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NATURAL
HISTORY

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THE

WOODY PLANTS

OF MANHATTAN

IN THEIR WINTER CONDITION

E>

A. S. HITCHCOCK

Professor of Botany, Kansas State

Agricultural College.

MANHATTAN, KANSAS,
Mercury Publishing House, Printers.
1893.

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COPYRIGHTED BY A.
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INTRODUCTION.

The following descriptions were written for the use of the students of
the Kansas State Agricultural College, there being no work available for
the determination of woody plants in their winter condition.

The nomenclature is that adopted recently by the Botanical Club of
the A. A. A.8., and the sequence of species is that of Gray’s Manual,
sixth edition.

The characters given under a genus are not necessarily generic but
are those which are common to the species under consideration. The
specific descriptions apply to the species as observed in this locality and
may not always hold good over a wider range. <A few definitions will be
necessary for a correct understanding of the descriptions. The pith
though usually circular, may be rhomboidal as in wahoo, or five angled
as in the oaks. It is understood to be cylindrical unless otherwise stated.
Homogeneous pith is the same density throughout the twig and is the

“~usual condition, but occasionally it consists of a series of thin transverse

diaphragms a short distance apart as in the walnut, or is continuous
except at the nodes where there is a woody cross-partition as in the grapes.

.. By twig is meant the growth of the previous season, all older being
“, ealled branchlets or branches. The color of the twigs of most species is

subject to considerable variation and some allowance must be made in

™. applying the description. The lenticels or small corky eruptions which
‘ roughen the epidermis are only occasionally of suflicient diagnostic value

NS

J

to be included in the descriptions. The shape of the leaf-scar may vary
considerably in the same twig especially toward the base or apex.
In. procuring a twig for identification it is best to select one
which has made the ordinary healthy growth, avoiding those which are
stunted and also theabnorinally vigorous sprouts The description of the

-leaf-scar applies to those of normal shape which occur over the middle

portion of the twig. Most of the terms applied to the shape are self-ex-
planatory. Arcuate is the same width throughout, but slightly curved.

. The exposed ends of the fibrovascular bundles are aggregated in more

or less definite groups known as bundle-sears. At the angles of the
leaf-scars will be found the stipule-scars, in plants provided with stip-
ules. When the leaf-scars are oblique, the stipule-scars, if present, are
unequal, the longer being on the side toward which the bud is placed.
The arrangement (phyllotaxy) of alternate leaves on the twig is
usually two-ranked, qve-ranked, or eight-ranked. In the first or one-half

phyllotaxy, the third leaf-scar, starting at any point, is directly over the
first; in the second, or two-fifths phyllotaxy, the sixth leaf-scar is over
the first; while in three-eighths phyllotaxy, the ninth is directly over the
first, that is, there are eight leaves in a cycle, which consists of a spiral
passing three times around the stem. The phyllotaxy may vary from
two-fifths to three-eighths in the same species or even in different twigs
on the same plant.

The lateral buds are usually single but there may be two or more in
the same axil, one above another, when they are superposed. The term-
inal bud in many cases is not present, the upper lateral bud taking its
place and pushing aside a terminal scar, which may be caused by the fall-
ing off of an inflorescence, but usually (according to Foerste, Bot. Gaz.
xvii. No. 6,) is due to the casting off of the green terminal portion of the
twig earlier in the season.

Since it has not been necessary, except in a few cases, to discrim-
inate between closely allied species, the descriptions do not include the
finer details but are confined to what seemed sufficient to identify the
species.

The list includes sixty-three native species and four that are in com-
mon cultivation and have escaped in places. The four not native are
Tree of Heaven, Black Locust, Catalpa and Osage Orange.

The fruit or leaves are often obtainable and will aid in the identifica-
tion, in which case the student should refer to Gray’s Manual.

Thanks are due to Dr. William Trelease, Director of the Missouri
Botanical Garden, and Prof. S.C. Mason, of this College, for various favors.

KEY TO GENERA.

A. lLeaf-scars more than one at each node.
a. Buds pubescent.

SUNOS) SAUL OU seer tee a cia ao) Meets ccalele sess vate ee SNCOT!
Twies Crayebuds DrOWwn-felty....kee ss oc. ciees oe Fraxinus.
Twigs very small, yellow, scales 2-3 pairs. ..Symphoricarpos.
Piwies Ted, Scales ONC PAIL... ...Mee ds sche ces sarge oes Cornus.

b. Buds glabrous.
MRE VOUONECL tC a caste nisin sn « RMAEMPIET Sols cj dtree tie, ele. Juniperus.

2. Deciduous.
esisears GuCular. Or Oval ..iiee ss oa cidanie as woe os Catalpa.
MeC at Scary Ul -SNAped sec...) apiece cise os seies ene since. Acer.

Leaf-scars more or less semicircular.

Pith rhomboidal, twigs 4-angled..... .... Hvonymus.

Pith cylindrical, twigs not angled.
Stipule-scars present.

Joining the leaf-sears......... .Cephalanthus.

Wot ‘Meetings... <.teemee oo. Geka .. .Staphylea.
Stipule-scars absent.

Leat-scars meeting................ Sambucus.

Leaf-scars not meeting.... ........ /Eseulus.

B. Leaf-scars one at each node.
a. Plants armed with prickles or thorns.
1. Thorns representing branches.
Bearing leaf-scars below, thorn-like at apex.

heat-SCarshVi-SUawell i. .¥: eee steals aie ae Pyrus.
WiGAT-SGALSROWAL:.. 0/4. «Sake DE oe Sods wie Prunus.

Typical thorns, bearing no leaf-sears.
Simple; buds globose, single.

COLO ASD Ys rises 2s ods eee ae seen aus loxylon.
Wolog red. OF, DIOWMe. sseme tact ©. ieceles Cratiegus.
Branched; buds superposed................ Gleditsia.

“J

ow

20)
va

16

350
13

WOODY PLANTS OF MANHATTAN

Prickles not representing branches.
In position of stipules.

be

suds ‘hidden by leaf-scar.:. ... .s.ceeebacs anane Robinia.

buds exposed, red pubescent .......... Zanthoxylum.
Seattered.

Plant provided with tendrils.................. Smilax.

No tendrils.

A triple’spine below leaf-sear.............. Ribes.
Twigs strongly glaucous or else 5-ridged.. Rubus.

Twigs cylindrical and at most only slightly

PIRIEOUS .. Bee oo e's ee aie ee chee eee Rosa.

b. Plants unarmed.
1. Buds naked.

Parkbro Wie Slucy. .....debaks sess ae -.- Meer mee Asimina.
Pubescence buff or gray.
FRUNGTE-SGATIONC. . etek. «,cnee eisicais cree cies Ceanothus.
Bundle-sears several... 6s... So aw be oes eee s eM

2. Buds scaly.
*Vines. :
Provided with tendrils.

Woody partitions at nodes................. Vitis.

No partitions at nodes.
Aerial rootlets on old parts; tendrils irregu-

larly DYanChine ss. cahes.. Ampelopsis.
No aerial rootlets: tendrils forked ....Cissus.

No tendrils.

Leaf-scars semicircular. ........ 0.20.6. Celastrus.
ieat-SCArs CITCMEAL: «oem ae ares cts Menispermum.

**Not vines.
+Leat-scars two-ranked.
Buds glabrous.

SUPSLPOSEMA.: .ecicrc seo + ne heed Cercis.
Single.
Scales two or three.............s020% Tilia.
Scales several.
Twies DIOWD: 2. 2. sees eee Ulmus.
‘Twigs light colored............ Morus.
Buds pubescent.
Pith: diaphragmed .>3..:. os <n eeeereeee s Celtis.
Pith homogeneous.
Buds dark brown, silky......... *.. Ulmus.
Buds light brown, sparingly pubescent.
Conigal, pointed: -...026.%.... Ostrya.
Flattened, rounded.......... Corylus.

