UC-NRLF
88 *\
C 2 b77 171
WORKING PLAN
YH004397
FOR THE
FORESTS
OF THE
BAN JAR VALLEY RESERVE
MANDLA FOREST DIVISION, NORTHERN CIRCLE, CENTRAL PROVINCES,
FOR THE PEEIOD
1904-1935.
BY
A. A. DUNBAR BRANDER. Es<).,
. Deputy Conservator of Forests.
ALLAHABAD : PRINTED AT THE PIO.VERR
1906.
AGRICULTURAL
CENTRAL PROVINCES ADMINISTRATION..
ebenue |pqrartment.
No. 7495.
Nagpur, the zoth November 1905.
READ —
Working Plan Report for the forests of the Ban jar Valley Reserve in the Mandla Forest Division.
READ ALSO —
Letter No. 8 1 8- W. P., dated the I2th August 1905, from the Inspector-General of Forests, and enclosures.
RESOLUTION-
The plan has the approval of the Inspector-General of Forests and calls for no special remarks. The Chief Commissioner sanctions its introduction with retrospective effect from the ist July 1904.
OKDER — Ordered that a copy of this Resolution be forwarded to the Govern-
CoBservator of Forests, Nor- ment of \n^\a jn the Department of Revenue and Aeri-
them Circle ; Commissioner, , . .' . . . . ,
lubbuipore Division; Deputy culture, tor information and transmission to the inspector-
Commmioner Mandia; ana the General of Forests and to the officers noted on the
Reporter on Economic Products
to the Government of India. margin.
E. H. BLAKESLEY, Chief Secretary to the Chief Commissioner,
Central Provinces.
S«cK. Prew, N»gpur:-No, 1603 R.D.— 31-1105,— I2o.
•
No. 8i8-W. P., dated Simla, the iatb August 1905.
From — S. EARDLEY WILMOT, Esq., Inspector-General of Forests to the Govern- ment of India,
To — The Hon'ble the Chief Commissioner of the Central Provinces.
In accordance with Article 88 (i) of the Forest Department Code, I have the honour to forward for your orders a working-plan for the forests of the Banjar Valley Reserve, Mandla Forest Division, drawn up by Mr. A. A. Dunbar Brander, Officiating Deputy Conservator of Forests, and received with the Conservator's letter No. 2994, dated the i4th June last, a copy of which is enclosed.
2. The plan meets with my approval, and I recommend its adoption with retrospective effect from the ist July 1904, the date from which fellings were prescribed to begin. I would point out that the data on which the possibility is based are apparently far from reliable, and that if in practice it is proved that this is the case, it would be in the end both cheaper and more satisfactory if the entire area were enumerated for Sal trees of the I and II classes and the felling scheme revised in accordance with the results obtained.
No. 2994, dated Jubbulpore, the I4th June 1905.
From— The Conservator of Forests, Northern Circle, Central Provinces, To— The Inspector-General of Forests, Simla.
With reference to correspondence resting with your letter No. 205-W. P., dated the th October 1904, and in accordance with Article 88 (1) of tbe Forest Department Code, I have the honour to submit, herewith, in duplicate, for your approval and transmission to the Honourable the Chief Commissioner, the working-plan, finally printed off, for the forests of the Banjar Valley Reserve in the Mandla Forest Division.
2. 1 also append a skeleton map on the scale of inch = i mile prepared from the origi- nal survey sheets submitted.
3. A copy of my letter forwarding a draft Working-Plan Report to the Commissioner, Jubbulpore Division, as well as a copy of his letter in reply is also enclosed.
4. If approved I would request that the provisions of the working-plan may be sanctioned with retrospective effect so as to include the year 1904-05, the first year for which fellings are prescribed.
No. 7239, dated Jubbulpore, the zoth October 1904.
From— A. F. GRADON, Esq., Conservator of Forests, Northern Circle, Central Provincn, To— The Commissioner, Jubbulpore Division.
Through Deputy Commissioner, Mandla.
I have the honour to forward for your perusal a draft Working-Plan Report for the working of the Banjar Reserve, Mandla Division, drawn up by Mr. A. A. Dunbar Brander, Officiating Deputy Conservator of Forests, Chanda Division, Southern Circle.
I trust an early return of the draft with your approval will be possible.
No. 951 , dated the 6th February 1905.
From — M. W. FOX-STRANOWAYS, Esq., I. c. s., Commissioner, Jubbulpore Division. To — The Conservator of Forests, Northern Circle, Central Provinces.
I have the honour to return the draft Working-Plan Report for the Banjar Reserve forwarded with your letter No. 7239, dated the 2Oth October 1904, and to express my approval of its provisions. I regret the delay which has occurred, but the .re.jjo.rt. whiclj had been referred back to the Deputy Commissioner by my predecessor teioMdj trrt^ onfy; on the i8th January after which a further reference hid to be made. .-. .
388106
Table of Contents.
PART I.
Summary of facts on which the proposals are based. CHAPTER I. — DESCRIPTION OF THE TRACTS DEALT WITH.
PARAGRAPH i.— Name and situation.
2. — Configuration of the ground.
3. — Underlying rock and soil.
4. — Climate.
5.— Effects of the climate during the sleeper works of 1901 — 1903.
6. — Agricultural customs and wants of the population.
7. — The customs of Baigas.
CHAPTER II. — THE COMPOSITION AND CONDITION OF THE FORESTS.
PARAGRAPH 8. — Distribution and area. 9. — State of the boundaries. 10. — Legal position. u. — Rights.
12. — Composition and condition of the crop, mixed forest. 13. — Sal forests. 14. — Grass land.
15. — Injuries to which the crop is liable. Fire. 1 6. — Frost. 17. — Climbers. 1 8. — Insects.
CHAPTER III.— SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT.
PARAGRAPH 19.— Past and present system of management. 20.— The sleeper works of 1901 — 1903.
2 1 . —Special works of improvement undertaken. Fire protection. 22. — Plantations. Teak. 23.— Sisso and Khair. 24. —Roads. 25. — Buildings. 26. — Past revenue and expenditure.
CHAPTER IV. — UTILIZATION OF THE PRODUCE.
PARAGRAPH 27. — Marketable products. 28. — Lines of export. 29. — Markets.
30. — Mode of extraction and its cost. 31. — Net value of produce. Sal timber. 32. — Other forest produce.
CHAPTER V.— MISCELLANEOUS FACTS.
PARAGRAPH 33.— The Forest staff. 34. — Labour supply.
PART II.
Future management discussed and prescribed. CHAPTER VI.— BASIS OF PROPOSALS.
PARAGRAPH 35. — Working circles how composed. Reasons for their formation. 36. — Compartments. Justification of the Sub- division adopted. 37. — Analysis of the crop, method of valuation employed.
CHAPTER VII.— METHOD OF TREATMENT.
PARAGRAPH 38.— Objects sought to be attained. Method of treatment adopted. 39. — The exploitable age.
CHAPTER VIII. -THE FELLINGS.
PARAGRAPH 40.— The general working scheme. Calculation of the possibility. 41- — Period for which the fellings are prescribed. 42. — Areas to be felled annually or periodically.
43 — Order of their allotment and tabular statement of fellings to be made. 44- — Nature and mode of executing the fellings. 45- — Forecast of condition of crop at their conclusion. 46. —Thinnings or other improvement fellings.
CHAPTER IX. — SUPPLEMENTARY REGULATIONS. PARAGRAPH 47. — Grazing and other rights. 48. — Nistar. 49- — Improvement common to whole area. Fire lines.
CHAPTER X.— MISCELLANEOUS.
Miscellaneous prescriptions. PARAGRAPH 50. — Stocking of blanks.
51- — Correction and maintenance of map.
52.— Collection of Ral.
53.— Roads.
54.— Changes proposed in the Forest Staff.
55.— Buildings.
56. — Financial Results.
APPENDICES.
A. MAPS.— A complete stock map (4" = i mile) showing Sal, Blanks and mixed forest areas, has
been prepared by myself. In addition the maps show boundaries of the area deal' with. Boundaries of the different Blocks.
Do- do. compartments and sub-compartments
Do- do. coupes.
Areas containing teak area set apart for experiments. Existing roads.
Alignments of prescribed road and fire lines. Existing fire lines, interior and exterior. Forest villages.
B. Description and contents of compartments by Blocks.
C. Statement showing areas of different classes of forest by Blocks.
D. List of trees found in the reserve with vernacular names and uses.
PART I.
SUMMARY OF FACTS ON WHICH THE PROPOSALS ARE BASED.
CHAPTER I.
DESCRIPTION OF THE TRACTS DEALT WITH.
1. The forest with which this Working Plan deals forms part of the Banjar Range
and is called the Ban|ar Valley Reserve ; it is situated in the southern part of the Mandla district and lies on the 22° N. latitude
and 80° longitude. The forest is 34 miles from Nainour, the nearest Railway Station on the Bengal-Nagpur line, and is about the same distance from Mandla, the headquarters of the district.
2. The ground varies in elevation from about 1,700 to 2,800 feet, and, as will be
afterwards pointed out, these differences in elevation have a
Configuration of the ground. marked effect Qn ^ natufe Qf ^ growjng
The configuration of the ground is essentially hilly. Broadly speaking, the area is surrounded by a line of steep and rugged hills rising to an elevation of 600 feet above the enclosed plains, the interior being composed of less conspicuous hills, and in many parts of more or less even ground.
The hills comprise a part of the Maikal Range. Many of the larger hills are charac- terised by having flat tops of some extent known locally as " Dadars."
The gradient of the hills is steep, the surrounding country slopes gradually up to the base of the hills, which are well marked. The drainage is good throughout, the whole area being much cut up by streams. The most important of these are the Sulkum and the Ghangar, both of which contain abundant water throughout the year.
The larger portion of the area eventually drains into the Banjar River ; only a small portion on the east of the forest drains into the Halon River.
3. The forest is situated in the Deccan Trap area. An extraordinary mixture of
different rocks is met with ; gneiss conglomerate, trap, lime- stone, clay, laterite and shale being found in close proximity.
The soil derived from these rocks is generally good and favourable to forest growth consist- ing of a sandy loam, of good depth, frequently reddish in colour. In the low-lying portions there is an admixture of black soil. On the tops and slopes of the higher hills the soil is shallow, large masses of naked rock being often exposed.
Iron is often met with in scattered lumps. Mica is exceedingly abundant everywhere and is present in the water in minute particles.
4. The year may be divided into three seasons, the cold, the hot and the rainy seasons.
The cold season commences about the middle of October and gradually merges into the hot season about the middle of March.
The temperature varies from 70° in the day time to 5° below freezing point at night, and as the range of temperature is both great and rapid, the cold is much felt and causes great damage to trees in low-lying parts and hollows.
The hot season terminates on the bursting of the monsoon, which takes place about the end of June.
Severe hailstorms not infrequently pass over the country in April and do much damage to sal foliage.
The hot season temperature goes up to IOO° in the shade during the day, but owing to the masses of vegetation, and the high altitude, the heat is never excessive and the nights are always cool.
The rainy season lies between the hot and the cold seasons. The rainfall varies from 50 inches to 60 inches, most of which falls in July, August and September.
The hot weather months are the healthy months, the rainy and cold months being correspondingly unhealthy. Fever is very prevalent in the rains, while fever and lung com- plaints are common in the cold weather.
5. In the event of, at any future date, works of similar nature to the sleeper works of 1 901 — 1903 being undertaken, the following facts may prove
Effects of the climate during u^efui ._ the sleeper works of 1 901 — 1903.
Men imported from outside the district suffer more from fever than local villagers. If
men are imported in any numbers the following percentages may be written off as unfit for work :—
November j March 1 July |
December [ 0. April Liv0/ August 0/
January f ' May September
February June October
Owing to the presence of minute particles of mica in the water, workmen suffer much from bowel complaints and skin irritation. Daring the cold weather months the forests are infested with ticks whose bites cause great itchiness and frequently run to sores.
6. The surrounding villages are small, and chiefly inhabited by Gonds and Baigas- Agricultural customs and The cultivators' requirements are small, being limited to a certain
wants of the surrounding amount of wood and bamboos for burning, building, agricultural population. implements and fencing. There is also a demand for grazing
during the rains, when crops and flooded rivers limit the village grazing grounds. Nistar paidawar and grazing are permitted under the commutation system which is discussed in Chapter IX of this Working Plan.
The agricultural methods and customs of the Gonds and other cultivators surrounding the forest are those common to tribes similarly situated elsewhere in the Central Provinces and need not be described in detail here. It will not be out of place, however, to describe more fullv the customs of the surrounding population of Baigas, who look upon the forest as their primary source of subsistence, and consequently have a considerable effect on the forest growth.
