552 J. 3Y H,G. .Lewis and J. A. Douce t. yrt:nent of the Interior, Canada, For. ry Bulletin Uo . 6... lvjl . . -- ;•:••..:• •.,••&'*«-,. fi" DEPARTMENT OF THE"l^TERlbkv.qANADA c**«*««j.**** *••*.«**** Hon. ARTHUR MBIGHEN, Minister; W. W. CORY* Ddliuty'MihislaV*. !• ' Ci. v* FORESTRY BRANCH— BULLETIN No. 63 R. H. CAMPBELL, Director of Forestry "3 O^ ,** WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF QUEBEC OTTAWA J. DE LABROQUERIE PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1918 DEPARTMENT OF TEJ Hon. ARTHUR MEIQHEN, Minister; W. W. CORY, Deputy Minister XO* ^ ^ 4\* "**>A FORESTRY RR ANCTT— miTT.^TTM Mm^os ^ > FORESTRY BRANCH— BULLETIN R. H. CAMPBELL, Director of Forestry WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF QUEBEC COMPILED BY R. G. LEWIS, B. Sc.FM and J. A. DOUCET, B.A. OTTAWA J. DE LABROQUERIE TACHfi PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1918 36894—1 A«ric . - Sm Q1 Table of Contents PAGE. Introduction 5 Kinds of Wood 6 . Wood used in Quebec, by Kinds of j Woods (Table A) 6 Wood Purchased outside of Quebec j (Table B) . . . . 8 Detailed Descriptions of Kinds of Wood- Spruce 9 Balsam Fir 10 Pine 12 Birch 13 Hard Pine 15 Douglas Fir 16 Jack Pine 17 Basswood 18 Maple 19 Hemlock 20 Oak 22 Poplar 23 Ash 24 Tulip Tree 25 Elm 26 Beech 27 Mahogany 28 Chestnut 29 Walnut 29 Cedar 29 Redwood 31 Cypress 31 Butternut 31 Spanish Cedar 31 Black Cherry 31 Red Gum 32 Hickory 33 Satinwood 33 Teak 33 Willow 33 Red Juniper 33 Baywood 33 Minor Species 34 Wood-using Industries — Wood used in Quebec bv Industries (Table C.) " 35 Detailed Descriptions of Industries — Agricultural Implements 36 Boats 37 Boot and Shoe Findings 38 Boxes and Crating 39 Car Construction 41 Cheese Boxes 43 Coffins, Caskets and Shells 44 Cooperage 45 Foundry Boxes 46 Furniture 47 Handles and Tools 49 Hardwood Flooring 50 Machinery 51 Musical Instruments 52 Patterns 54 Pumps, Tanks, and Silos 55 Refrigerators 55 Sash, Doors, and Building Ma- terial 56 Shuttles, Spools, Bobbins, etc... 58 Toys and Sporting Goods 59 Vehicles 60 Woodenware 62 Wood-pulp 62 Miscellaneous. . , 65 PAGE. Destructive Wood Distillation 67 Waste Utilization and By-products ... 68 Commodities Manufactured from each Kind of Wood — Ash 72 Balsam Fir 72 Basswood ''. 72 Baywood 73 Beech 73 Birch 73 Butternut 74 Cedar 74 Cherry 74 Chestnut 74 Cypress 74 Dogwood 74 Douglas Fir 74 Ebony 75 Elm 75 Hard Pine 75 Hemlock 75 Hickory -75 Ironwopd 75 Jack Pine 75 Lignum Vitse 75 Locust 76 Mahogany 76 Maple 76 Oak 76 Pine 77 Poplar 78 Red Gum 78 Red Juniper 78 Redwood 78 Rosewood 78 Satinwood 78 Spanish Cedar 78 Spruce 78 Teak 79 Tulip Tree 79 WTalnut 79 Willow 79 Classified Directory of Manufac- turers— Agricultural Implements 80 Boats 80 Boot and Shoe Findings 80 Boxes and Crating 80 Car Construction 81 Cheese Boxes 81 Coffins, Caskets and Shells 81 Cooperage 81 Foundry Boxes 82 Furniture 82 Hardwood Flooring 82 Handles and Tools 83 Machinery 83 Musical Instruments 83 Patterns 83 Pumps, Tanks and Silos 84 Refrigerators 84 Sash, Doors, and Building Material 84 Shuttles, Spools, Bobbins, etc. . . 86 Toys and Sporting Goods 86 Vehicles 86 Veneer 88 Woodenware 88 Wood-pulp 88 Miscellaneous.. 89 36894— H r / w WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF QUEBEC The Dominion Forestry Branch has already published, in separate bulletins, studies of the wood-using industries of the province of Ontario, of the Maritime Provinces (including New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island), and of the three Prairie Provinces (Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta). The main purpose of these studies is to show the importance of wood in general as a raw material in the making of different articles, and particularly the use which is made of our native woods. Such studies are not only interesting to all but are important to both forest owners and wood consumers. This bulletin deals with the wood-using industries of the Province of Quebec. The figures given were gathered during the years 1914 and 1915, unfortunately at a period when the wood-using industries of the province and of the whole of Canada were badly affected by the European war. It is probable that the total consumption reported was reduced because of the conditions prevailing. In 1915 the province of Quebec led all the provinces of the Dominion in lumber production. Its total output of logs for the year 1915 was approximately 1,570,356,000 feet board measure, of which 1,078,787,000 feet were sawn by the various saw-mills of the province. It should be understood that, in this study as well as in those previously published, the prime object is a presentation of the general conditions rather than a census of the quantity of wood consumed, although the bulletin will convey a fair idea of the quantity of the native and foreign woods necessary to supply the wood-using manufacturers of the province. These statistics are compiled from reports received from 864 manufacturers. They show that the wood-using industries of the province consume yearly a quantity of raw wood material equal to 44 • 55 per cent of the total log output of its forests, and 64 • 8 per cent of the total lumber sawn in the province. Eighty- five per cent of the material consumed is native to the province, ten per cent is purchased in the other provinces of the Dominion, and five per cent outside of Canada, mainly in the United States. It is to be regretted that about 350 firms have not replied to requests for reports but most of the important manufacturers in every class of industry have been kind enough to give such reports The figures given above show the importance to the province o Quebec of keeping its forests in the best condition possible, not only for meeting the present demand of its manufacturers but also with a view to providing for the future in all classes of wood-using industries. With the steadily increasing population of the province and the rapid improvement of the financial condition of its inhabitants the manufacture of wooden articles is capable of much further development as long as the raw material is available. It is true that the province of Quebec, like most of our Canadian provinces, does not possess much hardwood of very high value. Quebec's small supply of hickory and white oak is almost exhausted. However, its large supply of woods such as spruce, balsam fir, pine, birch, maple, and beech, which form the basis of the wood-using industries, strongly emphasizes the importance of preserving the forests stocked with these woods and also the necessity of the establishment of a rational policy of silviculture for assuring a permanent supply 5 FOKESTSRY B.F.A.NCH BULLETIN No. 63 of the most valuable native woods, which are becoming scarce. This is a great economic problem in view of the gradually decreasing quantity of foreign supply and its increasing cost. There are certain species of trees that cannot be grown in this country. These we must import. But we should firmly establish our wood-using industries and ensure an economical balance between imports and exports by growing all the valuable woods which are adaptable to this country. This could be done if public and private effort were earnestly applied to the problem. We have the foundation needed for the purpose; the land, the resources and finally the labour; we further require legislation and popular support. It would be a great satisfaction to the Forestry Branch if this bulletin, besides its primary object stated above, would also help to promote the preserva- tion and regeneration of the forests. Kinds of Wood TABLE A— SUMMARY OF WOOD USED IN QUEBEC, BY KINDS OF WOOD Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quan- tity. Value. Aver- age value. Supply by Regions. Quebec. Ont. N.B N.S. B.C. U.S.A. Foreign. Total 100 0 52-2 17-6 8-6 6-4 4-0 2-1 2-0 1-6 1-5 1-0 0-6 0-5 0-4 0-3 0-3 0-2 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 * * * * * * * * * * * M FT. B.M. 698,459 364,855 122,947 60,040 44, 563 27,844 15,223 14,431 11,157 10,113 6,872 4,144 3,467 3,028 2,455 2,336 1,139 898 766 652 533 289 194 139 131 103 87 39 5 4 2 2 1 $ 12,409, 003 5,298,185 1,208,563 1,678,945 963,950 981,583 580,426 170,177 289,147 190,853 129, 129 160,402 51,817 94,146 104,296 67,595 22,007 154,659 51,097 130,610 14,222 15,387 12,005 3,620 19,850 9,156 2,385 2,033 1,773 600 200 120 65 $ cts. 17 76 14 52 9 83 27 96 21 63 35 25 38 13 11 79 25 92 18 87 18 79 38 71 14 95 31 09 42 48 28 94 19 32 172 23 66 71 200 32 26 68 53 24 61 88 26 04 151 52 88 89 27 41 52 13 354 50 150 00 100 00 60 00 65 00 M FT. B.M. 596,108 350, 595 122,947 35,653 37,596 M FT. B.M. 41,225 9,165 M FT. B.M. 7,796 4,345 M FT. B.M. 750 750 M FT. B.M. 15,332 M FT. B.M. 36,215 M FT. B.M. 1,033 Pine 23,571 4,467 801 2,434 15 Birch 66 27,844 Hard Pine Douglas Fir 15,223 14,431 10,355 8,093 6,615 677 2,517 2,698 Basswood 788 1,939 82 44 950 59 14 81 Hemlock 175 Oak 3,423 Poplar 4sh 271 2,455 Tulip Tree Elm 2,184 1,139 152 Beech Mahogany 898 1 13 394 765 639 3 289 194 Walnut Cedar 1 41 94 Redwood Cypress 139 Spanish Cedar. Black Cherry Red Gum 131 29 74 87 2 5 Hickory 30 7 Teak 4 Willow 2 2 1 Baywood "Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF QUEBEC 7 Thirty-two different kinds of wood appear in the above table of which twenty are native to the province. It should be noted that of many of these twenty kinds of wood there are several species. For instance, spruce includes three species; birch, four; pine, two; maple, at least two main species ; oak, two; and poplar, four species. Thus there are about thirty-one species of wood native to the province of Quebec represented in the table. Tamarack is the only important native wood which the manufacturers have not reported. In 1915 the saw-mills of the province cut over two and a half million feet board measure of tamarack There is no doubt that some of this wood is used by such industries as the building of boats and the manu- facture of pumps and tanks. It is a durable and elastic wood. However, the greater quantity of tamarack cut in the province of Quebec is turned into railway ties or used in the state of raw lumber for rough construction. Photo 7394. J. A. DOUCET. Gasoline boats at rest, Lachine, Que. The favourite woods for building these boats are redwood, white pine, and cedar. In the above list the wood of coniferous trees largely predominates, forming 87-9 per cent of the total. Spruce alone forms 52-2 per cent. Spruce is also the predominant species in the lumber output in the province of Quebec. That some industries require special kinds of wood, whose characteristics make them most suitable for certain purposes, is true; but for many of them the use of one kind of wood instead of another is merely a matter of habit, convenience, and economy. Economy influences a great deal the choice of many kinds of wood for the manufacture of certain articles. Thus the kind of wood used would depend a good deal on the quantity available in the neigh- bourhood and the distance of the factories from the source of different wood supplies. As regards the consumption of native wood, the wood-using industries of the province could be supplied by the home production of the province, with 8 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 the exception of white oak, walnut, cherry and white ash. Other than these, the purchase from other provinces of wood native to Quebec is merely a matter of convenience. It may be remarked that the province of Quebec gives as much of its raw material to the wood-using industries of the other provinces as it receives from them for its own consumption. Wood material from Ontario forms 5-9 per cent of the total consumption of the industries of Quebec. The Maritime Provinces contribute 1 • 2 per cent. The kinds of woods furnished by these two provinces are also native to Quebec. Further, British Columbia furnishes 15,332,000 feet board measure, or 2 • 2 per cent of the total consumption. Quebec also purchased from the United States 36,215,000 feet board measure of high class woods, of which some are native to Quebec, but of which the supply is about exhausted, and some are not grown in this province. This is equal to 5 • 2 per cent of the total consumption of the province. Other foreign countries furnished 1,033,000 feet board measure. The following table gives details concerning wood supplies purchased out- side of the province of Quebec : — TABLE B— WOOD PURCHASED OUTSIDE OF QUEBEC Kind of Wood. Total Quantity Purchased. Supply by Regions. Ont. N.B. B.C. N.S. U.S.A. Foreign. Total 109,351 27,844 24,387 15,223 14,260 6,967 3,467 2,455 ^ 2,020 950 898 802 765 639 330 289 257 194 152 139 131 87 74 9 5 4 2 1 M FT. B. M. 41,225 M FT. B. M. 7,796 M FT. B. M. 15,332 M FT. B. M. 750 M FT. B. M. 36,215 27,844 M FT. B. M. 1,033 Hard Pine . Pine 23,571 801 15 15,223 Douglas Fir Spruce 9,165 4,467 44 4,345 2,434 750 Birch 66 3,423 2,455 81 Oak Tulip Tree Maple 1,939 950 Poplar Mahogany . ... 898 Basswood 788 14 765 639 271 289 Chestnut Walnut Ash 59 Redwood Hemlock . 82 175 Cypress 194 'Elm 152 1 Cedar 41 94 3 Spanish Cedar 131 Red Gum 87 74 2 5 Black Cherry Hickory. 7 Satinwood Teak 4 Red Juniper 2 1 WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF QUEBEC DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF KINDS OF WOOD TABLE I— SPRUCE Industry. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Aver- age Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. N.B. N.S. Total 100 0 69-1 14-7 13-4 0-7 0-6 0-3 0-2 0-2 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 * * * * * * M FT. B. M. 364,855 252, 161 53,638 48,924 2,606 2,137 1,093 818 745 601 490 477 405 269 182 179 123 4 2 1 $ 5,298,185 2,914,369 1,149,271 1,024,445 56,786 53,931 24,476 13,540 14,850 8,717 5,585 8,296 9,777 4,701 2,375 3,834 3,101 81 30 20 $ cts. 14 52 11 55 21 43 20 94 21 79 25 23 22 40 16 55 19 93 14 50 11 40 17 39 24 14 17 48 13 05 21 42 25 21 20 25 15 00 20 00 M FT. B. M. 350,595 252,161 42,350 46,061 2,606 2,137 1,086 718 745 601 488 477 405 269 182 179 123 4 2 1 M FT. B. M. 9,165 M FT. B. M. 4,345 M FT. B. M. 759 Boxes and Crating 6,293 2,863 4,245 750 7 100 Pumps, Tanks and Silos. . . 2 Coffins, Caskets and Shells Agricultural Implements... Musical Instruments Toys and Sporting Goods . *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The spruce used is made up mainly of three species , white, black, and red. White spruce (Picea canadensis) and black spruce (Picea mariana) form the larger proportion. Red spruce (Picea rubra) forms a small percentage. It is probable that the greater percentage of the black spruce is used by the wood- pulp industries, but it is impossible to give reliable figures as to the percentage that each species forms of the total. Most manufacturers use the various species of spruce indifferently. Only a few demand a particular species, and even with these it is less the species than the grade which is sought. Spruce, on account of its large distribution, its comparatively easy regenera- tion, its adaptability for use in the different industries, and also because of the rapid decrease in the quantity of pine, has now become the most important timber tree of the province of Quebec. In 1915 it formed 53 per cent of the total log production of the forests of the province. In the wood-using industries it exceeds in quantity all the other species together, forming 52-2 per cent of the total wood consumption. White and black spruce are found throughout all the wooded regions of the province of Quebec. "White spruce seldom occurs in extensive pure stands, but is generally mingled with hardwoods and black spruce. The red spruce is confined entirely to the southwest portion of the province, and particularly to the district adjoining the states of Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont. Of the three species, the red spruce is supposed to have the best technical and physical qualities. It has a fine, showy grain and a reddish tinge, and has more 10 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 elasticity and greater longevity than white spruce. Black spruce has a much finer grain than the other two species. It is a good deal stronger and more durable, but it has a strong tendency to warp and twist. Spruce is used by nineteen industries, both for the manufacture of articles and for packing and crating. Only two species are reported as having a greater variety of uses. The wood-pulp industry is the greatest consumer of spruce It requires a supply of 252,161,000 feet board measure, over 69 per cent of the total spruce used; or 139,467,000 feet more than all the other industries together. Spruce is gradually taking the place of pine in boxes and crating, sash, doors, building material, dimension lumber, etc. The comparatively low average of the price of spruce is due mostly to the large proportion consumed by the wood- pulp industry and the raw state of the material used by it. Apart from this industry, the average price of ^pruce is nearly $19 per thousand feet board measure. Some manufacturers claim that it is becoming difficult, almost impossible, to obtain large quantities of clear spruce in the markets of Quebec. This may be explained by the fact that a large proportion, and probably the best, of the spruce lumber of Quebec is sold to foreign countries, the local consumption being supplied mostly by small saw-mills cutting, chiefly, second-growth timber of small dimensions or grown in open stand. TABLE II— BALSAM FIR Industry. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Supply by Regions. Value. Quebec. Total 100 0 M FT. B. M. 122,947 $ 1,208,563 $ cts. 9 S3 M FT. B. M. 122,947 Wood-pulp 96-1 118,210 1,130,455 9 56 118,210 Boxes and Crating 1-8 2,199 30,220 13 74 2,199 Sash, Doors, etc 1-4 1,680 35,866 21 35 1,680 Woodenware 0-1 650 9,050 13 92 650 Cheese Boxes * 132 1,527 11 56 132 Vehicles 64 1,234 19 28 64 Coffins, Caskets and Shells 7 121 17 29 7 Agricultural Implements 3 60 20 00 3 Cooperage 1 15 15 00 1 Foundry Boxes . 1 15 15 00 1 *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) is well distributed throughout the province of Quebec, mixed with spruce or hardwoods. It germinates easily, and the policy of natural regeneration of forest areas generally followed, the heavy debris of logging operations, and the greater proportion of fir below the diameter cutting limit give to this species considerable ascendency over the other coniferous species. It is even considered by some that if the present policy of lumbering is continued there is a possibility of balsam fir becoming the predominant tree in a large part of the Quebec forests This condition exists in parts of Ontario and New Brunswick as well as in Quebec. KINDS OF WOOD 11 The reports for 1915 give for Quebec a total saw-mill cut of 170,794,000 feet board measure of balsam fir. The ten industries which have reported its use altogether consume 122,947,000 feet. The wood-pulp industry is responsible for the bulk (over 96 per cent) of this consumption. Balsam fir is a softer and more perishable wood than spruce. It is also much weaker, but it has long, tough and colourless fibres which make it valuable in paper-making and nearly equal to spruce for that industry. Apart from wood- pulp the bulk of balsam fir material was used by the box and crating industries. Photo 8273. J. A DOUCET. Spruce and fir pulpwood ready for consumption, Belgo-Canadian Pulp Co., Shawinigan Falls, Que. On account of the great resemblance between balsam fir and spruce wood the former species is generally mixed with the latter and sold as such for rough construction material and dressed lumber. As in the case of spruce, the large proportion of balsam fir used by the wood-pulp industry in the rough state con- tributes to lower its average price to $9.83; otherwise it would be $16.49 per thousand feet board measure. Balsam fir will probably never be very much desired by other wood-using industries than those manufacturing wood-pulp, boxes and crating. In boxes and crating it is used as a substitute for pine and spruce. However, in consequence of the rapid decrease of available pine, the increasing demand for spruce by most of the industries, and the probable ascendency of balsam fir over the two other species in the natural regeneration of the forests it is logical to suppose that the use of balsam fir is bound to increase in proportion to the decrease of pine and spruce. Outside of its consumption for wood-pulp, boxes and crating, the use of balsam fir is less a matter of suitability than of economy and necessity. 12 FOEESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 TABLE III— PINE Industry. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Aver- age Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. B.C. N.B. Total 100 0 43-2 24-1 15-1 12-1 1-4 1-4 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-4 0-2 0-2 0-2 0-1 0-1 * * M FT. B. M. 60,040 25,886 14,476 9,147 7,272 '831 812 314 280 275 250 129 127 100 73 66 1 1 $ 1,678,945 857,698 423,300 197,307 101,253 15,826 34,270 6,716 7,025 10,735 10,625 5,391 3,741 1,800 1,460 1,766 15 17 $ cts. 27 96 33 13 29 24 21 57 13 92 19 04 42 20 21 39 25 09 39 04 42 50 41 79 29 46 18 00 20 00 26 76 15 00 17 00 M FT. B. M. 35,653 21,038 6,304 4,751 506 831 804 314 280 244 125 88 127 100 73 66 1 1 M FT. B. M. 23,571 4,813 8,172 3,646 6,766 M FT. B. M. 15 M FT. B. M. 801 35 Sash, Doors, etc Car Construction Boxes and Crating 15 735 Miscellaneous. Coffins, Caskets and Shells Boats 8 Furniture Musical Instruments Patterns . 31 Pumps, Tanks and Silos. . . Machinery .... 