7tLeaf-scars more than two-ranked.
Pith 5-angled.

Upper buds clustered at apex of twig... .Quercus.

12
11

IN THEIR WINTER CONDITION.

Buds not clustered.
Scales gummy; stipule-scars present.

Bee eb aot cic. so nin orsie arid aie Populus.
Scales not gummy; no stipule-scars.

BOTs OR MMR IE ci cincc oisceniasatareae jets Hicoria.

Pith cylindrical.
2T wigs pubescent, at least at apex.

Pith diaphragmed..........----+--++ Juglans.
Pith homogeneous.

Browii cc es eve ese cess sss ATES:

White.

Leaf-sears V-shaped.........-- Pyrus.

Leaf-scars heart-shaped... .Sapindus.

Leaf-scars small, semi-oval.
Seales obscure, cottony-villous.

A Set UR Nee Ceanothus.
Seales apparent, glabrescent.
3} HRI ic Sette nclse sy srecs tose Amorpha
2¢Vwigs glabrous.
*Stipule-scars present.
Extending around twig.....--+-.+-++++- Platanus.
Not extending around twig.
Buds superposed.
Leaf-scars semi-oval......-.-.- Amorpha.
Leaf-scars U-shaped.........--- Gleditsia.
Buds single.
Seale one. Mee. -c eae oe eS soe ees Tee Salix.

Scales several.

Buundle-sear 1; twigs gray. .Rhamnus.

Bundle-sears 3; twigs dark.

Leaf-scars V-shaped....... Pyrus.
Leaf-scars oval........--- Prunus.

{Stipule-scars absent.

Terminal bud absent.......---- Gymnocladus.
Terminal bud present........------- Hicoria.

~]

46

41

40

wif

26

14

8 WOODY PLANTS OF MANHATTAN .

DESCRIPTIVE LIST.

1 ASIMINA, Adans. Fam. 1763.
A. TRILOBA, (L.) Dunal, Mon. Anon. 1817. Anona triloba, L. Spec.
1753. Papaw.
A small tree with white pith, brown twigs, glabrous, or pubescent at
apex, two-ranked, rather broadly U-shaped leaf-scars and five bundle
sears. The dark brown, silky buds are naked, the compressed terminal
one being about 1 cm. long with conduplicate leaves, while the lateral
leaf-buds are appressed and only about 4 mm. long, and the flower-buds
globose and diverging. Usually occurs in groves in rich lowland soil.

2 MENISPERMUM, Tourn. Act. Acad. Paris, 1705; L. Spec. 1758.

M. CANADENSE, L. Spec. 1753. Moonseed.
A greenish brown, glabrous, twining vine with white pith, circular,
concave leaf-scars, and about five bundle-scars. The uppermost of the
two to four low, rounded, villous, superposed buds is largest and placed
above the leaf-scar, the others being hidden. The bud scales are not
easily distinguished. ‘Twines opposite to the hands of a watch. Common.

3 TILIA, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec, 1753.

T. AMERICANA, L. Spec. 1753. Basswood.

A medium sized tree with smooth gray bark, white pith, drab, red or
light brown, glabrous twigs, two-ranked, semi-oval, oblique leaf-scars
with three to several bundle-scars, unequal stipule-scars, and no terminal
buds. The ovoid lateral buds have two or rarely three scales which are
glabrous or sometimes slightly pubescent at apex. Along moist bluffs.
Not common.

4. ZANTHOXYLUM, L. Gen. 1787; Spec. 1753.

Z. AMERICANUM, Mill. Dict.' 1768. Prickly Ash.

A shrub, four to eight feet high, with white pith. pubescent, dark
brown or dark gray twigs, armed with prickles, or rarely unarmed. The
short, stout, flattened prickles are in the position of stipules or occasion-
ally scattered. The five-ranked leaf-scars are triangular heart-shaped,
containing three separate or more or less coallescing bundle-scars. The
buds are low and densely reddish, felty-pubescent, with obscure scales.
Not common.

id eo)

IN THEIR WINTER CONDITION.

5 AILANTHUS, Desf. Act. Acad. Paris, 1786.
A. @LANDULOSA, Desf. I. c. Tree of Heaven.
A tree cultivated for shade and escaped in places. Pith large. choc-
olate-brown, twigs very large, light brown, pubescent and glaucous; large
leaf-scars five-ranked, from V-shaped to triangular heart-shaped; bundle-
scars numerous, frequently aggregated in about five areas; buds single,

low, scarcely raised above the epidermis; scales about two, rounded and
pabescent; terminal buds none. Native of China.

6 CELASTRUS, L. Gen. 1787; Spec. 1753.
C. SCANDENS, L. Spec. 1753. bitter-sweet.
A twining vine with white pith, smooth light gray twigs, eight-
ranked, semicircular leaf-scars, with bundle-scars aggregated in a central
mass. The almost horizoutally diverging buds are 1 to 2 mm. long, with
the two outer, keeled, brownish scales enclosing several smaller ones.
Searlet fruit persistent. Common.

7 EVONYMUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753.
E. ATROPURPUREUS, Jacq. Hort. Vind. 1772. Wahoo.
A rather tall shrub with whitish, rhomboidal pith, smooth, green,
four-angled twigs and white, semicircular, opposite leaf-scars with one
bundle-scar. Terminal bud with two or three pairs of glabrous seales;
lateral very small and appressed with one pair of scales. Fruit persist-
ent. Not common.

8 RHAMNUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753.

R. LANCEOLATA, Pursh, FI]. 1814. Buckthorn.

A shrub with white pith, glabrous, gray twigs, sinall oval or arcuate,
four-ranked leaf-scars, with one bundle-scar, and stipule-scars just above
the angles of the leaf-scar. Buds pointed. appressed, about 3 mm. long,
with several brown, glabrous scales. The phyllotaxy can he compared
to that of decussate leaves in which one leat of each pair is some distance
above the other. Rare.

9 CEANOTHUS, L. Act. Soc. Ups. 1741; Spec. 1753.
C. ovatus, Desf. Arb. ii, 1809. Red-root.
A low shrub with pubescent, gray or red-brown twigs, small, eight-
ranked, semi-oval leaf-scars, one horizontal bundle-scar, and frequently
persistent awl-shaped stipules. The scales of the globose, densely cot-
tony-villous buds can not be easily distinguished. Common in upland
woods and rocky hills.

10 VITIS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753.

Woody vines climbing by forked tendrils placed opposite the leaf scars.
Twigs brown and striate, the bark on the older portions becoming
shreddy. Leaf-scars semicircular to crescent-shaped, the surface irreg-
ular, and the bundle-sears obscure. Buds obtuse, the two or three smooth
brown scales frequently exposing the densely pubescent young leaves.

10 WOODY PLANTS OF MANHATTAN

The pith is homogeneous, except at the nodes, where there is a woody
cross partition.
Twigs cylindrical, glabrous.

Partition 4.toWd mms widO:c es detest = sae V. viparia.
Partition about 14 mmm wide 7.2. .:...s..a06 V. cordifolia.
Twigs angled: coutony .\:. sense cc sere eee eee V. cinerea.

V. CINEREA, (Engelm ) Engelm. Bushberg Cat. 1888, V. aestivalis,
var. cnerea, Engelm. in Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 1868. Downy Grape.
Common along the Blue and lowlands of the Kansas rivers.

V. CORDIFOLIA, Michx. FI. 1803. Frost Grape.
Rare along Kansas river from Manhatttan to St. George.

V. RIPARIA, Michx. FI. 1803. Summer Grape.
Common.

11 CISSUS, L. FI. Zeyl. 1747; Spee. 1753.

C. AMPELOPSIS, Pers. Syn. i, 1805. Cissus,

A vine climbing by once or twice forked tendrils, placed opposite the
leaf-scars, with white pith becoming diaphragmed in the older canes, no
partitions at the nodes, light gray-brown, glabrous, somewhat angled
twigs, irregularly circular, two-ranked, raised leaf-scars and low buds,
surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, with one scale almost enclosing
the bud. Frequent.

12 AMPELOPSIS, Michx. F1. 1803.

A. QUINQUEFOLIA, Michx. |. ¢. Virginia Creeper.

A vine climbing by irregularly branching tendrils opposite the leaf-
scars and also aerial rootlets on the older parts. ‘l'wigs brownish gray to
light buff, rather sparsely hirsute or glabrescent, leaf-scars cylindrical,
concave, two-ranked, with several bundle-scars in an irregular circle;
stipule-scars conspicuous, curved downward; buds low and rounded, with
few glabrous or slightly rusty scales. Common.

18 AHSCULUS, L. Syst. 1740; Spec. 1753.

4K. ARGUTA, Buckley, Proc. Am. Acad. 1860. Buckeye.

A shrub or low tree with white pith, which quickly cracks leaving
radiating cavities; large buff or reddish brown, glabrous or minutely
pubescent twigs; large heart-shaped, opposite leaf-scars, with three areas
of bundle-sears; and large lanceolate, acute terminal buds, with numer-
ous, acute, striate, often glaucous scales. The terminal bud is sometimes
absent, when the upper pair of lateral buds are much larger than usual.
Frequent.

14 SAPINUUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 17538.

S. MARGINATUS, Willd. Enum _ 1809. Soap-berry.
A small tree with white pith, light gray twigs, glabrescent below,
pubescent above, and frequently ridged; five-ranked, heart-shaped leaf-

IN THEIR WINTER CONDITION. 11

scars, the raised borders of which form at the lower angles small protub-
erances; bundle-scars in three areas; terminal buds none; lateral buds
two or three superposed, contiguous (or single), low, densely pubescent.
Rare, on dry hills.

15 ACER, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spee. 1753.
A. SACCHARINUM, L. Spec. 1753. Soft Maple.
A large tree, with reddish or yellowish-brown, glabrous twigs, V-
shaped, opposite leaf-scars not quite meeting, but joined by a line, and
three bundle-scars. Terminal buds with two or three pairs, the appressed
lateral with one or two pairs of smooth, ovate, obtuse scales. Common
along the B.ue, and the Kansas river below the mouth of the Blue.

A. NEGUNDO, L. Spec. 1753. box Elder.

A small or medium tree with yellow-green or dark red-brown, glab-
rous and glaucous twigs, above the nodes of which is an impression,
marking the position of the bases of the petiole during the previous sea-
son. The leaf-scars are narrow, V-shaped, opposite, the lateral angles
meeting and extending upwards into a free appendage. Bundle-sears are
three, or the lateral double. Buds pubescent, gray. the scales about two
pairs, ovate, obtuse. Frequent in lowland woods.

146 STAPHYLEA, L. Gen. 1737; Spec. 1753.
S. TRIFOLIA, I.. Spec. 1753. Bladder-nut.
A shrub with brownish gray or mottled yellow, glabrous twigs, white-
streaked branches and trunks, semicircular or crescent, opposite leat-
scars, with about three bundle-scars, and stipule-scars at the angles but
not meeting. Terminal bud absent; lateral buds with two pairs of glab-
rous scales. Infrequent along bluffs.

17 RHUS, L. Gen. 1787; Spec. 1753.

WO SEOUADMOUS Soho 5. laa: OM eleid skits Se Peco ees R. glabra.
Twigs pubescent.
Buds hidden by leaf-sear...................R. Canadensis.
EWC Se ON: «<2. .:.): HMB Sib ce cory rote tb arans R. radicans.
R. GLABRA, L. Spec. 1753. Smooth Sumae.

A shrub with large yellow-brown pith, large, reddish, glabrous and
glaucous twigs, compressed toward the apex by ridges decurrent from
the leaf-scars, which are five-ranked, narrow, horse-shoe shaped and
nearly surrounding the bud. bBundle-scars numerous. Terminal buds
none; lateral low, naked and densely brown-woolly. Common on dry
hills, thickets, ete.

R. RADICANS, L. Spec. 1753. Poison Ivy. Poison Oak.
An erect shrub or a vine climbing by aerial rootlets. Pith white;
twigs light brown, striate, minutely pubescent; leaf-scars two-ranked,
heart, crescent or V-shaped, with raised border; bundle-sears five or six;

(SRARY
E ViNIVERSITy OF RLuwoes

12 WOODY PLANTS OF MANHATTAN

buds naked, rusty pubescent. Very common in woods, along fences, and
stone walls.

R. CANADENSIS, Marsh Arb. 1785. Canada Sumac.

A smallshrub with white pith, brown twigs finely pubescent above,
glabrescent below, five or eight-ranked, circular leaf-scars raised on a
broad base, with several scattered bundle-sears. Pubescent buds naked,
entirely hidden by the over-arching leaf-scar. The next year’s catkins
conspicuous. Infrequent on rocky hills.

18 AMORPHA, L. Gen. 1737; Spec. 1753.
CBWESS PUNESCOMT Fe 5/.:. debt act: ch hatore= hi ear A. canescens.
GLAS PPT OUS ssc na. 3 . oid Wisin sat sie 2 oo eo aS A. fruticosa.
A. CANESCENS, Nutt. in Fraser’s Cat. 1818. Lead plant.

A low shrub one or two feet high or occasionally as much as four feet.
Twigs light brown or ashy, glabrescent below, pubescent above. ‘The
small leaf-scars eight-ranked, with three bundle-scars usually coalescent,
and minute or obsolete stipule-scars. Buds single, flattened and closely
appressed. Just above the bud there is a protuberance of the bark. Scales
about four, brown, glabrescent. Common on prairie and in upland
woods.

A. FrutTICOSsA, L. Spec. 1753. False Indigo.

A shrub with gray, glabrous. suleate twigs which die back at the
summit, semi-oval, five-ranked leaf-scars, three closely aggregated bun-
die-scars, small stipules, usually persistent at the angles of the leaf-scars.
Buds two superposed, the upper closely appressed; scales four or five,
dark-brown, glabrous. Common in moist places.

19 ROBINIA, L. Gen. 1737; Spec. 1755.
R. Pspupo-Acacia, L. Spec. 1753. Black Locust.
Twigs light brown, glabrous, somewhat ridged. Leaf-scars triangu-
lar three-lobed, raised in the centre; bundle-scars three; stipular spines
present or obsolete. Buds entirely hidden by leaf-scars, the cavity
beneath lined with dense ferruginous pubescence. Introduced asashade
tree and escaped in places.

20 CERCIS, L. Gen. 1737; Spec. 1753.

©. CANADENSIS, L. Spec. 1753. Red bud.

A small tree with twisted and sealy bark; dark red-brown, glabrous,
shining, slightly ridged twigs, two-ranked, triangular three-lobed leaf_
scars, three bundle-scars and stipule-scars or persistent stipules adjacent
above the leaf-scar. Terminal buds none; lateral small, flattened,
appressed, two or threé superposed. Flower buds larger, oval, spread-
ing. Scales two or three. Common.

IN THEIR WINTER CONDITION. 13

21 GY MNOCLADUS, Lam. Dict. i, 1783.
G. proica, (L.) Koch, Dend. 1869-73. Guilandinu dioica, L. Spec.
1758. Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. 1. ec.
Kentucky Coffee Tree.
A medium tree with reticulately roughened bark, chocolate pith,
large, light drab twigs, glabrous, but roughened by numerous prominent
lenticels. The large, V-shaped leaf-scars, five-ranked, with three or five
bundle-sears, and obsolete stipule-scars. ‘Terminal bud none; lateral
two or three superposed, the upper a short distance above the others, all
dark pubescent, low and circular, surrounded by an incurved rim of the
bark. Infrequent in lowland woods.

22 GLEDITISIA,L. Gen. Ed. 2, 1742; Spec. 1753. Gleditschia, Scop. 1777.

G. TRIACANTHOS, L. Spec. 1753. Honey: Locust.

A large tree with close dark bark, green or light gray, glabrous, sul-
cate twigs flattened at the nodes, five-ranked, horse-shoe shaped, usually
somewhat three-lobed, prominent leaf-scars, thmee bundle-scars and
minute or obsolete stipule-scars. Terminal buds none; lateral several
superposed, the lower minute and seen only in longitudinal sections
through node, the uppermost low and rounded A short distance above
the buds there is a smooth red or brown more or less branched thorn, the
branches in the axils of minute scales. Much branched thorns usually
occur in fascicles on the trunk or not infrequently the tree is entirely
unarmed. The branchlets are often nodulose from the developement of
very short rounded twigs which bore fascicled leaves. Common in low-
land woods.

23 PRUNUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spee. 1758.

Shrubs or smal] trees with glabrous twigs, five-ranked leaf-sears,
three bundle-scars and small stipule scars

Twigs and buds dark steel-gray, dull...........P. Virginiana.
Twigs and buds red brown, shining.
PRHESEMNeG IOI. °. 22. . See Awe. se P. Americana.
Sle os. . + s Swen P. angustifolia.
P. AMERICANA, Marsh. Arb. 1785. Wild Plum.

The branches usually bear stunted thorn-like twigs or branchlets
which are provided with leaf-scars. These semi-oval or arcuate. Ter-
minal buds none; lateral appressed, acute, single or with two additional,
collateral, diverging flower buds. Scales several, ovate, obtuse. Infre-
quent in thickets, along fences, etc.

P. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Marsh. Arb. 1785. P. Chicasa, Michx. Fl. 1803.

Chicasaw Plum,

Differs from P. Americana in having more slender twigs, smaller tri-
angular-pointed buds with scales glabrous or somewhat pubescent. A
shrub common on sand hills south of Manhattan.

14 WOODY PLANTS OF MANHATTAN .

P. VIRGINIANA, L Spec. 1753. Choke-Cherry.

Twigs rather large; leaf-scars more or less triangular, comparatively
small, sometimes with only one bundle-scar. Buds pointed; scales five or
six, glabrous, obtuse. A shrub or small tree rare in thickets.

24 .RUBUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L Spec. 1753.

Declining suffruticose plants, with biennial or short lived perennial
canes, armed with recurved prickles, five-ranked leaf-scars and three bun-
dle-scars.

Twigs glaucous, cylindrical.... +.......... R. occidentalis.
Twigs not glaucous, five-ridged................ R._ villosus.
R. OCCIDENTALIS, L. Spec. 1753. Black Raspberry.

Pith yellow, cylindrical; twigs red-brown: leaf-scars crescent or
semicircular, considerably raised, the leaf frequently breaking away
irregularly, leaving a long stump without a distinct scar. Buds oblong
with several acutish scales, more or less pubescent at apex. Common in
upland woods, along fences, ete.

R. viLLosus, Ait. Hort. Kew. 1789. Blackberry.

Pith greenish, five-rayed; twigs purple, glabrous; prickles from a flat-
tened base, sometimes straight: leaf-scars V-shaped, base of petiole often
persistent; buds conical, strongiy divergent, single or two or three super-
posed, scales few, somewhat pubescent. Infrequent.

25 ROSA, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753.
Prickly shrubs with white pith, V-shaped leaf-scars and three bundle

scars. é ? t
wigs ovreen: climbine....-.cuseerss cera ote R. setigera.
Twigs red: a low SHEE 2525 c8e 3. > ote eee R. Arkansana.
R. SETIGERA, Michx FI]. 1803. Climbing Rose.

Twigs green; prickles flattened, recurved above an oval, white, well
defined base; buds strongly divergent, oblong, obtuse, pink, scales two or
three. Rare.

R. ARKANSANA, Porter, Fl. Colorado, 1874. Wild Rose.

A low shrub, usually not more than two feet high, with slightly glau-
cous twigs, armed with straight prickles from an elliptical base; leaf-.
sears very narrow, nearly half encircling the stem. Bud about 2 mm.
above the leaf-scar, with three or four red or black scales, pubescent at
tip. Common on prairie and open woods.

26 PYRUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; Spec. 1753.
P. CORONARIA, L. Spec. 1753 Wild Crab-apple.

Asmall tree with red, glabrous twigs or in vigorous sprouts pubescent
at apex, five-ranked, very narrow, open V-shaped leaf-scars, three bun-
dle-scars and obsolete stipule-sears. Buds flattened, appressed, acutish:

IN THEIR WINTER CONDITION. 15

scales several, glabrous but disclosing some pubescence at summit of bud.
Along bluffs of Kansas river below Manhattan. P. Joensis, Bailey, of
eastern Kansas, is easily distinguished by its densely pubescent twigs.

27 CRATAGUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spee. 1753.

C. COCCINEA, L. Spec. 1753. Scarlet Haw.

A small tree with smooth and shining, dark red twigs, armed
with slender, sharp pointed, slightly curved axillary thorns, one to
two inches long and same color as twig. The base of the thorn is enlarged
and bears a leaf-scar with bud on one side and a few fainter leaf-scars
above. The arcuate or semi-oval leaf-scars are five-ranked with three
bundle sears. buds globose; scales several, rounded, glabrous. Rare in
upland woods.

Var. MOLLIS, Torr & Gray, F!. i, 1840.

Distinguished by the twigs being a duller brown.and twigs and buds
being usually sparsely villous, and by the buds being larger and the scales
more open and spreading. Rare.

28 RIBES, L. Gen. 1787; Spec. 1753.

R. GRACILE, Michx. FI. 1803. Wild Gooseberry.

A declining shrub with light-brown, glabrous, suleate twigs, armed
with brown triple spines below the leaf-scars, and on at least part of
the old wood with scattered prickles. Leaf-scars five-ranked, narrow, U-
shaped, almost hidden by the spines. Bundle-scars three. Buds conical,
brownish, with numerous ovate scales, keeled at apex. Scales persistent
at base of twig. Frequent in lowland woods.

29 CORNUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753.

Shrubs with hexagonal pith, red, pubescent twigs, crescent-shaped,
opposite leaf-scars, with three bundle-scars. Terminal buds compressed,
pointed; lateral, smaller, closely appressed. Scales two.

Branchlets bright red; pubescence soft......... ). sericea.
Branchlets gray; pubescence appresssed....C. asperifoliu.

C. SERICEA, L. Mant. ii, 1771. Downy Dogwood.

Twigs and branchlets dark red, the former softly cinereous-pubescent,
which hides the color. A small shrub three or four feet high, often with
elongated stoloniferous branches. Infrequent in moist, rocky places.

C. ASPERIFOLIA, Michx. FI]. 1803. Gray Dogwood.

Twigs pale, dull red, the pubescence appressed and not hiding color
of twig, the branchlets becoming gray-brown and finally gray. A shrub
or sometimes almost a tree, very common in woods, thickets and along
fences. This species is best distinguished from the previous by the color
of the second and third year wood.

16 WOODY PLANTS OF MANHATTAN

30 SAMBUCUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753.
S. CANADENSIS, L. Spec. 1753. Elderberry.
A shrub with large pith, light gray, glabrous, slightly angled twigs,
large, triangular heart-shaped, opposite leaf-scars meeting around the
stem and five bundle-sears. ‘Terminal portion of twig dies back; lateral
buds usually two, superposed, or if more, clustered; scales two or three
pairs, glabrous, abruptly pointed. Not common.

31 SYMPHORICARPOS, Dill. Hort. Elth. 1732; Adans. Fam. 1768.
Symphoricarpus, HBK. Nov. Gen. iii, 1818.

S. VULGARIS, Michx. FI. 1803. Buck-bush.

A low shrub with extensive stolons, very slender, light brown, pub-
escent twigs, very small, triangular or shield-shaped, opposite leaf-scars
connected by a ridge, and oue bundle-scar. Frequently the base of the
petiole persists as a withered stump without leaving a distinct scar.
Buds very small, usually three collateral; scales two or three pairs, pub-
escent. Berries persistent. Common on prairie and upland woods.

32 CEPHALANTHUS, L. Gen. 1787; Spec. 1753.
C. OCCIDENTALIS, L. Spec. 1753. Button-bush.
A shrub with green or brown twigs, semicircular, opposite or whorled
leaf-scars, central semicircular bundle-sears, stipule-scars or persistent
stipules encircling the stem and very small, low buds, single or two
superposed. Frequent in wet places.

338 FRAXINUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753.

F. viripis, Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 1813. Green Ash.

A small or medium tree with smooth, gray twigs, flattened at the
nodes, semicircular or shield-shaped, opposite leaf-scars and central
semicircular bundle-scars. Terminal buds obtuse, with two pairs of dark
brown, felty pubescent scales; lateral single or two superposed. Fre-
quent in lowland woods.

' Var. PUBESCENS, Hitchcock, Cat. Ames, 1891.
Distinguished by its pubescent twigs. Rocky bluffs and thickets.

34 CATALPA, Scop. Introd. 1777.
C. SPECIOSA, Warder in Engelm. in Bot. Gaz. v. 1880. Catalpa.
A small tree, with smooth, gray twigs, opposite or whorled, circular
or oval leaf scars with a concentric row of bundle-scars, and low buds
with several, short, loose scales. Cultivated and escaped in places.

35 ULMUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L Spec. 1753.
Large trees with two ranked, oval, oblique leaf-scars, and unequal
s.ipule-sears.
Twigs gray; buds densely pubescent............ U. fulva.
Twigs brown: budsiglabrous... 25.52 nee. U. Americana.

-

IN THEIR WINTER CONDITION. 17

U. FULVA, Michx. FI. 1808. Red Elm.

Twigs scabrous or hirsutely pubescent, buds ovate, 5 to 6 mm. long,
dark brown, divergent, scales two-ranked, four to six pairs; flower buds
swelling considerably. Common in lowland woods.

U. AMERICANA, L. Spec. 1753. White Elm.

Twigs slender, glabrous, softly pubescent or even somewhat scabrous
but not hispid; buds 8 to 4 mm. long, the lateral appressed, pointed:
scales three or four pairs. Common.

86 CELTIS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spee 1753.

C. OCCIDENTALIS, L. Spec. 1753. IHlackberry.

A small or medium tree with light, corky-ridged bark, white pith
diaphragmed in the region of the nodes, dark gray-brown, glabrous or
sparsely villons twigs, two-ranked, semi-oval or obtusely triangular,
oblique leaf-scars, three bundle-scars and rather obscure stipule-sears.
Terminal buds none; latteral flattened, appressed, pointed; scales about
one pair, somewhat villous. Frequent in lowland woods.

37 IOXYLON, Raf. Am. Monthly Mag. 1817. Maclura, Nutt. Gen. 1818.
I. POMIFERUM, Rafin. 1.c. Maclura aurantiaca, Nutt, 1. e.

Osage Orange.

Twigs light yellowish-drab, glabrous, at least some of them armed

with axillary thorns of the same color. Thorns simple bearing a bud

at base. Leaf-scars five or eight-ranked, obtusely triangular, with a cen-

tral bundle-scar. Buds low, depressed-globose. Scales few, brownish,
ciliate-fringed. Introduced for hedges and escaped in plaees.

38 MORUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753.
M. RUBRA, L. Spec. 1753. Mulberry.
A small tree with light brown or greenish-drab, glabrous twigs, two-
ranked, oval, oblique, concave leaf-scars, and unequal stipule-scars. Ter-
mial buds none; lateral appressed, pointed; scales several, two-ranked,
rounded, glabrous. Infrequent in lowland woods.

39 PLATANUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753.
P. OCCIDENTALIS, L. Spec. 1753. Sycamore.
A large tree with smooth or slightly pubescent, light-brown, suleate
twigs, narrow, five-ranked leaf-scars, about half encircling the twig, five
prominent bundle-scars, and encircling stipule-scars. Buds conical,
smooth and shining as if sticky, scale one, entirely enclosing the bud.
Frequent along streams. Bark white and smooth, scaling off in patches.

40 JUGLANS, L. Gen. 1787; Spec. 1753.
J. NIGRA, L. Spec. 1753. Black Walnut.
A large tree with diaphragmed pith, dark brown, clammy pubescent
twigs; and three-lobed, five-ranked leaf-scars with three U-shaped bun-
dle-sears. Terminal bud 10 mm. long or shorter; lateral two, superposed,

18 WOODY PLANTS OF MANHATTAN

upper globose, 2 or 3mm. long; scales downy. Common in lowland
woods.

41 HICORLA, Rafin. Fl. Ludov. 1817. Carya, Nutt. Gen. 1818.

3ud scales two, valvate, yellow.......... .... H. minima.
Bud seales several, brows )4. 0. 3... a. 2s se csi H. ovata.

H. ovara, (Mill.) Britt. Bull. Torr. Club, xv, 1888. Juglans ovata,
Mill. Dict 1768. Carya alba, Nutt.1].¢. 1818. Shellbark Hickory.
A large tree with rather large, dark chocolate, glabrous twigs, large,
eight-ranked, circular to heart-shaped leaf-scars, three areas of bundle-
scars and large terminal buds. Lateral buds single, small, obtuse, strongiy
divergent: terminal elliptical or lanceolate; scales acuminate, the inner
pubescent above. Along the bluffs below Manhattan, on the south side of
the Kansas river.

IL. MINIMA, (Marsh.) Britt. 1 ¢. Juglans alba minima, Marsh. Arb. 1785.

Carya amara, Nutt. Gen. 1818. Pignut Hickory.

A small tree with yellowish-gray, smooth twigs, sprinkled with waxy

atoms, especially above, as are the bud scales; flve-ranked, heart-shaped

leaf-scars, bundle-scars aggregated in about three areas and narrow,

acute, curved terminal buds with waxy-yellow scales. Lateral buds two
or three superposed, the upper frequently long stalked. Common.

42 CORYLUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spee. 17538.
C. AMERICANA, Walt. Fl. 1788. Hazel-nut.
A shrub with light brown or yellowish-drab, pubescent or glabrescent
twigs. two-ranked, crescent or oval leaf-scars, scattered bundle-sears and
conspicuous stipule-scars Buds flattened, rounded, scales several,
rounded, upper pubescent. Next year’s catkins conspicuous. Said to
occur ten miles northeast of Manhattan (8. C. Mason.)

48 OSTRYA, Mich. Nov. Gen. 1722; Scop. Carn. ii. 1772.

O. VIRGINIANA, (Mill ) Koch, Dendr. ii. 2. 1869 78. Carpinus. Virgin-
iana, Mill. Dict. 1768. Iron-wood.

A small tree with twisted bark, brown or gray, softly pubescent or
glabrescent twigs, small semi-oval or arcuate, slightly oblique, two-
ranked leaf-scars, three bundle-scars and unequal stipule-scars. Buds
conical, pointed, divergent, 5 or 6 mm. long; scales several, pubescent.
Next year’s catkins usually present. Frequent in upiand woods.

44 QUERCUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753.

Pith five-angled; twigs five-ridged from the angles’ of the semicireu-
lar, five-ranked leaf-scars; bundle-scars several, scattered; stipule-scars
small, often inconspicuous; upper lateral buds clustered at apex of twig.

Buds rounded, about as high as wide.
Gilabrouss bia: «iene ls eee settee miei ae QY. prinoides.
Pubescentt).: . tisbetei cee aie aan ees Y. macrocarpa.

IN THEIR WINTER CONDITION. 19

Suds pointed, about twice as high as wide.

Twigs glabrous and buds nearly so.............. Q. rubra.
Buds pubescent.
A Vie UME SCOMbivcn hs tava a« ss hi ydeane dovamides oes Y. nigra.
PUP WET SOL AINT US peered <a Nin leita s, ola ls S's wi aveeale Q. tinctoria.
). MACROCARPA, Michx. Hist. Chenes. 1801. Bur Oak.

A large tree with rough, light colored bark, branchlets, and often the
light brown, glabrous or minutely pubescent twigs corky ridged, and fre-
quently persistent stipules. lLeaf-scars sometimes triangular-heart-
shaped. Common.

(J. PRINOIDES, Willd. N. Schr. Ges. Berlin, iii, 1803; Spec. iv. 1805. Y.
Muhlenbergii, Engelm. Trans. St. L. Acad. iii, 1877. Chinquapin Oak.

A shrub or tree with light, scaly bark, red or light brown glabrous
twigs and termina] buds not more than 4 mm. long. Very common in
upland woods.

Q. RUBRA, L. Spec. 1753. ved Oak.

'A large tree with dark, close and quite smooth bark, red-brown or

gray-brown twigs and terminal buds 5 or 6 mm. long with close scales.
Frequent in upland woods.

Q TINCTORIA, Bartram, Tray. Ed. 2, 1794. black Oak.
A large tree with close, rough, dark bark, brown, glabrous twigs and
distinctly five-sided buds about 8 mm. long. Frequent in upland wood.

Q. NIGRA, L. Spec. 1753. Black Jack.

A medium tree with close, rough, dark bark, red-brown or gray-brown,
pubescent twigs and buds much as in Q. tinctoria. The twigs on vigor-
ous shoots are frequently glabrescent. Common in upland woods.

45 SALIX, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753.
Leaf-scars five-ranked; bundle-scars three; stipule-scars present; buds
appressed, pointed; scale one.
Twigs and buds soft-pubescent; leaf-scars U-shaped.
AEE Ss cith a A MT A a S. cordata.
Twigs and buds glabrous or appressed-pubescent; leaf-scars
crescentonarcuabe..)) .\: Sees cose. - .....8. longifolia.
Twigs and buds glabrous; leaf-scars U-shaped..S amygdaloides.

S. AMYGDALOIDES, (Anders.) Anders. Ofv. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858. S.
nigra, var. amygdaloides, Anders. Koenig. sven. Akad. Handl. vi.

Twigs light yellowish-brown; <A low or tall tree common in moist

places.
S. LONGIFOLIA, Muhl. in N. Schr. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv. 1802.
Sandbar Willow. _
A shrub with slender, red-brown twigs and obtuse buds not more than
_4mm. in length. Common in moist places

20 WOODY PLANTS OF MANHATTAN

S. CORDATA, Muhl. 1. ¢. Downy Willow.

A large straggling shrub with camparatively large cinereous pubes-
cent or glabrescent twigs and rectangular, U-shaped leaf-scars, the latter
sometimes eight-ranked. Stipule-scars conspicuous, oval with one to
three bundle-scars. Flower buds as much as 10 mm. long. Along rocky
streamlets, not common.

46 POPULUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753.

P. MONILIFERA, Ait. Hort. Kew. 1789. Cottonwood.

A large tree with five-angled pith, light yellowish-drab, smooth and
glossy, cylindrical or on vigorous shoots, angled twigs, five-ranked, ellip-
tical, arcuate or shield-shaped leaf-scars with three bundle-scars and
narrow stipule-scars. Terminal bud large, conical, curved, with a few
brownish, ovate, smooth and shining, gummy scales. The lateral flower
buds are very large, as much as2cm long. Frequent in lowland woods.

47 SMILAX, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753.

S. HISPIDA, Muhl. Cat. Ed. 2, 1818. Greenbrier.

An endogenous vine climbing by stipular tendrils. Twigs dark green,
glabrous, at least the lower part armed with straight, polished, dark
brown prickles. The base of the petiole with the two tendrils attached,
persists after the leaf has fallen, leaving no distinct scar. Buds single,
horizontally divergent, conical. two-ranked, showing but one scale. Com-
mon in low woods.

48 JUNIPERUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spee 1753.
J. VIRGINIANA, L. Spec. 1753. Red Cedar.
Evergreen trees with two kinds of leaves, awl-shaped and divergent in
whorls of three, and opposite, appressed, scale-like, with a gland on the
back. Rocky bluffs.

THE OPENING OF THE BUDS OF SOME WOODY
PLANTS.

A. 8S. Hrrcucock.

Some notes were taken during the spring of 1892 on the
opening buds of our native shrubs and trees. The drawings
of the buds and leaves are mostly natural size and were made
as the leaves appeared. The nomenclature and arrangement
is that of Gray’s Manual.

I have been unable to find any literature bearing directly
upon the subject. Vernation is usually given in monographs
and systematic notes, as that of Quercus by Engelmann,
‘<¢ About the Oaks of the United States,’’? Trans. St. Louis
Acad. Sci. iii., p. 375. The following are some of the refer-
ences treating of bud-scales, stipules, and glands on young
leaves: Goebel, Beitrage zur Morphologie und Physiologie
des Blattes, 1. Die Niederblatter (Bot. Zeit. xxx, p. 753,
769, 785, 801, 817, 833; Just, viii. 1, p. 114); Schumann,
Anatomische Studien tiber die Knospenschuppen von Coni-
feren und Dicotylen Holzgewichsen (Bibl. Botan. Heft. 15,
1889 ; Bot. Centr. xlii, 1890, No. 22, p. 275; Just, xvii. 1, p.
' 673); Mikosch, Beitrage zur Anatomie und Morphologie der
Knospendecken Dicotylen Holzgewichse (Sietzungsb. d.
kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, B. 74,1 Abth. 1876; Just iv, p.
453); Areschong, Beitrige zur Biologie der Holzgewiichse
(Lund, 1877; Just, v, p. 358); Velenovsky, Ueber die
Achselsprosse einiger Smilax Arten (Flora, 68, p. 2-4; Just,
xiii. 1, p. 612); C. Hilburg’s Dissertation: Ueber den Bau
und die Funktion der Nebenblatter, mit Zusatzen von F. Hil-
debrand (Flora, 1878, No. 11; Just, vi. 1, p. 105); Clos,
Stipules considerées au point de vue morphologique (Bull.
Soc. Bot. France, 2d Ser.i, No. 1, 1879, p. 151; Just. vii.
1, p. 69.) Reinke, Ueber die Funktion der Blattzahne und
die Morphologische Werthigkeit eineger Laubblattnectarien

134 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. ©

(Bot. Zeit. 1874, p. 47; Just, ii, p.548). There is considerable
literature relating to twigs but this is outside the subject
treated in this paper.

Asimina triloba, Dunal. Buds naked, protected by the two
outer, boat-shaped, dark ferruginous, silky leaves which in-
crease but slightly in size as the bud opens, and never assume
the typical shape. Inner leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, each
successively inclosing the remainder of the bud. The flower
buds are lateral, globose. May 3d.

Menispermum Canadense, L. Scales about 5, rounded to
elliptical, smooth. Internodes above these elongating ; young
stem and leaves gray-villous. First leaf undeveloped, several
cleft at apex, others normal. Vernation straight. Leaf-scars
circular, concave. Buds 2 or 3 superposed, the upper just
above the scar, the others bursting through a V-shaped crack
in the leaf scar, May 6th.

Tilia Americana, L. Bud scales 2, the inner larger.
Leaves well developed, each covered by its two large stipular
scales. Vernation conduplicate. Apr. 30th.

Xanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. Buds low; seales two
pairs, the outer pair short and dark brown, the bases of the
scales joined by a circle of reddish brown fuzz; inner pair
longer and their tips reddish brown with a similar pubescence.
First leaf usually abnormal or abortive with two or three
leaflets of unequal development, the later leaves successively
better developed. Vernation of leaflets revolute, the leat
wrapping around the central cone. Apr. 29th.

Celastrus scandens, L. Buds perpendicular to axis of plant.
Scales numerous, the two outer gray, like the bark, with a
ridge on the back at the apex; the inner with brown tips and
green bases gradually passing into leaves. Vernation involute.
Apr. 29th.

EHuonymus atropurpureus, Jacq. Scales opposite, two pairs.
First pair of leaves small and deciduous. Vernation involute.
Apr. 20th.

Ceanothus Americanus, L. Scales two to four, being rudi-
mentary leaves with the stipules broadened and adnate to the
much reduced blade. First leaf typical in form with two
narrow hairy stipules. Vernation involute. Apr. 23d.

Hitchcock — Opening of Buds of Some Woody Plants. 135

Vitis riparia, Mx. Buds rupturing the bark sometimes
two superposed. Lach leaf protected by its two hairy stip-
ular scales. Vernation straight but inclosing the remainder
of the bud. Apr. Ist.

Cissus Ampelopsis, Pers. Muchas in V. riparia, but stip-
ules and young leaves thinner and nearly smooth. May 3d.

Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Mx. Buds one to three, rupturing
the epidermis. Scales four. Leaves enclosed by their en-
Jarged stipules. First leaf perfect, 5-divided, lobes condupli-
cate, arranged almost in a circle. Apr. 30th.

Aisculus arguta, Buckley. Buds swelling considerably
before opening. Scales opposite, six to ten pairs, the inner
successively larger and thinner, but no transition to leaves.
First leaves with five leaflets. Leaflets involute. Apr. 9th.

Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh. Scales opposite, four pairs; the
inner pairs ciliate-margined. Vernation plicate. Apr. 21st.

Negundo aceroides, Moench. One of the first of the woody
plants to show signs of pushing out leaves in spring. Scales
opposite, four pairs. First pair with a roundish point; second
pair about twice as long, apiculate; third pair about,twice as
long as the second, roundish at apex; fourth pair somewhat
longer than the third, three-lobed at apex. First pair of
leaves with three leaflets. Leaflets conduplicate, side by
side, the margins of opposite leaves touching. Apr. 8th.

Staphylea trifolia, L. Scales opposite, two pairs. First
set of stipules more than half as long as leaf, succeeding ones
shorter. Leaflets involute, side by side. Apr. 22d.

Rhus Toxicodendron, L. Buds naked or occasionally with
one or two scales. Leaflets conduplicate. May 5th.

Rhus Canadensis, Marsh. Buds naked, the first leaf be-
coming normal in size and shape. As all the internodes elon-
gate there is but one ring separating the growth of successive
years. (£. glabra also has naked buds, with the first leaves
very felty-pubescent.) Leaves plicate. May 5th.

Amorpha fruticosa, L. Buds two, superposed, either or
both developing. Scales several. First leaf pinnate, some-
times imperfect. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate. Leaflets
conduplicate, side by side. May 6th.

Cercis Canadensis, L. Scales two. First leaf well-formed,

136 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. ~

conduplicate, at first somewhat inflexed. Stipules prominent,
outside of their leaf. May 2d.

Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. Buds at first scarcely
raised above the bark; superposed, two or three, one or some-
times any two of the three developing. Scales three, enlarging
greatly. First leaves with narrow stipules, pinnate below,
twice pinnate above, the pinne ending in a bristle. Leaflets
and pinne conduplicate. May 6th.

Gleditschia triacanthos, L. Buds superposed, usually two
(one to three) both developing. Scales several, brownish,
thin and soon deciduous. First leaf pinnate with several leaf-
lets, downy beneath, smooth above; later ones twice pinnate.
Stipules minute ; petiole jointed with stem. Leaflets condu-
plicate as is the whole leaf, thus bringing the edge against the
bud. May 5th.

Prunus Americana, Marsh. Scales numerous, the inner grad-
ually increasing in length and showing atransition to the leaves.
The first leaf has a pair of slender elongated stipules. Young
leaves enclosing the flattened bud, the edges not overlapping,
under surface silky pubescent and reticulately veined. Mar-
gin of leaf ciliate, serrations sharp and not glandular. Apr.
21st.

Prunus Chicasa, Mx. Scales as in P. Americana.
Leaves smooth and shining, the serrations with a conspicu-
ous gland. Young leaves enwrapping the terete bud, the
edges considerable overlapping. May 4th.

Rubus occidentalis, L. Scales about six, first two rounded,
with buds in their axils; next two, three pointed, the buds
in their axils having well formed leaves nearly as long as
scales; the inner scales are three-cleft, the lateral lobes appar-
ently corresponding to stipules. Vernation plicate. Apr. 20th.

Rubus villosus, Ait. Scales about five, outer hard and red,
pointed; inner gradually longer, rounded, hairy; fourth,
3-cleft; fifth, more deeply cleft; sixth, a small leaf. Verna-
tion plicate. Apr. 29th.

Rosa Arkansana, Porter. Scales about seven. Outer ovate
and pointed, inner becoming rounded and erose-dentate, while
the innermost form a transition to leaves. Leaflets condupli-
cate, side by side. Apr. 20th.

U

Hitchcock — Opening of Buds of Some Woody Plants. 137

Crategus coccinea, L. Scales numerous, the inner showing
a transition to leaves. The inner scales and stipules glandu-
lar ciliate, the latter being nearly as large as their leaves.
Vernation conduplicate-plicate. May 14th.

Ribes gracile, Mx. Scales numerous, all but innermost
scarcely enlarging. First leaf nearly normal in appearance.
Vernation plicate. Apr. 11th.

Cornus asperifolia, Mx. Scales one pair, opposite, develop-
ing a small blade at the opening of the bud. Vernation
slightly involute. Apr. 9th.

Sambucus Canadensis, L. Usually four buds in an axil,
the central being the strongest. Scales opposite, about four
pairs, showing transition to leaves. Leaflets involute, side
by side. Apr. 20th.

Symphoricarpos vulgaris, Mx. Scales opposite, three pairs,
increasing but little during the opening of the bud. Young
leaves oval-oblong. Vernation involute. Apr. 9th.

Fraxinus viridis, Mx. f. Buds usually two, superposed.
Scales opposite, one pair or if two pairs the inner hidden before
the expansion of the bud. Leaflets conduplicate, side by
side. Apr. 22d.

Uimus fulva, Mx. Scales two-ranked, three or four pairs ;
outer dark brown and somewhat pubescent ; inner silky-fer-
ruginous above. First leaf very minute with two large stipules.
Following leaves perfect, each covered by one large stipule
and covering the other. Vernation conduplicate. Apr. 30th.

Ulmus Americana, L. Scales two-ranked, first three pairs
empty, scarcely enlarging and soon falling off. Within these
are about three pairs of stipular scales, without leaves, that
is, the scales are in pairs on each side of the bud and attached
at base. The next two pairs of stipules have a minute and
abortive leaf between them. The inner leaves increase in
size, and are imbricated with their stipules as in U. fulva.
Vernation conduplicate. May 4th.

Celtis occidentalis, L. Scales two-ranked, three pairs.
Young flowering branches bear flowers below and leaves above.
Leaf branches bear above the scales two or three enlarged
early deciduous stipules. First leaves normal ; each enclosing
its two stipules. Vernation straight. Apr. 23d.

138 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Morus rubra, L. Scales two-ranked, six or seven. First
leaf usually ovate, sometimes slightly lobed; inner ones lobed
or entire. Vernation and arrangement of narrow stipules as
in Celtis occidentalis. May 2d.

Platanus occidentalis, L. Bud conical; scales two, each
covering the bud, the outer smooth, the inner covered by a
gummy secretion, and usually having a bud in its axil. First
leaf well formed, its stipule covering the remainder of the
bud. Vernation revolute. May 2d.

Juglans nigra, L. Scales two to four, the outer oblong and
obtuse, the inner increasing in length and passing by a series
of clefts and lobes into a few-divided leaf. Flower buds
from the lower part of the previous year’s growth, usually
two catkins superposed, each bearing two or three small scales
at base. Leaflets conduplicate, the edges toward the rhachis
and the sides pressed against the bud. May 4th.

Caryaamara, Nutt. Scales two, valvate, covered with yel-
lowish resinous dots, usually elongating and developing a few
lobes at the apex. The first leaf, and sometimes the second
also, is imperfectly developed. Leaflets conduplicate, side
by side as shown in the drawing. May 3d.

Ostrya Virginica, Willd. Scales several, the first two are
empty, the next pair are stipular wiih its leaf reduced to a
mere appendage. The third pair is attached toa normal leaf.
Vernation straight but the leaf clasping the bud. Apr. 22d.

Quercus macrocarpa, Mx. Scales stipular as in Q. tine-
toria. The gradation is rather gradual from large stipules
to narrow and from small leaves to large. Vernation condu-
plicate but the bend to one side of the midrib (Fig. 107).
May 32d.

Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm. Scales numerous, five-
ranked, much as in Q, ¢inctoria, but the change from broad
scales to narrow ones at the base of the perfect leaves is
more abrupt; thus the leaves appear to come from the top
of the bud. Vernation conduplicate. May ad.

Quercus tinctoria, Bartram. Scales very numerous, five-
ranked, lower short, upper increasing in length. Several at
the base are empty, above these each pair has a minute leaf in
the angle between and inside, thus being stipular. The inner

Hitchcock — Opening of Buds of Some Woody Plants. 139

leaves are successively larger and the stipules narrower. ,Ver-
nation straight but the leaves are considerably corrugated.
The five-ranked stipules correspond to the 2 phyllotoxy.
Young leaves very silky, purplish or pinkish. May 3d.

Salix amygdaloides, Anders. Scales two, usually splitting
at the apex, the inner thin and membranous. Stipules hairy,
vernation straight. Apr. 21st.

Salix cordata, Muhl. Bud is covered by one outer scale,
on the inner side of which is attached the two stipular mem-
branes which encircle the opening leaves at their base. Ver-
nation convolute. Apr. 21st.

Populus monilifera, Ait. Scales mostly four, shining and
usually gummy, outer short and rounded, inner becoming
longer and more acute. First leaf normal, with two narrow
stipules, purplish tinged. Vernation involute. Apr. 25th.

Smilax hispida, Muhl. Scales two, both next to the stem,
that is, in the axil of the young branch and probably homol-
ogous with the sheathing stipules. Leaves involute, the first
leaf bearing stipular tendrils. May 5th.

140 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. ©

32.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

. Asimina triloba. Swelling lateral bud. 2. Terminal bud further ad-

vanced. 3. Cross section of bud with the two outer leaves removed.

. Menispermum Canadense. Three superposed buds, the upper having

developed into a branch. 5. Three buds, side view, the two upper
having developed. 6. Swelling bud. 7. Young branch. 8. One of
the first leaves. 9. Leaf-scar and bud before swelling.

. Tilia Americana. Swelling bud. 11. Bud further advanced.
. Xanthoxylum Americanum. Lateral bud developing. 138. Terminal bud

further advanced.

. Celastrus scandens. Lateral bud developing.
. Euonymus atropurpureus. Two young lateral branches.
. Ceanothus Americanus. An outer scale. 17. An inner scale. 18. A

young leaf.

. Vitis riparia.. Swelling bud. 20. Young branch with bud below.
. Cissus Ampelopsis. Young branch.
. Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Swelling bud. . 23. Young branch with bud

below.

. Aesculus arguia. Developing terminal bud.
. Acer dasycarpum. Developing terminal bud.
. Negundo aceroides. Developing terminal bud. 27-30. Scales showing

transition to, 31. First leaf.

Staphylea trifolia. Two lateral buds developing. 33. Bud further de-
veloped, inner pair of scales removed; side view, showing two young
leaves with their stipules. 34. Same, showing back of leaf.

35-36. Rhus Toxicodendron. Buds in different stages of development.

37.
40.
41.
43.

46.

49.

54.

59.

64.

69.
(fe

74.

Rhus Canadensis. Swelling bud. 38. Developing bud. 39. Young leaf.

Amorpha fruticosa. Developing bud.

Cercis Canadensis. Developing bud. 42. Young branch.

Xi Nuuanelae Canadensis. Swelling bud. 44. Bud further babe fi

. Young leaf.

ane triacanthos. Base of petiole of young leaf showing minute
stipule. 47. Developing bud, leaves cut off above the base. 48.
Young leaf.

Prunus Chicasa. Developing bud. 50-52. Young leaves. 53. Glandu-
lar serration < 125.

Prunus Americana. Developing bud. 55. Scale. 56. Inner scale or
young leaf. 57. Stipule of developed leaf. 58. Serration of leaf x
125.

Rubus occidentalis. Young leaf. 60. Developing bud. 61-63. Scales.

Rubus villosus. Developing bud. 65. Young leaf. 66-68. Scales and
outer leaf.

Rosa Arkansana. Developing bud. 70. Young leaf.

Crategus coccinea. Young branch, some of the scales at base having
fallen off. 72-73. Two forms of stipules on young leaves.

Ribes gracile. Developing bud.

75.
ad;

80.
81.

84.

86.
88.

90.
95.

99.

Hitchcock — Opening of Buds of Some Woody Plants. 141

Cornus asperifolia. Terminal bud developing. 76. Outer scale or leaf.

Sambucus Canadensis. Supernumerary buds, the uppermost developing.
78-79. Scales.

Symphoricarpos vulgaris. Developing bud.

Fraxinus viridis. Terminal bud with one pair of scales developing. 82.
Bud with two pairs of scales.

Ulmus fulva. Swelling bud. 83. Bud further developed. 85. First pair
of scale-like stipules.

Ulmus Americana. Swelling bud. 87. Young leaf and stipules.

Celtis occidentalis. Two young flowering branches. 89. Young leaf
branch with one row of scales removed.

Morus rubra. Developing bud. 91-93. Young leaves. 94. Stipule.

Platanus occidentalis. Developing bud. 96-97. Scales. 98. Stipules of
young leaf, partially unfolded.

Juglans nigra. Two flower buds with the catkins removed, showing two
or three scales at base. 100. Developing leaf bud. 101. Scales and
young leaf.

102-103. Caryaamara. Buds developing.

104.

106.

1li.

113.

116.
117.

119.
121,

Ostrya Virginica. Developing bud, with one leaf removed. 105
Swelling bud.

Quercus macrocarpa. Developing bud. 107. Cross section of leaf show-
ing vernation. 108. Part of young branch showing young leaf and
stipules. 109-110. Young leaves.

Quercus Muhienbergii. Developing bud. 112. Young leaf.

Quercus tinctoria. Swelling bud. 114. Bud with outer scales removed,
showing young leaf. 115. Young leaf with stipules.

Salix amygdaloides. Developing bud.

Salix cordata. Developing bud. 118. Outer scale with inner thin jone
attached at base, two views.

Populus monilifera. Developing bud. 120. Scales and young leaf.

Smilax hispida. Young branch. 122. Young leaf with its stipules.

Issued Jan. 15, 1893.

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