7. Nearly every village adjoining the forest has a population of Baigas attached to it
who subsist in a precarious way by doing work for the cultivators
Customs of the Baigas • ,, i . * •_ •", r -Y-.
especially, as regards supplying them with forest produce. I hese
Baigas forebears had been in the habit of practising " shifting cultivation'1 locally termed " Bewar", in what at present constitutes reserved forest, and it is to them we owe the large blanks which are found in the Sal forest, such as Parsa, Tola, Kopedabra, Kanha, &c. In these places the Baigas had apparently made more or less permanent settlements, but owing to the severe famine of 1874 they were abandoned and have not been re-occupied. The subsequent creation of the reserve in 1879 has since excluded them. The present generation of Baigas have not as yet settled down to cultivation. They still largely depend on the reserve for their subsist- ence, into which they make excursions for several days at a time, collecting fruits, hunting and fishing.
Fishing consists in damming streams and poisoning pools with Tinsa bark in consequence of which most of the Tinsa trees in the reserve have been ruined. In other ways also the Baiga is destructive, he is inordinately fond of using his axe.
In order to rob a bee's nest they will notch a fine Sal tree to the top or will even cut the tree down. The same applies to the collection of Ral. For the sake of this comparatively worthless minor product, great numbers of the finest Sal trees have been and are being annu- ally felled. In remote parts of the forest what would amount to heavy fellings have been fcund made by Baigas for the sake of Ral. There is no doubt also that most of the forest fires are due to Baigas who have entered the forest on some expedition. They are also inveterate poachers and by means of traps, stakes, pits and spears they account annually for a large head of game.
Baigas, on the other hand, have their redeeming qualities. They are first rate axemen, and as such are very useful when fellings have to be made. They are the men who clear and burn the fire lines annually at which they are experts, and they are especially useful in burning internal fire lines in remote places, where it is difficult to induce others to work. It also falls to their lot to collect Harra, Bee's wax, dropped horns, kosa, and without their aid the quantity of minor forest produce realized would seriously diminish.
What is required in order to redeem the Baigas is firstly to induce them to settle and cultivate and look upon the soil as their primary means of support ; secondly, to prevent them making independent expeditions into the forest ; and thirdly, to give them plenty of regulated employment of a congenial nature inside the reserve of which there is abundance to keep them busy.
CHAPTER II.
THE COMPOSITION AND CONDITION OF THE FORESTS.
8. The forest consists of a compact block 1 5 miles long by 10 miles broad. The total area
of 62,512 acres is composed of three distinct types of forest, namely, Distribution and area. mixed, Sal, and grass land which have been carefully mapped and are
found in the following proportions : —
Acres.
Mixed forest ... ••• 3
Sal forest ... - ••• 18,672
Blank 8>594
Teak
Forest villages ... ... ••• ••• 379
9- The outer boundary consists of a cleared line, 30 feet wide, with pillars made of
upright sal beams fixed in cairns of stones, at corners and con- State of boundaries.
spicuous points.
The line is cleared and burned annually as a protection against fire, the pillars, how- ever, are only renewed from time to time as required. Besides the outer boundary just described there is in many places an interior boundary line which was the original boundary line of the fire protected area when the forest was first gazetted in 1879, but has since become an interior line owing to subsequent extensions of the fire protected area in 1889. Since that date it has been neglected and is now only faintly traceable on the ground. There is no reason why it should be maintained.
10. The forest was declared Reserved Forest in Central Provinces Gazette Notification
No. 917 A. of March ist 1879, under Section 34 of the Indian Forest Act. In 1889, the area was extended by including 10,880
acres of the unprotected Malidadar forest within the fire protected area. The Malidadar forest was declared a reserve in Gazette Notification No. 888, dated 22nd February 1879.
Again, in the year 1894, the area was added to when the Kisli malguzari forest of 750 acres in size was obtained.
This area was declared Reserved Forest in Central Provinces Gazette Notification No. 2462 of 24th May 1894, under Section 19 of Act VII of 1878, Indian Forest Act, being exchanged for an area of the same extent in the Sona forest, Mandla Range.
The area with which the Working Plan deals is composed of the three areas above mentioned and is known as the Banjar Valley Reserve.
11. The Reserve is free from all rights. There are two forest villages situated inside
the Reserve. Of these Kisli has been occupied seme time ; the other, Barnni Dhadar, is an old village site which has been recently
re-occupied, and as it has not yet been demarcated it has not been shown on the map and the area has been included in the grass land situated inside mixed forest lands.
The demarcation and mapping of this village is a matter which should be carried out at once.
It is highly undesirable that more villages should be created inside the Reserve. There is abundance of unoccupied ground outside the Reserve to satisfy all demands for land as well as an ample supply of labour to meet all ordinary requirements. A village situated inside the Reserve greatly increases the danger from fire and the damage done by villagers wandering axe in hand through the forest is great and is difficult to control.
Besides these there are a number of villages situated in the Mandla and Balaghat districts, which' adjoin the Reserve. The inhabitants of these are permitted to exercise certain privileges of nistar, Paidawar and grazing within the Reserve.
12. There are three distinct types of forests, namely, mixed, d condition °£ sal, and grass lands, each of which will be described in turn.
Mixed forest. — Mixed forest, excluding blanks according to the stock map, covers 34,850 acres of the Reserve. It is composed of those trees and shrubs usually met with in the torests of the Central Provinces, teak, however, except in some parts where it has been- arti- ficially introduced, is absent. The mixed forests are found almost exclusively on the hills, sides and tops, commencing at an elevation of 2,000 feet and extending upwards. The forest is dense and has an undergrowth of bamboos. The height growth is generally poor : as the mixed forest adjoins the sal forest there is a certain area of debatable ground between the two which can best be described as mixed forest containing sal. In preparing the stock map it has been thought sufficient to show as mixed forest even forest containing sal when the sal was not present in workable quantities. Sal trees occruring in mixed being at the limit of their area and therefore in unfavourable conditions, are poor in height growth and often topsore. Teak, where it has been introduced in two places, has thriven well and should later on reproduce itself. Owing to the scarcity of teak in these and surrounding forests more might be done as regards introducing it. The flat
11 tops called " Dadars " are often covered with grass and only sparsely stocked with trees, they have for the most part been mapped ; but as the present Working Plan deals chiefly with sal and exclusively with sal timber, extending only to mixed forests as regards minor forest produce, it has not been thought necessary to prepare the stock maps of the mixed forest with such care and detail, as the stock maps of the sal forests. From the stock maps the
ixed forest area is made up 01 mixed forest 34,850 acres, grass land 1,854 acres. None of these 36,704 acres are capable of producing sal timber.
The names of the trees commonly found in mixed forest have been given in the Appendix.
The reason why sal does not extend up the hill sides is probahly not on account of the elevation, but rather owing to the shallowness of the soil, it being a coincidence that an eleva- tion of 2,000 feet or over coincides with a stony shallow soil.
13. The areas containing sal forest lie between the mixed forest and the grass land, that Sal forests 's to SA^' Detween the elevations of 2,000 feet and 1 ,800. The sal
crop Varies considerably according to the locality, as will be seen
in the description of compartments, given in the Appendix ; it will, therefore, be sufficient here to describe only normal conditions of sal forest and to indicate shortly in which respect the crop varies.
The sal forest of the Banjar Valley Reserve has the appearance of a somewha: irregularly worked selection forest.
All age classes are found in close proximity, those of the middle age, i.e., from 3' to ^'6' in girth predominate. Mature trees are tall, clean, straight, 70 feet in height and 5 to 6 feet in girth. Underneath these trees and slightly dominated by them, is a full crop of trees and poles 30 to 60 feet in height and varying from 3' to 4/6' in girth ready, as soon as the domi- nant trees have been removed, to take their places. Under the poles, again, and suppressed by them, is a dense mass of suppressed seedlings, generally suffering from the effects of frost and fire, but which, nevertheless, will eventually succeed in forcing their way up.
Few other trees are associated with sal, those chiefly found are saj, tinsa, tendu, haldu lendia, dhawa.
The soil is bare or scantily covered with grass.
Travelling through the sal forest in an upward direction towards the mixed forest one notices that the density of the stock diminishes. Young seedlings give place to bamboos, the height growth of the mature trees is less and other species begin to appear in greater numbers. As one assends still further, many of the trees are topsore especially amongst the pole classes, until one gradually passes into the type of forest already described as mixed forest containing sal.
Forests differing from the above types are met with as follows : —
In exceptionally favourable localities trees reach a height of 120 feet and a girth of 1 1 feet. In poor localities mature trees only attain a height of 50 feet arid 5 feet in girth, and instead of being clean and straight stemmed may be crooked, unsound and covered with epicormic branches.
Regeneration is sometimes entirely absent without apparent reason or the crop may be of so open a nature that regeneration is prevented by frost.
Teak occurs in one place associated with sal where it was planted in 1882, a full des- cription is given elsewhere.
14. Grass Land is of two types, namely, that which is found inside mixed forest, and Grass Land l^at wn>c^ is found in sal forest. The former has already
been cursorily described under the heading of mixed forest
to which it properly speaking belongs, and as it never has contained, or could contain, sal, the description need not be added to here. The latter type of grass land is found in the lowest portion of the Reserve from 1,700 to 1,800 feet in elevation, that is to say, below and adjoining the sal forest in which the grass lands properly speaking constitute blanks.
The boundary between the grass land and the sal forest, unlike that between sal forest and mixed forest, is abrupt and well marked, being terminated by a wall of middle-aged sal trees.
The present total area of grass land inside sal forest is 6,740 acres of which it is estimat- ed 675 acres are situated in river beds or swampy places and therefore incapable of ever bearing sal trees. The remaining 6,065 acres, however, are capable of producing first class sal. At present they are covered by isolated trees or clumps of trees, occasionally sal, more generally other species, such as tendu, tinsa, saj, semar, cheola, lendia, her, bahera, &c.
Between these trees lies an undulating plain of long rank grass full of seedlings of sal tendu, saj, semar, dhawa which have attained the height of the grass and no more, being annually cut down by frost.
Clumps of sal which occur in blanks have usually a large old tree standing near their centre and it has been noticed that the trees gradually decreased in size and age towards the edge of the clump. From this it is safe to conclude that the old mother tree had already got its head above the level of the frost, at the time when the forest was cut down. Since then youn<* sal have grown up under its shelter, which again sheltered younger sal, and thus the clump was gradually extended. Similarly, round the edge of the sal forest the same process is going on, young seedlings appear 200 yards inside the grass lands in numbers Only those, however, immediately next to the sal forest succeed in establishing themselves. In this
5
manner the forest is gradually encroaching on the grass lands, but the process is an exceed- ingly slow one, it is useful, however, in indicating the lines along which any attempts at artificial reproduction must proceed.
Grass lands are caused in the first instance by a number of trees having been destroyed in one spot, so that the shelter was removed, subsequently frost has prevented regeneration. Man has been the chief agency in this matter.
All the extensive blanks existing at present were at one time village sites
15. Fire and frost are the two chief injuries to which the crop is liable. Great precautions
against fire should be taken as it not only does inestimable damage
is liablJeUri<FireWhiCh "^ '=r°P in itself> but also> bv °Pening out the forest> introduces frost, where- by the damage becomes a lasting one. Owing to the quantities
of grass and the inflammable nature of sal wood, fires are more than usually difficult to extin- guish and from time to time the Reserve has been almost completely burned over. The last great fire which occurred was in 1897 when the forest burned for six weeks. The damage then done is still clearly seen on the ground. Many of the larger trees were completely burned down or are still standing black and charred. Others, again, were partially burned, but are still living and of little use even as shelter wood. All the young undergrowth had been burned out and is only now coming up again from the root, and many poles had been entirely killed out and have not reproduced themselves.
The most serious damage, however, done by the fire was in thinning out the forest and admitting frost.
16. Two large areas in the Kanha and Kisli blocks, amounting to 2,572 acres have, owing
Frost to fires and subsequent frost, been necessarily for the present
excluded from the coupes prescribed in this Working Plan. These
areas are now covered by charred trees of large size with an undergrowth of grass, palms and sal seedlings, which latter are yearly frosted back and show no signs of establishing themselves in the near future. Besides these areas there are a larger number of smaller areas, similarly ruined, which have been found too small to map, but whose total acreage must be large.
Frost is especially severe in the low lying parts, in hollows and in blanks, and annually kills off a large number of poles besides killing off all seedlings found in blanks and thui effectually preventing regeneration.
Along the edge of blanks frost kills off all the lower branches of sal trees up to a height of 15 or 20 feet according to the severity of the frost, with the result that the trees become either topsore or covered with epicormic branches both of which have an injurious effect on the timber.
17. Climbers do much damage to sal trees and have killed and destroyed many. They Climbers are esPec'a"y liable to develop in an area that has been worked
over. Provisions are made in this Working Plan in order to curtail the damage as much as possible.
It has been noticed that climbers are particularly numerous in the higher portions of the sal forest in shallow and stony ground.
Climbers are very numerous in the mixed forests and appear on the hill sides like a dense belt extending from about 1 to £ up the hill. There is no doubt they spread from there into the adjoining sal forest, but prescriptions for dealing with them in such places would for the present be out of place.
1 8. Serious damage by insects to healthy trees has not been noticed. But a defoliating
Insects caterpillar does much damage in the Motinala and Phen Reserves
and it is therefore probable that the same insect occurs periodically
in the Banjar Valley Eeserve. Trees when felled are readily bored by a large species of beetle.
Many apparently sound trees when felled were found to contain a circular hole, or knot extending throughout the hole, which greatly detracts from the value of the timber. The cause is not known, but it is probably fire or frost or both. The number of unsound trees varies greatly in localities ranging from 10 to 40 per cent.
CHAPTER III.
SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT.
19. Past and present system of managements have both been irregular. The Reserve
has hitherto been worked at intervals, according as a demand arose,
of management™5 anc* in consequence the forests have at times oeen overworked and
then allowed to remain unworked for a number of years, until the next demand arose.
1903.
The chief work undertaken in the past of which there is any exact record is the sleeper works of 1887-88 when 10,890 broad gauge sleepers were sawn up in the forest and carted to Gondia and Jabbalpur.
The number of trees felled amounted to 3,500. From traces at present found on the ground, the whole area must have been worked over and none but the finest trees felled.
Previous to 1887 and as early as 1864 the Banjar Reserve was worked for sleepers and scantlings which were taken to Jabbalpur where at that time there seems to have been a steady market for this class of produce. During this period sanction was given to cut annually 700 trees, but this figure must have been at times exceeded as in 1870, 55.OOO broad gauge sleepers were sawn in the forest and carted to Jabbalpur.
2O. Since 1887-88 the Reserve has practically supplied no sal timber, until the present time. In 1901, the present sleeper works were commenced and Leeper works of 1901- continued till March 1903. During that period 130,000 small gauge sleepers were sawn in the forest and carted to Nainpur, a distance of 34 miles, where they were disposed of to the Bengal Nagpur Railway at the rate of Re. 1-5-0 per sleeper.
The work of cutting and transporting the sleepers was at first entrusted to a contractor, who was to receive 12 annas for each sleeper passed at Nainpur. The contractor failed owing to several causes, chief amongst which were his reliance on local labour and means of trans- port, and his desire to make too much profit out of his contract. After the dismissal of the contractor on the I5th June 1902, the work was undertaken departmentally. During the rains sawyers from outside the district were imported, and arrangements made to carry the sleepers by camels. The camels, although eventually proving a failure, through want of camel fodder in the neighbourhood, were nevertheless useful in carrying sleepers in October and November, during which months carts even if available can hardly be used. By slightly increasing the rates for sawing and carting it was found that sufficient men could be retained on the works, and as the rates were attractive rules were easily enforced. The whole works were completed in March 1903.
The rates paid were as follows : —
Logging, anna t to i-6per cut.
Sawing, annas 4 per sleeper.
Carting, annas 5-4 per sleeper.
Felling at 9* and barking, annas 3-9 mean rate per tree.
It was found that local men are quite unreliable and given to running away. They should therefore be looked upon as merely a supplement to men imported from outside.
It was also found that men will not come on to the works without an advance of pay which is subsequently difficult to recover.
The area worked over during the sleeper works of 1900-1903 amounted to 6,883 acres composed of mixed forest 2,072, sal 3,174, blank 1,637.
This area is included in the last 5 coupes of the 30 years rotation prescribed. The area worked over comprises 15 compartments of this Working Plan. The following table shows the number of trees cut and girths of same : —
|
No. of compartments worked over Kisli Block. |
Area of sal forest in acres. |
GIRTH CLASSES. |
Total felled. |
|||
|
4 to 5 ft. dead and dying only. |
5' to 6' |
6' to 8' |
8' and over. |
|||
|
' 1,2,4,9,10. |
3,174 |
«,439 |
3,542 |
',53' |
44* |
6,954 |
From these figures it was calculated that the mean girth of trees cut was 6'i*; total cubic contents of the trees was 256,630 cubic feet calculated up the stem to a girth 2'6'. Thus for the area worked over the yield was 2-2 trees or 80-85 cubic feet per acre of sal forest.
The area worked over is typical of the best type of sal forest at present found in the reserve, these figures are therefore highly instructive as indicating, what the mean annual yield of the reserve will be, and it is from these figures, which are known to be accurate and which arc, moreover, the results of actual fellings, that the yield has been estimated.
Special works of Improvement undertaken.
21. Protection from fire has been attempted with varied success. There is an outer fire
line 49 miles long cleared and burned annually at a cost of Rs. 3 Fire prote ^ m\\c. Besjdes this there are three interior fire lines maintain-
ed at a cost of Rs. 4 per mile. — one running from Katie to Sitabuldi through Kanha, a dis- tance of 14! miles, a second from Kanha to Sarwantal, a distance of 3^ miles, and a third from Misli to Indri, a distance of one mile. There are also 7 paths having a total length of 27 miles which are annually cleared at a cost of Re. i per mile.
22. There are three teak plantations which have been mapped and have a total acreage
of 17 acres. Two of these plantations are found in mixed forest and one in sal forest. They were made in 1882 by planting out
teak which had been raised in nurseries: the planting seems to have been carried out with great care, the results have been partially successful. The teak planted in the mixed forest areas has thriven and will later on reproduce itself. The teak planted in sal forest has thriven and is as vigorous as surrounding sal regeneration, the trees in small openings have attained a height of 2O feet. Teak planted in the open adjoining the sal forest has been frosted back and has only a height of 6 feet, it has nevertheless succeeded better than naturally sown sal on the same area.
23. Sisso and khair were also planted in the same year ; no signs of the sisso have
been found, but the khair is still existing. Khair was planted as a shelter wood under which, when established, it was hoped that
the sal would succeed in regenerating itself naturally, after which the khair was to have been utilized as a set off against the initial expenses of planting. The experiment, however, was a failure. The " khair" trees still exist, but have not thriven, and as this species is, at all times, a poor shelter wood, and, moreover, is not found elsewhere in grass lands, its choice was not a happy one. Young sal found under the khair trees do not at present show any improvement over sal growing in the open.
24. A road from Kisli to Bailwani through Kanha and another from Kanha to Sondhar
were constructed in 1886. These roads were well constructed and can be repaired at small cost.
In 1901 a road was constructed from Kisli to Nainpur and the road from Kisli to Kanha repaired. In the same year a number of small forest roads were made for the extraction of sleepers. Most of these will shortly disappear, but two at any rate, namely, from Kisli to Julk and Kisli to Gortara, will remain serviceable for a number of years.
25. Buildings. In 1902 a large and comfortable forest bungalow was constructed at Kisli and close to it a well was dug.
26. Below are given the average figures of the past 5 years of revenue and expendi- ture for the reserve, that is to say, from 1895 to 1900. The years
Past revenue and expenditure. • i j j • , ,
1901 and 1903 have not been included, as during them the sleeper works were in progress and consequently the figures for these years are abnormal.
REVENUE.
Rs a. p
RI« ... ... ... ... ... 5'9 i 9
R II c ... ... ... ... ... ii 10 7
R II a ... ... ... ... ... 48 7 9
R II e ... ... ... ... ... 35 o o
R Vc ... ... ... ... ... 34 15 5
Total ... ... ... ... 649 3 6
EXPENDITURE.
Ale ... ... ... ... ... 100
A I e ... ... ... ... ... 158 ii o
A II ... ... ... ... ... 146
A VI c ... ... ... ... ... 132
A VII a ... ... ... ... ... 8 13 3
A VII b ... ... ... ... ... 37 7 6
A Vile ... ... ... ... ... 462
A VIII a ... ... ... ... ... 3 14 4
A VIII d ... ,.. ... ... ... 29 15 4
A VI1I/ ... ... ... ... ... 1,088 12 10
AVIII^ ... ... ... ... ... 2 9 8
A IX b ... ... ... ... 527
Total ... ... ... .... 1,343 4 4
Rs. a. p.
B I c ... ... ... ... ... 1,199 i 10
B I d ... ... ... ••• ... 75 ii 10
B II c ... ... ... ... ... 151 46
Bill/ ... ... ... ... ... 58 2 7
Total B ... ... ... 1.484 4 9
Total A and B ... ... ... 2,827 9 i
CHAPTER IV.
UTILIZATION OF THE PRODUCE. Marketable products. 27. Marketable products are as follows :—
Sal timber for export. Tinsa, saj, lendia, bija, dhawa, dehangan poles and logs for local consumption.
Bamboos and firewood for local use.
The minor forest products are lac, horns, hides, harra, ral, honey, wax, tikhur, bichandi (root of a shrub) and fruits of mohwa and achar, grass for thatching and fodder.
28. There is only one line of export for sal timber, namely, to Nainpur Railway Line of export station, a distance of 34 miles. A good fairweather road at
present exists to this place and can be maintained at small annual cost.
Other forest produce will find its way along existing tracks to the market towns such as Mandla, Bamni and Baihar
29. Lately there has been no steady demand for sal timber. The construction of the MarketJ Bengal-Nagpur Railway and of the Gun Carriage Factory at
Jubbulpur has for the present made a large demand for sal
timber, and it is hoped that the Ordnance Department will be a steady consumer in the future. The construction of the Bengal-Nagpur Railway within 40 miles of the forest has greatly facilitated the work of transport, and it is hoped that by putting a steady supply of eal timber in the market annually purchasers will be attracted and a steady demand created. Jubbulpur and Nagpur are the places where a market is looked for.
30. Extraction of timbers can be done by carts directly to the railway from most
parts of the forest, only in certain of the most difficult places cjfod will a hauling elephant be necessary.
From December till April abundance of local carts will be available for transport, these local carts are only capable of removing 18 cubic feet of sal at one time, and if larger logs than this have to be exported, the large class of carts called " Bandis" will have to be obtained from elsewhere which will not be easy. However by squaring the timber it should be able to transport, by means of local carts, logs to meet even a special demand for timber of large size.
The question of roads has been carefully considered and all the main roads which it is necessary to make have been plotted on the map. The cost of extraction and carting of timber to the Railway Station will vary from 4 to 5 annas a cubic foot according to the situation of the annual coupe.
31. Sal timber. — The only steady market which has as yet been found for sal Net value of produce timber is the Ordnance Department who will require annually
a certain amount of first class sal timber. The Gun Carriage
Factory and the Ordnance Department at present pay the Forest Department Rs. 1-2 and Rs. 1-8 per cubic foot respectively for sal extracted from the Motinala and Phen Reserves. The cost of carting this timber from these reserves is 14 annas per cubic foot, whereas it has been calculated that timber can be carted to Nainpur from the Banjar Reserve at Re. 0-5-6 per cubic foot and thence transported at an additional cost of 2 annas per cubic foot by rail to Jubbulpur, thus a saving of 6 annas 6 pies per cubic foot in transport alone is effected by work- ing the Banjar Reserve instead of the Motinala and Phen Reserves. The selling rate of sal timber has been discussed under " Financial Results, " and it is there shown that a profit of 1 2 annas per cubic foot may reasonably be expected.
32. The following table shows the net value of other produce. It should be borne
in mind, however, that the amount of these products is in some °f °thCr instances small and in others the demand can be fully supplied
from forests more closely situated to the market : —
|
Name of product. |
Costs of bringing to the market. |
Sale price at market (Maadla). |
Profit or net profit. |
|
Rs. a. p. |
Rs. a. p. |
Rs. a. p. |
|
|
Bija logs ... |
043 per cubic foot ... |
o 10 o per cubic foct... |
059 per cubic foot. |
|
Tinsa, Landia ._ ... I Dh.iwa ... ... j |
50 o o per too poles ... |
50 O 0 per I oo poles ... |
to o o per 100 poles. |
|
Bamboos ... ... |
i 4 o per 100 |
200 per loo |
o 13 o per loo. |
|
Lac(Gubri) ... |
900 per maund |
19 0 O per maund |
300 per maund. |
|
Lac(Kusam) ._ |
900 do. ... |
14 o O do. ... |
500 do. |
|
HOPDS (Samber and Bars- smga) |
600 do. |
780 do. |
I 8 o do. |
|
Horns (Chital) |
15 8 o do. |
60 o o do. |
44 8 o do, |
|
Harr» |
o 10 o do. |
o 14 6 do. |
046 do. |
|
Kosa „ |
I 8 o per 1,000 |
240 per|i,ooo ... |
o 12 o per 1,000. |
|
Ral |
240 per maund |
580 per maund |
340 per maund. |
|
Tikhur |
340 do. |
600 do. |
3 12 o do. |
|
Mohwa |
o 12 o do. |
0 12 o do. |
|
|
Cbironji |
600 do. |
10 o o do. |
400 per maund. |
CHAPTER V.
MISCELLANEOUS FACTS.
