averages of meteor> ological data, forgetting that very similar averages may result from very different ranges of climatic conditions. It is now quite clear to you that it is the extremes of temperature, moisture, etc., that determine the character of the vegetation of any locality, and these are also the conditions which determine the character of a health resort. * Vide ‘* Phenology aud Rural Biology.” SA OLEAN. THE WOMBAT. 17 To carry out such a code of observations as I have suggested, it would be necessary to cut the colony into divisions, as was suggested by Baron von Mueller in his Key to Victorian Plants, Part 2. Schedules for the work would have to be drawn out, and a few persons in each division, skilled in the various departments under review, engaged to fillthemin. The whole thing would not cost more than £5, including postage. To sum up the advantages of carrying out such a scheme, I would point out to you that as regards plants—natural and cultivated—we would know at a glance the earliest flowering dates for various districts; with regard to insects, a very important part, we would have accurate data which, with the meteorological tables at hand, would enable us to anticipate their appearance, and to take preventive measures before they had produced their usual ravages; the codlin moth, wooily aphis, and locust for example. With regard to the recording of the nesting, song, and migration of our native birds, it would, in time, lead to a proper estimate of the close seasons to be adopted for the various localities of the colony; as the present Act stands, it is the same for the whole of the colony, and is, consequently, inoperative. Such are the results which may be anticipated if such a suggestion be carried into performance, and although I have merely reviewed the outlines of the subject, I hope that enough has been said to give you a fair idea of the importance and advantage of a systematic arrangement of phenological obser- vations. Tue Stupy or NaturaL History APPLIED TO RURAL PuRSUITS. It is not very difficult for the student of Natural History to apply his subject of inquiry to rural pursuits in practice, but it 7s somewhat difficult, in a short paper like this, to know where to begin when dealing with the subject of its application to rural pursuits in general; I shall only refer to one or two points this evening. In order to understand the composition and properties of arable land, it is necessary to know something about geology; at all events, from the fact that it is supposed that the earth’s surface was once a naked mass of rock, and has, through various agencies, in the course of thousands of years, crumbled away andformed what we callsoil, which is generally understood to mean a mixture of crumbled and partly dissolved rocks mixed with the remains of vegetable and animal matter. The disintegration of ordinary rocks can easily be observed at the present day ; though the process is slow, it is sure and incessant. Let me illustrate fora moment the effect which 18 THE WOMBAT. frost alone has upon rocks; when water freezes it expands, and so when water is present in the crevices of rocks its freez- ing tends to widen fissures, and split the rock to pieces. Water also exercises both solvent and mechanical actions upon rocks. You have noticed before now the change in contour of the sea-coast, and isit any wonder when we observe how the mighty waves toss and roar in upon the shore ? When frost or the action of water has thus crumbled away the rocks, the oxygen and carbonic acid of the air step in, and complete their chemical solution. No kind of rock, however solid it may be, can withstand the continued action of heat and cold, of water and air. The effects of these actions may be observed on tombstones and elsewhere. It follows then that as the component parts of soil are similar to those of the rocks from which it has originated—and rocks vary greatly— it is important that we should be acquainted with the com- position of them, as it enables us to forma very correct opinion of the quality of the soil without the aid of analysis. A know- ledge of geological formations and deposits enables us to tell at a glance the kind of vegetation it is likely to produce under the treatment of civilisation, knowing from our previous experience in botany the chemical wants of various orders of plants, as well as to tell thenatural fauna and flora of any locality so that we are brought face to face again with that correlation of phenomena referred to above. Much of our so-called ‘“‘ practical farming” or ‘‘ practical experience” is superseded by such a knowledge of natural phenomena and, after all, such “‘practical experience” consists only of spasmodic observations of ordinary results and remembering them. This shows one of the advantages agriculturists and horticulturists derive from a technical education, and the establishment of experimental stations in all the chief provinces of the colony is badly needed for the purpose of placing such information at the command of all those desirous of succeeding in the now risky occupation of tilling the soil. A systematic study of the natural flora of a country is highly commendable ; it is now recognised as an indisputable fact that an experienced botanist can tell in a moment wnat kind of plants may be naturalised in a district after he is acquainted with its native plants. It is alsoadvisable to note the occurrence of any unusual plants, introduced or indigenous, and carefully observe their surroundings, such as moisture and soil. If our State School teachers devoted an hour to a field outing once a week, and gave practical demonstrations on the living plants, trees, soil, rocks, &c., I venture to suggest that it would stimulate a desire on the part of the children to observe for themselves. a ee ey ee eee a THE WOMBAT. Ig A study of the life of insects and the important part they play in the economy of nature is useful and of practical im- portance. To deal with the subjectin anything like a systematic manner would be beyond the limits of this paper, and so I shall only refer to animal parasites. A parasite is a creature - which inhabits another living creature, and derives its nourish- ment from its tissues; they are found widely distributed among animals from the lowest order up to man himself. They are to be found in the cavities and tissues of all the organs of animals, and dwelling on the skin like ticks and lice; the latter are known as Epizoa, and the former as Entozoa. I shall confine my remarks to the Entozoa. There can be no doubt that parasites play an important part in the economy of their hosts. Their life history is a very curious one indeed: it is a continual round of danger. JBut in all animals the number of eggs laid is proportional to the amount of danger they undergo during development ; indeed, if this were not so such creatures would soon become extinct. A single female nematoid worm produces enough ova to develop into hundreds of thousands of such worms, but few indeed reach maturity. Nature, during a long system of evolution, has had to contend with complexity and uncertainty of develop- ment, and has it now so balanced that there shall be prolific births to allow for the fact that only some few individuals will survive. No subject perhaps is of greater interest to stockowners, or provokes more discussion than the life history of these parasites. In Australia the summer sun destroys immense numbers of ova, and the dryness of the climate is” also a check to their development. In some species of round worms the ova undergo a certain stage of development without having to gain access to the body of an intermediary host. An intermediary host isa creature in the tissues of which part of the life of another creature must be spent before development to the adult form can occur. The intermediary hosts of many of the nematoda are grubs, snails, caterpillars, etc. The embryos of the round worms find their way into the bodies of these hosts and, after passing a limited period of their existence therein, find their _ Way out again into the water. Animals drinking at pools sometimes pick up the embryos, and it is evidently from water pools, damp places, and vegetable products that animals (including man) become infested with round worms. It must be understood that they are quite incapable of prolonging existence without reaching the tissues of their destined hosts. Some indeed will absolutely perish unless they reach particular animals, and also reach particular organs and tissues of those animals. Thus we see that the study of the life-historyof! 20 THE WOMBAT. parasitical worms alone involves the contemplation of many curious phases of organic existence. Nothing will illustrate this better than the life-history of the “liver fluke.” It is over forty years since this disease was introduced into Victoria. by some imported rams. Until quite recently it was a con- stant puzzle to everyone, and it was the researches of Thomas. in England, and Leuchart in Germany that cleared up the mystery. — The adult fluke belongs to a division called “flat worms,” which includes some of the worst of parasites, such as the tape-worm. The ova deposited by the adult fluke pass out in the faeces, and are sometimes carried into water. There they hatch out at a temperature of from 74° F. to 78° F. Now the little embryo can live and swim about for a few days, but before it can develope further it must reach one particular kind of snail. If it does not do so it dies. After undergoing a certain development in the lung chamber of the snail it again comes forth, fixes itself upon some submerged grass or plant leaf, throws offits tail (whichit had used for swimming), and forms a little white cyst, which protects it when the water dries up. While the ground remains damp the cercaria, as it is called, retains its vitality, and if eaten by sheep the cyst is dissolved, and the worm, thus set at liberty, finds its way, most likely up the bile-duct, into the liver, and there its life- history is complete. NaturaL History As A SCIENCE. Asa science natural history certainly stands well to the front. In 1831 the memorable voyage of the ‘‘ Beagle,” a barque of 242 tons, commenced from Devonport to complete the survey of Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, Chili, Peru and some Pacificislands, and to carry out a series of chronometrical observations throughout the world. On board was Charles Darwin, who was chosen as naturalist under the recommend- ation of Professor Henslow, who told Captain Fitzroy that he was a young man extremely fond of geology and, indeed, all branches of natural history. During the voyage Darwin collected material which, through his own ardent interpretation, has revolutionised not only half a dozen sciences, but the whole current of mental life of thinking men. His observations on the structure and formation of coral reefs, and on the proofs of recent elevation on the coast of Chili, as well as on volcanic islands, placed quite a different complexion on geological ideas. Darwin was certainly the greatest naturalist, and probably the greatest original thinker, that ever lived. It was his studies in natural history that brought to light the marvellous law of evolution, and since his day it is pleasing to see such men as Sir John Lubbock, Lord Kelvin, and Herbert Spencer following in his footsteps. i ee ee ee ee ee ee es ee ee Se ee eee THE WOMBAT. 21 The principle of evolutionis now so thoroughly established that no one doubts its correctness, especially since natural history has thrown off such a number of branches—em- bryology, bacteriology, paleontology, etc.—all of which send a flood of light regarding the ground substance of which all living organisms are built. The time has long passed when it would have caused any surprise to remark that all organisms are built of much the same substance, whether the tiny zoophyte of the ocean bottom, or the largest of plant structures, or man himself. The relationship between man and the lower animals is clearly shown by many everyday facts. Apart altogether from our physical structure there are many points to consider. For instance, we can appropriate parts of them without the intermediate processes of digestion and assimilation; this is so when we take a piece of skin or bone from one of the lower animals and transplant it, when it will grow and eventually become part and parcel of the living man. In cases of myxcedema, a somewhat common disease, the treatment adopted isa splendid example of what I want to explain. It consists of supplying the affected persons with the thyroids of other animals, chiefly sheep. A part of the sheep’s thyroid is planted under the skin of the diseased person, and this part grows and evertually performs the duties and functions of the diseased organ. Thus the course of the disease is stopped, and the affected person invariably recovers. Much more evidence could be cited, but I have said enough to show you that natural science teaches us to recognise the relationship in the substance of which all living things are composed. * Protoplasm forms the simplest and least complicated forms of living things, and simply becomes differentiated in the course of growth and development. Simple, un- differentiated protoplasm has a fairly definite chemical com- position, consisting chiefly of albumen; it is supposed that albumen has a thousand atoms in each of its molecules, and protoplasm probably many hundred times as many. There is, you must remember, a relation between living matter and what may be conveniently called dead matter, i.e., matter which is not living. We see how living matter takes up dead materials and converts them to its own use, at the same time giving off parts of itself in return. These are mostly processes of oxidation, and constitute the main basis of all life—physical and mental. Such a process continually goes on under the name of respiration, by which the protoplasm is being broken up; digestion and assimilation are processes by which it is being continually renewed. If the latter process goes on faster than the former, the body grows. The two processes never completely balance. After a time waste * See Dr. Cherry’s ‘“‘ Beginnings of Life.” 22 THE WOMBAT. predominates over repair, as in old age, and the individual withers until at last life is no longer possible. In old age the failure of the tissues is always apparent; the teeth fall out, the eye grows dim, and the brain fails to perceive. ‘‘ It is sad indeed when the brain perishes before the body,” says Oliver Wendell Holmes; ‘‘a child once more among his toys, but whose to-morrows come hungry and not full-handed. We must all become as little children if we live long enough, but how blank an existence the wrinkled infant must carry into the kingdom of heaven if the Power that gave him memory does not repeat the miracle by restoring it.” However, it is seen life is no passive condition; its sur- roundings call forth ceaseless activity, and so the struggle goes on throughout the ages; it is one of the great factors which have determined the course of evolution. The long struggle from the very dawn of life up to man himself has been a struggle for existence. No better and simpler plan for observing this can be adopted than experimenting in yeast fermentation ; the influence of environment can be readily observed, and in every case the experimentalist is brought face to face with the doctrine of the “ survival of the fittest.” Be it known that artificial experiments with living germs or bacteria have produced differences as great as those which are held to separate one species from another, and these, with many other similar facts, throw considerable light on the much-vexed question of the “‘ origin of species.” Natural history regards every product of nature as one which has had a history. We no longer look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship—as something Leyond his power of comprehension ; we recognise every complex struc- ture and instinct as the summing up of many contrivances each useful to the possessor, just as we look at any machine as the result of combined labour, reason, and experience, and even blunders on the part of workmen ; for nature must have made many blunders before she produced such harmonious results. How interesting the study of natural history thus becomes, dealing with the whole history of the universe, so that we find after all the world is “fair to see”’ for those who have the eyes to discover its beauty. The habits and move- ments of climbing plants furnish an admirable example of the singular adaptation of the plant world, illustrating as they do the peculiar similarity in the development of plants to that of animals. It has, as I presume you are aware, been vaguely asserted that plants are distinguished from animals by not having the power of movement; yet plants do acquire that power, but only when it is of some advantage to them. We see how high a plant may rise in the scale of organisation THE WOMBAT. 23 when we look at some of our tendril-bearing or climbing plants. The plant places its tendrils ready for action as a polypus places its tentacula. Darwin says that these tendrils are acted on by the light, and bend towards it, or from it, or disregard it, as is most advantageous. As soon as the tendril strikes some object it grasps it, and quickly curls round it. The climbing plants in our gardens of themselves form a living text book, responding warmly to every inquiry and exhibiting a living history which again shows the fundamental unity of the plant and animal kingdoms, seeing that the salient faculties of digestion, of purposive locomotion, of rapid communication and consentaneous action are not restricted to animals, but are possessed ina high degree by plants also. There is a class of plants which really capture and digest animal food, so that there is ample proof of the unity of functions in the two kingdoms and of reciprocal combinations between them. Modern biology thus teaches that life at bottom is one phenomenon, manifested in essentially the same manner by plant and animal alike. To depart from such a belief would be to throw a hindrance in the path of scientific progress; in fact, as I said above, a knowledge of natural phenomena is to civilisation what the compass is to the mariner, what steam is to navigation, and what the telescope is to astronomy. Concluding remarks. In looking upon the broad domain of the natural science of to-day, and observing the restless activity with which the scientific mind explores its minutest by-paths, whether in regard to the enormous advances in mechanical devices, or whether in the sum of knowledge con- cerning man’s place in nature or the evils which his flesh is _ heir to, or has acquired, the continued advance in bacteriology stands out as a prominent feature in pharmocology, which, by the aid of the naturalist, presses into its service bird, beast, and fish; most things that grow on the earth’s service, and much that lies beneath. s Here we may well pause for a moment to reflect what is to be the outcome of this increasing sum of knowledge. Short of the gift of prophecy, no man can say, yet the future is dimly revealed by such facts as I have, however imperfectly, tried to put before you this evening. But natural science is, in the best sense of the term, evolutionary, and will do in the future what it is doing in the present, its great work of giving expression to the facts and truths of nature and the system of evolutionary changes that mark its progress. For whatever lies within the sphere of observation, experiment, and com- parison—whether galaxy, which only the telescope makes known, or monad, whose existence only the microscope 24 THE WOMBAT. reveals—is subject matter of inquiry, both as to its origin and as to its relation to the totality of things, and ifit does not explain every fact it is inconsistent with none. Astronomer or chemist, geologist or paleontologist, psychologist, physiologist, botanist or zoologist—all are dependent one upon another, and none can say to his fellow ‘“‘ T have no need of thee.” However, I must remind you once again that natural history is, after all, only a small part ofan all-embracing cosmic philosophy. In concluding my varied and scattered notes this evening, it only remains to say that in my attempt to show you “‘ how to read it,” I have had to adopt a style and deal with branches of the subject that would not have been mentioned had this paper been prepared for a meeting of scientific men. [N.B.—In the preparation of this paper I have availed myself freely of Mr. Roberts’ Naturalists’ Diary, Dr. Thomas Cherry’s lecture upon the ‘‘ Beginnings of Life,” and a most excellent paper by Mr. J. E. Prince in the Victorian Natural- ist, vol. viii., No. 8, upon ‘‘ Phenology and Rural Biology.” In some places I have used Mr. Prince’s own words, and | desire to express my indebtedness for such valuable informa- tion. | H. Thacker, Printer, Ryrie Street, Geelong. ROBERT: PURNELE, SHIPPING AGENT AND GENERAL CARRIER. VICTORIAN & NEWCASTLE COAL. Agent for DIAMOND & SON, Produce Brokers, Commission Merchants, and Forwarding Agents, Fremantle, W.A. Office: 109 GHERINGHAP STREET, GEELONG. WARDROP & SCURRY, Architectural & Figure Modellers, 48 aRDEN ST., NORTH MELBOURNE, (near Errol St.) Vw NN All kinds of Blaster ana Gameah Ousted of Latest paisa at Loves t Rates. Fibrous Ceilings, Cornices, Centre Flowers, &c., a Specialty. Designs and Estimates Submitted. Architects’ Details Artistically Treated. MONUMENTAL AND GENERAL MASON, Next CORNER RYRIE & YARRA STS., GSELONG. Every DESCRIPTION OF CEMETERY WoRK NEATLY EXECUTED AT LOWEST PRICES CONSISTENT WITH HONEST WO. KMANSHIP. RESIGNS & ESTIMATES FREE ON EC ACN: W. Hl. Walls) Photographie stulo, RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. The utmost care and attention paid to each sitter, with the object of getting the most faithful and pleasing pictures. We respectfully ask you to favour us with a sitting. w,4 GC. Weg 70 ; (From London, and late with ) e AITRN CY, McBean & Son, Melbourne.) Practical Chronometer, Watch & Clock Maker, Jeweller, Optician, and Silversmith, 467 MOORABOOL {T., SOUTH GEELONG, NEAR BARWON BRIDGE. 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Orders by Post promptly attended to. YARRA ST. (Opp. Wesleyan Church). INSTRUCTOR CARPENTRY AND JOINERY CLASs, GORDON TECHNICAL COLLEGE. Estimates Given for every Description of Joiners’ Work. i, W. TINGATE, BUILEDER AND. CO Nt AGier, AUTUMN ST., GEELONG WEST. Established 1987'7. ALBERT COFFEE PALACE, Corner of Yarra St. & Market Square, GEELONG. CLOSE TO BATHS, RAILWAY, SHIPPING & GARDENS. JI. WADELTON, (Late BR. McDonald's) NEW DRUG HALL, RY Rin STREET, GHHBLONG. Orders forwarded to any part of the Colony on the shortest notice. Patent Medicines and Perfumery. Horse cue) a CEI aS Medicines of all Ringe “The CORIO ONE-FIRE COOKING STOVE IS THE BEST, CHEAPEST, AND SIMPLEST IN THE MARKET. Large Numbers have been Sold during the past year, and Entire Satisfaction given. It is so constructed that in Five Seconds it can be altered to Burn either WOOD or COAL, without expense of an extra Coal Grate. CALI AND INSPECT BEFORE DECIDING. W. BOX & SONS, Iron mongers, Are the sole organs o! tne above Corio Stove. C. 6. W. P urnell a FRIES OW EMUAUGED Ron @ Fie ee Lantern Slide & Negative Boxes, Science Cabinets, &c., &c. LITTLE RYRIB SUE, GHBEONG: OSMOND CALL & INSPECT ¢ ea ~ CYCLES OSMOND 1897 Model “OSMONDS” CYCLES ——_=y SWIFT CYCLES SINGER MOORABOOL STREPT CYCLES (NEXT MAJSJINGHAMS). SINGER ae CYCGEES Machines Built to Order. Second-hand Machines Reig Bought and for Sale. Ladies’ and Gents’ Cycles for CYCLES ARIE Hire. Repel and Sundries. Cash or Terms. CYCLES Instructor in| M. A. KE ‘Wikesagedl by Plumbing 4 |Metropolitan Gordon ree ats Sneed Board of | Technical eee Works, te PLUMBER, soo 244 LITTLE MALOP STREET ee Bias Hanes HOMCOPATHIC CHEMIST, oa RYRIE. STREET — GEELONG, NATARA—Dries up a Cold in the Head in a few hours. Tinct. EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM for INFLUENZA. Specifics for this Malady. Tinct. STICTA PULMONARIA for INFLUENZA. PHOSPHORINE—Nervous Debility. Homeopathic TINCTURE OF PODOPHYLLIN for Biliousness, Congestion of the Liver, Constipation, Sick Headache, Jaundice. &c. The Perfect Cure for CORNS & WARTS—Price Is. 6d. ALBERT T. OWEN. For all CYCLE & Genera! Repairs Try Alex. Whitelaw, Ryrie St., Geelong (Opp. H. Thacker’s). All Work Guaranteed. Charges Moderate. Country Orders Promptly Attended to. Bicycles Stabled. DENTISTRY. AE EK corns. R. J. MAWSON,’ 201 MOORABOOL ST., GEELONG. —— Laughing Gas, &c., administered. Extractions, 2s. 6d. «WE. SUMMEREIELD «JONES Begs to draw attention to his New and Varied Stock of Fancy Goods, Music, &c., suitable for Wedding and Birthday Gifts. The Premises have been enlarged to meet increased business. Inspection invited W. SUMMERFIELD JONES, 108 Moorabooil St. Orders Promptly attended to. Dy Lulfiey Ye Yullan, FRG ININC GUC ee SIO RAVE, WOR: HOPETOUN CHAMBERS, RyriE STREET, GEELONG. THE BEST IS ALWAYS THE CHEAPEST. McPhillimy Bros. Cough Drops ARE THE BEST REMEDY FOR COUGHS & COLDS. C~EVERY LOZENGE STAMPED McPHILLIMY BROS.~—> Obtainable from all leading Merchants and Confectioners. ASI: I@2) AECRP EEL Vie SENOS. Oma, R. Collins Hocking, —--_—V—-_!. \ CLERICAL, LIVERY AILOR. x 39S And LADIES’ —==s TELEPHONE 4I. (opp. Bank of Victoria) MALOP ST. PRICES MODERATE. Tre Tp Gr MILI, oe” A i: nN A'¢ me — kak Published by the Associations at the Gordon Technical College. Vol. III.—No. 2. QUARTERLY. January, 1898. Contents. Page INGtesiye. ae aa aus Awe on, 26 Rainfall Registrations at Gordon College for 1897... Dag) Baron von Mueller National Memorial Fund ° Af 28 Eomeviews Photographic Association we aus 30 Gordon Carles Science Club ay: or oe 31 The Islands of Bass Straits. By D. Le Sourr wat 31 Photography in Art, and Art in Photography. By H. DENTRY Ey: se Bh ee 34 The Birds of the Geelong District. ByC.F.Brtcuer, B.A. 42 The Moorabool Valley, from a Photographer’s Point onNiew: / By NVANDERER, /G.@rAbmcAnr) 22 47 St a A TmWe Published by the Gordon Technical Allied Associations. €0,A06 War ae) AT Kos Zecles. & \ : OCT 23 1943 “ ViOle wlll Nore) _ JANUARY, 1808. et All communications to be addressed to the editor, Ur. H. E. Hill, Gordon Technical College, Geelong, Victoria. The editor is not responsible for the statements in any paper. NOES: A few weeks ago when out collecting I observed a female specimen of the moth CGnosanda boisduvalii: Nem, in the act of depositing eggs upon a_ branch of the so-called “peppermint gum’ ’ Eucalyptus amygdalina—La. B. It was a cold chilly morning, and as she deposited the tiny globular yellowish coloured eggs one by one I could easily notice her providing for their protection by covering them with the fur- like hair of her own body, which adhered to each egg as soon as it was deposited. This is the first time I have taken this moth in Victoria, and it is evident that the larve feed upon the leaves of Eucalyptus trees; it is probable that this species have a much wider range than is generally supposed, being recorded from tropical Queensland, and now from the hilly slopes of Southern Victoria at a height 1,200 ft. above sea level. I have recently received a note from Mr. G. Lyell, of Gisborne, saying he has taken this moth ‘dozens of times ”’ in Victoria, but as I can find norecord of it, I trust the above will be of interest to collectors. The following description of the larva and pupa of the moth, Termessa shepherdi—one of the so-called ‘‘footmen moths,” has been taken from specimens bred during the present season. Larva—full grown: of the usual oniscorn or wood-louse shape. Head small, brown in colour, body segments canary yellow with large tubercular projections carrying bunches of pitchy hairs. Length when crawling ; inch, at rest zo in. Food plant: my specimens fed upon the various lichens obtained from basaltic rocks. Pupa: short and flat: head large and abruptly truncate in front : eye and antennal cases elevated, wing cases very broad, deeply and numerously punctate, interspaces glossy. The ground colour is dark THE WOMBAT. 27 brown, terminal segment light red and somewhat sharply pointed. This pretty little black and yellow moth is seldom seen upon the wing, indeed it is difficult to get a good specimen except by rearing them. ‘The caterpillars may be found under logs and stones during the months of July, August & September. The moths appear during November and December. It 1s impossible to rear the larvae unless full grown specimens are obtained, and then they should be kept in a box containing plenty of damp moss, and fed on lichens. It may also be mentioned that thelarve ofthe ‘‘ Painted Lady Butterfly ”’ Pyrameis Kershawti (McCoy) has been noticed feeding largely upon the leaves of the thistle, Carduus marianus : '(Linn.) during the present season in a locality where plenty of its usual food plant flourishes, viz :—‘‘ Cape Weed ”—Cryptostemmon calendulacea—a fact which strongly supports the opinion that P. Kershawii is only a variety of the European ‘‘Painted Lady” P. cardui. (Linn) Under any circumstances P. Kershawiti is only a variety of recent development. James LipGETT. vein wie hr GIST RATIONS (AI GORDON i CINK = COL AGH nO. 1s8e7¢ | } ) 'RAINFALL FOR|DAYSOF RAIN) RAINFALL ONTH Days oF Kain Montu. Since 1/1/97. StNcE 1/1/97. Oct. SA Ho iret ls ul bnillzaes eh ellis @exope to) Nov. 7 1°95 | 118 | 220 2N5 | Dee; 3 ‘69 121 22°94 The hon. curators of the museum beg to acknowledge with thanks receipt of the following donations since last issue :—1I egg of stone plover and 2 eggs of temporal chatterer, Mr. IF. Mason; fossil whalebone (Grange Creek), Miss Austin; 17 specimens ornamental turnery, Mr. S. Johnson; model horizontal engine, Mr. C. E. Hughes; copper ore, Mr. E. A. Eager; 24 specimens N.Z. timbers, The Kauri Timber Co. ; red-rumped parrakeet, yellow-tufted honeyeater and mineral specimen, Mr. H. E. Hill; minerals, Mr. W. Glover Scott; specimen sampler work (1711), Mrs. G. M. Hitchcock ; blue-tongued lizard, Mr. H. Bailey; aboriginal aan.) Viurpinyy ss) kiwi (NEA ei Mioe EI | (Grieve ; samples North American Indian pottery (made for sale to tourists) and Samoan girdle, Miss Link; Census Report 1896, and Hawaiian Annual for 1898, The Govt. of Hawaii; Rpt. Public Instruction, ’96-7, Vic., Gen. Rpt. on Census, Vic., 28 THE WOMBAT. *g1, and School Paper, Class III., Vol. Il., No. 22, and Class TV VOly I Now tine Whe |Goves ot sWici. Aenea Gazeries N-S: Wie, Nola VTE, INo: xo; heiGovt. of MNES email Agric. and Ind., S.A., Vol. I., No. 4, and Agric. and Live Stock Statistics for year ending 31/3/97, The Govt. of S.A. ; 17th Annual Rept. U.S. Geol. Survey, Part 3 (2 vols), Yearbook Dpt. Agric., ’96, and Farmers’ Bulletins, Nos. 6 and 15—60, The Govt. of U.S.A.; Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotian Inst. of Sc., Vol. IX., Part 2, The Sec.; Trans. and Proc., N.Z. Inst., Vol. XXIX., The Director; Smithsonian Rpt., 94, The Sec.; Geelong Naturalist, Vol. VI., No. I, The Sec.; Kecords Australian, Museum, Vol. Ill.) Now; and Memoirs Aust. Mus. Vol. III., Part 5, The Trustees ; Annual Rept. ’95, The Royal Alfred Obsvty., Mauritius, The Director; and free copies during the year of the following journals :—Oologist, Osprey, Geelong Grammar School Quar- terly, Fijt Royal Gazette, Victoria Government Gazette, British Trade Journal, What to Eat, Zoologist, Lancet, science Siftings, Cyclist, Scientific Australian, Painting and Decor- ating, Timber Trades Fournal, California Architect, Brick- builder, Engineering, Engineer, Electricity, Hub, Electrical Review, Electrical Review ( New York), Typo. fournal, Cottage and Castle, Mining Fournal, British and Colonial Printer and Stationer, Helios, National Printer-fournalist, Out and Home, Australian Agriculturist, Coachbuilder and Saddlar, Plumber and Decorator, Australasian Schoolmaster, Agricultural Economist, Farm and Home, Garden, Country Gentleman, Farmers’ Gazette, Mark Lane Express, Federal Record, Geelong Advertiser, and Geelong Times. A powerful committee has been formed for the purpose of establishing a memorial of the work of the late Baron von Mueller. It is desired to be understood that this movement has nothing whatever to do with that which the executors have in hand for erecting a monument over the grave, but is quite distinct, the idea being, “‘ to provide for (1) the erection. of some form of statue; (2) the endowment of a medal, prize, or scholarship, to be associated with Baron von Mueller’s name, and to be awarded in recognition of distinguished work in the special branches in which he was most deeply inter- ested.” The full text of a circular issued in this connection is appended BARON VON MUELLER NATIONAL MEMORIAL FUND. At a public meeting held in the Town Hall of Melbourne on Monday, 15th November, 1897, at which the Mayor of Melbourne presided, 2 Committee was appointed to secure the establishment of some permanent memorial to commemorate the great services rendered by the late Baron von Mueller. THE WOMBAT. 29 A movement has already been initiated by the Executors of the late Baron to secure funds with which to erect a Tomb- stone, and, whilst sympathising with this object, the Com- mittee now appointed, to avoid confusion, desires it to be understood that the TompstongE Funp, with which the Executors are alone concerned, and the NationaL Memoria.. Funp, with which the present Committee is concerned, are quite distinct from one another. Whilst nominally the Government Botanist of Victoria, it is well known that the Baron von Mueller’s assistance was sought by and always freely given not only to public bodies. but to private individuals in all parts of Australia. Apart from his purely scientific work, upon the value of which it is unnecessary to dwell, the Baron von Mueller devoted himself to the development of the more practical side of various branches of work, such as those connected with Forestry, Agriculture, Horticulture, Pharmacy, and, not least, Geo- graphical Exploration. His own explorations in early days,. both in Northern Australia as botanist in the expedition under Mr. A. C. Gregory, and when, subsequently, he traversed alone the then little known wilds of Gippsland, were of considerable importance, and his deep interest in and the practical assistance which he rendered to the explorations. of others are well known. Not only did he spend his whole life in the furtherance of the work in which, from the nature of his position, he was most deeply interested, but he devoted practically the whole of his income to the assistance of those who were engaged in work the object of which was to increase our knowledge of the nature and products of Australasian lands. The object of this Committee is to secure sufficient funds. to allow of the establishment of some permanent Memorial which shall worthily perpetuate his name; and whilst it is. not possible as yet to state definitely the form which the Memorial will take, it is hoped that sufficient funds will be forthcoming to provide for (1) the erection of some form of statue, and (2) the endowment of a Medal, Prize or Scholar- ship, to be associated with Baron von Mueller’s name and to’ be awarded from time to time in recognition of distinguished: work in the special branches in which he was most deeply interested, and which shall be open to workers throughout the Australasian colonies. Subscriptions to the fund may be sent to the Hon. Treas- urer, addressed to the College of Pharmacy, Swanston Street, Melbourne, or to the Hon. Secretaries, addressed to the University of Melbourne, and will be duly acknowledged. We have the honour to remain, Your obedient Servants, W. WIESBADEN, Hon. W. BALDWIN SPENCER, \ Secs. 30 THE WOMBAT. AMAR EU PoHOhO¢€ kAEEME ASSOCIATION. SUMMARY OF MEETINGS. 22/10/97. Mr. S. R. Mawson, Vice-president, in chair. Correspondence from), {Ami | /Pho. Soc of) Vacs), Bendigo), PhoniSocssglamiis Journal of Photy. London; Photo Stores and others. Misses Smythe and Wilkinson elected members. Monthly Competition :—Animal Studies. Class A: J. Wadelton, 1st; S. R. Mawson, 2nd; J. H. McPhillimy, 3rd and 4th. Judges—Messrs. Bratley, Dentry & Leitch. The motion tabled by Mr. Leitch at previous meeting (defining an amateur) was fully discussed, but although the motion was lost, it was evident from the remarks made by the various speakers that good will result from the movement. Resolved to hold the Club’s outing on gth Nov. at Maude Valley on the Moorabool River. 20/11/97. Mr. S. R. Mawson presiding. Correspondence was received from numerous kindred societies. Monthly Competition. The entries beinginsufficient, it was resolved to postpone the competition—enlargements—till next half year. 10/12/97. Lecturette by Mr. J. H. Harvey on Sydney and environ- ments beautifully illustrated. Mr. Harvey produced a number of excellent slides made by himself from negatives secured ‘during his visit to Sydney. 17/12/97. Mr. Mawson in chair. Correspondence and journals received. A request to provide lantern evening for the orphans was complied with, and Mr. Brinsmead was deputed to carry out all arrangements. Monthly Competition. Best Landscape taken on gth November, Miss Wilkinson tst, 2nd & 3rd. Subject for next month—Best Landscape or Seascape. Resolved to hold ist meeting in the new year on 28th January. The usual practice evenings have been held during the quarter as per syllabus. THE WOMBAT. ag GORDON COMPEGE USCIENCR "CLUB: During the quarter just ended some very instructive meetings have been held. Mr. G. B. Pritchard opened with an evening on ‘“‘ Fossils: their preservation and interpretation,” and his remarks being illustrated by lantern slides, and specimens were thoroughly appreciated by all present. The next paper was upon ‘‘Waste Products,” by Mr. W. J. Fletcher, who introduced a number of bi-products which had _ been recovered by chemical treatment, and proved conclusively that avast amount of valuable material was allowed to go to waste in connection with industries of various kinds. The President, Mr. James Wighton, delivered his highly interesting illustrated lecture, Nansen’s ‘‘ Farthest North,” in the Bracebridge Wilson Hall at the Geelong Grammar School, toa large assemblage of the boys and their friends. Mr. T. S. Hall’s paper (which appeared in last number of The Wombat) has ’ been considered, and his suggestions acted upon. It has been decided to take steps to hand a subscription to the Committee promoting the Baron von Mueller National Memorial; the Club’s funds not being sufficient to vote an amount worthy of the project, special arrangements were decided upon to raise the amount. THE ISLANDS OF BASS. STRAITS. By D. Le Souer. I have often wondered why more holiday trips are not made to the Islands in Bass Straits, certainly they are more difficult to reach than places on the mainland, but then they are as a rule far more interesting, principally from the fact of their being so seldom visited by anyone. Arrangements can generally be made with fishing steamers or boats to land a party on any of the Flinders Group, Kent Group, Hogan Island, or King Island, and the Hunter Group can easily be reached from Circular Head in one of the local boats. In case any should desire to visit any of these islands, I propose giving a little information regarding each, which may help to guide any who may wish to go. There is a peculiar fascination in visiting an island, probably from the fact that you generally have it all to yourself, and also that you are 'never quite sure what interesting sea-bird life you may come across on them, and you are well out of reach of all communication with civilization for the time being. Ifit comes on to blow hard, you are never quite sure when 32 THE WOMBAT. you will be able to get away, for instance Mr. H. P. C. Ashworth and myself were detained on Albatross Island three days over our time, on account of the weather, and we were fortunate in getting off then, but then Albatross is far more exposed than the majority of the other islands, besides being much smaller. The largest group is Furneaux, which com- prises three large islands—Flinders, Barren and Clark, besides numerous smaller ones; it is situated close to the North coast of Tasmania. On Flinders isa colony of half-castes, and they go anywhere inthe straits intheir boats. These islands were visited not long ago by some members of the Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria. This group being large, shelter can be obtained in any weather. On many of the smaller islands the Cape Barren Goose breeds, and on Cat Island isa large gannet rookery, a sight in itself worth going a long way to see. Then on Babel Island a rookery of the white-breasted Cormorant, several large rookeries of the Short-tailed Petrel or Mutton bird, which are always a source of interest. Then again among the various islands are to be found the White- bellied Sea Eagle, Black-cheeked Falcon, Dove-like Prion, Pacific Gulls, Silver Gulls and others. The Eagles lay in September, but the majority of the other birds in November and December. Not far from here is the Kent Group, also visited by members of the Field Naturalists’ Club; it consists of Deal Island, Erith Island and Dover Island, and North-east Island. There is a lighthouse here, and this group is well worth a visit. On N. E. Island, which is little better than a rock, a Mutton- bird rookery exists, and also breeding on the same island are Dove-like Prions, Diving Petrels, Silver and Pacific Gulls, and probably the White-faced Petrel. On Deal Island various land birds nest in the scrub, and a pair of White-bellied Sea Eagles have their home on a rocky crag. Quail are fairly plentiful, also Sooty Crow-shrikes, Yellow-bellied Parrots, Mountain Thrushes, Thickheads, &c. The waters abound with fish, and there are nice sandy beaches on which to haul in the net, and fresh water is plentiful. Penguins are numer- ous among the rocks round the island, in fact there is probably not an island in the strait free from them. This island forms an ideal camping ground. Fossil remains of the giant Kangaroo have been obtained here. Hogan Group is not far from the Kent Group, but there is no permanent water here, and the principal thing of interest on the island is a large Mutton bird rookery, anda good number of Copper-head snakes, which are very fond of taking refuge in the holes the birds make for their nests, and one is never sure whether he is going to get a snake or anegg. Various other small islands are scattered about, but although many are worth visiting, none are large enough to THE WOMBAT. 33 camp on, not having permanent fresh water; they are Curtis Group, Devils Tower, Judgment Rocks, Rodondo Island .and others. King Island is a large island, south from Cape Otway. It was well explored by some members of the Field Naturalists’ Club some years ago. It is an interesting place and abound- ing with Bennet’s Wallaby and Red-bellied Wallaby, and the ‘sale of the skins of these animals forms a source of income to the hunters that live on the island. There are also two light-houses—one at Cape Wickham and the other at Currie Harbour, and judging by the number of old wrecks round the coast, the need of them is apparent. On the New Year Island, off the north side, is a Mutton bird rookery, and on the sea-elephant rocks, a Cormorant rookery. On the island itself are several streams, in which Platypus are found. Chestnut-breasted Teal are plentiful in places, as well as Black Swans. Echidnas are numerous, especially near the coast ; they are the Tasmanian variety, as are the large majority of the birds. In the scrub and timber are to be found Black and Gang-gang Cockatoos, Allied Harrier, White Goshawk, Wedge-tailed Eagle, Spotted Owl. White Cockatoo, Yellow- bellied Parrakeet and many others. The Field Naturalists’ party identified 69 species; 53 were common to Victoria and Tasmania, and 14 peculiar to Tasmania, and two to Victoria, consequently there is no lack of bird life on this island. Pacific and Silver Gulls, Oyster Catchers and Dottrels nest on the coast. There is fairly sheltered anchorage for boats, and no difficulty in landing. A few miles to the South of King [sland is Black Pyramid Rock, which so far has not been visited by Field Naturalists; on it isa large gannet rookery, covering about ten acres, and looking at a distance like an enormous white sheet spread over the ground; this islandis very difficult to land on, and the gannetsare not likely to be much disturbed. The last group of islands left is the Hunter Group; they are close to the North-west corner of Tasmania, and can easily be reached from Circular Head. Three of the islands are of a fair size, namely Robins, Barren, and three Hummocks, and there are several smaller. Many White-bellied Sea Eagles have their nests here, especially on Robins Isiand, and Mutton birds, Pacific and Silver Gulls, Diving Petrels, Prions, Crows, Oryster-catchers, Penguins, Pelicans, Black-cheeked Falcons, Reef-herons, and other birds are to be found nesting here. Good anchorage can Le obtained, and plenty of fresh water on the larger islands, and good fishing I need hardly say, and it is quite possible that more Petrels will be found nesting on a systematic search being ' made, especially on the smaller islands, 34 THE WOMBAT. Ten miles from Barren Island Albatross Island is situated,. and although several attempts to land on its rugged shores have been made, few have succeeded. Itis very much exposed to the southern swell, and has no anchorage, but once landed on it there is much to interest one, especially the rookeries of the White-capped Albatross (Diomedea cauta): these in them- selves are a most interesting sight, and it is difficult to tear oneself away from watching the birds as they sit on their nests, and watch over their young, and the difficulties in landing are more than compensated by the sight. The island has beén fully described in the Victorian Naturalist. Besides the Albatross, other birds nest on the island, such as the White- bellied Sea Eagle, Black-cheeked Falcon, Crows, Pacific and Silver Gulls, Dove-like Prions, White-breasted Cormorants. and Penguins. There is no fresh water, and visitors have to take theirs with them, but otherwise there is good camping ground. In visiting these various islands, a camera is essential, as many of the photographs that can be secured are very beautiful and interesting, especially the nesting places of the Gannets and Albatross, and it is in the hope that more will visit these interesting islands that these few notes have been written. PHOTOGRAPHY IN VAKG AND) PAIRS R IN POLO GRATIEIY: By H. DeEntry. The main purpose of this article is to submit, not dogmat- ically, but suggestively, to my fellow amateur photographers. a few considerations and principles which appear to me of the first importance in connection with photography as a branch of pictorial art, and to be either not sufficiently known in so far as they consist of established rules of art, or in some instances as yet unformulated (as far as I know), or, it may be, lost sight of or subordinated to less important considerations and ideals. I do not propose to deal with ‘‘ processes” unless casually, but shall confine myself chiefly at least to the artistic ends in view. To mea purely photographic picture is seldom if ever entirely satisfactory as a picture no matter what the subject or skill in treatment, though as a photograph only it may be exquisite and beyond technical criticism, and I venture to con- tend (not dogmatise) that a photograph pure and simple, whatever its merits as such, “‘is not in the same street,” to use an expressive colloquialism, with even an artistically executed THE WOMBAT. 35 sketch in black and white or in monochrome, to say nothing of a good study incolour. I think few will disagree with me, and though it was asserted in a recent leading article in one of our august ‘ Dailies” that in all probability colour photography will in course of time supersede the art of painting, I for one very much doubt whether. it will do so, and more, devoutly hope it will not. Doubtless, colour photography would give us exquisitely beautiful and realistic representations of nature and of the human form and face divine; but it could, I think, never rise above positivism and achieve the subtle and to a great extent indefinable charm which a genius in art such as Raphael, Michael Angelo, Leighton, Landseer, or Turner breathes into his work. The camera and all its scientific family are: too matter of fact, indiscriminating, devoid of taste, non- poetical, and altogether unemotional to be capable of producing something which shall most effectively appeal through the eye to the soul and inner sympathies of man. It may appeal to his grosser senses, or it may provide the inspiration for the artistic mind that nature or any beautiful object itself would tothe mindofan artistic genius; but inztselfits best work would lack that fascination which the hand of genius would impart, and there would remain all the diffierence that there is between, say, a romance in real life and its embodiment in poetry by a Moore or a Scott. But we must haul up on this tack, although it is necessary to our course, which is in the first place to get at the true province and capabilities of photography. Other reasons why photographic pictures, especially land and sea-scapes are, as I contend, relatively unsatisfactory may be found first in the fact that it is seldom that every- thing within the range of vision possesses spectacular, esthetic, or other interest, (or if it does it is because the interest lies. rather in some general effect of colour, or of light and shade, or of grouping, than in the objects in detail) and if the interest be confined to a limited object or area, the eye, or at all events. the mind behind it, has the faculty of focussing upon that object. or area alone, everything else even in the same focal plane being practically out of focus, whereas a photographic lens has not the same extent of adjustability, but within a certain angle everything in the focal plane is in focus ; and on the other hand when the eye adjusts itself to take ina general effect it sees nothing in detail, whereas the camera lens (unless its definition is ‘‘diffused”) records all details according to its sharpness, depth of focus, and the colour and lighting of the subject. Thus in either case the camera sees too much for the eye’s. artistic gratification. 36 THE WOMBAT. Then again, it must not be forgotten that there is an essential and most important difference between the eye and, the camera. The retina of the eye being concave and practically equidistant at all parts from the pupil, the resulting image is not distorted as it is on the negative plate in the camera, even with ‘‘ rectilinear” lenses. The photographic film being flat the marginal rays, or pencils are necessarily longer than the axial or central rays, therefore the image on the photographic film does not coincide with that on the concave retina of the eye. Again, owing to the materials and processes necessarily employed in photography, the tones produced are always more or less metallic in effect, and in addition, notwithstand- ing isochromatic plates and screens, the colour values are incorrect, and the critical eye is therefore unsatisfied; and further, if the subject be a landscape, or any object in motion we have either an unsightly and perhaps unintelligible blurr, or a harsh and weirdrigidity. The last mentioned alternative defect would be present in colour-photography quite as much as with present processes, although the natural tints would somewhat relieve the suggestion of petrifaction. These are reasons, and they might be amplified, why, in my opinion, photography cannot vie in certain important respects with its sister arts of painting and sketching by hand. - But it possesses certain great advantages, and these are (a) almost unlimited facility and rapidity of operation as regards the taking of a picture, and consequent economy of time: and approximate precision of form and detail, (b) comparative simplicity and ease of manipulation, and (c) great economy and accuracy in portraiture, ‘“‘ Ars longa vita brevis est” or, as Longfellow puts it in slightly different form, ‘‘ Art is long and time is fleeting,” and in either of these epigrammatic propositions we have pithily presented the best plea for photography as against art in the usual sense. ‘‘Art” is long, both as regards its study and practice, andas we frequently say ‘‘ Life is too short”’ for most of us to indulge in it to any extent, or to makesuch an extensive use of it as we can of photography, so we fall back upon the latter, and with all its artistic shortcomings a most useful and fascinating thing it is. It appears to me that a great many photographers, both professional and amateur, have very hazy notions as to the possibilities of photography, the consequence being misdirected and futile effort: it is for this reason I have proceeded as hitherto. Photography then, in my opinion, is by no means a rival as a picture-making art to that of the brush and pencil, but is simply a convenient substitute and a useful aid in obtaining THE WOMBAT. 37 accuracy of detail or of transient effects and delineation of quickly moving objects. For certain scientific purposes it is of course without compeer, but we are dealing with it principally in connection with its pictorial capabilities. Restrictions of space forbid an exhaustive treatment, so we will confine ourselves to a consideration of picture-making proper as distinct from portraiture and other special branches, and even the former has several subdivisions, some of which necessitate diversity of treatment. For instance, there are land and sea-scapes, figure and genre pictures generally, and even in the former the purpose may be an artistic result or simply a literal matter of fact reproduction of some thing or place, asa building, a tree, a street scene,and soon. In such cases as the latter sharpness of definition is no doubt one of the prime desiderata, but it is enough to make the artistic gods weep, or at least induce an irritation calculated to prejudice their mental balance to see some photographic ‘‘ exhibits’ in which repose, breadth effects, and sentiment are sacrificed for the sake of an oppressive distinctness. Nature and female beauty are both equally wise in fre- quently accentuating their charms by coquettishly more or less veiling them ; but there are people whose tastes lie rather in the direction of utilising the ‘‘ Rontgen rays” in viewing either, and the more powerful those rays the more their artistic sense (?) is gratified. But after all ‘“‘art” in the broad sense is a variable quantity, and the satisfaction afforded by a picture is very largely a matter of individual taste and association of pre- dilections. Thus, a ‘‘ horsey” man would probably prefer a Carbine on canvas to anything else except perhaps a Venus, or a Hebe; the average Highlander, especially if an exile, would revel in pictorial reminders of the ‘‘ Land of brown heath and shaggy wood, land of the mountain and the flood,” the Norwegian in the scenery of his rugged Fjords, the Dutchman in the flat and foggy picturesqueness of his native polders and canals, while none of these would possess much charm for the average Australian unless suggestive of sport associated with the saddle and the gun ; an Esquimeau would doubtless prefer a representation of the fat and greasy face of a woman of his own race, to that of an English or Grecian beauty ; a follower of Isaac Walton would appreciate a ‘‘ bit ” suggestive of his favourite recreation, and soon. Some sub jects suggest romance, some the delights of open air and rural life so beautifully crystallised by Gray in such expressions as “«the breezy call of incense breathing morn,” ‘‘the glimmer- ing landscape” by Tennyson in ‘“ The Brook, WEDY i SCOtt, Goldsmith and others ; some are suggestive of the “dolce far miente ” or other enjoyments. There are numerous people so ies) (o) THE WOMBAT. constituted as to be peculiarly sensitive to visual impressions, and when this sensitiveness is allied to a daintiness or fastid- lousness as regards combinations of form, colour and effect, and to a refinement of feeling, we have artistic taste in the conventional sense. ‘There is, perhaps, no absolute standard, as witness the various ‘‘schools” of art such as the ‘‘impressionist ,’’ the so-called ‘‘ aesthetic,” the ‘‘ realistic,” and numerous others; each is a law to itself, and yet there are certain principles common to all. The artist, photographic or otherwise, may either please his own taste, seek for the appreciation of the artistic fraternity, or simply cater for the million. It is possible to hit at least two of these birds with one stone, but often he must be content with one only. If his object be merely to obtain a pictorial souvenir of some place or thing, the photographer may plant his camera wherever, and operate under any conditions, he chooses ; but if he desire to please others, he must consult their tastes so far as he is able to judge of them. The artistic world will be influenced chiefly by the “technique,” subtleties of treatment, and effects generally, though the subject and sentiment will count for something ; the general public will as a rule be mostly impressed by the subject itself, and by the emotions it arouses. To become popular a picture must appeal powerfully to some widespread human sentiment. Thus, pictures repre- senting or suggesting romance and love, child-life, female beauty, and manly strength and courage (as in battle scenes, etc.), are perhaps the most popular of all; while those suggest- ing mental pleasures, including picturesque or imposing land and sea-scapes, appeal with perhaps equal effect to a more limited circle, and it is with this class of pictures aud this section of the public the amateur photographer is chiefly concerned. I consider it of the greatest importance, however, that there should be some more or less powerful sentiment and pleasurable suggestion in every picture, otherwise it is commonplace and uninteresting. Therefore the first consideration in planning a “ picture” (as distinct from a mere photo or ‘‘ view ’’) is to decide on some subject and treatment that will ‘‘ catch on.” In landscape photography it is necessary to discriminate between simple views, objects of various kinds, and pictorial effects (e.g. light and shade, distance effects, and the like). The most effective subjects are “ effects” and ‘ bits ”’ consisting of some object or group of objects forming part only of the general view. One of the commonest mistakes is to think that a fine view or a piece of scenery charming in itself will necessarily make a good picture. Probably much if not most THE WOMBAT. 39 of the beauty of the scene itself is due to colour, and apart from some subtly suggested ‘sentiment’ the most lovely views are apt to look tame and commonplace in pictorial representations. Further, whatever the principal motive of the picture, noth- ing else should clash with it: thus, an ‘‘effect’’ proper should seldom if ever be associated with a scene imposing in itself: either the effect should be subordinate to and an essential ‘ part of the view (as rain, storm, and light effects in conjunction with mountain scenery) or the landscape should be com- paratively commonplace if the desired ‘‘effect”’ is remarkable. Thus, striking cloud forms and shadow effects (as effects ) are set off better by suitable rural scenery than by magnificent Alpine views. For the same reasons the accessories in a portrait should not be sharply defined, but rather partially obscured, nor on the other hand should figures in a landscape be too prominent, an unobtrusive figure, whether human or animal, frequently improves the picture, and even provides the necessary senti- ment, but prominent living objects become (undesirably in landscape) the centre of interest. How often a landscape photo. is simply ruined by, say, a boy perched on a foreground rock, log, or post, or by an unpicturesque vehicle obtruding itself. If the interest lies in the distance nothing in the fore- ground should arrest attention, and if objects unavoidably intervene the lighting, focussing, or printing, or all of these should be so managed as to reduce their prominence and accentuate the point of interest. In the same way studies of objects or ‘‘ bits” of scenery should be made by sharply focussing the desired object or objects, and reducing the definition of the rest of the view. If, however, the subject is a general ‘‘effect,”’ the ‘definition ” should be at least slightly ‘‘ diffused” so as to get rid of details not noticed by the eye. Ofcourse, unsightly and unintelligible blots and blurs should as a rule be avoided, though even ugliness has occasional uses in art ifonly by way of foil; but to me an element of mystery and scope for the imagination, as, for instance, an impenetrable though not unduly heavy shadow in a sylvan scene or in river, lake, and mountain pieces is almost invariably a very great charm, sometimes, in fact, the charm or sentiment ofthe whole picture. But it must always suggest distance in some degree, other- wise there is not due scope for imagination and sentiment. A fog or haze concealing or partially concealing some portion of the scene, a gloomy mountain valley or recess, or a Shady interior viewed through an open doorway are instances also of the element of mystery I have referred to. So, too, 40 THE WOMBAT. as it often happens that ‘‘ Coming events cast their shadows before,” a human shadow or shadows (without the object itself), a lady’s wrap, a parasol in a boat, or on a boulder of rock or fallen log, an open book, a fishing rod, and soon, if judiciously disposed and not too obtrusive will often effectually supply a desirable element of romance or human interest and in a subtle and not too positive way ; in fact it is a variation of the principle of mystery and stimulation of the fancy. Apparent trifles such as these count for a great deal in art: at the same time anything hackneyed should be avoided,— originality and novelty should be aimed at. I am inclined to think that comparatively few photo- graphers have any higher aspirations and ideal than mere manipulative proficiency; hence the ultra-importance attached to technique such as sharpness of definition, contrast, toning, and the like. Possibly this is largely due to the limited con- ditions of amateur competition: as arule, no matter what the subject or motive, more points can be obtained for such qualities than for artistic merits. As anon-competitor I speak without soreness on this point. (By the way, in competitions artistic merit and genius should be placed on a par with mechanical excellence by a maximum of fifty per cent. of points being awarded to each.) ) Another important principle in picture-making is that a full light, as from behind a camera, seldom produces such pleasing results as an angular or opposite lighting, although much in this respect depends upon the nature of the subject and of the light itself. Thus, a morning scene looking west- wards may be charming if for instance it consists of a piece of river and hill composition with the shadows of hills behind the spectator thrown over a portion of the opposite banks, but the distribution of light and shade in such a case must be judicious. Almost any object or subject in full unbroken light is displeasing; nor should any object be an isolated mass of shadow. It may form part of a mass of shadow, or a portion only of it may be inshade. As with the objects them- selves the breadths of light and shade should be distributed on similar principles, and may in fact form an essential part of the general grouping, and thereby compensate for what would otherwise be defective composition. Gradation and diversity are as important as contrast. Another consideration that seems to me of great im- portance and necessary to mention, seeing that the principle is so frequently disregarded, is that objects in themselves symmetrical or graceful (as, for instance, elegant buildings, bridges, and trees) do not as a rule compose well in landscape, especially in or near the foreground; nor do trim vessels and yachts in marine studies unless the position is so contrived as THE WOMBAT. 41 to produce an agreeable combination and balance of lines, curves, light and shade, so that the interest is mainly an artistic one rather than centred in the thing itself. However, like lovely woman, though of course in a less degree, a symmetrical vessel is a thing of beauty, and its mobility and graceful motions and semi-feminine character- istics generally exempt it to some extent from artistic law. But with regard to landscape, symmetry and elegance are apt to produce formality and to clash with and subvert more important desiderata; moreover, symmetrical objects do not lend themselves as a rule to the most artistic dis- tribution of light and shade. In distances, however, such symmetrical objects as church towers and spires and even factory chimneys and the formal lines of any building may produce an agreeable diversity, and even near the foreground a little formality may enhance the general effect. A fine tree, a building, or a bridge may constitute a good subject i itself, but rarely does it make a good foreground object in a picture of which it is not the centre of interest. Common-place objects of comparatively small dimensions are best for foregrounds, and some subjects should have nothing obtrusive in the foreground. In any case no foreground object should rise very high in the picture, nor should it intercept much of the view. The lofty objects should be, if practicable, in or near the middle distance. For my part, I think some of the most artistic results in landscape are produced from common-place and even in themselves unsightly materials, but the result (1.e. the picture } is not common-place. I make one suggestion as to process, and that is that I think, though I have not yet tried the experiment, that it would be a good plan, especially in windy weather or in bad light, to make a number of rapidly consecutive instantaneous exposures on the same plate, provided the shutter is suitable or the camera sufficiently rigid. Even an ordinary ‘‘cap” would fairly answer the purpose. My idea is that it would obviate blurring of foliage and grass, and yet give practically a due exposure, besides perhaps suggesting the “‘ multitudinous ripplings ’ of grass and trees, and avoiding to some extent the weird rigidity I have already referred to. Of course it would not answer for objects in progressive motion. These suggestions are necessarily somewhat bald, owing to limitations of space, and the numerous considerations involved; nor are they, perhaps, directly instructive. To excel in any branch of art each one must do his own thinking, although advantage may be derived from comparison of thought and methods. As regards the latter, Opie’s famous ‘‘ With brains, Sir,” is the best of all recipes. 42 THE WOMBAT. AMM Se iWesiae DSi Oya blal shy Clee ON G DIST RIGA: By.C. F. BeLcHER, B.A. Il. MUSCICAPIDZ—THE FLYCATCHERS. Most familiar of the flycatchers, in the Geelong district as elsewhere, is the Black and White Fantail (Sauloprocta motacilloides). From the You Yangs to Spring Creek, from Queenscliff to Winchelsea there is hardly a spot unsuitable for the ‘‘ Wagtail.” And here it may be remarked that the bird is not a true wagtail, but since the habits are closely akin to those of the English Water-wagtail, it was perhaps natural for the first colonists to callit such. One has only to spend a day on the Lower Barwon to observe how the bird loves the water. All along the river-bank down to the Lakes the Black and White Flycatcher makes its home in the willows, and stunted gums that overhang the stream. Even in the bush its favourite haunt is near a pond or dam. It is not by any means shy, and is partial to the neighbourhood of farms. it has been called the ‘‘Shepherd’s Companion,” from its fondness for running over the backs of the sheep in search of insects; though it might just as well have been called the ox herd’s companion, as it treats cattle in the same way. In both cases the beasts are probably grateful. The birds pair off at the beginning of September, and by the middle of that month the nest is usually complete. It isa wonderfully woven structure of fine shreds of bark and grass, bound round with cobweb till the outside is smooth. The lining material varies, but is generally horsehair and wool. ‘The nest is placed on a horizontal bough at a height of from five to fifteen feet, and takes some finding, from its close similarity to its surroundings. The eggs are thrée in number, some- times four ; of a light cream ground colour, with a thick band of brown and lilac spots round the middle. The White Shafted Fantail (Rhipidura albiscapa ) is the most graceful of the family to which it belongs. Never at rest for an instant, it flits with wings and tail extended from twig to twig, indulging the while ina curious chirp, pitched now high, now low, a very see-saw of song. This fantail is common in all the wooded parts of our district, and is par- ticularly plentiful in the Queenscliff Road bush. About Easter time or a little earlier numbers of these birds come into the town, and disport themselves in the gardens. They disappear with the approach of winter, presumably back to the forests. A start is made with nest building at the end of September. THE WOMBAT. i ‘The first nest I recollect finding was built in a briar-bush on the banks of Lake Connewarre. That was in 1888, and since then I have found the birds breeding in several places, mainly at Queenscliff Road and Spring Creek. The nest is much less in size than that of the ‘‘ Wagtail,” but is composed of similar materials. Its most striking feature is what is known as the tail, an appendage composed of similar material with the nest itself, and sometimes three or four inches long. The use of it is not obvious, though it has been suggested that it acts as a means for carrying off moisture. It would seem to be built neither before nor after, but simultaneously with the rest of the nest. Curiously enough all the nests of this species I have found in the ti-tree round Lake Victoria have been without this tail, so the practice of adding it would seem not to be universal. The eggs are usually three in number. In size they are about half as large as those of the wagtail, dull whitish yellow in ground, with a ring of lilac purple and brown speckles near the larger end. The breeding season is from October to January inclusive. The nest isalways placed on a thin twig, occasionally where there is a horizontal fork. Gum saplings are most favoured. At the Queenscliff Road the honeysuckle trees are used a good deal by the birds. A favourite site for the nest is among the dead leafy twigs of a fallen gum-tree. In 1891, when the spring was stormy, the birds built very often in the acacia hedges. The Rufous-fronted Fantail (Rhipidura rvufifrons) is an occasional visitor only. When the White-shafted Fantails appear at Easter-timein the town, they generally bring with them some representatives of this species. It isa bird somewhat larger than its near relation, and may be known by the reddish feathers which it has at the base of the tail. It does not breed in this district. A nest taken in the Dandenong Ranges in 1890 was very like that of the White shafted Fantail. It contained threeeggs ; ground- colour creamy-white, with a zone of red-brown markings round the middle. I saw one of these birds near Ocean Grove in August, 1893. Sometimes they are comparatively common, but few have been seen in the district of late years. The Restless Flycatcher (Sewsura inquieta) is not so common as either of the before-mentioned species. It closely resembles in colour and habits the Black and White Fantail, but may be easily distinguished on near approach by its pure white throat. A pair of these birds inhabit the vicinity of the pond in the Botanical Gardens all the year round. They are not rare at Queenscliff Road, and I have taken the nest at Spring Creek. The bird has a habit of poising in the air a foot or so from the ground, with its wings rapidly vibrating, and a noise like the sharpening of a saw proceeding from its throat. The breeding season is from late September till December, during which time two broods are reared. Mosses 44 THE WOMBAT. and lichens adorn the exterior of the nest, which is placed im a horizontal fork, usually on a dead branch of a gum tree. A nest I took at Marcus Hill on December 5th, 1891, contained four eggs. It was built about 12 feet from the ground, but more often the nest is well within reach. The usual clutch of eggs isthree. They are like those of the Wagtail, but the ground colour is a richer cream, and the ring of spots is better defined and larger. One pair of these birds has been known to build in the same spot for four or five years running. The local name is ‘‘ Crested Wagtail,’ but the crest—if any exist—is rarely in evidence. Probably the original donor of the name confused this bird with the Shining Flycatcher, which it somewhat resembles. The Shining Flycatcher (Myzagra nitida) cannot be called: a common bird with us. I once saw a single male bird at Spring Creek, but never nearer Geelong than that. The male. has a glossy purple-black head, back, neck and throat, with the breast white. The female’s back is brown, and the throat is salmon-coloured. The note is like that of the restless. flycatcher—very harsh. In November, 1894, I found two. nests of this species in the bush at the back of Airey’s Inlet, but unfortunately the nest was in each case out of reach. They were built in lofty messmate trees, and much resembled knots in the wood. The birds showed me their whereabouts by their actions, as they flew to and from the nest; other-. wise, I should never have discovered them. The eggs number three or four, and are slightly smaller than those of the Black and White Fantail. The Brown Flycatcher (Microeca fascinans) loves the bush round the Queenscliff Road. It is a plain bird, light brown in colour, with a conspicuous white feather on each side of its tail. The local name is Spink or Sphinx: reason unknown, unless it be that you require the patience of the Sphinx if you wish to find the bird’s nest. The generic name means ‘‘small-housed,” and it is accurate. No other of our birds build such a tiny abode for itself. It is only a couple of inches in diameter, built of light grass and tiny scraps of bark, and is so thin that the eggs may easily be seen from. underneath. Such a structure would be very difficult to dis- cover were it not that the parent birds, in their anxiety to protect their home, as a rule fly straight to it when they find they are being watched. Sometimes I have watched a pair of these birds for half an hour at a timé, and at last one has. flown to the nest in the very tree under which I had been sitting. The nest is most often built in the dead horizontal fork of a gum-tree at a height of about 10 feet from the ground, THE WOMBAT. 45 and may be found difficult to get at. Sometimes, however, it is placed in a low tree near the ground I remember seeing a nest built in a fig tree only about three feet from the ground, in a deserted garden near Marcus Hill. The eggs are in- variably two in number, and are of a greenish ground-colour, thickly marked with red and brown spots. They fade a great deal within a short time after blowing. The Robins form an extensive subdivision of thé family of flycatchers, and examples of four genera are to be noted in the Geelong district. The genus Petroica is most prominent of these, containing as it does the two species that are most usually and popularly known as robins—P. leggii and phenicea. The scarlet-breasted Robin (P. leggit) is a familiar bird near the town in the winter time, when it is to be seen in numbers on the commons and ploughed fields. The first arrivals come at the beginning of April; by the end of September all have returned tothe bush. Thescarlet-breasted robin breeds at Queenscliff Road, and also in the messmate scrub behind Spring Creek and Alglesea River. But it is note- worthy that the nests at Queenscliff Road are almost always built in the upright forks of a honeysuckle tree and never very high up, while in the messmate forest along the south coast the birds build as a rule much higher up (I have seen a nest 40 feet from the ground) and in the horizontal forks of the eucalypts. Occasionally the nest is adroitly hidden between the loose bark of a messmate and the trunk, or is placed in the hollow where a branch has broken off. And further, in the Queenscliff bush preference is shown for build- ing in trees quite close to the road and in full view; but at Spring Creek the quietest parts of the forest are favoured. The earliest date at which | have taken the eggs is September 3rd (1892), and the laying-season does not extend beyond the middle of October. The eggs number two or three, usually the latter; they are of a whitish-green ground colour very thickly freckled with spots of red, brown and lilac, deepening into a zone at the larger end. The nest is compactly built of grasses, bark, and cobweb, and is lined with horse-hair or rabbit-fur. Next we must consider the Flame-breasted Robin (P. phenicea). The males of this and the preceding species are somewhat similar in colouring, but the throat as well as the breast of the Flame-breasted Robin is red, whereas the Scarlet-breasted Robin has a black throat. The back of the present species is dark greyish-black, while that of the Scarlet- breasted Robin is jet black. Such are the more obvious marks of distinction. The nest of the Flame-breasted Robin has not been taken near Geelong to my knowledge. In fact, though during the winter the bird is quite as common with us 46 THE WOMBAT. as its scarlet-breasted congener, it entirely disappears from bush as well as open country in the breeding season. A friend tells me that in Gippsland the bird builds in very much the same places as the Scarlet-breasted Robin, but that the nests. are harder to obtain. Otherwise its nesting habits are similar, and the eggs of the two species are hardly distinguishable from each other. The Hooded Robin (Melanodryas bicolor) is the rarest of the robins that breed in our district. The male bird is of striking appearance, from its black and white plumage, while the female is a soberly-coloured bird of grey and white. It is ofa migratory species, and may be found in scattered instances at the Queenscliff Road, You Yangsand Winchelsea. Ihave noted isolated birds in the sheoak woods between Lake Connewarre and Barwon Heads. The Black Robin, as it is called, builds a loose open nest of bark and grasses, generally in a sheoak or gum, where a branch has broken off or there is loose bark that will conceal it. The eggs are of a uniform apple-green colour, and are two or three innumber. The birds lay during the months of September, October, and November. The Pink-breasted Wood-Robin (Erythrodryas rhodino- gaster ) can only be considered as a rarity in this district, and it does not in all probability breed with us. I have noticed the male bird four or five times near Marcus Hill, and once near Ocean Grove, also occasionally in the bush at Spring Creek and Airey’s Inlet. The nest and eggs are similar to those of the Scarlet-breasted Robin. The genus Copsaltria is represented with us by the Yellow-breasted Robin (De australis). Vhe Yellow Robin used to be common round Jan Juc and Spring Creek, but as the timber has been destroyed the bird has left those places, and it would be hard to find a specimen now nearer than Jan Juc. This is essentially a quiet-loving species, and inhabits the titree scrub on the banks of forest creeks. The sexes are alike in colour—dark green on the back and yellow on the breast. Both the bird and its nest are larger than with the majority of robins. The nest is a somewhat bulky structure built almost entirely of eucalyptus leaves and bark, and is quite without lining. Itis placed in the fork of a gum-sapling or ti-tree, generally about ten feet from the ground. No attempt is made to conceal the position, but the tree chosen is in the thicker parts of the scrub. The birds commence to lay in September, and the eggs are two, sometimes three, in number. They are of a dark green ground colour with red and brown markings. THE WOMBAT. 47 The superb warblers are represented in Victoria by six species, but only one of these is found in the neighbourhood of Geelong. This is the bird known locally as the ‘“‘ bluecap” or “blue wren” (Malurus cyaneus). The male bird is extremely handsome. ‘The under surface is grey; the wings and back in the adult bird are black with a shining metallic- blue band, and the crown of the head has the same azure lustre. The female bird is uniformly grey. The superb warbler is partial to acacia hedges and thick undergrowth. Lake Connewarre is a good place for observing the habits of this species. The nest is placed at no great height from the ground; it is a dome-shaped structure of fine grass, with an entrance at the side. Often it is built in grass-tree tussocks. The eggs are three or four in number, white as to ground colour, with a ring of reddish speckles near the larger end. One egg of a set usually has the markings larger than the rest, and distributed evenly over the surface without forming a band. It has been conclusively proved by Mr. Mulder of this town that:the male superb warbler does not attain its full plumage till the second or third year. Atany rate male birds of miniature plumage have been found breeding. Ha MOORABOOL VALLEY FROM Pee OMOGk AP HES uPOUN BoOBy; VIEW: By ‘ WANDERER,” G.C.A.P.A. In giving a description of the Moorabool Valley, from a photographic point of view, I shall have to confine myself to those parts about Maude and Clyde Park, local names given to the places by the residents. The Leigh Road and Leth- bridge stations on the Ballarat line are within three or four miles of the spots named, and by following the river, either to its source, or to its junction with the Barwon, the photo- grapher finds abundance of outlet for his energies, as the Moorabool river is noted for its many waterfalls and gorges. Working down the river from Lal Lal railway station, we reach the so-called Moorabool Falls in about three and a half miles, and these are subjects worthy of the most exacting and artistic of shadow catchers, in stereo. work particularly. The first fall, called the Big Moorabool Fall, has a drop of about 60 feet into a natural basin, surrounded by precipitous rocks, with moss and ferns yrowing abundantly thereon ; about 200 yards lower down is another fall, called 48 THE WOMBAT. the Little Falls, with a drop of about ten feet, and as the water leaps over this in a huge sheet it finds its way through a gorge of natural rockery which echoes to the clamour of the rushing stream. For this particular place the mid-day lght is the most suitable, as the sun is overhead, and consequently we get the desired distribution of light and shade. Passing on, we reach the Sheoak Falls, so-called, which are really ledges of slate down which the water slides from ledge to ledge in a gradual descent, till it runs in a peaceful current through another basin, apparently hewn out of one huge boulder. We now come to the valleys where the stream flows more peacefully, and it is here, | maintain, that the photo- grapher has the largest scope. It is a well-known fact that in narrow river scapes the addition of life is a great acquis- ition to a picture, and here we see plenty of cattle feeding on the green banks of the stream; there are also many fording places, and particular nooks where the cattle go to drink, and patience and a good use of the apparatus are all that are needed to add gems to one’s collection. The mid- day light is also the best for these parts, for the same reason as for the former. Our own club has made several trips to these spots on the river, and hopes to make many more, and as one of the party I may say that the club would be delighted to have the company of any members of other societies who may wish to go. POLLO BAY.) MILFORD HOUSE. GOOD ACCOMMODATION FOR TOURISTS. —___>8 0 @<-—___- Coaches leave Forrest, Tuesday and Friday ; Return Monday and Thursday—weekly. Mrs. T. CAWOOD, Proprietress. Henry Thacker, Printer, Ryrie Street, Geelong. ROBERT PURNELL, SHIPPING AGENT AND GENERAL CARRIER. VICTORIAN & NHWCASTLE COAL. Agent for DIAMOND & SON, Produce Brokers, Commission Merchants, and Forwarding Agents, Fremantle, W.A. Office: 103 GHERINGHAP STREET, GEELONG. WARDROP & SCURRY, Architectural & Figure Modellers, 48 ARDEN ST., N ORTH MELBOURNE, (near Errol St.) All kinds of Basie fad Genent® ‘Ounamtent: of iy Dest at Lowes t Rates. Fibrous Ceilings, Cornices, Centre Flowers, &c., a Specialty. Designs and Estimates Submitted. Architects’ Details Artistically. Treated. JOSEPH SMITH, — MONUMENTAL AND GENERAL MASON, _NExT CORNER RYRIE & YARRA STS., G*ELONG. Every DESCRIPTION OF CEMETERY WorRK NEATLY EXECUTED AT LOWEST PRICES CONSISTENT WITH HONEST WO KMANSHIP. DESIGNS & POM ATES FREE ON AoE SOUL: W. H. Walls’ Photographic Studio, RYRIE STREEHT, GEELONG. The utmost care and attention paid to each sitter, with the object of getting the most faithful and pleasing pictures. We respectfully ask you to favour us with a sitting. A. jG U3. 7/, (From London, and late with e 6 Ta CY; McBean & Son, Melbourne.) Practical Chronometer, Watch & Clock Maker, Jeweller, Optician, and Silversmith, 467 MOORABOOL :T., SOUTH GEELONG, NEAR BARWON BRIDGE. Watch Work a Specialty. All kinds of Horological Work done on the Premises. A Twelve Months’ guarantee given for all Watch and Clock Work. DICKINS & SONS, Nos. 89 to 98, MERCER ebb, GHELONG. Tubular and other descriptions of Iron Gates for Carriage Entrances, Stations, Gardens, and Farm purposes. Wrought and Cast Iron Railings of various designs for Building. D, & Sons have on hand a very Jarge assortment of Wrought and Cast Iron Enclosures for Graves. Estimates for Bridge Work and General Contracting. ; SMITHS’ WORK IN GENERAL Makers of Shaw's Patent Self-opening Gate & Post Lifters. J. WEBBER & SON, CE GEELONG COOPERAGE, MERCER “STREET, GEELONG, Wine Casks (Round or Oval) all Sizes, Made to Order. BUTTER BOXES A SPECIALTY. Alex, Wallace & Co., 18h. MOORADBOObe 5 TR EEA WHOLESALE AND RETAIL Grocers & Wine & Spirit Merchants, OOD edo LoL ISCr. Ir You. WANT A GoopD H. BU R R ELL’S TurN-OuT, Go TO FIRST-CLASS LIVERY STABLES, LIDTLE MACORSSt RE ni (GCE DE ONG. First-class Accommodation for Travellers. VICTORIAN DYER & CLEANING WORKS. Gentlemen's Clothes Cleaned & Dy ed Lace Curtains Cleaned and Re-Dyed. Ladies’ Dresses also done, all shades. Carpets Taken Up and Cleaned. CHARGES MODERATE. W. GRUTZNER, 221 Moorabvol St. Geelong. cia HOLDEN. Chaff, Grain & Produce Merchant, €team Chaff Cutting and Hydraulic Pressing Works. Mercer St.. Cavendish St., and Brougham Place, GEELONG ; and opposite Railway Station, WALLACE (near Ballarat). Palatine Fire Insurance Co. F. W. HAINES, ——_ «= 20 MALOP ST., GEELONG. TELEPHONE No. 238. SOLAR SEA SALT WORKS, POINT HENRY ROAD, GEELONG. BAY SALT—For Pickle Making and Packing Purposes. CURING SALT—For Dry Salting, Butchers, Bakers, and Ham and Bacon Curers’ Use. No. 2 BAY SALT—For Sheep, Cattle and Farmers’ Use. R. CHEETHAM & CO. Proprietary, Ltd, Town Office and Stores—71 LITTLE MALOP ST. SCcoTcr PIE et PIE HOUSE. We svew, Chon CATERER, &c, MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG, DINING ROOMS. YOUNG’S INK, 810s, BLack & OTHER coLors. Equal to the Best Imported. One Trial Solicited. Sold by all Booksellers and Stationers in Bottles from ld. upwards, SE a We) JAMES YOUNG, MeO 34 LATROBE TEBRACE, CHILWELL, q. J. Thorne, atl E. Sander & Co), CENTRAL Se @) 155 0) So) 1D a pSX@ure (Opp. Exhibition) MOORABOOL ST. Ss Importer of all Tobacconists’ Ware, Cricketing and i ancy — Goods, Fishing Tackle, &c., THETAZ’S Wine Vaults and Cale, JAMES ST., GEELONG. e Very Best Wines only in Stock. \\ MATURING & BOTTLING under the direct GN! supervision of Mr. Thetaz, who has had 50 years’ experience. © © © © B® ff sacramental Wines: d Speciality. asm W. H Edwards_32 been appuited iceeneorer ROVER & STERLING BICYCLES. They are the Cream of the English and American Market. 212 Moorabool Street. Fa. rE, SoA. .SrActh aS Always Ready at the Geelong Sea Bathing Company's Baths, EASTERN BEACH, (Near the Medicinal Mineral Springs). ON eee eee Cures Rheumatism and Sciatica, soothes and cures Liver and Nervous Affections, and gives great relief to persons affiicted with Asthma. THE HOT SEA BATHS Induce a most comfortable and luxurious feeling throughout the entire ByBven PRICE, 1s. PER BATH. | " PRICE, 1s. PER BATH. J. M. ANDERSON, Secretary. Office—Free Library Buildings. next Savings Bank, TeuepHone No, 142, Jembs y M ieeniile C anbets: iy cie Sivect,, Geelong. N. HWIOWN LADIES’ SCHOOL, as ELIZABETH ‘STREET, GEELONG. B principal Se MISS HARRIS. ASSISTED, BY A ‘Full Staff of Efficient Teachers. Semnepemrryr esting tgs eoenmeoteatoncncs peat rane onan ome THOS. PERRY, Gunsmith, Locksmith & General Machinist, ___ Seales and Weighing Machines Repaired & Adjusted Mera. Ms & SCREW CUTTING OLDEST BICYCLE REPAIRER IN GEELONG. : ERYRIE STREET, GEBLONG. WWW, A RGCHIT ECTS. "SUPERIOR ACCOMMODATION FOR VISITORS. J. BAKER, Preneo Herbert W. Day, F.F.LA., AUCTIONEER, Daves Accountant, Auditor and Trustee, ug é 142 RYRIE | STREET, GEELONG. — ‘PROPERTIES FOR SALE AND TO LET. VALUATIONS MADE AND RENTS. COLLECTED. es ELEPHONE Nos. 9 & 205. Standard Bank of Australia, Limited. , Ee - Norwich Union Insurance Society (Fire). National Mutual Life Association. ~ "Agencies: Thames & Mersey Insurance Company Limited. North China Insurance Company Limite ; Me Ocean Accident and Guarantee Gornors tion! TOCK AND SHARE BROKER. _ Cash Buyer for all oe s _ Special Agents i in every Mining Centre. £ LEGAL MANAGER. BOURNE OFFICE—Victorvia Buildings, No. 4, Queen’ s Walk, Swanston- street. AT OFFIGE ining ee under annecnes of Mr. J. ‘AL. PETERS. Geelong, hiaae and Alelnide : | MANUFACTURERS OF = Rope & CORDAGE LL ‘ OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS. — THE FAMOUS 66 ‘ll ‘‘ Kangaroo”? Brand © Harvest Twines. Coir ae In all va —— Price Lists on eS ve A. P. McMILLAN, AGENT FOR THE senT ror THE OUN INSURANCE : | OFFICE. —_ a : { GOUNTRY RISKS A SPECIALTY. i a MONEY TO LEND AT LOWEST CURRENT RATES: a ON FREEHOLD PROPERTY. Pere DEPOSIT RECEIPTS, STOCK & SHARES BOUGHT and SOLD. 17 Malop Street, ene: _ Eee ‘ _ ; ¢ ¥ No. 11 The Womear. ol. Mt. — Mo: Ae April, 1898. BAKER & ROUSE Samm, PROPRIETARY LIMITED, < OCT 23 1943 Np ge BNE ea Photographic Stock Dealers, _» a =~. 260 COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE, ano at SYDNEY, ADELAIDE, BRISBANE, HOBART. Our very large cack complete Stock of Photo Material and Optical Lantern Goods is See open for inspection. Local Aa F. DENTRY, Chemist, MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG § rin & Strong, A uctioneers & Financiers, a Howe, Hand, Hotate, nourance, and General Commiosion gente, Seuth an Fire & Marine Insurance ey crcanuile Chambers, So \ ‘ i GEELONG CO-OPERATIVE CHAFF~OUTTING & PRODUCE SOCIETY. LIMITED, O14 MOM St Grant Ones WHOLESALE & RETAIL GRAIN & FORAGE MERCHANTS. Cash Purchasers of Chaff, Hay, Straw, Grain, Potatoes, &c., in any quantity. CHAFF CUTTING AND HAY PRESSING A SPECIALTY. Ae FARMERS’ ORDERS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. Head Office and Works: 21 MERCER ST., GHELONG. Branch Office and Stores: 382 FLINDERS ST., MELBOURNE. SEELEY & KING, Architects & Surveyors, EXHIBITION EXCHANGE, . me _ GEELONG. J. HAMMERTON & SON, Jewellers, Engravers, Designers, f WHOLESALE & RETAIL- 0 pticians, Lapidaries, LITTLE RYRIE STREET, GEELONG, Gold and Silver Medals awarded for Jeweller PY» TROPHIES, BADGUS, GOLD and SILVER ~ J EWELLERY in Stock or Made to Order. Gold, Silver & Stones in Rough Bought. J. B. LEITCH. .u.cus, VETERINARY SURGEON, Sale Yards, Ryrie Street, Geelong. The only duly qualified Veterinary Surgeon in the Geelong and Western Districts. ~Cases PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO, CHaRGes MODERATE, For SADDLERY & HARNESS None better than = 208 alg) =] Or at OD DY Va ele LT. MALOP ST. (Next Prince of Wales Hotel) All Stable Requisites kept in Stock. Sole Agent for SOLOMON’S SOLU‘TION. R. WILLIAMS, FAMILY BUTCHER, €orner of Moorabool g £t. Myers-sts., Geelong. SUNNY BAY DAIRY GOwIES CREEK. . MICHELE BROS., Wholesale & Retail Dairymen, PAKINGTON STREET, GEELONG WEST The Favor of your Patronage and Recommendation appreciated. Chaff supplied direct from the Farm. — JAS. STRONG & BROS., BooT & SHOE MANUFACTURERS & IMPORTERS, MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. H. McGREGOR, SAIL, TENT AND TARPAULIN MAKER, MOORABOOL STREET, (Next Strachan, Bostock & Co.) MARQUEES & FLAGS FOR SALE OR HIRE. MARK GOUGH, GOAGH PAINTER & SIGN WRITER, (lluminated Addresses a speciality) TOP OF MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. Drink W. J. BROCGKWELL’S Hop Beer, A RATED WATERS AND CORDIALS, SEEDS, ‘* Reliable ”’ SEEDS Of every variety and description. SPECIAL fe) OUR [/- FLORAL PACKET,’ Most PLeasINc. FLORAL DESIGNS on SHorTEst Novice, A12 Distinct Sorts.) Se aaa dadadaedadadar ehdadacdadadaddecadada de dedadeaadadadadedadadadadidedadadadadedad dadidadadadaadadabadatideddadedeidacaladedadalatiidaaelil gee en nn pe a ROBERT W. DAL TON, SEEDSMAN AND FLORIST, - Telephone, 187, 163 RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. zt McRorie Bros., « 2. a ee tae ce., 2=—~Malop Street; Geelong.——~ Large Assortment of English and American Paperhangings, Oils, Colors, Glass and Artists’ Materials. Mercer St. Steam Wheel Works & Carriage Factory. SUAS In ED 1875. PY ERETTY Has on hand a large Stcck of First-class Gonieles, Waggonettes, Single and Double-seat Buggies, Pony Phztons and Gigs, Express Waggons, «&c., also Single and Double-seat Buggies and Express Wagyons (secondhand), which ‘he is prepared to sell at the Lowest Prices in Geelong (quality considered). PAINTING, TRIMMING & REPAIRS at most reasonable charges. a=\ln}Sfoo! ac /Siaa anise ANS), =o) spimjsjao)) ayvge)asjase sas/aeash Aas eyaS } First-class Workmanship in every department. Farm, Road, and Station Waggons, Spring Water Carts, Dravs, dc, built to order. PASEO TOR! INVITED. Geelong Chilled Shares. I beg to call your attention to these Shares for Next Season’s Ploughing. These Shares are equal to the English, without seams, a clean Share and durable—a trial will prove this. Soliciting a Sample Order for a trial, I am, Gentlemen, Yours faithfully, Barwon Foundry, HENRY HOBBS. SOUTH GEELONG. A LARGE STOCK ON HAND. Maker of Hors: Works and Chaffcutters, and Engineering in all its branches, If you Rene. PRINTING that will properly Advertise your Business, I can recommend —__ocsan une aee : H. THACKE R, BOOKBINDING..... PAPER RULING... RYRIE STREET, GEELONG, ne to do the job with neatness and IPHONE 92, ‘despatch. First-class Accommodation for Visitors at Moderate Rates AT THE Barwon Heads Coffee Palace Splendid Sandy Beach, Bathing, River & Ocean Fishing, Boating & Sailing. PLAYGROUNDS FOR THE CHILDREN. Cricket Ground, Tennis Court and Billiard Room. SPECIAL TERMS FOR FAMILIES. MRS. EDWARDS, Proprietress. T erminus Hotel, Forrest. First-class ACCOMMODATION for Visitors. Letters and Telegrams promptly attended to. CHARGES. MODERATE. Best Brands ony e of Wines and Spirits Kept in Stock. Wien Jal, EI IN(ENUDIE ION, Proprietor. Robt. R. Stanesby, © The Practical.2° REEL TEENY LPN Naa? Picture Frame Maker, PLAIN & FANCY MOUNT CUTTER. GILDER & PLUSH WORKER. Photographs & Drawings fenuistically Me Mounted. Rear eos by Post promptly attended to. YARRA Sr. (c (Opp. “Wesleyan Church). INSTRUCTOR CARPENTRY AND JOINERY CLASs, GORDON TECHNICAL COLLEGE. Estimates Given for every Description of Joiners’ Work. d, W, TPINGATE, BUTE DEER AID COA Gee A eae. AUTUMN ST., GEELONG WEST. Hstablished 1977. ALBERT COFFEE PALACE, Corner of Yarra St. & Market Square, GEELONG. CLOSE TO BATHS, RAILWAY, SHIPPING & GARDENS. a JI. WADELTON, (ate B. McDonald's) NEW DRUG HALL, ar eorerh, Saree ea Cr et ee @aNiee- Orders forwarded to any part of the Colony on the shortest notice. Patent Medicines and Perfumery. BO Cre Cattle Seema! ee all ae - The CORIO ONE-FIRE COOKING STOVE IS THE BEST, CHEAPEST, AND SIMPLEST IN THE MARKET. Large Numbers have been Sold during the past year, and Entire Satisfaction given. It isso constructed that in Five Seconds it can be altere1 to Burn either WOOD or COAL, without expense of an extra Coal Grate. CALI AND INSPECT BEFORE DECIDING. W. BOX & SONS, Ironmongers, Are me Bae Viguicons of Oe abeNe Corio Stove. C. UP urnell, RT rane ALSO, MAKER @ Ama ross ie Lantern Slide & Negative Boxes, Science Cabinets, &c., &c. Lrerhe RY RIE SE REET. SH koh OSMOND CALL @ INSPECT cy @ WinqGuss OSMOND 18097 Model “OSMONDS SY CvCnES EE SWIFT CYCLES SINGER eR aed Ceres ad CYCLES SINGER AS Dee atest Be Sa Ui CYCLES Machines Built to Order. Second-hand Machines ARIEL Bought and for Sale. Ladies’ and Gents’ Cycles for CYCLES ARIEL Hire. Repairs and STEN ieese or Terms. CYCLES meu belae al M. ie KE Dicensed oo Plumbing |Metropolitan Gordon EES | Board of Technical eee eit Ee iiese: so Pp L U M B E R ack 244 LITTLE MALOP STREET oes Eeaey ee HOMEOPATHIC CHEMIST, o4 RYRIE. STREET a NATARA—Dries up a Cold in the Head in a few hours. Tinct. EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM for INFLUENZA. Specifics for this Malady. Tinct. STICTA PULMONARIA for INFLUENZA. PHOSPHORINE—Nervous Debility. Homeeopathic TINCTURE OF PODOPHYLLIN for Biliousness, Congestion of the Liver, Constipation. Sick Headache, Jaundice, &c. The Perfect Cure for CORNS & WARTS—Price 1s. 6d. ALBERT T. OWEN, For all CYCLE & Genera! Repairs Try Alex. Whitelaw, Ryrie St., Geelong (Opp. H. Thacker’s). All Work Guaranteed. Charges Moderate. Country Orders Promptly Attended to. Bicycles Stabled. DENTISTRY. XK OK | eons, R. J. MAISON,’ 201 MOORABOOL ST., GEELONG. Laughing Gas, &c., administered. Extractions, 2s. 6a. «W. “SUNMEREIEED “JONES Begs to draw attention to his New and Varied Stock of Fancy Goods, Music, &c., suitable for Wedding and Birthday Gifts. The Premises have been enlarged to meet increased business. Inspection invited W. SUMMERFIELD JONES, 108 Moorabooi St. Orders Promptly attended to. a Bilfiey (Y Tipilen, FRU G A, RCS aC 1h ice USUI WI OUR. HOPETOUN CHAMBERS, Ryrig STREET, GEELONG. THE BEST IS ALWAYS THE CHEAPEST. McPhillimy Bros. Cough Drops ARE THE BEST REMEDY FOR COUGHS & COLDS. C~EVERY LOZENGE STAMPED McPHILLIMY BROS. ~—+> Obtainable from all leading Merchants and Confectioners. ASK FOR McPHILLIMY BROS. ONDY. R. Collins Hocking, —--_—_. QE Ee GaILOR: x rots) PRICES MODERATE. TELEPHONE 41. (opp. Bank of Victoria) MALOP ST. oie ogg "Vine YfouBar: Published by the Associations at the Gordon Techuical College. Vol. III.—No. 8. QUARTERLY. April, 1898. Contents. Page Notes... te nie on ae 50 College Notes cae soe ai Ane 51 Photo. Club Notes... ht sas ue 53 Some Notes from the Otways. By H. E. Hitt ig 54 Cloud Observation. By Miss E. Ison Baker, BALLARAT OBSERVATORY Bsn mi an 57 Over Land and Sea. By A. C. Macponatp, F.R.G.S. ... a9 A Trip to Mt. Sabine. By 8S. R. J. Mawson & J. HAMMERTOD ... if uae cee 64 Some Notes on the Crisis in the Affairs of the College By PHaAscoLomys B38 ae 5, 65 Gordon Technical College Annual Report __... be 66 Museum and Library 3 Bec ae 67 Enrolments for 1897 vee ss ae 69 Return of Attendances, 1897 oe ae Ns 70 Donations and Subscriptions as Bs acc 71 Gordon Technical College Balance Sheet ns beh 72 ‘dit Vigra Noss: APRIL, 1898. eet seca tee Nowa All communications to be addressed to the editor, Mr. H. E. Hill, at the Gordon Technical College, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. The editor 1s not Se ae de me the statements in any mee NODES: There were unusually large numbers of wood-swallows about the district this year, chiefly of the white-eyebrowed species, although the sordid and the masked were also observed occasionally. The grasshoppers also have been very thick; a farmer in one part of the district stated that he was anxiously waiting for the appearance of the crows, for that with the arrival of the crows they considered alJl their trouble with the grasshoppers over. The wood swallows also seemed to appreciate the food supply. A well-known member of the photographic club went for a little trip at Xmas in company with a kodak camera, which he set for time exposure, thus necessitating the pressing of the button twice for each exposure. As he went on, however, he forgot this, and only pressed once for each view, with the result that the pictures were alternately slightly over exposed and not exposed at all. It seems to us that it would be much more convenient if the college year ran from July to June, than from January to December as at present. The work involved in winding up the twelve months could be managed more easily in July. The museum curators have been long endeavouring to obtain a pair of black cockatoos (funereal), but they met with no success till last January when a coup! were received by Mr. J. Hammerton from the forest. Ouxje of these has been placed in the college collection. LN ET A RI Ss ee ny as THE WOMBAT. 51 The tui or parson-bird of New Zealand has, according to the Mail, lately been discovered to bea foe to the humble bee. A short time ago the caretaker of the Akaroa Domain observed a tuiin a very excited state flying after some object. The bird was successful in bringing its prey to the ground, and later inspection revealed a honey-bee deprived of its honey sac, the body of the insect being otherwise uninjured. Since then the same observer has several times noticed tuis engaged in this pursuit.—A ustralasian. There being no new nominations of any sort this year, the retiring officers of the college and members of council were all declared re-elected. The annual report, etc., of the college appears in this number of the Wombat. COLE EE NOLES: THE engagements ofthe whole of the staff were terminated on December 31st last, as it was doubtful if it would be possible to keep the institution open this year. When it was decided to continue the struggle for a while longer, a number of the officers did not apply for re-engagement. These were the secretary, Mr. Alex. Purnell, and the following instructors :— Mr. J. W. Tingate (Carpentry), Mr. A. Purnell (Manual Training), Mr. E. West (Arithmetic), Mr. G. H. Adcock (Book-keeping), Mr. J.C. Brown (Architectural Drawing and Building Construction), and Mr. C. Glover (Woolsorting). New appointments have in consequence been made as follow :— Secretary— Mr. G. R. King. Carpentry—Mr. G. E. Wadson. Manual Training—Mr. R. Humphrey. Arithmetic—Mr. W. R. Hoggart. Book-keeping—Mr. W. R. Hoggart (temporary ). Architectural Drawing & Building Construction—Mr. fs ajotaimsiy, A EV. IVA. Mechanical Drawing—Mr. Chas. E. O. Keays. A class in geometry and perspective will be formed as soon as sufficient enrolments have been made. Thisclass will be conducted according to the requirements of the Department of Education. It has, unfortunately, been found necessary to disband several classes, but, in the case of the class in woolsorting, it will be continued next term. 52 THE WOMBAT. The following are the results of the annual examinations for 1897, so far as at present known (we have not yet received the returns of all those examinations conducted by the department) :— Not under the superintendence of the departinent. Book-keeping :—Honours: J. Rankine, A. Leckie, A. Devine ; 1st Grade, E. Stone. Writing and Correspondence :—2nd Grade, J. Young, R. Joyce. Shorthand :—Advanced—Honours: F. C. Kettle, H. BY McKim, ake ee jlackson’; ist Grades 7A) fs leecksiey Elementary :—Honours: W. Prior, J. F. Trewartha ; ist Grade, W. A. Claringbold, E. A. Rawson; 2nd Grade, W. E. Dutton. Under Government supervision. Ant; Owes 1, Grade 1):) Passce€: Dy Hancock Cass Nye ae L.N. 1, Grade 1; Pass: I. P. Champion, C. D. Hancock; C. E. Wynn, V. Wiggs. OH ER a4 Pass: C. D. Hancock, W. Thorburn, C. E. Wynn. Wood-carving, Grade 1; Excellent: H. Speed, Dorothy WE Smythe AC: Bartlett 9 Pass tas as. Strange, Grace Bedford, Lily Berthon. Engineering Drawing :—Machines, Grade 1; Pass: V. H.Sayers, A. B. Morrison, C. H. Ballans, J. C. Anderson, Bo Tita SAVERS Carpentry :—Grade 1; Pass: H. A. Tingate. Arithmetic :—Honours: Blanche Kendall, J. J. Young. As pointed out above these results are not complete. By the retirement of Mr. A. Purnell, late Secretary, the college has sustained a loss which it is hard to estimate. He had held the position since the inception of the college in 1885, two years before the present building was put up, and any success the college has ever met from that day to this has been due more to his exertions, than to any other factor, we were going to say than to all other factors put together. His never-tiring energy was known to us all, as was also the way in which he sacrificed all his time, his private time, to the interests of the institution, as well in recess (when he was supposed to be enjoying a well-earned holiday) as at other times. When evil days first overtook the college we all remember how he voluntarily gave up half his salary to help to meet the loss of income. THE WOMBAT. 53 Although we greatly regret the harm his retirement must cause the college, we are glad to hear that he is likely to do much better for himself otherwise, and we are sure that he will always be ready to lend a helping hand when it is in his power. All of us will join in wishing him every success n his profession. PAOn@ Ci, NOs S: Jan. 28, 1898—Monthly Meeting—Mr. J. H. McPhillimy,. vice-president, in the chair. Correspondence from the Dunedin Photo. Club, the Ballarat Photo. Club, and Wirekus tanyie. It was decided to postpone the competition for trophies. from February till December, 1898, as per syllabus. Mr. J. H. McPhillimy presented a hand camera for competition in Class B. Mr. H. Potter nominated as a junior member. Competition— Landscape—Class A.—]. H. McPhillimy, ist. With hackers 2nd: lip wale McPhillimy, 3rd. Seascape— y J. H. McPhillimy, 3rd. Judges—Messrs. Hammerton, Brinsmead, and Purnell. SYLEABUS) FOR HALP-YEAR ENDING JUNE 307, 1808. Feb. 25. Business and Competition—Landscape. Mar. 4. Developing with Compressed Developers (supplied by T. H.. Powell, London.) » It. Bromide Work a ae Mr. G. H. Brinsmead », 18. Toning Night—Compressed Toning Baths (supplied by Mr. T. H. Powell, London.) » 25. Business and Competition—Groups. April 1. Enlarging .. ais ce Mr. C. O. Dentry. »» 15. Paper and Demonstration (illustrated)—Ive’s Chromoscope— Mr. R. Harvie. » 22. Business and Competition—Yachting and Landscape. » 29. Flashlight Photography oe aay lent by Messrs. Baker and Rouse) Mr. J. F. Dentry May 6. Practice ac 30 Bc Lantern Engineers. », 13. Paper & Demonstration—Toning and Fixing Mr. J. H. Harvey » 20. Practice —Toning. » 27. Business and Competition—Animals. June 3. Hints on changing Plates in the Field. » 10. Stereoscope Photography (with Demonstration) illustrated— Mr. J. H. Trowbridge. ee ee ractices : », 24. Business and Competition—Lantern Slides, (copies excluded.) July 8. Annual Meeting. 54. THE WOMBAT. ei SOMEWNODES SR ROVE AEE O iN yANgss By? JS, J, Jalen, OwiNG to a variety of causes, our usual Xmas camp to the Otway Forest fell through this year, and the members were scattered in various directions. In company with Mr. J. F. Mulder, I left Geelong on January 22nd for his orchard at Bambra, about five miles beyond Deans Marsh, on the Lorne road. We observed nothing of especial interest on the way—only the usual plains birds being visible; on the swamp at Modewarre, where we stopped for lunch, there were good numbers of spurwing plover and sandpipers. White cockatoos were abundant as we entered the ranges, and it seemed that the cry differed with some of them; Mr. Mulder put this down to the presence of two species—the corella as well as the sulphur-crested being present; however, we did not get an opportunity of verifying this. The fires had cleared out most of the country near the road, so that there was not a great abundance of birds, most of them having ~ been driven back or destroyed, although there were a good number of fern birds (Sericornis) to be seen. Red lories (Platycercus pennantit) were rather common, and they were in magnificent plumage ; this bird always seems to be clothed in richer colours on the ranges than on the plains. While taking a spell in a shady nook in the garden we saw a satin- bird (female) with some grasshoppers in its beak, but we could find no trace of a nest. The grasshoppers were just as plentiful in the ranges as elsewhere ; I found afterwards that they had penetrated right through to the coast, there being abundance of them even down to the water’s edge, where they found that sea-bathing did not agree with them. Though at the end of January, there were still a few messmate trees in blossom. On one occasion a white goshawk (Astur nov. holl.) flew past. Among the other birds we noticed at Bambra were black cockatoos, wattlebirds, hill crowshrikes, whiteshafted fantail, black-throated honey-eater, and little brown acanthiza. On January 25th Mr. Mulder returned to Geelong, while I pushed on to Lorne. It was a rather dreary walk, most of the scrub having been destroyed, with only an occasional unburnt patch here and there. Soon after I left Bambra a brown flycatcher ( Micrecca fascinano ) flitted across the road in front of me. The gang gang cockatoo (Callocephalon galeatum ) was also to be seen in places, uttering a peculiar, harsh, croak- ing cry as it flew. JBristle birds were abundant down the gullies. Besides the above, I only saw the harmonious thrush, THE WOMBAT. 55 the yellow-robin, the white-eyebrowed woodswallow, and the bronzewing pigeon. Reaching Lorne at about half-past ten, I fixed my camp on the St. George, where it took an hour or two to repair the damages my clothes had sustained on the trip. I did not exert myself much looking for specimens during my stay on the coast, partly because the intense heat took away all desire for exertion, and partly because, being by myself, it was hard to summon up enthusiasm for long walks. Most of my time was spent at little nooks on the creeks watching the birds. On the St. George I noted only the wax- bill, chough, welcome swallow, little black cormorant, white- breasted cormorant, spotted pardalote, blue crane, fairy martin, and bristle bird. The last-named bird used to be very abundant here a few years ago, but this year there was only a rare one to be heard at intervals. I do not think I heard a dozen individual birds after I reached the coast. I had expected that the fires, having burnt so large a part of the forest towards the Otway itself, would have made the birds, especially these lovers of the scrub, very abundant indeed in the unburnt parts; as they seemed much scarcer than usual, the only conclusion I could draw was that instead of being driven out from the burnt parts, they must have been destroyed. The choughs always evince a decided preference for the hill tops, in the forest at all events, being almost confined in this neighbourhood to the hill on the Erskine, immediately above the township. Perhaps this is due to the proximity of a large orchard which grows on the slope of the hill. The cry of the chough resembies that of the red lory, and of the rosella to some extent. It is known locally as the “ jay.” The white-shafted fantails were not nearly so abundant as in previous years, and the blue wrens, though in great numbers, also seemed scarcer. The waxbills, however, were as thick as always. Ona Scotch thistle near the creek I saw a great number of small beetles of a vivid glossy blue, which moved in short, quick flights, like those of a grasshopper. These have been kindly identified for me by the Rev. Thos. Blackburn as Haltica pagana, Blackb. The evenings being rather lonely on the St. George with no companion, I shifted my tent to the Erskine after a couple of days, soas to have some one to talk to in the evenings. The camping ground here is very good, though rather public; it is well sheltered and level, with abundance of good water at a little distance. An occasional azure kingfisher was to be seen on the creek, with a few mudlarks (Grallina picata) here and there. There were also several mountain thrushes which frequented the water’s edge, just below the wall of blackberries; they were very quiet and tame. So indeed 50 THE WOMBAT. were a number of the birds, in particular the fern-birds, (Sericornis), which were very abundant; these used to hop about within a yard or two while I was having my meals, as quiet and tame as the blue wrens. The jackasses were as plentiful as usual, their friendly greeting being often heard. The boobook owl I only heard once. A few little mobs of musk parrakeets (Trichoglossus concinnus) appeared once or twice, and once I thought I saw some grass parrakeets, but I could not be sure. The white- throated tree creeper also showed itself once. The Erskine spreads near its mouth into a long lagoon, which ought to be a great resort for waterbirds, but I suppose there are too many people about. The only birds I saw there were one blue crane and one little black cormorant. I was told that black swan and duck were to be seen there now and then, and a bird which, from the description, must have been the bald coot (Porphyrio melanotus). On the beach near the mouth I saw the remains of a small petrel, and I saw what I think was the same bird swimming near the jetty on one occasion ; it was very quiet, swimming past the lines of the anglers, and taking a quiet peck at each line as it passed ;. which of the petrels it was I do not know, but it was about the size of a dab chick. While I was sitting near the tent one evening a mob of young gang gang cockatoos settled in a tree near by. A young male which I shot had its stomach and crop crammed with white wood grubs. I was told that thousands of these birds were to be seen in the ranges. While on the road back to Dean’s Marsh I observed two men in a shed at the roadside, who were busily occupied threshing with flails. It has always seemed to me that it would be a good idea to introduce the lyre bird to the Otway Forest. Ifa few were released in the dense scrub on some of the creeks, such as the Elliott, they would find abundant shelter and food, and a home very similar to their haunts in Gippsland, and the country at the back being but thinly settled, the birds would be pretty free from molestation. The additions to my list of Otway birds during the last twelve months are :— (1.) Halietus leucogaster Gmel. White-bellied Sea Eagle (River Aire) (2.) Astur nov. holl. Gmel. White Goshawk (Bambra and Lorne) (3.) Lalage tricolor Sw. White-shouldered Campe- phaga (Lorne) THE WOMBAT. BW (4.) Micreca fascinans Lath. Brown Flycatcher (Ben- werrin) (5.) Erythrodryas rosea Gld. Rose Robin (RiverSt. George) (6.) Ptilonorhynchus violaceus Vieill, Satin Bower Bird (Mt. Sabine and Bambra) 2(7.) Lncmetis nasica Temm. Corella (Bambra) (8.) Callocephalon galeatum Lath. Gang Gang Cockatoo (Lorne) (g.) Trichoglossus concinnus Shaw. Musk Lorikeet (Lorne) (10.) Hamatopus longirostris Vieill. White-breasted Oyster- catcher (River Aire and River St. George) (11.) Hematopus unicolor Wagl. Sooty Oystercatcher (River Aire & River St. George) ?(12.) Porphyrio melanotus Temm. Black-backed Porphyrio (River Erskine) (13.) Cygnus atratus Lath. Black Swan (River St. George) CLOUM TOBSH RY Avi N: By Miss E. Ison Baker, BALLARAT OBSERVATORY. In 1891 The International Meteorological Conference meeting at Munich resolved to promote the study of the forms and motions of clouds, by means of concerted observations at the various observatories of the globe. They recommended that the cloud classification proposed by Messrs. Hildebrandson and Abercromby should be adopted, and that the observations should extend over a year at least. When the final arrangements had been made (and it took some time to do this) the committee decided to ask all countries to take part in a common investigation of the upper currents of the atmosphere by means of observations of the directions, and by measurements of the altitudes and motions of the different forms of clouds. These observations were to commence on May ist, 1896, and to be continued for a year. Simple instructions were supplied, and no instruments except simple nephoscopes were required. About fifty promises of co-operation were received, but, as time went on, several dropped out, and when it was decided to extend the time till the end of the present year, it was found that 58 THE WOMBAT. not more than twenty-five were left. The observations were to be made daily, in conjunction with the recording of the thermometer readings, weather and wind; and books for entering the observations were supplied. The work, though exacting, soon became interesting, and one wondered that so much could be seen and read upon the face of the sky. Roughly speaking, clouds may be divided into fine weather and wet weather clouds—separate and_ globular masses seen in fine weather and widely extended masses in wet weather. Again they may be divided into upper, inter- mediate and lower clouds. Of the upper clouds, whose average altitude is 9,000 metres—10,000 yards—we have cirrus, detached, delicate, fibrous-looking masses, taking the form of feathers and generally white in colour, sometimes arranged in belts across the sky, and, by an effect of per- spective, seeming to converge at opposite points of the horizon. To the upper clouds also belong the cirro-stratus, a thin, whitish sheet, at times completely covering the sky, and often producing halos round the sun and moon. It is by the observation of these upper clouds that weather forecasts are made, the nature and direction of the impending change being dependent on the form, position, and direction of the cirrus stripes. Roughly speaking, all places where these cross the zenith lie in the track of the coming depression, the quarter whence it comes depending upon the point where the stripes appear to meet.” The storm of 25/11/97 was clearly foretold by a cirrus bank of very remarkable appearance lying across the north-east horizon. Of intermediate clouds we have cirro-cumulus, alto- cumulus, and alto-stratus. Cirro-cumulus consists of small globular masses without shadows, or having very slight shadows arranged in groups or lines. Alto-cumulus consists of large globular masses (white or greyish), often so closely packed that their edges appear confused. Alto-stratus is a thick sheet of a grey or bluish colour, showing a brilliant patch in the vicinity of the sun and moon. This cloud goes through all the forms of cirro-stratus, but, by measurements made at Upsala, its altitude has been shown to be only half as great. Of lower clouds we have strato-cumulus and nimbus. Strato-cumulus consists of large globular masses or rolls of dark cloud frequently covering the whole sky, especially in winter, and giving it a wavy appearance. These clouds are, asa rule, not very thick, patches of blue sky being often visible through them. They may be distinguished from nimbus by the fact that they do not bring rain. THE WOMBAT. 59 Nimbus is a cloud without any definite shape from which rain falls continually. Underneath we sometimes see small loose clouds, fracto-cumulus, floating at a lower level. Besides the forms enumerated above, there are clouds of daily ascending currents, viz. :—Cumulus (or woolpack) clouds, large globular rolling masses with a horizontal base, which form again fracto-cumulus. Cumulo-nimbus, the thunder cloud, consists of heavy masses rising in the form of mountains, having a fibrous. sheet above, and a mass similar to nimbus below. Stratus may be described as a sheet of lifted fog; when broken by the wind it is termed fracto-stratus. In making observations it is necessary to take them as. near the zenith as possible, to avoid errors of perspective. It often happens that the clouds have the appearance of regular striz, parallel and equi-distant, like waves on the surface of water. This is mostly the case with the varieties of cumulus. Simple undulations are clouds like ribs, in a slanting direction, and they have been noticed to be forerunners of very rough weather if they cross the zenith. Double undulation is like the simple, with fibrous clouds running through it. Very rare. In summer all low clouds as a rule assume special forms. resembling, more or less, the cumulus. I wish specially to speak of one, called mammato-cumulus, very noticeable as following simple undulations; whatever course these take, the mammato follow, and woe betide us if they cross our zenith. ONE Re TAINED) NIN DIN SHEEN OR DR. 8. A. ANDREE’S AERIAL VOYAGE TO THE NORTH POLE, By A. C. Macponatp, F.R.G.S. At about two o’Clock in the afternoon 11th July 1897, three intrepid workers in scientific research started on an aerial voyage in the balloon ‘‘ Orner ”—Eagle—for the North Pole. Dr. Andrée and his companions left Nors-Koerna on the bay of Danes in the isle of Amsterdam, north of Spitzbergen. This expedition was long conceived and all the plans fully matured before the dauntless Andrée attempted to start He conceived his idea about the same time that Nansen began to make his preparations 60 THE WOMBAT. for the expedition in the “ Fram.’ The projects, however, had nothing further in common than the desire to reach the pole, their modes of transit being totally different It may be remembered that Nansen counted on making use of the sea current which existed in the neighbourhcod of New Siberia, and expected to be blocked in the ice brought up by this current, hoping to drift along with it. While Nansen was demanding the sea to conduct him to the pole, Andrée was addressing himself to another element ; he counted on the aerial currents rendering him the same good services which Nansen anticipated from the currents of the sea, The “ Orner” which Andrée proposed to make use of was a balloon of about 4,500 cubic metres. The idea was not his alone ; two eminent French savants, M.M. Hermite and Besancon, held the same opinion, and M. Godard was loud in his praise of the venture. Andrée was the first, however, to make a practical trial of what had hitherto been only a theoretical conception. He had been a sailor for over twenty years, and had made every use of his time in observing and studying the direction of the winds and other meteorological phenomena. He noticed particularly that during summer there exist, all round the pole, winds blowing from west to east. When first he mentioned his proposed voyage at the Sixth International Geographical Congress held in London in 1895 there was a universal outcry of derision. But later consideration showed the plan in another light. It is true that there are always currents blowing from South to North, but to what distance do they go? For Andrée to arrive at the pole in a direct line in his balloon, the distance would be about 1,100 kilometres, or 683 miles. He calculated that with a wind velocity of twenty-five kilometres per hour, the desired aim could be attained in 48 hours Andrée was not himself in possession of funds necessary to carry out this wonderful expedition. Aided by Baron Nordenskiold, he estimated the cost at £7,500. M. Alfred Noble, the Swedish savant aud inventor of dynamite, offered Andrée £3,480, nearly half the sum required. The King of Sweden promised £1,720, and the rest was a gift from Baron Osear Dickson, of Gothenberg. A Swedish patriot from Buenos Ayres, Colonel Seelstroem, sent £200 to cover unforeseen expenses. Difficulties There was the inevitable waste of gas and the risk of the balloon being torn open and collapsing. Thanks, how- ever, to its admirable construction, this difficulty was overcome. M. Lachambre, of Paris, who went to Spitzbergen to build the balloon, ably seconded all Andrée’s care in the construction of his air-ship. The upper part of the balloon, nearly two thirds of the whole surface, THE WOMBAT. 61 is made of a triple thickness of silk, for the lower part a double thickness being deemed sufficient, and this silk is thickly covered with two layers of varnish, both inside and outside It is thus almost impermeable Experiments have shown that the waste of gas in a balloon of 8 metres diameter causes a loss in one month of six kilogrammes of its carrying power, and this balloon of 23 metres will lose 50 kilograms in 30 days, z.e., «vo of its total carrying power There is another condition besides the construction of the balloon which will operate favourably, and that is the extremely slow diffusion of the gas—according to experiments at Spitzbergen, and the remarkably even conditions of temperature aud pressure in the polar regions, and there will be little or no likelihood of the ice layers being formed thickly on the outside of the balloon, and thus effecting its carrying power. Andrée’s balloon is not intended to rise more than from fifty to two hundred metres above the surface, and the originality of its construction lies in the employment of -dragging or guide ropes which work in connection with three sails fixed to the balloon. The guide ropes, however, are movable, and by putting friction on one side or the other, they can make the balloon turn on a vertical axis, and so present any required angle of ‘the sails to the wind. ‘The guide ropes could act so as to keep the balloon moving at a different angle from the wind, and to regulate the altitude. ‘The higher the balloon ascends the greater becomes the weight of rope, while if it descends the weight of rope becomes smaller. Andrée, assisted by Strindberg, tried this experiment several times, and always with success. These ropes are about 1,000 yards long, in lengths of 100 yards. The balloon floats at a height of about 250 metres above the surface, 7.¢., below the lowest clouds, but above the fogs. The ‘dragging of the cables will cause no danger, as in the polar regions the surface is comparatively smooth and free from vegetation. The guide ropes are saturated in vaseline for 100 feet, so that they may float if immersed in water :—the vaseline wil! also diminish friction. The explorers carried a “ navis-azimuth,” an apparatus of English invention, which serves at the same time as an altazimuth -and an equatorial. It is comparatively easy by the aid of this instrument to determine the longitude and latitude near the pole, ‘simply by observations of the moon or sun taken at Greenwich ‘time by the chronometer. The instrument can also serve as a sextant, and is most useful in ascertaining the speed of the balloon. The car is composed of two parts:—a lower chamber 5 ft. high -and 64 ft in diameter, which is entered by a trap door, so that the passenger can creep in and sleep comfortably ; the observatory -above, about 8 ft. in diameter, and surrounded by a railing on which all the instruments are fixed; there are collected all in- struments which science could lend to aid in observations in -astronomy, geography, and meteorology, many of these instruments 62 THE WOMBAT. being invented by Mr. Strindberg and Dr. Eckholm. At the time of the year when the start was made (July) photographs could be easily and well taken. Two members of the expedition will be occupied in making observations, while the third sleeps. The expedition consists of three men, and if success is possible, they are the men to achieve it. Andrée has experimented with balloons for many years, and he may be said to be a master in the art; he has had some hair- breadth escapes, though he has been generally successful. He was one of the party which accompanied the Norwegian xronaut, Cetti, on his expedition ; he was once stranded on an uninhabited island in the Baltic, and compelled to spend the night there. His plans. for this expedition have been laid with most exact attention to the minutest details, and no precautions have been neglected. His main hope is that the balloon will be carried up to the pole, and thence towards north-east Siberia or Alaska; the most dangerous possibility is that of being drifted to North Greenland, but it is Andrée’s opinion that the wind blows almost constantly from those regions to the pole. There is also the prospect of finding at the vole a sort of equilibrium of the forces of the wind coming from all directions. In that event Andrée and his companions will descend to the surface, and abandoning the: balloon, make their way towards Franz Joseph Land in the same: manner as Nansen did, and there avail themselves of the stores left at “Elmwood,” by Jackson. For this purpose they have provided themselves with two sledges capable of transporting half a ton of baggage, and complete outfits of Norwegian skates and snow shoes, the skis used by Nansen. Even the possibility of descending in the open sea does not daunt these valiant explorers. They have all the materials for an adjustable canoe, covered with varnished silk, and this will, they believe, be quite seaworthy even in rough weather. They hope to remain in the balloon for three weeks at the very least. Andrée himself believes that they will not be able to return to Europe before 1898, There are two occurrences, either of which might be immediately fatal—a cyclune or a waterspout—but these latitudes are remarkably free from disturbances of the sort. Andrée went to London to present his scheme to the geographers of all countries assembled at the sixth International Congress, 1895, virtually unknown to them, or at least considered a visionary, and his project chimerical, but before the tall Swede had finished his carefully written paper, the majority of his listeners had to admit the feasibility of his plan, and their sympathy was all his, captured by Andrée’s interesting personality, his force and: determination, his courage and enthusiasm ‘Lhey saw before them a typical, fair-haired Swede, keen-eyed, tall beyond the average, broad shouldered and muscular, with an alertness in his movements: that proved him the man of daring, the one for emergencies. He did not look like a dreamer or a visionary, and as he developed his THE WOMBAT. 63 idea, and explained it in every least detail, his seemed as reasonable as any other scheme to reach the pole. The discussion which followed was the most exciting one of the Congress, Sir Joseph Hooker, Sir Erasmus Ommaney, General Strachey, Admiral Markham, General Greeley, Colonel Watson, Dr. J Murray, Dr. Neumayer, Mr. Silva White, and others of experience and theory taking part, and there was much criticism. Andrée gave close attention to each speaker, making notes the while, and when Sir Clement Markham called upon him to answer his critics, he took up each objection, disposed of it, and crossed it off his pencilled list, the silence of the audience while he spoke, and the applause that followed his telling arguments and retorts, showing how closely he held his Jisteners ‘If anything happens to my balloon, how will I get back?” he asked. ‘‘ Well, when something happened to your ships how did you get back?” addressing his words and pointing his finger directly at certain of his critics ‘I risk,” he said, ‘‘ three lives in my foolhardy attempt, and you risked, how many ? a shipload.” With a final stroke of his pencil he crushed the notepaper in his hand, and slowly repeating the words of one of his critics—‘‘ He hopes I may succeed in trying to raise the money, and at least make the attempt;” then pausing a second, with a vigorous swing of his arm he added in exultant tones, “ Well I have got the money.” The great hail of the Royal Colonial Institute, says a lady writer, rang with the cheers that followed this dramatic climax, and the storming of the Congress by the intrepid Swede, and whether he returns shortly or spends a winter on the ice, as Nansen did, or two winters, we may, I think, confidently expect to see Herr Andrée at the Geographical Congress at Berlin in 1899, as he was positive in stating that he would be there The balloon has gone on its journey, and the dauntless three may return in safety. In the meanwhile we should not place too much reliance in reports which may reach us of messages from these navigators of the air, as they cannot be authenticated, unless bearing Andree’s signature and the date, latitude, &c. Nothing remains but to wait patiently for really authentic news. Should the news never come, or should it tell the sad story of disaster, then the glory of the deed will have robbed the tragedy of some of its horrors. Should the brave explorers return. then a new era of enterprise will have been opened to the world. Andree and his companions started on their perilous voyage in hope, burning with enthusiasm; they would not allow even a suggestion that their undertaking might be a fruitless, and more, a fatal one. Let us hope also ; let their brave spirits speak to us, and may we welcome them back with honour; but if they have already found a last resting place in that remote and mysterious region, and have added to the long roll of martyrs in the cause of science, then Jet us reverently leave them in their unknown graves amid the everlasting snows, where— “The stars above look down, silent and eternal.’”’—(A bridged.) 64 THE WOMBAT. AL bE YO ava SAB INI Ry S. R. J. Mawson & J. HamMerton. ON various occasions we have described the road from Geelong to Apollo Bay. This time we will give a few notes on the country between Forrest and Mt. Sabine, from a Photographic stand-point. We left Geelong on Xmas morning, having for companions a stereo quarterplate and a kodak camera, not forgetting a gun and preserving materials for natural history specimens. We arrived at Forrest on Boxing Day, passing for miles through dense smoke from the fires which surrounded the place; here we rested for the night, leaving on the following day for Barramunga, about five miles further on: here we spent a day, and Mr. Stanfield, of the Junction Hotel, kindly acted as guide to show us the beauty spots of the locality. A road has been cut here into the valley, and a bridye made to enable the splitters to briug out the cut timber ; this district is greatly used by the sawmillers, and a tram track is being cut some miles in length. ‘The fern trees yrow toa great height in this valley, and some fine views were secured, giving a beautiful stereo effect. Views were als» secured on the roads round the place, which is the junction of roads from Colac, Forrest and Apollo Bay. We left ou Tuesday for the Mount, and having heard of the amount of scrub cut down on the road and the fires that were raging in all directions, we were anxious to get to our destination. Anyoue who has travelled through here will recollect the beauties of the spot on the road known as (‘omical Corner ; when we passed there it was with feelings of pity at the destruction being caused by the fire, which was sweeping everything before it. We reached the Mount at 5 p.m., not sorry to feel safe once more. Here we stayed for a week at ‘“‘The Hermitage,” close alongside the trig. station ; it would not be a bad idea to have astronomical observations made here. ‘This is now the junction of tracks to Lorne, and to Cape Patton. The Barramunga Creek has its source here, as has also the Barwon, which rises trickling out from amongst the ferns in a pretty little spot which must have been visited before our day, from the stone axes which we found there. There were beauty spots for artist or photographer at every turn, but the fires have now destroyed most of their beauty for this year, so we had to take what views we could get. We left on Jan. 3rd, spending most of the day taking views t the falls and mills at Barramunga, and next day arrived at Forrest and put up at the Terminus Hotel It is the intention of the proprietor to put up a dark room here for the convenience of visitors On the Noonday Creek we saw abundance of birds, and took a great many views, and killed a brown snake on the road back. During the trip we secured about five dozen stereo views and a similar number of kodak “bits,” getting many little views that would have been difficult with the stand camera. With reluctance we returned to town. THE WOMBAT. 65 SOURS NOME S ON WEE }CRISTS IN Wine MNS (Olt His aCOLL BEE: By PHASCOLOMYS. Wira the close of last year the college found itself in the tightest financial corner that it has ever had the misfortune to experience, winding up witha loss of £50 on the work of the year, and a total overdraft of £90. Things have been gradually growing worse ever since 1892, though the ex- penditure has decreased in that time from £1700 to £650; not, of course, without the sacrifice of many valuable classes which, unfortunately, did not pay their way. Would that some wealthy and patriotic citizen would furnish the place with an endowment. The deputation which recently interviewed the Minister of Education managed things very well indeed, so well that they actually got a promise that the matter would be con- sidered,—under conditions. Now a conditional promise is doubtless a thing of beauty, but as to being a joy for ever, that is another matter. The bank will not accept it in pay- ment of the overdraft. Hard-hearted bank ! Mr. Peacock thought that £150 was a most exorbitant salary for a secretary. £150! What gross extravagance! He said also that some schools got their secretaries’ services for nothing. Thoseschools wereremarkably fortunate, if no mistake has been made, but what that had to do with our case was hard to see. And it would be interesting to know where those lucky schools were situated and how many students they had. They could hardly have had many. The deputation was also told that our office expenses were out of all proportion to those of other schools, and it did not say, as it might have done, that in some schools the salary of the secretary was not entered under office expenses at all, but found itself under another heading. It seems a peculiar way of allotting the technical school vote when we see that Bendigo with 313 students paying £475 in fees gets £1300; Castlemaine with 125 students paying £66 gets £475; Echuca with 30 students paying £28 gets £100; Bairnsdale with 116 students paying £62 gets £450; Sale with 120 students paying £129 gets £600; Horsham with 70 students paying £20 gets £300; while Geelong with 141 students paying £252 only gets £250. Mr. Peacock told the deputation that the administration at Bairnsdale cost nothing ! ! 66 THE WOMBAT. GORDON ‘TECHNICAL (COMME GS AN NG Ae Ee @ ie Your council has the honour to submit the annual report of the college for the year ended 31st December, 1897, and in reviewing the work of the year it is found to have been on similar lines to that of the previous year. Through Sthe™ efforts, of 9 Mr VWWi Guin aNie Ae eae additional £50 was secured towards the close of the year, the first instalment of which (£12 10s.) has been received since the 31st December. This, however, is insufficient to meet the necessary current expenditure, to say nothing of the numerous requirements, such as repairs to buildings, that have been long delayed. It will be seen by the statement of receipts and expend- iture that the year closed with a balance due to the bank of £90, and to meet this several members of the council signed a guarantee for the sum of £100. The receipts from all. sources, apart from the government subsidy, show an increase of nearly £40 upon the amount received last year, and other items show that the council has succeeded in increasing the revenue generally. The subjects in which classes have been in operation were well maintained. Wood-carving and Modelling were added during the year, and Mr. C. Y. Wardrop was appointed as instructor in these subjects; the work done by the pupils is considered very good for the time they have been at the work. The hon. curators’ report indicates the amount of work done in connection with the museum and reading room, and the thanks of the council are due to Messrs. Hill and Hammerton for the enthusiasm they have displayed in these important adjuncts to the college. There were no alterations in the membership of the council during 1897 ; in accordance with the constitution, Messrs. Denmead, Hocking, Peters, Powers and Roebuck retire by effluxion of time, but are eligible for re-election. The whole subject of the position of the college and its future prospects was brought before the Hon. the Minister of Education yesterday (19/1/98) by an influential deputation consisting of the Hon J. H. Connor, and Sir Henry Wrixon, M.L.C.’s, Mr. W. Gurr, M.L.A., with the president of the college, Mr. G. M. Hitchcock, Mr. G. F. Link, and the THE WOMBAT. 67 secretary to represent the council. The position of the college _and its fair claims to a larger grant were strongly urged by the deputation, failing which (an increased grant) it was stated that the college would have to be closed as it was drifting into debt. Mr. Peacock, in reply, pointed out that he had only a certain amount of money to allocate amongst the technical schools. He thought also the council should go into the question of administration. For instance they were paying £150 for a secretary, while their whole revenue did not amount to over £600. In some of the schools the administration cost nothing. At Bairnsdale, Kyneton, and other places where excellent work was being done, that was particularly the case. Even at Ballarat, where matters were conducted on a large scale, the cost of administration only amounted to £278 perannum. If, however, the council of the college would go into the whole question of reducing the administration and endeavouring to increase the number of pupils, he would see what could be done, but they must act promptly, as he would have to make the annual allocations within a month. The council met last evening to receive the report of the deputation, and after a careful consideration of the position, it was decided to reduce the secretarial expenses and the caretaker’s allowance very considerably. Much sympathy was felt for the two officers affected, as both of them had been connected with the college since its inception, and had ‘worked well to promote its interests. The other recom- mendations of the minister should engage the early attention of the council, namely, the importance of increasing the number of students and the question of a possible reduction of fees as the attendance improved. On behalf of the council of the college, Geo. M. Hircucock, ‘Geelong, 20/1/98. President. MUSE UME ZAN DEB RATOY. ‘Tue additions to the museum and library during 1897 show a slight falling off from those for 1896, there being about 120 specimens and 200 publications for the later year, against 139 specimens and 265 publications for ’96. This is exclusive of technical journals in each case. Six of these have discon- tinued their donations while twelve others have taken their places, showing a net increase of six. There are now forty- five journals to be seen in the reading room, of which 19 are 68 THE WOMBAT. English, 10 from the United States and 11 are Australian,. while the rest are from various other parts of the world. The transactions and proceedings of the various scientific societies are not reckoned among the journals, but are in- cluded under the name ‘“ publications” above. The detailed acknowledgments have appeared in the Wombat from time to time. The ornithological section of the museum is still weak, but it is improving, and we hope to be able to make substantial additions to it during the coming year. The trouble here, as with the cases, is the expensive nature of the work required. We are again very much feeling the need of more case accommodation, those we have being uncomfortably crowded. The usual Xmas camp from the museum was not held this year owing to various causes, though the members who usually compose the party went on various excursions into the bush, but their attention appears to have been devoted principally to photography, as very little natural history work has been reported as yet. lel) Dei sliders lisine. Curators. J. Hammerton, JuNR. [ Be THE WOMBAT. 69 ENROLMENTS FOR 1897. Arithmetic Bookkeeping Building Construction Carpentry Chemistry, Theoretical %p Practical Freehand Drawing German Manual Training Mechanical Drawing Modelling Painting Plumbing Shorthand Woodcarving Woolsorting Writing and Correspondence Total Ist | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | Total.| Average. Term.| Term.|/Term. | Term. 4 7 @) 6 26 6:5 8 15 18 17 58 14-5 4 3 3 0 10 3°33 12 15 18 13 58 14°5 6 11 9 7 33 8-25 6 ll 9 a 33 8:25 16 9 10 9 44 ll 2 2 2 1 7 1:75 14 15 20 19 68 17 10 9 12 15 46 11:5 Go 12 6 6 9 Oe hea G 30 75 50) al ae eG 8G 9-25 15 12 16 | 8 51 12°75 15 15 11 41 13°66 12 8 12 14 46 11:5 10 8 12 7 37 9:25 135 | 160 | 190 | 152 | 637 | 15925 CLASSIFICATION OF STUDENTS. ae |Artisans.| Apprentices. | Girls. | Total. Ist Term 26 65 35 11 135 2nd Term 28 | 59 41 32 160 3rd Term 3 74 57 28 190 4th Term 24 69 39 20 152 THE WOMBAT. PRESIDENT: RETURN OF ATTENDANCES, 1897, COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES. AMMMMIMIIATIMIMLLL SA COUNCIL—12 MERTINGS. Mr. G. M. Hiteheock Vick-PRESIDENTS: ,, W. Humble » J.C. Taylor TREASURER: » J. W. Sayer MEMBERS: , W. W. Bradley ey WD ay, ,» W. H. Denmead » J. Hill », R.C. Hocking Dr, Kennedy Mr. F. J. Leary » G. F. Link S. R. J. Mawson " », Ward Nicholson », T. Peters » W. H. Potter », D. Powers ;, H. G. Roebuck », W. Shaw » W. Strong CLASS AND LECTURE COMMITTEE—12 MERTINGS. J, Hill 4 », R. C. Hocking op (Gim 1NG lbnbalks 8. R. J. Mawson ,, D. Powers », H. G. Roebuck », W. Strong ,, J. ©. Taylor Mr. G. M. Hitchcock. Chairman 11 Com eo to CTH Cot FINANCE COMMITTEE—12 MERTINGS. Mr. G. M. Hitchcock, Chairman . W. W. Bradley » F. J. Leary », D. Powers 5, W. Strong ‘“ WOMBAT” SUB-COMMITTEE—3 MEETINGS. College— 9 ” Photo. Association— ,, Science Club— Ay Art Society— ” Mr. S. R. J. Mawson W. H. Potter C. O. Dentry J. F. Dentry A. Ramage Lol 0 Sl} PWT wWOINWwWOOWNDmONwWwWo THE WOMBAT. Ha Donations and Subscriptions for Year ended 31st December, 1897. EVs. a 8. Abrahams, W. 010 O Jackson, A. LOO) Aitchison, J. 8. Oa 0) Aitken, D. Mviadke Kennedy, Dr. T. J.M... 010 O Anderson, J. 010 O Armstrong, Howe & Co. Ly elO Leary, F. J. 0 5 0 Austin, Hon. S. BN oe LO Link, G. F. -- 010 O Loco. Dept. Employes, Bannister, J. 0 5 O per Mr. T. Binnie... 2 0 6 Baxter, J. F. 010 O Lord, T. ee ON oa O) Bayley, W. H. 010 6 Bradley & Wiggs nO, Mathews Bros. i i @ Bright & Hitchcocks = Py Martin & Sons, B. 1 070 Blakiston, J. ° 0 5 0 Marwood, Dr. A. W. 010 6 Brinsmead, G. H. Oyo 20 Mawson, S. R. J. 010 6 Butt, G. 0 5 O Mercer, G. i) 0) MeMullen & Co,, W. Hh 10 Coburn, T. G. W. 1090 McRorie Bros. 010 O Collins Bros. a @® Cole & Co., C. 010 O Pawsey, C. R. 010 O Creer & Roberts 010 O Peters, T. 1 0 0 Photographic Association 1 8 6 Daniel, J. 010 0 Potter, W. H. OR on0 Day, H. W. 110 Powers, D. & @ Dennys, Lascelles, Austin Purdie, J. 010 0 and Co. So eee es A) Purnell, J. 0 5 0 Dickson, T. A. 0 5 0 Purnell & Sons Nit @ Dobie, T, M. 010 O Donaghy & Sons, M. UL aL kG Richardson, H. F. 010 O Douglass, F. M. i il. @ Roebuck, H. G. 1 1 0 Ducker, W. F. 1 0 0 Rylah, W. S$ 010 0 Evans & Co. OMe Shannon, Chas. 1 aly (0 rn ee A Shaw, W OF*5 0 Friend 2 2 1 Sparrow, E. R. 010 6 Storrer, H. J. H. 0 5 0 Gray & Co., A. hoe @ Strachan, Bostock & Co. 1 1 0 Harvey, Dann & Co. . om 6 Sirong; W. ig 8 Hawkes Bros. 0 Hearne, W. G. Q) | © Taylor, J. C. oil © Higgins, H. B. 010 6 Thacker, B. C. a One Higgins, W. @) il) (Gy. Thacker, H. ONO) Higgins, T. 010 0 Town Council of Geelong 10 0 O Hill, H. EH. 010 0 Hill & Son, W. Hoi. © Wadelton, J. 010 O Hocking, R. C. 010 0 Wall, Dr. Max 010 O Hodges Bros. 010 0 Wilcox Bros. 0 5 O Holden, T. 0 5 © et Haworth, J. iid @ £69 5 9 Howard, H. T. 010 0 ‘suo Ie “qoamyg o1ady “TayuIg “Iayovyy, “A -xayamuomg ‘ITANUNd “XH1IV ‘UHUASVTUT, NOY ‘UHAVS “AM ‘£ "S681 ‘Arenuep TET ‘Suojeen ‘aOLIGNY CESNHOIT ‘CTHIGLIHM ‘"V NHOL 29aL409 punof pun paunuvxa ~-—- = - T 81 uPL,y G FI PES ip order lorie 2) andre Lee) co Cw wAWMIAN— HOw Lol OSNOMANDOCOSCVOCOANHCON re ~ S a us oe: a SOSSBID GG = ca “7 #DQUOM AUT, IL eo ee ee sosivyO 0 as ** papunjer s9a,q TONED ST S5 = ee STBIIO}B IN 8 oe 00 on JOON e O° 30 oo jong 0 =< 2 WOE Si 0 eo oo oe ssulprmng T "as soouslddy puv ornqiaan,y F oe vs oe 91njoary Chae = 2° ie SOsBAA PUB SOLIE[EG GZ 22 se SOXBT, PUB SO4BY g "ee *> £IOTOTIBIG pus SulyUIIg 9g oe on on 93B1S0g IL fo Be ug aouBAINSUy I 60 30 a0 qso10gUy 0 60 00 oo 991039 IF 00 60 Se sBH G oe oe BUIST}.LOAPY ae 3 9681 Mory oouvleg Ag F “SAYUNLIGNAdxXa T 8 OFLsF weoocovwneo ae SZ ss yueg onp souvyeg ee ee ee SOSSBID a oe qUBIQ JWATMUIEAOD me 1DQuLO A, OYJ, UL SJMOMMEST}IOAPY ce’ ay PIOS S[BEte4 BIT = = TOOM JO 98[8§ “ts sss ‘oy ‘SULOOY JO OITFT pe ied panjery WOrrqmys a eRe vs eanqoory a SUOTJAIIOSquYG puv suolyswuog OF, ‘SldIld03uY ~~ "1681 ‘AWQUIs0G ISIE POpUd uv, 10} DANZPIPUSdUXyY puv S}I990y JO 2USUID}EIS ESO +t Dib weatOe) MEY fOneINt SORE INt@lercSsiey =>) ROBERT RPURNELEG, SHIPPING AGENT AND GENERAL CARRIER. VICTORIAN & NEWCASTLE COAL. Agent for DIAMOND & SON, Produce Brokers, Commission Merchants, and Forwarding Agents, Fremantle, WA, Office: 102 GHERINGHAP STREET, GEELONG. WARDROP & SCURRY, Architectural & Figure Modellers, 48 ARDEN ST., NORTH MELBOURNE, (near Errol St.) NIN ANY Swe All kinds of Plaster a and Cision Gurament of Latest Declan at Lowes t Rates. Fibrous Ceilings, Cornices, Centre Flowers, &c., a Specialty. Designs and Estimates £ubmitted. Architects’ Details Artistically. Treated. MONUMENTAL AND GENERAL MASON, NexT CORNER RYRIE & YARRA STS., GEELONG. Every DESCRIPTION OF CEMETERY WorRK NEATLY EXECUTED AT LOWEST PRICES CONSISTENT WITH HONEST WO KMANSHIP. DESIGNS & ESTIMATES FREE ON REPEICARION: RTISTIG - PHOTOGRAPHY W. H. Watts’ Photographic studio, RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. The utmost care and attention paid to each sitter, with the object of getting the most faithful and pleasing pictures. We respectfully ask you to favour us with a sitting. w,4 G. Se 20 (From London, and late with @ 6 Ta CY; McBean & Son, Melbourne.) Practical Chronometer, Watch & Clock Maker, Jeweller, Optician, and Silversmith, 467 MOORABOOL ST., SOUTH GEELONG, NEAR BARWON BRIDGE. Watch Work a Specialty. All kinds of Horological Work done on the Premises. A Twelve Months’ guarantee given for all Watch and Clock Work. lh 18 POINTS Ceci OUN Sr Nos. 89 to 93, MERCER STREET, GEELONG. Tubular and other Heseciniions of Iron Gates for Carriage Entrances, Stations, Gardens, and Farm purposes. Wrought and Cast Iron Railings of various designs for Building. D, & Sons have on hand a very Jarge assortment of Wrought and Cast. Tron Enclosures for Graves. Estimates for Bridge Work and General Contracting. . SMITHS’ WORK IN GENERAL Makers of Shaw's Patent Self-opening Gate & Post Lifters. J. WEBBER & SON, CE GEELONG COOPEHRAGE, = MERCER STREET, GEELONG. Wine Casks (Round or Oval) all Sizes, Made to Order. ; IBIO/IL WII IOP aS) Ae SIP CIVANILID Hex. Wallace & Co., “—181 MOORABOOL STREET, — WHOLESALE AND RETAIL Grocers & Wine & Spirit Merchants. 1 QOD Sit ALS ene by ets Ir You WanT A GooD H. BU R R ELL’S TurRN-OvuT, Go TO E'IRST-CLASS LIvERWY STABLES, LITTLE MALOPsSTREEAY GRELONG First-class Accom:nodation for EN SED VS) Sa VICTORIAN Dik & CLEANING WORKS, Gentlemen’s Clothes Cleaned & Dyed | Lace Curtains Cleaned and Re-Dyed. Ladies’ Dresses also done, all shades. Carpets Taken Up and Cleaned. CHARGES MODERATE. W. GRUTZNER, 221 Moorabool St, Geelong. +. HOLDEN. Cham, Grain & Produce Merchant, €team Chaff Cutting ana Hydraulic Pressing Works. Mercer St.. Cavendish St., and Brougham Place, GHELONG ; and opposite Railway Station, WALLACE (near Ballarat). Palatine Fire Insurance Co. F. W. HAINES, “Tove oy eee Ae Peer eeaaey Bad 20 MALOP ST., GEELONG. TELEPHONE No. 238. SOLAR SEA POINT HENLEY ROAD, @RELONG. BAY SALT—For Pickle Making and Packing Purposes. CURING SALT—For Dry Salting, Butchers, Bakers, and Ham and Bacon Curers’ Use. No. 2 BAY SALT—For Sheep, Cattle and Farmers’ Use. R, CHEETHAM & CO. Proprietary, Ltd, Town Office and Stores—71 LITTLE MALOP ST. SCOTCH PIE HOUSE. PASTRYCOOK, ee KC, MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG, DINING ROOMS. YOUNG ST INK, ee go de fap ahaa is COLORS. Equal to the Best Imported. One Trial Solicited. Sold by all Booksellers and Stationers in Bottles from 1d. upwards, SSS OSS) JAMES YOUNG, Manufacturer, nncsmuncmnmmE 34 LATROBE TERRACE, CHILWELL G. J. Thorne, “ate B sander & Co) 4 | CENTRAL SPORTS DEPOT, - (Opp. Exhibition) MOORABOOL ST. $34 — q Importer of all Tobacconists’ Ware, Cricketing and Fancy ; Goods, Fishing Tackle, &c, THETAZ’S Wine Vaults and Cale, JAMES ST., GEELONG. ne Very Best Wines only in Stock. MATURING & BOTTLING under the direct \ ey supervision of Mr. Thetaz, who has had 50. years’ experience. © _ 2. S22 2eao sacramental Wines d Speciality. _ \ “HPA edie: fis been appuiniea pEaE dae “ROVER & STERLING BICYCLES. They are the Cream of the English and American Market. ~~ 212 Moorabool Street. HOT SHA BATES Always Ready at the Geelong Sea Bathing Company’s Baths, EASTERN BEACH, (NSH the ) Meee ie Mineral Springs). Cures Rheumatism. aud Sciatica, , soothes 2 and cures Liver and. Nervous Affections, and gives great relief to persons affiicted with Asthma. THE HOT SEA BATHS Induce a most comfortable and luxurious feeling throughout the entire By even, rr PRICE, is. PER BATH. PRICE, 1s. PER BATH. | J. M. ANDERSON, Secretary. Office—Free Library Buildings. next Savings Bank, TeuerHoNE No, 142, g Tombs ye PN ease ; : A RCHITECTS. M eanile Ciumbers Ryrie Street, Geelong. “NEWTOWN LADIES” SCHOOL, a ELIZABETH STREET, GEELONG. Principal Oe et ‘MISS HARRIS. ASSISTED BY A z ‘Full Staff of Efficient Teachers. THOS. PERRY, unsmith, Locksmith & General Machinist, ea NO ed Ce CE LN : ‘Scales and Weighing Machines Repaired & Adjusted | TAL TURNING & SCREW GuTTING OLDEST BICYCLE REPAIRER IN GEELONG. _RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. / ALOP STREET, (GEELONG. s SUPERIOR ACCOMMODATION FOR VISITORS. “Herbert WwW. Day, era. RUCTIONEER, = Accountant, Auditor and Trustee, | 142 RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. OPERTIES FOR SALE AND TO Lar. ‘ VALUATIONS MADE AND RENTS COLLECTED. TELEPHONE Nos. 9 & 205. ’ Standard Bank of Australia, Limited. : a Norwich Union Insurance Society (Fire). ere cs National Mutual Life Association. : _ Agencies Thames & Mersey Insurance Company Limited. North China Insurance Company Limited. F Ocean erent and Guarantee Corporation. : . AND ‘SHARE. BROKER. ses Cash Buyer for all coke pecial Agents i in every Mining Centre, - LEGAL MANAGER. BOURNE OFFICE—Victoria Buildings, No: 4, Queen’s Walk, Swanston- street. FICE Mining es under management of Mr. ye 7 PETERS. J. BAKER, Proprietor. _ Coir (Nats in all Varieties. I ponder é SN é Geelong, he and Adelide, MANUFACTURERS OF RoEE & CORDAGE OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS: | THE FAMOUS | os 6c. Kangaroo”’ Brand Harvest Twines. e_, . : ) ane Price Lists on peices i A. P. McMILLAN, AGENT FOR THE sent ror THE OUN INSURANCE a ‘ : OFFICE. a> 4 COUNTRY RISKS A. SPECIALTY. —o a MONEY TO LEND aly LOWEST “CURRENT. RATES | q ON FREEHOLD PROPERTY. ; DEPOSIT RECEIPTS, STOCK & SHARDS BOUGHT and SOLD. a 1Z7 Malop Street, eer: OMBAT. ave ey July, 1898. “> BAKER & ROUSE Sem, T 23 1943 . ie + PROPRIETARY LIMITED, | OG yo hotographic Stock Dealers, _~ 260 COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE, AND AT eo ONLY, ADELAIDE; BRISBANE, HOBART. Our very large and complete Stock of Photo Material and aa Soak 7 pptical banter roots is always open for inspection. Local Agent—J. F. DENTRY, Chemist, / MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG 3 “a I ‘ sk ‘Band, Botate, : nee and. General C ommiosion a ae Sos at ‘Tae eee ith British Fire & Marine Insurance Soy. York J Life Insurance Coy. antile Chambers Geelo ng. td OS gare ' The only duly qualified Veterinary Surgeon in GEELONG Co- OPERATIVE CHAFF-CUTTING & PRODUCE SOCIETY LIMITED, 21 MERCER ST : GEELONG. WHOLESALE & RETAIL GRAIN & FORAGE MERCHANTS. Cash Sno: of Chaff, Hay, Straw, Grain, Potatoes, &c , in any quantity. CHAFF CUTTING AND HAY PRESSING A SPECIALTY. ye FARMERS’ ORDERS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. Head Office and Works: Branch Office and Stores: 21 MERCER ST., GEELONG. 382 FLINDERS ST., MELBOURNE. SEELEY & KING, SUNNY BAY DAIRY 2Y COWES GREEK, ‘ Architects & SUIVeUOIS, | “**ittance acm secon, K, ON STREET, EXHIBITION EXCHANGE, PAKINGTON STREET, GEELONG WEST The Favor of your Patronage and Recommendation Bi | me GH ELONG. appreciated. “Chaff supplied direct from the Farm. — J. HAMMERTON & SON, = a ee Jewellers, Engravers, Designers, JAS. STRONG & BROS., te WHOLESALE & RETAIL- Opticians, Lapidaries, omcthakE RVRIE STREET. GeELONG. BooT & SHOE Trormes, Babeus, Gory ana stuven | MANUFACTURERS & (MPORJERS, — . JEWELLERY in Stock or Made to-Order. aati : ee Gold, Silver & Stones in Rough Bought. MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. ies” J. B LEITCH. wu.cus, H. McGREGOR, VETERINARY SURGEON, 4 Sale Yards, Ryrie Street, Geelong. SAIL, TENT AND TARPAULIN MAKER, ‘*MOORA BOOL STREET, Y the Geelong and Western Districts. (Next Strachan, Bostock & Co.) “Cases PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. : sit nd CHarces Moperate, | MARQUEES & FLAGS FOR SALE OR ‘ire. For SADDLERY & HARNESS MARK GOUGH, 4 None better than ALEC TOW, | COACH PAINTER « SIGN WRITER, LT. MALOP ST. (Next Prince of Wales Hotel) (dlluminated Addresses a speciality) All Stable Requisites kept in Stock. TOP OF MOORABOOL STREET, Sole Agent for SOLOMON’s SOLUTION. GEELONG. R. WILLIAMS Dank W, J. BROCKWELL’S ~ : : ": Pg FAMILY BUTCHER, Hop Beer, ALRATED €orner of Moorabool ¢ &t. Myers-sts., Geelong.| WATERS AND CORDIALS. — EE SEEDS, ‘Reliable ”’ SEEDS Of every variety and description. : . SPECIAL OUR jf FLORAL PACKET, _ Most Pueasine. (2 Distinct Sorts.) Ay FLORAL DESIGNS on SHORTEST Nonce, Freeads dededadadcaadedededadadedehahededede dade dedededededadadeedadedaddedadadidedatubadaddadadaladidadedchedadadadidaablatelalalauit SSS eee ea eaeoeeeeewrr———oasssr a —nT—esc ROBERT W. DALTON, SEEDSMAN AND FLORIST, F Telephone, 187. 163 anise STREET, GEEL NG. McRorie Bros., ««- a <2 os Decorators, &e., —<=—~Malop Street, Geelong.=—~ <3 > Large Assortment of English and American Paperhangings, Oils, ca Glass and Artists’ Materials. Mercer St. Steam ee Cat rriage Factory. SUAS IE) 1875. Has on hand a large Stcck of First-class Vehicles, Waggonettes, Single and Double-seat Buggies, Pony Phztons and Gigs, Express Waggons, &c., also Single and Double-seat Buggies and Express Waggons (secondhand), which ‘he is prepared to sell at the Lowest Prices in Geelong (quality considered). PAINTING, TRIMMING & REPAIRS at most reasonable charges. BEST MATERIALS. HONEST WORK. FAIR PRICES. First-class Workmanship in every department. Farm, Road, and Station Waggons, Spring Water Carts, Dra:s, &c, built to order. INSPECTION INVITED. Geelong Chilled Shares. I beg to call your attention to these Shares for Next Season’s Ploughing. These Shares are equal to the English, without seams, a clean Share and durable—a trial will prove this. Soliciting a Sample Order for a trial, I am, Gentlemen, Yours faithfully,, Barwon Foundry, HENREY HOBBS. SOUTH GEELONG. Ae MG ie Sil OG OIN= EVAN DD: Maker of Hors: Works and Chaffeutters, and Engineering in all its branches, If you Require PRINTING that will properly Advertise your Business, I can recommend —___oscomm jo ge | H. THACKER, BOOKBINDING..... PAPER RULING.... RYRIE STREET, GEELONG, ian to do the job with neatness and PHONE 32, despatch. First-class Accommodation for Visitors at Moderate Rates AT THE Barwon Heads Coffee Palace ee Splendid Sandy Beach, Bathing, River & Ocean Fishing, Boating & Sailing. PLAYGROUNDS FOR THE CHILDREN. Cricket Ground, Tennis Court and Billiard Room. SPECIAL THRMS FOR FAMILIES. MRS. EDWARDS, Proprietress. Terminus Hotel, Forrest. First-class ACCOMMODATION for Visitors. Lettevs and Telegrams promptly attended to. . CHARGES MODERATE, Best Brands only of Wines and Spirits Kept in Stock. W. Eo PENGUINS Proprietor. Robt. R. Stanesby, The Practical2°° aT rE ee Picture Frame Maker, PLAIN & FANCY MOUNT CUTTER. GILDER & PLUSH WORKER. Photographs.& Drawings Artistically Mounted. Orders by Post promptly attended to. - YARRA ST. (Opp. Wesleyan Church). INSTRUCTOR CARPENTRY AND JOINERY CLAss, GorDON TECHNICAL COLLEGE. Estimates Given for every Description of Joiners’ Work. di, W, TINGATE, BUTE DEE AAD ..C OWN ACae@r- AUTUMN ST., GEELONG WEST. Hstablished 1877. ALBERT COFFEE PALACE, Corner of Yarra St. & Market Square, GEELONG. CLOSE TO BATHS, RAILWAY, SHIPPING & GARDENS, JI. WADELTON, (Late RB. McDonald's) NEW DRUG HALL, IgO Do JE ALI Sos s Si all te eas TOA Sp Orders forwarded to any part of the Colony on the shortest notice. Patent Medicines and Perfumery. Horse and Cattle Medicines of all kinds. The CORIO ONE-FIRE COOKING STOVE IS THE BEST, CHEAPEST, AND SIMPLEST IN THE MARKET. Large Numbers have been Sold during the past year, and Entire Satisfaction given. It is so constructed that in Five Seconds it can be altere’ to Burn either WOOD or CO ALL, without expense of an extra Coal Grate. CALL AND INSPECT BEFORE DECIDING. W. BOX & SONS, Ironmongers, Are ee sole Meadors oH ie SN Corio Stove. G. a cw P urnell, ARE ine ALSO, IV IPSEGENROS Gp eae ence ee Lantern Slide & Negative Boxes, Science Cabinets, &c., &c. LITTLE een STREBT, GEELONG. OSMOND CALL @ INSPECT pe ~ CYCLES OSMOND 1897 Model ‘“OSMONDS” CYCLES = SWIFT CYCLES SWIrr *7 D. ET. CLARKE’S, Sees SINGER Be ene 1 CLCRES SINGER PS a CYCLES Machines Built to Order. Second-hand Machines ARIEL Bought and for Sale. Ladies’ and Gents’ Cycles for CYCLES ARIEL Hire. ePBLES ee sues: Cash or Terms. CMOIITS instructor in 1M. A. KE iconecd by Plumbing |Metropolitan Gordon eee «6| Board Of Technical eee Works, pullese: so PLU M B E R, tc 244. LITTLE MALOP STREET Se ENztoy Bae HOMEOPATHIC CHEMIST, o8 RYRIE. STREET —_ GEELONG, NATARA—Dries up a Cold in the Head in a few hours. Tinet. EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM for INFLUENZA. Specifics for this Malady. Tinct. STICTA PULMONARIA for INFLUENZA. PHOSPHORINE—Nervous Debility. Homeopathic TINCTURE OF PODOPHYLLIN for puilibineneds: Congestion of the Liver, Constipation, Sick Headache, Jaundice, &c. The Perfect Cure for CORNS & WARTS—Price Is. 6d. | ALBERT T. OWEN, ‘For all CYCLE & General Repairs Try Flex. Whitelaw, Ryrie St., Geelong (0pp. H. Thacker's), All Work Guaranteed. Charges Moderate. Country Orders Promptly Attended to. Bicycles Stabled. DENTISTRY. 3S AK OK « “VS, R. J. MAWSON, > 201 MOORABOOL ST., GEELONG. ee Oe ee Laughing Gas, &c., administered. ee DS (6G Ne | BZ ( LOK (NIN EX G «Wf. Obtainable from all leading Merchants and Confectioners. AS PON McPHIEBLEIMYy BROS. OW by. R. Collins Hocking, —_-c1/ CLERICAL, LIVERY AILOR. And LADIES’ —>= TELEPHONE 41. (opp. Bank of Victoria) MALOP ST. PRICES MODERATE. = Wousar: oto°0fo Published by the Associations at the Gordon Technical College. Vol. III.—No. 4. QUARTERLY. Contents. Notes College Notes Toning and Fixing. By J. H. Harvey July, 1898. Page 74 Di 77 Notes and Observations on some Victorian Coccide. By James JLipGetr Plates on Victorian Coccidz Synoptical list of Genera of Coccidz Index to Plates ] Gordon Technical College—Time ebaler 2a: 80 To face mane 84 87 95 g6 Published by the Gordon Technical College and the Allied Association Co! All communications to be addressed to the editor, Mr. H. E. Hill, at the Gordon Technical College, Geclong, Victoria, Australia. The editor is not responsible for the statements in any paper. NOTES. The Soldier Ant. The soldier ant, Formica purpurea, is among the most peculiar of its kind: the length is about half an inch: the colour of the head and thorax is reddish brown, and the abdomen is blue. Its long legs enable it to travel great distances in search of food with considerable activity. In building its nest, it generally selects a hard patch of ground, such as an unused road. After a shower of rain, about a dozen ants will start the nest, and soon there will be hundreds at work, the nest often measuring ten or twelve yards in diameter and doubtless containing millions of ants. It is very voracious in its habits, seizing on anything that comes near the nest, and the stranger soon falls a victim if it be not strong enough. Insome districts these ants would doubtless soon become a great pest if they were not destroyed by the little black ants, and it is very interesting to watch the small ants attacking a large nest; the soldier ants form into companies of a dozen and upwards to meet the small ants which come in myriads from all directions. They seize on the legs of the soldiers, several taking hold of each leg, and thus overpowered the larger ants are soon destroyed. I have known the battle to last six weeks, the ground being literally covered with the slain on both sides, but in the end the small ants always become masters and take possession of the nest. JoszrH A. HILt. With reference to the notein our last number about the tui, (N.Z.) robbing bees of their honey sac, Mr. Alex. Purdie states that he has seen sparrows also doing so in the same gardens. THE WOMBAT. 75 Ink for titling negatives. Prepare the following solutions :— No. I. Na. 2. Sugar 1. 15parts, Bichromateof Mercury ... 5 parts. Glivceminer su 5), Nitrate of Mercury Renate) noua Wiaitetes seem OO). 5, ANIGohola sy. es Jasoll fe jared Mix equal parts of each solution, write on ordinary writ- ing paper, and transfer to the surface of the negative by pressing on the back of the paper with the fingers. The writing will appear in the negative reversed, and therefore correctly in the print. Practical Photographer. Do not destroy waste prints. They make excellent labels for bottles &c., if they have been fixed. Dr. S. Schénland, of the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa, wishes to exchange natural history specimens (particularly birdskins and eggs) from South Africa for ‘a representative set of Australian birdskins, suitable for mount- ing for public galleries.” Mr. Walter F. Webb, of The Museum (journal), Albion, New York, U.S.A., wishes to obtain Australian land shells in exchange for literature dealing with the subject Members of the photographic or science clubs who have not received their copies of the Wombat are requested to apply to the secretaries of their respective societies. Mr. Henry Lidgett supplies the following note per Mr. Jas. Lidgett :—‘‘ During last season I took some trouble to procure the nest and eggs of the Swallow Diceum (Diceum hirumdinaceum), and while out collecting in the Werribee Gorge on October 24th, my attention was directed to a female bird running backwards and forwards along a fallen casuarina collecting cobwebs which I considered was material for her nest; following her up the steep side of the gorge for perhaps a quarter of a mile, I was rewarded by seeing the bird settle in the outer branch of a small black wattle in which I espied her nearly finished purselike nest. Quietly I retraced my steps and in twelve days removed a beautiful set of three pearly white eggs. Onthe 7th Nov. I found another nest with the usual set of eggs.” Mr. J. Hammerton supplies the following note :-——‘t The other day I had an English starling brought to me, shot at Mortlake. They are in thousands on the Werribee plains.” 76 THE WOMBAT. The Gordon College A.P.A. wishes to dispose of one of its lanterns, having no use for the two. It is bi-unial lime- light. Tank with extras. Gordon College Science Club. April 4th. Mr. J. Dentry delivered a lecturette on ‘‘ Adulterated Foods.’’ Mr. Dentry selected the following examples:—mustard, vinegar, icing- sugar, and malt extract. Mustard is generally adulterated with starch or cayenne pepper, vinegar with sulphuric acid and sometimes hydrochloric acid, and icing sugar is increased by the addition of plaster of paris or powdered glass. To washing soap is frequently added resin. An interesting discussion followed. The hon. curators of the museum beg to acknowledge with thanks the receipt of the following :—Squilla mantis, Mr. Neil Campbell; Trans. Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, Part 20; Columbia ‘Univ. Bulletin, March, 1898; Agric. Gazette, N.S.W.; ‘‘ The Yorkshire. Carboniferous Flora” ; “History of Piano”; The Horniman Museum, 7th Annual Rpt.; Rpts. from the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Finances. Public Instruction and General Customs, Honolulu; Annual Rpt. S.A. School of Mines and Industries; Columbia Univ., President's Annual Report ; McGill Univ., Montreal, Annual Rpt.; The,Naturalist’s Journal Vol. VII. No. 70; Metrop. Board of Works) Exam) Papers);|3Rrocs Roy. | Soc Vien, Graduates McGill Univ.; Rain, River and Evap. Observns, Icebergs of Southern Ocean, No. 2, Aurora australis from the Govt. Astronomer, N.S.W ; U.S. Geol. Surv., 17th Annual Rpt., 95-6, Parts 1 and 2; Records, &c. from the Dept. of Lands, Madras. The council are to be congratulated on the result of the evening set down for distribution of prizes. Invitations were forwarded to the municipa! and other local bodies, and repre- sentatives from the local council, Chamber of Commerce, Geelong Agricultural Society, A.N.A. and Literary Society, as well as a number of ladies and gentlemen to the number of two hundred and fifty, attended. The president, Mr. G. M. Hitchcock, in the absence of Sir W. J. Wrixon, presented the certificates, and delivered an address on technical work, as also, did.,Mr, W.. Gurr, M.L.A.,--Hon. J. El. Connor, M.L.C., and Mr. Sutherland. _ Votes of thanks were accorded the chairman, instructors, and secretary. The summary of meetings of the A.P.A, is held over ti] next issue, / THE WOMBAT. CORE GENOMES: NI Sy The enrolment of students for the second term shows a considerable improvement on the first term numbers. The most successful from this standpoint is the plumbing class under the instruction of Mr. R. Robinson. The chemistry class is also in a flourishing condition, with a fair increase. E. Mitchell, who has been caretaker for the last 13 years, has resigned, his Cea being filled by the appointment of Jie dele Bennett. Mr. Humphreys has given up the carpentry class, and is succeeded by Mr. J. W. Tingate; the former instructor, Mr. Humphreys, will still conduct the manual training and ladies’ carpentry class. Messrs. J. Danks & Co. have kindly offered to present a five guinea prize to the students of the plumbing class for 1898. It will be remembered that the same firm gave a handsome trophy to the same class in 1896. We have to acknowledge, with thanks, the receipt of a ‘¢ Member’s Card” for 1898, from the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, with details of meetings. TONING AND FIXING. (Abstract of a paper read before the Gordon College Amateur Photographic Association, 13/5/98.) 184 J[adale dee avn It is hardly necessary to say that this subject is not new; indeed, the average amateur one meets considers that he knows all about it—* nothing ; in it, sir, you buy your toning bath at the dealer’s, put the prints into it and leave them until they are toned, then place them in the hy po. for ten minutes, take out and wash for a time, and the thing is done.” Well, there is a good deal of truth in this, and as long as things go alright there is nothing to complain about ; “but what when things go wrong? Then the amateur realises THE WOMBAT. (6) 7 that it is not quite so simple, and unless he has some knowledge of the chemicals that he is using, and is acquainted with the conditions under which they work, he flounders about, wastes material, time and patience, and often finishes by indulging in a general condemnation of everything and everybody who recommends toning baths and methods of work. With regard to the toning of prints, there are two theories—one is that a certain, or uncertain, quantity of the reduced silver is replaced by yold, and the second is that a layer of gold is deposited on the silver imagé& in a manner somewhat similar to gilding. When accomplished chemists differ, it is scarcely likely that at this meeting we will be able to solve the problem in a satisfactory manner, and we will leave speculation and get on to practical work, and the reasons for doing this and that. It is sufficient for us to know that the toning bath plays a very important part in our photographic work, and although its action is imperfectly understood by chemists, yet the results of such action are not only abundantly in evidence, but most of our prints would present a very sorry appearance if they were deprived of the assistance of gold or platinum toning. As gold toning is most generally practised, and is the simplest in the hands of beginners, I propose to-night to confine my remarks to that system, leaving the toning of prints by means of platinum to be dealt with at some future time ; with the action of lead, etc., I also propose to have nothing to do. You all know that although in some cases the prints have a marvellously beautiful colour when they come from the printing frame, in the majority of instances they are too red to look pleasing, but it may be the experience of fewer that if a print—I am, of course, speaking of the albumen, or gelatino, or collodio-chloride print—be fixed without toning, it will be of a foxy red, or a disagreeable yellowish tint. In this state too, it will not be in such a favourable condition for the resisting of the various agents of destruction which waylay it at every turn, such as light, exposure to the atmosphere, to damp, or to sulphuretted hydrogen, which is continually present in the atmosphere in the neighbourhood of civilization, and which abounds in the vicinity of every large city. To correct the reddish colour of the print, and to render it capable of better enduring the above-mentioned and all other destructive agents, is the office of the toning bath, and whether gold or platinum be used, the ultimate goal is the same. The toning bath which is most generally used, and which I recommend—and I give this on the authority of the : ] : THE WOMBAT. 79 best and most careful photographers in the world—is that known as the alkaline gold toning bath, the desired tone being obtained in this bath, and the prints, after subsequent washing, being fixed in the customary manner with hypo- sulphite of soda (strictly speaking thiosulphite of soda.) If a print, after the preliminary washing which is given it in order to get rid of free silver, acid, etc., were treated with a weak solution of chloride (or terchloride) of gold, it would gradually become bleached, and the red image would change to blue, because the chloride of gold on coming into contact with the reduced silver forming ‘the image would be decom- posed, and while the metallic “gold, being set free, would be attracted to and deposited on the print, the nascent chlorine would attack the image and convert it into chloride of silver again, and, on the print being fixed only the gold would be left, the chloride of silver being soluble in hypo., and we would get a very faint, sickly image; so in practice it is customary to combine with the “chloride of gold some chemical which will take up the chlorine more readil y than the silver forming the image will, thus leaving the gold to be deposited on the image, and yet not re-converting the reduced silver into chloride. Various salts are used for this purpose, that used generally for gelatine and_collodion prints being sulphocy- anide of ammonium, while for albumen prints the various. salts of sodium (acetate, carbonate, phosphate, tungstate, bi-borate, borax, &c.), and the chloride and carbonate of lime are used, as these, having a greater affinity for the chlorine than the image has, take it up as it is set free from the gold, and prevent it bleaching the print. When the: print is immersed in this bath a chemical change is started, the solution being decomposed in a manner, and the gold, leaving its solution of ter- chloride, is attached to. the surface of the silver forming the image. .The solution is not com- pletely decomposed, for in many instances it may be made as good and active by the mere addition to it of more ter-chloride of gold, the other part of its composition seeming to remain. practically the same as before, but for our purpose and for convenience of illustration we may sucae of the action as a species of decomposition. The deposited metallic gold is of a blue colour, and as this gradually covers over the red organic compound of silver forming the print, it changes its tint precisely as would: be the case were a blue transparent pigment to be laid over the red one, the mixture of red and blue making first purple and then, if the action of the bath be continued for a sufficient length of time, violet. In the latter case a considerable quantity of gold is reduced and deposited on the print, and all other things being equal, the precise shade which the: 8o THE WOMBAT. print ultimately assumes between red and blue is in direct relation to the quantity of gold which it receives. This does not always hold good, however, but under ordinary circum- stances it is correct. The goid also gives greater permanence, as was before remarked, gold being one of the most indestructible of metals, and the greater the quantity of it which can be deposited on a print, the greater the chance of permanence. Thus, dilute and slow-working baths are better than those which are strong and fast working, as the question of -colour being considered, a greater quantity of gold is thrown down from a dilute bath in order to produce a given effect, than is reduced from a very energetic bath in a more concen- ‘trated condition. This was proved years ago, and Mr. W. K. Burton drew attention to it several years since. (To be continued.) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS (‘ON SO: VICTORIAN VCOCeIDAY: By JAMES LIDGETT. It is not intended that this paper should appear as any- thing more than a compilation of disconnected notes on the habits, distribution and general characters of the species which it includes? The study of Coccids has lately been receiving a good deal of attention chiefly on account of Mr. Maskell having placed the family under a very clear and satistactory -classification, and I think such insects as Icerya purchast, Mask. or Brachyscelis munita, Schrader, are as interesting as any known: indeed the whole family offers unlimited scope for observation. Coccids belong to the order Homoprera, and are closely allied to the Aphidide or ‘ plant lice,” so that it is often very puzzling and difficult to detect the difference without very careful microscopical examination. Without a microscope a lepidopterist or a coleopterist may get on admirably, but a Coccidist would soon fall into innumerable difficulties. When fixed or stationary on the branches or leaves of plants in their earlier stages even a specialist may pass them by as aphids. They are cosmopolitan, and have been studied in Europe since the days of Reaumur and Linnzus, but a list of authors and THE WOMBAT. SI their works would here be out of place, and anybody wishing to turn his attention to the study of this interesting family of insects will find an excellent bibliography including some 25, authors in the “‘ Transactions of the New Zealand Institute”’ page 7-8, 1891. The only Victorian publications containing notes on Coccids, so far as I know, are ‘‘ The Handbook to the Destructive Insects of Victoria”? part I. and II? and “The Victorian Naturalist ’—which contain several papers by Mr. C. French, and I understand that Mr. E. H. Gurney read a paper before the meeting in Sydney of the Australasian Association, ‘‘on the Colouring Matter of Eriococcus eucaly pti, Mask. and Ceroplastes rubens. Mask,’ which will 1 think be published in the ‘‘ Transactions”’ of the Association ; so that the list of Victorian writers on the subject is not very long. Mr. |. G. O. Tepper, of Adelaide, has contributed some very useful papers on the sub-family Brachysceline to the Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A.,and Mr. W. W. Froggatt, of Sydney, has also written a good deal of interesting matter concerning gall-coccids in the Agric. Gazette of N.S.W., and some excellent papers appear under his name in Proceedings Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales. The Coccide live either singly or together on various: plants—sometimes on the twigs and leaves; sometimes on the trunk and large branches, and a few species are sub- terranean; living on the roots of plants; e.g. Dactylopius poe, Maskell, D. afinis. Maskell and D. similans, Lidgett, of this paper. ‘They obtain their nourishment as do all Homopterous insects by means of a protruding rostrum which. can usually be seen by the aid of an ordinary lens, between the first pair of legs. There are several hollow curling bristles. springing from the point of the rostrum, andit is through these hollow tubes that the insect obtains its food—the sap of the plant. They are subject to the attacks of various parasitical insects, chiefly hymenoptera, and birds occasionally feed on them. The Coccide belong to the ‘‘monomerous division” of the Homoptera, i.e., insects, with only one joint in the tarsus or fourth joint of the leg, and another distinguishing character is the presence of a single claw terminating the foot. If, when examining an insect, it is seen to have a single terminating claw, it may at once be set down as a Coccid. The females in all stages of existence are destitute of wings, and in some cases apodous, e.g. Diaspidine and Lecanide. ‘The males are very pretty little winged flies without organs for feeding or digesting food, their only duty apparently being to assist in the perpetuation of their species. The adult males of many Species are as yet unknown, and in those species where they have been observed they present a remarkable similarity in size, colour, and form. 82 THE WOMBAT. Mr. W. M. Maskell has very briefly stated the disting- uishing characters of the Coccide as follows (Scale Insects of New Zealand, page 8, plate I, 1887) :— (1) ‘The presence of only one joint in the tarsus, or fourth joint of the leg, in both females and males. (2) ‘* The presence of only a single claw terminating the leg in both females and males. (3) ‘‘The presence of only two wings, with two halteres in the full-grown males (pl. XX1I.) (4) ‘*The presence of two or more eyes or ocular tubercles, in addition to the usual pair of eyes in the full-grown males (pls. I and VIII).” The name Coccide is from the Greek kokkos, which denotes a rich red dye. Cochineal is a product of an insect of this family—Kermes vermilio, Planchon (Coccus ilicis, Linn.), and such Victorian Coccids as Eriococcus eucalypti, Mask. and some Dactylopi produce material which may possibly be used for similar purposes in future years. Coccids are generally known by the vernacular name of ‘* Scale-insects””—a term now pretty generally abandoned by authors in favour of ‘‘ Coccids,’ as the former name often proves misleading and confusing; although several genera are distinguished by the form and size of the test (or ‘‘scale.”) e.g. Aspidiotus, Lecanium, there are many species which secrete quite a large quantity of mealy cotton—Dactylopi— and have no sign of a test ‘‘or scale,” while others produce hard woody galls as large as a hen’s egg—Brachysceline —so that the name of ‘‘ Scale-insects ” only applies toa very small portion of the family. No general rule can be said to exist as to “‘ where to find Coccids,” for they may be found occupying any position; and I think it here necessary to point out the value of every collector carefully noting the fosition of all specimens; the locality, date, and above all, the botanical name of the host plant: for the practical or economical part of entomology consists of such data, and the natural history ot a species is incomplete without it; and after all it is the economical part of entomology (or science in general) that most concerns the progress of mankind. In the present paper I have been anticipated in regard to some species, but the old saying that ‘« All eyes see not things alike,” is a true one, and what may escape the eye of one writer may be apparent to that of another. make no apology for adding additional notes to species lready described. ee ee ei eee Ne SA DOGO AA LOLA TP aR THE WOMBAT. 83 As a rule Coccids are injurious to vegetation, especially in warm and temperate regions. They have been reported from all parts of the world—from ‘‘ China to Peru ’’—and perhaps Australia furnishes a greater number than any other country yet known. In cold climates they only occur in hot houses and green-houses, therefore gardeners are often familiar with them. As there is scarcely a eucalypt in Victoria free from Coccids, the student of the family has unlimited scope for observation. Of course there are such insects as Pseudococcus casuarine, Maskell, which appear to have a very restricted range, the one named being, so far as I know, only recorded from Myrniong. In 1891 I furnished specimens of this insect to Mr. Maskell, who named it, and included it in his paper of 1892, N.Z. Trans. It was plentiful in 1891, yet since then I have been unable to find any trace of it. In the specimens observed (perhaps several score), no sign of parasitism was discovered. Can anyone suggest why certain insects appear in unusually large numbers after an almost entire absence of them for several years; or why others disappear equally suddeniy. It is all very well to say ‘‘natural conditions’ were favourable or unfavourable (?) But what conditions could be unfavourable to insects such as Pseudococcus casuarine, where no parasitical enemies are known to exist. The Coccids of Victoria.present many such - interesting and peculiar phases well worthy of consideration. There are already many Coccids in this colony imported from other lands, and as they are so easily brought on trees or plants—even on sawn or hewn timber—it is not to be wondered at. In these days of rapid communication many Coccids are thus spread over the world, and it is unfortunately too often the case that insects thus introduced find more suitable quarters in their new home, and in the absence of their natural enemies often become serious pests. For instance—‘‘ The Cotton Cushion Scale” (Icerya purrhasi Mask.). which was accidentally introduced into North America some years ago, threatened the extinction of the orange groves in California, and this was only prevented by the timely introduction from Australia of Vedalia cardinalis, a parasitic coleopterous insect, which luckily soon stamped ‘out the pest. Lecanium hesperidum, Linn., has clearly thus been scattered far and. wide over the earth’s surface, and Dactylopius adonidum, Linn., bids fair to have a world-wide distribution. A few remarks about the principle of Coccid classification may not be out of place. Systematic working entomologists find it necessary to amass collections, and the time has passed away when two or three specimens were considered sufficient to represent a species in a collection, indeed forty ‘or fifty, or even one hundred specimens are now necessary to 84 THE WOMBAT. show the stability or instability of a species its range and all the many points connected with it. Unfortunately systematists, as a rule, do but very little collecting, relying for supplies of specimens chiefly upon the outside public and field naturalists; and it is regrettable that two or three specimens should be considered sufficient to form the type of a new species, as has been the case with many Coccids. It is this pernicious habit of erecting anew species to receive the slightest variation that has already made the list of synonymy so long. When examining an insect it is always advisable to endeavour to find something which will agree with some known species, in preference to fossicking up some trivial variation, for it is this apparently endless ‘‘new species” craze that has brought about so much unnecessary confusion and no corresponding advantage. The diagnosis of a species. should be so framed as to embrace all the cardinal points, and also admit of any variations to which under various geologic and climatic conditions a species may be subject. The habit of naming ‘‘ varieties’ is also unnecessary and confusing. The characters which separate distinct spectes are at the best very minute, and not always readily discernible, but to make the line of demarcation narrower by introducing varietal ‘‘ forms,” or ‘‘ types,” is surely not aiming at clear- ness and convenience, still less so if mere colour and host plants be taken as a basis. The publication of M.S. names has also proved to be alien to clearness, and should be sternly repressed. Mr. T. S. Hall, M.A., in a lecture before: the Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria, lately spoke very clearly as to the inconvenience occasioned by the publication of M.S. names. I also think it necessary to point out to those who have the responsibility of naming new species, or of classification in general the wanton way in which individual names are used for specific, and even generic purposes. Mr. D. McAlpine in a paper on ‘ Botanical Nomenclature with special reference to Fungi,” published by the Australasian Association, 1893, speaks very plainly on this subject, and his remarks are so applicable to the family Coccide that I take the following extract from it. ‘‘ If anew form is worthy of a distinctive name, then surely there is something distinct- ive about it which can be expressed in the specific name....... Speaking as a teacher and in the interests of science, I would appeal to those who have the responsibility of naming new forms, to give us such names as will linger in the memory, and serve to recall some important feature of form, or habit, ofmusent At this juncture I think all students of Coccids will join. in deploring the loss of Mr. W. M. Maskell, of the Wellington THE WOMBAT suLy 1898 = 7 _\_JAMESLIDGETT DELT AT NAT COCCID/E Hiya cKeR Liry. PLaTeE / eT ee 4 2 j THE WOMBAT sty 1898 JAMES LIDGETT DEL? AT. NAT. E Gack e Lint COCCID4e= PLATE 2 ett ete THE WOMBAT. 85 University, N.Z., whose death in May of the present year deprives entomology of one ofits brightest ornaments. Maskell named, figured and described a larger number of Coccids than any other entomologist past or present, and he is generally recognised as the highest authority on the family—or indeed on any of the families of the Homoptera. He did a great deal towards placing the Psyllide on a satisfactory footing, and his contributions toa ‘“‘ Monagraph of the Aleurodide,” a family of Homoptera, are unprecedented. But Coccids were his favourite study, and during the last 20 years his systematic notes on Coccids appeared with unceasing regularity in the Tians. N.Z. Inst., and stray papers under his name have appeared in Indian Museum Notes, The Entomologists Monthly Miararime EI: S.NiS)W)..\\and Trans.) Koy, Soc. SiA.. His book on the Scale Insects of New Zealand, 1887, awakened the interest of Australian Entomologists, and since then probably Over 100 species have been named by him from specimens fur- nished to him from the colonies and Pacific Islands, so that Maskell may rightly be called the pioneer Australasian Coccidist, Maskell steadfastly kept in view the clearness and simplicity which everywhere pervade his work, and in reply to some critics in 1891 he says :—‘‘ The classification which I have used is, to me, the simplest, the best, and most con- venient. Others are perfectly free to adopt it or not, as they please. I claim that it puts the family Coccide before the student in the clearest and completest way, and so thinking I propose to adhere to it.” During the 20 years or so that his classification was presented to the world Maskell made many friends in all parts, and anyone who has kept upa corres- pondence with him for many years as I have done will greatly feel his loss ; his kindness in identifying specimens, and his untiring enthusiasm in assisting others, are also well known. In paying this tribute to the memory of W. M. Maskell, I can merely add that his death makes a gap not easily filled. The Coccide have been divided into six sub-families, viz. (1) Diaspidine. (4) Coccine. (2) Lecanine. (5) Monophlebinz. (3) Hemicoccine. (6) Brachysceline. According to Maskell they are characterised (the first four) as follows :—Scale Ins. N.Z. p. 37-38, 1887. Diaspidine. Larve active, naked; adult females and pupe stationary, covered with separate shields or puparia, composed partly of secretion, partly of the earlier discarded pellicles; females apodous after larvalstage: abdomen of females not exhibiting a median cleft or dorsal lobes. 86 THE WOMBAT. Lecanine. Larve active, naked; adult females and pupe active or Stationary: adults sometimes apodous; abdomen of females exhibiting a median cleft and two dorsal lobes. Hemicoccine. Larvej active, naked, exhibiting at the abdominal extremity two protruding anal tubercles. Adult females exhibiting abdominal cleft and dorsal lobes; naked or covered with secretion. Coccine. Females in all stages exhibiting anal tubercles; no abdominal cleft or dorsal lobes: naked or covered with secretion. Monophlebine. Adult females active or stationary: naked, or covered with mealy, cottony, or waxy secretion: anal tubercles in- conspicuous: antenne of ten or eleven joints. Males with facetted eyes and no ocelli. Brachysceline. Adult females inhabiting woody galls: sometimes apodous and without antenne. The above characters have been included in this paper in the hope that it may facilitate the work of anybody desirous of turning his attention to the family, as I understand that a fire in the Government Printer’s Office, N.Z., destroyed in 18go all the unsold copies of Maskell’s Scale Jnsects 1887 ? So that the re-publicatiou of them may hereafter be of some value. In the synoptical list of genera presented with this paper, it appears that 29 genera have already been reported from Victoria. My object in including all the known Australasian genera being, that although they have as yet not been re- ported from Victoria, they may be so hereafter, and future discoveries may extend the list, and it was thought desirable to make the ‘‘ List’ as complete as possible. THE WOMBAT. 87 SNOMlICAL List OF, GENERA OF COCEID EE: GENERA. SECTION. SuB-FAmILy. ** Aspidiotus. Bouché Aonidia. Targioni-Toz. ial * Diaspis. Costa * Parlatoria. Targioni-Toz. ca * Mytilaspis wl Sue: I eliaeni. Maskell i mo Desens: * Leucaspis. Targioni-Toz. * Chionaspis. Signoret + Fiorinia. Targioni- alioz: Ischnaspis. Douglas Lecanochiton. Maskell * Ceroplastes. Gray ** Ctenochiton. Maskell * Inglisia. ‘; | *s Ceronema am Lecaninz. Lecanopsis. Targioni-Toz.- Lecanide * Pulvinaria Ms Signoretia. Targioni-Toz. ! Eriochiton. Maskell - Lecanodiaspidz | * Lecanium. Illiger | Lecanococcidze Kermes (?) Mallophora. Maskell Solenophora. Maskell | Kermitidz. Hemicoccine. \ | i ) Prosopophora. Douglas * Planchonia. ene * Rhizococcus. Acanthococcide, Gossyparia * Eriococcus. Targioni- Moz | Lachnodius. Maskell Coccine. Coccus (?) | Ripersia. Signoret | * Dactylopius. Costa (Pacty opie: * Pseudococcus. Westwood! * The Genera marked thus are represented in Victoria. THE WOMBAT. (04) (os) GENERA. SECTION. Sus-FamILy. * Sphcerococcus. Maskell ‘ Cylindrococcus. » - Idiocaccide. - Coccine. Aspisarcus. Newport | | * Monophlebus. Leach Callipapus. Guerin Leachia. Signoret * Ccelostoma. Maskell * Icerya. Signoret Margarodes. Guilding | Monophlebinze. — ——______— ‘ *Tachardia. Blanchard * Brachyscelis. Schrader | (?) '- Brachyscelinze. * Opisthoscelis in *AScelis: Schrader * Frenchia. Maskell Order Homoptera. Family Coccidea. Sub-family Lecanine. Genus Lecanium, Illiger. L. hemisphericum, Targioni-Toz. Targioni, Stud. Sulle Coccineglie, 1867, p. 27: Maskell, Scale-Ins. N.Z., 1887, p. 80- I found this species in 1895 at Sandringham on Japonica, and include it and the following species chiefly to record the distribution: I can find no reference to any previous record. in Victoria: it is a European species. L. hipernaculorum, Bowduval.—Bois. Ent. Hort., 1867, p. 337- Scale-Ins. N.Z. 1887, p. 81. This species also occurs at Sandringham on hot-house plants, and at Brighton in the openair. It is scarcely dis- tinguishable from L. hemisphericum, and may hereafter be: merged into that species. The late W. M. Maskell identified both these insects for me in 1895, and in his letter says—‘‘ The two differ chiefly in size, and are both distinguishable by somewhat regular oval markings on the epidermis under a lens. Neither species is Australian probably.” Sub-family Coccine. Genus Rhizococcus, Signoret. THE WOMBAT. &9g Adult females naked: segmented: Antenna of six or seven joints: anal tubercles conspicuous. R. grandis, Maskell.— Mask. V.Z. Trans , 1891, p. 29. Adult female dark-red: subglobular, convex; in length about $ in. Larve red: flattish: length ss in., arow of slender spines ‘runs round the margin. Hab: In Australia on Acacia longifolia. (Mask). A rather showy insect and the largest of the genus, and ‘being naked readily noticed by the collector. Mr. Maskell gives Acacia longifolia as its food plant, his specimens having been furnished to him by Mr. French on roots of that plant in 1891. I have now so often found this insect on Acacia amplexa and A. decurrens, and on one occasion on Zucalyptus rostrata at Bacchus Marsh that the species is not so restricted ‘in its range of distribution or in its host-plants as is generally supposed. In 1891 I sent a Rhizococcus to Mr. Maskell, which he named R. grandis var. spinosicr, Maskell, (.N Z. Trans. 1892, p. 230, ) and in his letter to me says, ‘‘ I can only place this insect asa “variety” of grandis at present, though at one time I had almost made up my mind torankit asspecific” For several years I was unable to do any collecting, and unfortunately no further notice has been given of this variety. Early in the present year I sent to Mr. Maskell many specimens, accom- ‘panied by notes, and my belief that it was clearly distinct from R&R. grandis, Mask. Uufortunately his lamented death prevented his replying to my letter; however his executors, as I under- stand. havesomeM S. Coccid notes which will soon be published, and awaiting such I withhold any notes on the species at present, but will deal with it in a future paper. Section Dactylopidze Maskell. Genus Dactylopius, Costa. Female insects generally covered with a mealy or waxy ‘secretion : body segmented. Antenne of eight joints: Male pupa enclosed in a cottony sac. D. aliizzia. Maskell. Plate I.; Figs. 6-10. This insect was described by Mr. Maskell (NW. 7. Trans., ‘p. 31) from specimens on A lbizzia lophanta, a West Australian go THE WOMBAT. tree. So far as I can gather it has not been recorded from that colony, and I think it quite possible—indeed probable— that the species is indigenous to Victoria, as] have found it very plentifully on Acacia dealbata at Myrniong, and at Greendale on the same plant. As the twigs were so densely covered and the usual procession of ants always 1 in attendance, I am inclined to think that Acacia dealbata is its natural food plant. Mr. Brittlebank tells me that the ‘silver wattles”’ in the Melbourne gardens are covered in places with this insect. The dark purplish colour of the adult female presents quite a singular appearance resting on a cushion of snowy-white mealy cotton. It is not uncommon to find insects in all stages on the same twig, and the adult male may often be observed hovering among the branches—an uncommon occurrence among Dactylopi. The form of the adult female is sub-globular, 4 in. in length. Antenne, normally of eight joints, sometimes only seven. The larve are 5% in. in length,. elliptical, antennze of six joints. Hab. In Victoria on A/bizzia lophanta, Acacia decurrens, at Myrniong, Werribee and Greendale. ; I should not be surprised if this insect some day is in- cluded amongst the ‘‘ Destructive Insects of Victoria.” Has. any collector of Coccids ever noticed that trees or plants growing close to or overhanging running streams, always yield better results than plants in drier situations. I have noticed it to be the case with many species, including the: present. I have taken fiorinia acacie, Mask, and an un- determined species of /nglisia, on trees for several months in. the year inundated. | D. adonidum. Linneus. A European species which is now pretty generally dis- tributed over the globe. I nowrecord it on Acacia: Casuarine at Myrniong: and on Pinus at Sandringham (passim.). D. affinis, Maskell—Maskell V. Z. Trans. 1893, p. 90. Adult female pinkish; length about tin. Powdered with thin white meal on the dorsum; distinctly segmented ;. at gestation the insect forms a small thin white posterior ovisac. Antenne of eight joints, all of which bear several hairs ;. feet slightly pubescent ; rather long and slender ; digitules. four ; anal ring compound, with six hairs. Adult male unknown, THE WOMBAT. gI Hab. In Australia on tubers of Dahlia and potatoes, underground at Sydney, N. S. Wales. The above extracts are from Mr. Maskell’s original des- cription in W. 4. Trans , 1893, and if my identification becorrect, the following species would appear to be very closely related to it in the general characters as well as in habits. D. similans, Lidgett. sp. nov. Plate I., figs. 1-5. Adult female reddish brown in colour powdered with pure white meal, so thick in most cases as to obscure the ground colour and to leave the impression that the insect is pure white; body deeply and distinctly segmented ; elliptical, oniscorn or rather more flattish. A marginal fringe of cylindrical cottony filaments projects at each side, being half as long as the width of the body—one such filament springing from each segment ; the two on the last abdominal segment being twice as long as the rest, and between them there is generally much cotton; anal tubercles small and incon- spicuous, forming at gestation a large white cottony ovisac containing brown oval eggs. Feet long and slender, the second pair projecting beyond the body when walking, dark red in colour; upper digitules fine hairs, lower pair much shorter; antennz of eight joints, sub-equal, each joint bearing several hairs. enti sim: to fam Width, ae in. Larve white; elliptical, convex, active. Feet long and slender ; antenne of six joints. Length, #5 in. Male unknown. Hab. In Victoria underground on roots of daphne at Myrniong. It was thought necessary to include a brief description of D. afinis, Waskell, as this insect seems to come very near to it and indeed to all other Victorian subterranean species, but it differs from them all in the granular character of the mealy or cottony secretion. WD. similans is larger than D. afinis, and the long single projecting fringe is sufficient to separateit. It offers an approach to D. adonidum, Linn., but then there are no signs of the “‘ dorsal band” and D. adonidum is aerial, while D. similans is clearly subterranean. Q2 THE WOMBAT. This species belongs to that division of Coccids which includes the ‘‘mealy bugs,” and Mr. Maskell his said some- where that it may someday be found necessary to unite these insects and place them as ‘‘varieties” of WU. adondum, Linneus However, the above characters are at present aufficient to place D. similans as specifically distinct. EHriococcus eucalyptt. Maskell. Plate Tye iosistanmae I have figured this insect chiefly on account of it being one of the most constant, yet most misunderstood species, occurring in Victoria. It is so often confounded with #. teppert. SMask., that I have thought it advisable to give figures of both: (Bursaria and. Eucalyptus are given as host-plants for both.) The chief difference between them is the seven- pointed antenne of #. euca/ypti. The normal antennce of E. tenpert having only six joints. There is but little difference in size, being 7: in. in length. Indeed it is not improbable that £. tepperi may hereafter be placed as a ‘‘ variety.” I have collected this species on many widely different orders of plants, but circumstances make it impossible for me to prolong these ‘notes,’ and as I intend to continue a course of “* Field Notes on Victorian Coccids,” I will leave a list of the host-plants, with other personal observations on the habits of this insect, to be contained therein. E. tepperi, Maskell. Plate 1.3 Figs. 14-17. During a recent visit to Blackwood I found this insect occurring literally in thousands on the young “‘messmate ” trees, Hucalyptus obliqua, in the forest between Ballan and Trentham. At first I considered them to be £. eucalypti, and indeed with a lens I could detect no difference between them and my type specimens of #. eucalypti, as determined by Mr. Maskell for me in 1892. So that it was not until I had mounted them that I found my mistake. In a letter dated March 1st, 1892, Mr. Maskell says—‘‘I gave this name originally because it first came to me on Eucalyptus, but I have since so often had it on Bursaria, and now from you on Acacia that the specific name is not always applicable, but it must stand for the future ” Sub-family—Monophlebinez. Signoret. Genus—lIcerya. Signoret. THE WOMBAT. 93 IT purchasi. Maskell. Known as the ‘‘ Cottony Cushion Scale;” occurs plenti- fully at Bacchus Marsh on oranges, and Mr. D. A. Little, C. E., tells me that his hedge of Podocarpus is covered with them. Sub-family—Brachyscelinz. Genus ~ Brachyscelis, Schrader. B. munita, Schrader. Plate I1.; Figs. 7-10. This peculiar gall often presents a very remarkable appearance when clustered together in masses of forty or fifty at the end of quite athin branch. The small male galls are generally fixed to the side of those formed by the female. The keenest observers have failed to understand how an insect such as this is capable of mysteriously forming large woody galls without apparently any organs for the purpose. Hab.—On Lucalyp'us robusta (South Australia.) On £. goniocalyx at Werribee Gorge, Victoria. Brachyscelis(?) Plate I1.; Fig. 19. I am not quite satisfied whether thisis B. munita or not. Pig. to) on! Plate lll. gives a very adequate idea of it. I forwarded two specimens to Mr. Maskell during last year, and in his letter he says—‘‘ I cannot find any description to suit this remarkable gall coccid.”” Since then I have sent a drawing of it to Mr. W. W. Froggatt, Government Entomolo- gist, New South Wales, who says—‘‘there is, I think, no doubt that the drawing you sent is that of B. munita.’ So far I have only seen six specimens, and am not sufficiently acquainted with the general characters of the adult female myself to do any more at present than leave the insect with a note of interrogation. B. urnalis, Tepper. B. Schraderi, Olliff., Ms. Plate II. ; Figs. 1-6. I am indebted to Mr. Froggatt for the identification of this insect, who tells me that this is the first time it has been recorded as Victorian Hab.—Mr. Tepper gives Hucalyptus uncinata as the South Australian host-plant. It probably infests many species of Eucalyptus, as I have found it on HL goniocalyx at Werribee and £# leucorylon at Myrniong: indeed so thick were the galls on one occasion that they seemed to take the place of leaves, as not a single leaf could be seen, and I have no doubt that a cwt. of the galls could have been collected from one tree. 94 THE WOMBAT. B. strombylosa, Tepper. Plate II.; Figs. 11-14. I am indebted to Mr. Froggatt, for the identification of this species also. It forms a most remarkable gall. as shown in the illustration, and appears to be somewhat plentiful on Fucalyptus sp. at Werribee Gorge. Brachyscelis sp. Plate II.; Figs. 15-18. A very rare insect, and is no doubt a Brachyscelid. 1 have several specimens from Bacchus Marsh on £. robustu. Limitation of space prevents me adding any further notes on this species, and indeed on several other species included, but the introductory part of this paper was deemed indispensable in view of subsequent papers, and it is hoped that the two plates will compensate for any such omissions. THE WOMBAT. INDEX TO, PLATES. Plate I. Fig, 1.—Dactylopius similans, Lidgett. - Fig. 2— {i = Fig. Se ” ” 7 Fig. (Ng yy ” x Fig. Si ” ” r Fig. 6.—Dactylopius albizzice, Mask - Pip, 7. is On ; Fig. 8,— f, - Fig. g.— a0 ” 3 Fig. 10.— Dp ” 5 Fig. 11.— Eriococcus eucalypti, Mask. Fig. 12.— ” ” z Fig. 13.— i _ = Fig. 14.—Eriococcus tepperi, Mask. - Fig. 15.— ¥ * - Fig. 16.— 33 ms = Fig. 17.— 30 " 5 Plate Il. Fig. 1.—Brachyscelis urnalis - Fig. 2.— ” ” = Figs. 3.— * 5) - Fig. 4.— ey Py) : Fig. 5.— ri ve - Fig. 6.— - my - Fig. 7.—Brachyscelis munita - Fig. 8.— a ty - Fig. 9.— rv Fe - Fig. 10.— bys Fa - Fig, 11.—Brachyscelis strombylosa - Fig. 12.— a sp - Fig. 13.— % ” : Fig, 14.— op » 5 Fig. 15.— Brachyscelis Sp. - Fig. 16.— ; » 5 Fig. 17.— 7) 5p - Fig. 18.— 53 3h - Fig. 19.— Brachyscelis (?) - Insects on Daphne roots Adult female, dorsal view Adult female with ovisac Pygidium of female Antenna of female Insects on twig Adult female, dorsal view Larva Four joints of male antenna Foot of female Insects on twig Larva Antenna of female Insects on twig and leaf Adult female Sac of male, pupa Foot of female Galls on twig Adult female Gall cut open Pygidium of female Showing end of gall Foot of larva Galls on twig Adult female Pygidium of female Male galls cut open Galls on twig Adult female, ventral view Adult female, side view Gall cut open Galls on twig Gall cut open Foot Foot of larva Gall, natural size N.B.-- All the Figures in Plate II. are natural size except 4, 6, 9, 17, 18. 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CLOSE TO BATHS, RAILWAY, SHIPPING & GARDENS. For SADDLERY & HARNESS | JAS. STRONG & BROS., None better than Boot & Shoe ALEC LOWE, MANUFACTURERS & IMPORTERS, LITTLE MALOP ST. (Next Prince of Wales Hotel.) MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG.» All Stable Requisites kept in Stock Sole Agent for SOLOMON’S SOLUTION. H. McGREGOR, SAIL, TENT & TARPAULIN MAKER MOORABOOL STREET, (Next Strachan, Bostock & Co.) R. OSTERBERG, Tent & Tarpaulin Maker TOP OF MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG, (Opposite J. H. Storren’s.) Flags, Tents and Marquees for Sale or on hire. J. HAMMERTON & SON, JEWELLERS, ENGRAVERS, DESIGNERS, WHOLESALE & RETAIL. OPTICIANS, LAPIDARIES, LITTLE RYRIE STREET, GEELONG, Pe pa Gold and Silver Medals awarded for Jewellery. : aK Marquees and Flags for Sale or Hire, SUNNY BAY DAIRY, COWIES GREEK MICHELL BROS., Wholesale & Retail Dairymen, PAKINGTON STREET, GEELONG WEST. The favor of your Patronaee and Recommendation appreciated. Chaff supplied direct eon the Farm. DRINK WJ. BROCKWELL’S HOP BEER, ATRATED WATERS & CORDIALS, TROPHIES, BADGES, GOLD and SILVER JEWELLERY in Stock or Made to Order, Gold, Silver and Stones in Rough Bought. es The Rush eis FOR OUR Photo Goods Speaks volumes for the excellence of our Stock. H. Thacker, Photo Supply stores, Burie street. gies BA RSs eed re «~ THETAZ’S ~ Wine Vaults and Cate, JAMES STREET, GEELONG. The Very Best Wines only in Stock. Wao Tha Mae oni cos. MATURING & BOTTLING under the direct supervision of Mr. Thetaz, who has had 50 years’ experience. Sacramental Wines a Specialty, sm: Co Week WAN Eats, COMPLETE HOUSE FURNISHER, 65 & 67 LITTLE RYRIE ST., GEELONG, (Next to Robinson, Burns & Sparrow’s Saleyards.) All Furniture al Bedding Mathifacuuned on the Premises. A Specialty made of Repairing, Polishing and Upholstering. ceaR. ROBINSON, = 68 MYERS STREET, GEELONG. PLUMBER, GASFITTER, AND BELLHANGER. eee eee INSTRUCTOR GORDON TECHNICAL COLLEGE. Hot Water Circulation, Lead Burning, and Sanitary Drainage a Speciality. ESTIMATES GIVEN. Ap Ie aeen ee | Se). COLVV, Eu Ny. | HOMEOPATHIC GHEMIST, °G-ecsite ‘cost Greics) GEELONG. Natara—Dries up a Cold in the Head in a few hours. | Tinct. Hupatorium Perfoliatum for Influenza. , Specifies for this Malady. ‘Tinct. Sticta Pulmonaria for Infiuenza. Phosphorine—Nervous Debility. Homeopathic Tincture of Podophyllin, for Biliousness, eonpestion of the Liver, Constipation, Sick Headache, Jaundice, é&e ‘The Perfect Cure for Corns & Warts—Price Is. 6d. ALBERT T. OWEN. Teed & Se 3 Es 2s +S Agent for ‘‘RED BIRD” and “BLACK BIRD” Cycles FOR ALL CYCLE AND GENERAL REPAIRS TRY ALEX. WHIRELAMA RYRIE SL., GEELONG (Opp. H. Thacker’s). All Work Guaranteed. Charges Moderate. Country Orders Promptly Attended to. Bicycles Stabled. DENTISTRY. KK OK + cS. R. J- MAWSON, 201, MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. Laughing Gas, &c., administered. Extractions, 2s. 6d. ¢ SB) GAY MY @: Se) DB DZ ® AP) |p) GIKY. “WH. (SUMMERFIELD “JONES Begs to draw attention to his New and Varied Stock of Fancy Goods, Music, &c., suitable for Wedding and Birthday Gifts. The Premises have been enlarged to meet increased. business. Inspection invited. W. SUMMERFIELD JONES, 108 Moorabool St. Orders Promptly attended to. McMILLAN & BRAIM, J. Godfrey McMillan, A.R.V.I.A. T. H. Braim, C.E. ARCHITECTS. CLVIL ENGINEERS AUTHORISED SURVEYORS, HOPETOUN CHAMBERS, RYRIE STREET. LICENSED UNDER TRANSFER OF LAND STATUTE. THE BEST IS ALWAYS THE CHEAPEST. McPHILLIMY BROS. COUGH DROPS ARE THE BEST REMEDY FOR COUGHS AND COLDS. I —s=$ EVERY LOZENGE STAMPED McPHILLIMY BROS. ==<— Obtainable from all leading Merchants and Confectioners. ASK FOR McPHILLIMY BROS. ONLY. R. Collins Hocking, emmmrmrer renerun se Bye (i 1 ©) 2 2 PRICES MODERATE. TELEPHONE 41. (opp. Bank of Victoria) MALOP ST. a WKB IE.” Published by the Gordon Technical Colte meccani.t the Allied Associations. ise Zoology 9 40 LOL OCT 23 1243 ) CULL Lt Vor. IV.—No. 1. NOVEMBER, 1808. No. 13. All communications to be addressed to the editor, Mr. H. E. Hill, at the Gordon Technical College, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. The editor is not responsible for the statements in any paper. NOWES. DEALING with the subject of the acclimatisation of animals, in the report of the proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference of Producers’ of “W.'A’,) an article by’ Mr.) ‘R.°’ Helms, contains the following remarks :—‘‘ 1 am very much opposed to indiscriminate acclimatisation regarding reputed beneficial animals. With the best meant intentions great bunglings have been committed, of which Australia may furnish sufficient examples. Even in connection with the acclimatisation of humble bees, this work has been bungled. The two species introduced into New Zealand are Bombus terrestris and B. hortorum. ‘The first is useless for the fertilisation of clover because it is one of the two species whose tongue is too short for reaching the nectaries, and, as already stated, it bites holes at the base of flowers, and B. hortorum, according to Hermann Muller, the famous observer and author on the fertilisation of flowers by insects, never visits red clover in Germany. It appears, however, that in New Zealand this insect has taken to visiting clover, which, if true, has proved that the well- intentioned, though bungling acclimatisation of it, has been a success against all rational expectation.” Publications for the library should be addressed to the hon. librarian at the college. The hon. curators of the museum beg to acknowledge with thanks receipt of the following :—O. Agric. Jnl., Vol IL., Part 6 land) Vol: T1]%, Parts;z and 2, Vol..1, Part 1; Cat. Aust. 2 THE WOMBAT. Birds Aust. Mus., Parts 1 and 2 (new edition); Records Aust. Mus., Vol. III, No.4; Rpt. Aust. Mus. for 1897, from the Australian Museum; The Victorian Naturalist, Vol. XV, Nos. 1, 2 and 4; a Maori-English Lexicon from Rev. W. Colenso ; Statistical Register of Cape Colony, 1897; Producer’s Gazette of W.A., Vol. V, No. 5; Producer's Gazette and Settler's Record, Vol. V, Part 5; Annual Rpt. Bureau of Agtic of WLAs, 1897; Proc, Roy. 50c.)dinburei Vol eoae The Geelong Naturalist, Vol. VI, No. 4; Proc. Roy. Soc., Q.; Advantages of Early Sowing and Diversity of Crops, Vol. V, Part 2) Perth, WoAL > Pi Royall GazettesmNonsor 1898; Abstracts of Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., July and Oet., 1898: Agric. Ledger, 1897, Nos. 18-20 (India); Technical Art Series (Architectural Plates 1-14) (India) ; Agric. Gazette Of NES. Wr Viole Bart 75 NE Si We: rans. one Geove Soc. Aust. (Vic. branch); The Library World, Vol. I, No. 1 ; Trans: Roys Socvs.20, Vol S@ay Panta; rans NeZasinste Vol. XXX; Proc. Roy. Soc. O, Vol. XIII ; Handbook to the Manchester Museum and Rpt. for ’97-98; Calendar M‘Gill Coll and Uniy.; Melbourne Univ. Calendar; Rept. 1st Part Intox. Drinks Inquiry Comm. Sydney ; Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic., Vol. XI, Part 1; Obsvns. Meteorology, &c., Melb. to June, ’97 ; Kpt. of a Beetle destroying boots and shoes in Sydney ; Obsvns. Meteorol., &c., Royal Alfred Obsvty, Mauritius, 1896 ; The, Plant) World; jol.of- Agric... S2A. Vol yl waNionnals Calendar Dpt. Public Instruction, N.S.W., 1898 ; Cal. Univ. Coll., Sheffield ; Commercial Arithmetic by Pendlebury and Beard (the publishers); Rpt. Statistical Bureau, Govt. of India, 1898; The Naturalists’ Jnl., Vol. VII, No. 5; The Para- dise of the Pacific (I* Hoogs, Honolulu); Catalogue Mass. Inst. Tech.; Models of Fruit (Mr... E. ill); Fungi, Mr. R. Mockridge; several Snakes, Mr. E. Trotter; Hammerhead Shark (?) GORDON), COUPE GE. A Maal Wik PHOVOGRAPEM CW ASSOCIAIION: Tue Annual Meeting was held in July, and the following officers were elected :—Life Member and Patron, Mr. Philip Russell; President, Mr. H. G. Roebuck; Trustees, Messrs. H. G. Roebuck, A. Purnell and R. C. Hocking; Vice- presidents, Messrs. W. H. Thacker and J. Farr Dentry ; Question Box Editor, Mr. C. O. Dentry; Librarian, Mr. R. Mockridge; Assistant-librarians, Messrs. H. Wadelton and H. Drew; Press Correspondent, Mr. W. Westacott, Entertain- ment Committee, Messrs. Mockridge, M‘Phillimy, Thacker, THE WOMBAT. 3 Westacott and C. O. Dentry ; Committee, Messrs. Brinsmead, C. O. Dentry, Bratley, M‘Philliimy and Mawson; Lantern Bngineers,; Messrs. Mawson, di. Dentry, J...F.,Dentry, Brinsmead, Hocking, Bratley, Smith and J. Wadelton ; Auditors, Messrs. M‘Phillimy and Mawson; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. R. Collins Hocking; Hon. Sec., Mr. J. Hammerton, jn. ; Hon. Assistant-Sec., Mr. J. Wadelton. The treasurer’s statement was very satisfactory, showing a surplus of £5 17s. 6d. out of receipts amounting to £81 odd. The sum of £35 had been spent in a new triunial lantern : by the assistance of members who purchased debentures, the club was enabled to secure as fine a public lantern as any in the colony at a gift. The roll showed a large increase of members. The following trophies have been presented for competition during the session: —Half Plate Dallmeyer Stigmatic Lens, Messrs. Baker and Rouse; Hand Camera, Mr. J. H. M‘Phillimy, and Wrophies, Messrs. W. H. Thacker, J. Farr Dentry and W. Jel wingns Mr. A. Purnell, late Secretary Gordon College, Mr. J. H. Harvey, Sec. V.A.P.A., and Mr. R. Harvie, have been elected life hon. members for valuable services to the Asso- ciation in the past. 16/7/98. Lantern night. 58 slides were shown, and the remarks of the judge (Mr. J. H. Harvey) were read by the sec., and were much appreciated. |. Wadelton, 1; G. H. Brinsmead, 2; S. Mawson, 3. 22/7/98. Business Meeting. Several new members elected. Rules altered to the effect that no one shall be on the roll as a country member who lives within five miles of the Geelong P.O. Competition :—Art Portraiture (bromide). Class A.:—G. H. Brinsmead, 1; J. Wadelton, 2; J. H. M‘Phillimy, 3. Glass pa: bie wvadelton. 1 anda: 27/7/98. Mr. G. H. Brinsmead gave an interesting paper on ‘‘ Beginner’s failures and how to avoid them.” 5/8/98. Mr. T. Baker (Baker and Rouse) gave a highly interesting practical evening on ‘ Simplex Paper.” 12/8/98. Evening spent with enlarging lantern. 19/8/98. Practical Work. ‘Toning by the secretary. 26/8/98. Business Meeting. Mr J. H. Harvey showed collection of beautiful stereo views of Norfolk Island. Com- petition :—Christ Church. 4 THE WOMBAT. Class A.:—]. Wadelton, W. Thacker and J. M‘Phillimy equal. Class B.:—H. Wadelton, 1; Miss Howard, 2, eUTnGloetheles Rotten: 10/9/98. Afternoon at Werribee with the V.A.P.A. 16/9/98. Smoke Social. Mr. Dentry showed a new idea in printing frames, which was considered a great improve- ment. 23/9/98. Business Meeting. Competition. Home Life. Class B.:—H. Potter, 1; H. Wadelton, 2. Enlargements :—( October. The Xmas Card Competition. Class A.:—W. Thacker, 1; G. H. Brinsmead, 2; J. H. M‘Phillimy, 3. @lass™ B= Hi Porter, ae") fudees, i Messrs i) emuny. W.adelton and Hammerton. Mr. Ham’s trophies for best pictures prize stock at Agricultural Show :— Best Blood Stallion, J. Wadelton Judges: Messrs. J m Drepey %) » His. UberkchaCe@? 59 ony ” ,, Shorthorn Bull, G. H. iBainerneed So It was decided to visit Anglesea River on the 8th and gth November. GORDON) COLLEGES ClLENCGCE GiB: 4/7/98. Monthly Meeting. Resignations of Mr. A. Purnell and Rev. J. Cameron accepted with regret. Paper by Mr. A. Miller, on ‘‘ Our Boys and our Industries.” Dis- cussion on paper. 21/7/98. Annual Meeting. Resignations of Messrs. McPhillimy and Kerr received. Messrs. G. R. King and H. P. Wilks elected members. The balance-sheet showed a surplus of £5. Decided to vote £1 1s. to the Mueller Fund. Office-bearers were elected as follows :—Patrons, Professors W. C. Kernot and W. Baldwin Spencer, and Mr. L. H. Lindon, M.A.; President, Mr. J. Wighton ; Vice-presidents, Messrs. R. Mockridge and A. Miller; Hon. Treasurer, Mr.) J. }.|Dentry ; Committees Messrs. Fletcher, Pohl, Hammerton, Renton and Taylor ; Auditors, Messrs. Mawson and Hocking; Hon. Sec., Mr. J. B. Leitch; Hon. Assistant-Sec. and Press Correspondent, Mr. C. T. Seeley. ‘HE WOMBAT. is 1/8/98. Business Meeting. 18/8/98. Monthly Meeting. Mr. A. Miller in chair. Lecturette on ‘‘ Taxidermy,” by Mr. J. Hammerton. The lecturer showed how to skin and preserve birds, fish, and other animals, and offered to assist any member who wished it. 5/9/98. Business Meeting. 19/9/98. Monthly Meeting. Mr. R. Taylor in chair. Mr. J. Lawton elected a member. ; Mr. Lawton read an interesting and instructive paper on ‘* Australian Coinage.” Gie BIRDS, Oh KEW EEE: IB ypalf: A. Hin. 1. Wedgetailed Eagle. This bird was fairly plentiful a few years ago, but is now only rarely seen, as on account of its destruction of lambs and poultry, it became a target for the rifle. It used to breed freely in this district, and the old nests may still be seen. 2. Whistling Eagle. Common along the water-courses. Besides living on young rabbits, ducks, &c., it eats frogs. During the summer months this bird also breeds here. 3. Western Brown Hawk. Very common. Although it takes poultry occasionally, its principal food appears to con- sist of young snakes, lizards, &c. On one occasion I saw one battling with a brown snake over five feet long; both snake and hawk were completely ex- hausted, but doubtless the bird would have been victorious. Breeds freely here. 4. Nankeen Kestrel. Appears during the breeding season only, its principal food being lizards, grasshoppers, spiders and other insects. Builds in the holes of trees. 5. Black-cheeked Falcon. Only an occasional visitor. 6. Collared Sparrowhawk. Fairly plentiful. Very fond of young chickens, mice, &c. I have not known this bird to breed here. 7. Black-shouldered Kite. An occasional visitor only. THE WOMBAT, 8. Allied Harrier. Comes from August to December, and may be seen soaring over the crops in search of quails, young hares and rabbits. It breeds in the district, making its nest on the ground in a thick piece of crop or other suitable place. g. Delicate Owl. Only occasionally seen. 10 Il. 12. . Masked Wood-swallow. . White-eyebrowed Wood-swallow. Boobook Owl. On account of its secluded habits is rarely seen, but its cry of ‘‘Mopoke” is common enough. Breeds in the district. Owlet Nightjar. Rarely seen here. Tawny-shouldered Podargus. Fairly plentiful, and doubtless a very useful bird. Lives on mice, moths, and other insects. Breeds in the district, the nest con- sisting of a few green leaves laid on a large flat fork of a tree, seldom very far from the ground. . Spotted Nightjar. Very rare. I have only seen one specimen. . Australian Swift. Only a bird of passage during the months of March or April. . Welcome Swallow. Only comes here during the breeding season. . Tree Swallow. Fairly plentiful, breeding in the hollow eucalypti. . Bee-eater. Comes during the breeding season only. Burrows a hole in the sand to make its nest. . Laughing Jackass. Represented here, but seldom leaves the watercourses. . Sacred Kingfisher. Fairly plentiful during the breeding season. . Red-backed Kingfisher. An occasional visitor during the breeding season, but may be said to be rare. . Azure Kingfisher. Alsoa rare bird, never leaving the watercourses. . Sordid Wood-swallow. Fairly plentiful all the year. Appear in great num- bers during the breed- ing season, and are very useful in destroy- ing young locusts, cat- erpillars, &c. = . Striated Pardalote. Well represented, Feeds on scale, insects, &c. . Piping Crow-shrike. Very numerous. Does great dam- age among the wheat. Kills all the small birds it can catch, robins and acanthizas being its especial prey. 47. 48. THE WOMBAT. a . Butcher Bird. An occasional visitor. . Magpie Lark. Very plentiful and very useful. . Black-faced Graucalus. Poorly represented. . Rufous-breasted Thickhead. Plentiful. Its beautiful song may be heard all day. . Gilbert’s Thickhead. Very rare, and only found in thickly-timbered country. . Harmonious Thrush. Well represented. Very tame and a good singer. . Crested Shrike. Rarely met with. . Crested Oresica. Represented through the whole district. It travels long distances in search of food. At times uses a ventriloquist note, which makes its position uncertain. . White-shafted Fantail. Very rarely seen here. . Black Fantail. Plentiful. . Restless Flycatcher. Fairly plentiful and very useful in destroying moths, &c. . Brown Flycatcher. Very plentiful and very useful. . Short-billed Smicrornis. Usually goes in mobs of about a dozen. Feeds on small insects. Builds a beautiful little nest of grass, the hole being on the side. . Red-capped Robin. This beautiful little bird is fairly plentiful throughout the district, and is one of the best friends the farmer has. It feeds principally on the larvee of small moths. . Flame Robin. Only occasional. I have not seen it breeding here. . Hooded Robin. All over the district, breeding in secluded parts. . Blue Wren. Of rare occurrence. Found it breeding on one occasion. . White-winged Superb Warbler. Of rare occurrence, breeding here. . Red-rumped Acanthiza. Fairly common. Breeds here, making its nest in the hollow of a tree. . Little Acanthiza. Rather rare. Breeds here, making a beautiful hanging nest of grass in the leaves of gum trees. Yellow-rumped Geobasileus. Fairly common throughout the district. White-fronted Ephthianura. Plentiful throughout the district. A great caterpillar eater. 8 THE WOMBAT. 49. White-faced Xerophila. Very common, breeding in the hollows of trees, under spouts, or in any sheltered position. ; . Groundlark. Very common and very useful. Black-breasted Cinclorhamphus. Comes here during the breeding season if the season be favourable; a beauti- ful singer ; makes its nest on the ground. . Reed Warbler. Very numerous where there are any reeds. . Horsfield’s Bush Lark. Only comes occasionally. . Red-eyebrowed Finch. Of rare occurrence. . Spotted-sided Finch. Very plentiful all the year. . Chestnut-eared Finch. I have only seen one pair in our district. . White-winged Chough. Only seen occasionally. . Australian Raven . White-eyed Crow } Very plentiful and very destructive. . Temporal Chatterer ful ea ort . White-eyebrowed Chatterer ( U2¢j17 _Paricineaty, 200" Fairly plentiful and very ) gardens. . Singing Honey-eater. Occasional. Very tame and homely bird. . White-plumed H.E. Plentiful all the year. . Fuscous H.E. Rare. . Lanceolate H.E. Rare. Builds a beautiful hanging nest of wool. . Spiny-cheeked H.E. Common. A nuisance in gardens, among both blossoms and fruit. . Wattle Bird. Common in some parts. . Short-billed H.E. Fairly common, generally going in mobs. Minah. Common in some parts. . Silver-eye. Very rare. . Brown Tree Creeper. Very common. . Black-capped Sittella. Rather scarce. Builds a beauti- ful nest of moss and cobwebs. . Pallid Cuckoo . Brush 4 | Pass through, and breed . Black-eared ,, here if the season be . Bronze A suitable. . Narrow-billed Bronze Cuckoo THE WOMBAT, 9 . Many coloured . Red-rumped . Warbling Grass . Cockatoo . Swift . Blue Mountain ~ Musk . Great Sulphur-crested Cockatoo j at . Mitchell’s Cockatoo | Only SEeaa Be wigitors . Rosebreasted ,, ) P . Barnard’s Parrakeet. Fairly common. Med He OLyen. iace. . Crimson-billed Parrakeet. Very common. i Rare. 5 Very common. sf | Common ifthe season is favourable . Bronzewing Pigeon. Rather scarce. Eeaceml! Dove. Kare. . Swift-flying Turnix Pape @mail | Common in some seasons. . Bustard. Occasional. . Southern Stone Plover. Very plentiful. . Wattled Plover . Black-breasted Plover ; OL: . Black-fronted Dottrel. Fairly common. . Red-necked Avocet. Rare. . New Holland Snipe. Only occasional. . Strawnecked Ibis . White », |}Wery plentiful in some seasons. : Glossy 3 . Yellow-legged Spoonbill. Common. . Native Companion. Plentiful in parts. : Pacific Heron Very common . White-fronted Heron y : . White Egret eee ae spy ee Occasional visitors. . Australian Bittern . Black-backed Porphyrio) . Black-tailed Tribonyx - I‘airly common in swampy parts . Australian Coot . Pectoral Rail. Of rare occurrence. ig) THE WOMBAT. 117. Black Swan 118. Magpie Goose t1g. Mountain Duck 120. Black as 121. Australian Teal ; 122. Pink-eyed Duck All common where water is 123. Musk 55 plentiful. 124. Australian Pelican 125. Australian Cormorant 126. White-breasted ,, 127. Hoary-headed Grebe 128. Black-throated ‘he names used here are taken from Mr. A. J. Campbell's list as published in the Geelong Natnralist of June, 1894.: The birds mentioned have been identified by me without any doubt, and are found in the district between Longerenong and Wartracknabeal. ep) JOSE PE PAG ent, TONING AND ‘FIXING: (Abstract of a paper read before the Gordon College A. P. A., 13/5/98.) lea a dels sl aayiny, (Continued. ) Berore continuing the paper, the following errata in the first portion—Wombat, Vol. III. No. 4—must be pointed out :—- Page 79—second paragraph. Bya printer’s error liborate of soda and borax are made to appear as though they were distinct salts, whereas they are actually two names for the same substance. In the same clause the words ‘‘as ever’ should have been inserted after the words “‘ good and active.” Having briefly explained in a popular manner the action of the constituents of the toning bath as far as they are known, itis time to proceed to the practical part of the paper and discuss the practice of toning. In the toning of prints before fixing, it is requisite that no soluble silver salts, or at any rate very little, should remain in the paper, and the removal of these salts is the object of wash- ing before toning. In the case of ready sensitised albuminised papers and the various printing out papers that are now so extensively employed, the washing also has the effect of THE WOMBAT. II removing the acid which exists in the emulsion and which acts as a preservative. Some papers become brick red under this treatment, and when this occurs the toning action is easily perceived : it issometimes recommended that they be rendered red by passing them through a bath of salt and water before toning, a process which will usually have this effect. It was noticed many years ago that proofs printed in the sun were of a warmer colour than those printed in the shade; the moisture present in the paper and the atmosphere has also a modifying effect upon the colour. The formula generally advised for the toning of gelatino- chloride papers, and these are now almost universally employed by amateurs, is one in which sulphocyanide of ammonia is combined with the gold, and in all probability ninety-nine per cent of practitioners use this chemical. In my opinion it is not an unmixed blessing. It answers the purpose perfectly when everything is favourable, and when its use is regularly indulged in and properly understood, but for the average amateur who is not toning prints every day and who some- times allows weeks or even months to elapse between the toning of two batches, it does not always work so satisfactorily. Its advantages are said to be:—(r1) It tones rapidly. (2) It keeps fairly well. (3) It gives tones and a quality of image such as no other toning agent will give. With regard to the first point, I admit that it will tone rapidly, so rapidly, indeed, that when it is fresh there is little or no control over the colour. Its energy, however, quickly falls off, and by the time a few prints have been toned it isa bit slower, not to say lethargic. The second point is advantageous to a certain extent, but only to one who is too lazy to make up a fresh bath for each batch of prints, and it has the disadvantage that after the first toning operation the photographer never knows what he is using, as the bath is contaminated to a greater or less extent, and when the fresh gold is added to it there is no means of ascertaining (except by analysis) what its precise strength in gold is. The third advantage attributed to the bath is not very evident to my mind. I hold the opinion that as good results can be obtained with any of the ordinary toning baths as with that in which sulphocyanide is used, for I have seen this demonstrated as far as two or three of the usually employed baths are concerned. I will admit that when alum is used previous to toning, the sulphocyanide, from the softening action which it exerts on gelatine, will perhaps aid the toning operation, but in my own practice I never use alum; the use of this agent is not advisable if it can be avoided, and there are papers ee 12 THE WOMBaT. in the market with which it is unnecessary, as they are free from frilling propensities under ordinary and rational treat- ment ;-this being the case there is no occasion to use it. The disadvantages of sulphocyanide are:-—(r1) Its deliquescent nature; it absorbs water from the atmosphere so readily that unless the bottle has been very tightly corked, there is no guarantee that the quantity weighed out contains the full proportion of sulphocyanide. (2) the manner in which (when used at the strength recommended by the makers of the papers) the bath runs away at the commencement of the toning operation, rendering it almost impossible to deal with more than two or three prints at one time when the bath is in its most active condition. Its energy departs very rapidly, and the last prints of a batch require long treatment in order to obtain the tone desired. (3) The fact that in order to tone one sheet of paper it is recommended to use two grains of gold chloride, or, in other words, twice the quantity of gold that is demanded by some other baths. © If this gold were all reduced and used up on the print, there wot!d perhaps not be so much to complain of, but there is no evidence that this is the case. Why then use an agent which we have good reason to believe wastes so large a proportion of gold? It may be true that the gold can be recovered, bat working on the scale practised by the amateur, this is scarcely worth the trouble, as it cannot be economically done on a small scale. (4) The care needed, especially in the hands of beginners, to avoid what are termed ‘double tones.” Double toning is the overtoning of the lighter half tones, which become blue before the correct tone has been obtained in the shadows. Soon after the introduction of the gelatino-chloride papers I began to consider the question as stated above, and being dissatisfied with the working of sulphocyanide, I set to work to try and find an efficient substitute. I tried carbonate, acetate, and tungstate of soda, also borax, and finally adopted the acetate, compounding my toning bath at first exactly as recommended for albuminised paper (acetate of soda 30 grains chloride of gold 1 grain, water 8 oz., made up twenty-four hours before use). This bath I found to work admirably with every make of paper that I tried, but those that contained a somewhat thick film of gelatine held so much of the toning solution that when the prints were thrown into the washing water after the desired tone had been obtained they would go on toning, with the result that, when finished, they appeared somewhat darker than was desired. To avoid this I made up the bath with ten ounces of water instead of eight, and found that it met the case. With the acetate of soda bath there is no double toning, the bath works more slowly, and is well under control at the THE WOMBAT. 13 beginning, so much so that a dozen or twenty prints may be putin one after the other, and after they have been turned over another dozen may be placed in the dish, thus toning twenty to thirty prints at the same time, and the toning action is continued comparatively evenly until the bath is exhausted. To obtain warm or brown tones about 14 grains of gold (12 to 13 ounces of toning solution) will be sufficient for one sheet of paper when the subjects are such as have light and shade in about the average proportions. (It is obvious that when prints showing a larger proportion of shadows or dark portions than usual are dealt with, more gold will be required to obtain the same colour). The prints shown were all toned with this bath. I find in my practice that this bath, though keeping well when albuminised papers are used, will not keep well when toning gelatine papers. (To be Continued). DESCRIPTION) OF LWOn NEW AW Sh ALILAN,; COCEILDS: By James LipGetr. THE present paper contains a description of two species of coccids which have come prominently under my notice during the last few months, and after careful examination and com- parison, I am unable to refer them to any species hitherto described. -I therefore propose to consider them as new species. In the genus Aspidiotus the larval pellicles are normally central, so that the species I have herein named A spidiotus myoporii presents a slight variation in the pellicles occupying a position slightly anterior to the centre ; otherwise I see noreason for doubting its generic position. The general characters of the adult female are clearly diaspid. Order Homoptera. Family Coccide. Sub-Family Diaspidine. Genus Aspidiotus, Bouche. Characters of genus—Female puparium circular ; pellicles in the centre. Male puparium elongated, pellicles at one end ; not carinated; adult temale peg-top shape; several groups of spinnerets. 14 THE WOMBAT. Aspidiotusm yoporii, sp. nov. Female puparium circular, slightly convex, dark brown in colour, of a lighter tinge towards the edges. In some cases the colour is almost black, and forms quite conspicuous objects on the green leaves of the food- plant. Pellicles yellowish, forming a slight depression. Average diameter about ,,in. Male puparium somewhat elongated; light brown in colour; pellicles at one end. Average length yin. Adult female peg-top shape; abdomen ending in six triangular lobes ; several groups of spinnerets showing respec- tively eight and ten orifices. Ground colour dark brown. Average length 7s in. Type in the Gordon Technical College Museum. Adult male unknown. Habitat—On Myoporum desertti at Myrniong, Victoria. Specimens collected by Mr. H. Lidgett. This species seems to approach Aspidiotus setiger, Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst. p. 298., 1896., in the size and form of the puparium, but the position of the pellicles is already sufficient to distinguish it, and the appearance of only eight orifices in the’ ‘ spinnerets groups” is in itself sufficient to separate it from that species which occurs, by the way, in Japan at Yokohama on Quercus, whereas A. myoporit occurs on a totally different genus of plants as well as being indigenous to Australia. From A. rvos:2 it differs in the shining texture of the puparium, and in the position of the larval pellicles, and it is a larger species. I can find no trace of any previous record of a species of Aspidiotus occurring on Myoporum. It is, no doubt, a clearly distinct species. Genus Poliaspis, Mask. Characters of genus—Female puparium elongated ; pellicles at one end. Abdomen of female not fringed. Several (more than five) groups of spinnerets. Poliaspis casuarine, sp. nov. Female puparium snowy white, tapering at one end pellicles terminal, brown incolour. Usually placed longitudin ally along the branches. Length about + in. Male puparium dull white, in shape similar to female; very slightly (if at all) carinated ; pellicles terminal, yellow. Length about #5 in. Adult female deeply segmented; elongated, abdomen ending in two lobes. Many single spinnerets and several ‘‘sroups.” No sign of any abdominal fringe. Ground colour yellowish brown Average length before gestation 2p in. Type in the Gordon Technical College Museum. Adult male unknown. THE WOMBAT. 15 Habitat—On Casuarina suberosa at Myrniong, Victoria. In the colour and size of the female puparium this species approaches Mytilaspis caswarinw, Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., p. 209, 1892, although it is slightly smaller. The faint cari- nation of the male puparium clearly separates it, and prevents it entering that genus. It is smaller than Poliaspis exocarpi, Mask. and the pellicles are by no means yellow in the female puparium as in the latter species. So far there is only one other Australian species attached to this genus—viz. P. exocarpi, Mask, a New Zealand species. P. media, Mask, and P. pina, Mask, from Japan, in addition to one or two American species constitute the genus Poliaspis. The characters of this genus are vague, and its establishment in 1879 by Maskell was probably one of the few errors to be found in his magnificent classification of Coccide. However, so long as it is desirable to retain the genus Poliaspis, little confusion can follow by attaching such species as the present to it, and although complaints have come from America con- cerning its needless construction, less confusion will follow by leaving it undisturbed. Out of respect to Maskell and his life-long work, future systematists should avoid disturbing it by all means. P.casuarine is a showy species and ‘not uncommon. WISH OR GBD St SE NP ORLOB MAINE DIN TEE NEIGHBOURHOOD OFT CASMES VEAIN TZ. By la BImErNiGrH UR Sis 1, Aquila andax 19. Graucalus melanops 2. Aigotheles nov. holl. 20. Lalage tricolor 3. Podargus cuvieri 21. Pachycephala gutturalis 4. Cypselus pacificus 22. e rufiventris 5. Hirundo neoxena 23. Collyriocincla harmonica 6. Hylochelidon nigricans 24. Falcunculus frontatus 7. Merops ornatus 25. Oreoica cristata 8. Dacelo gigas 26. Rhipidura albiscapa 9. Halcyon sanctus 27. Sauloprocta motacilloides 10. Artamus sordidus 28. Seisura inquieta 11. + superciliosus 29. Micreeca fascinans 12. Pardalotus punctatus 30. Smicrornis brevirostris 13, es ornatus 31. Erythrodryas rosea 14. Strepera cuneicaudacuta 32. Petroica leggii 15. Gymnorhina tibicen 33. a goodenovii 16. Ff leuconota 34. By phenicea 17. Cracticus torquatus 35. Melanodryas bicolor 18. Grallina picata 36. EHopsaltria australis 16 Malurus cyaneus Acanthiza pusilla i nana S lineata Geobasileus chryssorheza reguloides Ephthianura albifrons Xerophila leucopsis Calamanthus campestris Anthus australis Kstrilda bella Estrilda guttata Cinclosoma punctatum Mimeta viridis Corone australis Pomatostomus temporalis Fa superciliosus Meliornis nov. holl. Ptilotis leucotis ,, auricomis » penicillata » fusca », chrysops Meliphaga phrygia Anthochera carunculata Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Melithreptus brevirostris ti lunulatus Myzantha garrula THE WOMBAT. Zosterops cwrulescens Climacteris scandens ee leucophea Sittella chrysoptera * pileata Cuculus pallidus Chalcites plagosus # basalis Plictolophus galerita Platycercus pennantii fA eximius Psephotus hematonotns Calopsittacus nov. holl. Trichoglosus concinnus 0 porphyrocephalus i pusillus Phaps chalcoptera AXgialitis nigrifrons Numenius cyanopus Geronticus spinicollis Ardea nov. holl. Nycticorax caledonicus Cygnus atratus Anas superciliosa Biziura lobata Graculus nov. holl. » leucogaster Plotus nov. holl. Podiceps nestor Of course the list is incomplete; for instance, I have mentioned no hawks, which is not to say there are none, but I have been unable to identify the species. Then again I have seen quail about, but the same remark applies to them. F.L.B. Henry Thacker, Piinter, Ryrie Street, Geelong. Seeley & King, Architects and Surveyors, EXHIBITION EXCHANGE, GEELONG. WARDROP & SCURRY, Architectural & Figure Modellers, 48 ARDEN ST., NORTH MELBOURNE, (near Errol St.) TO EO All kinds of Plaster and Cement Ornament of Latest Design at Lowest Rates. Fibrous Ceilings, Cornices, Centre Flowers. &c., a Specialty. Designs and Estimates Submitted. Architects’ Details Artistically Treated. ASHBY AND GEELONG 4 Yearly Provident Society. The Benefit of this Society include all that can be obtained from a fully uualified Doctor, and is equal to anything offered by the proposed Dispensary, and also includes Sick and Funeral Payments. The Entrance Fee is only One Shilling, and Sabscriptions One Shilling per week. The Annual Meeting was held on Noy. 14th. New Members are now being enrolled. All information freely given by the Smcrerary, W. H. DENMEAD, Aberdeen St. nis WADELTON, (Late R. McDonald’s) NEW DRUG HALL, [SiS sce Sjaotsva ea eet Oise Orders forwarded to any part of the Colony on the shortest notice. Patent Medicines and Perfumery. Horse and Cattle Medicines of all kinds. GEELONG CHILLED SHARES. I beg to call your attention to these ‘Shares for Next Season’s Ploughing. These Shares are equal to the English, without seams, a clean Share and durable—a trial will prove this. Soliciting a Sample Order for a trial, I am, Gentlemen, Yours faithfully, Barwon Foundry, HENRY HOBBS. SOUTH GHELONG. A LARGE STOCK ON HAND. Maker of Horse Works & Chaffcutters, & Engineering in all its branches, DICKINS & SONS, Nos. 89 to 98, MERCER STREET, GEELONG. Tubular and other descriptions of Iron Gates for Carriage Entrances Stations, Gardens, and Farm purposes. Wrought and Cast Iron Railings of various designs for Building. D. & Sons have on hand a yery Jarge zs,ortment of Wrought and Cast Tron Enclosures for Graves. Estimates for Bridge Work and General Contracting. SMITHS’ WORK IN GENERAL. Makers of Shaw’s Patent Self-opening Gate and Post Lifters, Picture Frame Maker, Robt. R. Stanesby, oe Practical .... ee PLAIN & FANCY TEIN enue oe & PLUSH WORKER. ~~ Photographs & Drawings Artistically N Mounted. lOvuer s by Post promptly attended to FT OO YARRA ST. (Opp. Wesleyan Church). INSTRUCTOR CARPENTRY AND JOINERY CLass, GORDON TECHNICAL COLLEGE. Estimates given for every description of Joiners’ Work. J, W. TINGATE, 1 Wiley DES ASN 1D: CON Ee ACA errs AUTUMN ST., GEELONG WEST. J. WEBBER & SON, GBHRLONG COOPHRAGH, MERCER STREET, GEELONG. WINE GASKS (ROUND & OVAL) ALL SIZES, MADE TO ORDER, BUTTER BOXES A SPECIALTY. GOOD STABmING ""ramou. co HH. BURRELL’S FIRST-CLASS LIVERY STABLES, PM TCE wMALOP fsiREEMm } GEEEONG & FIRST-CLASS ACCOMMODATION FOR TRAVELLERS. * T. HOLDEN, CHAFF, GRAIN, AND PRODUCE MERCHANT, Steam Chaff Cutting and HMydraulic Pressing Works. Mercer St., Cavendish St., and Brougham Place, GEELONG ; and opposite Railway Station, WALLACE (near Ballarat). PLUMBER AND MORTON, GASFITTER, PAKINGTON ST., GEELONG WEST (Next Baxter's). BATHROOMS FITTED UP. WATER AND GAS LAID ON. REPAIRS A SPECIALTY. APOLLO BAY. mwitfForD HOUSE. GOOD ACCOMMODATION FOR TOURISTS. Coaches leave Forrest Tuesday and Friday. Return Monday & Thursday—weekly. Mrs. T. CAWOOD, Proprietress. Fombs ¥ Duran, ARCHITECTS, Mercantile Chambers, Ryrie Street, Geelong. THOS. PERRY, Gunsmith, Locksmith & General Machinist. SF ana a Sw VY . Scales ana Weighing Machines Bepaired & Adjusted. METAL TURNING & SCREW GUTTING. OLDEST BICYCLE REPAIRER IN GEELONG. RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. —Deo you want a Change” IN YOUR POULTRY YARD? IF SO, WRITE OR SEE ~te—C. HINDELL, —ae BOURMAN POULTRY YARDS, GEELONG. TELEPHONE No. 288. SOLAR SEA SALT WORKS, k= POINT HENRY ROAD, GEELONG. ee BAY SALT—For Pickle Making and Packing Purposes. CURING SALT—For Dry Salting, Butchers, Bakers, eae Ham and Bacon Curers’ Use. No.{2 BAY SALT—For Sheen Cattle and Farmers’ Use. AGRICULTURAL SALT—For Farmers and Gardens. R, CHEETHAM & CO. Proprietary, Ltd. Town Office and Stores—71 Little Malop Street. yuiles ee Geelong, Melbourne and Adelaide, ~ MANUFACTURERS OF Rope and Cordage OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS. THE FAMOUS “Kangaroo” Brand C) @ @ Cara EN Fj Harvest Twines. Coir Mats in all Varieties »ERe=—— . » PRICE LISTS ON APPLICATION. . . ESTABLISHED 1875. ed ri Cn i ir a Ti EVE Mercer St. Steam Wheel Works & Carriage Factory. — Double-seat Buggies, Pony Phetons and Gigs, Express Waggons, &c., also Single and Double-seat Buggies and Express Waggons (secondhand), which he is prepared ght: to sell at the Lowest Prices in Geelong (quality considered). PAINTING, TRIMMING & REPAIRS at most reasonable charges. BEST MATERIALS. HONEST WORK. FAIR PRICES.- First-class Workmanship in every department. . Farm, Road, and Station Waggons, Spring Water Carts, Drays, &c., built to order. ' INSPECTION INVITED. pest eta Bene Aap tS Cee ree ie ‘ as i TS Ce vo ae nae LBe erie an Eape E ET Has on hand a large Stock of First-class Vehicles, Waggonettes, Single and — ee sbrie Adan GB bees = Se TaPaLl s ean le Tym md TA, Coe oe Sse GORDON TECHNICAL COLLEGE. HE WomBat. THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE COLLEGE. GEO. R. KING, Secretary. 4 et IV. ug Pa February, 1899. BAKER & ROUSE PROPRIETARY LIMITED, oct 23 1943 Photographic Stock Dealers, ““"~ P) 3K 260 COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE, aAnp at SVONEY ADELAIDE, BRISBANE, HOBART. ir very large and complete Stock of Photo Material and Optical Lantern Goods is always open for inspection. —= Se Local Agent—].. F. DENTRY, Cuemisr, MOORABOOL STREET, GHELONG. )HRIMPTON « PRONG, 7 Auctioneer, House, Peters —— ees S eebesiaTe re Land, Estate and E| Agents, Sharebrokers | Jand Financiers. >. INTERESTS & RENTS COLLECTED. M e -Moorabool and Mercantile Chee S Rue Stee Geclonee AGENTS FOR South British Fire and Marine Insurance Co. ae New York Life Insurance Co. New Zealand Accident Insurance Co. Mutual Plate Glass Insurance Co. H. HACKER, PRINTER, KYRIE STREET, GEELONG. vo SCOTCH PIE HOU PIE HOUSE. @ @) & we as ye Ne Ih ey ‘ Mo y ye ca ay Milo flo) PASTRYGOOK, eee poe MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. DINING ROOMS. Histablished 187 Albert Goltca Palace. Corner of Yarra St. & Market Square, GEELONG. CLOSE TO BATHS, RAILWAY, SHIPPING & GARDENS. For SADDLERY & HARNESS | JAS. STRONG & BROS., | None better than ALEC LOWE, Boot & Shoe LITTLE MALOP ST. (Weat Prince of Wales Hotel.) All Stable Requisites kept in Stock - Sole Agent for SOLOMON’S SOLUTION, R. OSTERBERG, Tent & Tarpaulin Maker TOP OF MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG, . (Opposite J. H. Storrer’s.) Flags, Tents and Marquees for Sale or on hire. J. HAMMERTON & SON,, JEWELLERS, ENGRAVERS, DESIGNERS, WHOLESALE & RETAIL. OPTICIANS, LAPIDARIES, LITTLE RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. ae Gold and Silver Medals awarded for Jewellery. MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. H. McGREGOR, MOORABOOL STREET, 6 MICHELL BR BROS., PAKINGTON STREET, GEELONG WEST. DRINK W. J. BROCKWELL’S HOP BEER ASRATED WATERS & CORDIALS. TROPHIES, BADGES, GOLD and SILVER JEWELLERY in Stock or Made to Order, Gold, Silver and Stones in Rough Bought. FOR OUR Goodaa Speaks volumes for the excellence of our Stock. H. Thacker, Photo Supply Stores, Ry + steel. MANUFAGTURERS & IMPORTERS, Wholesale & Retail Dairymen, PINS a SAIL, TENT & TARPAULIN MAKER (Next Strachan, Bostock & Co.) | Marquees and Flags for Sale or Hire, | SUNNY BAY DAIRY, COWIES GREEK The favor of your Patronave an! Recommendation : appreciated. Chaffsupplied direct fromthe Farm. SOrHET NZ’ S3 Wine Vaults and Cale, JAMES STREET, GEELONG. The Very Best Wines only in Stock. | MATURING & BOTTLING under the direct supervision of Mr. Thetaz, who has had 50 years’ experience. Sacramental Wines a Specialty). CG, W. PORNELL, COMPLETE HOUSE FURNISHER, 65 & 67 LITTLE RYRIE ST., GEELONG, (Next to Robinson, Buros & Snares s Saleyards.) BX RE All Furniture And Bedding NEaahitactuted on the Premises. A Specialty made of Repairing, Polishing and Upholstering. CER. ROBINSON, = _ 68 MYERS STREET, GEELONG. PLUMBER, GASFITTER, AND BELLHANGER. Ow ee INSTRUCTOR GORDON TECHNICAL COLLEGE. Hot Water Circulation, Lead Burning, and Sanitary Drainage a Speciality. ESTIMATES GIVEN. SEE ALBEE iL. .OW LN, HOMCEOPATHIC CHEMIST, °Gercsite’rosr orice) GEELONG. ‘Natara—Dries up a Cold in the Head in a few hours. | Tinct. Hupatorium Perfoliatum for Influenza. , Specifies for this Malady. ‘Tinct. Sticta Pulmonaria for Infiuenza. } -Phosphorine —Nervous Debility. plore peat lies Tincture of Podophyllin, for Biliousness, Congestion of the ver, Constipation, Sick Headache, Jaundice, &e. ‘The Perfect oan for Corns & Warts—Price Is. 6d. ALBERT T. OWEN. Agent for “RED BIRD” and “BLACK BIRD” Cycles FOR ALL CYCLE AND GENERAL REPAIRS TRY AIRE. | VAGEl 1 ue le ae RYRIE ST., GEELONG (Opp. H. Thacker’s). All Work Guaranteed. Charges Moderate. Country Orders Promptly Attended to. Bicycles Stabled. DENTISTRY. aK OK OK cS. R. J. MAWSON & 201, MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. Laughing Gas, &c., administered. Extractions, 2s. 6d. YAY. QTE IV IVP PLB! We) CENINY “W. “SUMMERFIELD Mr. (Gr ieinlks 5 (leave of absence); Mr. S. R. J. Mawson, 10; Mr. W. Strong, on? MrTpG, Woepucksr Kou item) Lally 2s FINANCE COMMITTEE.—13 MEETINGS. Mr. W. W. Bradley, 12; Mr. W. Strong, 2; Mr. G. M. Hitchcock, 11; Mr. D. Powers, 4; Mr. F. J. Leary, 5. BUILDING COMMITTEE.—13 MEETINGS. Mr! GM: Hitchcock, 2) Mriiiineters, 21; ving). iC Taylor, 3; Mr. W. W. Bradley, 3; Mr. W. Humble, 2. WOMBAT COMMITTEE.—3 MEETINGS. Mr. S. Mawson, 3; Mr. J. Dentry, 3; Mr. C. Dentry, is THE WOMBAT. 29 TIME TABLE, 1899. Fees per Term SUBJECE. DAY AND HOUR. (in advance.) Seniors. Juniors. Arithmetic and Mathematics- Tue. & Thur. 7.30-9 p.m. 10/- 6/- Book-keeping - - Friday, 7.30-9 - 8/- 5]- Building Construction - Thur, 7.30-9.30; Fri. 7.30-9 — 10/- 6/- Carpentry : ee Rung. Wieg soon. ee lb) 7/6 Chemistry (Theoretical) - Tue. & Thu. 7-8 -/) Q1/- 2]- Chemistry (Practical) = 4 , 8-9:30 =f! Freehand and Model Drawing Tue. & Thur. 7.30-9 - 10/- 6/- Geometry and Perspective - Tue. & Thur. 7-8 - 6]- Manual Training - | Tue. & Thur. 3.30-5 - | Y (Carpentry for Boys) { Saturday 10-12 Ly yf a Mechanical Drawing - Tues. & Thur. 7,30-9 - 10/- 6]- Modelling - - Mon. & Wed. 7-9 - 7/6 7/6 Painting (Oil & Water Colour) Saturday, 2-4 - 10/6 10/6 Plumbing - - Tue. & Fri., 7.30-9 - 20/- —10/- Shorthand - - Thursday, 7.39-9 - 10/6 = 10/6 Wool-Sorting - - Saturday, 3-5 - 10/6 10/6 Writing and Correspondence- Monday, 7.30-9 - 8 /- 5/- Woodecarving - - Wednesday, 7-9 - 10/- Elocution - - Friday, 7.30-9 - 10/6 Bnrolments wanted for Class in Physics. Reduced Railway Rate for Students—ld. per Mile Return. The Council are prepared to start NEW CLASSES provided sufficient enrolments are made to justify same. Further information from Geo. R. Kina, Secretary. 30 THE WOMBAT. GORDON COLLEGE AMAT EUiky Sei @s@r GRAPHIC ASSOCIATION PROCEEDINGS 30/9/98.—Competition : —Home Life, juniors. Judges : Messrs. Mockridge, Brinsmead and Thacker. H. Potter, 1; H. Wadelton, 2. 7/10/98— Practice. 14/10/98, 21/10/98— ,, 28/10/98—Monthly Meeting—Mr. C. O. Dentry in the chair. Correspondence and accounts. Messrs. Green, M‘Lean, M‘Donald and P. Wadelton elected members. Competition—Xmas Card. H. Potter (junior), 1. 4/11/98—Competition—X mas Card (senior): W. H Thacker, T-AGldo Braimsmeads 2). I lll. Wie raat liamyne se Judges. —Messrs. C. O. Dentry, J. Wadelton, and J. Hammerton. 25/11/93 Monthly Meeting.—Correspondence and accounts. Competition— Home Life (seniors): J. Wadelton,1; G. H. Brinsmeadir25) Enlargement + C.) O7.Denthy wu sand 2 Gere Dp iains nie adnass Donations towards the annual prize were offered by Messrs. J. Wadelton, Price, Thacker, Brinsmead, Mock- ridge, C. Dentry and Lord. Decided to give alarm clock as trophy for best three pictures taken during Xmas. Mr. D. S. Lord elected a member. Competition—Juniors, Landscape :--H. Wadelton, 1; Green, 2. Yealousy :—H. Wadelton, 1. 1/12/98—Mr. J. Wadelton on Retouching, Mr. |. B. Leitch on Platinotype on Calico, with demonstration. GORDON “COLEE GE SCIDNGEy Cian. PROCEEDINGS: 17/10/98—Mr. J. Wighton in the chair. Lecture by Mr. J Walshe on Australian Discovery and Exploration. Good attendance. 1/12/98—Lecturette on Paper Manufacture by Mr. W. Hep- burn. [Illustrated by a large number of diagrams of machinery and a number of interesting exhibits, which the lecturer afterwards kindly presented to the college museum, THE WOMBAT. 31 MUST UIE SIIB Ie OR Ii THe ntuseum has progressed steadily during the year, a good number of specimens having been received, ‘though there has been nothing worthy of especial remark. There has been a considerable i increase in the number of publications received for the library, consisting chiefly of periodicals, both technical and scientific, so much so, that a large amount of shelving has had to be added to enable them to be properly filed. As far as the reading room is concerned, we are glad to notice that the students of the college have availed themselves very largely of its advantages. Papers dealing with engi- neering, plumbing and most other trades are available in the room. The detailed list can be seen in the museum acknow- ledgments in this issue of the Wombat. Jal 1B. le buere : Neon Curators, J. HamMerton, JUN., | PSCMNICAL ACRICUEDURAL TRAINING. AT various times in the past the council of the college has had under consideration the matter of agricultural training. A series of public lectures on the subject was given some years ago by Mr. Hedger Wallace. Lectures have also been given here by Mr. H. W. Potts and other gentlemen. The council are, therefore, naturally much gratified by the attention now being given to the subject by” the Hon. J. W. Taverner, - Minister of Agriculture, to whom great praise is due for his efforts to advance the subject. A vote of £30,000 has been passed to establish agricultural colleges, and the Minister has arranged to inspect the college to see if it is suitable for one of the centres, so that before the year is out we hope to see agricultural training made one of the principal objects of this institution. Hoey ieeken Paine, Kyrie Street, Geelong. CORDE ON Kenta “ fake nt Brat uot oe aad ora Hguods iy ‘Gils a8, 7 bourtas SAO 24 ante niin wilt ‘ Sanat, tal Hab Hh aes se ity!" rh a sig) 0 oy a elseh cel g SOT: Let Bh i, vi Ney Aokbs utes OR Ie Va , ant 402 ‘siih Hl peinag: Jo otWeok lon nad 26d co.o¢k lo aluy A tosidua edt: 2 pe nade lienp kif sesil octet) vee Bice beinstwage Mh at Vonaloayco- Lye Hh Ost dah Wiel abein yainie Mine | 1% agra see a Jeauortrn oink @ anit ce date waged | a anion art ) hodiaki olan at bablya: Ab aed npollow ereio. ardohatey mn sea cy io ReaD COR as eth Ve i OI 8 obs Hada iat Ly (ray aenalaad 6, OO) Ott, drone. vid Uf tall Dav ee all lo st Ate t eta i soe Ret cd eh ae Bily ii cone : Stat SA LAT eS ous, | cleo OnE a aA one ey eshte te yy ye } ie te aie ate ‘ony fit yerinitin thy foretiy Sr 6 As Ved Seer ‘ont, HOLT pol peep. exo OOM HS Wa Ani Tas} risa pif tga aol alla. art bolt. fi DLAC Pa eet bb hat wb iell tev bo Ging Hie HORY yee 7 ; yrorbnry tleeBail jae erase Sinai: Vi 1 moh sds yet ‘ooidua’s wit “olde tite a_i Vi ae ie i} ijt A tT: sae OY be aw tuoveD Thay 5 aad ait "yk B97. in INT ‘5 v's oe RG A aa Aage, ‘olaite «ABs |) he. ay le bby le 1A baa pat B ney “saga i ie 1 . . P ee —————— om —_—Saaee OAs Bey 6 FL LOF UES = Q Brg Sa "ee smmoory Jo erp “* Olas S ae O eens eiae "=" sooppeg jo quay ‘f 0 @ 9 & 3 “pos yemayeyy “ GO gow — * 96/21/1g e0uIs Modrrosqng “ ¥ LT 9 eee eee toe eee aouvlug c 7 SL ont soouuriddy query SPpIUY]-OA, iG Die ee On. 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S 43 ee BERS) 9 3eTs= ose * Jnquo,4, UL sjuatmesTyIaApy ‘ oe ee vee sen Sew e we +) prog eno @ 000 tee worsstmutog “ Tie eA Go "7 JOOMA Fo efBgy * ole 8 3 Sarstyteapy ‘ ay f, fe °° a0 ++ suooyy jo ety 0 € O6F he 5 LEST Moxy oounpyg Ag @ OL FLT SuoOldIosqns pus suolyeaog OF, ‘HUNLIGNGdXa ‘Sbdifowa ‘268L ‘vequua0eq ISIE pepuse uyweoA OJ sunyipuedxy pue sjdjeoey Jo YUSW9zeIS “ONOWHED ‘HOATITOO TVOINHOAG NOdaton aes teres = i = — a Hee TLS gt Saat ey =) oe 2 =e % een #2) ele PY AKT. | EONS Modes Wil ~ Fis rey ay re a Dy I (iu mrtney ely fi fh ie see i i : " ‘5 Seeley & King, Architects and Surveyors, EXHIBITION EXCHANGE, GEELONG. WARDROP & SCURRY, Architectural & Figure Modellers, 48 ARDEN ST., NORTH MELBOURNE, (near Errol St.) EE SEO All kinds of Plaster and Cement Ornament of Latest Design at Lowest Rates. Fibrous Ceilings, Cornices, Centre Flowers, &c, a Specialty. Designs and Estimates Submitted. Architects’ Details Artistically Treated. ASHBY AND GEELONG Q Yearly Provident Society. The Benefit of this Society include all that can be obtained from a fully uualified Doctor, and is equal to anything offered by the proposed Dispensary, and also ineludes Sick and Funeral Payments. The Entrance Fee is only One Shilling, and Sabseriptions One Shilling per week. The Annual Meeting was held on Noy. 14th. New Members are now being enrolled. All information freely given by the Secretary, W. H. DENMEAD, Aberdeen St. J. WADE L'VON, (Late R. McDonald’s) NEW DRUG HALL, ae aS hee, Sh ei @iiyGr Orders forwarded to any part of the Colony on the shortest notice. Patent Medicines and Perfumery. Horse and Cattle Medicines of all kinds. GEELONG CHILLED SHARES. I beg to call your attention to these Sues for Next Season’s Ploughing. These Shares are equal to the English, without seams, a clean Share and durable—a trial will prove this. Soliciting a Sample Order for a trial, I am, Gentlemen, Yours faithfully, Barwon Foundry, HENRY HOBBS. SOUTH GHELONG. A LARGE STOCK ON HAND. Maker of Horse Works & Chaffcutters, & Engineering in all its branches. DICKINS & SONS, Nos. 89 to 93, MERCER STREET, GEELONG. Tubular and other descriptions of Iron Gates for Carriage Entrances Stations, Gardens, and Farm purposes. Wrought and Cast Iron Railings of various designs for Building. D. & Sons have on hand a yery large zs.ortment of Wrought and Cast Iron Enclosures for Grayes. Estimates for Bridge Work and General Contracting. SMITHS’ WORK IN GENERAL. Makers of Shaw’s Patent Self-opening Gate and Post Lifters. 1 o 5 4 iy n f ; =a Ee SES GR GEIS Ea SS AD OE OBI ean SP eS aee SR eI a Robt. R. Stanesby, The Practical... . ee Picture Frame Maker, PLAIN & FANCY OU SONS ale SNIEENSIA 3 PLUSH WORKER. Photographs & Drawings Ieisticatiy Mounted: Onder s by Post promptly attended to eee YARRA ST. (Opp. Wesleyan Church). en INSTRUCTOR CARPENTRY AND JOINERY CLASS, GORDON TECHNICAL COLLEGE. Estimates given for every description of Joiners’ Work. J, W. TINGATE, BUDE: AWN DD CON PRA e Ea: AUTUMN ST., GEELONG WEST.. J. WEBBER & SON, GHRELONG COOPHRAGH, MERCER STREET, GHELONG. WINE GASKS (ROUND OR OVAL) ALL SIZES, MADE TO ORDER. BUTTER BOXES A SPECIALTY. GOOD STASI venom, cove Pb WRRE LES FIRST-CLASS LIVERY STABLES, LITTLE "“MALOP "STREET. GEELONG * FIRST-CLASS ACCOMMODATION FOR TRAVELLERS. & T. HOLDEN, CHAFF, GRAIN, AND PRODUCE MERCHANT, Steam Chaff Cutting and Hydraulic Pressing Works. Mercer St., Cavendish St., and Brougham Place, GHELONG ; and opposite Railway Station, WALLACE (near Ballarat). PLUMBER AND M. MORTON, asrirter, PAKINGTON ST., GEELONG WEST (Next Baxter's). BATHROOMS FITTED UP. WATER AND GAS LAID ON. REPAIRS A SPECIALTY. APOLLO BAY. witForRD HOUSE. GOOD ACCOMMODATION FOR TOURISTS. Coaches leave Forrest Tuesday and Friday. Return Monday & Thursday—weekly. Mrs. T. CAWOOD, Proprietress. Tombs ¥ Ouran, ARCHITECTS, ; Mercantile Chambers, 3 Ryrie Street, Geelong. : & THOS. PERRY, Gunsmith, Locksmith & General Machinist. Ia a III IS IS SN Scales and Weighing Machines Repaired & Adjusted. METAL TURNING & SCREW CUTTING. OLDEST BICYCLE REPAIRER IN GEELONG. — RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. - ; "Ho you want a Change” IN YOUR POULTRY YARD? iF SO, WRITE OR SEE : BOURMAN POULTRY YARDS, GEELONG. TELEPHONE No. 288. SOLAR SEA SALT WORKS, &== POINT HENRY ROAD, GEELONG. os : o>. BAY SALT—For Pickle Making and jeer Purposes. GCURING SALT—For Dry Salting, Butchers, Bakers, and Ham j and Bacon Curers’ Use. : S . No. 2 BAY SALT—For Sheep, Cattle and Farmers’ Use. 4 m AGRICULTURAL SALT—For Farmers and Gardens. R, CHEETHAM & CO. Proprietary, Lid, Town Office and Stores—71 Little Malop Street. THE FAMOUS aN e Kangaroo” Brand SF\\_Harvest Twines. ©oir Mats in all Varieties SEge—— PRICE LISTS ON APPLICATION ESTABLISHED 1875. Mercer St. Steam Wheel Works & Carriage Factory. . ef. Has on hand a large Stock of First-class Vehicles, Waggonettes, Single and Double-seat Buggies, Pony Phxtons and Gigs, Hxpress Waggons, &c., also Single and Double-seat Buggies and Express Waggons (secondhand), which he is prepared to sell at the Lowest Prices in Geelong (quality considered). PAINTING, TRIMMING & REPAIRS at most reasonable charges. BEST MATERIALS. HONEST WORK. FAIR PRICES. First-class Workmanship in every department. Farm, Road, and Station Waggons, Spring Water Carts, Drays, &c, built to order. INSPECTION INVITED. M. DONAGHY & SONS, Geelong, Melbourne and Adelaide, MANUFACTURERS OF Rope and Cordage OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS. ay Pheke ' No. 15. GORDON peeled bardce COLLEGE. HE Wonsat. | THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE COLLEGE. No. 3. Vol. 1V.— OCT 23 1943 May, 1899. LiBk BAKER & ROUSE 7 Photographic Stock Dealers. i 260 COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE, anp aT SYDNEY, ADELAIDE, BRISBANE, HOBART. Our very large and complete Stock of Photo Material and Optical Lantern Goods is always open for inspection. SS SSS Moped) Avent |. . DENTERY, Cuemisr, MOORABOOL STREET, GHELONG. and Financiers. ae INTERESTS & RENTS COLLECTED. i Cc M bool and Be atile ate Ru SiE. Geclae AGENTS FOR South British Fire and Marine Insurance Co. we New York Life Insurance Co. New Zealand Accident Insurance Co. Eioutione Wo, ve. Mutual Plate Glass Insurance Co. H. HACKER, PRINTER, KYkIE STREET, GEELONG. yy Pj FV eacalt 53 i } if AY GEO. R. KING, Secretary. ‘Agents, Sharebrokers — f SCOTCH PIE HOU PIE HOUSE. \@ 6) 4 Qt A Me x ¢ a € 2) So ys He J Ms © els Py pial SE Oly: Biches: ao MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. DINING ROOMS. Established 1877. Albert Goliee Palace, Corner of Yarra St. & Market Square, GEELONG. CLOSE TO BATHS, RAILWAY, SHIPPING & GARDENS. For SADDLERY & HARNESS | JAS, STRONG & BROS., None better than Boot & Shoe ALEC LOWE, MANUFACTURERS & IMPORTERS, LITTLE MALOP ST. (Neat Prince of Wales Hotel.) All Stable Requisites kept in Stock : Sole Agent for SOLOMON’sS SOLUTION. MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. R. OSTERBERG, Tent & Tarpaulin Maker TCP OF MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG, (Opposite J. H. Storre?’s.) Flags, Tents and Marquees for Sale or on hire. H. McGREGOR, SAIL, TENT & TARPAULIN MAKER MOORABOOL STREET, (Next Strachan, Bostock & Co.) Marquees and Flags for Sale or Hire. SUNNY BAY DAIRY, COWIES CREEK MICHELL BROS., Wholesale & Retail Dairymen, PAKINGTON STREET, GEELONG WEST. ee une stig bpp sie res slave DRINK W.J. BROGKWELL’S HOP BEER, ASRATED WATERS & CORDIALS, J. HAMMERTON & SON, JEWELLERS, ENGRAVERS, DESIGNERS, WHOLESALE & RETAIL. OPTICIANS, LAPIDARIES, LITTLE RYRIE STREET, GEELONG, Gold and Silver Medals awarded for Jewellery. TROPHIES, BADGES, GOLD and SILVER JEWELLERY in Stock or Made to Order. Gold, Silver and Stones in Rough Bought. < The Rush.. FOR OUR Phots Goods Speaks volumes for the excellence of our Stock. H. Thacker, Photo Supply Stores, Rule olreet. t a oh § | ve Ms A , as . «~ THETAZ’S- Wine Vaults and Cate, JAMES STREET, GEELONG. The Very Best Wines only in Stock. Mis Mego a. MATURING & BOTTLING under the direct supervision of Mr. Thetaz, who has had 50 years’ experience. Sacramental Wines a Specialty. nm. CG, W. PORNELL, COMPLETE HOUSE FURNISHER, 65 & 67 LITTLE RYRIE ST., GEELONG, (Next to Robinson, Burns & Sparrow’ s Saleyards.) All Furniture Sed Bedding Wematiehored on the Premises. A ‘Specialty made of Repairing, Polishing and Upholstering. eR. ROBINSON, = 68 MYERS STREET, GEELONG. PLUMBER, GASFITTER, AND BELLHANGER. —— Oe a-''101.vre er aaa INSTRUCTOR GORDON TECHNICAL COLLEGE. Hot Water Circulation, Lead Burning, and Sanitary Drainage a Speciality. noe) ae a a eae GIVEN. A See le IVY Ea IN|. HOMCOPATHIG CHEMIST, SGRROLEE Hoar SHEL CEECONG: Natara—Dries up a Cold inthe Head in a few hours. ) Tinct. Hupatorium Perfoliatum for Infiuenza. - Specifies for this Malady. ‘Tinct. Sticta Pulmonaria for Infiuenza. } Phosphorine —Nervous Debility. Homeopathic Tincture of Podophyllin, for Biliousness, Congestion of the Liver, Constipation, Sick Headache, Jaundice, &e. ‘The Perfect Cure for Corns & Warts—Price Ls. 6d. ALBERT T. OWEN. OE Agent for ‘RED BIRD” and ‘BLACK BIRD” Cycles FOR ALL CYCLE AND GENERAL REPAIRS TRY ALEX. WHITELAW. 1 RYRIE ST, GEELONG (Opp. #. Thacker's) Li \\ TP) : - | /,) All Work Guaranteed. Charges Moderate. ° yy Country Orders Promptly Attended to. Bicycles Stabled. DENTISTRY. aK OK OK “OS. R. J- MAWSON,’ 201, MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. eae NY See OS Laughing Gas, &c., administered. Extractions, 2s. 6d. YAY @ GAY OY @ A OP DA @) Oe Ge) IB GE Int “W. (SUMMERFIELD ibij1892,9p. 206; aibs 1894, p. 40. Scale Ins. of N.Z., 1887, p.40. Riley & Howard, “Insect Life,’ passim. French, Hdbk. Dest. Ins. of Vict. P. 53: Hab. In Australia on Citrus and Eucalyptus. A cosmo- politan species. A. BossigE#, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1891, p. 10; ib, 1896, p. 296. Hab. In Victoria on Bossiea procumbens. * A, CAMELLIZ, Signoret. sy. A. vapax, Comstock, 1880. Sign. Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1868, Deseltyay Mask. ‘Trans, \N.Z. Inst), 1878) p. 200, Scale) Ins,ionmNeZ 1887, p. 41. Morg. Ent. Mo. Mag. Aug., 1889, p. 351. Hab. In Victoria on Camellia. (Myrniong). A Euro- pean species. A. CASUARIN&, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1893, p: 66, Hab. In Australia on Casuarina equisetifolia, N.S.W. A. ceratus, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1894, p. 39. Hab. South Australia on Acacia stenophylla. A. cLapu, Maskell. Mask, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1890; p. 33. 1b.) 1892; p mn 2o5s ib., 1893,,p..07 5 ib,, 1804; Dp, 354) 1D) TSO, D.aeae Hab. InVictoria on Cladium, sp. South Australia on See SP, NGS: wiles on Xerotes sp. a ‘Species may, hed ghis ave exotic. THE WOMBAT. 39 A. EUCALYPTI, Maskell. Paviack trans, lkwoy. Soc..5.A., 1887, p. 1o2,¢lrans. |IN.Z. Bins. 189r. p. or ;)1b.,.1892, p: 206. Heb. InS. Aust., on Casuarina sp. On Eucalyptus, var. aoe INES Woes A. EXTENSUS, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N Z. Inst., 1894, p. Hab. In Vict. and N.S.W. on Paani: capitellata. A. FoDIENS, Maskell. Meacskaiirans. (N37. [inst 189r, ps 10. |) Hrench, Vic. Nat. 1893, Vol. IX., p. 174. Hab. Vict. on Acacia sp. * A. Ficis, Ashmead. Comst. Rep. U.S.- Dept. Agric., 1880, p. 296. Mask., Hoey cit. 18g4, p.3g5 ib., 1895, p: 384; 1b., 1896, p. 297. Hab. Queensland, N.S. Ww. on (?) Citrus. A. HAKE#, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z., Inst., 1895, p. 383. Hab. N.S.W. on Hakea sp. A. Myoportil, Lidgett. Lidgt Wombat, Nov. 1898, Vol. 1V.—No. I, p. 14. Hab. Vict. on Myoporum deserti. * A, NERI, Bouché. sy. A. bouche, Targ-Tozz. Bouche, Schaddl. Gart Insek., 1883, p. 52; Sign. Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1868, p. 126; Targ. Studie sulle Coccineglie, 1867; Comst. Ent. Rep. US. Dept. Agric. 1880, Pagous scale Ins. of N.Z., 1887, p. 44; French, Handbk. Dest. Ins. of NACE 1SQ3 np: 47. Hab. Aust. on Citrus, Oleander, Acacia, etc. An intro- duced and omnivorous species. A. rossi (Crawf. M.S.), Maskell. Maskewtnans. NZ Inst... 1890} \p., 13:7. Ibi, 78or, po 11; i SG2s PD. 20K 31D. LSQ0, Pp. 200); 1b. 1897, p.224. Hab. Aust. on FHucalyptus, Oleander, Ricinocarpus, Aanthorrhea, Hyssop, Artemisia, Coccoloba, Abutilons, etc. This species is fast becoming cosmopolitan. It has been found in ~ China, Africa, California, and other countries since Maskell named it in 1890. It was in Crawford’s collection several years before a description of it appeared. A. SUBRUBESCENS, Maskell. Mack iat tans. NoZ. Inst. 1S9n, \par95 b.,1892,.p, 207); French, Vict. Nat. 1893, p. 173. Hab. Vict. on Zucalyptus gunn. N.S.W. on Banksia. 40 THE WOMBAT. A. SIMILLIMuUS, Cockerell — var. of A. transparens, Green. Cock. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. July, 1898, Vol. II, p. 27. Hab. N.S.Wales on palm (Sydney) A. UNILoBIS, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1894, p. 40. Hab. N.S.Wales on Acacia sp. (tea-tree). A. VIRESCENS, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1895, p. 384. Hab. N.S.Wales on Hugenia smithit. * A, PERNICIOSUS, Comstock. Comst. Ent. Rep. U. S. Dept. Agric., 1880; Mask. Agric. Gaz., N:S.W., Dec.) 1895); Proge.)) Agric. Gaz ING Sri Dec. 1897, p. 874-80; French, Guide to Growers, 1898; Mask. Trans. N. Z. Inst., 1895, p. 386; Tryon, Queensland Agric. Journal, 1898, Vol. II, part 6. flab. Aust. on Eucalyptus sp., apple and pear trees, known as the ‘‘San Jose Scale,’ so much dreaded in America. Genus AONIDIA, Vargioni-Tozzetti. A. Fusca, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1894, p. 43; Green, Ent. Mo. Mag., 1896, Vol. VII, p. 84; Mask. Agric. Gaz., N.S.W.,, Dec., 1895. Hab. On Peach, (Vic. and N.S.W.) Genus DIASPIS, Costa. D. AMYGDALI, Tryon. Tryon, Rep. Ins. and Fungus Pests, Queensland, 1889, p. 89; Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1894, p. 44. Various notes passim. Hab, On Peach, (Vic,, N.S.W., and Qnsld). * D. BorspUVALI, Signoret. + Sign. Ann.) dela, Soc.’ Ent. de: France, \1d63,p.7ae2K Mask. loc. cit., 1878, p. 200; ib. 1884, p. 23; ib., 1894, p. 445 Scale Ins. of N.Z., p. 46. Hab. On Orchids, (South Australia) D, FIMBRIATA, Maskell. Mask. Trans N.Z. Inst., 1892, p. 208. Hab. N.S.W. on Eugenia smithic. * The original home of A. perniciosus is doubtful. Reference to all the literature dealing with perniciosus is unnecessary. | Cockerel places this in Aulacaspis. THE WOMBAT. 41 * D. ros#,-Sandberg. Sand. Abhand, priv. Boh., 1784, p. 317; Sign. Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1868, p. 441; Comst., Ent. Rep. Wiis. Wep. Aerich 1880, p. 312); | Mask. loc. cit., 1878; p. 200); Scale Ins. of N.Z., 1887, p. 47; Green, Ent. Mo. Mag., 1895, Vol. VI, p. 229. Hab. Onrose in all parts of Australia; A European species. ; Genus PARLATORIA, Targioni-Tozzetti. P. myrtus, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1890, p. 12. Hab. Vict. on Myrtus communis. P. pitrospori, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1890, p. 11. Hab. In Victoria on Pitiosporum undulatum. -* P. proteus, Curtis. Var. palm@, Maskell.—(N.Z. Trans., 1896, p. 300) Curtis. Gard Chien: 1843,) p. 674); Tare: Cat., 1868) p. 42; Sign. Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1868, p. 451; Comst. 2nd Corn. Univ. Ent. Rep., 1883, p. 114; Mask. loc. cit., 1892, P213: Hab. Queensland on apple. P. PERPUSILLA, Maskell. Mask, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1896, p. 299. Hab. On Hakea sp. W. Aust. * P, zizyPHi, Lucas. Lucas, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1853; Sign. Essai sur les Cochenilles, p. 133; Mask. loc. cit., 1895, p. 386 ; ib., 1896, p. 301. Hab. On Citrus, W. Australia. (In India on Zizyphus spinachristi.) (Lucas). Genus MYTILASPIS, Targioni-Tozzetti. M. acacia&, Maskell. ‘ Var. albida, Mask. (N.Z. Trans., 1896, p. 304); Mask. Mirans: NZ. Inst. 1895.1 p. 387. Hab. In Australia, on Acacia linifolia, N.S.W. (iiornsby).) 4 M. Banksia, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1895, p. 388. Hab. In Victoria on Banksia integrifolia, (Melbourne). A semi-aquatic species. * M. citricoua, Packard. (Syns. M. flavescens, Targ. M. fulva, Targ.) var. tasmanie, Mask. (N.Z. Trans. 1896, p. 303.) Comst. isaiekep. Wo: Dept. Aerie. 1880; >) Mask, *Pransy JN:Z, Inst., 1889, p. 135; ib., 1894, p. 48. wa i Pie iby 42 THE WOMBAT. a Hab. Throughout Australia (and New Zealand) on Citrus. In Victoria on Banksia integrifolia exogenetically of course. The most widely spread and common of orange coccids. I have placed flavescens and fulva as synonymous on the authority of Professor T. D. A. Cockerell, of America. M. casuarinz, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1892, p. 209. Hab. In Australia on Casuarina, sp. M. convexa, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1893, p. 70. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Acacia, sp. M. perecta, Maskell. (var. tincta, Mask. 1896, loc. cit., p. 304.) Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1896, p. 304 Hab. In West Australia on (?) M. rormosa, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1893, p. 68. Hab. In Australia on Kucalyptus orbifolia (West Aus- tralia) on Fucalyptus corynocalyx (S.A.) * M. GLOVERII, Packard. Comst. Ent. Rep: U.S. Dept. Age: 1880; p. 323) Winele loc. cit., 1890, p. 8; Tryon, Rep. on Ins. Queensland, 1889, Pp. 134-6. ~ Hab In Victoria on Crtrus, (Melbourne).. Mr. J. W. Douglas in Ent. Mo. Mag., 1886, p. 249, considers gloverii identical with flavescens. The latter is now referred to citricola M. gloverw will stand. M. GRANDILOBIS, Maskell. (rans! N°Z. Inst... 0893s) paso: Hab. In Victoria on Banksia, (Melbourne). M. criseA, Maskell Mask, Trans. N.Z.-Inst., 1889, p.°133. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Fucalyptus sp. and on Aeacia var. sp. M. MAIDENI, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1896, p 302 ° Hab. In N.S.Wales on Litsea dealhata (Richmond River) Named after Mr. J. H. Maiden. M. MeLraLeuca, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1895, p. 389. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Melaleuca sp. (Richmond River) M. nivea, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1894, p. 46. Hab. In N.S,Wales on Melaleuca nodosa. (Bankstown). tT sold 6 a i THE WOMBAT. 43 * M. pomorum, Bouché. (syns. Asp. conchiformis, auct. Asp. pyrus-malus, Kennicott. Asp. juglandis, Fitch. Asp. falcijormis, Baren. Myt. pomicorticis, Riley. Also a var. fava, Targ.), Bouche, Ent. Zeit. Stett., 1851, X11; Kennicott, Acad. Selm@ievel resi Sion. Ann, de la Soc.) Ent. de France; 1868, p.98; Mask. loc. cit., 1878, p. 192; Scale Inst. of N.Z., TOO7s, Der She Hab. In Australia (all parts) on apple, pear, plum, hawthorn, ete.; also now recorded for the first time on Prunus amygdalus. Vernacularly and universally known as ‘*mussel scale.” M. pattens, Maskell. var. alba, Mask. (Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1895, p. 388.) Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1889, p. 134. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Xaathorrhea sp. . STRIATA, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1894, p. 47. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Casuarina sp. (Sydney) . SPINIFERA, Maskell. Mask. Trans. NZ: Inst) 1893.) p- 69. Hab. In N.S.Wales on acoh pendula (Urana). Genus LHUCASPIS, Targioni-Tozzetti. . CORDYLINIDIS, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1892, p. 209. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Curdyline sp. (Sydney). Genus POLIASPIS, Maskell. . CASUARINA, Lidgett. Lidgt. Wombat, Vol. 1V.—No. 1. 1808. p. 14. Hab. In Victoria on Casuarina suberosa (Myrniong) P. exocarrpl, Maskell. Miaskanlirans INEZ (Insts ron, \ps 017 5. 1Ds,.. 1893," ps 72h ib., 1894, p. 52; ib., 1895, p. 391; ib., 1896, p. 307. Hlab. In Australia on Hxccarpus cupressiformis (Victoria), on Suntalum (N. Australia), on Oxylobwun trilobatum (N.S.W.) Genus CHIONASPIS, Signoret. C. assimiLis, Maskell. Mask. Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A., 1887-88, p. 102. Hab. In South Australia on Hucalyptus, sp. * C. BRASILIENSIS, Signoret. Sign. Ann. de- la ‘Soc. Ent. de France, 1868, p. 444. Maske loc Cit. Fag2) py h2TO) tm moos. pa ios.) Cockerelly Journ. Trinidad Chaba Soa pagoO.s, @ Hab. In N.S.Wales on orchid, (weed River). In Ceylon on fern (E. E. Green). 44 THE WOMBAT. * C, ciTRI, Comstock. Comst. 2nd Corn. Univ. Rep., 1883, p. 100; Mask. loc. Cit.;, 1884, p.\23 3 1b.) 7892) ps) 2175 Seale. Ins, jon Ne uneem, p. 54; Amer. Nat. 1895, p. 728. Hab. In Australia (all parts) on Citrus. In Tonga on Citrus ; also on Citrus in N. America (Comst.). A Citrus pest all over the world in fact. C. EUGENIA, Mask. (var. cucalypti, Mask. loc. cit., 1892, p. 211). Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1891, p. 14. Hab. In Australia on Eugenia elliptica, Viburnum, sp., Leptospermum levigatum, Melaleuca ericifolia (N.S.Wales). In Victoria on Lucalyptus sp. (Goulburn). C. nitipa, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1891, p. 15. Hab. In Australia on Daviesia corymbosa, Victoria (Melbourne), S. Australia (Adelaide). C. xerotipis, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1894, p. 50. Hab.. In N.S.Wales, on Xerotes longifolia (Sydney). An aquatic species infesting ‘‘ sedge’ plants. F, acacr®, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1891, p. 16. Hab. In S. Australia on Acacia pycnantha. Genus FIORINIA, Targioni-Tozzetti. : y F. cASUARIN#, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N Z. Inst., 1896, p. 307. Hab. In West Australia on Casuarina sp. (Perth) ! i * F, CAMELLI#, Comstock (var. of /. fiorinie, Targ.) Comst. Ent.) Rep. U.S. Dept. Age, 1880, p.ngeen, a: Mask. loc. 'cit., 1891, p-, 16%.1b), (1802, px) 2103) Cockerelly Journ. Inst. Jamaica, 1892, p. 54, also in Ent. Mo. Mag. 1893, pp. 38-40. : Hab. In Australia on Jivistonia sp., (palm) also on Leptospermum sp. (N.S.W.); in America on OCycas revoluta (Comstock) ; Maskell erected var. minor (N.Z. Trans. 1896, p- 307), which he says is very common on palms “from : Sydney to Perth.” I’, expansa, Maskell. . L Mask. Trans. N.Z., Inst., 1894, p. 51. i Habe sour Welslenes linariifolia, N. S° Wales, (Bankstown). } i * On the authority of T. D. A. Cockerell, I place camellie as a var. of ‘ i jiorinie. 4 | i THE WOMBAT. 45 F, NEPHELIU, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1897, p. 234. Hab. In Queensland on Nephelium longauna. F. ruBrA, Maskell. (var. propingua, Mask. N.Z. Trans., 1896, p. 307. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1893, p. 71. Hab. In Western Australia on Acacia sp., also on () in N.S. Wales. F. syNcARPI@, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1892, p. 212. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Syncarpia laurifolia. Genus ISCHNASPIS, Douglas. * |, FILIFORMIS, Douglas.* Doug. Ent. Mo. Mag., 1887, p. 21. Mask. loc. cit., 1894, p. 52. Cock. Ent. Mo. Mag., 1893, p. 17. Hab. On palms in South Australia. In Antigua, on Phenix dactylifera — date palm (Cockerell). Sub-Family LECANIN. 4 Genus CHROPLASTHS, Gray. C. AUSTRALASIZ, Walker. Walk. List of Homop. Brit. Mus., 1087. Sign. Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1872, p. 45. 4 Hab. In Australia on (?) ** C, CERIFERUS, Anderson. And. Mon. of Coccus certferus, 1791. Westwood Gard. Chron., 1853, p. 484. . Sign. Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1372p. 40.) Mask, loc. cit., 1892, p. 1892, p. 216... Tryon, Rep. on Ins. Onsland., 1889, p. 53. 4 Hab. On Melaleuca ENOL Myrica cervfera, Pteris, : sp. of N.S.Wales. 4 C. ruBENS, Maskell. i Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1892, p. 214. Gurney, Aust. Ass. Adv. Sc., 1898. . Hab. In Bie d on Mangifera indica, Ficus macro- phylla. yy J Genus CTHNOCHITON, Maskell. C. EucaLypTi, Maskell. 3 Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1894, p. 52. 4 Hab. In N.S.Wales on Eucalyptus siderophloia ( Wallsend) ‘ C. rHIzopHoR#, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1894, p. 54. Hab. In Queensland on Rhizophora mangle = mangrove (Brisbane). * Mr. Cockerell thinks filiformis ‘identical with longirostris ; Signoret. 46 THE WOMBAT Genus CHRONEMA, Maskell. C. panksia@, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1894, p. 56. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Banksia serrata (Manly, near Sydney). Genus INGLISTA, Maskell. I, FORAMINIFER, Maskell. var. major, Mask. N.Z. Trans., 1896, p. 309. Mask Trans. Ni Zi Inst rég2nip 21 3: Hab. In S. Australia on Santalum acuminatum (Sema- phore district) var. major, occurs in Victoria on Muhlenbeckia adpressa (Swan Hill). I. rossitis, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1896, p. 308. Hab. In Western Australia on Acacua sp. (Darling Ranges). : Genus LECANIUM, Illiger. * TL, ANTHURII, Boisduval. Boisd. Ent: Mort., 1867, p.i320. sien. Ann. de ila soe: Ent..de France; 1873, sp. 435.1) Mask: lochicitie8o2 pm ane. Hab. In Victoria on Asparagus sp. (Melbourne). In Europe on orchids. L. paccatum,” Maskell (Craw. M.S.) Mask. Trans, N.Z. Inst., 1892, p: 20 ; 1b.,|2892; py 2g. DOS WSKClEH yoy ayes . Hab. InS. Australia on Acacia armaia. In Victoria on Acacia calamifolia, A. longifolia. (Melbourne. C. French) also on A. melanowylon (Myrniong. J. Lidgett.) In N.S, Wales on A. linearis (Mr. Musson.) * LL. BEGONIZ, Douglas (= L. NicRuM). The original description appeared in Ent. Mo. Mag. 1 am unable to give the exact reference. Hab. In Victoria on Begonia. * L. riticum, Boisduval == a var. of hemusphericum. Boisd. Ent. Hort., 1867)"p. 336.) Sign.) Ann.idelaasacy de France, 1873, p. 436. Mask. loc. cit., 1892, p. 220. Comst. 2nd: Corn. Rept), p.) 139...) Cockerell, Bull) Bota Went. Jamaica, 1894, p. 72; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1893, p. 55. Hab. In N.S5.Wales on Lomaria sp. (Tweed River) in | Europe and America on ‘ferns ’—Davallia canariensis. L. rrencnu, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1890, Dar Lys Hab. In Victoria on Banksia australis (Melbourne). * Cockerell in a recent letter says that L. baccatwm is not a Lecaniwm, and will be known as Cryptes baccatus. THE WOMBAT 47 * L, HEMISPH@RICUM, Targioni-Tozzetti. var. hibernaculorum, Boisduval, 1867. var. coffee, Walker. A aveworud sulle: ;\Coccimeslie,-1867,p- 27. -oten. Ann. de Ja Soc. Ent. de France, 1873, p. 436. Mask. loc. cit., 1884, p. 29; ib., 1894, p. 59; Scale Ins. of N.Z., 1887, p 80, Gillette and Baker, Hemip. Colo., p. 127. Cock. Journ. Inst. Jamaica, I, p. 373. Various notes passim. Hab. \n Victoria on Camellia japonica (Myrniong J. ikidgett). ) Im N.Z: on the same (W: M. Maskell). In S. Australia on Hranthemum variegatum (Adelaide, Mr. Quinn). In Jamaica on WNephrodium sp. (T. D. A. Cockerell). On many things elsewhere. * L. BERBERIDIS, Schrank. Signoret. Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1873. Mask. HOC. Cite 1O90,, Pp. 31 1. Hab. In Victoria on Vetis vinitera (Melbourne). A European species. L. cASUARIN@, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1897, p. 240. Hab. In Victoria on Casuarina stricta ( = quadrivalvis) (Myrniong). Found in the galleries of wood-feeding species of Lepidoptera. | 4 . Ny * [L, HESPERIDUM, Linneus. (var. laurz, Boisduval.) iinmzeus sys Nat., 735, Ll.,.739. Sign.,, Ann.) de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1873, p. 399. Mask. loc. cit., 1878, p. 2o5 alos 1602, 0-2 2165. Scale) Ins: of N.Z.,) 1887, p: So. Seeks insect Mite, 7 V4 ps 245... Tryon, loc. cit.,/1889,. 24.05 ib,, 1894, p. 69. Hab. In Australia on Acacia aneura. (Sydney, Queens- ‘land, Adelaide) C. RupicinosuM, Maskell. Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1892, p. 242. Hab. In Victoria on Banksia integrifolia (Melbourne) In S. Australia on the same (Semaphore) Genus ICHRYA, Signoret. * TI. moayptiaca, Douglas. Doug. Ent. Mo. Mag., 1890, p. 79. Riley and Howard,— “Insect Life,” 1890, p. 97. Mask. loc. cit., 1893, p. 99.. ° Hab. In N.S.Wales on Goodenia ovata. In Egypt on Ficus sp. Exogenetic. SEES ile ee es 5 AS ee pear soe fa pares: yee sy a ee Bee we eee 58 THE WOMBAT. I. KOEBELEI, Maskell. ; Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1892, p. 245; ib., 1894, p. 69. Hab. In Queensland and N.S.Wales on Leptospermum levigatum. I. purcHAsiI, Maskell * Mask. “Trans: N\Z. Inst.) (1878; p22. Scales sinsion N.Z., 1887, p. 104. French, Hdbk. Dest. Ins. of Vict., part II., 1893, pp. 37-40. pts. XIX-XX. Various notes passim. Tryon, Rep. on Ins. 1889, pp. 111-122. Hab In Australia on almost anything (passim) destructive to Citrus all over the world. * J. rosm, Riley and Howard. (var. australis, Maskell, N.Z. Trans., 1893, p. rot) Riley and Howard, ‘“‘ Insect Life,” 18go, p. 93. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Hakea gibbosa. Genus MARGARODES, Guilding. M. sp. (?) Trimen. Hab. in Australia on (?) underground (copied from Maskell). In Cockerell’s ‘‘Check-List” I notice M. forma- carium, Guild. Perhaps the two are identical. Sub-family BRACHYSCELIN#, Genus FRENCHIA, Maskell. F. CASUARINE, Maskell, Mask.’ Trans. N.Z.- Inst) “18920 p57.) i rose. we nemic: Gaz. N.S.W. May, 1898. . Hab, In Victoria on Casuarina equisetifolia and C. quadri- valvis. On the latter at Myrniong. F. semioccutta, Maskell. " Mask. Trans. ‘NZ. Inst:,' 2894,. p. (7o.1), Progesloement: May, 1898. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Casuarina sp. (Thornleigh) Genus TACHARDIA, Blanchard. T. acactm, Maskell, (— caTEria acacim, Mask.) Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1891, p. 56. HTab. In Central Australia on Acacia sp. T. pEcorELLA, Maskell, (— CATERIA DECORELLA, Mask.) Mask... Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1892, p. 247; 1b., 1894,\p,e70), ib., 1895. p. 408. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Myrica cerifera, Styphela (Moxotoca) elliptica. (Sydney) * The native heme of Icerya purchasi is still a matter of uncertainty, Australia most probubly is. It was named after Dr. Purchase, of Auckland, 1878, THE Wombat. 59 T. MELALEUCH, Mask. (— CATERIA MELALEUCA, Mask.) Mask. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1891, p. 54; ib., 1892, p. 249. Hab. In Victoria and N.S.Wales on Melaleuca sp. Aster axillaris, Eucalyptus sp. Leptospermum levigatum. Genus BRACHYSCBLIS, Schrader. (syn Apiomorpha, Riibsaamen) B. ATTENUATA, Froggatt. Frog. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1898, p. 375. Hab. In S. Australia on Hucalyptus sp. B. BAUERLENI, Froggatt. ror. roc: Linn. Soc. N.S. W..; 1892, °p. 3590. | Lepp. siransweiuays SOC.) SsA., 1893; p. 272. Erog: :Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., Ap.-May, 1898. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Eucalyptus sp. (Northern Rivers) B. catycina, Tepper (— NEUMANNI) depp brans. Koy. Soc./S.A., 1893, p- 275. Hab. In S. Australia on LHucalyptus dumosa, and #. oleosa. B. conica, Froggatt. (syns. B. subconica, Tepp. Trans. Roy.’ Soc. S.A., 1893, p. 274. Aptomorpha similis, Rubsaamen) Fro. Eroc: linn. Soc. N'S.W., 1892, p.365. Lepp. loc. Sie So3. ip. 272.5) Hrog.: Agric. Gaz... N.S.W., Ap.-May, 1808. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Eucalyptus viminalis. In Victoria on the same. B. cirricoxa, Schrader. Seh-irans. nt. Socs'N-5.W-, 1862,\ p. 3. sign. Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1876, p. 597. Hab. In Australia on Hucalyptus (?) sp B. DUPLEX, Schrader. Sen. Mans onbs SOC. N-S. VV. Too2, p. 2. olsn. Ann. domla soc. Ent.) de trance,, 18760, p. 596. | Frog?) loc. .e1t., HAQ2upe 350. Leppaloc. Cit... (1893, p.272... Prog. Agric. Gaz., N.S.W., April-May, 1898. . Hub, In N.S.Wales on Eucalyptus, sp. B. DEPSACIFORMIS, Froggatt. -N.S.W., 1898. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Bucabypeus: sp. Frog. Proc. Linn. Soc. Ness Frog. Agric. Gaz. 60 THE WOMBAT. B. ELLIPSOIDALIS, Tepper. Tepp. Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A. 1893, p. 272. Hab. In W. Australia on Lucalyptus sp. B. FLoratis, Froggatt. Frog. Proc. Linn. Soc) N.S. Wi, 1898sspant 3, p.3700= Hab. In Central Australia on Hucalyptus, sp. B, FLETCHER], (Olliff, M.S.) Fuller. * Fuller, Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. 1896. Hab. In N.S.Wales on (?) B. (APIOMORPHA) KARASCHI, Ribsaamen. Rubs. Berliner Entom. Zeitschrift. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Hucalyptus sp. B. minor, Froggatt. Brog. Proc.) Linn. Soc.) NIS.Wi) 1892,\\p. 303) ahem loc. cit., 1893, p. 272. Frog. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., Ap.-May, Laan. In N.S.Wales on Eucalyptus hemastoma (Wollon- gong) B. munira, Schrader. (syns. B. foliosa, Tepper. LB. reduca, Tepper. veicmen amine de la Soc., Ent. de France, 1876, p. 593. Frog. loc. cit., 1892, p. 362. \ Tepp. /loc. eit); (1893,/)pie72i)) nog ericlnGraz: N.S.W. Ap.-May, 1898. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Lucalyptus var. sp. * Probably a variety of B. karaschi. THE WOMBAT. 61 . B. pomirormis, Froggatt. Prog gerocs duimme.) Soc.) N:S. Wi, 1892p, 367.1) Depp. LOE HEIL rogs,, p.272.. Frog. Acric Gaz. N.S.W... Ap.-May; 1898. , Hab. In Queensland and W. Australia on Hucalyptus sp. B. PHARETRATA, Schrader. Sen rans. ont. Soc. NiS: VV, 1802, \p: 3. ) Sigm Ann. delay Soc, Ent. de France, 1876, p. 595. Frog. loc. cit., 1892; p. 370. Frog. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 1808. Hab. In N.S.Wales on #. corymbosa; E. sieberiana; #. capitellata. (Botany district) B. REGULARIS, Tepper. : Wepp. drans.) Roy. Soc./S.A.; 1893, 'p. 273. Hob. InS. Australia on E. rostrata. |B. rucosa, Froggatt. noe Emoc.) Ieinn’.) Soe. \N:S)W.5) 1892) p..360)') Depp. my, (0c. cit. 1893, p. 272. Frog. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., 1898. | Hab. In N.S.Wales on Lucalyptus sp. (Maitland) B. sessitis, Froggatt. Frog. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales. Frog. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., 1898. Hab. In N.S. Wales on Eucalyptus Sp. B. strompytosa, Tepper ( = crispa) iepps trans. Koy. Soc:.S-A.,, 1893; (Pp. 277: Hab. In 8S. Australia on Lucalyptus incrassata. B. THORNTHONI, Froggatt ( = Nux) Be Frog. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1892, p. 371. Tepp. loc. me .cit., 1893, p. 272. ; Hab. In N.S.Wales on Eucalyptus sp. B. TRICORNIS, Froggatt. Frog. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1892, p. 361. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Eucalyptus siderophloza. B. pepuncutata, (Olliff, M.S.) Fuller. Full. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., 1896. Frog. Agric. Gaz.N.S.W,, 1898. Hab, In N.S.Wales on Eucalyptus sp, 62 THE WOMBAT. B. ROS#FORMIS, Froggatt. Frog. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. Frog. Agri. Gaz. N.S.W., 1898. ; Hab. In N.S. Wales on Eucalyptus sp. B. uMBELLATA, Froggatt. Frog, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1893, p. 336. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Eucalyptus sp. B. urnaLis, Tepper. Depp: Trans. Roy. Soc. S/Ay) 1893," p. 33641) Hrogeamloc: cit., 1898, p. 371. Lidge. Wombat, Voll 111) 1898)" pwgganpin II. figs. 1-6, Frog. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., 1898, Ap.-May. Hab. InS. Australia on E. gracilis; E. uncinata. In N.S.W. on the same. In Vict. on E. leucoxylon; (Myrniong) B. SLOANEI, Froggatt. Frog: Proc, Linn: Socw Nis) Wi.) 2808)) P3773: Hab. In N.S.Wales on Eucalyptus sp. (Wagga district) B. VARIABILIS, Froggatt. Frogg. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1892, p. 364; ib., 1898, p: 374. Lepp: loc: (cit) 1893) | p.. 272.) 9 Prog Acinic meres N.S.W., Ap.-May, 1898. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Eucalyptus piperita. Bracuyscg.is (?) Lidgett. Lidg. Wombat, Vol. III, 1898, p. 93; fig. 19 = pl. II. Hab. In Victoria on Hucalyptus sp. BracuysceE.tis sp. Lidgett. Lidg. Wombat, Vol. III, 1898, p. 94, figs. 15-18 = pl. II. Hab. In Victoria on Hucalyptus robusta (Bacchus Marsh) Genus OPISTHOSCELIS, Schrader. O. FIBULARIS, Froggatt. Frog. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1893, p. 344. Hab. In Victoria and N.S.Wales on Hucalyptus sp. O. MacuLaTA, Froggatt. Frog. loc. cit., 1893, p. 345; Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., 1898, April-May. Hab, \n Vict, on Hucalyptus leucoaylon ; E. gracilis, (ai alae al Pie 2 ie THE WOMBAT. 63 O. MAMMULARIS, Froggatt. Frog. loc. cit‘, 1893, p. 344; Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., 1898, Ap.—May. Hab. In Victoria on Lucalyptus sp. (Bendigo) O. MASKELLI, Froggatt. Pb iose loc. cit... 18g Dp. 340; Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., 1808. Ap.-May. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Lucalyptus siderophlora. O. nicrA, Froggatt. Eroe® loc. Cit.,/1898,. p.. 376. Hab. In N.S.W. on Eucalyptus sp. O. PISIFORMIS, Froggatt, Frog. loc. cit., 1893, p. 343. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., 1898, Ap.-May. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Eucalyptus melliodora, H. piperita, E. resinifera, E. robusta. O. SERRATA, Froggatt. Frog. loc. cit., 1893, p. 346; Agric. Gaz. N.S.Wales, 1898, Ap.-May. ‘@ Hab. In Victoria on Lucalyptus sp. P ©. spinosa, Froggatt. e Eros. loc: cit., 1893, p. 341; Agric. Gaz. N.S.W.,. 1898; Ap.-May. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Lucalyptus siderophloia. O. SUBROTUNDA, Schrader ( = GRACILIs) (Syns. O. globosa, Ribs. O. sehraderi, Ribs.) Sch. Mians.Pnt. soe) N: Si, 1862,/p..10, sign, Ann. de la Soc: Entiecde Erances1e76, 0p. 597.) roe, loc, cit. 1893, p. 210% Agric, Gaz. N.S.W., 1898, Ap.-May. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Eucalyptus capitellata. O. vERRUCULA, Froggatt. Frog. loc. cit., 1893, p. 338; Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., 1898, Ap.-May. Hab, In N.S: Wales on Eucalyptus sp. Genus ASCEILIS, Schrader. A. ATTENUATA, Froggatt. Frog. loc. cit., 1893, p. 214 ; Nene Gaz. N.S.W. 1898, _ Ap.- May, . Hab. In N.S.Wales on Eucalyptus piperita. A. PRMMOLLIS, Schrader. Sch., Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S.W., 1862, p.10. Sign. Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1876, p. 599. Frog. loc. ae HESKOB Daein; Agric. Gazi Ne S.W,, 1898, Ap.-May. t Hab. In N.S.Wales on Eucalyptus corymbosa. A. SCHRADERI, Froggatt. Frog., loc. a, 1893, P. 213; eric, Gaz. N. S.W., 1898, i _ Ap.-May. Hab. In N.S.Wales on Lucalyptus corymbosa. 7 \ i ; Henry Tuacker, Prinve Seeley & King, Architects and Surveyors, EXHIBITION EXCHANGE, GEELONG. WARDROP & SCURRY, Architectural & Figure Modellers, 48 ARDEN ST., NORTH MELBOURNE, (near Errol St.) Wo All kinds of Plaster and Cement Ornament of Latest Design at Lowest Rates. Fibrous Ceilings, Cornices, Centre Flowers. &c, a Specialty. Designs and Estimates Submitted. Architects’ Details Artistically Treated. ASHBY AND GEELONG : Yearly Provident Society. The Benefit of this Society include all that can be obtained from a fully uualified Doctor, and is equal to anything offered by the proposed Dispensary, and also includes Sick and Funeral Payments. The Entrance Fee is only One Shilling, and Sabscriptions One Shilling per week. The Annual Meeting was held on Nov. 14th. New Members are now being enrolled. All information freely given by the Sucrerary, W. H. DENMEAD, Aberdeen St. oe. WADE L'PON, (Late R. McDonald's) NEW DRUG HALL, JE) SG TSO dsl SR aS Sh ae Sy she hy Oinie ps Orders forwarded to any part of the Colony on the shortest notice. Patent Medicines and Perfumery. Horse ie Cattle BSCE ethaisls of all Einds. GEELONG CHILLED SHARES. I beg to call your tention to hese ‘Shanes for Next Season’s Plouchine. These Shares are equal to the English, without seams, a clean Share and durable—a trial will prove this. Soliciting a Sample Order for a trial, I am, Gentlemen, Yours faithfully, Barwon Foundry, HENRY HOBBS. SOUTH GEELONG. A LARGE STOCK ON HAND. Maker of Horse Works & Chaffcutters, & Engineering in all its branches. DICKINS & SONS, Nos. 89 to 98, MERCER STREET, GEELONG. Tubular and other descriptions of Iron Gates for Carriage Entrances Stations, Gardens,and Farm purposes. Wrought and Cast Iron Railings of various designs for Building. D. & Sons have on hand a very Jarge © -@_ - BAY SALT —For Pickle Making and Packing Purposes. CURING SALT—For Dry Salting, Butchers, Bakers, and Ham and Bacon Curers’ Use. _ No. 2 BAY SALT—For Sheep, Cattle and Farmers’ Use. | AGRICULTURAL SALT For Farmers and Gardens. { R. CHEETHAM & CO. Proprietary, Ltd, Town Office and Stores—71 Little Malop Street. nde ee <= ja M. DONAGHY & SONS, a Geelong, Mahone and Adelaide MANUFACTURERS OF Rope and Cordage OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS. THE FAMOUS EN : Kangaroo” Brand —Ffj\|_Harvest Twines. Coir Mats in all Varieties »—~pe=— PRICE LISTS ON APPLICATION Mercer St. Steam Wheel Works & Carriage Factory. ESTABLISHED 1875. ———__=8@ ome oe Has on hand a large Stock of First-class Vehicles, Waggonettes, Single and Double-seat Buggies, Pony Phetons and Gigs, Express Waggons, &e., also Single and Double-seat Buggies and Express Waggons (secondhand), which he is prepared to sell at the Lowest Prices in Geelong (quality considered). PAINTING, TRIMMING & REPAIRS at most reasonable charges. BEST MATERIALS. HONEST WORK. FAIR PRICES. First-class Workmanship in every department. Farm, Road, and Station Waggons, Spring Water Carts, Drays, &c., built to order. INSPECTION INVITED. S ~*~ HE PoGscca THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE COLLEGE. GEO. R. KING, Secretary. July, 1899. of Coma > SS " = oe Zoolesy “@ q) 7% GOA4- “BAKER'S. ~ —No. 4. “& ROUSE PROPRIETARY LIMITED, “>> 260 COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE, anv ar 3K SYDNEY, ADELAIDE, BRISBANE, HOBART. Our very large and complete Stock of Photo Material and Optical Lantern Goods is always open for inspection. — SP Local Agent—]. F. DENTRY, Cuemisr, MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. JHRIMPTON & ce) i RONG, S| Agents, Sharebrokers and Financiers. rt pe INTERESTS & RENTS COLLECTED. Corner Moorabool and : Mercantile Chambers. Rune Sts, Geclones _ AGENTS FoR South British Fire and Marine Insurance Co. ye. oe New York Life Insurance Co. . New Zealand Accident Insurance Co. Mutual Plate Glass Insurance Co. lephone No. 96. H. PHACKHR, PRINTER, KYRIE STREET, GEELONG. NAA eee a ELSA SCOTCH PIE TCH PIE HOUSE. NEE As NPA es Oe Ie y y. AD J L MIME ¢ PASTRYCOOK, CATERER, 2c MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. DINING ROOMS. Established. 1877. Albert Cotfce Palace, Corner of Yarra St. & Market Square, GEELONG. CLOSE TO BATHS, RAILWAY, SHIPPING & GARDENS. For SADDLERY & HARNESS | JAS, STRONG & BROS., None better than Boot & Shoe ALEC LOWE, MANUFACTURERS & IMPORTERS, LITTLE MALOP ST. (Neat Prince of Wales Hotel.) MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. All Stable Requisites kept in Stock H. McGREGOR, Sole Agent for SOLOMON’S SOLUTION. R. OSTERBERG, SAIL, TENT & TARPAULIN MAKER MOORABOOL STREET, Tent & Tarpaulin Maker (Next Strachan, Bostock & Co.) TCP OF MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG, (Opposite J. H. Storre?’s.) Flags, Tents aud G Marquees for Sale ire J. HAMMERTON & SON, JEWELLERS, ENGRAVERS, DESIGNERS, WHOLESALE & RETAIL. OPTICIANS, LAPIDARIES, LITTLE RYRIE STREET, GEELONG, a Gold and Silver Medals awarded for Jewellery. Marquees and Flags for Sale or Hire. SUNNY BAY DAIRY, COWIES GREEK MICHELL BROS., Wholesale & Retail Dairymen, © PAKINGTON STREET, GEELONG WEST. The favor of your Patronage and Recommendation ~ appreciated. Chaff supplied direct from the Farm. DRINK W. J. BROCKWELL’S HOP BEER, AZRATED WATERS & CORDIALS, TROPHIES, BADGES, GOLD and SILVER JEWELLERY in Stock or Made to Order, Gold, Silver and Stones in Rough Bought. x The Rush.. ‘FOR OUR Phos Goods Speaks volumes for the excellence of our Stock. H, Thacker, Photo Supply (Ores, Rurie oleet. : ee «~ THETAZ’S~ Wine Vaults and Cale, JAMES STREET, GEELONG. The Very Best Wines only in Stock. Tap uaa Ba payan ... MATURING & BOTTLING under the direct supervision of Mr. Thetaz, who has had 50 years’ experience. Sacramental Wines a Specialty. ss CG, W. PURNELG, COMPLETE HOUSE FURNISHER, 65 & 67 LITTLE RYRIEH ST., GEELONG, (Next to Robinson, Burns & Sparrow’s Saleyards.) All Furniture and Bedding Manufactured on the Premises. A Specialty made of Repairing, Polishing and Upholstering. eR. ROBINSON, = 68 MYERS STREET, GEELONG. PLUMBER, GASFITTER, AND BELLHANGER. I ET—EeETEEE—eEeeee OE INSTRUCTOR GORDON TECHNICAL COLLEGE. Hot Water Circulation, Lead Burning, and Sanitary Drainage a Speciality. ESTIMATES GIVEN. Auli ier) | OV EG, HOMCEOPATHIC CHEMIST, °Gerrcsire'sosr orice) GEELONG. Natara—Dries up a Cold inthe Head in a few poate ) Tinct. Hupatorium Perfoliatum for Influenza - Specifies for this Malady. 'Tinct. Sticta Pulmonaria for Infiuenza. ) Phosphorine—Nervous Debility. Homeopathic Tincture of Podophyllin, for Biliousness, Congestion of the Liver, Constipation, Sick Headache, Jaundice, &e. ‘The Perfect Cure for Corns & Warts—Price ls. 6d. ALBERT T. OWEN. Agent for ‘RED BIRD” and ‘‘BLACK BIRD” Cycles FOR ALL CYCLE AND GENERAL REPAIRS TRY ALIEX. WHIEELA WES RYRIE S2., GEELONG (Opp. 8. Thacker’s). All Work Guaranteed. Charges Moderate. Country Orders Promptly Attended to. Bucycles Stabled. DENTISTRY. aK OK OK oss. Cort J. MAWSON,’ 201, MOORABOOL STREET, GEELONG. NS, eee eee_ _ e _ ee ee ee eae a aoa Laughing Gas, &c., administered. Extractions, 2s. 6d. Wj CI@® BY @ A DP) D/ @ (im) [Ov @ £ “W. d Fi 4d. Has on hand a large Stock of First-class Vehicles, Waggonettes, Single and Double-seat Buggies, Pony Phyetons and Gigs, Express Waggons, &e., also Single and Double-seat Buggies and Express Waggons (secondhand), which he is prepared to sell at the Lowest Prices in Geelong (quality considered). PAINTING, TRIMMING & REPAIRS at most reasonable charges. BEST MATERIALS. HONEST WORK. FATR PRICES. First-class Workmanship in every department. Farm, Road, and Station Waggons, Spring Water Carts, Drays, &c., built to order. INSPECTION INVITED. THE WOMBAT BAKER & ROUSE ares PROPRIETARY LIMITED. = piGnitactiures of the Celebrated “AUSTRAL” PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPERS Awarded GOLD MEDAL DIPLOMA Sine Greater Britian Exhibition: 22 ERFECT APERS RODUCE ERFECT ICTURES . | Samples Free on 260 COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE, z _ application— a ot Compa; we Zanlogy % * Oct 23 1943 : Lista pas: oe anes ale | THETAZ'S QZ : Wine Vaults and Cafe, JAMES STREET, GEELONG. | nae THE VERY BEST WINES _ ONLY IN STOCK. TE MATURING and BOTTLING under the direct supervision of « + . MR. THETAZ, who has had 50 years’ experience. ©H0080H505H5HH55006 'SACRAMENTAL WINES A SPECIALTY. FRANKS, Printers, eet oe Street, Geelong, Carrier ____.—_—_, AGENT FOR— Melbourne Steamship Co. Regular Steamers for Western Australia. Frederick Tate & Co. Customs and Baggage Agents. Parcels delivered to any address in the world at fixed rates. United Insurance Co.— Fire and Marine. Haystacks insured at lowest current rates VICTORIAN AND NEWCASTLE COAL. FIREWOOD. ffices, Store and Stables, CORIO TERRACE, GEELONG. Telephone No. 208 Next Australian Mortgage Co, w.B.KING « son, | +0. BROWN & CO. (MRS. M. E. KING) GEELONG Undertakers & Funeral Directors ie he NEERING WORKS. 195 MOORABOOL ST,., Geelong. gents for— Crossley’s Gas & Oil Engines Telephone, 122 Prices Moderate CORIO ST., GEELONG. Wanted to Buy All Repairs Neatly Executed Early Australian Coins Umbrellas Re-Covered from 2/6 and Tokens .. - W. HILLIER Pa i i thea per, Gold, Silver, Copper; Brass, or Tin, and Surcharges: Umbrella Maker, Jd. LAWTON, RYRIE STREET, GEELONG. Fyans Street, Chilwell, Geelong (5 Doors from Purdies) ace SS FOR ‘ SADDLERY & HARNESS x, Dentry e e Ys None better than _ ALEC LOWE, eek Chemist, Little, Malop St. (Next Prince of Wales Hotel) © All stable Requisites kept in Stock. Sole agent for SOLOMON’S SOLUTION. Moorabool St., Geelong. = THE RUSH *=- FOR OUR PHOTO GOODS, Speaks volumes for the excellence of our Stock. H. THACKER, Photo Supply Stores, Ryrie Street. Cobb & Co,, Stables, Telephone, No. 1 MALOP STREET, EAST COCOHYOOOOGe First-Class Drags and other Wehicles for Hire. 22 —> COBB & CO., Proprietors. ik, WOVE BACT (With which is incorporated the Geelong Naturalist) PUBLISHED BY The Geelong Field Naturalists’ & Science Club The Gordon College Amateur Photography ogy 93 1943 Zaclegy AA ek Compan AND Za Pare I) & @ 30,206 Association. Sula age Vole V.,No. 1. January, 1902. Noemi. All communications to be addressed to the Editor, Mr. H. E. Hill, Gordon Technical College, Geelong, Victoria, Australia, It is requested that publications sent in exchange may be addressed to the Editor of the Wombat. The Editor is not responsible for the statements in any paper. NOTE. For over two years we have been unable to publish, owing to financial difficulties, but these have fortunately been overcome. Our last number was dated July 1899, and in it we recorded the fact that the Gordon College Science Club had amalgamated with the Geelong Field Naturalists’ Club. The name chosen for the combined society was the Geelong Field iWaturalists’ and Science Club, and it holds its meetings on every alternate Tuesday at the Gordon Technical College. With this number is published an index to the first four volumes of the Wombat, and with the next number which will be due in , will be published an index to the (six volumes of the) Geelong Naturalist, which is now incorporated with the Wombat. The proceedings of the A.P.A. are held over till the next issue. In an article in Photography, with regard to the formation ofa Photographic Society at Blackburn the following remarks occur ;—‘* We are sorry to note, however, that it was thought ad- visable to carry a resolution to the effect that no professional or 2 THE WOMBAT. dealer should be elected to any official position, or on the committee of the society, lest it should prove a means by which he might push his business. We think in carrying such a resolution a slur has been put upon the professionals and dealers of Blackburn for which there would not appear to be any real reason, other than the vague fear that they might turn the society to business account. It is difficult to see how this could be done in any case, except that by giving it their services and support, by which the society would benefit, its members might feel bound in return to extend their support to the gentlemen who did so. We cannot help thinking that it is high time that these resolutions against pro- fessionals and dealers were abandoned as obsolete. In the highest society of all, a gentleman most conspicuously engaged in the manufacture and sale of photographic goods occupies the position of president. The Camera Club contains both professionals and dealers, and has always «one so, even when it had a rule to the contrary. We do not believe that their organisation has suffered in consequence, although the rule in the case of the Camera Club certainly kept more than one good man out of its ranks. We should recommend our Blackburn friends to reconsider their decision, and to put themselves above petty prejudices of this character.” PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEELONG FE.N. CLUB. 16/7/01. Annual Meeting. The balance-sheet showed a small credit. Officers elected thus :—President, Mr G. H. Adcock, F.L.S. Vice-Presidents, Messrs. W. Shaw and J, F. Mulder. Treasurer, Mr. W. H. Renton. Secretary, Mr C. F. Belcher, LL.B. ' Hditor, Mr H. E. Hill. Committee, Messrs. O. Pohl, T. Wright, J. Hammerton, R. Mockridge and J. C. Taylor, Messrs. J. J. Cary, G. Bartlett and L. Kossack elected members. 30/7/01. Paper “ Precious Stones,’’ by H. Hammerton. Mr. J. Hammerton showed a number of stones in illustration of the the paper. Rev. R. C. N. Kelly and Mr. P. it. Challen elected members. 3/8/01, Magazine Night. Mr G C. Bartlett showed specimens of auriferous quartz from New Zealand. 27/8/01. Paper : ‘“‘ The Metric System.” §. Patterson, B.A: Messrs. A. Pohl and 8. Patterson elected members. ia THE WOMBAT. 3 13/9/01. Public Lecture: “ Ornithology in Southern Australia.” D. LeSouéf, C.M.Z.S. This was held in conjunction with the - Photographie Club, Mr LeSouéf having kindly come down by request. 24/9/01. Magazine Evening. Messrs. C. H. Tilley and W. T. Price elected members. Mr. Shaw showed a number of concretions and Mr. Belcher showed some shells and a number of bird skins. The following publications have been received :—The Victorian Naturalist, Vol. XVIII, Nos. 2-5, The Zoologist, Nos. 719- 722, The Birds of Yorkshire, Farm, Stock and Fireside, Trans. Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, Parts 25 and 27, and Syllabuses of Meetings of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. PHOTO-TRAPPING—PURPLE HERONS AND SPOONBILLS. In an article in the Zoologist, under the above title, Mr. R. B. Lodge says that he had attempted to photograph the spoonbills on a certain ‘‘ meer” in Holland, but without success till the present year. He says :—‘ Hopes were fixed on a new automatic electric photo-trap of my own own contrivance ; but directly I reached the colony I found it was too late to use it, as far as the spoonbills were concerned. The eggs were hatched, and the half-grown young ones were walking about restlessly, and would certaiuly have sprung the trap before the arrival of the parent birds. Other methods, therefore, had to be resorted to, and the electric shutter was released by means of a string on the switch from a hiding-placc the other side of a channel cut in the reeds, from which place, waist-deep in water, Lalso used the telephoto lens with good effect. Finding that the birds came much more readily than on any previous occasion, I took a whole-piate camera, and hid up with it about seven yards away from the nest, and got my boatman to cover me over with reeds. Here I soon had two splendid chances in a very short time. Once both the old spoonbills and their three young ones were in front of me; the young birds, after teasing the old ones for food, would insert their beaks into the parent’s throat, and there feed like young pigeons. : Purple Herons, as usual, were nesting in close proximity. A ‘nest was found, and we built up a platform of cut sedge and reeds, on which the camera was just raised above the water, and weil covered A THE WOMBa'. with more sedge and wet water weeds. A dry-cell battery was hidden with it, and wires carried to the nest connected with a specially designed switch, on which it was hoped the bird would tread, and so connect the battery and expose the plate.” By this means three plates were successfully exposed, and the article continues, “ If this method succeeds with a bird of such extreme shyness and timidity as the Purple Heron, it should prove of great service in obtaining records of birds and animals hitherto impossible. Not only birds at their nests, but any bird or animal, large or small, diurnal or nocturnal, which can be attracted by a bait, or which habitually uses the same path or run, can now be photographed. Of course, for nocturnal animals, the inclusion in the circuit of a flashlight, to beignited by the same current which operates on the shutter, is indispensable. Besides the Purple Heron, the trap was tried at the nests of a Marsh Harrier and a Great Crested Grebs. These attempts, from the difficulty there was in connecting the camera, were failures. Before leaving England experiments were made with the trap at a Lapwing’s nest, which were successful three times out of four, only so far as that the bird duly went on and released the shutter. This at first was uncovered and rather noisy, and the bird “jumped ;” the fourth try, the shutter having been improve? and covered in, was entirely successful. The Lapwing, however, this last time sat on the switch for a couple of hours and completely ex- hausted the dry battery—this contingeney not having been allowed for. An automatic eut-offhas now been made, and aftsr the release of the shutter no more battery action can possibly take place, how- ever long the switch is kept pressed down. ‘The shutter, by the way, was made by Messrs Dallmeyer, of Newman-street.” The article is accompanied by a plate showing one of the results attained ; it is an excellent picture of a Purple Heron stand- ing by its nest. THE LATE PROFESSOR RALPH TATE, AwotTHen of our most prominent Australian scientists has passed away in the person of Professor Ralph Tate, and one cannot but sincerely regret the serious loss to Australian science of further fruits from his ripe experience. He was not old in years, a+ lis age at his death was only sixty-one, and one would h:ve expected, in the ordinary course of things, that his fine frame would have lasted ~~ pithha THE WOMBAT. 5 at least another twenty years. But it was otherwise ordained, and it remains for us to see to it that his work is not forgotten. and that a fitting memorial is erected to his memory. The late professor was born at Alnwick, Northumberland, in March, 1840, and as a lad he showed his bent towards natural history, and distinguished himself early by gaining prizes and exhibitions, which assisted in the completion of his training. He then undertook teaching work for a time, and gained experience therein that ever after stood him in good stead. He conducted geological classes at the Polytechnic Institution, and was subsequently senior science master in the Trade and Mining School at Bristol ; for three years after he conducted schools of science in the North of Ireland. In 1864 he was appointed curator to the Geological Society of London, having been elected a Fellow in 1861. During this time he also conducted science teaching in London... In 1867 he visited Central America, where he had splendid opportunities of furthering his studies in geology and natural history, and, needless to say, he availed himself of them to the full, Returning to England, after having visited other parts of America en route, he made Durham his headquarters, and there gave science instruction. In 1875 the Elder Professorship of Natural History at the University of Adelaide was founded, and Ralph Tate was the successful applicant; this position he held tiil his death in September last, and it speaks volumes for the man that he was not only able to keep abreast with the rapid advances of science generally, but that he acted as a leader in his own particular lines, especially paleontology aad botany. In England he was best known for his palzontological work on the Lias fossils and for his appendix to Woodward’s ‘“‘ Manual of Mollusca.’’ In Australia he has been best known for his tertiary paleeontology and conchological and botanical researches. He always endeavoured to advance the study of natural science, and was amongst the first in founding the Royal Society ot South Australia (or, as it was originally known, the Philosophical Society), being its first president. He has also occupied very prominent positions at the meetings of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, having held the presidential chair of the Biological Section at the first meeting in Sydney in 1888, and of the Geological Section in Melbourne in 1900, and the presidency of the association in Adelaide in 1893, He was a member, or corresponding member, of numerous Australian and English scientific societies, and his work as a scientist has been recognised by the award of the balance of the proceeds of the ‘“‘ Murchison Fund” by the Geological Society of London in 1874, and of the Clarke Memorial Medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1892. é THE WOMBAT. THE WODDOWRO PRONOUNS. By Jouw Fraser, LL.D., Sypney. In December, 1897, I got a letter from Mr. John J. Cary, of Geelong, stating that he had discovered in a tribal language of Australia the existence of both a dual and a triple number for the pronouns, and asking my opinion on the examples which he sent. At that time I was busy organising Section F (Anthropology) of the Science meeting which was held in Sydney the month after, and so had not leisure to examine his examples carefully, but I wrote an opinion as follows, which he afterwards printed. “An Opinion BY Dr. FRASER. (1) “* There onght to be no difficulty in accepting Prof. Tucker’s suggestion that these dual and ternal (7.e, triple or trinal) examples contain the Australian numerals dul-a, ‘ two,’ and gul-i-ba, ‘ three,’ for several islands of the New Hebrides occupied by Melanesians akin to our Australian blacks have the numerals ‘two’ and ‘three’ incorporated in the dual and ternal forms of their personal pronouns, and the Samoans of Polynesia and the Papuan natives of the south coast of New Guinea have also their word for ‘ two’ in their dual pronouns. (2) “If we admit bula and guliba, then your examples should read—Duai: bang-(b)ul, bang-bul-ok, bang-a-bul-ong ; bang-go-de-(b)ul, bang-go-de-bul-ok, bang-go-de-bulok. (I think this last example must be wrong, for ‘ yours ’ and ‘theirs’ cannot be expressed by thesame form.) Ternal: bang-etuk-gul-ik, &. (8) * I do not think that bang-ik of your examples can be the same word as bang, ‘I,’ of Lake Macquarie, for your bang occurs in ali the forms quoted, and it seems to me impossible that a word meaning ‘I’ should be part of a pronoun ‘thou’ or ‘he’ or ‘you’ (plural). In human speech, ‘he,’ for instance, is a simple demcnstrative, meaning ‘ that’ or ‘ this one,’ ¢.e., someone distinct {rom the speaker, and so the word for ‘I’ could not be a part of it. (4) “ But I think it probable that, in the sentence from which you quote, the bang is a verb or a verbal noun (perhaps meaning ‘be,’ or ‘strike,’ or. ?), and that the terminations which follow % TME WOMBAT. 7 the bang in your examples are the pronouns and the numerals. I would therefore write your singular thus :— Bang-ik. Bang-ong-ik. Bang-ngin. Bang-ngo-di-ngin. Bang-nduk. Bang-ngo-di-duk. If this supposition were true, then the suffixed pronouns 7h, ngin and duk would be an interesting parallel to the Melanesian (New Hebrides) pronoun-forms used as suffixes to the verb, and also to the usage of the classic language, as Latin ama-bam, ama:bas, ama-bai, &c. In fact, in Aneityumese and other New Hebrides dialects £ is the suffix-pronoun ‘I.’ And ngin (which I have written) is the Lake Macquarie prononn ‘thou’; elsewhere itis in. The duk of the third person may be a local demonstrative used by the Geelong tribe. There is always great variety in these demonstratives. (5) “ Against taking ik for ‘ I’ lies the fact that this same th or dik cccurs in your examples of the triple Ist, Znd and 8rd persons, all through. Unless these examples are wrong, it cannot there mean ‘I.’ Bat when I examined Yaplin’s Narrinyeri examples I found similar inconsistencies, which I took to be errors made by the compiler. (6) ‘* Although your dual and ternal examples seem _ to contain the numbers 2 and 3, yet the difficulties in explaining your whole paradigm of these pronouns on that footing are so great that I would not lightly venture an opinion, until I have an opportunity of examining the sentences from which these examples are taken. (7) ‘‘ I have omitted to say that in the possessive forms, in paragraph 2 of this opinion, I write ngo-di because ko, that is, ngo, is a well-known Australian genitive form (as in Lake Macquarie dialect), and ong (1st person) may be forngo. ‘The Geelong ngo-di would then correspond with the Awabakal genitive in ko-ba. In the Dravidian languages of India ko, ku, kei are the common dative forms, but they are also used for the genitive.” It is to be understood that the foregoing is merely a preliminary opinion formed on a hasty perusal of my MS. (A Discovery in the Australian Language), at a time when Dr, Fraser was fully occupied with preparations for the work of his section (Anthropology) of the Science Congress at Sydney (1898).” While giving this opinion, I also advised Mr. Cary to write out the facts of his discovery and to send them to me as a paper 8 THE WOMBAT. for Section F, of which I was Secretary. This he accordingly did. The paper was read at one of the meetings of the Section, and was handed to a small committee of three members for further copsideration. Ido not know if that committee made any use of Mr. Cary’s communication or reported on it, but the paper itself. was published in Vol. VII. (Sydney meeting) of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science. Since then, I have given a little more careful attention to these Woddowro pronouns, and, in consequence, I seem to understand what they are. The results of my investigation I am now requested to make known in the pages of the Wombat. Mr. Cary’s discovery is unique and important, for the Australian dialects have not furnished any other instance of the use of a ternalnumber in the pronouns, and this example of it serves as a link to connect our blacks with the Melanesians of the islands of the Western Pacific. The history cf the discovery is this, In the year 1838—only a few years later that the first settlement of white men on the shores of Port Phillip—the Wesleyan Methodists began a mission to the Woddowro, Dantgurt and Kolijon tribes, in what is now the Geelong district. One of those who engaged in this labour of love was Francis Tuckfield, a young man who had come from Cornwall, full of hope and zeal for the betterment of the natives by trying to christianize and civilize them. In this work he spent ten of the best years of his life. Mr. Cary goes on to say, “ A large vocabulary was compiled in the first years of the mission, but it was unfortunately lost in a fire that destroyed the mission-house. hoes In his note book is preserved a collection of about two hundred short sentences, some translations of Scripture, and a vocabulary of over two hundred words. By the kindness of the Tuckfield family, it has been my privilege to inspect their father’s journal, letters, and note book ; and, when perusing the latter, I unearthed a grammatical form of number hitherto practically unnoticed as a peculiarity in Australian language. That dual number is a feature of several Australian dialects is well-known ; but with the Woddowro, number as a means of precision was amplified yet another degree. And herein lies the discovery ; these natives of the Geelong district used triple number.” This then is the history of the case ; I will now proceed to show what I can make of it. And in doing so, I shall use the terms Singular, Binal, Ternal, Plural number. The word ‘ dual ’ has so established itself in grammar that evervbody seems to have acquiesced in its use, but, on the analogy of Singular (from Lat. s/nguli, ‘ one-by-one’) it ought to be Binal, which is suitable, for it marks that two are spoken of each time. The name ‘ trial ’ for the triple number is an awkward word ; and so, on analogy again, I use Ternal. And in discussing this question I will advance by a series of Propositions. EGGS! EGGS?! EGGS!!! The ““Dykon”’ water Glass is acertain Egg Preservative seeley & Aing, and, provided fresh and clean eggs be put down, they will keep for 12 months or more fi COBB & CO., Proprietors. — PAS TL pec PRT Se OSE 1 LCN AE See ee Re ee fiak WOMBAT (With which is incorporated the Geelong Naturalist) ot Compa;> THE JOURNAL OF "hed *a, 4N The Geelong Field Naturalists’ Club {* o¢T 23 ieee AND i 160 20h Club. Viobe eV NO. 22, March, 1902. No. 18. All communications and publications in exchange should be addressed to the Editor, Mr. H. E. Hill, Gordon Technical College, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. The Editor is not responsible for the statements in any paper. NOTES. Wirz this number is printed the index to the Geelong Naturalist. In connection with the plague of flies, which is one of the worst features of Beira, the inhabitants assert that they were never troubled by them before the landing of the horses belonging to our troops.—J.B.L. Bromide Effect on P.O.P.—Put the paper reversed in the printing frame, so that the film is away from the negative, and print in bright sunlight; print darker than usual and tone in the ordinary way. In mounting put the gelatine of the film against the mount. oe Recipe for Bronzing Brass.—Dissolve two oz. copper wire in seven fl, oz. strong nitric acid (sp. gr. 1-4) ; dissolve a shilling in one fi. oz. nitric acid ; mix the two solutions ; add from four to six oz. distilled water, aad filter. Clean the brass with monkey soap and wash free from grease. Be 8 The Gordon College Amateur Photographic ha Immerse the brass in the solution for a moment or two, and then. heat in a spirit flame; or the blue flame of a Bunsen burner. The solution dries on the brass, becomes greenish-white, and gradually black. Remove from flame as soon as whole surface is black, cool, brush off rough deposit, and polish with a cork get a little oil.—W.T.P. ‘The Brisbane Club has decided to admit professionals to its ranks, and has accordingly dropped the word amateur from its name, which is now “ The Queensland Phetographic Society,” A Leathery Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) was caught in Corio Bay bY some fishermen on March 138th. } hs 18 THE WOMBAT. THE GORDON COLLEGE PHOTOGRAPHIC CLUB. See SS SUMMARY OF MEETINGS. 26/7/01. Business and Competition. The competition rules were altered to the following :— 1. All rules relating to past competitions are rescinded, | 2. All pictures shall have been taken since 1/1/01, and no picture shall have been exhibited previously. 3. One judge shall be appointed at the monthly meeting before each competition, and prints shall be in the hands of the secretary on the Wednesday preceding the competition : the secretary shall hand them to the judge, who will furnish a report for the benefit of members. 4, Judging shall be by points—30 for composition, 10 fo! negative making, 10 for printing and toning, and 3 for mounting. 5. The club’s gold medal shall be given for the highest points gained on the year’s work under the next rule. (A silver medal is presented by the secretary as a second prize.) 6. In each competition points shall be—3 for first, 2 for second, and one for third; and there shall be at least three competitors or no second, and four or no third. Points to be counted on one picture only by a single individual in each competition. 7. Should a tie occur in the places for medals, the committee shall select a subject for a further competition. to determine the winner. ) The competitions in 1900-1 resulted in a tie between Messrs. : Creer and Mockridge. As there had been no rule for deciding a tie, it was left to the two members concerned to arrange. 2/8/01. Annual Meeting. . Mr. J. H. Harvey made some remarks on the slides sent to him to judge, and gave the result thus :—J. Wadelton 1, R. B. Mockridge 2, and J. H. M‘Phillimy 3. The monthly competition resulted thus :— Bromide Groups: . R. B. Mockridge 1, D, 8, Lord and R. B. Mockridge equal 2. . The report and balance-sheet were presented, the latter showing receipts ot #40 17s. 6d., against paeooees £35 38. 34d. THE WOMBAT‘. 19 The election of office-bearers for 1901-2 resulted thus :— President, H. G.. Roebuck. Vice-presidents, J. Smith and T. Lord. Question-box editor, J. F. Dentry. Librarian, F. Price. Assistant, H. Potter. Press correspondents: W. Westacott and H. Hickson. Entertainment committee: R. B. Mockridge, G. R. King, J. F. Dentry, R. C. Hocking, J. Wadelton and F, Price. Lantern committee: J. Smith, f. Lord, G. H. Brinsmead, I. B. Mockridge and F’, Price, with power to add, General committee: W. Thacker, F. Price, J. H. M‘Phillimy, R. B. Mockridge and G. H. Brinsmead. Auditors, J. H. M‘Phillimy and W. Thacker. Representatives on Wombat Committee, J. Smith and R. B, Mockridge. Treasurer, S. R. J. Mawson. Secretary, J. Hammerton. Assistant, H. Potter. 9/8/01. Lantern Practice. ee PU Garbon Werk. Demonctrations and Practi 23/8/01. on Work. Demonstrations and Practice, 7 30/8/01.. Messrs. T. A. Dickson and T. Forrest elected members, Competition :—Flower Study: G. H. Brinsmead 1, J. H. M‘Phillimy 2, W. Roberts 3. During August Mr. R. B. Mockridge gave a demonstration of Carbon Printing. 6/9/01. Toning. Demonstration. 13/9/01. Public Lantern Lecture, “‘ Ornithology in Southern Aus- & tralia,’ by D. Le Souef, C.M.Z,S. This was held in conjunction with the Field Naturalists’ Club. 20/9/01. Mr. Slocum, of the Kodak Company, gave a demonstra- tion of the development of films. 27/9/01. Business Meeting, Mr. R. Wilson elected a member. Competition :—Child Study : H. Potter 1, 2 and 3. 4/10/01, Enlarging Evening. Practice. 11/10/01. Public Lecture, ‘‘ The Discovery of Gold,” by Mr. Jas. Oddie. In conjunction with the F.N.C. 18/10/01. Demonstration. Carbon work; double transfer. Mr. J. H. Harvey. 25/10/01. Business Meeting. Competition:—Moonlight. Effect: J. Wadelton and R. Mockridge equal, H. Potter 38, 1/11/01. Lantern Slide Making and Reducing. Mr. G. H, : Brinsmead. 5/11/01. Complimentary Social to Mr. J. B. Leitch. In conjunc- with the F.N.C. ~ 8/11/01. Enamelling P.O.P. Mr. A. E. Bratley. 11/11/01. King’s Birthday. Excursion to Sheoak Fails, Moora_ bool Ktiver. A successful trip, about thirty joining in 20 THE WOMBAT. —— 22/11/01. Business Meeting. The secretary reported having had a visit from Mr. Darling, of the Deniliquin Ciub, but he was unfortunately not able to stay for our meeting. Competition :—Landscape ; P.O.P. Enamelled : D. Lord 1, J. H. M‘Phillimy 2 and 3. “es s Birthday Pictures :—Landscape, Mr Brinsmead’s trophy: D. Lord 1, J. H. M‘Phillimy 2 and 3. Group, Mr. Hammerton’s trophy: J. H. M‘Phillimy. Tableau, Mr King’s trophy : W. Thacker. 29/11/01. Toning Bromides. Mr. H. Potter. 6/12/01. Business and Competition. Enlargement :—Landscape- 13/12/01. Concert. Last meeting for the year. THE GEELONG FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB AG: SUMMARY OF MEETINGS. 41/10/01. Lecture on the Discovery of Gold. Mr. Jas. Oddie. In conjunction with the A.P.A. 22/10/01. Exhibition of Specimens. 5/11/01. Social to Mr. J. B. Leitch to welcome him on his return from South Africa, In conjunction with the A.P.A. 19/11/01, Paper, “ The Irritability pf Plants. Mr. G. °H. Adcock, F.L.S. 3/12/01. Paper, ‘ Reflections on the Discovery of the Batman Deeds. Mr. J. J. Cary. Illustrated by photographic copies of the deeds. A considerable donation of books for the library was receiv ed from Mr. G. H. Adcock, F.L.S. 17/12/01. Magazine Night. The following publications were received during the quarter :— Victorian Naturalist, Vol. XVIIL., Nos. 6, 7 and 8, Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc., Vict. Branch, Vol. - XIX., The Zoologist, Nos, 723-4, Pamphlets from the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union; and U.S. Geol. Surv., VIII. Ann, Rpt. Part 2, Geikie’s Outlines of Field Geology, Geikie’s Classbook of Geology; Page’s Tezt- book of Geology, Experimental Mechanics, Heath’s Fern Paradise, Landsborough’s Popular History of British Zoophytes, Lacoppidan’s Agricultural Teacher. ae eal ee THE WOMBAT. 2 Hot Hypo-alum Toning for Bromide Prints. For this method of toning it is not necessary that the prints should be washed after fixing—a mere rinse will be quite sufficient—but I think it is better that they should be dried before attempting to tone them, as this tends to harden the gelatine. Before placing tne prints in the hot hypo-alum bath, they must. either be put in an alum bath or placed in a cold hypo and alum bath for a few minutes, and then transferred to the hot bath, which is made up as follows :— Sodium hyposulphite... Sa phio OZ Alum (common) o00 we «= 1 02. Water aoe --» 60 o2. This bath requires to be Heated to about 120° before the prints are put in, and then kept to about that temperature. The prints take from twenty to forty minutes to tone. The quality of the tones obtained by this process depends mainly upon the quality of the print. Prints taken from brilliant negatives give very fine tones indeed, The best paper for this purpose is a toned or tinted one, such as Hastman’s Royal Bromide, and some very fine effects indeed may be obtained on this paper, almost approaching carbon in quality. It must be remembered that this method -of toning tends to slightly reduce the prints, and therefore the prints for this purpose must be fully printed out.—Photography. SOME OF THE DEFECTS IN PLATINOTYPE WORK AND THEIR CAUSES. 1, The pictures are vigorous, but more or less fogged. Cause.—The paper was affected by light, either in sensitising or copying, or there was too high a , temperature in drying 5 it should not exceed 40° C. Spoiled ferric solution. The ferric solution is best preserved in hyalite flasks. If you are not sure of your solution, test it before using with red prussiate of potash to see that it is free from ferrite. Should it contain only a trace of ferrite, it can be made fit for use again by carefully adding red prussiate of potash. In order to try this, mix a few cub. centims. of the norma- ferric-chlorite solution with every 100 cub. centims of the iron solution, and ascertain by actual experiment on paper whether the restoration is complete. 2. The prints appear weak under the developer. Paper which has become damp. 9°. THE WOMBATe 3. The prints come ont vigorously in developing, but become weak after being dried. Paper not sufficiently sized, for which reason the images sink into its substance, or the drying of the paper has been too slow. 4 The whites of the prints have, after drying, a more [or less yellowish tinge. The sensitising solution in the developer is not sufficiently — acid, or there has been insufficient immersion in hydrochloric acids) 5. Black spots. Particles of metal embedded in the substance of the paper, causing a reduction of the platinum. May be due also to insoluble impurities in the chloro-platinite of potassium. These spots have a black nucleus with an extension of lighter colour, like the tail of a comet. A FEW DEFECTS IN THE SEPIA PAPER SOLD BY THE PLATINOTYPE COMPANY. A dirty, yellowish veil appearing on development all over the © print, but more observable in the lighter portions, is due to one of the following causes -—1. Want of sufficient ‘Special Solution ” in the developer. 2. Too much exposure of the developing solution to light. 8. Use of a dish in which the enamel is cracked so as to expose the iron.—( Compiled) J.B.L. A LIST, OF, ,COLEOPMERA COLLECLED NEAR GEELONG. By J. F. MULDER. ParT I.—Family Caraézde. 34. Calosoma schayeri ( Kr.) Found in the hayfields in summertime, Geelong. 118. Xanthophea grandis (Chaud.) Under bark of gum- trees, Geelong. 127. i viltata ( Dej.) Geelong. brachinoderus (Chaud,) Under bark of gum- ' trees, Princes Bridge, Geelong. ” THE WOMBAT. 743) 139. Dromius crudelis (Newm.) Geelong. A notophiloides (Sloane) 55 $3 australiensis (Sloane) i, re yarraensis ( Blackb.) 5p Sarothrocrepis d’urvilli (Blanch.) A 160. Philophleus australis ( De} ) 5 164. 5 eucalypti (Germ.) " 170. ‘ luculentus (Newm,) $5 A gonochila (sp.) " Silphomorpha (2 sp.) ¥, — 404. Carenum scaritoides (Westw.) Under stones, Marnock Vale. oe loculosum (Newm.) Under stones, Marnock Vale. 451. Scaraphites insulans (Sloane) A large and _ powerful insect was collected for me by Mr. J. Davis, of Bellarine; he brought me _ several specimens, and said that they were fairly plentiful in the potato fields. 501. Clivina australasie (Bohem.) Under logs and rubbish Barwon River. » planiceps (Putz.) Under logs and rubbish, Barwon River, 532. Hpicosmus australasic Geelong. 585. Promecoderus bruxnicornis (Dej.) Under cowdung and rubbish, Highton. 598. 3 lucidicollis ( Cart.) Under cowdung and rubbish, Highton. Percosoma montana (Casteln.) Geelong. 675. Hypharpex australis ( De} ) In garden at Highton. 675. as inornatus (Germ. ) sate as . - i sp. (allied to H, wreus Dej.) Geelong. 683. Diaphoromerus germari (Casteln.) Thenarotes atriceps (Meul.) ”? 7470. Notophilus parius (Blackb.) ‘Bank of Barwon. 727. Cyclothorax ambiguus (Er.) In garden at Highton. 731. Stenolophus dingo (Castein.) Geelong, i — Amblytelus brevis (Blackb.) - Under = gum bark, Geelong, . 758. Catadtomus lacardairii ( Bois.) Geelong. 823. Netonomus philippi (Newm.) - Under logs, Cape Otway AWS 8 Ogee Ranges and Geelong. Notonomus (3 species) _ Cape Otway Ranges. — 24, THE WOMBAT. 858. Sarticus discopunctatus (Chaud.) Geelong. ° obsulus (Chaud.) Common under rubbish, Geelong. « (2 species) Cape Otway Ranges. -911. Dicrochile brevicollis (Chaud.) Geelong. 914. Me minuta (Casteln.) - mt 925. Platynus marginellus ( Er.) (7555 Blackb.) Platynus murrayensis (Blackb. Gane Otway Ranges. Euthenarus morganensis (Blackb.) Geelong. Pristonychus australis (Blackb.) | Under stones, wood, &c., Geelong. In the spring of 1899 I noticed hundreds float- ing down the Barwon, the river being in flood at the time. Ectroma beneficum (Newm.) Very common under gum bark, Geelong. » civica ( Newm). Very common between Geelong and Cape Otway Ranges. Oxtelus sculptus (Gray) Geelong. Quedius fulgidus (Fab.) Under logs and bark, Geelong. Creophilus erythrocephalus (Fab.) Found under rotten : vegetable and animal matter, Geelong. The numbers attached to some of the above are from the catalogue by Mr. Geo. Masters, of the Australian Museum. I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to Messrs. T, A. Sloane, A.M.Lea, and J. A. Kershaw, for their kind assistance in identify- ing species.—J.F M. ‘NOTES ON’ THE VBIRDS -OF -THE BENDIGO DISTRICT. | By H. EVA : Yo Gypoictinia melanosterna.—I put up three large hawks in a paddock at Sandy Creek, 15/6/95, which I believe to have belonged to this species. ‘Ihey had been féeding on the carcase of a sheep. Cerchneis cenchroides.—Occasional in the more open parts. Very rarely is a hawk to be seen in the scrub, and there are not a great number anywhere in the neighbourhood of the town. Though I have seen other species besides those mentioned, 3 it has never been near enough to identify them. ! EGGS! EGGS!! EGGS!!! The ‘“Dykon”’ water Glass is acertain Egg Preservative Seeley & King, and, provided fresh and clean eggs be put down, they will keep for 12 months or more A Shilling bottle will ° preserve 15 dozen or a kerosene tin full Easy to do, no Bee A rchitects, trouble sold by all Grocers, but ask for Dykon Brand Geelong agent--- F. F. SEELEY THE EXCHANGE, Wo 7\n DICKSON, Chemist GEO. R. KING GEELONG Go to the or . 6 DRINK ; t ae HOUSE f pank We J. BROCKWELL’S Furniture . C. W. PURNELL Hop Beer, Aerated rdials. 65 & 67 LT. RYRIE ST., GEELONG Waters & Co PA Se a all Sa at JOHN WEBBER & SON,| 2: HAMMERTON & SON, Jewellers, Engravers, Designers, Wholesale & Retail. Opticians, Lapidaries Coopers LITTLE RYRIE ST., Geelong. Gold and Silver Medals awarded for Jewellery ies, Badges, Gold and Silver Jewellery in Stock Mercer Street, Geelong. ae ientonomies Gold, silver & stones in Rough Bought. F Des one WILLIAM LIST, PRINTING ACCOUNT BOUK MANUFACTURER Of every description, go to : 5 ' Bookbinding in All Styles. E. J. HALL & SONS, = Ryrie Street, Geelong 16 JAMES ST., GEELONG. CHAS. WILCOX & BROS., A. E. BRATLEY, MONUMENTAL MASON S, Practical Chronometer, Watch and Clock Maker, Jeweller, Optician and Top Moorabool Street. Silversmith. Watchwork a Specialty Best Workmanship. Lowest Rates. Moorabool St., South Geelong The Oldest Established Carrying Firm in the Western District. JOHN BANNISTER & SON, RAILWAY, GOVERNMENT & GENERAL CARRIERS, COAL, COKE & FIREWOOD MERCHANTS, Forwarding & Shipping Agents. No. 6 MOORABOOL ST., GEELONG anv at RAILWAY STATION. Agencies all parts of Australasia, Europe and America. Telephone 159. S. PIZER, Tailor_and_ Outiitter, O*iciitrnse oe = ——} Seasonable Woollens are to hand, consisting of the newest designs in Tweeds, Coatings and Trouserings. fe Large Stock of Hats, Shirts, Collars. Ties, &c., &c, of the latest shapes and styles. Sole Agent for Geelong and District for CHRISTY’S CELESRATED LONDON HATS MOORABOCL STREET, GEELONG. Liverpool & London & Globe, SW INSURANCE COMPANY, MOORABOOL STREET. SECURITY UNDOUBTED. K E. J. GEORGE ALEX. WHITELAW, Bas . ENGINEER 22159306 Ryrie Street, Geelong. : Ww FURUAURIRIRP RF UPAR SD Cycle Repairs. Machines Built te Order. DENTISTRY. SOON, S. R. J. Mawson, 201 McCORABOOL ST., GEELONG Private Address—Latrobe Terrace (next Dr. Newman) THOMAS HIGGANS, ate scorr_srosy Timber, lime & Cement Merchant, RYRIE STREET WEST, Geelong Every kind of building requisites kept in Stock, all at Cheapest Rates. Telephone Wo. 115 © Established 1853 _ Contractors for BRa to the Victorian Cooking ApparatuS #4 75°> Government ANDREW'S PATENT ‘‘NONPAREIL” STOVES Send for New Catalogue, posted Free on application to .... Cc. ANDREWS, Gheringhap St., Geelong Eyesight and Spectacles. TaN OES SO Oa Gig mR. MARCHANT, SESS Ryrie Street, (next Mr. Darron, Florist) Ceelong Perfect Eyesight Testing Daily. Charges Moderate 4 Humble & Sons, (Late HUMBLE & NICHOLSON) Vulean Foundry, cectong —7/\=_ Engineers, Boiler Makers, Shipwrights, Iron and Brass Founders. @SCSCSSSCSSSCHSOSPOSESOSHSSSCOSAOSTSHOSHSSOSHSSSSCHSOHSHSHSSHFFCHOTHSHSSCHSSCSSGHRTH8eOSSESCESEE ———— eee ——— EEE Manujfaeturers of —axsy REFRIGERATING MACHINERY for Butter, Bacon and Ice Factories, Butchers, Hotels and cold storage of all perishable products. STHAM, GAS AND OIL ENGINES. STHAM BOILERS—Cornrtsu, Motritusubar, LANCASHIRE, Vertical, &., for every description of work. WOOL PRESSES. CONTINUOUS HAY-BALING MACHINERY. HYDRAULIC PRESSES anv LIFTS. ROPH-MAKING, TANNERS, anp WOOL WASHING MACHINERY. HORSEWORKS. THRASHERS AND WINNOWERS, RAILWAY CONTRACTORS’ PLANT. RABBIT POISON DISTRIBUTORS, FOR POLLARD OR GRAIN. WATER TANKS. CRAB WINCHES. PUMPS. BUILDERS’ IRONWORK OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS, &e. For Wedding Presents GO TO SHAW’S China Warehouse, RYRIE STREET, GEELONG R. Collins Xoeking, CLERICAL, LIVERY. Prices Moderate AND LADIES’ . . TAILOR. Telephone 41 SSO MALOP STREET, (oppvesite Bank of Victoria.) ASHBY & GEELONG YEARLY PROVIDENT SOGIETY ESTABLISHED 39 YEARS. SS —S THE Benefits of this Society are equal in many respects to any other Society. Three qualified Doctors; Three Chemists, also Sick and Funeral Payments It has just completed another successful year—Income over £1000. Entrance Fee, f/=; and Subscription 1/- per week. New Members enrolled at any time. Annual Meeting in the Federal Hall, Monday, November 18th, 1901. All Information can be obtained from the Secretary—W. H. DENMEAD, Telephone, 252 22 Aberdeen St U1. aD. Goddard, e@k Solicitor, &c., awrie Sfreef, Geelong. TRUST MONIES TO LEND. WARDROP & SCURRY, Architectural and Figure jodellers, 48 ARDEN ST., NORTH MELBOURNE, (near Errol St.) All kinds of Plaster and Cement Ornaments of Latest Design at Lowest Rates. Fibrous Ceilings, Cornices, Centre Flowers, &c., a specialty. Designs and Estimates Submitted. Architects’ Details Artistically Treated. ALBERT T. OWEN, ° erent Opposite Post Office, Geelong NATARA—Dries up a Cold in the Head in a few hours. Tinct. Eupatorium Perfoliatum for Influenza. Tinct. Sticta Pulmonaria for Influenza, Phosphorine—Nervous Debility. Specifies for this Malady. Homeopathic Tincture of Podophyllin —for Billiousness, Congestion of the Liver, Constipation, Sick Headacle, Jaundice,&c. The Vertect Cure for Corns & Warts—Price, 1/6 The Best is always the Cheapest! ! MCPHILLIMY BROS. COUGH DROPS Are the best Remedy for Coughs and Colds Every Lozenge Stamped McPhillimy Bros. Obtainable from all leading Merchants & Confectioners Ask for McPhillimy Bros. Only. THE WOMBAT 25 Ninox boobook.—This is the only ow] Ihave noted in the district. Corone australis—Abundant. Breeding. Oriolus viridis.—I have only seen a few individuals. Grallina picata.—Common wherever there is water. Breeding. Occurs in gardens in the town. Collyriocincla harmonica.—One of the commonest birds in the district, breeding everywhere. I have seen six in the back- yard at the same time, looking for food among the firewood. On one occasion I took a nest irom inside a deserted chatterer’s nest, the roof of the original nest having apparently been removed. In two other instances I found nests on top of old nests. of chatterers. If the eggs are fresh the harmonious thrush generally leaves its nest very quietly while you are still at some distance, and it is very slow in returning, but after it has been sitting for a while it keeps very close, not leaving the nest till you are right upon it; it then remains in the immediate neighbourhood, uttering short plaintive cries, till you move“ on again. Graucalus melanops.—I have seen one or two only. Lalage tricolor.— Abundant everywhere. Breeding. Micreeca fascinans.—To be seen in the more open parts. Petreeca leggiiimPlentiful in open country. Have seen it in the town. Petreeca pheenicea —Plentiful in open country, e.g., at Huntly. Petreeca goodenovi.— Was fairly plentiful in places in 1894 and 1895. Have not seen many since. Took nest on one occasion with two eggs of robin, while under these and built into the nest was an egg of Chalcococcyx basalzs. ‘hough the robin’s eggs were set that of the cuckoo was quite fresh, so that the precautionary measures of the robins were effective. Peticeca bicolor —To be seen sometimes. Breeding. Smicrornis brevirostris—Have not seen many myself, but I believe it is fairly. plentiful. Malurus cyaneus.—Rare in the slate and sandstone country, if present at all; common enough elsewhere. Breeding. Rhipidvra albiscapa.—Not very common. Rhipidura tricolor.—Not uncommon. Breeding. Sisura inquieta.— Plentiful. Acrocephalus australiss—May heard at almost any time on the islands in the lagoon in the Upper Reserve, but more parti- cularly at night in summer. Geocichla lunulata.—I have seen a single specimen which was caught at Epsom and brought into the Bendigo Museum, It was in a wasted condition, and may have escaped from confinement. Acanthiza lineata. ; : Acanthiza uropygialis. } —Have observed these birds. 26 THE WOMBAT. Acanthiza chrysorrhoa.—Very common. Have found them breed- ing as early as July 22. With one exception, every . tomtit’s nest I have seen in this district was in the needle- bush (Hakea). Cinclosoma punctatum.—Not very common. Breeding. Hylacola pyrrhopygia.—Once shot one which appeared +o be breeding, but could find no trace of the nest. Pomatorhinus temporalis—A very common bird, though hardly in | . such numbers as P. superciliosus. | Pomatorhinus.superciliosus.— Rather more plentiful to the east of the town than to the west, but found everywhere throughout the district in very great numbers, and especially in the serub. . 12/8/99. Young bird; can run well and fly fairly; ap- parently about five weeks old. 4/11/99. Nest with six eggs in needlebush, of which three were fresh and three dried up. Do the chatterers line those nests only which are to contain 8? Cinclorhamphus cruralis. —Have observed both these birds, ‘€inclorhamphus Faeuheon but have not found their nests. Ephthianura albifrons.—Pretty common, especially near cultivated fields, Xerophila leucopsis.—-Have observed a few, and haye taken the nest, Gymnorhina tibicen.—Common. Gymnorhina leuconota.—Common everywhere in district. | Breed- ing. 20/10/94. Watched a fight between two cock birds, a hen looking on from a safe distance without apparent concern as to result. 16/10/97. At Lockwood. In a tree from which a white- backed magpie has just flown, is a confused mass of feathers which appears to be the remains of a dead bird. On throw- ing a stick at it, it gives a loud squawk, to my surprise, and flies off, proving to be a young magpie that has been “ playing possum.” Cracticus destructor.—Have seen one or two individuals only here, though I believe it is common enough Gn parts of the district). Falcunculus frontatus.—Occasionally to be seen, espacial: in the thick scrub. On 9/11/98 I found two nests, neither of which contained eggs. On visiting the spot a week later I found, to my regret, that the trees had been ent down by some woodcarters. Oreoica cristata.— Very abundant, but more often heard than seen. Has one note very much like a wood swallow’s. 10/9/98. Nest at Bullock Creek with two fresh eggs. Two or three caterpillars in nest unable to move. THE WOMBAT. 27 11/9/99.: Nest near Break o’ Day without eggs, but with two hairy caterpillars. Kopsaltria australis.—Pretty common. Breeding. 26/9/96. Found a yellow robin’s nest in a small bunch of flood rubbish on Axe Creek, three eggs. After I had taken the eggs the bird came back and sat on the nest for a moment, got up and looked at it in a mystified way, gave it a touch or two with its feet, sat on it again, and went through the same performance several tintes. It appeared quite unable to understand the matter. Pachycephala gutturalis. |) —Both fairly common in the scrub, Pachycephala rufiventris, \ Breeding. Climacteris leucophcea. | Climacteris scandens. J Climacteris erythrops.—I believe [ have seen this species also, but I am vot quite sure of it. _ ; Acanthorhyuchus tenuirostris.—Seems commoner in the town than in the bush. It makes its first appearance in town about March, and I think it clears out again before nesting. Have found its nest. Zosterops czrulescene.—Pretty common. Breeding. Melithreptus lunulaius.— Used to be very abundant, but searcer lately. 31/8/95. Strathfieldsaye. Come across a great flock of lunu- lated honeyeaters, which must have been several hundred strong. — Both common in parts. _ Melithreptus gularis.—Have seen this bird once only here. Meliphaga phrygia.—Was very common indeed in 1894 and 1895, but during the two following years I did not see it except in a solitary instance. Very plentiful again in 1898. Breed- ing. Also occurs in the town. Ptilotis leucotis.— Have observed a single individual. Ptilotis auricomis.— Remarkably abundant, both in the town and in the bush. Breeding. Seems to like an occasionai vine- moth (Agarista). 24/5/97. Axe Creek. A few yellow-tufted honeyeaters in the saplings; every now and then one makes a short excursion in the air after ‘an insect, dodging as it dodges, and you can _ plainly hear the sharp click: of the mandibles as it snaps at > its vietim. tetbie7: Nest with two unfledged young in hakea. Bird does not leave till I am looking right into nest, when it jumps hurriedly out and tries to draw me off by the old dodge of feigning to be hurt. Ptilotis ornata.— Very abundant. Breeding. Sticks very close to the nest after the eggs are laid. Common in town at times.. . Manorhina garrulan—Common in most parts, but especially towards _ the Campaspe; at Sandy Creek it occurs in immense num- bers. Breeding. 28 THE WOMBAT. Acanthochera carunculata.—Very common indeed. Breeding. Seems to prefer rather dense scrub to open country. Occurs also in the town. 13/8/98. An albino wattlebird was brought in to the Bendigo Museum. It was not of a pure white, being rather of a silvery appearance. Pardalotus ornatus. — Both abundant, breeding here. Once Pardalotus punctatus. t found a striated pardalote in my room. Hirundo neoxena.—Always abundant everywhere in _ district. Breeds freely. Petrochelidon ariel.—The fairy martin may be seen anywhere in the district, but it is perhaps most plentiful towards Strathfieldsaye. Fairly abundant in the granite country towards Ravenswood. Have never seen them here before September and they appear to begin building in October, : when they breed freely. Anthus australis. —Common in parts. Artamus superciliosus.)] —In great numbers everywhere during Artamus sordidus. the season, their nests being found all over the place. Artamus personatus.— Also breeds here, Staganopleura guttata. Aigintha temporalis. Alcyone azurea.—To be seen occasionally near creeks—Axe Creek, the Campaspe, &c. Dacelo gigas.—Occasional birds anywhere in the district, but more plentiful away from the scrub. Haleyon sanctus.—Notcommon. Breeding. On 20/11/98 I found a couple of nests at Kpsom. In the bank of a gully I found a tunnel which I thought belonged to a pardalote, and while I was digging it out a sacred kingfisher suddenly appeared. in a state of great agitation. On digging further I presently caught sight of the eggs with the other bird crouched behind them, apparently in great fear, As she would not leave the nest I had to put my hand in and lift her out, when she came without a struggle and lay quite still in my hand for a moment before endeavouring to escape. ‘The nest contained five fresh eggs on the bare earth. Close by another king- fisher flew from a tunnel which, on investigation, showed also five eggs, hard set. The second nest had a bed about half-an-inch deep of wingeases and other remains of beetles, &c., as if one bird had fed its mate while the latter sat, Or it may have been an old tunnel in use for a second time. Cuculus pallidus.—Very abundant in the season. . Cacomantis flabelliformis——Have seen a single individual: which was caught in a garden in the town. Chalcococcyx basalis.—Have not seen the bird, but took the egg from the nest of a red-capped robin; see above. ° ‘ —To be seen occasionally. Pn ee Oe pee Pe iy Oe ee eee eS Oe eee cee oe a a ee ee _ Glossopsittacus porphyrocephalus, THE WOMBAT. 29 Trichoglossus nove hollandiz.—Saw none of these birds here before 1897, when there were a few about. In thesame year there were great numbers offered for sale in the fishshops, but I think these were brought trom somewhere further north. Glossopsittacus concinnus. —Very common in some years when the gums are blossom- Glossopsittacus pusillus. ing. They usually arrive about Easter. G. concinnus, in particular, occurs in enor- mous numbers—in the trees in the streets as thickly as in the bush. Every sapling for as far as you like to go, and in whatever direction you choose to take, will have dozens hanging to it, and their harsh little cry is continually heard overhead as they change their quarters in little mobs of twelve or twenty. Matters remains like this for a few weeks when, as the blossom grows less, they gradually move on till they are nearly all gone, though a few may be seen at any time. When the ironbark is in bloom the parrakeets get so fat that on holding one with the head down the oil drips from its beak. For this reason it is very difficult to make a good skin. They are, at the same time, infested with vermin. -Gacatua galerita—Common enough in the granite country, as at Ravenswood. Have also seen it onthe Campaspe, but never in the slate and quartz country. Platycercus elegans. —Not very common. Platycercus eximius.— Fairly common always, but more so at soe times than others, and in particular parts of the district. " Breeding. Seems rather more vivid in colour than I have noticed elsewhere. I have one rather peculiarly marked specimen with the centre tail feather yellow and a white bar under each wing, but the rosella often seems to go in for an extra touch of yellow. Barnardius barnardi.—I think [heard this bird at Axe Creek on one occasion. Psephotus hematonotus.—Plentiful wherever the country is a little open: very ylentiful indeed on the Campaspe. Commonest in tne spring and early summer. Nanodes discolor.—Have not seen a great number myself. Burhinus grallarius.—In the open country. There a good Many kept in captivity in the town. Seems to be silent in the winter. It is stated that the stone plover is unusually noisy -before rain. Lobivanellus lobatus.—To “be occasionally heard flying across at night. Have seen them on the Campaspe. Hgialitis melanops.—On any of the small dams scattered about the town and on the Campaspe. Ardea pacifica.—I_ believe I saw this bird on one occasion at Axe Creek, but it was towards night, when there was not light enough to see clearly. 30 THE WOMBAT. Ardea nove hollandiz.—Rarely in the country near the town; common enough towards the Campaspe and in the granite country beyond Big Hill (towards Ravenswood). Nycticorax caledonicus.— Have seen this bird at Axe Creek only, but no doubt it occurs on the Campaspe also. Phalacrocorax nove hola) —Have obtained both P. nov. Phalacrocorax varius holi. and P. varius from Lake Phalacrocorax leucogaster. Weeroona. ‘They with, I Phalacrocorax stictocephalus. think, P. leucogaster and P. stictocephalus ate occasionally to be seen on the various dams and creeks about the place. The late Mr Heine, caretaker at Lake Weeroona, informed me that he had killed as many as twenty cormorants in one day on the lake, Podiceps nestor.—27/8/99. A couple of dabchicks have made their home on the dam in the Upper Reserve for the last year or 0. Chenopis atrata.—Occasionally to be heard flying across. 8/8/96. Two black swans, flying across the town, struck the top of the town hall, apparently dazzled by the electric light, and fell dead in the street below. 15/4/97. Saw a big mob fly across in a perfect phalanx, makiag north-east. a 22/4/99. A wild black swan has joined the tame one on Lake Neangar, Kaglehawk. This does not pretend to be anything like a complete list of the birds of the district, as the above notes are from my personal observation only. They were made principally in the dense scrub of ironbark and stringybark within a radius of about ten miles of Bendigo, although a few go further afield. No doubt many more birds are to be found in this scrub, and had I been able to do a bit more work on the Campaspe the list could easily have been greatly increased. The whole district may be divided into three parts: the slate and quartz country immediately round the town which is covered with a rather thick scrub of ironbark and stringybark, in which most of these notes were made; the open granite country to the southwest, towards Kavenswood and Harcourt; and the basalt country round about the Campaspe. Towards the north ot Eaglehawk the scrub is particularly dense though some parts are worse than others; part of it consists of stringybark saplings, part of mallee and part of hakea, and in parts we find the whole mass of it laced up with creepers, so that one can only get through on hands and knees. It was here that the late R. H. Nancarrow did most of his work. ‘The fact that there is a great abuadance of native trees in the town (the strect trees are principally gums) attracts unusual num- THE WOMBAT: 31 bers of birds, especially honeyeaters. In fact most of the commoner birds of the district may be seen in the town at one time or another. The birds seem very fond of the needlebush (hakea) for building in, no doubt because of its formidable nature and consequent security. In regard to nesting, the district is very patchy ; in one or two favoured corners you will find more in a day than at other parts in a month. Ducks and other waterbirds are occasionally to be seen at -Crusve Reservoir, but I have never been able to identify any of them. I have seen quail also in the scrub, but I never managed to secure a specimen, though they are reported to be very plentiful at times, In a beautiful collection of birds stuffed by Mr. J. Washingion I saw a number which I never came across myself, but it is of no use to enumerate them here. z The nemes used above are from the list published by the Australasian Association in 1898. MueCOLOssAL. INDEX OF, PHOTOGRAPHS, Mucs the same kind of revolution has been caused by photography in all that appertains to the pictorial representation of our daily life as resulted centuries ago from the introduction of typography in literary matters. An immense mass of material—portraiture, copies of paintings and of statuary, photographs of edifices, including not only those of the imposing type represented by cathedrals, ancient castles, and princely halls, but the equally interesting, if more humble, dwellings of our ancestors, which the’ ravages of time and the changed condition of modern life have spared to us—has accumulated in various hands. In addition to to these, countless other photographs—equally valuakle to different sections of the public—are garnered up in the hands of professional photographers, are stored in a variety of public institutions, or remain in the possession of the amateurs who made them. The potential value of these records is incalculable, but their practical use is discounted by the difficulty which those who desire to make use ot them have in discovering where they are lodged, or even in knowing if the particular record in request is in existence. In this matter Mr, Snowden Ward and the staff of The Photogiam have rendered the public a service not easily -over- estimated. For three years they have been engaged in gathering . 32 THE WOMBAT. and collating the names and addresses of professional or other photographers who hold in their possession portraits of public men, copies of paintings, and, in fact, all photographic reproductions which might prove of service to authors, artists, or collectors of: prints for any purpose. To these they have added a list of public institutions at which prints may be bought or inspected. Such a list is in itself of considerable value, thongh the compilers have made it the least part of their work. The character of these prints has been analysed and tabulated with as much accuracy as the exceptional nature of the work and the difficulty of obtaining precise information would permit. The preparation of the index appears to have been hampered by the same unenlightened and obstructive spirit which animated many tradesmen when the first directory of addresses was projected. It must have been weary work trying to serve the interests of men so blind to the advantages of business methods as tu write as follows: ‘“We do not wish in any way to advertise, or to be included in any way with any details or descriptions regarding our stock, or the series issued by ourselves or any subjects issued. Therefore please do not go farther into the matter regarding calling, as we should be obliged to refuse your clerk information regarding the subject mentioned.” The book is divided into sections devoted to portraits, genre, landscapes, copies of paintings, nautical, naval and military, literary, historical, archeological and architectural, sport, athletics, country life and natural science, miscellaneous, lantern slides, non-published photographs, half-tone blocks and electros, a general directory and index of places, an index of names and a subject index. Should the owner of the index be unable to find any particular subject, he will find a number of forms attached, and on filling one of these up and forwarding it to the Photogram office, the compiler and his staff will bring to bear the specialised knowledge they have . acquired in the course of their labours, and assist in the search. The index is issued by The Photogram, Ltd., Effingham House, Arundel Street, Strand, London, W.C., and it is intended to publish supplements from time to time to make it more complete. Photography. Mr. J. EF. Mulder reports having obtained a specimen of Cypraa consobrina from the Moorabool Valley. Gf HENRY FRANKS AND CO, PRINTERS, GEELONG, All the year Round our locally manufactured || and Imported Stocks _. Fashionable American Goods in all Styles; with every EMBRACE Line in FOOT-WEAR to meet all Classes. b3 CHOICEST VARIETY ! LOWEST PRICES ! JAS. STRONG & BROS., The People’s Boot Shop. JOSEPH SMITH Monumental Mason, RYRIE STREET, (near Yarra Street) Importer and Manufacture of every description of Cemetery Memorial . ... « Photes or special de-igns with Prices on application. Metal aud porcelain wreaths, crosses, &c Guaranteed Dripstone Filters. All prices the lowest, consistent with neat and seryiciable work, . Lstablished 1853 . . = ies WRIGHT, WATCHMAKER, JEWELLER ano OPTICIAN. Watches and Clocks Repaired by Competent Workmen at ats Lowest Rates. Trophies, Presentation Goods, Electro Plate—Reduced Prices, Watches, Clocks, Jewellery, &c, Wedding, Eingagement and Keeper Rings. Optical Goods. Spectacles. 73 MALOP STREET, Geelong. er ee 1877 ALBERT COFFEE PALACE, Corner of YARRA STREET and MARKET SQUARE, Geelong Close to Baths, Railway, Shipping and Gardens Bey A. STANESBY, ees ree sear. Plain and Fancy Mount Cutter Gilder and Plush Worker aes Photographs and Drawings Artistically Mounted. Orders by Post promptly attended to. pS. YARRA STREET. (Opposite Wesleyan Church) Thorough Sight-Testing a Specialty ! QHHHHOGOHOHOHHOOO BULL & OWEN, Chemists, a Test ‘the SIGHT and supply Spectacles to correct all | errers, and preserve the Eyes, 3 Microscopes and and other Scientific Instruments. 2 Photographic Chemicals, etc. ~=———-———-MALOP STREET, Geelong THIS IS THE “@HEE PEST” SPRAY PUMP. POINTS. — Lightness It weighs 104 Ibs. only. Handiness You can carry it round in one hand, and your bucket holding ie solution inthe other. Ft Ba — “cnee Pest \) Effectiveness slits ) wil keep four Sprays in full working. SKE Usefulness Brite Fernery, Garden or Orchard, Cheapueds Write for Price and you'll be tempted to buy. New Perfection | aes . Lawn Sprinkler is effective, no wearing parts, and with — MIDGET STAND is low in Price. High Columbia Hose it has stood the test of season after season, a and stills gains in favor. We are Manufacturers of Directors, Roses, Hose Unions, and high pressure Brasswork, 5: SHI in) OD SDI ae ann Se on eo SOSSHSHSHSSHSHSHSSSHFSHSETHSHTSHHSHSHSHHSSESHESHESHEHEHEHHHHHTFTHHHOHRSHEHEHTHBHHEHHHHHESEEES Proprietary, Limited. John Danks & Son a Nix Me Ak dm oo ee ee Ts eet ee on a Pe ree LER ath See, Td oo ese rs ay. ete or ete 301 Bourke Street, MELBOURNE, THE WomBAT fans OCT 23 1943 } Ligmak*’ PROPRIETARY LIMITED. Manufaéctures of the Celebrated “AUSTRAL” PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPERS Awarded GOLD MEDAL DIPLOMA at the Greater Britian Exhibition, 27— ERFECT APERS ! RODUCE ERFECT ICTURES _ Samples Free on 260 COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE. Pee. ee et See eres Ce eS ee ee . - i=? vo ~~ J i m _ application— THETAZ’S QY Wine Vaults and Cafe, JAMES STREET, GEELONG. (Se | 0 : THE VERY BEST WINES ONLY IN STOCK... ce MATURING and BOTTLING under the direct supervision of .. ; _ MR. THETAZ, who has had 50 years’ experience. ES OOHOHOHOOHOOHHOOOOOOOO 3 'SACRAMENTAL WINES A SEC IREEY. ORY A A pet r AIM {J - FRANKS, Printers, Malop Street, Geelong, ROBERT PURNELL. AGENT FOR— Melbourne Steamship Co. Australia. Customs and Baggage Agents. Shipping Agent, and Carrier. aa Regular Steamers for Western Frederick Tate & Co. Parcels delivered to any address in the world at fixed rates. United Insurance Co.— Fire and Macine. Haystacks insured at lowest current rates VICTORIAN AND NEWCASTLE COAL. FIREWOOD. Offices, Store and Stables, CORIO TERRACE, GEELONG. Telephone No. 208 A.N.A, Established 1847. M,U,1,0.0.F. W.B. KING & SON, (MRS. M. E. KING) Undertakers & Funeral Directors 195 MOORABOOL ST,, Geelong. Telephone, 122 Prices Moderate Wanted to Buy Early Australian Coins and Tokens .. . Paper, Gold, Silver, Copper, Brass, or Tin, and Surcharges. J. LAWTON, Fyans Street, Chilwell, Geelong Next Australian Mortgage Co, J.C, BROWN & CO, GEELONG ENGINEERING WORKS. Agents for— Crossley’s Gas & Oil Engines CORIO ST., GEELONG. All Repairs Neatly Executed Umbrellas Re-Covered from 2/6 W. HILLIER, | Umbrella Maker, RYRIE STREET, GEELONG, (5 Doors from Purdies) FOR SADDLERY & HARNESS None better than ALEC LOWE, Little Malop St. (Next Prince of Wales Hotel) © All Stable Requisites kept in Stock. Sole agent for SOLOMON’S SOLUTION. 7 a, Jentry, ec Chemist, Moorabool St., Geelong. = THE PHOTO GOODS, RUSH &S= FOR OUR Speaks volumes for the excellence of our Stock. H. THACKER, Photo Supply Stores, Ryrie Street. Cobb & Co, Stables, Telephone, No.1 COCOCOVOOVOE First-Class Drags and | other Vehicles for Hire.—2~2— > a COBB & CO., Proprietors. — MALOP STREET, EAST © VERY Cee eee an ee ea Us Ny ae ld Si ei on § Lo Stes tA fe sae ae ee 4 EER oe WOM BAT (And the Geelong Naturalist.) PUBLISHED BY aot Com Pare; Vg Zeology " The Geelong Field Naturalists’ Club(* OCT. 23 1943 AND rey Lies RARY 20 ane Gordon College Photographic Club. VoL. V, No. 3. July, 1902. No. 19. It is requested that all, publications and exchanges be addressed to the Editor, Mr. C. F. Belcher, Gordon Technical College, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. | Correspondence should be addressed to the Hon. Sec. of the Field Club or of the Photographic Club. The Editor is not responsible for the statements in any paper. NOTES. Brilliant Diagrammatic Slides may be quickly prepared if the lanternist will keep a weak. solution of Canada balsam in his outfit. Make a weak solution of Canada balsam in benzine, then pour it over the glasses and allow to dry. Ordinary ink and pen ean be used on this surface for making either diagrams or announcements —Magic Lantern Journal. Waterproof Cloth.—Make the two following solutions :— A f Rain water 350oz. B | Rainwater 350 oz. | Common alum 6]b. Acetate of lead 2lb. For use, mix three parts of A with one of B. This causes a precipitate of sulphate of lead, which sinks to the bottom of the vessel and allows sulphate of alumina to form, and this remains in a state of solution. Decant the supernatant liquid, and soak the cloth to be waterproofed for 15 or 20 minutes; take it out and wring it with your hands and hang it in the shade to dry. the cloth. thus prepared will be as waterproof as a piece of rubber sheeting, and will still be quite porous, and posses the ventilation, which ordinary inc IRE HE lack.—Professional and dlanaitenes : Photographer. a eee a 34 THE WOMBAT. The flame-breasted robins (P. phenicea) made their appear- ance about the middle of April near Somerville, the first being noticed on the 13th, and each succeeding day adding slightly to their numbers, though all were females; it was not until the 22nd that a male was noticed. At the date of writing (May 12th) many males are to be seen on the uncultivated lands or on the plains wherever the land is cleared and the soil is of a damp loamy nature. In the thickly timbered tracts there are none to be seen though one meets with an occasional pair of the scarlet-breasted species. (P. leggzi) I have long wondered how it is that so many more females than males are in evidence; and why the females always lead the way. These birds retire about the end of August from this part, presumably to breed in the mountain ranges. I once saw a pair making their nests on the Dandenong Ranges in October.—Geo. E. Shepherd. Mr. J. F. Mulder reports having obtained Cyprea gigas from the Western Beach, Mr. J. F. Mulder reports having observed the black-faced Cuckoo Shrike (Graucalus melanops) at Highton, on April 29th, and the Painted Quail ( Turnix varia) at the same place. Mr. C. F. Belcher reports having obtained the nest and eggs of the New Holland Honeyeater (Meliornis nove hollandie) at Airey’s Inlet, on March 31st. Mr. G. H. Adcock reports on a remarkable odour, like rotten fish, given off by the saltbush (Ragodia hastata.) Mr. H. HK. ‘Hill reports having observed the Pink Robin (Petreca rhodinogastra) at Bream Creek. ‘They were plentiful and very inquisitive, following him for some distance abrouel the scrub. Mr. C. F. Belcher reports that the magpies are building at Batesford. 24/5/02. Crimson Prints. The first of a series of notes, by Kdward W. Newcomb, in the Professional and Amateur Photographer, reads thus :—‘‘ Crimson Prints are a new thing, that is, as far as anything can be new in this land of second hand discoveries. ‘The toning bath is made up just when wanted, and hha at once, and is as follows :— Sulphocyanide of Ammonia ... ao 76 grs. Todide of Potash ... APC Nee 200s Water 3 ozs. Chloride of gold, dissolved in 2 drms, of water 4 prs, “ Wash the Prints well before toning, and see to it that they are not but proof deep. Fix full fifteen minutes, as silver iodide dissolves less freely in hypo. than silver chloride. Toning to a bright crimson with the above bath takes from half to three- quarters of an hour. There is your formula; now if you want to print the town’s portraits red, go ahead ! 1A, Bids sana THE WOMBAT. 35 The straw-necked ibis (Geronticus spznicollis) are abundant this year within a very short distance of the town. They are in great numbers half-a-dozen miles up the Barwon river, and Mr. J. I’. Mulder reports having seen them as close as Prince’s Bridge— only about two miles from the Post Office. Members of both the Photographic Club and Field Club are reminded that subscriptions are due from July Ist. After the present issue, the Wombat will be edited by Mr. C. F. Belcher, Av tist OR SHEBLS =~ ConvEecrEDYizROM MATERIAL BROUGHT FROM KING’S. ISLAND. By Mr. J. F. MULDER. Spirula australis, Bruguzere. Spirula peroni, Lamarck. Murex triformis, Reeve. Murex umbilicatus, Zen.- Woods. Murex angasi, Crosse and Fischer. Trophon petterdi, Crosse. Purpura succincta var. textiliosa, Lamarck. Agnewia adelaide, 4dams and Angas. Sistrum reticulatum, Quoy and G. Lampusia verrucosa, Reeve. Lampusia quoyi, Reeve. Colubraria bednalli, Brazier. Fasciolaria coronata, Lamarck, var. fusiformis. Siphonalia tasmaniensis. Cantharus clarkei, Ten.- Woods. Cantharus kingicola, Tate and Muy. Pisania reticulata, A. Adams. Cominelia costata, Q. and G. Cominella !ineolata, Lamarck. Nassa paupera, Gould. Mitra australis, Swainson. ~ Mitra badia, Reeve. Mitra pica, Reeve. Turris tasmanica, Ten.- Woods. Turris legrandi, Ten.-Woods. Turris teresie, Ten.- Woods. Columbella semiconvexa, Lamarck. Columbella menkeana, Reeve, Columbella tenuis, Gaskoin. 36 THE WOMBAT. Columbella badia, Ten.- Woods. Columbella dictua, Ten.-Woods. Columbella vincta, Tate. Marginella volutiformis, Reeve. Marginella pygmea, Sowerby. Marginella stanisias, Ten.-Woods. Marginella cypreoides, Ten.- Woods. Ancilla petterdi, Tate. Terebra albida, Gray. Conus anemone, Lamarck. Conus rutilus, Menke. Drillia beraudian:, Crosse. Mangilia australis, Adams and Angas. Mangilia picta, Adams and Angas. Mangilia vincentiana, Crosse. Cithara compta, Adams and Angas. Clathurella philomene, Ten.- Woods. Clathurella bicolor. Mitromorpha alba, Petierd. Cancellaria undulata, Sowerby. Semicassis granosa. Cyprea angustata, Gmelin. Cyprea piperita. Stigmaulax umbilicata, Quoy and G. Hipponyx antiquatus, Linné. Hipponyx australis, Lamarck. Hipponyx danieli, Crosse. Scalaria granosa, Quoy and Gaimard. Scalaria jukesiana, Forbes. Scalaria aculeata, Lamarck. Hulima augur, Angus. ) Odontostomi metealfi, Pritchard and Gatliff. ) Psendorissoina tasmanica, Ten.- Woods. Turbonilla hofmani, Angas. Turbonilla mariz, Yen.- Woods. Newtoniella albosutura, Ten.- Woods. Cerithium monachus, Ovosse and F. Ataxocerithium serotinum, Adams. Bittium granarium, Kzener. Triforis fasciata, Ten.- Woods. Diala lauta, A. Adams. Diala semistriata. he ak ! Littorina mauritiana, Lamarck, var., diemenensis, Quoy and G. Risella melanostoma, Gmelin. Rissoia hulliana, Tate. Rissoia cheilostomata, Téen.- Woods, Rissoia tenisoni, Tate, Rissoia melanochroma, Tate. Rissoia approxima, Petterd. Rissoina spirata, Sowerby. THE WOMBAT. Rissoina variegata, Angas. Nerita melanotragus, Smith. Cyclostrema australe, Angas. Liotia subquadrata, Ten.- Woods. Phasianella ventricosa, Quoy and G. Phasianella rosea, Angas. Turbo undulatus, Chemintz. Astralium aureum, Jonas. Clanculus aloysii, Zen.- Woods. Clanculus limbatus, Quoy and G. Clanculus plebeius, Phil. Trochocochlea striolata, Q and G. Neodiloma odontis, Gray. Phasianotrochus badius, Wood. Phasianotrochus irisodontes, Quoy and G. Gibbula legrandi, Petterd. Gibbula tiberiana, Csosse. Calliostoma fragum, Reeve. Euchelus baccatus, MM ehke. Huchelus seabriusculus, Angas. ~ Stomatella imbricata, Lamarck. Haliotis nevosa, Martyn. Lucapinella nigrita. .Sowerby. Fissurellidza concatenata, Crosse.and Fischer. Emarginula candida, 4. Adams. Emarginula dilecta, A. Adams. Subemarginula rugosa, Q and G. Macrochisma tasmanix, Sowerby. : Punceturella harrissoni, Beddome. Patella aculeata, Reeve. Halcioniscus tramosericus, Martyn. Acmea cruciata Acmea conoidea, Q and G. Acmza marmorata, Ten.- Woods. Acmea saccarhina, Linné Acmea septiformis, Q and G. Utriculus eumicrus. Marinula patula, Lowe. Siphonaria diemenensis, Q. and G. var denticulata, Q. and G. Venerupis exotica, Lamarck. Lucina lacteola, Tate. Lucinia fabula, Reeve. Lucina minima, Ten.- Woods. Loripes icterica, Reeve. Diplodonta tasmanieca, Ten.- Woods. Kellia rostrelata, Tate. Lasea rubra, Montague. Mylitta auriculata, Smith. Mylitta deshayesi, D’ Orb and Recluz. 38 THE WOMBAT. Mylitta tasmanica, Ten.- Woods. Mysella donaciformis, Angas. Mytilicardia aviculina, Lamarck. Carditella pectinata, Tate and May. Micula antipodum, Hanley. Philobrya crenatulifera, 7 ate. Pteria zebra, Reeves. Pecten asperrimus, Lamarck. A FEW BIRDS FROM THE GEELONG DISTRICT. Mr, W. Shaw has the following birds among others in his collection from this district. It will be noticed that they are all unusual (for this part of the State), and some of them are very rare. White-throated Thickhead— Pachycephala gutturalis. Crested Shrike— Falcunculus frontatus. Shining Flycatcher—Myzagra nitidau. Fire-tailed Finch—Zoneginthus bells. Spotted Ground-thrush— Cincelosoma punctatum. Satin Bowerbird—FPiéilonorhynchus violaceus. From Steiglitz and Hreshwater Creek. Oriole — Oriolus vividis. Apostle—Struthidea cinerea. Yeliow-tufted Honeyeater— tzlotis auricomis. Leatherhead— Philemon corniculatus. From Steiglitz. Black-chinved Honeyeater—Melithreptus gularis. Greenleek Parrakeet— Polytelis barrabandi. From the Brisbane Ksnges. Orange-bellied Grass Parrakeet-— Neophema chrysogastra. Ground Parrakeet— Pezoporus formosus. Swift Lorikeet— Nanodes discolor. Purple-crowned Lorikeet—Gilossopsittacus porphyrocephalus. Little Lorikeet— Glossopsittacus pus*llus. Pacific Heron (Connewarre)— Ardea paczjica. Little Bittern (Connewarre)— Ardetia minuta. Darter (Connewarre)—Plotus nove hollandia. He also has a fine swan (chenopis atrata) from Connewarre. Instead of the usual black, this bird is of a soft fawn color. There is one of a similar colour in the National Museum. THE WOMBAT. 39 THE PEEWIT’S SUZERAIN. (From the Saturday Review.) By EDMUND SELOUS. ie is a matter of common knowledge that several of the skuas— including the two species which visit our northern coasts—obtain their food by the systematic robbery of gulls and terns, so that, in this curious, piratical manner, they may be said to be parasitical upon them. I am not sure if it is equally well known that similar relations exist between the black-headed gull and at least one species of land bird—the peewit; but such is certainly the case, and, although this debased way of feeding has not, as would seem to be the case with the skuas, usurped all others, yet it is practised almost as commonly and carried out with the same degree of professional skill. The gull, as might be expected, is the aggressor, and nothing is more interesting than to lie at full length upon “ the slope of some wind-swept down” and see the thing going on during a whole morning or afternoon. ‘The gulls—few in number, having regard to the extent of territory ever which they work—stand motionless and watch the peewits as from so many little observ- atories. Of a sudden one rises, end at the same moment you catch the jerk forward of a peewit’s head in the act of seizing something on the ground. As he jerks it up again he sees the gull. which is now almost upou him, and instantly takes to flight, followed by the latter, who, as soon as he is discovered, raises a loud, wailing cry which seems to have in it something of an upbraiding quality, as though reproaching the peewit for its ungenerous behaviour. The peewit, uncivilised and knowing not what blessings are, exerts itself to the utmost, labours at first its broad, green fans, then suspending their motion shoots upwards, poises and comes rushing down in one—and then another—of those bold, gliding sweeps that we all know in him and all applaud. The gull pursues with cry on cry, draws near, overtakes, lays, as it were, alongside, but seems purposely to refrain from actual violence, ‘There is turn and turn, double and double, then all at once the pursuer, checking suddenly and often with difficulty its swift full sail, drops plumb to the ground, picks up and devours something greedily, and either remains standing there, or with a satisfied look flies off to another part of the field. The peewit, it is obvious, has been forced to drop whatever it had, upon which the gull has stopped the chase, descend- ed and made the morsel his. When one sees this once, one may think—for it is not easy to admit directly the facts—that the gull has by chance seen something on the ground and that the chase itself has been a more or less causeless act of aggression. But as the same thing happens again and again—goes on happening, in ; 40, THE WOMBAT. fact, so long as you stay to watch it—as first one gull and then another bears down upon first one and then another peewit, which peewit has invariably, whenever your eyes are quick enough to detect it, either just found or just eaten something, this theory has to be abandoned and it soon becomes plain to sense and reason that the gulls are systematically and of set purpose robbing the peewits. Sometimes one may see one of them make a mistake, that is it will set out towards a peewit—evidently under the impression that the latter has found something—but all at once stop, as having discovered its error, and continue to watch and wait. Sometimes, too, the attack or approach is so swift and silent that the peewit, taken by surprise, flies hurriedly up, leaving its harvest on the ground, for the gull at once to dispose of. As a rule, however, the peewit is chased,and as a rule also—I should say at least four out of every half a dozen times—it parts with its booty to the aggressor. In the cases where it does not, it either, by its obstinancy, tires the gull out, or—as sometimes happens—it owes its impunity to the rival efforts of two or more pursuers. As a rule the gulls stand at fairly wide intervals over the land, but occasionally, two will be near together, and whichever of these first rises the other is sure to do so too and to pursue either the peewit or its fellow toiler. Great indignation is exhibited, in these circumstances, by the two marauders each one of whom considers the other to be an intruder upon its own rights. hey assail one another in the air, their course becomes deflected, and the peewit escapes—an interesting and pretty illustration of the old adage that ‘‘ when thieves fall out honest men come by their own.” Except in these circumstances one gull is not, as a rule, interfered with by another in the pursuit of its game and, as respect for each other’s rights is a quality which neither these nor— as iar as I have observed—any other social birds posesss, at least in the matter of eating, this forbearance, I think, must be due entirely to the teachings of experience—for a peewit pursued by more than one gull seldom yields to either. Does the peewit, when thus forced to relinquish what it has honestly acquired (for we will consider the worm or grub to be either 4 consenting party or grossly in the wrong) merely drop it out of its beak, or is it made actually to disgorge it, as are gulls themselves in similar circumstances by the skuas? ‘To make this out through the glasses is difficult, if not impossible, but it seems likely that in the majority of instances the latter is the case, strange as this may appear—tor the peewit has not, like the gulls, the natural habit of disgorging its food. I can, however, see no reason why it should not, as a rule, swallow what it finds before the gull is upon it, and even if it were unable it should, one would think, be no such difficult matter to gulp.it down in the air unless its size were considerable, which would only be the case occasionally. One may, I think, conclude this, for otherwise the object would be visible, either carried in the bill, or in its fall through the air; and this it is not, It would certainly be to the peewit’s interest to THE WOMBAT. Al swallow anything it found as soon as possible, since it would thus have more chance ot eluding the gull’s observation, though this, I believe, it hardly ever does. On the other hand it is possible that the gull’s approach—commencing from the first indication of success on the part of its quarry—may be so swift that the latter has rarely time to swallow on the ground, and finds it difficult to do so during flight. It, when the peewit had once swallowed, it could not be made to disgorge, we could better understand that curious change of intention which the gull sometimes exhibits in the very midst of flying down upon it. The precise manner, therefore, in which the peewit is robbed may be as open to doubt as it is in some other cases where the main fact is not less certain. A more interesting point is involved in the question of what is the precise mental attitude of thegull towards the peewit and vice versa, It might be thought that hostility, pure and simple, was the only possible one in such a case as this, or that, if the gull had acquired » contempt for the peewit, the peewit, at any rate must look with terror and resentment on the gull. But if this last is the case how is it that the two birds may coustantly be seen standing almost side by side with apparent indifference, and that, until the actual chase has begun, the peewit never seems at all afraid of its persecutor ? On the other hand, the gull appears to me to have acquired an instinct similar to thet which restrains a shepherd’s dog from biting the sheep and only allows him to drive and hustle them, Though he pursues closely he does not actually attack and his very cries seem to express complaint rather than anger, as though he were demanding what the peewit, as well as himself, knew to be his due. It is, at least, possible that this may really be the case. However . a habit of this kind may have commenced, when once the weaker bird had come to be terrorised by the stronger one, the latter would be likely—on the principle of ‘least action’? —-gradually to accustom itself to threaten only, and the threat, in time would be responded to more as an instinct than in fear of something that had ceased. Thus to the gull the peewit might become by degrees first a subject having duties, and at last a dutiful subject; whilst the peewit would see in the gull not so much an oppressor as an existing and necessary state of things—in fact an institution, This curious result—to which our human experience offers no sort of parallel—is perhaps the most interesting feature in a species of parasitism which is, in itself, full of interest. “—~< 42 THE WOMBAT. GEELONG FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. SUMMARY OF MEBRTINGS. 28/1/02. Magazine Night. Specimens shown :— Photographs ot nests, Furneaux Islands. Mr. C. F. Belcher. Fel. Mr. J. F. Mulder. Aboriginal axe. Mr. 4. T. Andrews. Fungus on Gumleaf. Mr. G. C. Bartlett. 11/2/02. Paper, “‘ Some Bird Notes.” Mr. J. F, Mulder. Mr. H. Nettle elected a member. 25/2/02. Lecturette (illustrated), “* How a Plant Grows.” Mr. H. T. Tisdall, F.L.S. 25/3/02. Magazine Night. A collection of snakes, including about fifteen varieties, was shown by Messrs. Mulder, Hammerton and Hill. Cyprea erent Mie uiMinldoe: Cypreea exzimia 8/4/02. Paper, ee Tuckey’s Chart of Port Phillip.’ Mr, J. J. Cary. 22/4/02. Magazine Night. Specimens :-— Painted Quail (Turnix varia), from Highton Foraminifera from Bream Creek Hydrozoa from Portarlington Mr. J. F. Mulder. Aboriginal Axe from Ocean Grove Pink Robin (Petreeca rhodinogastra) from Bream Creek Pink Robin from Lorne Mr, H. E. Hill. 6/5/02. Paper, ‘‘ The Antiquity of the Australian Flora.” Mr. G. H. Adcock, F.L.S. Specimens :— Cones of Myrica Samoan N on 6, Ha SRO Marcasite from Airey’s Inlet. Mr. J. F. Mulder. 20/5/02. Paper, “ An Ornithologist in the Furneaux Group. Mr, C. F. Belcher, THE WOMBAT 43 Specimens ;— Quail (Turnix pyrrhothorax). Mr. J. F. Mulder. Pumice, Lake Taupo, N.Z. Cotton Pod, Ceylon fae J. C. Taylor. Lava with embedded coin, Vesuvius Echinoids from Waurn Ponds. Mr. T. S. Hall, M.A. Beetles. Mr. A. Pohl. A series of eggs and photographs and GA HERtIG DS of paper. Mr, C. F. Belcher. 3/6/02. Magazine Night. Specimens :— . Two examples ot (rallinula tenebrosa. Mr. H. &. Hill. Nominations were received for office-bearers for 1902-03. Messrs. G. R. King and H. Nettle appointed auditors. 17/6/02. Annual Meeting. Officers were elected thus :—- President : Mr. G. H. Adcock, F.L.8. Vice-presidents : Messrs. W. Shaw and J. F. Mulder. Treasurer: Mr, W. H. Renton. Hditor : Mr. C. F. Belcher, Secretary, Librarian and Press Correspondent: Mr. A B. F. Wilson. Committee: Messrs. T. Wright, J. C. Taylor, J. Hammerton, H. Nettle and J. J. Cary. Delegates to Wombat Committee : The Secretary and Kditor. The meeting night was changed to the first Friday in every month, so that meetings are now held monthly instead of fortnightly as heretofore. A notice of motion to raise the annual subscription to 10s. was postponed for further consideration. The following publications have been received since 1/1/02 :—The Zoologist, Nos. 725, 726, 727, 728, 729 and 730; The Victorian Naturalist Vol. XVIII, Nos. 9, 10, 11 and 12, and Vol. XIX., Nos. 1 and 2; The Hmu, Vol. 1., Nos. 1, 2 and 3; Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. His., Vol. II., part 5 ; “ On a Collection of Birds from W.A.,” from R. Hall (from the author); Revised Census Marine Mollusea, Tas., (from the Linn. Soc., N.S.W.) ; Newer Pliocene Strata on the Moorabool River, by Mr, J. F, Mulder (from the author). A 44, THE WOMBAT. GORDON COLLEGE PHOTOGRAPHIC CLUB. SUMMARY OF MEETINGS. 31/1/01. Business Meeting. | | Mr. A. Brearley elected a member. ) 14/2/02. Practice. Various methods of printing. 21/2/02. Practice. Toning. 28/2/02. Monthly Meeting. ‘TY, Gardiner elected a member. Competition :— Yachting, Bromides: D, Lord 1, 2-and 3. 7/3/02. Practice. 14/1/02. “ Bromide Work (contact printing).’”’ Mr. G. H. Brinsmead. 21/3/02. Monthly Meeting. Competition :— Instantaneous other than Yachting, P.O.P.: D. Lord 1 and 2, J. H. MePhillimy 3. 4/4/0 Practice. Enlarging (limelight). 0, Practice. Enlarging (limelight), 18/4/02. Practice. Enlarging (limelight). aids Monthly Meeting, Competition -—River Scenery, P.O.P.: H. Potter 1, J. H. McPhillimy 2, and D. Lord 3. 2/5/02. ‘‘ Intensifying and Reducing Negatives.” Mr. H: Potter. 23/5/02. Monthly Meeting. Still Life, Bromides. 30/5/02. “ Photographic Dodges.” Mr, R. Harvie. This proved one of the best evenings the club has ever had. 6/6/02. Lantern Lecturette. Mr. R, Mockridge. - 18/6/02. Conversational Evening. A Ping Pong Club was formed with Dene clip restricted to members of the club, and it was agreed to make a subscription of 2s. 6d. to cover dust of material. The following publications have been received since 1/1/02 : —The Photogruphic Art Journal, Photography, The Amatenr Photographer, The Magic Lantern Journal, The Australian Phonographic Jounal, Sharland’s New Zealand Photographer, The Australasian Photographic Review, ae catalogues from various manufacturers. HENRY FRANKS AND CO, PRINTERS, GHELONG, All the year Round our locally manufactured = || and Imported Stocks .. Fashionable American Gocds in all Styles; with every EMBRACE ine in FOOT-WEAR to meet all Classes. tS CHOICEST VARIETY ! ‘ LOWEST PRICES ! JAS. STRONG & BROS., The People’s Boot Shop. JOSEPH SMITH, Monumental Mason, RYRIE STREET, (near Yarra Street) Importer and Manufacture of every description of Cemetery Memorial .°.. + « Photos or special de:igns with Prices on application. Metal aud porcelain wreaths, crosses, &c Guaranteed Dripstone Filters. All prices the lowest, consistent with neat and seryiciable work. . Established 1853 , . T. WRIGHT, W4TcHMaAKER, JEWELLER AND OPTICIAN. — Watches and Clocks Repaired by Competent Workmen at Lowest Rates. Trophies, Presentation Goods. : Electro Plate—Reduced Prices, Watches, Clocks, Jewellery, &c. / Wedding, Engagement and Keeper Rings. ix Optical Goods. Spectacles. . 73 MALOP STREET, Geelong. Established 1877 ALBERT COFFEE PALACE, Corner of YARRA STREET and MARKET SQUARE, Geelone ene =D Close to Baths, Railway, Shipping and Gardens ROBT R STANESBY The Practical,... ' a » Picture Frame Maker, Plain and Fancy Mount Cutter Gilder and Plush Worker Photographs and Drawings Artistically Mounted. Orders by Post promptly attended to. YARRA STREET: (Opposite Wesleyan Church) Thorough SightzTesting a Specialty ! : QDOYQOOOQGOGOOOOQOOQGQOOO) ULL & OWEN, €henists, ; al Test the SIGHT and supply Spectacles to correct all ‘i aI, errers, and preserve the Eyes. ‘ _ Microscopes and and other Scientific Instruments. g Photographic Chemicals, etc. | | . 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We are Manufacturers of Directors, Roses, Hose Unions, and high pressure Brasswork. mar John 3 Danks &S & Son , “Proprietary, Limited. 391 Bourke Street, MELBOURNE. - awh: ah aI INN 3 2044 106 293 365 fy ey! + i. fhe ; P 4 al nee) Gh hans a i ieee Ae ; at | sai iettn rt saat tee tay tings (sh ity { , eles ie Helge ied i! ie . 2 eatin cian | Ph Hai Mapa) i etaiti Hy La i a q ie ve ui i cial ed ai fit i —, 23 = 2 SS a ee Se = ae Hal Hit i Vad te ie ee Raniaee ai eG tet peat ea i ORE AH ea niiiierce iis a 7 le i sat mt wr aeid td Shen sr) Ht + ‘ thy Ane ( a f a ee +h, atte paged satiny ee ahd 1S oe — - ee Se ee! st ME ae ( i i cp a hi a Ha i erptand vee} Leni MPa i Qh tere NPY ie alt i hh o ta a . 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