125 41 Vehicles Refrigerators Agricultural Implements... Foundry Boxes Cheese Boxes Woodenware *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. In the above table pine includes four species. White pine (Finns Strobus) forms the largest proportion, about 90 per cent; red pine (Pinus resinosa) forms the greater part of the remainder, with a small quantity of western yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) and western white pine (Pinus monticola). Whenever possible, jack pine has been differentiated and reported separately. No effort was made in the compilation of these statistics to separate red from white pine. Pine comes third in the list. It is used by seventeen industries, but leads in only two of them. The average price paid for pine material was $27.96 per thousand feet board measure. Two industries paid over $42. The average price paid by the manufacturers of New Brunswick and Ontario was $23.58 and $25.60 respectively. The price paid for pine is the highest paid for coni- ferous material purchased in the province of Quebec. Pine was, from the beginning of the timber trade in Canada, its most important lumber. The axes of the farmers and the lumbermen, and forest fires, have greatly depleted the forests of this most important species, and, although the province of Quebec still possesses extensive areas of pine forest, there is no hope that this species will again become Canada's leading wood material. Quebec's total white pine log production for 1915 is reported to be 251,- 330,000 feet board measure, and red pine 32,545,000 feet board measure. The wood-using industries consumed only 21 per cent of the total white and red pine output. Canada's white pine is so well known that a large quantity of Quebec pine is sold for export, to the detriment of the industries of the province which have to substitute for it a large quantity of hard pine and redwood, imported KINDS OF WOOD 13 from the United States, and Douglas fir, imported from British Columbia. Not only the bulk of, but the best of the white pine lumber of Quebec is exported to Europe. According to the statements of manufacturers of certain classes of commodities, the greater proportion of the quantity remaining on the home market is of inferior grade. For most purposes white pine is the best species amongst those mentioned. It combines comparative durability and elasticity with great softness and lightness and remarkable ease in working. It is very easily seasoned. The wood of the red pine is harder and possesses greater strength, which recommends it for structural purposes. It contains much more resin than the white pine. The western yellow pine supplied by British Columbia belongs to the same class as the red pine of Eastern Canada, while the western white pine resembles very much the eastern white pine. The manufacturers of Quebec purchased 23,571,000 feet board measure of pine from Ontario, this quantity forming over 39 per cent of their total con- sumption. However, this is less than the quantity of pine logged in the province and sawn by mills situated in Ontario. New Brunswick furnished 801,000 feet board measure, equal to 1-3 per cent of the consumption. Fifteen thousand feet board measure of western yellow pine and western white pine were pur- chased from British Columbia. TABLE IV— BIRCH Industry. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Aver- age Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. N.B. U.S.A. Total 100 0 34-6 27-4 11-6 8-3 3-2 3-0 2-7 2-2 1-7 1-3 1-1 1-0 1-0 0-3 0-2 0-1 * * * * * M FT. B. M. 44,563 15,409 12,206 5,182 3,703 1,444 1,353 1,209 1,000 776 563 484 466 428 114 70 64 34 25 16 9 8 $ 963,950 308,233 234,329 148,945 112,899 19,798 24,290 28,652 12,000 28,249 11,105 7,271 12,699 9,240 1,454 1,750 1,050 715 418 320 315 218 $ cts. 21 63 20 00 19 20 28 74 30 49 13 71 17 95 23 70 12 00 36 40 19 72 15 02 27 25 21 59 12 75 25 00 16 41 21 03 16 72 20 00 35 00 27 25 M FT. B. M. 37,596 11,035 9,806 5; 081 3,703 1,422 1,310 1,207 1,000 751 563 484 466 428 114 70 64 34 25 16 9 8 M FT. B. M. 4,467 4,374 M FT. B. M. 2,434 M FT. B. M. 66 Hardwood Flooring Furniture .... 2,400 Sash Doors etc 54 47 Shuttles, Spools, Bobbins, etc Boxes and Crating 3 24 2 19 Miscellaneous .... 19 Vehicles Cooperage Car Construction 10 15 Agricultural Implements... Handles and Tools Musical Instruments Machinery Boot and Shoe Findings. . . Pumps, Tanks and Silos. . . Cheese Boxes Coffins, Caskets and Shells Toys and Sporting Goods . Refrigerators Patterns Boats *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 14 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 Birch comes fourth in the list. Its total consumption, 44,563,000 feet board measure, is equal to 99 per cent of the total Quebec production of this species reported for 1915. In fact birch is now the most important native hardwood material of the wood-using industries of the province, not only on account of its wide distribution throughout the province but because of its qualities. It is reported to be used by twenty-one industries, leading all woods in that respect. The general name birch includes four species: yellow birch (Betula lutea); sweet birch (Betula lento), paper birch (Betula alba var. papyrifera) and white birch (Betula populifolia}. In the wood-using industries yellow birch is the Photo 7391. J. A. DOUCET. Piles of native birch, maple, and ash used for the manufacture of chairs, Roxton Mill and Chair Mfg. Co., Ltd., Waterloo, Que. most important of the four species named. Yellow birch is usually found mixed with maple and white spruce. It does not extend north of the basin of the St. Lawrence. Paper and white birch are the most common but they do not grow to so large a size as yellow birch. They are found in virgin forest, but particularly on restocked land. They extend north as far as the Hudson Bay drainage basin, although in that region they are small in size and of little commercial value. Paper and white birch are mostly used in woodenware and turnery and for making spools and bobbins. They are lighter and much softer than the others. Sweet birch is claimed to possess all the qualities of yellow birch and to an even greater degree. It is darker in colour, of greater density, and has not so large a percentage of the less valuable sap wood. Sweet birch does not occupy a wide range in Quebec. In general the wood of birch is fairly hard and strong, and has a fine, even grain and texture. Birch wood checks easily in moist situations and presents considerable difficulty in seasoning. KINDS OF WOOD 15 The manufacture of hardwood flooring is the industry which consumes the greatest quantity of birch wood, not only in the province of Quebec but also throughout the whole of Canada. It is bound to occupy a still higher place among the other industries using hardwood on account of the continually decreasing supply of more expensive hardwoods and their increase in price. Quebec imports birch from Ontario, New Brunswick, and the United States. The total quantity imported is equal to 15 per cent of the total con- sumption of that material in the province. The material imported from Ontario and New Brunswick is chiefly yellow birch. The United States furnished 66,000 feet board measure, or 0 • 1 per cent of the total consumption. This quantity is believed to be made up mostly of sweet birch. TABLE V— HARD PINE Supply by Regions. Value. U.S.A. Total . 100 0 M FT. B. M. 27,844 $ 981,583 $ cts. 35 25 M FT. B. M. 27 844 Car Construction 96-6 26,892 946, 208 35 19 26 892 Sash, Doors, etc 2-9 817 29,622 36 26 817 Pumps, Tanks and Silos 0-3 100 4,000 40 00 100 Machinery . 19 1,093 57 53 19 Agricultural Implements * 10 450 45 00 10 Boats * 6 210 35 00 6 *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Hard pine is not a Canadian wood. It is imported from the Southern States. It comprises four distinct species: longleaf, shortleaf, Cuban and loblolly. Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) is characterized by close grain and density, and is mainly used for structural purposes. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) is coarser grained and softer than longleaf pine. Cuban pine (Pinus heterophylla) has characteristics similar to longleaf pine but is not so common. Loblolly pine (Pinus taedd) has the coarsest and softest wood of the four. Manufacturers do not differentiate these species of pine. Hard pine is sold under many trade names, such as: Georgia pine, Southern pine, yellow pine, Carolina pine, pitch pine. Six industries report using hard pine material to the extent of 27,844,000 feet board measure, forming 4 per cent of the total consumption. Car con- struction used 96 • 6 per cent of the hard pine material reported. The use of hard pine is increasing perceptibly in Canada. The decrease of available white pine will to some extent account for that condition. In many cases, and particularly in the boat-building industries, hard pine is now used because of the difficulty of obtaining high grade white and red pine. The average price paid, $35.25 per thousand feet board measure, was over $7 higher than the price paid for the native pine. 16 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 - In regard to the relation of the hard pine to Douglas fir, the growing appreciation of the latter is due not only to the fact that it is a Canadian wood but also, and chiefly, because of its strength, stiffness, and other high qualities. See Forestry Branch Bulletin No. 59, " Canadian Woods for Structural Timbers." Photo 7385. J. A. DOUCET. Broom handles made of birch and maple. The Megantic Broom Mfg. Co., Lake Megantic, Que. TABLE VI— DOUGLAS FIP Supply by Regions. Value. B.C. M FT. B. M. $ $ cts. M FT. B. M. Total 100 0 15,223 580,426 38 13 15,223 Car Construction 93-0 14, 159 534,821 37 77 14,159 Sash , Doors, etc 6-7 1,024 43,377 42 36 1,024 Boats . . 0-2 32 1 770 55 31 32 Machinery (5 368 61 33 6 Boxes and Crating * 9 90 45 00 2 *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga mucronata) is native to the Pacific coast. All the supply used by Quebec was purchased from British Columbia. This species comes third in the list of wood material purchased outside of the province and forms 2 • 1 per cent of the total wood used. The average price paid for Douglas fir was $38.13 per thousand feet board measure, being the highest price paid for coniferous wood. KINDS OF WOOD 17 This species is reported to be used by five industries only, and car con- struction used 93 • 0 per cent of the total. Douglas fir is one of the world's most valuable structural woods, on account both of its intrinsic qualities and its large dimensions. It is rapidly growing in popularity and its use should be still further encouraged. It was, at first, valued only for framework and structural purposes, but now it is frequently used for more ornamental purposes, such as all kinds of interior finishing, flooring, panelling, sash and tloors, etc. It is also used as sliced veneer, in which form it gives a fine effect on account of its striking grain. The wood of Douglas fir is very strong, elastic, tough, hard, straight-grained, comparatively light, and fairly durable. Its chief fault lies in the difficulty there is in working it, on account of its comparative hardness when seasoned and its liability to split. The high price asked for Douglas fir on the Quebec market is very likely the chief reason why it is not used by more industries. Bulletin 58, " Forest pro- ducts of Canada, 1915," places the price of Douglas fir at the saw-mills of British Columbia at $11.76. The long haul by rail across the continent is the chief factor in raising the price of Douglas fir. TABLE VII— JACK PINE Supplv by Industry. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Regions. Value. Que. M FT. B. M. $ $ cts. M FT. B. M. Total 100 0 14,431 170,177 11 79 14,431 Wood-Pulp 99-6 14,378 169,253 11 77 14,378 Sash, Doors, etc 0-4 53 918 17 32 53 Jack pine (Pinus Banksiana), coming seventh in the list, is given a high rank amongst the wood material used by the wood-using industries of Quebec on account of the consumption of this material by the wood-pulp industry. Ninety- nine per cent of the jack pine reported was used by the pulp manufacturers. Only two industries have reported its use. [Jack pine is largely used for railway ties, but ties are not included in this study.] It is probable, however, that a small quantity of jack pine is mixed with red pine and used as such by a few other industries. Compared with white and red pine, jack pine is a much inferior wood", being weaker, more brittle, and more perishable. The tree is not so tall and the wood is seldom found clear of knots. The wood of jack pine is very resinous. Fifty-seven per cent of the jack pine used by the wood-pulp industry is manufactured by the sulphate process. Wood-pulp factories pay SI 1.77 per thousand feet board measure for jack pine; while sash, door and building material factories pay $17.32. The first mentioned factories buy round logs, while the latter buy in the form of sawn lumber. 36894—2 18 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 TABLE VIII— BASSWOOD Industry, Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. U.S.A. Total 100 0 39-1 17-7 12-2 7-8 6-4 5-4 2-8 2-5 2-2 1-9 1-0 0-6 0-2 * * * * * * M FT. B. M. 11,157 4,371 1,977 1,360 863 714 604 309 277 244 208 119 63 25 5 4 3 3 1 1 $ 289,147 108,570 57,529 33,808 21,347 17,784 23,618 9,767 3,234 6,770 2,253 2,335 1,226 550 120 60 65 54 40 17 $ cts. 25 92 24 84 29 10 24 86 24 57 24 91 39 10 31 61 11 68 27 74 10 83 19 62 19 46 22 00 24 00 15 00 22 00 18 00 40 00 17 00 M FT. B. M. 10,355 3,806 1,965 1,360 866 714 594 305 277 244 M FT. B. M. 788 565 4 M FT. B. M. 14 Boxes and Crating Sash, Doors, etc 8 Coffins, Caskets and Shells... Furniture 3 Musical Instruments Car Construction 10 1 Vehicles 3 Boot and Shoe Findings Miscellaneous Cooperage . 208 Machinery 119 63 25 5 4 3 3 1 1 Agricultural Implements Shuttles, Spools, Bobbins, etc Patterns Cheese Boxes Handles and Tools Toys and Sporting Goods. . . . Boats Woodenware *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Photo 7393. J. A. DOUCET. Gasoline boat made of white pine, manufactured by Louis St. Pierre, Vercheres, Que. The oar is made of basswood. Basswood heads the list of what might be termed the "soft hardwoods" and comes second of all the hardwoods. The quantity consumed by the industries using it is given as being approximately 93 per cent of the total Quebec output given for 1915. Its value at the factory ranges from $11.68 to $40 per KINDS or WOOD 19 thousand feet board measure, boot and shoe findings, and boat-building industries paying respectively the lowest and the highest prices. The average value for all uses, $25.91, is $5.56 more than the price reported by the saw-mill. Basswood is reported by nineteen industries and leads in two. Birch is the only wood material which occupies a wider range. There is only one species of basswood growing in Canada (Tilia americand) and the small quantity of basswood imported from the United States is cut from the same species. Basswood is light and soft. It has a fine, even texture and a coarse grain. It is odourless and tasteless, tough and easily worked. It does not check, and holds nails and paint well. Its poor qualities are its weakness and non-durability. Box and crating industries are the greatest consumers of basswood. Nearly ninety-three per cent of the basswood used is native to the province. Ontario furnishes 7 per cent and the United States a little over one-tenth of 1 per cent. TABLE IX— MAPLE Industry. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. U.S.A. Total 100 0 35-2 21-8 19-2 4-7 4-4 2-5 2-5 1-9 1-8 1-6 1-5 1-1 1-0 0-5 0-2 * * * M FT. B. M. 10,113 3,558 2,203 1,941 478 451 251 250 190 185 165 151 111 100 50 19 5 3 1 1 $ 190,853 55,466 42,714 32,949 7,737 20,689 2,765 2,750 4,574 3,398 5,373 3,546 2,876 4,341 1,000 475 88 72 24 16 $ cts. 18 87 15 59 19 39 16 98 16 19 45 92 11 02 11 00 24 07 18 37 32 56 23 48 25 91 43 41 20 00 25 00 17 50 24 00 24 00 16 00 M FT. B. M. 8,093 3,558 2,203 190 478 314 251 250 189 185 80 151 111 54 50 19 5 3 1 1 M FT. B. M. 1,939 M FT. B.M. 81 Boot and Shoe Findings . Furniture Hardwood Flooring 1,751 Handles and Tools Sash, Doors, etc 137 Boxes and Crating. Cooperage Vehicles ' 1 Miscellaneous Musical Instruments 50 35 Agricultural Implements Car Construction Machinery 46 Shuttles, Spools, Bobbins, etc. Purnps, Tanks and Silos Toys and Sporting Goods. . . . Boats Cheese Boxes "Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Maple is one of the most valuable trees of the province of Quebec and northeastern America generally, not only because it is one of the main sources of hardwood supply of the province but also because of its economic value as a source of food supply in the manufacture of maple sugar. The wood-using industries use over ten million feet of maple wood of which over 80 per cent is native to the province of Quebec; 19- 1 per cent is purchased from Ontario, and 0-8 per cent from the United States. 36894— 1\ 20 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 Nineteen industries out of a total of twenty-four have reported the use of maple material. Its value ranges from $11 to $45.92 per thousand feet board measure. The average price paid, $18.87, is only 84 cents more than the price reported by the saw-mill owners. This may be partly explained by the relatively low price paid by the boot and shoe findings industries which used over 35 per cent of the total maple wood consumed. These manufacturers purchased most of their raw material in the form of round logs. Four different species of maple grow in the province of Quebec, but only three of these are classified as being commercially important: sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red maple (Acer rubrum), and silver maple (Acer saccharinum) . The sugar maple is also known as "hard" maple and the red and silver maples as "soft" maple. The red maple is not used in the industries to any large extent. The wood of the red and silver maples is tougher than that of sugar maple, but also much softer, lighter, and more perishable. The value of maple wood depends largely on its hardness and stiffness. It is a difficult material to season. It warps badly and checks easily. The "bird's-eye", "wavy", and "curly" effects found in the sugar maple are only accidental forms of the grain of the wood. It is supposed that bird's-eye maple is more likely to be found on dry and thin soil. Bird's-eye, wavy, and curly maple are much valued for decorative work, in which they are mostly used as veneer. Maple material occupies a very high rank in most of the industries into which it enters, but leads in only one. In the wood-using industries of Ontario, maple leads the hardwood list: in New Brunswick, it occupies the third rank, coming after birch and oak, but leads in three industries. The total used in Ontario is over 88,000,000 feet board measure and in New Brunswick 3,600,000 feet. TABLE X— HEMLOCK Industry. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. N.B. Total 100 0 84-4 10-3 2-6 2-3 0-3 * * * M FT. B. M. 6,872 5,798 706 182 158 19 4 4 1 $ 129,129 109,981 15,140 2,399 1,144 266 92 91 16 $ cts. 18 79 18 97 21 44 13 19 7 24 14 00 23 00 22 75 16 00 M FT. B. M. 6,615 5,541 706 182 158 19 4 4 1 M FT. B. M. 82 82 M FT. B. M. 175 175 Sash, Doors, etc Miscellaneous Boxes and Crating . . Wood-pulp Cheese Boxes Vehicles Coffins, Caskets and Shells... Foundry Boxes *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) was used by eight industries to the extent of 6,872,000 feet board measure, or 1 • 0 per cent of the total wood consumption KINDS OF WOOD 21 Hemlock comes fifth in the list of Quebec forest production with an output of 55,960,000 feet of which over 5,000,000 feet is sawn outside of the province. The wood-using industries consumed only 12-2 per cent of the annual forest production of hemlock. Hemlock is a fairly common tree in Canada. Its bark has a great economic value in tanning. Its wood is fairly hard and stiff, more so than spruce, but on account of characteristic defects is not very much appreciated in the wood-using Photo 9538. R. G. LEWIS. The box and crate industry requires yearly 73,752,000 feet board measure of lumber. The engraving shows shell, tobacco, cigar, cocoa, and can boxes, crates, etc. industries, being brittle, splintery, harsh, and cross-grained. The bulk of hemlock goes for rough construction, its stiffness and durability recommending it for that use. In durability it ranks between pine and spruce. In the wood-using industries it is chiefly used in building construction, where 84-4 per cent of the total reported is used, and there it is mostly used for rough work and for crating for sash and doors. The other industries use hemlock chiefly for boxing purposes. It is also reported that Quebec manufacturers purchased 82,000 feet board measure of hemlock from Ontario and 175,000 feet from New Brunswick, or, respectively, 1-2 per cent and 2-5 per cent of the total consumption. The average price paid for hemlock was $18.79 per thousand feet board measure; the vehicle industry paying the highest price, 22 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. '63 TABLE XI— OAK Industry. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. U.S.A. Que. Ont. Total 100-0 68-0 11-0 8-0 6-5 4-1 1-3 0-5 0-3 0-3 * * M FT. B. M. 4,144 2,816 441 346 265 172 55 20 14 13 1 1 $ 160,402 91,190 18,345 15,856 15,912 12,935 3,150 1,715 578 596 85 40 $ cts. 38 71 32 38 41 60 45 83 60 05 75 20 57 27 85 75 41 28 45 85 85 00 40 00 M FT. B. M. 3,423 2,816 291 10 218 33 30 20 4 M FT. B. M. 677 M FT. B. M. 44 Car Construction Furniture 150 302 46 139 25 Vehicles 34 1 Machinery Boats Coffins, Caskets and Shells... Musical Instruments Miscellaneous 10 5 Agricultural Implements Pattern 8 1 Cooperage 1 *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The province of Quebec supplied in 1915 only 677,000 feet board measure of oak, while its manufacturers required a supply of 4,144,000 feet. The production is equal only to 16 per cent of the consumption. The bulk of the oak wood is purchased from the United States, to the extent of 82 per cent of the total. Ontario supplies a small quantity, equal to 1 per cent of the total quantity used. There is a larger importation of oak into Quebec than of any other hardwood. It is reported as being used by eleven industries. In quantity it does not lead in any of them, while in value it leads in one. The price paid for oak ranges from $32.38 to $85 per thousand feet board measure, its total value being $160,402. The supply of native oak is rapidly decreasing in Canada. In New Bruns- wick it is commercially exhausted. In Quebec and Ontario the supply is confined to small groups or isolated trees in farmers' woodlots. It is much scarcer in Quebec than it is in Ontario, the quantity in Quebec having always been less. The species of oak native to the province are red oak (Quercus rubra), white oak (Quercus alba), and bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa}. In trade this last species is not differentiated from the white oak. Red oak is the most common in Canada. The imported oak wood comprises chiefly the three species mentioned above. The superior qualities of oak material are well known to the manufacturers of the different classes of goods. White oak is generally superior to red oak. It is heavier, stronger, harder, tougher, more durable, and easier to season. The grain of the wood is finer and more even, the appearance of the medullary rays, which gives so much value to quarter-cut oak, is more striking and attractive. But the main reason of the superiority of white oak over red oak wood is its density, stiffness, and strength. Red oak wood is more easily worked or tooled. KINDS OF WOOD 23 Red oak can be substituted for white oak in most industries and for most articles, except for barrels or casks destined to contain alcoholic liquors. No substitute has been found for white oak for that purpose. It would seem advisable to encourage oak plantations. Red oak grows relatively quickly. This species of wood produces commercial material in about 75 to 100 years. White oak is slower in growth. Photo 9541. R. G. LEWIS. Strips of Spanish cedar, basswood and tulip of an average of 6 ft. long and varying from i to 1 inch wide. Such material is usually burnt under the boiler of the factory, while it would appear that a good deal of it could be utilized in the manufacture of toys and small boxes. TABLE XII— POPLAR Industry. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. Total m IP 50-8 38-0 4-4 3-7 2-9 0-1 0-1 M FT. B. M. 3,467 1,762 1,317 151 129 IOC 5 3 $ 51,817 21,806 23,906 1,755 2,557 1,600 120 73 $ cts. 14 95 12 37 18 15 11 62 19 82 16 00 24 00 24 33 M FT. B. M. 2,517 1,762 367 151 129 100 5 3 M FT. B. M. 959 Boxes and Crating 950 24 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 Poplar includes four species: balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), aspen (Populus tremuloides) , cottonwood (Populus deltoides), large-toothed aspen, (Populus grandidentata) , which are all represented in the wood-using industries of the province. Poplar trees are largely distributed over Canada and more so throughout the northern portion, where aspen and balsam poplar are the only species of the genus to be found. Balsam poplar and cottonwood are considered the best material of the four for lumber, while aspen is preferred for pulp and excelsior. In general the wood of poplar is weak, soft, light, perishable; its fibre is tough; it is colour- less and tasteless. It is easy to work but difficult to season, and is subject to shrinking, swelling, and warping. Aspen is the toughest and strongest of the poplars, but the most difficult to season. In the wood-using industries poplar comes twelfth in the list, forming 0-5 per cent of the total. In the output of logs this species comes tenth with approximately 4,500,000 feet board measure. The wood-using industries consumed nearly 77 per cent of this production. With the development of the making of pulp by the soda process, aspen is bound to become a more popular wood material and to attain a much greater economic value, more or less in proportion to the decreasing quantity and in- creasing value of spruce and balsam fir. It appears by the reports received that Ontario sells 950,000 feet of poplar to manufacturers in Quebec, which quantity is equal to 27 per cent of the total consumption. TABLE XIII— ASH Industry. Per cent. Qunatity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. U.S.A. Total 100 0 30-4 26-8 12-3 11-8 9-1 5-0 2-5 0-7 0-6 0-3 0-2 0-1 0-1 * * M FT. B. M. 3,028 920 810 372 359 277 150 76 22 19 8 5 4 3 2 1 $ 94,146 24,011 16,644 24,300 15,858 4,953 3,750 1,710 698 1,468 450 125 69 60 35 15 $ cts. 31 09 26 10 20 55 65 32 44 17 17 88 25 00 22 50 31 73 77 26 56 25 25 00 17 25 20 00 17 5C 15 00 M FT. B. M. 2,698 891 810 80 350 277 150 76 22 19 8 5 4 3 2 1 M FT. B. M. 59 26 M FT. B. M. 271 3 Sash, Doors, etc Furniture Car Construction 30 3 262 6 Vehicles Handles and Tools Refrigerators Boxes and Crating Miscellaneous Machinery Boats Musical Instruments Toys and Sporting Goods. . . . Agricultural Implements Coffins, Caskets and Shells... Cheese Boxes *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. -Ash is one of the most valuable hardwoods of Eastern Canada. At one time it was quite plentiful, but now most of the choice ash trees have been cut. KINDS OF WOOD 25 In 1915 the forests of Quebec produced approximately 6,156,000 feet board measure of ash. In this respect the province of Quebec is reported to lead the other provinces of the Dominion. The ash cut in Quebec is known generally under two names, white ash (Fraxinus americana) and black ash (Fraxinus nigra), although it includes a certain quantity of red ash (Fraxinus pennsylva- nica) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceolata). Fifteen different classes of manufacturers report ash, but the sash, doors, and building material, and furniture industries use more than all the other industries together. Ash leads in only one industry — refrigerators — but it occupies a prominent rank in most of the industries using hardwood. The average price of ash material was $31.09 per thousand feet board measure, cheese box manufacturers paying the lowest, $15, and machinery makers the highest, $77.26. Manufacturers of cars imported most of their ash supply from the United States, paying $65.32 per thousand feet. It is claimed that black ash is still fairly plentiful but that white ash is getting very scarce. The choice white ash has been mostly cut. Home indus- tries which demand a superior quality of white ash are already suffering from a scarcity of this wood. Toughness and elasticity are the marked characteristics of white ash. Its texture is fine and straight, although the wood is not particularly hard and strong. The wood is not very durable but it seasons well and takes an attrac- tive polish. Ash is often used as veneer in panelling for interior decorative work, for doors, etc. On account of its tasteless and odourless qualities, ash is especially service- able for baskets, barrels, boxes, etc., intended to contain food. White ash is especially used where strength and elasticity are required. No other Canadian wood is reported that is equal to white ash for holding its shape. Black ash is considered to have more decorative qualities than white ash. Quebec purchased from the United States about 9 per cent of the ash material consumed by its industries, and from Ontario 1-9 per cent. TABLE XIV— TULIP TREE Supply „ b-y Regions. Value. U.S.A. Total 100 0 M FT. B. M. 2,455 $ 104,296 $ cts. 42 48 M FT. B. M. 2 455 Car Construction 45-4 1,114 52 346 46 99 1 114 Boxes and Crating 22-4 550 10 000 18 18 550 Sash, Doors, etc 12-4 305 17 230 56 27 305 Musical Instruments 7-8 192 13 469 70 15 192 Miscellaneous ... 6-2 152 5 988 39 39 159 Furniture 4-7 115 3 055 <>6 57 115 Vehicles 1-0 25 2-028 si r? 25 Machinery 0-1 2 180 90 00 2 26 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 Tulip tree (Liriodendron Tulipifera) is also known under the common names of "whitewood" and "yellow poplar". This wood is not native to Canada, except in a small section of the southern part of Ontario. Tulip wood is prac- tically all imported from the United States. It comes fourth in the list of imported woods, and occupies the fourteenth rank amongst the woods used. The average price paid for tulip, $42.48 per thousand feet board measure, is higher than the price paid for ash. Machinery manufacturers paid $90 for this material. Tulip is reported to be used by eight industries to the extent of 0 • 3 per cent of the total. Over 45 per cent is used in car construction. It is claimed that tulip is the best American wood for holding its shape after seasoning, and it seasons without checking or warping. It is easy to work and takes paint well. Tulip wood combines softness, lightness, and toughness, with durability. TABLE XV— ELM Industry. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. Total 100 0 36-1 17-2 14-5 8-1 6-7 5-6 5-1 4-8 1-0 0-7 * * * M FT. B. M. 2,336 843 401 338 189 157 131 120 112 22 16 3 2 2 $ 67,595 15,485 17,816 8,375 11,565 3,188 3,919 3,840 2,140 773 350 54 55 35 $ cts. 28 94 18 37 44 43 24 78 61 19 20 31 29 92 32 00 19 11 35 13 20 63 18 00 27 50 17 50 M FT. B. M. 2,184 843 394 338 189 157 128 40 50 22 16 3 2 2 M FT. B. M. 152 Furniture 7 Sash Doors etc Vehicles 3 80 62 Musical Instruments Miscellaneous \gricultural Implements Coffins, Caskets and Shells *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Elm is one of the most popular hardwoods of the province of Quebec, both as an ornamental and as a lumber tree. It is used for almost every purpose for which Canadian hardwood can be employed; but it has been particularly in demand for cheese boxes and basket material. It grows to a very large size. The species is mostly confined to the basin of the St. Lawrence. The greatest proportion of the elm used is white elm (Ulmus americana), with a much smaller proportion of rock elm (Ulmus racemosa) and red, or slippery, elm (Ulmus fulvd). The wood of elm is fairly heavy and hard when dry, and fairly elastic and strong. It has an even and rather fine texture. The chief faults of the elm are its non-durability and the difficulty of seasoning it. Rock elm is considered the most valuable wood of the three species. It is harder, stronger, tougher, and more durable than the others. Rock elm is found in the vicinity of Montreal, and particularly in the section of the province of Quebec adjoining the lower valley of the Ottawa river. White and red elm are very common in the central plain of the St. Lawrence. They are mostly "found isolated along roads and fences, and in pasture fields. In the lower Laurentians elm is still found in small groups of fine appearance. The northern limit of these two species is a line running through Chicoutimi, La Tuque, Nominingue, Ferme Neuve, and North Timiskaming. Generally elm is not found above 1,000 feet elevation. Bulletin 58, Forest Products of Canada, 1915, gives the province of Quebec as having an output of 3,490,000 feet board measure of elm. The wood-using industries reported the consumption of 67 per cent of that production. The quantity purchased from Ontario is equal to 6 per cent of the total quantity used. Elm was used by thirteen industries. A comparatively large quantity of elm is turned into veneer for cheese boxes and fruit crating. The manufacturers of furniture use over 36 per cent of the elm reported. Manufacturers of boats paid the highest price for elm, $61.19 per thousand feet board measure, over twice the average price reported. TABLE XVI— BEECH Industry. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by" Regions. Que. Total 190 0 52-2 22-1 9-3 8-8 2-2 2-1 1-6 1-0 0-4 0-3 M FT. B. M. 1,139 595 252 106 100 25 24 18 11 5 3 $ 22,007 9,788 5,954 1,970 2,566 300 660 369 275 80 45 $ cts. 19 32 16 45 22 63 18 58 25 66 12 00 27 50 20 50 25 00 16 00 15 00 M FT. B. M. 1,139 595 252 106 100 25 24 18 11 5 3 Furniture Hardwood Flooring Handles and Tools Sash, Doors, etc Boot and Shoe Findings . . . Machinery ... Vehicles Pumps Tanks and Silos Toys and Sporting Goods Miscellaneous . ... Beech (Fagus grandijolia) is a very common hardwood in the province of Quebec, although not quite so much so as in the Maritime Provinces where it is the commonest hardwood. Quebec wood-using industries consumed 1,139,000 feet board measure of beech, which quantity is equal to 0-2 per cent of the total wood consumed in the different industries. The furniture and hardwood flooring industries used over 74 per cent of the beech wood which was reported by ten. industries. The average price paid was $19.32 per thousand feet board measure; machinery manufacturers paying the highest figure, $27.50. The wood of beech is hard, fairly strong and stiff, but not elastic. The best beech wood is of even grain and fine texture and is easily worked, but a 28 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 good deal of it is cross-grained, particularly when not grown under good condi- tions. Beech wood takes a good polish, but in moist conditions it checks easily and is very perishable. Photo 8278. J. A. DOUCET. Tram-cars constructed of iron and wood, Hull, Quebec. The wood used is birch and pine. TABLE XVII— MAHOGANY. Industry. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Foreign. Total 100 0 81-8 8-0 6-2 1-7 1-2 0-7 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 M FT. B. M. 898 734 72 56 15 11 6 1 1 1 1 $ 154,659 119,538 13,675 10,314 7,800 1,777 715 250 200 200 190 $ cts. 172 23 162 86 189 93 184 18 520 OC 161 55 119 17 250 00 200 00 200 00 190 00 M FT. B. M. 898 734 72 56 15 11 6 1 1 1 1 Car Construction Furniture Sash, Doors, etc Musical Instruments Boats Coffins, Caskets and Shells Machinery Vehicles Patterns Miscellaneous Mahogany is a tropical wood coming into Canada through United States and West Indian ports. The mahogany wood found on the market is made up of many species, of which American mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni) probably forms the greatest percentage. Mahogany is a very expensive wood. Its physical qualities are very high. It is strong, hard, heavy, and durable. Its KINDS OF WOOD 29 attractive colour and grain also give it high value. The wood has a natural lustre which darkens with age to a deep wine-colour. Mahogany wood was used by ten industries. Car construction used over 81 per cent of the total. The average price paid was $172.23 per thousand feet board measure, which price was exceeded by only two woods. A good deal of mahogany is used in the form of veneer of one twenty-fourth to one twenty- eighth of an inch in thickness. Mahogany forms 0 • 1 per cent of the total wood used by the different industries. SPECIES NOT SO LARGELY USED. Chestnut. — Chestnut (Castanea dentata) does not grow commercially in the province of Quebec. It is found only in the most southwestern part of the province, in very small quantities and much scattered. Chestnut wood is reported as used by five industries to the extent of 776,000 feet board measure, or 0-1 per cent of the total Mrood consumption. Chestnut wood has an attractive grain, but it is very soft, light, and weak. It resembles ash in texture. The chestnut tree is subject to the attack of an insect known as the chestnut borer (Lymexylon sericeum), and a good deal, known to be wormy, is used as core for veneer. Otherwise it is sound and very durable. Chestnut wood has a fine appearance which makes it a favourite wood for interior finishing and decorative work. Chestnut material costs, on an average, $66.71 per thousand feet board measure. Sash, door and building material manufacturers are reported to have paid the highest price, $68.88, and toys and sporting goods the lowest, $35. Walnut. — Walnut (Juglans nigra) is very scarce in the province of Quebec. It is not indigenous to the province but was introduced into a few localities from Ontario and the northern United States. Walnut is the most expensive native wood reported and the second in price of all the list. The bulk of the supply of walnut material is imported from the United States. Seven industries report using black walnut to the extent of 652,000 feet board measure. In such manufactures as furniture and musical instruments most of the walnut is used as veneer. Cedar; — Cedar is Canada's most durable soft wood, and because of this it is used to a very large extent for shingles, posts, poles, railway ties, etc. The wood-using industries of Quebec have reported a consumption of only 533,000 feet board measure of cedar, although the output of logs of this species in the province was reported to be nearly 63,000,000 feet, of which four iiiid one-half million feet board measure were cut into lumber in the province. Four indus- tries report using cedar material, the greatest demand being for sash, doors and building material which consumed over 88 per cent of the total given. The boat industries used 62 per cent of the remainder. The cedar wood used is of two species: eastern white cedar (Thuja occi- dentalis), and western cedar (Thuja plicata) of British Columbia and the Western States. 30 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 Seventy-three per cent of the cedar used is native to Quebec and 17 per cent is purchased in British Columbia, New Brunswick furnishing most of the remainder. The eastern white cedar does not grow to a very large size, and, besides, the best of the supply has been cut. The western cedar grows to a much larger size and is much more abundant. This is why the eastern manufacturers are purchasing western cedar, which is mostly used in boat construction, sash Photo 9543. R G. LEWIS. Kitchen chair frames, made mostly of birch, Roxton Mill and Chair Mfg., Co., Ltd., Waterloo, Que. and door work, and interior finishing. Both eastern and western species are soft, light, and durable. The eastern species is of a lighter colour, is spongy in texture, and has superior physical qualities, being stronger, more durable, harder, and not so easy to split. The price paid for cedar lumber, $26.68 per thousand feet board measure, is comparatively low. In Quebec, Ontario, and New Brunswick, the forests of cedar have been largely cut over, at least it is safe to say that the best trees have been cut. White cedar is a very slow-growing tree, mostly found in wet or moist land. In lum- bering operations, even if great care is taken, it is almost impossible to avoid the destruction of a large number of young trees which are covered under the heavy slash. KINDS OF WOOD 31 Redwood. — Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) is imported from California. This species furnishes some of the largest trees in the world. Its wood is used as a substitute for white pine and cedar in the boat-building and sash, doors, and building material industries. These are the only two industries which have reported the use of redwood. Redwood is fairly light and has a moderately fine, very straight grain. It is more durable than pine and harder than white pine and cedar, but it is considered to be more brittle and not quite so resistant as either of the others, although it is more impervious to water. Redwood material was used to the extent of 289,000 feet board measure at an average price of $53.24 per thousand feet board measure. This species is the first in the list of species of which the quantity used is less than one-tenth of one per cent of the total. Cypress. — Cypress (Taxodium distichum) is all imported from the Southern States. It grows very slowly and on wet land. It is fairly soft and light and has a fine grain and texture. In the annual ring there is a very clear dis- tinction between the spring- wood and the summer-wood. Cypress wood has a greasy feeling, without being very resinous. It is supposed to be the most durable soft wood of North America. Cypress was used by four industries to a total of 194,000 feet board measure, over half being used by the pump, tank, and silo industries. Boat-builders paid the highest price, $79.06 per thousand feet board measure. United States mills cut over a billion feet of cypress yearly. Butternut. — Butternut (Juglans cinerea) is a Canadian tree. In 1915, according to Bulletin No. 58 "Forest Products of Canada, 1915," the province of Quebec produced 246,000 feet board measure of butternut. The wood- using industries report using some 139,000 feet, nearly 57 per cent of the production. Six industries have reported the using of butternut wood, but 76 per cent of the consumption is taken up by the box and crating industry. The average price paid was $26.04 per thousand feet board measure. The boat manufac- turers paid the highest price, $50, and foundry box manufacturers the lowest, $20. Butternut wood resembles the black walnut a good deal in grain and texture, and is often called "white walnut", but it is considerably lighter in colour, and much softer and weaker. Spanish Cedar. — Spanish cedar (Cedrela odorata) is all imported from Mexico and used in the manufacture of cigar boxes. Its high price, $151.52 per thousand feet board measure, is due to the fact that this wood material is mostly used in the form of veneer. Its price in board feet was obtained by converting superficial square feet into thousand feet board measure, without allowing either for waste or manufacturing cost. The price of Spanish cedar in rough boards or square timber would be about $70 per thousand feet board measure. Black cherry. — The wood-using industries of the province of Quebec report a consumption of 103,000 feet board measure of black cherry (Prunus serotina}. In 1915 the saw-mills are reported to have cut 58,000 feet board measure of cherry lumber. 