33. The present sanctioned forest staff for the Banjar Reserve consists of the Range Forest Staff whose headquarters are at Kisli, under whom there arc :
3 Foresters, Deputy Rangers or Senior Forest Guards who act as assistants to
the Range Officer. 1 8 Forest Guards, and I Range Moharrir.
Out of these the following are employed on the Banjar Reserve, i.e., the area with which this Working Plan deals : — I Forester. 9 Forest Guards.
Beside these men 35 fire guards are annually engaged from February I5th to June I5th at Rs. 4 per month each. These men are all engaged in the Banjar Reserve for fire protection
34. There is an ample and expert labour supply as regards felling already present Labour supply. around the Reserve, sufficient local labour is also available for
all -logging and squaring purposes ; if, however, more sawing than this isjequired, labour will have to be imported from elsewhere.
PART II.
FUTURE MANAGEMENT DISCUSSED AND PRESCRIBED. CHAPTER VI.
BASIS OF PROPOSALS.
35. The Banjar Reserve is treated as one working circle, because it comprises one compact block of forest situated in one Range and has one
of expo
circles, bow com-
and Kanha. They have been chosen and marked on the map according to their local lines of export which coincide with the different water sheds they lie in. Thus the Kisli block lies inside the Ghangar basin and the Kanha block in the Sulkan basin.
36 These two blocks have again been divided into compartments apportioned
Com artmeuts how com- *S foll°WS : In the Kisli block 3° and in the Khana block 59
pose™1" compartments have been made, as large as possible, in order to
fully describe the areas under sal. Their boundaries are natural
IO
features such as water-sheds and streams, roads have only been used as boundaries when of a permanent nature. It has been necessary to make 10 sub-compartments, 4 in the Kanha and 6 in the Kisli block. Owing to the open nature of the forests found in these sub-compart- ments it has been necessary for the present to exclude them from the felling areas prescribed in the Working Plan. For the same reasons compartment 20 of the Kisli block has been excluded from the felling urea.
Analysis of the crop, method of valuation employed.
37. Daring the years 1901, 1902, 1903, 3,174 acres of sal were worked over. The number of trees felled were as follows : —
|
4 to 5 feet dead and dying. |
5 to 6 feet. |
6 to 8 feet. |
Over 8 feet. |
Total. |
|
«.439 |
3,54» |
',53' |
442 |
6,549 |
These give an average of 2'2 trees per acre. During these years, however, dead and dying trees of under 5 feet in girth were cut and also all sound trees of 5 feet in girth and over, whereas the prescriptions of this Working Plan limit fellings to trees of 6 feet in girth or over and half the trees of 5 to 6 feet in girth.
With the aid of these figures a careful eye estimate of the yield of each compartment has been made and it has been calculated that the maximum yield is 19,084 trees which gives a mean annual. yield of 636 trees or a yield of i-2 trees per acre.
CHAPTER VII.
OBJECT SOUGHT TO BE ATTAINED AND METHOD or TREATMENT.
38. The object sought to be attained is the maintenance of these forests as high forest in such a condition as to yield the largest possible sustained outturn of timber suitable for market requirements.
The method of treatment adopted is the removal of mature, overmature and dying trees under a" system of selection fellings with a view to keeping up the supply of large timber. Even if the selection system was undesirable on other grounds, it is the only form of treatment possible owing to the danger of admitting frost.
39-
The exploitable age or girth.
It would be desirable to fix an age-limit for the exploitation of sal. Information, however, on this point is very meagre as yet and it is not consi- dered advisable to prescribe any working on the age basis. The actual age of a tree of a certain girth is not very important at present. The most important point is to consider the girth best adapted to meet the most general demand for timber and to consider how to supply it without overworking the forest. It may be noted here that in the neighbouring Topla Reserve where conditions are much the same as in the Banjar Reserve the mean rate of increase in girth has been found to be about -43' per annum. This gives the age of a 6 feet tree as being about 170 years. As far as can be seen at present the most important and steady demand for timber in the future will be the Gun Carriage Factory at Jubbulpur. As their latest timber specification lays down a mean girth of 66" it is clear that to avoid the risk of rendering ourselves unable to meet the require- ments of this market we must fix the exploitable girth at 6 feet. As far as we know at present sal under overage conditions attains maturity with a girth of 6 feet, though this figure varies according to the factors of the locality. So far, however, the demand of the market and sylvicultural requirements agree. Further experiments in the Banjar Reserve are re- quired to assist in establishing this question.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE FELLINGS.
40. A felling rotation of 30 years has been fixed, and pro- vided that the demand equals the supply the whole forest will be worked over during this period.
The general working scheme, calculation of the possibility.
Mature trees of 6 feet in girth otherwise termed " first class trees" may be felled, as also half the number of trees from 5 to 6 feet in girth termed " second class" trees/ The annual possibility has been based on the number of stems of exploitable girth and the coupes have been arranged compatible with other considerations so as to give an approximately equal annual yield. The maximum possibility will, therefore, consist of all existing first class trees and half existing second class trees.
41. The total sal area has been divided into 30 annual coupes fixed with a view to „ . , , equalizing the annual yield. The possibility fixed is a maximum
prescribed0"" one and should not be worked UP to should there be sylvicultural
objections to the removal of any portion of the crop that composes it, should this not bejjustified by the demand. Each coupe may be kept open for 2 years
II
and after the expiry of this period such portions thereof which, in the opinion of the Conser- vator, have not been fully worked over, should be brought forward as an unworked balance in the Control Forms. Such unworked areas should be worked over before a fresh coupe is opened. Should the coupes be worked departmentally dare should be taken to restrict felling to a certain specific portion of the coupe which is deemed to be sufficient to meet the demand and which may happen to fall short of the prescribed possibility. All collection of timber in depots in anticipation of a demand not presently apparent is to be deprecated. Dead trees have not been included in the possibility, they may be removed annually over the whole area according as the Conservator may see fit.
42. The total area of sal forest is 18,672 acres of which 1 29 acres consist of small isolated
clumps or are situated in inaccessible positions and have therefore orAerfodicane ^^ aDnua"y been excluded from the felling areas. Similarly 2,572 acres of
sal have been excluded for sylvicultural reasons. The balance of
acres 15,971 have been divided into 30 annual coupes. From an eye estimate it has been calculated that the maximum total yield is 19,084 stems which divided by 30 gives a mean annual yield of 636 stems. It has not been possible to arrange the coupes so as to fix the annual yields exactly at this figure, but compatible with questions of transport and working this has been done as far as possible. Each coupe has been made to consist of one or more entire compartments.
J[ Out^^of ljvm^{G~*^**ff I
Dead trees/have not been included in the possibility. It is estimated that the yield of dead trees of 3 feet girth and over will be about i tree to every 4-4 acres.
43. As part of the Kisli block has already (in 1901) been worked over to the extent of
4 coupes, it was deemed best to proceed and work out the Kisli
'. ., £. ,, , . ..
block before proceeding to the Kanha block, more especially as the Kisli block is the most accessible and easily worked of the blocks. It is, moreover, on account of its rich and vigorous growing stock specially indicated for early working on sylvicultural grounds. Turning now to annual coupes these have been arranged primarily in order to facilitate transport so that all the coupes adjoining a road are worked out successive- ly before proceeding elsewhere, where another road would have to be made. Secondary to transport, sylvicultural requirements have been taken into consideration in allotting the coupes.
Order of allotment.
The following is a tabular statement of the fellings to be made : —
|
Year of working. |
COUPES. |
REMARKS. |
|||
|
Compartments which form coupe. |
No. of coupe. |
Salana acres. |
Number of trees which may be felled. |
||
|
1904—1906 |
25, 29, 30 |
I |
533 |
728 |
|
|
1905—1907 |
26, 27, |
11 |
4"3 |
544 |
|
|
1906—1908 |
22B. 23 B. 24 B. |
III |
441 |
534 |
|
|
1907-1909 |
19 B, 21 B. 28 |
IV |
483 |
543 |
|
|
1908—1910 |
17 18 B |
V |
463 |
545 |
|
|
1909—1911 |
56, 57 |
VI |
409 |
537 |
|
|
1910—1912 „ |
7, 47 |
VII |
508 |
720 |
|
|
1911 — 1913 |
13 B. 31 |
VIII |
449 |
627 |
|
|
1913—1914 |
32 33, 35 |
IX |
545 |
695 |
|
|
1913—1915 |
26, 28, ag, 30 |
X |
577 |
722 |
|
|
1914—1916 |
22, 27 |
XI |
555 |
7'i |
|
|
1915-1917 |
li B. 14 |
XII |
570 |
748 |
|
|
1916 — 1918 |
"5. «7 |
XIII |
437 |
543 |
|
|
1917—1919 |
16, 18, 19 |
XIV |
498 |
«45 |
|
|
1918—1920 |
9, 10, 13 |
XV |
540 |
641 |
|
|
1919—1921 |
4, 8 |
XVI |
506 |
689 |
|
|
1920—1922 ... |
I, 2, 20 |
XVII |
49* |
612 |
|
|
1921—1923 |
3 5 B. « B, |
XVIII |
569 |
736 |
|
|
1922—1924 |
34, 46 |
XIX |
55' |
739 |
|
|
'923— >92S |
37, 38, 44 |
XX |
499 |
618 |
12
|
COUPES. |
|||||
|
Year of working. |
Compartment? which form coupe. |
No. of coup:. |
Salana acres. |
Number of trees which may be felled. |
REMARKS. |
|
1924—1926 |
42, 43. 59 |
XXI |
473 |
604 |
|
|
1925—1927 |
52. 58 |
XXII |
488 |
57« |
|
|
1926—1928 |
45. 48, 49 |
xxai |
580 |
739 |
|
|
1927—1929 |
S=, 5i |
XXIV |
487 |
582 |
|
|
1928—1930 |
53, 54, 55 |
XXV |
741 |
750 |
|
|
1929-1931 |
5, 7 |
XXVI |
652 |
647 |
|
|
1930-193* |
3, 6 |
xxvn |
60 1 |
57' |
|
|
'93'-«933 |
"4, 15- I« |
XXVIII |
701 |
568 |
|
|
1932-1934 |
ii, «, 13 |
XXIX |
648 |
624 |
|
|
1933— >93S |
I, *, 4. 9. «o |
XXX |
57» |
544 |
|
|
Total ... |
... |
*•• |
I5-97I |
19,084 |
44- The trees which may be marked for felling are : —
All first class trees.
Half of the second class trees.
Nature and mode of execut-
inj the felling.
I. 2. •£>
Besides these, dead trees may be removed over the whole area as already indicated. Details as to the mode of executing the markings and fellings may be left to the Conservator. It is important that trees on the edges of blanks should not be felled and that in executing the fellings the creation of even small blanks should be avoided.
Should the demand be reasonably certain to fall short of the probable supply, trees much in excess of the demand should not be marked and in this case trees to be selected by the marking officer should be those that are mature and dying.
45. At the conclusion of the felling rotation all trees of very large girth, that is to say, of
8 feet and over, will have disappeared. On the other hand, the
forest wil1 be more uniform as re?ards the &rowing stock ^d the result of the increased fire protection is likely to produce a better
regeneration.
46. Thinnings are not necessary, although in some of the denser parts of the forest their
action would be beneficial, still, unless entrusted to highly-skilled hands more harm than good might result, and as it is unlikely that the Forest Divisional Officer could personally devote much of his time to this work, they have not been prescribed.
ing rotation.
Thinnings and provement fellings.
other im-
All climbers should be cut when the trees are marked for felling and subsequently at intervals of 15 years. At the same time miscellaneous species suppressing promising young sal growth should be girdled.
CHAPTER IX.
SUPPLEMENTARY REGULATIONS.
47. At present grazing is not permitted from the isth February to the 15th June, that is
Grazing and other rights. to sav' during the Period when fire protection is considered neces- sary. This practice may continue.
lotion
48. The inhabitants of surrounding villages remove ' nistar' from the Reserve under the commutation system. They are permitted to fell various miscel- laneous species. The result is that many trees which would act
rules. as nurses to young sal at present struggling to maintain an
existence in the blanks have been cut out. By this means the
filling up of grass lands with sal is being retarded.
Surrounding villages have ample areas situated elsewhere from which they can satisfy their requirements, and as the exercise of this privilege increases the danger from fire com- mutation for nister or other forest produce should not be permitted inside the Reserve.
13
49- In para. 21 of the Working Plan reference has been made to the present fire regulations and their success in the past. The lines which arc
Improvements common tothe tnerejn mentioned in detail are shown on the maps. The present outer fire line is sufficient in order to prevent the entrance of fire
from surrounding areas. The present interior fire lines act as a check on fire when it has once entered the Reserve ; they are, however, not sufficient. All existing roads and align- ments of roads prescribed should therefore be maintained as interior fire lines.
MISCELLANEOUS PRESCRIPTIONS.
50. There are at present 6,065 acres of grass land in the Reserve from which the reve-
nue derived is negligible, but which are nevertheless capable of
Stocking of blanks. producing first class sal forest and from which the yield might be
as high as that obtained from the richest part of the Reserve. Owing to a lack of persever- ance and an unhappy choice of a shelterwood efforts to restock grass land with sal have so far failed. Efforts to restock similar areas in other provinces have also been unsuccessful. The task of converting blanks into sal forest is therefore not an easy one, and this fact combined with our limited knowledge on the subject, has made it advisable to limit for the present any attempts on these lines to experiment. Every effort should be made to discover a suitable method of restocking blanks. With this view an area situated in the Kisli grass lands has been mapped as suitable for such experiments. The lines which these experiments should take are indicated as follows : —
Any attempt at introducing sal without first establishing a shelterwood will fail. Con- ditions at present existing in the grass land clearly demonstrate this and also show what species are suitable as shelterwood, viz., Salai (Boswellia serata), Tendu (Dyosfyros melanoxy- lon), Cheola (Butia frondosa), Semar (Bombax malabaricum) and bamboos.
These and other species should be introduced either by sowing or planting or from cut- tings. Little is known as to the capabilities of Indian trees to reproduce themselves from cuttings, but it is known that many do, amongst others bamboos and salai.
It is possible, therefore, that a suitable shelterwood may be quickly produced by planting large cuttings at the end of the hot weather. A shelterwood thus introduced will have the advantage of commencing life somewhat above the frost level and will also be capable of attaining a suitable size for shelterwood at an earlier date than trees introduced by sowing. Experiments in the lines above mentioned should be commenced at once and maintained until success is achieved or until it has been clearly demonstrated that the task is an impossible one.
51. The Range Officer should carefully check and correct the existing stockmaps for
each coupe as it comes to be worked over. In this manner the Correction of maps. stock maps at the end of the felling rotation will be absolutely correct.
52. Ral. — This comparatively worthless minor product has been the cause of much
Collection of Ral damage to valuable sal trees in the past. As the temptation to
notch and cut down trees in order to facilitate its collection is so
great, and as no adequate check can be maintained on the methods by which it has been ob- tained, the collection of ral should be in the future entirely prohibited.
53. The question of roads has been carefully considered and all the main roads neces- sary have been plotted on the map. They will have to be construc- ed as the adjoining areas come to be worked. The roads should be strongly constructed at Nalas, on hillsides or at difficult places so that when the next period arrives only repairs will be necessary.
Construction ance of roads.
and mainten-
The following table gives farther details concerning the roads : —
Existing Roads.
|
From |
To |
Distance, |
Remarks. |
|
Khatua ... Kanha _ Kisli ... _ |
Bbilwani Sarwantal Jhuluk |
14! miles. 3^ miles. 4 miles. |
These roads will require Rs. 8 per mile for repairs when they come to DC used A |
|
Kisli up Ghagur and through torests. |
Pillar No. 60 |
3| miles. |
Roads of a permanent nature which it is necessary to make and which have been plotted on the map : —
|
From |
To |
Distance |
Estimated cost. |
|
Rs. a. p. |
|||
|
Kanha ... |
Sole |
5^ miles ... |
95 o o |
|
Orua |
Kisli-Belwani road by Sarwahi ... |
4^ miles |
190 o o |
|
Between Pillar 25 and 26 _ |
Kafedabra ._ |
4j miles ._ |
no o c |
These roads run through the main sal areas. From them it will be necessary to make short branch roads of a purely temporary nature in order to ezploit each coupe. Owing to their temporary nature it has not been thought necessary to mark them on the map. It is estimated that temporary roads will average 6 miles a year and will cost approximately Rs. 50 per annum.
54. The range should always be held by a trained Range Officer of proved merit. The
prescriptions of the Working Plan will entail the necessity of rwMtSta& Cbanges in the adding one forester and three forest guards to the present staff.
The duties of these men will be to assist the Range Officer in marking tress, superintending fellings, logging, extraction of timbers, &c.
55. A forest rest house and new range quarters have recently been built at Kisli. A
hut exists at Kanha, but it is no longer serviceable and should be
Building.'.
replaced by a rest house similar to the one recently built at Kisli,
the cost of which will be Rs. 1,300.
56. The financial results cannot be estimated with any certainty as only one market
for sal timber has as yet been found. The following figures
Financial result and selling h ; hat respects this Working Plan will effect the annual
rates of sal discussed. -,,. . .. , .
revenue and expenditure. VV ith the object of calculating the
minimum rate per cubic foot at which sal timber should be sold at Nainpur, expenditure and loss of revenue has been divided inlo two classes according as it is directly due to the work- ing of the sal forests or not.
Expenses incurred not directly due to the working of sal forests : —
|
Whether capital or recurring. |
Reasons for expenditure or loss of revenue. |
Amount. |
|
Rs. |
||
|
R lie. — Recurring ._ |
Loss of Revenue due to prohibition of the collection of Ral per |
20 |
|
annum. |
||
|
A VIIA.-Capital |
Cost of erection of Rest House at Kanha ... ._ |
1,300 |
|
A VIII^.— Recurring ... |
Estimated cost of experiments to restock blanks per annum .. |
4" |
|
A VII1/— Capital |
Expenditure on clearing roads and alignment of roads as fire |
73 |
|
lines i8| miles. |
||
|
A VIII/- Recurring ._ _ |
Up-keep of above fire lines ... ... _ |
73 |
|
Total |
1,506 |
Expenses directly due to the working of sal forests.
|
Item of expenditure and estimated rates, |
Total mean cost per annum. |
|
|
Rs. a. p. |
||
|
A VI11/ ... |
Cost of marking trees ... _ — |
40 o o |
|
BIc |
Cost of increase ef staff ... ... ... ... _ |
366 o o |
|
A la |
Cost of felling and barking trees at mean rate as. 3-9 per tree |
149 i o |
|
A la |
Cost of logging at 3 cuts per tree at Re. 0-1-6 per cut ... |
178 14 o |
|
A la _ A VIU |
Cost of extraction and carting timber to Nainpur at 0-5-9 annas per cubic foot taking 40 cubic feet to a tree. Cost of road making ... ... ... ... |
7,95° o o 50 o o |
|
A Vie _ |
Incidental expenses, tools ... ... ... ... |
50 o o |
|
Total |
8,783 15 o |
15
Thus the mean annual expenditure in connection with working the sal forests is calculated at Rs. 8,784. The mean annual yield is 636 trees which are calculated to yield on an average 40 cubic feet per tree or 25,440 cubic feet. Thus the expense of landing a cubic foot of sal timber at Nainpur is 5| annas. It is not likely that this rate will be exceeded.
The royalty on sal timber is four annas a cubic foot. Considering the quality of timber produced a profit of at least 12 annas per cubic foot might be expected. The price of sal timber at Nainpur should therefore be not less than Re. 1-2-0 per cubic foot.
Another point which suggests that a profit of 12 annas per cubic foot may be expected is the fact that the sal timber at present landed in Jabbulpur from the South Phen and Motinala Reserves fetches Re. 1-2 to 1-8 per cubic foot. If timber from the Banjar Valley is to be landed at Jabbulpur, an additional expenditure of 2 annas per cubic foot will be incurred on truck hire from Nainpur to Jabbulpur, thus making the cost of landing sal timber at Jabbulpur to.be 7i annas per cubic foot. It is reasonable to expect that an average price of Re. 1-5 per cubic foot will be obtained at Jabbulpur for sal timber in the future in which case the profits will be Re. 013-6 per cubic foot, thus the expected revenue from sal timber is Rs. 21,465. From the above figures it will be noticed that the cost of transport is by far the largest item in the expenditure and that any arrangements which would reduce the cost by even I or 2 annas per cubic foot would probably result in a saving. When a steady market at the above rates and when some experience in working the forests have been obtained some saving On the cost of transport will probably be possible.
The following is a tabular statement showing estimated revenue and expenditure by subheads complete for the Banjar Valley Reserve : —
REVENUE.
From
Rs. a. p.
RI a Sal timber ... ... ... 33)39O o o
RII c ... ... ... 12 o o
Rlltt ... ... ... 48 o o
RII« ... ... ... 15 o o
RV c ... ... ... 35 o o
Total ... 33,5oo o o
EXPENDITURE.
Ala ... ... ... 11,925 o o
AI c ... ... ... i o o
AI e ... ... ... 159 o o
AVI c AVII a AVII b AVII c AVIIIa AVllld AVIII/
AIX b BI c AVIII b
Total ... 15,131 o o
From the above figures it is calculated that the financial results will be a net annual profit of Rs. 18,369 for the area with which this working plan deals.
16
APPENDIX B.
Description of Compartments.
|
Name of Block. |
No. of compart- 1 ment. |
ARKA IN ACRES. |
Coupe in which com- >artment is included. |
||||
|
Sal. |
Mixed. |
Black. |
Total. |
||||
|
Kisli. |
I |
49 |
177 |
396 |
622 |
XXX |
Sal area is insigni6cant, a large mixture of other |
|
species. Regeneration is poor. Large trees in |
|||||||
|
excess. Sal area is likely to extend within the |
|||||||
|
next 30 years. Was worked over in 1901, the |
|||||||
|
yield will be considerably below normal. Yield |
|||||||
|
estimated at 49 trees. |
|||||||
|
i.. . |
3 |
125 |
433 |
1 60 |
718 |
XXX |
Sal area is small. Crop is good except where it |
|
adjoins the mixed forest. Middle aged trees |
|||||||
|
predominate. Height growth is good and re- |
|||||||
|
generation vigorous. Above the average type |
|||||||
|
of sal forest found in the Reserve. Was felled |
|||||||
|
over in 1901. Owing to this yield will be re- |
|||||||
|
duced when next felled over. Yield estimated |
|||||||
|
at 102 trees. |
|||||||
|
3 |
301 |
• •» |
195 |
496 |
XXVII |
Area i i entirely composed of sal and grass lands. |
|
|
Many large trees. Sal areas fully stocked. |
|||||||
|
Middle aged trees in excess. Regeneration is |
|||||||
|
vigorous. Crop is characteristic of the best |
|||||||
|
type of sal forest. Felled over in 1901. Owing |
|||||||
|
to this the yield will be less when again felled |
|||||||
|
Over. Yield estimated at 271 trees. |
|||||||
|
4 |
90 |
165 |
S3 |
3°8 |
XXX |
Area mostly composed of sal and mixed forest. |
|
|
Sal varies much In the higher portions sal |
|||||||
|
is poor. Bamboos are very numerous Climb- |
|||||||
|
ers are doing much damage. In the Ir-wer |
|||||||
|
portions the crop is good. Height growth is ex- |
|||||||
|
ceptionally good. Middle aged trees are in |
|||||||
|
excess Regeneration is poor and suffers from |
|||||||
|
frost. Felled over in 1903. Yield will be tbu* |
|||||||
|
reduced. Yield estimated at 73 trees. |
|||||||
|
5 |
ai8 |
1 86 |
26 |
430 |
XXVI |
This compartment differs in no essential feature |
|
|
from compartment 4. It was also felled over |
|||||||
|
in 1903. Yield estimated at 213 trees. |
|||||||
|
6 |
300 |
• ** |
80 |
38° |
XXVII |
The sal crop is in process of removal. Regene- |
|
|
ration is better than in most places. Was fell- |
|||||||
|
ed over in 1903, Yield estimated at 300 trees. |
|||||||
|
7 |
434 |
67 |
25 |
526 |
XXVI |
Very similar in character to compartment 6. |
|
|
Regeneration is particularly good. Tree- on |
|||||||
|
this area attain a large girth without becoming |
|||||||
|
unsound. Was felled over in 1902. Yield |
|||||||
|
estimated at 434 trees. |
|||||||
|
8 |
... |
1,087 |
108 |
','95 |
... |
Does not contain sal in workable quantities. A |
|
|
fringe of sal trees mns between the mixed |
|||||||
|
areas and grass lands which is likely to extend. |
|||||||
|
9 |
140 |
28 |
15 |
183 |
XXX |
Contains good sal forest. Regeneration is also |
|
|
good. Bamboos are numerous in parts and |
|||||||
|
seem to be extending. Was felled over in |
|||||||
|
1901. Yield estimated at 142 trees. |
|||||||
|
10 |
168 |
12 |
35 |
215 |
XXX |
Similar to compartment 9. Was also felled over |
|
|
in 1901. Higher portions of sal forest contains |
|||||||
|
other species. Yield estimated at 178 trees. |
|||||||
|
ii |
•85 |
33 |
52 |
270 |
XXIX |
Contains one of the most vigorous sal forest |
|
|
found in the Reserve. Regeneration abund- |
|||||||
|
ant. Gave a large yield in 1902, when this |
|||||||
|
compartment was felled over ; consequently |
|||||||
|
the yield will be less when next worked ever. |
|||||||
|
12 |
298 |
42 |
40 |
380 |
XXIX |
Differs in no essential respect from compartment |
|
|
II. Was also worked over in 1902. Yield |
|||||||
|
estimated at 317 trees. |
|||||||
|
>3 |
165 |
52 |
• •• |
217 |
XXIX |
A large number of middle aged sal trees of fine |
|
|
growth. Regeneration abundant General ap- |
|||||||
|
pearance of growing stock is vigorous and |
|||||||
|
healthy. Was felled over in 1903. Yield |
|||||||
|
estimated at I32trees. |
|||||||
|
14 |
185 |
... |
72 |
257 |
XXVIII |
Similar to compartment No. 13. Was worked |
|
|
• |
over in 1901. Yield estimated at 167 trees. |
||||||
|
«S |
277 |
166 |
... |
443 |
XXVIII |
Growing stock varies much, la the higher por- |
|
|
tions poor with a large mixture of otner |
|||||||
|
species. Lower portions consist of pure sal, |
|||||||
|
but the height growth is poor and regeneration |
|||||||
|
is scanty. Felled over in 1902, yield estimated |
|||||||
|
at 217 trees, |
Description of Compartments — (contd.)
|
Name of Block. |
No. of compart-l ment. |
AREA IN ACRES. |
Coupe in which com- partment is included. |
||||
|
Sal. |
Mixed. |
Blank. |
Total. |
||||
|
I |
|||||||
|
Kisli. |
16 |
339 |
681 |
488 |
1,408 |
XXVIII |
Consists mostly of mixed forest. Sal forest is mostly poor. A large admixture of other spe- |
|
cies and bamboos. Height growth poor and |
|||||||
|
stems crooked. Regeneration almost wanting. |
|||||||
|
Climbers numerous. Was felled over in 1902. |
|||||||
|
Yield estimated at 184 trees. |
|||||||
|
17 |
205 |
272 |
477 |
V |
growing stock consists mostly of poor forest. Large number of topsore trees. Only in the |
||
|
lower portions is regeneration found. The |
|||||||
|
higher areas now containing sal are likely to |
|||||||
|
change into mixed forest. Yield estimated at |
|||||||
|
207 trees. |
|||||||
|
18 A |
430 |
82 |
512 |
Sal crop very open. Many trees have been des- |
|||
|
*r J |
troyed by fire and frost has been admitted. |
||||||
|
Growing stock consists almost entirely of scatter- |
|||||||
|
ed trees of very lai ge girth and here and there |
|||||||
|
of trees 1 to 2 feet in girth. Regenerntion en- |
|||||||
|
tirely absent. Soil covered with palms and |
|||||||
|
grass, only in a few of the higher portions |
|||||||
|
where bamboos are found has any young growth |
|||||||
|
succeeded in establishing itself This area can- |
|||||||
|
not be felled in during the present rotation. |
|||||||
|
18 B |
258 |
495 |
... |
753 |
V |
Sal is mostly poor but contains many trees of good girth Mony topsore trees. Only in lower |
|
|
portions is regeneration found. Climbers and |
|||||||
|
bamboos numerous. Many trees have been |
|||||||
|
destroyed by baigas for the sake of Ral. Yield |
|||||||
|
estimated at 338 trees. |
|||||||
|
19 A |
III |
II |
224 |
... |
Very similar to 18 A. Only more bamboos are |
||
|
J |
found and consequently the young growth has |
||||||
|
suffered less from frost. This area will there- |
|||||||
|
fore be capable of being worked at an earlier |
|||||||
|
date than 18 A, but cannot be worked during |
|||||||
|
the next 30 years. Many trees have been des- |
|||||||
|
troyed by Baigas for the sake of Ral. |
|||||||
|
igB |
187 |
299 |
486 |
IV |
Sal is mostly poor, but contains many old trees. |
||
|
Many topsore trees. Regeneration almost want- |
|||||||
|
ing and many small blanks where large trees |
|||||||
|
have come out. Yield estimated at 229 trees. |
|||||||
|
20 |
262 |
".TOS |
1,967 |
Similar to 19 B, but contains more sal and better |
|||
|
timber. Should not be felled in during the |
|||||||
|
present felling rotation, but will be ready by |
|||||||
|
the next one. Young sal trees are coming |
|||||||
|
away. |
|||||||
|
2lA |
34° |
75 |
4>5 |
In this compartment regeneration has just |
|||
|
succeeded in establishing itself, but as there |
|||||||
|
is still danger from frost it will not be safe to |
|||||||
|
remove any of the shelter trees during the |
|||||||
|
present rotation. This area should eventually |
|||||||
|
produce good ual. |
|||||||
|
2lB |
iSS |
596 |
43 |
827 |
IV |
Consists mostly of mixed forest. The area is |
|
|
very similar to 21 A, only the regeneration is |
|||||||
|
so complete that light feelings may be made |
|||||||
|
during the present regeneration. The mature |
|||||||
|
trees are poor in height growth and are cover- |
|||||||
|
ed with epicormic branches. Yield will be |
|||||||
|
small. Climbers numerous and dring much |
|||||||
|
damage. Many trees have been destroyed for |
|||||||
|
the sake of Ral. Yield estimated at 217 trees. |
|||||||
|
22A |
447 |
64 |
293 |
804 |
This area has also been destroyed by fire and |
||
|
regeneration prevented by frost. A large |
|||||||
|
number of bamboos present which shelters |
|||||||
|
the young sal a tair number of which have |
|||||||
|
established themselves and are coming away. |
|||||||
|
For the present rotation no fellings should be |
|||||||
|
made. Eventually good trees should be |
|||||||
|
produced. |
|||||||
|
22B |
'35 |
10 |
'45 |
III |
Diners in no essentials from 2iE. Yield esti- |
||
|
mated at 136 trees. |
i8
Description of Compartments — (contd.)
|
I |
AREA IN ACRES. |
||||||
|
»• nf |
f |
Coupe in |
|||||
|
Name 01 |
8 |
which com- |
|||||
|
Block. |
>artment is |
||||||
|
"S 0 |
Sal. |
Mixed. |
Blank. |
Total. |
ncluded. |
||
|
0 £ |
|||||||
|
z |
|||||||
|
Killi. |
23A |
10 |
69 |
79 |
Consists of a fringe of old and middle-aged |
||
|
trees extending along the edge of a blank. |
|||||||
|
Height growth fair. No regeneration at pre- |
|||||||
|
sent. Owing to the open nature of the grow- |
|||||||
|
ing stock and want of regeneration cannot be |
|||||||
|
felled over during the present rotation. It is |
|||||||
|
hoped the sal will spread over some of the |
|||||||
|
. |
adjoining blank. |
||||||
|
23B |
"34 |
774 |
908 |
Ill |
A poor type of sal forest. The locality does |
||
|
not sesm capable of producing trees of large |
|||||||
|
size. Climbers are numerous. Yield esti- |
|||||||
|
mated at 136 trees. |
|||||||
|
24A |
8 |
36 |
44 |
... |
Differs in no respect from 2jA. |
||
|
246 |
172 |
751 |
3 |
926 |
Ill |
In the lower portions contains some good sal |
|
|
forest, but for the most part consists of poor |
|||||||
|
forest. Climbers are numerous. Yield esti- |
|||||||
|
mated at 266 trees. |
|||||||
|
25 |
Itfl |
473 |
100 |
734 |
I |
Consists mostly of mixed forest. The sal forest |
|
|
is good. Height growth especially good. |
|||||||
|
Many large trees. Regeneration sufficient. |
|||||||
|
Yield should be good. Yield estimated at 142 |
|||||||
|
trees. |
|||||||
|
26 |
193 |
458 |
72 |
722 |
II |
Consists mostly of mixed forest. Half the sal |
|
|
area is average sal forest. The rest is poor |
|||||||
|
sal forest. The yield should be average. The |
|||||||
|
largest trees are found at the edges of blanks |
|||||||
|
where the forest is open. Yield estimated at |
|||||||
|
270 trees. |
|||||||
|
27 |
211 |
165 |
27 |
403 |
II |
Most of the sal forest is exceptionally good. |
|
|
Height growth good. Many large apparently |
|||||||
|
sound trees. AH age classes fully represented. |
|||||||
|
Regeneration exceptionally dense and vigorous. |
|||||||
|
In the portions adjoining the mixed forest the |
|||||||
|
sal forest is poor Yield estimated at 247 |
|||||||
|
trees. |
|||||||
|
28 |
1 08 |
141 |
12 |
261 |
IV |
Consists mostly of poor sal forests. All age |
|
|
classes represented. Height growth poor. |
|||||||
|
Regeneration is very uneven and patchy. |
|||||||
|
Climbers are numerous. Large number of |
|||||||
|
bamboos and other species. Yield estimated |
|||||||
|
at 97 trees. |
|||||||
|
29 |
ISO |
'3 |
8 |
171 |
I |
In lower portions sal forest in good, but a large |
|
|
portion is on high ground adjoining mixed |
|||||||
|
forest where the sal is poor and many bamboos |
|||||||
|
and other species are found. Yield estimated |
|||||||
|
at 195 trees. |
|||||||
|
3° |
222 |
62 |
284 |
I |
Good sal forest throughout. All age classes |
||
|
are fully represented. A large number of |
|||||||
|
trees of good height and girth. In higher |
|||||||
|
portions climbers are numerous and sal is not |
|||||||
|
' |
so good. Yield estimated at 319 trees. |
||||||
|
Total ... |
... |
7,207 |
9,335 |
2,648 |
19,190 |
... |
|
|
Kanha ... |
1 |
308 |
660 |
399 |
1,367 |
XVII |
Consists mostly of mixed forest. Sal found in |
|
clumps which are gradually extending to meet |
|||||||
|
each other. Many large trees and height |
|||||||
|
growth good. Yield will be large. Yield |
|||||||
|
estimated 424 trees. |
|||||||
|
1 |
120 |
580 |
72 |
772 |
XVII |
Consists mostly of mixed forest. Sal found in |
|
|
clumps and varies. In the lower portions some |
|||||||
|
good trees are found, but in higher portions |
|||||||
|
height growth is poor. Regeneration fair. Sa! |
|||||||
|
is extending. Yield estimated 132 trees. |
|||||||
|
3 |
161 |
88 |
5° |
299 |
XVII |
Sal is almost pure Height growth good. |
|
|
Many large trees and poles. In higher por- |
|||||||
|
tions height growth is not so good and many |
|||||||
|
climbers are found doing much damage. Yield |
|||||||
|
estimated at 197 trees. |
|||||||
|
4 |
310 |
35 |
245 |
XVI |
Sal where found is almost pure. Contain* |
||
|
many fair trees and poles. A few small |
|||||||
|
blanks which are filling up. Yield estimated |
|||||||
|
at 253 trees. |
Description of Compartments — (contd.)
|
Name of Block. |
u D. E 8 . o'l |
ARKA IN ACRES. |
Coupe in which com partment is included, |
||||
|
Sal. |
Mixed. |
Blank. |
Total. |
||||
|
Kaoha |
276 |
62 |
338 |
Open sal forest. Ha» suffered much from fire. |
|||
|
Many fine trees have been burned. Their |
|||||||
|
size shows that this area is capable: of produc- |
|||||||
|
ing first class sal. Many trees of very large |
|||||||
|
girth dead or dying. Also a quantity of trees |
|||||||
|
2 feet in girth and 30 feet in height showing that |
|||||||
|
owing to a number of favourable seasons |
|||||||
|
some regeneration has taken place. At pre- |
|||||||
|
sent soil is covered with palms and grass. |
|||||||
|
Youut; sal is all frosted back annually. No |
|||||||
|
felling can take place during present rotation. |
|||||||
|
SB |
150 |
'47 |
29 |
326 |
XVIII |
Height growth poor ; few large trees. In the higher portions many dead and dying. |
|
|
Regeneration is sufficient. Yield estimated at |
|||||||
|
180 trees. |
|||||||
|
6A |
72 |
9 |
98 |
179 |
... |
Differs in no essential respect from 5 A. |
|
|
6B |
258 |
81 |
339 |
XVIII |
Crop varies much; is rather open, especially in the |
||
|
lower portions where, however, the trees are |
|||||||
|
finer and regeneration is poor. In the higher |
|||||||
|
portions regeneration is sufficient, but mature |
|||||||
|
trees are small. Yield estimated at 359 trees. |
|||||||
|
7 |
-236 |
36 |
2 |
274 |
VII |
Contains much fine sal forest, especially in the |
|
|
lower portions where the yield will be good. |
|||||||
|
In the higher portions the sal is short and |
|||||||
|
many topsore trees are found. Climbers |
|||||||
|
numerous. Yield estimated at 314. |
|||||||
|
8 |
296 |
52 |
348 |
XVI |
Consists almost entirely of sal forest. Growth |
||
|
very vigorous. All age classes fully represent- |
|||||||
|
ed. Many trees of large girth. Yield estimated |
|||||||
|
at 432 trees. |
|||||||
|
9 |
206 |
8 |
46 |
260 |
XV |
In lower portions of the area the sal forest is |
|
|
good with good height growth. In the higher |
|||||||
|
portions forest is poor. Many climbers doing |
|||||||
|
much damage. Many trees have been cut for |
|||||||
|
Ral. In higher portious bamboos are numer- |
|||||||
|
ous and have killed out young sal. Yield |
|||||||
|
estimated at 290 trees. |
|||||||
|
10 |
1 60 |
40 |
200 |
XV |
Consists mostly of sal forest which is good. A |
||
|
number of small blanks are found throughout |
|||||||
|
which are filling with sal. In higher portions |
|||||||
|
climbers are numerous. Yield estimated at |
|||||||
|
213 trees. |
|||||||
|
il A |
196 |
89 |
285 |
Consists of open sa1 forest. Growing stock is |
|||
|
represented chiefly by middle-aged sal. boil |
|||||||
|
is covered with grass. Young sal is annually |
|||||||
|
fros-ed back. Cannot be felled in during the |
|||||||
|
present rotation. |
|||||||
|
n B |
257 |
M |
3 |
274 |
XII |
Consists mostly of poor sal forest. Old trees |
|
|
predominate ; many bambcos. Regeneration is |
|||||||
|
poor Many topsore and dying trees. Many |
|||||||
|
trees have been destroyed for the sake of Ral. |
|||||||
|
Only in portions adjoining 1 1 A is good sal |
|||||||
|
forest found. Climbers are numerous. Yield |
|||||||
|
estimated at 326 trees. |
|||||||
|
12 |
«74 |
i |
'75 |
XV |
Sal varies much according to configuration of the |
||
|
- |
ground. In hollows is good, but on hill tops |
||||||
|
and sides %vhere the soil is strong and shallow, |
|||||||
|
sal is poor. Climbers numerous. Yield estimat- |
|||||||
|
ed at 238 trees. |
|||||||
|
13 A |
318 |
9 |
. 5 |
332 |
ft |
Similar to 5 A except that small portions of |
|
|
mixed forest are found. |
|||||||
|
13 B |
3>9 |
5 |
98 |
422 |
VIII |
Contains one of the finest sal crops found in the |
|
|
Reserve. Many trees of large girth and splendid |
|||||||
|
height growth. All age classes vigorous and |
|||||||
|
fully represented. Ihe locality is similar to |
|||||||
|
adjoining areas which have been destroyed by |
|||||||
|
fire and shows what such areas are capable of |
|||||||
|
yielding if protected. Yield estimated at 486 |
|||||||
|
trees. |
2O
Description of Compartments — (contd. )
|
Name of Block. |
No. of compart-l meat. |
AREA IN ACRES. |
Coupe in which coin partment i included. |
||||
|
Sal. |
Mixed. |
Blank. |
Total. |
||||
|
Kaoba. |
>4 |
3'3 |
49 |
28 |
39° |
XII |
In the higher portions poor sal forest with bam- |
|
boos. In the lower portions Pal is avenge. |
|||||||
|
Yield estimated at 422 trees. |
|||||||
|
•5 |
240 |
2 |
3° |
272 |
XIII |
In the higher portions scattered sal trees, many |
|
|
topsore. Many bamboos which are preventing |
|||||||
|
regeneration. In the lower portions nood sal |
|||||||
|
is found. Yield estimated at 318 trees. |
|||||||
|
16 |
150 |
3'5 |
60 |
525 |
XIV |
Varies somewhat in the higher portions. Sal is |
|
|
scattered and small in the lower portions. Sal |
|||||||
|
is denser, but the height growth is poor. Many |
|||||||
|
climbers present. Yield estimated at 175 trees. |
|||||||
|
i7 |
197 |
326 |
43 |
566 |
XIII |
In the nigher portions salforest is poor. Many |
|
|
dead and dying trees. Poles are mostly top- |
|||||||
|
sore. Mixed torest is encroaching on the sal |
|||||||
|
areas. In the lower portions sal is better. |
|||||||
|
Regeneration is poor. Yield estimated at 225 |
|||||||
|
trees. |
|||||||
|
II |
no |
522 |
394 |
1,026 |
XIV |
Has been heavily worked in the past. Contains |
|
|
good sal forest except in higher oortions. |
|||||||
|
Climbers numerous. Yield estimated at in |
|||||||
|
trees. |
|||||||
|
'9 |
238 |
3 |
no |
35i |
XIV |
Contains good sal lorest. Height grnwth some- |
|
|
what below the average. Has been heavily |
|||||||
|
worked in the past. Qontains some small |
|||||||
|
openings which are filling up. Climbers very |
|||||||
|
numerous. Yield estimated at 359 trees. |
|||||||
|
20 |
64 |
399 |
1 60 |
623 |
XVII |
Contains 3 patches of sal forest. Two of which |
|
|
contain eood sal. The third, vie., that which |
|||||||
|
adjoins the Salkum Nala is open and comains |
|||||||
|
many other species. Very little can be felled in |
|||||||
|
these patches. They will in time spread over |
|||||||
|
the adjoining grass lands. Yield estimated 3156 |
|||||||
|
trees. |
|||||||
|
21 |
516 |
36 |
552 |
Contains no sal. Mixed forest and grass lands |
|||
|
only. |
|||||||
|
23 |
3'i |
235 |
112 |
658 |
XI |
Contains mostly poor sal forest. Only portions |
|
|
along the Sarwali Nala contain goon s«l. |
|||||||
|
Climbers numerous. Many dead and dving |
|||||||
|
trees. Regeneration poor. Yield poor. Contains |
|||||||
|
a patch of acres of teak plantation which is in- |
|||||||
|
cluded in mixed forest area. Yield estimated |
|||||||
|
at 397 trees. |
|||||||
|
23 |
2 |
',674 |
457 |
2,'33 |
Consists almost entirely of mixed and grass lands. |
||
|
Only one small patch of isolated salinacce*sible |
|||||||
|
and unworkable. One patch of 2 acres of teak |
|||||||
|
plantation has been included in the mixed |
|||||||
|
forest area. |
|||||||
|
24 |
33 |
3.304 |
688 |
4,025 |
Contains only 3 isolated patches of sal forest |
||
|
which are likely to extend. In the meantime |
|||||||
|
owing to their small size and inaccessible posi- |
|||||||
|
tion are not worth working and have therefore |
|||||||
|
beeu excluded from the coupes. |
|||||||
|
25 |
24 |
2,754 |
34 |
2,812 |
Contains one small patch of sal similar to the |
||
|
patches in compartment 24. |
|||||||
|
26 |
58 |
490 |
ii |
559 |
X |
Consists mostly of mixed forest. Sal forest is |
|
|
poor. The yield will be small. Climbers |
|||||||
|
numerous. Yield estimated at 47 trees. |
|||||||
|
27 |
244 |
52 |
3 |
299 |
XI |
Contains poor sal forest Height growth poor. |
|
|
Few first class trees, but second class trees are |
|||||||
|
numerous. Yield estimated at 314 trees. |
|||||||
|
28 |
192 |
94 |
286 |
X |
Contains poor sal forest. Many small blanks. |
||
|
Height growth poor and few trees of the first |
|||||||
|
class, but many of the second class. Yield esti- |
|||||||
|
mated at 252 trees. |
|||||||
|
29 |
127 |
80 |
, |
208 |
X |
In the lower portion sal forest is fair, but in the |
|
|
higher portions is decidedly poor Contains |
|||||||
|
many small blanks and a large number of |
|||||||
|
bamboos and miscellaneous species. Yield |
|||||||
|
estimated at 148 trees. |
21
Description of Compartments — (contd.
|
Name of Block. |
No. of ccmpartj ment. |
AREA IN ACRES. |
Coupe in which com- partment is included. |
||||
|
Sal. |
Mixed. |
Blank. |
Total. |
||||
|
Kanha. |
30 |
200 |
5 |
205 |
X |
Contains good sal forest in the lower portions. |
|
|
Crop adjoining blanks is very open. Regene- |
|||||||
|
ration wanting. In higher portions poor forest |
|||||||
|
only is found. Yield estimated at 275 trees. |
|||||||
|
3' |
>3° |
6 |
136 |
VIII |
Contains fair sal forest Rather open. Few |
||
|
large trees, but middle-aged trees of good shape |
|||||||
|
and welt grown. Many young grow almost |
|||||||
|
entirely absent. Yield estimated at 141 trees. |
|||||||
|
33 |
»>3 |
55 |
170 |
438 |
IX |
Contain good sal in the lower portions. Crop |
|
|
where it adjoins blanks is very open. Many poles |
|||||||
|
but young growth absent. In higher portions |
|||||||
|
crop is poor. Yield estimated at 270 trees. |
|||||||
|
33 |
340 |
60 |
7 |
307 |
IX |
Contains much good sal forest, especially in the |
|
|
lower portions adjoining blank. Crop is open |
|||||||
|
and contains no young growth. In higher |
|||||||
|
portions crop is poor, but some large trees are |
|||||||
|
found. Damage has been done by collection |
|||||||
|
ofRal. Yield estimated at 339 trees. |
|||||||
|
34 |
286 |
521 |
238 |
',°45 |
XIX |
Crop varies, much open and patchy in places, |
|
|
in others good, especially in the lower parts. |
|||||||
|
Higher portions poor. Regeneration is suffi- |
|||||||
|
cient. Yield estimated at 356 trees. |
|||||||
|
35 |
92 |
396 |
488 |
IX |
Does not contain much sal forest which is poor |
||
|
throughout. Wanting in height growth and |
|||||||
|
scanty regeneration. Yield estimated at 87 trees. |
|||||||
|
36 |
'9 |
1,803 |
... |
1,822 |
Consists of mixed forest with the exceotjon of |
||
|
one small isolated patch of sal which is exclud- |
|||||||
|
ed from the felling area owitig to its in- |
|||||||
|
accessible position. |
|||||||
|
37 |
125 |
290 |
... |
4'5 |
XX |
Consists mostly of mixed forest. Sal area con- |
|
|
tains many fine trees, but owing to the open |
|||||||
|
nature of the forest many cannot be felled. Re- |
|||||||
|
generation establishing itself, but not yet suffi- |
|||||||
|
cient. Many small blanks. Seems to have been |
|||||||
|
excessively worked in the past. Yield estimat- |
|||||||
|
ed at 150 trees. |
|||||||
|
3» |
1 68 |
893 |
... |
1,060 |
XX |
Sal area contains many good trees, but has evi- |
|
|
dently been heavily worked in the past and |
|||||||
|
the blanks thus caused have not yel been |
|||||||
|
thoroughly filled up. Owing to this it would |
|||||||
|
be inadvisable to fell all mature trees Area is |
|||||||
|
very similar to compartment 37. Yield estimated |
|||||||
|
at 198 trees. |
|||||||
|
39 |
10 |
486 |
... |
496 |
... |
Only contains 4 isolated patches of sal which |
|
|
owing tn their inaccessible position have been |
|||||||
|
excluded from the felling areas. These |
|||||||
|
patches are likely to extend. |
|||||||
|
40 |
... |
1,420 |
23 |
'.443 |
— |
Contains no sal forest. |
|
|
4i |
41 |
1,711 |
322 |
2,074 |
... |
Contains 4 patches of isolated sal forest similar |
|
|
to those in compartment 39. |
|||||||
|
42 |
39 |
577 |
._ |
616 |
XXI |
Contains two patches of sal forest from which |
|
|
the yield will be small. Many top^ore trers. |
|||||||
|
. |
Regeneration scanty. Yield estimated at |
||||||
|
28 trees. |
|||||||
|
43 |
"74 |
357 |
53' |
XXI |
Contains many fine trees, but the forest is open |
||
|
and regeneration is' not good, thus many trees |
|||||||
|
cannot at present be felled. By the time this |
|||||||
|
- |
area comes to be worked over, however, it \» |
||||||
|
hoped regeneration will be complete. Has been |
|||||||
|
heavily worked in the past. Yield estimated |
|||||||
|
at 208 trees. |
|||||||
|
44 |
206 |
16 |
... |
222 |
XX |
Varies greatly. In some parts good trees are |
|
|
found, in others trees are small. Regeneration |
|||||||
|
is sufficient. Climbers are numerous, has been |
|||||||
|
heavily worked in the past Yield estimated |
|||||||
|
at 270 trees. |
|||||||
|
45 |
164 |
87 |
251 |
XXIII |
In the lower portions sal is fair, in the higher |
||
|
portions poor. Regeneration is sufficient. Nu- |
|||||||
|
merous small blanks which will fill up ; has been |
|||||||
|
heavily worked in the past. Yield estimated |
|||||||
|
at 192 trees. |
22
Description of Compartments — fconcld.)
|
Name of Block. |
c a EL 8 . +» 08 d E z |
AREA IN ACRES. |
Coupe in which com- >artment is included. |
||||
|
Sal. |
Mixed. |
Blank. |
Total. |
||||
|
Kanba. |
46 |
265 |
89 |
354 |
XIX |
Contains good sal forest throughout. Few large |
|
|
trees, but a very even crop of poles and middle- |
|||||||
|
aged trees. Numerous small blanks are present |
|||||||
|
which will fill up. Yield estimated at 383 trees. |
|||||||
|
47 |
272 |
8 |
4«5 |
695 |
VII |
'robably contains the finest sal in the Reserve. |
|
|
Many trees of splendid height growth and large |
|||||||
|
girth. All age classes fully represent ; 8 acres |
|||||||
|
of teak forest are shown under the heading of |
|||||||
|
mixed forest. Yield estimated at 406 trees. |
|||||||
|
48 |
256 |
10 |
481 |
747 |
XXIII |
Contains much grass land. Sal present uneven. |
|
|
Few large treei. Many small blanks. Clim- |
|||||||
|
bers very numerous. Regeneration sufficient. |
|||||||
|
Yield estimated at 345 trees. |
|||||||
|
49 |
1 60 |
1 08 |
268 |
XXIII |
Varies greatly. Poor and good sal forest much |
||
|
intermixed. Height growth generally poor. |
|||||||
|
Few large trees. Climbers numerous. Yield |
|||||||
|
estimated at 202 trees. |
|||||||
|
5° |
259 |
40 |
25 |
324 |
XXIV |
7ery similar to compartment 49. Crop varies much. |
|
|
In lower portions thick sal forest, but height |
|||||||
|
growth poor. In upper portions poor. Climb- |
|||||||
|
ers numerous. Many small blanks. Yield |
|||||||
|
estimated at 320 trees. |
|||||||
|
51 |
228 |
170 |
398 |
XXIV |
Contains poor sal forest. Few trees of good |
||
|
height or large girth. Many dead and dying |
|||||||
|
trees. Climbers numerous. Yield estimated |
|||||||
|
', |
at 262 tree*. |
||||||
|
52 |
222 |
773 |
5° |
1,045 |
XXII |
Varies greatly. In lower portions sal is almost |
|
|
pure, but poor height growth. Many small |
|||||||
|
blanks. Regeneration, scarce. Large trees |
|||||||
|
few and isolated. Has been heavily worked in |
|||||||
|
' |
the past. Yield estimated at 248 trees. |
||||||
|
S3 |
339 |
1,642 |
ii |
1,992 |
XXV |
Contains few large trees. Crop mostly poor. Height growth poor. Climbers numerous. |
|
|
Many topsore trees. Yield estimated at 327 |
|||||||
|
trees. |
|||||||
|
54 |
222 |
225 |
468 |
9'5 |
XXV |
At present contains very few trees of exploitable size. Regeneration sufficient and vigorous. |
|
|
Climbers very numerous. This area has the |
|||||||
|
appearance of only comparatively lately being |
|||||||
|
' |
covered with sal forest. Yield estimated at |
||||||
|
228 trees. |
|||||||
|
55 |
1 80 |
290 |
40 |
510 |
XXV |
Very similar to compartment 54, but contains many topsore trees. Yield estimated »t 195 trees. |
|
|
56 |
223 |
3* |
171 |
426 |
VI |
Consists mostly of good sal forest. Height giovvth good. Many large trees. Numerou* |
|
|
small blanks which will fill up. Higher por- |
|||||||
|
tions contain poor sal forest with many topsore |
|||||||
|
trees. Regeneration poor. Yield estimated at |
|||||||
|
311 trees. |
|||||||
|
57 |
1 86 |
1 06 |
5° |
342 |
VI |
In lower portions good sal forest is found. Numerous small blanks which will fill up. |
|
|
In higher portions sal is poor and many other |
|||||||
|
species appear. Yield estimated at 226 trees. |
|||||||
|
58 |
266 |
855 |
"9 |
1,240 |
XXII |
Contains some good trees, but forest is very open and in danger of passing into mixed forest. |
|
|
Numerous small blanks. Has been heavily |
|||||||
|
worked in the past. Yield estimated at 330 |
|||||||
|
trees. |
|||||||
|
59 |
260 |
'33 |
8 |
401 |
XXI |
In lower portion! contains good sal forest, but >n higher portions is similar to compartment 58. |
|
|
Many bamboos and climbers. Yield estimated |
|||||||
|
at 368 trees. |
|||||||
|
Total _ |
... |
11,465 |
*S.5'S |
5,946 |
42,926 |
23
APPENDIX C.
Statement showing different classes of forest by block.
|
n o . |
V) U 1) 3 |
^ |
1 o |
|||||||
|
3 a |
§"8 |
* w |
0. |
|||||||
|
o w |
TJ ti |
I"! |
O |
|||||||
|
a £ |
X •— |
> s |
||||||||
|
S« |
I ° |
n c |
||||||||
|
Block. |
Teak. |
. |
1 |
VM « |
t2 |
B-.-J |
a |
Total. |
||
|
So J£ |
— |
11 3 -r |
V |
^ S. o 3 |
- » a T3 « tuo |
CJ . •sa |
$ |
|||
|
t> |
~ — |
21 |
n c — |
^"J V |
<2 |
|||||
|
P |
5 M |
1 |
o> u "0 |
» '3 |
i |
|||||
|
LH O IK |
a |
I-2 |
o |
U * |
S? 0. o |
o^3 |
X S |
|||
|
Kisli |
379 |
1,710 |
5,497 |
266 |
2,382 |
9,335 |
19,569 |
|||
|
Kanha |
'7 |
... |
129 |
862 |
10,474 |
1,854 |
409 |
3,683 |
*5,5iS |
42,943 |
|
Total ... |
17 |
379 |
129 |
2,572 |
«. |
* |
675 |
6,065 |
34,850 |
62,512 |
A. A. DUNBAR BRANDER.
APPENDIX D.
Statement showing the principal trees and shrubs with their vernacular names.
|
Natural order. |
Botanical names. |
Tree or shrub, climber, &c. |
VERNACULAR NAMES. |
REMARKS. |
|
|
Hindi. |
Gondi. |
||||
|
I |
2 |
. 3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
Anacardiacese ... Do. Do. |
Buchanania latifolia Semecarpus anacar dium. Mangifera indica |
Tree Do. Do. |
Char Bhilawa Am |
Horka Marra. Do. Do. |
Valuable for boxes, win- dows, frames. |
|
Do. |
Odina wodier |
Do. |
Jhingan |
Do. |
|
|
Anonaceae |
Miliusa velutina |
Moderate sizec |
Domsal |
Kutki. |
|
|
Apocynaceae ... Bignoniaceae ... Bixineae |
Holarrhena antidy senteria. Stereos permum chelonoides. Flacourtia ramontchi |
tree. Small tree Large tree Small thorny tree |
Kura Chota Palang Kuttar |
Samoky. Kutian. |
|
|
Burseraeese |
Garuga pinnata |
Large tree |
Ghogar |
Gurgu. |
|
|
Do. |
Bosvvellia Serrata... |
Salai |
|||
|
Combretacese ... |
Terminalia Arjuna ... |
Large tree |
Kahua |
Mangi Marra. |
|
|
Do. Do. |
DC. bellerica... Do. chebula... |
Do. Do. |
Behera Harra |
Thaka Marra Mahoka. |
Valuable for plough shafts and carts, pack- ing cases, &c. |
|
Do. |
Do. tomentosa |
Do. |
Saj |
Marda Marra. |
|
|
Do. Depterocarpeae Ebenaceae Euphorbiacese ... |
Anogeisfus latifolia... Shorea robusta Diospyros Melonoxy- IOD. Briedelia Retusa |
Do. Do. Moderate sized tree. Large tree |
Dhaura Sal Tendu Kassai |
Yerma Marra Piojal Tumri. Kassi. |
Valuable for axe handles, axes, &c. Valuable for sleepers, beams, plankings, &c. |
|
Do. Gramineae |
Phyllanthus Emblica Dendrocalamus Stric- |
Moderate sized tree Bamboo |
Aula Bans |
Nelli. Wadur. |
|
|
Leguminosae ... |
tus. Bauhinia Racemosa .. |
Moderate sized |
Kachnal |
3hondri Marra. |
|
|
tree. |
Statement showing the principal trees and shrubs with their vernacular names — (concld.)
|
VERNACURLAR. |
|||||
|
Natural order. |
Botanical names. |
Tree or shrub, climber, &c. |
REMARKS. |
||
|
Hindi. |
Gondi. |
||||
|
I |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
Leguminosae ... |
Bauhinia Variegata .. |
Moderate sizec |
Kachnar |
Dhondri Marra |
|
|
tree. |
|||||
|
Do. |
Acaciacatecbu |
Do. |
Khair |
Do. |
|
|
Do. |
Do. Retusa |
Do. |
Kandla |
Nirpa. |
|
|
Do |
Do. Vabhi |
Large climber ... |
Muljan |
Paur. |
|
|
Do. |
Ougeinia Dalbergi- |
Moderate sized |
Tinsa |
Sar |
Valuable for agricultural |
|
Do. |
sides. Butea Superba |
tree. Large climber .. |
Do. |
Samar. |
implements, carriages, wheels and furniture ; |
|
takes splendid polish. |
|||||
|
Do. |
Do. Frondosa |
Moderate sized |
Palas |
Murra. |
|
|
tree. |
|||||
|
Do. |
Pterocarpus Marsu- |
Large tree |
Bija Sal |
Vengur Marra. |
Valuable for medicine ; |
|
pium. |
gives a stringent |
||||
|
Do. |
Dalbergia Paniculata. |
Do. |
Dhobin |
Padri. |
" kins " for door and |
|
wirdow frames, sleep- |
|||||
|
Do. |
Cassia Fistula |
Moderate sized |
Amaltas |
Rera Marra. |
ers, &c. |
|
tree. |
|||||
|
Do. |
Albizzia Procera ... |
Large tree |
Suffed Siris ... |
Passerginui. |
|
|
Lythraiceae ... |
Lajjerstrcemia Parvi- |
Do. |
Landia |
Sina. |
|
|
flora. |
|||||
|
Malvasceae |
Bombax Malabaricum |
Very large tree... |
Semal |
Bargu Marra. |
|
|
Meliaceae |
Soymida Febrifuga ... |
Large tree |
Rohan |
Soimi. |
|
|
Myrtaceae |
Careya Arborea |
Do. |
Kumbi |
Gummar. |
|
|
Do. |
Eugenia Jambolana... |
Do. |
Jamun |
||
|
Oteienae |
Schrebera Swieten- |
Moderate sized |
Moka |
Mokha Marra. |
|
|
oides. |
tree. |
||||
|
Palmeal |
Phoenix Acaulis |
Palm |
Khajur |
Chind. |
|
|
Rhamnaceas ... |
Zizyphus Xylopyra .. |
Large shrub ... |
Ghoti |
Do. |
|
|
Do. |
Do. Jujuba |
Small tree |
Ber |
Do. |
|
|
Rubiacese |
Stephegyne Parvifolia |
Large tree |
Kaini |
Chimia Mundi |
Valuable for turned and |
|
carved article?, furni- |
|||||
|
Do. |
Gardenia Latifolia ... |
Small tree |
Gogar |
Paria Marra. |
ture, aud the like. |
|
DO. |
Adina Cardifolia |
Large tree |
Haldu |
Uaspu Mundi. |
|
|
Do. |
Gardenia Turgida ... |
Small tree |
Panjra |
||
|
Do. |
Morinda Exserta |
Moderate sized |
Al |
Ali. |
|
|
shrub. |
|||||
|
Rutacese |
Aegle Marmelos |
Small tree |
Bael |
Mahaka Dibur. |
|
|
Sapindaceae ... |
Scbleichera trijuga ... |
Large tree |
Kosum |
Pusku |
Valuable for oil, rice and |
|
sugar mills, also agri- |
|||||
|
cultural implements |
|||||
|
and carts, fruit cutter(?) |
|||||
|
Sapotaces: |
Bassia Latifolia |
Do. |
Mohwa |
Irku Marra. |
Valuable flower, impor- |
|
tant article of wood. |
|||||
|
Samydaceae ... |
Casearia Tomentosa. . . |
Small tree |
Buiri |
Jhundri. |
|
|
Do. |
Do. Graveolens. |
Do. |
Kathera |
Girchi. |
|
|
Sterculiaceae ... |
Eriolaena Hookeriana |
Do. |
Dhamin |
Kulki. |
|
|
Tiliacex |
Grewia Elastics |
Moderate sized... |
Dhamin |
Kasul. |
|
|
Verbenaceae ... |
Tectona Grandis ... |
Large tree |
Segon |
Do. |
PIONEER Putss, No. 450—21-5-06.
Central P«vin<S8H t Go
India, Forest dep$.>Mur division, *.
Working i>lan for^tfre
forests of •L1--
ley reserve
idle
wa iwr T^nc
the Ban jar Val-
SD88 . C5II4
527
M CO
(£>
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY