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THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.
JESUP COLLECTION.
THE
WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
WITH AN ACCOUNT OF
THEIR STRUCTURE, QUALITIES, AND USES.
WITH
©eocjrapfjtcal ano otjer RTotes upon tfje Hlxm foJjkJj produce tfjem.
By C. S. SARGENT.
NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 1, 3, and 5 Bond Street.
1885.
Copyright, 1885, By C. S. Sargent.
©nf&ersttg Press : John Wilson and Son, Cambridge.
INTRODUCTION.
The American Museum of Natural History is indebted to its enlightened and public-spirited President, Mr. Morris K. Jesup, for a magnificent collection of woods, which display, for the first time in a satisfactory manner, the forest wealth of the United States. The conception of this collection belongs to Mr. Jesup. The forests of the United States are not surpassed by those of any other coun- try in the variety and value of the timbers which they produce. Many of these are little known or appreciated commercially ; and it was the belief of the founder of this collection that the opportunity it would afford to engineers, architects, and mechanics to examine specimens of the material produced by the forests of the whole country would be of great and immediate practical utility to the community, and that the presence of such a collection in the Museum of Natural History would facilitate the scientific and in- dustrial study of the Sylva of this country, and develop a popular interest in forests and forest science.
Mr. Jesup's collection is the outgrowth of an investigation of the forest wealth of this country commenced by me more than five years ago. The results of that investigation have been published in Vol. IX. of the final Eeports of the Tenth Census, which this collection will serve to illustrate.
The trees of the United States are represented in the Museum by large and characteristic trunk specimens, arranged in the sequence of their botanical relationship. These specimens are cut in such a manner as to display the bark, and cross and longitudinal sections of the wood, both polished and in its natural condition. They are supplemented, in the case of trees of commercial importance,
vi
INTRODUCTION.
by carefully selected planks, or burls, which often show better than logs the true industrial value of the wood.
Specimens of a few of the arborescent species of the United States have not yet been secured, and others are still in preparation. These will be added to the collection as rapidly as possible.
A series of life-size water-colors of the foliage, flowers, and fruit of each tree represented in the collection by a wood specimen is in course of preparation. They will be displayed with the collection as fast as completed. An herbarium of the trees of the United States, arranged by Mr. C. E. Faxon of the Arnold Arboretum, will afford special students of dendrology an opportunity of critically studying the collection.
The following catalogue of the trees of this country will serve as a guide to the collection ; it is condensed from Vol. IX. of the Reports of the Tenth Census, from which are derived the tables relating to the physical properties of the woods of the United States. These tables have been prepared for this publication by Mr. S. P. Sharples, of Cambridge.
C. S. SARGENT.
Arnold Arboretum, Brookline, Mass., May, 1885.
CONTENTS.
PAG 3
Introduction v
Catalogue of the Forest Trees of North America (exclu- sive of Mexico) 1
The Physical Properties of the Woods of the United States 141
TABLE I.
Specific Gravity, Percentage of Ash, Relative Approximate Fuel Value, Coefficient of Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture, Resistance to Pressure, and Weight per Cubic Foot of the Woods of the United States 144
TABLE II.
The Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Specific
Gravity of their Dry Woods . 153
TABLE III.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the
Relative Approximate Fuel Value of their Dry Woods .... 158
TABLE IV.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Elasticity of their Woods (Coefficient of Elasticity, — Kilogram, Centimetre) 163
viii
CONTENTS.
TABLE V.
PAGE
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Strength of their Woods (Modulus of Rupture, — Kilogram, Centimetre) 166
TABLE VI.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of
the Power of their Woods to resist Longitudinal Compression . 169
TABLE VII.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Power of their Woods to resist Indentation to the Depth of 1.27 Millimetres 173
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.
MAG-NOLIACEJE.
1. Magnolia grandinora, L.
Big Laurel. Bull Bay.
Cape Fear River, North Carolina, south, near the coast, to Mosquito Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida ; along the coast of the Gulf States to southwestern Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, extending north in the valley of the Mississippi River to latitude 32° 30'.
A magnificent evergreen tree, 18 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; reaching its greatest development on the " bluff " formations along the eastern bank of the Mississippi River from Vicksburg to Natchez, and in western Louisiana.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color creamy white or often light brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white ; little used except as fuel ; suitable for interior finish, fine cabinet work, etc.
2. Magnolia glauca, L.
Sweet Bay. White Bay. Beaver Tree. White Laurel. Swamp Laurel.
Cape Ann, Massachusetts; New Jersey, southward, generally near the coast, to Bay Biscayne and Tampa Bay, Florida ; westward through the valley of the Mississippi River south of latitude 35°, and the Gulf States to southwestern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas.
A tree 15 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 metres in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; swamps or low wet woods, reaching its greatest development on the rich hummocks of the interior of the Florida peninsula, and along the low sandy banks of pine-barren streams in the Gulf States.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
1
2
MAGNOLIACEiE.
Magnolia.
nearly white ; in the Gulf States sometimes used in the manufacture of small wooden-ware.
The dried bark, especially of the root, of this species and of M. acumi- nata and M. Umbrella are included in the American Materia Medica, furnishing an aromatic tonic and stimulant used in intermittent and remit- tent fevers.
3. Magnolia acuminata, L.
Cucumber Tree. Mountain Magnolia.
Western New York to southern Illinois ; southward along the Alle- ghany Mountains, and scattered through eastern and middle Kentucky and Tennessee, usually on Carboniferous deposits, to southern Alabama and northeastern Mississippi; and in northeastern, southern, and south- western Arkansas.
A large tree, 20 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich woods, reaching its greatest development on the slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains.
Wood durable, light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color yellow-brown, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; used for pump-logs, water-troughs, flooring, cabinet- making, etc.
4. Magnolia cordata, Michx.
Cucumber Tree.
Southern Alleghany Mountain region, — Georgia to Winston County, Alabama.
A tree 22 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; low rich woods ; very rare and local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color light brown streaked with yellow, the sap- wood light yellow.
5. Magnolia macrophylla, Michx.
Large-leaved Cucumber Tree.
Western North Carolina to southeastern Kentucky, southward to middle and western Florida and southern Alabama, extending west to the valley of Pearl River, Louisiana; and in central Arkansas.
A tree 6 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter ; rich woods, reaching its greatest development in the limestone valleys of northern Alabama ; rare and local.
Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood light yellow.
Liriodendron.
MAGNOLIACEiE.
3
6. Magnolia Umbrella, Lam.
Umbrella Tree. Elk-wood.
Southeastern Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany Mountains to central Alabama, westward through Kentucky and Tennessee to north- eastern Mississippi ; and in central and southwestern Arkansas.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.40 metre in diameter; rich, shady hillsides; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white.
7. Magnolia Fraseri, Walt.
Long-leaved Cucumber Tree.
Alleghany Mountains, from Virginia southward to western Florida and southern Alabama, extending west to the valley of Pearl River, Mississippi.
A small tree, 8 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; rich woods.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very, numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
8. Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.
Tulip Tree. Yellow Poplar. White-wood.
Southwestern Vermont, through western New England, southward to northern Florida ; west through New York, Ontario, and Michigan to Lake Michigan, south of latitude 43° 30'; and south to latitude 31° in the Gulf States east of the Mississippi River ; extending west to south- eastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas.
A large and valuable tree, 30 to 60 metres in height, with a trunk 2 to 4 metres in diameter ; rich woods and intervale lands, reaching its greatest development in the valley of the lower Wabash River and along the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains in Tennessee and North Carolina.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close straight-grained, com- pact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, not prominent ; color light yellow or brown, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufac- tured into lumber, and used for construction, interior finish, shingles, in boat-building, and especially in the manufacture of wooden pumps, wooden- ware, etc. ; varieties varying in color and grain are recognized.
Liriodendrin, sl stimulant tonic, with diaphoretic properties, is obtained by macerating the inner bark, especially of the root.
4
ANONACEiE. — CAPPARIDACE.E.
Asimina.
ANONACEiE.
9. Asimina triloba, Dunal.
Papaw. Custard Apple.
Western New York, Ontario, eastern and central Pennsylvania to southern Michigan, southern Iowa, and eastern Kansas; south to mid- dle Florida and the valley of the Sabine River, Texas.
A small tree, sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a slender shrub ; rich, rather low woods, reaching its greatest development in the lower Wabash valley and in the valley of the White River, Arkansas.
Wood very light, very soft and weak, coarse-grained, spongy, layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; color light yellow shaded with green, the sap-wood lighter ; the large fruit sweet and edible.
10. Anona laurifolia, Dunal.
Pond Apple.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Malabar to Bay Biscayne, west coast, Pease Creek to the Caloosa River ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits and on the west coast often reduced to a stout, wide-spreading shrub ; common, and reaching its greatest development, within the United States, on the low islands and shores of the Everglades in the neighborhood of Bay Biscayne.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact, containing many scattered open ducts ; color light brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood lighter.
The large fruit scarcely edible.
CAPPARIDACEJE.
1 1 . Capparis Jamaicensis, Jacq.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the West Indies and southward to Brazil.
A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 metre in diameter, or reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development, within the United States, on Upper Metacombe and Umbrella Keys.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many evenly distributed large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color yellow tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
Gordonia. CANELLACEiE. — TERNSTRCEMIACEiE.
5
CANELLACEJE.
12. Canella alba, Murr.
White-wood. Cinnamon Bark. Wild Cinnamon.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, often 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.22 metre h; diameter; not rare.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood light brown or yellow.
The pale inner bark furnishes an aromatic stimulant and tonic, occa- sionally employed in cases of debility of the digestive organs.
G-UTTIFER^E.
13. Clusia flava, L.
West Indies; Key West prior to 1840. Not rediscovered by the later explorers of the botany of semi-tropical Florida, and probably not now growing spontaneously within the limits of the United States.
Wood not examined.
TERNSTRCEMIACEJE.
14. Gordonia Lasianthus, L.
Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay.
Southern Virginia, south, near the coast, to Cape Malabar, and Cape Romano, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Mississippi River.
A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk often 0.45 to 0.50 metre in diameter ; low, sandy swamps.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not durable ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.4728; ash, 0.76; somewhat employed in cabinet- making.
15. G-ordonia pubescens, L'Her.
Franklinia.
Near Fort Barrington, on the Altamaha River, Georgia. A small tree, not rediscovered during the present century, and now only known through cultivated specimens. Wood not examined.
6
STERC ULI ACE iE. — TILIACE.E.
Fremontia.
STERCULIACE^E.
16. Fremontia Californica, Torr.
Slippery Elm.
California, — valley of Pitt River, southward along the western foot- hills of the Sierra Nevada, and in the Coast Ranges from the Santa Lucia to the San Jacinto Mountains ; rare at the north, most common and reaching its greatest development on the southern Sierras and the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Ranges.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, the short trunk often 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or more often a tall, much branched shrub ; dry, gravelly soil.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many groups of small ducts parallel to the thin, conspicuous medullary rays ; layers of annual growth obscure ; color dark brown tinged with red, the thick sap-wood lighter.
The mucilaginous inner bark used locally in poultices.
TILIACEJE.
17. Tilia Americana, L.
Lime Tree. Basswood. American Linden. Lin. Bee Tree.
Northern New Brunswick, westward in British America to about the one hundred and second meridian, southward to Virginia and along the Alleghany Mountains to Georgia and southern Alabama ; extending west, in the United States, to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas.
A large tree, 20 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or, exceptionally, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 0.92 to 1.84 metres in diameter; common in all northern forests on rich soil ; toward its western and southwestern limits only on bottom- lands. A variety (T. Americana, var. pubescens, Loud) with thinner leaves softly pubescent beneath occasionally occurs in swamps and low ground from North Carolina to western Florida, generally near the coast.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, rather obscure ; color light brown, or often slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; largely used in the manufacture of wooden-ware and cheap furniture, for the panels and bodies of carriages, the inner soles of shoes, in turnery, and the manufacture of paper pulp.
The inner bark, macerated, is sometimes manufactured into coarse cord- age and matting ; the flowers, rich in honey, are highly prized by apiarists.
Guaiacum. MALPIGHIACEiE. — ZYGOPHYLLACE^.
7
18. Tilia heterophylla, Vent. White Basswood. Wahoo.
Alleghany Mountains from Pennsylvania, southward to northern Ala- bama and Florida; west to middle Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Indiana, and southern and central Illinois.
A tree 15 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich woods and bottom-lands ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains and in middle Tennessee.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color light brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; generally confounded with that of Tilia Americana, from which it scarcely differs.
The young branches are often fed to cattle in winter by farmers in the southern Alleghany Mountains.
MALPIG-HIACE^E.
19. Byrsonima lncida, HBK.
Tallow Berry. Glamberry.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; through the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter, or often shrubby and branching from the ground.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numer- ous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood a little lighter.
Fruit edible.
ZYGOPHYLLACEJE.
20. Guaiacum sanctum, L.
Lignumvitce .
Keys of semi-tropical Florida, not rare ; in the Bahamas, St. Domingo, Cuba, Porto Rico, etc.
A low, gnarled tree, not exceeding, within the limits of the United States, 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in di- ameter.
Wood exceedingly heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, com- pact, difficult to work, splitting irregularly, containing many evenly dis- tributed resinous ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color rich yellow-brown, varying in older specimens to almost black, the sap-wood light yellow ; used in turnery and for the sheaves of ships' blocks, for which it is preferred to other woods.
Lignum Guaiaci, Guaiacum-wood, the heart of this and the allied G. officinale, formerly largely used in the treatment of syphilis, is now
8
RUTACEiE.
Porliera.
only retained in the Materia Medica as an ingredient in the compound decoction of sarsaparilla.
Guaiac, the resinous gum obtained from these species, is a stimulating diaphoretic and alterative, or in large doses cathartic, and is employed in cases of chronic rheumatism, gout, etc.
21. Porliera angustifolia, Gray.
Western Texas, — valley of the Colorado River to the Rio Grande, extending west to the Rio Pecos ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or toward its eastern, northern, and western limits reduced to a low shrub ; reaching its greatest development, in the United States, on the hills bordering the valley of the Guadalupe River.
Wood exceedingly heavy, very hard, close-grained, compact, the open ducts smaller and less regularly distributed than in Guaiacum ; medullary rays very thin, numerous ; color rich dark brown, turning green with exposure, the sap-wood bright }^ellow ; probably possessing medicinal properties similar to those of lignumvitae.
RTJTACE^.
22. Xanthoxylum Americanum, Mill.
Prickly Ash. Toothache Tree.
Eastern Massachusetts, west to northern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas ; south to the mountains of Virginia, and northern Missouri.
A small tree, not often 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or, reduced to a shrub, 1.50 to 1.80 metres in height ; common, and reaching its greatest development in the region of the great lakes ; rocky hillsides, or more often along streams and rich bottom-lands.
Wood light, soft, coarse-grained ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
The bark of Xanthoxylum, an active stimulant, is used in decoction to produce diaphoresis in cases of rheumatism, syphilis, etc., and as a popular remedy for toothache.
23. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, L.
Toothache Tree. Prickly Ash. Sea Ash. Pepper-wood. Wild Orange.
Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to Bay Biscayne and Tampa Bay, Florida, westward through the Gulf States to northwestern Louisiana, southern Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A small tree, rarely 12 to 14 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in diameter ; usually along streams and low, rich bottom-lands, reaching
Plelea.
RUTACE.E.
9
its greatest development in southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and eastern Texas. A shrubby, or on the coast arborescent, form of western Texas, with shorter ovate leaves, is var. fruticosum, Gray.
Wood light, hard, not strong, soft, coarse-grained, not durable, con- taining many scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
24. Xanthoxylum Caribaeum, Lam.
Satin-wood.
Keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 metre in diameter ; not common.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, not strong, brittle, fine-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numer- ous, thin, conspicuous ; color light orange, the sap-wood lighter.
25. Xanthoxylum Pterota, HBK.
Wild Lime.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys, and on the west coast from about latitude 29° to Cape Sable ; southwestern Texas ; and southward through Mexico to Brazil.
A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely ex- ceeding 0.15 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a slender shrub. In Florida common, and reaching its greatest development on the keys of the west coast ; in Texas not common, but widely distributed as a small shrub, or, on the shores of Matagorda Bay, west of the Nueces River, and in the valley of the Rio Grande, a low tree.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, nu- merous ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood yellow.
26. Ptelea trifoliata, L.
Hop Tree. Shrubby Trefoil. Wafer Ash.
Banks of the Niagara River, and Pennsylvania southward to northern Florida, west to Minnesota and the Indian Territory ; through western Texas to New Mexico ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 4 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or more often reduced to a slender shrub ; shady, rocky hillsides.
A variety with more or less pubescent leaves, not rare on the south Atlantic coast, and the common form of western Texas, is var. mollis, Torr. & Gray.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, layers of annual growth clearly marked by two or three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays few, thin ; color yellow-brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable.
10
SIMARUBEiE. — BURSERACE^E.
Canotia.
The bark of the root possesses tonic properties, and is employed by herbalists in the form of tinctures and fluid extracts in the treatment of dyspepsia, debility, etc. ; the bitter fruit is occasionally used domestically as a substitute for hops.
27. Canotia holacantha, Torr.
Arizona, — White Mountain region, valley of the Gila River, valley of Bill Williams Fork.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, or often a large shrub ; dry, rocky hillsides.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter brown.
SIMARUBE^E.
28. Simaraba glauca, DC.
Paradise Tree.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil.
A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 metre in diameter ; within the United States not common, and reaching its greatest development on the shores of Bay Biscayne.
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, containing many large scattered open ducts ; medullary rays few, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood a little darker.
The bark of this species is occasionally used as a substitute for that of S. officinalis, DC, as an aromatic, bitter tonic.
BURSERACEJE.
29. Bursera gummifera, Jacq.
Gum Elemi. Gumbo Limbo. West Indian Birch.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast Caloosa River to Caximbas Bay ; in the West Indies.
A tree often 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.70 metre in diameter ; one of the largest and most common trees of southern Florida, of very rapid growth and decay.
Wood very light, exceedingly soft and weak, spongy, containing many scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or gray, quickly discoloring with decay.
The aromatic resin obtained from this species was formerly somewhat used in various forms, under the name of Caranna, as a remedy for gout ; and in the West Indies is manufactured into a valuable varnish.
Ximenia.
MELIACEiE. — OLACINE^.
11
30. Amyris sylvatica, Jacq. Torch-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; common.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, com- pact, resinous, exceedingly durable, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays obscure ; color light orange, the sap-wood lighter.
MELIACE^E.
31. Swietenia Mahogoni, L.
Mahogany. Madeira.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; rare ; in the West Indies and Central America.
A large tree, on the Florida keys rarely exceeding 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre in diameter.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, very durable, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays nu- merous, obscure ; color rich reddish-brown, turning darker with age, the thin sap-wood yellow ; varying greatly in quality in different regions ; largely used and preferred to all other woods for cabinet-making of all sorts, interior finish, etc. ; formerly somewhat employed in ship-building.
OLACINE^E.
32. Ximenia Americana, L.
Wild Lime. Tallow Nut. Hog Plum. Mountain Plum.
Florida, — east coast Saint John's River to the southern keys, west coast Caloosa River to Caximbas Bay ; through the West Indies to Brazil, and on the coast of the Indian Peninsula (introduced ?).
A small, low, wide-spreading tree, rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 metre in diameter, or in pine-barren soil and toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its great- est development, in Florida on the west coast.
Wood very heavy, tough, hard, close-grained, compact, containing numerous regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays few, thin ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
Hydrocyanic acid can be obtained from the edible plum-shaped fruit.
12
ILICINEJE.
Ilex.
ILICINE^E.
33. Ilex opaca, Ait.
American Holly.
Quincy, Massachusetts, southward, near the coast, to Mosquito Inlet and Charlotte Harbor, Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and extending northward through the Missis- sippi Valley to Southern Indiana.
An evergreen tree, sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a shrub ; generally in low, rather moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom-lands of southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather hard, close-grained, very compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous ; color nearly white, turning to light brown with exposure, the sap-wood still lighter ; used and admirably adapted for cabinet work, interior finish, and turnery.
A bitter principle (Iliciri), common to other species of the genus, has been obtained from the fruit of this tree.
34. Ilex Dahoon, Walt. Dahoon. Dahoon Holly.
Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida, and west along the Gulf coast to the prairie region of western Louisiana.
A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk from 0.20 to 0.30 metre in diameter ; low, wet soil, or often in cypress swamps and ponds; not common, and running into numerous forms, — var. angusti- folia, Torr. & Gray ; var. myrtifolia, Chapm.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
35. Ilex Cassine, Walt. Cassena. Yaupon. Yopon.
Southern Virginia, southward, near the coast, to Saint John's River and Cedar Keys, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to southern Arkan- sas, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or more often a shrub, sending up many slender stems and forming dense thickets ; sandy, moist soil, along ponds and streams ; reach- ing its greatest development on the bottom-lands of eastern Texas.
Cliftonia. CYRILLACEiE. 13
»
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in drying ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color nearly white, becoming yellow with exposure, the sap-wood lighter.
The leaves possess powerful emetic properties.
36. Ilex decidua, Walt.
Southern Virginia, southward, through the middle districts, to western Florida ; through the Gulf States to the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and northward through the Mississippi Valley to southern Illinois.
A small tree, 8 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or in the Atlantic States a tall, straggling shrub ; low, wet woods along streams, reaching its greatest development in the Iron Moun- tain region of Missouri, and in southern Arkansas.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color creamy-white, the sap-wood lighter.
CYRILLACEJE.
37. Cyrilla racemiflora, L.
Iron-wood.
North Carolina, southward, near the coast, to middle Florida, and west, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Pearl River, Mississippi.
A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often a tall shrub, sending up many stems from the root ; open swamps, low thickets, or pine-barren pond-holes.
Wood heavy, weak, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, not conspicuous ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter.
38. Cliftonia ligustrina, Banks. Titi. Iron-wood. Buckwheat Tree.
Valley of the Savannah River, Georgia, south to middle Florida, and west, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Pearl River, Louisiana.
A small tree, sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 metre in diameter, or toward its southern limits in Florida reduced to a shrub ; margins of pine-barren ponds and streams.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used as fuel, burning with a clear flame.
14
CELASTRACEiE. — RHAMNACEiE.
Euonymus.
CELASTRACE^E.
39. Euonymus atropurpnreus, Jacq.
Burning Bush. Wahoo. Spindle Tree. Arrow-wood. Western New York, west to the valley of the Missouri River, Mon- tana, southward to northern Florida, southern Arkansas, and eastern Kansas.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 metre in diameter, or more often a shrub 2 to 3 metres in height ; low, rich woods, reaching its greatest development west of the Mississippi River.
Wood heavy, very close-grained, liable to check badly in seasoning ; medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color white tinged with orange.
Wahoo bark, a mild but uncertain purgative, is used by herbalists in the form of decoctions, tinctures, fluid extracts, etc.
40. Myginda pallens, Smith.
Upper Metacombe Key, Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 metre in diameter.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny ; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color dark brown or nearly black, the thick sap-wood lighter brown tinged with red.
41. Sense fFeria fmtescens, Jacq.
Yellow wood. Box-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — southern keys from Metacombe Key east- ward, Caloosa River, and sparingly on the Reef Keys ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, occasionally 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, generally hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light bright yellow, the sap-wood a little lighter.
RHAMNACEjE.
42. Reynosia latifolia, Griseb.
Red Iron-wood. Darling Plum.
Semi-tropical Florida, — southern keys to Bay Biscayne ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter.
Rhamnus.
RHAMNACE2E.
15
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; med- ullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood light brown.
The fruit edible and of agreeable flavor.
43. Condalia ferrea, Griseb. Black Iron-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to Bay Biscayne, and on the southern keys ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 11 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.38 metre in diameter, generally hollow and defective ; common.
Wood exceedingly heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, com- pact, difficult to work ; remarkable for the large percentage of ash ; med- ullary rays very numerous, thin ; color rich orange-brown, the sap-wood lighter.
44. Condalia obovata, Hook.
Blue-wood. Logwood. Purple Haw.
Eastern and southwestern Texas, westward through southern New Mexico to southern Arizona ; probably extending into northern M exico.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often a low, much branched shrub ; reaching its greatest development along the streams of eastern Texas ; one of the common " chaparral " plants of western Texas, here forming dense, impenetrable thickets.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in seasoning, containing many groups of large irregularly arranged open ducts ; medul- lary rays numerous, obscure ; color light red, the sap-wood light yellow.
45. Rhamnus Caroliniana, Walt.
Indian Cherry.
Long Island, New York, west along the valley of the Ohio River to southern Illinois, Missouri south of the Meramec River, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to northern Florida, and through the Gulf States to eastern Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 metre in diameter, or in the Atlantic States generally a tall shrub ; rich woods along streams and bottom-lands ; reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.
Wood light, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
The fruit sweet and edible.
16
RHAMNACEiE.
Rhamnus.
46. Rhamims Californica, Eschsch.
California, west of the Sierra Nevadas, from the valley of the upper Sacramento River southward to Santa Barbara and Fort Tejon.
A small tree, rarely 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.37 metre in diameter, or commonly a shrub, along the sea-coast and at high elevations, often prostrate; common and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Santa Cruz Mountains. A low shrubby form, densely white-tomentose, especially on the under side of the leaves, of southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico, is var. tomentella, Brewer & Watson.
Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, checking in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of open ducts ; medullary rays narrow, obscure ; color brown or light yellow, the sap-wood lighter.
47. Rhamnus Purshiana, DC.
Bearberry. Bear-wood. Shittim-wood.
Puget Sound, east along the mountain ranges of northern Washington to the Bitter Root Mountains, Idaho, and the shores of Flathead Lake, Montana ; southward through western Washington, Oregon, and northern California, west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
A small tree, often 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; depressions and on the sides and bottoms of canons in the coniferous forests ; reaching its greatest development along the western slope of the Coast Range of southern Oregon.
Wood light, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood somewhat lighter.
The bark, like that of other species of the genus, possesses powerful cathartic properties, and, under the name of Oascara sagrada, has been introduced into commerce by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts and tinctures.
48. Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Eschsch. Blue Myrtle.
California, — Coast Ranges, from Mendocino County south to the valley of the San Luis Rey River.
A small tree, 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or toward the southern limits reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development in the Sequoia forests near Santa Cruz Bay.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood darker.
The bark of the root may be expected to possess similar astringent properties to that of the shrubby C. Americana, used with advantage in cases of diarrhoea and dysentery, and as a domestic remedy in the treat- ment of troubles of the throat.
JEsculus.
SAPINDACEiE.
17
49. Colubrina reclinata, Brong. Naked Wood.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
One of the largest trees of the region, deciduous, 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.25 metres in diameter ; reaching its greatest development, within the United States, on Umbrella Key, here forming a dense forest ; not common.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish, containing many small open ducts ; medullary • rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood light yellow.
SAPINDACE^.
50. JEsculus glabra, Willd.
Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye.
Western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains from Pennsylvania to northern Alabama, and westward through southern Michigan (rare) to southern Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory.
A small tree, 8 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; rich soil along streams and bottom-lands ; reaching its greatest development in the high valleys of the southern Alleghany Mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, difficult to split, often blemished by dark lines of decay ; medullary rays obscure ; color white, the sap-wood a little darker ; largely used, in common with that of the other species of the genus, in the manufacture of wooden-ware, artificial limbs, paper pulp, wooden hats, less commonly for the bearings of shaft- ing and machinery, and occasionally manufactured into lumber.
The bark of the allied old-world species jE. Hippocastanum has been found efficacious as a substitute for cinchona bark in the treatment of intermittent fevers, and similar properties may be looked for in the bark of the North American species of this genus.
51. JEsculus flava, Ait.
Sweet Buckeye.
Alleghany Mountains from Pennsylvania to northern Georgia and Alabama, west to southern Iowa, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A tree 18 to 28 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0 90 metre in diameter, or toward its southwestern limits reduced to a shrub ; rich woods and borders of streams ; reaching its greatest development on the slopes of the Alleghany Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.
2
18
SAPINDACEiE.
JEsculus-
A variety with purple or flesh-colored flowers, the leaflets pubescent beneath, is var. purpurascens, Gray.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, difficult to split; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color creamy-white, the sap-wood hardly dis- tinguishable.
52. .^Esculus Californica, Nutt.
California Buckeye.
California, — valley of the upper Sacramento River and Mendocino County, southward in the Coast Ranges to San Luis Obispo, and along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
A low, widely branching tree, 8 to 12 metres in height, with a short trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, often greatly expanded at the base, or more often a much-branched shrub from 3 to 5 metres in height ; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the canons of the Coast Ranges north of San Francisco Bay.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color white slightly tinged with yellow, the sap- wood hardly distinguishable.
53. Ungnadia speciosa, Endl.
Spanish Buckeye.
Valley of the Trinity River, Texas, to the canons of the Organ Moun- tains, New Mexico ; and southward into Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or towards its eastern and western limits reduced to a low shrub ; common west of the Colorado River, on bottoms and rich hillsides, and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Guadalupe River, between New Braunfels and the coast.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, contain- ing numerous evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous ; color red tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter.
54. Sapindus marginatns, Willd.
Wild China. Soapberry.
Atlantic coast, — Savannah River to the Saint John's River, Florida; Cedar Keys ; valley of the Washita River, Arkansas, through western Louisiana, and Texas to the mountain valleys of southern New Mexico and Arizona, and southward into Mexico ; in the West Indies.
A tree on the Atlantic coast, sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter, west of the Colorado River much smaller, rarely 9 metres in height ; borders of streams or toward the western limits of its distribution, only in mountain valleys ; reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of eastern Texas.
Hypelate.
SAPINDACE2E.
19
Wood heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, compact, easily split into thin strips ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood lighter; largely used in Texas in the manu- facture of cotton-baskets, and in New Mexico for the frames of pack- saddles.
55. Sapindus Saponaria, L.
Soapberry.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to Caximbas Bay ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.38 metre in diameter; common on Cape Sable, and reaching its greatest development, within the United States, on the Thousand Islands and along the shores of Caximbas Bay.
Wood heavy, rather hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood yellow.
The fruit and roots rich in saponin, and used in the West Indies as a substitute for soap ; the round black seeds for beads, buttons, and small ornaments.
56. Hypelate paniculata, Cambess. Ink-wood. Iron-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — east coast from Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys ; in the West Indies .
A tree often 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 metre in diameter.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, sus- ceptible of a good polish, checking in drying ; medullary rays obscure ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood lighter ; used in ship -building, for the handles of tools, and wharf piles ; resisting the attacks of the Teredo.
57. Hypelate trifoliata, Sw.
White Iron-ivood.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A tree sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; not common.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish, durable in contact with the soil ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color rich light brown, the sap-wood darker ; used in ship-building, for the handles of tools, posts, etc.
20
SAPINDACEiE.
Acer.
58. Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.
Striped Maple. Moose-wood. Striped Dogwood. Goose-foot Maple. Whistle-wood.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence River to the northern shores of Lake Ontario, and the islands of Lake Huron, south through the north Atlantic States, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia ; west through the lake region to northeastern Minnesota.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; cool ravines and mountain sides.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numer- ous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
59. Acer spicatum, Lam.
Mountain Maple.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, west along the northern shores of the great lakes to northern Minnesota and the Saskatchewan region, south through the northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia.
A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often a tall shrub ; cool woods and mountain ravines ; reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays inconspicu- ous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
60. Acer macrophyllum, Pursh.
Broad-leaved Maple.
Coast of Alaska, from latitude 55° south along the islands and coast of British Columbia, through western Washington and Oregon, and along the California Coast Ranges and western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino Mountains and Hot Spring Valley, San Diego County ; not found above 4,000 feet altitude.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; borders of streams ; reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of the Coquille and other rivers of southern Oregon.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture, for axe and broom handles, frames of snow-shoes, etc. ; specimens with the grain beautifully curled and contorted are common.
Acer.
SAPINDACEiE.
21
61. Acer circinatum, Pursh. Vine Maple.
Valley of the Fraser River and probably farther north in British Columbia, southward through Washington and Oregon, west of the Cas- cade Mountains to the Mount Shasta region of northern California; rarely found above 4,000 feet altitude.
A small tree, sometimes 8 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 metre in diameter; borders of streams; the stems often prostrate and forming dense, impenetrable thickets.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or often nearly white ; the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6660; ash, 0.39; used as fuel, by lumbermen for axe and shovel handles, and by the coast Indians for the bows of fishing-nets.
62. Acer glabram, Torr.
Dwarf Maple.
Valley of the Fraser River and probably farther north in British Columbia, south through Washington, Oregon, and along the Sierra Ne- vada Mountains of California to the Yosemite Valley ; east along the mountain ranges of Idaho and Montana to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, south through Colorado and Utah ; in the east Humboldt Range, Nevada, and in the mountain ranges of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona.
A small tree, 8 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, or more often reduced to a low shrub 1 to 2 metres in height ; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the mountain canons of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter.
63. Acer grandidentatum, Nutt.
Western Montana, canons of the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, and south through eastern Arizona to southwestern New Mexico ; and in Coahuila.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; borders of streams ; not common.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin, distinct ; color light brown, or often nearly white.
64. Acer saccharimim, Wang.
Sugar Maple. Sugar Tree. Hard Maple. Southern Newfoundland, valleys of the Saint Lawrence and Saguenay Rivers, shores of Lake Saint John, west along the northern shores of the
22
SAPINDACEiE.
Acer.
great lakes to Lake of the Woods ; south through the northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Alabama and western Florida; west to Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and eastern Texas.
A tree of great economic value, 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or towards its southwestern limits greatly reduced in size ; rich upland woods ; often forming extensive forests, and reaching its greatest development in the region of the great lakes. A form with more widely lobed leaves, often downy on the lower side, common along the borders of streams and on bottom-lands from western Vermont to southern Missouri, extending south to northern Alabama and south- western Arkansas, is var. nigrum, Gray.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in the manufacture of furni- ture, shoe lasts and pegs, saddle-trees, in turnery, for interior finish and flooring ; in ship-building for keels, keelsons, shoes, etc., and furnishing valuable fuel ; " curled " maple and " bird's-eye " maple, accidental forms in which the grain is beautifully curled and contorted, are common and highly prized in cabinet-making.
Maple sugar is principally made from this species ; the ashes of the wood, rich in alkali, yield large quantities of potash.
65. Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh.
Soft Maple. White Maple. Silver Maple.
Valley of the Saint John River, New Brunswick, to southern Ontario, south to western Florida, west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the valley of the Blue River, Kansas, and the Indian Territory.
A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter, borders of streams and intervales, in rich soil ; most common west of the Alleghany Mountains, and reach- ing its greatest development in the basin of the lower Ohio River.
Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; somewhat used in the manufacture of cheap furniture, for flooring, etc. Maple sugar is occasionally made from this species.
66. Acer rubrum, L.
Red Maple, Swamp Maple. Soft Maple. Water Maple.
New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario south of latitude 49°, north and west to the Lake of the Woods, south to Indian and Caloosa Rivers, Florida ; west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas.
A large tree, 20 to 30 or, exceptionally, 32 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and low, wet
Negundo.
SAPINDACEiE.
23
swamps, reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower Wabash and Yazoo Rivers. A form common in southern Arkansas, east- ern Texas, western Louisiana, and sparingly through the Gulf States to southern Georgia, and well characterized by its obovate or truncate leaves, densely covered, as well as the petioles and young shoots, with a thick white tomentum, is var. Dnimmondii, Sargent.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, often tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in cabinet-making, turnery, and for wooden-ware, gunstocks, etc.
67. -Negundo aceroides, Moench. Box Elder. Ash-leaved Maple.
Shores of the Winooski River and Lake Champlain, Vermont, near Ithaca, New York, eastern Pennsylvania, and south to Hernando County, Florida ; northwest through the lake region of the United States and Manitoba to Lake Winnipeg, and along the southern branch of the Sas- katchewan to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains ; west, in the United States, to the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, and the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah ; southwest through the basin of the Mississippi River, western Texas, and New Mexico to eastern Arizona ; and southward into Mexico.
A tree 15 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre, or, exceptionally, 1.20 metres in diameter ; moist soil, borders of streams, etc. ; in the Rocky Mountain region in high valleys, between 5,000 and 6,000 feet elevation ; one of the most widely distributed trees of the American forest, reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Wabash and Cumberland Rivers.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color creamy-white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; occasionally used in the interior finish of houses, for wooden-ware, cooper- age, and paper-pulp.
Small quantities of maple sugar are sometimes obtained from this species.
68. Negnndo Californicum, Torr. & Gray. Box Elder.
California, — valley of the lower Sacramento River, southward in the interior valleys of the Coast Ranges to the western slopes of the San Ber- nardino Mountains.
A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color nearly white, or slightly tinged with yellow ; occasionally used in the manufacture of cheap furniture.
24
ANACARDIACEiE.
Rhus.
ANACARDIACEjE.
69. Rhus cotinoides, Nutt. Chittam-wood.
Alabama, — southern slopes of the Cumberland Mountains, north of the Tennessee River ; and doubtfully reported north of the Alabama line, in Tennessee. Indian Territory, rocky banks of the Grand River (Nuttall).
In Alabama, a small wide-branching tree, 9 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, on limestone benches between 700 and 900 feet elevation, in dense forests of oak, ash, maple, etc. ; local and very rare ; not rediscovered in Arkansas or the Indian Territory ; in Alabama nearly exterminated.
Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, checking badly in drying, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by sev- eral rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color bright, clear, rich orange, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely used locally for fencing, and yielding a clear orange dye.
70. Rhus typhina, L.
Staghorn Sumach.
New Brunswick, west through the valley of the Saint Lawrence River to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south through the northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia, central Alabama and Mississippi.
A small tree, rarely 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; dry hillsides, or often along streams in sandy, moist soil.
Wood light, brittle, soft, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, taking a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by four to six rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color yellow streaked with green, the sap-wood nearly white ; occasionally used for inlaying cabinet work.
Bark and leaves, astringent, and rich in tannin, are somewhat used locally as a dye and in dressing skins.
71. Rhus copallina, L.
Dwarf Sumach.
Northern New England, south to Manatee and Caximbas Bay, Florida, west to Missouri, Arkansas, and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or at the north a low shrub 1 to 2 metres in height ; dry hills
Rhus.
ANACARDIACEiE.
25
and ridges ; reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas ; running into various forms (var. lanceolata, Gray ; var. leucantha, DC).
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, suscep- tible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, not prominent ; color light brown, streaked with green, or often tinged with red ; the sap-wood lighter.
Leaves and bark astringent, rich in tannin; the leaves largely collected, principally in Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and Tennessee, and ground for tanning and dyeing.
72. Rhus venenata, DC.
Poison Sumach. Poison Elder.
Northern New England, south to northern Georgia, Alabama, and western Louisiana, west to northern Minnesota, Missouri, and Arkansas.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub ; low, wet swamps, or more rarely on higher ground.
Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, moderately compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by three or four rows of large open ducts ; medul- lary rays thin, very obscure ; color light yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood lighter.
The whole plant, as well as the allied R. Toxicodendron, is exceedingly poisonous to most persons, owing to the presence of a volatile principle, Toxicodendric acid ; the white milky sap, turning black in drying, yields a valuable lacquer.
73. Rhus Metopium, L.
Poison-wood. Coral Sumach. Mountain Manchineel. Bum-wood. Hog Plum. Doctor-gum.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; in the West Indies.
A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter, reaching, in the United States, its greatest development on the shores of Bay Biscayne, near Miami ; one of the most common trees of the region, the large specimens generally decayed.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many evenly distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow.
A resinous gum, emetic, purgative, and diuretic, is obtained from incis- ions made in the bark of this species.
26
LEGUMINOSiE.
Pistacia.
74. Pistacia Mexicana, HBK.
Texas, — valley of the Rio Grande near the mouth of the Pecos River ; in northern Mexico. Wood not examined.
LEGUMINOS^E.
75. Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, Watson.
Western Texas, valleys of the upper Guadalupe and Rio Grande, west to the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree. 5 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.09 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; dry, gravelly soil, reaching its greatest known develojmient, in the United States, near the summit of the Santa Catalina Mountains, at 3,000 feet elevation.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, very compact ; layers of annual growth clearly defined by numerous rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numer- ous, thin ; color light reddish-brown, the sap-wood clear yellow.
76. Dalea spinosa, Gray.
Colorado Desert, southern California to the valley of the lower Gila River, Arizona.
A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a short, stout trunk 0.45 to 0.50 metre in diameter, or often a low shrub ; dry, gravelly, rocky soil.
Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, containing many regularly dis- tributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color walnut brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
77. Robinia Pseudacacia, L.
Locust. Black Locust. Yellow Locust.
Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania to northern Georgia ; widely and generally naturalized throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, and possibly indigenous in northeastern and western Arkansas, and on the prairies of eastern Indian Territory.
A tree 22 to 25 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; west of the Mississippi River much smaller, or often a low shrub 1.80 to 3 metres in height, reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the mountains of West Virginia.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the ground ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by two or three rows of large open ducts ; color brown or more rarely light green, the sap-wood yellow ; largely used for treenails, posts of all sorts, construction, and in turnery.
Olneya.
LEGUMINOSiE.
27
The bark of the root is tonic, or in large doses purgative and emetic. The locust was formerly widely planted as a timber tree ; its cultivation in the United States is now generally abandoned on account of the de- structive attacks of the locust-borer (Cyllene picta).
78. Robinia viscosa, Vent.
Clammy Locust. High Alleghany Mountains of North Carolina.
A small tree, 9 to 1 2 metres in height, with a trunk not exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; very rare and local in a wild state, but now widely cultivated and occasionally naturalized in the Atlantic States.
Wood (of a cultivated specimen) heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by many rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood light yellow.
79. Robinia Neo-Mexicana, Gray. Locust.
Southern Colorado, through western and southwestern New Mexico to the Santa Catalina and Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, and in southern Utah.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter, or toward its upper limits of growth reduced to a low shrub; reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Purgatory River, Colorado.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays thin, con- spicuous ; color yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood light yellow.
80. Olneya Tesota, Gray.
Lron-wood. Arbol de Hierro.
California, valley of the Colorado River south of the Mohave Moun- tains, valley of the lower Gila River, southwestern Arizona; southward in Sonora.
A small tree, in the United States rarely 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.45 metre in diameter ; dry arroyos and canons ; in Sonora more common and of larger size.
Wood very heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; the grain generally contorted, difficult to cut and work, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood clear bright yellow ; occasionally manufactured into canes and other small objects.
28
LEGUMINOSiE.
Piscidia.
81. Piscidia Erythrina, L.
Jamaica Dogwood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne and Pease Creek to the south- ern keys ; in the West Indies and southern Mexico.
A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.75 metre in diameter.
Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish, containing few large scattered open ducts ; medullary rays thin, not conspicuous ; color yellowish brown, the sap-wood lighter ; one of the most valuable woods of the region for boat-building, firewood, and charcoal.
The bark, especially of the root, narcotic, occasionally administered in the form of tinctures, or used, as well as the young branches and leaves, to poison or stupefy fish.
82. Cladrastis tinctoria, Raf.
Yellow-wood. Yellow Ash. Gopher-wood.
Central Kentucky, and middle Tennessee to the mountains of East Tennessee and Cherokee County, North Carolina.
A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre, or exceptionally 1.20 metres, in diameter; rich hillsides; reaching its greatest development in middle Tennessee ; rare and very local, the large trees generally hollow or defective.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish ; layers, of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of open ducts, and containing many evenly distributed similar ducts ; color bright clear yellow, changing with exposure to light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; used for fuel, occasionally for gunstocks, and yielding a clear yellow dye.
83. Sophora secundiflora, Lagasca. Frigolito.
Matagorda Bay, Texas, west to the mountains of New Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often, especially west of the San Antonio River, a tall shrub rarely exceeding 2 metres in height, and forming dense thickets ; borders of streams, generally in low, rather moist soil.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color orange streaked with red, the heavier sap-wood brown or yellow ; furnishing valuable fuel.
The seeds contain an exceedingly poisonous alkaloid, Sophoria.
84. Sophora afrinis, Torr. & Gray.
Valley of the Arkansas River, Arkansas to the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas.
Gleditschia.
LEGUMINOSiE.
29
A small tree, 5 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and prairies.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked with several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous; color light red, the sap-wood bright clear yellow.
85. G-ymnocladus Canadensis, Lam.
Kentucky Coffee-tree. Coffee-nut.
Southern Pennsylvania (rare) ; western New York (rare) ; west through southern Ontario and southern Michigan to the valley of the Minnesota River, Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southwestern Arkan- sas, and the Indian Territory, extending south to middle Tennessee.
A tree 25 to 33 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; rich woods and bottom-lands ; not common.
Wood heavy, not hard, strong, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the ground, liable to check in drying, easily worked, susceptible of a high polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one or two rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light rich brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood lighter ; occasionally used in cabinet-making, for posts, rails, etc.
The fresh leaves, macerated and sweetened, are occasionally used as a poison for house-flies ; the seeds, formerly as a domestic substitute for coffee.
86. Gleditschia triacanthos, L.
Honey Locust. Black Locust. Three-thorned Acacia. Sweet Locust. Honey Shucks.
Western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains of Pennsylvania, west through southern Michigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory ; south to Tampa Bay, Florida (not detected in east Florida), northern Alabama, northern Mississippi, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A tree 25 or 30 metres, or exceptionally 40 metres, in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; low, rich bottom-lands, or more rarely on dry, sterile hills ; the characteristic tree of the " barrens " of middle Kentucky and Tennessee ; reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of the lower Ohio River basin ; widely cultivated for shade and as a hedge plant, and now somewhat naturalized in the Atlantic States east of the Alleghany Mountains. A not uncommon form, nearly destitute of thorns, is var. inermis, Pursh.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, moderately compact, very durable in contact with the soil, susceptible of a high polish ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by many rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color bright brown or red, the sap-wood lighter ; used for fence posts and rails, wagon hubs, construction, etc.
30
LEGUMINOSiE.
Gleditschia-
87. Gleditschia monosperma, Walt.
Water Locust.
South Carolina, generally near the coast, to Matanzas Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, and through Arkansas to middle Kentucky and Tennessee, south- ern Indiana and Illinois.
A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 or, exceptionally, 0.90 metre in diameter ; deep swamps ; rare in the south Atlantic and Gulf States ; common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and eastern Texas, here often covering extensive areas.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, suscep- tible of a high polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color rich bright brown tinged with red, the thick heavier sap-wood clear light yellow.
88. Parkinsonia Torreyana, Watson.
Green-barked Acacia. Palo Verde.
Colorado Desert, southern California to the valley of the lower Gila River, Arizona.
A low, much-branched tree, 8 to 10 metres in height, the short trunk sometimes 0.45 to 0.50 metre in diameter ; low canons and depressions in the sand-hills of the desert ; common and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila Rivers.
Wood heavy, not strong, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many small, evenly distributed, open ducts; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood clear light yellow.
89. Parkinsonia microphylla, Torr.
Valleys of the lower Colorado and Bill Williams Rivers, eastward through southern Arizona.
A small, much-branched tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 metre in diameter ; or often a low shrub, 1 to 3 metres in height.
Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, compact, containing numerous large scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color dark rich brown streaked with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow.
90. Parkinsonia aculeata, L.
Corpus Christi, Texas, west along the Mexican boundary to the valley of the Colorado River, Arizona, and southward into Mexico ; probably of American origin, but now widely naturalized throughout the tropical and warmer regions of the globe.
Prosopis.
LEGUMINOSiE.
31
A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, con- taining many evenly distributed small open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown, the very thick sap-wood lighter, often tinged with yellow.
91. Cercis Canadensis, L.
Red-bud. Judas Tree.
Western Pennsylvania, south to Tampa Bay, Florida, and northern Alabama and Mississippi, west through southern Michigan and Minne- sota to eastern Nebraska ; southwest through Missouri and Arkansas to the eastern portions of the Indian Territory, Louisiana, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A small tree, 12 to 16 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter ; rich woods, borders of streams, and swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, suscep- tible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays exceedingly numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
92. Cercis reniformis, Engelm. Red-bud.
Middle and western Texas west of the Colorado River ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often a shrub forming dense thickets ; limestone hills.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous ; color brown streaked with yellow, the sap- wood lighter.
93. Prosopis juliflora, DC.
Mesquit. Algaroba. Honey Locust. Honey Pod.
Texas, — valley of the Trinity River to the northern and western limits of the State ; west through New Mexico and Arizona to the western foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains, California, reaching southern Colorado, southern Utah, and southern Nevada ; in northern Mexico.
A tree of the first economic value, sometimes 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 metre in diameter, or much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; dry prairies and high rocky plains, or west of the Rocky Mountains, along desert streams, here often forming open forests, and
32
LEGUMINOSiE.
Prosopis.
reaching its greatest development, within the United States, in the valley of the Santa Cruz and other streams of southern Arizona ; in western Texas, owing to the annual burning of the prairies, rarely 1 metre in height, the roots then enormously developed, often weighing several hundred pounds, and forming, as they are here locally known, " under- ground forests," furnishing the best and cheapest fuel of the region.
Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, almost indestructible in contact with the soil, containing many evenly distributed, rather large, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, distinct ; color rich dark browm or often red, the sap-wood clear yellow ; exclusively used for the beams and underpinnings of the adobe houses of New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico, for posts and fencing, and occasionally in the manufacture of furniture, the fellies of heavy wheels, etc. ; the best and often the only fuel of the region, burning slowly with a clear flame, and producing valuable charcoal, but unsuited for the gen- eration of steam on account of its destructive action upon boilers.
A gum resembling gum-arabic is yielded by this species ; the unripe and pulpy pods rich in grape sugar, are edible, furnishing valuable and important fodder.
94. Prosopis pubescens, Benth.
Screw Bean. Screw-pod Mesquit. Tornilla.
Valley of the Rio Grande in western Texas, west through New Mex- ico and Arizona to southern California, southern Utah and southern Ne- vada ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, rarely 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or often a tall, much-branched shrub ; sandy or gravelly river-bottoms, reaching its greatest development, within the United States, in the valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila Rivers.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, com- pact, containing many evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; used for fuel and fencing.
The pods used as fodder are sometimes made into flour by the Indians.
95. Leucsena glauca, Benth.
Western Texas, — San Saba to Devil's River ; in northern Mexico ; semi-tropical Florida (introduced) ; and through the West Indies.
A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter ; or often a tall or, in Florida, low shrub, sending up many stems from the ground.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, containing many small regularly distributed open ducts ; layers of annual growth and medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color rich brown streaked with red, the sap- wood clear yellow.
Acacia.
LEGUMINOSiE.
33
96. Leucaena pulverulenta, Benth.
Southern Texas, — valley of the lower Rio Grande ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, often forming dense thickets ; rich, sandy loam.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small, regularly distributed, open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood clear yellow.
97. Acacia Wrightii, Benth. Cat's Claw.
Valley of the Guadalupe River, western Texas, west and south to the valley of the Rio Grande ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, rarely 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes ex- ceeding 0.30 metre in diameter, or often a low, much-branched shrub.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of small open ducts, and containing many scattered smaller ducts ; medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color bright clear brown streaked with red and yellow, the sap-wood clear yellow.
98. Acacia G-reggii, Gray. Cat's Claw.
Valley of the Rio Grande in western Texas, west through south- ern New Mexico and Arizona to San Diego, California; in northern Mexico.
A low, much-branched tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; dry slopes and low canons ; common, the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by numerous rows of rather large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich brown or red, the sap- wood light yellow.
A resinous gum resembling gum-arabic is yielded by this species.
99. Acacia Berlandieri, Benth.
Valley of the Nueces to Devil's River, southern Texas, southward into Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; or more often a tall shrub, sending up many stems from the ground.
Wood not examined.
3
34
ROSACEA.
Lysiloma.
100. Lysiloma latisiliqua, Benth.
Wild Tamarind.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, tough, close-grained, compact, suscep- tible of a fine polish, containing many scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous ; color rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood white ; somewhat used, locally, in boat and ship building.
101. Pithecolobhim Unguis-cati, Benth.
Cafs Claw.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Caximbas Bay to the southern keys ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk rarely ex- ceeding 0.15 metre in diameter, or often throwing out many spreading, vine-like stems from the ground.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous ; color rich red varying to pur- ple, the sap-wood clear yellow.
ROSACEA.
102. Chrysobalanns Icaco, L.
Cocoa Plum.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral and Caximbas Bay to the southern keys ; through the West Indies and tropical America to Brazil.
A small tree, 7 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 metre in diameter ; or along sandy beaches a low prostrate shrub 1.08 to 2.16 metres in height; reaching its greatest development, within the United States, on the borders and islands of the Everglades, near Bay Biscayne.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing few irregularly distributed, not large, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown often tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
103. Pmmis Americana, Marsh.
Wild Plum. Canada Plum. Horse Plum.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence to the valleys of Rainy and Assinaboine Rivers and the southern shores of Lake Manitoba ; northern Vermont, western New England, and southward through the Atlantic States to western Florida ; west to the valley of the upper Missouri River, Dakota, Pike's Peak region, Colorado, and the valley of the lower Concho River, Texas.
Prunus.
ROSACEA.
35
A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; rich woods, or along streams and the borders of ponds and swamps, reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich bright brown or often red, the sap-wood lighter ; used for the handles of tools, etc. >
Often cultivated for the yellow, red, or rarely nearly black acid, or rarely sweet fruit.
104. Prunus angustifolia, Marsh. Chickasaw Plum. Hog Plum.
Probably native of the eastern slopes of the southern Rocky Moun- tains, where it is found at an altitude of 7,000 feet, and of the high plateau east and southeast of them ; now widely naturalized by early cultivation throughout the Atlantic forests south of Pennsylvania and west of the Alleghany Mountains, extending as far north as southern Michigan.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often a low shrub, generally along streams or borders of prairies, in rich soil.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter. Often cultivated for its globose red or yellow fruit.
105. Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.
Wild Red Cherry. Pin Cherry. Pigeon Cherry.
Labrador, shores of Hudson's Bay, and west through the Saskatche- wan region to the valley of the upper Fraser River ; south through the northern States to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, central Iowa, and along the high Alleghany Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, and the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 metres in height, with a trunk some- times 0.60 metre in diameter, or in the Rocky Mountain region reduced to a low shrub ; common in all the northern forests, and taking posses- sion of ground cleared by fire of forest growth.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood clear yellow.
The small acid fruit used domestically and by herbalists in the prepa- ration of cough mixtures, etc.
106. Prunus umbellata, Ell.
Sloe. Black Sloe.
South Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida, and through central Alabama to eastern Mississippi.
36
ROSACEA.
Pr units.
A small tree, 5 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.38 metre in diameter ; dry, sandy soil.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, tbin ; color dark reddish brown, the sap-wood much lighter.
107. Prunus emarginata, Walp.
Vancouver's Island and the valley of the lower Fraser River, south through western Washington and Oregon, and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and in the Coast Ranges, from San Francisco Bay to the Santa Lucia Mountains, California ; east to the western slopes of the Bitter Root Mountains, Idaho, and the valley of the Jocko River, Montana.
A tree often 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes ex- ceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; at high elevations and throughout cen- tral California reduced to a shrub 2 to 3 metres in height, or, in the Santa Lucia Mountains, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; generally along streams or in low, rich woods. The common northern and Idaho form, more or less woolly pubescent, espe- cially on the under side of the leaves, is var. mollis, Brewer.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown streaked with green.
108. Prunus serotina, Ehrh.
Wild Black Cherry. Rum Cherry.
Southern Ontario, southward through the Atlantic forests to Matan- zas Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida ; west to the valley of the Missouri River, Dakota, eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the upper San Antonio River, Texas.
A tree 18 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres, or exceptionally 1.50 metres, in diameter; rich, generally upland woods; common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains from West Virginia southward ; not common and of small size in the Gulf region and Texas.
Wood light, hard, strong, close, straight -grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or red, growing darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood yellow ; largely used and esteemed in cabinet work, interior finish, etc., and now becoming scarce.
The bark contains a bitter tonic principle, and infused with cold water generates a small percentage of hydrocyanic acid, and is employed as a tonic and sedative in cases of pulmonary consumption in the form of cold infusions, syrups, and fluid extracts ; the bitter fruit used domestically in the preparation of cherry brandy.
Prunus.
ROSACEA.
87
109. Prunus Capuli, Cav. Wild Cherry.
Apache and Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, west through southern New- Mexico and Arizona to the southern slopes of the San Francisco Moun- tains ; in northern New Mexico, and Peru.
A small tree, in the United States rarely 12 metres in height, with a trunk often 0.30 metre in diameter ; bottoms of canons and mountain valleys, generally between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation.
Wood heavy, moderately hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color brown, or often bright clear red, the sap- wood nearly white.
110. Prunus demissa, Walp.
Wild Cherry.
Vancouver's Island, east to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, south through the Pacific region ; and in Sonora.
A small tree, sometimes 7 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; reaching its greatest development in the rich valleys of southern Oregon and northern Cali- fornia, near the coast ; in southern California, and east of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Ranges, a low shrub confined to high mountain valleys.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
111. Prunus Caroliniana, Ait.
Wild Orange. Mock Orange. Wild Peach.
North Carolina, south, near the coast, to Bay Biscayne, Florida, south- ern Alabama, and west, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Guada- lupe River, Texas.
A small evergreen tree, 10 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; common and reaching its greatest de- velopment in the rich, light, deep soil of the bottom-lands of eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light reddish-brown, or, more rarely, dark rich brown, the sap-wood lighter.
112. Prunus sphaerocarpa, Sw.
Western shores of Bay Biscayne, Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, in Florida not exceeding 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter; high rocky woods, or more rarely along the borders of streams and ponds ; rare and local in the United States.
Wood heav}% hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many very small open ducts ; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure ; color light clear red, the sap-wood pale yellow.
38
ROSACEA.
Pr units.
113. Prunus ilicifolia, Walp.
Islay.
California, — Coast Ranges from San Francisco Bay south to the southern boundary of the State, extending to the western slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains.
A small evergreen tree, often 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter, or in the interior often reduced to a low shrub.
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in seasoning, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many regularly dis- tributed, rather small, open, ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; furnishing valuable fuel.
114. Vauquelinia Torreyi, Watson.
Arizona, — high mountains of the Gila Valley, summits of the Santa Catalina Mountains ; in Sonora.
A small tree in the Santa Catalina Mountains, 4 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 metre in diameter; dry slopes and rocky bluffs between 2,700 and 4,000 feet elevation, in granitic soil ; generally hollow and decayed.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood yellow.
115. Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nutt.
Mountain Mahogany.
Cceur d'Alene Mountains, Idaho, southward along the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming ; eastern extremities of the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon ; Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, and west along the mountain ranges of the Great Basin to the west- ern slope of the Sierra Nevada of California, extending southward into Arizona and New Mexico.
A small, low tree, rarely 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or north of Utah and Nevada reduced to a low shrub ; dry rocky mountain slopes, between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development on the high ranges of central Nevada.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, brittle, difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color bright clear red, or often dark rich brown, the sap-wood clear yellow ; furnishing the most valuable fuel of the region, and largely manufactured into charcoal.
Pyrus.
ROSACEA.
39
116. Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nutt.
Mountain Mahogany.
California, — valley of the Klamath River, southward through the Coast Ranges to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains; Lower California ; Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, mountains of southern Arizona, and southward into Mexico.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, or more often a shrub ; dry, gravelly soil, reach- ing its greatest development on the mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona at an elevation of 6,000 to 8,000 feet.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, sus- ceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood light brown; furnishing valuable fuel.
117. Pyrus coronaria, L.
American Grab. Sweet-scented Crab.
Valley of the Humber River, and shores of Lake Erie, Ontario, south- ward through western New York and Pennsylvania to the District of Columbia, and along the Alleghany Mountains to central Alabama and northern Mississippi ; west to southern Minnesota, Iowa, eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and northern Louisiana.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk often 0.30 metre in diameter ; rich, rather low woods, reaching its greatest develop- ment in the valleys of the lower Ohio region.
Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, very close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown varying to light red, the sap-wood yellow ; used for levers, handles of tools, and in turnery.
118. Pyrus angustifolia, Ait.
American Crab Apple. Southern Crab Apple.
Pennsylvania (?), southern Delaware, and the valley of the lower Wabash River, Illinois, south to western Florida.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre in diameter ; low, rich woods ; common and reaching its greatest devel- opment on the bottom-lands of the South Atlantic States ; less common west of the Alleghany Mountains.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood yellow ; used for levers, handles of tools, etc.
40
ROSACEA.
Pyrus.
119. Pyrus rivularis, Dougl.
Oregon Grab Apple.
Coast of Alaska, southward along the coast and islands of British Columbia, through Washington and Oregon, west of the Cascade Moun- tains, to northern California.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; low, rich woods, generally along streams, often form- ing dense thickets.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, liable to check badly in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; used for mallets, mauls, bearings of machinery, etc.
120. Pyrus Americana, DC.
Mountain-ash.
Labrador, Newfoundland, Anticosti Island, and westward along the southern shore of James Bay to the valley of the Nelson River, south- ward through all the elevated regions of the northeastern States, and along the high mountains of Virginia and North Carolina ; in northern Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; borders of swamps and moist, rocky woods, reaching its greatest development on the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
121. Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.
Mountain-ash.
Labrador to northern New England and the shores of Lake Superior ; high mountain ranges of the Pacific region from Alaska to southern New Mexico ; in Kamtschatka.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, or in the Pacific forests generally reduced to a low shrub ; cold, wet swamps or borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in northern New England and Minnesota.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays nu- merous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
The astringent bark and unripe fruit of the American mountain ashes, like those of the nearly allied P. aucuparia of Europe, are extremely astringent, and occasionally used, domestically, in infusions, decoctions, etc., in the treatment of diarrhoea.
Crataegus.
ROSACEA.
41
122. Crataegus rivularis, Nutt.
British Columbia, south through eastern Oregon and Washington, east and southeast along the mountain ranges of Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Colorado to the Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; or often a tall, much-branched shrub, forming dense, impenetrable thickets along borders of streams and swamps.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
123. Crataegus Douglasii, Lindl.
British Columbia, south through Washington and Oregon to northern California, extending east through Idaho and Montana to the western base of the Rocky Mountains.
A small tree, sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or often a tall shrub throwing up many stems from the ground and forming impenetrable thickets ; rather wet, sandy soil along streams, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys west of the Cascade Mountains ; toward its eastern limits a low shrub.
Wood heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color nearly white tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter ; used for wedges, mauls, etc.
1 24. Crataegus brachyacantha, Sargent & Engelm. Hog's Haw.
Western Louisiana and eastern Texas.
A tree 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams in low, very rich soil ; the largest North American representative of the genus ; rare and local.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau- tiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter.
The large fruit blue-black.
125. Crataegus arborescens, Ell.
Valley of the Savannah River, South Carolina, south to western Flor- ida ; and from the neighborhood of Saint Louis, Missouri, south and southwest to western Louisiana, and the valley of the lower Colorado River, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and low, wet swamps.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
The small globular fruit bright red, or, more rarely, orange.
42
ROSACEA.
Cratcegus.
126. Crataegus Crus-galli, L.
Cockspur Thorn. Newcastle Thorn.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, west through southern Ontario to Manitoba, south, through the Atlantic forests, to western Florida, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas.
A small tree, 4 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter ; varying greatly in the size of the fruit, size and shape of the leaves, etc.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, suscep- tible of a fine polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood rather lighter.
127. Crataegus coccinea, L.
Scarlet Haw. . Red Haw. White Thorn.
West coast of Newfoundland, west along the valley of the Saint Law- rence River and the northern shores of the great lakes to Manitoba, south through the Atlantic forests to northern Florida and eastern Texas.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in diameter ; open upland woods or borders of streams and prairies ; very common at the North, rare at the South ; running into many forms, vary- ing in the size and shape of the leaves, size of the fruit, etc.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter.
128. Crataegus subvillosa, Schrad. Scarlet Haw.
Eastern Massachusetts (possibly introduced) ; central Michigan to eastern Nebraska, south to middle Tennessee, and southwest through Missouri, Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and Texas to the valley of the San Antonio River.
A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in heightj with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter ; rich woods and borders of streams and prairies.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown or light red, the sap-wood lighter.
The large red fruit often downy, edible, of agreeable flavor.
129. Crataegus tomentosa, L.
Black Thorn. Pear Haw.
New Brunswick, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence River and the northern shores of the great lakes to the Saskatchewan region, southward through the Atlantic forests to western Florida and eastern Texas, extending west to the mountains of eastern Washington and Ore- gon, southwestern Colorado, and southwestern New Mexico.
Cralcegus.
ROSACEA.
43
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter, or often, especially west of the Rocky Mountains, reduced to a low shrub, here forming dense thickets along mountain streams; the most widely distributed representative of the genus in North America, and varying greatly in the size, shape, and color of the fruit, form of the leaves, amount of pubescence, etc.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood lighter.
130. Crataegus cordata, Ait.
Washington Thorn.
Virginia, southward along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama, extending west through middle and eastern Ken- tucky and Tennessee to southern Illinois.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre in diameter, generally along banks of streams.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
131. Crataegus apiifolia, Michx. Parsley Haw.
Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to about latitude 28°, ex- tending west through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a slender stem rarely exceeding 0.08 to 0.10 metre in diameter, or more often a low, much- branched shrub ; low, rich soil, reaching its greatest development on the pine-barren hummocks of central Florida.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau- tiful polish ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color bright brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood much lighter.
132. Crataegus spathulata, Michx.
Small-fruited Haw.
Virginia, southward to western Florida, west through the Gulf States to the valley of the Washita River, Arkansas, and the Colorado River, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a low shrub ; margins of streams and prairies, common, and reaching its greatest development on the bottom- lands of western Louisiana and eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter.
44
ROSACEA.
Cratcegus.
133. Crataegus berberifolia, Torr. & Gray. Western Louisiana.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; borders of prairies, in low ground ; rare, local, and still very imperfectly known ; the fruit and wood not yet collected.
134. Crataegus aestivalis, Torr. & Gray. May Haw. Apple Haw.
South Carolina to northern Florida, and west through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Sabine River, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; generally in sandy soil along the margins of streams and ponds ; common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom- lands of western Louisiana and eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter.
The large, globular, fragrant red fruit possesses an agreeable subacid flavor, and ripens in May.
135. Crataegus flava, Ait.
Summer Haw. Yellow Haw. Red Haw.
Virginia southward, generally near the coast, to Tampa Bay, Florida, extending west through the Gulf States to eastern Texas and southern Arkansas.
A small tree, rarely 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in diameter, or reduced to a much-branched shrub 2 to 3 metres in height ; borders of streams, in low, sandy soil subject to overflow. A variety distinguished by the pubescence upon the calyx and young branches, smaller flowers, and larger globular or pear-shaped edible fruit, is var. pubescens, Gray.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood lighter.
Fruit small, red or yellow, acid, or in the variety large and edible.
136. Heteromeles arbutifolia, Roem. Toyon. Tollon. California Holly.
California, — Coast Ranges, Mendocino to San Diego County, extending east to the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains.
A small, low-branched evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 metres in height, the short trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter; or more often a low, much-branched shrub.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood lighter.
Liquidambar.
HAMAMELACE2E.
45
1 37. Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. June-berry. Shad-bush. Service Tree. May Cherry.
Newfoundland and Labrador, west along the southern shores of Hud- son's Bay to the Saskatchewan region ; south through the Atlantic forests to northern Florida, southwestern Arkansas, and the Indian Territory.
A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or in some forms reduced to a low shrub (vars. rotundifolia and oligocarpa, Torr. & Gray) ; common at the north, rare at the south, and reaching its greatest development on the high slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains ; varying greatly in the shape of the leaves, size of the flowers, amount of pubescence on the leaves and young shoots, etc. (var. oblongifolia, Torr. & Gray).
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color dark brown often tinged with red, the sap-wood much lighter.
HAMAMELACEJE.
138. Hamamelis Virginica, L.
Witch-hazel.
Northern New England and southern Ontario to Wisconsin, south to northern Florida and eastern Texas.
A small tree, exceptionally 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.37 metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub throwing up many stems from the ground ; common ; rich, rather damp woodlands, reaching its greatest development upon the southern Alleghany Mountains.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable ; medullary rays numerous, thin, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white.
The bark and leaves rich in tannin, and largely used by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts, decoctions, etc., in external applications (Pond's Extract), and as a reputed remedy in hemorrhoidal affections.
139. Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.
Sweet Gum. Liquidamber. Red Gum. Bihted.
Fairfield County, Connecticut, and southern Indiana and Illinois, south- ward to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas ; in central and southern Mexico.
A large tree, often 30 to- 36 metres, or exceptionally 48 metres, in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; low, wet soil ; very common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of the Mississippi Basin, — here, with the cotton-gum, forming a large proportion of the forest growth.
46
RHIZOPHORACE.E. — COMBRETACEiE. Rluzoph
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather tough, close-grained, compact, inclined to shrink and warp badly in seasoning, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; manufactured into lumber and used in the construction of buildings for plates, boarding, and clapboards, in cabinet work as a substitute for black walnut, and for veneering and street pavements.
The balsamic exudation obtained from this species at the South is col- lected by herbalists, and sometimes used in the form of a syrup as a sub- stitute for storax in the treatment of catarrhal affections, or externally as an ointment.
RHIZOPHORACEJE.
140. Rhizophora Mangle, L.
Mangrove.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet and Cedar Keys to the southern keys ; Delta of the Mississippi River ; coast of Texas ; West Indies and tropical America ; and* now widely naturalized throughout the tropics of the Old World.
A tree 12 to 18 metres, or exceptionally 27 metres, in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter, or more commonly not exceeding 4 to 7 metres in height ; low saline shores, reaching, in the United States, its greatest development on Bay Biscayne and Cape Sable ; south of latitude 29°, bordering with almost impenetrable thickets the coast of the Florida peninsula, ascending the rivers for many miles, especially those flowing from the Everglades, and entirely covering many of the southern key's.
Wood exceedingly heavy, hard, and strong, close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many evenly distributed rather small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark reddish brown streaked with lighter brown, the sap-wood lighter ; used for wharf piles and furnishing valuable fuel.
COMBRETACEJE.
141. Conocarpus erecta, L.
Buttonwood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay to the south- ern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil.
A low tree, often 8 metres, or exceptionally 15 to 18 metres, in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; common, and reaching its greatest development, in the United States, on Lost Man's River, north of Cape Sable ; or sometimes reduced to a low under-shrub.
Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact, suscep-
Eugenia.
MYRTACEiE.
47
tible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark yellow-brown, the sap-wood lighter; burning slowly like charcoal, and highly valued for fuel.
142. Laguncularia racemosa, Gaertn. f. White Buttonwood. White Mangrove.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Cedar Keys to Cape Sable; West Indies and tropical America; coast of tropical Africa.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; very common ; saline shores of lagoons and bays.
Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact ; sus- ceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark yellow-brown, the sap-wood much lighter.
MYRTACEJE.
143. Calyptranthes Chytraculia, Sw.
Semi-tropical Florida, — shores of Bay Biscayne, Key Largo; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly distributed rather large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter.
144. Eugenia buxifolia, Willd.
Gurgeon Stopper. Spanish Stopper.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa River to Cape Romano ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, reaching its greatest development, in the United States, on the rich hummocks of the Everglades.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, very compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown shaded with red, the sap-wood a little lighter ; somewhat used for fuel.
145. Eugenia dichotoma, DC.
Naked-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to Cape Canaveral, common, west coast, Caloosa River to Cape Romano ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.15 metre in diameter.
48
CACTACE.E.
Eugenia.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numer- ous, thin ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood yellow. The small, edible fruit of agreeable aromatic flavor.
146. Eugenia monticola, DC.
Stopper. White Stopper.
Saint John's River to Umbrella Key, Florida, rare ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, rarely 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in diameter, or in northern Florida reduced to a low shrub.
Wood very heavy, hard and strong, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown often tinged with red, the sap-wood darker.
147. Eugenia longipes, Berg.
Stopper.
Semi-tropical Florida, — No Name Key ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 4 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; rare.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, con- taining many evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color dark brown or nearly black, the sap-wood brown tinged with red.
148. Eugenia procera, Poir.
Red Stopper.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; in the West Indies.
A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter; often forming extensive groves, and reaching its greatest de- velopment, in the United States, in the neighborhood of Miami, Bay Biscayne.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong and close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color light yellow-brown, the sap-wood darker.
CACTACE^E.
149. Cereus giganteus, Engelm.
Suw arrow. Sagiiaro. Giant Cactus.
Valley of Bill Williams Fork, Arizona, south and east through central Arizona to the valley of the San Pedro River ; southward in Sonora.
A tall, columnar tree, 8 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter; dry, stony slopes, or low hills rising from the desert.
Cornus.
CORNACEiE.
49
Wood of the large strong ribs very light, soft, rather coarse-grained, solid, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish, almost indestructible in contact with the ground ; medullary rays very numerous, broad ; color light brown tinged with yellow ; used in the region almost exclusively for the rafters of adobe houses, for fencing, and by the Indians for lances, bows, etc.
The edible fruit is largely collected and dried by the Indians.
CORNACE^E.
150. Cornus alternifolia, L. f.
Dogwood.
New Brunswick, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence River to the northern shores of Lake Superior, south through the northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama.
A small tree, 4 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; low, rich woods, and borders of streams and swamps.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood light yellow.
151. Cornus florida, L.
Flowering Dogwood. Boxwood.
Southern New England, southern Ontario, southern Minnesota, and through the Atlantic forests to middle Florida, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; rich woods, common, especially at the south.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, checking badly in dry- ing, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish , medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color brown, changing in different specimens to shades of green and red, the sap-wood lighter ; used in turnery, for wood engraving and the bearings of machinery, hubs of wheels, barrel-hoops, etc.
The bark, especially of the root, in common with that of the other spe- cies of the genus, possesses bitter tonic properties, and is used in the form of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of intermittent and malarial fevers.
152. Cornus Nuttallii, Audubon. Flowering Dogwood.
Vancouver's Island, through western Washington and Oregon, and southward in California along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada and through the Coast Ranges to the San Bernardino Mountains.
A small, slender tree, sometimes 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter ; reaching in the Cascade Mountains an
4
50
CORNACEiE.
Nyssa.
elevation of 3,000 feet, and in the San Bernardino Mountains, of from 4,000 to 5,000 feet; common; rich, rather damp soil, generally in the dense shade of coniferous forests.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat used in cabinet-making, for mauls, handles, etc.
153. Nyssa capitata, Walt.
Ogeechee Lime. Sour Tupelo. Gopher Plum.
Valley of the Ogeechee River, Georgia, to western Florida, and in southern Arkansas.
A tree 9 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in diameter; deep swamps and river bottoms; rare and local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, unwedgeable, containing many regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable.
A conserve, under the name of " Ogeechee limes," is prepared from the large, acid fruit.
1 54. Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.
Tupelo. Sour Gum. Pepperidge. Black Gum. Southern Maine and northern Vermont, west to central Michigan, south to Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A tree 15 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.50 metres in diameter, or at the north much smaller ; borders of swamps, or on rather high, rich hillsides and pine uplands ; at the south often in pine-barren ponds and deep swamps, the base of the trunk then greatly enlarged and swollen {N. aquatica, L.).
Wood heavy, rather soft, strong, very tough, unwedgeable, difficult to work, inclined to check unless carefully seasoned, not durable in contact with the soil, containing numerous regularly distributed small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color light yellow or often nearly white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; now largely used for the hubs of wheels, rollers in glass-factories, ox-yokes, and on the Gulf coast for wharf-piles.
155. Nyssa uniflora, Wang.
Large Tupelo. Cotton-gum. Tupelo-gum.
Southern Virginia, south near the coast to the valley of the Saint Mary's River, Georgia, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Neches River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern and south- eastern Missouri to southern Illinois.
A large tree, 21 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; deep swamps and bottom-lands subject to frequent
Viburnum.
CAPRIFOLIACEJE.
51
overflow ; one of the largest and most common trees of the bottom-lands of the lower Mississippi River basin, and reaching its greatest develop- ment in the cypress swamps of western Louisiana and eastern Texas, near the coast.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, unwedgeable ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, or often nearly white ; used in turnery and largely for wooden-ware; that of the root for the floats of nets, etc., as a substitute for cork.
CAPRIFOLIACE^E.
156. Sambiicus glauca, Nutt. Elder.
Valley of the Fraser River and Vancouver's Island, British Columbia, south to the Mexican boundary, extending east to the Blue Mountains of Oregon and the Wahsatch Range, Utah.
A small tree, sometimes 8 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a large shrub ; mountain valleys, in dry, gravelly soil.
Wood light, soft, weak, coarse-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, rather conspicuous ; color yellow tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter.
157. Sambucus Mexicana, Presl.
Elder.
Valley of the Nueces River, south through western Texas, west along the southern boundary of the United States to southern California ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; bottom-lands, in moist, gravelly loam.
Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays nu- merous, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
158. Viburnum Lentago, L. Sheep-berry. Nanny-berry.
Southern shores of Hudson Bay, west in British America to about longitude 102°, south through the northern States to Pennsylvania, south- ern Indiana, eastern Missouri, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; rocky ridges and borders of streams and swamps, in rich, moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development far north.
52
RUBIACEiE.
Viburnum.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, emitting a disagreeable odor ; medullary rays thin, barely distinguishable ; color dark orange- brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
159. Viburnum prunifolium, L.
Black Haw. Stag-bush.
Southern Connecticut and New York, south to middle Florida and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas ; west to Missouri, Arkansas, and the Indian Territory.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 metre in diameter, or at the north generally reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; rocky hillsides in rich soil.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, liable to check in drying ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white.
RUBIACE^E.
160. Exostema Caribaeum, Ream. & Schultes.
Keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 metre in diameter.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown beautifully streaked with different shades of yellow and brown, the sap-wood clear rich yellow.
161. Pinckneya pubens, Michx.
Georgia Bark.
South Carolina, near the coast ; basin of the upper Apalachicola River in Georgia and Florida.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and low, sandy swamps ; rare and local.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by four to six rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays few, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter.
Infusions of the bark are successfully used in the treatment of inter- mittent fever, as a substitute for cinchona.
162. G-enipa clusiaefolia, Griseb.
Seven-year Apple.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small, much-branched, knotty tree, sometimes 6 metres in height,
Andromeda.
ERICACEAE.
53
with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 metre in diameter, or in Florida more often a shrub ; borders of saline shores.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau- tiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown shaded with orange, the sap-wood light yellow.
163. Guettarda elliptica, Sw.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 4 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20 metre in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous scattered small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red.
ERICACEAE.
164. Yaccinmm arboreum, Marsh. Farkle-berry.
North Carolina, south near the coast to middle Florida, through the Gulf States to Matagorda Bay, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern Missouri to southern Illinois.
A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.25 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits often reduced to a low shrub ; very common throughout the pine-belt of the Gulf States, along the larger ponds and streams, in moist sandy soil, and reaching its greatest develop- ment in eastern Texas near the coast.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, liable to twist in dry- ing, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, broad, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; somewhat used in turnery in the manufacture of small handles, etc.
1 65. Andromeda ferruginea, Walt.
South Carolina to northern Florida, near the coast.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter, often crooked or semi-prostrate, rich hummocks ; or, in sandy pine-barren soil, reduced to a low shrub, 0.60 to 0.90 metre in height ; the leaves varying greatly in shape, venation, etc.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter.
54
ERICACEiE.
Arbutus.
166. Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh.
Madrona.
Islands of British Columbia, southward through Washington and Ore- gon, near the coast, and through the Coast Ranges of California to the Santa Lucia Mountains.
A small tree, sometimes 15 to 25 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or rarely much larger ; south of San Francisco Bay smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; hillsides in rich soil.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; medul- lary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown shaded with red, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in the manufacture of gunpowder, the bark in tanning.
167. Arbutus Xalapensis, HBK.
Southern Arizona, — Santa Rita Mountains, between 4,500 and 7,000 feet elevation ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking badly in drying, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
168. Arbutus Texana, Buckley.
Western Texas, Hays and Travis Counties, west to the Guadalupe and Eagle Mountains, and southward, probably into northern Mexico.
A small tree, 5 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; dry limestone hills and ridges ; rare and local.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter, tinged with red ; used in turnery, the manufacture of mathematical instruments, etc.
169. Oxydendrum arboreum, DC.
Sorrel Tree. Sour-wood.
Western Pennsylvania, south along the Alleghany Mountains to west- ern Florida and the eastern shores of Mobile Bay, west to middle Ten- nessee and western Louisiana.
A small tree, 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.35 metre in diameter ; usually in rather dry, gravelly soil.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau- tiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; used for the handles of tools, bearings of machinery, etc.
M yrsine.
MYRSINACEiE.
55
170. Kalmia latifolia, L.
Laurel, Calico-bush. Spoonwood. Ivy.
New Brunswick and the northern shores of Lake Erie, south to west- ern Florida, and through the Gulf States to western Louisiana and the valley of the Red River, Arkansas.
A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; rich woodlands ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany Mountains, here often forming dense, impenetrable thickets.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; principal medullary rays broad, dark brown, conspicuous ; intermediate rays nu- merous, thin, inconspicuous ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; used for tool-handles, in turnery, and for fuel.
171. Rhododendron maximum, L.
Great Laurel. Rose Bay.
Nova Scotia and the north shores of Lake Erie, south through New England, New York, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia.
A small tree, sometimes 10 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter, or often a tall, straggling shrub ; at the North in cold swamps ; rare ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany Mountains, on steep, rocky banks of streams, etc. ; never on limestone.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light clear brown, the sap-wood lighter ; occa- sionally used in turnery for the handles of tools, etc. ; a good substitute for boxwood in engraving.
MYRSINACEJE. 172. Myrsine Rapanea, Roem. & Schultes.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Indian River to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil.
A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; borders of ponds and fresh-water creeks ; in the West Indies much larger.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very conspicuous ; color brown tinged with red, and beauti- fully striped with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood hardly distin- guishable.
56
SAPOTACE.E.
Ardisia.
173. Ardisia Pickeringia, Nutt.
Marl-berry. Cherry.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa River to Cape Romano ; in the West Indies and southern Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.15 metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; reaching its greatest development, in Florida, on the shores of Bay Biscayne.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau- tiful polish ; medullary rays very numerous, conspicuous ; color rich brown, beautifully marked with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood a little lighter.
174. Jacquinia armillaris, Jacq. Joe-wood.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida, rare ; through the West Indies to Brazil.
A low, rigid tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 metre in diameter ; in the West Indies much larger.
Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, checking and shrinking badly in drying, containing many scattered large open ducts ; medullary rays nu- merous, broad, conspicuous ; color light clear brown tinged with yellow.
The saponaceous leaves are sometimes used as a substitute for soap.
SAPOTACE^E.
175. Chrysophylhim oliviforme, Lam.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa River to Cape Sable ; rare ; through the West Indies to Brazil.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 metre in diameter.
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous ; color light brown shaded with red, the thin sap-wood a little lighter.
176. Sideroxylon Mastichodendron, Jacq.
Mastic.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Cape Romano to Cape Sable ; in the West Indies.
A tree often 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; the largest and most valuable tree of semi-tropical Florida ; common.
Bumelia.
SAPOTACE^.
57
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying, containing few scattered small open ducts ; medullary rays nu- merous, not conspicuous ; color bright orange, the sap-wood yellow ; largely used in ship and boat building.
177. Dipholis salicifolia, A. DC.
Bustle. Cassada.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil.
A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter ; the large specimens hollow and defective ; rare.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, com- pact, checking in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many scattered large open ducts ; color dark brown or red, the sap-wood lighter.
178. Bumelia tenax, Willd.
North Carolina, southward near the coast to Cape Canaveral and Cedar Keys, Florida.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 metre in diameter ; sandy soil.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; well characterized, as in all the North American species, by large open ducts, defining, with several rows, the rings of annual growth, connected by conspicuous branching groups of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown streaked with white, the sap-wood lighter.
179. Bumelia lanuginosa, Pers.
Gum Elastic. Shittim-wood.
Georgia and northern Florida to Mobile Bay, Alabama ; southern Illi- nois and southern Missouri, through Arkansas to the valley of the Rio Grande, Texas.
An evergreen tree, sometimes 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 metre in diameter, or in the Atlantic States much smaller, rarely exceed- ing 6 metres in height ; common and reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, soft, weak, close-grained, very compact, the open ducts conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat used in cabinet-making.
180. Bumelia spinosa, A. DC.
Arizona, — Santa Catalina Mountains ; Parras and Saltillo, Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly soil, near water-courses ; rare.
58
EBENACEiE.
Bumelia.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, the open ducts con- spicuous ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light rich brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter.
181. Bumelia lycioides, Gaertn. f. Iron-wood. Southern Buckthorn.
Coast of Virginia and southern Illinois, south to Mosquito Inlet and the Caloosa River, Florida, and through southern Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas to the valley of the Rio Concho.
A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 metre in diameter ; low, rich soil, or often, in the Atlantic and Gulf States, a low, semi- prostrate shrub (var. reclinatum, Gray).
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter.
182. Bumelia cuneata, Sw.
Anfs-wood. Downward Plum. Saffron Plum.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Indian River to the southern keys, not rare, west coast, Cedar Keys to Cape Romano, rare ; rocky shores, and in the interior of low, barren keys ; Texas, valley of the lower Rio Grande, and southward into northern Mexico ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a trunk some- times 0.30 metre in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or orange, the sap-wood lighter.
183. Mimusops Sieberi, A. DC.
Wild Dilly.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida, common ; in the West Indies.
A small, low, gnarled tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 metre in diameter ; generally hollow and defective.
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color rich, very dark brown, the sap-wood lighter.
EBENACEJE.
184. Diospyros Virginiana, L.
Persimmon.
Shores of Long Island Sound in Connecticut and New York, and south- ern Ohio southward to Bay Biscayne and the Caloosa River, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, extending to southeastern Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory.
Symplocos.
STYRACACEiE.
59
A tree 10 to 20 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; very common and often entirely occupying abandoned fields in the middle and lower regions of the south- ern Atlantic and Gulf States, reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of the lower Ohio basin.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish, containing few scattered open ducts ; layers of annual growth marked by one or more rows of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color dark brown or often nearly black, the thick sap-wood light brown, often containing numerous darker spots ; used in turnery for shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, etc., and preferred for shuttles ; the dark heart-wood only developed in very old specimens and rarely seen.
The yellow edible fruit is exceedingly austere until after frost, then becoming sweet and luscious, or in the Gulf States ripening in August without austerity.
A decoction of the bitter and astringent unripe fruit and inner bark is occasionally used in the treatment of diarrhoea, sore throat, hemorrhage, etc.
185. Diospyros Texana, Scheele.
Black Persimmon. Mexican Persimmon. Chapote.
Western Texas, — Matagorda Bay to the valley of the Concho River ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 4 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; not rare, and reaching its greatest development, in Texas, on the bottom-lands of the Guadalupe River ; borders of prairies, in rich soil ; in Mexico more common and of larger size.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, taking a beau- tiful polish, containing few minute scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color nearly black, often streaked with yellow, the thick sap-wood clear bright yellow ; used in turnery for the handles of tools, etc., suitable for wood-engraving, and probably the best substitute among American woods for boxwood.
The small, black fruit sweet and insipid.
STYRACACEJE.
186. Symplocos tinctoria, L'Her.
Horse Sugar. Sweet-leaf.
Southern Delaware, south to middle Florida, and west through the Gulf States to western Louisiana and southern Arkansas.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter, or often a low shrub ; borders of cypress swamps or in deep, damp, shaded woods.
60
OLEACE^E.
Halesia.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; medul- lary rays numerous, thin ; color light red or often nearly white, the sap- wood lighter.
The sweet leaves are greedily eaten by cattle and horses, and yield, as well as the bark, a yellow dye.
187. Halesia diptera, L.
Snowdrop Tree. Silver-bell Tree.
South Carolina to northern Florida, near the coast, and west through the lower region of the Gulf States to eastern Texas and central Arkansas.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often a shrub sending up many clustered stems from the root ; borders of swamps in low, wet woods.
Wood light, soft, strong, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
188. Halesia tetraptera, L.
Rattle-box. Snowdrop Tree. Silver-bell Tree. Calico-wood.
Mountains of West Virginia to southern Illinois, south to middle Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and through Arkansas to west- ern Louisiana and eastern Texas.
A tree 10 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter, or often a tall shrub ; generally along streams, in rich soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the southern Alle- ghany Mountains.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
OLEACEJE.
189. Fraxinus G-reggii, Gray.
Western Texas, — valley of the Rio Grande from the San Pedro to the Pecos River ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or often a graceful shrub ; limestone soil.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter.
190. Fraxinus anomala, Torr. Southwestern Colorado to southern Utah.
A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; common on elevated sandstone slopes.
Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, containing many large open scat- tered ducts ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of similar
Fraxinus.
OLEACEiE.
61
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
191. Fraxinus pistaciaefolia, Torr. Ash.
Mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico, and southern and eastern Arizona, to southern Nevada ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 10 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter ; generally along borders of streams, in elevated canons, less commonly in dry soil, the foliage then thick and coriaceous or, more rarely, velvety tomentose (var. coriacea, Gray) ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; occasionally used in wagon-building, for axe handles, etc.
192. Fraxinus Americana, L.
White Ash.
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Ontario to northern Minne- sota, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Devil's River, Texas.
A large tree of the first economic value, 15 to 30 or, exceptionally, 42 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; low, rich, rather moist soil, reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of the lower Ohio River Basin ; toward its western and southwestern limits smaller, of less economic value, and generally replaced by the green ash (Fraxinus viridis). The form of western Texas (var. Texensis, Gray), with smaller fruit, and generally 5 short, ovate leaflets, is a small tree, with harder, heavier, and more compact wood.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, ultimately brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts, which in slowly grown specimens occupy nearly the entire width of the annual rings ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood much lighter, often nearly white ; largely used in the manufac- ture of agricultural implements, carriages, handles, oars, and for interior and cabinet work.
193. Fraxinus pubescens, Lam. Red Ash.
New Brunswick to southern Ontario and northern Minnesota, south to northern Florida and central Alabama.
A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in low ground ; com- mon and reaching its greatest development in the north Atlantic States ;
62
0LEACE2E.
Fraxinus.
rare west of the Alleghany Mountains, probably not extending west of the Mississippi River.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich brown, the sap-wood light brown streaked with yellow ; somewhat used as a substitute for the more valuable white ash, with which it is often confounded.
1 94. Fraxinus viridis, Michx. f. Green Ash.
Shores of Lake Champlain, Rhode Island and southward to northern Florida, west to the valley of the Saskatchewan, the eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah, and the ranges of eastern and northern Arizona.
A tree 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams or in low, rather moist soil ; at the West confined to the bottom-lands of the large streams and to high moun- tain canons. A form with 3 to 5 leaflets, common in Texas west of the Colorado River and extending into Mexico, is var. Berlandieriana, Torr.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous scattered small open ducts, the layers of annual growth marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter.
195. Fraxinus platycarpa, Michx.
Water Ash.
Southeastern Virginia, south near the coast to Cape Canaveral and the Caloosa River, Florida, west through the Gulf States to the valley of the Sabine River, Texas, and the Washita River, southwestern Arkansas ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; deep river swamps.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, the open ducts not conspicuous; medullary rays few, obscure ; color nearly white or sometimes tinged with yellow, the sap-wood lighter.
196. Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michx. Blue Ash.
Southern Michigan to central Minnesota, south to northern Alabama, and through Iowa and Missouri to northeastern Arkansas.
A tree 18 to 25 or, exceptionally, 37 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter; generally on limestone hills, rarely extending to bottom-lands, and reaching its greatest development in the basin of the lower Wabash River.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of large
Privet.
OLEACEiE.
63
open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used for flooring, in carriage-building, etc.
197. Fraxinus Oregana, Nutt. Oregon Ash.
Shores of Puget Sound, south through Washington and Oregon west of the eastern valleys of the Cascade Mountains, along the California Coast Ranges to San Francisco Bay and the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino and Hot Spring Mountains, California.
A tree sometimes 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; moist soil, generally along streams, and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of southwestern Oregon.
Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact, contain- ing many large open scattered ducts, the layers of annual growth strongly marked with several rows of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter ; used in the manufacture of furniture, for the frames of carriages and wagons, in cooperage, for fuel, etc.
198. Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam. Black Ash. Hoop Ash. Ground Ash.
Southern Newfoundland and northern shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, southwesterly to the eastern shores of Lake Winnipeg, south through the northern States to northern Delaware, the mountains of Vir- ginia, southern Illinois, and northwestern Arkansas.
A tree 25 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; swamps and low river banks.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, durable, separating easily into thin layers ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown, the sap-wood light brown or often nearly white ; largely used for interior finish, fencing, barrel-hoops, in cabinet-making, and the manufacture of baskets.
199. Forestiera acuminata, Poir.
Privet.
Southwestern Georgia, western Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and northward through Arkansas to southern Missouri and southwestern Illinois.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.20 metre in diameter ; borders of swamps and streams, in low, wet soil ; common in the Gulf region, near the coast, and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas.
64
BORRAGINACEiE.
Chionanlhus.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medul- lary rays numerous, thin, rather conspicuous ; color light yellow streaked with brown ; the sap-wood lighter.
200. Chionanthus Virginica, L.
Fringe Tree. Old Man's Beard. Southeastern Pennsylvania, south to Tampa Bay, Florida, and through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; generally along streams, in low, rich soil.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts, connected as in that of Bu- melia by branching groups of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
A decoction of the tonic and anti-periodic bark of the root is sometimes employed in the treatment of intermittent fevers.
201. Osmanthus Americanus, Benth. & Hook. Devil-wood.
Southern Virginia, south to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay, Florida, and through the Gulf States to eastern Louisiana, near the coast.
A small tree, 10 to 15 metres in height, with/ a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and pine-barren swamps, in moist, rich soil.
Wood heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, unwedgeable, diffi- cult to work, containing many radiating groups of open cells parallel to the thin obscure medullary rays ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow.
BOBBAGINACEJE.
202. Cordia Sebestena, L.
Geiger Tree.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; rare ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.06 to 0.08 metre in diameter ; rich hummock soil.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing few scat- tered small open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspic- uous ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow.
203. Cordia Boissieri, A. DC.
Texas, — valley of the Rio Grande, westward to New Mexico ; in northern Mexico.
Catalpa.
BIGN0XIACE.E.
65
A small tree, rarely 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or more often reduced to a low shrub.
Wood light, rather soft, close-grained, compact, containing many small scattered open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color dark brown, the sap-wood light brown.
204. Bourreria Havanensis, Miers. Strong Bach.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 10 or, exceptionally, 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. A form (generally shrubby in Florida) with scabrous or his- pidulous leaves is var. radula, Gray.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, suscep- tible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood not distinguishable.
205. Ehretia elliptica, DC.
Knack-away. Anaqua.
Texas, — Corpus Christi to New Braunfels, and southward to the valley of the lower Rio Grande.
A tree 10 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.50 metre in diameter ; borders of streams, in rich loam, and reaching its greatest development between the Guadalupe and Nueces Rivers.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwedge- able, containing many small open ducts arranged in numerous concentric rings within the layers of annual growth, these marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood a little lighter.
BIG-NONIACE^E.
206. Catalpa bignonioides, Walt.
Oatalpa. Catawba. Bean Tree. Cigar Tree. Indian Bean.
Southwestern Georgia, western Florida, and through central Alabama and Mississippi.
A low, much-branched tree, 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in rich loam ; rare and local ; long cultivated for ornament, and now extensively naturalized in the middle and southern Atlantic States.
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the thin sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; used and highly valued for fence-posts, rails, etc.
5
66
VERBENACEiE.
Catalpa.
207. Catalpa speciosa, Warder.
Western Catalpa.
Southern Illinois and Indiana, western Kentucky and Tennessee to southeastern Missouri and western Arkansas.
A tree 20 to 35 or, exceptionally, 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1 to 2 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, on rich bottom- lands ; common and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the lower Wabash River ; cultivated and now widely naturalized in southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of anuual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the thin sap-wood lighter; largely used for railway-ties, fence- posts, rails, etc., and adapted for cabinet work and interior finish.
208. Chilopsis saligna, D. Don.
Desert Willow.
Valley of the Rio Grande, Texas, and west through southern New Mexico and Arizona to southern California ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter ; slopes and banks of depressions and water-courses in the desert ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying, con- taining many scattered small open ducts ; the layers of annual growth marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, ob- scure ; color brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood much lighter.
209. Crescentia cucurbitina, L.
Black Calabash-tree.
Semi-tropical Florida, — near Miami, and on Little River ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.12 metre in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguish- able ; color light brown tinged with orange, the sap-wood lighter.
VERBENACE^E.
210. Citharexyhim villosum, Jacq.
Fiddle-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the West Indies and Mexico.
Coccoloba. NYCTAGINACE^E. — POLYGON ACE2E.
67
A small tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or north of Bay Biscay ne reduced to a low much-branched shrub ; common and reaching, within the United States, its greatest development on the shores of Bay Biscayne, Lost Man's River, etc.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, sus- ceptible of a fine polish, containing numerous small regularly distributed open ducts ; color clear bright red, the sap-wood lighter.
211. Avicennia nitida, Jacq.
Black Mangrove. Black Tree. Black-wood. Florida coast, — Saint Augustine to the southern keys, and Cedar Keys to Cape Sable ; deltas of the Mississippi River ; through the West Indies to Brazil.
A tree 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 metre in diameter, or, exceptionally, 20 to 23 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 metre in diameter ; north of Mosquito Inlet reduced to a low shrub ; common along saline shores and swamps, throwing up many leafless corky stems, and forming, with the red mangrove (Bhizophora), impene- trable thickets, or, more rarely, scattered and round-headed ; reaching its greatest development, in the United States, on the west coast of Florida, north of Cape Sable.
Wood very heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; the eccentric layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown or nearly black, the sap- wood brown.
NYCTAG-INACEJE.
212. Pisonia obtusata, Sw.
Pigeon-wood. Beef -wood. Cork-wood. Pork-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the West Indies.
A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; saline shores and beaches.
Wood heavy, rather soft, weak, coarse-grained, compact, containing numerous large open ducts ; layers of annual growth and medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color yellow tinged with brown, the sap-wood darker.
POLYG-ONACE^E.
213. Coccoloba Floridana, Meisn. Pigeon Plum.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, and from Cape Romano to Cape Sable.
68
LAURACEiE.
Coccoloba.
A tree 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; one of the largest and most common trees of the region.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, containing few small scattered open ducts ; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays obscure ; color rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; valuable and somewhat used in cabinet-making.
214. Coccoloba uvifera, Jacq.
Sea Grape.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys, west coast, Tampa Bay to Cape Sable ; through the West Indies to Brazil.
A low tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 metres in height, with a gnarled, contorted trunk often 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or re- duced to a low, generally prostrate shrub ; saline shores and beaches ; common.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in dry- ing, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing few scattered rather small open ducts ; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color rich dark brown or violet, the sap-wood lighter ; valuable for cabinet-making.
LAURACEJE.
215. Persea Carolinensis, Nees. Red Bay.
Virginia south to Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, and through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Trin- ity River, Texas, near the coast.
A tree 15 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter; borders of streams and swamps, in low, rich soil. A form found near the coast from North Carolina to Alabama, well characterized by its longer flower-stalks densely covered, as well as the young shoots and under sides of the leaves, with a dense short brown tomentum, the wood orange-colored streaked with brown, is var. palustris, Chapm.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright red, the sap-wood much lighter ; formerly somewhat used in ship-building, interior finish, and for cabinet work.
216. NTectandra Willdenoviana, Nees.
Lancewood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral and Cape Romano to the southern keys ; in the West Indies and Central America.
Umbellularia
LAURACE.E.
69
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 metre in diameter; common and reaching its greatest development, in Florida, on the shores of Bay Bisc^yne and in the neighborhood of Cape Romano.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many small regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood bright yellow.
217. Sassafras officinale, Nees. Sassafras.
Eastern Massachusetts to southwestern Vermont, and west through southern Ontario and central Michigan to southeastern Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory ; south to middle Florida, and the val- ley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, exceptionally, 24 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 2.25 metres in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a small tree or shrub ; rich, sandy loam, reaching its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas and the Indian Territory.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, slightly aromatic, checking in drying ; layers of annual growth clearly marked with three or four rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dull orange-brown, the thin sap-wood light yellow ; used for light skiffs, ox-yokes, etc., and largely for fence posts and rails, and in cooperage.
The root, and especially its bark, enters into commerce, affording a powerful aromatic stimulant.
218. Umbellularia Californica, Nutt.
Mountain Laurel. California Laurel. Spice Tree. Cagiput. California Olive. California Bay-tree.
Southwestern Oregon, south through the California Coast Ranges, and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
An evergreen tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter, or toward its southern limits and at high eleva- tions a small tree or shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest devel- opment in the rich valleys of southwestern Oregon.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous small regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich light brown, the sap- wood lighter ; used on the Oregon coast in ship-building, for jaws, bitts, cleats, cross-trees, etc., and the most valuable material produced in the Pacific forests for interior and cabinet work.
70
EUPHORBIACEiE. — URTICACE^.
Drypetes.
EUPHORBIACEJE.
219. Drypetes crocea, Poit.
Guiana Plum. White-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17 metre in diameter. A little-known form (var. latifolia, Mull.) with whit- ish warty branches, the calyx 5-parted, and more coriaceous leaves, should perhaps be considered a distinct species (D. glauca, Nutt.).
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking in dry- ing ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood yellow.
220. Sebastiania lucida, Mull.
Crab-wood. Poison-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; common ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; the large specimens generally hollow and decayed.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color rich dark brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood bright yellow ; now largely manufactured into canes and furnishing valuable fuel.
221. Hippomane Mancinella, L.
Manchineel.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; common ; in the West Indies and Central America.
A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17 metre in diameter; abounding in white milky ex- ceedingly caustic poisonous sap.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing numerous evenly distributed small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow.
URTICACE^E.
222. Ulmus crassifolia, Nutt.
Cedar Elm.
Southern Arkansas, and Texas to the valley of the Rio Grande. A tree 18 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or toward its southern or southwestern limits much smaller;
Ulmus. URTICACEiE. 71
borders of streams, in rich soil ; one of the most common and valuable timber-trees of Texas west of the Trinity River, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Guadalupe and Trinity Rivers.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure ; marked, in common with that of all the North American species, by concentric circles of irregu- larly arranged groups of small open ducts ; color light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood lighter ; used in the manufacture of wagon- hubs, saddle-trees, chairs, etc., and very largely for fencing.
223. Ulmus fulva, Michx.
Bed Elm. Slippery Elm. Moose Elm.
Valley of the lower Saint Lawrence River to northern Dakota, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas.
A tree 15 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and hillsides in rich soil.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, durable in con- tact with the ground, splitting readily when green ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays nu- merous, thin ; color dark brown or red, the thin sap-wood lighter ; largely used for wheel-stock, fence-posts, rails, railway-ties, sills, etc.
The inner bark mucilaginous, nutritious, and extensively used in various medicinal preparations.
224. Ulmus Americana, L.
White Elm. American Elm. Water Elm.
Southern Newfoundland to the northern shores of Lake Superior and the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, in about latitude 52° N. ; south to Cape Canaveral and Pease Creek, Florida, extending west in the United States to the Black Hills of Dakota, central Nebraska, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Rio Concho, Texas.
A large tree, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 2.70 metres in diameter ; rich, moist soil, borders of streams, etc. ; toward its western and southwestern limits only on bottom-lands.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, diffi- cult to split ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; largely used for wheel-stock, saddle-trees, flooring, in cooperage, and in boat and ship building.
225. Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.
Rock Elm. Cork Elm. Hickory Elm. White Elm. Cliff Elm. Southwestern Vermont, through western New York, Ontario, and southern Michigan to northeastern Iowa, and south through Ohio to central Kentucky.
72
URTICACE^E.
Ulmus.
A large tree, 20 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre in diameter ; low, wet clay, rich uplands or rocky declivities and river cliffs ; common and reaching its greatest development in southern Ontario and the southern peninsula of Michigan.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of annual growth marked with one or two rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light clear brown often tinged with red, the thick sap-wood much lighter ; largely used in the manufacture of heavy agricultural implements, wheel-stock, and for railway-ties, bridge-timbers, sills, etc.
226. Ulmus alata, Michx. Wahoo. Winged Elm.
Southern Virginia, south through the middle districts to western Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, extending north through the eastern portions of the Indian Terri- tory, Arkansas, and southern Missouri to southern Indiana and Illinois.
A small tree, 7 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; generally in dry, gravelly soil, or rarely along the borders of swamps and bottom-lands ; most common and reaching its greatest devel- opment in southern Missouri and Arkansas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwedge- able ; medullary rays distant, not conspicuous ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter largely used for hubs, blocks, etc.
227. Planera aquatica, Gmel.
Valley of the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, south to western Florida, and through central Alabama and Mississippi to western Lou- isiana and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, extending north through Arkansas and southern Missouri to central Kentucky and southern Illinois.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; cold, deep, inundated river-swamps ; rare in the Atlantic and eastern Gulf States ; very common and reaching its greatest development in western Louisiana and southern Arkansas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, containing few scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
228. Celtis occidentalis, L.
Sugar-berry. Hachberry. Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, west to eastern Dakota, south through the Atlantic region to Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, and the valley of the Devil's River, Texas.
Ficus. URTICACEiE. 73
A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 to 39 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.50 metres in diameter; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Mississippi River basin ; rich bottoms or dry hillsides ; sometimes reduced to a low shrub ( G pumila), and varying greatly in the size, shape, and texture of the leaves ( G. Mississippiensis Icevigata, integrifolia, crassifolia, etc.) ; the extremes connected by innu- merable intermediate forms, which, thus considered, make one poly- morphous species of wide geographical range. A form with small thick coriaceous leaves with prominent reticulated veins, found from western Texas to southern California, and through the Rocky Mountains to east- ern Oregon is var. reticulata, Sargent.
Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts, containing many small groups of smaller ducts arranged in intermediate concentric rings ; medullary rays numer- ous, thin; color clear light yellow, the sap-wood lighter; largely used for fencing and occasionally in the manufacture of cheap furniture.
229. Ficus aurea, Nutt.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Indian River to the southern keys.
A large parasitic tree, germinating on the trunks and branches of other trees, and sending down to the ground long aerial roots, which gradually grow together, kill the enclosed tree, and form a trunk sometimes 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter.
Wood exceedingly light, soft, very weak, coarse-grained, compact, not durable ; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
230. Ficus brevifolia, Nutt.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys.
A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing few large open scattered ducts, and many groups of much smaller ducts arranged in con- centric circles ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter.
231. Ficus pedunculata, Ait.
Wild Fig. India-rubber Tree,
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; in the West Indies.
A tree sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.50 metre in diameter ; often branched from the ground ; rare.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, containing many large open scattered ducts, with many groups of small ducts arranged in con-
74
URTICACE^.
Morus.
centric circles ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light orange brown, the sap-wood undistinguishable.
232. Morns rubra, L.
Red Mulberry.
Western New England and Long Island, New York, west through southern Ontario and central Michigan to the Black Hills of Dakota, eastern Nebraska and Kansas ; south to Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas.
A large tree, 18 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; generally on rich bottom-lands ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the basins of the lower Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather tough, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light orange-yellow, the sap- wood lighter ; largely used in fencing, cooperage, for snaths, and at the South in ship and boat building.
The large dark purple fruit sweet and edible.
233. Moms microphylla, Buckley.
Mexican Mulberry.
Valley of the Colorado River, through western Texas to the valley of the Gila River, New Mexico ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 7 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a low shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the mountain canons of southern New Mexico.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color orange or, rarely, dark brown, the sap-wood light yellow.
The small acid fruit hardly edible.
234. Maclnra aurantiaca, Nutt.
Osage Orange. Bois a1' Arc.
Southwestern Arkansas, southeastern portions of the Indian Territory, and southward into northern Texas.
A tree sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; rich bottom-lands ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the valley of the Red River in the Indian Territory ; extensively planted for hedges, especially in the Western States.
Platanus.
PLATANACE^E.
75
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, flexible, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the ground, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous small open ducts ; layers of annual growth clearly marked with broad bands of larger ducts ; medullary rays thin, numerous, conspicuous; color bright orange, turning brown with exposure, the sap-wood light yellow ; largely used for fence-posts, paving- blocks, railway-ties, and wheel-stock.
PLATANACEjE.
235. Platanus occidentals, L.
Sycamore. Buttonwood. Button-ball Tree. Water Beech.
Southern Maine and southeastern New Hampshire to northern Ver- mont and the northern shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, west to eastern Nebraska and Kansas ; south to northern Florida, central Alabama, and Mississippi, and southwest to the valley of the Devil's River, Texas.
The largest tree of the Atlantic forests, often 30 to 40 metres in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 4.20 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and bottom-lands, in rich, moist soil ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers ; the large specimens generally hollow.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to split and work ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by broad bands of small ducts ; the numerous medullary rays very conspicuous, as in that of all the North American species ; color brown tinged with red, the sap- wood lighter ; largely used for tobacco boxes, ox-yokes, butchers' blocks, and, rarely, in the manufacture of cheap furniture.
236. Platanus racemosa, Nutt.
Sycamore. Buttonwood.
California, — valley of the Sacramento River, south through the in- terior valleys and Coast Ranges to the southern boundary of the State.
A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; borders of streams, in rich soil.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to split ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by narrow bands of small ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
237. Platanus Wrightii, Watson. Sycamore.
Valleys of southwestern New Mexico to the valley of the San Pedro River, Arizona ; in northern Mexico.
76
JUGLANDACE^.
Juglans.
A tree sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; banks of streams and high mountain canons.
Wood light, soft, weak, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, very conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
JUG-LANDACE^E.
238. Juglans cinerea, L.
Butternut. White Walnut.
Southern New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence River, Ontario and southern Michigan to northern Minnesota and central Iowa ; south to Delaware, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia, central Alabama and Mississippi, northern Arkansas, and south- eastern Kansas.
A tree 18 to 24 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter; rich woodlands; rare at the south; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Ohio River basin.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous regularly distributed large open ducts; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure ; color bright light brown, turning dark with exposure, the sap- wood lighter ; largely used for interior finish, cabinet work, etc.
The inner bark, especially that of the root, is employed medicinally as a mild cathartic, and furnishes a yellow dye.
239. Juglans nigra, L.
Black Walnut.
Western Massachusetts, west along the southern shores of Lake Erie through southern Michigan to southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, south to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas.
A large tree, often 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 3 metres in diameter ; rich bottom-lands and hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains and in the rich bottoms of southwestern Arkansas and the Indian Territory ; less common east of the Alleghany Mountains, and now everywhere scarce.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, liable to check if not carefully seasoned, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish, durable in contact with the soil, containing numerous large regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, not conspicuous ; color rich
Carya.
JUGLANDACEiE.
77
dark brown, the thin sap-wood much lighter; more generally used in cabinet-making, interior finish, and for gun-stocks, than that of any other North American tree.
240. Juglans rupestris, Engelm. Walnut.
Valley of the upper Colorado River, west through western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet eleva- tion, and in the California Coast Ranges from the San Bernardino Moun- tains to San Francisco Bay and the valley of the Sacramento River.
A tree rarely 15 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in diameter, reaching its greatest development near its northern limits in California ; in Texas generally reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; borders of streams and mountain canons, in rich soil.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, checking in drying, sus- ceptible of a good polish, containing numerous regularly distributed large open ducts ; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter.
The small nuts sweet and edible.
241. Carya olivaeformis, Nutt.
Pecan. Illinois Nut.
Southeastern Iowa, southern Illinois and Indiana, northwestern Ken- tucky, south and southwest through Missouri and Arkansas to eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, western Louisiana, and Texas to the valley of the Concho River.
A tree 30 to 52 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; borders of streams, in low, rich soil ; very common and reach- ing its greatest development on the bottom-lands of Arkansas and the Indian Territory ; the largest species of the genus, and the largest and most important tree of western Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows, of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red ; the sap-wood lighter brown ; less valuable than the wood of the other species, and hardly used except for fuel.
The sweet edible nuts are collected in great quantities, affording an important article of commerce.
242. Carya alba, Nutt.
Shell-bark Hickory. Shag-bark Hickory.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, northern shores of Lakes On- tario and Erie to southern Michigan and southeastern Minnesota, south to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and west to eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas.
78
JUGLANDACEiE.
Carya.
A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 39 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich hillsides and sandy ridges ; common, and reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany Mountains ; varying greatly in the size and shape of the fruit. A form with small, thin-shelled nuts ( C. microcarpa, Nutt.) is not rare from Delaware southward, and in Michigan.
Wood heavy, very hard and strong, tough, close-grained, compact, flexible ; layers of annual growth clearly marked with one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the thin and more valuable sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manu- facture of agricultural implements, carriages, axe-handles, baskets, etc.
The sweet and edible nuts afford an important article of commerce.
243. Carya sulcata, Nutt.
Big Shell-bark. Bottom Shell-bark.
Chester County, Pennsylvania, west to southern Indiana and Illinois, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territor}?-.
A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 37 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter; bottom-lands, in low, rich soil ; rare and local ; most common and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas and the Indian Territory.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong and tough, very close-grained, compact, flexible ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell- bark hickory.
The large nuts sweet and edible.
244. Carya tomentosa, Nutt.
Mocker-nut. Black Hickory. Bull nut. Big-bud Hickory. White- heart Hickory. King nut.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, northern shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A tree 24 to 33 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter; generally on rich hillsides; less commonly on low, river bottom- lands ; very common in the Gulf States, and the most generally distributed species of the genus in the South.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, checking in drying, flexible, containing few large regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, obscure ; color rich dark brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell- bark hickory.
Carya.
JUGLANDACEiE.
79
245. Carya porcina, Nutt.
Pig-nut. Brown Hickory. Black Hickory. Switch-bud Hickory. Southern Maine to southern Ontario, southern Michigan and Minne- sota to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to Cape Canaveral and Pease Creek, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces River, Texas.
A tree 24 to 40 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; dry hills and uplands ; common.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, flexible, close-grained, check- ing in drying, containing many large open ducts ; color dark or light brown, the thick sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-bark hickory.
246. Carya amara, Nutt. Bitter-nut. Swamp Hickory.
Southern Maine to the valley of the Saint Lawrence River, west through Ontario, central Michigan and Minnesota to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to western Florida and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in low ground, or often on dry, rich uplands.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, close-grained, checking in dry- ing ; layers of annual growTth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown, or often nearly white ; largely used for hoops, ox-yokes, etc.
247. Carya myristicaeformis, Nutt.
Nutmeg Hickory.
South Carolina, near the coast; Arkansas, from the Arkansas River to the Red River Valley.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; sandy ridges, borders of streams and swamps ; rare and very local in South Carolina ; more common and reaching its greatest develop- ment in southern Arkansas.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, close-grained, compact, con- taining numerous small open ducts ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, not conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
248. Carya aquatica, Nutt.
Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bitter Pecan. North Carolina, south near the coast to Cape Malabar and the Caloosa River, Florida (in Florida not detected within 8 to 10 miles of the coast),
80
MYRICACEiE. — CUPULIFER^E.
Myrica.
through the Gulf States to western Louisiana, northeastern Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A tree 18 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or generally much smaller ; low river swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of the lower Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers.
Wood heavy, soft, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact, containing few scattered open ducts ; layers of annual growth less clearly marked than in the other species of the genus ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown, the sap-wood light, often nearly white ; used for fencing, fuel, etc.
MYRICACE^E.
249. Myrica cerifera, L.
Bayberry. Wax Myrtle.
Shores of Lake Erie ; coast of Maine, and south near the coast to the Florida keys and southern Alabama.
A tree sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or, except in the Southern States, a low much-branched shrub ; usually on sandy beaches and dry hillsides, reaching its greatest develop- ment on the bottoms and rich hummocks of the Georgia and Florida coasts.
Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown, the sap-wood lighter.
The leaves and stimulant and astringent bark of the roots are some- times employed by herbalists. The wax which covers the small globular fruit was formerly largely collected and made into candles, and now, under the name of myrtle wax, is a popular remedy in the treatment of dysentery.
250. Myrica Californica, Cham.
Cape Foulweather, Oregon, south near the coast to the Bay of Mon- terey, California.
A small evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; sandy beaches and gravelly hillsides.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color light rose, the sap- wood lighter.
CUPULIFER^E.
251. Quercus alba, L.
White Oak.
Northern Maine, valley of the Saint Lawrence River, Ontario, lower peninsula of Michigan to southeastern Minnesota, south to the Saint
Qucrcus.
CUPULIFERJE.
81
John's River and Tampa Bay, Florida, west to western Missouri, western Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A large tree, 24 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 metres in diameter ; all soils ; very common, and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains and in the valley of the Ohio River and its tributaries, where it often forms a large portion of the forest growth.
Wood strong, very heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, liable to check unless carefully seasoned, durable in contact with the soil ; layers of an- nual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, prominent; color brown, the sap-wood lighter brown ; largely used in ship-building, construction of all sorts, cooperage, in the manufacture of carriages, agricultural implements, and baskets, and for railway-ties, fencing, interior finish, cabinet-making, fuel, etc.
252. Quercus lobata, Nee. White Oak. Weeping Oak.
California west of the Sierra Nevadas, from the valley of the upper Sacramento River, south through the foot-hills and interior valleys to the San Bernardino Mountains.
The largest of the Pacific oaks, often 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 2.40 metres in diameter ; very common through the central part of the State.
Wood moderately hard, fine-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by a few large open ducts and containing few smaller ducts ar- ranged in lines parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; considered of little economic value, and only used for fuel.
253. Quercus Garryana, Doug.
White Oak.
Vancouver's Island, shores of Puget Sound, south through western Washington, Oregon, and California to San Francisco Bay ; in Washington and Oregon extending to the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains.
A tree 21 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low shrub ; dry, gravelly soil ; common.
Wood strong, hard, that of the young trees tough, close-grained, com- pact ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays, varying greatly in width, often conspicuous ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; somewhat used for carriage and cooperage stock, in cabinet-making, ship-building, and very largely for fuel ; the best substitute for Eastern white oak produced in the Pacific forests.
6
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CUPULIFERiE.
Quercus.
254. Quercus obtusiloba, Michx.
Post Oak. Iron Oak.
Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, south to northern Florida, west through southern Ontario and Michigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, reaching the one hundredth meridian in central Texas.
A tree rarely exceeding 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter, or on the Florida coast reduced to a low shrub (var. parvifolia, Chapm.) ; dry, gravelly uplands, clay barrens, or in the South- west on Cretaceous formations ; the most common and widely distributed oak of the Gulf States west of the Mississippi Eiver.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, checking badly in drying, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of not large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color dark or light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used, especially in the Southwest, for fencing, railway-ties, and fuel, and somewhat for carriage stock, cooperage, construction, etc.
255. Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii, Engelm.
Scrub Oak.
Mountain region of western Texas and New Mexico to the Santa Catalina and San Francisco Mountains, Arizona, eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado north to the valley of the Platte River, and on the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah.
A small tree, rarely 1-5 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter, or often a low shrub spreading from underground shoots and forming dense thickets, reaching its greatest development on the high mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, that of young trees quite tough, close- grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by few not large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used for fuel ; and in Utah the bark in tanning.
The typical Q. undulata, Torr., of the central Rocky Mountain region does not attain arborescent size and habit.
256. Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.
Bur Oak. Mossy-cup Oak. Over-cup Oak. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, northern shores of Lake Huron to Lake Winnipeg, south to the valley of the Penobscot River, Maine, and along the shores of Lake Champlain and the valley of the Ware River, Massa- chusetts, to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, west to the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, central Nebraska and Kansas, south- west to the Indian Territory and the valley of the Nueces River, Texas.
Quercus.
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83
A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 50 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; rich bottoms and prairies ; in the prairie region the principal growth of the " oak openings," and extending farther west and northwest than any oak of the Atlantic forests.
Wood heavy, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, more durable in contact with the soil than that of other American oaks ; layers of an- nual growth marked by one to three rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays often broad and conspicuous ; color dark or rich light brown, the sap- wood much lighter ; generally confounded with white oak ( Q. alba), and employed for the same purposes.
257. Quercus lyrata, Walt.
Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oak. Water White Oak.
North Carolina, south near the coast to western Florida, west through Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to middle Ten- nessee, southern Indiana and Illinois.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; deep, often submerged river-swamps ; rare in the Atlantic States ; more common and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Red River, in Arkansas and Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, very durable in contact with the ground, close-grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, numerous, conspicuous ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak ( Q. alba) .
258. Quercus bicolor, Willd. Swamp White Oak.
Southern Maine, valley of the upper Saint Lawrence River, Ontario, southern peninsula of Michigan to southeastern Iowa and western Mis- souri, south to Delaware, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia, northern Kentucky, and northern Arkansas.
A large tree, 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in deep alluvial soil ; com- mon and reaching its greatest development in the region south of the great lakes.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, inclined to check in seasoning ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak (Q. alba).
84
CUPULIFER^E.
Quercus.
259. Quercus Michauxii, Nutt.
Basket Oak. Cow Oak.
Delaware, south through the lower and middle districts to northern Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to central Tennessee and Kentucky, and southern Illinois and Indiana.
A tree 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and deep, often submerged swamps ; the common and most valuable white oak of the Gulf States, reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of southeastern Arkansas and Louisiana.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, easily split ; layers of annual growth marked by few rather large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicu- ous ; color light brown, the sap-wood darker ; largely used in the manu- facture of agricultural implements, wheel-stock, baskets, for which it is unsurpassed, for cooperage, fencing, construction, and fuel.
The large sweet edible acorns are eagerly devoured by cattle and other animals.
260. Quercus Prinus, L.
Chestnut Oak. Bock Chestnut Oak.
Eastern Massachusetts, west to the shores of Lake Champlain, shores of Quinte Bay, Ontario, and the valley of the Genesee River, New York, south to Delaware, and through the Alleghany Mountain region to north- ern Alabama, extending west to central Kentucky and Tennessee.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rocky banks and hillsides ; very common and reaching its great- est development in the southern Alleghany region, here often forming a large proportion of the forest growth.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather tough, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, durable in contact with the soil, containing few open ducts ; medullary rays very broad, conspicuous ; color dark brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in fencing, for railway-ties, etc.
The bark, rich in tannin, is largely used in preference to that of the other white oaks in tanning leather.
261. Quercus prinoides, Willd.
Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak. C/iinquapin Oak.
Eastern Massachusetts, shores of Lake Champlain, west along the northern shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, through southern Michigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory ; south to Delaware and through the Alleghany region to northern Alabama and Mississippi, extending southwest to the Guadalupe Mountains, Texas.
Quercus.
CUPULIFER^.
85
A tree 24 to 39 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter (Q. Muhlenbergii) , or often, especially toward the eastern and western limits of its range, reduced to a low, slender shrub ( Q. prinoides ; Q. Prinus, var. humilis, Marsh. ; Q. Prinus, var. Chincapin, Michx. f.) ; dry hillsides and low, rich bottoms ; rare, except as a shrub, east of the Alleghany Mountains ; very common in the Mississippi River basin, and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, checking badly in dry- ing, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; used for cooperage, wheel-stock, fencing, railway-ties, etc.
The small acorns sweet and edible.
262. Quercus Douglasii, Hook. & Arn. Mountain White Oak. Blue Oak.
California, — from about latitude 39°, south along the western foot- hills of the Sierra Nevadas below 4,000 feet elevation, and through the Coast Ranges to the San Gabriel Mountains.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; common on the low foot-hills of the Sierras.
Wood very hard, heavy, strong, brittle, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts, and containing many scattered groups of smaller ducts ; medullary rays nu- merous, varying greatly in width ; color dark brown, becoming nearly black with exposure, the thick sap-wood light brown.
263. Quercus oblongifolia, Torr. White Oak.
California, — foot-hills of the San Gabriel Mountains to San Diego County ; foot-hills of the mountain ranges of southern Arizona and New Mexico ; in northern Mexico.
A small evergreen tree, 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable, contain- ing few small open ducts arranged in many groups parallel to the broad and very conspicuous medullary rays ; color very dark brown or almost black, the thick sap-wood brown ; of little economic value except as fuel.
264. Quercus grisea, Liebm. White Oak.
Southern Colorado, mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona between 5,000 and 10,000 feet elevation, west to the Colorado desert of California ; in northern Mexico.
86
CUPULIFER2E.
Quercus.
A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter, or reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; a poly- morphous species, varying greatly in habit and in the shape and texture of the leaves, but apparently well characterized by its connate cotyledons ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood very heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, checking badly in dry- ing ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of small open ducts, these connected by rows of similar ducts parallel to the numerous conspicuous medullary rays ; color very dark brown, the thick sap-wood much lighter.
265. Quercus reticulata, Humb. & Bonp.
Southeastern Arizona, — San Francisco, and Santa Rita Mountains between 7,000 and 10,000 feet elevation ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, con- taining many small scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, very broad ; color dark brown, the sap-wood lighter.
266. Quercus Durandii, Buckley.
Central Alabama ; western and southern Texas.
A tree 21 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich bottom-lands, or dry slopes and limestone hills, then re- duced to a low shrub forming dense, impenetrable thickets of great extent ( Q. San-Sabeana) ; very rare and local in Alabama ; the common and most valuable white oak of western Texas.
Wood very heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by few large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter ; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak (Q. alba).
267. Quercus virens, Ait.
Live Oak.
Southern Virginia, south along the coast to Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, along the Gulf Coast to Mexico, extending through western Texas to the valley of the Red River, the Apache and Guadalupe Mountains, and the mountains of northern Mexico south of the Rio Grande, here between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ; in Costa Rica.
An evergreen tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 metres in diameter, or in the interior of Texas much smaller and often shrubby ; on the coast, on rich hummocks and ridges, a few feet above water-level ; common and reaching its greatest development in the south Atlantic States.
Que reus.
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Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, compact, difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of annual growth obscure, often hardly distinguishable, containing many small open ducts arranged in short broken rows parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; formerly very largely and now occasionally used in ship-building.
268. Quercus chrysolepis, Liebm.
Live Oak. Maul Oak. Valparaiso Oak. Southwestern Oregon, south through the California Coast Ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains between 3,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, and south into Lower California ; southeastern Arizona, San Francisco and Santa Catalina Mountains.
An evergreen tree, 18 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.50 metres in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low narrow- leaved shrub (var. vaccinifolia, Engelm.).
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, containing many rather small open ducts arranged in wide bands parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color light brown, the sap-wood darker ; somewhat used in the manufacture of agri- cultural implements, wagons, etc. ; the most valuable oak of the Pacific forests.
269. Quercus Emoryi, Torr. Black Oak.
Western Texas, and through the mountain ranges of southern New Mexico and eastern and southern Arizona.
A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or toward its eastern limits in Texas reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development in southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona near streams in open canons between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation ; dry, gravelly soil, the large specimens hollow and defective.
Wood very heavy, not hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts, these connected by narrow groups of similar ducts parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color dark brown or almost black, the thick sap-wood bright brown tinged with red.
270. Quercus agrifolia, Nee.
Coast Live Oak. Enceno.
California, — Mendocino County, south through the valleys of the Coast Ranges to Lower California.
88
CUPULIFER.E.
Quercus.
A large evergreen tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter, or, rarely, reduced to a low shrub (var frutes- cens, Engelm.) ; rare at the North ; common south of San Francisco Bay, and the largest and most generally distributed oak in the extreme south- western part of the State ; dry slopes and ridges.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable, containing many large open ducts arranged in several rows parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood darker brown ; of little value except as fuel.
271. Quercus Wislizeni, A. DC.
Live Oak.
California, — Mount Shasta region, south along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas to Tulare County, and in the Coast Ranges south to the Santa Lucia Mountains.
An evergreen tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 metres in diameter, or toward its northeastern limits reduced to a low shrub (var. frutesce?is, Engelm.) ; not common.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing numerous large open ducts arranged in irregular bands parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
272. Quercus rubra, L.
Red Oak. Black Oak.
Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick to eastern Minnesota, western Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory ; south to northern Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and the Limpia Mountains, western Texas.
A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; very common in all soils and extending farther north than any other Atlantic oak. The form of western Texas, with smaller acorns and deeper cups, and more deeply divided leaves, the wood heavier, harder, and more compact, is var. Texana, Buckley.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of very large open ducts ; medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color light brown or red, the sap- wood somewhat darker ; now largely used for clapboards, cooperage, and somewhat for interior finish, in the manufacture of chairs, etc.
273. Quercus coccinea, Wang. Scarlet Oak.
Southern Maine to northern New York, Ontario, northern Michigan and Minnesota, eastern Iowa and northeastern Missouri, south to Delaware
Quercus.
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and southern Tennessee, and through the Alleghany region to northern Florida.
A tree 30 to 54 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter; at the East, in dry, sandy soil or, less com- monly, in rich, deep loam ; in the Northwest, with Q. macrocarpa, form- ing the oak-opening growth ; not common, and reaching its greatest development in the basin of the lower Ohio River.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood rather darker ; if used at all, confounded with that of Q. rubra.
274. Quercus tinctoria, Bartram.
Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. Quercitron Oak. Yellow Oak.
Southern Maine to northern Vermont, Ontario and southern Minne- sota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to western Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and eastern Texas.
A large tree, 36 to 48 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; generally on dry or gravelly uplands ; very common.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, not tough, coarse-grained, liable to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of very large open ducts ; color bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood much lighter ; somewhat used in cooperage and for construction, etc.
The bark largely used in tanning ; the intensely bitter inner bark yields a valuable yellow dye, and is occasionally used medicinally in the form of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of hemorrhage.
275. Quercus Kelloggii, Newberry. Black Oak.
Valley of the Mackenzie River, Oregon, south through the Coast Ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains to the southern borders of California.
A large tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a shrub ; the most common and important oak of the valleys of southwestern Oregon and the California Sierras.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, very brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays few, broad, conspicuous ; color light red, the thin sap-wood lighter ; of little value, except as fuel ; the bark somewhat used in tanning.
276. Quercus nigra, L.
Black Jack. Jack Oak.
Long Island, New York, west through northern Ohio and Indiana to southern Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern
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CUPULIFERiE.
Quercus.
Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to Matanzas Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces River, Texas.
A small tree, sometimes 12 or even 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter, or more often much smaller; dry, barren uplands, or often on heavy clay soils ; very common through the Southern States, and reaching its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas, forming, with the post oak ( Q. obtusiloba), the growth of the Texas cross-timbers.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color rather dark rich brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; of little value except as fuel.
277. Quercus falcata, Michx.
Spanish Oak. Red Oak.
Long Island, New York, south to middle Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to central Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Illinois and Indiana.
A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; dry, gravelly uplands and barrens ; in the North Atlantic States only near the coast, rare ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, where, in the middle districts, it is the most common forest tree.
Wood heavy, very hard and strong, not durable, coarse-grained, check- ing badly in drying ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color light red, the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat used for cooperage, construction, etc., and very largely for fuel.
The bark is rich in tannin.
278. Quercus Catesbaei, Michx.
Turkey Oak. Scrub Oak. Forked-leaf Black Jack. Black Jack.
North Carolina, south near the coast to Cape Malabar and Pease Creek, Florida, and along the coast of Alabama and Mississippi.
A small tree, 7 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; very common in the South Atlantic and east Gulf States upon barren sandy hills and ridges of the maritime pine-belt ; rare in Mississippi.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts, and containing many much smaller ducts arranged in short lines parallel to the broad conspic- uous medullary rays ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; largely used for fuel.
Quei'cus.
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279. Quercus pahistris, Du Roi.
Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak. Water Oak.
Valley of the Connecticut River, Massachusetts, to central New York, south to Delaware and the District of Columbia ; southern Wisconsin to eastern Kansas, southern Arkansas, and southeastern Tennessee.
A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter; low, rich soil, generally along the borders of streams and swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany Mountains.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood rather darker; somewhat used for shingles, clanboards, construction, and in cooperage.
280. Quercus aquatica, Walt.
Water Oak. Buck Oak. Possum Oak. Punk Oak.
Southern Delaware, south through the coast and middle districts to Cape Malabar and Tampa Bay, Florida ; through the Gulf States to the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and through Arkansas to south- eastern Missouri, middle Kentucky and Tennessee.
A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; generally along streams and bottoms, in heavy, undrained soil, or, more rarely, upon uplands ; very common and reaching its greatest development near the larger streams of the maritime pine-belt in the eastern Gulf States.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color rather light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; probably not used except as fuel.
281. Quercus laurifolia, Michx.
Laurel Oak.
North Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and Cape Romano, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the shores of Mobile Bay.
A large tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the rich hummocks of the Florida coast.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, coarse-grained, inclined to check in drying; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of rather small open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
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CUPULIFERJ2.
Quercus.
282. Quercus heterophylla, Michx. f.
Bartram's Oak.
Salem and Cumberland Counties, New Jersey ; North Carolina (M. A. Curtis) ; and doubtfully from North Carolina and eastern Texas.
A small tree, 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; rare and very local, and often considered a natural hybrid.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap- wood somewhat darker.
283. Quercus cinerea, Michx.
Upland Willow Oak. Blue Jack. Sand Jack.
North Carolina, south near the coast to Cape Malabar and Pease Creek, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, extending north through eastern Texas to about latitude 33°.
A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20 metre in diameter ; sandy barrens and dry upland ridges.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of not large open ducts ; medullary rays distant, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood darker.
284. Quercus hypoleuca, Engelm.
Limpia Mountains, Texas, valleys of the high mountain ranges of southwestern New Mexico, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, above 6,000 feet elevation ; in Sonora.
A small evergreen tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk some- times 0.75 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes and summits, the large specimens hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by few small open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter.
285. Quercus imbricaria, Michx.
Shingle Oak. Laurel Oak.
Eastern Pennsylvania, west through southern Michigan, southern Wis- consin, and southeastern Iowa to southeastern Nebraska and northeast- ern Kansas, south to northern Georgia and Alabama, middle Tennessee, and northern Arkansas.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; rich woodlands.
Wood heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ;
Castanopsis.
CUPULIFERiE.
93
medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood much lighter ; occasionally used for clapboards, shingles, etc.
286. Quercns Phellos, L.
. Willow Oak. Peach Oak. Staten Island, New York, south near the coast to northeastern Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Sabine River, Texas, and through Arkansas to southeastern Missouri, Tennessee, and southern Kentucky.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre in diameter ; bottom-lands or rich sandy uplands.
Wood heavy, strong, not hard, rather close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts; medullary rays few, distant ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter red ; somewhat used for fellies of wheels, clapboards, in construction, etc.
287. Querelas densinora, Hook. & Arn. Tan-bark Oak. Chestnut Oak. Peach Oak.
Southwestern Oregon, south through the Coast Ranges to the Santa Lucia Mountains, California.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; rich valleys and banks of streams ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the redwood forests of the California coast.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, containing broad bands of small open ducts parallel to the thin dark conspicuous medullary rays ; color bright reddish-brown, the thick sap-wood darker brown ; largely used as fuel.
The bark, rich in tannin, is very largely used, and preferred to that of any other tree of the Pacific forests, for tanning.
288. Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. DC.
Chinquapin.
Cascade Mountains, Oregon, below 4,000 feet elevation, south along the western slopes of the Sierras, and through the California Coast Ranges to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains.
A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or at high elevations and toward its southern limits reduced to a low shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Coast Range valleys of northern California ; at its southern limits rarely below 10,000 feet elevation.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by a single row of rather large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color light brown tinged with red, the sap- wood lighter ; in southern Oregon occasionally used iu the manufacture of ploughs and other agricultural implements.
94
CUPULIFER^l.
Castanea.
289. Castanea pumila, Mill.
Chinquapin.
Southern Pennsylvania, and the valley of the lower Wabash River, Indiana, south and southwest to northern Florida and the valley of the Neches River, Texas.
A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 1.05 metres in diameter, or often, especially in the Atlantic States, reduced to a low shrub ; rich hillsides and borders of swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas.
Wood light, hard, strong, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the ground, liable to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; used for posts, rails, railway-ties, etc.
The small nuts sweet and edible.
290. Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana, A. DC.
Chestnut.
Southern Maine to northern Vermont, southern Ontario and southern Michigan, south through the northern States to Delaware and south- ern Indiana, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Alabama, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee.
A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 metres in diameter ; rich woods and hillsides ; common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, liable to check and warp in drying, easily split, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in cabinet-making, for railway-ties, posts, fencing, etc.
The fruit sweet and edible.
291. Fagus femiginea, Ait.
Beech.
Nova Scotia and the valley of the Restigouche River to the northern shores of Lake Huron and northern Wisconsin, south to western Florida, west to eastern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, northeastern Arkansas, and the Trinity River, Texas.
A large tree, 24 to 34 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich woods, or at the South sometimes on bottom-lands or borders of swamps ; reaching its greatest development upon the " bluff" formations of the lower Mississippi basin ; very common.
Wood very hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, not durable in contact with the soil, inclined to check in drying, difficult to season,
Betula.
BETULACE.E.
95
susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays broad, very conspicuous ; color, varying greatly with soil and situation, dark or often very light red, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manufacture of chairs, shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, handles, etc., and for fuel.
292. Ostrya Virginica, Willd.
Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood.
Bay of Chaleur, through the valleys of the Saint Lawrence and lower Ottawa Rivers, northern shore of Lake Huron to northern Minnesota, south through the Northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains to western Florida, and through eastern Iowa, southeastern Missouri, and Arkansas, to eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas.
A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; generally on dry, gravelly hillsides and knolls ; reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas ; common.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, or, like the sap-wood, often nearly white ; used for posts, levers, handles of tools, etc.
293. Carpiims Caroliniana, Walt.
Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Water Beech. Iron-wood.
Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, northern shores of Georgian Bay, southern peninsula of Michigan to northern Minnesota, south to Cape Malabar and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, west to central Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the valley of the Poteau River, Indian Territory.
A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or at the North much smaller and often reduced to a low shrub ; borders of streams and swamps, in moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains and in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, inclined to check in drying ; medullary rays numerous, broad ; color light brown, the thick sap- wood nearly white ; sometimes used for levers, handles of tools, etc.
BETULACE^E.
294. Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spach.
White Birch. Old-field Birch. Gray Birch.
New Brunswick and the valley of the lower Saint Lawrence River to the southern shores of Lake Ontario, south, generally near the coast, to northern Delaware.
96
BETULACE^.
Betula.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.15 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly, barren soil, or borders of swamps.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, liable to check in drying, not durable ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manufacture of spools, shoe- pegs, wood-pulp, etc., for hoop-poles and fuel.
The bark and leaves, as well as those of B. papyrifera and B. lenta, are popularly esteemed as a remedy for various chronic diseases of the skin, bladder, etc., and in rheumatic and gouty complaints ; the empyreu- matic oil of birch obtained from the inner bark by distillation is used externally and internally for the same purposes.
295. Betula papyrifera, Marsh.
Canoe Birch. White Birch. Paper Birch.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson Bay, and northwest to the Great Bear Lake and the valley of the Yukon River, Alaska, south, in the Atlantic region to Long Island, New York, the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northeastern Illinois and central Minnesota ; in the Pacific region south to the Black Hills of Dakota, the Bitter-root Mountains and Flathead Lake, Montana, northern Washington, and the valley of the lower Fraser River, British Columbia.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; rich woodlands and banks of streams ; very common in the northern Atlantic region, and reaching a higher latitude than any deciduous tree of the American forest.
Wood light, strong, hard, tough, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manufacture of spools, shoe lasts and pegs, in turnery, for fuel, wood-pulp, etc.
The very tough, durable bark, easily separated into thin layers, is impervious to water, and is largely used in the manufacture of canoes, tents, etc.
■
296. Betula occidentalis, Hook.
Black Birch.
British Columbia, south to northern California, and through the interior ranges and Rocky Mountains to Montana, Utah, and northern New Mexico.
A small tree, 8 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; mountain canons and borders of streams, in moist soil, often throwing up several stems from the ground and forming dense thickets.
Be tula.
BETULACE,3E.
97
Wood soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter; somewhat used for fencing, fuel, etc.
297. Betula lutea, Michx. f. Yellow Birch. Gray Birch.
Newfoundland, northern shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the western shores of Lake Superior and Rainy Lake, south through the north- ern States to Delaware and southern Minnesota, and along the Alleghany Mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina and Tennessee.
The largest and one of the most valuable deciduous trees of the north- ern Atlantic forests, often 21 to 29 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich woodlands ; common.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fuel, in the manufacture of furniture, button and tassel moulds, pill and match boxes, and for the hubs of wheels.
298. Betula nigra, L.
Bed Birch. Biver Birch.
Banks of the Merrimac and Spicket Rivers, Massachusetts, Long Island, New York, south through the coast and middle districts to western Florida, west to western Iowa, northwestern Missouri, eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.75 metre in diameter ; banks of streams and ponds ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the South Atlantic and Gulf States.
Wood light, rather hard, strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; used in the manufacture of furniture, wooden-ware, wooden shoes, ox-yokes, etc.
299. Betula lenta, L.
Cherry Birch. Black Birch. Sweet Birch. Mahogany Birch.
Newfoundland and the valley of the Saguenay River, west through Ontario to the islands of Lake Huron, south to northern Delaware and southern Indiana, and along the Alleghany Mountains to western Florida, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; rich woods ; very common in all northern forests.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow ; now largely used in the manufacture of furniture and for fuel ; in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick largely in ship-building.
7
98
BETULACE.E.
Alnvs.
300. Alnus maritima, Muhl.
Seaside Alder.
Southern Delaware and eastern Maryland, near the coast ; valley of the Red River, Indian Territory, in about longitude 96° 30' W. ; Manchuria and Japan (A. maritima, Japonica, and arguta, Regel).
A small tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color light bright brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable, somewhat lighter.
301. Alnus rubra, Bong. Alder.
Sitka, south through the islands and Coast Ranges of British Columbia, western Washington, Oregon, and California to Santa Barbara, extending east through the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon to northern Montana.
A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or in British Columbia and the Blue Mountains often reduced to a low shrub ; bottom-lands and borders of streams ; most common and reaching its greatest development in western Washington and Oregon.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays distant, broad ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture.
302. Alnus rhombifolia, Nutt.
Alder.
Valley of the lower Fraser River, British Columbia, south through the Coast Ranges to southern California, extending east along the ranges of Washington to Clear Creek, Idaho, and the valley of the Flathead River, Montana.
A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or toward its northern and eastern limits reduced to a shrub ; borders of streams ; the common alder of the California valleys.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white.
303. Alnus oblongifolia, Torr.
Alder.
San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains, California, through the ranges of southern Arizona and New Mexico to the valley of the upper Rio Grande ; in northern Mexico.
Salix.
SALICACE.E.
99
A tree 15 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; borders of streams in deep mountain canons.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly white.
304. Alnus sermlata, Willd.
Black Alder. Smooth Alder.
Massachusetts, west to southern Missouri, south to northern Florida and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or more often a tall, branching shrub forming dense thickets ; borders of streams and swamps, probably reaching its greatest develop- ment in southern Arkansas.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
A decoction of the bark and leaves, as well as those of A. incana, is a popular remedy against impurity of the blood and in the treatment of diarrhoea, hematuria, etc.
305. Alnus incana, Willd.
Speckled Alder. Hoary Alder. Black Alder.
Newfoundland to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, south to northern New England, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and eastern Nebraska ; in Europe.
A small tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or more often a tall, branching shrub ; borders of streams and swamps. A form with leaves green and glabrous on both sides or slightly pubescent, extending through the mountain ranges of the Pacific region from the Saskatchewan and British Columbia to New Mexico and the southern Sierra Nevadas of California, is var. virescens, Watson.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, broad ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; pre- ferred and largely used in northern New England in the final baking of bricks, and occasionally, as well as that of A. serrulata, in the manufacture of gunpowder.
SALICACEJE.
306. Salix nigra, Marsh. Black Willow.
Southern New Brunswick and the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior southward through the Atlantic region to Bay Biscayne and the Caloosa River, Florida, and the valley of the Guadalupe River, Texas ;
100
SALICACEiE.
Salix.
Pacific region, — valleys of the Sacramento River, California, and the Colorado River, Arizona.
A small tree, sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter, or in southern Florida reduced to a low shrub ; banks of streams ; most common in the basin of the Mississippi River, and reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of the Colorado and other rivers of eastern Texas ; varying greatly in the size and shape of the leaves (vars. angustifolia, longifolia, latifolia, etc., Anders.), length and habit of the aments, etc. (vars. marginata and Wrightii, Anders., var. Wardii, Bebb).
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; med- ullary rays obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
The tonic and astringent bark is used domestically as a popular febrifuge, containing, in common with all the species of the genus, salicylic acid, — a powerful antipyretic now successfully used in the treatment of acute cases of gout, rheumatism, typhoid fever, etc.
307. Salix amygdaloides, Anders. Willow.
Shores of the great lakes (New York and Ohio), west to the valley of the Saskatchewan, and southward through the Rocky Mountain region to southern New Mexico ; banks of the lower Columbia River, Oregon.
A small tree, rarely 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
308. Salix laevigata, Bebb. Willow.
California, — Sierra County and the valley of the Sacramento River to the southern boundary of the State.
A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and bottom-lands. Forms varying in the shape of the leaves, length of aments, etc., are vars. angustifolia and congesta, Bebb.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very thin ; color light brown tinged with red.
309. Salix lasiandra, Benth.
Willow.
British Columbia, south to the valley of the Sacramento River, Cali- fornia ; mountains of Utah, Colorado to New Mexico (var. Fendleriana).
Salix.
SALICACEiE.
101
A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; banks of streams ; very common ; varying in the shape of the leaves and character of the aments (var. lancifolia and Fendleriana, Bebb).
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter or often nearly white.
310. Salix longifolia, Muhl.
Sand-bar Willow.
Valley of the Connecticut River and of the Potomac River at Wash- ington ; west and northwest through the region of the great lakes to the valley of the Mackenzie River, in latitude 66° N., through the Mississippi basin, Texas, the Rocky Mountain region, and the Pacific Coast States.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter; borders of streams and river sand-bars, in low, wet sandy soil, often forming low, dense clumps ; rare east of the Alle- ghany Mountains ; very common throughout the Mississippi River basin, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of Oregon and northern California.
Forms found from western Texas to Oregon, varying in the shape of the leaves, aments, nature of pubescence, etc., are var. exigua, Bebb, and var. argyrophylla, Anders.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood brown.
311. Salix sessilifolia, Nutt.
Puget Sound southward, near the coast, and through the California Coast Ranges.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; borders of streams, in low, wet ground.
A form with narrower entire leaves, of the Sacramento Valley and the California Coast Ranges, is var. Hindsiana, Anders.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin ; color light red, the sap-wood nearly white.
312. Salix discolor, Muhl.
Glaucous Willow.
Labrador, west to the valleys of the Peace and Athabasca Rivers, south- ward through the Atlantic region to Delaware and southern Missouri.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 6 metres in height, with a trunk some- times 0.30 metre in diameter, or more often a tall, straggling shrub 3 to 6 metres in height ; borders of streams and swamps, in low, wet soil ; varying greatly in the form of leaves, aments, and nature of pubescence.
102
SALICACEiE.
Salix.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly dis- tributed small open ducts ; medullary rays and layers of annual growth not obscure ; color brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood light brown.
313. Salix flavescens, Nutt.
Willow.
Rocky Mountains of Idaho and Montana southward to southern New Mexico ; on the Cascade Mountains, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada, California.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams, reaching its greatest develop- ment in the southern Rocky Mountain region. A form found from Alaska to California upon dry hillsides and slopes near the coast, distinguished by its broadly obovate leaves, larger size, heavier and harder wood, and dark sap-wood, is var. Scouleriana, Bebb.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white.
314. Salix Hookeriana, Barratt.
Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan; coast of Washington Territory and Oregon.
A small tree, 8 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre in diameter, or more often a low, straggling shrub with many prostrate stems ; on the coast generally along the edge of beaches, or in low, rather moist, sandy soil.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many minute open ducts ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white.
315. Salix cordata, var. vestita, Anders.
Diamond Willow.
Valley of the Missouri River and its tributaries, — Fort Osage, Mis- souri, Iowa, Nebraska, and westward to about the one hundred and tenth meridian.
A small tree, rarely 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or more often a low, straggling shrub, not exceeding 1.80 to 3 metres in height; bottom-lands, in wet, sandy soil. S. cordata, Muhl., of wide distribution through the Atlantic region, rarely, if ever, attains arborescent size or hubit.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, reported very durable in con- tact with the ground ; annual layers of growth clearly defined ; medullary rays very obscure ; color brown or often tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; used for fence-posts.
Populus.
SALIC WEM.
103
316. Salix lasiolepis, Benth.
Willow
California, — valley of the Klamath River, southward through the western portions of the State, reaching in the Sierra Nevadas an eleva- tion of 3,500 to 4,000 feet above the sea.
A small tree, sometimes 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.50 metre in diameter, or northward and at high elevations reduced to a low shrub ; leaves varying greatly in shape and breadth (vars. angusti- folia and latifolia, Anders.), or toward its southern limit often persistent until spring (S. Hartwegi, Benth.).
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; somewhat used as fuel, especially in the southern part of the State.
317. Salix Sitchensis, Sans. Silky Willow.
Alaska, southward near the coast to Santa Barbara, California.
A low, much-branched tree, rarely exceeding 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or more often a straggling shrub ; low, wet soil, borders of streams and ponds. A form with narrow oblan- ceolate leaves is var. cmgustifolia, Bebb.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood nearly white.
318. Populus tremuloides, Michx. Aspen. Quaking Asp.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hud- son Bay, northwest to the Great Bear Lake, the mouth of the Mackenzie River, and the valley of the Yukon River, Alaska ; south in the Atlantic region to the mountains of Pennsylvania, southern Indiana and Illinois, and northern Kentucky ; in the Pacific region south to the valley of the Sacramento River, California, and along the Rocky Mountains and in- terior ranges to southern New Mexico, Arizona, and central Nevada.
A small tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter; very common through British America, and spreading over enormous areas stripped by fire of other trees ; in the Pacific region very common upon moist mountain slopes and bottoms between 6,000 and 10,000 feet elevation; the most widely distributed North American tree.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not durable, con- taining, as does that of the whole genus, numerous minute scattered open ducts ; medullary rays very thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into wood-pulp ; in the Pacific region sometimes used for fuel, flooring, in turnery, etc.
104
SALICACEiE.
Populus.
A bitter principle in the bark causes its occasional use as a tonic in the treatment of intermittent fevers and cases of debility.
319. Populus grandidentata, Michx. Poplar.
Nova Scotia,' New Brunswick, and west through Ontario to northern Minnesota, south through the Northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains to North Carolina, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee.
A tree 21 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 metre in diameter ; rich woods and borders of streams and swamps.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into wood-pulp and occasionally used in turnery, for wooden-ware, etc.
320. Populus heterophylla, L.
River Cottonwood. Sivamp Cottonwood.
Connecticut, Northport, Long Island, south, generally near the coast, to southern Georgia, through the Gulf States to western Louisiana, and through Arkansas to central Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Illinois and Indiana.
A tree 24 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 metre in diameter ; borders of river swamps ; most common and reaching its great- est development in the basin of the lower Ohio River ; rare and local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color dull brown, the thick sap-wood lighter brown.
321. Populus balsamifera, L.
Balsam. Tacamahac. Balm of Gilead.
Straits of Belle Isle to the shores of Hudson Bay, northwest to the shores of the Great Bear Lake and the valley of the Yukon River, Alaska, south to northern New England, central Michigan and Minnesota, the Rocky Mountains and interior ranges of Montana and Idaho, Washington, and British Columbia.
A large tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; very common on all islands and shores of the north- ern rivers ; in British Columbia generally confounded with the allied P. trichocarpa, the range of the two species here still uncertain. A form with broader heart-shaped leaves, white on the under side, rare or un- known in a wild state, very common in cultivation, is var. candicans, Gray.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white.
Populus.
SALICACE.E.
105
The buds, as well as those of several other species, are covered with a resinous exudation, which is occasionally used medicinally as a substitute for turpentine and other balms.
322. Populus angustifolia, James.
Black Cottonwood.
Black Hills of Dakota, eastern and southwestern Montana, east Hum- boldt and Shoshone Mountains, Nevada, Rocky Mountains of Colorado, and on the ranges of southwestern New Mexico and eastern Arizona.
A small tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams, between 6,000 and 10,000 feet elevation.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays nu- merous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
323. Populus trichocarpa, Torr. & Gray. Black Cottonwood. Balsam Cottonwood.
Valley of the Fraser River, British Columbia, and probably much farther north, east to the eastern base of the Bitter Root Mountains, Montana, south through Washington, western Oregon and California to the southern borders of the State.
A large tree, 24 to 60 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; banks of streams and bottom-lands below 6,000 feet elevation ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the val- leys of the lower Columbia River and the streams flowing into Puget Sound, here the largest deciduous tree of the forest.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light dull brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white ; in Oregon and Washington largely manufactured into staves of sugar-barrels, wooden-ware, etc.
324. Populus monilifera, Ait.
Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. Carolina Poplar. Big Cotton- wood.
Shores of Lake Champlain, Vermont, south through western New England to western Florida, west to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, Colorado, and New Mexico.
A large tree, 24 to 51 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 metres in diameter ; low, moist soil ; the common cottonwood of Texas and the western plains, bordering all streams flowing east from the Rocky Mountains.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in drying, difficult to season ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manu- facture of paper-pulp, for light packing-cases, fence-boards, and fuel.
106
CONIFERS.
Populus.
325. Populus Fremontii, Watson.
Cottonwood.
California, valley of the upper Sacramento RiverT south to San Ber- nardino County, extending eastward in Nevada and Utah. A form dis- tinguished by its sharply acuminate leaves, truncate at the base (var. Wislizeni, Watson), is common along all the larger streams from southern California, through Arizona and New Mexico, to western Texas and southern Colorado.
A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; borders of streams ; the common cottonwood of the valleys of central California.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in drying, difficult to season ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
CONIFERS.
326. Libocedrus decurrens, Torr.
White Cedar. Bastard Cedar. Post Cedar. Incense Cedar.
Oregon, south along the western slopes of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains between 3,000 and 8,500 feet elevation, and through the California Coast Ranges to the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains.
A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; slopes and valleys ; common.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fencing and in the construction of water-flumes, and for interior finish, furniture, laths, shingles, etc.; often injured by a species of dry rot {Dcedalia vorax), rendering it unfit for lumber.
327. Thuya occidentalis, L.
White Cedar. Arbor-vitce.
New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence River to the southern shores of James Bay and southeast to Lake Winnipeg, south through the Northern States to central New York, northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, central Minnesota, and along the Alleghany Mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina.
A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; cold, wet swamps, and rocky banks of streams ; very common at the North, often covering great areas of swamp.
Chamcecyparis.
CONIFEILE.
107
Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, com- pact, very durable in contact with the soil ; the bands of small summer cells very thin, dark-colored ; medullary rays numerous, indistinct ; color light brown, turning darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for posts, fencing, railway-ties, and shingles.
The distilled oil and a tincture of the leaves of Thuya have been found useful in the treatment of pulmonary and uterine complaints.
328. Thuya gigantea, Nutt.
Red Cedar. Canoe Cedar.
Alaska, south along the Coast Ranges and islands of British Co- lumbia, through western Washington and Oregon and the Coast Ranges of northern California, extending east along the mountains of Washing- ton to the Cceur d'Alene, Bitter Root, and Salmon River Mountains of Idaho and the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana.
A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 3.60 metres in diameter ; low, rich woods and swamps, less commonly on dry ridges and slopes below 5,200 feet elevation ; common and reaching its greatest development in western Washington and Oregon ; the large specimens generally hollow.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, com- pact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, distinct ; medullary rays numerous, ob- scure ; color dull brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for interior finish, fencing, shingles, in cabinet-making and cooperage, and by the Indians of the northwest coast in the manufacture of their canoes.
329. Chamsecyparis sphaeroidea, Spach. White Cedar.
Southern Maine, south near the coast to northern Florida, and along the Gulf Coast to the valley of the Pearl River, Mississippi.
A tree 24 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; deep, cold swamps ; rare in the Gulf States, west of the Bay of Mobile.
Wood very light and soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, ob- scure ; color light brown tinged with red, growing darker with exposure, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in boat-building, for wooden-ware, cooperage, shingles, interior finish, telegraph and fence posts, railway- ties, etc.
108
CONIFERS.
Chamcecyparis.
330. Chamsecyparis Nutkaensis, Spach.
Yellow Cypress. Sitka Cypress.
Sitka, south along the islands and Coast Ranges of British Columbia and the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon to the valley of the Santian River, Oregon.
A large tree of great economic value, 30 to 38 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter, or toward its southern limits and at high elevations much smaller ; common along the coast at the sea-level to about latitude 49° 30', then less common and only at higher elevations; within the United States hardly below 5,000 feet elevation and very rare and local ; the most valuable timber tree of Alaska.
Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, possessing an agreeable resinous odor ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays thin, numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color bright light clear yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; somewhat used in boat and ship building, for furniture, interior finish, etc.
331. Chamsecyparis Lawsoniana, Pari.
Port Orford Cedar. Oregon Cedar. White Cedar. Lawson's Cypress. Ginger Pine. Oregon, — Coos Bay, south to the valley of the Rogue River, not ex- tending more than thirty miles from the coast ; California, — valley of the upper Sacramento River (shores of Castle and Soda Lakes, Shasta County).
A large tree of the first economic value, 45 to 61 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 metres in diameter ; rich woods, in low, moist soil, interspersed among the red fir and hemlock ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the Oregon coast ; local ; in California very rare and local.
Wood light, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the ground, abounding in odoriferous resin, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light yellow or almost white, the thin sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, flooring, railway, ties, fence-posts, matches, and in ship and boat building ; the resin strongly diuretic and a powerful insecticide.
332. Cupressus macrocarpa, Hart.
Monterey Cypress. California, — Cypress Point, Pescadero Ranch, and Carmelo Point, near Monterey.
Juniperus.
CONIFERS.
109
A tree 15 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; on granite rocks immediately upon the sea-coast ; very local.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, odorous ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color clear bright brown streaked with red and yellow, the thin sap-wood light yellow.
333. Cupressus G-oveniana, Gord.
Humboldt County, California, south along the coast and through the Coast Ranges into lower California.
A small tree, sometimes 12 to 15 metres in height, writh a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and mountain slopes, in rather rich soil, or often a low shrub, occupying extensive tracts of sandy barrens or thin, rocky soil, 1 to 5 miles inland from the coast ; widely but not generally distributed.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white.
334. Cupressus Macnabiana, Murr.
California, — mountains south of Clear Lake, Lake County.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub branching from the ground ; very rare and local.
Wood not collected.
335. Cupressus Guadalupensis, Watson.
San Francisco Mountains of New Mexico and eastern Arizona, Santa Catalina and Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona ; Sierra Madre, near Saltillo, and Guadalupe Island, Mexico.
A tree 18 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter; rocky canons and ridges; forming on the New Mexico and Arizona Mountains extensive forests between 5,000 and 8,000 feet eleva- tion, generally on northern slopes ; local.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, suscep- tible of a good polish ; bands of small summer cells broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color gray, often faintly streaked with yellow, the thick sap-wood light yellow.
336. Juniperus Californica, Carr.
Juniper.
California, — valley of the Sacramento River south through the Coast Ranges to lower California.
110
CONIFERS.
Juniperus.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub, sending up many stems from the ground ; sandy barrens and dry, rocky soil.
A form (var. Utahensis, Engelm.) with more slender branchlets and smaller globose fruit found from the western base of the Wahsatch Moun- tains, Utah, to eastern California, and south through the Great Basin to southeastern California and the San Francisco Mountains, eastern Arizona, is very common in the elevated valleys and along the lower slopes of all the ranges of central and southern Utah and Nevada, and is the most generally distributed arborescent species of the region.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, very durahle in con- tact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; in southern California largely used for fencing and fuel.
337. Juniperus pachyphlcea, Torr.
Juniper.
Mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona south of latitude 34° ; in northern Mexico.
A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; dry, stony slopes and ridges, generally between 2,000 and 3,000 feet elevation.; the prevailing and largest juniper of the mountains of western Texas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, sus- ceptible of a fine polish; bands of small summer cells very thin, dark- colored, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color clear light red, often streaked with yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white.
338. Juniperus occidentals, Hook.
Juniper.
Blue Mountains and high prairies of eastern Washington and Oregon, Cascade Mountains of Oregon, valley of the Klamath River, California, and south along the high ridges of the Sierra Nevada, between 7,000 and 10,000 feet elevation, to the San Bernardino Mountains.
A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter, or often a low, much-branched shrub; dry, rocky ridges and prairies, reaching its greatest development in the California Sierras.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; medul- lary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light red or brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fencing and fuel.
A variety (var. monosperma, Engelm.) with smaller, generally 1-seeded berries, extends from the eastern base of Pike's Peak, Colorado, to the
Juniper us.
CONIFERS.
Ill
mountains of western Texas, and through New Mexico and southern Arizona to southern California.
A small, stunted tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.G0 metre in diameter, or often branching from the ground with many stout, contorted stems ; dry, gravelly slopes between 3,500 and 7,000 feet elevation.
Wood heavier than that of the type, the layers of annual growth often eccentric ; largely used for fuel and fencing.
A variety (var. conjugens, Engelm.) with slender branchlets and 4 ranked, closely appressed denticulate leaves and globose 1-2-seeded fruit, extends from the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, west and north.
A tree 11 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, covering with extensive forests the limestone hills of western Texas ; its range not yet satisfactorily determined.
Wood light, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown often streaked with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fencing, fuel, telegraph-poles, railway-ties, etc.
339. Junipems Virginiana, L.
Red Cedar. Savin.
Southern New Brunswick, shores of Georgian Bay, northern Michigan, northern Wisconsin and Minnesota, south to Cape Malabar and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian Territory to about the one hundredth parallel of west longitude ; in the Pacific region, Rocky Mountains of Colorado to Vancouver's Island, British Columbia; not extending to western Texas, California, or Oregon; in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona rare and local.
The most widely distributed of North American Coniferce, a tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.35 metres in diameter, or toward its northern and western limits much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; dry, gravelly ridges, and limestone hills, or in the Gulf States, especially, near the coast, in deep swamps ; common and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Red River, Texas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close- and straight-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil, odorous ; bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color dull red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for posts, sills, railway-ties, interior finish, cabinet-making, and lead-pencils.
A decoction of the leaves is occasionally used as a substitute for savine cerete, and an infusion of the berries as a diuretic.
112
CONIFERS.
Taxodium.
340. Taxodium distichum, Rich.
Bald Cypress. Black Cypress. Red Cypress. White Cypress. Deciduous Cypress.
Southern Delaware, south near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and Cape Romano, Florida, west through the Gulf States to the valley of the Nueces River, Texas, and through Arkansas to western Tennessee, western and northern Kentucky, southeastern Missouri, and southern Illinois and Indiana.
A large tree, 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 metres in diameter ; deep, submerged swamps, river bottom-lands, and pine-barren ponds ; common and occupying extensive tracts in the South Atlantic and Gulf States in the neighborhood of the coast.
Wood light, soft, close, straight-grained, not strong, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light or dark brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufac- tured into lumber and used for construction, cooperage, railway-ties, posts, fencing, etc., often injured, especially west of the Mississippi River, by a species of Dcedalia, rendering it unfit for lumber.
Two varieties of cypress, black and white, are recognized by lumber- men, the wood of the former heavier than water when green, rather harder and considered more durable than the other ; the unseasoned wood of the latter lighter than water, and rather lighter colored than black cypress.
341. Sequoia gigantea, Decsn. Big Tree.
California, — western slopes of the Sierra Nevada from Placer County (Calaveras Grove) south to the southern borders of Tulare County.
A tree 76 to 119 metres in height, with a trunk 6 to 11 metres in diameter ; valleys and moist swales or hollows between 4,000 and 6,000 feet elevation, growing in small, isolated groves, except toward its south- ern limits, here mixed with the sugar pine and red and white firs, occu- pying areas often several hundred acres in extent.
Wood very light, soft, weak, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, remarkably durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright clear red, turning much darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood white ; formerly somewhat manufactured into lumber, and locally used for fencing, shingles, construction, etc.
342. Sequoia sempervirens, Endl.
Redwood.
California, — from the northern boundary of the State, south in the Coast Ranges to the southern border of Monterey County.
Taxus.
CONIFERJE.
113
A large tree, 61 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 7 metres in diameter ; sides of canons and valleys in low, wet situations, borders of streams, etc. ; not appearing on dry hillsides ; generally confined to slopes facing the ocean, and nowhere extending far from the coast ; most gen- erally multiplied and reaching its greatest average density north of Cape Mendocino.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very brittle, rather coarse-grained, com- pact, susceptible of a good polish, easily split and worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, con- spicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color clear light red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely sawed into lumber ; the prevail- ing and most valuable building material of the Pacific coast, and in Cali- fornia almost exclusively used for shingles, fence-posts, telegraph-poles, railway-ties, wine-butts, tanning- and water-tanks, coffins, etc. ; forms with curled or contorted grain are highly ornamental.
343. Taxus brevifolia, Nutt. Tew.
Islands and Coast Ranges of British Columbia, through western and the mountain ranges of eastern Washington and Oregon to the western slopes of the \Rocky Mountains of northern Montana ; through the Cali- fornia Coast Ranges to the Bay of Monterey and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or toward its eastern limits in Idaho and Montana much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; rare ; low, rich woods and borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in western Oregon, Washing- ton, and British Columbia.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, very close-drained, compact, suscep- tible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays thin, numerous, very obscure ; color light bright red, the thin sap-wood light yellow ; used for fence-posts and by the Indians of the northwest coast for paddles, spear-handles, bows, fish-hooks, etc.
344. Taxus Floridana, Nutt. Yew.
Western Florida, — banks of the Apalachicola River from Bristol to Aspalaga.
A small tree, 3 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; rare and very local.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; bands of small sum- mer cells very thin, dark-colored, not conspicuous ; medullary rays nu- merous, obscure ; color dark brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white.
8
114 CONIFEIUE. Torreya.
345. Torreya taxifolia, Am.
Stinking Cedar. Savin.
Western Florida, — eastern bank of the Apalachicola River from Chattahoochee to the neighborhood of Bristol.
A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; borders of swamps on calcareous soil ; very rare and local.
Wood light, rather hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells very thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color clear bright yellow, the thin sap-wood much lighter ; largely used locally for fence-posts, etc.
346. Torreya Californica, Torr.
California Nutmeg. Stinking Cedar.
California, — Mendocino County, and along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to Tulare County, between 3,000 and 5,000 feet elevation.
A tree 15 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; borders of streams, in moist soil ; rare.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small sum- mer cells broad, not conspicuous ; medullary raj^s numerous, obscure ; color clear light yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white.
347. Pinns Strobus, L.
White Pine. Weymouth Pine.
Newfoundland, northern shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to Lake Nipigon and the valley of the Winnipeg River, south through the North- ern States to Pennsylvania, the southern shores of Lake Michigan ; " Starving rock," near La Salle, Illinois, near Davenport, Iowa (very rare and local) ; and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia.
A large tree, 24 to 52 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3.50 metres in diameter ; sandy loam, forming extensive forests, or in the region of the great lakes often in small bodies scattered through the hard- wood forests, here reaching its greatest development; north of latitude 47° and south of Pennsylvania, central Michigan, and Minnesota much smaller, less common and valuable.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages small, not numerous nor con- spicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, often slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; more largely manufactured into lumber, shingles, laths, etc., than that of any other North American tree ; the common and most valuable building material of the Northern States ; largely used in cabinet-making, for interior finish, and in the manufacture of matches, wooden-ware, and for many domestic purposes.
Pinus.
CONIFERS.
115
348. Pinus monticola, Dougl.
White Pine.
Vancouver's Island, Coast and Gold Ranges of southern British Colum- bia, east along the mountains of northern Washington, through the Coeur d'Alene and Bitter Root Mountains of Idaho to the valley of the Flathead River, Montana ; south along the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon and the California Sierras to Calaveras County.
A large tree, 30 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Pend d'Oreille and Clark's Fork regions of Idaho, here a valuable and important timber tree ; in British Columbia generally below 3,000 feet, and in California between 7,000 and 10,000 feet elevation, not common.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, not conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, not large, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood nearly white ; inferior in quality, although resembling that of the Eastern white pine (P. Strobus) ; in Idaho and Montana somewhat manufactured into lumber.
349. Pinus Lambertiana, Dougl.
Sugar Pine.
Oregon, — Cascade and Coast Ranges, from the head of Mackenzie River and the valley of the Rogue River, south ; California, — western flank of the Sierra Nevada, through the Coast Ranges to the Santa Lucia Mountains, and in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains.
A large tree, 46 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 3 to 7 metres in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development upon the Sierras of central and northern California between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ; in the Oregon Coast Ranges descending to 1,000 feet above sea-level.
Wood very light, soft, coarse, straight-grained, compact, satiny, easily worked ; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, very large and conspicuous ; medullary rays numer- ous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; now largely manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, door-blinds, sashes, etc., and for cooperage and wooden-ware ; less valuable and less easily worked than that of the Eastern white pine (Pinus Strobus) ; its quality injured by the larger and more numerous resin passages.
A saccharine exudation from the stumps of cut or partially burned trees is sometimes used as a substitute for su^ar.
350. Pinus flexilis, James. White Pine.
Eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, Montana, and probably farther north, south to New Mexico, Guadalupe and Limpia Mountains, western
116
CONIFERS.
Plnus.
Texas, high mountain ranges of Utah, Nevada, and northern Arizona, Inyo Mountains and Mount Silliman, California.
A tree 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges between 4,000 and 10,000 feet elevation ; common along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana, forming open, scattered forests, and the prevailing forest tree ; in central Nevada the most valuable timber tree of the re°ion
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, large ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light clear yellow, turning red with expo- sure, the sap-wood nearly white ; in northern Montana, Nevada and Utah sometimes sawed into inferior lumber and used in construction and for various domestic purposes.
351. Pinus albicaulis, Engelm.
Coast Ranges of British Columbia, south along the Cascade and Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon ; California, — Scott Mountains, Mount Shasta, and along the high peaks of the Sierra Nevada to Mount San Bernardino ; extending east along the high ranges of northern Wash- ington to the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana.
A small alpine tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter, or at its highest elevation reduced to a low, prostrate shrub ; dry, gravelly ridges at the extreme limit of tree growth, reaching in the San Bernardino Mountains an elevation of 10,500 feet.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
352. Pinus reflexa, Engelm.
White Pine.
High mountains of southwestern New Mexico to the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; rocky ridges and slopes of almost inaccessible canons between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation.
Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light red, the sap-wood nearly white.
353. Pinus Parryana, Engelm.
Pinon. Nut Pine.
California, — Larkin's Station, 20 miles southeast of Campo, San Diego County, and in lower California.
Pinus.
CONIFERS.
117
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; very rare within the limits of the United States ; south of the boundary forming in lower California extensive open forests upon high ridges and slopes.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells thin-, not conspicuous ; resin passages very numerous, large, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood much lighter, nearly white.
The large seeds edible.
354. Pinus cembroides, Zucc. Pinon. Nut Pine.
Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, in Arizona 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk hardly exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; dry ridges and slopes at 3,500 feet elevation.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, small ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light clear yellow, the sap-wood nearly white.
The seeds edible.
355. Pinus ednlis, Engelm. Pinon. Nut Pine.
Eastern base of Pike's Peak, Colorado, south through New Mexico to the mountains of western Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; dry slopes, generally on lime or sandstone, reaching in Colorado an elevation of 9,000 feet.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, small ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fuel, charcoal, fen- cing, etc., and in western Texas occasionally manufactured into inferior lumber.
The large seeds edible.
356. Pinus monophylla, Torr. & Frem. Pinon. Nut Pine.
Western base of the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, to the eastern foot-hills of the California Sierras, south along the mountain ranges of the Great Basin to the San Francisco Mountains of eastern Arizona.
A small, busby tree, 4 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes between 3,000 and 6,000 feet elevation.
118
CONIFERS.
Pinus.
Wood light, soft, weak, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, not large ; medul- lary rays numerous, obscure ; color yellow or light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fuel and charcoal.
The large edible seeds furnish the principal food of the Indians of the Great Basin.
357. Pinus Balfouriana, Murr.
Foxtail Pine. Hickory Pine.
California, — Scott Mountains, Mount Whitney, and about the head- waters of King and Kern Rivers. A form (var. aristata, Engelm.), common on the mountains of southeastern California, through Nevada, northern Arizona, and southern Utah to Colorado, above 7,500 feet, and in Colorado reaching 12,000 feet elevation, is distinguished by its ovate cones, with thinner scales and shorter recurved awn-like prickles.
A small tree, 15 to 19 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges, forming upon Scott Mountains a broad belt of forest growth between 5,000 and 8,000 feet elevation.
Wood light, soft, weak, brittle, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; bands of small summer cells very nar- row, dark-colored ; resin passages few, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure.
358. Pinus resinosa, Ait.
Red Pine. Norway Pine.
Newfoundland, northern shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Lake Nipigon to the valley of the Winnipeg River, south through the Northern States to eastern Massachusetts, the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan and Minnesota.
A large tree, 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.37 metres in diameter ; light sandy loam or dry rocky ridges, forming scat- tered groves rarely exceeding a few hundred acres in extent ; common and reaching its greatest development through northern Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Wood light, not strong, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, dark-colored, very resinous ; resin passages few, small, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood yellow or often almost white ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for all purposes of construction, flooring, piles, etc.
359. Pinus Torreyana, Parry.
California, — mouth of the Soledad River, San Diego County.
A low, short-lived, gnarled, crooked tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with
Pinus.
CONIFERS.
119
a trunk 0.23 to 0.33 metre in diameter ; crests of sandy bluffs immediately upon the sea-coast ; very local and fast disappearing.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages small, few ; medullary ray's numerous, obscure ; color light red, the sap- wood yellow or nearly white ; locally used for fuel.
360. Pinns Arizonica, Engelm. Yellow Pine.
Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Catalina Mountains, and probably upon other ranges of southern Arizona.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter; high rocky ridges between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, and forming extensive forests near the summits of the Santa Catalina Mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin pas- sages numerous, large ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light red or often yellow, the sap-wood lighter yellow or white ; sometimes sawed into inferior lumber.
361. Pinns ponderosa, Dougl.
Yellow Pine. Bull Pine.
Interior of British Columbia, south of latitude 51°, south and east along the mountain ranges of the Pacific Region to Mexico, the Black Hills of Dakota, Colorado, and western Texas ; not detected in central or southern Nevada.
A large tree, 61 to 91 metres in height, with a trunk 3.60 to 4.57 metres in diameter, or throughout the Rocky Mountain region much smaller, rarely exceeding 30 metres in height (var. scopulorum) ; dry, rocky ridges and prairies, or in northern California rarely in cold, wet swamps, reaching its greatest development along the western slope of the Sierras of northern and central California ; in western Washington and Oregon, rare and local ; next to Pseudotsuga Douglasii the most generally distributed and valuable timber tree of the Pacific forests, furnishing the principal lumber of eastern Washington and Oregon, western Montana, Idaho, the Black Hills of Dakota, western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
Wood varying greatly in quality and value, heavy, hard, strong, brittle, not coarse-grained nor durable, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad or narrow, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, small ; medul- lary rays numerous, obscure; color light red, the very thick sap-wood almost white ; largely manufactured into lumber, and used for railway- ties, fuel, etc.
120
CONIFERJE.
Pinus .
362. Pinus Jefifreyi, Murr.
Bull Pine. Black Pine,
California, — Scott Mountains, south along the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains.
A large tree, 30 to 31 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 4 metres in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada.
Wood light, strong, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells not broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light red, the sap-wood pale yellow or nearly white ; largely manufactured into coarse lumber.
Abietine, a volatile carbo-hydrogen possessing powerful ansesthetic properties, is obtained by distilling the resinous exudation of this species.
363. Pinus Chihuahuana, Engelm.
Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, San Francisco Mountains, southwest- ern New Mexico and Arizona ; in Chihuahua.
A small tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; dry, rocky ridges and slopes between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation ; not common.
Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, rather large, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color clear light orange, the thick sap-wood lighter.
364. Pinus contorta, Dougl.
Scrub Pine.
Alaska, south along the coast to Mendocino County, California, ex- tending inland to the western slopes of the Coast Ranges.
A small, stunted tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.50 metre in diameter ; sandy dunes and exposed rocky points.
Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bands of small summer cells very broad, resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the thick sap-wood nearly white.
365. Pinus Murray ana, Balfour.
Tamarack. Black Pine. Lodge-pole Pine. Spruce Pine. Valley of the Yukon River, Alaska, south through the interior of British Columbia, along the mountain ranges of Washington and Oregon and the Sierra Nevada of California to Mount San Jacinto ; on the high plateau east of the Rocky Mountains in about latitude 56°, and south
Pinus.
CONIFERS.
121
through the mountains of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah to New Mexico and northern Arizona.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; reaching its greatest development in the California Sierras ; in the interior regions in dry, gravelly soil, here the prevailing tree, cover- ing immense areas, and generally replacing other species destroyed by fire ; western Washington and southward only along the borders of moist alpine meadows between 6,000 and 9,000 feet elevation.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, easily worked, com- pact, not durable ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light yellow or nearly white, the thin sap-wood lighter ; occasionally manufactured into lumber, and used for fuel, railway-ties, etc.
366. Pinus Sabiniana, Dougl.
Digger Pine. Bull Pine.
California, — Shasta County, south along the foot-hills of the Coast Ranges and the western slope of the Sierra Nevada below 4,000 feet elevation.
A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; very common through all the foot-hills region.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, compact, not durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, large, prominent ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the thick sap-wood yellow or nearly white; largely used for fuel.
The large seeds edible.
367. Pinus Coulteri, D. Don.
California, — Mcnte Diablo, south through the Coast Ranges to the Cuyamaca Mountains.
A tree 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; dry ridges and slopes between 3,000 and 6,000 feet elevation ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the San Jacinto Mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, large ; medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color light red, the thick sap-wood nearly white.
368. Pinus insignis, Dougl.
Monterey Pine.
California, — Pescadero to Monterey and San Simeon Bay. A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in di- ameter ; sandy soil, in immediate proximity to the sea-coast ; rare and local.
122
CONIFERS.
Pinus.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous ; color light brown, the very thick sap-wood nearly white ; locally somewhat used for fuel.
369. Pinus tuberculata, Gord.
Knob-cone Pine.
Valley of the Mackenzie River, Oregon, south along the western slope of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, and in the California Coast Ranges from the Santa Cruz to the San Jacinto Mountains.
A tree 18 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or, rarely, reduced to a low shrub ; dry, gravelly ridges and slopes from 2,500 (San Bernardino Mountains) to 5,500 (Mount Shasta) feet elevation ; not common.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells very broad, not conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, large, prominent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white or slightly tinged with red.
370. Piims Tseda, L.
Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. Rosemary Pine.
Southern Delaware, south to Cape Malabar and Tampa Bay, Florida, generally near the coast, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and extending north to the valley of the Arkansas River.
A tree 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; low, wet clay or dry, sandy soil ; springing up on all aban- doned lands from Virginia southward, and now often replacing in the Southern pine-belt the original forests of Pinus palustris ; in eastern North Carolina rarely on low, rich swamp ridges, here known as rose- mary pine and attaining its greatest development and value.
Wood light, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, not durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous; resin passages few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the very thick sap-wood orange, or often nearly white ; largely used for fuel and manufactured into lumber of inferior quality.
371. Pinus rigida, Mill.
Pitch Pine.
New Brunswick to the northern shores of Lake Ontario, south through the Atlantic States to northern Georgia, extending to the western slope of the Alleghany Mountains in West Virginia and Kentucky.
A tree 12 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; dry, sandy, barren soil, or less commonly in deep, cold swamps ; very common.
Pinus.
C0NIFER2E.
123
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages nu- merous, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown or' red, the thick sap-wood yellow or often nearly white ; largely used for fuel, charcoal, and occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber.
372. Pinus serotina, Michx. Pond Pine.
North Carolina, south near the coast to the head of the Saint John's River, Florida.
A tree 12 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; inundated borders of streams and ponds in low, peaty soil ; not common.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ; resin passages few, large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark orange, the thick sap-wood pale yellow.
373. Pinus inops, Ait.
Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine.
Long Island and Staten Island, New York, south, generally near the coast, to the valley of the Savannah River, South Carolina, and through eastern and middle Kentucky to southeastern Indiana.
A tree 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or in the Atlantic States generally much smaller ; sandy, gen- erally barren soil, reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany Mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, dur- able ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light orange, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fuel, and in Kentucky and Indiana preferred for and largely manufactured into water- pipes and pump-logs.
374. Pinus clausa, Vasey.
Sand Pine. Scrub Pine. Spruce Pine.
Florida, — shores of Pensacola Bay, south, generally within 30 miles of the coast, to Pease Creek, and occupying a narrow ridge along the east coast south of Saint Augustine.
A tree 21 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 metre in diameter, or on the west coast rarely 6 to 9 metres in height ; barren, sandy dunes and ridges ; most common and reaching its greatest develop- ment about the head of Halifax Bay.
124
CONIFERiE.
Pinus.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, prominent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light orange or yellow, the thick sap-wood nearly white.
375. Pinus pungens, Michx. f.
Table-mountain Pine. Hickory Pine.
Alleghany Mountains, Pennsylvania to Tennessee.
A tree 9 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.05 metres in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development upon the high mountains of East Tennessee, here often forming extensive forests.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, large ; medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; in Pennsylvania largely manufactured into charcoal.
376. Pinus nmricata, D. Don.
Obispo Pine. Bishop's Pine.
California, — Mendocino County south through the Coast Ranges to San Luis Obispo County.
A tree 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or more often not exceeding 15 metres in height ; cold peat-bogs or barren, sandy gravel ; always in situations exposed to the winds and fogs of the ocean, and not found above 2,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development in Mendocino County ; rare and local.
Wood light, very strong and hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous ; resin passages few, not promi- nent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the thick sap- wood nearly white.
377. Pinus mitis, Michx.
Yellow Pine. Short-leaved Pine. Spruce Pine. Pull Pine.
Staten Island, New York, south to western Florida, through the Gulf States to Tennessee and eastern Texas, and through Arkansas to the Indian Territory, southeastern Kansas, southern Missouri and southern Illinois.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.35 metres in diameter ; light, sandy soil or, less commonly, along the low borders of swamps ; forming, west of the Mississippi River, mixed with oaks and other deciduous trees, extensive forests ; the only species of northern Arkansas, Kansas, and Missouri, and reaching its greatest development in western Louisiana, southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.
Pinus.
CONIFERJE.
125
Wood varying greatly in quality and amount of sap, heavy, hard, strong, generally coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous; resin passages numerous, large; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color orange, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into lumber, especially in the States west of the Mississippi River.
378. Pinus glabra, Walt.
Cedar Pine. Spruce Pine. White Pine. South Carolina, south to middle Florida, generally near the coast, and through the Gulf States south of latitude 32° 30' to the valley of the Pearl River, Louisiana.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich bottom-lands and hummocks in dense forests of hard-wood trees, reaching its greatest development in Alabama and Mississippi; not common and very local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, not durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, not resinous ; resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
379. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb.
Gray Pine. Scrub Pine. Prince's Pine.
Bay of Chaleur to the southern shores of Hudson Bay, northwest to the Great Bear Lake, the valley of the Mackenzie River, and the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains ; south to northern Maine, northern Ver- mont, the southern shores of Lake Michigan and central Minnesota.
A small tree, 9 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.75 metre in diameter ; barren, sandy soil or, less commonly, in rich loam; most common north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its greatest development in the region north of Lake Superior, here often forming considerable forests ; toward its extreme western limits associated and often confounded with the closely allied P. contorta and P. Murrayana of the Pacific region.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells not broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color clear light brown or, rarely, orange, the thick sap-wood almost white ; largely used for fuel, railway-ties, etc.
380. Pinus palustris, Mill.
Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine. Georgia Pine. Yellow Pine. Hard Pine.
Southeastern Virginia, south to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay, Florida, and through the Gulf States to the valley of the Red River,
126
CONIFERS.
Pinus.
Louisiana, and the Trinity River, Texas, rarely extending beyond 150 miles from the coast.
A tree 18 to 29 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; dry, sandy loam of the maritime plain ; forming extensive forests almost to the exclusion of other species, or toward its extreme interior range, especially in the Gulf States, occupying rolling hills, here mixed with oaks and various deciduous trees ; rarely along the borders of swamps in low, wet soil.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tough, coarse-grained, compact, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark- colored ; resin passages few, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light red or orange, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into lumber and used in construction of all sorts, for ship-building, fencing, railway-ties, etc.
The turpentine, tar, pitch, rosin, and spirits of turpentine manufac- tured in the United States are almost exclusively produced by this species.
381. Pinus Cubensis, Griseb.
Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bastard Pine. Meadow Pine.
South Carolina, south near the coast to the southern keys of Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl River, Louisiana, not extending beyond 50 or 60 miles inland ; in the West Indies.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; light, sandy soil along the dunes and marshes of the coast, or wet, clay borders of ponds, abandoned fields, etc., and now rapidly taking possession of ground from which the forests of P. palustris have been removed ; the only species of Florida south of Cape Canaveral and Bay Biscayne.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tough, coarse-grained, compact, durable ; bands of small summer cells very broad and resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, rather prominent; color rich dark orange, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; hardly inferior in value to that of P. palustris, although rarely manufactured into lumber.
Turpentine is occasionally manufactured in southern Florida from this species.
382. Picea nigra, Link.
Black Spruce.
Newfoundland, northern Labrador to Ungava Bay, Nastapokee Sound and Cape Churchill, Hudson Bay, and northwest to the mouth of the Mackenzie River and the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains ; south through the Northern States to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, central
Picea.
CONIFERS.
127
Wisconsin and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany Mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina.
A tree 15 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; light, dry, rocky soil, forming, especially north of latitude 50°, extensive forests on the water-sheds of the principal streams or in cold, wet swamps ; then small, stunted, and of little value (P. rubra).
Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous ; resin passages few, minute ; medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color light red or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter; largely manufactured into lumber, and used in construction, for ship-building, piles, posts, railway-ties, etc.
383. Picea alba, Link.
White Spruce.
Newfoundland, northern shore of Labrador to Ungava Bay, Cape Churchill, and northwestward to the mouth of the Mackenzie River and the valley of the Yukon River, Alaska ; south to northern Maine, north- eastern Vermont, northern Michigan and Minnesota, the Black Hills of Dakota, the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana, Sitka, and British Columbia.
A tree 15 to 50 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; low, rather wet soil, borders of ponds and swamps ; most com- mon north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its greatest development along the streams and lakes of the Flathead region of north- ern Montana at an elevation of 2,500 to 3,500 feet; the most important timber tree of the American subarctic forests north of latitude 60° ; its dis- tribution southward in British Columbia not yet satisfactorily determined.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells thin, not .conspicuous ; resin passages few, minute ; medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color light yellow, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; largely manufactured into lumber, although not distinguished in commerce from that of the black spruce (P. nigra).
384. Picea Engelmanni, Engelm.
White Spruce.
Peace River Plateau, in latitude 55° 46', through the interior of British Columbia and along the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon to the valley of the Mackenzie River ; on the principal ranges of the Rocky and Wahsatch Mountains to the San Francisco Mountains, Sierra Blanco, and Mount Graham, Arizona.
A large tree, 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or at its extreme elevation reduced to a low, prostrate shrub; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges between 5,000 and 11,500 feet elevation ; the most valuable timber tree of the central Rocky Mountain
128
CONlFERiE.
Picea.
region, here forming extensive forests, generally above 8,500 feet eleva- tion ; rare' and of small size in the mountains of Washington, Oregon, and Montana.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; resin pas- sages few, minute ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color pale yellow tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; in Colorado manufactured into lumber and largely used for fuel, charcoal, etc.
The bark, rich in tannin, is sometimes used in Utah in tanning leather.
385. Picea pungens, Engelm.
White Spruce. Blue Spruce.
Valley of the Wind River, south in the mountain ranges of Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah.
A tree 30 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter; borders of streams, in damp or wet soil, generally between 6,000 and 9,000 feet elevation, never forming forests ; rare and local.
Wood very light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, small ; medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color very light brown or often nearly white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable.
386. Picea Sitchensis, Carr.
Tide-land Spruce,
Alaska, south to Mendocino County, California, not extending more than 50 miles inland from the coast.
A large tree of great economic value, 46 to 61 metres in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 5.19 metres in diameter; gravelly ridges and swamps, reaching its greatest development in Washington and Oregon near the mouth of the Columbia River, here forming a belt of nearly continuous forest growth, from 10 to 50 miles in width.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, obscure ; medullary rays numerous, rather prominent ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for construction, interior finish, fencing, boat-building, the dunnage of vessels, cooperage, wooden-ware, etc.
386 a. Picea species.
Alpine slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon {Thomas Howell, June, 1884) ; probably very rare and local.
A tree sometimes exceeding 30 metres in height, with a trunk often 1 metre in diameter ; the botanical characters not yet published ; easily dis-
Tsuga.
CONIFERS.
129
tinguished by its long pendulous branchlets, flat or slightly rounded leaves, and large cones with broad, spreading, very thin, entire scales. Wood not collected.
387. Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. Hemlock.
Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence River to the shores of Lake Temiscaming, and southwest to the western borders of northern Wisconsin ; south through the Northern States to northern Delaware, southeastern Michigan, central Wisconsin, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Alabama.
A tree 21 to 33 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.15 metres in diameter ; dry, rocky ridges, generally facing the north and often forming extensive forests almost to the exclusion of other species, or, less com- monly, borders of swamps in deep, rich soil ; most common at the North, and reaching its greatest individual development in the high mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse, crooked-grained, difficult to work, liable to wind-shake and splinter, not durable ; bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red or often nearly white, the sap-wood somewhat darker ; largely manufactured into coarse lumber and used in construction for outside finish, railway-ties, etc. ; two varieties, red and white, produced apparently under precisely similar conditions of growth, are recognized by lumbermen.
The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used in the North- ern States in tanning leather, and yields a fluid extract sometimes used medicinally as a powerful astringent.
388. Tsuga Caroliniana, Engelm. Hemlock.
Southern Alleghany region, North and South Carolina.
A small tree, 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 metre in diameter ; dry, rocky ridges between 4,000 and 5,000 feet eleva- tion ; rare and local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white.
389. Tsuga Mertensiana, Carr. Hemlock.
Alaska, south along the islands and coast of British Columbia, and through the Selkirk, Gold, and other interior ranges to the Bitter Root Mountains of Idaho, and the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of
9
130
CONIFERJE.
Tsuga.
Montana, extending south along the Cascade Mountains to southern Ore- gon and in the Coast Ranges between 1,000 and 4,000 feet elevation, to northern California.
A large tree, 30 to 61 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3 metres in diameter ; low, moist bottoms or rocky ridges ; very common and reaching its greatest development in western Oregon and Washington, often forming extensive forests, especially along the western base of the Cascade Mountains.
Wood light, hard, not strong, rather close-grained; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, promi- nent; color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly white; occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber.
The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used on the north- west coast in tanning leather.
390. Tsuga Pattoniana, Engelm.
British Columbia, south along the Cascade Mountains and the Califor- nia Sierras to the headwaters of the San Joaquin River, extending east along the high mountains of northern Washington to the western slopes and summits of the Coeur d'Alene and Bitter Root Mountains of Idaho, and to northern Montana.
An alpine tree, rarely 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; dry slopes and ridges near the limits of tree growth, ranging from an elevation of 2,700 feet in British Columbia to 10,000 feet on the Sierras of central California.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, satiny, susceptible of a good polish; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous; medul- lary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood nearly white.
391. Pseudotsuga Dcmglasii, Carr.
Med Fir. Yellow Fir. Oregon Pine. Douglas Fir.
Coast Ranges and interior plateau of British Columbia south of lati- tude 55° N., east to the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains in lati- tude 51° N. ; south along the mountain ranges of Washington, Oregon, the California Coast Ranges, and the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, on the mountain ranges east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas ; in the Wahsatch and Uintah Moun- tains, the ranges of northern and eastern Arizona ; in northern Mexico ; not detected in the interior region between the Sierra Nevada and the Wahsatch Mountains, south of the Blue Mountains of Oregon, and north of Arizona.
A large tree, 61 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 0.83 to 3.66 metres in diameter, or in the Rocky Mountains much smaller, here rarely
A bies.
C0NIFER2E.
131
30 metres in height ; the most generally distributed and valuable timber tree of the Pacific region, growing from the sea-level to an elevation in Colorado of nearly 10,000 feet; often forming extensive forests, almost to the exclusion of other species, and reaching in western Oregon and Washington Territory its greatest development and value. A form with larger cones and narrower acutish leaves (var. macrocarpa, Engelm.) occurs in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains of southern California, — a small tree with darker-colored, lighter, and less valuable wood.
Wood hard, strong, varying greatly with age and conditions of growth in density, quality, and amount of sap ; difficult to work, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, occupying fully one half the width of the annual growth, dark-colored, conspicuous, soon becoming flinty and difficult to cut ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color varying from light red to yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for all kinds of construction, railway-ties, piles, fuel, etc. Two va- rieties, red and yellow fir, distinguished by lumbermen, are dependent probably upon the age of the tree ; the former coarse-grained, darker- colored, and considered less valuable than yellow fir.
The bark has proved valuable in tanning leather.
392. Abies Fraseri, Lindl.
Balsam. She Balsam.
High Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; moist slopes between 5,000 and 6,500 feet elevation, often forming considerable forests ; very local.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells rather broad, light-colored, not conspicuous ; medul- lary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white.
393. Abies balsamea, Mill.
Balsam Fir. Balm-of- Gilead Fir.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hud- son Bay ; northwest to the Great Bear Lake and the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains ; south through the Northern States to Pennsylvania, central Michigan and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of Virginia.
A tree 21 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low, prostrate shrub {A. Hudsonica, Hort.) ; damp woods and mountain swamps.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, not durable ; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, often streaked with yellow, the sap-wood lighter.
132
CONIFERS.
Abies.
Canadian balsam or balm of fir, an aromatic liquid oleo-resin obtained from this and other species of Abies by puncturing the vesicles formed under the bark of the stem and branches, is used medicinally, chiefly in the treatment of chronic catarrhal affections, and in the arts.
394. Abies subalpina, Engelm. Balsam.
Alaska, south through British Columbia and along the Cascade Moun- tains to northern Oregon ; Blue Mountains of Oregon and on the ranges of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado.
A tree 24 to 40 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; mountain slopes and canons between 4,000 (British Columbia) and 12,000 (Colorado) feet elevation; generally scattered and rarely forming the prevailing forest growth.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells very narrow, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood lighter.
395. Abies grandis, Lindl.
White Fir.
Vancouver's Island, south to northern California, near the coast ; in- terior valleys of western Washington and Oregon south to the Umpqua River; Cascade Mountains below 4,000 feet elevation, Blue Mountains of Oregon to the eastern slope of the Coeur d'Alene and Bitter Root Mountains, Idaho, and the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana.
A large tree, 61 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of western Washington and Oregon in rich, moist soil or on moist mountain slopes ; then much smaller, rarely exceeding 30 metres in height.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broader than in other American species, dark-colored, resinous, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood rather lighter; in western Oregon manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, packing-cases, cooperage, etc.
396. Abies concolor, Lindl. & Gord.
White Fir. Balsam Fir.
Northern slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon, south along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino an<J San Ja- cinto Mountains, California ; high mountains of northern Arizona to the
Abies. CONIFERS. 133
Mogollon Range, New Mexico, northward to the Pike's Peak region of Colorado, and in the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah.
A large tree, 30 to 40 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; moist slopes and canons between 3,000 and 9,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development in the California Sierras, varying greatly in the color and length of leaves, habit, etc., and perhaps only a southern form of the too nearly allied A. grandis, from which it cannot be always readily distinguished.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells narrow, resinous, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color very light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood somewhat darker; occasionally manufactured into lumber and used for packing-cases, butter-tubs, and other domestic purposes.
397. Abies bracteata, Nutt. California, — Santa Lucia Mountains.
A tree 46 to 61 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; moist, cold soil, occupying 4 or 5 canons between 3,000 and 6,000 feet elevation, west of the summit of the range.
Wood heavy, not hard, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood not seen.
398. Abies amabilis, Forbes.
Valley of the Fraser River, British Columbia, south along the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon.
A tree 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 metres in diameter, forming extensive forests on the mountains of British Colum- bia between 3,500 and 5,000 feet, and upon the mountains south of the Columbia River between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation, here reaching its greatest development ; its northern range not yet determined.
Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
399. Abies nobilis, Lindl.
Red Fir.
Oregon, — Cascade Mountains from the Columbia River south to the valley of the upper Rogue River, summits of the Coast Range from the Columbia to the Nestucca River.
A large tree, 61 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 metres in diameter, forming, with A. amabilis, extensive forests along the slopes of the Cascade Range, between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation ; less multiplied in the Coast Ranges, but here reaching its greatest indi- vidual development.
134
CONIFERiE.
Abies.
Wood light, hard, strong, rather close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light brown streaked with red, the sap-wood a little darker.
400. Abies magnifica, Murr.
Bed Fir.
California, — Mount Shasta, south along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to Kern County.
A large tree, 61 to 76 metres in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 metres in diameter, forming about the base of Mount Shasta extensive forests between 4,900 and 8,000 feet elevation ; in the southern sierras less common, here reaching an extreme elevation of 10,000 feet.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact, satiny, durable in contact with the soil, liable to twist and warp in seasoning ; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood somewhat darker ; largely used for fuel and occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber.
401. Larix Americana, Michx.
Larch. Black Larch. Tamarack. Hackmatack.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the eastern shores of Hudson Bay, Cape Churchill, and northwest to the northern shores of the Great Bear Lake and the valley of the Mackenzie River within the Arctic Circle ; south through the Northern States to northern Pennsylvania, northern Indiana and Illinois, and central Minnesota.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; moist uplands and intervale lands, or, south of the boundary of the United States, in cold, wet swamps, often covering extensive areas, here much smaller and less valuable.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ; resin passages few, obscure ; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; preferred and largely used for the upper knees of vessels, for ship- timbers, fence-posts, telegraph-poles, railway-ties, etc.
402. Larix occidentalis, Nutt.
Tamarack.
British Columbia, Selkirk and Gold Ranges, south of latitude 53°, south along the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains to the Columbia River, through the mountain ranges of northern Washington Territory to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana ; Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon.
Washingtonia.
PALMiE.
135
A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; moist mountain slopes and benches between 2,500 and 5,000 feet elevation ; scattered among other trees and never exclu- sively forming forests ; very common and perhaps reaching its greatest development in the region north of the Big Blackfoot River and in the valley of the Flathead River, Montana ; the largest and most valuable timber tree of the Columbian basin.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, rather coarse-grained, com- pact, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ; resin passages few, obscure ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light bright red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; occasionally manufactured into lumber, but principally used for fuel, posts, railway- ties, etc.
403. Larix Lyallii, Pari.
Eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains of northern Washington, east along the boundary of the United States to northern Montana.
A low, much-branched, straggling, alpine tree, rarely exceeding 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.50 metres in diameter; dry, rocky soil, generally upon northern exposures, and associated with Pinus albicaulis and Tsuga Pattoniana along the upper limits of tree growth between 5,500 and 7,000 feet elevation.
PALMJE.
404. Sabal Palmetto, Lodd.
Cabbage Tree. Cabbage Palmetto.
North Carolina, south along the coast to Key Largo, Florida, extend- ing along the Gulf coast to the Apalachicola River.
A tree 7 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; sandy maritime shores ; very common and reaching its greatest development upon the west coast of the Florida peninsula south of Cedar Keys.
Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to work, dark- colored ; color light brown ; impervious to the attacks of the Teredo, and largely used for wharf-piles, etc.
405. "Washingtonia nlifera, Wend.
Fan-leaf Palm.
California, — from the eastern base of the San Bernardino Mountains to the valley of the Colorado River.
A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.05 metres in diameter, forming groves of 250 to 500 plants in the depressions of the
t
136
LILIACEiE.
Thrinax.
desert, in moist alkaline soil, or solitary and scattered near the heads of small ravines formed by watercourses ; often stunted and greatly injured by fire.
Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to cut, dark- colored, conspicuous.
406. Thrinax parvifLora, Sw.
Silk-top Palmetto.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 metre in diameter, or in pine-barren soil often low and stemless (P. Garberi, Chapm.).
Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles small, hard, not conspicuous ; color light brown ; the trunk used in making sponge- and turtle-crawls.
407. Thrinax argentea, Lodd.
Silver-top Palmetto. Brickley Thatch. Brittle Thatch.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter.
Wood light, soft; fibro-vascular bundles small, very numerous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter than the exterior ; used for piles, the foliage in the manufacture of ropes, for thatch, etc.
408. Oreodoxa regia, HBK.
Royal Palm.
Semi-tropical Florida, — hummocks near Cape Romano to the south- ern keys ; in the West Indies.
A tree 18 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 metre in diameter ; rich hummocks, often forming extensive groves; in Florida rare and local.
Wood heavy, hard ; fibro-vascular bundles large, very dark, conspicu- ous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter than the exterior ; color brown.
LILIACEiE.
409. Yucca canaliculata, Hook.
Spanish Bayonet.
Texas, — Matagorda Bay, and from the Brazos and Guadalupe Rivers to the Rio Grande ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 5 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.75 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly, arid soil.
Yucca.
LILIACE^E.
137
Wood, like that of the whole genus, showing distinct marks of con- centric arrangement, fibrous, spongy, heavy, difficult to cut and work ; color light brown.
The bitter, sweetish fruit is cooked and eaten by the Mexicans ; the root stock, as in the whole genus, is saponaceous and largely used by the Mexicans as a substitute for soap.
410. Yucca brevifolia, Engelm. The Joshua. Joshua Tree.
Southwestern Utah, northwestern Arizona to southern Nevada, and the valley of the Mohave River, California.
A tree 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly soil ; forming upon the Mohave Desert, at 2,500 feet elevation, an open, straggling forest.
Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work ; color very light brown or nearly white ; sometimes manufactured into paper-pulp.
411. Yucca elata, Engelm.
Western Texas to southern Arizona and Utah ; southward into Mexico. A small tree, 3 to 5 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes.
Wood light, soft, spongy ; color light brown or yellow.
412. Yucca baccata, Torr.
Spanish Bayonet. Mexican Banana.
Western Texas, south of latitude 32° N., west through New Mexico to southern Colorado and southern California ; in northern Mexico.
A tree 7 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 metre in diameter, or often much smaller, and toward the northern limits of its range stem- less ; forming upon the plains of Presidio County, Texas, extensive open forests.
Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work ; color light brown.
The large juicy edible fruit is an important article of food to Mexicans and Indians ; a strong coarse fibre, prepared by macerating the leaves in water, is manufactured into rope in Mexico.
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF THE
WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
The various processes by which the physical properties of the woods of the United States were determined by Mr. Sharpies, in connection with the Census investigation, are fully set forth in Vol. IX. of the final Reports of the Tenth Census. This volume may not be accessible to all persons who may have occasion to use the following tables, and the methods therefore adopted in attaining these results are here briefly described.
The specific gravity, ash, and fuel value of the wood of every indige- nous arborescent species of the United States, with seven unimportant exceptions, were determined. The specific gravity was obtained by weighing carefully measured specimens, 100 millimetres long and about 35 millimetres square, previously subjected to a temperature of 100° C. until their weight became constant. The ash is given in percentages of the dry wood, and was determined by burning small blocks of the wood in a muffle furnace at a low temperature.
The relative approximate fuel value of any wood is obtained by deducting its percentage of ash from its specific gravity ; and the cor- rectness of the result thus obtained is based upon the hypothesis first proposed by Count Rumford, that the value . of equal weights of all woods for fuel is the same. It would be more correct, however, to say that the fuel value of the organic matter in all woods is approximately the same.
Wood is made up of two factors, — organic matter, composed of car- bon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a small amount of nitrogen, and a still smaller amount of sulphur ; and inorganic or mineral matter, — ash, as it is generally called, — without value as fuel. The specific gravity represents the weight of equal volumes of wood ; and if from the specific gravity the weight of the ash, which varies greatly in different species, is deducted,
142 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
the relative fuel value will be obtained. A wood free from ash, there- fore, having the specific gravity of 1.000, would represent the unit of fuel value, the specimens being free from hygroscopic water.
. If the values thus obtained are multiplied by 4,000, the results will give very nearly, except in the case of some of the resinous woods, the number of units of heat which a cubic decimetre of the wood is capable of yielding, — a unit of heat being the amount required to raise one kilo- gramme of water one degree Centigrade. The fuel value of any wood is often modified by other conditions than its weight and percentage of ash. Perfect combustion is rarely attainable. Resinous woods, especially, are seldom perfectly consumed, much carbon escaping in the form of smoke. The moisture which always occurs in the firewood of commerce must also be considered. Wood when first cut often contains as much as 50 per cent of its weight of water, and air-dried wood may generally be expected to contain at least 20 per cent. The heat necessary to distil this is, of course, lost in combustion.
The strength and power to resist compression of the principal timbers produced in the forests of the United States were determined by Mr. Sharpies in the course of the Census investigation.
A stick being supported at each end and weights being applied to it, it is bent or deflected in proportion to each addition of weight within a certain limit, which differs in different species of wood. This limit is called the elastic limit of the wood. When the elastic limit is exceeded, the ratio of deflection is in excess of that previously produced by the addi- tion of similar weight. If the elasticity of a given stick under weights which do not strain it beyond this limit is known, the deflection of any other stick, of the same wood, may be calculated by means of the following formula : —
p _ PI*
E is the coefficient of elasticity ; P, the weight applied in kilogrammes ; I, the length of the stick in centimetres ; b, the width of the stick in cen- timetres ; d, the depth of- the stick in centimetres ; A, its deflection in centimetres.
Any five of these being known, the value of the sixth may be calcu- lated. E has been determined for many woods, and its value is given in the fourth column of Table I.
If the deflection of a stick under a given weight is required, it can be obtained by using the formula
PI* A ~~ 4Ehri*'
OF THE UNITED STATES.
143
It is often desirable to know what is the ultimate strength of a given stick. This is obtained by the following formula : —
in which P, I, b, and d have the same value as in the preceding formulas. R is given in the fifth column of Table I. as the Modulus of Rupture. In this formula P will most generally be the unknown quantity, and can be obtained by using this formula, —
2bd*R 3/ *
Wood may be compressed in a direction either parallel or perpendicu- lar to its fibres. The Latter is known as indentation. When a stick is compressed in the direction parallel to its fibres, if its length does not ex- ceed ten or twelve times its diameter, it generally fails by the crushing of the fibres ; and the force necessary to produce such crushing is propor- tionate to the area of the cross-section of the stick. The figures in the sixth column of Table I. give the weight in kilogrammes necessary to produce such crushing in sticks of the different species one centimetre square. In order to find the weight any given stick will support, the number in the column should be multiplied by the number of square cen- timetres in the end of the stick. The force necessary to sink a punch one centimetre square to the depth of 1.27 millimetres perpendicular to the fibre of the wood of the different species, is given in the seventh col- umn of Table I. The force necessary to produce indentation is propor- tionate to the surface of the punch or the surface exposed to its action.
For further information in regard to the formulas relating to the physical properties of wood, the reader is referred to : —
The Materials of Engineering. Part I. pp. 37-153. Robert H. Thurston. New York, 1883.
Treatise on the Resistance of Materials. De Volson Wood. New York, 1871.
144 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
TABLE I.
Specific Gravity, Percentage of Ash, Relative Approximate Fuel Value, Coefficient of Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture, Resistance to Pressure, and Weight per Cubic Foot of the Woods of the United States.
|
Number. |
Gravity. |
; of Ash. |
Approxi- Value. |
of Bias- |
"Rupture |
to Longi- essure. |
tolnden- |
a Cubic unds. |
|
|
V |
Species. |
bO |
"3 |
's |
0 |
S |
C PL, |
||
|
talogi |
rcent |
lativt ite Fi |
efficie ity. |
>dulu |
.S£ .c |
si star :ion. |
£.£ '5 © |
||
|
Ot oa |
Pm |
& a |
S |
&2 |
|||||
|
■ 1 1 |
0 6360 |
0.53 |
0.6326 |
Q0830 |
792 |
482 |
197 |
39.64 |
|
|
4 |
Magnolia glauca |
0.5035 |
0.47 |
05011 |
91299 |
424 |
102 |
31 38 |
|
|
Q O |
0 4690 |
0.29 |
0.4676 |
92817 |
671 |
415 |
107 |
29.23 |
|
|
A "± |
Magnolia cordata ....... |
0.4139 |
0.32 |
0.4126 |
94073 |
600 |
410 |
89 |
25.78 |
|
K O |
0 6309 |
0.35 |
0 5290 |
116854 |
696 |
489 |
130 |
83.09 |
|
|
0 |
0 4487 |
0 4478 |
583 |
366 |
84 |
27.96 |
|||
|
i |
0.5003 |
0.28 |
0.4989 |
94462 |
707 |
418 |
123 |
31.18 |
|
|
Q o |
0 4230 |
0.23 |
0.4220 |
92667 |
372 |
82 |
26 36 |
||
|
9 |
0 3969 |
0.21 |
0.3961 |
48179 |
391 |
212 |
69 |
24 78 |
|
|
10 |
0 5053 |
4.86 |
0.4807 |
60113 |
607 |
302 |
127 |
81 .49 |
|
|
11 |
0 6971 |
4.76 |
0.6639 |
43.44 |
|||||
|
12 |
v^aiiciid <iiUci |
0.9893 |
1.75 |
0.9720 |
111698 |
1026 |
782 |
573 |
61.65 |
|
13 |
|||||||||
|
14 |
0.4728 |
0.76 |
0.4692 |
79414 |
670 |
387 |
99 |
29.46 |
|
|
15 |
|||||||||
|
16 |
0.7*142 |
1.69 |
0.7021 |
44.50 |
|||||
|
17 |
Tilia Americana |
0.4525 |
0.55 |
0.4500 |
84010 |
689 |
348 |
63 |
28.20 |
|
171 |
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens . . |
0.4074 |
0.65 |
0.4048 |
81111 |
560 |
405 |
59 |
25.39 |
|
18 |
0 4253 |
0.62 |
0.4227 |
84659 |
577 |
394 |
68 |
26.50 |
|
|
19 |
0 5888 |
2.46 |
0.5743 |
52503 |
424 |
391 |
210 |
36.69 |
|
|
20 |
1,1482 |
0.82 |
1.1338 |
86324 |
787 |
737 |
793 |
71 24 |
|
|
21 |
1,1101 |
0.51 |
1.1044 |
||||||
|
22 |
Xanthoxylum Americanuni . . . |
0.5654 |
0.57 |
0.5622 |
85.24 |
||||
|
23 |
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis . . . |
0.5056 |
0.82 |
0.5015 |
72577 |
640 |
449 |
159 |
31.51 |
|
231 |
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, var. |
0.5967 |
0.76 |
0.5922 |
|||||
|
24 |
Xanthoxylum Caribseum .... |
0 9002 |
2.02 |
0.8820 |
86755 |
754 |
685 |
373 |
56.09 |
|
25 |
0 7444 |
0.78 |
0.7386 |
46.39 |
|||||
|
26 |
0.8319 |
0.30 |
08294 |
51.84 |
|||||
|
27 |
0 6885 |
6.33 |
0.6518 |
42.91 |
|||||
|
28 |
0,4136 |
0.93 |
0.4098 |
93217 |
664 |
426 |
86 |
25.78 |
|
|
29 |
Barsera gummifera |
0.3003 |
2.04 |
0.2942 |
41694 |
148 |
155 |
47 |
18.71 |
|
30 |
1 .0459 |
0.69 |
1.0397 |
108507 |
1305 |
748 |
650 |
65.18 |
|
|
31 |
0.7282 |
1.09 |
0.7203 |
106272 |
1003 |
666 |
809 |
45.38 |
|
|
32 |
0.9196 |
0.73 |
0.9129 |
67.31 |
|||||
|
33 |
0,6818 |
0.76 |
0.5774 |
64317 |
686 |
419 |
176 |
36.26 |
|
|
34 |
Ilex Dahoon |
0.4806 |
0.91 |
0.4762 |
64192 |
672 |
349 |
113 |
29.95 |
|
341 |
Ilex Dahoon, var. myrtifolia . . . |
0.5873 |
0.90 |
0.5820 |
36.60 |
OF THE UNITED STATES.
145
Species.
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
65
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
641
65
66
661
67
68
69
70
71
711
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
Ilex Cassine
Ilex decidua
Cyrilla racemiflora
Cliftonia ligustrina . . . . . Euonymus atropurpureus . .
Myginda pallens •
Schaafferia frutescens
Reynosia latifolia
Condalia ferrea
Condalia obovata
Rhamnus Caroliniana . . ■ Rhamnus Californica .... Rhamnus Purshiana . . . . Ceanothus thyrsiflorus . . . Colubrina reclinata ....
JEsculus glabra
iEseulus flava
iEseulus Californica ....
Ungnadia speciosa
Sapindus marginatus .... Sapindus Saponaria .... Hypelate panieulata ....
Hypelate trifoliata
Acer Pennsylvanicum . . .
Acer spicatum
Acer macrophyllum ....
Acer circinatum
Acer glabrum
Acer grandidentatum .... Acer saccharinum ..... Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum
Acer dasycarpum
Acer rubrum
Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii Negundo aceroides . . . . • • Negundo Californicum . . .
Rhus cotinoides
Rhus typhina '
Rhus copallina
Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata
Rhus venenata
Rhus Metopium
Pistacia Mexicana
Eysenhardtia orthocarpa . .
Dalea spincsa
Robinia Pseudacacia ....
Robinia viscosa
Robinia Neo-Mexicana . . •
Olneya Tesota
Piscidia Erythrina
Cladrastis tinctoria .... Sophora secundiflora .... Sophora affinis . . . . • • Gymnocladus Canadensis . . Gleditschia triacanthos . . .
0.7270
0.7420
0.6784
0.6249
0.6592
0.9048
0.7745
1.0715
1.3020
1.1999
0.5462
0.6000
0.5672
0.5750
0.8208
0.4542
0.4274
0.4980
0.6332
0.8126
0 8367
0.9533
0.9102
0.5299
0.5330
04909
0.6660
0.6028
0.6902
0.6912
0.6915
0.5269
0.6178
0.5459
0.4328
0.4821
0.6425
0 4357
0.5273
0.5184
0.4382
0.7917
0.87
0.70
0.42
0.42
0.58
3.42
2.54
3.20
8.31
7.03
0.64
0.58
0.67
0.69
1.75
0.86
1.00
0.70
1.17
1 50
4.34
1.25
1.38
0.36
0.43
0.54
0.39
0.30
0.64
0.54
0.71
0.33
0.37
0.34
1.07
0.54
0.50
0.50
0.60
0.85
064
2.39
0.8740 0.5536 0.7333 0.8094 0.8034 1.0602 0 8734 0.6278 0.9842 0.8509 0.6934 0.6740
0.7207
0.7368
0.6756
0.6223
0.6554
0.8739
0.7548
1.0372
1.1938
1.1155
0.5427
0.5965
0.5634
0.5710
0.8064
0.4503
0.4231
0.4945
0.6258
0.8004
0.8004
0.9414
0.8976
0.5280
0.5307
0.4882
0.6634
0.6010
0.6858
0.6875
0.6866
05252
0.6155
0.5440
0.4282
0.4795
0.6393
0.4835
0.5241
05140
0.4354
0.7728
1.28 4.04 0.51 0.20 0.60 2.29 3.38 0.28 1.59 078 067 0.80
O O
48828 78250
ll
314 626 371
105005 114310
74084 91268
0.8628 0.5312 0 7296 0 8078 0.7986 1.0359 0.8439 0.6260 0.9686 0.8443 0.6888 0.6686
97656 64438
68216
83681
111144
78032 71810
820 904
147
£67 750
1216 494
635
843
1*190
146108 102726 110973 94284
58156 94532
73647 105007
129238
114889
86822 85079 100226
97694 104822 108579
684 766
839 803
444
621
639 649
136
192
313
355 394 470
439
71
108 149 272
384
381 459
162 200
1149 962
1019 811
529 796
603
656
1273
909 750 752 902
811 771
923
619
550 482 463
257 252 181 176
322 442
111 107
377 479
109 126
533
209
45.31
46.24
43.28
38.95
41.08
56.39
48.27
66.78
81.14
74.78
34.04
37.39
35.35
35.83
51.15
28.31
26.64
31.04
39.46
50.64
52.14
59.41
56.72
33.02
33.22
30.59
41.51
37.57
43.01
43.08
43.09
32.84
38 50
34.02
26.97
30.04
40.04
27.15
32.86
32.31
27.31
49.34
694
258
683 366 597 534
271
655 337 183
570 400 500
334 160 168
5447 34.50 45.70 50.44 50.07 66.07 54.43 39.12 61.34 53.03 43.21 42.00
10
146 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF THE WOODS
|
jue Number. |
Species. |
; Gravity. |
age of Ash. |
e Approxi- uel Value. |
ent of Elas- |
is of Rupture. |
nee to Longi- Pressure. |
oce to Inden- |
of a Cubic Pounds. |
|
J Catalog |
Specific |
Percen 1 |
Relativ mate F |
Coeffici ticity. |
Moduli |
Resista tudinal |
Resista tation. |
Weight Foot in |
|
|
ft7 0/ |
Parkinsonia Torreyana |
A 7Q/(o |
A TO U.7o |
A TOCO |
116991 |
1027 |
KQA oo4 |
z/6 |
a k '•a 45. /O |
|
88 |
A A^oi |
119 1 1Z |
A A4 K.G U.0400 |
55839 |
040 |
A 1 7 41 / |
ZZO |
AC\ '"A 4U. iU |
|
|
GO |
3.64 |
0.7178 |
46.42 |
||||||
|
on |
O oo Z.oZ |
A COT/1 u.oy < 4 |
oO. 11 |
||||||
|
Q1 V 1 |
0.72 |
0.6317 |
68798 |
*26 |
a nc\ 40y |
182 |
39.65 |
||
|
Q9 ifZ |
A T'xIO |
0.77 |
0.7455 |
4o 02 |
|||||
|
|
a 7AK.9 |
O 1 Q Z.10 |
A 74 QK. U. I 400 |
5oz9 / |
400 |
<^ftft 000 |
QA Q o4o |
A 7 AO 4 / .oy |
|
|
Q4 |
a 7cno |
0.95 |
A 7K07 U. t ool |
82424 |
CAJ o94 |
C71 071 |
000 oz9 |
An Act 4/ AZ |
|
|
oo |
a ooon U VZoo |
o on o.Zy |
0.8931 |
A.T Ol.OO |
|||||
|
QA |
1 A 1 1 Ul |
a p. a a a U.0004 |
A 1 OK 4 l.yo |
||||||
|
07 o / |
A OQflO |
A HO U Oo |
A QQQQ u.yooo |
00.00 |
|||||
|
oo |
A 8^£.A |
A Ul u.y i |
A G470 U.04 ( Z |
1 AQr,A7 lVOuVl |
7Q9 ivZ |
74Q ( 4o |
W Oft Oo.ZO |
||
|
yy |
|||||||||
|
100 |
Pithecolobiuni Unguis-cati .... |
A A41 8 |
9 19 Z.1Z |
A A9G9 U.OZOZ |
A AAA/i 40U04 |
Ooo |
401 |
1 71 1 / 1 |
4A AA |
|
1U1 |
A C\f\A A |
2.46 |
U.OOZo |
K.A QA 00. oy |
|||||
|
102 |
A 77AQ |
A ft7 U.O i |
A 7A49 V. t U'lZ |
1 1 AOTQ i iuy / O |
OA1 VOl |
991 ZZ1 |
48 A4 4 0 04 |
||
|
ioq lUo |
A TO 1 K |
A 1 Q |
A TO AO U. i zvz |
82659 |
Ol' A 004 |
p;ftft 000 |
01 O Zio |
4 1 OA 44 yo |
|
|
104 l\J-± |
A A8ft4 |
A Oft U.Z0 |
A AftAn. u.oooo |
AAOQ 1 0UZ01 |
A Aft 400 |
JA9 |
1 QQ |
49 OA 4Z u\J |
|
|
io^. AUO |
A r,f>OQ |
A AC\ U.4U |
A r,nno U OUUo |
ACV7 |
1 AQ lUo |
Q1 QA ol oU |
|||
|
10A J.UO |
A UOAO |
A 1 O U.1Z |
A ftl OO U.Olyz |
AQU 4;»0 |
Q/tO o4Z |
ti 11 01.11 |
|||
|
IV 1 |
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis . . |
A A KAO U.40UZ |
A 01 U.Z1 |
A 440Q U.44yo |
OOUOO |
ATA o/» |
A A A 40U |
GA OU |
Oft AA ZO.UO |
|
108 ivo |
A r.coo |
n it u. lo |
A K.G1 O U.OOlrf |
Q(!QOO ooooo |
ftOQ ezy |
^17 04 / |
9 A i ZU4 |
QA Oft OO.ZO |
|
|
ioq XUJ7 |
A 7ft7Q |
A OA U.ZU |
A 7ftAQ V. / ©Oo |
OoO |
979 Zl z |
40 10 |
|||
|
1 10 1 1 v |
A AQK.1 U Oyol |
A r;A U.0U |
A AQ1 A u.oy io |
tacap; /OoUO |
oy 1 |
^1 A O 1U |
94 A Z40 |
4Q Q9 4o. oZ |
|
|
1 1 1 ill |
A QtfQQ |
0.41 |
A OA CO U.OOOZ |
93727 |
aoq yzO |
OOZ |
Ol Q olO |
^4 14 04. 14 |
|
|
119 11Z |
a qaoq |
A Q*7 0.o7 |
A CO OA v.ovzv |
PiA Aft 00. UO |
|||||
|
1 1 Q 1 19 |
A UQAQ |
A 7Q 0. to |
A ATOT U.y/Z< |
TOOA1 7ozUl |
7CO t cZ |
£>AA 044 |
OAK oUO |
A1 AQ 01 .uy |
|
|
1 14 |
1 1 07 4 |
1 A K 1.45 |
i i oao 1.1 zuy |
7A ftft i U.OO |
|||||
|
1 1 n |
Cercocarpus ledifolius |
1 A7Q1 |
1 A4 1.U4 |
1 AA 1 Q i uoiy |
OOO |
40U |
AA 88 DO.OO |
||
|
I 1 A I I O |
A flOfiC |
A A C. U.40 |
A OOOO |
K.S QA |
|||||
|
117 1 1 / |
A 1C\A Q |
a r,o U.0Z |
A TA1 1 U. /Ul 1 |
A/lO/i 1 04Z41 |
400 |
A~\ Q 4iy |
9^A ZOU |
4° 09 4o.yz |
|
|
118 |
Pyrns angustifolia |
A floor, U.ooyo |
A OO U.oo |
A AftTO U.00IZ |
49 07 |
||||
|
1 1 Q |
Pyrus rivularis |
A QQ1 A U.OolO |
A A 1 U 41 |
A ftOftO u.ozoz |
^1 ftQ |
||||
|
190 |
A ",1 |
A GQ U OO |
U.04U0 |
QftA oou |
117 1 1 i |
QQ 07 00. y i |
|||
|
191 1Z 1 |
Pyrus sambuci folia |
A K.OOG U.oyzo |
A OC. U.oO |
A £<lflft u.oyuo |
AOAAA OZOUU |
AAr\ |
QftQ 0O0 |
1 A7 1U/ |
QA Ol 00 y4 |
|
1 99 i ZZ |
A 77AO |
a or U.oO |
A 7C7/: U. / 0 / 0 |
4ft AA 40. UU |
|||||
|
19Q i zo |
A AOK.A |
A OQ U.oo |
A AQ97 u.oyz/ |
* ' |
' * |
4Q Ql |
|||
|
1 91 1Z1 |
Crataegus brachyacantha .... |
A fi7nO 0.07 ao |
U.4Z |
A ATt; A U.0/04 |
49 QQ 4Z.OO |
||||
|
19^ 1Z9 |
A Kfl U.OO |
A A/I U.04 04 |
TOQOT / OOo I |
fi91 0Z1 |
IQft 4yo |
1 Qi 104 |
4A 4<a 4U.40 |
||
|
19A 1Z0 |
ATI CiA |
A P.H U.OO |
A T1 KA U. / 104 |
OOJoO |
OOo |
4oU |
91 A Z1U |
44 GQ 44.09 |
|
|
127 |
0 8618 |
0.38 |
0.8585 |
53.71 |
|||||
|
128 |
0 7953 |
0.69 |
0.7898 |
90023 |
738 |
538 |
263 |
49.56 |
|
|
129 |
Crataegus tomentosa, var. punctata . |
0,7585 |
0.52 |
0 7546 |
73160 |
709 |
445 |
240 |
47.57 |
|
1291 |
0.7681 |
0.47 |
0.7645 |
47.87 |
|||||
|
130 |
Crataegus cordata |
0.7293 |
0.46 |
0.7259 |
45 45 |
||||
|
131 |
0.7453 |
0.97 |
0.7381 |
46.45 |
|||||
|
132 |
Crataegus spathulata |
0.7159 |
0.66 |
0.7112 |
67349 |
506 |
455 |
218 |
44.61 |
|
133 |
|||||||||
|
134 |
0 6564 |
0.57 |
0.6527 |
59185 |
712 |
445 |
224 |
40.91 |
|
|
135 |
0 7809 |
0.79 |
0 7747 |
48.67 |
|||||
|
1351 |
Crataegus flava, var. pubescens . . |
0.7683 |
0.91 |
0.7613 |
70765 |
724 |
527 |
319 |
47.88 |
|
136 |
Heteromeles arbutifolia |
0.9326 |
0.54 |
0.9276 |
58.12 |
||||
|
137 |
Amelanehier Canadensis .... |
0 7838 |
0.55 |
0.7795 |
119677 |
1132 |
670 |
280 |
48.85 |
|
138 |
Hamamelis Virginiea |
0.6856 |
0.37 |
42.73 |
|||||
|
139 |
0,5909 |
0.61 |
0.5873 |
86088 |
651 |
466 |
132 |
86.82 |
OF THE UNITED STATES. 147
|
ie Number. |
Species. |
>> o |
ige of Ash. |
at of Elas- |
i ofRupture. |
re to Longi- Pressure. |
ce to Inden- |
of a Cubic Pounds. |
|
|
B o "3 |
o 1 |
a V |
3) S |
.2i i£ |
s 9 -73 |
p |
p a ■ .2, o |
£.2 |
|
|
"3 |
Pi Kl |
w S |
c '3 |
© |
11 |
a S |
|||
|
1 4A 14U |
1 1 A 1 7 |
1 89 Jl .O^J |
1 14flA 1 .14UD |
1 907 |
8AA OOU |
79 40 |
|||
|
1 ,1 1 |
a uooa |
A 39 |
A CittfiB |
1 A941 1 |
049 |
oyy |
Q7A O l U |
A1 7A |
|
|
149 14Z |
A 7 1 X7 |
1.62 |
A 7A91 |
793QA |
OlO |
44<t 4^y |
140 14y |
44 48 44. 40 |
|
|
l4o |
A SO 09 |
3.32 |
66.04 |
||||||
|
1 44 144 |
a qqaa |
1 ^O |
A U99A |
1 Ar>^ 1UOO |
887 00 / |
30A oyo |
£>8 93 |
||
|
A UQUQ |
0 74 |
A 8Q1 7 u oyi < |
07 |
||||||
|
1 4A 1-10 |
A 01 ^fi |
1 80 |
A BQftQ |
1 A8r^A7 |
1 1 79 lit-. |
000 |
4A8 4U0 |
f\7 OA O I .Ul» |
|
|
14/ |
1 193^ 1.1 ZOO |
3 48 O40 |
1 A844 1.U044 |
7A A9 i U.UZ |
|||||
|
1 48 140 |
Eugenia procera |
a 04^3 u.y4oo |
9 A9 |
A Q9Ar"> |
1101 11 |
1 1 7A 1 1 ( O |
A79 O / Z |
AAA 444 |
^8 01 OO. • ' 1 |
|
1 .10 14t> |
A Q1 QQ |
*J 4^ |
A QA7K |
10 87 |
|||||
|
10U |
A AA^A |
U.4 I |
A ARAO |
41 73 4 1 . 1 O |
|||||
|
10 L |
a ci fcq |
A A7 |
A 8AUW |
891 19 |
QA4 VU4 |
^34 Oo4 |
OUO |
r^0 81 |
|
|
10Z |
A 7 A ft 1 |
A ^O u.ou |
A 7444 U. i 444 |
1 fl^A8 1 JUOUo 1 |
O01 |
<;AQ or o |
949 Z4Z |
4K A9 |
|
|
io?j |
Nyssa oapitata |
U.401O |
A 34 |
A 4f\A7 |
A8A8'-i |
£89 |
4Q1 |
1 ^ 1 OO |
98 7^ |
|
lO* |
A «QK£i |
0.52 |
A AQ9Q |
81 8°>9 |
83A |
4R8 S OO |
1 OA |
39.61 |
|
|
1 100 |
Nyssa unifiora |
U.01W4 |
A 7A U. ( u |
U.OlOO |
M A78 |
A^^ uoo |
^A^ oOO |
1 A1 101 |
39 37 |
|
A i"»A87 |
1 R7 |
A K>flA7 v.OUU i |
<?r,rki 7 OvOJL ( |
^7A |
Z / O |
1 38 lOO |
31 70 |
||
|
1 ^7 10 l |
A /i <; i i |
9 OA |
A 4 >V/9 |
98 7f» Z ~. I o |
|||||
|
1 ^8 loo |
Viburnum Lentago |
A 7QAQ U. / OUo |
A 9Q |
A 7989 |
000 |
4^ M |
|||
|
lO-i |
A W--!Q9 |
A ^9 U.OZ |
A 898Q |
V'Ui)04 |
OM • '0 1 |
fx09 Oi'Z |
o 1 o |
<=.1 03 oi .yo |
|
|
1 KA 1UU |
Exostema Caribseutn |
A O-J 1 C\ |
A 9*3 |
A 0980 |
1 1 OQ^w 1 1 WOO / |
1 A<'^ Jul u |
7^1 / 01 |
481 40 1 |
^8 09 |
|
1 A1 lOl |
Pinckneya pubens |
A <">OKA U.O-jOU |
A 41 U.4 I |
A l\0 9Q U.OoZO |
A8901 uozy i |
40^ 4UO |
979 Z i z |
1 A^> 1UO |
33 34. 0O.O4; |
|
1 AO |
1 AQ1A 1 UolO |
1 AA 1 .uu |
1 A9A7 |
A4 90 U4.Z«' |
|||||
|
1 A3 JLUO |
Guettarda elliptica |
A BO'^7 |
1 A^ l.VO |
A 89riA |
M OA |
||||
|
1 Al |
A 7£! 1 A |
A '^Q |
A 7^«A |
QOQ |
970 Z i |
47 43 4 ( .40 |
|||
|
A 7*\f\A |
A 4fi U.40 |
A 74 t\r\ U. / 400 |
81 38A |
A70 d < y |
4 87 ^O / |
99^ ZZO |
4A 74. 4U- 1 4 |
||
|
1 AA IUU |
A 7A,",0 |
A 4A |
A 7A94 U. / UZ4 |
8>:!8^4 |
OA7 yu / |
^A9 OUZ |
9A7 ZU/ |
43 Q^L 4o. yo |
|
|
1A7 |
A 7AQQ |
A 9A |
A 7A«1 |
A1 ri77 |
A18 |
4(^1 4U1 |
947 Z4 1 |
44 94. |
|
|
168 |
Arbutus Texana |
A 7\Afk u. low |
U.O 1 |
A 74A9 U. t 40Z |
41'. 74. 4U. 4 4 |
||||
|
1 AO |
U /40o |
A 37 |
A 74QA U. / 4ou |
888M |
r98 I ZD |
f^AI OU1 |
901 ZU1 |
4A 48 40.40 |
|
|
A 7 1 AA |
A 41 |
A 71 ^1 yj- i ioi |
^8484 00404 |
A^O |
4'^A 4oU |
9A9 |
44 A9 44. O^ |
||
|
171 |
Rhododendron maximum .... |
U.OoUo |
A |
A A9ftA v.D/OU |
A4^78 040 i 0 |
AA3 |
4oy |
1 01 iyi |
3Q 98 oy Zo |
|
172 |
A Q'lA 1 |
0.81 |
A 8971 U.oZ / 1 |
51.98 |
|||||
|
173 |
A 8AA9 U.OOUZ |
1.84 |
A 8444 U.0444 |
^3 A1 OO.U L |
|||||
|
174 |
A AQi8 |
3.45 |
A K7A8 |
43 30 40.0V.' |
|||||
|
175 |
Chrysophy Hum oliviforme .... |
A O'-UAA U.yOOU |
1 24 |
A 0944 |
1 1 9494 1 1 ^4 ^4 |
8<\7 OO I |
^08 oyo |
389 OOZ |
^8 33 oo.oo |
|
176 |
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron |
1 A 1 AU i.u iuy |
5.14 |
A 0^80 u.yooy |
109948 |
07A |
A^A OOU |
ooo |
A'^ 00 |
|
177 |
A 031 A |
0 32 |
0 09 8 A |
1 1 48 1 140 |
7'^A / ou |
974 Z /4 |
^8 OA oo.uo |
||
|
178 |
Bumelia tenax |
A 79u3 U. / Z.'O |
0.78 |
A 79QA |
7^1 9A |
4^9 40Z |
181 101 |
4^ 4^ 40 4U |
|
|
170 |
A A^14 |
1 9'-i 1 .^o |
A A4A4 |
483^4 |
^87 OO < |
^A9 OOZ |
1 HA 10U |
40 78 4U. la |
|
|
180 |
Bumelia spinosa |
A AAAO U OOU-j |
1 94 1 .^4 |
A A^91 |
41 1 ^ 4 1 . J O |
||||
|
181 |
A 74A7 |
0 81 v.OI |
A 74A7 y>- i 4U 1 |
7819^ |
562 |
480 |
99A zzu |
4 A £>3 4U. OO |
|
|
182 |
A 70-^0 U. IvOV |
1.90 |
A 78A8 |
60281 |
515 |
478 |
98A |
40 AO |
|
|
183 |
Mimusops Sieberi |
1 .Uooo |
2^61 |
1 .UOOO |
100226 |
914 |
460 |
875 |
67.54 |
|
184 |
A 7nAQ |
0.96 |
A 78Q9 |
78234 |
879 |
503 |
324 |
49.28 |
|
|
185 |
Diospyros .Texana |
A Q/1AA U.040U |
3.33 |
A 81 78 |
52.72 |
||||
|
186 |
S3*mplocos tinctoria |
A ^Q9f^ U.OoZO |
0.68 |
A <^980 |
62202 |
619 |
384 |
159 |
33.19 |
|
187 |
Halesia diptera |
A ^7A^ U.O/UO |
0.42 |
A ^A81 v.OOol |
68321 |
857 |
434 |
197 |
35.55 |
|
188 |
0 5628 |
0.40 |
0.5605 |
35.07 |
|||||
|
189 |
Fraxinus Greggii |
0.7904 |
0.93 |
0.7830 |
49.26 |
||||
|
190 |
0 6597 |
0.85 |
0.6541 |
41.11 |
|||||
|
191 |
0 6810 |
0.62 |
0.6768 |
60119 |
622 |
385 |
210 |
42.44 |
|
|
192 |
Fraxinus Americana |
0.6543 |
042 |
0.6516 |
101668 |
861 |
463 |
171 |
40.78 |
|
1921 |
Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis . |
0.7636 |
0.70 |
0 7583 |
108174 |
1125 |
541 |
198 |
47 59 |
|
193 |
0 6251 |
0.26 |
0.6235 |
81222 |
869 |
435 |
204 |
38.96 |
148
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
|
1 s 3 |
f Ash. |
proxi- ilue. |
f Elas- |
upture |
Longi- iure. |
Inden- |
Cubic ids. |
||
|
S?5 a 3 |
Species. |
g a |
o to |
o |
03 o |
0 £ g| |
0 0 |
||
|
J |
a « 'o |
M p |
V 3 |
® |
3 |
c „ %. .2 |
istan on. |
2 .9 |
|
|
| |
Ui |
O) Cm |
-z * K a |
o "3 O '-3 |
O |
pc S |
Res tati |
S 0 |
|
|
194 |
07117 |
a ac. U.bO |
A 7A"71 U.7071 |
90313 |
895 |
A OO 482 |
220 |
44.35 |
|
|
194 J |
Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana |
0.5780 |
A K A U.04 |
A KT A O |
36.02 |
||||
|
195 |
o no U. 16 |
A O \ 1 C U.oo 10 |
/< r7CO'7 4 /bo/ |
OOO |
OKI 251 |
138 |
22.07 |
||
|
196 |
0 7184 |
A 7ft U. /o |
A 7 1 OQ U. / IZo |
IT a on / /4oy |
C 1 1 |
/< riA 4;)y |
222 |
44.77 |
|
|
197 |
05731 |
A ^A u.o4 |
A K.7 1 9 U.O/ 1Z |
o4oIo |
OOO |
OZU |
166 |
35.72 |
|
|
198 |
A 79 U. / Z |
/I A97Q U.bZ/ O |
ft71 ftl^ o/ loO |
QAt; oUb |
/1 90 4Zo |
194 |
39.37 |
||
|
199 |
06345 |
A 79 u. / z |
u.bzyy |
7AOQ4"> 70zo2 |
717 |
A AI 4Ul |
170 |
39.54 |
|
|
200 |
A £.1 U. Dl |
A flOIA |
|||||||
|
201 |
Osmanthus Americanus .... |
0.8111 |
a a(\ U.40 |
A ftA7<1 UcU/4 |
1 9Q1 °0 |
lOol |
KA 7 04/ |
z4/ |
50.55 |
|
202 |
Cordia Sebestena |
0 7108 |
A 99 4.ZZ |
A AftAft U.boUo |
• • |
A A OA 44.30 |
|||
|
203 |
Cordia Boissieri |
0.6790 |
Q ,'Q O.Oo |
A ACHA U OOOU |
42.32 |
||||
|
204 |
Bourreria Havanensis |
0.8073 |
9 7Q |
A 7Q/I Q U. /o4o |
fine /< a |
A/l A |
o7o |
294 |
r;n 01 0O.0I |
|
205 |
0 6440 |
1 Q9 l.oZ |
U.boOO |
oyoy / |
701 721 |
OO/ |
OOf\ ZZy |
40.13 |
|
|
206 |
0,4474 |
A QS U.oo |
A A A £7 U.440/ |
AS 1 A1 OO I O 1 |
KnA oyu |
o04 |
77 / / |
Z/ .OO |
|
|
207 |
Catalpa speciosa |
0.4165 |
A QQ |
A A 1 /in U.414lJ |
G91 r;A oA lOo |
OOO |
4U/ |
ob |
ZO/Jb |
|
208 |
Chilopsis saligna |
0.5902 |
A Q7 U.O / |
u.oooU |
^/l A 9 1 |
0/0 |
zy / |
1 A A 144 |
QCi 7Q ob.7o |
|
209 |
Crescentla cucurbitina |
0.6319 |
l.oO |
A AOO/I U.bZo4 |
39.38 |
||||
|
210 |
Githarexylum villosum |
0 8710 |
A KO U.OZ |
A ftAA^ U.OOOO |
1Z07J.7 |
A07 Vol |
CCA boy |
OAft 0U0 |
54.28 |
|
211 |
Avieennia nitida |
0.9138 |
9 £.1 Z.Ol |
A ftQAQ u.oyuy |
ob.yo |
||||
|
212 |
Pisonia obtusata |
0.6529 |
7 AO i .OZ |
A AAOi U.bUol |
4ooUo |
zy / |
Q1 A OlU |
1 Aft lUo |
A A A 4U.by |
|
213 |
!\ QQ O.Uo |
A QO/lA |
1 1 Q^Qft 1 loooo |
yio |
771 |
oy4 |
CI OA b i . Zl ) |
||
|
214 |
Coccoloba uvifera |
0.9635 |
1 Q7 l.O / |
A QK.AQ U.yOUo |
9f;ft ZOo |
cn Ac bO.Uo |
|||
|
215 |
0 6429 |
A 7A U. t O |
n A^QA U.OooU |
o^yuu |
AA9 yoz |
O/O |
1 OQ iyy |
/JA AT 4U.U/ |
|
|
215i |
Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris . Nectandra Willdenoviana .... |
0.6396 |
A Q7 U.O/ |
A AQ~0 U.bo/Z |
C 4 AI Q o4y lo |
OOA ozO |
QUI ob/ |
1 09 iyz |
39.86 |
|
216 |
07693 |
A AA U.OU |
O 7A47 U. / 04 / |
A ~ ClA 4 / .y4 |
|||||
|
217 |
Sassafras officinale |
0.5042 |
A in U. 1U |
O ^"7 U.OUo / |
PilOl A o i u iu |
AA9 buz |
^>ft9 00Z |
1 QA 1 o4 |
Q1 AO 61 .4Z |
|
218 |
Umbellularia Californica .... |
0.6517 |
A on U oVt |
A A 1 < 19 U 04; >Z |
1 AA7AA 1UD / DO |
oUO |
OOO |
1 QQ j yy |
/I a ei 4U.bl |
|
219 |
0.9209 |
fK 1A |
O ftAll 0.0044 |
1 AQftQA luooyu |
70A /yo |
A^A OOU |
OA9 uOZ |
0/ .oy |
|
|
2191 |
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia. . . |
0.9346 |
ft 9Q o.zy |
O ftK.71 U.OO / 1 |
7A7 iVI |
KO(\ OZU |
4A7 4U/ |
CD OA 0o.Z4 |
|
|
220 |
1 0905 |
9 7ft Z. / O |
1 AAA9 l.UOUZ |
A7 CiCi b/.yb |
|||||
|
221 |
P, 1A O.JO |
0. 04/4 |
Q7 |
||||||
|
222 |
Ulnms crassifolia |
0.7245 |
1 9A |
A 71 ^ft O. / lOo |
/Uoyy |
770 / /o |
zl^^> 40o |
9^C ZoO |
40.10 |
|
223 |
Ulmus fulva |
0.6956 |
A ftQ U.oo |
O AftOft o.ooyo |
VOZ 1 4 |
ftAO ooy |
C.QO ooy |
1 (^A lou |
4o.o0 |
|
224 |
0 6506 |
A ftO U.OU |
0 A4 !\± |
7/17/19 /4 / 4Z |
ftf;9 coz |
440 |
1 7A 1 /U |
AC\ KK 4U.00 |
|
|
225 |
Ulmus racemosa |
0.7263 |
n AO U-OU |
0 791 Q O. / Zlv |
109628 |
1 AAA lubo |
oyz |
9APL ZUO |
A OA 40. ZD |
|
226 |
0.7491 |
A OQ U. • 'u |
A 7/1 i 7 U. / 41 / |
OZozo |
791 /Z4 |
AAO 44y |
9^ ZOO |
/(A KQ 4b. bo |
|
|
227 |
Planera aquatica |
0.5294 |
A U.49 |
f» fW7A u.oz/u |
OOlO/ |
A91 bZI |
OOA o''4 |
1 /1A 140 |
OO AA oz.yy |
|
228 |
Celtis occidentalis |
0.7287 |
1 AO |
0 79Aft U. /ZUo |
Aft ^9 7 OoOZ / |
7ftQ / oy |
/191 4Z1 |
91 7 Zl / |
A C A 1 40.41 |
|
2281 |
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata |
0.7275 |
1 99 l.ZZ |
O 71 ftA O. / lOD |
ftAftA^ OOOUO |
ftA^ 0U0 |
A Q7 ^61 |
97Q Z to |
/I O/l 40. o4 |
|
229 |
AQ O.Uo |
0 94ftl |
zooyy |
9QQ zoy |
1 A9 10Z |
AI Ol |
1 A QA J 0. oU |
||
|
230 |
Ficus brevifolia |
0.6398 |
A QA 4.00 |
0 AI 1 Q |
OO ft7 oy.o/ |
||||
|
231 |
Ficus pedimculata |
0.4739 |
zt 09 4.VZ |
U.40U0 |
4AA0A 4uoyu |
90A ZoU |
981 Zo 1 |
119 |
90 fiQ ZM.OO |
|
232 |
0 5898 |
A 71 U. / 1 |
n ^ft^A U.OOOO |
89Q77 oZo/ / |
77^ / to |
49A 4ZU |
178 |
QA 7A OO /O |
|
|
233 |
07715 |
O Aft U DO |
O 7AA^ O. /OOO |
y*o / o |
4ft Aft 40.U0 |
||||
|
234 |
0 7736 |
A Aft U.OO |
A 7AS9 U. / OOO |
1101 1 10 1 |
ftAA ouy |
363 |
AQ 91 4o.Zl |
||
|
235 |
Platanus occidentalis |
0.5678 |
0.46 |
0.5652 |
86402 |
635 |
450 |
165 |
35.39 |
|
236 |
0 4880 |
1.11 |
0.4826 |
62401 |
562 |
324 |
93 |
30.41 |
|
|
237 |
0 4736 |
1.35 |
0.4672 |
45644 |
428 |
327 |
117 |
29.51 |
|
|
238 |
0 4086 |
0.51 |
0.4065 |
81253 |
597 |
392 |
90 |
25.46 |
|
|
239 |
06115 |
0.79 |
0.6067 |
109200 |
856 |
583 |
196 |
3811 |
|
|
240 |
0.6554 |
1.01 |
0.6488 |
72632 |
600 |
437 |
182 |
40.84 |
|
|
241 |
0 7180 |
1.13 |
0.7099 |
66646 |
578 |
434 |
232 |
44.75 |
|
|
242 |
0 8372 |
0.73 |
0.8311 |
138839 |
1200 |
625 |
271 |
52.17 |
|
|
243 |
Carya sulcata |
0.8108 |
0.90 |
0.8035 |
103884 |
1083 |
559 |
288 |
50.53 |
|
244 |
0 8218 |
1.06 |
0.8131 |
114995 |
1129 |
593 |
277 |
51.21 |
OF THE UNITED STATES.
149
Species.
Carya porciua
Carya amara
Carya myristieseformis ....
Carya aquatica . ,
Myrica cerifera
Myrica Californica .....
Quercus alba
Quercus lobata
Quercus Garryana
Quercus obtusiloba
Quercus utidulata, var. Gambellii
Quercus macrocarpa
Quercus lyrata
Quercus bicolor
Quercus Michauxii
Quercus Prinus
Quercus priuoides
Quercus Douglas ii
Quercus oblongifolia
Quercus grisea
Quercus reticulata
Quercus Durandii
Quercus virens .......
Quercus chrysolepis
Quercus Emory i
Quercus agrifolia
Quercus Weslizeni
Quercus rubra
Quercus rubra, var Texana . .
Quercus coccinea
Quercus tinctoria
Quercus Kelloggii
Quercus nigra
Quercus fakata
Quercus Catesbaei
Quercus palustris
Quercus aquatica
Quercus laurifolia
Quercus beterophylla
Quercus cinerea
Quercus bypoleuca
Quercus imbricaria
Quercus Pbellos
Quercus densiflora
Castanopsis chrysophylla . . .
Castanea pumila
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana
Fagus ferruginea
Ostrya Virginica
Carpinus Caroiiniana
Betula alba, var. populifolia . .
Betula papyrifera
Betula occidentalis
Betula lutea
Betula nigra
0.8217 0.7552 0.8016 0.7407 0.5637 0.6703 0.7470 0.7409 0.7453 0.8367 0.8407 0.7453 0.8313 0.7662 0.8039 0.7499 0.8605 0.8928 0.9441 1.0092 0.9479 0.9507 0.9501 0.8493 0.9263 0.8253 0.7855 0.6540 0.9080 0.7405 0.7045 0.6435 0.7324 0.6928 0.7294 0.6938 0.7244 0.7673 0.6834 0 6420 0.8009 0.7529 0.7472 0.6827 0.5574 0.5887 0.4504 0.6883 0.8284 0.7286 0.5760 0.5955 0 6030 0.6553 0.5762
|
Percentage of Ash. |
Relative Approxi- mate Fuel Value. |
Coefficient of Elas- ticity. |
Modulus of Rupture. |
Resistance to Longi- tudinal Pressure. |
Resistance to Inden- tation. |
Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds. |
|
0.99 |
0.8136 |
103300 |
1046 |
577 |
301 |
51.21 |
|
1.03 |
0.7474 |
102986 |
1101 |
522 |
242 |
47.06 |
|
1.06 |
0.7931 |
146484 |
1394 |
638 |
315 |
49.96 |
|
1.27 |
0.7313 |
101261 |
884 |
486 |
274 |
46.16 |
|
0.51 |
0.5608 |
88778 |
815 |
445 |
144 |
35.13 |
|
0.33 |
0.6681 |
99161 |
1036 |
532 |
188 |
41.77 |
|
0.41 |
0.7439 |
97089 |
905 |
511 |
213 |
46.35 |
|
0.30 |
0.7387 |
71664 |
864 |
424 |
188 |
46.17 |
|
0.39 |
0.7424 |
81109 |
879 |
505 |
240 |
46.45 |
|
0.79 |
0.8301 |
83257 |
872 |
487 |
276 |
52.14 |
|
0.99 |
0.8324 |
57162 |
680 |
417 |
255 |
52.39 |
|
0.71 |
0.7400 |
92929 |
982 |
491 |
233 |
46.45 |
|
0.65 |
0.8259 |
133438 |
1025 |
492 |
252 |
51.81 |
|
0.58 |
0.7618 |
90636 |
909 |
490 |
221 |
47.75 |
|
0.45 |
0.8003 |
96373 |
1118 |
482 |
233 |
50.10 |
|
0.77 |
0.7441 |
125473 |
1031 |
538 |
230 |
46.73 |
|
1.14 |
0.8507 |
112461 |
1238 |
575 |
264 |
53.63 |
|
0.84 |
0.8853 |
77166 |
993 |
557 |
374 |
55.64 |
|
2.61 |
0.9195 |
85739 |
719 |
434 |
439 |
58.84 |
|
1.82 |
0.9908 |
73982 |
937 |
479 |
364 |
62.89 |
|
0.52 |
0.9430 |
59.07 |
||||
|
1.78 |
0 9338 |
83766 |
993 |
534 |
308 |
59.25 |
|
1.14 |
0.9393 |
113627 |
1017 |
547 |
324 |
59.21 |
|
0.60 |
0.8442' |
119810 |
1268 |
545 |
317 |
52.93 |
|
2.36 |
0.9044 |
63828 |
703 |
422 |
415 |
57.73 |
|
1.28 |
0.8147 |
95276 |
935 |
463 |
235 |
51.43 |
|
1.02 |
0.7775 |
86055 |
818 |
533 |
272 |
48.95 |
|
0.26 |
0.6523 |
112798 |
990 |
511 |
177 |
40.76 |
|
0.85 |
0.9003 |
103343 |
1024 |
582 |
291 |
56.59 |
|
0 19 |
0.7391 |
108507 |
1054 |
504 |
202 |
46.15 |
|
0.28 |
0.7025 |
103427 |
1041 |
501 |
202 |
43.90 |
|
0.26 |
0.6418 |
74488 |
768 |
449 |
174 |
40.10 |
|
1.16 |
0.7239 |
97656 |
1043 |
497 |
286 |
45.64 |
|
0.25 |
0.6911 |
140151 |
1193 |
596 |
201 |
43.18 |
|
0.87 |
0.7231 |
103468 |
1046 |
457 |
228 |
45.46 |
|
0.81 |
0.6882 |
112296 |
1090 |
491 |
190 |
43.24 |
|
0.51 |
0.7207 |
122657 |
1052 |
501 |
198 |
45.14 |
|
0.82 |
0.7610 |
125916 |
1181 |
526 |
253 |
47.82 |
|
0.17 |
0.6822 |
122494 |
1073 |
412 |
182 |
42.59 |
|
1.21 |
0.6342 |
75120 |
993 |
448 |
201 |
40.01 |
|
1.34 |
0.7902 |
94409 |
1113 |
293 |
272 |
49.91 |
|
0.43 |
0.7497 |
119357 |
1218 |
552 |
226 |
46.92 |
|
0.50 |
0.7435 |
78440 |
989 |
390 |
216 |
46.57 |
|
1.49 |
0.6725 |
96347 |
946 |
475 |
224 |
42.55 |
|
0.35 |
0.5554 |
101195 |
741 |
435 |
119 |
34.74 |
|
0.12 |
0.5880 |
114108 |
991 |
495 |
118 |
36 69 |
|
0.18 |
0.4496 |
85621 |
696 |
381 |
106 |
28.07 |
|
0.51 |
0.6848 |
120996 |
1148 |
478 |
196 |
42.89 |
|
0.50 |
0.8243 |
137276 |
1134 |
542 |
231 |
51.63 |
|
0.83 |
0.7226 |
114881 |
1149 |
498 |
213 |
45.41 |
|
0.29 |
0.5743 |
72970 |
778 |
348 |
129 |
35.90 |
|
0.25 |
0 5940 |
130557 |
1065 |
487 |
126 |
37.11 |
|
0.30 |
0.6012 |
92424 |
806 |
391 |
127 |
37.58 |
|
0.6533 |
161723 |
1248 |
619 |
161 |
40.84 |
|
|
0.35 |
0.5742 |
111322 |
972 |
438 |
132 |
35.91 |
150
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF THE W<
OODS
|
alogue Number. |
Species. |
cific Gravity. |
centage of Ash. |
ative Approxi- Fuel Value. |
fficient of Elas- ty. |
lulus of Rupture |
istanoe to Longi- inal Pressure. |
istance to Inden- on. |
iffht of a Cubic t in Pounds. |
|
6 |
p. m |
H V |
75 OS a; H |
o jo |
o <i |
« s > §. |
|||
|
299 |
Betula lenta |
0.7617 |
0.26 |
0.7597 |
141898 |
1216 |
619 |
226 |
47.47 |
|
300 |
0.39 |
0.4977 |
. . . |
129 |
81.14 |
||||
|
301 |
0 4813 |
0 42 |
0.4793 |
106046 |
811 |
415 |
117 |
29.99 |
|
|
302 |
0.31 |
0.4104 |
84580 |
682 |
356 |
78 |
25.72 |
||
|
303 |
0.42 |
0.3964 |
76937 |
686 |
278 |
74 |
24 81 |
||
|
304 |
0.38 |
0.4648 |
|||||||
|
305 |
0.42 |
0.4588 |
108507 |
820 |
289 |
28.71 |
|||
|
3051 |
|||||||||
|
306 |
Salix nigra |
0.4456 |
0.70 |
0.4425 |
39062 |
424 |
213 |
93 |
27.77 |
|
307 |
0.92 |
0.4468 |
50144 |
550 |
264 |
81 |
28.10 |
||
|
308 |
0.4872 |
0.58 |
0.4844 |
48828 |
644 |
819 |
118 |
30.36 |
|
|
309 |
0.60 |
0.4727 |
29.64 |
||||||
|
3091 |
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . . |
0.4547 |
0.79 |
0.4411 |
87935 |
675 |
341 |
87 |
28.34 |
|
3092 |
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana. . |
0.4598 |
0.56 |
0.4572 |
30517 |
469 |
286 |
82 |
28.65 |
|
310 |
0.4930 |
0.48 |
0.4906 |
30.72 |
|||||
|
3101 |
Salix longifolia, var. exigua . . . |
0.5342 |
1.06 |
0.5285 |
33.29 |
||||
|
ol0z |
Salix longifolia, var. argyrophylla . |
||||||||
|
311 |
Salix sessilifolia |
0.4397 |
0.50 |
0.4375 |
27.40 |
||||
|
31 11 |
|||||||||
|
312 |
0.43 |
0.4243 |
. . . |
26.55 |
|||||
|
313 |
Salix flavescens |
0.4969 |
0.61 |
0.4939 |
108507 |
808 |
408 |
98 |
30.97 |
|
3131 |
Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana . |
0.5412 |
0.39 |
0.5391 |
126216 |
909 |
468 |
126 |
33.73 |
|
314 |
Salix Hookeriana |
0.5350 |
0.32 |
0.5333 |
• • |
427 |
111 |
33.34 |
|
|
315 |
0 59 |
0.6033 |
• • |
37.82 |
|||||
|
316 |
0 5587 |
0.98 |
0.5532 |
88778 |
813 |
385 |
140 |
34.82 |
|
|
317 |
0.59 |
0.5042 |
31.61 |
||||||
|
318 |
0.4032 |
0.55 |
0.4010 |
81441 |
677 |
330 |
80 |
25.13 |
|
|
319 |
0.45 |
0.4611 |
96827 |
721 |
358 |
62 |
28.87 |
||
|
320 |
Populus heterophylla |
0.4089 |
0.81 |
0.4056 |
72338 |
642 |
283 |
86 |
25.48 |
|
321 |
Populus balsamifera Populus balsamifera, var. candicans . |
0 3635 |
0 66 |
0.3611 |
85690 |
550 |
320 |
75 |
22.65 |
|
oo 1 1 |
0.4161 |
0.46 |
0.4142 |
73024 |
609 |
276 |
2o.9o |
||
|
322 |
0 79 |
0.3881 |
45847 |
400 |
271 |
76 |
»)/( OO 24.38 |
||
|
323 |
1.27 |
0.3766 |
111694 |
665 |
390 |
CO DO |
23.77 |
||
|
oz4 |
Populus monilifera |
0.3889 |
0.96 |
0.3852 |
99417 |
7/0 |
oro ooo |
OQ OO |
|
|
32 o |
0.77 |
0.4876 |
105116 |
698 |
•WO |
86 |
on an 80.o2 |
||
|
o.irl 3251 |
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni . |
0.4621 |
1.13 |
0.4569 |
84317 |
691 |
372 |
i nn 1U0 |
oq on 28.80 |
|
326 |
0 4017 |
0.08 |
0.4014 |
84729 |
682 |
403 |
no 98 |
or no |
|
|
327 |
0.37 |
0.3152 |
5381 1 |
512 |
one |
OU |
i n to |
||
|
328 |
Thuya gigantea |
0.3796 |
0.17 |
0.3790 |
103372 |
749 |
450 |
70 |
23.66 |
|
329 |
Chamaseyparis spliasroidea .... |
0.3822 |
0.33 |
0.3311 |
40410 |
456 |
259 |
67 |
20.70 |
|
330 |
0.34 |
0.4766 |
102881 |
801 |
455 |
101 |
29.80 |
||
|
331 |
0 4(521 |
0.10 |
0.4616 |
121772 |
888 |
466 |
82 |
28.80 |
|
|
332 |
Cupressus macrocarpa |
0.6261 |
0.57 |
0.6225 |
107327 |
1045 |
237 |
39.02 |
|
|
333 |
0 4fi8Q |
u.to |
0 4668 |
49941 |
539 |
359 |
178 |
29.22 |
|
|
334 |
|||||||||
|
335 |
Cupressus Guadalupensis .... |
0.4843 |
0.44 |
0.4822 |
30.18 |
||||
|
336 |
0 6282 |
0.75 |
|||||||
|
3361 |
Juniperus Californiea, var. Utahensis |
0.5522 |
0.49 |
0.5495 |
34.41 |
||||
|
337 |
0 5829 |
0.11 |
0 5823 |
61275 |
761 |
36.32 |
|||
|
338 |
0 5765 |
0.12 |
0.5758 |
186 |
35.93 |
||||
|
3381 |
Juniperus occidentalis, var. mono- |
0.78 |
0.7062 |
44 36 |
|||||
|
3382 |
Juniperus occidentalis, var. conjugens |
0.6907 |
0.46 |
0.6875 |
73426 |
468 |
532 |
286 |
43.04 |
|
339 |
0.4926 |
0.13 |
0.4920 |
66992 |
740 |
416 |
148 |
30.70 |
|
|
340 |
0 4543 |
0.42 |
0.4524 |
103206 |
682 |
423 |
81 |
28.31 |
OF THE UNITED STATES. 151
Species.
Sequoia gigantea
Sequoia seinpervirens
Tax us brevif'olia
Tax us Floridana
Torreya taxifolia
Torreya Californica
Pinus Strobus
Pinus monticola
Pinus Lambertiana
Pinus flexilis
Pinus albicaulis
Pinus reflexa
Pinus Parryana
Pinus eembroides
Pinus edulis
Pinus monophylla
Pinus Balfouriana ,
Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata . .
Pinus resinosa
Pinus Torreyana
Pinus Arizonica
Pinus ponderosa
Pinus Jeffrey i
Pinus Cbihuahuana
Pinus contorta
Pinus Murrayana
Pinus Sabiniana -
Pinus Coulteri
Pinus insignis ........
Pinus tubereulata
Pinus Taeda
Pinus rigida
Pinus serotina
Pinus inops
Pinus clausa
Pinus pungens
Pinus murieata
Pinus mitis
Pinus glabra
Pinus Banksiana
Pinus palustris
Pinus Cubensis
Picea nigra
Picea alba
Picea Engelmanni
Picea pungens
Picea Sitcliensis
Tsuga Canadensis
Tsuga Caroliniana
Tsuga Mertensiana
Tsuga Pattoniana
Pseudotsuga Douglasii
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. tuacro-
carpa
Abies Fraseri
0.2882 0.4208 0.6391 0.6340 0.5145 0.4760 0.3854 0.3908 0.3684 0.4358 0.4165 0.4877 0.5675 0.6512 0.6388 0 5658 0.5434 0.5572 0.4854 0.4879 0.5038 0.4715 0.5206 0.5457 0.5815 0.4096 0.4840 0.4133 0.4574 0.3499 0.5441 0.5151 0.7942 0.5309 0.5576 0.4935 0.4942 06104 0.3931 0.4761 0.61)99 0.7504 0.4584 0.4051 0.3449 0 3740 0.4287 0.4239 0.4275 0.5182 0.4454 0.5157
0.4563 0.3565
a
0.50 0.14 0.22 0.'21 0.73 1.34 0.19 0.23 0.22 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.54 0.90 0.62 0.68 0.40 0.30 0.27 0.35 0.20 0.35 0.26 0.39 0.19 0.32 0.40 0.37 0.30 0.33 0.26 0.23 0.17 0.30 0.31 0.27 0.26 0.29 0.45 0.23 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.32 0.32 0.38 0.17 0.46 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.08
0.08 0.54
0.2868 0.4202 0.6377 0 6327 0.5107 0.4696 0.3847 0.3899 0.3676 0.4346 0.4154 0.4864 0.5644 0.6453 0.6318 0.5620 0.5412 0.5555 0.4841 0.4862 0.5028 0.4698 0.5192 0.5436 0.5804 0.4083 0.4821 0.4118 0.4560 0.3487 0.5427 0.5139 0.7928 0.5293 0.5559 0.4922 0.4929 0.6086 0.3913 0.4750 0.6982 0.7484 0.4572 0.4038 0.3438 0.3726 0.4280 0.4220 0.4258 0.5160 0.4434 0.5153
0.4559 0.3546
45146 67646 76133
82833 40146 85093 95068 79375 67531 38147 91287 37783
42094 43488 59386 71482
113216 54213 82370 88731 92777 72575
158533 77113 58517
114108 97850 42870
112847 58127
116957 54295 54295 80330
119357
137495 44750 94231
148733
157747
109987
102280 80791 55360 99001 89970 71282
137483 77524
128297
105007 97170
459 597 1078
887 583 626 609 597 624 581 770 426
II I!_
388 416 483
460 351
339 334 336 349 331 489 339
447
288 424 653 800 756 653 720 744 832 993 564 779 761 740 409 883 739 1164 658 502 726 1031 1038 496 652 1152 1172 747 747 574 454 649 736 461 909 719 881
846 639
349 274 337 325 455 290 381 381 417 337 554 333 337 367 417 263 427 355 505 360 377 354 509 477 288 396 629 664 407 342 267 258 353 384 403 547 379 519
463 347
68 77 264
158 122 74 67 78 108 107 128 195
212 169 147 134 85 147 105 107 116 154 149 86 138 92 105 86 107 133 296 156 131 115 122 129 106 101 153 186 77 74 76 79 73 82 125 101 104 100
102
65
152 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
|
ie Number. |
Species. |
Gravity. |
ige of Ash. |
Approxi- el Value. |
nt of Elas- |
! of Rupture. |
ce to Longi- Pressure. |
ce to Inden- |
of a Cubic Pounds. |
|
Catalogi |
Specific |
Percent! |
Relative mate Fu |
Coefficie ticity. |
Modulus |
Resistan tudinal |
Resistan tation. |
Weight Foot in ] |
|
|
893 |
Abies balsamea ......... |
0.3819 |
0.45 |
0.3802 |
81924 |
515 |
365 |
75 |
23.80 |
|
394 |
0 3476 |
0.44 |
0.3461 |
76199 |
473 |
302 |
64 |
21.66 |
|
|
395 |
Abies grand is |
0.3545 |
0.49 |
0.3528 |
95838 |
494 |
391 |
51 |
22 09 |
|
396 |
0.85 |
0.3607 |
90889 |
703 |
390 |
78 |
22.67 |
||
|
397 |
Abies bracteata |
0.6783 |
2.04 |
0.6645 |
42 27 |
||||
|
398 |
0 4228 |
0.23 |
0.4218 |
126013 |
792 |
467 |
64 |
26.35 |
|
|
399 |
0 4561 |
0.34 |
0.4545 |
127660 |
862 |
453 |
120 |
28.42 |
|
|
400 |
Abies magnifica |
0.4701 |
0.30 |
0.4687 |
66220 |
701 |
435 |
96 |
29.30 |
|
401 |
Larix Americana |
0.6236 |
0.33 |
0.6215 |
126126 |
901 |
536 |
112 |
38.86 |
|
402 |
0,7407 |
0.09 |
0.7400 |
165810 |
1227 |
689 |
139 |
46.16 |
|
|
403 |
|||||||||
|
404 |
0 4404 |
7.66 |
0.4067 |
27.45 |
|||||
|
405 |
0,5173 |
1.89 |
0.5075 |
56346 |
429 |
227 |
66 |
32.24 |
|
|
406 |
Thrinax parviflora |
0.5991 |
3.99 |
0.5752 |
|||||
|
407 |
Thrinax argentea |
0.7172 |
3.01 |
0.6956 |
44.70 |
||||
|
408 |
Oreodoxa regia |
0.6034 |
2.21 |
0.5901 |
37.60 |
||||
|
409 |
0 6677 |
6.27 |
0.6258 |
41.61 |
|||||
|
410 |
Yucca brevifoha |
0.3737 |
4.00 |
0.3588 |
|||||
|
411 |
9.28 |
0.4055 |
|||||||
|
412 |
0 2724 |
8.94 |
0.2480 |
16.98 |
Specific Gravity.] OF THE UNITED STATES. 153
TABLE II.
The Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Specific Gravity of their
Dry Woods.
|
Order. |
Species. |
Gravity. |
Order. |
Species. |
zi & |
|
0) >■ |
o ec |
> |
|||
|
Relat |
Speci |
Relat |
Speci |
||
|
1 |
1 3020 |
41 |
Eugenia montieola |
0.9156 |
|
|
2 |
Condalia obovata |
1.1999 |
42 |
0 9138 |
|
|
3 |
1 1617 |
43 |
0 9102 |
||
|
4 |
Guaiacum sanctum |
1.1432 |
44 |
Quercus rubra, var. Texana . . |
0.9080 |
|
5 |
Vauquelinia Torreyi .... |
1.1374 |
45 |
Pithecolobium Unguis-cati . . |
0.9049 |
|
6 |
1 1235 |
46 |
0 9048 |
||
|
7 |
1 1101 |
47 |
Xanthoxylum Caribaeum . . . |
0.9002 |
|
|
8 |
1 0905 |
48 |
Prunus spbseroearpa |
0.8998 |
|
|
9 |
1 0838 |
49 |
Calyptrantbes Chytraculia . . |
0.8992 |
|
|
10 |
1 0731 |
50 |
0 8983 |
||
|
11 |
1,0715 |
51 |
|||
|
12 |
1 0602 |
52 |
Eysenhardtia orthocarpa . . . |
0.8740 |
|
|
13 |
1 0459 |
53 |
Piscidia Erythrina |
0.8734 |
|
|
14 |
54 |
Citharexylum villosum .... |
0 8710 |
||
|
15 |
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron . |
1.0109 |
55 |
Prunus Caroliniana |
0.8688 |
|
16 |
Quercus grisea |
1.0092 |
56 |
Crataegus coccinea |
0.8618 |
|
17 |
0 9900 |
57 |
0.8605 |
||
|
18 |
Canella alba |
0.9893 |
58 |
0 8602 |
|
|
19 |
0 9842 |
59 |
0,8550 |
||
|
20 |
0 9835 |
60 |
0 8509 |
||
|
21 |
0.9803 |
61 |
Quercus clirysolepis |
0.8493 |
|
|
22 |
Coecoloba uvifera |
0.9635 |
62 |
0 8460 |
|
|
23 |
Hypelate paniculata |
0.9533 |
. 63 |
Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii |
0.8407 |
|
24 |
0 9507 |
64 |
0 8372 |
||
|
25 |
09501 |
65 |
Sapindus Saponaria |
0.8307 |
|
|
26 |
0.9479 |
66 |
0 8367 |
||
|
27 |
0 9453 |
67 |
0 8341 |
||
|
28 |
Quercus oblongifolia .... |
0.9441 |
68 |
Guettarda elliptica |
0.8337 |
|
29 |
Acacia Wrightii |
0.9392 |
69 |
0 8332 |
|
|
30 |
Cercocarpus parvifolius . . . |
0.9365 |
70 |
08319 |
|
|
31 |
71 |
||||
|
32 |
Chrysopbyllum oliviforme . . |
0.9360 |
72 |
||
|
33 |
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia . |
0.9346 |
73 |
||
|
34 |
Heteromeles arbutifolia . . . |
0.9326 |
74 |
Quercus agrifolia |
0.8253 |
|
35 |
75 |
Carya tomentosa |
0.8218 |
||
|
36 37 |
0 9310 |
76 |
0.8217 |
||
|
0 9263 |
77 |
0 8208 |
|||
|
38 |
0 9235 |
78 |
0 8202 |
||
|
39 |
0 9209 |
79 |
Cornus florida |
0.8153 |
|
|
40 |
0,9196 |
80 |
0 8126 |
154 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Specific Gravity.
|
u |
|||||
|
i Orde |
Species. |
rt |
■c u O |
Species. |
eS |
|
o |
s |
||||
|
Rela |
. . . |
'o s, |
c |
||
|
81 |
Osmantbus Araericanus . . . |
0.8111 |
136 |
0 7405 |
|
|
82 |
137 |
Gleditschia monosperma . . . |
0.7342 |
||
|
83 |
0 8094 |
138 |
Robinia Pseudacacia .... |
0 7333 |
|
|
84 |
0 8073 |
139 |
0 7324 |
||
|
85 |
Quercus Micliauxii |
0.8039 |
140 |
0.7303 |
|
|
86 |
Robinia Neo-Mexicana .... |
0.8034 |
141 |
Quercus Catesbaei |
0 7294 |
|
87 |
Carya myristicaeformis .... |
0 8016 |
142 |
Bumelia tenax |
0.7293 |
|
88 |
0 8009 |
143 |
Crataegus cordata |
0 7293 |
|
|
89 |
Bumelia cuneata |
0.7959 |
144 |
0,7287 |
|
|
90 |
Crataegus subvillosa |
0 7953 |
145 |
Carpinus Caroliniana .... |
0 7286 |
|
91 |
146 |
0.7282 |
|||
|
92 |
0 7917 |
147 |
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata |
0 7275 |
|
|
93 |
Diospyros Virginiana .... |
0.7908 |
148 |
||
|
94 |
149 |
Ulmus racemosa |
0 7263 |
||
|
95 |
0.7879 |
150 |
|||
|
96 |
151 |
Quercus aquatica |
0.7244 |
||
|
97 |
Amelanchier Canadensis . . . |
0.7838 |
152 |
0 7215 |
|
|
98 |
153 |
Crataegus Crus-galli |
0.7194 |
||
|
99 |
0.7745 |
154 |
Fraxinus quadrangulata . . . |
0.7184 |
|
|
100 |
155 |
■ 0,7180 |
|||
|
101 |
156 |
Tbrinax argentea |
0.7172 |
||
|
102 |
157 |
||||
|
103 |
Crataegus rivularis |
0.7703 |
158 |
0.7159 |
|
|
104 |
Nectandra Willdenoviana . . . |
0.7693 |
159 |
0 7142 |
|
|
105 |
Crataegus flava var. pubescens . |
0.7683 |
160 |
Laguncularia racemosa . . . |
0.7137 |
|
106 |
0 7673 |
161 |
Juniperus occidentalis, var. mono- |
||
|
107 |
|||||
|
108 |
162 |
0 7117 |
|||
|
109 |
Fraxinus Americana, var.Texensis |
0.7636 |
163 |
0 7108 |
|
|
110 |
0.7617 |
164 |
|||
|
111 |
Vaccinium arboreum .... |
0 7610 |
165 |
0 7052 |
|
|
112 |
0 7609 |
166 |
0 7048 |
||
|
113 |
167 |
||||
|
114 |
168 |
||||
|
115 |
0.7529 |
169 |
Capparis Jamaicensis .... |
0 6971 |
|
|
116 |
Cercis reuiformis |
0.7513 |
170 |
||
|
117 |
0 7504 |
171 |
0 6951 |
||
|
118 |
Arbutus Texana . . . . |
0.7500 |
172 |
Crataegus Douglasii |
0.6950 |
|
119 |
173 |
Jacquinia armillaris |
0.6948 |
||
|
120 |
Quercus Prinus |
0.7499 |
174 |
||
|
121 |
Ulmus alata |
0.7491 |
175 |
Gymnocladus Canadensis . . . |
0 6934 |
|
122 |
0.7481 |
176 |
|||
|
123 |
Quercus Phellos |
0.7472 |
177 |
Acer saccbarinum, var. nigrum . |
0.6915 |
|
124 |
178 |
||||
|
125 |
179 |
Juniperus occidentalis, var. con- |
|||
|
126 |
Oxydendrum arboreum . . . |
0.7458 |
|||
|
127 |
Crataegus apiifolia |
0.7453 |
180 |
||
|
128 |
Quercus macrocarpa |
0.7453 |
181 |
||
|
129 |
Quercus Garryana |
0.7449 |
182 |
||
|
130 |
Parkinsonia micropbylla . . . |
0.7449 |
183 |
0,6884 |
|
|
131 |
YintlinYvlntn VtprnTn |
0 7444 |
184 |
Fagus ferruginea |
0 6883 |
|
132 |
0 7420 |
185 |
0 6856 |
||
|
133 |
Quercus lobata |
0.7409 |
186 |
Quercus beteropbylla .... |
0.6834 |
|
134 |
0 7407 |
187 |
Quercus densiflora |
0.6827 |
|
|
135 |
0 7407 |
188 |
0 6810 |
Specific Gravity.] OF THE UNITED STATES. 155
|
Order. |
Sp6cies, |
S |
Order. |
Species. |
Gravity. |
|
Relative |
Specific |
Relative |
Specific |
||
|
189 |
Crataegus brachyacantha . . . |
0.6793 |
244 |
Salix cordata, var. vestita . . . |
U.OUOtf |
|
190 |
Cordia Boissieri |
0.6790 |
245 |
||
|
191 |
246 |
Betula occidentalis |
U.bUoU |
||
|
192 |
0 6783 |
247 |
A l!AOQ |
||
|
193 |
248 |
A i'.AAA |
|||
|
194 |
Leucaena pulverulenta .... |
0.6732 |
249 |
A rnnA |
|
|
195 |
250 |
Xanthoxylum Clava - Herculis, |
|||
|
196 |
var. fruticosum |
0.5967 |
|||
|
197 |
251 |
Betula papyrifera |
U.DlJOO |
||
|
198 |
252 |
Pyrus sambucifolia |
A r,noQ |
||
|
199 |
253 |
Liquidambar Styraciflua . . . |
a r,nnn |
||
|
200 |
Fraxinus anomala |
0.6597 |
254 |
a Knno |
|
|
201 |
Euonymus atropurpureus . . .. |
0.6592 |
255 |
A rOAQ |
|
|
202 |
256 |
A KQQQ |
|||
|
203 |
257 |
||||
|
204 |
258 |
Ilex Dahoon, var. myrtifolia . . |
A KD70 |
||
|
205 |
. 259 |
Juniperus pachyphloea .... |
|||
|
200 |
260 |
Prunus serotina |
a rcoo |
||
|
207 |
261 |
A CQ1Q |
|||
|
208 |
262 |
A KQ1 K |
|||
|
209 |
Pisonia obtusata |
0.6529 |
263 |
Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlan- |
|
|
210 |
Umbellularia Californica . . . |
0.6517 |
|||
|
211 |
264 |
||||
|
212 |
265 |
A KHAX. |
|||
|
213 |
A a A A 1 |
266 |
Betula nigra |
||
|
214 |
267 |
Betula alba, var. populifolia . . |
0.5760 |
||
|
215 |
a flior |
268 |
|||
|
216 |
269 |
Fraxinus Oregana |
0.5731 |
||
|
217 |
270 |
||||
|
218 |
0.6420 |
271 |
0.5678 |
||
|
219 |
272 |
Pin us Parry ana Rhamnus Purshiana |
0.5675 |
||
|
220 |
273 |
0.5672 |
|||
|
221 |
PerseaCarolinensis, var. palustris |
0.6396 |
274 |
||
|
All |
Taxus brevifolia |
a floai U.OoVJl |
275 |
Xanthoxylum Americanum . . |
A F.HKA U.0O04 |
|
223 |
A />OOQ |
276 |
|||
|
224 |
Chionanthus Virginiea .... |
0.6372 |
277 |
||
|
225 |
278 |
||||
|
226 |
Magnolia grandiflora .... |
0.6360 |
279 |
0 5576 |
|
|
227 |
280 |
Castanopsis chrysophylla . . . |
0.5574 |
||
|
223 |
Forestiera acuminata .... |
A d OA K 0.0 345 |
281 |
Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata . |
|
|
229 |
0 6340 |
282 |
0 5536 |
||
|
230 |
0 6332 |
283 |
Juniperus Californica, var. Uta- |
||
|
231 |
0 6319 |
0 5522 |
|||
|
232 |
Fraxinus sambucifolia .... |
0.6318 |
284 |
0 5462 |
|
|
233 |
Rhododendron maximum . . . |
0.6303 |
285 |
Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii |
0.5459 |
|
234 |
Juniperus Californica .... |
0 6282 |
286 |
Pinus Chihuahuana |
0.5457 |
|
235 |
0.6278 |
287 |
0 5451 |
||
|
236 |
Cupressus macrocarpa .... |
00261 |
288 |
0 5441 |
|
|
237 |
Fraxinus pubescens |
0.6251 |
289' |
Pinus Balfouriana |
0.5434 |
|
238 |
0 6249 |
290 |
Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana |
0.5412 |
|
|
239 |
0 6236 |
291 |
Pinckneya pubens |
0 5350 |
|
|
240 |
0 6178 |
292 |
0 5350 |
||
|
241 |
Parkinsonia aculeata .... |
0.6116 |
293 |
Salix longifolia, var. exigua . . |
0.5342 |
|
242 |
06115 |
294 |
Acer spicatum |
0.5330 |
|
|
243 |
0 6104 |
295 |
0 5325 |
156 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Specific Gravity.
|
ve Order. |
Species. |
ic Gravity. ! |
ve Order. |
Species. |
c Gravity. |
|
Relati |
— |
i> 4) 04 VI |
H |
Specifi |
|
|
296 |
Magnolia maerophylla .... |
9^1 oOl |
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizenii |
0.4621 |
|
|
297 |
a ^9aq |
oOZ |
Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana . . |
0.4621 |
|
|
298 |
Acer Pen nsy Ivan icum .... |
O "WOQ Vj.OitOU |
9^9 Odd |
Sambucus Mexicana |
04614 |
|
299 |
Planera aquatica |
A fW04 U.O Sv-i |
CO** |
0 4613 |
|
|
300 |
A |
ooo |
0 4607 |
||
|
301 |
Acer dasyearpuni |
0 5269 |
9^ |
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana |
0.4598 |
|
302 |
o ^9nr> |
9^7 |
0.4584 |
||
|
303 |
Nyssa uniflora |
0 5194 |
9<^8 ooo |
0 4574 |
|
|
304 |
Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata . |
0 5184 |
or-.n uOV |
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. ma- |
|
|
305 |
fry -\ i , . |
n m co |
0 4563 |
||
|
306 |
Washingtonia filit'era .... |
A A 1 7 9 U. O l i o |
9 ft A |
0 4561 |
|
|
307 |
n r»i ^7 |
9R1 oOl |
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . |
0.4517 |
|
|
308 |
a Aim |
9R9 OOZ |
Taxodium distichum .... |
0.4543 |
|
|
309 |
O R14A |
ooo |
0 4542 |
||
|
310 |
D AA87 |
0 4525 |
|||
|
311 |
A AA79 |
oOO |
0 4509 |
||
|
312 |
Aantnoxyluin Clava-Herculis |
0.5056 |
ouo |
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana |
0.4504 |
|
313 |
0 5AR3 |
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis . |
0.4502 |
||
|
314 |
0 5042 |
388 ouo |
Ti/r l • TT 1 11 |
0 4487 |
|
|
315 |
Pinus Arizonica |
A AA98 |
9AQ ooy |
0 4474 |
|
|
316 |
Magnolia glauca |
0 503 5 yj .oyjoo |
37A O ( u |
0 4470 |
|
|
317 |
A F.A99 |
371 o / 1 |
0 4456 |
||
|
318 |
A 5AA9 |
979 |
0 4454 |
||
|
319 |
A 4QQfi |
O 1 O |
O „ 1 „1 IV. 1 J A |
0 4404 |
|
|
320 |
A 4 08 A |
374 |
Oil! Mix" 12 |
0 4397 |
|
|
321 |
A 40fi0 |
.97 A O < O |
|||
|
322 |
0 1942 |
376 |
0 4358 |
||
|
323 |
A 40°. A U.t JOO |
377 o/ < |
|||
|
324 |
A 4 09 A |
378 o / o |
04328 |
||
|
325 |
Juniperus Virginiana .... Populus Fremontii |
A 4098 |
37A |
0 4287 |
|
|
326 |
A 4Q14 |
380 |
Tsuga Caroliniana |
0.4275 |
|
|
327 |
0 4909 |
381 |
iEseulus flava |
0.4274 |
|
|
328 |
A 488A |
389 |
0 4261 |
||
|
329 |
Pinus Torreyana |
A 4870 |
383 |
0 4253 |
|
|
330 |
A 4877 |
384 |
0 4239 |
||
|
331 |
A 4879 |
38A |
Linodendron luhpifera . . . |
0.4230 |
|
|
332 |
A 48 "\4 |
98fi ooo |
0 4228 |
||
|
333 |
Cupressus Guadalupensis . . . Pinus Sabiniana |
A 4849 |
387 oo / |
Sequoia sempervirens .... |
0.4208 |
|
334 |
A 48JA |
988 ooo |
0 4165 |
||
|
335 |
Negundo Californicum .... |
A 4291 |
3SQ ooy |
Pinus albicaulis |
0 4165 |
|
336 |
A 481 9 |
3QA oyu |
Populus balsam if era,var. can dicans |
0.4161 |
|
|
337 |
A 48AA |
oyi |
|||
|
338 |
Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis . . . |
A 4789 |
9QO oyz |
0 4136 |
|
|
339 |
0 4761 |
393 |
Pinus Coulteri |
0.4133 |
|
|
340 |
A 47AA |
904 oyi |
Alnus rhombifolia |
0.4127 |
|
|
341 |
0 4756 |
395 |
|||
|
342 |
0 4739 |
396 |
Populus heterophylla .... |
0.4089 |
|
|
343 |
Platanus Wriglitii |
0.4736 |
397 |
0 4086 |
|
|
344 |
0 4728 |
398 |
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens |
0.4074 |
|
|
345 |
Pinus ponderosa |
0 4715 |
399 |
0 4051 |
|
|
346 |
0 4701 |
400 |
0 4032 |
||
|
347 |
0 4690 |
401 |
Libocedrus decurrens .... |
0.4017 |
|
|
348 |
0 4689 |
402 |
Alnus oblongifolia |
0.3981 |
|
|
349 |
0 4666 |
403 |
Asimina triloba |
0.3969 |
|
|
350 |
Populus grandidentata .... |
0 4632 |
404 |
03931 |
Specific Gravity.']
OF THE UNITED STATES.
157
|
fid |
c |
||||
|
Orde |
Species. |
Orde |
Species. |
I |
|
|
CD > 'rt |
to |
<u |
|||
|
'3 |
'§ <u |
||||
|
i |
cu t/2 |
3 |
Cu |
||
|
405 |
41o |
||||
|
400 |
A OflAQ |
/( i n |
Fraxinus platycarpa |
0.3541 |
|
|
407 |
420 |
||||
|
408 |
0 3854 |
421 |
Abies subalpina . . . . . . |
0.3476 |
|
|
409 |
0 3819 |
422 |
0 3149 |
||
|
410 |
423 |
Cliamaseyparis sphaeroulea . . |
0 3322 |
||
|
411 |
424 |
||||
|
412 |
0 3740 |
425 |
0,3104 |
||
|
413 |
0 3737 |
426 |
Bursera gummifera |
0.3003 |
|
|
4H |
0.3684 |
427 |
0 2882 |
||
|
415 |
0 3638 |
428 |
Yucca baccata |
0.2724 |
|
|
410 |
Populus balsa mifera |
0.3G35 |
429 |
0 2616 |
|
|
417 |
0 3565 |
158
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
[Fuel.
TABLE III.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Relative Approximate Fuel Value of their Dry Woods.
Species.
Condalia ferrea . . Rhizophora Mangle . Guaiacum sanctum . Vauquelinia Torreyi Condalia obovata . . Porliera angustifulia . Eugenia longipes . . Cercocarpus ledifblius Sebastiania lueida Mimusops Sieberi. . Amyris sylvatica . . Keynosia latifolia . . Olneya Tesota . . . Genipa clusisefolia Quercus grisea . . . Conocarpus erecta Prunus ilicifolia . . Canella alba . . . Sopbora secundiflora Sideroxylon Mastichodend Coceoloba uvifera Quercus reticulata . Hypelate paniculata Quercus virens . , Coceoloba Floridana , Quercus Durandii . Acacia Wriglitii . , Cercocarpus parvifolius Exostema Caribasum Dipholis salicifolia . . Heteromeles arbutifolia Chrysophyllum oliviforme Eugenia buxifolia . . . Eugenia procera . . . Quercus oblongifolia . . Ximenia Americana . . Quercus Emoryi . . . Quercus rubra, var. Texan a Eugenia nionticola Hypelate trifoliata
1.1938 1.1406 1.1338 1.1209 1.1155 1.1044 1.0844 1.0619 1.0602 1.0555 1.0397 1.0372 1.0359 1.0207 0.9908 0.9868 0.9727 0.9720 0.9686 0 9589 0.9503 0.9430 0.9414 0.9393 0.9310 0.9338 0.9333 0.9323 0.9289 0.9286 0.9276 09244 0.9220 0.9205 0.9195 0.9129 0.9044 0.9003 0.8983 0.8976
Species.
latifolia
Leucsena glauca .... Prunus spbaarocarpa . . Eugenia dicbotoma . . , Avicennia nitida . . . , Quercus Douglasii . . , Pithecolobium Unguis cati Xanthoxylum Caribasum . Myginda pallens .... Calyptrantbes Chytraculia Citbarexylum villosum . . Prunus Caroliniana Drypetes crocea . Eysenbardtia orthoca Crataegus coccinea Drypetes crocea, var Quercus prinoides Acacia Greggii Sopbora affinis . . Quercus cbrysolepis Ardisia Pickeringia Piscidia Erytbrina Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii Carya alba . . . Quercus obtusiloba Ptelea trifoliata . Viburnum prunifoliu Pyrus rivularis Myrsine Rapanea . Quercus lyrata . . Guettarda elliptica Ostrya Virginica . Prunus umbellata . Diospyros Texana Quercus agrifolia . Carya porcina . . , Carya tomentosa . Corn us florida . . Robinia viscosa . , Osmantbus Americanus Colubrina reclinata .
Fuel] OF THE UNITED STATES. 159
|
Relative Order. |
Species. |
He'ative Approxi- ! j mate tuel Value. J |
Relative Order. |
Species. |
|| < .t & a
|
|
81 |
uarya sulcata |
0.8035 |
136 |
0 7313 |
|
|
82 |
Sapindus marginatus .... |
0 8004 |
137 |
Pobinia lJseudacacia .... |
0.7296 |
|
83 |
Sapindus feaponaria |
0 8004 |
138 |
Gleditschia monosperma . . . |
0.7288 |
|
84 |
HnarfHi^ 1VT w ■ 1 1 -l I r Y 1 1 wUrirLlla IVllUIln U All |
0.8003 |
139 |
Viburnum Ijentago . |
0 7282 |
|
85 |
1-? / \\ i 1 1 1 i >i ^Ton IV^p Y 1 f "1 tl '1 i\ tr(J- l*lt:A l^<l ll<l .... |
0.7986 |
140 |
Crataegus cordata |
0.725!) |
|
86 |
lHy rioLlCcKIUI IIJ1S .... |
0 7931 |
141 |
Que reus nigra ....... |
0.7239 |
|
87 |
0 7928 |
142 |
0 7236 |
||
|
88 |
OiiDrnnc 1 i v nnl p n f*fi V^uuicus iivpuicuufi |
0.7902 |
143 |
Qugtcus Catesbasi |
0 7231 |
|
89 |
^votoamic c 1 1 1 k V 1 1 1 n^fl V / 1 <1 1 <cfci * *0 o u yj * * * i w<i ..... |
0.7898 |
144 |
Carpinus Caroliniana |
0 7226 |
|
90 |
I^rnn nc I1 o Tin ll 1 I lulua ^<tpuii |
0.7863 |
145 |
Ulmus racGmosa |
0 7219 |
|
91 |
1^ rtii rwr l €\ l-T'i vn npnsisi |
0 7848 |
146 |
Celtis occidentals |
0 7208 |
|
92 |
T ^ i mc n \t mG \/ i vtf 1 1 1 1 i\ n i\ |
0 7832 |
147 |
IIgx Cassinc |
0 7207 |
|
93 |
TPi'ivinnc It i*p ct or 1 1 |
0 7830 |
148 |
Qugtcus acjuatica |
0 7207 |
|
94 |
"R 1 1 m o 1 i i pnnp'it.i |
149 |
Swietenia IVIaliogoni |
0.7203 |
|
|
95 |
A m o 1 ci n oil l pr 1 HIVIIIOTISW * V 1 1 1 VT 1 fill Ks 1 1 1 C l rtl 1 (Hit- llo 1 3 ... |
0.7795 |
150 |
Prunus Americana |
0 7202 |
|
96 |
Quercus Wislizeni |
0 7775 |
151 |
Ccltis occidcntalis var reticulata |
0.7186 |
|
97 |
0 7748 |
152 |
Parkinsonia micropliylla . . , |
0.7178 |
|
|
98 |
Rhus Metopium |
0 7728 |
153 |
Ulmus crassifolia |
0 7158 |
|
99 |
IN/Tni'l nm ii ii via n ti n r*n JXLrtl^ 1 11 I rt <X 11 1 <l 1 1 1 1 CLl^cl. ..... |
0.7683 |
154 |
Crataegus Crus-galli |
0.7154 |
|
100 |
I1 n t iprr 1 1 a J*i\7iiliiri< |
0,7676 |
155 |
T^nlmiii liitifolin |
0 7131 |
|
101 |
TVrnrn^ mir»rnnli vl 1 n J'lUl U3 IIUL-I Ul/U V . . . . . |
0.7663 |
156 |
Praxinus cjuadrangulata . . . |
0.7128 |
|
102 |
^pr>tn n rl rn Wi lilpnnviimn .^CL-lilllLllrt. IT IIWCIIU* l(lll(l« • . . |
0 7647 |
157 |
Crataegus *patbulata |
0 7112 |
|
103 |
C^vu tcpcrii e tninpiitfKJi v'ir niinf»tnt5i |
0.7645 |
158 |
r^nrvii (ill v rpf" orm i « |
0 709() |
|
104 |
^ llT*\" Cllllfl 1 Jl nn <3 Tf^C^O |
0 7642 |
159 |
Arbutus X^alapGnsis |
0 7081 |
|
105 |
(l HDPfMlfi rlHT^Wll* |
0 7618 |
160 |
Frji viniK virirli« |
0 7071 |
|
106 |
Crat33"*us flava, vrf. pubescens |
0.7613 |
161 |
Junipcrus occidcntalis, var. mono- |
|
|
107 |
Oupt'miq 1 a ii rifi >1 i n |
0 7610 |
QTiprni :i |
0 7062 |
|
|
108 |
162 |
Qucrcus tiuctoria |
0 7025 |
||
|
109 |
"RVsiYiniiQ Ampripjinn vnr TpYPn*:i< |
0.7583 |
163 |
Arl^ntiiQ A'Tpnyipeii |
0 7024 |
|
110 |
Vaccinium arborcum |
0 7580 |
164 |
Fremontia Oalitornica |
0 7021 |
|
111 |
fti'lifpffprin frntpif'pnfl |
0 7548 |
165 |
l .ii criiiHMiliirin T^Mpnincci |
0 7021 |
|
112 |
Crata3'JUS tomcntosa |
0.7546 |
166 |
Pvrn^ f^rnniinQ |
0 7011 |
|
113 |
Prosopis pubescens |
0.7537 |
167 |
r Iimi^ 1 n^ri*i < |
0 6982 |
|
114 |
Quercus imbricaria |
0.7497 |
168 |
T^lirinnY a rtrATi tp<i |
0 B95(i |
|
115 |
Prosopis juliflora ...... |
0.7485 |
169 |
(!rjl tfPtriiQ "PiniKrlacii |
0 6427 |
|
116 |
PimiQ {^nUpnsi'S |
0 7484 |
170 |
rfnniiQ mp m i c c q |
0 6916 |
|
117 |
Carya amara |
0.7474 |
171 |
Ouprpns fflK'ntn |
0 6911 |
|
118 |
Andromeda ferruginea . |
0 7465 |
172 |
Ulmus fulva |
0 6898 |
|
119 |
Arbutus TGxana |
0.7462 |
173 |
Gymnocladus Canadensis . • |
0.6888 |
|
120 |
Cercis renilormis |
0.7455 |
174 |
Quercus palustris |
0 6882 |
|
121 |
Cornus Nuttallii |
0 7444 |
175 |
Acer saccbarinum |
0.6875 |
|
122 |
QiiGrcus Prinus |
0.7441 |
176 |
.1 ll n l nprn g pppimpti f nl la vnr r*/iii- |
|
|
i £■> |
0 7.1QQ |
"iiicpns |
0 6875 |
||
|
124 |
Quercus Phellos |
0 7435 |
177 |
Pyrus angustifolia |
0 6872 |
|
125 |
Oxvdendrum arboreum .... |
0 7430 |
178 |
Acer saccharin um, var. nigrum |
0.6866 |
|
126 |
Quercus Garryana |
0 7424 |
179 |
r^Trnnntt onmictiTrilia |
0 6865 |
|
127 |
Ulmus alata |
0 7417 |
180 |
A ppr crrnnfli^pntatnm |
0 6S58 |
|
128 |
Bumelia lycioides |
0 7407 |
181 |
"Kciornft fpTriKTinpn |
0 6848 |
|
129 |
Quercus macrocarpa |
0 7400 |
182 |
rl!ini!liYlpll8 A/ J Y*fTI 11 1 1 »0 |
0 |
|
130 |
0 7400 |
183 |
0 6H22 * |
||
|
131 |
184 |
0 6808 |
|||
|
132 |
185 |
Fraxinus pistaciasfolia .... |
0.6768 |
||
|
133 |
Xantboxylum Pterota .... |
0.7386 |
186 |
Crataegus brachyacantha . . . |
0.6764 |
|
134 |
Cratcfigus apiifolia |
0.7381 |
187 |
0 6756 |
|
|
135 |
0 7368 |
188 |
06725 |
160
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
[Fuel.
|
Order. |
Species. |
Approxi- el Value. |
Order. |
Species. |
A pproxi- 1 Value. |
|
Relative |
« a |
Relative |
Relative mate Fue |
||
|
189 |
Jacquinia armillaris . |
0 6708 |
244 |
Pisonia obtusata |
|
|
1 (\C\ 1UO |
Gleditschia triacanthos . |
0 6686 |
245 |
Rptlllfl Mf'fi Hon 1 1 1 ia xjcuiia wvi^njt^ii icillo . . . ... |
0.6012 |
|
191 |
Myrica Californica |
0 6681 |
246 |
Acer glabruni |
|
|
192 |
247 |
in ivuiouijia a\y u itrcl LtX .... |
0.5974 |
||
|
193 |
Leucsena pulverulenta . |
0 6664 |
248 |
T?liamnil<s f^nlif'nrnw'ti |
|
|
194 |
249 |
Bptiiln ruinvrifpra jjtLuia u<iuy inrid ..... |
0.5940 |
||
|
195 |
Capparis Jamaicensis .... |
0.6639 |
250 |
Xa 1) t ll n wl 11 m OIm V1-T-Tnrc>iilic var |
|
|
196 |
Acer circinatum |
Triiti/^n^nm |
0.5922 |
||
|
197 |
Euonynius atropurpureus . . . |
0.6554 |
251 |
Pvrni! % ji m 1 m fifr^ i n |
|
|
198 |
Oordia Boissieri |
0.6550 |
252 |
Oreodoxa regia |
|
|
199 |
Fraxinus anomala |
0 6541 |
253 |
Castanea pumila |
|
|
200 |
Betula lutea |
0.6533 |
254 |
Cbilopsis saligna |
|
|
201 |
Crataegus aestivalis |
0 6527 |
255 |
Eicjuidambar Styraciflua |
0.5873 |
|
202 |
Quereus rubra |
0.6523 |
256 |
JMorus rubra |
|
|
208 |
Bumelia spinosa |
0 6521 |
257 |
Juniperus pacbypblosa .... |
0.5823 |
|
204 |
Canotia liolacantba |
0 6518 |
258 |
Tlpv Oillinoli vflr n» vrtifr\li.i -i i vr vv j v «i 1 1 w w 1 1 , veil. J n \ I [ I j < ) 1 1 . i , . |
0.5820 |
|
205 |
Fraxinus Americana |
0.6516 |
259 |
T^rnnns ^prntini} |
0 5813 |
|
206 |
Umbellularia Californica |
0.6492 |
260 |
Pinus contorta |
|
|
207 |
06488 |
261 |
Ilex opaca |
||
|
208 |
Bumelia lanuginosa Parkinsonia Torreyana |
0.6464 |
262 |
.Til ni nprii <5 nrvirlpnt'ilie |
0.5758 |
|
ZUy |
0.6458 |
Of* '7 ZOO |
Thrinax parviflora |
||
|
210 |
(IratflPfTiK u rlinrpQf»pn e |
0 6155 |
264 |
TTVfl vinil<s vivirlic vnr "Rorl «»nfl In J-'IflAIIlUo > 11 llllo, \ ell . OUl lclllUHj- |
|
|
211 |
Ulmus Americana |
0 6454 |
|||
|
212 |
Pinus cembroides • |
0.6453 |
265 |
Betula alba, var. populifolia |
0.5743 |
|
213 |
( Illpr^lw T\ pi lnrr(_rii lllius cotinoides |
0 6418 |
206 |
"I^vr^nn i nia Inf'irin |
0.5743 |
|
214 |
0.6393 |
267 |
Rpriilfi niorn |
||
|
215 |
Persea Carolinensis |
0 6380 |
268 |
Fraxinus Oregana |
|
|
216 |
Taxus brevifolia |
0 6377 |
269 |
Ceanotlius tliyrsiflorus |
0.5710 |
|
217 |
Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris |
06372 |
270 |
Halesia diptera |
0.5681 |
|
218 |
0 6355 |
271 |
Platanus occidentalis |
||
|
219 |
T^inuc; or 1 1 1 1 i c |
0 6348 |
272 |
l^iiinci Parrv^na |
|
|
• )OA 220 |
Oiip rp n « p i n p rp *i |
2/3 |
1 i n m n ii<s l^nr<liinni H Udllll 1 Uo JL LI 1 c*l 1 1 CI 11 cl . . ■ • . |
0.5634 |
|
|
221 |
Chion<inthus Virginicci .... |
0.6340 |
2<4 |
Xanthoxy lum Americanum |
0.5622 |
|
222 |
Tuxus Floridan?i |
0.6327 |
275 |
Pinus monopliylla |
|
|
223 |
JVIfignoliri gr&ndiflorci |
0.6326 |
Zib |
||
|
224 |
pJv^^n «:vlvntipn Ot^rci** C<intid6nsis |
0 6323 |
1577 |
T-?Mlps;iii tptriintpm |
|
|
225 |
0 6317 |
2/8 |
Pinus clausa |
||
|
2 ZD |
Hnrp^ti pn n pn m in n f n |
0 6299 |
Z(\) |
Pinus Balfouriana var. aristata |
U.OOOt) |
|
227 |
Lysilonici lRtisili(jUfi |
0 6282 |
280 |
Castanopsis cbrysopliylla . . |
0.5554 |
|
228 |
Rhododendron maximum |
0.6280 |
ZoL |
Salix lasiolepis |
A KitOO |
|
229 |
Frnxinus samljucif olici |
0 6273 |
282 |
Juniperus Californica, var. Tlta- |
|
|
230 |
Clndr#stis tinctorici |
0 6260 |
bensis . |
0 5495 |
|
|
231 |
UngnRdia, sp<?cios3» |
0 6258 |
283 |
Hippomane IMancinella .... |
0.5474 |
|
232 |
Yuccci cnnnliculcitci |
0 6258 |
284 |
Acer rubrum var. I^rummondii . |
0.5440 |
|
233 |
Frtixinu^ pub(?scGns |
0 6235 |
285 |
Pinus Cliihuabuana . |
0 5436 |
|
234 |
Juniperus Cfllifornicni |
0.6235 |
286 |
Pinus Taeda |
0.5427 |
|
235 |
V/I cMcll I let L> lit U! Ul 11 1 let • • • |
0.6234 |
287 |
TJliammiQ i i vnl i n im na |
0 5427 |
|
236 |
\, ii tiro^^n «: m n pro pi rnn |
0 6225 |
288 |
Pinus Balfouriana |
0.5412 |
|
237 |
Cliftonia ligustrina |
0.6223 |
289 |
Pyrus Americana |
0 5406 |
|
238 |
0 6215 |
290 |
Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana |
0.5391 |
|
|
239 |
Acer rubrum |
0.6155 |
291 |
Salix Hookcriana |
0.5333 |
|
240 |
06119 |
292 |
0 5328 |
||
|
241 |
0 6086 |
293 |
|||
|
242 |
0 6067 |
294 |
0.5307 |
||
|
243 |
Salix cordata, var. vestita . . . |
0.6033 1 |
295 |
Fuel]
OF THE UNITED STATES.
161
Species.
Magnolia macrophylla . . . Symp locos tinctoria .... Salix longifolia, var. exigua . Acer Pennsylvanicum . . .
Planera aquatica
Acer dasycarpum
Rhus copallina
Pinus Jeffreyi
Tsuga Mertensiana ....
Nyssa uniflora
Pseudotsuga Douglasii . . . Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata
Pinus rigida
Torreya taxifolia ..... Washingtonia filifera . . .
Salix Sitchensis
Sassafras officinale .... Pinus Arizonica ..... Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis
Magnolia glauca
Sambucus glauca
Prunus Pennsylvanica . . .
Magnolia Fraseri
Alnus maritima
iEsculus California ....
Salix flavescens
Pinus muricata
Pinus pungens
Juniperus Virginiana . . .
Salix longifolia
Acer maerophyllum .... Populus Fremontii ....
Pinus reflexa
Pinus Torreyana
Salix laevigata
Pinus resinosa
Platanus racemosa .... Cupressus Guadalupensis . .
Pinus Sabiniana
Anona laurifolia
Negundo Californium . . .
Alnus rubra
Chamaeeyparis Nutkaensis Ilex Dahoon ......
Pinus Banksiana
Salix lasiandra
Pinus ponderosa
Torreya California . . . . Gordonia Lasianthus Abies magnifica . . . . . Magnolia acuminata .... Platanus Wrightii .... Cupressus Goveniana . . .
Alnus serrulata
Chamaeeyparis Lawsoniana .
0.5290
0.5289
0.5285
0.5280
0.5270
0.5252
0.5241
0.5192
0.5160
0.5158
0.5153
0.5140
0.5139
0.5107
0.5075
0.5042
0.5037
0.5028
0.5015
0.5011
0.5007
0.5003
0.4989
0.4977
0.4945
0.4939
0.4929
0.4922
0.4920
0.4906
0.4882
0.4876
0.4864
0.4862
0.4844
0.4841
0.4826
0.4822
0.4821
0.4807
0.4795
0.4793
0.4766
0.4762
0.4750
0.4727
0.4698
0.4696
0.4692
0.4687
0.4676
0.4672
0.4668
0.4648
0.4616
351
352 353 354 355 356 357 358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
Species.
Populus grandidentata ....
Nyssa capitata
Alnus incana
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana
Picea nigra
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni
Pinus insignis
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. ma-
crocarpa
Abies nobilis
Taxodium distichum .... Sambucus Mexicana ....
Ficus pedunculata
iEsculus glabra
Tilia Americana
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana Prunus emarginata, var. mollis .
Magnolia Umbrella
Salix amygdaloides
Catalpa bignonioides ....
Tsuga Pattoniana
Salix nigra
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia .
Salix sessilifolia
Rhus venenata
Pinus flexilis
Rhus typhina
Negundo aceroides
Picea Sitchensis
Tsuga Caroliniana
Salix discolor
JEseulus flava
Tilia heterophylla
Liriodendron Tulipifera . . .
Tsuga Canadensis
Abies amabilis
Sequoia sempervirens ....
Pinus albicaulis
Catalpa speciosa
Populus balsamifera,var.candicans
Magnolia cordata
Pinus Coulteri
Alnus rhombifolia
Simaruba glauca
Pinus Murrayana
Sabal Palmetto
Jiiglans cinerea
Populus heterophylla ....
Yucca alata
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens
Picea alba
Libocedrus decurrens ....
Populus tremuloides
Alnus oblongifolia
Asimina triloba
0.4559 0.4545 0.4524 0.4522 0.4506 0.4503 0.4500 0.4496 0.4493 0.4478 0.4468 0.4457 0.4434 0.4425 0.4411 0.4375 0.4354 0.4346 0.4335 0.4282 0.4280 0.4258 0.4243 0.4231 0.4227 0.4220 0.4220 0.4218 0.4202 0.4154 0.4149 0.4142 0.4126 0.4118 0.4104 0.4098 0.4083 0.4067 0.4065 0.4056 0.4055 0.4048 0.4038 0.4014 0.4010 0.3964 0.3961
11
162
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
[Fuel.
|
Order. j |
Species. |
Approxi- el Value. |
Order. |
Species. |
Approxi- ;1 Value. |
|
*** |
I |
« 3 |
|||
|
Relat |
Relat |
Relat |
Relat |
||
|
4UO |
Firms glabra |
41o |
C\ OK ACt |
||
|
406 |
419 |
Abies grandis |
0.3528 |
||
|
407 |
Populus angustifolia |
0.3881 |
420 |
1 raxinus platycarpa |
0.3515 |
|
408 |
0 3852 |
421 |
0,3487 |
||
|
409 |
Pinus Strobus |
0.3847 |
422 |
0 3461 |
|
|
410 |
0 3802 |
423 |
Picea Pingeliuanni |
0.3338 |
|
|
411 |
0 3790 |
424 |
Chamascyparis sphgeroidea |
0.3311 |
|
|
412 |
Populus trichocarpa |
0 37(56 |
425 |
Thuya occidentals |
0.3152 |
|
413 |
Picea pungens |
0.3726 |
426 |
Cereus giganteus |
0 3078 |
|
414 |
0.3676 |
427 |
0 2942 |
||
|
415 |
0 3611 |
428 |
Sequoia gigantea |
0.2868 |
|
|
416 |
0.3607 |
429 |
0 2484 |
||
|
417 |
0 3588 |
430 |
0 2480 |
Elasticity .~\
OF THE UNITED STATES.
163
TABLE IV.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Elasticity of their Woods ( Coefficient of Elasticity, — Kilogram, Centimetre).
|
w cS |
a |
||||
|
u |
S |
m |
|||
|
© |
Species. |
mt of |
V o |
Species. |
:nt of |
|
ative |
> |
f 1? |
|||
|
U '3 |
m |
o '3 C> T3 |
|||
|
i i |
165810 |
a n 47 |
114108 |
||
|
o Z |
Rhizophora Mangle |
165567 |
48 |
113627 |
|
|
Q o |
161723 |
49 |
Coccoloba Jblondana .... |
113538 |
|
|
A e± |
158533 |
50 |
113216 |
||
|
p. 0 |
157747 |
51 |
112847 |
||
|
157510 |
52 |
112798 |
|||
|
7 |
148733 |
CO 53 |
112461 |
||
|
Q o |
Carya myristieaefonnis . . . |
146484 |
. 54 |
Chrysopliyllum oliviforme . . |
112424 |
|
Q |
146108 |
55 |
112296 |
||
|
10 xu |
141398 |
56 |
111698 |
||
|
1 1 1 1 |
140151 |
57 |
Populus trichocarpa .... |
111694 |
|
|
12 |
58 |
111322 |
|||
|
13 |
ow |
Hypelate paniculata .... |
111144 |
||
|
14 |
137483 |
60 |
110973 |
||
|
i ^ |
Ostrya Virginiea |
137276 |
61 |
Chrysobalanus Icaco .... |
110973 |
|
16 |
Dipholis salicifolia |
133593 |
62 |
109987 |
|
|
1 7 J. < |
133438 |
63 |
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron . |
109948 |
|
|
18 |
130557 |
64 |
109628 |
||
|
1 Q J. u |
Robinia Pseudacacia .... |
129238 |
65 |
109200 |
|
|
20 |
Pseudotsuga Douglasii .... |
128297 |
66 |
Gleditschia triacanthos . . . |
108579 |
|
91 |
127660 |
67 |
108507 |
||
|
99 _— |
Salix flavescens, var.Scouleriana |
126216 |
1 68 |
108507 |
|
|
23 |
126126 |
69 |
108507 |
||
|
24 |
126013 |
70 |
108507 |
||
|
25 |
Quercus laurifolia |
125916 |
71 |
108507 |
|
|
26 |
Citharexylum villosum . . . |
125717 |
72 |
108507 |
|
|
27 |
125473 |
73 |
Fraxinus Americana, var. Tex- |
||
|
28 |
Osmanthus Americanus ... |
123133 |
108174 |
||
|
29 |
122657 |
74 |
Cupressus macrocarpa .... |
107327 |
|
|
30 |
Quercus heterophylla .... |
122494 |
75 |
Umbellularia Californica . . . |
106766 |
|
31 |
Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana . . |
121772 |
76 |
Swietenia Mahogoni .... |
106272 |
|
32 |
120996 |
77 |
106046 |
||
|
33 |
Quercus chrysolepis .... |
119810 |
78 |
Populus Fremontii |
105116 |
|
34 |
Amelanchier Canadensis . . . |
119677 |
79 |
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. ma- |
|
|
35 |
Exostema Caribaeum .... |
119357 |
105007 |
||
|
36 |
Quercus imbricaria |
119357 |
80 |
105007 |
|
|
37 |
Pinus muricata |
119357 |
81 |
105005 |
|
|
38 |
119111 |
82 |
Gynmocladus Canadensis . . |
104822 |
|
|
39 |
Gleditschia monosperma . . . |
116991 |
83 |
103890 |
|
|
40 |
116957 |
84 |
103884 |
||
|
41 |
Magnolia macrophylla .... |
116854 |
85 |
103468 |
|
|
42 |
Carya tomentosa |
114995 |
86 |
Quercus tinctoria |
103427 |
|
43 |
Robinia Neo-Mexicana . . . . |
114889 |
87 |
103372 |
|
|
44 |
Carpinus Caroliniana .... |
114881 |
88 |
Quercus rubra, var. Texana . . |
103343 |
|
45 |
114316 |
89 |
Carya porcina |
103300 |
|
|
46 |
114108 |
90 |
Taxodium distichum .... |
103206 |
164
THE PHYSICAL PROPER'
.TIES OF THE WOODS [Eh
lasticity.
species.
11a
Cornus Nuttallii , Carya amara . . Cbamascyparis Nutkaens Acer saccbarinum, var. Conoearpus electa . Picea alba .... Fraxinus Americana Carya aquatica . . Castanopsis cbrysopby Mimusops Sieberi . Cladrastis tinctoria . Bourreria Havanensis Populus monilifera . Myrica Calif ornica . Picea Sitcbensis . . Pinus insignis ... Sophora affinis . . Colubrina reclinata . Quercus nigra . . . Abies Fraseri . . . Quercus alba . . . Quercus Michauxii . Quercus densiflora . Populus grandidentata Abies grandis . . . Quercus a grifolia . . Ulmuc fulva . . . Pinus monticola . . Negundo Californicum Magnolia Fraseri . . Quercus hypoleuca . Maclura aurantiaca . Acer rubrum . . . Pinus Banksiana . . Magnolia cordata Prunus Caroliniana . Siniaruba glauca . . Quercus macrocarpa Magnolia acuminata Pinus Jeffrey i . . . Liriodendron Tulipifen Betula occidentalis . Magnolia glauca . . Pinus reflexa . . . Rbamnus Pursbiana Abies concolor . . Viburnum prunifolium Quercus bicolor . . Magnolia grandiflora Fraxinus viridis . . Crataegus subvillosa . Tsuga Canadensis Oxydendrum arboreum Myrica cerifera Salix lasiolepis Pinus ponderosa
grum
3
■s
.22
si
a> . « o o OS
103081 10298G 102881 102720 102411 102280 101C68 101261 101195 10022G 100226 99649 99417 991G1 99001 97850 97G94 97656 97656 97170 97089 96373 96347 96327 95838 9527G 95274 £5008 • 94532 94462 94409 94373 94284 94231 94073
93217 92929 92817 92777 92GG7 92424 91299 91287 91268 90889 90654 90G36 C0330 90313 90023 89970 88851 88778 88778 88731
147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160
161
162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 170 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 180 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201
Species.
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . Fraxinus sambucifolia ....
Olneya Tesota
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata Xantboxylum Caribaeum . . . Platanus occidentalis .... Liquidambar Styraciflua . . .
Guaiacum sanctum
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis .
Quercus Wislizeni
Prunus serotina
Quercus oblongifolia .... Populus balsamifera .... Castanea vulgaris, var. Ameri- cana
Pinus Strobus
Piscidia Erytbrina
Persea Carolincnsis, var. palustris
Fraxinus Oregana
Libocedrus decurrens ....
Tilia beteropbylla
Alnus rbombifolia
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni
Tilia Americana
Persea Carolinensis .....
Arbutus Menziesii
Quercus Durandii
Sapindus marginatus .... Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia .
Quercus obtusiloba
Torreya taxifolia
Prunus Americana
Prosopis pubescens
Morus rubra
Pinus Arizonica
Catalpa speciosa
Cornus florida
Abies balsamea
Nyssa sylvatica
Populus tremuloides .... Andromeda ferruginea ....
Juglans cinerea
Fraxinus pubescens
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens
Quercus Garryana
Picea Engelmanni
Pinus pungens
Gordonia Lasiantbus ....
Pinus Lambertiana *
Crataegus arborcscens ....
Quercus Pbellos
Cliftonia ligustrina
Diospyros Vireiniana ....
Bumelia lycioides
Acer macropbyllum
Tsuga Pattoniana
Elasticity. ~\
OF THE UNITED STATES.
165
|
Elas- |
ti |
Elas- |
|||
|
Orde |
Species. |
nt of |
Orde |
Species. |
nt of |
|
> |
efficie ity. |
lative |
efficie ity. |
||
|
5 |
o-J |
||||
|
202 |
Fraxinus quadrangulata |
77439 |
256 |
Svmplocos tinctoria |
62202 |
|
203 |
Quercus DouWasii I'M mis Murray an a |
77166 |
257 |
Arbutus Xalapensis ..... |
61577 |
|
204 |
77113 |
258 |
Juniperus pachyphlcea .... |
61275 |
|
|
205 |
Alnus oblon (yif olia |
76937 |
259 |
Prunus an°°ustifolia |
60281 |
|
206 |
Prunus demissa • |
76895 |
260 |
Bumelia cuneata . |
60281 |
|
207 |
Abies subalpina |
76199 |
261 |
Fraxinus pistaciaefolia .... |
60119 |
|
208 |
Tax us brevifolia • |
76133 |
262 |
Pinus Balfouriana |
59386 |
|
.209 |
Bumelia tenax |
75120 |
263 |
Crataegus aestivalis |
59185 |
|
210 |
Quercus cinerea |
75120 |
264 |
Pinus Sabiniana |
58517 |
|
211 |
XTl in us Americana |
74742 |
265 |
Kalmia latifolia . |
58484 |
|
212 |
Quercus Kelloccii |
74488 |
266 |
58297 |
|
|
213 |
Magnolia Umbrella . |
74365 |
267 |
Negundo aceroides . |
58156 |
|
214 |
Rhamnus Caroliniana .... |
74084 |
268 |
58127 |
|
|
215 |
Quercus "risea |
73982 |
269 |
Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii |
57162 |
|
216 |
Rhus copallina |
73647 |
270 |
56346 |
|
|
217 |
Juniperus occidentalis, var. con- |
271 |
Parkinsonia Torreyana |
55839 |
|
|
ju^ens .... , |
73426 |
272 |
Picea pungens |
55360 |
|
|
218 |
273 |
Planera aquatica |
55167 |
||
|
219 |
Crataegus tomentosa .... |
73160 |
274 |
Pinus clausa |
54421 |
|
220 |
Pop ul us balsamifera, v.ir. can- |
275 |
54295 |
||
|
270 |
Pinus inops |
54295 |
|||
|
221 |
Betula <alba, var. populifolia . |
72970 |
277 |
54213 |
|
|
222 |
Juglans rupestris |
72632 |
278 |
Thuva occidentalis |
53311 |
|
223 |
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis |
72577 |
279 |
59503 |
|
|
224 |
72575 |
280 |
Ulmus alata |
52323 |
|
|
225 |
Laguncularia racemosa |
72396 |
281 |
Sassafras officinale . |
51910 |
|
226 |
Populus heterophylla . |
72338 |
282 |
51678 |
|
|
227 |
Acer circinatum . |
71810 |
283 |
Salix amvgdaloides . |
50144 |
|
228 |
71664 |
284 |
Anona laurifolia |
50113 |
|
|
229 |
Pinus Balfouriana var. aristata |
71482 |
285 |
Cupressus Goveniana |
49941 |
|
230 |
71282 |
286 |
Cyrilla racemifolia |
48828 |
|
|
231 |
Crataegus flava, var. pubescens . |
70765 |
287 |
Salix laevigata |
48828 |
|
232 |
Ulmus crassifolia. |
70399 |
288 |
Bumelia lanuginosa .... |
48334 |
|
233 |
Forestiera acuminata .... |
70282 |
289 |
Asimina triloba . |
48179 |
|
234 |
Cercis Canadensis |
68798 |
290 |
Fraxinus platycarpa .... |
47637 |
|
235 |
68527 |
291 |
Pisonia obtusata |
45503 |
|
|
236 |
Halesia diptera |
68321 |
292 |
Bysiloma latisiliqua .... |
46064 |
|
237 |
Pinckneya pubens |
68291 |
293 |
Populus an°Tistifolia |
45847 |
|
238 |
^sculus Californica .... |
68216 |
294 |
Platanus Wri^htii . |
45644 |
|
239 |
Catalpa bignonioides .... |
68161 |
295 |
Sequoia gigantea |
45146 |
|
240 |
Nyssa capitata |
68083 |
296 |
Pinus glabra |
44750 |
|
241 |
Sequoia sempervirens .... |
67646 |
297 |
Pinus nionophylla |
43488 |
|
242 |
Finns flexilis . |
67531 |
298 |
Pinus tuberculata |
42870 |
|
243 |
Crataegus spathulata .... |
67349 |
299 |
"Pinus edulis |
42094 |
|
244 |
Juniperus Virginiana .... |
66992 |
300 |
Bur^era gummifera |
41694 |
|
245 |
Carya olivaeformis |
66646 |
301 |
Ficus pedunculata . . |
40690 |
|
246 |
Crataegus Crus-galli . |
66436 |
302 |
Cliamaecy paris sphaeroidea . • |
40410 |
|
247 |
Abies magnifica |
66220 |
303 |
Torreya Californica .... |
40146 |
|
248 |
Rhododendron maximum |
64578 |
304 |
||
|
249 |
64438 |
305 |
Salix nigra . |
39062 |
|
|
250 |
64317 |
306 |
|||
|
251 |
64241 |
307 |
37783 |
||
|
252 |
64192 |
308 |
Sambucus glauca |
30517 |
|
|
253 |
309 |
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana |
30517 |
||
|
254 |
62600 |
310 |
25699 |
||
|
255 |
62401 |
166
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Strength.
TABLE V.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Strength of their Woods (Modulus of Rupture, — Kilogram, Centimetre).
|
i s |
Rupture |
V |
Rupturej |
||
|
o |
Species. |
<t-l o |
o |
Species. |
<«-! o |
|
Relative |
Modulus |
Relative |
Modulus |
||
|
1 |
Larya myristicaelormis .... |
1394 |
45 |
1045 |
|
|
2 |
46 |
1043 |
|||
|
3 |
1273 |
47 |
1041 |
||
|
4 |
Quereus ehrysolepis |
1268 |
48 |
||
|
5 |
1248 |
49 |
1036 |
||
|
6 |
1238 |
50 |
1031 |
||
|
7 |
1227 |
51 |
1031 |
||
|
8 |
1218 |
52 |
Gleditsehia monosperma .... |
1027 |
|
|
9 |
1216 |
53 |
1026 |
||
|
10 |
1216 |
54 |
1025 |
||
|
11 |
1207 |
55 |
Quereus rubra, var. Texana |
1024 |
|
|
12 |
1200 |
56 |
1019 |
||
|
13 |
1193 |
57 |
1017 |
||
|
14 |
1190 |
5<s |
1005 |
||
|
15 |
1181 |
59 |
1003 |
||
|
16 |
1176 |
60 |
Quereus Douglasii |
993 |
|
|
17 |
1172 |
61 |
993 |
||
|
18 |
1172 |
62 |
993 |
||
|
19 |
1164 |
63 |
993 |
||
|
20 |
1152 |
i' i b4 |
Cornus Nuttallii |
Afll 991 |
|
|
21 |
1149 |
65 |
991 |
||
|
22 |
Carpinus Caroliniana |
1149 |
66 |
989 |
|
|
23 |
1148 |
67 |
989 |
||
|
24 |
1148 |
68 |
Quereus maerocarpa |
982 |
|
|
25 |
1134 |
69 |
972 |
||
|
26 |
Amelanchier Canadensis . . . |
1132 |
70 |
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron . |
970 |
|
27 |
1131 |
71 |
Acer saeeharinum, var. nigrum . |
962 |
|
|
28 |
1129 |
72 |
Chrysobalanus Icaco |
961 |
|
|
29 |
Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis |
1125 |
73 |
Viburnum prunifolium .... |
951 |
|
30 |
1118 |
74 |
946 |
||
|
31 |
Quereus hypoleuca |
1113 |
75 |
944 |
|
|
32 |
■1101 |
76 |
942 |
||
|
33 |
1090 |
77 |
Citharexylum villosum .... |
937 |
|
|
34 |
1083 |
78 |
937 |
||
|
35 |
1078 |
79 |
935 |
||
|
36 |
1073 |
80 |
Prunus Caroliniana |
928 |
|
|
37 |
1066 |
81 |
Gleditsehia triacanthos .... |
923 |
|
|
88 |
1065 |
82 |
914 |
||
|
39 |
1055 |
83 |
Coccoloba Floridana |
918 |
|
|
40 |
1054 |
84 |
Robinia Neo-Mexicana .... |
909 |
|
|
41 |
1052 |
85 |
909 |
||
|
42 |
Osmanthus American us .... |
1051 |
86 |
Salix flaveseens, var. Scouleriana |
909 |
|
43 |
1046 |
87 |
909 |
||
|
44 |
1046 |
88 |
907 |
Strength. 1
OF THE UNITED STATES.
167
|
ative Order. |
Species. |
idulus of Rupture. |
lative Order. |
)dulus of Rupture. |
|
|
« |
a |
||||
|
oy |
905 |
144 |
782 |
||
|
on yu |
904 |
145 |
779 |
||
|
Q1 dl |
904 |
146 |
Betula alba, var. populifolia . . |
778 |
|
|
U9 |
902 |
147 |
775 |
||
|
yo |
902 |
148 |
773 |
||
|
901 |
149 |
Gymnocladus Canadensis . . . |
771 |
||
|
Fraxinus viridis |
895 |
150 |
770 |
||
|
yo |
894 |
151 |
770 |
||
|
Q7 |
Cbamaecyparis Lawsoniana . |
888 |
152 |
768 |
|
|
98 |
887 |
153 |
766 |
||
|
884 |
154 |
Juniperus pacbypblcea .... |
761 |
||
|
inn |
883 |
155 |
761 |
||
|
Pseudotsuga Douglasii .... |
881 |
156 |
756 |
||
|
102 |
879 |
157 |
Xantboxylum Caribaeum . . . |
754 |
|
|
103 |
879 |
158 |
Piscidia Erytlirina |
752 |
|
|
104 |
872 |
159 |
Rhamnus Pursbiana |
750 |
|
|
10^ |
869 |
160 |
750 |
||
|
106 |
869 |
161 |
749 |
||
|
107 |
864 |
162 |
747 |
||
|
108 |
864 |
163 |
747 |
||
|
109 |
862 |
164 |
Pin us Jeffrey i |
744 |
|
|
110 |
861 |
165 |
Castanopsis cbrysopbylla . . . |
741 |
|
|
111 |
Chrysophyllum oliviformo . . . |
857 |
166 |
740 |
|
|
1 19 |
857 |
167 |
740 |
||
|
113 |
856 |
168 |
739 |
||
|
114 i itt |
852 |
169 |
738 |
||
|
115 |
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. ma- |
170 |
736 |
||
|
846 |
171 |
736 |
|||
|
116 |
843 |
172 |
Oxydendrum arboreum .... |
728 |
|
|
117 |
832 |
173 |
726 |
||
|
118 |
830 |
174 |
726 |
||
|
119 |
829 |
175 |
Crataegus flava, var. pubescens |
724 |
|
|
120 |
820 |
176 |
724 |
||
|
121 |
Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris |
820 |
177 |
721 |
|
|
122 |
820 |
178 |
Populus grandidentata .... |
721 |
|
|
123 |
818 |
179 |
Pinus ponderosa |
720 |
|
|
124 |
815 |
180 |
719 |
||
|
125 |
813 |
181 |
Tsuga Pattoniana |
719 |
|
|
126 |
Acer rubrum |
811 |
182 |
Forestiera acuminata |
717 |
|
127 |
811 |
183 |
Crataegus aestivalis |
712 |
|
|
128 |
Fraxinus quadrangulata .... |
811 |
184 |
709 |
|
|
129 |
811 |
185 |
707 |
||
|
130 |
808 |
186 |
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia . |
707 |
|
|
1.31 |
806 |
187 |
703 |
||
|
132 |
Umbellularia Californica . . . |
806 |
188 |
703 |
|
|
133 |
Betula oceidentalis |
806 |
189 |
701 |
|
|
134 |
Celtis oceidentalis, var. reticulata |
805 |
190 |
||
|
135 |
Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis . . . |
801 |
191 |
Magnolia macropbylla .... |
696 |
|
136 |
800 |
192 |
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana |
696 |
|
|
137 |
Negundo Californicura .... |
796 |
193 |
691 |
|
|
138 |
796 |
194 |
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni |
691 |
|
|
139 |
7G2 |
195 |
686 |
||
|
140 |
792 |
196 |
686 |
||
|
141 |
792 |
197 |
Acer macrophyllum |
684 |
|
|
142 |
789 |
198 |
682 |
||
|
143 |
787 |
199 |
682 |
168
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
[Strength.
Species.
Libocedrus decurrens .... Taxodium distichum .... Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii Primus emarginata, var. mollis Andromeda ferruginea . . . Populus tremuloides .... Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia .
Bumelia tenax
Magnolia acuminata .... Gordonia Lasianthus ....
Fraxinus Oregana
Populus trichocarpa ....
Rhus copallina
Rhododendron maximum . .
Pinus inops
Liriodendron Tulipifera . . .
Rhus Metopium
Nyssa uniflora
Crataegus Crus-galli .... Pinus Balf'ouriana, var. aristata
Pinus Arizonica
Pinus Banksiana
Liquidambar Styraeiflua . . .
Picea Sitchensis
Salix laevigata
Populus heterophylla .... Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis .
Kalmia latifolia
Abies Fraseri
^Fsculus Californica ....
Catalpa speciosa
Platanus occidentalis ....
Pinus Strobus
Pinus fiexilis
Fraxinus pistaciaefolia ....
Crataegus arborescens
Planera aquatiea
Symplocos tinetoria
Arbutus Xalapensis
Pinus montieola
Populus balsamifera, var. candicans
Anona laurifolia
Sassafras officinale
Magnolia cordata
Juglans rupestris
Juglans cinerea
Sequoia sempervirens
Pinus Lambertiana
Catalpa bignonioides
Tilia Americana
Magnolia Umbrella
Torreya Californica
Pinus albicaulis
Chilopsis saligna
Carya olivaeformis
Tilia heterophylla
682 682 680 679 679 677 675 673 671 670 665 665 663 663 658 657 656 655 653 653 653 652 651 649 644 642 640 639 639 635 635 635 626 624 622 621 621 619 618 609 609 607 602 600 600 597 597 597 590 589 583
581 578 578 577
256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286
287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 300 307 308 309 310
Species.
Picea Engelmanni
Ilex Dahoon
Rhamnus Caroliniana
Simaruba glauca
Pinus Murrayana
Bumelia lycioides
Platanus racemosa
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens .
Lysiloma latisiliqua
Salix amygdaloides
Populus balsamifera
Parkinsonia Torreyana . . . .
Cupressus Goveniana
Fraxinus platycarpa
Negundo aceroides
Cliftonia ligustrina
Laguncularia racemosa . . . .
Bumelia cuneata
Abies balsa mea
Thuya occidentalis
Crataegus spathulata
Pinus clausa
Pinus glabra
iEsculus glabra
Abies grandis
Prosopis juliflora
Pyrus coronaria .......
Abies subalpina
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana.
Prunus angustifolia
Juniperus occidentalis, var. con-
jugens
Tsuga Caroliniana
Sequoia gigantea
Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea . . .
Picea pungens
Pinus edulis
Pyrus sambueifolia
Washingtonia filifera
Platanus Wrightii
Pinus Parryana
Byrsonima lucida
Salix nigra
Pinus Balf'ouriana
Pinus tuberculata
Pinckneya pubens
Populus angustifolia
Asimina triloba
Bumelia lanuginosa
Sambucus glauca
Cyrilla racemirlora
Pisonia obtusata •
Pinus monophylla
Ficus aurea
Ficus pedunculata
Bursera gummifera ....
OF THE UNITED STATES.
169
TABLE VI.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Power of their Woods to resist Longitudinal Compression.
|
tive Order. |
Species. |
ihing Weight. |
tive Order. |
Species. |
hing Weight. |
|
a |
D |
||||
|
% PS |
U O |
PS |
|||
|
1 |
on/ |
oy |
Carva tomentosa |
593 |
|
|
2 |
Rhizopl lora ]Maiio'le |
860 |
40 |
Viburnum prunifolium |
592 |
|
o O |
eon boy |
A 1 41 |
592 |
||
|
A 4 |
Madura, aurantiaca . |
Dan |
: An ! 4^ |
Prosopis j uliflora . |
588 |
|
5 |
Cond;ilia ferrea |
' A O \ ™ |
Prunus Americana |
588 |
|
|
o |
Oanella alba |
! A A ! 44 |
Gleditschia monosperma .... |
584 |
|
|
rj I |
Coccoloba Floridana |
T71 |
1 A K. 40 |
Juglans nigra |
583 |
|
o O |
Exostema Oaribajum |
tOL |
Alt \ 40 |
Quercus rubra var. Texana |
582 |
|
9 |
Amyris ^ylvatica |
748 |
1 47 |
(arya porcina . |
577 |
|
10 |
Acacia Gre°'orii . |
743 |
48 |
Bourreria Havanensis |
575 |
|
11 |
49 |
Quercus prinoides |
575 |
||
|
12 |
Dipholis salicifolia |
730 |
50 |
Persea C;trolincnsis |
573 |
|
13 |
Robinia Pseudacacia . |
694 |
51 |
Sopliora affinis . |
570 |
|
14 |
Citharexylum villosum |
689 |
52 |
Umbellularia Californica |
568 |
|
15 |
689 |
63 |
562 |
||
|
16 |
Xanthoxylum Caribreum .... |
685 |
54 |
559 |
|
|
17 |
Robinia Neo-Mexicana |
683 |
55 |
557 |
|
|
18 |
672 |
56 |
555 |
||
|
10 |
671 |
57 |
Pinus contorta |
554 |
|
|
20 |
Ameianchier Canadensis .... |
670 |
58 |
553 |
|
|
21 |
666 |
59 |
552 |
||
|
22 |
666 |
60 |
Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum . . |
550 |
|
|
23 |
664 |
61 |
Prunus serotina |
547 |
|
|
24 |
663 |
62 |
Osmanthus Americanus .... |
547 |
|
|
25 |
655 |
63 |
Tsuga Mertensiana |
547 |
|
|
26 |
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron . . |
650 |
64 |
547 |
|
|
27 |
65 |
545 |
|||
|
28 |
638 |
66 |
Prunus ilicifolia |
544 |
|
|
29 |
629 |
67 |
542 |
||
|
30 |
625 |
68 |
Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis |
541 |
|
|
31 |
621 |
69 |
539 |
||
|
32 |
619 |
70 |
538 |
||
|
33 |
619 |
71 |
538 |
||
|
34 |
619 |
72 |
538 |
||
|
35 |
Conocarpus erecta |
599 |
73 |
536 |
|
|
36 |
Clirysopbyllum oliviforme .... |
598 |
74 |
534 |
|
|
37 |
597 |
75 |
534 |
||
|
38 |
596 |
76 |
534 |
170
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
|
lative Order. |
Species. |
ushing Weight. |
lative Order. |
Species. |
ishing Weight. |
|
P3 |
a> |
||||
|
77 |
Rhus Metopium |
533 |
132 |
Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana . |
468 |
|
78 |
Quercus Wislizenii ....... |
533 |
133 |
467 |
|
|
79 |
Myrica Californica |
532 |
134 |
Liquidambar Styraciflua .... |
466 |
|
80 |
Juniperus oecidentalis,var.conjugens |
532 |
135 |
Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana . . . |
466 |
|
81 |
Crataegus flava, var. pubescens . . |
527 |
136 |
Acer rubrum |
463 |
|
82 |
526 |
137 |
Fraxinus Americana |
463 |
|
|
83 |
522 |
138 |
Quercus agrifolia |
463 |
|
|
84 |
520 |
139 |
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macro- |
||
|
85 |
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia . . |
520 |
463 |
||
|
86 |
519 |
140 |
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis |
460 |
|
|
87 |
511 |
141 |
460 |
||
|
88 |
511 |
142 |
460 |
||
|
89 |
510 |
143 |
Acer circinatum |
459 |
|
|
90 |
509 |
144 |
457 |
||
|
91 |
Quercus Garryana |
505 |
145 |
455 |
|
|
92 |
505 |
146 |
Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis .... |
455 |
|
|
93 |
504 |
147 |
455 |
||
|
94 |
Diospyros Virginiana |
503 |
148 |
||
|
95 |
Arbutus Menziesii |
502 |
149 |
||
|
96 |
501 |
150 |
Bumelia tenax |
452 |
|
|
97 |
501 |
151 |
|||
|
98 |
152 |
450 |
|||
|
99 |
500 |
153 |
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis . . |
449 |
|
|
100 |
Fraxinus quadrangulata .... |
499 |
154 |
Laguncularia racemosa |
449 |
|
101 |
155 |
449 |
|||
|
102 |
156 |
449 |
|||
|
103 |
498 |
157 |
448 |
||
|
104 |
497 |
158 |
446 |
||
|
105 |
495 |
159 |
445 |
||
|
106 |
Quercus lyrata |
492 |
160 |
445 |
|
|
107 |
491 |
161 |
445 |
||
|
108 |
491 |
162 |
444 |
||
|
109 |
490 |
163 |
442 |
||
|
110 |
Magnolia macrophylla |
489 |
164 |
439 |
|
|
111 |
Bumelia lycioides |
489 |
165 |
Rhododendron maximum .... |
439 |
|
112 |
489 |
166 |
438 |
||
|
113 |
487 |
167 |
437 |
||
|
114 |
Quercus obtusiloba . . ... |
487 |
168 |
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata . |
437 |
|
115 |
487 |
169 |
435 |
||
|
116 |
486 |
170 |
Castanopsis chrysophylla .... |
435 |
|
|
117 |
483 |
171 |
435 |
||
|
118 |
482 |
172 |
434 |
||
|
119 |
482 |
173 |
434 |
||
|
120 |
482 |
174 |
434 |
||
|
121 |
482 |
175 |
431 |
||
|
122 |
481 |
176 |
Crataegus Crus-galli |
430 |
|
|
123 |
Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata . . |
479 |
177 |
430 |
|
|
124 |
479 |
178 |
427 |
||
|
125 |
Bumelia cuneata |
478 |
179 |
427 |
|
|
126 |
478 |
180 |
Simaruba glauca |
426 |
|
|
127 |
477 |
181 |
424 |
||
|
128 |
Quercus densiflpra |
475 |
182 |
424 |
|
|
129 |
470 |
183 |
423 |
||
|
130 |
469 |
184 |
423 |
||
|
131 |
468 |
185 |
422 |
OF THE UNITED STATES. 171
|
Relative Order. |
Species. |
Crushing Weight. |
Relative Order. |
Species. |
Crushing Weight. |
|
188 |
p . . . , ,. |
421 |
241 |
377 |
|
|
187 |
IVIriT'nG Villi!*'! |
420 |
242 |
Tjiriorlpnrl rnn rPnlitii'fprii |
372 |
|
188 |
419 |
243 |
I UpillUa X 1 t; 11IUI1 111, V<ll. lVlsII/icIIl . |
372 |
|
|
189 |
419 |
244 |
1 1 1 1 c\ n l n lifrnctr'iri'i |
371 |
|
|
190 |
Magnolia Fraseri |
418 |
245 |
Persea Oarolinensis, var. palustris . |
367 |
|
191 |
417 |
246 |
T^iniiG l1nnlf"pvi |
367 |
|
|
192 |
Quercus nndulata, var. Gambtllii |
417 |
247 |
||
|
193 |
417 |
248 |
306 |
||
|
194 |
417 |
249 |
365 |
||
|
195 |
416 |
250 |
365 |
||
|
196 |
416 |
251 |
364 |
||
|
197 |
415 |
252 |
362 |
||
|
198 |
415 |
253 |
360 |
||
|
199 |
412 |
254 |
359 |
||
|
200 |
410 |
255 |
Populus grandideutata |
358 |
|
|
201 |
Salix flavcsccns ■ |
408 |
256 |
||
|
202 |
407 |
257 |
355 |
||
|
203 |
407 |
258 |
355 |
||
|
204 |
407 |
259 |
354 |
||
|
205 |
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens |
405 |
260 |
353 |
|
|
206 |
iJlUULclli Uo UtrULHICllS ..... |
403 |
261 |
353 |
|
|
207 |
TcnrTQ ( irnlinidiiQ |
403 |
262 |
||
|
208 |
rriimic q n <Tii g f i Tol i ct |
402 |
263 |
TIpv l~)ilifinii J 11 a XJ clllUUH • |
349 |
|
209 |
A rKtitnc "V" a 1 ti T^o Mela |
401 |
264 |
349 |
|
|
210 |
H firoctiorQ Q r»n i vi l ii q f" i |
401 |
265 |
I-^innc pi'liilio |
349 |
|
211 |
l-rVninfiplflMiid I flntirionoiG VTV 1 1 1 1 1 I rll I I 1 s vyclllclll^lisio .... |
400 |
266 |
T iIiq Ampriponn |
348 |
|
2L2 |
\/ o t*i*\ n i 1 1 in arhnrfiiiMi |
399 |
267 |
Betula alba, var. populifolia |
348 |
|
213 |
396 |
268 |
347 |
||
|
214 |
llll llpfPTTinVlvllQ |
394 |
269 |
342 |
|
|
215 |
394 |
270 |
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia |
341 |
|
|
216 |
394 |
271 |
PiniiQ SitTTlVlllG |
339 |
|
|
217 |
.TnrrlonQ f*inpi*P5j |
392 |
272 |
339 |
|
|
218 |
T-£ \7 renn l m o lnpiflo |
391 |
273 |
337 |
|
|
219 |
rsptiiln nc»f»i npn t"ij 1 iq |
391 |
274 |
T^iniiG Pliilinaltnnno L 111 IIS Vylllll Ucl 11 Uilllil |
337 |
|
220 |
A nipc (rrn n( 1 15 |
391 |
275 |
T^iniiG S*ihini<iiiQ |
|
|
221 |
Miioi'^iiQ T^IiaIIog |
390 |
276 |
||
|
222 |
V'nnnliiG t ri r » 1 1 < rnd |
390 |
277 |
Piniic yy\ r\m t i r»/~il o |
|
|
223 |
AVhpg priiifAlnr |
390 |
278 |
PiniiQ lYTn vrn v a n q |
333 |
|
224 |
^pniiAiii o*i(T£infp;i |
388 |
279 |
T-^innc a 1 l"\i n 1 i c |
331 |
|
225 |
f-rnrrlnni n FiiiGitint'VmG |
387 |
280 |
rrtnillllD tvOTlllllfliilDC |
330 |
|
226 |
n.livotm pi hnhpi |
387 |
281 |
T-^l a t a n ii c AATim rr 1 1 f i i |
327 |
|
227 |
T-Tt'o y i n i! a. ni g t c\ pifpf nl i a llrtAllluo 17lclaLICLluH« ..... |
ooo |
989 |
Pinus P>alf ouriana, var. <iristata . |
|
|
.228 |
SijiliY lii^inlpniG |
385 |
283 |
r ntQTlllC fo no Ki-i f\ o o |
|
|
229 |
SsvmnlopnG tinptnria |
284 |
322 |
||
|
230 |
T^Gncra On v\f\ flprwiG |
285 |
320 |
||
|
231 |
Pyrus sambucifolia |
286 |
>1 ti 1 1 Y ln^vi o*«i i~a |
319 |
|
|
232 |
Kfi^GfifVnc. offirMniilp |
287 |
313 |
||
|
233 |
Afpr mnfrnnli vll nm |
288 |
310 |
||
|
234 |
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana . |
381 |
289 |
306 |
|
|
235 |
Pinus Arizoniea |
381 |
290 |
302 |
|
|
236 |
291 |
302 |
|||
|
237 |
380 |
292 |
297 |
||
|
238 |
293 |
293 |
|||
|
239 |
294 |
290 |
|||
|
240 |
377 |
295 |
289 |
172
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
|
Relative Order. |
Species. |
Crushing Weight. |
Relative Order. |
Species. |
Crushing Weight. |
|
296 |
288 |
307 |
264 |
||
|
297 |
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana . |
286 |
308 |
263 |
|
|
298 |
Populus heterophylla |
283 |
309 |
||
|
299 |
281 |
310 |
258 |
||
|
300 |
278 |
311 |
258 |
||
|
301 |
Populus balsamifera, var. candicans |
276 |
312 |
251 |
|
|
302 |
275 |
313 |
Wq cliinortrinin fil lforn |
227 |
|
|
303 |
274 |
314 |
|||
|
304 |
272 |
315 |
212 |
||
|
305 |
271 |
316 |
162 |
||
|
306 |
267 |
317 |
155 |
OF THE UNITED STATES.
173
TABLE VII.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Power of their Woods to resist Indentation to the Depth of 1.27 Millimetres.
|
Relative Order. |
Species. |
Crushing Weight. |
Relative Order. |
Species. |
Crushing Weight. |
|
1 |
793 |
39 |
309 |
||
|
2 |
655 |
40 |
308 |
||
|
3 |
649 |
41 |
308 |
||
|
4 |
42 |
1_> „ ; i ■ ■ l • |
305 |
||
|
5 |
43 |
r> rt ij_ |
305 |
||
|
6 |
550 |
44 |
|||
|
7 |
481 |
45 |
|||
|
8 |
Cereocarpus ledifolius |
480 |
46 |
294 |
|
|
9 |
462 |
47 |
Quercus rubra, var. Texana . |
291 |
|
|
10 |
444 |
48 |
288 |
||
|
11 |
439 |
49 |
286 |
||
|
12 |
415 |
50 |
286 |
||
|
13 |
408 |
51 |
Juniperus occidentalis, var. con- |
||
|
14 |
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia |
407 |
286 |
||
|
15 |
52 |
Amelancbier Canadensis .... |
280 |
||
|
16 |
394 |
53 |
279 |
||
|
17 |
384 |
54 |
277 |
||
|
18 |
Chrysophyllum oliviforme . . . . |
382 |
55 |
Gleditscbia nionosperma .... |
276 |
|
19 |
375 |
56 |
276 |
||
|
20 |
57 |
Dipbolis salieifolia |
274 |
||
|
21 |
Xanthoxylum Caribaeum .... |
373 |
58 |
274 |
|
|
22 |
370 |
59 |
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata . |
273 |
|
|
23 |
364 |
60 |
Sapindus marginatus |
272 |
|
|
24 |
363 |
61 |
272 |
||
|
25 |
362 |
62 |
272 |
||
|
26 |
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron . . |
355 |
63 |
272 |
|
|
27 |
343 |
64 |
271 |
||
|
28 |
Prunus umbellata |
342 |
65 |
271 |
|
|
29 |
337 |
66 |
Quercus prinoides |
264 |
|
|
30 |
334 |
67 |
264 |
||
|
31 |
68 |
Crataegus subvillosa |
263 |
||
|
32 |
324 |
69 |
262 |
||
|
33 |
324 |
70 |
Robinia Pseudacacia |
258 |
|
|
34 |
Crataegus flava, var. pubescens . . |
319 |
71 |
257 |
|
|
35 |
Prunus Caroliniana |
318 |
72 |
Ulmus crassitolia |
255 |
|
36 |
73 |
Ulmus alata |
255 |
||
|
37 |
Carya myristicaeformis |
315 |
74 |
Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii . |
255 |
|
38 |
313 |
75 |
253 |
174
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
|
Order. |
Species. |
g Weight. |
Order. |
Species. |
5 Weight. |
|
1 |
.9 |
<u fe> |
a |
||
|
Relati |
Crush |
Relati |
Crush |
||
|
76 |
Acer saccharinura, var. nigrum . . |
252 |
131 |
197 |
|
|
77 |
252 |
132 |
197 |
||
|
78 |
250 |
133 |
196 |
||
|
79 |
247 |
134 |
196 |
||
|
80 |
Osmanthus Americanus .... |
247 |
135 |
196 |
|
|
81 |
246 |
136 |
195 |
||
|
82 |
242 |
137 |
194 |
||
|
83 |
242 |
138 |
192 |
||
|
84 |
240 |
139 |
Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris . |
192 |
|
|
85 |
240 |
140 |
Rhododendron maximum .... |
191 |
|
|
86 |
141 |
190 |
|||
|
87 |
235 |
142 |
188 |
||
|
88 |
933 |
143 |
188 |
||
|
89 |
233 |
144 |
186 |
||
|
90 |
232 |
145 |
186 |
||
|
91 |
931 |
146 |
184 |
||
|
92 |
230 |
147 |
183 |
||
|
93 |
229 |
148 |
182 |
||
|
94 |
228 |
149 |
182 |
||
|
95 |
226 |
150 |
182 |
||
|
96 |
226 |
151 |
181 |
||
|
97 |
226 |
152 |
181 |
||
|
98 |
225 |
153 |
178 |
||
|
99 |
224 |
154 |
178 |
||
|
100 |
224 |
155 |
177 |
||
|
101 |
Fraxinus quadrangulata .... |
222 |
156 |
176 |
|
|
102 |
221 |
157 |
176 |
||
|
103 |
221 |
158 |
174 |
||
|
104 |
220 |
159 |
171 |
||
|
105 |
220 |
160 |
171 |
||
|
106 |
218 |
161 |
170 |
||
|
107 |
217 |
162 |
170 |
||
|
108 |
216 |
163 |
169 |
||
|
109 |
213 |
164 |
168 |
||
|
110 |
213 |
165 |
166 |
||
|
111 |
Prunus Americana |
213 |
166 |
165 |
|
|
112 |
212 |
167 |
162 |
||
|
113 |
210 |
168 |
161 |
||
|
114 |
210 |
169 |
161 |
||
|
115 |
210 |
170 |
Gymnocladus Canadensis .... |
160 |
|
|
116 |
209 |
171 |
160 |
||
|
117 |
207 |
172 |
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis . . |
159 |
|
|
118 |
205 |
173 |
159 |
||
|
119 |
204 |
174 |
Torreya taxifoiia |
158 |
|
|
120 |
204 |
175 |
156 |
||
|
121 |
202 |
176 |
155 |
||
|
122 |
202 |
177 |
154 |
||
|
123 |
201 |
178 |
153 |
||
|
124 |
201 |
179 |
150 |
||
|
125 |
201 |
180 |
149 |
||
|
126 |
200 |
181 |
149 |
||
|
127 |
199 |
182 |
149 |
||
|
128 |
Umbellularia Californica .... |
199 |
183 |
148 |
|
|
129 |
Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis |
198 |
184 |
Clif tonia ligu'strina |
147 |
|
130 |
198 |
185 |
147 |
|
W X -L 1J.J2J |
O X Jr\. X £ju. |
175 |
|||
|
Relative Order. |
Species. |
Crushing Weight. |
Relative Order. |
Species. |
Crushing Weight. |
|
186 |
147 |
241 |
Pinckneya pubens |
105 |
|
|
187 |
Planera aciuatica |
146 |
242 |
Pinus Arizonica |
105 |
|
188 |
144 |
243 |
Pinus insignis |
105 |
|
|
189 |
T^Iyrica cerifcra |
144 |
244 |
Tsuga Pattoniana |
104 |
|
190 |
Salix lasiolepis |
140 |
245 |
Prunus Pennsy Ivanica |
103 |
|
191 |
Larix occidentalis • |
139 |
246 |
102 |
|
|
192 |
Sambucus glauca |
138 |
247 |
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macro- |
|
|
193 |
Fraxinus platycarpa |
138 |
carpa |
102 |
|
|
194 |
138 |
248 |
ii <x iij(a^i> y ijcki 13 i» uiivaciioio .... |
101 |
|
|
195 |
Rhamnus Caroliniana |
136 |
249 |
Tsuga Mertensiana |
101 |
|
196 |
Sassafras officinale |
134 |
250 |
Pinus Banksiana |
100 |
|
197 |
l'inus Balfouriana var. aristata |
134 |
251 |
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni |
100 |
|
198 |
Prunus angustifolia |
133 |
252 |
Pseudotsuga I^ouglasii |
100 |
|
199 |
Pinus ri^ida |
133 |
253 |
Gordonia Lasiantlius |
99 |
|
200 |
Liquidambar Stvraciflua .... |
132 |
254 |
Salix flavescens |
98 |
|
201 |
Betula nigra |
132 |
255 |
Libocedrus decurrens |
98 |
|
202 |
Pinus clausa |
131 |
256 |
Abies magnifica |
96 |
|
203 |
Betula alba, var. populifolia |
129 |
257 |
93 |
|
|
204 |
Pinus mitis |
129 |
258 |
Salix nigra |
93 |
|
205 |
Pinus reflexa |
128 |
259 |
rimiQ lionltp'ri |
92 |
|
206 |
127 |
260 |
90 |
||
|
207 |
Betula occidentalis |
127 |
261 |
lYTncnnlin pnrflnfji |
89 |
|
208 |
Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata . • |
126 |
262 |
IVIagnolia macropliylla Salix lasiandra var. lancifolia |
89 |
|
209 |
126 |
263 |
87 |
||
|
210 |
Salix flavescens var. Scouleriana . |
126 |
264 |
Simaruba glauca |
86 |
|
211 |
Tsuga Caroliniana IVIagnolia Fraseri |
125 |
265 |
Catalpa speciosa |
86 |
|
212 |
123 |
266 |
Populus Fremontii |
86 |
|
|
213 |
Torreya Californica |
122 |
267 |
Populus heterophylla |
86 |
|
214 |
Pinus muricata |
122 |
268 |
Pinus Alurrayana |
86 |
|
215 |
Abies nobilis |
120 |
269 |
86 |
|
|
216 |
Ficus pedunculata |
119 |
270 |
Pinus resinosa |
85 |
|
217 |
Castanopsis elirysophylla .... |
119 |
271 |
IVIagnolia Umbrella |
84 |
|
218 |
l!nQtnripji Tiiimiln |
118 |
272 |
Populus monilifera |
83 |
|
219 |
Salix l96vi°*ata |
118 |
273 |
Liriodendron Tulipifera |
82 |
|
220 |
Pvrus Americana |
117 |
274 |
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana . |
82 |
|
221 |
Platanus Wrio'htii |
117 |
275 |
Cliamajcy paris Lavvsoniana |
82 |
|
222 |
Alnus rubra |
117 |
276 |
Tsuga Canadensis |
82 |
|
223 |
Pinus Jeffreyi |
116 |
277 |
81 |
|
|
224 |
Pinus pun^ens |
115 |
278 |
Taxodium distichum . |
81 |
|
225 |
Ilex Dahoon |
113 |
279 |
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis . Populus tremuloides |
80 |
|
226 |
Larix Americana |
112 |
280 |
80 |
|
|
227 |
Ne°"undo aceroides |
111 |
281 |
Picea pungens |
79 |
|
228 |
Salix Hookeriana ....... |
111 |
282 |
Alnus rhombifolia |
78 |
|
229 |
Rlius copallina |
109 |
283 |
Pinus Lambcrtiana |
78 |
|
230 |
-^Esculus Californica |
108 |
284 |
Abies concolor |
78 |
|
231 |
Pisonia obtusata |
108 |
285 |
77 |
|
|
232 |
Pinus flexilis |
108 |
286 |
Picea nigra |
77 |
|
233 |
IVIagnolia acuminata |
107 |
287 |
Seciuoia sempervirens |
77 |
|
234 |
Negundo Californicum |
107 |
288 |
76 |
|
|
235 |
Pyrus sambucifolia |
107 |
289 |
Picea Engelmanni |
76 |
|
236 |
Pinus albicaulis |
107 |
290 |
Populus balsamifera |
75 |
|
237 |
Pinus ponderosa |
107 |
291 |
AViipq hjilsnmpn |
75 |
|
238 |
107 |
292 |
Alnus oblongifolia |
74 |
|
|
239 |
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana |
106 |
293 |
74 |
|
|
240 |
106 |
294 |
74 |
176 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS, Etc.
|
2 |
3 |
||||
|
Order. |
Species |
g Weig |
Order. |
"3 p . |
|
|
Relative |
Crushin |
Relative |
Crushinj |
||
|
295 |
72 |
305 |
64 |
||
|
296 |
71 |
306 |
64 |
||
|
297 |
70 |
307 |
63 |
||
|
298 |
69 |
308 |
63 |
||
|
299 |
68 |
309 |
62 |
||
|
300 |
68 |
310 |
61 |
||
|
301 |
Chamaecyparis sphasroidea .... |
67 |
311 |
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens . |
60 |
|
302 |
67 |
312 |
59 |
||
|
303 |
Washingtonia filifera |
66 |
313 |
51 |
|
|
304 |
Populus balsamifera, var. candicans |
64 |
314 |
47 |
INDEX.
Abies amabilis, 133; tables (398) 152, (38G)
156, (385) 161, (24) 163, (141) 167, (133)
170, (306) 176.
Abies balsamea, 131; tables (395) 152, (409)
157, (410) 162, (183) 164, (274) 168, (250)
171, (291) 175.
Abies bracteata, 133 ; tables (397) 152, (192)
155, (194) 160.
Abies concolor, 132; tables (396) 152, (415)
157, (416) 162, (136) 164, (187) 167, (223)
171, (204) 175. Abies Fraseri, 131 ; tables (392) 151, (417) 157,
(418) 162, (110) 164, (228) 168, (268)
171.
Abies grandis, 132, 133; tables (395) 152, (418) 157, (419) 162, (115) 164, (280) 168, (220) 171, (313) 176.
Abies Iludsonica, 131.
Abies magnified, 134; tables (400) 152, (346)
156, (345) 161, (247) 165, (189) 167, (171)
170, (256) 175.
Abies nobilis, 133; tables (399) 152, (360) 156, (309) 161, (21) 163, (109) 167, (149) 170, (215) 175.
Abies subalpina, 132; tables (394) 152, (421)
157, (422) 162, (207) 165, (283) 168, (291)
171, (305) 170. Abietine, 120.
Acacia Berlandieri, 33; table (99) 146.
Acacia, Green-barked, 30.
Acacia Gregr/ii, 33; tables (98) 146, (59) 153,
(57) 158, (68) 163, (140) 167, (10) 169. Acacia, Three-thorned, 29. Acacia Wrighlii, 33; tables (97) 146, (29)
153, (27) 158. Acer circinatum, 21 ; tables (61) 145, (198)
155, (196) 160, (227) 165, (153) 167, (143)
170, (126) 174.
Acer dasycarpum, 22; tables (65) 145, (301)
156, (301) 161, (60) 163, (56) 166, (119) 170, (151) 174.
Acer glabrum, 21; tables (62) 145, (247) 155, (246) 160.
Acer grandidentatum, 21; tables (63) 145,
(180) 154, (180) 159. Acer macrophyllum,20; tables (60) 145, (327)
156, (326) 161, (200) 164, (197) 167, (233)
171, (167) 174.
Acer Pennsylvanicum, 20; tables (58) 145,
(298) 156, (299) 161. Acer rubrum, 22; tables (66) 145, (240) 155,
(239) 160, (123) 164, (126) 167, (136) 170,
(157) 174.
Acer rubrum, var. Brummondii, 23 ; tables
(661) 145, (285) 155, (284) 160. Acer saccharinum, 21; tables (64) 145, (178)
154, (175) 159, (9) 163, (21) 166, (32) 169,
(71) 173.
Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum, 22; tables (641) 145, (177) 154, (178) 159, (94) 164, (71) 166, (60) 169, (76) 174.
Acer spicatum, 20; tables (59) 145, (294) 155, (294) 160.
Acids, 35.
Acorns, edible, 84, 85. Adobe houses, 32, 49.
jEsculus Calif ornica, 18; tables (52) 145, (320) 156, (238) 161, (320) 165, (229) 168, (257) 171, (230) 175.
jEsculus flava, 17; tables (51) 145, (381) 156, (381) 161.
jEsculus glabra, 17; tables (50) 145, (363) 156, (363) 161, (249) 165, (279) 168, (287) 171, (296) 176.
JEsculus Hippocastanum, 17.
Africa, 47.
Agricultural implements, 61, 72, 78, 81, 84, 87, 93.
Alabama, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 35, 37, 39, 43, 49, 57, 60-62, 65, 68, 71, 72, 75- 77, 80, 83, 84, 86, 88-90, 92, 94, 125, 129.
Alaska, 20, 40, 96, 102-104, 107, 108, 120,127- 129, 132.
Alder, 98.
Alder, Black, 99.
Alder, Hoary, 99.
Alder, Seaside, 98.
Alder, Smooth, 99.
Alder, Speckled, 99.
Algaroba, 31.
Alkali, 22.
Alkaloid, 28.
Alleghany Mountains, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, 29, 35, 36, 39, 43, 45, 49, 51, 54, 55, 60, 62, 76, 78, 81, 83, 84, 91, 94, 95, 97, 101, 104, 106, 114, 122-124, 127, 129, 131.
178
INDEX.
Alleghany Region, 89, 129. Alnus arguta, 98.
Alnus incana, 99; tables (305) 150, (355) 156, (353) 161, (71) 163, (122) 167, (295) 171.
Alnus incana, var. virescens, 99; tables (3051) 150.
Alnus Japonica, 98.
Alnus maritima, 98 ; tables (300) 150, (319)
156, (319) 161. Alnus oblongifolia, 98; tables (303) 150, (402)
156, (403) 161, (205) 165, (196) 167, (300)
172, (292) 175. Alnus rhombifolia, 98; tables (302) 150, (394)
156, (392) 161, (167) 164, (199) 167, (256)
171, (282) 175. Alnus rubra, 98; tables (301) 150, (336) 156,
(337) 161, (77) 163, (129) 167, (198) 171,
(222) 175.
Alnus serrulata, 99; tables (304) 150, (349)
156, (349) 161. Alpine slopes, 128. Altamaha River, 5.
Amelanchier Canadensis, 45; tables (137) 146, (97) 154, (95) 159, (34) 163. (26) 160, (20) 169, (52) 173.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia, 45.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oligocarpa, 45. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. rotundif olia , 45.
America: original trees, 30; tropical, 34, 46,
47, 96. American Crab, 39. American Crab Apple, 39. American Elm, 71. American Holly, 12. American Linden, 6.
American Museum of Natural History, viii. American Oaks, 83.
Amyris sylvatica, 11; tables (30) 144, (13) 153, (11) 158, (67) 163, (2) 166, (9) 169, (6) 173.
Ana card iacea?, 24, 25. AruTsihetics, 120. Anaqua, 65.
Andromeda ferrurjinea, 53; tables (165) 147, (119) 154,' (J 18) 159, (186) 164, (204) 168, (113) 170, (98) 174.
Ann, Cape, 1.
Anonaceoz, 4.
Anona laurifoUa, 4; tables (10) 144, (313) 150, (335) 161, (284) 165, (241) 168, (290) 171, (206) 175.
Anticosti Island, 40.
Anti-periodic bark, 64.
Antipyretic, 100.
Ant's-wood, 58.
Apache Mountains, 37, 86.
Apalachicola River, 52, 113, 114, 135.
Apple, American Crab, 39.
Apple, Custard, 4.
Apple, Oregon Crab, 40. Apple, Pond, 4. Apple, Haw, 44. Apple, Seven-year, 52. Apple, Southern Crab, 39. Arbol de Hierro, 27. Arbor-vita?, 106.
Arbutus Menziesii, 54; tables (166) 147, (165) 154, (103) 159, (171) 164, (88) 166, (95)170, (117)174.
Arbutus Texana, 54; tables (168) 147, (118)
154, (119) 159. Arbutus Xalapensis, 54 ; tables (167) 147,
(164) 154, (159) 159, (257) 165, (238) 168,
(209) 171, (79) 174. Arctic Circle, 134.
Ardisia Piclceringia, 56; tables (173) 147,
(58) 153, (60) 158. Arizona, 10, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 26, 27, 30-33,
37-39, 48, 54, 57, 61, 62, 66, 75, 77, 82, 85-
87, 92, 98, 100, 103, 105, 106, 109-111, 116-
121, 127, 130, 132, 137. Arizona Mountains, 109, 120. Arkansas, 1-4, 8, 9, 12-15, 18, 23-26, 28-31,
42-45, 50, 52, 53, 55, 57-60, 62, 64, 66, 68-
70, 72, 74, 76-81, 83-85, 90-95, 99, 104, 112,
124.
Arkansas River, 28, 79, 122.
Arnold Arboretum, viii.
Aromatics, 48, 69, 132.
Arrow-wood, 14.
Arroyos, 27.
Arts, 132.
Ash, 61.
Ash, Black, 63.
Ash, Blue, 62.
Ash, Green, 62.
Ash, Ground, 63.
Ash, Hoop, 63.
Ash-leaved Maple, 23.
Ash, Mountain, 40.
Ash, Oregon, 63.
Ash, Prickly, 8.
Ash, Red, 61.
Ash, Sea, 8.
Ash, Wafer, 9.
Ash, Water, 62.
Ash, White, 61.
Ash, Yellow, 28.
Asimina triloba, 4; tables (9) 144, (403) 156, (404) 161, (289) 165, (302) 168, (315) 172, (298) 176.
Aspalaga, Fla., 113.
Aspen, 103.
Aspen, Quaking, 103.
Assinaboine River, 34.
Astringents, 24, 25, 40, 59, 129.
Athabasca River, 101.
Atlantic forests, 35, 36, 42, 45, 49, 75, 83, 97.
Atlantic oaks, 88.
INDEX.
179
Atlantic Region, 72, 96, 99, 101-103. Atlantic States, 1, 9, 13, 15, 18, 20, 27, 29, 30,
34, 57-59, 61, 65, 72, 83, 86, 90, 94, 97, 112,
122, 123.
Avicennia nitida, 67 ; (Rhizophora, 67) ; tables
(211) 148, (42) 153, (44) 158. Axe-handles, 20, 21, 61, 78.
Back, Strong, 65.
Bahamas, 7.
Bald Cypress, 112.
Balms, 105.
Balm of Gilead, 104.
Balm-of-Gilead Fir, 131.
Balm of fir, 132.
Balsams, 46.
Balsam, 104, 131, 132.
Balsam Cottonwood, 105.
Balsam Fir, 131, 132.
Balsam, She, 131.
Banana, Mexican, 137.
Bark, Cinnamon, 5.
Bark, Georgia, 52.
Barrel-hoops, 49, 63.
Barrels, 105.
Barrington, Fort, 5.
Bartram's Oak, 92.
Basket Oak, 84.
Baskets, 19, 63, 78, 81, 84.
Basswood, 6.
Basswood, White, 7.
Bastard Cedar, 106.
Bastard Pine, 126.
Bayberry, 80.
Bay, Bull, 1.
Bay, Loblolly, 5.
Bay, Red, 68.
Bay, Rose, 55.
Bay, Sweet, 1.
Bay, Tan, 5.
Bay-tree, California, 69.
Bay, White, 1.
Bayonet, Spanish, 136, 137.
Beads, 19.
Beams, 32.
Bean, Indian, 65.
Bean, Screw, 32.
Bean Tree, 65.
Bearberry, 16.
Beard, Old Man's, 64.
Bear-wood, 16.
Beaver Tree, 1.
Beech, 94.
Beech, Blue, 95.
Beech, Water, 75, 95.
Beef-wood, 67.
Bee Tree, 6.
Belle Isle, Straits of, 104. Berry, Tallow, 7. Betulacece, 95-99.
Betula alba, var. popullfolia, 95; tables (294) 149, (267) 155, (265)' 160, (221) 165, (146) 107, (267) 171, (203) 175.
Betula lenta, 96, 97; tables (299) 150, (110)
154, (108) 159, (10) 163, (10) 166, (34) 169, (97) 174.
Betula lutea, 97; tables (297) 149, (204) 155,.
(200) 160, (3) 163, (5) 166, (33) 169, (169). 174.
Betula nigra, 97; tables (298) 149, (266) 155, (267) 160, (58) 163, (69) 166, (166) 170,
(201) 175.
Betula occid entails, 96; tables (296) 149, (246)
155, (245) 160, (132) 164, (133) 167, (219) 171, (207) 175.
Behda papyri/era, 96; tables (295) 149, (251) 155, (249) 160, (18) 163, (38) 166, (115) 170, (209) 175.
Big Blackfoot River, 135.
Big-bud Hickory, 78.
Big Cottonwood', 105.
Big Laurel, 1.
Big Shell-bark, 78.
Big Tree, 112.
Big Williams Fork, 10, 48.
Bignoniaceas, 65, 66.
Bill Williams River, 30.
Bilsted, 45.
Birch, Black, 96, 97.
Birch, Canoe, 96.
Birch, Cherry, 97.
Birch, Gray," 95, 97.
Birch, Mahogany, 97.
Birch, oil of, 96.*
Birch, Old-field, 95.
Birch, Paper, 96.
Birch, Red, 97.
Birch, River, 97.
Birch, Sweet, 97.
Birch, West Indian, 10.
Birch, White, 95, 96.
Birch, Yellow, 97.
Bird's-eye Maple, 22.
Biscayne, Bay, 1, 4, 8, 10, 14, 15, 19, 25, 28, 34, 37, 46-48, 56-58, 67-70, 72-74, 86, 99, 126.
Bishop's Pine, 124. Bitter-nut, 79. Bitter Pecan, 79.
Bitter Root Mountains, 16, 36, 96, 105, 107,
115, 129, 130, 132. Bitts, 69. Black Alder, 99. Black Ash, 63. Black Birch, 96, 97. Black Calabash-tree, 66. Black Cherry, Wild, 36. Black Cottonwood, 105. Black Cypress, 112. Black Gum, 50. Black Haw, 52.
180
INDEX.
Black Hickory, 78, 79.
Black Hills, 71, 74, 96, 105, 119, 127.
Black Iron-wood, 15.
Black Jack, 89, 90.
Black Jack, Forked-leaf, 90.
Black Larch, 134.
Black Locust, 26, 29.
Black Mangrove, 67.
Black Oak, 87-89.
Black Persimmon, 59.
Black Pine, 120.
Black Sloe, 35.
Black Spruce, 126, 127.
Black Thorn, 42.
Black Tree, 67.
Black Walnut, 46, 76.
Black Willow, 99.
Black-wood, 67.
Bladder-diseases, 96.
Blinds, 115.
Blocks, 72, 75.
Blood-impurities, 99.
Blue Ash, 62.
Blue Beech, 95.
Blue Jack, 92.
Blue Mountains, 38, 51, 98, 110, 116, 130, 132, 134.
Blue Myrtle, 16. Blue Oak, 85. Blue River, 22. Blue Spruce, 128. Blue-wood, 15. Boarding, 46.
Boat-building, 3, 28, 34, 57, 71, 74, 107, 108,
128. Boilers, 32. Bo is d'Arc, 74. Books referred to, 143. Borraginacece, 64, 65. Bottom Shell-bark, 78.
Bourreria Bavanensis, 65 ; tables (204) 148, (84) 154, (91) 159, (102) 164, (75) 166, (48) 169, (46) 173.
Bourreria Havanensis, var. radula, 65.
Bows, Indian, 49, 113.
Box Elder, 23.
Boxwood, 14, 49; substitute for, 55, 59.
Brazil, 4, 9, 10, 11, 34, 46, 55-57, 67, 68.
Brazos River, 1, 8, 17, 29-31, 49, 50, 64, 69, 78, 80, 81, 90, 92, 136.
Brick-baking, 99.
Briekley Thatch, 136.
Bridge-timbers, 72.
Bristol, Fla., 113, 114.
British America, 6, 51, 103.
British Columbia, 20, 21, 40, 41, 51, 54, 96, 98-100, 104, 105, 107, 108, 111, 113, 115, 116, 119, 127, 129, 130, 132-134.
Brittle Thatch, 136.
Broad-leaved Maple, 20.
Brooms, 20.
Brown Hickory, 79.
Buckeye, California, 18.
Buckeye, Fetid, 17.
Buckeye, Ohio, 17.
Buckeye, Spanish, 18.
Buckeye, Sweet, 17.
Buckthorn, Southern, 58.
Buckwheat Tree, 13.
Bull Bay, 1.
Bull-nut, 78.
Bull Pine, 119-121, 124.
Bumelia cuneata, 58; tables (182) 147, (89)
154, (94) 159, (260) 165, (273) 168, (125)
170, (49) 173. Bumelia lanuginosa, 57; tables (179) 147,
(205) 155, (208) 160, (288) 165, (303) 168,
(252) 171, (171) 174. Bumelia lycioides, 58; tables (181) 147, (125)
154, (128) 159, (199) 164, (261) 168, (111) . 170, (104) 174.
Bumelia lycioides, var. reclinatum, 58. Bumelia spinosa, 57; tables (180) 147, (199)
155, (203) 160.
Bumelia tenax, 57; tables (178) 147, (142)
154, (142) 159, (209) 165, (207) 168, (150)
170, (152) 174. Bum-wood, 25. Burning Bush, 14. Bur Oak, 82. Burseracece, 10, 11.
Bursera c/ummifera, 10; tables (29) 144, (426) 157, (427) 162, (300) 165, (310) 168, (317) 172, (314) 176.
Bush, Burning, 14.
Bustic, 57.
Butchers' blocks, 75.
Butter-tubs, 133.
Butternut, 76.
Button-ball Tree, 75.
Button-moulds, 97.
Buttons, 19.
Buttonwood, 46, 75.
Button wood, White, 47.
Byrsonima lucida, 7; tables (19) 144, (236)
155, (266) 160, (279) 165, (296) 168, (218)
171, (113) 174.
Cabbage Palmetto, 135. Cabbage Tree, 135.
Cabinet-work, 1, 2, 11, 12, 22-24, 29, 36, 46, 50, 57, 61, 63, 66, 68, 69, 76, 77, 81, 94, 107, 111, 114.
Cactacece, 48, 49.
Cactus, Giant, 48.
Cagiput, 69.
Calabash-tree, Black, 66. Calaveras County, 115. Calaveras Grove, 112. Calico-bush, 55. Calico-wood, 60.
INDEX.
181
California, 6. 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, 30-33, 36-41, 44, 49, 51, 54, 63, 66, 69, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 85, 87-89, 93, 96, 98-103, 105-122, 124, 128, 130-135, 137. (Often indicating limit of distribution.)
California Bay-tree, 69.
California Buckeye, 18.
California Coast, 93.
California Holly, 44.
California Laurel, 69.
California Nutmeg, 114.
California Olive, 69.
California Sierras, 89, 110, 115, 117, 121, 130. Caloosa River, 4, 10, 11, 14, 22, 47, 56, 58, 62, 79, 99.
Calyptranthes Chytraculia, 47; tables (143)
147, (49) 153, (49) 158. Campo, 116. Canada Plum, 34. Canadian Balsam, 132.
Canaveral, Cape, 4, 10, 15, 34, 45-47, 56, 57,
62, 64, 66-68, 71, 78, 79, 125, 126. Candles, 80. Canellacece, 5.
Canella alba, 5; tables (12) 144, (18) 153, (18) 158, (56) 163, (53) 166, (6) 169, (5) 173. Canes, 27, 70. Canoe Cedar, 107. Canoe Birch, 96. Canoes, 96, 107. Canons, 27.
Canotia holocantha, 10; tables (27) 144, (182)
154, (204) 160. Cape Fear River, 1, 72. Capparidacece, 4.
Capparis Jamaicensis, 4; tables (11) 144,
(169) 154, (195) 160. CapriJ'oliacea:, 51, 52. Car anna, remedy, 10. Carbo-hydrogen, 120. Carmelo Point, 108. Carolina Poplar, 105.
Carpinus Caroliniana, 95; tables (293) 149,
(144) 159, (44) 163, (22) 166, (103) 170,
(110) 174. Carriages, 6, 61, 63, 78, 81, 82. Carya alba, 77; tables (242) 148, (64) 153, (63)
158, (12) 163, (12) 166, (30) 169, (65) 173. Carya alba, var. microcarpa, 78. Carya amara, 79; tables (246) 149, (114) 154,
(117) 159, (92) 164, (32) 166, (83) 170, (83)
174.
Carya aquatica, 79; tables (248) 149, (134) 154, (136) 159, (98) 164, (99) 167, (116) 170, (58) 173.
Carya myristiccej ormis, 79; tables (247) 149, (87) 154, (86) 159, (8) 163, (1) 166, (28) 169, (37) 173.
Carya olivcef ormis, 77; tables (241) 148, (155) 154, (158) 159, (245) 165, (254) 168, (173) 170, (90) 174.
Carya porcina, 79; tables (245) 149, (76) 153, (75) 158,(89) 163,(44) 166, (47) 169, (44) 173.
Carya sulcata, 78; tables (243) 148, (82) 154, (81) 159, (84) 163, (34) 166, (54) 169, (48) 173.
Carya tomentosa, 78; tables (244) 148, (75)
153, (76) 158, (42) 163, (28) 166, (39) 169, (54) 173.
Cascade Mountains, 21, 37, 40, 41, 49, 63, 81, 93, 102, 106, 108, 110, 115, 116, 122, 127, 130, 132-135. (Often indicating limit of distribution.)
Cascara sagrada, 16.
Cassada, 57.
Cassena, 12.
Castanea pumlla, 94; tables (289) 149, (57)
155, (253) 160, (47)163, (65) 166, (105) 170, (218) 175.
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana, 94 ; tables
(290) 149, (366) 156, (365) 161, (160) 164.
(192) 167, (34) 171, (239) 174. Castanopsis chrysophylla, 93; tables (288) 149,
(280) 155, (280) 160, (99) 164, (165^ 167,
(170) 170, (217) 175. Castle, Lake, 108. Catalpa, 65.
Cat'dpa bignonioides, 65; tables (206) 148, (369) 156, (369) 161, (239) 165, (248) 168, (251) 171, (285) 175.
Catalpa speciosa, 66; tables (207) 148, (388)
156, (388) 161, (181) 164, (230) 168, (203) 171, (265) 175.
Catalpa, Western, 66.
Catarrh, 46, 132.
Catawba, 65.
Cathartics, 8, 14, 76.
Cat's Claw, 33, 34.
Cattle, food for, 7.
Caximbas Bay, 10, 11, 19, 24, 34.
Ceanothus Americana, 16.
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, 16 , tables (48) 145,
(268) 155, (269) 160. Cedar, Bastard, 106. Cedar, Canoe, 107. Cedar Elm, 70. Cedar, Incense, 106.
Cedar Keys, 12, 18, 46, 47, 57, 58, 67, 135.
Cedar, Oregon, 108.
Cedar Pine, 125.
Cedar, Port Orford, 108.
Cedar, Post, 106.
Cedar, Red, 107, 111.
Cedar, Stinking, 114.
Cedar, White, 106-108.
Celastracece, 14.
Celtis Mississippiensis, var. crass/folia. 73. Celtis Mississipjriensis, var. integrifolia, 73. Celtis Mississippiensis, var. laivigata, 73. Celtis occidental, 72; tables (228) 148, (144)
154, (146) 159, (235) 165, (142) 167, (186) 171, (107) 174.
182
INDEX.
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata, 73; tables (2281) 148, (147) 154, (151) 159, (150) 164,
(134) 167, (168) 170, (59) 173. Census, Vol. IX., 141-143. Central America, 11, 68, 70.
Cercis Canadensis, 31 ; tables (91) 146, (225) 155, (225) 160, (234) 165, (173) 167, (130)
170, (148) 174.
Cercis renifonnis, 31; tables (92) 146, (116)
154, (120) 159.
Cercocarpus ledij alius, 38; tables (115) 146, (10) 153, (8) 158, (25) 109, (8) 173.
Cercocarpus parvif alius, 39 ; tables (116) 146, (30) 153, (28) 158.
Cereus rjiganleus, 48; tables (149) 147, (424) 157, (426) 162.
Chairs, 71, 88, 95.
Chaleur, Bay of, 95.
Chamaicyparis Lawsoniana, 108; tables (331) 150, (352) 150, (350) 161, (31) 163, (97) 167,
(135) 170, (275) 175.
Chamoecyparis Nutkaensis, 108; tables (330) 150, (338) 156, (338) 161, (93) 164, (135)
167, (146) 170, (248) 175. Chamcecyparis splueraidea, 108; tables (32D)
150, (423) 157, (424) 102, (302) 165, (289)
168, (309) 172, (301) 176. Champlain, Lake, 23, 62, 82, 84, 105. Chaparral, 15.
Chapote, 59.
Charcoal, 28, 32, 38, 47, 117, 118, 123, 124, 128.
Charlotte Harbor, 12.
Chattahoochee, 114.
Cherokee County, N. C, 28.
Cherry, 56.
Cherry Birch, 97.
Cherry brandy, 36.
Cherrv, Indiaii, 15.
Cherry, May, 45
Cherry, Pigeon, 35.
Cheny, Pin, 35.
Cherrv, Rum, 36.
Cherry, Wild, 37.
CherrV, Wild Black, 36.
Cherry, Wild Red, 35.
Chester County, Pa., 78.
Chestnut, 94. "
Chestnut Oak, 84, 93.
Chestnut Oak, Rock, 84.
Celtis jntmila, 73.
Chickasaw Plum, 35.
Chihuahua, 120.
Chilopsis saligna, 66; tables (208) 148, (254)
155, (254) 160, (274) 165, (253) 168, (292)
171, (188) 175. China, Wild, 18. Chincapin, 85. Chinquapin, 93, 94. Chinquapin Oak, 84.
Chionanthus Virf/inica, 64; tables (200) 148, (224) 155, (221) 160.
Chittam-wood, 24.
Chrysobalanus Icaco, 34; tables (102) 146, (102) 154, (104) 159, (61) 163, (72) 166, (102) 174.
Chrysophyllum oliviforme, 56; tables (175) 147, (32) 153, (32) 158, (54) 163, (111) 1G7, (36) 169, (18) 173.
Churchill, Cape, 126, 127, 134.
Cigar Tree, 65.
Cinchona Bark, 17, 52.
Cinnamon bark, 5.
Cinnamon, Wild, 5.
Citharexylum villosum. 66; tables (210)148,
(54) 153, (50) 158, (26) 163, (77) 166, (14)
169, (40) 173. Cladrastis tinctoria, 28; tables (82) 145, (235)
155, (230) 160, (101) 164, (92) 167, (74) 169,
(147) 174. Clammy Locust, 27. Clapboards, 46, 88, 91, 93. Clark's Fork, 115. Claw, Cat's, 33, 34. Clear Creek, 98. Clear Lake, 109. Cleats, 69. Cliff Elm, 71.
Cliftonia Ufjustrina, 13; tables (38) 145, (238) 155, (237) 160, (197) 164, (271) 168, (244) 171, (184) 174.
Clusiajlava, 5; table (13) 144.
Coahuila, 21.
Coast Live Oak, 87.
Coast Ranges, 16, 18, 23, 36, 38, 39, 44, 49, 54, 63, 69, 75, 77, 85, 87-89, 93, 98, 101, 106-109, 112, 113, 115, 116, 120-122, 124, 130, 133. (Often indicating limit of dis- tribution.)
Coccoloba Floridana, 67; tables (213) 148, (20) 153, (25) 158, (49) 163, (83) 166, (7) 169, (16) 173.
Coccaloba uvifera, 68; tables (214) 148, (22) 153, (21) 158, (311) 172.
Cockspur Thorn, 42.
Cocoa Plum, 34.
Cceurd'Alene Mountains, 38,107, 115,130,132. Coffee, substitute for, 29. Coffee-nut, 29. Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 29. Coffins, 113.
Colorado, 21, 27, 31, 34, 35, 39, 41. 58, 60, 82,
85, 100, 105, 106, 110, 111, 117-119, 121,
128, 130-133, 137. Colorado Desert, 26, 30. Colorado River, 12, 13, 18, 27, 30-32, ^1-43,
52, 62, 63, 74, 77, 91, 100, 111, 122, 135.
(Often indicating limit of distribution.) Colubrina reclinata, 17; tables (49) 145, (77)
153, (80) 158, (108) 164, (9) 166. Columbia, District of, 39. Columbian Basin, 135. Columbia River, 100, 105, 128, 133, 134.
INDEX.
183
Combretacece, 46, 47.
Commerce, 69, 77, 78.
Compression, longitudinal, 169-172.
Concho River, 34, 59, 77.
Condaiia ferrea, 15; tables (43) 145, (1) 153,
(1) 158, (45) 163, (90) 167, (5) 169, (3)
173.
Condaiia obovata, 15 ; tables (44) 145, (2) 153,
(5) 158. Coniferas, 106-134. Coniferce, North American, 111. Connecticut, 45, 52, 58, 104. Connecticut River, 91, 101. Conocarpus erecta, 46; tables (141) 147, (17)
153, (16) 158, (95) 164, (76) 166, (35) 169, (22) 173.
Construction, 26, 29, 46, 81, 82, 84, 90, 91, 93,
112, 118, 127, 128, 131. Cooperage, 23, 63, 69, 71, 74, 81, 82, 84, 85,
88, 90, 91, 107, 112, 115, 128, 132. Coos Bay, 108. Coquille River, 20. Coral Sumach, 25. Cordage, 6.
Cordia Boissieri, 64; tables (203) 148, (190)
155, (198) 160. Cordia Sebestena, 64 ; tables (202) 148, (163)
154, (184) 159. Cork Elm, 71.
Cork, substitute for, 51. Cork-wood, 67. Cornaceae, 49-51.
Cornus alternifolia, 49; tables (150) 147,
(196) 155, (192) 160. Cornus flor ida, 49; tables (151) 147,(79) 153,
(77) 158, (182) 164, (91) 167, (75) 169, (43)
173.
Cornus Nuttallii, 49; tables (152) 147, (122)
154, (121) 159, (91) 164, (64) 166, (24) 169, (82) 174.
Corpus Christi, 65. Corpus Christi River, 30. Costa Rica, 86. Cotton-gum, 45, 50. Cottonwood, 105, 106. Cottonwood, Balsam, 105. Cottonwood, Big, 105. Cottonwood, Black, 104, 105. Cottonwood, River, 104. Cottonwood, Swamp, 104. Cough-mixtures, 35. Cow Oak, 84. Crab, American, 39. Crab Apple, American, 39. Crab Apple, Oregon, 40. Crab Apple, Southern, 39. Crab, Sweet-scented, 39. Crab-wood, 70.
Cratcegus aestivalis, 44; tables (134) 146, (205)
155, (201) 160, (263) 165, (183) 167, (160) 170, (99) 174.
Crataegus apii folia, 43; tables (131) 146, (127)
154, (134) 159. Crataegus arborescens, 41; tables (125) 146,
(213) 155, (210) 160, (195) 164, (235) 168,
(102) 170, (146) 174. Crataegus berberifolia, 44; table (133) 146. Crataegus brachyacantha, 41; tables (124)
146, (189) 155, (186) 159. Cratcegus coccinea, 42; tables (127) 146, (56)
153, (54) 158.
Cratcegus cordata, 43; tables (130) 146, (143)
154, (140) 159.
Cratcegus Crus-galli, 42; tables (126) 146,
(153) 154, (154) 159, (246) 165, (218) 168,
(176) 170, (114) 174. Cratcegus Douglasii, 41; tables (123) 146,
(172) 154, (169) 159. Crataegus Jlava, 44; tables (135) 146, (98) 154,
(97) 159.
Crataegus jlava, var. pubescens, 44; tables (1351) 146, (105) 154, (106) 159, (231) 165, (175) 167, (81) 170, (34) 173.
Crataegus rivularis, 41; tables (122) 146. (103) 154, (100) 159.
Cratcegus spathulata, 43; tables (132) 146,
(158) 154, (157) 159, (243) 165, (276) 168, (145) 170, (106) 174.
Cratcegus subvillosa, 42 ; tables (128) 146, (90) 154,' (89) 159, (141) 164, (169) 167, (71) 169, (68) 173.
Crataegus tomentosa, 42; tables (129) 146, (113) 154, (112) 159, (219) 165, (184) 167,
(159) 170, (84) 174.
Crataegus tomentosa, var. punctata, tables
(1291) 146, (103) 159. Crescentia cucurbitina, 66 ; tables (209) 148,
(231) 155, (235) 160. Cretaceous formations, 82. Cross-trees, 69. Cuba, 7.
Cucumber Tree, 2: Cucumber Tree, Large-leaved, 2. Cucumber Tree, Long-leaved, 3. Cumberland County, N. J., 92. Cumberland Mountains, 24. Cumberland River, 23.
Cupressus Goveniana, 109; tables (333) 150,
(348) 156, (348) 161, (285) 165, (268) 168,
(254) 171, (154) 174. Cupressus Guadalupensis, 109; tables (335)
150, (333) 156, (333) 161. Cupressus Macnabiana, 109; table (334) 150. Cupressus macrocarpa, 108 ; tables (332) 150,
(236) 155, (236) 160, (74) 163, (45) 166, (86)
174.
Cupuliferae, 80-95. Curled Maple, 22. Custard Apple, 4.
Cuyamaca Mountains, 98, 106, 115, 121, 131. Cyllene picta (locust-borer), 27. Cypress, Bald, 112.
184
INDEX.
Cypress, Black, 112. Cypress, Deciduous, 112. Cypress, Lawson's, 108. Cypress, Monterey, 108. Cypress Point, 108. Cypress, Red, 112. Cypress, Sitka, 108. Cypress swamps, 59. Cypress, White, 112. Cypress, Yellow, 108.
Cyrilla racemiflora, 13; tables (37) 145, (191)
155, (187) 159, (286) 105, (305) 168. Cyrillacece, 13.
DjEdalia, 112. Dcedalia vorax, 106. Dahoon, 12. Dahoon Holly, 12.
Dakota, 6, 22, 34, 36, 71, 72, 74, 96, 105, 119, 127.
Datea spinosa, 26 ; tables (76) 145, (282) 155,
(293) 160. Darling Plum, 14. Davenport, Iowa, 114. Debility, 104. Deciduous Cypress, 112. Decoctions, 40, 45, 49, 64, 89, 111. Delaware, 39, 59, 63, 76, 78, 83, 84, 88, 91,
94, 95, 97, 98, .101, 112, 122, 129. Desert Willow, 66. Devil's River, 32, 33, 61, 72, 75. Devil-wood, 64. Diamond Willow, 102. Diarrhoea, 16, 40, 59, 99. Digger Pine, 121. Dilly, Wild, 58.
Diospyros Texana, 59 ; tables (185) 147, (62)
153, (73) 158. Diospyros Virginiana, 58; tables (184) 147,
(93) 154, (92) 159, (198) 164, (102) 167, (94)
170, (32) 173. Dlpholis salicifolia, 57; tables (177) 147, (35)
153, (30) 158, (16) 163, (23) 166, (12) 169,
(57) 173. District of Columbia, 39, 91. Diuretics, 25, 108, 111. Doctor-gum. 25. Dogwood, 49. Dogwood, Flowering, 49. Dogwood, Jamaica, 28. Dogwood, Striped, 20. Door-blinds, 115. Douglas Fir, 130. Downward Plum, 58.
Drypetes crocea, 70; tables (219) 148, (39) 153, (52) 158, (83) 163, (138) 167, (27) 169, (25) 173.
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia, 70; tables (2191) 148, (33) 153, (55) 158, (174) 164, (180) 167, (85) 170, (14) 173.
Drypetes glauca, 70. Dry rot, 106. Duck Oak, 91. Dunnage of vessels, 128. Dwarf Maple, 21. Dwarf Sumach, 24. Dyes, 24, 25, 28, 60, 76, 89. Dysentery, 80. Dyspepsia, 10, 16.
Eagle Mountains, 54.
Eastern States, 89.
Eastern White Oak, 81.
Eastern White Pine, 115.
Ebenacece, 58, 59.
Edible seeds, 117, 118, 121.
Ehretica elliptica, 65; tables (205) 148, (214)
155, (218) 100, (304) 165, (177) 167, (226)
171, (93) 174. Elastic, Gum, 57. Elasticity, tables, 163-165. Elder, 51. Elder, Box, 23. Elder, Poison, 25. Elemi, Gum, 10. Elk-wood, 3. Elm, American, 71. Elm, Cedar, 70. Elm, Cliff, 71. Elm, Cork, 71. Elm, Hickory, 71. Elm, Moose, 71. Elm, Red, 71. Elm, Rock, 71. Elm, Slippery, 6, 71. Elm, Water, 71. Elm, White. 71. Elm, Winged, 71. Emetics, 13, 25, 27. Empyreumatic oil, 96. Enceno, 87.
Engraving, 55. (See Wood-engraving.)
Ericaceae, 53-55.
Erie, Lake, 39, 55, 75-78, 80, 84.
Eugenia buxifoUa, 47; tables (144) 147, (31)
153, (6) 163, (33) 158, (39) 166, (1) 169, (15)
173.
Eugenia dichotoma, 47; tables (145) 147, (50)
153, (43) 158. Eugenia longipes, 48; tables (147) 147, (6)
153, (7) 158. Eugenia monticola, 48 ; tables (146) 147, (41)
153, (39) 158, (69) 163, (17) 166, (58) 169,
(13) 173.
Eugenia procera, 48; tables (148) 147, (27) 153, (38) 163, (16) 166, (18) 169, (10) 173, (34) 158.
Euonymus atropurpureus, 14 ; tables (39) 145,
(201) 155, (197) 160. Euphorbiacece, 70.
INDEX.
185
Europe, 99.
Everglades, 4, 34, 46, 47. Extracts, 45.
Exostema Caiibceum, 52; tables (160) 147, (36) 153, (29) 158, (35) 163, (58) 166, (8) 169, (7) 173.
Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, 26 ; tables (75) 145, (52) 153, (53) 158.
Fagus FERRUGiiNEA, 94; tables (291) 149, (184) 154, (181) 159, (32) 163, (24) 166, (126) 170, (135) 174.
Fairtield Count}', Conn., 45.
Fan-leaf Palm, 135.
Farkle-berry, 53.
Faxon, C. E., viii.
Febrifuges, 100. (See Fevers.)
Fellies, for wheels, 32, 93.
Fence-boards, 105.
Fence-posts, 20, 65, 66, 69, 75, 102, 108, 113, 114, 134.
Fencing, 32, 49, 63, 71, 73, 74, 81, 82, 84, 85, 94, 97, 107, 110-112, 117, 126, 128.
Fetid Buckeye, 17.
Fevers, 17, 49, 52, 64, 104.
Ficus aurea, 73 ; tables (229) 148, (429) 157, (429) 162, (310) 165, (308) 168, (316) 172, (310) 176.
Ficus brevi folia, 73; tables (230) 148, (220)
155, (216) 175, (240) 100.
Ficus pedunculala, 73; tables (231) 148, (342)
156, (362) 161, (301) 165, (309) 168, (299) 172. Fiddle-wood, 66.
Fig, Wild, 73. Fir, Balm-of-Gilead, 131. Fir, Balsam, 131, 132. Fir, Douglas, 130. Fir, Red, 130, 133, 134. Fir, White, 132. Fir, Yellow, 130, 131. Fishes, poison for, 28. Fish-hooks, 113. Fishing-nets, 21. Flathead Lake, 16, 96. Flathead Region, 127. Flathead River, 98, 115, 135. Floats, 51.
Flooring. 2, 22, 63, 71, 103, 108, 118.
Florida, 1, 3-15, 17-19, 22-25, 28-32, 34-37, 39, 41-50, 52-84, 80, 88-95, 97, 99, 100, 105, 107, 111-114, 123-126, 135, 136. (Mostly relating to limit of distribution.)
Florida Coast, 80.
Florida Keys, 80.
Flour, 32.
Flowering Dogwood, 49. Fodder, 32.
Forestiera acuminata, 63; tables (199) 148, (228) 155, (226) 160, (233) 165, (182) 167, (210) 171, (161) 174.
Fork-leaved Black Jack, 90. Foulweather, Cape, 80. Foxtail Pine, 118. Franklinia, 5.
Fraser River, 21, 35, 36, 51, 96, 98, 105, 133. Fraxinus Americana, 61; tables (192) 147,
(206) 155, (205) 160, (97) 164, (110) 167,
(68) 169, (137) 170, (160) 174. Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis, 61 ;
tables (192) 147, (109) 154, (109) 159, (73)
163, (29) 166, (129) 174. Fraxinus anomala, 60; tables (190) 147, (200)
155, (199) 160. Fraxinus Greggii, 60; tables (189) 147, (94)
154, (93) 159.
Fraxinus Oreyana, 63; tables (197) 148, (269)
155, (268) 160, (164) 164, (210) 168, (84) 170, (165) 174.
Fraxinus pistacice folia, 61 ; tables (191) 147,
(188) 154, (419)* 157, (185) 159, (261) 165,
(234) 168, (227) 171, (115) 174. Fraxinus pistacicefolia, var. coriacea, 61. Fraxinus platycarpa, 62; tables (195) 148,
(420) 162, (290) 165, (269) 168, (312) 172,
(193) 175.
Fraxinus pubescens, 61; tables (193) 147,
(237) 155, (233) 160, (188) 164, (105) 167,
(169) 170, (120) 174. Fraxinus quadrangulata, 62; tables (196)
148, (154) 154, (156) 159, (202) 165, (128)
167, (100) 170, (101) 174. Fraxinus sambucifolia, 63; tables (198) 148,
(232) 155, (229) 160, (148) 164, (131) 167,
(183) 170, (137) 174. Fraxinus viridis, 61, 62; tables (194) 148,
(162) 154, (160) 159, (40) 164, (95) 167,
(120) 170, (105) 174. Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana, 62;
tables (194) 148, (263) 155, (264) 160. Frigolito, 28. Fringe Tree, 64.
Fuel, 13, 22, 28, 32, 38, 39, 46, 47, 55, 63, 70, 77, 81, 82. 84, 85, 88-91, 95-97, 103, 105, 110, 111, 117-119, 121-123, 125, 128, 131, 134, 135.
Fuel value, 141-143, 158-162.
Furniture, 6, 20, 22, 23, 32, 63, 73, 75, 97, 98, 106, 108.
Geiger Tree, 64. Genesee River, 84.
Genipa clusicefolia, 52; tables (162) 147, (14)
153, (14) 158. Georgia, 2, 5, 6, 13, 17, 20, 23-26, 43, 49-52,
55, 57, 63, 65, 76, 80, 83, 92, 104, 114, 122.
(Relating generally to limit of distribution.) Georgia Bark, 52. Georgian Bay, 95, 111. Georgia Pine, 125. Giant Cactus, 48
186
INDEX.
Gila River, 10, 26, 27, 30, 32, 38, 74. Gilead, Balm of, 104, 131. Ginger Pine, 108. Glamberry, 7. Glass-factories, 50. Glaucous Willow, 101.
Gleditschia monosperma, 30; tables (87) 146,
(137) 154, (138) 159, (39) 163, (52) 166, (44)
169, (55) 173. Gleditschia triacanthos, 29; tables (86) 145,
(193) 155, (190) 160, (66) 163, (81) 166,
(99) 170, (164)174. Gleditschia triacanthos, var. inermis, 29. Gold Range, 115, 129, 134. Goose-foot Maple, 20. Gopher Plum, 50. Gopher-wood, 28.
Gordonia' Lasianthus, 5; tables (14) 144, (344) 156, (193) 164, (344) 161, (209) 168, (225) 171, (253) 175.
Gordonia pubescens, 5; table (15)144.
Gout, 8, 10, 96, 100.
Graham, Mount, 127.
Grand Rapids, 102.
Grand River, 24.
Grape, Sea, 68.
Grape sugar, 32.
Gray Birch, 95, 97.
Gray Pine, 125.
Great Basin, 38, 110, 117, 118.
Great Bear Lake, 96, 103, 104, 125, 131, 134.
Great Laurel, 55.
Green Ash, 62.
Green-barked Acacia, 30.
Ground Ash, 63.
Guadalupe Island, 109.
Guadalupe Mountains, 37, 54, 84, 86, 115, 130. Guadalupe River, 8, 18, 26, 33, 37, 59, 65, 71,
99, 136. Guaiac, 8.
Guaiacum officinale, 7.
Guaia cum sanctum, 7; tables (20) 144, (4) 153. (3) 158, (154) 164, (143) 167, (11) 169, (1) 173.
Guaiacum-wood, 7, 8.
Guettarda elliptica, 53; tables (163) 147, (68)
153, (70) 158. Guiana Plum, 70.
Gulf Coast, 37, 50, 86, 92, 107, 126, 135.
Gulf States, 1, 3, 8, 12, 13, 15, 23, 30, 36, 43, 44, 50, 53, 58-60, 62-64, 68, 72, 78, 80, 84, 90, 91, 93, 97, 104, 107, 111, 112, 122, 124- 126. (Often marking limit of distribution.)
Gums, 25, 50.
Gum-arabic, 32, 33.
Gum, Black, 50.
Gumbo Limbo, 10.
Gum Cotton, 50.
Gum Elastic, 57.
Gum Elemi, 10.
Gum, Red, 45.
Gum, Sour, 50. Gum, Sweet, 45. Gum, Tupelo, 50. Gunpowder, 54, 99. Gunstocks, 23, 28, 77. Gurgeon Stopper, 47. Guttiferce, 5.
Gymnocladus Canadensis, 29; tables (85) 145, (175) 154, (173) 159, (82) 163, (149) 167, (211) 171, (170) 174.
Hackberry, 72. Hackmatack, 134. Hematuria, 99.
Halesia diptera, 60; tables (187) 147, (270) 155, (270) 160, (236) 165, (112) 167, (172) 170, (132) 174.
Halesia tetraptera, 60; tables (188) 147, (277) 155, (277) 160.
Halifax Bay, 123.
Hamamelaceai, 45, 46.
Hamamelis Vir<jinica, 45; tables (138) 146,
(185) 154, (182) 159. Handles, 19-21, 39, 50, 53, 54, 59, 61, 62, 95. H ird Maple, 21. Hard Pine, 125. Hats, wooden, 17. Haw, Apple, 44. Haw, Black, 52. Haw, Hog's, 41. Haw, May, 44. Haw, Parsley, 43. Haw, Pear, 42. Haw, Purple, 15. Haw, Red, 42, 44. Haw, Scarlet, 42. Haw, Small-fruited, 43. Haw, Summer, 44. Haw, Yellow, 44. Hays County, Texas, 54. Hazel, Witch, 45. Heart-wood, 59. Hedges, 74. Hemlock, 129. Hemorrhage, 59, 89. Hernando County, Fla., 23. Heteromeles arbuti folia, 44; tables (136) 146,
(34) 153, (31) 158. Hickory, Big-bud, 78. Hickory, Black, 78, 79. Hickory. Brown, 79. Hickory Elm, 71 . Hickorv, Nutmeg, 79. Hickorv, Pine, 118, 124. Hickory, Shag-bark, 77. Hickory, Shell-bark, 77. Hickorv, Swamp, 79. Hickory, Switch-bud, 79. Hickory, Water, 79. Hickory, White-heart, 78.
INDEX.
187
Hierro, Arbol de, 27. High Mountains, 131.
Hlppomane Mancinella, 70; tables (221) 148,
(264) 155, (283) 1G0. Hoarv Alder, 99. Hog Plum, 11, 25, 35. Hog's Haw, 41. Holly, American, 12. Hollv, California, 44. Holly, Dahoon, 12. Honey, G.
Honey Locust, 29, 31. Honey Pod, 31. Honey Shucks, 29. Hoop Ash, G3. Hoop-poles, 9G. Hoops, 49, 63, 79. Hop Hornbeam, 95. Hops, substitute for, 10. Hop Tree, 9. Hornbeam, 95. Hornbeam, Hop, 95. Horse Plum, 34. Horse Sugar, 59. Hot Spring Mountains, 63. Hot Spring Valley, 20. House-flies, poison for, 29. Hubs, 49, 50, 71, 72, 97.
Hudson's Bay (Hudson Bay), 35, 45, 51, 96,
103, 104, 125, 126, 131, 134* (Often marking
limit of distribution.) Humber River, 39. Humboldt County. Cal., 109. Humboldt Range, 21. Hummocks, 47, 53, 80, 91, 125. Huron, Lake, 20, 40. 82, 94, 95, 97, 99. Hydrocyanic acid, 11, 36. Hypelate paniculata, 19; tables (56) 145,
'(23) 153, (23) 158, (59) 163, (14) 1GG. (21)
1G9.
Hypelate trifoliata, 19; tables (57) 145, (43) 153, (40) 158, (164) 170, (17) 173.
Idaho, 16, 21, 36, 38, 41, 98, 102, 104, 107, 113, 115, 119, 121, 129, 130, 132.
Ilex Cassine, 12; tables (35) 145, (148) 154, (47) 159.
Ilex Dahoon, 12; tables (34) 144, (337) 156, (339) 161, (257) 168, (263) 171, (225) 175.
Ilex Dahoon, var. angusti folia, 12.
Ilex Dahoon, var. myrtifolia, 12; tables (34)
144, (258) 155, (258) 160, (252) 165. Ilex decidua, 13; tables (36) 145, (132) 154,
(135) 159.
Ilex opaca, 12; tables (33) 144, (261) 155, (156) 174, (261) 160, (250) 165, (195) 167, (188) 171.
Ilicin, 12.
Ilicinece, 12, 13.
Illinois, 2, 7, 13, 15, 30, 35, 39, 43, 45, 50, 53, 57, 58, 60, 63, 66, 72, 77, 78, 83, 84, 90, 94, 96, 103, 104, 106, 112, 114, 124, 134. (Often indicating limit of distribution.)
Illinois Nut, 77.
Indentation, power to resist, 173-176. Indiana, 7, 12, 30, 45, 51, 66, 72, 77, 78, 83,
84, 89, 90, 94, 97, 104, 112, 123, 134. (Often
indicating limit of distribution.) Indian Bean, 65. Indian Cherry, 15. Indian Peninsula, 11. Indian River, 22, 55-58, 73. India-rubber Tree, 73.
Indians: Coast, 21; flour, 32; dried fruit, 49;
manufactures, 113; canoes, 107; food, 118. Indian Territory, 6, 9, 15,- 17, 22, 24, 26, 29,
31, 36, 39, 42,' 45, 52, 58, 61, 69, 71, 72, 74,
76-79, 82, 84, 88-90, 95, 97, 98, 103, 111, 124.
(Often indicating limit of distribution.) Infusions, 36, 40, 52. Ink-wood, 19. Inlaying, 24. Insecticide, 108.
Interior finish, 23, 36, 61, 63, 66, 68, 69, 76, 77, 81, 88, 106-108, 111, 114, 115, 128, 132.
Intermittent fever, 49, 52, 64, 104. (See Fevers.)
Invo Mountains, 116.
Iowa, 4, 17, 35, 39, 58, 62, 69, 71, 76, 77, 83,
88, 95, 97, 102, 114. Ithaca, N. Y., 23. Iron Mountain, 13. Iron Oak, 82. Iron-wood, 13, 19, 27, 58. Iron-wood, Black, 15. Iron-wood, Red, 14. Iron-wood, White, 19, 95. Islay, 38. Ivy] 55.
Jack, Black, 89, 90.
Jack, Blue, 92.
Jack, Fork -leaved Black, 90.
Jack Oak, 89.
Jack, Sand, 92.
Jacquinia armillaris, 56; tables (174) 147,
(173) 154, (189) 160. Jamaica Dogwood, 28. James Bay, 40, 106. Japan, 98. Jaws, for ships, 69. Jersey Pine, 123. Jesup, Morris K., vii, viii. Jocko River, 36. Joe-wood, 56. Joshua, The, 137. Joshua Tree, 137. Judas Tree, 31. Juglandacece, 76-80.
188
INDEX.
Juglans cinerea, 76; tables (238) 148, (397)
156, (396) 161, (187) 164, (245) 168, (217)
171, (260) 175. Juglans nigra, 76; tables (239) 148, (242)
155, (242) 160, (65) 163, (113) 167, (45) 169,
(134) 174.
Jucjlans rupestris, 77; tables (240) 148, (203) 155, (207) 160, (222) 165, (244) 168, (167) 170, (149) 174.
June-berry, 45.
Juniper, 109, 110.
Juniperus Calif arnica, 109; tables (336) 150,
(234) 155, (234) 160. Juniperus Calif ornica, var. Utahensis, 110;
tables (3361) 150, (283) 155, (282) 160. Juniperus occidentalis, 110; tables (338) 150,
(265) 155, (262) 160, (144) 173. Juniperus occidentalis, var. conjugens, 111 ;
tables (3382) 150, (179) 154,(176) 159, (217)
165, (286) 168, (80) 170, (51) 173. Juniperus occidentalis, var. monosperma, 110;
tables (3381) i50, (161) 154, (161) 159. Juniperus Pachyphlaza, 110; tables (337) 150,
(259) 155, (252) 160, (258) 165, (154) 167. Juniperus Virginiana, 111; tables (339) 150,
(325) 156, (324) 161, (244) 165, (166) 167,
(195) 171, (183) 174.
Kalmia latifolia, 55; tables (170) 147, (157) 154, (155) 159, (265) 165, (227) 168, (177) 170, (69) 173.
Kamtschatka, 40.
Kansas, 4, 8, 14, 15, 17, 21, 29, 36, 39, 58, 61,
69, 74-79, 82, 84, 88-92, 95, 97, 111, 124.
(Often indicating the limit of distribution.) Kentucky 2, 3, 7, 28-30, 66, 71, 72, 77. 83, 84,
90, 91,"93, 94, 97, 103, 104, 112, 122, 123.
(Often indicating the limit of distribution.) Kentucky Coffee-tree, 29. Kern County, Cal., 134. Kern River," 118. Key Largo, 47, 135. Key West, 5. King Nut, 78. King River, 118. Klamath River, 39, 103, 110. Knack-away, 65. Knees, of vessels, 134. Knob-cone Pine, 122.
Labrador, 35, 40, 45, 96, 101, 103, 120, 127, 131, 134. (Often indicating the limit of distribution.)
Lacquer, 25.
Laguncularia racemosa, 47; tables (142) 147, (100) 154, (165) 159, (225) 165, (272) 168, (154) 170, (181) 174.
Lake County, Cal., 109.
Lancaster County, Pa., 82.
Lances, Indian, 49. Lancewood, 69. Larch, 134. Larch, Black, 134. Large-leaved Cucumber Tree, 2. Large Tupelo, 50.
Largo, Key, 47. (See Key Largo.)
Larix Americana, 134; tables (401)152, (239)
155, (238) 160, (23) 163, (94) 167, (73) 109,
(226) 175. Larix Lyallii, 135; table (403) 152. Larix occidentalis, 134; tables (402) 152,
(135) 154, (130) 159, (1) 163, (7) 106, (15)
169, (191)174. Larkin's Station, 116. La Salle, 111., 114. Lasts, 57. Laths, 106. Lauracece, 68, 69. Laurel, Big, 1. Laurel, California, 69. Laurel, Great, 55. Laurel, Mountain, 69. Laurel Oak, 91, 92. Laurel, Swamp, 1. Laurel, Sweet, 1. Laurel, White, 1. Lawson's Cypress, 108. Lead-pencils, 111. Leather, 84, 128-131. Leguminosai, 26-34.
Leuccena glauca, 32; tables (95) 146, (38) 153, (41) 158.
Leuccena pulverulenta, 33; tables (96) 146,
(194) 155, (193) 160. Levers, 39, 95. Lever-wood, 95.
Libocedrus decurrens, 106; tables (326) 150, (401) 150, (401) 101, (105) 104, (200) 108, (200) 171, (255) 175.
Lignum-ritce, 7, 8.
Lignum Guaiaci, 7.
Liliacece, 136, 137.
Limbo, Gumbo, 10.
Limbs, artificial, 17.
Lime, Ogeechee, 50.
Lime Tree, 6.
Lime, Wild, 9, 10.
Limestone Hills, 111.
Limpia Mountains, 88, 92, 115.
Lin, 6.
Linden, American, 6.
Liqnidambar $tyraciflua, 45; tables (139) 146, (253) 155, (255) 100, (153) 164, (222) 168, (134) 170, (200) 175.
Liquidamber, 45.
Liriodendrin, a tonic, 3.
Liriodendron, 3.
Liriodendron Tulipifera, 3; tables (8) 144, (385) 156, (283) 101, (131) 104, (215) 108, (242) 171, (273) 175.
INDEX.
189
Little River, 66. Live Oak, 86-88. Live Oak, Coast, 87. Loblolly Bay, 5. Loblolly Pine, 122. Locust, 26, 27. Locust, Black, 26, 29. Locust-borer, 27. Locust, Clammy, 27. Locust, Honey, 29, 31. Locust, Sweet, 29. Locust, Water, 30. Locust, Yellow, 26. Lodge-pole Pine, 120. Logwood, 15.
Long Island, 15, 74, 89, 90, 96, 97, 104, 123.
Long Island Sound, 58.
Long-leaved Cucumber Tree, 3.
Long-leaved Pine, 125.
Lost Man's River, 46, 67.
Louisiana, 1, 2, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 23, 25, 30, 31, 39, 41, 43, 44, 51, 54, 55, 59, 60, 64, 66, 72, 77, 80, 83, 84, 104, 124-126. (Often indi- cating the limit of distribution.)
Lumber, 46, 106, 108, 112, 115-123, 125-128. 130, 132-135.
Lumbermen, 129. 131.
Lysiloma latisiliqua, 34; tables (100) 146, (219) 155, (222) 160, (292) 165, (264) 168, (122) 170, (159) 174.
Machinery, bearings, 17, 40, 49, 54. Mackenzie River, 89, 101, 103, 115, 121, 125- 127, 134.
Madura aurantiaca, 74: tables (234) 148, (100) 154, (99) 159, (122) 164, (27) 166, (4)
169, (24) 173. Madeira-wood, 11. Madrona, 54. Magnolia, 1, 2. Magnolia cexz, 1-3.
Magnolia acuminata, 2; tables (3) 144, (347)
156, (346) 161, (129) 164, (208) 168, (197)
171, (233) 175. Magnolia cordata, 2; tables (4) 144, (391)
156, (390) 161, (125) 164, (243) 168, (200)
171, (261) 175. Magnolia Fraseri, 3; tables (7) 144, (318) 156,
(318) 161, (120) 164, (185) 167, (190) 171,
(212) 175.
Magnolia glauca, 1; tables (2)144, (316) 156, (315) 161, (133) 164, (170) 167, (181) 170, (246) 175.
Magnolia grandiflora, 1 ; tables (1) 144, (226) 155, (223) 160,(139) 161, (139) 167, (118)
170, (131) 174.
Magnolia macrophylla, 2; tables (5) 144, (296) 156, (296) 161, (41) 163, (191) 167, (110) 170, (262) 175.
Magnolia, Mountain, 2.
Magnolia Umbrella, 2, 3; tables (6) 144, (368)
156, (367) 161, (213) 165, (250) 168, (247)
171, (271) 175. Mahogany, 11. Mahogany Birch 97. Mahogany, Mountain, 38, 39. Maine, 50, 75, 79, 80, 82, 83, 88, 89, 94, 107,
125, 127. (Often indicating the limit of
production.) Malabar, Cape, 4, 5, 79, 90, 91, 92, 95, 111, 122.
(Often indicating the limit of distribution.) Malarial fever, 49. (See Fevers.) Mallets, 40. Malpighiaceai, 7. Manatee, 24. Manchineel, 70. Manchineel, Mountain, 25. Manchuria, 98. Mangrove, 46, 47. Mangrove, Black, 67. Mangrove, Red, 67. Mangrove, White, 47. Manitoba, 23, 42. Manitoba, Lake, 34. . Maple, Ash-leaved, 23. Maple, Bird's-eye, 22. Maple, Broad-leaved, 20. Maple, Curled, 22. Maple, Dwarf, 21. Maple, Goose-foot, 20. Maple, Hard, 21. Maple, Mountain, 20. Maple, Red, 22. Maple, Silver, 22. Maple, Soft, 22. Maple, Striped, 20. Maple, Sugar, 21. Maple, Swamp, 22. Maple, Vine, 21. Maple, Water, 22. Maple, White, 22. Maple-sugar, 22, 23. Marl-berry, 56. Martha's Vineyard, Mass., 82 Maryland, 25, 98.
Massachusetts, 1, 8, 12, 42, 69, 76, 82, 84, 91, 97, 99, 118. (Often indicating the limit of distribution.)
Mastic, 56.
Matagorda Bay, 9, 28, 53, 59, 136.
Matanzas Inlet, 30, 36, 90.
Match-boxes, 97.
Matches, 114, 108.
Materia Medica, American, 2.
Mathematical instruments, 54.
Matting, 6.
Maul Oak, 87.
Mauls, 40, 41, 50.
May Cherry, 45.
May Haw, 44.
Meadow Pine, 126.
190
INDEX.
Medicine, 2, 3, 5, 14. 16, 71.
Meliacece, 11. Mendocino, Cape, 113.
Mendocino County, 16, 18, 44, 87, 114, 120, 124, 128. (Often indicating the limit of distribution.)
Meramec River, 15.
Merrimac River, 97.
Mesquit, 31.
Mesquit, Screw-pod, 32.
Metacombe Key, 4, 14.
Mexican Banana, 137.
Mexican Mulberry, 74.
Mexican Persimmon, 59.
Mexicans, 137.
Mexico, 8, 9, 15, 18, 23, 26, 30-33, 39, 45, 51, 54, 56-62, 64, 66, 74, 75, 85, 86, 98, 109, 110, 117, 119, 130, 136, 137. (Often indi- cating line or limit of distribution.)
Miami, Fla., 25, 48, 66.
Michigan, 3, 4, 17, 29, 35, 40, 42, 50, 62, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76-80, 82-84, 88, 92, 94-96, 104, 106, 111, 114, 118, 126, 127, 129, 131. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Michigan, Lake, 3, 114, 125.
Mimusops Sieberi, 58; tables (183) 147, (9) 153, (10) 158, (100) 164, (82) 166, (141) 170, (19) 173.
Minnesota, 8, 9, 20, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 39, 40, 49, 61, 62, 76, 77, 79, 80, 88, 89, 95-97, 99, 104, 106, 111, 114, 118, 125, 127, 131, 134. (Often indicating line or limit of distribu- tion.)
Minnesota River, 29.
Mississippi, 2, 3, 13, 24, 29, 31, 35, 39, 60, 61, 65, 71, 72, 75-77, 83, 84, 88-90, 107, 125. (Often indicating line or limit of distribu- tion.)
Mississippi Basin, 45, 51, 94, 101, 112.
Mississippi Delta, 46.
Mississippi River, 1, 3, 5, 14, 23, 26, 62, 67, 73-75, 80, 82, 85, 101, 124, 125. (Often in- dicating line or limit of distribution.)
Mississippi Valley, 12, 13.
Missouri, 3, 8. 13, 15, 22, 24, 25, 31, 41, 42, 50-53, 58, 62, 63, 66, 72, 77, 81, 83, 84, 88, 90, 91, 93-95, 97, 99, 101, 112, 124. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Missouri River, 14, 34, 36, 102.
Mobile Bay, 54, 57, 91, 107.
Mocker-nut. 78.
Mock Orange, 37.
Mogollon Range, 133.
Mohave Desert, 137.
Mohave Mountains, 27.
Mohave River, 137.
Montana, 14, 16, 21, 23, 35, 37, 38, 41, 62, 82, 96, 98, 102, 104, 105, 107, 113, 115, 110, 119, 121, 127, 128, 130, 132, 134, 135. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Monte Diablo, 121.
Monterey, 108, 121. Monterey Bay, 80, 113. Monterey County, 112. Monterey Cypress, 108. Monterey Pine, 121. Moose Elm, 71. Moose-wood, 20.
Moras microphylla, 74; tables (233) 148, (101)
154, (101) 159.
Morus rubra, 74; tables (232) 148, (255) 155, (256) 160, (179) 164, (147) 167, (187.) 171, (153) 174.
Mosquito Inlet, 1, 9, 11, 12, 19, 35, 46, 47, 56, 58, 67, 68, 91, 112. (Limit of distribution.) Mossy-cup Oak, 82. Moulds, 97. Mountain Ash, 40. Mountain Laurel, 69. Mountain Magnolia, 2. Mountain Mahogany, 38, 39. Mountain Manchineel, 25. Mountain Maple, 20. Mountain Plum, 11. Mountain White Oak, 85. Mulberry, Mexican, 74. Mulberry, Red, 74.
Myginda pallens, 14; tables (40) 145, (46)
153, (48) 158. Myvicacece, 80.
Myrica Calif ornica, 80; tables (250) 149, (195) 155, (191) 160, (104) 164, (49) 166, (79) 170, (142) 174.
Myrica cerifera, 80 ; tables (249) 149, (270)
155, (276) 160, (144) 164, (124) 167, (161) 170, (189) 175.
Jlfyrsinacece, 55, 56.
Myrsine Rapanea, 55; tables (172) 147, (67)
153, (68) 158. Myrtaceai, 47, 48. Myrtle, Blue, 16. Myrtle, Wax, 80.
Naked Wood, 17, 47. Nanny-berry, 51. Narcotics, 28. Nastapohee Sound, 126. Natchez, Miss., 1.
Nebraska, 6, 8, 22, 29, 31, 42, 61, 71, 74-70, 78, 79, 81, 84, 89, 92, 99, 102, 111. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Neches River, 50, 94.
Necklace Poplar, 105.
Nectandra Willdenoviana, 68; tables (216)
148, (104) 154, (102) 159. Negundo aceroides, 23; tables (67) 145, (378)
156, (377) 161, (267) 165, (270) 168, (284)
171, (284) 175. Negundo Calif ornicum, 23; tables (68) 145,
(335) 156, (336) 161, (119) 164, (137) 167,
(163) 170, (234) 175.
INDEX.
191
Nelson River, 40. ' Nestucca River, 133. Net-floats, 51.
Nevada, 21, 31, 32, 38, 61, 103, 105, 106, 110, 111, 116, 118, 119, 137. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.)
New Braunfels, 18, 65.
New Brunswick, 6, 22, 24, 42, 49, 55, 61, 76, 82, 88, 95, 97, 99, 104, 100, 111, 122, 129. (Often indicating line or limit of distribu- tion.)
Newcastle Thorn, 42.
New England, 3, 24, 25, 34, 40, 45, 49, 55, 74, 99, 104, 105. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Newfoundland, 21, 40, 42, 63, 71, 96, 97, 99, 103, 112, 118, 126, 127, 131, 134. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.)
New Hampshire, 75.
New Jersey, 1, 92.
New Mexico, 9, 15, 16. 18, 19, 21, 23, 27, 28, 31-33, 37-42, 61. 64, 66, 74, 75, 77, 82, 85, 87, 92, 96, 98-100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 109- 111, 115-117, 119-121, 133, 137. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.)
New York, 2-4, 14, 15, 23, 29, 39, 51, 55, 58, 71, 74, 84, 88-91, 96, 97, 100, 106, 123, 124. (Often indicating line or limit of distribu- tion.)
Niagara River, 9.
Nipigon, Lake, 114, 118.
No Name Key, 48.
North America, 17, 41, 43, 57, 71, 75, 77, 103, 114.
North Atlantic States, 90.
North Carolina, 1-3, 6, 17, 20, 27, 28, 35, 37, 40, 53, 57, 68, 72, 79, 83, 90-92, 97, 104, 100, 122, 123, 127, 129, 131, 135. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Northeastern States, 40.
Northern States, 20, 24, 42, 49, 51, 55, 63, 95, 97, 104, 106, 114, 118, 126, 129, 131, 134. (Often indicating line or limit of distribu- tion.)
Northport, L. I., 104.
North, the, 88, 106.
Northwest, the, 89.
Norway Pine, 118.
Nova Scotia, 55, 01, 82, 88, 94, 95, 97, 104, 129. (Often indicating line or limit of dis- tribution.)
Nueces River, 9, 33, 51, 65, 79, 82, 90, 112. (Often indicating line or limit of distribu- tion.)
Nutmeg, California, 114. Nutmeg, Hickory, 79. ■ Nut, Illinois, 77. Nut Pine, 116, 117. Nuts, 77, 78, 94. Nut, Tallow, 11. Nyctaginacece, 67.
Nyssa aquatica, 50.
Nyssa capitata, 50; tables (153) 147, (354) 156, (352) 161, (240) 165, (198) 167, (175) 170, (176) 174.
Nyssa sylvatica, 50; tables (154) 147, (227)
155, (224) 160, (184) 164, (118) 167, (131)
170, (133) 174.
Nyssa uniflora, 50; tables (155) 147, (303)
156, (305) 161, (282) 165, (217) 168, (249)
171, (168) 174.
Oaks, American, 83.
Oak, Bartram's, 92.
Oak, Basket, 84.
Oak, Black, 87-89.
Oak, Blue, 85.
Oak, Bur, 82.
Oak, Chestnut, 84, 93.
Oak, Chinquapin, 84.
Oak, Coast Live, 87.
Oak, Cow, 84.
Oak, Duck, 91.
Oak, Iron, 82.
Oak, Jack, 89.
Oak, Laurel, 91, 92.
Oak, Live, 86-88.
Oak, Maul, 87.
Oak, Mossy-cup, 82.
Oak, Mountain White, 85.
Oak openings, 83.
Oak, Over-cup, 82, 83.
Oak, Peach, 93.
Oak, Pin, 91.
Oak, Possum, 91.
Oak, Post, 82.
Oak, Punk, 91.
Oak, Quercitron, 89.
Oak, Red, 88, 90.
Oak, Rock Chestnut, 84.
Oak, Scarlet, 88.
Oak, Scrub, 82, 90.
Oak, Shingle, 92.
Oak, Spanish, 90.
Oak, Swamp Post, 83.
Oak, Swamp Spanish, 91.
Oak, Swamp White, 83.
Oak, Tan-bark, 93.
Oak, Turkey, 90.
Oak, Upland Willow, 92.
Oak, Valparaiso, 87.
Oak, Water, 91.
Oak, Water White, 83.
Oak, Weeping, 81.
Oak, White, 80, 81, 83-85.
Oak, Willow, 93.
Oak, Yellow, 84, 89.
Oak, Yellow-bark, 89.
Oars, 61.
Obispo Pine, 124.
Ogeechee Lime, 50.
192
INDEX.
Ogeechee River, 50.
Ohio, 39, 58, 71, 89, 100. (Often indicating
line or limit of distribution.) Ohio Basin, 59, 61. Ohio Buckeye, 17.
Ohio River," 15, 22, 29, 74, 75, 81, 89, 104.
Ointment, 4G.
Olaeineai, 11.
Old-field Birch, 95.
Old-field Pine, 122.
Old Man's Beard, 64.
Old World, 46.
OleacecB, 60-64.
Olive, California, 69.
Olnetja Tesota, 27; tables (80) 145, (12) 153, (13) 158, (149) 164, (160) 167, (248) 171, (2) 173.
Ontario, Canada, 3, 4, 22, 24, 29, 36, 39, 42, 45. 49, 61, 69, 71, 72, 74-76, 79, 80, 82-84, 88, 89, 94, 97, 104. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Ontario, Lake, 20, 75, 77, 78, 84, 95, 122.
Orange, Mock, 37.
Orange, Osage, 74.
Orange, Wild, 8, 37.
Oregon, 16, 20, 21, 36-38, 40-42, 49, 51, 54, 63, 69, 73, 80, 81, 87, 89, 93, 98, 100-102, 105-108, 110-112, 115, 116, 119, 120, 122, 127, 128, 130-134. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Oregon Ash, 63.
Oregon Cedar, 108.
Oregon Coast, 69, 107.
Oregon Crab Apple, 40.
Oregon Pine, 130.
Oreodoxaregia, 136; tables (408) 152, (245)
155, (252) 160. Orford, Port, Cedar, 108. Organ Mountains, 18. Osage, Fort, 102. Osage Orange, 74.
Osmanthus Americanus, 64; tables (201) 148, (81) 154, (79) 158, (28) 163, (42) 166, (62) 169, (80) 174.
Ostrya Virginica, 95 ; tables (292) 149,(73) 153, (71) 158, (15) 163, (25) 166, (67) 169,(91) 174.
Ottawa River, 95.
Outside finish, 129. (See Inside finish.) Over-cup Oak, 82, 83.
Oxydendrum arboreum, 54; tables (169) 147, (126) 154, (125) 159, (143) 164, (172) 167, (96) 170, (123) 174.
Ox-yokes, 50, 69, 75, 79, 97.
Pacific Coast States, 101. Pacific forests, 40, 69, 87, 119. Pacific oaks, 81.
Pacific Region, 37, 40, 96, 99, 100, 103, 119. Packing-cases, 105, 132, 133. Paddles, 113.
Palmce, 135, 136.
Palma Garberi, 136.
Palmetto, Cabbage, 135.
Palmetto, Silk-top, 136.
Palmetto, Silver-top, 136.
Palm, Fan-leaf, 135.
Palm, Royal, 136.
Paolo Verde, 30.
Papaw, 4.
Paper Birch, 96.
Paper pulp, 6, 17, 23, 105, 137.
Paradise Tree, 10.
Parasitic tree, 73.
Parkinsonia aculeata, 30; tables (90) 146,
(241) 155, (247) 160. Parkinsonia microphylla, 30; tables (89) 146,
(130) 154, (152) 159. Parkinsonia Torreyana, 30; tables (88) 146,
(208) 155, (209) 160, (271) 165, (267) 168,
(191) 171, (95) 174. Parras, Mexico, 57. Parsley Haw, 43. Pavements, 46. Paving-blocks, 75. Peace River, 101, 127. Peach Oak, 93. Peach, Wild, 37. Pear Haw, 42.
Pearl River, 2, 3, 13, 107, 125, 126.
Pease Creek, 4, 28, 71, 79, 90, 92, 123.
Pecan, 77.
Pecan Butter, 79.
Pecos River, 26, 60.
Pegs, 22, 96.
Pencils, 111.
Pend d' Oreille Region, 115.
Pennsylvania, 3, 4, 7, 9, 17, 23, 26, 29, 31, 35, 39, 51, 54, 64, 78, 82, 92, 94, 96, 103, 106, 114, 118, 124, 126, 131, 134. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Penobscot River, 82.
Pensacola Bay, 123.
Pepperidge, 50.
Pepper-wood, 8.
Persea Carolinensis, 68; tables (215) 148,
(216) 155, (215) 160, (170) 164, (93) 167,
(50) 169, (127) 174. Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris, 68; tables
(2151) 148, (221) 155, (217) 160, (163) 164,
(121) 167, (245) 171, (139) 174. Persimmon, 58. Persimmon, Black, 59. Persimmon, Mexican, 59. Peru, 37.
Pescadero Bav, 123.
Picea alba, 127; tables (383) 151, (399) 156, (400) 161, (96) 164, (163) 167, (269) 171, (294) 175.
Picea Engehnanni, 127; tables (384) 151, (422) 157, (423) 162, (191) 164, (256) 168, (306) 172, (289) 175.
INDEX.
193
Picea nigra, 126, 127; tables (382) 151,
156, (355) 161, (62) 163, (162) 167,
171, (286) 175.
Picea pungens, 128; tables (385) 151,
157, (413) 162, (272) 165, (290) 168,
172, (281) 175. Picea rubra, 127.
Picea Sitchensis, 128; tables (386) 151, 156, (378) 161, (105) 164, (223) 168,
171, (295) 176. Picea species, 128. Pigeon Cherry, 35. Pigeon Plum, 67. Pigeon-wood, 67. Pig-nut, 79.
Pike's Peak, 34, 110, 117, 133.
Piles, 118, 127, 136. (See Wharf-piles.
Pill-boxes, 97.
Pinckneya pubens,h2; tables (161) 147, 155, (292) 160, (237) 165, (300) 168,
172, (241) 175. Pine, Bastard, 126. Pine, Bishop's, 124. Pine, Black, 120.
Pine, Bull, 119-121, 124. Pine, Cedar, 125. Pine, Digger, 121. Pine, Eastern white, 115. Pine, Foxtail, 118. Pine, Georgia, 125. Pine, Ginger, 108. Pine, Gray, 125. Pine, Hard, 125. Pine, Hickory, 118, 124. Pine, Jersey, 123. Pine, Knob-cone, 122. Pine, Loblolly, 122. Pine, Lodge-pole, 120. Pine, Long-leaved, 125. Pine, Meadow, 126. Pine, Monterey, 121. Pine, Norway, 118. Pine, Nut, 116, 117. Pine, Obispo, 124. Pine, Old-tield, 122. Pine, Oregon, 130. Pine, Pitch, 122. Pine, Pond, 123. Pine, Prince's, 125. Pine, Red, 1 18. Pine, Iiosemary, 122. Pine, Sand, 123. Pine, Scrub, 120, 123. Pine, Short-leaved, 124. Pine, Slash, 126. Pine, Southern, 125. Pine, Spruce, 120. 123-125. Pine, Sugar, 115. Pine, Swamp, 126. Pine, Table-mountain, 124. Pine, Weymouth, 114.
(357) | Pine, White, 114-110, 125. (204) ] Pine, Yellow, 119, 124, 125.
Pin Oak, 91. (412) Pinon, 110, 117. (310) Pinos Altos Mountains, 41.
Pinus albicaulis, 116, 135; tables (351) 151, (389) 156, (387) 161, (306) 165, (252) 108, (379) (279)171,(236) 175.
(261) Ptnus Arizonica, 119; tables (360) 151, (315) 156, (313) 161, (180) 164, (220) 168, (235) 171, (242) 175. Pinus Balfouriana, 118; tables (357) 151, (289) 155, (288) 160, (262) 165, (298) 168,
(273) 171, (185) 174. Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata, 118; tables
(3571) 151, (281) 155, (279) 160, (229) 165, (219) 168, (282) 171, (197) 175. Pinus Banksiana, 125; tables (379) 151, (339) (291) 150, (340) 161, (124) 164, (221) 168, (213) (304) 171, (250) 175.
Pinus cembruides, 117; tables (354) 151, (211)
155, (212) 100. Pinus Chihuahuana, 120; tables (363) 151,
(286) 155, (285) 160, (224) 105. (117) 167,
(274) 171, (177) 174. Pinus elausa, 123; tables (374) 151, (279) 155,
(278) 160, (275) 1G5, (277) 168, (241) 171, (202) 175.
Pinus contorta, 120, 125; tables (364) 151, (262) 155, (260) 160, (4) 163, (63) 166, (57) 169, (182) 174. Pinus Coulteri, 121; tables (367) 151, (393)
156, (391) 161, (46) 163, (155) 167, (246) 171, (259) 175.
Pinus Cubensis, 126; tables (381) 151, (117) 154, (116) 159, (5) 163, (18 i 166, (23) 169, (145) 174.
Pinus edulis, 117, tables (355) 151, (223) 155, (219) 160, (299) 165, (291) 168, (265) 171, (112) 174.
Pinus flexihs, 115; tables (350)151, (376) 156, (375) 161, (242) 167, (233) 168, (265) 171, (232) 175.
Ptnus glabra, 125; tables (378) 151, (104) 156, (405) 102, (296) 165, (278) 168, (296) 172,
(240) 175.
Pinus inops, 123; tables (373) 151, (297) 156, (295) 160, (276) 265, (214) 168, (253) 171, (175) 174.
Pinus insignis, 121; tables (368) 151, (358) 156, (357) 161, (106) 164, (167) 167, (194) 171, (308) 172, (243) 175. Pinus Jeffreyi, 120; tables (362) 151, (302) 156, (303) 161, (130) 164, (164) 167, (193) 171, (223) 175. Pinus Lambertiana, 115; tables (349) 151, (414) 157, (414) 162, (194) 164, (247) 168, (276) 171, (283) 175. Pinus mitis, 124; tables (377) 151, (243) 155,
(241) 160, (13) 163, (48) 166, (127) 170, (204) 175.
13
194
INDEX.
Pinus monophylla, 117; tables (356) 151, (271)
155, (275) 100, (297) 105, (307) 108, (303)
172, (103) 174. Pinus monticola, 115; tables (318) 151, (406)
157, (400) 102, (118) 104, (239) 108, (277)
171, (302) 176. Pinus muricata, 124; tables (370) 151, (322)
150, (322) 101, (37) 163, (51) 166, (90) 170, (214) 175.
Pinus Murrayana, 120, 125; tables (365) 151, (395) 156, (394) 161, (204) 105, (200) 168, (278) 171, (208) 175.
Pinus palustris, 122, 125, 120; tables (380)
151, (108) 154, (107) 159, (7) 163, (20) 100, (29) 109, (178) 174.
Pinus Parry ana, 116; tables (353) 151, (272)
155, (272) 160, (307) 165, (295) 168, (272) 171, (136) 174.
Pinus ponderosa, 119; tables (361) 151, (345;
156. (342) 161, (146) 164, (179) 167, (236) 171, (237) 175.
Pinus ponderosa, var. scopulorum, 119. Pinus punrjens, 124; tables (375) 151, (323)
156, (323) 161, (192) 164, (174) 167, (259)
171, (224) 175. Pinus reflexa, 116; tables (352) 151, (330)
156, (328) 161, (134) 164, (151) 165, (112)
170, (205) 175. Pinus resinosa. 118; tables (358) 151, (332)
156, (331) 161, (50) 163, (136) 167, (147)
170, (270) 175.
Pinus rirjida, 122; tables (371) 151, (308)156, (308) 161, (268) 165, (168) 167, (258) 171, (199) 175.
Pinus Sabiniana, 121; tables (366) 151, (334) 156, (334) 161, (264) 165, (145) 167, (275)
171, (194) 175.
Pinus serotina, 123; tables (372)151, (91) 154, (87) 159, (40) 163, (19) 166, (92) 170, (45) 173.
Pinus Strobus, 114, 115; tables (347) 151,
(408) 157, (409) 162, (161) 164, (232) 168,
(271) 171, (293) 175. Pinus Tceda, 122; tables (370) 151, (288) 155,
(286) 160, (51) 163, (100) 167, (179) 170,
(238) 175.
Pinus Torreyana, 118; tables (359) 151, (329)
156, (329) 161, (277) 165, (156) 167, (294) 171, (186) 175.
Pinus tuberculata, 122; tables (369) 151, (420)
157, (421) 162, (298) 165, (299) 168, (269) 175.
Piscidia, Erythrina, 28; tables (81) 145, (53) 153, (61) 158, (162) 164, (158) 167, (37) 169, (29) 173.
Pisonia obtusata, 67; tables (212) 148, (209) 155, (244) 160, (291) 165, (306) 168, (288) 171, (231) 175.
Pistacia Mexicana, 26; table (74) .145.
Pitch, 120.
Pitch Pine, 122.
Pithecolobium Unguis-cati, 34; tables (101)
146, (45) 153, (40) 158. Placer County, Cab, 112. Planera aquatica, 72; tables (227) 148, (299)
150, (300) 101, (273) 165, (236) 168, (216)
171, (187) 175. Plane-stocks, 59, 95. Platanacem, 75, 76.
Plata nus occidentalis, 75; tables (235) 148,
(271) 155, (271) 160, (152) 164, (231) 108,
(151) 170, (160) 174. Platanus racemosa, 75; tables (236) 148, (328)
156, (332) 161, (255) 165, (262) 108, (283)
171, (257) 175. Platanus Wrightii, 75; tables (237) 148, (343)
156, (347) 161, (294) 165, (294) 168, (281)
171, (221) 175. Plates, 46. Platte River, 82. Ploughs, 93. Plum, Canada, 34. Plum. Chickasaw, 35. Plum, Cocoa, 34. Plum, Darling, 14. Plum, Downward, 58. Plum, Gopher, 50. Plum, Guiana, 70. Plum, Hog, 11. 25, 35. Plum, Horse, 34. Plum, Mountain, 11. Plum, Pigeon, 67. Plum, Saffron, 58. Plum, Wild, 34. Pod, Honev, 31. Pods, 32. Poison Elder, 25. Poison, for fish, 28, 29. Poison Sumach, 25. Poison-wood, 25, 70. Polyf/onacecB, 67, 68. Pond Apple, 4. Pond Pine, 123. Pond's Extract, 45. Poplar, 104. Poplar, Carolina, 105. Poplar, Necklace, 105. Poplar, Yellow, 3.
Pojndus angustifolia, 105; tables (322) 150,
(405) 157, (407) 162, (293) 165, (301) 108,
(305) 172, (288) 175. Populus balsamifera, 104; tables (321) 150,
(416) 157, (415) 162, (159) 164, (266) 168,
(285) 171, (290) 175. Populus balsamifera, var. candicans, 104;
tables (3211) 150, (390) 156, (389) 161,
(220) 165, (240) 168, (301) 172, (304)
176.
Populus Fremontii, 106; tables (325) 150, (326) 156, (327) 161, (78) 163, (190) 167, (239) 171, (206) 175.
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni, 106; tables
INDEX.
195
(3251) iso, (351) 156, (356) 161, (168) 164,
(194) 167, (243) 171, (251) 175. Populus grandidentata, 104; tables (319) 150,
(350) 156, (351) 161, (114) 164, (178) 167,
(255) 171, (309) 170. Populus heterophylla, 104; tables (320) 150,
(396) 156, (397) 161, (226) 165, (225) 168,
(298) 172, (267) 175. Populus monilifera, 105; tables (324) 150,
(407) 157, (408) 162, (103) 164, (150) 167,
(260) 171, (272) 175. Populus tremuloides, 103; tables (318) 150,
(400) 156, (402) 161, (185) 164, (205) 168,
(280) 171, (280) 175. Populus trichocarpa, 104, 105; tables (323)
156, (410) 157, (412) 162, (57) 163, (211)
168, (222) 171, (308) 176. Pork-wood, 67.
Porliera angustifolia, 8; tables (21) 144, (7)
153, (6) 158.
Port Orford Cedar, 108. Porto Rico, 7. Possum Oak, 91. Post Cedar, 106. Post Oak, 82. Post Oak, Swamp, 83.
Posts, 19, 26, 29, 32, 65, 94, 95, 107, 108, 111,
112, 127, 135. Potash, 22. Poteau River, 95. Potomac River, 101. Poultices, 6. Prickly Ash, 8. Prince's Pine, 125. Privet, 63.
Prosojris juliflora, 31; tables (93) 146, (108)
154, (115) 159, (266) 165, (281) 168, (42)
169, (27) 173.
Prosopis pubescens, 32; tables (94) 146, (112) 154, (113) 159, (178) 164, (96) 167, (19) 169, (31) 173.
Prunus Americana, 34 ; tables (103) 146, (152) 154, (150) 159, (177) 164, (107) 167, (43) 169, (111) 174.
Prunus angustifolia, 35; tables (104) 146,
(183) 154, (179) 159, (259) 165, (285) 168,
(208) 171, (198) 175. Prunus Capuli, 37; tables (109) 146, (95) 154,
(90) 159, (70) 169, (61) 173. Prunus Caroliniana, 37; tables (111) 146,
(55) 153, (51) 158, (126) 164, (80) 166, (53)
169, (35) 173.
Prunus demissa, 37; tables (110) 146, (171) 154, (170) 159, (206) 165, (193) 167, (89)
170, (81) 174. Prunus emarginata, 36.
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis, 36; tables (107) 146, (367) 156, (366) 161, (155) 164, (203) 168, (140) 170, (279) 175.
Prunus ilicifolia, 38 ; tables (113) 146, (21) 153, (17)158,(218)165, (141)167,(66)169,(42)173.
Prunus Pennsylvania, 35; tables (105) 146, (317) 156, (317) 161, (202) 171, (245) 175.
Prunus serotina, 36; tables (108) 146, (260) 155, (259) 159, (157) 164, (119) 167, (61) 169, (119) 174.
Prunus sphmrocarpa, 37; tables (112) 146,
(48) 153, (42) 158. Prunus umbellata, 35; tables (106) 146, (78)
153, (72) 158, (101) 170, (28) 173. Pseudotsuga Douglasii, 119, 130; tables (391)
151, (307) 156,' (306) 161, (20) 163, (101)
167, (86) 170, (252) 175. Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macrocarpa, 131 ;
tables (3911) (359) 156, (358) 161, (79)
163, (115) 167, (139) 170, (247) 175. Ptelia trifoliata, 9; tables (26) 144, (70) 153,
(65) 158. Puget Sound, 16, 63, 81, 101, 105. Pulmonary consumption, 36. 107. (SeeThroat.) Pump-logs, 123. (See Water-pipes.) Pumps, 2, 3. Punk Oak, 91.
Purgatives, 25, 27. (See Diuretics.) Purgatory River, 27. Purple Haw, 15.
Pyrus Americana, 40; tables (120) 146, (287)
155, (289) 160, (237) 171, (220) 175. Pyrus angustifolia, 39; tables (118) 146, (181)
154, (177) 159. Pyrus aucuparia, 40.
Pyrus coronaria, 39; tables (117) 146, (166) 154, (166) 159, (251) 165, (282) 168, (189) 171, (78) 174.
Pyrus rivulans, 40; tables (119) 146, (71) 153, (67) 158.
Pyrus stmbucifolia, 40; tables (121) 146, (252) 155, (251) 160, (254) 165, (292) 168, (231) 171, (235) 175.
Quercus agrifolta, 87 ; tables (270) 149,
(74) 153, (74) 158, (116) 164, (79) 166, (138)
170, (87) 174. Quercus alba, 80, 83, 83; tables (251) 149,
(124) 154, (123) 159, (111) 164, (89) 167,
(87) 170, (109) 174. Quercus aquatica, 91 ; tables (280) 149, (151)
154, (148) 159, (29) 163, (41) 166, (98) 170,
(130) 174.
Quercus bicolor, 83; tables (258) 149, (107) 154, (105) 159, (138) 164, (85) 166, (109) 170, (103) 174.
Quercus Catesbcei, 90; tables (278) 149, (141)
154, (143) 159, (85) 163, (43) 166. (144) 170, (94) 174.
Quercus chrysolepis, 87; tables (268) 149, (61) 153, (59) 158, (33) 163, (4) 166, (65) 169, (36) 173.
Quercus chrysolepis, var. vaccinifolia, 87. Quercus cinerea, 92; tables (283) 149, (218)
155, (220) 160, (210) 165, (62) 166, (157) 170, (125) 174.
196
INDEX.
Quercus coccinea, 88; tables (273) 149, (136) 154, (131) 159, (70) 103, (40) 166, (93) 170, (121) 174.
Quercus densiflora, 93; tables (287) 149, (187) 154, (188) 159, (113) 164, (74) 166, (128) 170, (100) 174.
Quercus Douglasii, 85 ; tables (262) 149, (51) 153, (45) 158, (203) 165, (60) 166, (55) 169, (20) 173.
Quercus Durandii, 86; tables (266) 149, (24) 153, (26) 158, (172) 164, (61) 166, (76) 169, (41) 173.
Quercus Emoryi, 87 ; tables (269) 149, (37)
153, (37) 158, (253) 165, (188) 167, (185) 170, (12) 173.
Quercus falcata, 90; tables (277) 149, (176)
154, (171) 159, (11) 163, (13) 166, (38) 169, (124) 174.
Quercus Garry ana, 81; tables (253)149, (129) 154, (126) 159, (190) 164, (103) 167, (91) 170, (85) 174.
Quercus grisea, 85; tables (264) 149, (16)
153, (15) 158, (215) 165, (78) 166, (124) 170, (23) 173.
Quercus heterophylla, 92; tables (282) 149, (186) 154, (183) 159, (30) 163, (36) 166, (199) 171, (150) 174.
Quercus hypoleuca, 92; tables (284) 149, (88)
154, (88) 159, (121) 164, (31) 166, (293) 171, (63) 173.
Quercus imbricaria, 92; tables (285) 149, (115)
154, (114) 159, (33) 163, (8) 166, (59) 169, (96) 174.
Quercus Kelloggii, 89; tables (275) 149, (215)
155, (213) 160, (212) 165, (152) 167, (156) 170, (158) 174.
Quercus laurifolia, 91: tables (281) 149, (106) 154, (107) 159, (25) 163, (15) 166, (82) 170, (75) 173.
Quercus lobata, 81; tables (252) 149, (133)
154, (132) 159, (228) 165, (108) 167, (182)
170, (143) 174. Quercus lyrata, 83; tables (57) 149, (72) 153,
(69) 158, (17) 163, (54) 166, (106) 170, (77)
174.
Quercus macrocarpa, 82, 89 ; tables (256) 149,
(128) 154, (129) 159, (128) 164, (68) 166,
(107) 170, (88) 174. Quercus Michauxii, 84; tables (259) 149, (85)
154, (84) 159, (112) 164, (30) 166, (121) 170,
(89) 174. Quercus Muhlenbergii, 85. Quercus nigra, 89; tables (276) 149, (139) 154,
(141) 159, (109) 164, (46) 166, (104) 170,
(50) 173.
Quercus oblongifolia, 85; tables (263) 149,
(28) 153, (35) 158, (158) 164, (180) 167, (174)
170, (11) 173. Quercus obtusiloba, 82, 90; tables (254) 149,
(66) 153, (64) 158, (175) 164, (104) 167, (114)
170, (56) 173.
Quercus obtusiloba, var. parvifolia, 82. Quercus palustris, 91; tables (279) 149, (174)
154, (174) 159, (55) 163, (33) 166, (108)170,
(141) 174.
Quercus Phellos, 93; tables (286) 149, (123)
154, (124) 159, (196) 164, (67) 166, (221) 171, (108) 174.
Quercus prinoides, 84, 85; tables (261) 149,
(57) 153, (56) 158, (53) 163, (6) 166, (49)
169, (66) 173. Quercus Prinus, 84, 85; tables (260) 149,
(120) 154, (122) 159, (27) 163, (50) 166, (72)
169, (92) 174. Quercus Prinus, var. Chincapin, 85. Quercus Prinus, var. humilis, 85. Quercus reticulata, 86; tables (265) 149, (26)
153, (22) 158.
Quercus rubra, 88, 89; tables (272) 149, (207)
155, (202) 160, (52) 163, (66) 166, (88) 170, (155) 174.
• Quercus rubra, var. Texana, 88; tables (272) 149, (44) 153, (38) 158, (88) 163, (55) 166, (47) 173, (46) 169. Quercus San-Sabeana, 86. Quercus tinctoria , 89; tables (274) 149, (167)
154, (162) 159, (86) 163, (47) 166, (97) 170, (122) 174.
Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii, 82; tables
(255) 149, (63) 153, (62) 158, (269) 165,
(202) 168, (192) 171, (74) 173. Quercus rirens, 86; tables (267) 149, (25) 153,
(24) 158, (43) 163, (57) 166, (63) 169, (33)
173.
Quercus Wislizeni, 88; tables (271) 149, (96) 154, (95) 159, (156) 164, (123) 167, (78) 170, (62) 173.
Quercus Wislizeni, var. frutescens, 88. Quincy, Mass., 12. Quinte" Bay, 84.
Rafters, 49.
Rails, 29, 65, 66, 69, 71, 94.
Railway-ties, 66, 71, 72, 75, 81, 84, 85, 94,
107, 108, 111-113, 119, 121, 125-127, 129,
131, 134, 135. Rainy Lake, 97. Rainy River, 34. Rattle-box, 60. Red Ash, 61. Red Bay, 68. Red Birch, 97. Red-bud, 31. Red Cedar, 107, 111. Red Cherry, Wild, 35. Red Cvpress, 112. Red Elm, 71. Red Fir, 130, 133, 134. Red Gum, 45. Red Haw, 42, 44. Red Iron-wood, 14.
INDEX.
197
Red Mangrove, 67. Red Maple, 22. Red Mulberry, 74. Red Oak, 88, 90. Red Pine, 118.
Red River, 55, 74, 86, 98, 111, 125.
Red River Valley, 79, 83.
Red Stopper, 48.
Redwood, 112.
Reef Keys, 14.
Restigouche River, 94.
Reynosia lati folia, 14; tables (42) 145, (11) 153, (12) 158, (81) 163, (120) 167, (3) 169, (4) 173.
Rhamnaceas, 14-16.
Rhumnus Calif ornica, 16; tables (46) 145,
(248) 155, (218) 160. Rhamnus Californica, var. tomentella, 16. Rhamnus Caroliniana, 15; tables (45) 145,
(284) 155, (214) 165, (258) 168, (162) 170,
(195) 175.
Rhamnus Purshiana, 16; tables (47) 145, (273) 155, (273) 160, (135) 164, (159) 167, (31) 169, (138) 174.
Rheumatism, 8, 96, 100.
Rhizophora, 67.
Rhizophoracece, 46.
Rhizophora Mangle, 46; tables (140) 147, (3) 153, (2) 158,' (2) 163, (11) 166, (2) 169, (9) 173.
Rhode Island, 62.
Rhododendron maximum, 55; tables (171) 147,
(233) 155, (228) 160, (248) 165, (213) 168,
(165) 170, (140) 174. Rhus copalhna, 24; tables (71 ) 145, (300) 156,
(302) 161, (216) 165, (212) 168, (229) 175,
(240) 171, (229) 175. Rhus copallina,vsir. lanceolata,2b; tables (711)
145, (304) 156, (307) 161, (123) 170, (208)
175.
Rhus copallina, var. leucantha, 25.
Rhus cotinoides, 24; tables (69) 145, (217)
155, (214) 160. Rhus Metopium, 25; tables (73) 145, (92) 154,
(98) 159, (80) 163, (216) 168, (77) 170, (116)
174.
Rhus Toxicodendron, 25. Rhus typhina, 24; tables (70) 145. (377) 156, (376) 161.
Rhus venenata, 25; tables (72) 145, (375) 156,
(374) 161. Rio Concho, 58, 71.
Rio Grande, 8, 9, 26, 32, 33, 57, 58, 60, 64-66, 70, 86, 98, 136. (Range and limit of dis- tribution.)
Rio Pecos, 8.
River Birch, 97.
River Cottonwood, 104.
Robinia Neo-Mexicana, 27; tables (79) 145, (86) 154, (85) 159, (43) 163, (84) 166, (17) 169, (64) 173.
Robinia Pseudacacia, 26; tables (77) 145, (138) 154, (137) 159, (19) 163, (3) 166, (13) 169, (70) 173.
Robinia viscosa, 27; tables (78) 145, (83) 154, (78) 158.
Rock Chestnut Oak, 84.
Rocky Mountains, 21, 23, 26, 31, 35, 37-39. 41, 43, 62, 71, 73, 82, 96, 99, 100, 102-105, 107, 111, 115, 116, 119, 120, 125-127, 129- 132, 134. (Range and limit of distribution.)
Rocky Mountain region, 101, 102, 113.
Rock Elm, 71.
Rogue River, 108, 115, 133.
Romano, Cape, 5, 47, 56, 58, 67-69, 72, 73, 86, 91, 112, 136. (Range and limit of distribu- tion.)
Roots, large, 32.
Ropes, 136, 137.
Rosacea, 34-44.
Rose Bay, 55.
Rosemary Pine, 122.
Rosin, 126.
Royal Palm, 136.
Rubiacea), 52, 53.
Rum Cherry, 36.
Rumford, Count, 141.
Rutaceai, 8-10.
Sabal Palmetto, 135; tables (404) 152, (373)
156, (395) 161. Sabine River, 4, 44, 62, 93. Sable, Cape, 9, 19, 46, 47, 56, 67, 68. Sacramento River, 16, 18, 23, 75, 77, 81, 100,
103, 106, 108, 109. (Range and limit of
distribution.) Sacramento Valley, 101. Saddle-trees, 19, 22, 71. Saffron Plum, 58. Saguaro, 48. Saguenay River, 21, 97. Saint Augustine, Fla.,*67, 123. Saint Domingo, 7. Saint John Lake, 21. Saint John River, 22.
Saint John's River, 11, 12, 18, 48, 80, 81, 123.
Saint Lawrence, Gulf, 63, 97. 114.
Saint Lawrence River, 20, 21, 24, 34, 42, 49,
71, 72, 76-80, 83, 95, 106, 118, 129. (Range
and limit of distribution.) Saint Louis, Mo., 41. Saint Mary's River, 50. Salem County, N. J., 92. Salix amygdaloides, 100; tables (307) 150,
(365) 156, (368) 161, (283) 165, (265) 168,
(307) 172, (277) 175. Salix cordata, 102.
Salix cordata, var. vestita, 102; tables (315)
150, (244) 155, (243) 160. Salix discolor, 101; tables (312) 150, (382)
156, (380) 161.
198
INDEX.
Salix Jlavescens, 102; tables (313) 150, (321)
156, (321) 161, (72) 163, (130) 167, (201)
171, (251) 175. Salix flavtscens,\'ax. Scouleriana, 102; tables
(3131) 150, (290) 155, (290) 160, (22) 163,
(86) 166, (132) 170, (210) 175. Salix Hartwegi, 103.
Salix Hooheriana, 102; tables (314) 150, (292) 155, (291) 160, (178) 170, (228) 175.
Salix Icevigata, 100; tables (308) 150, (331) 156, (330) 161, (287) 165, (221) 168, (286)
171, (219) 175.
Salix laevigata, var. angustij'olia, 100.
Salix Icevigata, var. congesta, 100.
Salix lasiandra, 100; tables (309) 150, (341)
156, (341) 161. Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana, 100, 101;
tables (3092) 150, (356) 156, (354) 161, (309)
165, (284) 168, (297) 172, (274) 175. Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia, 101 ; tables
(3091) 150, (361) 156, (372) 161, (147) 164,
(206) 168, (270) 171, (203) 175. Salix lasiolepis, 103; tables (316) 150, (278)
155, (281) 160, (145) 164,(125) 167, (190) 175. Salix lasiolepis, var. angustij'olia, 103. Salix lasiolepis, var. latifolia, 103; table (228)
171.
Salix longifolia, 100, 101; tables (310) 150,
(324) 156, (325) 161. Salix longifolia, var. argyrophylla, 101;
table (3102) 150. Salix longifolia, var. exigua, 101; tables
(3101) 150, (293) 155, (298) 161. Salix nigra, 99 ; tables (306) 150, (371) 156,
(371) 161, (305) 165, (297) 168, (314) 172,
(258) 175. Salix nigra, var. angustij'olia, 100. Salix nigra, var. latifolia, 100. Salix nigra, var. longifolia, 100. Salix nigra, var. marginata, 100. Salix nigra, var. Warclii, 100. Salix nigra, var Wrightii, 100. Salix sessilifolia, 101 ; tables (311) 150, (374)
156.
Salix sessilifolia, var. Hindsiana, 101; tables
(3111) 150, (373) 161. Salix Sitchensis, 103; tables (317) 150, (311)
156, (311) 161.
Salix Sitchensis, var. angustifolia, 103. Salmon Eiver Mountains, 107. Saltillo, Mex., 57, 109.
Sambucus glauca, 51 ; tables (156) 147, (310) 156, (316) 161, (308) 165, (304) 168, (302)
172, (192) 175.
Sambucus Mexicana, 51; tables (157) 147,
(353) 156, (361) 161. Sand-bar Willow, 101. Sand Jack, 92. Sand Pine, 123.
San Antonio River, 6, 24, 28, 36, 42, 71, 76. San Bernardino County, Cal., 106.
San Bernardino Mount, 110.
San Bernardino Range, 6, 20, 23, 31, 38, 39,
44, 49, 63, 73, 81, 87, 89, 93, 98, 106, 110,
115, 116, 120, 122, 131, 132, 136. (Range
and limit of distribution.) San Diego Countv, Cal., 20, 33, 44, 85, 116,
118.
San Francisco Bay, 18, 36, 38, 54, 63, 77, 81, 88.
San Francisco Mountains, 37, 82, 86, 87, 109, 110, 117, 127. (Range and limit of dis- tribution.)
San Gabriel Range, 6, 85.
San Jacinto, Mount, 120.
San Jacinto Mountains, 6, 38, 39, 93, 120- 122, 132. (Range and limit of distribution.)
San Joaquin River, 130.
San Luis Obispo, Cal., 18.
San Luis Obispo County, Cal., 124.
San Luis Rey River, 16.
San Pedro River, 48, 60, 75.
San Saba, Texas, 32.
San Simeon Bay. 121.
Santa Barbara, Cal., 16, 98, 103.
Santa Catalina Mountains. 26, 27, 38, 57, 82, 87, 109, 116, 117, 119. (Range and limit of distribution.)
Santa Cruz Bay, 16.
Santa Cruz Mountains, 16, 122.
Santa Cruz River, 32.
Santa Lucia Mountains, 6, 36, 54, 88, 103,
115, 133. (Range and limit of distribution.) Santa Rita Mountains, 27, 54, 86, 92, 109,
116, 119, 120. (Range, and limit of dis- tribution.)
Santian River, 108. Sapindacece, 17-23.
Sapindus mnrgiwitus, 18; tables (54) 145, (80) 153, (82) 159, (173) 164, (116) 167, (129) 170, (60) 173.
Sapindus Saponaria, 19; tables (55) 145, (65)
153, (83) 159. Saponin, 19. Sapotacece, 56-58. Sarsaparilla, 8. Sasbes, 115.
Saskatchewan River, 20, 23, 42, 45, 62, 99, 100, 102. (Range and limit of distribution.) Sassafras, 69.
Sassafras officinale, 69; tables (217) 148, (314) 156, (312) 161, (281) 165, (212) 168, ' (232) 171, (196) 175. Satin-wood, 9.
Savannah River, 13, 18, 41, 123. Savin, 111, 114. Savine cerete, 111. Scarlet Haw, 42. Scarlet Oak, 88.
Schceferia frutescens, 14; tables (41) 145, (99)
154, (111) 159.
Scott Mountains, 116, 118, 120. Screw Bean, 32.
INDEX.
199
Screw-pod Mesquit, 32. Scrub Oak, 82, 90. Scrub Pine, 120, 123, 125. Sea Ash, 8. Sea Grape, 68. Seaside Alder, 98.
Sebastiania lucida, 70; tables (220) 148, (8)
153, (9) 158. Sedatives, 36.
Seeds: manufacturing uses, 19; edible, 117.
118, 121. Selkirk Range, 129, 134. Sequoia forests, 16.
Sequoia giqantea, 112; tables (341) 151, (£27)
157, (428) 162, (295) 165, (288) 168, (224)
171, (300) 176. Sequoia sempei-virens, 112; tables (342) 151,
(387) 156, (386) 161, (241) 165, (246) 168,
(196) 171, (287) 175. Service Tree, 45. Seven-year Apple, 52. Shad-bush, 45. Shag-bark, 77.
Sharpies, S. P., viii, 141-143. Shasta County, Cal , 108, 121. Shasta, Mount, 21, 88, 116, 122, 134. She Balsam, 131. Sheep-berry, 51. Shell-bark," Big, 78. Shell-bark, Bottom, 78. Shell-bark, Hickory, 77. Shingle Oak, 92.
Shingles, 3, 91, 93, 106, 107, 112, 113. Ship-building, 11, 19, 22, 34, 57, 68, 69, 71,
74, 81, 87, 97, 108, 126, 127, 134. (See
Boat-building, Skiffs.) Shittim-wood, 16, 57.
Shoes: soles, 6; lasts, 22, 59, 95, 96; pegs,
22; wooden, 97. Short-leaved Pine, 124. Shoshone Mountains, 105. Shovel-handles, 21. Shrubby Trefoil, 9. Shucks]! Honey, 29. Shuttles, 59.
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron, 56; tables (176) 147, (15) 153, (20) 158, (63) 163, (70) 166, (26) 169, (23) 173.
Sierra Blanco, 127.
Sierra County, Cal., 100,
Sierra Madre, 109.
Sierra Nevada, 6, 16, 18, 20, 21, 36-38, 44, 49, 50, 63, 69, 81, 85, 87-89, 99, 102, 103, 110, 112-116, 120, 122, 130, 132, 134. (Range and limit of distribution.)
Silk-top Palmetto, 136.
Silky Willow, 103.
Silliman, Mount, 116.
Sills, 71, 72, 111.
Silver-bell Tree, 60.
Silver Maple, 22.
Silver-top Palmetto, 136.
Simarubeai, 10.
Simaruba qlauca, 10 ; tables (28) 144, (392) 156, (393) 161, (127) 164, (259) 168, (180) 170, (264) 175.
Simaruba officinalis, 10.
Siskiyou Mountains, 128, 132.
Sitka, 127.
Sitka Cypress, 108.
Skiffs, 69. (See Boat-building, Ship-building.)
Skin-diseases, 96.
Slash Pine, 126.
Slippery Elm, 6, 71.
Sloe, 35.
Sloe, Black, 35.
Small-fruited Haw, 43.
Smooth Alder, 101.
Snaths, 74.
Snowdrop Tree, 60.
Snow-shoes, 20.
Soap, 19, 56, 137.
Soapberry, 18, 19.
Soda Lake, 108.
Soft Maple, 22.
Soledad River, 118.
Sonora, Cal., 27, 37, 38, 48, 92.
Sophora affinis, 28; tables (84) 145, (60) 153,
(58) 158, (107) 164, (127) 167, (51) 169,
(30) 173.
Sophora secundifiora, 28; tables (83) 145,
(19) 153, (19) 158. Sophoria, 28.
Sore throat, 59. (See Throat.) Sorrel Tree, 54. Sour Gum, 50. Sour Tupelo, 50. Sour-wood, 54.
South Atlantic States, 39, 90, 112.
South Carolina, 30, 35, 41, 44, 52, 53, 60, 79, 123, 125, 129. (Range and limit of dis- tribution.)
Southern Buckthorn, 58.
Southern Crab Apple, 39.
Southern Pine, 125.
Southern States, 42, 80, 90.
South, the, 78, 94.
Southwest, the, 82.
Spanish Bayonet, 136, 137.
Spanish Buckeye, 18.
Spanish Oak, 90.
Spanish Oak, Swamp, 91.
Spanish Stopper, 47.
Spear-handles, 113.
Specific gravity, tables, 153-157.
Speckled Alder, 99.
Spicket River, 97.
Spice Tree, 69.
Spindle Tree, 14.
Spirits of Turpentine, 126. (See Turpentine.) Sponge-crawls, 136. Spools, 96.
200
INDEX.
Spoonwood, 55. Spruce, Black, 126. Spruce, Blue, 128. Spruce Pine, 120, 123-125. Spruce, Tide-land, 128. Spruce, White, 127, 128. Stag-bush, 52. Staghorn Sumach, 24. Starving Rock, 114. Staten Island, 93, 123, 124. Staves, 105. Steam, 32. Sterculiaceee, 6. Stinking Cedar, 114. Stopper, 48. Stopper, Gurgeon, 47. Stopper, Red, 48. Stopper, Spanish, 47. Stopper, White, 48. Storax, 46.
Strength, tables, 166-168. Striped Dogwood, 20. Striped Maple, 20. Strong Back, 65. Styracacece, 59, 60, Sugar-barrels, 105. Sugar-berry, 72. Sugar, Horse, 59. Sugar Maple, 21. Sugar Pine, 115. Sugar Tree, 21. Sumach, Coral, 25. Sumach, Dwarf, 24. Sumach, Poison, 25. Sumach, Staghorn, 24. Summer Haw, 44.
Superior, Lake, 40, 49, 71, 97, 99, 125.
Suwarrow, 48.
Swamp Cottonwood, 104.
Swamp Hickory, 79.
Swamp Laurel, 1.
Swamp Maple, 22.
Swamp Pine, 126.
Swamp Post Oak, 83.
Swamp Spanish Oak, 101.
Swamp White Oak, 83.
Sweet Bay, 1.
Sweet Birch, 97.
Sweet Buckeye, 17.
Sweet Gum, 45.
Sweet-leaf, 59.
Sweet Locust, 29.
Sweet-scented Crab, 39.
Swietenia Mahogoni, 11 ; tables (31) 144, (146) 154, (149) 159, (76) 163, (59) 166, (22) 169, (39) 173.
Switch-bud Hickory, 79.
Sycamore, 75.
Symplocos tinctoria, 59; tables (186) 147, (295) 155, (297) 161, (256) 165, (237) 168, (229) 171, (173) 174.
Syphilis, 7, 8. Syrups, 36, 46.
Table-mountain Pine, 124. Tacamahac, 104. Tallow Berry, 7. Tallow Nut,"ll. Tamarack, 120, 134. Tamarind, Wild, 34.
Tampa B;iy, 1, 8, 12, 29-31, 35, 36, 44-46, 50, 64, 68, 78, 81, 90, 91, 95, 122, 125. (Range and limit of distribution.)
Tan-bark Oak, 93.
Tan Bav, 5.
Tannin," 24. 25, 45, 84, 89, 90, 93, 128-131. Tanning, 54, 82, 84, 89, 90, 93, 128-131. Tar, 126.
Tassel-moulds, 97.
Taxodium distichum. 112; tables (340) 150,
(362) 156, (360) 161, (90) 163, (201) 168,
(184) 170, (278) 175. Taxus brevifolia, 113; tables (343) 151, (222)
155, (216) 160, (208) 165, (35) 166, (117)
170, (67) 173. Taxus Floridana, 113; tables (344) 151, (229)
155, (222) 160. Tejon, Fort, 16.
Telegraph-poles, 107, 111, 113, 134.
Temiscaming, Lake, 129.
Tennessee, 2, 3, 7, 17, 20, 24, 25, 28-30, 35,
42, 43, 54, 66, 84, 89-94, 97, 104, 112, 124,
129, 131. Tennessee River, 24. Tents, 96.
Teredo, attacks of, 19, 135. TernstrcemiacecB, 5.
Texas, 1, 4. 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17-19, 22-26, 28, 30-37, 41-46, 49-54, 57-66, 68-95, 97, 99-101, 105, 106, 110-112, 116, 117, 119, 122, 124, 126, 130, 136, 137. (Range and limit of distribution.)
Thatch, Brickley, 136.
Thatch, Brittle, "136.
Thatch, house, 136.
The Joshua, 137.
Thorn, Black, 42.
Thorn, Cockspur, 42.
Thorn, Washington, 43.
Thorn, White, 42.
Thousand Islands, 19.
Three-thorned Acacia, 29.
Thrinax argentea, 136; tables (407) 152, (156) 154, (168) 159.
Thrinax parvijlora, 136; tables (406) 152, (249) 155, (263) 160.
Throat ailments, 16. (See Sore throat.)
Thuya, 107.
Thuya gigantea, 107; tables (328) 150, (411) 157, (411) 162, (87) 103, (161) 167, (152) 170, (297) 176.
INDEX.
201
Thuya occidentalis, 106; tables (327) 150, (425) 157, (425) 102, (278) 165, (275) 168, (289) 171, (311) 176.
Tide-land Spruce, 128.
TiliacecB, 6, 7.
Tilia Americana, 6, 7; tables (17) 144, (364) 156, (364) 161, (169) 164, (249) 168, (307) 176.
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens, 6; tables (17i) 144, (398) 156, (399) 161, (189) 164, (263) 168, (205) 171, (266) 171, (312) 170.
Tilia heterophylla, 7; tables (18) 144, (383) 156, (382) 161, (166) 164, (255) 168, (214) 171, (299) 176.
Tinctures, 28, 107.
Titi, 13.
Tobacco-boxes, 75. Tollon, 44.
Tonics, 2, 10, 27, 36, 49, 64, 104. Tool-handles, 19, 39, 54, 55, 59, 95. Toothache Tree, 8. Torch-wood, 11. Tornilla, 32.
Torreya Calif ornica, 114; tables (346) 151,
(340) 156, (343) 161, (303) 165, (251) 168,
(262) 171, (213) 175. Torreya taxifolia, 114; tables (345) 151, (309)
156, (309) 161, (176) 164, (98) 167, (142)
170, (174) 174. Toxicodendric acid, 25. Toyon, 44. Travis County, 54. Tree, Bean, 65. Tree, Beaver, 1. Tree, Bee, 6. Tree, Black, 67. Tree, Big, 112. Tree, Buckwheat, 13. Tree, Cabbage, 135. Tree, Cigar, 65. Tree, Cucumber, 2, 3. Tree, Fringe, 64. Tree, Geiger, 64. Tree, Hop, 9. Tree, India-rubber, 73. Tree, Joshua, 137. Tree, Judas, 31. Tree, Lime, 6. Tree, Paradise, 10. Tree, Service, 45. Tree, Silver-bell, 60. Tree, Snowdrop, 60. Tree, Sorrel, 54. Tree, Spice, 69. Tree, Spindle, 14. Tree, Sugar, 21. Tree, Toothache, 8. Tree, Tulip, 3. Tree, Umbrella, 2, 3. Treenails, 26.
Trefoil, Shrubbv, 9.
Trinity River, 1, 18, 22, 31, 43, 45, 68, 71, 72,
79, 83, 84, 94, 95, 97, 99, 126. (Course and
limit of distribution.) Tsuga Canadensis, 129; tables (387) 151,
(384) 156, (384) 161, (142) 164, (171) 167,
(230) 171, (276) 175. Tsuga Caroliniana, 129; tables (388) 151,
(380) 156, (379) 161, (230) 165, (287) 168,
(207) 171, (211) 175. Tsuga Mertensiana, 129; tables (389) 151,
(305) 156, (304) 161, (14) 163, (87) 166, (64)
169, (249) 175. Tsuga Pattoniana, 130, 135; tables (390)151,
(372) 156, (370) 161, (201) 164, (181) 167,
(238) 171, (244) 175. Tulare County, Cal., 88, 112, 114. Tulip Tree, 3. Tupelo, 50. Tupelo-gum, 50. Tupelo, Large, 50. Tupelo, Sour, 50. Turkey Oak, 90.
Turnery, 6, 7, 12, 22, 23, 26, 39, 49, 51, 53-55,
59, 96, 103, 104. Turpentine, 105, 126. (See Spirits.) Turtle-crawl, 136. Typhoid fever, 100.
Uintah Mountains, 130.
Ulmus alata, 72; tables (226) 148, (121)
154, (127) 159, (280) 165, (155) 170, (73) 173.
Ulmus Americana, 71; tables (224) 148, (212)
155, (211) 160, (211) 165, (114) 167, (158) 170, (162) 174.
Ulmus crassifolia, 70; tables (222) 148, (150)
154, (153) 159, (232) 165, (148) 167, (148)
170, (72) 173. Ulmus fulva, 71; tables (223) 148, (170) 154,
(172) 159, (117) 164, (106) 167, (69) 169,
(179) 174.
Ulmus racemosa, 71; tables (225) 148, (149)
154, (145) 159, (64) 163, (37) 166, (41) 169, (118) 174.
Umbellularia Calif ornica, 69; tables (218) 148, (210) 155, (206) 160, (75) 163, (132) 167, (52) 169, (128) 174.
Umbrella Keys, 4, 48.
Umbrella Tree, 2, 3, 17.
Umpqua River, 132.
Underpinning, of houses, 32.
Ungava Bay, 126, 127.
Ungnadia speciosa, 18; tables (53) 145, (230)
155, (231) 160, (215) 171, (180) 174. United States, 4-8, 10, 17, 19, 23, 25-27, 32,
34, 37, 46-48, 51, 67, 71, 108, 117, 125-127,
134, 135. (Special references.) Upland Willow Oak, 92. Urticacece, 70-75.
202
INDEX.
Utah, 21, 23, 27, 31, 32, 38, 41, 51, 60, 62, 82, 96, 100, 106, 110, 111, 116-118, 121, 128, 132, 133, 137. (Course and limit of distribution.)
Uterine complaints, 107.
Vaccixium Arboreum, 53 ; tables (164) 147,
(111) 154, (110) 159, (212) 171, (53) 173. Valparaiso Oak, 87.
Vancouver's Island, 36, 37, 49, 51, 81, 111, 115, 132.
Vauquelinia Torreyi,3$; tables (114) 146, (5)
153, (4) 158. Veneering, 46. Verbenacece, 66, 67. Verde Paolo, 30.
Vermont, 3, 22, 23, 34, 50, 69, 71, 89, 94, 105,
125, 127. (Course and limit of distribution.) Viburnum Lentago, 51; tables (158) 147,
(1.40) 154, (139) 159, (56) 169. Viburnum prunifolium, 52 ; tables (159) 147,
(69) 153, (66) 158, (137) 164, (73) 166, (40)
169, (38) 173. Vicksburg, Miss., 1. Vine Maple, 21.
Virginia, 3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 25, 40, 43, 44, 50, 58, 62-64, 68, 72, 86, 131. (Course and limit of distribution.)
Wabash Eiver, 3, 4, 23, 39, 62, 66, 94 . Wabash Valley, 4. Wafer Ash, 9.
Wagon-hubs, 29. (See Hubs, Wheels.) Wagons, 61, 63, 87. Wahoo, 7, 14, 72.
Wahsatch Mountains, 21, 23, 38, 51, 62, 82, 110, 117, 127, 130, 133. (Course and limit of distribution.)
Walnut, 77.
Walnut, Black, 46, 76.
Walnut, White, 76.
Ware River, 82.
Washingtonia filifera, 135; tables (405) 152, (306) 156, (310) 161, (270) 165, (293) 168, (313) 172, (303) 176.
Washington Territory, 16, 20, 21, 36, 38, 41, 42, 49, 54, 63, 81, 96, 98, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110, 113, 115, 116, 119-121, 127, 128, 130-135. (Course and limit of dis- tribution.)
Washington Thorn, 43.
Washita River, 18, 43, 62.
Water Ash, 62.
Water Beech, 75, 95.
Water Elm, 71.
Water-flumes, 106.
Water Hickory, 79.
Water Locust, 30.
Water Maple, 22.
Water Oak, 91.
Water White Oak, 83.
Water-pipes, 123. (See Pumps.)
Water-tanks, 113.
Wax Myrtle, 80.
Wedges, 41.
Weeping Oak, 81.
Western Catalpa, 66.
West Indian Birch, 10.
West Indies, 4, 5, 7, 9-11, 14, 15, 17-19, 25, 28, 32, 34, 37, 46-48, 52, 53, 55-58, 62, 60- 68, 70, 73, 126, 136. (Trees.)
Western States, 74.
West, the, 62.
West Virginia, 25, 26, 36, 60, 122.
Weymouth Pine, 114.
Wharf-piles, 19, 46, 50, 135. (See Piles.)
Wheel-hubs, 97. (See Wagons.)
Wheels, 32, 49, 50, 93.
Wheel-stock, 71, 72, 75, 84, 85.
Whistle-wood, 20.
White Ash, 61.
White Bass-wood, 7.
White Bay, 1.
White Birch, 95, 96.
White Buttonwood, 47.
White Cedar, 106-108.
White Cypress, 112.
White Elm, 71.
White Fir, 132.
White-heart Hickory, 78.
White Iron-wood, 19.
White Laurel, 1.
White Mangrove, 47.
White Maple, 22.
White Mountain region, Arizona, 10.
White Oak, 80, 81, 83-86.
White Oak, Mountain, 85.
White Oak, Swamp, 83.
WThite Oak, Water, 83.
Wrhite Pine, 114-116, 125.
White River, 4.
White Spruce, 127, 128.
White Stopper, 48.
White Thorn, 42.
White Walnut, 76.
White-wood, 3, 5, 70.
Whitnev, Mount, 118.
Willow,* 100, 102, 103.
Willow, Black, 99.
Willow, Desert, 66.
Willow, Diamond, 102.
Willow, Glaucous, 101.
Willow Oak, 93.
Willow Oak, Upland, 92.
Willow, Sand-bar, 101.
Willow, Silkv, 103.
Wild Black Cherry, 36.
Wild Cherry, 37.
Wild China, 18.
Wild Cinnamon, 5.
INDEX.
203
Wild Dillv, 58.
Wild Fig, 73.
Wild Lime, 9, 11.
Wild Orange, 8, 37.
Wild Peach, 37.
Wild Plum, 34.
Wild Red Cherry, 35.
Wild Tamarind, 34.
Wind River, 128.
Wine-butts, 113.
Winged Elm, 72.
Winnipeg, Lake, 23, 63, 82, 106.
Winnipeg River, 114, 118.
Winooski River, 23.
Wisconsin, 40, 45, 89, 91, 92, 94, 99, 118, 129.
(Course and limit of distribution.) Witch-hazel, 45.
Wood: properties, 141-143; (tables) qualities, 144-152; specific gravity, 153-157; fuel value, 158-162; elasticity, 163-168; longi- tudinal compression, 169-172; resistance of indentation, 173-176.
Wood-engraving, 49, 59. (See Engraving.)
Wooden shoes, 97. (See Shoes.)
Wooden ware, 3, 6, 17, 23, 51, 97, 104, 105, 107, 114, 115, 128.
Woods, Lake of the, 22.
Wood, Naked, 17, 47.
Wood-pulp, 96, 103, 104. (See Paper-pulp.) Wyoming, 38, 39, 121, 128, 130, 132. (Course and limit of distribution.)
Xanthoxylum Americana, 8; tables (22)
144, (275) 155, (274) 160. Xanthoxylum Caribceum, 9; tables (24) 144,
(47) 153, (47) 158, (151) 164, (157) 167, (16)
169, (21) 173. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, 8; tables (23)
144, (312) 156, (314) 101, (223) 165, (226) 168, (153) 170, (172) 174. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, var. frutico- sum, 9; tables (231) 144, (250) 155, (250) 100.
Xanthoxylum Pterota, 9; tables (25) 144,
(131) 154, (133) 159. Ximenia Americana, 11; tables (32) 144, (40)
153, (36) 158.
Yaupon, 12. Yazoo River, 23, 80. Yellow Ash, 28. Yellow-bark Oak, 89. Yellow Birch, 97. Yellow Cypress, 108. Yellow Fir, 130, 131. Yellow Haw, 44. Yellow Locust, 26. Yellow Oak, 84, 89. Yellow Pine, 119, 125. Yellow Poplar, 3. Yellow- wood, 14, 28. Yew, 113. Yopon, 12. Yosemite Valley, 21.
Yucca baccate] 137; tables (412) 152, (428)
157, (430) 162. Yucca brevi/olia, 137; tables (410) 152, (413)
157.
Yucca canaliculate, 136; tables (409) 152,
(197) 155, (232) 160. Yucca elata, 137; tables (411) 152, (370) 156,
(398) 161. Yukon River, 96, 103, 104, 127.
Zygophyllaceai, 7, 8.
University Press, Cambridge: John Wilson and Son.
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