32 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 The reports received give only 28 per cent of the black cherry used as being native to the province, while 71 per cent of the supply used, 74,000 feet board measure, was purchased from the United States. Black cherry is one of the best native hardwoods. It is very much appre- ciated both for its technical and physical qualities. Black cherry takes a high polish and is of a rich reddish-brown colour, and is marked with occasional burls and "bird's-eyes". This wood has a fine grain and texture, is strong, heavy, and hard. I Photo 9149. R. G LEWIS. The above engraving, showing pail handles, is given as a suggestion for the close utilization of small pieces of wood. Pail handles require only pieces of raw material 2| to 85 in. long by 1 in. square. Unfortunately the black cherry supply is very limited in Quebec as well as in Ontario. It is only found isolated or in small groups on farmers' woodlots. It is sometimes brought direct from there to the manufacturer, but is more generally sold by farmers to saw-mill operators. Seven industries reported the use of black cherry. Car construction used the largest quantity, 59 per cent. Vehicle manufacturers paid the highest price, $155 per thousand feet board measure, while the sash, doors and building material manufacturers paid only $30.29. Red Gum. — Red gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) is all imported from the United States. No red gum trees grow in Canada. This wood material is rapidly becoming more important in the wood-using industries. Its use has been hindered by the difficulty in seasoning. In order to prevent warping and twisting red gum wood needs special steam-drying just after being cut. KINDS OF WOOD 33 In Quebec four industries report using this wood. Machinery manufac- turers consumed 76 per cent of the total. The average price was $27-41 per thousand feet board measure, while musical instrument manufacturers paid Red gum wood has a fine texture and takes a good polish, although it is somewhat cross-grained. It is tough and moderately soft. In colour it is dark brown marked by lighter streaks. This is often taken advantage of by staining red gum to imitate Circassian walnut which it resembles in grain and figure. Hickory. — The hickory manufactured in Quebec, 39,000 feet board measure, is mostly purchased in the province. Ontario furnished 7,000 feet board mea- sure of raw material, and the United States 2,000 feet. Hickory is peculiar to North America. Hickory is a valuable hardwood but unfortunately the supply in Quebec and Ontario is becoming rapidly exhausted. This is particularly true of Quebec, which possesses much lesss hickory than Ontario. The hickory wood used is made up of four species, but bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis} and shagbark hickory (Carya ovata) are commercially the two most important. The wood-using industries of Quebec use much more hickory wood than is reported here. A large quantity of the material is imported already manu- factured from the United States and Ontario, but as this bulletin deals only with raw material this is not included in the statement. Hickory was used in the raw state by three industries. Manufacturers of vehicles used the greatest quantity. There is no other wood in America that combines better strength, hardness, toughness, elasticity, and durability. It is par excellence the wood of the vehicle and handle industries. Satinwood. — Satinwood (Xanthoxylum cribrosum) was used only by car manufacturers for the interior of passenger coaches. The reported cost, $354.50 per thousand feet board measure, is exceedingly high, but this is partly due to the fact that the material is used chiefly as veneer. Teak. — This species (Tectona grandis) was used by manufacturers of boats. It is one of the most valuable of shipbuilding materials, but its price is prohibitive for use in large quantities. This wood is imported from India. Willow. — Two thousand feet of willow (Salix) native to Quebec was used exclusively for making artificial limbs. Willow is soft and tough and is not affected by atmospheric conditions. Red juniper. — A small quantity of red juniper (Juniperus virginiana) , sometimes called "red cedar" or "pencil cedar", is reported. It was used for bungs, spiles, plugs, etc. This wood is imported from the Southern States. Baywood. — Baywood (Magnolia glauca) is imported from the United States. One thousand feet was used for patterns. 36894—3 34 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 MINOR SPECIES In addition to the species of trees described a few minor species were also reported as used in very small quantities. The following are the most important : — Lignum-vitae a tropical wood used generally for making mallets, wooden balls, sheaves, and pulleys. Photo 9537. R. G. LEWIS. Veneer for the manufacture of sewing-machines. The engraving shows five pieces of gum veneer •if in. thick, used to build up one sewing-machine table core, Singer Mfg. Co. Rosewood, used for the most expensive decorative Avork. Ironwood, used mostly for making fishing-rods. Apple-wood, used for tool handles and special purposes. Ebony, used, probably, for small musical instruments and brush-backs. Wood-using Industries The data which form the basis of this bulletin have been received from 864 firms. These are manufacturers using wood as raw material for the manu- facture of finished articles or using wood as a means of manufacture or as a packing material for the manufactured articles. The material is received at the factory in various forms such as boards, planks, logs, bolts, or billets, and it is worked up there to make different articles. WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES 35 The manufacturers who purchased their material already prepared and who have only to assemble the parts have not been included. This is to prevent duplication of reports on the same material. Many firms are conducting simultaneously different lines of manufacture. Because of this it has often been found difficult to separate the different classes of industries when assigning to each of them the quantity and the kinds of wood used, as the manufacturers do not always classify this wood material according to the different articles they manufacture. Mainly on account of this, articles closely related, manufactured from similar material, have been grouped together under special headings as forming one industry. Whenever fewer than three firms made one class of goods, in order not to disclose the identity of the individual firms these industries were described umier one heading as " Miscellaneous. " TABLE C— SUMMARY OF WOOD USED IN THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC, BY INDUSTRIES Industry. Per cent. Quan- tity. Value. Aver- age Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont, U.S.A. B.C. N.B. For- eign. N.S. Total 100 0 55-3 13-6 10-7 9-2 2-8 2-5 1-8 0-6 0-5 0-5 0-4 0-4 0-3 0-2 0-2 0-2 0-2 0-2 0-2 0-1 * * * * M FT. B. M. 698,459 386,669 94,956 73,752 64,736 19,469 17,702 12,741 3,989 3,778 3,240 2,782 2,482 2,161 1,576 1,391 1,365 1,295 1,254 1,150 1,113 293 269 251 45 $ 12,409,003 4,237,033 2,464,441 1,576,926 2,311,774 399,532 348,736 339, 176 60,604 114,449 98,821 62,990 96, 696 77,646 19,279 48,000 23,486 39,475 17,825 23,259 26,350 11,615 5,924 4,192 774 $ cts. 17 76 10 95 25 95 21 39 35 71 20 52 19 70 26 62 15 19 30 29 30 50 22 64 38 96 35 93 12 23 34 51 17 21 30 48 14 21 20 23 23 68 39 64 22 02 16 70 17 20 M FT. B. M. 596, 108 386,669 83,420 55,848 10,446 16,463 11,577 5,142 3,989 3,778 3,143 2,745 2,260 1,708 1,305 979 1,352 970 1,254 1,132 1,104 259 269 251 45 M FT. B. M. 41,225 M FT. B. M. 36,215 M FT. B. M. 15,332 M FT. B. M. 7,796 M FT. B. M. 1,033 M FT. B. M. 750 Wood-pulp Sash, Doors etc.... Boxes and Crating. . Car Construction. . . . Furniture 7,980 11,457 8,222 2,148 550 31,160 434 1,101 17 14,159 251 4,999 15 2,500 56 131 734 72 750 Hardwood Flooring . Miscellaneous 6,125 6,790 808 1 Boot and Shoe Find- ings Shuttles, Spools, Bobbins, etc.. .. Vehicles 51 "l5 130 271 42 45 30 143 308 1 7 15 15 Coffins, Caskets and Shells Boats 49 Musical Instruments. Cooperage Machinery 363 13 200 6 1 Handles and Tools... Pumps, Tanks and Silos - 125 Wooden ware Agricultural Imple- ments 8 9 10 Cheese Boxes Patterns 3 31 Refrigerators Foundry Boxes. Toys and Sporting Goods *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 36894—3$ 36 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF INDUSTRIES. The twenty-four industries and groups of industries which are responsible for the consumption of the wood material described in the foregoing part of this bulletin, are detailed hereunder separately, being given in alphabetical order. Photo 9544, R. G. LEWIS. Sewing-machine table cores. The one on the right hand is made of native poplar; the other is made of imported gum veneer. TABLE I— AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. U.S.A. Total 100 0 48-9 23-4 13-1 6-3 5-5 1-1 0-9 0-3 0-3 0-2 M FT. B. M. 1,150 563 269 151 73 63 13 10 3 3 2 $ 23,259 11,105 4,701 3,546 1,460 1,226 596 450 60 60 55 $ cts. 20 23 19 72 17 48 23 48 20 00 19 46 45 85 45 00 20 00 20 00 27 50 M FT. B. M. 1,132 563 269 151 73 63 5 M FT. B. M. 8 M FT. B. M. 10 Birch Spruce Maple Pine Basswood Oak 8 Hard Pine 10 Ash 3 3 2 Balsam Fir Elm WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES 37 Under this heading are included implements for cultivating the soil, for harvesting the crops, and for marketing farm products. The agricultural implement industry ranks nineteenth in the list, with a consumption of 1,150,000 feet board measure of wood, which equals 0-2 per cent of the total. However, it may be noted that with the exception of one species — hard pine, forming less than one per cent — all the woods used are native. This is a good example of an important industry utilizing native woods and appre- ciating their value. Birch forms nearly 50 per cent of the total. The varieties used are yellow birch and sweet birch (in small quantities). Birch has become our most important hardwood. This species is used for framework and where strength and elasticity are required. Maple is often used as a substitute for birch. With elm and ash it is used for neck-yokes and whippletrees. On account of its stiffness maple is mainly used for heavy framework. Basswood, spruce, and pine are employed for table- and box-work. Red oak and hard pine are used mostly for plough handles. The material is generally purchased in the form of planks and boards, but about 10 per cent is purchased in the form of logs. This industry paid an average price of $20.23 per thousand feet board measure for its wood material, which is $2.47 more than the average of all the industries together. The product of this industry is sold mainly in the province of Quebec, with a fair proportion entering the markets of New Brunswick and the western provinces. TABLE 2— BOATS Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. U.S.A. B.C. For- eign. Total 100 0 44-0 32-7 7-6 6-9 3-4 1-6 1-3 0-6 0-5 0-3 0-3 0-3 0-2 0-1 0-1 * * M FT. B. M. 2,482 1,093 812 189 172 85 39 32 16 11 8 8 6 4 3 2 1 1 $ 96,6% 24,476 34,270 11,565 12,935 4,980 1,928 1,770 1,265 1,777 450 218 210 600 72 100 40 40 $ cts. 38 96 22 40 42 20 61 19 75 20 58 59 49 44 55 31 79 06 161 55 56 25 27 25 35 00 150 00 24 00 50 00 40 00 40 00 M FT. B. M. 2,260 1,086 804 189 139 M FT. B. M. 15 7 8 M FT. B. M. 143 M FT. B. M. 49 M FT. B. M. 15 Spruce Pino Elm Oak . 33 85 3 Redwood Cedar 19 17 32 Douglas Fir Cypress 16 Mahogany 11 Ash 8 8 Birch Hard Pine 6 Teak 4 Maple 3 2 1 1 Butternut Cherry Basswood *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 38 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 The boat-building industry, in the order of amount of wood used, comes twelfth in the list, with a total wood consumption of 2,482,000 feet board measure, forming 0-4 per cent of the total. The manufacturers included in this class build steamboats, scows, tugs, sailing vessels, launches, sail-boats, skiffs, row-boats, canoes, and oars. It is very likely that the total wood consumption is far from being fully represented. The boat-building industry is one which is very widespread. It is often conducted privately and for personal use, especially in fishing localities, as on the north shore of the St. Lawrence and around the Gaspe* peninsula. The manufacture of large wooden vessels was at one time a very important industry in the province of Quebec. This industry has been abandoned, owing largely to the introduction of steel in boat construction and also to a certain extent to the scarcity of suitable timber. Boat-builders used seventeen kinds of wood for which they paid an average price of $38.96 per thousand feet board measure, the second highest price paid by any of the industries. The prices of all the woods used rank very high, as boats require first-class material. With the exception of redwood, cypress, mahogany, hard pine, and teak, which form 5 per cent of the total, all the species used are native to Canada. The province of Quebec furnished 91 per cent of the material used in this indus- try. Spruce leads and pine figures a good second. These two species form over 76 per cent of the total consumption. It is not considered necessary to go into a detailed description of the use of each species. The boat-building industry and its requirements are well known. However, it is interesting to note the comparatively prominent rank occupied by redwood. This wood material is used almost entirely for planking launches and small boats. Launches require a very high grade material. In the past white pine and cedar were used, but owing to the scarcity of and diffi- culty in obtaining wood of these species of superior quality imported wood is now being used. Apart from oak, birch, and teak, which are used almost exclusively for framework such as keels, stems, ribs and gunwales, most of the hardwoods mentioned are used for inside finishing and decorative purposes. The manufacture of oars requires a very good material. Oars are made of oak, ash, elm, birch, and basswood. Birch and basswood oars are used for light and small craft. In softwoods oars are made of spruce, pine, and hard pine. Clear spruce makes a fairly strong and light oar. It is used almost exclu- sively in the fishing centres. TABLE 3— BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que'. Total 100 0 89-2 6-9 2-9 0-6 0-4 M FT. B. M. 3,989 3,558 277 114 25 15 '$ 60,604 55,466 3,234 1,454 300 150 $ cts. 15 19 15 59 11 68 12 75 12 00 10 00 M FT. B. M. 3,989 3,558 277 114 25 15 Maple Basswood . . Birch Bee^h ... Cedar. . . WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES 39 Although this industry comes eighth in the list its wood consumption amounts to only 3,989,000 feet board measure, 0-6 per cent of the total. This quantity is made up of five species, four of them being hardwoods. Maple alone forms over 89 per cent of the total. The commodities manufactured by the boot and shoe findings industry are: shanks, laps, lasts, pegs, and filler-blocks. Cedar wood is used for lasts while filler-blocks are made only of basswood, which is also used for lasts. Maple, birch, and beech are used for lasts, shanks, and laps. Pegs are made exclusively of birch. The bulk of the maple material is turned into last-blocks; because of its hardness it is found very suitable for the purpose. Although practically all the material used is hardwood, the average price paid by the boot and shoe findings industry ranks low, only two industries paying less. This is clue to the fact that most of the material is received in the form of round logs. The boot and shoe findings industry is one of the four in which all the material used is native to the province, and of these four it is the second in importance in quantity of material. The field of trade is Canada and the United States. TABLE 4— BOXES AND CRATING Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quan- tity. Value. Aver- age Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. N.B. N.S. B.C. For- eign. U.S.A. Total 100 0 72-7 12-4 6-0 3-0 2-0 1-8 0-7 0-5 0-3 0-2 0-2 0-1 0-1 * M FT. B. M. 73,752 53,638 9,147 4,371 2,199 1,444 1,317 550 338 251 182 131 106 76 2 $ 1,576,926 1,149,271 197,307 108,570 30,220 19,798 23,906 10,000 8,375 2,765 2,399 19,850 2,665 1,710 90 $ cts. 21 39 21 43 21 57 24 84 13 74 13 71 18 15 18 18 24 78 11 02 13 19 151 52 25 14 22 50 45 00 M FT. B. M. 55,848 42,350 4,751 3,806 2,199 1,422 367 M FT. B. M. 11,457 6,293 3,646 565 M FT. B. M. 4,999 4,245 735 M FT. B. M. 750 750 M FT. B. M. 17 M FT. B. M. 131 M FT. B. M. 550 Spruce Pine 15 Basswood Balsam Fir Birch . . 3 950 19 Poplar Tulip Tree 550 Elm .. .. 338 251 182 Maple Hemlock Spanish Cedar 131 Butternut 106 76 Ash Douglas Fir 2 *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The box and crating industry is one of the most important of the province of Quebec, coming third in the list of wood-using industries, with a consump- tion of 73,752,000 feet board measure equal to 10-7 per cent of the total. This industry comprises the manufacture of boxes, box shocks, crates and crating, of which the main classes are the following: butter boxes, tobacco boxes, cigar boxes, trunks, shocks, crates, and all kinds of packing boxes used in trade for shipping dry goods and eatables. 40 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 A large number of factories are engaged in this industry. Among the num- ber some factories are engaged in a special line, such as cigar boxes, butter boxes, tobacco boxes, etc. Some manufacture most of the different kinds of boxes, while others make some of these containers as side lines along with another class of commodity. Fourteen species of wood are used, spruce as usual taking the lead, forming 72-7 per cent of the total. Wood-pulp is the only industry which has reported the consumption of a larger quantity of this species. Coniferous wood material forms 88-3 per cent of the total consumption. Basswood is the main hard- wood employed, forming 6 per cent. Photo 9148. R. G. LEWIS. Canadian matches are made almost entirely from white pine. The above engraving shows the different stages of the manufacture of matches. The larger block of wood appears in the first stage of preparation; the one below is ready to enter into the machines from which it emerges in the finished form. The average price paid was $21.39 per thousand feet board measure. In Ontario the same class of manufacturers paid $18.53 in 1912, and in the Mari- time Provinces $12.30 in 1913. The price of lumber had risen considerably from 1912 to 1915. In many instances spruce, pine, and balsam fir are used indifferently in most of the commodities named above, but in a few instances as for butter boxes or other articles intended to contain foodstuffs, spruce and balsam fir are preferred to pine, on account of their odourless and tasteless qualities. Basswood and poplar are mostly used for tobacco boxes and also for trunks, with a good deal of elm and some birch. All the Spanish cedar and most of the butternut is used for cigar boxes. A fairly large proportion of birch and elm is cut into sheets of veneer of different sizes for exportation to England. WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES 41 Less than 1 per cent of the raw material was purchased outside of Canada and over 75 per cent was purchased in the province of Quebec. The form of the raw material received at the factory is generally one-inch board or plank, which is worked at the factory to a suitable thickness. Spanish cedar and" butternut are mostly used in the form of veneer, varying in thickness from f to 1/95 in. The province of Quebec consumes a good proportion of the box and crating material, while the remainder is for the most part exported to the British Isles and Bermuda in the form of box shocks and veneer bales. TABLE 5— CAR CONSTRUCTION Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quan- tity. Value. Aver- age Value. Supply by Regions. U.S.A. Ont. Que. B.C. N.B. For- eign. Total 100 0 41-5 22-4 21-9 4.4 4-0 1-7 1-2 1-1 0-9 0-6 0-2 0-1 * * M FT. B. M. 64,736 26,892 14,476 14,159 2,816 2,606 1,114 776 734 604 372 111 61 10 5 S 2,311,774 946,208 423,300 534,821 91,190 56,786 52,346 28,249 119,538 23,618 24,300 2,876 6,375 394 1,773 S cts. 35 71 35 19 29 24 37 77 32 38 21 79 46 99 36 40 162 86 39 10 65 32 25 91 104 50 39 40 354 50 M FT. B. M. 31,160 26,892 M FT. B. M. 8,222 M FT. B. M. 10,446 M FT. B. M. 14, 159 M FT. B. M. 15 M FT. B. M. 734 Hard Pine Pine 8,172 6,304 Douglas Fir 14, 159 Oak 2,816 Spruce 2,606 Tulip Tree 1,114 Birch 10 751 15 Mahogany 734 Basswood 10 30 594 80 111 Ash 262 Maple Black Cherry . . . 61 10 5 Chestnut Satinwood *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. In the list of industries car construction comes fourth, immediately after boxes and crating, with a consumption of 64,736,000 feet board measure, 9-2 per cent of the total. This industry uses wood for the manufacture and repairing of passenger, freight, baggage, mail, and refrigerator cars, electric cars, snow- ploughs, etc. Fourteen kinds of wood are used, with hard pine leading. Coniferous wood material forms 89-8 per cent and hardwood 10-2 per cent. This industry depends largely on importations from the United States which furnish 48 per cent of the total wood used. The province of Quebec furnishes only 16 per cent and the remainder, 36 per cent, is mainly purchased in British Columbia and Ontario. The car construction industry used 93 per cent of all the Douglas fir pur- chased from British Columbia, and 51 per cent of the hard pine imported for all industries. Hard pine and Douglas fir are especially valuable for car construction work, both on account of physical qualities and the fact that these materials 42 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 can be purchased in large and clear dimensions. They are used for sills, beams, framework, flooring and lining. Pine forms 22-4 per cent. It is all white and red pine. This last named species forms nearly half. It is used chiefly for passenger cars, flooring, wooden parts of locomotives, and platforms. Photo 9535. R. G. LEWIS. The different stages of the manufacture of clothes-pins. The common clothes-pin is made of f in. lumber. It requires a piece of wood f in. square and 4 in. long. The spring pin, shown below, is generally made of j in. veneer. Quebec furnished all the spruce, forming 4 per cent of the industry consump- tion. This species was chiefly used for box- and flat-car flooring, repair work on the same, and platforms. Birch was used mainly for interior finishing of colonist or second-class passenger cars. In a few instances it was used also for first-class passenger cars. It forms 1 per cent. Basswood is valued for general use and for the interior of refrigerator cars. Among the hardwoods, oak takes the leading place. A large quantity of the oak material imported was used for framework, particularly in freight car construction Oak has a very wide range of use. f Ash and maple are used in the seats and lining of second-class passenger cars. Ash is also used for engine cabs. WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES 43 The better species of hardwoods, such as tulip, mahogany, cherry, walnut, satinwood, and some oak, are used for the interior of first-class passenger cars. The price paid for car building material is $35. £1 per thousand feet board measure, being fourth highest in the list. The industry demands a high grade material. Moreover, as the woods native to Quebec formed only 16 per cent, the cost of freight on the rest of the material helped to increase the price. The cars built and repaired in Quebec are used or sold in Canada. TABLE 6— CHEESE BOXES Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. Total 100 0 44-0 36-0 11-9 5-7 1-7 0-4 0-1 0-1 0-1 M.FT. B. M. 1,113 490 401 132 64 19 4 1 1 1 $ 26,350 5,585 17,816 1,527 1,050 266 60 16 15 15 $ cts. 23 68 11 40 44 43 11 56 16 41 14 00 15 00 16 00 15 00 15 00 M FT. B. M. 1,104 488 394 132 64 19 4 1 1 1 M FT. B. M. 9 2 7 Spruce Elm.... Balsam Fir Birch Hemlock Basswood Maple Ash Pine Under this heading are included cheese boxes, headings, sides made of veneer £ in. thick, and a small quantity of butter-box material which could not be differentiated. The cheese box industry comes twentieth on the list, but notwithstanding its rank it is considered an important industry in the province because of the increasing importance of the cheese industry in Quebec. The quantity of wood material reported, 1,113,000 feet board measure, forms 0-1 per cent of the total. Spruce wood predominates. Spruce, balsam fir, hemlock, and basswood are chiefly used for headings while most of the hardwoods — elm, birch, maple and ash — are cut into thin lumber or veneer of £ of an inch and used for box sides. The cheese box industry uses a large percentage of hardwood material, 42 • 3 per cent. Elm is the leading hardwood species. It is considered much superior to birch and maple on account of its toughness and softness after being steamed. Manufacturers complain that the supply is unfortunately getting very scarce. This is well illustrated by the price paid for elm, $44.43 per thousand feet board measure, compared with $15.80 the average paid for birch, maple, and ash. The hardwood material is received at the factory in round log form, the softwood in both logs and boards. Over 99 per cent of the material reported is native to Quebec. Ontario furnished 7,000 feet of elm. The field of trade for cheese boxes is mainly local. 44 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 TABLE 7— COFFINS, CASKETS AND SHELLS Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. U.S.A. Foreign. Total ioe o 48-9 29-9 17-1 2-0 1-2 0-3 0-2 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 * M FT. B. M. 2,782 1,360 831 477 55 34 7 6 4 3 2 2 1 $ 62,990 33,808 15,826 8,296 3,150 715 121 715 91 73 35 35 125 $ cts. 22 64 24 86 19 04 17 39 57 27 21 03 17 29 119 17 22 75 24 33 17 50 17 50 125 00 M FT. B. M. 2,745 1,360 831 477 25 34 7 MFT. B. M. 30 M FT. B. M. 7 Basswood Pine Spruce. .. Oak 30 Birch Balsam Fir Mahogany 6 Hemlock 4 3 2 2 Poplar Ash Elm Walnut 1 *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. This industry manufactures coffins, caskets, and shells. It comes eleventh in the list and its total wood consumption reported is 2,782,000 feet board measure, 0-4 per cent of the total. Only a few large firms are exclusively engaged in the manufacture of coffins, shells, and caskets, many sash and door manufacturers making them, generally on order, to meet local demand. Twelve species of wood are used, with basswood predominating. Basswood leads in only two industries, the other one being musical instruments. Two industries only, boxes and crating, and sash, door and building material, employ more basswood than this one. The hardwoods are used rather more than the softwoods, these two groups forming respectively 51-6 and 48-4 per cent of the total. The manufacturers of coffins, etc., use solid wood, no veneer. Basswood is stained and varnished to imitate rosewood or oak. Birch is stained to imitate mahogany. The hardwoods of inferior quality are covered with cloth. Pine and spruce are used in cloth-covered coffins or for shells as is most of the balsam fir and hemlock. The average price paid is $22.64 per thousand feet board measure, or nearly $5 above the average price for all the industries. It compares well with Ontario and the Maritime Provinces which paid $23.84 and $21.16 respectively. Nearly all the wood material is purchased in Quebec; the United States and other foreign countries supplying only 37,000 feet board measure. The material is purchased in the form of boards and planks. The field of trade extends to all the provinces of the Dominion. WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES TABLE 8— COOPERAGE 45 Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. Total 100 0 63-4 15-9 13-2 7-1 0-2 0-1 0-1 M FT. B. M. 1,576 1,000 250 208 112 4 1 1 S 19,279 12,000 2,750 2,253 2,140 81 40 15 $ cts. 12 23 12 00 11 00 10 83 19 11 20 25 40 00 15 00 M FT. B. M. 1,305 1,000 250 M FT. B. M. 271 Birch Maple Basswood 208 62 Elm 50 4 Spruce Oak 1 Balsam Fir 1 Photo 9545. R. G. LEWIS. Hat- and cap-blocks made of birch, beech, and maple. B. J. Hayes, Montreal. The cooperage industry comes fourteenth in the list. It includes tight and slack cooperage. It is true that the province of Quebec has not developed this industry to any great extent, particularly tight cooperage, on account of the lack of suitable material. However, the figures given in the above table hardly represent the value of the industry. This is largely due to the fact that there is a good deal of slack cooperage work, and even some tight cooperage work, carried on in the fishing centres, especially around the Gaspe peninsula and below Quebec along the north shore of the St. Lawrence, where cooperage articles are chiefly made in numerous small shops by individuals conducting this trade during winter months, and it is difficult, almost impossible, to reach them by correspondence. These cooperage products are sold to local fish 46 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 dealers for shipping dry-cured and pickled fish. The staves and headings of cooperage stock are made of spruce and fir wood, the hoops chiefly of birch and ash. Seven kinds of wood are reported in the above table, Spruce and balsam fir are the only softwoods employed and are in small quantities, forming only 0-3 per cent of the total reported. Birch forms 63-4 per cent of the total wood used. A comparatively large quantity of birch is cut into veneer sheets which are shipped to the British Isles. The material used in this industry is purchased in the province, with the exception of 17 per cent made up mostly of basswood and elm bought from Ontario. The raw material is received in the form of round logs or bolts. The firms that purchased manufactured material and merely put it together are not included. The average price paid is next to the lowest, coming above wood- pulp. As to the mode of manufacture and the use which is made of the different kinds of wood reported, it may be said that a certain proportion of all the species reported is used for sawn tight staves. Spruce, oak, and balsam fir are used for split staves. Headings are made of birch, spruce, and balsam fir. TABLE 9— FOUNDRY BOXES Supply by Regions. TflnA nt \X7*-v*-»j-l T> ~n«4- ' /^nr» v\4- T-t-ir T7 1 A ,rnt*n r+r\ Value. Que. U FT. B. M. $ $ cts. M FT. B. M. Total 100 0 251 4,192 16 70 251 Spruce 72-5 182 2,375 13 05 182 Pine 26-3 66 1,766 26 76 66 Butternut 0-4 1 20 20 00 1 0-4 1 16 16 00 1 Balsam Fir 0-4 1 15 15 00 1 This industry is the twenty-third in the list, the second to the last, with a total consumption of less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Moulding boxes are given under a special heading merely to show the importance of wood even in the putting into shape of its most largely used substitutes, steel and iron. Reports show that at least 251,000 feet board measure of wood material are yearly required for moulding boxes and flasks. The rough usage and intense heat to which these boxes are subjected usually limit their usefulness to a rela- tively short period. There is a tendency to replace wooden boxes by metal boxes as these are cheaper in the long run on account of durability, but up to the present time wood has been preferred both for its cheapness and strength. Five species of wood are used. Spruce leads, having fairly suitable qualities for the purpose and being cheap and easily obtained. Pine is considered much superior to spruce for foundry boxes. It is claimed that it warps less when exposed to intense heat than any other Canadian wood. All the wood used was purchased in Quebec, generally in the form of two-inch planks. The price paid is over $1 below the average. WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES TABLE 10— FURNITURE 47 Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quan- tity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. N.B. U.S.A. Foreign Total 100 0 62-7 11-3 4-5 4-3 4-2 4-2 3-0 2-3 1-6 0-8 0-5 0-4 0-1 * * * * * M FT. B.M. 19,469 12,206 2,203 869 843 818 810 595 441 314 151 115 72 19 4 3 3 2 1 $ 399,532 234,329 42,714 21,347 15,485 13,540 16,644 9,788 18,345 6,716 1,755 3,055 13,675 1,220 109 340 45 400 25 $ cts. 20 52 19 20 19 39 24 57 18 37 16 55 20 55 16 45 41 60 21 39 11 62 26 57 189 93 64 21 27 25 113 33 15 00 200 00 25 00 M FT. B.M. 16,463 9,806 2,203 866 843 718 810 595 150 314 151 M FT. B.M. 2,500 2,400 M FT. B.M. 434 M FT. B.M. 72 Birch Maple . Basswood 3 Elm Spruce 100 Ash Beech Oak 291 Pine . Poplar Tulip Tree . . .... 115 72 Chestnut . . . . . 19 1 Hickory 3 3 Cherry Red Gum 3 2 Walnut Butternut 1 *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. This is an important industry, coming fifth in the list with a total consump- tion of 19,469,000 feet board measure, or 2 • 8 per cent of the total. The products manufactured include all kinds of household furniture, school and church furniture, office and store furniture, veranda and steamboat chairs, picture frames, etc. The line between the products of this industry and inside trimmings, included under sash, door and building material, is not very clearly marked, and the material used by both is often difficult to differentiate. There are only a few furniture factories engaged in interior finishing- work, but a large number of sash, door and building material factories make furniture and fixtures. The furniture industry uses eighteen kinds of wood; three industries, only, using more. With the exception of three species all are native to Canada. The province of Quebec furnishes 84-5 per cent of the raw material, of which less than 3 per cent is purchased outside of Canada. Canadian woods thus make a good showing in this industry. Only three kinds of softwoods are used. Hardwoods form 93 per cent of the raw material consumed. Birch, the leading Canadian hardwood, is at the head in this industry, forming 62 • 7 per cent. Spruce is the leading softwood, comprising 4 • 2 per cent. Most of the furniture manufactured in Quebec is of medium quality. A large quantity of birch is used in the manufacture of chairs. In general, birch, maple, ash, beech, and elm are used indifferently in framework, which does not show, and in outside parts, which do show. Birch is still used in the form of veneer 48 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 for drawer bottoms and panels. Most of the furniture made of birch is stained to imitate superior woods. Birch is often stained to imitate mahogany. Nearly all the furniture made of Canadian woods is solid. Ash and elm are preferred for chairs, especially heavy rockers. Basswood, spruce, and pine are used mostly for drawers and backs. This is also the case with beech, which is often used for drawer sides in office furniture. A large quantity of basswood goes into kitchen furniture. Photo 9548. R. G. LEWIS. Wooden pipes for organs. Clear spruce is the most valued wood for the manufacture of organ pipes, value lies in its elasticity and resonance. Its The higher classes of wood, such as oak, mahogany, hickory, cherry, walnut, red gum, tulip, and some maple veneer, are used in the manufacture of higher quality furniture. A good deal of the material is used as veneer on birch core. It may be noted that a comparatively large proportion of birch, maple, and beech, and some oak, chestnut, and red gum are used for church pews and school furniture. The raw material is generally received at the factory in the form of boards and planks, with a comparatively small quantity in the form of round logs. The price paid, $20 . 52 per thousand feet board measure, is a good average, being nearly $3 above the average price for all industries. The furniture industry uses a greater quantity of maple than any other industry. The field of trade of this industry covers all the province of Quebec and extends to all the other provinces of Canada and to Newfoundland. WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES TABLE 11— HANDLES AND TOOLS 49 Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. U.S.A. Total 100 0 35-5 35-0 20-3 7-8 1-0 0-2 0-1 0-1 MFT. B.M. 1,365 484 478 111 106 14 3 2 1 $ 23,486 7,271 7,737 4,953 1,970 1,360 65 110 20 $ cts. 17 21 15 02 16 19 17 88 18 58 97 14 22 00 55 00 20 00 M FT. B.M. 1,352 484 478 277 106 1 3 2 1 M FT. B.M. 13 Birch Maple Ash Beech Cherry 13 Basswood Hickory Spruce The handle and tool industries do not occupy a high rank in the list, coming sixteenth, with a percentage of 0-2 per cent of the total, but the industry has a special importance for the reason that 99 per cent of the raw material manu- factured is native to the province. The remainder is purchased from the United States. Handle and tool manufacturers are experts in the physical qualities of our native woods, and know how to utilize them best to suit different purposes. Almost all the material used is hardwood ; spruce comprises only 0 • 1 per cent. Birch still leads but maple is a good second. Ash comes third, forming 20-3 percent. Broom handles are made of birch, maple, and beech; axe handles of maple, and hickory; hay-fork handles of white ash. Second-growth white ash is very much valued for the manufacture of hay- fork handles or any other steam-bent handle, on account of its elasticity and ability to keep its shape. The last named quality makes second-growth white ash more appreciated than hickory for this particular purpose. Birch is used for shovel handles and snow-shovels, as is most of the basswood; beech is used for carpenters' planes and levels. All of the hickory reported was used for telegraph and railway tools. The manufacturers of handles and tools complain that they cannot find in Quebec the raw material desired, in sufficient quantity to supply the demands of the industry. A fairly large number of handles are purchased ready-made from Ontario and the United States. This manufactured material has not been included here, as the bulletin deals only with raw material manufactured inside of the province. The raw material is received at the factories mostly in the form of round logs. This has the effect of lowering its price which is $17.21 per thousand feet board measure, the nearest to the general average for all the industries. 36894—4 50 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 TABLE 12— HARDWOOD FLOORING Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. Total 100 0 87-0 11-0 1-4 0-6 M FT. B. M. 17,702 15,409 1,941 252 100 $ 348,736 308,233 32,949 5,954 1,600 $ cts. 19 70 20 00 16 98 23 63 16 00 M FT. B. M. 11,577 11,035 190 252 100 M FT. B. M. 6,125 4,374 1,751 Birch Maple . . .... Beech Poplar Photo 9549. R. G. LEWIS. Pipe organs. St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, has two large organ factories. Hardwood flooring comes sixth in the list, using annually 17,702,000 feet board measure, or 2-5 per cent of the total. This industry is really engaged in the manufacture of interior finishing and building material, but owing to the importance of this line and the fact that it constitutes a special line of work for a few firms it has been treated separately. Notwithstanding its rank only four kinds of wood are reported. All the material used is Canadian grown, of which 65 per cent is native to the province of Quebec. The remainder is purchased from Ontario. Birch predominates, forming 87 per cent. Birch is certainly the most popular Canadian hardwood for flooring. It gives very good satisfaction, WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES 51 being easier to season and work than maple and not so susceptible to warping. The colour of its wood is darker and more uniform. A large quantity of maple flooring goes into public buildings. Beech is often mixed with birch. Poplar flooring is gradually coming into use; it makes a solid and noiseless flooring, the main difficulty being in seasoning it. Oak was not reported. Some firms prepare the finished material from logs, but the majority purchase the rough lumber and merely finish the product. The average price paid for the rough material was $19.70 per thousand feet board measure, which was nearly $2 above the general average. The greater part of the hardwood flooring manufactured in Quebec is used in the province. A good proportion is sold outside of the province or exported to foreign countries. TABLE 13— MACHINERY Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quan- tity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. U.S.A. Ont. B.C. Foreign. Total 100 0 30-8 19-0 12-9 9-3 8-5 7-2 5-4 1-7 1-6 1-4 1-4 0-4 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 M FT. B. M. 1,391 428 265 179 129 119 100 75 24 22 19 19 6 2 2 1 1 $ 48,000 9,240 15,912 3,834 5,391 2,335 4,341 1,875 660 773 1,468 1,093 368 180 130 250 150 $ cts. 34 51 21 59 60 05 21 42 41 79 19 62 43 41 25 00 27 50 35 13 77 26 57 53 61 33 90 00 65 00 250 00 150 00 M FT. B. M. 979 428 46 179 88 119 54 M FT. B. M. 363 M FT. B. M. 42 M FT. B. M. 6 M FT. B. M. 1 Birch Oak 218 1 Spruce Pine . 41 46 75 Red Gum ... 24 22 19 Elm Ash . Hard Pine 19 Douglas Fir 6 Tulip Tree 2 2 1 Walnut .... 1 The wood consumed by this industry is used for sewing-machines, elevators, scales, railway velocipedes, grinding machines, saw-mills, flour-mills, cotton- mills, engine bases, boot and shoe machinery, etc. Very few machines are made into which wood does not enter to some extent, on account of its technical and physical qualities, of which the most important in machinery work are lightness, elasticity, resistance to conduction of heat, and electricity. Sixteen species of wood were used, making a total of 1,391,000 feet board measure, or 0-2 per cent of the grand total. Hardwood forms 75-9 per cent of the total used, with birch leading. It may be noted that birch leads in ten industries out of a total of twenty-four. This indicates the importance of this Canadian wood. No other approaches so wide a range of use. 36894—41 52 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 In heavy machinery, birch, maple, and oak may be used more or less indis- criminately for bases, rollers, and handles so far as the immediate result is concerned, but taking into account the qualities of durability pertaining to each species manufacturers use them according to the conditions to which the machinery is exposed. Most of the spruce, native pine, Douglas fir, and hard pine are used for saw-mill carriages and framework of saw-mill machinery. Spruce is extensively used in grinding machines and boot and shoe machinery. In sewing-machines, birch, maple, gum wood, and oak are used for tables made of solid wood or as a core under veneer for higher class machines. Tulip is used a great deal as a core, but is also used for drawer bottoms. Birch is the main Canadian wood for veneer core; maple is seldom used as such on account of its tendency to warp. Red gum is used for drawers. A good deal of maple, oak, mahogany, and walnut is used as veneer in the manufacture of sewing-machines. The greater proportion of the material is purchased in the form of boards, planks, and dimension lumber of a superior grade. The average price paid is given at $34 . 51 per thousand feet board measure, which is a high average, only four industries paying more. The province of Quebec provides over 70 per cent of the raw material used. Imports from the United States account for 26 per cent. The remainder is chiefly supplied by Ontario. The Douglas fir is purchased from British Columbia. TABLE 14— MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. T\"inr1 nf Wr»rvH Supply by Regions. Value. Que. Foreign. U.S.A. Ont. Total Basswood 100 0 33-0 M FT. B. M. 2,161 714 $ 77,646 17 784 $ cts. 35 93 24 91 M FT. B. M. 1,708 714 M FT. B. M. 15 M FT. B. M. 30S M FT. B. M. 130 Birch 21-6 466 12 699 27 25 466 Pine 13-0 280 7 025 25 09 280 Tulip Tree 8-9 192 13 463 70 15 192 Maple 7-6 165 5,373 32 56 80 35 50 Spruce 5-7 123 3 101 25 21 123 Elm 5-6 120 3 840 32 00 40 80 Chestnut 2-6 55 2 540 46 18 55 Oak 0-9 20 1 715 85 75 20 0-7 15 7 800 520 00 15 Ash * 0-2 5 125 25 00 5 Walnut 0-1 3 1,980 660 00 3 Red Gum 0-1 3 195 65 00 3 This industry comes thirteenth in the list demanding a yearly wood supply of over 2,000,000 feet board measure, which forms 0 • 3 per cent of the total. Pianos and organs form the bulk of the product of the musical instrument factories of Quebec. This industry uses thirteen kinds of wood, basswood leading and forming one-quarter of the material reported. Spruce is specially used for air-pipes WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES 53 for organs. Pine and basswood are also used for this purpose, but not to so large an extent. No other wood can compete with spruce for this purpose with the possible exception of balsam fir, if boards of proper size could be obtained. Balsam fir is not, however, reported. Spruce is valued for its resonance. Tulip is used for key- and air-pieces which require strength, elasticity, and permanency of shape. Some manufacturers have experimented with basswood as a substitute for tulip for key-pieces, but it did not prove very satisfactory on account of its tendency to warp. Photo 7363. J. A. DOUCET. Wagon parts made of birch, ash, and oak, ready for shipment at the factory of Desjardins& Co., St. Andre de Kamouraska, Que. In the manufacture of pianos, birch, maple, and elm are used indiscriminately for frame work. Maple is also specially used on account of its rigidity for the key-board, in the form of built-up material. Basswood, tulip, chestnut, and birch are all used in core-work under veneers of ma-hogany, maple, walnut, oak, and red gum. A considerable quantity of the maple veneer used is made of native wood and is of Canadian manufacture. Sounding-boards in pianos are made of quarter-cut spruce exclusively. This requires a material of first quality. The manufacturers consider that eastern spruce is superior to western spruce for this purpose because of the former being more resonant. In many instances sounding-boards are purchased from the United States already manu- factured. Violin manufacturers employ a very small quantity of balsam fir which does not appear in the above table. Most of the material used for musical instruments is received at the factories in the form of rough lumber from 1 to 3 in. in thickness. The material used is of a superior grade and of an average value of $35 . 93 per thousand feet board 54 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 measure, which is the third highest in the list. The very high price recorded for mahogany and walnut is due to the fact that the figures for these wood materials were converted from veneer surface measure to board measure without allowing for labour and waste. Seventy-nine per cent of the raw material used in 1915 was purchased in the province of Quebec, while 14 per cent was purchased in the United States. Thirty-five thousand feet of maple were imported from the United States by the piano manufacturers. The supply of maple and elm from Ontario formed 6 per cent of the total. The field of trade of this industry covers all of Canada and also extends to the United States and Newfoundland. TABLE 15— PATTERNS Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. N.B. U.S.A. Total 100 0 93-9 3-1 1-8 0-3 0-3 0-3 0-3 M FT. B. M. 293 275 9 5 1 1 1 1 $ 11,615 10,735 315 120 200 95 85 65 $ cts. 39 64 39 04 35 00 24 00 200 00 95 00 85 00 65 00 M FT. B. M. 259 244 9 5 M FT. B. M. 31 31 M FT. B. M. 3 Pine Birch 1 1 Oak 1 1 Patterns come twenty-first in the general list. The total quantity of material used by this industry is less than one-tenth of 1 per cent, but the pattern industry is important because no substitute has been found to replace wood for the purpose. Seven kinds of wood are reported and spruce does not appear. There is no doubt that some spruce is used, but the quantity is undoubtedly small. Pine forms nearly 94 per cent of the total material used for patterns. In the majority of cases, and particularly when the patterns have to be subjected to intense heat, no other wood can compete with clear soft pine. In addition to holding its shape under intense heat it is very easy to work and light to handle. Basswood is used for rougher work, and birch, mahogany, cherry, oak, and baywood are used for the finest patterns, which require a hard and durable material. The raw material purchased for patterns is of the best grade obtainable. The average price paid was the highest recorded by any industry. Eighty- eight per cent of the raw material was purchased in Quebec, 10-5 per cent came from New Brunswick, and the remainder was imported from the United States. WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES TABLE 16— PUMPS, TANKS, AND SILOS 55 Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. U.S.A. Total 100 0 57-5 19-3 7-7 7-7 5-4 1-6 0-8 M FT. B. M. 1,295 745 250 100 100 70 19 11 $ 39,475 14,850 10,625 7,500 4,000 1,750 475 275 $ cts. 30 48 19 93 42 50 75 00 40 00 25 00 25 00 25 00 M FT. B. M. 970 745 125 M FT. B. M. 125 M FT. B. M. 200 Pine 125 100 100 Hard Pine Birch 70 19 11 Maple The industry represented under the above heading is reported to be respon- sible for the use of 1,295,000 feet board measure, or 0-2 per cent of the total wood consumption. Seven kinds of wood are reported, spruce forming over half of the total. Spruce and pine are used for silos and water tanks. Cypress is used for special tank work. Most of the hardwood is used for pump blocks and bath- room tank boxes. The material is purchased in the form of rough boards, planks, and dimension timber. The price paid for it is $12.72 per thousand feet board measure above the average of all the industries. Nearly 75 per cent of the raw material is purchased in Quebec and over half of the remainder in the United States. The field of the industry is entirely local. TABLE 17— REFRIGERATORS Supply by Regions. "K"inH of WnoH TJp— ftnnt On a ntif v Vsiliif* A irfifnrm Vi Value. Que. M FT. B. M. $ $ cts. M FT. B. M. Total 100 0 269 5,924 22 02 269 Ash 55-8 150 3 750 25 00 150 Pine 37-2 100 1 800 18 00 100 Birch 5-9 16 320 20 00 16 Elm 1-1 3 54 18 00 3 This industry comes twenty-second in the list and requires a supply of 269,000 feet board measure of wood material. The manufacturers of refrigerators use only woods native to Quebec. Four species are given. Ash leads and forms 55-8 per cent. Pine is the only soft- wood reported. Refrigerators are exposed to moisture; they require a durable 56 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 material and one that holds its shape well. Refrigerator manufacturers pur- chased all their material in the province. The field of trade is local. TABLE 18— SASH, DOORS, AND BUILDING MATERIAL Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quan- tity. Value. Aver- age Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. N.B. U.S.A. B.C. For- eign. Total 100 0 51-5 27-2 6-1 5-4 2-1 1-8 1-0 1-0 0-9 0-7 0-5 0-5 0-3 0-2 0-2 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 * * * * M FT. B. M. 94,956 48,924 25,886 5,798 5,182 1,977 1,680 1,024 920 817 681 471 451 305 ' 204 157 129 100 76 56 53 26 21 12 6 $ 2,464,441 1,024,445 857,698 109,981 148,945 57,529 35,866 43,377 24.011 29,622 46,908 11,854 20,689 17,230 10,407 3,188 2,557 2,566 3,110 10,314 918 740 636 1,580 270 $ cts. 25 95 20 94 33 13 18 97 28 74 29 10 21 35 42 36 26 10 36 26 68 88 25 17 45 92 56 27 51 01 20 31 19 82 25 66 40 92 184 18 17 32 28 46 30 29 131 66 45 00 M FT. B. M. 83,420 46,061 21,038 5,541 5,081 1,965 1,680 M FT. B. M. 7,980 2,863 4,813 82 54 4 M FT. B. M. 251 M FT. B. M. 2,148 M FT. B. M. 1,101 M FT. B. M. 56 Spruce Pine 35 175 Birch 47 8 Balsam Fir Douglas Fir 1,024 Ash 891 26 3 817 681 Hard Pine Chestnut Cedar 352 314 1 137 41 77 Tulip Tree 305 204 Redwood Elm 157 129 100 Beech 76 56 53 26 21 11 Black Cherry Walnut 1 6 Red Gum *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Notwithstanding the fact that stone, brick, steel, and concrete are largely used in building construction, wood is still an important construction material and will always be very important. Even the buildings where other materials are used have wooden flooring, wooden partitions, wooden doors and windows, wooden fixtures, etc. Moreover, the extensive use of concrete, steel, etc., makes a great demand for wood material on account of the extensive use of wood for supports, forms, temporary construction, etc. This industry, as presented in this bulletin, includes the manufacture of sash and doors, wainscotting, clapboards, ceiling, sheathing, inside and outside house finishing and trimming, staircases and verandas, cornice and moulding, etc., and all the finishing material which enters into building construc- tion. Sash, door, and building material factories are very numerous and are found in every part of the province. They are of all sizes. Some are engaged in the sash, door, and building material line only, but a great number — and the largest of them — are engaged in the manufacture of many other commodities, such as WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES 57 boxes, woodwork of all kinds, school and church furniture, trunks, handles, woodenware, refrigerators, racks, shelves, sporting goods, etc. For this reason it is often very difficult to assign to this industry, and to many others which are conducted simultaneously with it, the exact quantity of material each one consumes. It may often happen that material is credited as having been used by the sash and door industry when it was really used for the manufacture of articles such as refrigerators, pumps, tanks, silos, toys, sporting goods, handles, tools or woodenware. Photo 7389. J. A. DOUCET. Butter tubs and boxes made of spruce and balsam fir, at the factory of the Disraeli Box Co., Disraeli, Que. Sash and door manufacturers use twenty-four kinds of wood out of a total reported of thirty-two, no other industry using so many. Spruce, the leading wood material of the province, ranks first, forming 51-5 per cent of the total. Most of the native woods occupy a prominent place. Softwood material predominates, forming 83-3 per cent. Spruce is generally used for commoner building purposes, such as flooring, wainscottlng, moulding, and framing. A fairly large quantity of a superior quality of spruce is now used for sash and door work, and the quantity is increas- ing in proportion to the increasing scarcity and high price of first-class pine material. Pine is used for about the same purposes as spruce but for a superior class of work. The largest quantity of pine goes into sash and door work. White pine cannot be excelled for this purpose, being light, very easy to work, fairly durable, and tough. Sash and door manufacturers feel its increasing scarcity and are forced to recognize the lower grade of the material found on the market. Hemlock and balsam fir replace spruce in rougher construction for flooring, wainscotting and ceiling, and even for moulding, but they are not used for sash and door work. 58 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 Due mostly to the increasing scarcity of native white pine, hard pine and Douglas fir are steadily entering the industry. These species are sometimes used in sash and door work, but more especially for flooring, ceiling, wains- cotting, trimming, framing, and verandas, etc., in higher class buildings. The striking grain of hard pine and Douglas fir is taken advantage of, and in most cases the wood is finished with varnish so as to show the grain. The durability of cedar material recommends it for veranda work and sills, but it is also used in sash and door and wainscotting work. Cypress is replacing the native cedar, being especially appreciated for its durability. Redwood is used especially for wainscotting, moulding, fixtures, and church furniture. It is also used as a substitute for white pine, and the demand for it is steadily increasing. Hardwoods are valued for inside work, windows and doors, framing, casing, wainscotting, moulding, stairs, and cornices. The most valuable kinds, such as mahogany, walnut, oak, cherry, chestnut, and maple, are sometimes used as veneer in a superior class of building, for decorative purposes. The hard- wood finishings are generally oiled or varnished, or sometimes, as in the case of inferior hardwoods, stained to imitate better kinds of wood. Basswood, chestnut, elm, and ash are much appreciated for panel work, as well as for mould- ing and trimming work. Many of the larger sash, door, and building material firms have a saw- mill in connection with the factory, but the greater number buy the rough lumber in the form of boards and planks. Quebec native wood forms 87-8 per cent. Nine and one-half per cent is purchased from Ontario and British Columbia, while most of the remainder, 2-0 per cent, is imported from the United States. The bulk of the importation is of hard pine, chestnut, tulip, and redwood. The average price paid, $25-95 per thousand feet board measure, ranks tenth among all the industries. The output of this industry finds its market in Eastern Canada. TABLE 19— SHUTTLES, SPOOLS, BOBBINS, ETC. , Supply by • Regions. TJ"* J „( \\~~f~.f3 T>p_ pp«f Om n 1 1 1 v A tm-r*nrm Value. Que. M FT. B. M. $ $ cts. M FT. B. M. Total 100 0 3,778 114,449 30 29 3 778 Birch 98-0 3,703 112,899 30 49 3 703 Maple 1-3 50 1,000 20 00 50 Basswood 0-7 25 550 22 00 25 This industry has reported the use of three kinds of wood to the extent of 3,778,000 feet board measure, or 0-5 per cent of the total. It ranks ninth in the list. WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES 59 Birch forms 98 per cent of the total wood consumed by the industry. White and ytllow birch are used, but white birch alone forms 93 per cent of the total quantity of birch reported. There is a great demand for white birch by this industry, on account of its being light and easy to work. The average price paid by the manufacturers of shuttles, spools, and bobbins Is high. Only two industries, car construction and patterns, paid higher for birch. The raw material is purchased mostly in the form of planks and boards. All the wood is purchased in Quebec. The product of this industry is chiefly sold to cotton and woollen mills operating in Canada. TABLE 20— TOYS AND SPORTING GOODS Supply by Regions. T^"* J _f \Xr*-n"n*l T> ~ nv*4- f^L 1*1 •\T _ 1__ _ A i- >• Value. Que. M FT. B. M. $ $ cts. M FT. B. M. Total 100 0 45 774 17 29 45 Birch 55-6 25 418 16 72 25 Maple 11-1 5 88 17 50 5 Beech 11-1 5 80 16 00 5 Ash 8-9 4 69 17 25 4 Basswood 6-7 3 54 18 00 3 Spruce 4-4 2 .30 15 00 2 Chestnut 2-2 1 35 35 00 1 The toy and sporting goods industry comes last in the list. The total wood consumption reported is less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. This industry includes kindergarten sets, wooden toys, children's sleds, toboggans, skis, bats, snowshoes, etc. There is no manufacturer exclusively engaged in this line of industry. These commodities are side lines or specialties of general woodworkers or a few chair manufacturers. On account of being included with more important industries it is probable that reports do not always give these commodities their share of material. Seven kinds of wood are reported, birch forming over one-half of the total. Snowshoe manufacturers use only ash and yellow birch. Birch, maple, and ash enter into nearly all the products of the industry. Most of the basswood, chestnut, and spruce is used in children's sets and toys. All the raw material is purchased in the province of Quebec. It is received at the factory chiefly in the form of boards and planks. The price paid, $17.20 per thousand feet board measure, is, with the handle and tool industry, the nearest to the general average. The field of trade is confined to the province. This industry could be developed greatly. 60 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 TABLE 21— VEHICLES Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. U.S.A. Foreign. Total . ... 100 0 37-3 12-5 11-1 10-7 9-5 5-9 4-0 3-9 2-0 1-0 0-8 0-6 0-2 0-2 0-1 0-1 0-1 * * M FT. B. M. 3,240 1,209 405 359 346 309 190 131 127 64 33 25 18 8 5 4 3 2 1 1 $ 98,821 28,652 9,777 15,858 15,856 9,767 4,574 3,919 3,741 1,234 1,814 2,028 369 290 120 92 70 310 200 150 $ cts. 30 50 23 70 24 14 44 17 45 83 31 61 24 07 29 92 29 46 19 28 54 97 81 12 20 50 36 25 24 00 23 00 23 33 155 00 200 00 150 00 M FT. B. M. 3,143 1,207 405 350 302 305 189 128 127 64 25 M FT. B. M. 51 2 M FT. B. M. 45 M FT. B. M. 1 Birch Ash 3 34 1 1 3 6 10 3 Oak Basswood Maple Elm Pine Balsam Fir 7 1 25 Tulip Tree 18 8 5 4 3 2 Black Cherry 1 1 *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. "This industry includes the manufacture of wagons and sleds of every description, and the repair of automobiles. The manufacture and repair of vehicles are reported by a large number of firms. The large majority have small shops established in every part of the province, the field of trade of which is confined to the locality where they are situated. There are a few large firms manufacturing for the general Canadian market. This industry is important, not so much because of the quantity of the material it consumes as because of the wide range it occupies in the province and in the kinds of wood used. In the list it comes tenth with a wood con- sumption of 3,240,000 feet board measure, or 0-5 per cent of the total. Nineteen kinds of wood are reported as being used. Sash, door, and build- ing material is the only class of industry which has reported the use of more species. Canadian native woods lead, with birch at the head. The vehicle industry requires superior wood material and the manufacturers of vehicles are well informed as to the qualities of our native hardwoods and the best use to make of them. At least 90 per cent of the wood used by the vehicle industry is native to the province. The remainder is purchased mostly from Ontario and the United States in about equal parts. Birch, yellow and sweet, is employed in every part of the vehicle industry. It is chiefly valued for framework in light and heavy carriages, and for hubs and spokes. It is also very much used for sleds. WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES 61 Spruce, pine, balsam fir, and hemlock are used chiefly for boxes of farm vehicles, carriages, and sleds. Second-growth white ash is very popular. It is used anywhere where elasticity and toughness are required. It is preferred for light vehicles, where it is valued for poles, boxing, runners, and spokes. White oak, because of its durability, is superior to all the above described species. In most cases, however, its use is somewhat limited on account of its scarcity. It is used chiefly for hubs, spokes, and rims of heavy wagons of superior quality . Photo 7387. J. A. DOUCET. ' Ground-wood pulp ready for shipment, Lake Megantic Pulp Co. Maple is much valued for its stiffness. It is used for heavy framework, also for gear work, It is sometimes used for hubs. Frames of carriages and sleds absorb the greater part of the maple material reported. The use of beech is confined almost entirely to spokes in heavy wagons. This wood is not very durable. Basswood, cedar, elm, and tulip are valued in box-work of carriages and sleds. Hickory is our best Canadian wood for vehicle manufacture. It is used for runners, spokes, whippletrees, rims, poles, hubs, and framework. It is chiefly in demand for light vehicles. Unfortunately, this wood material is becoming very scarce in Quebec, and the price of the imported material is almost prohibitive. Butternut, cherry, mahogany, and walnut are used in vehicles of superior class and finish, and a good deal of the material reported is used for repairs. The vehicle industry uses a large quantity of hickory and oak spokes, rims, poles, whippletrees, etc., purchased already prepared from Ontario and the United States. Such material has not been included in the bulletin, which deals only with the manufacture from the raw material. 62 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 The vehicle industry in Quebec used about one-third of the quantity of wood material used for that purpose in Ontario, but the manufacturers of Ontario buy 42 per cent of their raw material outside of that province while those of Quebec buy only 3 per cent outside of their province. The average price, $30.50 per thousand feet board measure, paid for wood by the vehicle manufacturers is sixth on the list. A good deal of the material is purchased in the form of round logs. The field of trade of the industry is mostly local, but it extends to most of the Canadian provinces, especially to the Maritime Provinces. TABLE 22— WOODENWARE Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Supply by Regions. Value. Que. Total 100 0 M FT. B. M. 1,254 $ 17,825 $ cts. 14 21 M FT. B. M. 1,254 Balsam Fir 51-8 650 9,050 13 92 650 Spruce . . . 47-9 601 8,717 14 50 601 Maple 0-1 1 24 24 00 1 Basswood 0-1 1 17 17 00 1 Pine 0-1 1 17 17 00 1 Under this heading are included tubs, wooden vessels, bowls, etc. This industry comes eighteenth on the list. Its wood consumption is reported to be 1,254,000 feet board measure, or 0-2 per cent of the total. The material used was all purchased in Quebec at an average price of $14.21 per thousand feet board measure, the third lowest price paid by any industry. Five kinds of wood are given, balsam fir heading the list and forming over one-half of the total wood consumed. Balsam fir, spruce, and pine were used chiefly for tubs and pails, maple for bowls and bread-boards, and basswood for different kinds of wooden utensils. Birch has not been reported, although there is no doubt that the wooden- ware industry uses a comparatively large quantity of birch. TABLE 23— WOOD-PULP Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Supply by Regions. Value. Que. Total 100 0 M FT. B. M. 386,669 $ 4,237,033 $ cts. 10 95 M FT. B. M. 386,669 Spruce . 65-2 252, 161 2,914,369 11 55 252,161 Balsam Fir 30-6 118,210 1,130,455 9 56 118,210 Jack Pine 3-7 14,378 169,259 11 77 14,378 Poplar 0-5 1,762 21,806 12 37 1,762 Hemlock 158 1,144 7 24 158 *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES 63 The figures given in the above table were obtained from the annual report on Pulpwood consumption for 1915 (Forestry Branch Bulletin No. 58 B). The cord measure was converted into board feet at the ratio of 554 feet per cord. Twenty-four pulp-mills operated in the province of Quebec in 1915 and converted 386,669,000 feet board measure of wood material into mechanical, Photo 9539. R. G. LEWIS. The above engraving, showing a coat-hanger made of hardwood, illustrates close utilization of wood material. The shoulder pieces require pieces of wood measuring in the rough state only 11 by 1^ by 1 in., and the bar a piece 14 in. long by 5 in. square. sulphite, sulphate, and soda pulp. The wood-pulp industry consumed more wood material than all the other industries together, its percentage of the total being 55-3. The province of Quebec is the leading Canadian province in wood-pulp production. In 1915 it produced 49-6 per cent of all the wood-pulp manufac- tured in Canada. But this industry could reach a much larger development without seriously affecting the question of supply. In 1915 the province of Quebec exported nearly as much pulpwood as was consumed by its own mills: namely, 624,269 cords were exported and 697,962 cords were converted into pulp in Quebec mills. While the province in the past has not had the benefit that would have resulted from the manufacture at home of a larger proportion of raw product 64 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 yet there has been a strong tendency, which has grown stronger every year, toward reducing the export of pulpwood and encouraging the manufacture of pulp in the province. The consumption of pulpwood in home manufacture has been increasing steadily since the inception of the industry, while the export of raw pulpwood has remained about stationary. In 1914 the pulpwood exported fron the province exceeded the quantity manufactured by 28,212,000 feet board measure (50,925 cords), while in 1915 the raw material converted into pulp at home exceeded the exports by 40,- 826,000 feet board measure (73,693 cords). In the course of that year the industry had increased its consumption by 33,941,000 feet board measure (61,266 cords). Regarding the further manufacture of pulpwood into paper, in the province, it should be noted that this is growing in comparison with the pulp exported to be converted into paper abroad. This is in common with the tendency throughout Canada. In 1914, lj tons of pulp were manufactured into paper in Canada for every ton exported, while in 1915 nearly 2 tons were converted into paper in Canada for every ton exported. This is making due allowance for the pulp imported into Canada in those years for special kinds of paper. Of the total news-print paper produced in Canada in 1915 from this pulp about 4 tons of paper were exported for every ton consumed by the printing plants of Canada. This shows the steady growth in producing a more highly finished, instead of a raw or partly finished product. Since the European war started, and particularly during the year 1916, wood-pulp reached an almost fabulous price. On the Canadian market ground- wood pulp increased from $15 to $40 per ton, bleached sulphite pulp from about $55 to $160, and unbleached sulphite pulp from $43 to $100. It is likely that this condition will contribute to encourage the establishment of more pulp manufacturing plants in the province of Quebec. Of the total raw material consumed in the year 1915, approximately 52-9 per cent was turned into mechanical pulp, 33-5 per cent into sulphite pulp, 13-1 per cent into sulphate pulp, and 5 per cent into soda pulp. Of the woods used in manufacturing pulp, spruce is the leading species. The nature of the spruce fibre — its length, colour and pliability — is such that it is particularly suited for use in the manufacture of sulphite and ground-wood pulp. Balsam fir while inferior to spruce resembles it to a marked extent in colour and fibre length and is often sold mixed with spruce. At the present time it is customary for most mills in buying spruce pulpwood to accept as high as 30 per cent of balsam fir with the spruce. In the manufacture of mechanical pulp or ground-wood spruce, balsam fir and, to a limited extent, hemlock and jack pine are used. In the sulphite process it is necessary to use woods of a low resin content and for this reason, together with the fact that the nature of the fibres is such as to produce a good pulp, spruce and balsam are the predominant species. Hemlock is used in considerable amounts and jack pine in limited quantities in this process. Owing to the nature of the sulphate process practically all of the coniferous woods can be used, regardless of the resin content; hence, in this process we find spruce, balsam, and jack pine used in considerable amounts, while hemlock and some of the other species are WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES 65 used to a limited extent. Both poplar and spruce are used in the production of soda pulp. It happens that in Canada, according to statistics, more spruce than poplar is used in manufacturing soda pulp. Canada produces a very small amount of soda pulp, and in countries producing this pulp in anything like considerable quantities poplar or woods of a similar nature are used almost exclusively. Hence, the consumption of spruce and poplar by the soda pulp mills in Canada gives a wrong impression as to the relative importance of these woods for soda pulp manufacture. The quantity of soda pulp which can be consumed is limited, as the poplar fibres are very short and can be used for the most part only as a filler and for imparting " bulkiness " to book papers, lithographic papers, etc. However, considerable quantities of soda pulp are imported from the United States, and there would seem to be opportunity for a considerable increase in production in Canada both for domestic and foreign trade. The average price paid for pulpwood at the mill in Quebec in 1915 was $10.95 per thousand feet board measure, or $6.06 per cord, which is the lowest price reported for any industry. This is due to the fact that the wood-pulp manufacturers cut most of their raw material themselves and that it is received at the factories in the rough state of round logs or bolts. For poplar wood the highest price was paid, $12.37 per thousand feet board measure, or $6.85 per cord. The higher price is due largely to the extra cost of logging, hauling, and floating it. TABLE 24— MISCELLANEOUS Kind of Wood. Per cent. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Supply by Regions. Que. Ont. U.S.A. Foreign. Total 100 0 57-1 16-7 10-6 5-5 5-0 1-9 1-5 1-2 0-2 0-1 0-1 * * * * M FT. B. M. 12,741 7,272 2,137 1,353 706 632 244 185 152 22 16 14 3 2 2 1 $ 339,176 101,253 53,931 24,290 15, 140 126,225 6,770 3,398 5,988 698 350 578 45 200 120 190 $ cts. 26 62 13 92 25 23 17 95 21 44 199 72 27 74 18 37 39 39 31 73 20 63 41 28 15 00 100 00 60 00 190 00 M FT. B. M. 5,142 506 2,137 1,310 706 1 244 185 M FT. B. M. 6,790 6,766 M FT. B. M. 808 M FT. B. M. 1 Pine Spruce Birch 24 19 Hemlock Walnut 631 Basswood Maple Tulip Tree . 152 Ash 22 16 10 3 2 Elm Oak 4 Beech Willow Red Juniper 2 Mahogany 1 "Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Under this heading are included rifle-stocks, spinning-wheels, matches, wash-boards, baby carriages, wringers, tent- and awning-poles, tent-pegs, 36894—5 66 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 garment-hangers, cemetery-boards, tobacco-cutters' tables, clothes-pins, dowels and skewers, tops, spools, plugs, and bungs, fancy cases, trays, wash-tubs, blocks, slats, window-blinds, whips, canes, umbrellas, and numerous other articles. This group of industries comes seventh in the list. Its total wood consump- tion reported is 12,741,000 feet board measure, or 1-8 per cent of the total. Three species of wood only are not native to the province. Native Quebec Photo 10009. R. G. LEWIS. Tent-pegs made from waste pieces from a vehicle factory. It requires only a rough piece of wood 16 by 1* by If in. to make a peg. woods are largely represented but the manufacturers of miscellaneous articles purchased 59 • 6 per cent of their raw material outside of the province. Ontario furnished 53 • 3 per cent. Most of the pine used was purchased in Ontario. The uses made of the different woods would take long to describe in full, owing to the long list of articles manufactured, but the most important ones may be mentioned. For rifle-stocks only black walnut is used. For this purpose the material was all imported from the United States. For spinning-wheels use was made of birch, white birch mostly, also basswood, pine, maple, and some spruce. Except in a few instances the manufacture of spinning-wheels is conducted by numerous small shops, scattered all over the province, and information on the industry is not quite complete. Nowadays the small shops can no longer compete with the larger manufacturers and their business is rapidly falling off. Matches are made exclusively of pine; washboards are made of basswood, birch, DESTRUCTIVE WOOD DISTILLATION 67 and beech; baby carriages of birch, basswood, pine, maple, etc.; tent-pegs, garment-hangers, clothes-pins, and tobacco-cutters' tables are made of birch, maple, elm, ash, and beech. Whip butts are made exclusively of birch; canes and umbrellas of birch, mahogany, ebony, and hickory. The more valuable kinds of wood are used for fancy cases, cemetery-boards, and trays. Red cedar is made into plugs, bungs, and spiles, with a certain quantity of tulip used for the same purpose. Willow is used for artificial limbs. It is the only willow reported. Spruce is employed in many kinds of work such as cloth-boards, ironing-boards, cemetery-boards, tent- and awning-poles, etc. The price paid, $26.62 per thousand feet board measure, is a fairly high average, only eight industries reporting higher prices. The field of trade is mostly Canadian. Destructive Wood Distillation At the time the information on the wood-using industries of Quebec was collected, destructive wood distillation still occupied a comparatively low rank among the wood-using industries of the province. It has since developed con- siderably, the need of acetone for the manufacture of explosives having hastened the development of the industry. If considered from the point of view of the material consumed, it would now take fourth place among the different wood- using industries of the province. There are now eleven destructive wood distillation plants established in Canada, four of them situated in the province of Quebec. These latter consume about 144 cords of wood per day, or 45,000 cords (24,930,000 feet board measure) per year. It is estimated that the total consumption for Canada is over 500 cords per day. The woods used in the province of Quebec are maple, beech, and birch with a small quantity of other hardwoods. The proportions of these different woods are approximately as follows: maple and beech each 37| per cent, and birch 25 per cent. The raw material is cut in lengths of 48 to 52 inches in the form of cord wood, and is seasoned for a year or more in order to dry it out. A cord of wood ready for distillation weighs about 3,700 pounds. The products of these crude distillation plants are gases, crude wood alcohol, acetate of lime, creosote oils, hardwood tar, and charcoal. The gases and hard- wood tar are burnt under the retorts, part of the creosote oil is also burnt while part is sold in the form of oil. A new use has recently been found for the oils, as some of them have been demonstrated, as a result of experiments made by the Forest Products Laboratories of the Forestry Branch in co-operation with the Mines Department, to be suitable for the flotation process of extracting ores. Crude wood alcohol is refined by fractional distillation to produce methyl alcohol and methyl acetone or acetone-alcohol solvent in various grades to suit market conditions. Formaldehyde is also manufactured from the methyl alcohol. Acetate of lime is sometimes exported as such, but for the most part is converted into acetone as a solvent in cordite manufacture or into acetic acid, a portion of which is further converted into acetic anhydride and methyl acetate. 36894— 5£ 68 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 The charcoal is sold for domestic fuel or for making charcoal iron. The valuable products are wood alcohol, acetate of lime, acetone, and charcoal, and recently the oils have been added to the list. The production per cord unit of the valuable products is about as follows : — Crude wood alcohol 8 Imperial gallons. Acetate of lime 200 pounds. Charcoal 1,000 pounds (50 bushels of about 20 pounds) . In addition to these main products the gases form 15 to 20 per cent of the weight of the original wood. The creosote oils separated during redistillation amount to 2 to 3 Imperial gallons per cord, and the hardwood tar amounts to about 16 Imperial gallons per cord. The crude products of the four plants operating in the province of Quebec are refined for the most part at Montreal. The Standard Chemical, Iron and Lumber Company of Canada, Limited, controls all the wood distillation plants operating in Canada. No authentic records have been obtained of the cost of the wood delivered at the mill. It is estimated to be about $6 per cord. The price varies consider- ably and has advanced on account of the war. At the rate of $6 per cord the total value of the wood material at the plants would be $270,000. Waste Utilization and By-products This question is an important one and its solution presents some real difficulties. The Dominion Forestry Branch is endeavouring to help as much as possible in the solving of them. The prevailing conditions must first be considered. What is the situation in regard to utilization in the wood-using manufactures? As a matter of fact absolute waste of raw material, such as short ends, shavings, and sawdust does not take place, saw-mills not being considered in this discussion. No refuse of manufacture is being dumped outside and burned in pure waste. Even in the most unfavourable conditions the small pieces are either sold for heating purposes or burned with the sawdust, shavings or inferior refuse under the boiler of the factory for steam purposes. The question, then, would be whether some wood-using manufacturers could not make a better use of the waste of their factories than for mere heating and steaming purposes. In the case of factories which are isolated it must be admitted that in many instances short ends, shavings, and sawdust cannot be disposed of at a profit except for heating and steaming purposes. Generally, such a factory, engaged in the manufacture of more than one line of commodity, has very little material left in short ends which would be worth the trouble of sorting and marketing for the manufacture elsewhere of wooden articles, on account of the cost of transportation. As to shavings and sawdust, a small proportion might be disposed of to farmers in the vicinity for hotbeds and stable litter, but the greater proportion will probably be used only for steaming purposes. Clean hardwood sawdust can always be advantageously marketed for packing, cleaning, and curing purposes, and for the manufacture of by-products such as sanitary sweeping powder, dryers, polishers, etc. WASTE UTILIZATION AND BY-PRODUCTS 69 In cases such as discussed in this paragraph the solution of the problem of the better utilization of the small pieces is the establishment of some side-line manufacture which will utilize such material. The matter may be looked upon in a different light with regard to manu- facturers situated in populous districts where factories of all kinds are found. In this case if a manufacturer has waste material it can often be sold to another manufacturer at a profit. It certainly would seem that small pieces which cannot be utilized in one factory might be used by another, although the transfer of waste material from one factory to another is very seldom made, for several reasons. Photo 7384. J. A. Doucet. Waste blocks and cores of birch, maple, and elm at a shoe-shank and clothes-pin factory. First, it may be noted that factories are in some cases in such lines of industry that they can utilize all material which is any good. Many of the manufacturers are engaged in the manufacture of more than one line of goods, which affords them the advantage of a very close utilization of raw material. Second, due to the relative cheapness of wood material in this country, the cost of sorting and transporting small pieces of wood would reach the value of the same kind of material purchased in boards or planks, so that the transfer of such small material from one factory to another is not encouraged by either the seller or the purchaser. Third, as a consequence of the above consideration, the manufacturers having to provide power for their factories may often secure more benefit by burning the waste wood under their boilers than by selling it. However, there is no doubt that many manufacturers situated in densely populated districts sell small pieces and short ends for fuel at a paying price, and a good proportion of their shavings and sawdust is disposed of for packing, curing, and cleaning purposes. In such densely populated districts there is a fair demand for factory refuse. 70 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 In studying the wood-using industries of the province of Quebec two industries were noted which appear more than any others to waste a large percentage of the raw material purchased. These are the manufacture of veneer where the waste is most noticeable, and, to a less degree, the manufacture of boot and shoe findings. The manufacturers of veneer and of boot and shoe findings receive all their wood material in the form of round logs. It is safe to estimate that in manufacturing veneer made of native wood at least one-fifth of the raw material purchased becomes waste. The waste is composed of the core, the defective veneer, and the small ends. At the present time the greatest part of the waste material is burned under the boiler, a small percentage being sold for heating purposes. It seems as if it should be possible to find a more economical use for such material, as the waste represents a large quantity of wood. Consider, for instance, a factory which consumes 3,000,000 feet annually of hardwood for the manufacture of veneer. The amount of waste resulting would be about 600,000 feet, or one-fifth of the total material. It may be considered that about two-fifths of this waste is inferior refuse of no marketable value, only good to be burnt under boilers, but the remainder is 360,000 feet board measure, or practically 650 cords. The total native wood consumed by the veneer manufacturers in the province of Quebec is reported to be 5,000,000 feet board measure. Following the same reasoning as above, the total waste resulting from the manufacture of native veneer would amount to 1,000,000 feet board measure of material, of which three-fifths, 600,000 feet board measure (1,083 cords), could be further utilized for manufacture. The manufacturers of boot and shoe findings have similar waste, but in much smaller quantity. WJiat can be suggested to better this condition? Two main things: first, the establishment of side-line manufactures, for example the making of small baskets, small cratings and toys; second, the baling and shipping of the material to wood distillation plants. The rapid development of wood distillation presents a good opportunity for the economical utilization of a good deal of the hardwood waste of our wood-using manufacturers, especially where it is produced in large quantities and from factories which are situated within a reasonable distance . of the wood distillation plants. This holds particularly for the larger-sized pieces, as the cordwood ordinarily used for hardwood distillation is cut so it will just pass through an 8-inch ring and nothing under a 4-inch log is desired. There are four separate wood distillation plants in the province of Quebec, and it is reported that they pay at the plant about $6 per cord for their raw material. At that price the waste from the veneer manufacture would represent a value of about $6,400. Seventy manufacturers have reported the utilization of short ends, shavings, and sawdust, other than for fuel. A brief review of their reports may bring out some suggestions which may be of use in the more economical utilization of wood waste. The manufacturers of boxes and crates use their material down to very small pieces in the manufacture of boxes and crates of small size. Some of their shavings are sold for packing purposes. Car manufacturers use small cuttings of hardwood for track shims. They WASTE UTILIZATION AND BY-PRODUCTS 71 sell most of their sawdust for smoking, drying, and cleaning purposes, and part of their shavings for packing purposes. Cheese box headings are reported as being made to a considerable extent, of slabs. The manufacturers of cheese box sides do not report the manufacture of any by-product. This industry might utilize its small cuttings for fruit crates and baskets. Small pieces of wood are utilized by some furniture makers in the manu- facture of toys, children's furniture, and kindergarten sets. A proportion of the broom handle manufacturers use small cuttings for making clothes-pins. Most of the matches are made of short pieces of pine, while indurated fibreware is sometimes made of pulp obtained from sawmill waste. Many sash and door factories use their material down to very small cuttings in the manufacture of small crates and boxes, picture frames, and skewers. Some of them find it worth while to bale the shavings and sell them for packing purposes, and to sell their sawdust to butcher shops or to stables for litter and for drying purposes or for the manufacture of sanitary sweeping powder. Manufacturers of agricultural implements report having a good opportunity for making tool handles, but only a few are taking advantage of it. The hardwood flooring factories can save their short pieces for the manufac- ture of railway shims, and their edgings for dowels and rods. The sawdust of these manufactures can be sold for the making of sanitary sweeping powder, for the smoking of meat or for cleaning purposes. There is always a good demand for clean hardwood sawdust. The hardwood planings could be baled and sold for packing purposes. Hardwood shavings make very good packing material. Only a few manufacturers of hardwood flooring have reported the use of their waste, other than for fuel. Some cooperage manufacturers find it advantageous to utilize small pieces for the making of small crates and boxes. Small pieces are used in the manufacture of rungs, turnings, small sleds, and toys by certain of the wooden ware producers. Some makers of vehicles and vehicle supplies utilize the waste for the manufacture of small handles for hammers, hatchets, files, and chisels, and for dowels, and ladder rungs. The sawdust and shavings, which are of hardwood mostly, could be easily sold. A few have reported selling them to farmers for stable cleaning. There is no doubt that there are many manufacturers advantageously located who have not yet solved the problem of the more economical handling of the refuse of their factories. The Forestry Branch will always be pleased to give those desirous of improving conditions all available information on the subject. 72 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 Commodities Manufactured from each Kind of Wood. ASH ASH— Continned BASSWOOD— Continued Automobiles (repairs) Vehicles — Con tinned seats Buildings ceiling top bows Agricultural Implements top bows whippletrees core-stock doors poles whippletrees Veneer panelling flooring yokes frames (door and window) Boats BALSAM FIR shelves frames gunwales interior finish Boxes Agricultural Implements straw-cutters threshers sheathing moulding Venetian blinds Buildings box--work "R^-VO-f 0 Canoes planking casing doors .coats fishing vessels Caskets Cheese Boxes frames (door and window) moulding lining seats headings Coffins panels wainscotting Cabinet-work skiffs Boxes cigar Cooperage headings hoops Cars engine cabs egg packing staves Crates secoftd-class coaches inside finish piano tobacco Curtain Poles seats Cheese Boxes hoops Box Shocks Buildings ceiling Jr ixtures Furniture blackboards chairs sides Coffins clapboards exterior finish core-stock drawers Cooperage hoops headings staves flooring frames (door and window) inside doors interior finish facework kindergarten sets kitchen cabinets tables Crates joists Elevators heads moulding panelling trays Furniture (church) uprights sheathing altars platforms Furniture trimming Caskets and Coffins stands Garment Hangers book-cases Cheese Boxes Handles chairs headings broom desks Cooperage brush kindergarten sets seats headings staves whisk Hat-blocks tables Crates Machinery Furniture (church) balusters Foundry Boxes Vehicles flour-mills grinding-machines pews boxes troughs stands Woodenware railway velocipedes Garment Hangers Hames ironing-boards pails sewing-machines core-stock Handles tubs drawers cant-hook Wood-Pulp Musical Instruments hay-fork ground-wood bellows hoe sulphate cases Harrows sulphite core-stock Hat- and Cap-blocks keys Lacrosse Sticks Machinery BASSWOOD Oars Show-cases bases Agricultural Implements Snow Shovels blocks fanning-mills Spinning-wheels supports mowers Spools Organs seeders Tanks cases threshers Templates frames boxes Trunks Refrigerators drawers Turnery Snowshoe Bows sides Vehicles Tanks tables bodies Vehicles Blind Poles bottoms bodies Boot and Shoe Findings boxes bottoms filler-blocks dashboards boxes lasts panels dashboards Boxes Wheel-barrows frames biscuit Woodenware light gears packing rolling-pins neck-yokes piano wash-boards poles tobacco wooden utensils COMMODITIES MADE FROM EACH KIND OF WOOD. 73 BAYWOOD Electrical Fixtures Patterns Templates BEECH Bath-room fixtures tank boxes Boot and Shoe Findings lasts shanks Bucksaw Frames Buildings flooring framing mantels moulding panels wainscotting Bobbins Core-stock Curtain Poles Fancy Boxes Fixtures Furniture book-cases chairs core-stock desks drawers facework frames kindergarten sets seats tables Furniture (church) balusters pews pulpits stands Hames Handles broom brush electrical apparatus plane saw whip wrench Machinery Planes Railway Velocipedes Show-oases Spirit-levels Sporting Goods hand-sleighs bats Swings Turnery Vehicles hubs light gears spokes whippletrees Veneer Washing-machines legs shakers Wheel-barrows braces handles Woodenware bread-boards butter-moulds clothes-pins rolling-pins utensils wash-boards Wringers parts BIRCH Agricultural Implements hay-presses horse-hoes land-rollers manure-spreaders mowers ploughs rakes seeders straw-cutters stump-pullers threshers beams framework gear-stock handles hubs neck-yokes poles spokes wheel-stock whippletrees Automobiles Baby Carriages Baskets bands rims Bath-room Fittings seats tanks Billiard Tables (repairs) Bobbins Boats gunwales inside finish flooring keels oars planking Boot and Shoe Findings laps pegs shanks Boxes cigar packing Buildings core-stock doors flooring framing interior finish mantels moulding newels sills stair-work wainscotting Canes Cars core-stock doors inside finish flooring framing lining seats sills Carpet-sweepers cases handles Cabinet-work Caskets Cheese Boxes headings sides Cheese-cutters boards Crates Distillation BIRCH— Continued Dowels Electrical Fixtures Elevators floors overheads uprights Fixtures Furniture backing book-cases chairs core-stock desks drawers facework frames kindergarten sets seats tables Furniture (church) balusters pews pulpits stands Garment Hangers Hames Handles broom brush shovel tool umbrella whip Hat-blocks Machinery boot and shoe dairy engines flour-mills grinders mangles saw-mills sewing-machines core-stock drawers facework frames Motor Trucks Musical Instruments actions benches brackets cases core-stock facework frames pedals stools Patterns Picture Frames Planes Pumps handles plungers Refrigerators Safes cabinet-work Saw-benches Scales Shims Show-cases Shuttles Snow-ploughs Snowshoe Bows Snow Shovels Spindles Spinning-wheels Spools Sporting Goods bats 74 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 BIRCH— Continued CEDAR— Continued Sporting Goods — Continued Lasts hand-sleds Swings hockey sticks Tan Drums Store Fixtures Tanks Swings Tubs Tent-pegs Vehicles Toys bottoms rocking-horses Water-pipes Trunks Turnery Vehicles CHERRY Veneer Wringers Buildings parts door frames Woodenware mantels bowls moulding bread-boards newels churns panels clothes-pins wainscotting rolling-pins window frames tubs Cabinet-work utensils Canoes gunwales BUTTERNUT seats Cars Boats doors inside finish casing gunwales framing seats interior finish Boxes Cemetery Boards cigar Electrical Fixtures Buildings Furniture doors facework door frames Handles inside finish knife mantels tobacco-cutter moulding Hearses panels Launches stair-work exterior finish wainscotting interior finish Chairs moulding Fancy Boxes panels Foundry Boxes Show-cases Furniture Signs facework Spirit-levels Safes Patterns cabinet-work Picture Frames Show-cases Pulpits Vehicles Templates body work Vehicles panels bodies panels seats CEDAR Veneer Boats lining CHESTNUT planking ribs Buildings seats casing Boxes core-stock Buildings doors ceiling framing doors interior finish flooring mantels framing moulding gutters panels moulding stair-work outside finish wainscotting sashes Cars sills core-stock verandas interior finish wainscotting sashes Canoes Core-stock ribs Electrical Fixtures planking Fancy Baskets Floats Furniture Hay-racks core-stock Gates facework Grinders framework troughs tops CHESTNUT— Continued Furniture (church) pews pulpits Musical Instruments cases core-stock keys Picture Frames Store Fixtures Toys Trunks CYPRESS Buildings casing doors gutters outside finish sashes verandas Greenhouses Launches casing doors framing lining panels planking sashes Machinery boot and shoe dairy washing-machines Silos Sprinklers Tan Drums Tanks Troughs Water-pipes DOGWOOD Shutters DOUGLAS FIR Boats casing decks doors flooring interior finish keels planking sashes Buildings ceiling doors flooring mantels moulding sashes sills stair-work verandas wainscotting Cars joists flooring frames lining sills Derricks Dredges Engine Bases Flooring Gangways COMMODITIES MADE FROM EACH KIND OF WOOD 75 DOUGLAS FIR— Con. Lock Gates Scows Skidways Shipbuilding Sprinklers Tanks Trucks parts EBONY Brush Backs Picture Frames ELM Agricultural Implements hay-carriers hay-presses ploughs rakes stump-pullers threshers beams box-work framework gear-stock handles hubs neck-yokes poles rims whippletrees Baby Carriages Boats keel* keelsons fenders Boxes Buildings casing doors framing moulding stable flooring wainscotting Canoes ribs seats Caskets and Coffins Cheese Boxes hoops sides Cooperage headings staves Crates Elevators frames Furniture backing chairs facework framework tables Hames Hearses Machinery boot and shoe tobacco-cutters wood-cutters frames tables Motor Trucks Pianos backing frames pedal-rails Refrigerators ELM— Continued Spinning-wheels Shipbuilding framing planking Vehicles blocks bunks dashboards gear-stock hubs neck-yokes posts racks reaches rims seats shafts Veneer Wheel-barrows Woodenware clothes-pins churns HARD PINE Agricultural Implements harrows ploughs seeders beams boxes handles Bowling Alleys Buildings beams casing doors framing flooring mantels moulding stair-work verandas Cars flooring frames lining sills Derricks Elevators flooring overheads uprights Ladders rungs sides Locomotives running-boards Pulp-mills tanks Shipbuilding gangways skids stanchions Washing-machines HEMLOCK Boxes egg packing piano Buildings flooring framing inside finish joists moulding outside finish HEMLOCK— Continued Buildings — Continued sheathing studding Butter Boxes Caskets and Coffins Cheese Boxes heading Cloth-boards Crates Foundry Boxes Ironing-boards Shelves Shooks Skiffs lining Vehicles bottoms boxes HICKORY Automobiles Electrical Apparatus Handles axe cant-hook electric switch fork hammer peavy shovel Rulers Railway Tools Telegraph Tools Trucks Vehicles bent rims cross-bars felloes framework gear-stock hubs neck-yokes poles posts reaches runners shafts spokes top bows whippletrees IRONWOOD Fishing-rods JACK PINE Buildings beams ceiling flooring outside finish posts sheathing sills Wood-pulp mechanical sulphate sulphite LIGNUM VITAE Castor Wheels Shipbuilding 76 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 LOCUST Telephone and Telegraph Supplies brackets pins MAHOGANY Automobiles (repairs) Bath-room Fittings seats Billiard Tables (repairs) Boats interior finish Buffets Buildings casing doors fixtures framing interior finish mantels panelling staircase work wainscotting Cabinet-work Cars inside finish Caskets Electrical Fixtures Fancy Cases Fixtures Furniture beds chairs chiffoniers dressers facework tables wash-stands Jewellery Cases Launches covering interior finish Musical Instruments actions brackets carvings cases moulding Patterns Sewing-machines Shipbuilding interior finish Show-cases Trimmings Veneer MAPLE Agricultural Implements drills fanning-mills harrows hay-carriers hay-loaders hay-presses hoes horse-powers land-rollers ploughs separators bases beams cross-beams frames handles neck-yokes poles steps whippletrees MAPLE— Continued Baking-boards Baskets bands rims Boats keels keelsons wheels rudders Bobbins Boot and Shoe Findings lasts shanks Bowling Alleys Brush Backs Buffets Buildings doors flooring framing mantels newels stairs wainscotting Butcher Tables Butter-moulds Canes Cars doors cross-sills framing interior finish moulding seats Cheese Boxes sides Cheese-cutters boards Churns frames Cog-wheels Cooperage slack Crates Distillation Dowels Electrical Apparatus Elevators flooring guide-strips overheads Friction Blocks Foundry Boxes Furniture backing chairs chiffoniers dressers facework frames seats Furniture (church) balusters confessional boxes pews pulpits prayer desks stands Garment Hangers Pestles Handles axe broom cant-hook carpet-sweeper paint-brush hammer peavy saw Hat-blocks MAPLE— Continued Insulator Pins Machinery boot and shoe engine beds hoisting-machines saw-benches saw-mills Mallets Mangles Meat Blocks Musical Instruments brackets facework framework handles pedals stools Press-blocks Pulp machinery rolls Pumps blocks handles rods shafts Rulers Shipbuilding interior finish planking rudders wheels Shuttles Skewers Snow-ploughs (horse) Spinning-wheels Spools Sporting Goods balls (croquet) bats billiard cues bowls clubs paddles toboggans Store Fixtures Sewing-machines Vehicles axles frames gear-stock hubs poles neck-yokes reaches whippletrees Veneer Wash-stands OAK Agricultural Implements land-rollers ploughs beams handles Automobiles Bath-room Fittings seats Billiard Tables (repairs) Boats capstans deadwoods fenders frames gunwales inside finish keels keelsons knees COMMODITIES MADE FROM EACH KIND OF WOOD 77 OAK— Continued Boats-y- Continued outside finish planking ribs stringers Buffets Buildings casing columns doors flooring framing mantels moulding newels sills stairs wainscotting Bungs Canoes ribs gunwales Cars bumpers cross-sills decks frames interior finish snow-ploughs Caskets and Coffins Churns Cooperage (tight) hoops headings staves Dredges Fancy Cases Furniture book-cases chairs chiffoniers desks dressers facework frames seats tables Furniture (church) balusters pews pulpits Hames Machinery boot and shoe elevators engine blocks saw-mills well-drills Musical Instruments facework frames pedals Oars Plugs Sewing-machines Show-cases Spiles Store Fixtures Taps Telegraph and Telephone Supplies boxes brackets cross-arms fixtures insulators pins Trucks Vehicles blocks OAK— Continued Vehicles — Continued body work bunks frames hubs neck-yokes poles reaches rims runners whippletrees Veneer Wash-stands PINE Agricultural Implements mowers seeders separators straw-cutters threshers boxes tables Awning Rollers Baking-tables Bee Hives Blinds rollers slats Boats cabin work lining planking Boxes egg packing Buildings casing clapboards columns core-stpck cornices doors flooring framing interior finishing joists mantels mouldings outside finishing posts rails sashes sheathing sills shelves stair-work turnery verandas wainscotting Cabinet-work Canoes planking Cars flooring lining sheathing Caskets and Coffins Cemetery Boards Cheese Boxes Churns Cloth-boards Cooperage Crates Cross-arms Curtain Poles Draughting Boards Draughting Tables PINE— Continued Dredges Fixtures Foundry Boxes Furniture backing cabinets » core-stock desks drawers inside work seats tables Furniture (church) altars pews Gangways (red pine) Gates Hand-sleds Hat- and Cap-blocks Incubators Ironing-boards Launches inside finishing lining planking Machinery boot and shoe elevators flour-mills saw-mills cotton-mills woolen-mills Matches Musical Instruments actions backing bellows boxes frames keys pipes Pails Patterns Picture Frames Pumps Railway Signals Refrigerators Rocking-horses Safes cabinet-work Shipbuilding cabin work bowsprits decks frame work knees masts planking rudders stringers Shelves Shims Shocks Silos Signs Spinning-wheels Stretchers Tan Drums Tanks Templates Tent^poles Tobacco-cutters boards tables Troughs Trunks Tubs Turnery Vats Vehicles 78 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 PINE— Con tinned Vehicles— Continued boxes bottoms racks Washing-machines Wheel-barrows POPLAR Boxes butter egg packing tobacco Buildings ceiling fittings flooring framing moulding Cheese Boxes headings Coffins Cooperage (slack) heading staves Crates Excelsior Furniture backing chairs drawers tables Shelves Trunks Vehicles boxes bottoms Wood-Pulp sulphite soda RED GUM Buildings interior finishing moulding panelling wainscotting Core-stock Musical Instruments cases moulding pipes Picture Frames Sewing-machines core-stock drawers tables RED JUNIPER Bungs Fur Boxes Fancy Cases Plugs Spiles Taps REDWOOD Buildings casing columns doors flooring REDWOOD— Continued Buildings — Continued framing interior finishing mantels moulding newels sashes stair-work wainscotting Bungs Furniture (church) balusters fixtures pews pulpits prayer desks Launches cabin work framing inside finishing planking rudders Oars Plugs Spiles Tanks ROSEWOOD Fancy Cases Knobs Planes handles Trays SATINWOOD Cars interior finish SPANISH CEDAR Bungs Cigar Boxes Fancy Cases Tops SPRUCE Agricultural Implements hay-presses mowers rakes seeders threshers frames racks sides tables Awning Poles Baskets bottoms Bee Hives Blind Poles Bread-boards Boxes butter packing piano tobacco Buildings beams casing ceiling clapboards cornices SPRUCE— Continued Buildings — Continued doors flooring framing moulding sashes sheathing sills stairs Venetian blinds verandas Cabinets Cars freight cars flooring framing lining Cemetery Boards Cheese Boxes headings Churns Cisterns Cloth-boards Coffins Concrete Forms Cooperage (slack and tight) headings staves Counters Crates Curtain Poles Derricks Elevators Evaporators Fences Fixtures Foundry Boxes Furniture backing chairs drawers kitchen cabinets Dry Goods Bolts Gates Guitars Handles pail knife spade Hand-sleds Hay-racks Incubators Ironing-boards Launches cabins lining planking seats Machinery boot and shoe cotton-mill flour-mill saw-mill woolen-mill bases blocks parts Musical Instruments bellows keys pipes sounding-boards swell-boxes Oars Pails Scales Shelves Skiffs Shipbuilding bowsprits COMMODITIES MADE FROM EACH KIND OF WOOD 79 SPRUCE— Continued Shipbuilding — Continued cabin work decks frames gunwales interior finish keels keelsons knees lining masts planking rudders stretchers Shocks Silos Spinning-wheels Tanks Tent Poles Toys rocking-horses Tubs Turnery Vehicles bottoms boxes bunks poles Violins Wooden Pipes Wood-Pulp mechanical sulphate sulphite soda TEAK Shipbuilding TULIP TREE Automobiles (repairs) Baking-tables TULIP TREE— Continued Boot and Shoe Machinery parts Boxes cigar Buildings casing core-stock doors interior finish mantels moulding newels panel-work sashes Cabinet-work Cars core-stock cross-binding deck frames outside finish sign-boards Carvings Chairs Core-stock Fixtures Furniture core-stock drawers inside work table tops Hat- and Cap-blocks Musical Instruments actions air-boards casing frames panels pipes player parts trusses Picture Frames Sewing-machines Show-cases Vehicles body work TULIP TREE— Continued Vehicles — Continued box-work dashboards seats Templates WALNUT Billiard Tables (repairs) Buildings doors casing framing mantels moulding newels stair-work wainscotting Cabinet-work Caskets Fancy Cases Fixtures Furniture facework Gun-stocks Jewellery Boxes Musical Instruments facework moulding Picture Frames Sewing-machines Show-cases Tables Trays Turnery Vehicles body work Veneer WILLOW Artificial Limbs 80 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 63 Classified Eirectory of Manufacturers. N.B. Where a firm makes more than one class of commodity, a division of the information is necessary for easy reference, and for this reason the name of a manufacturer in this directory may appear more than once, according to the number of classes of commodities he manufactures. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS Banville, Od., St. Octave. Beauchemin & Fils, Sorel. Beauvais & Co., Laprairie — Ploughs. Belanger, A., Ltee., Montmagny. Bernard, A., La Cie Industrielle, Ste. Phiio- mene de Fortierville — Threshers. Bessette, J. & S., La Cie, Ltee., Iberville. Bracker, Ed., Kinnear's Mills — Ploughs. Cantin, La Cie. des Industries, Warwick. Chabot, Alphonse, St. Charles de Bellechasse — Rakes. Desjardins, La Cie., Lt6e., St. Andre de Kamou- raska. Desjardins, J. A., Rigaud. Dore, J. B., & Fils, Laprairie. Ducharme, Mederic, Iberville — Hay Presses. Galarneau, Arthur, Pont Rouge. Godbout, La Cie., St. Aime — Threshing Ma- chines. Julien, Chas., Pont Rouge. Jutras, La Cie., Ltee, Victoria ville — Manure Spreaders. Lacoste, L. P., St. Jean Baptiste de Rouville. Laiterie, La Cie. de, St. Pierre — Threshers. Lamarre & Co., St. Remi. Laperle, L., St. Ours — Plough Handles. Leclerc, Ulric, Pont Rouge. Michaud, J. H., St. Andr6 de Kamouraska, — Threshers. Miller, McLean, Lower Flodden. Moody, M., & Sons Co., Terrebonne. Naud, Alex., Deschambault — Threshers. Patenaude, B. E., Franklin Centre — Plough Handles. Pelletier, J. B., St. Pascal— Threshers. Pelletier, P., St. Guillaume d'Upton — Hay Presses. Poirier, Pierre, St. Felix de Valois — Threshers. Tardif, J. B., Plessisville— Threshers. BOATS Bissonnette, Adolph, Vercheres. Borduas, Magloire, St. Hilaire Station. Cantin, A., 1058 Notre-Dame, Montreal. Corbeil, J. N., Ste. Anne de Bellevue. Cote & Prevost, Bout de 1'Isle. Dansereau, Alf., Vercheres. Davie Shipbuilding & Repairing Co., Lauzon. Desmarais, T., & Fils, Vercheres. Diamond, Eugene, Co., 31 Colombe, Quebec. Douillette & Leandre, Lachine. Gendron, Joseph, Beauharnois (Box 82). Lecavalier, B., Lachine. Monette, Francis, Cie., Ste. Rose. Montreal Ship Lining Co., 167 Commissioner, Montreal. Poirier, E., Beauharnois (Box 125). Pyke Motor & Yacht Co., 371 St. James, Mon- treal. St. Pierre, L., & Fils, Vercheres. Sheppard, M., Sorel. Sorel Ship Yard, St. Joseph, Sorel. Vaillancourt, Eugene, St. Mathieu. Waterman, O.C., Magog. Boor AND SHOE FINDINGS Boston Last Co., Richmond. Canadian Consolidated Rubber Co., Ltd., Granby. BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS — Continued Canadian Last Block Co., Ltd., Montreal. Canadian Last Block Co., Ltd., Iberville. Chalifour, O., 126 Prince Edouard, Quebec. Constantin & O'Brien, Cor. Prince & Wellington, Montreal. Danville, Mfg. Co., Ltd., Danville. New England Last Block Co., Shawbridge — Last Blocks. Plamondon, V., Charlesbourg, Robin Bros., 135 Carriere S, Montreal. Willard, Geo., & Sons, Mansonville. BOXES AND CRATING A. B. Stove Co. of Canada, Ltd., Montreal. Acme Glove Works, Ltd., Marieville. JEtna, Biscuit Co., Ltd., 245 Delormier, Montreal. Allard, J. H., Ltee., L'Assomption. American Can Co., 389 Jeanne d'Arc, Montreal. Armstong-Whitworth of Canada, 22 Victoria Square, Montreal. Asbestos Mfg. Co., Ltd., 21st Ave. & St. James, Lachine. Asselin, Athanase, St. Jean de Matha — Butter Boxes. Atlas Construction Co., Ltd., 37 Belmont, Montreal. Babin, J., Philippe, Fauvel. Ball, Robert, 174 Mountain, Montreal. Bastien, A., Lorette ville. Beaucage, Henri, Sorel. Beaver Stove & Mach. Co., Ltd., Grand'Mere. Beauchemin, F., Roxton Falls. Beaudet & Tousignant, Parisville. Bedford Stove Co., Bedford. Belanger, A., Ltee, Montmagny. Bernicr & Bernier, Vieille Eglise. Bertrand, F. X., Mfg. Co., St. Hyacinthe. Boissonneault, Adj., St. Laurent d'Or!6ans. Booth-Coulter Copper & Brass Co., Ltd., 19 Queen, Montreal. Brissette, J. H., Ste. Agathe des Monts. Burrill Lumber Co., Three Rivers. Butterfield & Co., Rock Island. California Perfume Co. of Canada, Ltd., Read Building, Montreal. Canada Axe & Harvest Tool Mfg. Co., Ltd., Montreal. Canadian AHis-Chalmers Ltd., Rockfield. Canadian Griscom-Russell Co., 960 St. Paul, Montreal. Canadian Ingersoll-Rand Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke. Canadian Match Co., Ltd., Drummondville. Canadian Trenton Potteries Co., Ltd., St. Johns. Charron, O., St. Sebastien. Coughlin, J. B., Co., Ltd., 2050 Ontario, Montreal. Crest Chemical Co., 687 St. Denis, Montreal. Darling Bros., Ltd., 120 Prince, Montreal. Davidson, Thos., Mfg. Co., Ltd., 187 Delisle, Montreal. Desroches, E., Ste. Beatrix — Butter Boxes. Dionne & Dionne, St. Mathieu — Butter & Cheese Boxes. D'Israeli Box Co., D'Israeli. Dominion Box & Packing Co., 60 Leyis, Montreal. Dominion Bridge Co., Ltd., Lachine. Dominion Glass Co., Ltd., Royal Trust Bldg., Montreal. Dominion Textile Co., Ltd., Magog. Dupont, A., Napierville. CLASSIFIED DIRECTORY OF MANUFACTURERS 81 BOXES AND CRATING — Continued Eastern Township Box Co., D'Israeli. Eveleigh, J., & Co., 107 College, Montreal- Trunks. Fairbanks, E. & T., & Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke. Fortier, J. M., Ltd., 416 Notre-Dame, \\., Montreal. Foucher, Frs., St. Clement. Fniser, Thornton & Co., Ltd., Cookshire. Oagnon & Desehene, St. Charles de Bellechasse. Gignac, J. H., Ltee., 142 de 1'Eglise, Quebec- Trunks. Gosselin J. Honore, Drummondville. Goulet Bros., 174 Hotel de Ville, Montreal. Grimm Mfg. Co., Ltd., 58 Wellington, Montreal. Gravel, A., Lumber Co., Ltd., Pont Etchemin — Shocks. Hayes, Joseph, Shigawake. Holmes & Arpin, Hochelaga, Montreal. Jacob, E., & Fils, Ste. Genevieve de Batiscan. Jean, Alex., Mont Carmel — Butter Boxes. Labrie & Frere, St. Charles de Bellechasse — Biscuit Boxes. Lamontagne Ltd., 338 Notre-Dame W., Mon- treal— Trunks. Laperle, L., St. Ours — Butter Boxes. Laurentide Co., Ltd., Grand' Mere. Laurie, E., Co., 243 Bleury, Montreal. Lay Whip Co., Ltd., Rock Island. Letourneau, Omer, St. Joseph de Beauce. Lumber & Construction Co., Ltd., Ville St. Pierre. McEwan, R. D., Kensington. Martin Frere & Cie., Ltee., Montreal. Mercure, S., St. Augustin — Evaporators. Meyer-Thomas Co., Ltd., 17 St. John, Montreal. Meyer-Thomas Co., Ltd., Granby. Moiseau, Alfred, Lake Megantic. Monarch Electric Co., Ltd., St. Lambert. Mondor, Fidele, St. Damien de Brandon — Butter Boxes. Nesbit, E. T., 10th Ave., Limoilou Ward, Quebec. Norcross Bros. Co., Iberyille. Norton, A. O., Ltd., Coaticook. Paradis & Letourneau, Stadacona, Quebec. Pariseau Frere, Ltee., Outremont, Montreal. Paquet, Joseph, Buckingham. Piper, Hiram L. Co., 75 St. Remi, Montreal. Robertson, James, Co., Ltd., 142 William, Mon- treal. Robertsonville Foundry, Robertsonville. Rock City Tobacco Co., Ltd., 224 Dorchester, Quebec. Roy, J. G., Cap Chat. Ruel, Edouard, Lauzon — Trunks. Ste. Agathe Lumber & Construction Co., Ltd., Ste. Agathe des Monts. Saurnure, Phillippe, 1222 Henri Julien, Montreal. Sherbrooke Machinery Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke. Small Bros., Dunham. Standard Box Co., Lennoxville— Butter Boxes. Stevens, H. G., Dunham. Terreau & Racine, 196 St. Paul, Quebec. Tht-Teault, Euchatiste, L' An.se a la Louise — Cod- fish Boxes. Tremblay, Joseph, Ste. Felicitt — Butter Boxes. Turner Lumber UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY