> [ U C IN WORLD CONSERVATION The World Conservation Union MONITORING CENTRE Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge http://www.archive.org/details/worldlistofthrea98oldft The World List of Threatened Trees Compiled by Sara Oldfield, Charlotte Lusty and Amy MacKinven World Conservation Press 1998 j 1 me omrindD .bIGRbIG ar + 4 = = i a] Mi 7 : : eye The World Conservation Monitoring Centre, based in Cambridge, UK, is a joint venture between three partners in the World Conservation Strategy and its successor Caring for the Earth: IUCN — The World Conservation Union, UNEP — United Nations Environment Programme, and WWF — World Wide Fund for Nature. The Centre provides information services on the conservation and sustainable use of species and ecosystems and supports others in the development of their own information systems. Founded in 1948, The World Conservation Union brings together States, government agencies and a diverse range of non-governmental organizations in a unique world partnership: over 895 members in all, spread across some 137 countries. As a Union, IUCN seeks to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. The World Conservation Union builds on the strengths of its members, networks and partners to enhance their capacity and to support global alliances to safeguard natural resources at local, regional and global levels. WORLD CONSERVATION I U C N MONITORING CENTRE The World Conservation Union Published by: World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. ISBN: 1 899628 10 X Copyright: © 1998 World Conservation Monitoring Centre and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non- commercial purposes is authorised without prior permission from the copyright holders, provided the source is acknowledged Reproduction for resale or other commercial purpose is prohibited without the prior written permission of the copyright holders. The views expressed in this book do not necessarily reflect those of WCMC or its collaborators The designations of geographical entities in this report and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WCMC or IUCN or other participating organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries Citation: Oldfield, S., Lusty, C. and MacKinven, A. (1998). The World List of Threatened Trees. 650pp. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. Cover design: Trevor Bounford, Chapman & Bounford Cover photo: Cucumber Tree Dendrosicyos socotrana by Tony Miller Printed by: Unwin Brothers, Martins Printing Group, Old Woking, Surrey Available from: IUCN Publications Services Unit 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, UK Tel: +44 1223 277894; Fax: +44 1223 277175 Email: iucn-psu@wemce.org.uk http://www.iucn.org/bookstore/index.html see ate! cates tre ¢ 2) egbiediad’) .¢ boeed_ 4 mai} geetM setlareorog =) Se! sgT > ter GAT ~ MT We whl wa, pe) sees ace ati tate gouatdt, nema racaa? Bae oG wb poate, 7 J 10 bet Sey Sip - IWW bow steeggt ih—aGig eae hatin’ — TIM .wren'! vedi sang Fi bee chetp To co aioe pe sagas «lr He geavee MORRO fey CRG IF ee wT Fie): | Se marae yk orate) tare bients Dippcakempenlstt aly os Fe] cutter meen Lae SPOUSE re 7 aarti Tey, imate igpreslorag, werere irhege! aan min) As er te bh od! eth oy Lina aes —_ . f feelings jin Al aycitenats LCP wh sprcatiadey he a Sulippete it aud eoheht ices feadeee raya Ea r : Asien Ts, eee wh acc ea bier sig nate nit ahaadye Wites CAG thers scsralinl of deo nig gadipnesce One tEeiagey et rectal o% baie SS) (Anaad sappy 00, tee ape 0 So rei ak ¥ 4 ‘ . ‘ = ‘ ‘ee senting 11! acinar Ste aseyeion. ea eeTE oe Tr, sehigg hate att pts We anal) nctieeteeS a ; iativita Line tneiteighe: fesel, tn segruneny bene Iweukdite A eda: lesinky rogue 1st eae: CONTENTS FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTRODUCTION Why species information is needed Collection and recording of information Storing information Application of the IUCN threat categories and criteria Gaps in information The species summaries Summary of results Uses The conservation of tree species International policy implications The next steps REFERENCES SPECIES SUMMARIES APPENDIX 1 Globally Threatened Tree Species of Australia APPENDIX 2 Globally Threatened Tree Species of Japan APPENDIX 3 Not Evaluated Globally Threatened Tree Species APPENDIX 4 IUCN Red List Categories APPENDIX 5 Standard Data Collection Form GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS 617 619 621 629 645 649 FOREWORD I welcome this publication from WCMC of The World List of Threatened Trees. The importance of this unique document is reflected in the comprehensive collection and methodological analysis of information of the conservation status of tree species worldwide. The preparation of this work, which documents the threatened status of around ten percent of the world's tree species, is an impressive task, made possible through a collaborative and networking approach. WCMC has worked closely with the Species Survival Commission of the World Conservation Union and has successfully drawn together herbarium taxonomists, field botanists, forest genetic resources specialists, foresters and conservation biologists to pool their collective expertise on the world's trees in a remarkably short space of time. Through its forest genetic resources programmes initiated in 1991, IPGRI has forged linkages with WCMC on this work, particularly in the process of the collection of information through workshops in collaboration with and for the benefit of national programmes. Some elements of IPGRI's activities on forest genetic resources which will benefit from the information in this publication are: Setting priorities for forest genetic resources conservation and use. Assessing patterns of species distribution, genetic variation and threats in forest ecosystems. e In situ conservation: methodologies for assessing impacts of anthropogenic pressures in forest ecosystems and trees. ) Ex situ conservation: practical procedures for seed handling, storage and germination of species of high economic value in tropical forest ecosystems. e Regional collaboration: networking and training activities in forest genetic resources. Given the range and scale of threats to global forest biodiversity, the scope of forest conservation is clearly broad and activities that focus on conservation of ecosystems, species and intraspecific genetic diversity are all required. Within this broad approach, realistic targets are needed through focusing on priority species, priority populations and the level and extent of genotypic variation. In the location and assessment of diversity in forest ecosystems, IPGRI is looking at patterns of genetic diversity and levels of genetic erosion. These vary according to the nature of different forest ecosystems in different geographic regions and find their expression in the diversity of tree species. We need systematic decision making for forest conservation and the collection of species information is of great relevance in setting forest conservation priorities. Information is needed on the kinds of species, threats and levels of threat, conservation status of species, in situ and ex situ conservation activities and requirements. Economic data are also needed. WCMC has made major strides forward in locating this information on tree species and encouraging others to develop more detailed national information. I hope that the information contained in this publication and the supporting data management resources developed by WCMC will make an important contribution to the planning and implementation of forest conservation and sustainable management worldwide. We need to go further in refining and developing the information but with this impressive start and working in partnership with all key organisations we can give tree conservation the importance it deserves in the twenty first century. Abdou-Salam Ouédraogo Forest Genetic Resources, IPGRI Chairman, African Tree Specialist Group ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The World List of Threatened Trees is the principal report from a three year project entitled the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees, generously funded by the Government of the Netherlands. We are most grateful for this financial support, and would like to express our thanks in particular to Ton van der Zon, Gerrie Willems and Felix Hoogveld of the Netherlands Ministry of International Affairs. The Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project has been undertaken by a team working at WCMC in collaboration with SSC Groups and other experts worldwide. The WCMC team consisted of Sara Oldfield, Project Leader; Charlotte Lusty, Data Management Officer; Martin Sneary, Information Analyst, Amy MacKinven, Research Assistant and Julie Reay, Project Administrator. Many other staff members at WCMC have supported the development of the project and particular thanks are due to Tim Johnson who supervised the project and to Harriet Gillett, Manager of the Threatened Plants Database. Sam Kanyamibwa and Javier Beltran have assisted with translation and communication with experts involved in the project in French and Spanish speaking countries. In addition the following volunteers, temporary staff and students have worked on the project at WCMC: Harriet Elson, Alejandro Flamenco-Sandoval, Kevin Holohan, Bill Oates, Liz Porter, Gemma Smith and Simon Reeve. Charlotte Lusty has compiled the majority of species entries contained within this book and has reviewed the species data received from experts. She designed the standard data collection form incorporating ideas from David Hunt, Susan Iremonger, Valerie Kapos and others at WCMC. Martin Sneary has been responsible for the design and development of the Tree Conservation Database from which the species summaries have been produced as direct outputs, with support from Cardinal Consultants. Julie Reay has undertaken the formatting of this document for publication. The species summaries were proof-read by Margaret Deith. Fifteen consultants, either institutions or individuals, have been involved in the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project, evaluating and reviewing tree species data under contract to WCMC. We are grateful for all their work on the project. Joaquina Pires-O’Brien played an important role in coordinating input from experts on the Brazilian flora. Dennis Johnson coordinated the collection of data on palm species drawing on an extensive network of contacts. Collaborative contracts with various national institutions proved to be successful in ensuring linkages with the development of national biodiversity datasets. The contribution from experts in a voluntary capacity has, in addition, been of major significance with, for example, many herbarium botanists generously contributing their time to this tree conservation initiative. SSC Groups have been closely involved in implementation of the project. Members of the Conifer Specialist Group, Charied by Aljos Farjon, have held a series of meetings in the UK funded by the project. They have used the standard data collection form to compile information on about 300 conifer species and have decided to continue this procedure for future updating. Members of the Temperate Broadleaved Trees Specialist Group, Chaired by Vicomte Philippe de Spoelberch, have provided data on selected genera and species and have prepared detailed species case studies for publication in Broadleaves, the Group’s newsletter. Wendy Strahm has provided liaison between the project and the plant conservation activities of IUCN and we are grateful for her support. Craig Hilton-Taylor, of the National Botanical Institute (NBI) of South Africa has coordinated the assessment of Southern African trees. To do this he has drawn on the responses of 11 amateur and professional botanists and combined this with information from NBI’s Southern African Threatened Plants Database (SARARES) and literature references. This contribution is gratefully appreciated. The World List of Threatened Trees The experts listed below have all made invaluable contributions to the project and we are most grateful for the information and expertise they have provided. For the provision of moral support, guidance and encouragement throughout the project we would like to express our particular gratitude to Peter Ashton, Aljos Farjon, William Hawthorne, David Hunt, Jon Lovett, Adrian Newton and Abdou Salam Ouédraogo. We also acknowledge with gratitude the institutional support provided by leading botanical and forestry institutes. Leiden’s Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus and Missouri Botanical Garden have been major sources of taxonomic and conservation status information on tree species of Southeast Asia and Latin America respectively. Links with botanists working in the field have also been facilitated greatly by contact with these two institutions. A wide range of organisations responded to the user needs survey undertaken in the early stages of the project and their information and suggestions were all appreciated. The Forest Resources Division of FAO has been supportive of the project and a Memorandum of Agreement has been developed between WCMC and FAO covering tree species conservation data exchange. The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) has also been involved in the development of the project and we are grateful for the support of these two organisations. The Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) project has been an invaluable source of information particularly on the uses of tree species. We are grateful for the cooperation with this project particularly through its office at Wageningen Agricultural University in the Netherlands. The Center for Plant Conservation has generously provided information and advice with regard to trees of North America. The California Native Plant Society (CNPS) kindly provided a dataset of rare trees of California for inclusion in The World List of Threatened Trees. Information compiled by WCMC for the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants formed an important starting point for the World List of Threatened Trees. Harriet Gillett and Kerry Walter, the editors of the Red List are thanked for their help with the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees Project. The IUCN Red List was compiled in partnership with the following organisations: Nature Conservancy (TNC); National Botanical Institute (NBI), South Africa; Smithsonian Institution; Environment Australia ; Royal Botanic Garden; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and NYBG - The New York Botanical Garden. For their help in preparing The World List of Threatened Trees, we thank in particular all the following experts who have participated in workshops, provided information and carried out assessments of the conservation status of trees around the world: Tony Abbott, Dennis Adams, Frits Adema, Javed Ahmed, Tania Ammour, Nguyen Hoang Anh, Robert Archer, Alberto Areces- Mallea, Peter Ashton, Aké Assi, Lucia d’Avila, M Tekin Babac, C.R. Babu, Kevin Balkwill, Nguyen Tien Ban, Ninh Khac Ban, Angel Bafiares Baudet, Salomao Bandeira, G.M. Barroso, Auriol Batten, David Baum, John Beaman, Henk Beentje, Peter Bellingham, John Benson, Keith Bennett, Dr van der Berg, R. Bernal, Jurgen Blaser, Lynn Bohs, Wolfgang Bopp, Adam Boratynski, F. Borchsenius, Philippe Bouchet, Loutfy Boulos, F.J. Breteler, Alvarez Brito, E. M. Lammerts van Bueren, Ximena Buitron, Daniel Burke, John Burrows, P. Burrows, Fred Burton, Eduardo Calderon Saenz, Bruce Campbell, A. Carlstrom, Eduardo Carqué Alamo, Susan Carter- Holmes, Freire de Carvalho, T.B. Cavalcanti, Jan Cerovsky, Andre Chanderbali, Miguel Chazaro, Lillian Chua, R.C.K. Chung, Philip Clarke, Margarita Clemente-Mufioz, Elize Cloete, Allen J. Coombes, Luis Corrales, Helen Corrigan, Patricia Craven, Quentin Cronk, Le Trong Cuc, Myriam Cukier, Cristina M.C. Curi Silva, Eduardo Dalcin, Barbara van Dam, Doam Diem, Bob Drummond, Tony Dold, Ali A. Dénmez, J.L. Dowl, Pham Hoai Duc, David Dupuy, Vu Van Dzung, Arthur Ebgret, Sue Edwards, Peter Eddowes, F.B. Essig, Barry Evans, R. Evans, Peter Evers, Aljos Farjon, Estrela Figueiredo, Jon Fjeldsa, Bryan Finnegan, Gennady Firsov, Jacques Florence, S. Fontinha, Enrique Forero, D. Forman, Steve Fourie, M.P. Frankis, David Frodin, D. Fuller, Fuh-Juinn Pan, Washington Galiano-Sanchez, Flavio Bertin Gandara-Mendes, Martin Gardner, Giuseppe Garfi, Demetrio Gaudagnin, C. Gemmill, Justin Gerlach, Coert Geldenhuys, Acknowledgements Shahina A. Ghazanfar, Mario Gonzdlez-Espinosa, Mauro Gonzalez, Peter Goodman, J.J. de Granville, Alistair Griffiths, Ana Maria Guilietti, Nimal Gunatilleke, Adil Giiner, Norbert Hahn, Stephen Halloy, Clare Hankamer, David Harris, Teresa Hart, William Hawthorne, A. Henderson, Esteban Hernandez-Bermejo, William J. Hess, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Nick Hodgetts, Colin Hughes, Jonathan Hughes, David Hunt, Dang Huy Huynh, Pierre Ibisch, R. Jardim, Jim Jarvis, Jose Joaquim Campos, Peter Moller Jgrgensen, Bob Johns, David Johnson, Dennis Johnson, Piet C. de Jong, Edith Kabesiime, Kees Kalkman, Martinus de Kam, Markku Kanninen, Anthony B. Katende, Phan Ke Loc, Ronald Keay, Shirley Keel, Daniel Kelly, Michael Kessler, Paul Kessler, Le Dinh Kha, Timothy Killeen, Yong Shik Kim, Naomi Kingston, K.M. Kochumenn, Herta Kolberg, Patricia Koleff, Jan de Koning, J.-N. Labat, Peter J. de Lange, Severinn M. Ten Houte de Lange, Antonio Lara, David de Laubenfels, J. Lejoly, Jinxing Lin, Silvia Llamozas, Jon Lovett, Janell Loving, Pete Lowry, Jose Luis Vivero, Domingo Madulid, Robert Magill, Colleen Mannheimer, Vongxay Manivong, Francisco Manuel Fernandes, Alfred Maroyi, Manuel Marrero, Nina Marshall, A. Mauchamp, Ruud van der Meijden, Wim Meijer, Brien Meilleur, Nico Mentik, Jean Yves Meyer, Detlev Metzing, Ndjele Miandi-Bungi, David Middleton, Tony Miller, Martin Mitré, Johanis P. Mogea, Norma M. Molinyawe, Brian Molloy, Sanjay Molur, Alex Montgomery, Dora E. Mora de Retana, S. Moraes, C. Moya, Tom Miiller, Pugazhendhi Murugaiyan, Patrick Muthoka, Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Dominique N’Sosso, Carlos Navarra Pereira, Cyril H. Nelson- Sutherland, Adrian Newton, Geoff Nichols, Tony Nikolic, Dr Ngamusa, Nguyen Hoang Nghia, Chu Tuan Nha, Kevin Nixon, L. Noblick, Hans Nooteboom, Michael Oates, Jeff Odera, Hideaki Ohba, Jonathan C. Okafor, Salmon Okelo Achieng’, Dr Ola-Adams, Abdou-Salam Ouédraogo, Garth Owen-Smith, Angeles Padilla, Chris Page, Wayne Page, Fuh-Juinn Pan, Caroline Pannell, Gilberto Pedralli, Tchouto Peguy, A.L. Peixoto, T.D. Pennington, J.P. Pereira Carauta, Oliver Phillips, Patrick S.M. Phiri, Nguyen Thanh Phong, Tran Lien Phong, Christian Pilegaard Hansen, Joaquina Pires-O’ Brien, Derek Pomeroy, Darién E. Prado, H.J. Quero, Neptali Ramirez-Marcial, Tony Rebelo, Fay Robertson, Maricela Rodriguez Acosta, W.A. Rodrigues, Cathy Rogers, Renaat van Rompaey, J. Rosseel, John Rourke, Jens Rowher, Keith Rushforth, Mark Sandiford, L.G. Saw, George Schatz, Nico Schellevis, Peter Schmidt, Klaus Schmitt, Jochem Schneemann, Chris Schurmann, Robert Scott-Shaw, Kade Sidiyasa, N.M.F. Silva, Philippe de Spoelberch, J.S. Siemonsma, Stella Simiyu, G. Sita, Tonny Soehartono, Nicholas C. Songwe, Marc Sosef, Stephen A. Spongberg, F. Stauffer, Guy Sternberg, Wendy Strahm, Anukriti Sud, Weibang Sun, Cao Van Sung, Terry Sutherland, Marianne Syrylak-Sandison, James Taplin, Philip Thomas, Lex Thomson, Mats Thulin, Jonathan Timberlake, Duong Thi To, Roseli B. Torres, Piers Trehane, Thai Van Trung, Nguyen Van Truong, Allan Tye, Christopher Uhl, Carmen Ulloa Ulloa, Johan van Valkenburg, Israel Vargas, Nigel Varty, AM.S. Vaz, Nohemy Elizabeth Ventura-Centeno, Carl Vernon, Carlos Villamil, J.L. Vivero, Andrew Vovides, Harrie Vreeman, Steve Waldren, Alistair Watt, Anna Weitzman, Pamela Wellner, Peter van Welzen, Marga Werkhoven, A. Whistler, Lee White, Martin Wiggington, Win de Wilde, Gary Wiles, Claire Williams, Braam van Wyk, Tetsukazu Yahara, Nelson Zamora, Elsa Zardini, James Zarruchi, Dr Zobeiry and S. Zona. We record with great sadness that Salmon Okelo Achieng’ was tragically killed during the time he was collecting data on the conservation status of endemic trees of Kenya. He was an enthusiastic field worker and contributed considerably to the discussions at the regional workshop for the project held in Harare in July, 1996, the first time he travelled out of his home country. We will remember Salmon with gratitude for his contribution to African tree conservation. We are grateful for the help extended by the staff of the libraries at WCMC, the Department of Plant Sciences, Cambridge University, and at the Cory Lodge, Cambridge Botanic Gardens. Tony Miller kindly supplied the cover photograph used in the cover design. Additional financial support for publication of this book by the Owen Family Trust is gratefully acknowledged. vintages wd ite so “irugetiane whut adr) eonetdicentalrer RO acy: athe * “oe shal frente «ies Maro aatal Above deer 0 “al fren sl uatmesifid, vailéx peaked - ee Bas 1. co Mure meen tee Bied Feat hie 4 soekeul ieee ff a ime? . Pirempaty at - re me? fs O74 pled tee SA. Achat a a-> nda udetitath — oa sen event am.) etre ee, ate: Arnett y: ait ered jbrwbi tu ep. “aigult “eo bferas | - eos a, ojiee + yea og! or. 8] a ab iok ay 1D Abt 28o! if ssiit cngizie) 2 oot ae Mowher'A wot oes iy stele eh Sextet age, srileentic + rhe & gael hesX Soe, vite Cola b> allyl eile Biel bods eee a7 aes Witaetantin Es: se D mIos on AE eck, He meters | Fcrvy eben erm a eek bag SO ori $2 Aut. 26 VRS Fag geotools ant Verkiyabte wei we os ohllary sa ee oA ui F) aes ae alg . * ats = a art nipeadla: af Ad bank, =e ne ae fev z if . wee Satie Fargas Lown! afereare eevee. we iw) ob will tft) it aa pile Spine ¢Quia 29 "n. deat ‘enn vet Tent byes Sad Arid Some : erly ¢ Nf Std y ; - = . ; aa oo 4 a ee fees yee Zoe: “ M 24) a. eri S abe ant i ae Adh. or Sb ane Fane i i am. i abeoiay 4% pledah, i wae a r a‘. > fon a | x a. i. oy es INTRODUCTION The conservation of biodiversity and its sustainable management are internationally recognised as vital global concerns. Identification of the components of biodiversity and the threats they face are important steps in planning for conservation action. Tree species are ecologically, culturally and economically valuable components of biodiversity and their conservation is essential to the well-being of people in all countries of the world. With increasing general pressures on ecosystems and selective pressures on species, it has become apparent that many tree species are threatened with extinction. Information on the degree and extent of threat has, however, previously been scattered and scarce. The World List of Threatened Trees presents the results of the first survey of the conservation status of trees species worldwide. Assessment of the conservation status of the world’s tree species is a major task given the overall number of trees believed to exist. The world's tree flora is estimated to total around 100,000 species. It is not yet possible to give a precise figure because definitions of the term “tree” vary as do species concepts. One definition of “tree” which is commonly followed in temperate regions is a woody plant growing on a single stem usually to a height of over two metres. This definition has been adopted by the IUCN/SSC Temperate Broadleaved Tree Specialist Group. The Group recently compiled a list of temperate woody plant genera and estimated the number of tree species within these genera. This was undertaken to establish the scale of the task of conservation evaluation for temperate tree species. The tentative result was that there are 21,000 species in plant genera which are predominantly woody and temperate in distribution (Hunt, 1996). The richness of the world's tropical tree flora is certainly much greater and is also in greater need of taxonomic attention. In reality we can only make an informed guess at the total number of tree species. Nevertheless there is an urgency to document all available information on the growing number of tree species which are of conservation concer. In evaluating the global conservation status of tree species the new IUCN Red List categories and criteria have been followed. The general aim of the new IUCN system of categorising threat is "to provide an explicit, objective framework for the classification of species according to their extinction risk" (IUCN, 1994). The IUCN categories and criteria have been applied to a broad selection of restricted range and exploited tree species as part of a major collaborative information gathering and evaluation exercise. In pre-selecting tree species for conservation evaluation, species from all parts of the world and most taxonomic groups were considered. Certain taxonomic groups were, however, excluded for pragmatic reasons. These include tree ferns in the families Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae, tree species in the cycad families Cycadaceae and Zamiaceae, and arborescent members of the Cactaceae family. It was anticipated that the conservation status of species in these families would be evaluated in parallel exercises by the appropriate SSC Plant Specialist Groups. As part of the conservation evaluation, the taxonomy and nomenclature of each of the tree species categorised as globally threatened have been checked, wherever possible, against current literature or by appropriate experts. Supporting information has been collected on the distribution, threats, conservation measures, the habitat type of the species, the uses of the species, level of use and ecological information. This more detailed information is available in electronic form in the Tree Conservation Database supplementing the summary information on individual species provided in The World List of Threatened Trees. Over 7300 tree species are documented as globally threatened in this publication (see Table 2), based on the 1994 IUCN categories and criteria. In addition, in the Appendices, supplementary lists of globally threatened trees are given. Appendix 1 is a list of Australian globally threatened trees prepared for this publication by Lyn Meredith, Threatened Species and Communities Section, Environment Australia. Appendix 2 provides a list of Japanese tree species taken from the 1997 Red List of Japanese Vascular Plants compiled by the Threatened Species Committee, Japan Society of Plant Taxonomists (Yahara, T. 1997). Unfortunately this publication was not available in time to prepare The World List of Threatened Trees species summaries for inclusion in the main text of the book. Appendix 3 provides a supplementary list of tree species from other parts of the world which are included as globally threatened in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants but which have not yet been evaluated against the new IUCN categories and criteria. Generally this reflects lack of current information on the species concerned. Taking all this information together, nearly nine percent of the world's tree flora is documented as globally threatened with extinction. Given the economic and local value of tree species and their role in defining ecosystems, this represents a profound diminution of the world’s biodiversity. The availability, for the first time of consolidated tree species conservation information should have a significant impact on international conservation policy and planning. It is hoped that this book will highlight the need for sustained efforts to conserve maximum tree species diversity for the benefit of people worldwide. Evaluating the global conservation status of the world's trees is clearly a major undertaking and has only been possible through collaboration with a wide range of experts and institutions with local knowledge of tree biodiversity. A full list of contributors is given in the acknowledgements section and the assessors of the conservation status of individual tree species are noted with the species summaries. The identification of a network of botanists willing to contribute their expertise to the conservation of tree species is in itself an important factor in the promotion of global biodiversity conservation. WHY SPECIES INFORMATION IS NEEDED The need for sound biodiversity information on which to base conservation policy is now widely accepted. The need for biodiversity information to support policy and management objectives for tropical forests is, for example, highlighted in Box 1. Biodiversity is generally considered at three levels: the ecosystem, species and genetic resource level. As a broad indicator of the expression of biodiversity on a global scale, ecosystems are generally considered and ecosystem diversity is taken as a measure of species and genetic diversity. This is partly because of the sheer complexity of biodiversity below the ecosystem level, the lack of consistent and comparable information for most groups of organisms and the need to make rapid progress in biodiversity assessment for conservation action. Species information can, however, when organised in a coherent manner, following accepted information standards, reinforce ecosystem information and provide a crucial link with information on the component genetic resources. Various recent initiatives (SBSTTA, 1996; Van Bueren and Duivendoorn, 1996) have recognised that tree species diversity in particular can be used as a surrogate for overall species diversity in forest ecosystems given the relatively good availability of tree species information. Information on the distributions and convergences of restricted range species can be used to determine patterns of biodiversity. Information on the threat status of species is essential in planning for conservation and sustainable management of individual species and also for use as an indication of ecosystem status. Information on threatened species is becoming increasingly available, at least for selected taxonomic groups. For plants in general, many national lists of threatened species and plant Red Data Books have been produced and recently the first international Red List of plants was published by IUCN (Walter and Gillett, 1998). This global list represents many years of effort to record and collate the names, conservation status and distribution of rare and declining plants. The database from which the global list was produced and national Red Lists and databases vary in the extent to which they record habit. Information on the habit, in other words whether the plant is a tree, shrub or herb, can provide an important indication of the ecological role of the species. Information on tree species has been seen as a particular requirement to support forest conservation policy but has not, until now, been readily available at an international level. Introduction Box 1. Biodiversity information for conservation and wise use of tropical forests Biodiversity information is needed to support the following policy and management objectives: Land use planning for conservation and sustainable use of forest land Designation and management of totally protected natural forest areas Protection and reintroduction of endangered species Support, adoption and documentation of indigenous management of tropical rain forests Use and valuation of non-timber forest products Sustainable timber production Rehabilitation and productive use of secondary forests Van Bueren and Duivenvoorden, 1996 COLLECTION AND RECORDING OF INFORMATION The starting point for the collection of information on the conservation status of trees has been data holdings in the Threatened Plants Database maintained by WCMC. This records information on the distribution, global and national conservation status of plant species worldwide and has been used to produce the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Important sources of conservation status information within this database include the IUCN/SSC Plant Specialist Groups, individual experts, national red lists and Red Data Books and, of major importance, the partner organisations listed in the acknowledgements section of this book. Information on the conservation status of trees included in the Threatened Plants Database was derived from various studies in addition to the general information sources referred to above. The conservation status of temperate tree species was, for example, reviewed by WCMC in collaboration with the International Dendrological Society (IDS) and a Threatened Temperate Tree List was published in 1990 (Lear, 1990). This was updated for an IDS Symposium held in 1994 (Lear and Hunt, 1996). Information on the conservation status of conifer species has been developed by the SSC Conifer Group (Farjon, Page and Schevellis, 1993, Farjon, 1996) and made available for incorporation in the Threatened Plants Database. Information on the conservation status of tropical timbers in trade was collected for the International Tropical Timber Organisation with data collection concentrating on timber species of Southeast Asia and Africa (Oldfield, 1991). Collection of data on trees of Latin America was subsequently undertaken by WCMC with support from the UK Government. When the tree species conservation survey was initiated, the Threatened Plants Database maintained by WCMC contained records of about 5000 tree species, 4,000 of which are tropical and 1,000 temperate in distribution. Over 600 of these species were recorded as globally threatened using the old IUCN categories of threat. Initial tasks in preparation for The World List of Threatened Trees were to identify and flag tree species in the Threatened Plants Database and to add a significant number of tree species name and distribution records from various parts of the world. Main geographical areas for which tree name and distribution records were added initially include Ghana, Nigeria, East Africa, Madagascar and Indonesia. Additional tree species name and distribution records were added through the electronic data merges in preparation for the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. In the first The World List of Threatened Trees year of data collection, tree species records were increased from 5000 to 14,000. A list of 3200 tree species recorded as globally threatened according to the old IUCN categories of threat was prepared for review at a Technical Workshop held in Wageningen in November 1995. Following the Technical Workshop, a data collection form was designed for experts to provide updates to existing data holdings on tree species in the Threatened Plants Database, and to record new information on species of conservation concern. This is reproduced in Appendix 5. Species were selected for review if they were believed to be single country endemics, threatened in significant parts of their distribution ranges or known to be widely exploited. Standard data collection forms were sent to over 300 botanists or foresters with expertise in a particular geographical area or taxonomic group of trees. In addition a series of meetings, workshops and interviews was held to discuss the conservation status of tree species and to assign the IUCN categories. Four international workshops were held. The first was the Technical Workshop held in Wageningen which was successful in refining the scope, objectives and methodology for data collection. Three regional workshops have subsequently been held in Zimbabwe, July 1996; Costa Rica, November 1996 and Viet Nam in August 1997. These workshops provided an opportunity for participants to present and discuss national case studies on the conservation status of trees, to discuss conservation status in relation to sustainability issues and to work on species conservation assessments in small working groups. Training in the application of the IUCN categories and criteria was provided. The conservation assessments focussed on relatively widespread, exploited species which are difficult to evaluate without information from a significant proportion of the species’ range. The evaluations were based on preliminary species profiles prepared by WCMC. At the regional workshop held in Zimbabwe a draft list of globally threatened tree species occurring in Africa was reviewed. A follow-up meeting was held during the AETFAT Congress in February 1997 to review African data collection and hold an inaugural meeting of the SSC African Tree Specialist Group. Also following the Zimbabwe regional workshop, assessment of the conservation status of trees of Southern Africa was coordinated by Craig Hilton-Taylor of the South African National Botanical Institute. Data sheets for all tree species considered to be threatened in southern Africa were sent to 23 amateur and professional botanists situated in Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland. Documentation explaining how to fill in the data sheets and how to use the new IUCN Red List Criteria and Categories was provided. Each person was asked to fill in data sheets for those species which they were familiar with in the field. Eleven people responded. Information from the replies was combined with information from the National Botanical Institute’s southern African Threatened Plants Database (SARARES) and information from the literature to obtain an overall assessment. Discussions held with botanists at the Rijksherbarium, Leiden and Missouri Botanic Garden have also enhanced the tree conservation evaluation process. Botanists at the Rijksherbarium provided information on the taxonomy and conservation status of trees in Southeast Asia. Assistance provided by Missouri included information from various major checklist projects notably for Peru (Brako and Zarucchi, 1996) and Ecuador (Jorgensen and Leon, in prep.) and the facilitation of contacts with botanists working in many Latin American countries. Collection of tree conservation information was also facilitated by collaborative arrangements with national agencies. These have both provided information for the global tree conservation dataset and stimulated the collection of data for national use. Examples include: Production of A Draft Red List of Woody Plants of Uganda through a contract with Makere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Uganda. Support for the collection of information on endemic trees of Kenya by the Plant Conservation Programme, National Museums of Kenya. Collection of data on endemic tree species of Peninsular Malaysia through a contract with Dr Lillian Chua, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia. 10 Introduction Compilation of data on the conservation status of Panama’s trees by Martin Mitré, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama. Compilation of data on the endemic and indigenous tree species of the Seychelles by the Conservation Section of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Planning and Environment, Seychelles. Provision of information from a Mexican tree specimen database and conservation evaluation by Dr Mario Gonzdlez-Espinosa and Neptali Ramirez-Marcial, ECOSUR, Chiapas following agreement with CONABIO. Preparation of a list of rare and threatened trees of Suriname by Marga Werkhoven, National herbarium of Suriname, updating the Rare and Endemic Plant Species in Suriname from the Conservation Action Plan for Suriname (1990) and subsequent 1997 list of Rare and Endemic Plant Species in Suriname. Provision of information on threatened trees of Viet Nam at the regional workshop and decision by Vietnamese botanists represented to adopt the new IUCN categories of threat and apply them through the continuation of a national working group. The SSC Plant Specialist Groups have been a major source of information and conservation evaluations for The World List of Threatened Trees. Members of the Conifer Specialist Group have used the standard data collection form to compile information on about 300 conifer species and have adopted this procedure for future updating of conservation status information. Members of the Temperate Broadleaved Trees Specialist Group have provided data on selected genera and have prepared detailed species case studies for publication in Broadleaves, the Group’s newsletter. In addition over 300 palm species, identified as trees from an initial list of threatened palms, have been evaluated using the standard data collection form by members of the Palm Specialist Group, coordinated by Dr Dennis Johnson. In order to supplement the information provided by experts, WCMC has reviewed a wide variety of data sources including electronic databases, published Floras and Monographs, Red Data Books and grey literature. On the basis of this information, conservation evaluations have been undertaken by WCMC for species apparently of significant conservation concern. Wherever possible these have been sent out for expert review. Compilers at WCMC also recorded supplementary information on ecology and uses of species, drawing heavily for Southeast Asian species on the excellent PROSEA publications (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993; Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). STORING INFORMATION Following the Technical Workshop in Wageningen, a new database was designed to record tree species conservation information, resulting from the completed standard data collection forms. Amendments to the species and distribution records were initially recorded in the Threatened Plants Database maintained by WCMC, to ensure consistency with the broader global plant conservation dataset. Subsequently tree species scientific and common names, distribution records and in some cases use records were transferred electronically to a new Tree Conservation Database. The design of the Tree Conservation Database took into account a user needs survey of 500 organisations carried out prior to the Wageningen Technical Workshop, and discussions with FAO and IPGRI concerning tree conservation data management. The potential for harmonised data management with the following data management systems was an important consideration. REFORGEN database system, developed by the Forest Resources Division of FAO, is a global database system designed to house information related to the world’s forest genetic resources. The World List of Threatened Trees TREESOURCE, a global information system on forest genetic resources, represents a collaborative effort between FAO, CIFOR, ICRAF and IPGRI, and has been designed to provide readily, reliable and accessible information on forest genetic resources. A further key consideration was the requirement for a distributed database which could be made widely available in support of tree conservation initiatives. The database has been implemented using the latest generation of Microsoft Windows based software. It is designed to be simple to use and intuitive in operation, as well as conforming to recognised Windows standards. The choice of software tool was further influenced by the ability to link with other applications, including mapping tools. In addition, a Windows-style searchable help system has been developed. The system is implemented in Microsoft® Visual Basic and Access. The species summaries recorded in The World List of Threatened Trees have been derived directly from the Tree Conservation Database which also records a considerable amount of supplementary information on each tree species. APPLICATION OF THE IUCN THREAT CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA IUCN categories of threat have been in use for over thirty years and are widely recognised as a standard for indicating the conservation status of individual species. The revised categories and criteria published in 1994 (IUCN, 1994) were developed to make the threat categories more quantitative, objective and equally applicable to all higher taxa of plants and animals. Under the new system, a category can only be assigned to a species if one or more of five criteria apply. Thus in order to qualify as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable, evidence is needed to demonstrate that a species is experiencing, to various degrees, at least one of the following: Criterion A Population is seriously declining, or is expected to decline, at a defined rate. Criterion B Population is localised, within defined limits, fragmented and declining. Criterion C Population is small, according to specified numbers, and either declining at a defined rate or declining and with a specified population structure. Criterion D Population is very small, according to specified numbers, and acutely restricted, within defined limits. Criterion E Quantitiative analysis showing the probability of extinction. The use of criteria helps both to guide the assessor and to give transparency to the evaluation process. The rules for applying the IUCN categories and criteria are set out with explanatory notes in Appendix 4. Various criteria can be applied to any one species. The extent to which different criteria have been used in the tree species evaluations is summarised in Table 1. The use of Criterion E has been negligible for trees. Table 1. Use of Criteria Criterion A Population decline B Population localised C D Population Population numerically | very small & small restricted Percentage of criteria applications | 22] SG] TG At the outset of data collection for The World List of Threatened Trees experience with the application of the new categories was very limited. The new system differs quite radically in its method of application from the previous IUCN categories with which most botanists and conservation agencies have become familiar. Concerns were expressed initially about the applicability of the categories to tree species, mainly because of the lack of knowledge of reproductive biology and population numbers 12 Introduction for the majority of tree species. Furthermore it soon became apparent that the longevity of tree species poses a particular problem in application of the categories, with regard to interpretation of rates of decline. Guidelines were prepared by Charlotte Lusty to assist expert evaluations for tree species and to help ensure consistency in application of the categories by different assessors, especially those working in isolation. The guidelines for trees were developed from recommendations made by William Hawthorne, following a detailed review of the application of the categories to Ghanaian tree species, and incorporated suggestions from other botanists using the categories for trees. The guidelines provide both assistance with interpretation of the criteria through suggested supplementary definitions of terms relevant to tree species and suggestions as to how different sources of information can be used to aid the evaluation process. In order to qualify as globally threatened based on population reduction (A Criterion), the population of a species should have an observed, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 20 percent over the last 10 years or three generations. The expression of generation time as specified by IUCN, 1994 is the average age of parents in the population. Defining the generation time of a tree species is very difficult given that the capability of reproduction in tree species varies widely according to the age/size class of individuals. For evaluation purposes, the guidelines for trees suggest that where no information is available the generation time should be taken as 50 years for most tree species, 10-20 for pioneer species or small trees, 100 years or more for slow-growing trees. Following this estimation very many tree species potentially fall within at least the Vulnerable category given the rates of deforestation, and therefore implied population decline, or the rates of exploitation of mature timber trees, over the past 150 years. Linking tree species distribution data with knowledge of the extent and decline of the ecosystem in which the species occurs has been the means by which the IUCN categories have been most commonly applied to trees. Criterion B and D are appropriately used for such cases where the threat status is based on the geographical restriction of species. GIS (Geographical Information System) analysis of species distribution information has proved to be a very useful tool in applying Criterion B and Criterion D, Where species point localities, ideally based on verified specimen data, can be stored in a GIS, data can be very successfully manipulated to assess whether their AOO (Area of Occupancy) or EOO (Extent of Occurrence) are within the limits set by the Criteria B and D. David DuPuy and Jonathan Hughes have evaluated the conservation status of a subset of Madagascan leguminous trees in this way, combining species distribution data with vegetation and substrate data in a GIS application. The guidelines encourage evaluators to use all available sources of secondary information to assess the situation faced by a particular species. In ideal circumstances information from verified herbarium specimens and field survey of populations would be combined with general knowledge of vegetation types and decline throughout the range of a tree species, together with information on levels of exploitation through time where appropriate. Where such information is not available, however, it has been possible, by examining geographical and altitudinal ranges, and habitat requirements of the species, to make preliminary evaluations of the conservation status. In general the categories have not been applied using fully quantifiable information. This is fully compatible with the guidance provided by IUCN, 1994 which states that, the absence of high quality data should not deter attempts at applying the criteria, as methods involving estimation, inference and projection are emphasised to be acceptable throughout. Furthermore, given that data are rarely available for the whole range or population of a taxon, it may often be appropriate to use the information that is available to make intelligent inferences about the overall status of the taxon in question. In cases where a wide variation in estimates is found, it is legitimate to apply the precautionary principle and use the estimate (providing it is credible) that leads to listing in the category of highest risk. Although the new IUCN Red List Categories are much more objective than their predecessors, there is inevitably considerable scope for subjectivity. Different expert assessors have applied the categories with differing levels of confidence with regard to available information and different 13 The World List of Threatened Trees degrees of optimism regarding future trends. This has even applied when different assessors looked at the same species, where some, for example, have used Data Deficient and others have applied Critically Endangered. Some assessors have felt that they should use Data Deficient unless there have been recent field assessments of the species. This approach may be more appropriate where there are active conservation monitoring programmes but generally a greater degree of inference has been necessary. In such cases of divergent views the compilers have acted as referees and applied the category which appeared more appropriate in consultation with the assessors. The use of the Lower Risk categories has also varied according to the opinion of different assessors. It is not always clear how much inference is appropriate to decide whether a species is Lower Risk or Vulnerable, particularly with regard to Criterion A. The category Lower Risk: conservation dependent should only be used for those species where a species-specific conservation measure ensures that the species does not qualify for Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered. Inclusion in a protected area is considered to be a sufficiently secure conservation measure to prevent a species being in a higher risk category by some assessors but there has not been uniformity of opinion on this issue. Some assessors have probably followed the IUCN rules more rigidly than others. After careful consideration, the compilers decided not to apply a blanket standardisation of the categories and criteria across all tree species following the application by experts, although in some cases adjustments to particular species have been made through consultation. The compilers do not have the intrinsic knowledge of species in particular geographic regions and taxonomic groups which may have contributed to the expert evaluations. The listing of species should be seen as a fluid process, with scope for re-evaluations of species as more information becomes available, and as further debate on the categorisation process takes place. Particular mention needs to be made concerning the dipterocarp trees of southeast Asia. Over 250 of these species have been listed in the most threatened category of Critically Endangered, using Criterion A. The basis for this assessment is the very rapid rates of forest loss in southeast Asia. Criterion A measures decline rates for long-lived species, such as trees, over a period of three generations. This amounts to at least 150 years for the dipterocarp species. Thus over 250 species of dipterocarp are believed to have lost over 80 percent of their forest habitat over the last three generations and are therefore listed as Critically Endangered. These listings might seem somewhat out of place alongside most other species listed as Critically Endangered, which tend to occur in tiny popvlations, sometimes of only a small number of individual trees. However, it is very important to be clear that extinction times scale with a species’ generation time, and not with absolute time. All other things being the same, a long-lived species takes longer to go extinct than a short-lived species. If one considers a time window that is short relative to the lifetime of the species, one might miss the fact that it is in trouble, even if it is heading inexorably to extinction. To take a simple example, if one counts the numbers of a short-lived species with four generations per year and declining at 50 percent per generation, the population will have declined to 6.25 percent of the starting number after one year. Conversely, a species with a long generation time (say 100 years), but also declining at 50 percent per generation will exhibit almost no detectable decline as measured over a one-year period. The listing of the dipterocarps is therefore more logical and appropriate than appears at first sight. Nevertheless, there is controversy concerning the use of Criterion A in this manner, and this is being studied as part of the SSC's ongoing review of the Red List Criteria. Three areas are currently being considered for possible revision of Criterion A: a) whether or not there should be a maximum time-limit set for estimates of generation-time, to make inference and projection more restricted in time for long-lived species and therefore more reliable; (b) the extent to which listing should incorporate information on whether or not the decline is controlled or managed, and therefore how likely it is to continue into the future; and (c) whether or not the current decline rates specified in the criteria are appropriate. 14 Introduction GAPS IN INFORMATION The three year time period for preparation of The World List of Threatened Trees has allowed for rapid assembly and review of currently available information on the conservation status of trees. There are, however, clear information gaps. These result from lack of identified expertise on particular taxa or geographical areas or lack of time for information to be compiled where experts were contacted in the later stages of the data collection process. For some parts of the world and certain taxonomic families information is not yet available on which to base sound conservation assessments. The design of the data management system, the involvement of a wide network of experts and the further coordinated development of the SSC Plant Specialist Groups, with capacity to manage their own decentralised data, will allow continual updating of the global Tree Conservation Database. Taxonomic uncertainty In some cases it has been very difficult to apply categories because of taxonomic uncertainty. This is the case for example with the genus Ardisia in the family Myrsinaceae. In Panama, alone, about 110 species have been described mainly on the basis of original collections which often did not have flowers or fruiting material. There is a need for taxonomic revision taking into account the wealth of unverified herbarium specimens. The situation is similar for many other genera of trees. Areas which are poorly known Papua New Guinea provides an example of a biodiversity rich country which remains poorly explored. As outlined by Frodin (1997) a relatively intense phase of biological study took place within the country from 1946 through the 1980s. This generated various major publications on vegetation, biogeography and ecology but there has subsequently been a general decline in new research work and particularly in botanical exploration in Papua New Guinea (Conn, 1994). Frodin (1997) notes that at the present time, there is no crticial and effective study of trees for Papua New Guinea and little prospect of one without substantial outside support. Given the low current exploration rate and the serious research and documentation backlog in general the conservation status of tree species is one of “data deficiency”. Enough is known, however, about certain timber species to apply the IUCN categories and criteria and species summaries are included in the book for such species. Scientific reluctance In general there has been overwhelming support from the botanical community for the preparation of The World List of Threatened Trees. There have, however, been instances where botanists were reluctant to share unpublished information. This has resulted in some cases from a sense of frustration with the difficulty of securing resources for the publication of taxonomic work and equally with concerns about incorporating new species names which have not been previously validly published in the scientific literature. In other cases herbarium botanists did not feel they had sufficient field knowledge to make conservation evaluations. Time constraints Locating and compiling information on the conservation status of trees has proceeded rapidly in preparation of The World List of Threatened Trees but unfortunately it has not proved possible to develop or incorporate all the information located. More comprehensive evaluation of the conservation status of tree species for many countries would add significant numbers of species to the list of globally threatened tree species. Countries for which very little new information has been compiled include Cameroon, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Guatemala, Haiti, Korea, the Philippines and Thailand. In some cases this was because of lack of time to establish contacts within the countries. Information on African tree species, compiled in the early stages of data collection, has been subject to a more extensive period of review. Less time was available to incorporate and review the more extensive tree data for other tropical regions. Examples of countries for which data has only been The World List of Threatened Trees partially processed for this publication include Bolivia, Costa Rica, Japan, Mexico, Peru and Viet Nam. To provide one specific example, the specimen database provided by ECOSUR provided a very rich source of data. This database contains data from 14000 herbarium specimens for Mexican tree species, with information on vegetation type, associated genera, and altitude. For each tree species recorded in the database the new IUCN category was added by experts at ECOSUR and, with approval from CONABIO, this data was provided to WCMC. Information has been added to the Tree Conservation Database for endemic trees of Mexico but there has been no time to seek information on the wider distribution and conservation status for non-endemic trees. THE SPECIES SUMMARIES The main body of this book is the compilation of conservation summaries for the 7388 tree species which have been evaluated as globally threatened. The summaries are arranged alphabetically by genus. In order to reduce the size of the species accounts, scientific authorities for species names and common names are not given although these are recorded in the Tree Conservation Database. The threatened tree species included are those which have been evaluated as Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable. Species which have been evaluated as Lower Risk: near threatened and Lower Risk: conservation dependent are also included because, in most cases, the supporting information suggests that these trees are of equal conservation concern to species in the Vulnerable category. Furthermore summaries are also included for species evaluated as Data Deficient where it is apparent that the species are in a precarious situation even though some verification is needed of the taxonomic status or further field investigation is desirable. Frequently these species have been referred to as threatened elsewhere in the literature. For each species the following information is given: Botanical family name The standard followed for family and generic names is Brummitt, 1992. IUCN Red List category and criteria These are reproduced in full with the explanatory notes in Appendix 4. Distribution The complete geographical distribution of species is recorded, as far as is known. Biological Recording Units are generally given, following Hollis and Brummitt, 1992. The only changes from this standard are for the Provinces of South Africa, Eritrea and the Democratic Republic of Congo (the former Zaire). Conservation summary This is based primarily on information provided by experts in the standard data collection forms (see Appendix 5), or from literature sources. In some cases the summary has been prepared by the expert who has evaluated the species and in other cases by the compilers at WCMC. Words which are preceded by an asterisk are further defined in the glossary. Assessor This is either the expert whom, or organisation or regional workshop which, has assigned the IUCN category and criteria. References The references relate either to botanical literature linked to the taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution of the species or to the source of conservation information including the conservation assessment. Introduction SUMMARY OF RESULTS Table 2. Summary of the number of tree species assessed according to the 1994 IUCN threat categories for inclusion in The World List of Threatened Trees. Globally threatened tree species 1994 IUCN Threat Category Extinct Extinct in the wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Lower Risk: near threatened Lower Risk: conservation dependent Data Deficient Sub Total Lower Risk: least concern Not evaluated Total number of species reviewed Globally threatened Australian tree species Globally threatened Japanese tree species Additional globally threatened species — old IUCN threat categories Number of trees | Total number of globally threatened tree species 8,753 Note: Numbers of species given in the supplementary tree species lists in the Appendices are also included to give a global total. The reasons for the decline and rarity for these tree species are varied. In addition to the threats mentioned in the species summaries, supplementary threats to each species are recorded in the Tree Conservation Database. In general, the threatened status of tree species results from processes of habitat modification and destruction. Specific threats may also result from direct exploitation of the species for timber or other products at rates which are unsustainable. The threats most commonly recorded in the Tree Conservation Database are summarised in Table 3. Table 3. Most frequently recorded threats to globally threatened tree species Felling Agriculture Mining/exploration Stal anias ade tenOOil toate 34K Threats have been recorded primarily as a basis for determining the required actions needed to reverse the decline of individual species. The threats to tree species are based on personal observations and assumptions and there will be a bias according to the geographical areas where most species 17 The World List of Threatened Trees information has been collected. The relative importance of different threats implied by the above table should therefore be read with a degree of caution. It is interesting to note, however, the perceived impact of felling as a major threat to tree species. This threat includes both clear felling and selective felling. The fact that over 1000 tree species are considered to be globally threatened as a result of felling reinforces the need for timber harvesting regimes to be managed on a sustainable basis taking into account the impact on non-commercial species. USES Information on use and level of use of tree species is recorded in the Tree Conservation Database. The information collated on globally threatened tree species illustrates that 25 percent have at least one recorded use. The use data remains incomplete but nevertheless Table 4 indicates the utility value of the tree species which are threatened with extinction. Table 4. The recorded uses of globally threatened tree species Oil, gum, resin THE CONSERVATION OF TREE SPECIES The assignment of conservation categories can be an important step in deciding priorities for conservation action. As has already been noted a particularly wide range of tree species fall within the Vulnerable category as a result of the decline of their forest ecosystems over the past 150 years and the longevity of individual trees within this time frame. Furthermore, the rate of exploitation of mature individuals of timber species over this period inclines the species to the Vulnerable category. It is suggested that in developing priority conservation actions for tree species based on the categories of threat, the development of sustainable use rather than protection mechanisms per se should be the focus for economically valuable species which are categorised as Vulnerable based on levels of exploitation. Most of the species categorised as Vulnerable are those which have a restricted range and are found in habitats which are fragmented and declining (Criterion B); or have very small and restricted populations (Criterion D). For these species in situ protection is particularly important either within areas set aside for conservation or as protected stands within areas, for example, of agricultural or forestry land use. Clearly where the locations of restricted range and threatened tree species converge, these sites should be protected to conserve the maximum number of threatened trees. Tree species which are Critically Endangered or Endangered are those for which remedial conservation action should be a priority to prevent further decline towards extinction. Where more widespread species fall into these categories because of the rates of decline (Criterion A), however, as with the dipterocarp species, sustainable use initiatives may be equally appropriate. Information in the species summaries indicates those species for which immediate rescue attention is needed. Measures to secure the conservation of tree species include research into the reasons for decline, protective legislation, in situ protection within designated conservation areas, management of populations in their natural habitats, ecological restoration measures, control of invasive species, and ex situ conservation in botanic gardens, arboreta and seed banks. Where in situ and ex situ conservation measures are already known to be in place for globally threatened tree species, this 18 Introduction information is recorded in the Tree Conservation Database. It is apparent, however, that the majority of globally threatened species are not subject to any specific conservation measures. It is also apparent that many more tree species will be evaluated and recorded as globally threatened as more information becomes available. The preparation of botanical checklists is a very important step in the evaluation of conservation status. There is also a great need for more field data on the conservation status and distribution of tree species. Major efforts are needed to prevent tree species extinctions. The primary focus for action needs to be at a national level through the actions of government agencies, NGOs and local resource managers. International conservation instruments should reinforce these efforts and provide a broader policy context for activities on the ground. INTERNATIONAL POLICY IMPLICATIONS International policy for the conservation and sustainable use of forest biodiversity has generally concentrated on ecosystem prioritisation and action. In order to prevent the loss of tree species diversity there is a need to shift the emphasis towards a complementary species-based approach. The World List of Threatened Trees and Tree Conservation Database provide the information resource to start doing so. The information now available can be used to refine implementation of policy through, for example, the selection of conservation sites based on tree species diversity and threat, the development of species indicators of ecosystem condition and the development of sustainable use initiatives for economically valuable components of forest biological diversity. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) The objectives of CBD are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilisation of genetic resources. Biological diversity, as defined by this Convention, includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. Forest biodiversity is recognised as a current priority. Forests are the most biologically diverse terrestrial ecosystems. Although still rich in absolute and relative terms, the biological diversity of all types of forests has been diminished by the impacts of human societies. Those impacts are greater now than at any time in human history and they are still increasing. They are eroding contemporary forest biological diversity and challenging the processes which maintain it in forest communities and their constituent populations. (SBSTTA, 1997). Parties to the Convention have agreed that the ecosystem approach to the conservation of forest biodiversity should be the primary framework of action to be taken under the Convention. Within this framework priority activities relating to tree species include: i. assessment of methodologies which improve the long-term persistence of genetic variability within and between the populations of forest species. ii. development of methodologies for reporting on the distribution of fragile species. More broadly, Article 7 of the Convention calls for the identification by Parties of components of biodiversity important for conservation and sustainable use having regard to: Species and communities which are: threatened; wild relatives of domesticated or cultivated species; of medicinal, agricultural or other economic value; or social, scientific or cultural importance; or importance for research into the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, such as indicator species. 19 The World List of Threatened Trees Article 17 of the Convention calls for the facilitation of the exchange of information, from all publicly available sources, relevant to the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking into account the special needs of developing countries. Actions to be taken to conserve biological diversity, in accordance with the provisions of CBD, include the development of national strategies, plans or programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity (Article 6); establishment of protected area systems where special measures need to be taken to conserve biodiversity (Article 8); adopt measures for the ex situ conservation of components of biodiversity, preferably in the country of origin (Article 9); promote and encourage public awareness and education on the importance and measures required for biodiversity conservation. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) The main objective of CITES is to protect species of wild fauna and flora against overexploitation through international trade, by means of international cooperation. Species which are covered by the provisions of the Convention are included in appendices. To qualify for Appendix I, taxa must be "threatened by extinction" and "are or may be threatened by trade". Species included in Appendix II are those which " although not necessarily now threatened with extinction, may become so unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulation in order to avoid utilisation incompatible with their survival". In 1994, the Parties adopted new criteria for amendment of Appendices I and II, and specified information requirements for amendment proposals (Wijnstekers, 1995). The CITES listing criteria were developed at the same time as the development of the 1994 IUCN Red List Categories and are loosely related to them. The CITES appendices include around twenty tree species which are traded internationally as timber. They also include other tree species which yield medicinal products or which are in genera listed because of the threat from commercial horticultural collection, for example succulent Euphorbia spp. and Aloe spp. The provisions of the Convention and subsequent guidance on species listing do not generally distinguish between different species groups in their application. There has, however, been international debate about the suitability of the Convention as a tool to help conserve particular species groups. Increased interest in the use of CITES for timber species over recent years has contributed to this debate. Various amendment proposals have been submitted to CITES for timber species and have been considered by the Parties at the Eighth and Ninth Conferences, prior to the adoption of the 1994 amendment criteria. The CITES Timber Working Group (TWG) was formed at the Ninth Conference of the Parties to review implementation issues relating to timber species, notably the control of parts and derivatives of listed species, and relationships with other international organisations dealing with the conservation and sustainable use of timber. The final report of TWG was endorsed by the Tenth Conference of the Parties in Harare, June 1997. In its final report the TWG recommended that: many internationally traded timber species, boreal, temperate and tropical, can be managed on a sustainable basis through the application of appropriate silvicultural techniques, but that for other timber species such knowledge is currently lacking; and that there may be timber species which are under threat because of detrimental levels of use and international trade. Consequently the TWG recommended that: The range states should pay particular attention to internationally traded timber species within their territories for which knowledge of biological status and silvicultural requirements indicates concern. 20 Introduction International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA) The preamble of the ITTA, 1994 which came into force on 1 January 1997 notes the commitment of all members, made in Bali, Indonesia, in May 1990, to achieve exports of tropical timber products from sustainably managed sources by the year 2000. One of the objectives of the Agreement is: To encourage members to develop national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and conservation of timber producing forests and their genetic resources and at maintaining the ecological balance in the regions concerned, in the context of tropical timber trade. , With regard to cooperation and coordination with other organisations, Article 14 of the Agreement states that the Council (ITTC) shall make arrangements for consultation and cooperation with the United Nations and its organs, intergovernmental organizations including CITES and NGOs. The Organization (ITTO) shall, to the maximum extent possible, utilize the facilities, services and expertise of existing intergovernmental, governmental or non-governmental organizations, in order to avoid duplication of efforts in achieving the objectives of the Agreement. THE NEXT STEPS Political At an international level, mechanisms for promoting the conservation of individual tree species and areas of maximum tree species richness and diversity within forest ecosytems, need to be developed. The CBD is currently the most appropriate policy instrument given the commitment of parties to the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilisation of genetic resources. Furthermore CITES can be used to ensure that commercially valuable globally threatened trees are traded internationally at sustainable levels and ITTA can be used to ensure that sustainable forest management and trade in forest products promotes the conservation of tree species. The emphasis on implementation of CBD, CITES species selection and ITTA policy development and projects is at a national level with international exchange of information, financial support and technical expertise where appropriate. Subsets of information from the Tree Conservation Database will be made available as tools for the development of national threatened tree lists on which to base national policy and action. Convergence of national and international systems for collection of information and categorisation of threat needs to be considered further identifying, for example, which data elements are common requirements and guidelines for rapid collection of such data. There is a need for flexibility and incremental development of conservation information systems based on available knowledge. Scientific The sharing of information between scientific and conservation institutions is important to build on the results of the tree species conservation assessments and fill in current gaps on tree species information as new scientific data becomes available. Baseline field survey is urgently required for many areas and the collection of additional distribution data for species known or suspected to be of concern. The spatial accuracy of current data can be significantly improved, and the application of the IUCN threat categories reinforced, by the use of GIS linking herbarium, species inventory and forest cover data. Enhanced use of distribution data will be particularly valuable in planning in situ conservation measures for trees. Research is urgently needed on the population biology and autecology of globally threatened tree species. For practical application, research and information exchange are also needed on aspects of sustainability relating to tree species utilisation, particularly for those species categorised as Vulnerable. Silvicultural research and exchange of information on silvicultural techniques should 21 The World List of Threatened Trees be components of this. The links between forest certification initiatives and the sustainability of tree species should also be considered further. Networking Collaboration with international, regional and national agencies is essential in collecting information on the conservation status of trees. The preparation of The World List of Threatened Trees has fostered good links with international and national organisations, IUCN/SSC Specialist Groups and individual experts. Further collaboration with IPGRI and FAO in relation to information systems for tree species and their genetic resources (in turn linking with ICRAF and CIFOR) will be very valuable. National herbaria are an essential source of primary information on the conservation of tree biodiversity. Networking of information and expertise needs to be maintained and developed. Education and awareness raising A strong message to emerge from the preparation of The World List of Threatened Trees is that tree species are threatened with extinction throughout the world. Numerically more species are threatened in tropical regions reflecting the greater tree species richness in these regions. Nevertheless, the potential for tree species loss is a universal problem and needs to be tackled in all countries and at all levels. Information products are needed to convey the information in this book to a wide audience including the managers of natural resources in rural communities. Local people may not always appreciate that a species they harvest has a narrow geographic distribution and is wholly dependent on local wise use for its conservation. Conservation action Above all The World List of Threatened Trees should be used to develop conservation action on the ground. Urgent attention is needed to reverse the progression towards extinction for Critically Endangered and Endangered tree species. Attention is also needed to prevent Vulnerable species moving into the higher categories of threat. In some instances ex sifu measures may provide important back up. Jn situ mechanisms are generally the most appropriate way to conserve tree species either within designated conservation areas or through sustainable use initiatives in the wider environment. The threats to tree species are increasing and conservation actions must consequently be intensified. As Dallmeier, 1998, points out, The loss of even one species diminishes the earth’s store of biological diversity, for once eliminated, a species cannot be recovered or regenerated. All possibilities the species had for bettering life are gone, including its potential to provide the basis of life-saving medicines or new or improved foodstuffs to feed a burgeoning human population. Species losses are also felt at the genetic, community and landscape levels. When a species is gone so is its genetic heritage. 22 Introduction REFERENCES Brako, L. and Zarucchi, J.L. 1996. Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Missouri Botanical Garden. Brummitt, R.K. (comp.) 1992. Vascular Plant Families and Genera. A listing of the genera of vascular plants of the world according to their families, as recognised in the Kew Herbarium, with an analysis of relationships of the flowering plant families according to eight systems of classification. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. van Bueren, E.L. and Duivenvoorden, J.F. 1996. Towards priorities of biodiversity research in support of policy and management of tropical rain forests. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen. Conn, B.J. 1994. Documentation of the flora of New Guinea. In: C.-I. Peng and C.-H. Chou, eds., Biodiversity and terrestrial ecosystems: 123-156. Academia Sinica, Taipei (Institute of Botany, Monograph Series 14). Dallmeier, F. 1998. Measuring and monitoring forest biodiversity: the S/MAB model. In: Bachmann, P., Kohl, M. and Paivinen, R. (eds.) Assessment of biodiversity for improved forest planning. Proceedings of the Conference on Assessment of Biodiversity for Improved Forest Planning, 7-11 October 1996, held in Monte Verita, Switzerland. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Farjon, A. 1996. A world list of threatened conifers: How much do we know? In: Hunt, D.R. (ed) Temperate trees under threat. Proceedings of an IDS Symposium on the Conservation Status of Temperate Trees. University of Bonn 30 September — 1 October 1994. International Dendrological Society, Morpeth Farjon, A. Page, C.N. and Schevellis, N. 1993. A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 304-326. Frodin, D. 1997. State of knowledge of tree species in Papua New Guinea. In: Report of the Third Regional Workshop, Hanoi, 18-21 August, Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees Project, WCMC, Cambridge. Hollis, S. and Brummitt, R.K. (eds). 1992. World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions. Plant Taxonomic Database Standards No. 2. Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Pittsburgh. Hunt, D.R. 1996. The genera of temperate broadleaved trees. Broadleaves 2:4-5 TUCN.1994. IUCN Red List Categories. (UCN, Gland, Switzerland. Jorgensen, P.M. and S. Leon Y (in prep.) Catalogue of vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. Lear, M.1990. The threatened temperate tree list. International Dendrology Society Yearbook 1990: 130-152. Lear, M. and Hunt, D. 1996. Updating the Threatened Temperate Tree List. In: Hunt, D.R. (ed) Temperate trees under threat. Proceedings of an IDS Symposium on the Conservation Status of Temperate Trees. University of Bonn 30 September — 1 October 1994. International Dendrological Society, Morpeth Lemmens, R.H.M.J. Soerianegara, I. and Wong, W.C. 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(2) Timber trees: minor commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen Oldfield, S.F.(Compiler). 1991. Pre-project study on the conservation status of tropical timbers in trade. Prepared by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre under contract to the International Tropical Timer Organisation. SBSTTA.1996. Biological diversity in forests. Note by the Secretariat. Convention on Biological Diversity. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/2/11 SBSTTA.1997. Scientific, technical and technological advice on forest biological diversity, taking account of research and technical priorities previously identified. Draft programme of work for forest biological diversity. Note by the Executive Secretary. Convention on Biological Diversity. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/3/5 Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.).1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen 23 The World List of Threatened Trees Walter, K.S. and Gillett, H.J. (eds.) 1998. 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. IUCN — The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Wijnstekers, W. 1995. The evolution of CITES. A reference to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. 4" Edition. CITES Secretariat, Geneva, Switzerland. Yahara, T. et al. 1997. Red List of Japanese Plants. Japanese Agency of Environment. 24 Abarema abbottii Leguminosae Dominican Republic A tree restricted to broadleaved woodland on limestone soils in north-east Dominican Republic. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU B1+2c Abarema alexandri var. alexandri Leguminosae Jamaica One of two varieties of this Jamaican endemic, occurring in remaining areas of woodland or thicket on limestone soils. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 LR/nt Abarema alexandri var. troyana Leguminosae Jamaica One of two varieties of this Jamaican endemic, occurring in remaining areas of woodland and thickets on limestone soils. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 LR/nt Abarema bigemina Leguminosae Sri Lanka A species confined to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. This tree was found in 33 forest localities in the recent National Conservation Review, including Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 19112 VU Alc Abarema callejasii Leguminosae Colombia A small tree of montane rainforest only known from the east slope of the Cordillera Central in Antioquia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU D2 Abarema centiflora Leguminosae Bolivia A small tree known only from humid montane forest on the east slope of the Bolivian Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU B1+2c Abarema cochleata var. moniliformis Leguminosae Brazil (Amazonas) This variety is extremely local in *terra firme forest in Manaus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU B1+2c Abarema cochliacarpos Leguminosae Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Paraiba) A tree or arborescent shrub of the Atlantic coastal forest, disjunctly distributed from Paraiba to Bahia. In Bahia, this species is also found inland on disturbed *mata do VU B1+2c 25 Species Summaries cipo, *cerrado or *campo rupestre, sometimes reaching an altitude of 1100m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 Abarema curvicarpa var. rodriguesii Leguminosae Brazil (Amazonas) This forest tree is only known from the Reserva Ducke near Manaus, central Amazonian Brazil. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU B1+2c, D2 Abarema filamentosa Leguminosae Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo) A formerly common tree found in lowland wet Atlantic forest and *restinga along the coast of Bahia and Espirito Santo. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU B1+2c Abarema ganymedea Leguminosae Colombia, Ecuador A lowland wet forest species, known only from two disjunct collections, one gathered from North Antioquia, Colombia, the other from Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU D2 Abarema josephi Leguminosae Colombia A small tree known only from the type locality. It was found in montane woodland near the west boundary of Comisaria del Caqueta. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU D2 Abarema killipii Leguminosae Colombia, Ecuador A small tree known from a single collection from Caldas, Colombia, and from two localities on the eastern slope of the Ecuadorean Andes. It occurs in submontane and montane forest, meadows and open hillsides. Trees sometimes survive forest clearing. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU D2 Abarema lehmannii Leguminosae Colombia A tree restricted to the margin of humid montane forest in the Cordillera Central in Antioquia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU D2 Abarema leucophylla var. vaupesensis Leguminosae Colombia A small tree or shrub restricted to an area along Rio Vaupés and Apaporis in Vaupés. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Abarema longipedunculata Leguminosae Venezuela Endemic to Bolivar in the Venezuelan Guayana, this tree or shrub grows on rocky summits, cliff ledges and in gullies in the sandstone table mountains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 LR/nt Abarema obovata Leguminosae Brazil (Minas Gerais) A tree confined to wooded hillsides in east and north- central Minas Gerais. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU B1+2c Abarema oxyphyllidia Leguminosae Honduras Known only from a single collection dating from 1964, this tree occurs in mixed montane forest in the Cordillera Guajiquiro, south-west Honduras. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU D2 Abarema racemiflora Leguminosae Costa Rica This tree is known only from wooded hills near Turrialba in Cartago and Villa Quesada in Alajuela. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU B1+2c Abarema turbinata Leguminosae Brazil (Bahia) A species restricted to the remnants of Atlantic coastal forest and *restinga along the coast of Bahia between 14° and 16°S. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU B1+2c Abarema villifera Leguminosae Brazil (Amazonas), Venezuela A tree localised to periodically inundated riparian forest in the upper tributaries of the Rio Negro in Venezuela. An unconfirmed variant of the species is also found growing in *terra firme forest in the lower Rio Negro basin in Brazil. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 LR/nt Abdulmajidia chaniana Lecythidaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree found in the lowlands and hill forests of Pahang and Johore, up to 570m. Increasing settlement is the principal pressure exerted on this already rare species. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Abdulmajidia maxwelliana Lecythidaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree occurring on steep ridges and hillsides in submontane forest, at approximately 600m. The species VU B1+2c 26 is confined to Maxwell Hill in the state of Perak. The main threats to the tree come from expanding settlements and tourism. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 Abies beshanzuensis Pinaceae China (Zhejiang) Only five living specimens are known in the wild. The species occurs in mixed forest on Baishanzu Mountain. Expansive agriculture and fires, coupled with poor regeneration, are thought to have largely been responsible for the decline of the species. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 3630, 11725, 11847 CR DI Abies bracteata Pinaceae USA (California) Confined to mountain ridges, the species is now known to be more widespread in the Santa Lucia Mountains than originally thought. Fire is a threat but the area is generally inaccessible to grazing animals. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041, 19193 LR/cd Abies cephalonica Pinaceae Greece (East Aegean Is) The species is known to occur on Cephalonia, Euboea and Peloponnesos. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 13041 LR/nt Abies chengii Pinaceae China? (Yunnan?) The populations in the wild remain unknown. The species was described from a specimen in cultivation at Hilliers, UK. Repeated attempts to discover the whereabouts of the wild population have failed. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 DD Abies chensiensis ssp. chensiensis Pinaceae VU Alc+2c China (Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan?) The distribution of the subspecies is fairly wide and unresolved. Populations are scattered and confined to areas of dense montane forest. Levels of exploitation of the forest habitat have been high throughout the area. Regeneration does not appear to be good. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1818, 18751 Abies chensiensis ssp. yulongxueshanensis Pinaceae China (Yunnan) A relatively recently published name. The taxonomy remains questionable. The population is restricted to a small area of forest. Its status is not presently known but Lijiangshan is one of the best preserved areas. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 7610, 13041 VU D2 Abies cilicica ssp. isaurica Pinaceae Turkey The species appears to be endemic to Isaurian Taurus. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 4863, 11888, 13041 LR/nt Abies durangensis var. coahuilensis Pinaceae Mexico (Coahuila) Occurring in a sparsely populated area, there are no obvious threats to the two or three subpopulations that exist. These are restricted to wet north slopes in two river valleys. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 VU D2 Abies fanjingshanensis Pinaceae China (Guizhou) A relict species occurring only in inaccessible areas on Fanjing Mountain. It grows on northern slopes at an elevation of 2100—2300m, forming pure or mixed stands. The populations are not obviously threatened but there are unlikely to be more than 250 mature trees. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 11847 EN D1 Abies forrestii var. georgei Pinaceae China (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan) Chinese taxonomists refer to this taxon as a species. Extensive forests of it were known to occur above 3000m in south-west Sichuan and north-west Yunnan. Large-scale deforestation and replanting with commercial species have since taken place in the area and populations have declined. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 11191, 13041 LR/nt Abies fraseri Pinaceae USA (North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia) Populations are known from six peaks, including the Smoky Mountains National Park. They are small, windswept and unhealthy. Regeneration appears to be poor. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 VU D2 Abies guatemalensis var. guatemalensis Pinaceae El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico The Guatemalan Fir is the southernmost member of its genus. It was reported to be common until the 1940s and large populations may still remain in Honduras. There has been heavy timber exploitation throughout the range. There is disputable evidence that the remaining stands in Guatemala extend no more than 3ha. Isolated stands continue to be exploited heavily by local inhabitants and the deep fertile soils, on which the tree grows, are attractive to agricultural development. Cone crops are irregular and germination is poor. Programmes to improve its status are being run by CAMCORE. Felling is prohibited in some countries and the species is listed in *CITES Appendix I. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 3951, 13041 VU Ald 27 Species Summaries Abies guatemalensis var. jaliscana Pinaceae Mexico (Jalisco) The taxonomy of the variety is based on fallen cone material. It is common but found at lower altitudes, which may leave it more vulnerable to exploitation. The species is listed in *CITES Appendix I. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 3951, 5287, 13041 VU Ald Abies guatemalensis var. tacanensis Pinaceae Mexico (Chiapas) The species is restricted to forest areas up to 3000m or more. The taxonomy of the variety may be questionable. The species is listed in *CITES Appendix I. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 6541, 10722, 13041, 19161 VU Ald Abies hickelii var. hickelii Pinaceae Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca) A variety which is found in very low densities and continues to suffer from extensive logging and habitat loss. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6541, 13041 VU Ald Abies hickelii var. oaxacana Pinaceae Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca) A variety which occurs in very low densities and continues to suffer from extensive logging and habitat loss. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 10722, 11191, 13041 VU Ald Abies kawakamii Pinaceae Taiwan The species is widespread but appears to suffer from frequent fire damage. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6469 LR/nt Abies koreana Pinaceae Russia, South Korea The species is recorded from Cheju Island, Chiri-san, Halla-san and Tokyu-san in South Korea and from the Sikhote Alin range in Russia. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 11117, 13041 LR/nt Abies nebrodensis Pinaceae Italy (Sicily) Endemic to Sicily, the species is known from a small population containing less than 20 individuals. Only a fraction of them appear to be reproductively capable. A propagation programme is under way. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 4506, 7222, 19021 CR D1 Abies nordmanniana ssp. equi-trojani Pinaceae Turkey This taxon presently includes ssp. bornmuelleriana, which stands as a separate taxon in Turkey. Populations LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees are restricted to the northern mountain slopes in Kaz-- Dagh and Ulu-Dagh. The stands appear to be reasonably extensive and healthy. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 3489, 11888, 13041, 18751 Abies numidica Pinaceae Algeria This species is restricted to Mount Babor and Tababor, and is highly scattered where it occurs. Recent collecting expeditions in the area uncovered only one plant. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 10598 VU D2 Abies pinsapo var. marocana Pinaceae Morocco Although this variety is less threatened than the Spanish variety, it is restricted to the Rif Mountains and is vulnerable to overgrazing. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 LR/nt Abies pinsapo var. pinsapo Pinaceae Spain Three healthy populations are known. One in Grazelema National Park consists of a few thousand trees. Overgrazing by goats, droughts and the threat of fire affect the survival of all three populations. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 10625, 13041 VU D2 Abies pinsapo var. tazaotana Pinaceae Morocco This variety is locally common, perhaps numbering 2500 individuals, but restricted to between 1600 and 2000m on Mount Tazaot. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374 VU D2 Abies recurvata var. recurvata Pinaceae China (Sichuan) A rare variety with a very restricted range confined to Songpan. Var. ernestii appears to be more widespread in the west of Sichuan Province. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 VU D2 Abies sibirica ssp. semenovii Pinaceae China, Kyrgyzstan The known populations are confined to Talasskij Ala Tau but they are suspected to extend into China. The species as a whole is considered threatened in China. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041, 18751 VU D2 28 Abies squamata Pinaceae China (Gansu?, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang) A species confined to forest in an area which is experiencing high levels of deforestation and habitat degradation. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374 VU Ald Abies veitchii var. sikokiana Pinaceae Japan This variant is known from Shikoku Island. There are no obvious threats at present. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6879 LR/nt Abies vejarii ssp. mexicana Pinaceae Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leén) The taxonomy of this subspecies is questionable. It occurs in the Sierra Santa Catarina, in a single locality that probably extends less than 100km?. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6879, 13041 VU D2 Abies yuanbaoshanensis Pinaceae China (Guangxi) A relatively recently discovered species confined to Yuanbao Mountain., which is outside the general range of fir species. There are in the region of 100 individuals mostly over 100 years old. Young trees are very rare and regeneration is hampered by long coning intervals, seed predation by squirrels and competition with Sinarundinaria species. Effective protection of the population is given by the Forest Department. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1818, 11847 CR B1+2c, C2b Abies ziyuanensis Pinaceae China (Guangxi, Hunan) An endemic of the Nanling range, where the species occurs in middle elevation mixed forest on Mount Yinzhulao, Mount Shunhuang and Mount Erbaoding. As with A. yuanbaoshanensis, the distribution lies outside the general range of fir species. Population density is low and regeneration is poor because of the long coning interval and competition with other plants. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1818, 11847 CR B1+2ce Abutilon sachetianum Malvaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) Only recorded from the Marquesas, the species is found in small populations on the islands of Eiao, Hatutaa, Hiva Oa, Mohotani and Nuku Hiva. Those on Eiao and Hatutaa are in a notably critical state. The species has been propagated at the Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. in the USA. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 VU B1+2c Acacia albicorticata Leguminosae Argentina, Bolivia Endemic to the piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and Bolivia, the species occurs in an unprotected ecosystem, which is rapidly being replaced by agricultural systems. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 19122 VU B1+2c Acacia ankokib Leguminosae Somalia A species of restricted range, only known from semi- desert bushland, usually in rocky places on limestone in north-eastern Somalia. The habitat is vulnerable to degradation. The tree is an important local source of gum. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 7550, 18665 LR/nt Acacia aulacocarpa Leguminosae LR/nt Australia, Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea In New Guinea, this tree of savanna and monsoon forest up to an an altitude of 50m is restricted to Digul District in Irian Jaya and the Oriomo River area in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea. Part of the range is subject to logging. Continued exploitation and habitat destruction have reduced the number of mature individuals and, if not halted, will render the species as a whole vulnerable. More information is needed on populations in eastern and northern Australia. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 Acacia belairioides Leguminosae Cuba A very rare tree up to 7m tall, confined to the serpentine outcrop of Holguin in north-eastern Cuba. The habitat is severely degraded in most places, mainly due to grazing and urbanisation. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 9522, 16327, 19149 CR B1+2c Acacia bucheri Leguminosae Cuba An uncommon tree up to 8m in height occurring in woodlands and dry forests over limestone and serpentine bedrocks in the provinces of Guantanamo, Baracoa and Holguin. ~ Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 9522, 11403, 19149 EN B1+2c Acacia campbellii Leguminosae India (Andhra Pradesh) A small tree distributed throughout much of Andra Pradesh in deciduous forest or thorny scrub, often on black cotton soils. It has been heavily collected as a fuelwood and its habitat has also declined in extent. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799 VU Alcd 29 Species Summaries Acacia caraniana Leguminosae Somalia A Somali endemic known only from areas of sparse vegetation on gypsum hills in the north-east. The habitat is vulnerable to degradation. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 7550, 18665 LR/nt Acacia cernua Leguminosae Somalia A species which is endemic to northern Somalia in a habitat which is vulnerable to degradation. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 18665 LR/nt Acacia condyloclada Leguminosae Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia Restricted to limestone outcrops, this tree, characterised by its peeling bark, is known from two collections west of Ramu in Kenya, from parts of the Ogaden in Ethiopia and from northern Somalia. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 1330, 6396, 10961, 12067 LR/nt Acacia crassicarpa Leguminosae VU Alcd+2cd, B1+2abcd Australia (Queensland), Papua New Guinea A tree of savanna woodland, monsoon forest and gallery-type forest at altitudes of between 10 and 30m restricted to the Western Province, Papua New Guinea, and to Queensland, Australia. Logging is occurring and the timber is actively sought-after. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 Acacia daemon Leguminosae Cuba A fairly uncommon tree, up to 5m tall, confined to the rocky serpentine hillsides of Habana, Matanzas, Villaclara and Camaguey Provinces. These areas are under constant pressure from cutting and clearing. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 9522, 11403, 19149 EN B1+2c Acacia densispina Leguminosae Somalia Known only from central Somalia, this small tree is restricted to Acacia-Commiphora bushland in limestone areas. Large-scale charcoal production is causing the loss and degradation of the habitat. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 8697, 18665 VU B1+2c Acacia dolichostachya Leguminosae LR/nt Guatemala, Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatan) Endemic to the Yucatan Peninsula, this rainforest tree is an important component of the canopy. The habitat is generally disturbed and declining in extent. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993, 19124, 19162 The World List of Threatened Trees Acacia etilis Leguminosae Argentina, Bolivia Endemic to the piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and Bolivia, the species occurs in an unprotected ecosystem, which is rapidly being replaced by agricultural systems. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 19122 VU B1+2c Acacia ferruginea Leguminosae Sri Lanka This tree was commonly found in the dry zone of Sn Lanka but it is now very rare. The wood is used for its medicinal properties. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18796, 19110 VU AIc Acacia flagellaris Leguminosae Somalia A tree of exposed limestone ridges in low vegetation, known only from north-eastern Somalia. It occurs in an area less than 20,000km? and its habitat continues to be degraded and destroyed by overgrazing and overcutting. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 8697, 18665 VU B1+2c Acacia gaumeri Leguminosae Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatan) A weedy tree, abundant in but confined to semi- evergreen forest and secondary formations in the Yucatan Peninsula. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19162 LR/nt Acacia koaia Leguminosae USA (Hawaii) A taxon which is included in the wider concept of A. koa. This is a small and gnarled form found in small numbers in dry and open habitats on Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Acacia manubensis Leguminosae Somalia Confined to semi-evergreen bushland on limestone in the Al Miskat Mountains, this tree has the same common name and valuable gum as_ A. ankokib but it is ecologically distinct, occurring at higher altitudes. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 7550, 8697, 18665 VU B1+2c Acacia mathuataensis Leguminosae Fiji Only known from the type collection of 1947, the species was found in dense thickets on the summit ridge of Mount Numbuiloa, east of Lambasa, Vanua Levu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18818 CRDI 30 Acacia moggii Leguminosae Somalia A shrubby spreading tree known only from Acacia- Commiphora bushland on limestone, south of Beled Weyne. This habitat is vulnerable to degradation. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 18665 LR/nt Acacia montis-usti Leguminosae Namibia A graceful tree, often branching from the base. It occurs on granite outcrops, ridges and inselbergs from the Brandberg to southern Kaokoveld. Trees in the Twyfelfontein area are infested with insects, which may have some effect on recruitment and population size and structure. Many mature trees died during the severe drought in the 1980s. However, healthy levels of recruitment are observed in some subpopulations. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 7550, 19218 LR/nt Acacia ochracea Leguminosae Somalia Numerous trees were recorded in 1990 in the south- west, where the species is endemic. It occurs in Acacia- Commiphora bushland, usually in shallow soil over limestone. Habitat destruction because of charcoal production and overgrazing is a continuing threat. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 18665 LR/nt Acacia origena Leguminosae LR/nt Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen (Former North Yemen, Former South Yemen) A species from the Welo and Hararge highlands of Ethiopia, west Eritrea and also across the Red Sea in Yemen. It occurs in upland wooded grasslands above 1700m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330 Acacia pachyceras var. najdensis Leguminosae LR/nt Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia An important component of and often the sole tree species in desert wadis and hilly areas, extending from Egypt through Arabia into southern Iraq. The tree is very vulnerable to overcutting and overgrazing and appears to have become extinct in Kuwait. In the Negev Desert in Israel mortality rates have been observed to be as high as 60%, largely because road building has cut off vital river beds. In other areas, such as the northern mountains of Oman, populations are well established and not threatened. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1517, 2863, 5100, 6988 Acacia pennivenia Leguminosae Yemen (Socotra) A tree of submontane dry woodland. The population is stable and there are no immediate threats. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 7550, 19083 VU D2 Acacia prasinata Leguminosae Ethiopia A species known only from areas of dry woodland or semi-desert bushland in Afar and Shewa in Ethiopia. Its habitat is vulnerable to overgrazing and cutting for fuelwood. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 18523 Acacia pseudonigrescens Leguminosae Ethiopia A species with a very restricted range known only from a limestone area of succulent shrubland on the track to Kelafo in the Ogaden. The area, although susceptible to degradation, is relatively unthreatened. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 5654, 7550, 18523 VU B1+2c VU D2 Acacia purpurea Leguminosae Mozambique A poorly known species, collected from waterside localities on the plains on the southern side of the Zambezi. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7401, 7550 VU D2 Acacia robynsiana Leguminosae Namibia A bushy tree, frequently with upright or drooping whip- like branches, occurring on granite outcrops, ridges and inselbergs in Outjo and Kaokoveld Districts. General habitat degradation through poor land management, coupled with recent droughts may have affected population size and recruitment. The species is not protected within any designated protected areas, although it is given some protection on land registered as conservancies or as hunting concessions. Its range extends up to the Angola border but, so far, it has not been recorded from Angola itself. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 7401, 7550, 19218 LR/nt Acacia roigii Leguminosae Cuba Very restricted in range, this endemic tree, up to 8m tall, is restricted to the dry evergreen forests of Puerto Padre in north-eastern Cuba. The habitat is severely degraded in many places because of cutting, grazing and settlement. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 CR B1+2c Acacia sarcophylla Leguminosae Somalia, Yemen (Socotra) A species found in northern Somalia and also on the island of Socotra. Habitat degradation largely from overcutting and charcoal production is a threat. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 7550, 18665, 19083 LR/nt 31 Species Summaries Acacia schlechteri Leguminosae Mozambique A species which is taxonomically unconfirmed and poorly known. It may represent A. burkei. Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 7550 DD Acacia venosa Leguminosae Eritrea, Ethiopia A woodland species confined to parts of west Eritrea, Tigray and Gondar on the high plateau where the majority of the Ethiopian population lives. The northem forests have diminished most noticeably because of the expansion of farmed land and human habitation and overcutting for fuelwood. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 18523 VU Alc+2c Acacia villosa Leguminosae Jamaica Found only in St Andrew and St Thomas Parishes, the species is locally common in thickets on gravel. Assessor: Bellingham, P. Refs: 6057, 7980, 19116 VU B1+2c Acacia zapatensis Leguminosae Cuba An endemic shrub, sometimes a small tree, confined to the Peninsula de Zapata, Matanzas Province in eastern Cuba. Development for tourism is currently the major threat to the species. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Acalypha hontauyuensis Euphorbiaceae Taiwan An omamental shrub confined to Lanyu Island, where it is locally abundant in areas of dry scrub. None of the populations are protected and, in places, they are susceptible to increasing settlement and cultivation of the land. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 7933, 19050 VU D2 Acalypha lepinei Euphorbiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) Populations are recorded from Bora Bora, Raiatea and Tahiti, where the species is most seriously threatened. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 VU B1+2c Acalypha raivavensis Euphorbiaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) A shrub or shrubby tree recorded from Raivavae and Tubuai. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Acalypha rubrinervis Euphorbiaceae St Helena Formerly a rare shrub or small tree of thickets on the central ridge above 600m. It became extinct in 1870. Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B. Refs: 19081 EX Acalypha suirenbiensis Euphorbiaceae Taiwan Only known from the Taitung coast, this shrubby species occurs abundantly in dry scrub in a single small location. There are no conservation or protection measures in place and habitat clearance for agriculture or housing threatens much of the area. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 6469, 19050 VU D2 Acanthopanax malayanus Araliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree inhabiting montane rainforest in Pahang (Cameron Highlands) and Kelantan (Gunung Stong). The species is given a degree of protection, where it occurs within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Acanthophoenix rubra Palmae Mauritius, Réunion A palm tree of mixed moist forest, occurring between 250 and 650m in Réunion and south-west Mauritius. On the latter island only a single population of 150 mature individuals in Etoile valley in the eastern range remains viable. Regeneration is occasional and seed production is monitored. This species is widely cultivated in gardens in Mauritius. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 19118 CR B1+2c Acanthosyris asipapote Santalaceae Bolivia A recently described species, known only from very few sites in Santa Cruz. It appears to be a relict species, occurring in the outskirts of a rapidly growing city. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19180 VU D2 Acca lanuginosa Myrtaceae Peru A shrub or small tree known from only a few, possibly only three, localities of low forest up to 2700m on the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5435, 7980 VU B1+2c, D2 Acer buergerianum ssp. formosanum Aceraceae Taiwan Only two populations are known, confined to smail areas of lowland evergreen forest in Wanli and Yingshihchien in the north of Taiwan. The species is CR C2a, D1 32 mainly threatened by the uprooting of whole plants for ornamental use. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 3295, 6469, 8507, 19050, 19051 Acer caesium ssp. caesium Aceraceae DD China, India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh), Nepal, Pakistan A large tree, relatively poorly known but distributed over a relatively large area from Pakistan to Western China. It was once common in the Western Himalayas, usually found in open grassy places and in moist patches of broadleaved forest. Overexploitation of the timber for commercial and local use has caused a decline in population numbers. Seeds and plants are also present in the ornamental trade. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538, 5995, 8507 Acer duplicatoserratum Aceraceae Taiwan Populations are scattered in central to northern parts of Taiwan in submontane broadleaved forest. Declines in numbers have been caused by the illegal digging up of whole trees for the trade in ornamental plants. No conservation or protection measures are in place in any part of the species' range. A variety of the species occurs in Anhui, China. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 8507, 19050 VU B1+2ab Acer erythranthum Aceraceae Viet Nam A large tree occurring in Thua Thien-Hue, Gia Lai, Kon Tum and Lam Dong Provinces, usually in evergreen forests above 500 m on deep fertile soils. Natural regeneration does not appear to be good, despite good fruit crops. The fine timber is used for construction and making household appliances. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11530, 15357 LR/nt Acer longipes ssp. catalpifolium Aceraceae China (Guangdong, Sichuan) This subspecies is recognised as a species in China. It is recorded infrequently in the Chengdu Plain in Sichuan and also in Guangdong. Apparently valuable as a timber, the species is threatened with overcutting and loss of habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8507, 11847 VU Alcd Acer miyabei ssp. miaotaiense Aceraceae China (Gansu, Shaanxi, Zhejiang) A forest tree known from two main populations which occur disjunctly and were previously known under two different species names, A. miaotaiense and A. yangjuechi. The former is confined to the Qinling and Bashan Mountains occurring singly or in small groves showing poor regeneration and under some threat from forest clearance. The second population contains two individuals on Xitianmu Mountain to the east in VU B1+2ce Zhejiang. Although the seeds appear to be frequently sterile, the population is given protection from felling or damage. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 8507, 11847 Acer negundo ssp. mexicanum Aceraceae Guatemala, Mexico Tamaulipas, Veracruz) A dioecious species, which grows along watercourses and streams in mountain areas, between 1500 and 2400m. It is observed to be relatively abundant in Veracruz but in Jalisco it occurs only in state forest outside Tapalpa. Throughout the range it is suffering from habitat loss. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8507, 15436, 16907, 19068, 19161 VU B1l+2c (Chiapas, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Acer oblongum var. membranaceum Aceraceae India (Uttar Pradesh) One of the several varieties of a widespread species. It has been collected only a few times, from a single locality on the upper ridges of the Mussoorie Hills, near Dehra Dun in Uttar Pradesh. It does not appear to have been seen in the wild for 40 years. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538, 4799 CR B1+2d Acer oblongum var. microcarpum Aceraceae India (Arunachal Pradesh) Specimens from this tree were collected just once during colonial times from subtropical pine forest in the Mishmee Hills, Lohit District. The area is relatively remote but there is some concern that the forests have become vulnerable to clearance for jhum or agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538, 4799 VU D2 Acer undulatum Aceraceae Turkey A tree of montane scrub, endemic to a small area in Babadag, near Fethiye in Mugla. Assessor: Giiner, A. Refs: 3489, 4863, 19165 LR/nt Acidocroton gentryi Euphorbiaceae Colombia An endemic to Cundinamarca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Acidocroton verrucosus Euphorbiaceae Jamaica Known only from Clarendon and Trelawny Parishes, the species occurs in rare and local populations in remaining areas of woodland on limestone rocks. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 7980 VU B1+2c 33 Species Summaries Acioa cinerea Chrysobalanaceae Cameroon This species has been collected only once from lowland rainforest, around the Bipindi area. It is not known whether the population still exists. There has been much habitat loss through expanding agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12597 CR B1+2c Acioa dichotoma Chrysobalanaceae Nigeria A species for which there is little information. Like A. eketensis, it is apparently endemic to the Eket area, where oil exploration operations have extensively, if not completely, destroyed the habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 450, 2773 CR Alc, B1+2c Acioa eketensis Chrysobalanaceae Nigeria As with A. dichotoma, this species is poorly known and endemic to Eket in south-east Nigeria, where the effects of oil exploration operations have caused the extensive, if not complete, destruction of the habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 450, 2773 CR Alc, B1+2c Acmopyle sahniana Podocarpaceae Fiji The species appears to be restricted to forested ridges on two mountain tops in central Viti Levu. Very few individuals have been found and there is little evidence of regeneration. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 9631, 13041, 18818, 19125 VU D1+2 Acridocarpus socotranus Malpighiaceae Yemen (Socotra) A small tree or shrub, occurring as scattered solitary individuals in dry woodland or shrubland. There are no immediate threats. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Acronychia porteri Rutaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore Occurring throughout Peninsular Malaysia, this tree, of up to 40m height, is found in moist forest up to an altitude of 1060m. A protected population is contained within Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 9199, 11647, 19073 LR/cd Acropogon aoupiniensis Sterculiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Acropogon bullatus Sterculiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Acropogon domatifer Sterculiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et all. Refs: 10351 VU D2 Acropogon fatsioides Sterculiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Acropogon megaphyllus Sterculiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU D2 Acropogon veillonii Sterculiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Acsmithia vitiense Cunoniaceae Fiji A small gnarled tree growing in thickets on ridges and crests in upland areas. The species represents the easternmost member of the genus with definite occurrences on Viti Levu, Ovalau and Vanua Levu. There are few trees in each location and the total population consists of less than a hundred individuals. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 EN Dl Actinodaphne albifrons Lauraceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 17195 VU Alc Actinodaphne bourneae Lauraceae India (Tamil Nadu) A small tree known from only a small area of *shola forest above 1600m in the Palni Hills. Declines in the habitat have resulted in subpopulations becoming further restricted. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14276, 19144 EN B1+2c Actinodaphne campanulata var. campanulata Lauraceae VU B1+2c India (Tamil Nadu) A small tree of evergreen forest between 1200 and 1800m. The main concentration of populations occur along the Agastyamalai range. A collection has also been made in an outlying area in the Elamalai. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 34 Actinodaphne campanulata var. obtusa Lauraceae India (Kerala) Recorded only from the type locality, this variety occurs on the Agastyamalai Hills in evergreen forest between 1000 and 1300m. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood but about 1000km? of forest are protected within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4627, 19144 EN B1+2c Actinodaphne cuspidata Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known only from Ulu Bera in Perak, a single collection of this small tree was made in the last century. It is uncertain whether the collection locality is still forested as there has been much settlement and forest clearance in the area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 CR B1+2c Actinodaphne ellipticbacca Lauraceae Viet Nam A small tree endemic to a single high mountain locality, Sa Pa in Lao Kai Province in north Viet Nam. It occurs in subtropical open forests at about 1500m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 15357 VU D2 Actinodaphne fragilis Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Restricted to the Ulu Bubong Hills, this tree of lowland forest has been collected twice only. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Actinodaphne johorensis Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known from very few collections from Pahang and Johore, this species occurs in lowland forest, which is threatened by land conversion for agriculture. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Actinodaphne lanata Lauraceae India (Tamil Nadu) Endemic to the Nilgiri Hills, where the only recorded population occurred in *shola forest between 1500 and 1800m. There have been no records since 1889. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14276, 19144 CR B1+2c Actinodaphne lawsonii Lauraceae India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A small tree of evergreen forest, known from scattered populations in the Western Ghats. It has been collected mostly from isolated peaks in the Nilgiris, occurring up to 2500m. Populations have also been recorded from outlying areas, mainly at high altitudes, from South Kanara in Karnataka and the Anamalai range. The VU B1+2c habitat is threatened in places with clearance for the cultivation of commercial crops. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14276, 19144 Actinodaphne salicina Lauraceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Only two collections of the species appear to have been made. The type specimen was found in the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu. A second occurrence has been recorded from the north of the Travancore range in Kerala. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Actinokentia huerlimannii Palmae New Caledonia A species of south-eastern New Caledonia, occurring on serpentine soils in wet forest at an altitude of 850-880m. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 19118 LR/cd Actinostrobus acuminatus Cupressaceae Australia (Western Australia) A shrubby tree which is confined to Western Australia. It is not heavily exploited but if fires were to increase the species might become threatened. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 374, 8843 LR/nt Actinostrobus pyramidalis Cupressaceae Australia (Western Australia) A shrubby tree confined to Western Australia. There are no obvious threats to the species other than its sensitivity to fires. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 374, 10488 LR/nt Adansonia grandidieri Bombacaceae Madagascar A large tree collected from five locations distributed between Lac Ihotry, near Morombe, and Bereboka, north of Morondava. It probably occurred in dry deciduous forest, frequently close to bodies of water, but mature trees are now largely found in degraded agricultural lands where regeneration is poor. It is the most commercially valuable of the Malagasy baobabs on account of the high-quality oil that is extracted from the seed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14208, 15649 EN Alc+2c Adansonia madagascariensis Bombacaceae Madagascar Occurring in dry or moist forest, the species extends from Antsiranana to the Sambirano region and perhaps Soalala. Occurrences in the south-east of the country appear to be Adansonia za. Little is known of the conservation status but the clearance of the habitat has been extensive in places. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15649 LR/nt 35 Species Summaries Adansonia perrieri Bombacaceae Madagascar Confined to the northern tip of Madagascar the species is known from just five sites. Although further locations are likely to be found the known populations are evidently very small; only one, at Ambondromifehy, contains more than a dozen individuals. This region of northern Madagascar is considerably disturbed by fire and the extraction of firewood and timber. Seed predation by rats also appears to be limiting the chances of population recruitment. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11959, 15649 EN B1+2c, C2a Adansonia rubrostipa Bombacaceae Madagascar The species extends along the west coast from near Itampolo in the south-west to Soalala in the north-west, occurring in spiny and dry forest. This wide distribution ensures the species is conservationally secure, although populations north of Toliara are threatened with destruction for charcoal production. There has been considerable population declines in the past because of the dramatic rate of habitat loss. The long generation time of baobabs makes them more vulnerable. This species plays a significant role in providing important resources for humans, lemurs, insects and other animals. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15649 LR/nt Adansonia suarezensis Bombacaceae Madagascar Until recently the species was thought to be restricted to the northern tip of Madagascar around the Baie d'Antsiranana. A population has since been found further south in Mahory forest between Ankarana and Analamera Reserves. Its natural habitat is deciduous forest on limestone, although small trees are also found in disturbed sublittoral scrub. Individuals are found in local abundance but are regenerating healthily only in Mahory. The forest's proximity to a rapidly growing mining town leads to intensive wood and charcoal extraction, grazing and hunting. Populations elsewhere are smaller, show few signs of regeneration and are threatened by the rapid depletion of the habitat through charcoal and timber production. The trees are protected from cutting, in places, because of their valued uses. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14208, 15649, 19024 EN B1+2c Adansonia za Bombacaceae Madagascar A species of dry or spiny forest, savannas and scrubland from Andohahela and the Mandrare River in the south- west through southern and western Madagascar to the Boina region and the Sambirano River basin. It is less abundant and restricted to riverine areas in the north- west. The abundance and the wide range of the species ensures that it is relatively safe. However, several populations are threatened with forest clearance and, given the long generation time of the baobab and the dramatic habitat loss that has occurred in the past, the LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees species may be more vulnerable. It is a key species in providing nesting holes and perches for various animals, as well as food for insects, birds and lemurs. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15649 Adelobotrys panamensis Melastomataceae Panama Endemic to the mountains of El Copé in Coclé Province, the species occurs in cloud forest, mostly on riversides, to the north of the community. It appears to be common in this small area. The forest here has been much reduced by the increasing settlement of the area. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 CR B1+2c Adenanthera bicolor Leguminosae Sri Lanka An endemic tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. It was discovered in 25 forests during the recent National Conservation Review, including the Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 19112 VU Alc Adenanthera intermedia Leguminosae Philippines A timber tree, endemic to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919, 18088 VU Alcd Adenium obesum ssp. socotranum Apocynaceae Yemen (Socotra) A succulent tree which is widespread on the plains, foothills and limestone plateau. It is very common in some areas and because of its poisonous nature is avoided by grazing animals. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 6044, 19083 VU D2 Adenopodia rotundifolia Leguminosae Somalia, Tanzania This species is known from southern Somalia and eastern Tanzania. It occurs in deciduous bushland or woodland in seasonally flooded areas. It is highly restricted in occurrence, in a habitat which is experiencing declines because of overcutting for charcoal production and grazing. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 7550, 8697, 18665 VU B1+2c Adinandra angulata Theaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree of cloud forest, distributed between 1700m and 1800m, confined to Pahang on Gunung Tahan, where it is protected within Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd 36 Adinandra corneriana Theaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree occurring in lowland forest, hill forest and occasionally along sandy river banks in Terengganu, Pahang (Gunung Tahan) and Johore. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 17140, 19073 VU B1+2c Adinandra forbesii Theaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A tree scattered in monsoon forest, savanna woodland and lower montane forest up to 1200m. In Papua New Guinea, the population has suffered from logging activities over recent years in the Oriomo River area, Western Province, where the species was once fairly common. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 LR/nt Adinandra griffithii Theaceae India (Meghalaya) A small tree confined to Cherrapunji and Shongpung forests. At Cherrapunji a cement factory has caused the loss of habitat. The species has not been recorded since 1938 and has clearly suffered from habitat declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538 EN Alc, B1+2c Adinandra integerrima Theaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore Occurring in lowland, submontane and hill rainforests of Kedah, Perak, Penang, Pahang, Johore and Singapore, this species can be found in state parks. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 5550, 9199, 11647, 19073 LR/cd Adinandra parvifolia Theaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This rare tree inhabits cloud forest between 1500 and 2000m in Kedah, Perak and Pahang. It receives a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Adonidia merrillii Palmae Philippines A palm tree occurring in open forest on steep limestone slopes in coastal areas of Coron, Palawan Island. The species is protected by its inaccessable location. The supply of plants and seeds in the nursery trade appear to be abundant. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 LR/nt Aegiphila cuneata var. hirsutissima Verbenaceae Peru A variety known only from the type collection taken from lowland Amazon forest in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Aegiphila fasciculata Verbenaceae Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua A tree of middle elevation, occurring in areas of humid forest, which are reduced in extent and continue to be extensively degraded. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 4861, 4974, 13995 VU Alc, C2a Aegiphila ferruginea Verbenaceae Ecuador This endemic tree of the Ecuadorean High Andes inhabits montane and upper montane cloud forest between 2500m and 3900m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Aegiphila monstrosa Verbenaceae Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico A small tree or treelet of wet thickets within thin forest or in second growth, principally in the Atlantic lowlands. The habitat is reduced through conversion to agriculture. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 VU Alc, C2a Aegiphila monticola Verbenaceae Ecuador An endemic tree of Ecuador, inhabiting montane cloud forest at altitudes between 2200 and 3000m in Cotopaxi and Bolfvar. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Aegiphila panamensis Verbenaceae VU Alc Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El] Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama Although widespread, the species is never abundant, occurring in remaining areas of lowland rainforest and thickets, often in marshy places. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 Aegiphila purpurascens Verbenaceae Ecuador This Ecuadorean endemic inhabits cloud forest at altitudes between 2440 and 2950m. It is currently known only from Azuay Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Aegiphila rimbachii Verbenaceae Ecuador This endemic tree of Ecuador inhabits cloud forest at 2600m altitude in the High Andean areas of Bolivar Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c 37 Species Summaries Aegiphila skutchit Verbenaceae Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico An uncommon species of humid forest, occurring at medium elevation. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 VU C2a Aequatorium asterotrichum Compositae Ecuador A species which is confined to upper montane forest of the Ecuadorean Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Aequatorium rimachianum Compositae Peru So far the species is known only from the type collection taken from rocky slopes between 2500 and 3000m in the department of Hudnuco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Aerisilvaea sylvestris Euphorbiaceae Tanzania The species is confined to an area no greater than 0.1km? within swamp forest in Kimboza Forest Reserve (4km?). The surrounding area is densely populated and there is strong pressure on the reserve because of the demand for land. The Tanzanian Catchment Forest Project employs two forest guards to prevent illegal activities. This species is the only member of the genus. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 16796 EN C2b, D1 Aesculus wangii Hippocastanaceae China (Yunnan), Viet Nam Populations are known from south Yunnan and Lao Chi Province in north Viet Nam. Trees occur singly or in groves in remaining areas of semi-evergreen broadleaved forest on limestone mountains. The present knowledge of the species distribution is not complete but significant habitat declines are occurring in the areas where the species is known, largely because of encroaching agriculture but also logging for timber. Assessor: Rushforth, K. Refs: 1818, 6163, 11847, 19055 VU Ala, B1+2a, C1+2a Aextoxicon punctatum Aextoxicaceae Argentina (Chubut), Chile A taxonomically interesting species, the only member of the family. Occurring in broadleaved evergreen montane forest, its distribution is restricted in Argentina to the north-west of Chubut in Lago Puelo, probably in the protected area of that name. Data are not yet available on the status and distribution of the species in Chile. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 1262, 5112 DD Afrocarpus mannii Podocarpaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (S40 Tomé) A montane species endemic, occurring in rainforest above 1300m to the summit of the Pico. There is little VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees threat to the habitat, although there was extensive deforestation earlier in the century up to 1500m. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 2421, 2773, 13041 Afrocarpus usambarensis Podocarpaceae Tanzania Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 4391, 13041 DD Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Huaceae Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana The species is rare, with a disjunct distribution. Populations are confined to areas of wet evergreen forest contained within Subri and Cape Three Points Forest Reserve in Ghana, in parts of the South West Province in Cameroon and in Gabon in an area to the north and in Lopé Forest Reserve. The forest has been converted into a commercial plantation in Subri and in Cape Three Points mining has destroyed areas of forest. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 7142, 8854, 12061, 19043 VU Alc, B1+2c Afzelia africana Leguminosae VU Ald Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, Uganda A widespread species of dry forest and woodland which has declined in population numbers through exploitation of the timber for the international market. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2362, 2773, 7550, 7808, 10961, 16021 Afzelia bipindensis Leguminosae VU Alcd Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Nigeria, Uganda A widespread rainforest species. It is heavily exploited throughout its range for its valuable timber. In some areas there are reported to be few seed trees remaining. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2362, 2773, 6718, 14667, 17408 Afzelia pachyloba Leguminosae VU Ald Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Nigeria A rainforest species which is heavily exploited for its commercial timber. Relatively few seed trees remain throughout its range. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2362, 2773, 6718, 17408 Afzelia rhomboidea Leguminosae VU Alcd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Philippines A slow-growing species scattered on low hills and ridges and temporarily inundated sites. The timber is regarded as very valuable locally and, in the past, exploitation has been considerable in the Philippines. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 4919, 5550, 12937, 14573, 19057 38 Afzelia xylocarpa Leguminosae EN Alcd Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam A tree found throughout Indo-China, where it grows in dense forest, and in transitional areas between evergreen and dry open dipterocarp forest. In Viet Nam the hard, attractive wood is highly valued for carpentry. Because of high levels of exploitation and habitat loss, large trees are scarce and hard to find. Assessor: Nghia, N.H. Refs: 848, 6646, 11530, 14573 Agathis atropurpurea Araucariaceae Australia (Queensland) A timber species scattered in montane rainforest. Wherever logging is allowed exploitation has been very heavy and populations have declined. A large percentage of the forests is now protected. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 707, 3092, 13041, 17200 LR/nt Agathis corbassonii Araucariaceae New Caledonia Endemic to northern New Caledonia, this species is scattered in areas of lowland moist forest on non- ultramafic substrates. It is exploited for its timber, most heavily at a local level. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 10351, 12630 VU B1+2c Agathis dammara Araucariaceae VU Alcd Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) The taxonomy and nomenclature of the species is still widely confused with A. borneensis and A. philippinensis. Agathis species are distinctive, highly sought-after and exploited for their valuable timber. Large stands of this species have been completely extracted throughout much of its range, most notably in Kalimantan. Exploitation continues to be heavy and regeneration in residual stands is insufficient to replace lost populations. In the past the tree has also been destructively exploited for copal. Plantations are now established. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 6845, 10938, 13041, 14573 Agathis endertii Araucariaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Although the species is widespread, it occurs in isolated populations in moist lowland forest associated with sandstone *kerangas. The timber is heavily exploited. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6851 Agathis flavescens Araucariaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Less than 10,000 individuals are likely to exist in three separate populations, occurring in moist montane forest. Individuals frequently display yellowing leaves suggestive of poor nutrient conditions. The species VU D2 receives a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 6851, 13041, 19073 Agathis kinabaluensis Araucariaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) The species is only known from Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, where it is apparently relatively common in mossy ridge forest above 1500m. There is also a disjunct population, which occurs within a highly restricted area on the summit ridge of Mount Murud in Sarawak. This latter occurrence has been refered to as A. orbicula by de Laubenfels. The Mount Kinabalu population is almost entirely contained within a national park. The Mount Murud population is unprotected and the area is under considerable pressure for development. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 6851, 13041, 19017, 19125, 19192 VU D2 Agathis lanceolata Araucariaceae New Caledonia A species endemic to New Caledonia, which occurs in areas of rainforest on the southern ultramafic massifs. The species continues to be over exploited. The species is also sensitive to wildfires and in some places it has retreated to sheltered valleys. There is effective protection of populations occurring in Riviére Bleu Provincial Park. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 10351, 12630 LR/cd Agathis lenticula Araucariaceae Malaysia (Sabah) Occurring in lower montane forest and possibly hill forest, this large tree is known only from Mount Kinabalu and the adjacent Crocker range. Populations in the former are relatively well protected. The Crocker range, however, is a large area with a poorly defined boundary. There are frequent illegal incursions, mainly to remove timber from this species. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6851, 19125 VU D2 Agathis microstachya Araucariaceae Australia (Queensland) As with A. atropurpurea, this timber species is found in low densities in localised lowland rainforest. Logging is heavy where the forest is unprotected. Before 1985 the population had been halved by logging but 70% of the forests are now protected. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 17200, 18170 LR/cd Agathis montana Araucariaceae New Caledonia A species restricted to high altitude rainforests on Mount Panié. It is locally abundant and in an area which is relatively inaccessible and well protected. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 2230, 9631, 12630 LR/cd 39 Species Summaries Agathis moorei Araucariaceae New Caledonia Scattered throughout the northern half of the island, the species is found in areas of lowland rainforest mostly on non-ultramafic substrates. Substantial declines have occurred through overexploitation of the timber in recent years. Copal is also extracted at moderate levels. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 10351, 12630 VU B1+2c Agathis orbicula Araucariaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Ranging from southern Sabah to central Sarawak, this tree is found scattered in relatively few locations in rainforests and *kerangas on low mountains and plateaux. Levels of timber exploitation and the effects on populations are little known but are likely to be considerable. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6851 VU B1+2c Agathis ovata Araucariaceae New Caledonia The species is scattered in maquis shrubland in a few localities on ultramafic soils in the south. Pressures are exerted by mining activities, fires and also by logging. The species is slow growing but regenerates well where there is no burning. Populations in Riviére Bleue Provincial Park are effectively protected. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 10351, 12630 LR/cd Agathis philippinensis Araucariaceae Indonesia (Moluccas, Sulawesi), Philippines Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 4919, 12937, 13041, 14573 VU Alcd Agathis silbae Araucariaceae Vanuatu The Forestry Department in Vanuatu recognise this species as a synonym of A. macrophylla, which in turn is synonymous with A. vitiensis. The taxon encompassing A. silbae according to the SSC Conifer Specialist Group is confined to Santo Peak on the island of Santo. Logging is a major threat, but at present land disputes have halted logging activities temporarily. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 11632, 12656, 19192 VU D2 Agathis spathulata Araucariaceae Papua New Guinea Scattered emergents survive in small exposed groves of rainforest in the eastern highlands. Overexploitation of the timber is a threat. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6851, 13041 LR/nt Agathis vitiensis Araucariaceae Fiji, Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz Is), Vanuatu A massive tree and important timber species. It is found LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees in low densities. It could become of conservation concern if logging were to become more intensive. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041, 18818 Aglaia agglomerata Meliaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea Endemic to the island of New Guinea, this tree is scattered in lowland to midmontane primary and secondary forest. Habitat loss is a potential threat to this species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 11145, 19129 LR/nt Aglaia aherniana Meliaceae Philippines A tree endemic to the Philippines. The species is threatened by habitat destruction. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU Alc Aglaia amplexicaulis Meliaceae Fiji A Fijian endemic of dense forest, known only from three collections. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU D2 Aglaia angustifolia Meliaceae VU Alc Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Philippines A tree of primary forest and swamp forest up to 1450m, suffering from habitat loss. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 17140, 19129 Aglaia apiocarpa Meliaceae India, Sri Lanka This species is found in wet evergreen forest, primary and secondary forest in southern India and Sri Lanka. It is threatened by habitat destruction. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU Alc Aglaia archiboldiana Meliaceae Fiji A forest tree known only from three localities on Viti Levu. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU D2 Aglaia australiensis Meliaceae Australia (Queensland) This small tree occurs in lowland rainforest, coastal rainforest and complex mesophyll forest in the Cook District, Queensland. However, more information is needed on the status of the forest in this region. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU D2 40 Aglaia barbanthera Meliaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea This species is restricted to primary forest in New Guinea between 60 and 2000m. Habitat loss threatens this species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU Alc Aglaia basiphylla Meliaceae Fiji Found between 50 and 1075m, this primary forest tree is endemic to Fiji. Habitat loss is a threat to this species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU Alc Aglaia bourdillonii Meliaceae India This species is restricted to the Agastyamalai Hills in southern India, where large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood but about 1000km? of forest are protected within sanctuaries. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU B1+2c Aglaia brassii Meliaceae VU Alc Australia (Queensland), Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea (North Solomons, Papua New Guinea), Solomon Islands (South Solomon) This understorey tree is fairly common in lowland primary and secondary forest up to 500m. The main threat to the species is loss of habitat. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 17200, 19129 Aglaia brownii Meliaceae VU Alc Australia (Northem Territory, Queensland), Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A small tree mainly found in coastal forest. Habitat destruction is the main threat to the species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia ceramica Meliaceae Indonesia (Moluccas) A small tree endemic to primary forest in the Moluccas; it is apparently confined to four localities. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU D2 Aglaia chittagonga Meliaceae Bangladesh, Taiwan, Thailand A small tree of lowland forest found along rivers and near beaches. It is named after the type location in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Habitat destruction is the main threat to the species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 7933, 19053, 19129 VU Alc Aglaia cinnamomea Meliaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea Confined to New Guinea, this species is suffering from habitat destruction. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 7510, 19129 VU Alc Aglaia coriacea Meliaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree of primary lowland forest found in only a few localities in east and central Peninsular Malaysia. In Borneo, this species is known only from the type collection. It is threatened by forest destruction. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia costata Meliaceae Philippines A small tree endemic to the Philippines. It is threatened by habitat loss. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 11145, 19129 VU D2 Aglaia crassinervia Meliaceae LR/nt Brunei, India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Nicobar Is.), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand A widespread tree found in forest and seasonal swamp up to 1570m. Habitat destruction is a potential threat to the species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 7087 Aglaia cremea Meliaceae Papua New Guinea A small tree endemic to Papua New Guinea where it grows in secondary forest and hill forest. The main threat to the species is habitat destruction. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU Alc Aglaia cucullata Meliaceae LR/nt Bangladesh, India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is., Orissa), Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Java, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam This widespread tree is the only member of the genus found in areas of mangrove, nipah (Nypa fruticans) swamp and estuaries. It provides an important timber for house, bridge and boat construction and is found in trade as Pacific Maple. Habitat loss is a potential threat. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 7147, 9199, 11145, 12937, 19129 Aglaia cumingiana Meliaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines A species of primary, secondary and gallery forest up to VU Alc 41 Species Summaries 1330m, confined to northem Bomeo and the Philippines. Forest destruction threatens this species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia cuspidata Meliaceae Papua New Guinea A rainforest tree, known only from three localities. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU D2 Aglaia densisquama Meliaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A species, endemic to Sarawak, confined to primary and riverine forest. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU D2 Aglaia densitricha Meliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree known only from the type collection found in 1953 along the Terengganu-Besut road. It may now be extinct. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 CR D1 Aglaia edulis Meliaceae LR/nt Bhutan, Cambodia, China (Guangdong - Hainan), India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Nicobar Is.), Indonesia (Bali, Java, Lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam A rare, scattered timber tree primarily found in evergreen and primary forest along rocky coasts. It is potentially threatened by habitat loss. This species might have some value as a fruit tree. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 4919, 6509, 11145, 19129 Aglaia erythrosperma Meliaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand A large, occasionally emergent, tree found growing in primary and evergreen forest. It is threatened by habitat loss. It has potential as a valuable timber. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 11145, 19129 Aglaia euryanthera Meliaceae LR/nt Australia (Queensland), Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A small tree found in many forest habitats up to 2100m. Habitat loss could threaten this species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia evansensis Meliaceae Fiji A forest shrub or tree confined to the Mount Evans range of north-west Viti Levu. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509 CR DI The World List of Threatened Trees Aglaia exstipulata Meliaceae LR/nt Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam This tree is quite common in the primary and secondary forests of Peninsular Malaysia. It is potentially threatened by habitat loss. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 9199, 11145, 19129 Aglaia flavescens Meliaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A small tree confined to the island of New Guinea. So far it is known from only four localities. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia flavida Meliaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, North Solomons, Papua New Guinea), Solomon Islands (South Solomon) The wood of this common tree is used for construction of houses, tools and canoes. Habitat destruction is possibly a threat. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 11145, 19129 Aglaia forbesii Meliaceae LR/nt Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Thailand Found up to 1000m, this widespread tree occurs in forest, and is potentially threatened by habitat loss. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 7087, 11145, 19129 VU D2 Aglaia foveolata Meliaceae LR/nt Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) Occurring in lowland forest and swamp forest up to 1000m, this tree could be threatened by habitat loss. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 11145, 19129 Aglaia fragilis Meliaceae Fiji A forest tree endemic to Fiji. It appears to be confined to a single locality, but may be extinct. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU D2 Aglaia glabrata Meliaceae LR/nt Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A fairly common tree of forest and *kerangas, possibly threatened in the future by habitat loss. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 7087, 19129 42 Aglaia gracilis Meliaceae Fiji A small slender tree only known from two forest localities on Viti Levu. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 CR D1 Aglaia grandis Meliaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Sulawesi), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam A tree apparently confined to primary forest, a habitat type which is being destroyed. A. perfulva may be synonymous or possibly a subspecies of this taxon. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 11145, 19129 Aglaia heterotricha Meliaceae Tonga This species is known only from the type collection in 1952 from Eua Island, Tonga. It might be extinct. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 CR D1 Aglaia hiernii Meliaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Occurring between 20 and 1700m, this tree is found in primary and secondary forest and in old wasteland. Habitat destruction is a potential threat to the species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 11145, 19129 Aglaia integrifolia Meliaceae Papua New Guinea A small tree restricted to lowland deciduous hill forest in Papua New Guinea. So far it is known from only four localities. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU D2 Aglaia korthalsii Meliaceae LR/nt Bhutan, Brunei, India (Assam), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Is., Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines, Thailand Found up to 1700m, this tree grows in primary and secondary forest as well as peat swamp forest. Habitat loss could pose a threat to this species. The arillate seeds of this species are dispersed by primates. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 7087, 19129 Aglaia lancilimba Meliaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Bali, Lesser Sunda Is., Sulawesi), Malaysia (Sabah), Philippines A tree found in forest, including swamp forests in the Philippines, Bumbun Island of Sabah, Bali, Sumbawa, Flores and Sulawesi of Indonesia. The species might be at risk in the near future from habitat loss. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia laxiflora Meliaceae VU Alc Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) A tree species restricted to the primary forest and periodically inundated dipterocarp forest of Borneo, excluding Sarawak. Loss of habitat threatens this species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia lepidopetala Meliaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea Fairly widespread but rare, this understorey forest species is restricted to New Guinea where there is a potential threat from logging and forest conversion. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 LR/nt Aglaia lepiorrhachis Meliaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A small tree endemic to the lowland and hill forests of New Guinea. Habitat destruction poses a threat to this species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU Alc Aglaia leptantha Meliaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Java, Lesser Sunda Is., Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam? A tree occurring in many forest habitats and in seasonal swamps; habitat loss is the main threat to this species. The wood of this widespread tree is used for furniture and house construction. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 4919, 6509, 9199, 10547, 11145, 19129 Aglaia leucoclada Meliaceae Papua New Guinea An understorey tree endemic to Papua New Guinea. Habitat destruction is the main threat to this species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU Alc Aglaia leucophylla Meliaceae LR/nt Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines, Thailand This species, usually found in secondary forest, is potentially under threat from habitat destruction. It is used for house poles in Borneo. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 7087, 11145, 19129 Aglaia luzoniensis Meliaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi), Philippines A small tree scattered in primary and secondary forest near the mangrove zone. Habitat decline might threaten this species. The wood is used for construction. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 2072, 4919, 6509, 11145 LR/nt 43 Species Summaries Aglaia mackiana Meliaceae Papua New Guinea A canopy tree most commonly found in mid-elevation forest. Trees may be easily overlooked as this dioecious species is only identified from the fruit. It is only definitely known from the type locality. Additional collections, which differ from the type specimen but may represent the same species, have been gathered from three localities. Forest fragmentation is likely to impede reproduction as it has been found that pollination is most efficient when individuals are less than 250m apart. The enormous seeds are dispersed by cassowaries. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 7510, 19129, 19139 CR D1 Aglaia macrocarpa Meliaceae LR/nt Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas?, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines?, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam A species of lowland, hill and ridge forest up to 1740m, potentially threatened by habitat destruction. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 7087, 8865, 9199, 11145, 19129 Aglaia macrostigma Meliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This species is restricted to primary forest in Peninsular Malaysia. It is known from only four localities. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU D2 Aglaia malabarica Meliaceae India (Kerala) A fairly common tree where it occurs, restricted to the type locality in evergreen forest in northern Kerala. There is also a second field record of an occurrence further north in Wayanad. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129, 19144 CR DI Aglaia malaccensis Meliaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Philippines A timber tree of primary and secondary forest threatened by habitat destruction. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 8865, 10547, 11145, 18327, 19129 Aglaia mariannensis Meliaceae Guam, Northern Marianas, Palau A variable species found in thickets and secondary forest on the larger Marianne and Caroline Islands. It is threatened by habitat decline. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 15533, 19129 VU Alc Aglaia membranifolia Meliaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This tree of primary forest between 330 and 500m, is The World List of Threatened Trees known only from five localities in Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. It is threatened by habitat loss. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia meridionalis Meliaceae LR/nt Australia (Queensland) A small, understorey tree endemic to the east side of the Cape York Peninsula from Atherton Tableland south to Mount Bartle Frere, where it occurs mainly in montane and ridge-top rainforest. Loss of habitat is the main threat to the species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia monozyga Meliaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah) A small forest tree ascending up to altitudes of 2000m, sometimes occurring in freshwater swamp forest. It is confined to Sabah and Kalimantan, except for a single collection from eastern Peninsular Malaysia. It is potentially threatened by habitat destruction. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia multinervis Meliaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A timber tree of lowland forest, often on hillsides threatened by habitat destruction. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 9199, 11145, 19129 Aglaia odorata Meliaceae LR/nt Cambodia, China (Guangdong - Hainan), Indonesia (Moluccas?), Laos?, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam A shrub or small tree found in the evergreen and secondary forest. It is an important omamental species, commonly cultivated, especially the male specimens. The species status in the wild remains unclear. The wood is particularly good for tumery. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 11145, 19129 Aglaia oligophylla Meliaceae LR/nt Brunei, India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines, Singapore, Thailand A species found in many forest habitats which are threatened by habitat destruction. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 7087, 7147, 9199, 19129 Aglaia pachyphylla Meliaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Philippines, Thailand A large tree found in primary forest, secondary swamp forest and on forest margins. It is threatened by habitat destruction. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 10547, 11145, 19129 Aglaia palembanica Meliaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Philippines, Singapore A tree found in primary and secondary, moist, lowland forest; habitat loss could pose a threat. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 9199, 19129 Aglaia parksii Meliaceae VU Alc Fiji, Papua New Guinea (North Solomons), Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A small tree of lowland primary forest threatened by habitat destruction. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia parviflora Meliaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Moluccas), Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, North Solomons, Papua New Guinea), Solomon Islands (South Solomon) Widespread in the Moluccas, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, this forest tree could soon be threatened by habitat loss. The wood of this tree is used for house construction in Papua New Guinea. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 11145, 19129 Aglaia penningtoniana Meliaceae Papua New Guinea A taxonomically variable species endemic to Papua New Guinea where it occurs in rainforest from low to montane elevations. Potentially serious threats are posed by selective logging and conversion of forest to agriculture. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 11145, 19129 VU Alc Aglaia perviridis Meliaceae VU Alc Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand, Viet Nam A common species found scattered in primary and secondary evergreen forest on limestone. It is threatened by habitat destruction. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 11145, 19129 Aglaia pleuropteris Meliaceae CR D1 Cambodia?, Viet Nam A small tree found only in south Viet Nam, although there are unconfirmed reports of an occurrence in Cambodia. It is only known from two 19th century collections. This species might be extinct. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia polyneura Meliaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A small, shrubby tree endemic to New Guinea. It is apparently confined to two forest localities. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia puberulanthera Meliaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A very small tree, endemic to New Guinea, found growing in the understorey of primary and montane forest. The species is probably confined to only four localities. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU D2 Aglaia pyriformis Meliaceae Philippines This tree is known only from two collections from Luzon. It was last collected in 1916 and may be extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6509, 19129 EN B1+2c Aglaia ramotricha Meliaceae VU Alc Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) An understorey tree restricted to primary forest on limestone in Borneo. Habitat destruction is a threat to this species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia rimosa Meliaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Moluccas, Sulawesi), Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea), Philippines, Taiwan This shrub or tree is found in secondary forests along fivers and in coastal areas. Habitat loss could pose a threat. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 11145, 19129 Aglaia rivularis Meliaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) A small, rheophytic tree confined to riverine forest on sandy soils in eastern Borneo. Habitat loss poses a threat to the species. The wood is used locally for fence posts in Sabah. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 11145, 19129 VU Alc Aglaia rubiginosa Meliaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Philippines, Singapore An emergent tree mainly found in freshwater peat swamp forest, an area particularly vulnerable to exploitation. The species is also found in dry heath forest, *kerangas, lowland primary forest and hill forest. The wood is used in house and boat building. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 5550, 6509, 8865, 9199, 10547, 11145, 12937, 18327, 19129 45 Species Summaries Aglaia rubrivenia Meliaceae VU Alc Papua New Guinea (North Solomons), Solomon Islands (South Solomon) Restricted to the Solomon Islands, this small tree is found in primary montane forest. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509 Aglaia rufinervis Meliaceae LR/nt Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand A common tree found in both primary and secondary forest. Habitat loss could pose a threat to this species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 7087, 9199, 11145, 19129 Sabah, Sarawak), Aglaia rugulosa Meliaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) A small tree occurring in lowland and hill forest up to 830m; habitat loss could pose a threat. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia saltatorum Meliaceae VU Alc Fiji, Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz Is), Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna Islands Occurring in lowland forest up to 520m, this small tree is threatened by habitat loss. The species was probably introduced to Niue. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia samoensis Meliaceae LR/nt American Samoa, Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, North Solomons, Papua New Guinea), Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz Is, South Solomon), Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna Islands, Western Samoa A small tree occurring in primary and secondary forest up to 830m; habitat loss could pose a threat. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 16765, 19129 Aglaia scortechinii Meliaceae VU Alc Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) This species is restricted to primary forest on limestone. It is threatened by habitat destruction. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia sexipetala Meliaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Java, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Papua New Guinea, Philippines?, Singapore, Thailand Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 7510, 9199 The World List of Threatened Trees Aglaia silvestris Meliaceae LR/nt Cambodia, India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is., Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Nicobar Is.), Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, North Solomons, Papua New Guinea), Philippines, Solomon Islands (South Solomon), Thailand, Viet Nam A widespread, variable species of various habitat types, occurring up to 2100m. Habitat destruction could be a serious threat in the near future. An important source of timber. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 7087, 11145, 19129 Aglaia simplicifolia Meliaceae LR/nt Brunei, India, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Thailand A widepread species found in the understorey of many different forest types. Habitat loss could pose a threat. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 7087, 19129 Aglaia smithii Meliaceae VUAIc Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, Sulawesi), Philippines A small, locally common tree found in lowland primary and coastal forests. Habitat destruction poses a threat to the species. It is used for poles in Irian Jaya and for temporary construction in the Philippines. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 11145, 19129 Aglaia speciosa Meliaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah) Found between 5 and 2200n, this tree of primary and secondary forest is threatened by habitat destruction. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 11145, 19129 Aglaia squamulosa Meliaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines This widespread tree is found in primary and secondary forest up to 2000m. Loss of habitat is a potential threat to the species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia subcuprea Meliaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea) A tree of primary and secondary forest up to 2570m, often in periodically inundated areas. The main potential threat to the species is habitat destruction. The Solomon Islands specimen might be a new undescribed species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 11145, 19129 46 Aglaia subsesilis Meliaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) This species is confined to primary forest between 430 and 840m in Sabah and Sarawak. It is threatened by habitat loss. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 VU Alc Aglaia tenuicaulis Meliaceae VU AIc Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Philippines?, Singapore, Thailand A variable species noted to be common in Peninsular Malaysia. Habitat loss is the main threat to this tree. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 9199, 19129 Aglaia teysmanniana Meliaceae LR/nt China, Indonesia (Irian Jaya?, Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas?, Sulawesi), Malaysia, Papua New Guinea?, Philippines, Thailand A widespread tree of primary and secondary forest up to 1670m. Declines in habitat could pose a threat to this species. Collections from the Moluccas and New Guinea may represent a distinct species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia unifolia Meliaceae Fiji A small tree known only from the type collection taken in 1947 from a forest on the ridge between Mount Nanggaranambuluta and Mount Namama, Viti Levu. It is possibly extinct. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 CR DI Aglaia variisquama Meliaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A tree scattered throughout primary and secondary forest, *kerangas, swamps and along rivers between 200 and 430m. Habitat loss is the main threat to the species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Aglaia vitiensis Meliaceae Fiji This endemic species is found in both secondary and primary forests. Loss of habitat is a potential threat to the species. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 LR/nt Aglaia yzermannii Meliaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small rheophyte, locally common but confined to riverine forest on granite soils, especially next to the deeper areas of fast-flowing stony rivers. It is known from only three localites. Assessor: Pannell, C.M. Refs: 6509, 19129 Agonandra loranthoides Opiliaceae Honduras A tree of open forest on dry lowland plains, frequently affected by fires. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 VUC1 Agonandra macrocarpa Opiliaceae Costa Rica, Honduras A species of low elevations, occurring in rocky thickets along streams. Fires are a frequent threat. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 8100, 13995 VU C2a Agrostistachys coriacea Euphorbiaceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Agrostistachys hookeri Euphorbiaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sri Lanka. During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, only four individuals were found at a single locality in Ratnapura District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 17195, 19112 Ailanthus altissima var. tarakai Simaroubaceae Taiwan A Taiwanese form of a widely occurring and naturalised species. Populations, containing few mature individuals, are restricted to submontane forest in the northern part of the central mountain range. Declines in numbers have occurred because of habitat clearance for settlements and industrial plantations. No protection or conservation measures are in place. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 6469, 19050 CR B1+2c EN Ala, B1+2ab Aiouea angulata Lauraceae Colombia Known only from the type collected in 1933, this species is restricted to submontane forest in Boyaca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7950, 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Aiouea bracteata Lauraceae Brazil (S40 Paulo) Known only from Sao Paulo, this species is confined to gallery forest within the *cerrado. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7950, 7980 VU B1+2c 47 Species Summaries Aiouea macedoana Lauraceae Brazil (Goids) The type collection from Goids is the only record of this species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7950, 7980 VU D2 Aiouea obscura Lauraceae Panama Known only from a collection made in 1986, the species occurs on the southern Pacific slopes, south-east of Palmar north, on steep slopes of evergreen lowland rainforest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15719 EN B1+2c Aiphanes duquei Palmae Colombia A montane rainforest species, endemic to an area of approximately 200 km? in the Cordillera Occidental. It is primarily found in Munchique and Farallones de Cali National Parks. Agricultural expansion and forest Management activities are the principal causes of habitat loss. Assessor: Bernal, R. Refs: 19069, 19118 VU B1+2c Aiphanes leiostachys Palmae Colombia A species of broadleaved montane rainforest, occurring only in a few forest fragments in the Cordillera Central. Increasing pressure is felt from habitat conversion to agriculture and plantations. Assessor: Bernal, R. Refs: 19069, 19118 EN B1+2c Aiphanes lindeniana Palmae Colombia A widely distributed endemic occurring in the montane rainforest in the central and eastern cordilleras. The habitat is gradually losing way to increasing agriculture and forestry activities. Assessor: Bernal, R. Refs: 19118 VU B1+2c Aiphanes verrucosa Palmae Ecuador Restricted to the Andes of south-east Ecuador, this small palm tree is scattered in cloud forest and montane open forest between 2200 and 2800m. So far it is known only from two localities and one historical record. At least one of these populations has suffered from a severe reduction in numbers from fire and felling. The species is expected to occur in more inaccessible areas of south- east Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19118 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Alangium circulare Alangiaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A small forest tree, apparently a component of *kerangas forest, known only from Bukit Siol, Sempadi Forest Reserve and Gunung Pueh, Ist Division. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Alangium havilandii Alangiaceae VU AIc Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) This lowland tree is relatively common but restricted to remaining peat swamp forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18327, 19017 Alangium longiflorum Alangiaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines A tree of primary mixed dipterocarp forest, occurring up to 1200m. It is found occasionally in Sabah and Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 Alberta magna Rubiaceae South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal) Largely occurring in KwaZulu-Natal but extending into the Eastern Cape, this species is found on the margins of small remnants of evergreen forest and on rocky sandstone outcrops, often near rivers and streams. It is vulnerable to the effects of fire and other habitat disturbances. Population numbers have almost certainly declined for these reasons. In KwaZulu-Natal, the species occurs in a number of protected areas, of which at least one is managed to exclude fire. In the Eastern Cape, there are populations in several protected areas, but the protected area system has vitually collapsed since 1994. Although legally protected, the bark is widely used as a source of traditional medicine. The tree is also commonly planted as an ornamental. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 7401, 19218 LR/cd Albizia berteriana Leguminosae Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica An uncommon species of dry, evergreen forest found in eastern and central Cuba, Jamaica and Hispaniola. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19149 VU B1+2c Albizia buntingii Leguminosae Venezuela A small tree known only from the type locality in the Maracaibo basin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU D2 Albizia burkartiana Leguminosae Brazil (Paranda, Santa Catarina) A species of Araucaria woodland, found only in south- VU B1+2c 48 west Parand and west Santa Catarina in the basins of Rfo Iguacu and Rio Uruguai. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 Albizia carrit Leguminosae Papua New Guinea This endemic tree is so far known only from areas of monsoon forest in the Port Moresby region and Motupore Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19140 VU B1+2c Albizia edwarllii Leguminosae VU B1+2c Argentina (Misiones), Brazil (Parand4, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo) This species is restricted to Atlantic forest in the Atlantic-Uruguay River watershed, occurring in Araucaria forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 Albizia ferruginea Leguminosae VU Alcd Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda A widespread and often common timber species which has suffered heavy exploitation. Mature individuals are scattered and becoming rare in places. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2362, 2773, 6718, 14667, 15790, 17408 Albizia glabripetala Leguminosae Brazil (Roraima), Guyana, Venezuela Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 LR/nt Albizia guillainii Leguminosae New Caledonia A species restricted to remaining fragments of sclerophyllous forest. Occurrences are known from Nouméa, Pouembout and Koumac. The habitat is unprotected and severely threatened by fires, grazing and encroaching agriculture. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351, 12630 CR B1+2c Albizia leonardii Leguminosae Haiti A small tree, localised in dry thickets in the north-west of Haiti. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU B1+2c Albizia malacophylla var. malacophylla Leguminosae Eritrea, Ethiopia Restricted to wooded grasslands in the western highlands of Eritrea, Tigray and Welo, this variety VU Alc+2c continues to lose large parts of its habitat to agriculture, human settlement and overcutting for fuelwood. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 18523 Albizia multiflora var. sagasteguii Leguminosae Peru A tree known only from the type collection, near San Benito, in Cajamarca. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU D2 Albizia obbiadensis Leguminosae Somalia A distinct species of uncertain affinity. It is confined to the coast, where it occurs in bushland on sand. Habitat degradation is a threat. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 7550, 8697, 18665 VU B1+2c Albizia plurijuga Leguminosae Mexico Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 12985, 17165 EN B1+2c Albizia suluensis Leguminosae VU Alcd, B1+2a, C2a, D2 South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal) Endemic to a small area in the Hlabisa District of northern Zululand, this tree occurs in forest, riverine thicket and open woodland. It was once very common before the habitat became severely fragmented through agricultural activities and increasing settlement. Frequent fires are also a problem in parts of the range. Recent assessments of the population have revealed no evidence of recruitment. The bark is used as a source of traditional medicine and the timber is used for making furniture. The species may be confused with the introduced A. lebbeck, which has become naturalised along the northern KwaZulu-Natal coast. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 7401, 16730, 19218 Albizia tanganyicensis ssp. adamsoniorum Leguminosae Kenya A rare endemic to central Kenya, occurring in open woodland on rocky domes or river banks. Declines in the extent of the habitat have been caused by cutting and changing land use. The population in Meru National Park is protected. The Plant Conservation Programme in Kenya is managing living collections and seed stocks. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 12067, 17859 VU B1+2c Albizia vaughanii Leguminosae Mauritius The largest population of just six individuals occurs in the Tamarind Falls Gorge and another single tree is known from lowland forest in Yemen. Natural regeneration appears to be non-existent. Two individuals have been introduced into Mondrain Nature Reserve. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 CR D1 49 Species Summaries Alectryon macrococcus var. auwahiensis Sapindaceae USA (Hawaii) A variety confined to East Maui, where it once occurred in various forest types in Auwahi and Kanaio Districts between 790 to 1070m. The population size was reported to be large in the first half of the century but has subsequently declined to about nine individuals within 29ha of private and state-owned ranchland. Trees are protected from damage by cattle but the population suffers from an infestation of the black twig borer. The species as a whole is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19087 CR D1 Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus Sapindaceae USA (Hawaii) This variety has been recorded from various lowland forest types in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains on Oahu, in Waimea Canyon and Na Pali Coast State Park on Kauai, on Molokai and on the Honokowai Ditch Trail on West Maui. Oahu holds the largest populations, totalling about 400 plants. Fewer than 100 plants exist on Kauai and only a very few plants are known from the other islands. It has disappeared from parts of its former range and populations continue to be affected by insect infestations, grazing feral ungulates, fire and competition with introduced plants. It is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19087 EN C2a Alectryon ramiflorus Sapindaceae Australia (Queensland) Occurring in rainforest in Childers District on the southern coast of Queensland, the species is threatened because of habitat clearance. Only a single population of about 20 plants is known to be relatively well protected within a state forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4246, 17200 EN B1+2c Alectryon repandodentus Sapindaceae Australia, Papua New Guinea A small tree of scrub and savanna, only known from the Port Moresby region and Motupore Island in Papua New Guinea and Murray Island in Australia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19140 VU B1+2c Alfaroa hondurensis Juglandaceae Honduras This endemic tree occurs in mixed forest at high elevations. Population numbers are low and the habitat is in continuing decline. Some populations occur within protected areas. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 14487 VU B1+2abcde Alfaroa mexicana Juglandaceae Mexico Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdélez-Espinosa Refs: 10792, 14487 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Allanblackia stuhlmannii Guttiferae Tanzania This tall tree may be found in some abundance in moist upland forest only in eastern Tanzania. It is an important source of oils and timber. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961, 11449 VU B1+2c Allanblackia ulugurensis Guttiferae Tanzania A cloud forest species found in good numbers in the North Udzungwa, Nguru Mountains and Uluguru Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 7089 VU B1+2c Allantospermum borneense var. rostratrum Ixonanthaceae Malaysia (Sabah) This enormous tree, sometimes reaching heights of 90m, is so far known only from ultramafic soils around Sandakan and Lahad Datu. Populations in localities to the south of Telupid have has most probably disappeared. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017, 19026 EN B1+2c Alleizettella rubra Rubiaceae Viet Nam Endemic to Viet Nam, the species is confined to a single locality in Lam Dong Province (Lac Duong) in the south. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 11530 VU D2 Allenanthus hondurensis Rubiaceae Honduras, Mexico A species occurring disjunctly, with populations in Mexico and Honduras. The species is found in deciduous forest in the Caribbean lowlands in Honduras. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 4974, 13995 VU C2a Allexis cauliflora Violaceae Ghana, Nigeria A small tree with a disjunct, Guinea-wide distribution. It is confined to areas of wet evergreen forest. Few records of it appear to exist. Extensive logging, mining and clearing of the forest for cultivating crops have caused considerable declines in the habitat. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 1577, 8854, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Allexis obanensis Violaceae Cameroon, Nigeria A rarely recorded small tree of the violet family. It is known from the contiguous forest area covered by the Oban Division of the Cross River National Park in Nigeria and Korup National Park in Cameroon. Areas outside the parks have been heavily deforested and cleared for agriculture and commercial crops. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 4977, 11504 VU B1+2c 50 Allophylus agbala Sapindaceae Democratic Republic of Congo A species restricted to areas of gallery forest in Ubangi- Uele. Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Refs: 17185, 17951 VU D2 Allophylus aldabricus Sapindaceae Seychelles (Aldabra) A small tree or shrub which occurs on most of the islands making up Aldabra, Assumption, Cosmoledo and Astove. It is a constituent of inland mixed scrub. Aldabra is protected as a Strict Nature Reserve. Assumption has experienced strip-mining for phosphate or guano and the other islands have been cleared to some degree for the establishment of coconut and Casuarina plantations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19027, 19062 VU D2 Allophylus chirindensis Sapindaceae Mozambique, Zimbabwe Existing information suggests this species is endemic to Chirinda forest in Zimbabwe and the adjacent Espungabera forest in Mozambique. This area is very restricted (6km?) and, although it has been disturbed in the past by logging activities, it is now well protected. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2044, 6725, 15360, 17335 VU D2 Allophylus hispidus Sapindaceae Sri Lanka A tree of lowland wet evergreen forest, endemic to south-west Sri Lanka. The species occurred in a single plot in Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve in the 1980s. However, it did not turn up during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, suggesting that it is extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195, 19112 CR B1+2c Allophylus marquesensis Sapindaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) A shrub or small tree recorded from Fatu Hiva, Hiva Oa, Tahuata and Ua Huka. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Allophylus pachyphyllus Sapindaceae Jamaica A rare bushy tree confined to highland areas of woodland on limestone in the parishes of Manchester and St Ann. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 7980 VU B1+2c Allophylus rapensis Sapindaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) This species is endemic to Rapa Iti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Allophylus rhoidiphyllus Sapindaceae Yemen (Socotra) A fairly common tree, found in areas of submontane woodland. It is under no immediate threat. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 LR/nt Allophylus roigii Sapindaceae Cuba An uncommon shrub or small tree localised to a few sites in Pinar del Rio Province and the adjacent Isla de Pinos. This species formerly occupied a much larger area in western Cuba. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU B1+2c Allophylus zeylanicus Sapindaceae Sri Lanka A tree confined to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Allophylus zimmermannianus Sapindaceae Kenya, Tanzania A shrub or tree confined to the forest at 375m in the Shimba Hills in Kenya and to coastal forest patches in Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5654, 6396 VU B1+2c Alloschmidia glabrata Palmae New Caledonia A localised species of north-eastern New Caledonia. It occurs in wet forest, often on schists or mica-schists. The edible heart is harvested locally. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 19118 VU D2 Alloxylon brachycarpum Proteaceae EN A2cd Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Moluccas), Papua New Guinea Confined to Western Province in south Papua New Guinea and adjacent Digul District, Irian Jaya, extending into the Aru Islands, this tree is scattered in lowland rainforest and monsoon forest. The population around the Oriomo River in Western Province, is a relatively restricted and confined to a fragile ecosystem, which is under pressure from logging and destructive activities. It is expected that the population across the border into Irian Jaya is similarly threatened. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114, 19147 Alluaudia procera Didiereaceae Madagascar A major component of dry scrub and forest in the extreme south of Madagascar, beyond the Tropic of Capricorn. The habitat type has been replaced by grassland over much of its range. The wood is useful and the species is a focus of silvicultural studies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4628, 5651, 6161, 14208 LR/nt 51 Species Summaries Alnus maritima Betulaceae USA (Delaware, Maryland, Oklahoma) A shrub or tree, known from widely disjunct populations, occurring at the edges of ponds, small streams or standing water. The current distribution is thought to reflect remnant populations of a more widespread Pleistocene or post-Pleistocene distribution. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19033, 19163 LR/nt Aloe ballii Aloaceae Mozambique, Zimbabwe Not to be confused with A. ballyi this species is confined to the cliffs in the lower Rusitu valley, south Chimanimani in Zimbabwe and adjacent Mozambique. The species is listed in *CITES Appendix II. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2044 EN B1+2c Aloe ballyi Aloaceae Kenya, Tanzania A rare tree aloe which smells strongly of rats. In Kenya it is confined to dense bush near Mwatate in the Taita Hills. It also occurs further south in Tanzania in the South Pare Mountains, Manyara escarpment, Ngubora River and Lake Eyassi. This dry bushland is extensively exploited for charcoal production. The species is listed in *CITES Appendix II. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 12067 VU B1+2c Aloe comosa Aloaceae South Africa (Western Cape, Northern Cape) A single-stemmed aloe confined to a small area just north of Clanwilliam, where it occurs in *karroid scrub. Illegal collection and land degradation through overgrazing and expanding agriculture may have some impact on the species. No field assessments of the population status have been made. The species is included in *CITES Appendix II. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689 DD Aloe eminens Aloaceae Somalia A tree aloe which was seen in considerable numbers in 1995, but continues to be threatened by the destruction of the habitat to which it is confined in northern Somalia. The species is listed in *CITES Appendix II. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 18665 LR/nt Aloe helenae Aloaceae Madagascar An arborescent aloe, endemic to southern Madagascar, where two or three populations are known to occur in thomy bush on sandy shores in the Fort Dauphin region. Each population consists of less than 10 adult individuals. No regeneration has been observed. The species is listed in Appendix I of *CITES. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19205 CR D1 The World List of Threatened Trees Aloe khamiesensis Aloaceae DD South Africa (Western Cape, Northern Cape) A single-stemmed aloe with a fairly restricted distribution in the mountainous areas of Namaqualand and from near Calvinia. At some localities, the number of plants have declined markedly as a result of unscrupulous collection. However, it is not clear what affect this has had on the overall population. The species is listed in *CITES Appendix II. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 Aloe pillansii Aloaceae Namibia, South Africa (Northern Cape) Growing up to 10m, this aloe is largely confined to an intensely hot and arid area in the Richtersveld in the Northern Cape. There are records suggesting the species extends as far north as Brandberg in Namibia, but these need confirmation. A serious decline in the population has reduced the numbers to less than 200 individuals. There is no recruitment and the older plants are dying. There is evidence of baboons and porcupines gnawing the stems in up to a third of the population. The impact of goats, donkeys and plant collectors may also be detrimental. It has been suggested that this species, along with A. dichotoma and Pachypodium namaquanum, represents a keystone in the ecosystem, being one of the few perennial plants able to tolerate the conditions and provide an important source of shelter, nectar, food and moisture, especially to the avifauna. It is listed in *CITES Appendix I. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19141, 19218 CR A2b, B1+2e Aloe ramosissima Aloaceae Namibia, South Africa (Northern Cape) A bushy aloe which is doubtfully distinct from A. dichotoma, except that the main stem rarely exceeds 60cm. It is confined to desert mountainsides and arid ravines in the Richtersveld of the Northern Cape and southem Namibia. Some localities are affected by mining activities and overgrazing by livestock. Limited field experience suggests there are few signs of regeneration. The species is listed in *CITES Appendix I. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 VU C2a, D2 Aloe suzannae Aloaceae Madagascar An arborescent aloe confined to thomy bush on sandy shores in the Amboasary region and Itampolo in south and south-west Madagascar. Only a few adult individuals are known in each population and there is no evidence of regeneration. The species has been cultivated from wild seed, but fewer than six reared plants exist in nurserys in Madagascar. The species is listed in *CITES Appendix I. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19205 CR D1 52 Alphitonia erubescens Rhamnaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Alphonsea kingii Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A lowland forest species known only by a single collection from Kinta, Perak. The exact locality of the collection is uncertain. The Kinta area is now mainly mined over and the survival of the species is doubtful. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 CR B1+2c Alphonsea lucida Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A very rare species, of lowland forest, collected only twice, once in Perak and the other time in Pahang. It is hoped the species is conserved in the protected area of Maxwell's Hills. The collection from Perak possibly comes from these hills. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 7181, 19073 VU D2 Alseodaphne dura Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A lowland forest tree confined to the states of Terengganu and Pahang. It is known only from a few herbarium specimens, but there is hope that the species receives a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate. It could be a species of Dehaasia. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Alseodaphne garciniaecarpa Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to the lowland forests of Perak, the species may receive a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Alseodaphne hainanensis Lauraceae China (Guangdong - Hainan), Viet Nam An important timber tree with a distribution restricted to submontane rainforest on the mountains of southem Hainan Island and on Bu Kep Mountain in northern Viet Nam. It is a slow-growing tree which produces high- quality wood, susceptible to overexploitation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847, 15357 VU Alcd Alseodaphne micrantha Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A scattered tree confined to lowland forest in Johore. Most of the lowland forest has been cleared for agriculture in this region, but the species may receive a degree of protection within permanent forest reserves. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073, 19182 VU B1+2c Alseodaphne paludosa Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to the swamp forests of Selangor and Perak, the species is known only from a few collections. It is threatened by felling, but there is hope that the species receives a degree of protection within permanent forest reserves. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 17140, 19073, 19182 VU B1+2c Alseodaphne rugosa Lauraceae China (Guangdong - Hainan) Restricted to a small area of dense forest in Qiongzhong and Baoting Counties on Hainan Island, the species is exposed to the same levels of harvesting as A. hainanensis. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 EN B1+2c Alsmithia longipes Palmae Fiji A monotypic genus, restricted to Taveuni, Vanua Levu. Populations occur on ridges and steep slopes in moist forest. The habitat suffers some pressure from increasing agriculture and forestry activities. Assessor: Fuller, D. Refs: 19118 EN Alc Alsodeiopsis schumannii Icacinaceae Tanzania Endemic to eastern Tanzania, this species is confined to areas of upland moist evergreen forest in the Usambara, Uluguru and North Udzungwa Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 18145 Alstonia annamensis Apocynaceae Viet Nam To date this tree has been collected only three times from a single locality of dry montane forest. Assessor: Sidiyasa, K. Refs: 17692, 19046 VU B1+2b EN B1+2c Alstonia beatricis Apocynaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) Known only from the type locality, this small tree is found in open woodland on Waigeo Island, where it is locally common. Assessor: Sidiyasa, K. Refs: 14811, 19046 VU D2 Alstonia breviloba Apocynaceae Papua New Guinea Collected only three times, the species occurs in secondary and primary montane forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17692, 19046 VU B1+2c 53 Species Summaries Alstonia marquisensis Apocynaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) Populations occur on Fatu Hiva, Hiva Oa, Nuku Hiva, Tahuata and Ua Huka. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt Alstonia penangiana Apocynaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This species is known from only two collections from Penang Island, where it is found in primary and disturbed forest. Assessor: Sidiyasa, K. Refs: 17692, 19046 VU D2 Alstonia rubiginosa Apocynaceae Papua New Guinea Endemic to Papua New Guinea, this tree has been collected twice in areas of primary and secondary montane forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17692, 19046 VU B1+2c Alvaradoa jamaicensis Simaroubaceae Jamaica The species is uncommon and local in woodlands and thickets on rocky limestone in the central and north-west parishes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Alyxia taiwanensis Apocynaceae Taiwan A single small population is confined to Chingshan in the centre of the island, where it occurs in dry open forest at 1100m. The area is given no protection and is somewhat threatened by increasing settlement. Regeneration appears to be poor. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 3295, 6469, 19050, 19051 EN D1 Amanoa bracteosa Euphorbiaceae VU Alc, B1+2c Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone A species found in swamp forest or along stream banks in wet evergreen forest. It occurs in Ankasa Game Production Reserve, along with A. strobilacea, in Ghana, but is too rare to be recorded in forest inventories. Although it is common on parts of Mount Nimba in Liberia, the forest has been cleared extensively by mining operations and by the effects of an increasing population requiring land for farming. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 Amanoa strobilacea Euphorbiaceae VU Alc, B1+2c Angola (Cabinda), Cameroon, Ghana, Liberia This species is restricted largely to swampy areas within lowland evergreen rainforest. The general loss of its habitat, because of commercial forestry activities and mining, has continued at a considerable rate. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 The World List of Threatened Trees Amburana acreana Leguminosae VU Ald+2d Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Mato Grosso, Rond6nia), Peru Formerly abundant in non-flooded forest, this species has been heavily exploited for its wood, used for making luxury furniture. In Rond6nia the number of sawmills, which principally process A. acreana, increased eightfold between 1975 and 1982. The species is now on the official list of threatened species compiled by *IBAMA in 1992. The taxonomic status of the genus is not consolidated, there being confusion between this and A. cearensis. Assessor: Varty, N. & D.L. Guadagnin Refs: 4870, 8815, 15478, 15539, 16123 Amburana cearensis Leguminosae EN Alacd+2cd Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru A frequent tree of *caatinga, occasional in the Andes, becoming rarer in deciduous forest further south into Argentina. An important timber source, all stands of large trees are being or have been destroyed, previously through mahogany logging and now through selective logging. Small trees grow around granite outcrops where they are safe from commercial exploitation. Regeneration appears to be poor where adequate management is not in place. The taxonomic status of the genus is not consolidated, there being confusion between this species and A. acreana. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 1262, 11936, 12268, 12837, 13295, 13947, 19170, 19179 Amentotaxus argotaenia Taxaceae VU Alc China (Fujian?, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu?, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Zhejiang?), Viet Nam The status of this widely occurring forest species is affected by slow growth rates, infrequent regeneration, poor seed dispersal and predation by rats. Forest clearing and habitat modification have also contributed to population declines. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 11191 Amentotaxus argotaenia var. brevifolia Taxaceae China (Guizhou) Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 11038, 13041 VU Alc Amentotaxus assamica Taxaceae China, India (Arunachal Pradesh) Two collections are known from moist deciduous forest in the Delei valley and a valley in the Dafla Hills in India, and another single collection has been made from Medog in China. Deforestation has occurred extensively in the area. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 5759, 13041 VU Alc, D2 Amentotaxus formosana Taxaceae Taiwan The species was previously recognised as a variant of A. argotaenia. Populations are small and restricted to four localities of cloud forest in the Hengchan Peninsula: CR C2a, D1 54 Tawu, Kutzulunshan, Chachayalaishan and Lilungshan. The species is covered by Taiwan's Cultural Heritage Preservation Law and a reserve has been set up specifically to conserve the remaining populations. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 2106, 6469, 13041, 19050 Amentotaxus poilanei Taxaceae Viet Nam A montane species, only known from Kon Tum Province in Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 848, 1491, 11191 VU Alc, B1+2c Amentotaxus yunnanensis Taxaceae China (Guizhou?, Yunnan), Viet Nam Confined to moist deciduous forest on limestone hills, remaining populations are small and threatened. The forest habitat is being extensively cleared. The population in Viet Nam is confined to Hoang Lien Son Nature Reserve and is considered to be in a critical state. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 848, 1739, 1818, 11847, 13041, 15357 EN Alc Amesiodendron chinense Sapindaceae LR/nt China, Indonesia (Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Viet Nam A genus, probably monotypic, which is widely occurring in primary rainforest. In Viet Nam, it is a dominant component of some forest localities and has been observed to regenerate well, although population reductions have occurred. In China the species, recognised under the synonym A. fienlinensis, is restricted to limestone areas in the Dayao Mountains, Tianlin and Leye Counties in Guangxi and Luodian, Wangmo and Zhenfeng Counties in Guizhou. A valuable timber is harvested from the tree and in some places is overexploited. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 7673, 11847, 15357, 18389 Amoora dasyclada Meliaceae VU Alc China (Guangdong - Hainan, Yunnan), Viet Nam A large evergreen tree of lowland tropical monsoon forest and rainforest, known from occurrences in Menla, Menhai and Jinghong in south Yunnan and Hainan Island in China, and from populations in the northern half of Viet Nam. The levels of exploitation both of the tree as a timber and of the habitat in general have caused population declines throughout the species range. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 15357, 19055 Amphitecna isthmica Bignoniaceae Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama Occurring in lowland forest, the species extends in range from Costa Rica to the Uraba region of north-west Colombia. In Panama, populations are small and scattered principally in the humid forests on the Pacific side, few collections coming from the Atlantic slopes. In VU A2c Costa Rica populations are also largely confined to the Pacific side. Most parts of the range are experiencing moderate to high human impact. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 Amphitecna molinae Bignoniaceae El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua A cloud forest tree, occurring in a habitat which is rapidly declining through deforestation. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 730, 3917, 7980, 13316, 13995, 16973 EN Cl Amphitecna sessilifolius Bignoniaceae Costa Rica, Panama A cloud forest tree, distributed widely from mid to high elevations in Costa Rica but only in a restricted area of high forest in Chiriqui and Bocas del Toro in Panama near the Costa Rica border. Populations are relatively sparse, with few juvenile individuals. Most of the high- altitude localities are contained within protected areas, but outside these populations are highly susceptible to clearing and encroaching agriculture. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 VU Cl Amphitecna spathicalyx Bignoniaceae Panama A single population is known. It occurs within lowland evergreen forest between 800 and 900m in the Altos de Campana National Park. Attempts to locate it outside of the park have been unsuccessful. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 5335, 7980, 13316, 16772 CR B1+2b Amygdalus korshinskyi Rosaceae Turkey This species is scattered in middle elevations in dry areas. Population numbers have been observed to decline through the effects of growing settlement and agriculture, pests and diseases and _ industrial development. Assessor: Giiner, A. Refs: 3489, 19165 VU Ala Amygdalus trichamygdalus var. elongata Rosaceae Turkey Occurring within a restricted area of montane dry scrub and woodlands, the species is under some threat from grazing and cutting. Assessor: Giiner, A. Refs: 3489, 19165 LR/nt Amyris polymorpha Rutaceae Cuba This endemic tree is only found in the remaining forests of Cabo Cruz in Granma Province of south-eastern Cuba. Its habitat is degraded in places. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU D2 55 Species Summaries Anacolosa densiflora Olacaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A large tree, collected three times from separate localities of lowland evergreen rainforest at the southem end of the Western Ghats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Anaxagorea costaricensis Annonaceae Costa Rica, Honduras A rare species of wet lowland forest. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 EN Cl Andira galeottiana Leguminosae Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz) A canopy tree of remnant rainforest in the Gulf region of Mexico. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993, 15791, 19124 VU Alc Angylocalyx braunii Leguminosae Kenya, Tanzania A species restricted to patches of riverine forest and moist forest. Populations occur in the Tana River area and Kwale in south-east Kenya and in eastern Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 10961 VU B1+2b Aniba ferrea Lauraceae Brazil (Amazonas) Restricted to high non-flooded forest, this tree is endemic to the vicinity of Manaus, where increasing human settlement is a serious threat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7950, 7980 VU B1+2c Aniba ferruginea Lauraceae Venezuela Known only from the type collection, the species appears to be confined to high, non-flooded forests in the Venezuelan Amazon. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7950, 7980 VU D2 Aniba intermedia Lauraceae Brazil (Bahia) This species, endemic to Bahia, is fairly wide-ranging but confined to an area which continues to be deforested. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7950, 7980 VU B1+2c Aniba novo-granatensis Lauraceae Colombia A high-altitude species, confined to Cauca and Meta. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7950, 7980, 19069 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Aniba pedicellata Lauraceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) A species known solely from a type specimen collected in 1938 from Rio de Janeiro. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7950, 7980 CR B1+2c Aniba percoriacea Lauraceae Suriname A species only recorded from the type collection, gathered at Tafelberg. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7950, 7980, 19196 VU D2 Aniba rosaeodora Lauraceae EN Ald+2d Brazil (Amap4, Amazonas, Para), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Populations throughout the species range have seriously declined because of rosewood oil extraction. Substantial wild stands are believed to exist still in areas which are unlikely to be exploited, but where there has been exploitation the population is devoid of mature trees and significant signs of regeneration are absent. Trees of all sizes are harvested indiscriminately, the whole tree and its roots being destroyed. The sole producer at present is Brazil, although the species was wiped out through exploitation over large areas in French Guiana between 1910 and 1930. Harvesting is costly and is taking place in more and more remote locations concentrated around Amazon tributaries, principally in Amazonas and Para. Mobile distillation factories have also moved deep into the forest and trees. Levels of exploitation have significantly declined with increased use of synthetic oils, the current world market resting at about 100 tonnes pa. Silvicultural studies are being carried out by *FCAP with the assistance of UK institutions. Assessor: Varty, N. Refs: 4506, 7950, 8815, 12109, 15539, 15714, 19069, 19077, 19095, 19179 Aniba santalodora Lauraceae Brazil (Amazonas) This species is restricted to a small area of high Amazon forest and secondary growth. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7950, 7980 VU D2 Aniba vaupesiana Lauraceae Colombia Known only from the type specimen, this species is confined to Vaupés. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7950, 7980 VU D2 Anisophyllea apetala Anisophylleaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of moist lowland and hill forest. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 VU Bl+2a 56 Anisophyllea cabole Anisophylleaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Sao Tomé) A tree or shrub, known from two sites towards the north- west of the island at altitudes of 1350 to 1410m. Populations appear to be healthy and regenerating. The species produces a good wood which has moderate value as a timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724, 19042, 19111 VU D2 Anisophyllea chartacea Anisophylleaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A tree known only from the type specimen collected in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest from Ulu Balleh in the Kapit District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Anisophyllea cinnamomoides Anisophylleaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Anisophyllea curtisii Anisophylleaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Occurring in rainforest up to 260m, the most prominent threat to this species is the expansion of settlements. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2a Anisophyllea ferruginea Anisophylleaceae VU Alcd Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) A generally uncommon tree, occurring in mixed dipterocarp forest up to 600m. It is locally abundant in places. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 Anisophyllea globosa Anisophylleaceae Malaysia (Sabah) A tree of open secondary vegetation known only from its type locality at the edge of a steep gully in Bengkoka in the Kudat District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Anisophyllea grandis Anisophylleaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species of lowland and hill rainforest up to 700m, threatened mainly by the expansion of settlements. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 VU Bl+2a Anisophyllea impressinervia Anisophylleaceae Malaysia (Sabah) Known only from the type collection from Bengkoka in VU D2 the Kudat District, this tree occurs in secondary lowland forest at an altitude of 50m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 Anisophyllea nitida Anisophylleaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) This species is highly localised and known only from Kuala Penyu in south-west Sabah and the Niah area of north-east Sarawak, where it grows in lowland secondary or disturbed mixed dipterocarp forest on sandy soils. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Anisophyllea reticulata Anisophylleaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This species is known from only one collection on a ridge top in hill forest at 180m, Endau State Park, Johore. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Anisophyllea rhomboidea Anisophylleaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) A shrub or tree of lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, endemic to west Bomeo. It is restricted to the Ist Division of Sarawak and Kalimantan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU Alc Anisoptera costata Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd+2cd Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam A large tree of semi-evergreen dipterocarp, evergreen and humid lowland forest, which occurs on premium land for agriculture. In some areas it is an exceptionally fare tree; in the Philippines only a single collection exists. It produces a major commercial timber, used for general construction, veneer and plywood. Some populations occur within reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 10013, 13857, 14573 Anisoptera curtisii Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand A species which occurs in mixed dipterocarp forest, mainly on coastal hills and inland ridges. The wood is utilised. A. curtistii may hybridise with A. costata. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857, 14573, 18243 Anisoptera grossivenia Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd+2cd Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A lowland dipterocarp forest species found growing on sandy clay soils. Its timber is often used for plywood. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 11295, 13857, 14573 57 Species Summaries Anisoptera laevis Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia Sarawak), Singapore A timber tree which is widespread and recorded in a number of proposed reserve sites. The conservation status of the tree results from land conversion and destruction over the past century. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 7875, 9169, 9199, 13857 EN Alcd+2cd (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Anisoptera marginata Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd+2cd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species of mixed peat-swamp forest and heath forest.The timber is used for house construction. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Anisoptera megistocarpa Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A large tree scattered throughout mixed dipterocarp forest on well-drained soil. The habitat has been widely cleared and destroyed. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857 Anisoptera reticulata Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A species of mixed dipterocarp forest, where it is threatened by habitat loss. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd+2cd, B1 Anisoptera scaphula Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd Bangladesh, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam A species scattered in semi-evergreen and evergreen dipterocarp forest. Regeneration is poor. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857, 19093 Anisoptera thurifera ssp. thurifera Dipterocarpaceae Philippines This variety is found growing in the evergreen and semi- evergreen dipterocarp forests. The species, as a whole, represents the only dipterocarp which readily reinvades cultivated land. The conservation status of the species is based upon the rate of habitat loss. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857, 14573 CR Alcd+2cd Annamocarya sinensis Juglandaceae EN B1+2cde China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan), Viet Nam Occurring in small groves or as isolated individuals, this relict species is recorded from a few forest localities in north-west Guangxi, south-east Guizhou, south-east Yunnan in China, and from a few localised populations in north and west Viet Nam. In China the species has been difficult to locate at recorded localities and the The World List of Threatened Trees habitat has declined considerably with extensive agriculture and logging. It is the only member of the genus. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 848, 1818, 11530, 11847, 15357, 19055, 19061 Anneslea fragrans var. lanceolata Theaceae Taiwan A species with scattered populations occurring on the eastern hills of the Hengchun Peninsula. There are a few protected localities in Kenting National Park. Elsewhere the species habitat is under some pressure from the establishment of industrial plantations and increasing land settlement and agriculture. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 3295, 19050, 19053 VU Ala, D1 Annona asplundiana Annonaceae Peru A species, so far, known only from the type specimen collected from lowland Amazon forest in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Annona atabapensis Annonaceae Venezuela No collections have been made of this species since it was first discovered by Humboldt and Bonpland in flooded riparian forest on the Rio Atabapo in Amazonas, early in the 19th century. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 VU D2 Annona cristalensis Annonaceae Cuba A rare tree, up to 8m tall, found in montane shrubwoods and forests on ferritic soils derived from serpentine bedrock in Sierra del Cristal, Sierra de Micara and the upper Toa area in north-eastern Cuba. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 16327, 18485, 19149 VU B1+2c Annona deminuta Annonaceae Peru At present the species is known only from the type collection taken from San Martin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Annona dolichophylla Annonaceae Peru Currently known only from the type collection, the species is found in lowland Amazon forest in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 58 Annona ekmanii Annonaceae Cuba A small tree locally confined to the serpentine plateau of Sierra de Nipe in north-eastern Cuba, where it occurs in montane shrubwoods and forests on ferritic soils. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU D2 Annona jamaicensis Annonaceae Jamaica The species is scattered in pasture margins and woodlands on limestone in the central parishes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Annona praetermissa Annonaceae Jamaica The species is uncommon and confined to the St Andrew and St Thomas Parishes, where it occurs on wooded hillsides. Almost all the forest in these parishes is either severely degraded or destroyed. Assessor: Bellingham, P. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19116 VU B1+2c Annona spraguei Annonaceae Panama Known only from the centre and east of Panama, the species occurs in moist evergreen forest up to 1000m. The main populations are found within protected areas. Elsewhere the habitat is susceptible to clearance and logging. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 VU Alc Annona trunciflora Annonaceae Venezuela Endemic to the Venezuelan Guyana, the species occurs in secondary forest and riparian forest in the upper reaches of the Rio Parguaza in Bolivar and on Rio Sipapo near the confluence with Rio Orinoco in Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Anodendron rhinosporum Apocynaceae Sri Lanka An extremely rare species scattered in lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sri Lanka. It was not found during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 19112 CR B1+2c Anogeissus bentii Combretaceae Yemen One of the largest trees in Yemen. It occurs as ancient solitary individuals or in small groups, restricted to the large wadis which dissect the inhospitable limestone plateau of the Hadramaut in South Yemen. Regeneration is lacking in most areas. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 19083 EN B1+2e Anogeissus dhofarica Combretaceae Oman, Yemen A common tree of deciduous escarpment woodland on the mountains extending from Dhofar in Oman to neighbouring Hauf in Yemen. It also occurs as an outlier in Yemen in Ras Fartak. Trees near water-holes are severely damaged and in other areas grazing pressure is high, especially in Oman, where there has been a sharp lise in the population. Assessor: Ghazanfar, S.A. Refs: 16380 VU Alcd Anonidium usambarense Annonaceae Tanzania A single collection from 1910 is the only record of this species. It occurred in the Usambara Mountains but has not been found again despite extensive botanical work in the area. The forest has suffered from the encroachment of agriculture and commercial forestry but is now the focus of a conservation programme. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3356, 9302 EX Anopyxis klaineana Rhizophoraceae VU Alcd Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan A timber species which occurs in some abundance especially in wetter evergreen forest. Habitat loss and exploitation are serious threats in most places. Seeds have poor viability and regeneration has been observed to be poor. The genus is monotypic. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2362, 2773, 6128, 6718 Anthodiscus chocoensis Caryocaraceae Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama The species is known mainly from the relatively large and protected populations in Costa Rica. Elsewhere populations are small, scattered and show low recruitment. In Panama small populations are apparently confined to Darién National Park. There are also occurrences in the Chocé in Colombia. The wood is used both locally and commercially as fuel and timber. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 10686, 14717, 16772 VUCI1 Anthodiscus montanus Caryocaraceae Colombia An endemic to Boyaca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 4217, 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Anthonotha lebrunii Leguminosae Democratic Republic of Congo Known only from one locality, this species occurs in part of the Forestier Central at Bumbuli. Pressures exist from overcutting and agricultural expansion. Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Refs: 7550, 17185, 17951 VU D2 59 Species Summaries Anthonotha nigerica Leguminosae Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria A small forest tree with an apparently disjunct distribution, occurring in the remaining forest in south- east Nigeria and also in DR Congo, where the extent of its occurrence is not at present known. In Nigeria the largest, if not only, intact population occurs in the Oban Division of the Cross River National Park. Deforestation in the region has been extensive. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4977, 11504 VU AIc Anthonotha obanensis Leguminosae Nigeria This distinctive species is recorded soley from the Oban Division of the Cross River National Park. The population is well protected but logging and conversion of land to agriculture are extensive in the surrounding area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 4977, 7550, 11504 VU B1+2c, D2 Anthonotha vignei Leguminosae VU Alc, B1+2c Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone A species which is confined to riversides or swampy areas within lowland wet evergreen forest in Upper Guinea. Losses of this habitat through felling for timber, mining and planting of commercial species have been extensive. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 Antidesma cruciforme Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A montane forest species, occurring between 1000 and 1400m in Perak and Selangor. The forest in these mountain areas is generally protected. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Antidesma obliquinervium Euphorbiaceae Philippines An endemic tree of Palawan, found in primary forests at low altitude. The main island is declared a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c Antidesma pyrifolium Euphorbiaceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Antidesma subolivaceum Euphorbiaceae Philippines Endemic to Palawan, the species is found in primary forests at low altitude. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Antirhea aromatica Rubiaceae Mexico (Veracruz) Three populations of a few mature trees, exist in central Veracruz in deciduous thorn forest on karst hills near Jalcomulco and Apazapan. They are situated on relatively inaccessible slopes, but trees still appear to be cut for the wood, which is used in house construction. Natural regeneration is evident and the species is being grown from seed at the Botanic Garden in Xalapa. Assessor: Vovides, A.P. Refs: 7980, 10919, 19206 EN B1+2c Antirhea jamaicensis Rubiaceae Jamaica A tree useful for its wood, found only occasionally in woodlands on limestone in moderately wet areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Antirhea portoricensis Rubiaceae Puerto Rico A tree of moist forests with a localised distibution in areas which have experienced habitat destruction. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7931, 7980, 17124 VU B1+2c Antirhea radiata Rubiaceae Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti A tree of montane rainforest and submontane semi- deciduous forest, occurring in central and eastern parts of Cuba and in the province of Pinar del Rio, and also Hispaniola. The habitat of this species is under threat from felling. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19149 VU B1+2c Antirhea sintenisii Rubiaceae Puerto Rico A tree of moist forest with a localised distribution in areas which have been experiencing habitat destruction. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7931, 7980, 17124 VU B1+2c Antirhea tomentosa Rubiaceae Jamaica Until 1975 the species was known only from the type specimen collected in thickets in Trelawny Parish in 1780. It was rediscovered in an area which was being rapidly cleared. It is not known whether the species has survived. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 7980 CR B1+2c Antrocaryon micraster Anacardiaceae VU Alcd Cameroon, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda Scattered throughout semi-deciduous forests in tropical Africa, this emergent species is heavily exploited for its timber. It regenerates in canopy gaps and its fruit 60 provides an important food source to the mammal community. It performs less well in bumt or heavily disturbed forests. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2362, 2773, 6128, 6718, 14667 Aoranthe penduliflora Rubiaceae Tanzania A shrubby species known from remaining forest patches largely existing within Forest Reserves. Populations are known from Pugu and Rondo Forest Reserves. These have both been heavily disturbed in the past by a range of human activities including logging and agriculture. Pugu is now part of an active conservation programme and the forest management activities in Rondo are discouraging local exploitation. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2bc Apeiba intermedia Tiliaceae Suriname The species was described in 1925, based upon incomplete material from a single tree. It is possibly a hybrid of A. glabra and A. petonmo. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6493, 7951 DD Aphanamixis cumingiana Meliaceae Philippines A timber tree, endemic to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919, 18088 VU Alcd Apiopetalum velutinum Araliaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 LR/cd Apollonias barbujana ssp. barbujana Lauraceae Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Is.) In Madeira the species has a sporadic distribution in lowland forest and *laurisilva up to 1000m. In some of the lower zones it is locally abundant, and parts of the range occur within the National Park of Madeira. There are pressures from grazing and burning throughout the island. A population also exists on Desertas Island in the Madeira Group. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19131 LR/nt Apollonias barbujana ssp. ceballosi Lauraceae Spain (Canary Is.) Previously referred to as a distinct species, this cloud forest tree is confined to the island of Gomera. In the past the timber was heavily harvested. As a result, populations are now small and fragmented. The major threat at present comes from fire. The taxon is listed in government legislation of 1991. Assessor: Baiiares, A. et al. Refs: 451, 19022 EN B1+2abcde Aporosa fusiformis Euphorbiaceae Sri Lanka During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, only two individuals were found at a single locality in the lowland rainforest of Kegalle District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 CR B1+2c Aporusa bourdillonii Euphorbiaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala) A poorly collected species, reported from a few scattered locations in lowland rainforest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Aporusa cardiosperma Euphorbiaceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195 VU Alc Aporusa elliptifolia Euphorbiaceae Philippines A Palawan endemic, confined to forested slopes at low altitude. The main island is declared a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986, 5651 VU Bi+2c Aporusa isabellina Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A lowland rainforest species, confined to a restricted area in the Sungei Lebi Basin in south-east Kelantan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/nt Aporusa lanceolata Euphorbiaceae Sri Lanka A tree confined to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Apterosperma oblata Theaceae China (Guangdong, Guangxi) First discovered in the 1960s, the species is thought to have become extinct in its original location on Mount Hewei, which has been cleared of forest. Further localities have been identified in Xinyi in Guangdong and Guping in Guangxi, where it occurs in the remaining forest below 600m. The genus is monospecific. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU B1+2c Aquilaria banaensae Thymelaeaceae Viet Nam A small tree or shrub which appears to be endemic to VU D2 61 Species Summaries Viet Nam, where it is very rare and restricted to Tay Quang Nam in Da Nang. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848 Aquilaria beccariana Thymelaeaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia This species occurs in primary and secondary forest, sometimes in swamp forest, up to 800m. The fungi- infected heartwood, characteristic of all members of the genus, has high commercial value for making incense, perfume and traditional medicine. Numerous trees are cut down, many uninfected, to harvest just a few kilogrammes of the diseased wood. The increase in levels of trade over the past decade has resulted in overexploitation throughout its range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 19059 VU AId Aquilaria crassna Thymelaeaceae Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam The red list category is largely based on the situation in Viet Nam, where the species is distributed sparsely but widely throughout the country in primary and secondary forest. Exploitation of the diseased wood for the perfume industry has resulted in population declines exceeding 80% over recent years. There is a strong indication that the same losses are occurring in the rest of Indo-China. Other parts of the plant are also widely used: the roots for incense, cosmetics and medicines and the bark for fibre. Assessor: Nghia, N.H. Refs: 848, 6646, 11530, 15357, 19060 CR Alcd Aquilaria cumingiana Thymelaeaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Moluccas), Philippines A shrub or small tree of primary forest distributed in East Kalimantan, the Moluccas and the Philippines. The fungi-infected heartwood, characteristic of all members of the genus, has high commercial value in the production of incense, perfume and traditional medicine. Numerous trees are cut down, many uninfected, to harvest just 2 few kilogrammes of the diseased wood. The increase in levels of trade over the past decade has resulted in overexploitation throughout its range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 19059 VU Ald Aquilaria hirta Thymelaeaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Singapore A small tree occurring in lowland forest on hill slopes. The fungi-infected heartwood, characteristic of all members of the genus, has high commercial value in the production of incense, perfume and traditional medicine. Numerous trees are cut down, many uninfected, to harvest just a few kilogrammes of the diseased wood. The increase in levels of trade over the past decade has resulted in overexploitation throughout its range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9199, 19059 VU Ald The World List of Threatened Trees Aquilaria malaccensis Thymelaeaceae VU Alcd Bangladesh, Bhutan, India (Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Iran, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand A large evergreen tree occurring in forests at the base of mountainous areas. For centuries the species has been traded internationally for the wood infected with fungi, called agar or gaharu amongst other things; it is used as incense, perfume and in traditional medicine. Most of the agarwood on the market is collected from the wild since the few plantations set up in the early 1900s are either under serious pressure or have been destroyed. The species is considered critically endangered in India and export has been prohibited. It is included in Appendix II of *CITES. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 1086, 5550, 5626, 6646, 8865, 9199, 9328, 10471, 12959, 14490, 17140, 19058, 19059, 19209 Aquilaria microcarpa Thymelaeaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Singapore This species grows in lowland forest up to 200m altitude. The fungi-infected heartwood, characteristic of all members of the genus, has high commercial value in the production of incense, perfume and _ traditional medicine. Numerous trees are cut down, many uninfected, to harvest just a few kilogrammes of the diseased wood. The increase in levels of trade over the past decade has resulted in overexploitation throughout its range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9199, 16104, 19059 VU Ald Aquilaria rostrata Thymelaeaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare submontane rainforest species, found only in Pahang, at Wray's camp on Gunung Tahan in Taman Negara National Park. The species taxonomic status is doubtful. It is similar to A. malaccensis but the specimen material is too poor to verify the floral characters. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 8865, 19073 DD Aquilaria sinensis Thymelaeaceae VU B1+2cde China (Guangdong, Guangdong - Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan) An important source of medicine, the species is restricted to Jinghong in Yunnan, Guangdong, including Hainan Island and Guangxi. It is mainly found in semi- evergreen monsoon forest up to altitudes of 400m. There is concern over the rates of exploitation and the damage to trees incurred during the harvesting of the medicinal balm. Habitat loss and clearance are also frequent. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 Aralia javanica Araliaceae Indonesia (Java) The species is possibly synonymous with A. dasyphylla. It occurs in montane forests between 2000 and 3000m on Mount Papandayan, Malabar and Dieng. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 VU B1+2c 62 Aralia malabarica Araliaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) An understorey tree, known from sparse collections from submontane evergreen forest in the southern end of the Western Ghats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Arapatiella psilophylla Leguminosae Brazil (Bahia) The species is endemic to areas of Atlantic forest in the south of the state. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19098, 19100 VU B1+2c Araucaria angustifolia Araucariaceae VU Alcd+2cd Argentina (Misiones), Brazil (Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro?, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Paraguay Parana pine is the most important timber species in Brazil. Although an abundant species, it has undergone continuous decline in the extent of its occurrence through logging. The original extent of Araucaria forest, estimated at 200,000km2%, is believed to have declined by more than 80% in the last century. In Rio Grande do Sul, for instance, the forest area, over half of which was made up of Araucaria, has plummetted from 40% land cover to 3% today. Araucaria forest in S40 Paulo covers 4.3% of its original area. In addition, 3,400 tons per annum of fruit and seeds are collected for human consumption. The Paraguay population is small and confined to Alto Parana. Seeding trees are scarce. Small relict populations, covering less than 1000ha, in north- east Misiones, Argentina, are all that remain of the forest that in 1960 covered 210,000ha. The species is included on the official list compiled by *IBAMA of threatened Brazilian plants. Assessor: Varty, N. & D.L. Guadagnin Refs: 4506, 5112, 7980, 8815, 11374, 13041, 13947, 15539, 16595, 19124, 19179 Araucaria araucana Araucariaceae Argentina (Neuquén), Chile Known widely as the Monkey Puzzle tree, this species ranges from the Coastal Cordillera of Chile to the Andes in Argentina. The populations on the coast are restricted and highly threatened. Andean populations are severely fragmented. Chile holds the largest populations, most of which are being illegally felled in and outside national park boundaries. The Chilean populations are listed in *CITES Appendix I and the Argentinian in Appendix II. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 5112, 7980, 11147, 16328 VU Alcd Araucaria bernieri Araucariaceae New Caledonia Confined to areas of moist evergreen forest in the south, this valued timber species is under some pressure from logging. It is well represented in protected areas including Riviére Bleue Provincial Park and Montagne des Sources Nature Reserve, where it is safe from being felled. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 10351, 12630 LR/cd Araucaria biramulata Araucariaceae New Caledonia Similar to A.bernieri the species is confined to areas of moist evergreen forest in the southern ultramafic massifs. It is under some pressure from logging and also fires. Well-protected populations exist in Riviére Bleue Provincial Park. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 10351, 12630 LR/cd Araucaria heterophylla Araucariaceae Norfolk Island The Norfolk Island pine has experienced large historical population declines in its natural range. Much of the habitat continues to be converted into agriculture and human habitation. The species is very widely planted throughout the world. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 6144, 13041 VU B1+2c Araucaria humboldtensis Araucariaceae New Caledonia Occurring in cloud forest on three mountain ridges, the species is localised but not threatened or declining. Severe drought in recent years may have caused the death of about 10% of the Mount Humboldt population. Regeneration on Montagne des Sources, where it is protected in a nature reserve, appears to be good. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 12630, 13041 LR/cd Araucaria hunsteinii Araucariaceae Papua New Guinea Recorded to be the tallest tree in Malesia, reaching 90m in height, the species occurs mainly in Fagaceae forest between 520 and 2100m. It has been reduced to scattered stands because of heavy exploitation of the good-quality timber. The species habitat is also threatened by shifting agriculture, fire and damage caused by feral pigs. Small plantations of 8000ha exist in Papua New Guinea and it has been introduced to Australia, Fiji and Peninsular Malaysia on an experimental scale. The export of Araucaria logs has been banned in Papua New Guinea. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 707, 4506, 13041, 13204, 14573, 19147 LR/nt Araucaria laubenfelsii Araucariaceae New Caledonia A species scattered on the southern ultramafic massifs. It is uncommon and confined to a few localities of submontane forest where wildfires can be a hazard. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 10351, 12630 LR/cd Araucaria luxurians Araucariaceae New Caledonia Small populations are confined to fewer than five coastal sites on ultramafic soils in the south of the island. None of the populations is protected and in places, e.g. Plum, EN B1+2c 63 Species Summaries they are seriously threatened by fire and erosion. Mining and the increasing settlement of the area are also concerns. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 10351, 12630 Araucaria muelleri Araucariaceae New Caledonia The species is known from a few small populations in maquis shrubland on ultramafic soils in the southern massifs. Growth and regeneration appear to be slow and susceptible to the frequent wildfires. Effective protection is given to populations in Montagne des Sources Nature Reserve. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 9631, 12630 LR/cd Araucaria nemorosa Araucariaceae New Caledonia A single population exists at Port Boisé on the southern coast. It is on private land and is vulnerable to fires, felling and the expansion of human habitation, perhaps also to potential tourism. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 10351, 12630 CR B1+2c Araucaria rulei Araucariaceae New Caledonia Occurring in small areas of maquis shrubland on the ultramafic massifs in the north-west, the species has experienced severe population declines because of nickel mining activities. Mining is now more strictly controlled and there have been good results from attempts to recolonise the mine spoil. However, this species appears to regenerate poorly and grow slowly. None of the populations is protected. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 10351, 12630 EN Cl Araucaria schmidii Araucariaceae New Caledonia A well-protected species confined to montane cloud forest on Mont Panié. The area is inaccessible and not under threat. However, the species is confined to an area considerably less than 100km?. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 12630, 13041 VU D2 Araucaria scopulorum Araucariaceae New Caledonia Small populations occur in maquis shrubland on ultramafic soil in two or three sites on the north-east coast. They are completely unprotected in a well- populated area. Fire and mining activities are also causes for concern. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 10351, 12630 EN B1+2c Araucaria subulata Araucariaceae New Caledonia Endemic to New Caledonia, the species is scattered in the ultramafic massifs in the south. It occurs in abundance in submontane forest and is well protected in LR/cd The World List of Threatened Trees Riviére Bleu Provincial Park and Montagne des Sources Nature Reserve. Threats exist from fire and felling. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 12630 Arbutus canariensis Ericaceae VU D2 Spain (Canary Is.) Endemic to the islands of Tenerife, Gomera, Hierro and Gran Canaria, this cloud forest tree is known from approximately 10 populations, probably containing no more than 10,000 individuals. Numbers appear to be stable, although declining water availability and fires may affect some areas. The species is listed in government legislation of 1991. Assessor: Baiares, A. et al. Refs: 451, 1512, 19022 Arbutus glandulosa Ericaceae LR/cd Guatemala, Mexico A species of montane pine—oak forest, occurring from central and southern Mexico to Guatemala. Parts of the range are contained within protected areas but most regions have experienced large-scale deforestation. Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 19161 Arbutus pavarii Ericaceae VU D2 Libya A species endemic to the Gebel Akhdar on the coast of Libya. The population range and status are little known at present. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 195 Arbutus xalapensis Ericaceae LR/cd Guatemala, Mexico A species of montane pine—-oak forest, occurring from central and southern Mexico to Guatemala. Parts of the range are contained within protected areas but most regions have experienced large-scale deforestation. Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 19161 Archidendron forbesii Leguminosae Papua New Guinea A late secondary tree scattered in lowland rainforest; it is confined to the Central Province. The species is threatened by habitat destruction from felling and urban expansion. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 VU B1+2c Archidendron oblongum Leguminosae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) Endemic to the Solomon Islands, this large tree is restricted to lowland rainforest in alluvial valleys. It is traditionally utilised as a timber for construction and fuel. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16292, 16612 VU B1+2c Archidendron pahangense Leguminosae LR/cd Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to the Genting Highlands, the species is found in hill rainforest on sandstone between 600 and 1500m. There are pressures of increasing settlement and tourism development in the area, but a degree of protection is given to populations under the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 Archidendropsis glandulosa Leguminosae New Caledonia A relatively widespread species, occurring in various habitat types, thicket, maquis or gallery forest on rocky ultramafic soils. Various threats exist from fires, mining and agricultural encroachment. Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 VU B1+2c Archidendropsis lentiscifolia Leguminosae New Caledonia The species occurs in a few localities in the north-west of Grand Terre in maquis on ultramafic substrate. It is nowhere protected and the habitat is exposed to threats from fires, mining and clearance. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 VU B1+2c Archidendropsis paivana Leguminosae New Caledonia The species can be divided into three subspecies, which take up distributions in the north-west, north-east and southern regions of Grand Terre, including some of the neighbouring islands. All forms occur largely in rainforest on ultramafic soils and are exposed to threats from fire, mining activities and habitat clearance or degradation. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 VU C2a Archontophoenix myolensis Palmae VU C2a Australia (Queensland) Restricted to an altitudinal range of 350 to 400m, the species occurs in riverine rainforest on metamorphic rocks in the Myola area and Black Mountain in the Kuranda range. The total population is estimated to contain 400 to 500 mature trees and remains unprotected. Regeneration is good. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 Arctostaphylos catalinae Ericaceae VU D2 USA (California) A shrub or small tree endemic to Catalina Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19033 Ardisia alstonii Myrsinaceae Panama The species occurs principally as a shrub, in areas of semi-deciduous rainforest up to 1100m in_ three provinces in the east of Panama, including Chiriqui near VU A2c the border with Costa Rica. The habitat is declining under increasing human activities, logging, agriculture and farming. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 Myrsinaceae India (Kerala) A poorly known species, occurring as a small tree in submontane evergreen forest in the Western Ghats. Only two imprecise collections exist, one from the Agastyamalai Hills and the other from the Wayanad area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Ardisia antonensis Myrsinaceae Panama The species has been collected only once from the province of Coclé. No further records have been made, but many more collections from the family await identification. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 14873, 16772 DD Ardisia blatteri Myrsinaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Known from just two collections, the species occurs in submontane evergreen forest at the southern end of the Western Ghats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Ardisia brittonii Myrsinaceae Jamaica A small tree endemic to St Thomas Parish. Forest areas in the parish have almost completely disappeared or are severely degraded. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 7980, 19116 EN B1+2c Ardisia byrsonimae Myrsinaceae Jamaica The species is known from a single locality in Peckham Woods, Clarendon, where it occurs on a rocky limestone hilltop at about 760m. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 5653, 19085 CR C2b Ardisia chiriquiana Myrsinaceae Panama Only two records of the species have been made since the type specimen was collected from Cerro Pate Macho in Chiriqui Province. All records come from the same region. Although it would be possible tentatively to evaluate the species status as Critically Endangered, it may not be appropriate given that the species described by Lundell are frequently identified as synonyms. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 DD 65 Species Summaries Ardisia colonensis Myrsinaceae Panama A scarce species of lowland moist open forest, known only from a few collections in the region of Santa Rita in Colén Province. The area is relatively well studied. It is also unprotected and has experienced an influx of people over recent years, resulting in the loss of a large part of the forest. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 EN B1+2bd Ardisia darienensis Myrsinaceae Panama Collections have been made only in Darién, the type collection coming from Darién National Park. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 DD Ardisia dukei Myrsinaceae Panama The species has been found only in Darién Province, where it is present in reasonable numbers in Cerro Pirre within Darién National Park. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 EN B1+2c Ardisia eugenioides Myrsinaceae Panama Known under the genus Ardisia in Panama, this species is confined to cloud forest between 2000 and 2600m in Fortuna Forest Reserve and its vicinity in Gualaca, Chiriqui Province. It is known only from a few collections and appears to be particularly sparse outside the reserve boundaries, where the growth in ranching and agriculture has caused considerable habitat loss. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 EN B1+2c Ardisia furfuracella Myrsinaceae Costa Rica, Panama In Panama the species is known only from the Cordillera Central in the province of Chiriqui, where it occurs sparsely in various open forest and scrub types up to 1900m, including areas opened up by ranching. It is a relatively common plant within a restricted area of Corcovado National Park in Puntarenas, Costa Rica. This is the only population which is protected. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 14873, 16772 VU Cl Ardisia geniculata Myrsinaceae Panama Known only from the type specimen dated 1940, the species was collected from an area which is now a banana plantation. However, it is probable that the taxon represents a variation of another species. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 14873, 16772 DD The World List of Threatened Trees Ardisia glomerata Myrsinaceae EN B1+2c Panama All collections of the species come from two neighbouring localities in the Valle de Antén in Coclé Province. It is a relatively common component of undisturbed cloud forest between 600 and 1000m. This area of forest is gradually disappearing through encroachment and, although at present unprotected, is being considered for designation as a protected area. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 14873, 16772 Ardisia hagenii Myrsinaceae Panama The species has been collected only once from the province of Chiriqui in 1940. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 14873, 16772 DD Ardisia jamaicensis Myrsinaceae Jamaica Known only from localities in Westmoreland, Hanover and St James, the species is infrequent and generally confined to rocky limestone hilltops. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Ardisia jefeana Myrsinaceae Panama A cloud forest species, occurring commonly in the Cordillera de Cerro Jefe, including the Cerro Azul, and in the Serrania de Pirre, very close to the border with Colombia. Much of the species range coincides with either Chagres National Park or Darién National Park. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 VU C2a Ardisia martinensis Myrsinaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species is found in *terra firme forest in San Martin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Ardisia maxonii Myrsinaceae Costa Rica, Panama Usually known under the genus Ardisia, the species occurs in the Cordillera de Talamanca in south-east Costa Rica and western Panama, where it is fairly common in areas of closed and open rainforest above 800m. There are protected populations in La Amistad National Park and in the Valle de Antén in Panama. Large populations also occur in Boquete and Volc4n in Chiriqui, Panama, but these are diminishing because of agricultural development. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 LR/nt Ardisia microcalyx Myrsinaceae Panama Endemic to the mountains of Chiriquf Province, the species appears to be fairly frequent but confined to a EN B1+2b 66 small area of forest between 800 and 1100m. The area is becoming extensively converted to agriculture and pastoralism. It is supposed that the species will be found in neighbouring protected areas, Volcan Bari National Park and Fortuna Forest Reserve. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 14873, 16772 Ardisia nigrovirens Myrsinaceae Peru A Peru endemic, occurring in lowland Amazonian forest in Huanuco, Loreto and Madre de Dios. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 LR/nt Ardisia opaca Myrsinaceae Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama Occurring in various forest types over a wide altitudinal range, the species exists in sparsely scattered populations, except in Chiriqui Province, Panama, where it appears to be relatively common. In Santa Rita, Colén Province, Panama, the population is threatened by extensive forest clearance. There are also records of occurrences in Coto Bnus in Costa Rica and in the Chocé in Colombia. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 14873, 16772 LR/nt Ardisia panamensis Myrsinaceae Panama Originally known only from the type collection from Cerro Hoqueta, the species name has now been attached to a number of previously unidentified herbarium collections from the same region. The species occurs between 2000 and 2300m in cloud forest. There are populations recorded in Fortuna Forest Reserve and Volcan Bari National Park. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 15310, 16772 VU B1+2c Ardisia premontana Myrsinaceae Ecuador, Peru A tree currently known only from two collections from the lower eastern slopes of the Andes at the rim of the Amazon basin. The type was collected in central Peru and the other specimen is from southern Ecuador. The area is botanically undercollected. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984, 2909 VU D2 Ardisia rufa Myrsinaceae Panama Originally collected from Cerro Punta in Chiriqui Province, the species is known from few other collections in the same region and from Cerro Azul in Panama Province. Although no further occurrences have been identified, it is possible that populations exist in the Cordillera Central in between these two areas. It occurs in moist evergreen forest from 800 to 2500m and appears to be uncommon. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 EN C2a Ardisia scheryi Myrsinaceae Panama Endemic to the Cordillera Central, the species is known only from a few records, all originating from high- altitude forest in the province of Chiriqui. It is possible the species range is more extensive but current information suggests the species is rare and restricted in range. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 14873, 16772 EN C2a Ardisia scortechinii Myrsinaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small, rare tree of lowland rainforest. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 DD Ardisia sonchifolia Myrsinaceae India (Kerala) Probably also extending into Tamil Nadu, the species has only been collected from scattered localities of submontane forest in the Anamalai Hills. A single occurrence is also recorded further south nearer the Travancore range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Ardisia squamulosa Myrsinaceae Philippines An endemic species to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919 VU Alcd Ardisia subsessilifolia Myrsinaceae Panama Occurring in cloud forest above 1500m, the species is known from various localities in the Cordillera Central and the mountains which divide the provinces of Chiriqui and Bocas del Toro. It occurs in Volcén Bari National Park and a small part in the south-east of La Amistad National Park. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 14873, 16772 VU B1+2c Ardisia urbanii Myrsinaceae Jamaica An uncommon tree confined to woodland on limestone in Trelawny. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Ardisia websterii Myrsinaceae Ecuador This small understorey tree is locally common in montane rainforest along streams, apparently only in the Maquipucuna Forest Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2909 LR/cd 67 Species Summaries Ardisia zakii Myrsinaceae Ecuador This tree is known only from the type collection from remnant cloud forest on steep slopes. Road construction in the area has been responsible for the removal of a considerable area of forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2909 VU D2 Areca andersonii Palmae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) A solitary palm of lowland moist forest, often occurring in limestone crevices. A single collection is also recorded in Brunei. Assessor: Dransfield, J. Refs: 19118 DD Areca chaiana Palmae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) A single-stemmed palm of lowland moist forest, often located near river banks, on slopes or in open areas. It is known to occur in the Entiman-Lanjak Wildlife Sanctuary, and is in cultivation at Semengoh Arboretum near Kuching, Sarawak. Forest management activities are affecting some areas within the species range. Assessor: Dransfield, J. Refs: 19118 DD Areca concinna Palmae Sri Lanka Endemic to Sri Lanka, this small clustering palm tree is restricted to lowland rainforest. Its habitat is threatened by the expansion of human habitation. The seeds are used locally as a betel nut substitute. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 EN Alc Areca glandiformis Palmae Indonesia (Moluccas) An endemic palm tree of the Moluccas, occurring in lowland forest. Although it is likely to be threatened by increasing agriculture and forest management activities, more fieldwork is needed to assign a category. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 DD Areca guppyana Palmae Solomon Islands A small palm tree of primary forest, endemic to the Solomon Islands, where it is under threat from logging, increasing agriculture and mining. Trees are planted in sacred places and cemeteries. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 DD Areca hutchinsoniana Palmae Philippines A poorly known species found in only a few localities of primary forest at low altitude in Mindanao. Assessor: Madulid, D. Refs: 19118 LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees Areca ipot Palmae Philippines A species of streamsides and forest at low to medium altitude. It is confined to southern Luzon and is of significant importance as an ornamental. Assessor: Madulid, D. Refs: 19118 VU Alc Areca macrocarpa Palmae Philippines Very scanty information is available on the species. It may be a variety of A. catechu. Populations appear to be confined to lowland rainforest in Zambanga, Mindanao. Assessor: Madulid, D. Refs: 19118 DD Areca parens Palmae Philippines A species of lowland rainforest, occurring along streamsides, only in Camarines Province in Luzon. The area is strongly affected by slash and burn agriculture. Assessor: Madulid, D. Refs: 19118 VU Alc Areca whitfardii Palmae Philippines There are two varieties, var. whitfordit and var. luzonensis, based on the size of the fruit. The species occurs in several localities in Luzon and Mindoro in areas of semi-swampy forest at low altitude. Slash and bum agriculture affects most localities. Assessor: Madulid, D. Refs: 19118 VU Alc Arenga listeri Palmae Christmas Island Endemic to Christmas Island, this palm tree is scattered in lowland rainforest on plateaux and terraces. Christmas Island is only 140 km? and phosphate mining is a major threat to all of the native flora. The species, which has only one flowering phase during its life cycle, is further threatened by seed-predating crabs which limit the potential for regeneration. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 VU D2 Arenga wightii Palmae India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A monocarpic palm of dense forest, occurring on slopes between 150 and 1000m. It is threatened by logging activities and increasing settlement and agriculture. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 VU B1+2c Aristeguietia arborea Compositae Ecuador A tree species which is endemic to the High Andes of Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c 68 Aristeguietia discolor Compositae Peru A widespread species of *elfin forest and shrublands, endemic to the Peruvian Andes between 2000 and 4000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 LR/nt Aristogeitonia monophylla Euphorbiaceae Kenya, Tanzania Restricted to patches of dry forest or thicket on coral or limestone, the species ranges from south-east Kenya into north-east Tanzania in the Pangani River basin. There are two other species in the genus, occurring in Angola and Madagascar. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 2074, 3356, 6396, 9198 VU B1+2b Arthrocarpum gracile Leguminosae Yemen (Socotra) A small tree or shrub which occurs relatively commonly in lowland and submontane woodland. It is an important cattle browse. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Arthrophyllum montanum Araliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) P A small tree of moist montane rainforest in Terengganu, Kelantan, Pahang and Kedah (Gunung Jerai). Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Arthrophyllum proliferum Araliaceae Papua New Guinea Known only from two collections, this medium-sized tree is confined to submontane rainforest on steep slopes in the Kuper range, Morobe District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031 VU D2 Arthrophyllum pulgarense Araliaceae Philippines Endemic to Palawan, the species is found on the upper part of Mount Pulgar at about 1200m. The main island is declared a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c, D2 Artocarpus blancoi Moraceae Philippines This species of lowland seasonal forest and thicket is used for timber and the production of pulp and paper. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919, 12937 VU Ald Artocarpus hypargyreus Moraceae VU Alcd China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan) A timber species which occurs in broadleaved deciduous woodland up to 1300m. Population numbers have declined because of overexploitation and habitat loss. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 19055 Artocarpus nobilis Moraceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to lowland rainforest in south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Artocarpus rubrovenus Moraceae Philippines A lowland forest species which yields keledang timber used for light construction. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919, 11145, 12937 VU Ald Artocarpus treculianus Moraceae Philippines A valuable source of keledang timber, this species occurs in lowland forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919, 11145, 12937 VU Ald Arytera nekorensis Sapindaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Asimina tetramera Annonaceae USA (Florida) A large shrub or small tree of scrub vegetation, occurring near the Atlantic coast in Jonathan Dickinson State Park, a Palm Beach County park and several privately owned areas. The total population consists of about 500 plants. The plant is adapted to disturbance, in the absence of which it becomes shaded out by oaks and pines. Although protected in Jonathan Dickinson State Park, elsewhere stands have become confined and scattered as the habitat has been cleared for commercial and residential development. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7078, 8400, 19167 EN C2a Aspidosperma curranii Apocynaceae Colombia, Panama Most records of the species come from Darién National Park, where small populations occur in lowland evergreen forest. There is little human or other impact here, although some small clearings have been made for cultivation. An occurrence is also reported from the Urab4 region in Columbia. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 4217, 15037, 16772 VU B1+2de Aspidosperma darienense Apocynaceae Panama Occurring in lowland evergreen rainforest, the species is known only from the Panama side of the Colombia- EN C2a Species Summaries Panama border. Although the entire population is contained within protected areas, it is restricted in range and numbers, particularly of larger individuals. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 Aspidosperma megalocarpon Apocynaceae LR/nt Belize, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Suriname, Venezuela A common canopy tree of lowland seasonal rainforest. The timber is exploited on a small scale. General habitat losses have been considerable in the last 50 years. Populations are considered threatened at a national level in Ecuador, Mexico and throughout Central America. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3917, 7140, 11449, 15037, 19161 Aspidosperma polyneuron Apocynaceae EN Alacd+2cd Argentina (Misiones), Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru Peroba rosa is a popular timber tree, which has suffered intense exploitation and habitat loss over the past few decades. The Brazilian populations are largely eroded. Populations in Colombia are seriously threatened. In Paraguay, the species was relatively recently described as one of the dominant components of some areas of forest, but here too rapid population declines have resulted in the species being hard to find and no longer commercially viable to exploit. In Argentina the species is rare and confined to the north of Misiones. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 4217, 4506, 5112, 7980, 19069, 19179, 19210 Aspidosperma triternatum Apocynaceae LR/nt Argentina, Paraguay The species is restricted to lowland dry forest in the Chaco of Argentina and neighbouring Paraguay. The species range may be extensive but the ecosystem is susceptible to damage caused by human activities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1262, 7980 Asteranthe asterias ssp. asterias Annonaceae Kenya, Tanzania This subspecies appears to be relatively widely spread along the Kenyan coast down through Tanzania to Zanzibar. It occurs in dry forests and Brachystegia woodland. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Asteranthe asterias ssp. triangularis Annonaceae Tanzania An endemic to the East Usambaras, the species is confined to patches of forest and also evergreen bushland on Sindeni Hill. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 9302 VU B1+2b The World List of Threatened Trees Asteranthos brasiliensis Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Colombia, Venezuela A species which grows quite abundantly, but only in flooded forest in the upper Rio Negro. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1503, 7980, 9632 LR/nt Asterogyne spicata Palmae Venezuela A palm tree of lowland rainforest, restricted to Guatopo National Park and Cerro Bachiller of Miranda State. Increasing settlement has caused habitat losses in some areas. No reports exist of occurrences elsewhere in suitable habitat types. Assessor: Stauffer, F. Refs: 19118 VU B1+2c Asterogyne yaracuyense Palmae Venezuela A small palm, up to 5m tall, restricted to cloud forest on the mountain ridge of Santa Maria and on La Chapa ridge in Yaracuy state. Two years ago, a team from the Herbario Nacional de Venezuela visited this area and found a massive deterioration of the habitat mainly due to agriculture and logging. This tree was not found in any of the neighbouring cloud forests and is presumed to have a very restricted distribution. Assessor: Stauffer, F. Refs: 19118 CR Alc, B1+2c, Cl Asterophorum mennegae Tiliaceae Suriname This small tree of evergreen seasonal forest is known from just two collections. The type specimen was gathered from a forest island in the Sipaliwini Savanna. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7951 VU D2 Astrocaryum alatum Palmae Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama A small palm tree common in the fragmented lowland rainforest found along the Atlantic coast. The main threat is the expansion of human habitation. It is possibly conspecific with A. alatum. Assessor: Henderson, A. Refs: 19118 LR/nt Astrocaryum minus Palmae Brazil (Amazonas), French Guiana An extremely rare single-stemmed palm of 2—5m height. The species occurs in the western Amazon basin and more recently two individuals were discovered on the Mont Grand Maroury, near Cayenne, French Guiana. The principal threats to remaining individuals are fire and logging. Assessor: de Granville, J.J Refs: 19118 CR D1 Astrocaryum triandrum Palmae Colombia A lowland rainforest palm, which occurs on alluvial plains or gentle slopes. Its distribution is currently EN B1+2c 70 restricted to forest fragments in the middle Magdalena River valley. The timber is harvested for local use. The main threats come from increasing agriculture and forest management. Assessor: Bernal, R. Refs: 19069, 19118 Astronidium degeneri Melastomataceae Fiji A shrub or tree often occurring in dry forest or forest edges along watercourses up to 900m. It is so far known from a few collections from western Viti Levu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 VU D2 Astronidium floribundum Melastomataceae Fiji A small tree known only from the type collection, which was gathered in 1927 from the south-eastern slope of Mount Korombamba on Viti Levu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 CR D1 Astronidium inflatum Melastomataceae Fiji Known only from Vanua Levu, the species occurs in dense forest or thickets on crests or open hillsides between 700 and 1030m. Only a few sites are known, each containing about 12 plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 CR DI Astronidium kasiense Melastomataceae Fiji The single collection known was gathered in 1934 on Mount Kasi in dense forest between 300 and 430m. The area has been exposed to mineral exploitation and the species may now be extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 CR D1 Astronidium lepidotum Melastomataceae Fiji A poorly known species, collected twice from the same locality in forest below 200m near the copper mine at Waimaro River, Viti Levu. It has not been seen since 1964. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5372, 5515, 6053, 18818 CR D1 Astronidium macranthum Melastomataceae Fiji Known from Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, the species occurs dry forest or forest edges up to 900m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 LR/nt Astronidium ovalifolium Melastomataceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) The species is known only from Raiatea. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Astronidium pallidiflorum Melastomataceae Fiji Known only from the type collection, the species is confined to an area of dense forest, between 50 and 150m, in the hills west of Waivunu Creek, Viti Levu. It has not been seen since 1953. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 CR DI Astronidium saulae Melastomataceae Fiji A slender tree localised in dense lowland forest at two sites on Viti Levu. One site of 27 plants on the southern slopes of Mount Korombamba was logged in 1980 but appears to be regenerating. The other site, consisting of 20 plants within an area of 10 x 20m, exists at Navua. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 15965, 18818 CR D1 Astronidium storckii Melastomataceae Fiji Except for the type collection at Ovalau, the species is known only from Viti Levu. It has been collected in dense forest and thickets on crests and ridges between 30 and 1153m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 LR/nt Astronidium tomentosum Melastomataceae Fiji Relatively rarely collected, this shrub or small tree is found in thickets on crests and summits, between 600 and 1200m. It occurs in a restricted area of Namosi Province in Viti Levu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 LR/nt Astronium urundeuva Anacardiaceae DD Argentina (Jujuy, Salta), Bolivia, Brazil (Bahia, Goids, Maranhéo, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Piaui, Sao Paulo), Paraguay A dominant component of *caatinga, also occurring widely in *cerrado. It is commercially overexploited for the decay-resistant dense wood. Large natural stands have become scarce in places. All size classes are exploited for a variety of uses: small trees for fencing and larger trees for railroad ties, posts and other construction work. Some taxonomists still refer to the species under the small genus Myracrodruon. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 1262, 4506, 5112, 11936, 12837, 13686, 14291, 15539, 19170 Atalaya capensis Sapindaceae South Africa (Eastern Cape) A small tree found in forest and bush, often on steep wooded hill slopes, in the vicinity of Port Elizabeth and supposedly further eastwards in the Transkei, although there are no records to confirm this. It has been recorded from several localities, at least two of which are now contained within protected areas. The extent of occurrence and number of mature trees have declined as a result of habitat loss through the invasion of LR/cd 71 Species Summaries introduced Acacia species. The future of the species should be secure provided that an alien eradication programme is maintained. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 Atalaya natalensis Sapindaceae South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal) A very scarce tree with a highly scattered distribution in patches of coastal escarpment forest, from near Port St John's in the Transkei, Eastern Cape, northwards to Ngome forest in Zululand, KwaZulu-Natal. It appears to be associated with granite outcrops, but at present is known from only five localities within an area of 100km?. Although most of the localities are contained within protected areas, the degree of protection afforded to them varies greatly. Uncontrolled activities, particularly cutting for firewood and timber, could rapidly result in the local demise of the species. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 VU D2 Ateleia gummifera Leguminosae Cuba An uncommon tree, up to 7m tall, occurring in the dry evergreen forests of Matanzas Province and eastern Cuba. Habitat declines have been considerable over the past decades. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 9522, 16327, 19149 EN Alc Ateleia popenoei Leguminosae Bahamas There is little information on this endemic to the Bahamas. There are still substantial areas which remain undeveloped on the islands and the species is not thought to be under threat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10173, 19207 DD Ateleia salicifolia Leguminosae Cuba A small tree, up to 8m tall, confined to the dry forests on the southern slopes of the Escambray mountain range in central Cuba. The habitat is degraded in places and felling or forest clearance is a constant threat. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 16327, 18485, 19149 VU B1+2c Ateramnus glandulosus Euphorbiaceae Cuba, Jamaica In Cuba this small tree is confined to the deeply eroded haystack mountain ranges of Pinar del Rio Province and the Isla de Pinos. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19118, 19149 VU B1+2c Ateramnus integer Euphorbiaceae Jamaica An uncommon species confined to remaining areas of thickets and woodlands on limestone in the central and LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees western parishes. General habitat declines have been considerable, mostly caused by increasing agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 Athrotaxis cupressoides Taxodiaceae Australia (Tasmania) A widespread taxon, which responds poorly to fires. About 80% of the population is contained within protected areas. The genus is endemic to Tasmania and comprises three species. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041, 17636 LR/nt Athrotaxis laxifolia Taxodiaceae Australia (Tasmania) The existence of this taxon is questioned by Tasmanian botanists, who believe it represents a hybrid of A. cupressoides and A. selaginoides. It is rarely encountered and occurs only in association with one or other of the latter two species. About 80% of the population is contained within protected areas. The genus is endemic to Tasmania and comprises three species. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041, 17636 LR/nt Athrotaxis selaginoides Taxodiaceae Australia (Tasmania) Although 83% of the entire population is contained within protected areas, the species has been observed to decline by 32% in less than 100 years through the effects of fire. No regeneration is evident after burning. The genus is endemic to Tasmania and comprises three species. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041, 13789 VUAIc Athyana weinmannifolia Sapindaceae Argentina, Bolivia Endemic to the piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and Bolivia, the species is confined to an unprotected ecosystem which is being rapidly replaced by agricultural systems. : Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 12837, 19122 VU B1+2ac Atkinsia cubensis Malvaceae Cuba This tree was formerly common in areas of lowland semi-deciduous forest throughout Cuba. As a result of buming and grazing, the habitat has been largely replaced by secondary savanna. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19118, 19149 EN Alc Attalea crassispatha Palmae Haiti A palm tree of lowland forest in river valleys, confined to the south-west peninsula of Haiti. In 1996, fewer than 30 individuals were found in two adjacent river valleys. The species is threatened by encroaching agriculture and local exploitation of the edible seeds. It is in cultivation CR DI 1? at the Fairchild Tropical Garden, but the mature palms do not flower. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118, 19166 Attalea septuagenata Palmae Colombia Confined to Rio Miriti-Paran4, the species occurs in lowland rainforest. It has previously been listed as endangered according to the old IUCN Red List Categories. However, it has not been possible to attain an accurate reflection of the species’ abundance and Status since it is located in a remote and poorly-visited area. Assessor: Bernal, R. Refs: 19118 DD Attalea tessmannii Palmae Brazil (Acre), Peru Widespread in the western Amazon region, this palm tree grows in lowland *terra firme rainforest. It is possibly of hybrid origin. Assessor: Henderson, A. Refs: 19118 LR/nt Atuna cordata Chrysobalanaceae Malaysia (Sabah) This large tree is locally common on ultramafic soils up to 1200m. It is endemic to Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Atuna elliptica Chrysobalanaceae Fiji Endemic to Viti Levu in Fiji, this small tree has been recorded rarely from areas of open forest, often near streams, below 100m. Trees have a number of uses: the timber is used locally for poles or posts, while the leafy branches can be used as thatch. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18818 VU D2 Atuna indica Chrysobalanaceae India (Tamil Nadu) The species has been recorded only twice from a small area of submontane evergreen forest to the north-west of the Nilgiri range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Atuna penangiana Chrysobalanaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia, inhabiting lowland and hill rainforest. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 5550, 19073 VU B1+2c Atuna travancorica Chrysobalanaceae India (Tamil Nadu) Collections of the species are concentrated on the Travancore Hills, just to the north of Agastyamalai. There is also a single record of it further north in the EN B1+2c range. It was noted to be scarce at the tum of the century and few, if any, more recent records have been made, despite the area being relatively well surveyed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6431, 14276, 19144 Aubregrinia taiensis Sapotaceae Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana Scattered in moist semi-deciduous forest, this large tree is very rare and declining in numbers. In Cote d'Ivoire it is known only from a few specimens in Tai National Park, a World Heritage Site, where its regeneration is observed to be poor. The habitat in both countries has substantially decreased in extent because of logging and agricultural encroachment. It is the sole member of the genus and the only close relative of Breviea, which is also a monotypic genus. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 2773, 8854, 12061, 12822 CR B1+2c Aucoumea klaineana Burseraceae Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Okoumé occurs abundantly in an area covering west and central Gabon and small areas of neighbouring countries. It continues to be Gabon's most important commercial timber. Repeated felling has led to the deterioration of the gene pool in certain areas. There is some concern as to the long-term status of the species. Assessor: White, L. Refs: 5595, 13947, 17408, 19043 VU Alcd Auerodendron jamaicense Rhamnaceae Jamaica The species is confined to coastal woodlands on limestone and sand dunes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Auerodendron pauciflorum Rhamnaceae Puerto Rico A small tree from a single site of woodland on a limestone cliff. There are 10 individuals in the population, the majority of which are on land owned by a development company. The trees have not been seen to seed but efforts are being made to cultivate the plant from tissue culture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3786, 7980, 17124 CR DI Aulacocalyx pallens ssp. pallens Rubiaceae Sao Tomé & Principe Rarely collected, the taxon is known from submontane forest in two locations, S. Pedro and S. Nicolau. It is noticeably absent from recent collections, although large areas of Sao Tomé remain to be explored. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724 VU D2 Aureliana fasciculata Solanaceae LR/cd Brazil (Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo) A frequent species of Atlantic coastal vegetation types in 73 Species Summaries the south and south-east. It protected areas. Assessor: Carvalho, L.d'A.F. Refs: 19098, 19103 occurs in a number of Austrobuxus cracens Euphorbiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VUDI Austrobuxus montis-do Euphorbiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 LR/cd Austrocedrus chilensis Cupressaceae Argentina, Chile (Biobio, Los Lagos) A species of submontane woodland and scrub, known to occur in two separate localities in Chile: Antuco in Biobfo and further south in Valdivia, Los Lagos, and also over the border in Questrihue in Argentina. Declines in population numbers have been reported, at least in Argentina, caused by logging and habitat loss through fires, grazing and replanting with exotic conifers: 85% of the Argentinian population occurs outside protected areas and is being actively exploited. Insect predation of the seed is also, apparently, affecting regeneration in the wild and in small plantations. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 4893, 11147, 13041 VU Alc Austromyrtus horizontalis Myrtaceae New Caledonia Confined to a few locations in sclerophyllous woodlands the species has experienced the severe reduction and fragmentation of its habitat. It remains ineffectively protected and threatened by fire, grazing and encroaching agriculture. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351 VU B1+2c Austromyrtus lotoides Myrtaceae New Caledonia Confined to a few locations in sclerophyllous woodlands the species has experienced the severe reduction and fragmentation of its habitat. It remains ineffectively protected and threatened by fire, grazing and encroaching agriculture. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351 VU B1+2c Autranella congolensis Sapotaceae Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Nigeria A relatively rare rainforest species. Heavy exploitation for the timber is the main cause of its decline. The seeds are used locally and traded as rattles for dancers. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2362, 2773, 6718, 17408 CR Alcd Avicennia lanata Avicenniaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Found throughout Peninsular Malaysia, this species VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees grows in open clusters in moist coastal forest. Tourism and housing developments are this species’ greatest threats. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 5550, 11647, 17214, 19073 Axinaea merianiae Melastomataceae Ecuador An endemic of the High Andes in Ecuador, inhabiting cloud forest between 2200m and 3715m in the provinces of Pichincha, Morona-Santiago, Cafiar, Azuay and Loja. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Axinaea nitida Melastomataceae Peru Restricted to the departments of Amazonas, Cajamarca and Hudnuco, the species occurs at middle elevations in disturbed areas of forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 LR/nt Axinaea pauciflora Melastomataceae VU Bl1+2c Ecuador A rare tree species which is endemic to montane forest in the Ecuadorean High Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 Axinaea sclerophylla Melastomataceae Ecuador A rare species of tree or shrub, restricted to the High Andes of Ecuador, where it occurs in the montane forest zone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Axinaea sessilifolia Melastomataceae Ecuador A rare tree species which is endernic to the High Andes of Ecuador. , Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Axinandra zeylanica Crypteroniaceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Ayenia laevigata var. acuminata Sterculiaceae Jamaica A variant of a Jamaican endemic. It grows largely as a shrub, in thickets on rocky limestone hillsides in Trelawny. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 7980 EN B1+2c 74 Ayenia laevigata var. laevigata Sterculiaceae Jamaica The type variety of a shrubby endemic, which is confined to remnants of dry lowland thicket and woodland on limestone in St Andrew and St Thomas Parishes. Almost all forest areas have been deforested or severely degraded. Assessor: Bellingham, P. Refs: 401, 7980, 19116 VU B1+2c Baccaurea glabrifolia Euphorbiaceae Philippines An endemic tree of Palawan, found on forested slopes at low altitude. The main island is declared a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c Baccaurea hookeri Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A rare species of lowland rainforest, recorded from Perak and Johore in Peninsular Malaysia. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 9199, 17140, 19073 LR/cd Baccaurea latifolia Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A lowland rainforest species, which has been rarely collected. In Peninsular Malaysia it is known from Terengganu and Perak. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 9199, 19073 LR/cd Baccaurea odoratissima Euphorbiaceae Philippines An endemic tree of Palawan, found on forested slopes at low altitude. The main island is declared a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c Baccaurea polyneura Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Records of the species come from Perak and Melaka. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 LR/cd Bactris coloniata Palmae Colombia, Panama, Peru Occurring in lowland dry forest, the species is mainly threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat through forest management activities, increasing agriculture and settlement. Assessor: Bernal, R. Refs: 19118 VU B1+2c Bactris jamaicana Palmae Jamaica Restricted to John Crow Mountain and Cockpit Country, this rare palm tree grows in submontane rainforest VU A2c between 300 and 750m. The species can survive forest degradation and destruction and is reputed to grow in pastures. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 Bactris longiseta Palmae Costa Rica A small palm tree of lowland rainforest, occurring up to 1000m in Alajuela, Heredia and Limén. The species is scarce and threatened by habitat destruction and disturbance. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 VU A2c Bactris nancibensis Palmae French Guiana A small multi-stemmed palm found in the understorey of swamp forest. Only two specimens are known: occurring south of the Cayenne area. One has been transplanted to Orstom Botanical Garden, where it has been observed to flower. The other specimen is located close to a road where it may come under threat from logging activities or clearing for settlement and agriculture. Assessor: de Granville, J.J Refs: 19118 CRDI Bactris pickelii Palmae Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Pernambuco, Sergipe) A small palm tree, up to 2.5m tall, scattered in lowland Atlantic rainforest and *restinga up to 500m. Populations have been greatly reduced because of building work and plantation agriculture near the coast. The species does not survive outside the rainforest. Assessor: Noblick, L. VU Alc Espirito Santo, Paraiba, Refs: 19118 Bactris setulosa Palmae LR/nt Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela A widely occurring palm tree of rainforest up to 1700m. It occurs in many areas which have been subject to habitat clearance. Assessor: Henderson, A. Refs: 19118 Badula crassa Myrsinaceae Mauritius, Réunion A treelet known from two sites of rocky sclerophyllous woodland, one in Tourelle du Tamarin Mountain in the south-west and the other, only recently discovered, in Yemen. Neither population consists of more than 10 individuals. There has not been any seed production and propagation by cuttings has failed. Information is lacking on the population on Réunion. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 CR Cl, Dl 75 Species Summaries Badula platyphylla Myrsinaceae Mauritius A cloud forest tree once known from the Savanne and Mount Cocotte range. Recent searches for the species throughout its known range have failed to uncover any individuals. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 EX Badula reticulata Myrsinaceae Mauritius Just five individuals appear to remain of this cloud forest treelet, three in the Savanne range, where an 8ha conservation area has now been designated, and single plants have been recently discovered at Macchabe and Mount Cocotte. No flowering or seeding individuals have been observed and propagation has not been possible. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 CRDI1 Bafodeya benna Chrysobalanaceae Guinea, Sierra Leone A monotypic species endemic to upland areas between 700 and 1000m in Guinea and neighbouring Sierra Leone. There is little information on its population status. Few areas exist which are not threatened with overcutting and agricultural activities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10090 VU B1+2c Baikiaea ghesquiereana Leguminosae Tanzania The only record of the species is from coastal forest in the Matumbi Hills, within Namakutwa and Tong'omba Forest Reserves (46km? and 25km? respectively). The former is a productive reserve: forest on the plateau continues to be cleared for agriculture and illegal logging has been occurring in the more riverine areas. The latter also experiences some agricultural encroachment but its boundaries are being cleared, which will help to prevent further declines. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 2459, 16796 EN B1+2c Baikiaea plurijuga Leguminosae Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe The dominant species of lowland tropical forest on Kalahari sands. Its timber is known as Zambezi teak. The forests are now degraded and considerably diminished because of increased logging over the last 50 years. Older individuals are also scarce. However, the range of the species has declined fractionally as it can regenerate in modified habitat types and also coppices well. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16608, 17335 LR/nt Baillonella toxisperma Sapotaceae Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Nigeria Moabi is restricted to areas of primary evergreen and old secondary rainforest. The species is overexploited for its timber and is seriously declining in large parts of its VU Alcd The World List of Threatened Trees range. It is the second most important exported wood in Gabon. Amongst other local uses the tree produces edible oil which can fetch high market prices. Maturation rates are slow: 90-100 years, and regeneration occurs only under a closed canopy. Minimum exploitable diameters have been set in several countries. Baillonella is a monotypic genus endemic to the Guinea—Congolian Regional Centre of Endemism. Assessor: White, L. Refs: 2362, 2773, 6718, 17408, 19043 Balaka macrocarpa Palmae Fiji A palm of submontane dense forest, confined to Viti Levu. Its habitat is severely reduced because of conversion to agriculture and forestry plantations. Assessor: Fuller, D. Refs: 19118 CR Alc Balaka microcarpa Palmae Fiji Occurring in dense lowland forest over a very narrow altitudinal range, the species is confined to localities on Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. Its habitat is severely reduced because of conversion to agriculture and forestry plantations. Assessor: Fuller, D. Refs: 19118 EN Alc Balanops balansae Balanopaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 LR/cd Balfourodendron riedelianum Rutaceae EN Alacd+2cd Argentina, Brazil (Parand, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Paraguay A common species of lowland forest along the banks of the Parana and Uruguay River systems. It also extends into *cerrado. The species has become scarce in places because of overexploitation of the timber and deforestation, but it is still reported to occur in abundance in a large part of its range. The genus is under taxonomic review. : Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 4506, 13947, 19179 Baloghia pininsularis Euphorbiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Balsamocitrus camerunensis Rutaceae Cameroon, Central African Republic A small forest tree known from occurrences at Batouri and Bertona in the Eastern Province of Cameroon and from Boukoko in Central African Republic. Little is known on the status of the populations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12597 DD 76 Balthasaria mannii Theaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (S40 Tomé) Endemic to Sao Tomé, this species occurs in rainforests from 1300m to the summit of Pico. There are no significant threats, although the forest below 1500m was largely cleared at the beginning of the century. The genus is represented elsewhere only by an East African Afromontane species of restricted range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2421 VU D2 Balthasaria schliebenii Theaceae Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania Isolated populations are known from forested areas in the Uluguru Mountains, West Usambara Mountains and the Albertine Rift. There is a distinct variance between the populations but it is not thought to be taxonomically significant. The only other member of the genus is endemic to Sao Tomé. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 LR/nt Banara brasiliensis Flacourtiaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) Known only from Rio de Janeiro, the species has been recorded from littoral habitats and small mountains. The paucity of recent collections suggests that the species has become scarce. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 7980, 19099 VU B1+2ac Banara ibaguensis Flacourtiaceae Colombia Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Banara vanderbiltii Flacourtiaceae Puerto Rico A horticulturally attractive small tree, known from two populations in the wild, accounting for about 18 individuals. One population occurs on a moist limestone hill, where it may be under potential threat from quarrying. Grazing and farming are also concerns. The numbers of plants in cultivation, mostly located in Fairchild Tropical Garden, exceed those in the wild. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17124 CR D1 Banara wilsonii Flacourtiaceae Cuba An endemic shrub which rarely attains the size of a small tree. It occurs in coastal and subcoastal dry evergreen forests and scrub in the Puerto Padre area of central Cuba. The habitat is severely degraded in many places and the remaining areas continue to be susceptible to cutting and clearing. Development for tourism is the present major threat. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19149 EN B1+2c Baphia abyssinica Leguminosae Ethiopia, Sudan A small tree, common in places, restricted to small enclaves of moist forest on the north-western highlands of Ethiopia and adjacent parts of Sudan on the Boma Plateau and MountTomadur. Large expanses of this forest in Ethiopia have been replaced by coffee plantations in the last two decades. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 2361, 18523 VU Alc Baphia dewildeana Leguminosae Cameroon, Nigeria A forest species scattered within an area extending from south-east Nigeria into Cameroon. It is not recorded in the Oban Hills and its habitat outside protected areas has experienced heavy declines because of logging and clearing for commercial and subsistence agriculture. The present status of remaining populations is unknown and may be more seriously threatened. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11504 VU Alc, B1+2c Baphia heudelotiana Leguminosae Guinea, Senegal A shrub or small tree of dry savanna and dry river beds, known from few collections, the precise localities of which are unknown. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773 VU B1+2c Baphia incerta ssp. lebrunii Leguminosae Democratic Republic of Congo This subspecies is endemic to the Kivu Plateau in DR Congo, where it occurs in the transitional zone between forest and savanna between 1000 and 1350m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7550 VU D2 Baphia keniensis Leguminosae Kenya A shrub or tree of riverine forest, endemic to the central mountains of Kenya. Populations in Meru National Park are protected, although tourism may exert some pressure on them. Elsewhere there is no protection and some threat from habitat clearance and land development. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1308, 6396, 13072, 17859 VU B1+2c Baphia kirkii Leguminosae Kenya?, Mozambique, Tanzania The range of this coastal forest species extends from eastern Tanzania and Mafia Island to northern Mozambique. The populations in Mozambique may be extensive. Much of the habitat has suffered from conversion to agriculture and local exploitation. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 2459, 3356, 5117, 7550, 8814 VU B1+2b Ui Species Summaries Baphia latiloi Leguminosae Cameroon, Nigeria A small forest tree which occurs within a range extending from south-east Nigeria just into Cameroon. Populations in the Oban Hills, in Cross River National Park, are protected. There has been extensive deforestation in the surrounding area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4977, 11504 VU Alc, B1+2c Baphia leptostemma ssp. leptostemma Leguminosae Cameroon, Gabon A species of coastal forest occurring in one location in eastern Cameroon and further south around Libreville in Gabon. There have been large declines in the extent of this habitat, mainly through logging. The present status of these populations, if they are still extant, is uncertain. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9001 VU B1+2c Baphia leptostemma var. conraui Leguminosae Cameroon A species for which there is little information and few collections. It is found in the mountains in the west. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9001 VU D2 Baphia macrocalyx Leguminosae VU B1+2b Mozambique, Tanzania Ranging from south-east Tanzania to northern Mozambique, this species is found only in patches of dry forest. The habitat has suffered extensively from the exploitation of timber resources and agricultural encroachment. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 10961 Baphia marceliana ssp. marquesii Leguminosae VU D2 Angola Only a single collection has been made of this subspecies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7550, 9001 Baphia obanensis Leguminosae Cameroon, Nigeria A morphologically unusual and rare Baphia species, which is confined to an area extending from south-east Nigeria into adjacent parts of Cameroon. The Nigerian population occurs in the Oban Hills, in Cross River National Park. Unprotected forest has been heavily logged and taken over for cultivation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4977, 11504 VU Alc, B1+2c Baphia pauloi Leguminosae Tanzania A coastal forest tree only known from Kimboza forest, a 4km? patch of forest in the foothills of the Uluguru Mountains. The forest has been heavily logged for valuable timber in the past and the planted Cedrela has become invasive. The surrounding area is densely EN C2b, D1 The World List of Threatened Trees populated and there is a strong demand for land to cultivate. There are now two forest guards working under the Tanzanian Catchment Forest Project to prevent illegal logging, cutting and encroachment. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 2459, 5204, 16796 Baphia puguensis Leguminosae Tanzania Endemic to the Pugu Hills, the population is likely to be confined to the remaining forested areas contained within the Pugu (22km?) and Kazimzumbwi (49km?). These areas are heavily disturbed by previous logging and charcoal production, and by industrial, agricultural, military and mining activities. A conservation programme and the employment of forest guards has halted further exploitation. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 2459, 3356, 5204 EN B1+2c Baphia punctulata ssp. punctulata Leguminosae Tanzania This subspecies is restricted to a single area of dry coastal forest in south-east Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 7550 VU B1+2b Baphia semseiana Leguminosae Tanzania A coastal forest species known from the vicinity of Ifakara and Tiriani Fall in southern Tanzania. The area is not well explored. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 2459, 3356, 7550 VU B1+2b, D2 Baphia speciosa Leguminosae Zambia An endemic to north Zambia, where the species is confined to a restricted range of scrub and thicket on sandy soil occurring at altitudes between 900 and 1000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7550, 9001 VU D2 Barleria popovii Acanthaceae Yemen (Socotra) Endemic to the Haggier Mountains, the species occurs very rarely, as a small tree or shrub in montane thickets. The populations are stable. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 19083 VU D2 Barringtonia payensiana Lecythidaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) An endemic of Peninsular Malaysia, confined to lowland primary rainforest in Selangor and Perak. This species is known only from two collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19073 VU D2 78 Basselinia favieri Palmae New Caledonia This species is confined to a small area on Mont Banié. Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 19118 VU D1 Basselinia humboldtiana Palmae New Caledonia Although the species is confined to a small area in the south-east, it is effectively protected in a national park. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 19118 LR/cd Basselinia iterata Palmae New Caledonia A species occurring as solitary individuals in wet forest on ridges on schist or mica-schist soils, confined to the north-east. Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 19118 VU D2 Basselinia porphyrea Palmae New Caledonia A localised species, confined to the south-west, where it is found in wet forest on serpentine between 900 and 950m. It is effectively protected within a national park. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 19118 LR/cd Basselinia tomentosa Palmae New Caledonia This species is confined to a schistose ridge between 1000 and 1100m on Mount Nakada. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 19118 VU D2 Basselinia vestita Palmae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU D2 Bauhinia augusti Leguminosae Peru A species currently known only from the type collection taken from disturbed areas of lowland forest and shrublands in the Cajamarca region of the Peruvian Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Bauhinia bowkeri Leguminosae South Africa (Eastern Cape) Historically, this scrambling shrub or small tree was known from a few localities along the Eastern Cape coast (mainly in the Transkei), where it occurred in riverine scrub. At present it is known from a single locality, where there are 20 mature plants. It is probable that the species will be discovered in other localities. VU D2 The observed declines have been largely caused by cutting for firewood and grazing by livestock. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 Bauhinia integerrima Leguminosae Brazil (Bahia) The distribution of this species is restricted, occurring in Atlantic forest in the south of the state. The habitat appears to have been taken over by commerical crops and the current status of remaining populations is uncertain. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19098, 19100 EN B1+2c Bauhinia loeseneriana Leguminosae Tanzania Endemic to coastal forest in Tanzania, this species is known only from four sites. One population is protected, occurring in Rondo Forest Reserve (140km?), where human activities have caused extensive disturbance in the past but are presently discouraged by an active forestry programme. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 16796 VU B1+2b, D2 Bauhinia mombassae Leguminosae Kenya A small tree of rocky riverine areas, reportedly common in places. Populations are known from Shimba Hills National Reserve, Kaya Rabai, a locality along Mwache River and Mkongani North. Of these four sites, only Kaya Rabai is not legally protected. There is a threat of habitat degradation and increasing elephant numbers could also pose a problem. Assessor: CAMP Workshop in Kenya Refs: 19181 EN B1+2c Bauhinia paradisi Leguminosae Honduras A species of doubtful nomenclature, known only from an area of dry submontane forest. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 CR C2a Beauprea congesta Proteaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN D1 Beauprea crassifolia Proteaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU D2 Beccariella brevipedicellata Sapotaceae New Caledonia The genus has been moved to Pouteria. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 10781 EN B1+2c 79 Species Summaries Beccariophoenix madagascariensis Palmae Madagascar Only two populations are known, occurring in Mantady and the south-west. The timber, food and fibre are of local use. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 CR B1+2cd Behaimia cubensis Leguminosae Cuba A slow-growing shrub or tree found only occasionally in woodlands and dry evergreen forests on dog-tooth limestone, rocky terraces and cliffs. The species has been overexploited for its hard, precious wood. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 9522, 16327, 19149 EN Alcd Beilschmiedia ambigua Lauraceae Democratic Republic of Congo A rare species found in one locality of gallery forest along the Pweto to Moba road on the Marungu Plateau, situated on the western shores of Lake Tanganyika. There are serious threats of habitat degradation because of logging and the erosion of stream banks caused by cattle. Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Refs: 17185, 17951 VU B1+2b, D2 Beilschmiedia bracteata Lauraceae Democratic Republic of Congo Known only from a single locality, the species exists in equatorial swamp forest along the Congo River in the Lulonga region. Overcutting and encroaching agriculture are putting pressure on the habitat. Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Refs: 17185, 17951 VU D2 Beilschmiedia brevipes Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Recorded from Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang by a single collection from each state, the species grows in lowland forest between the altitudes of 30 and 60m. It may receive a degree of protection within permanent forest reserves or virgin jungle.reserves. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Beilschmiedia giorgii Lauraceae Democratic Republic of Congo A species which seems to be rare and known from a single locality in closed *terra firme forest north of the Forestier Centrale at Likimi. There are some threats of overcutting and encroaching agriculture. The leaves are popular locally for greasing the skin. Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Refs: 17185, 17951 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Beilschmiedia kweo Lauraceae Tanzania A large tree confined to moist submontane forest in the East Usambara Mountains and the North Udzungwa Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Beilschmiedia mayumbensis Lauraceae Democratic Republic of Congo A Mayombe endemic occurring in modified old forest in the Luki area, where there is a forest reserve. The surrounding area is densely populated and there are heavy demands on the forest for timber and charcoal production and also land for agriculture. Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Refs: 7221, 17951 VU B1+2c, D2 Beilschmiedia membranacea Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A hill forest tree known only from two collections, originating from Pahang and Perak. The species is believed to be protected in permanent forest reserves and/or Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Beilschmiedia penangiana Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This species is known from a single collection from Penare Bukit, Penang at about 300m. Most parts of Penang have been developed since the collection was made, so the species’ existence is uncertain. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 CR B1+2c Beilschmiedia ugandensis Lauraceae VU A2d Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda A species well known for its timber. It occurs in forests, usually in swampy areas. The tree is felled to make dugout canoes. It is also used in mine shafts and as a fuelwood. The levels of exploitation, notably in Uganda, as well as a general decline in the extent or condition of the habitat, are major threats. Assessor: *MUIENR Refs: 9605 Beilschmiedia vermoesenii Lauraceae Democratic Republic of Congo A rare endemic to Mayombe, occurring in remaining areas of closed forest. This habitat has been greatly reduced in extent because of logging and agriculture: 35% of the forest was under concession in 1980. Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Refs: 5651, 17185, 17951 VU B1+2b, D2 Beilschmiedia zeylanica Lauraceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sri Lanka. During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, the species was EN B1+2c 80 found only in three localities in Ratnapura, Matara and Kalutara Districts. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195, 19112 Belairia parvifolia Leguminosae Cuba Populations of this shrub or small tree are restricted to the dry forests and scrublands on limestone terraces in Pilén in Granma Province. The species is still locally common, but the habitat has declined and is threatened by overcutting and tourism-related development. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU B1+2c Belonophora talbotii Rubiaceae Nigeria The species range appears to be confined to the Oban Hills in Cross River National Park. Large-scale deforestation and clearance for crops have taken place extensively outside the park boundaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 4977 VU B1+2c Bennettiodendron cordatum Flacourtiaceae Viet Nam Endemic to north Viet Nam, the species is found in a number of localities in Lang Son, Quang Ninh, Hoa Binh and Ha Tay. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 11530 VU B1+2c Bentinckia condapanna Palmae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A single-stemmed palm tree, confined to the southern Western Ghats, where it occurs on slopes in moist evergreen hill forest. The species is locally traded as an omamental. It is also present in protected areas and planted in several botanic gardens. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118, 19144 VU Alc Bentinckia nicobarica Palmae India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Nicobar Is.) A palm of importance oramentally, known only from Great Nicobar Island. No recent collections exist and increasing settlement has caused habitat losses. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 EN C2a Berberis dryandriphylla Berberidaceae Peru A species known only from the Andes in Cuzco, between 2000 and 3000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Berberis nilghiriensis Berberidaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A poorly known species, recorded only once, from an unspecified location in the Nilgiri Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8483, 16435, 19144 CR B1+2c Berlinia coriacea Leguminosae Nigeria Occurring in swampy forests, this small tree with showy flowers is recorded only from south-western Nigeria. Large-scale deforestation and clearing for commercial and subsistence agriculture in the country have caused a rapid decline in all forest types. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 7550, 11504 VU B1+2ac Berlinia hollandii Leguminosae Nigeria A rare forest tree, apparently endemic to south-eastern Nigeria. Current information indicates that it does not occur in the Oban Hills in Cross River National Park. Unprotected areas have been heavily logged and cleared for agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 7550, 11504 EN B1+2c Berlinia occidentalis Leguminosae VU Alc, B1+2c Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone Confined to wet lowland evergreen forest from Sierra Leone to Ghana, this species is restricted largely to swampy areas. The general loss of its habitat, because of commercial forestry activities and mining, has been extensive. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 7550, 8369, 12061 Berlinia orientalis Leguminosae Mozambique, Tanzania Populations are known to occur in dry forest in south- east Tanzania and further south in neighbouring Mozambique. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Bersama rosea Melianthaceae Tanzania A cloud forest species endemic to the South Udzungwa Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204 VU B1+2b Bersama swynnertonii Melianthaceae Zimbabwe A species apparently endemic to Zimbabwe, where it is rare, and confined to areas of moist forest. Populations occur in Chirinda forest, on *kloofs near the Chimanimani Mountains and more commonly in forest near Stapleford. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6725, 18965 EN B1+2c, D1 81 Species Summaries Bertholletia excelsa Lecythidaceae VU Alacd+2cd Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amap4, Amazonas, Maranhdo, Mato Grosso, Paré, Rond6énia), Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela A widely occurring emergent of the Amazonian forest, the Brazil nut tree has experienced major declines in its population because of deforestation. One of the greatest concentrations of trees exists in Tocantins valley where various activities, from the construction of the transamazon railway to the building of a reservoir, have brought about a shrinking in the gene pool. An area of 200,000ha in south Par4 has been purchased by the government with the aim of settling landless farmers. Trees remaining in the vast cattle ranches of Pard and Acre are neglected and dying. Large natural stands, however, still exist in northern Bolivia and the species is locally abundant in Suriname. There are also various populations in protected areas and on protected corporate properties. The production of Brazil nuts more than halved between 1970 and 1980, apparently because of deforestation. Almost all Brazil nuts consumed around the world still come from wild trees. Little is known about the impact of seed gathering on regeneration, but it clearly can be detrimental under some regimes where agoutis, the natural disperser of the the Brazil nut, are hunted or chased away. There have been relatively few successes at establishing plantations. The sustainable harvesting of nuts by indigenous people in extractive forest reserves offers the most promising protection for the remaining natural stands. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 3791, 4506, 6493, 13947, 15539, 16121, 19170, 19179, 19183, 19196, 19211 Bertiera pauloi Rubiaceae Tanzania A small montane forest tree. It is known from the Uluguru and Udzungwa Mountains Populations are confined to Muraihara and Lulanda in the Udzungwa Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Betula browicziana Betulaceae Georgia, Turkey A species of montane areas. Assessor: Giiner, A. Refs: 3489, 4863, 19165 LR/cd Betula halophila Betulaceae China (Xinjiang) Only recently discovered, the species occurs in Balibagai where it is the only tree species found in wet alkaline land dominated by herbaceous vegetation. The population was apparently reduced to one sprouting stump when the site was taken over for farming. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 CR Ala, B1+2e, C2b, D1 Betula oycoviensis Betulaceae VU Alae Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Poland, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine A taxon of hybrid origin with parent taxa B. pendula and B. szaferi, the second of which appears to be known only The World List of Threatened Trees from specimens in a botanic garden. The hybrid occurs at forest edges and in birch groves wherever the two parent species have met in the past. In Poland the number of localities known has halved and the total population is now estimated to number 350 individuals. Regeneration is generally poor but has been observed in certain places. Assessor: Boratynski, A. Refs: 2915, 5226, 5287, 7222 Betula pendula ssp. fontqueri Betulaceae Morocco, Spain A species of dry montane woodland occurring in three mountain systems in Spain, the Sistema Central, Sierra Nevada and Sierra de Cazorla and possibly also the Sierra Moreno, and in the Rif Mountains in Morocco. The populations are small and dispersed. The spread of housing developments, as well as decline in water availability, fires, cutting and tourism, pose serious threats. A reintroduction progamme is being developed at Cordoba Botanic Garden. Assessor: Vivero, J.L. et al. Refs: 7741 EN B1+2c, C2a Betula pendula var. parvibracteata Betulaceae Spain A taxon restricted to areas of lowland dry forest along Rio Estena in Montes de Toledo and to the Sierra de Rio Frio in the Sierra Morena. Some populations are protected, others are exposed to housing and tourist developments, declines in water availability and fires. Assessor: Vivero, J.L. et al. Refs: 7741 EN B1+2c, C2a Betula raddeana Betulaceae Georgia, Russia Scattered throughout pine, mixed or beech forest in the subalpine belt of the central Caucasus range, this widespread species is represented by relatively large population numbers but occupies a range which is declining. The main threats to the species are grazing and cutting for timber and firewood. It is listed as rare (Status 3) in the Red Data Book of Russia and USSR and occurs in several reserves. Assessor: Firsov, G.A. Refs: 1956, 19056 LR/nt Betula recurvata Betulaceae Turkey A endemic to Hatila National Park. Assessor: Giiner, A. & J. Zielinski Refs: 3489, 19165 LR/nt Betula szaferi Betulaceae Poland No wild populations are presently known, but there is a specimen planted in Krakow Botanical Garden. It is also thought to be possible to reconstruct the taxon from the natural hybrid, B. oycoviensis, produced when B. szaferi and B. pendula are crossed. Although the hybrid still EW 82 occurs in the wild in several central European countries, the parent species evidently do not still coexist in the wild. Assessor: Boratynski, A. Refs: 2915, 4839 Betula uber Betulaceae USA (Virginia) Described in 1918 and subsequently thought to have become extinct, the species was rediscovered along the banks of Cressy Creek in 1975. The population is found in highly disturbed second-growth forest along a 1km stretch of the river owned by private and federal government parties. The number of individuals has been reduced from 41 to 11. Protective measures are in place and a large-scale replanting programme has resulted in the establishment of 20 populations of subadult trees. The species is interfertile with B. lenta and introduced populations contain hybrids. It is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6013, 19167 CR D1 Bhesa ceylanica Celastraceae Sri Lanka A fairly common species occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195 VU Alc Bhesa nitidissima Celastraceae Sri Lanka A rare species restricted to lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sri Lanka. During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, only one individual was found in a single forest reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3181, 17195, 19112 CR B1+2c Bhesa sinica Celastraceae China (Guangxi) A relatively recently discovered monoecious species known only from a single tree which apparently has flowered and set seed, although seldom. It grows on a hillside at an altitude of 50m in Nankan near the coast. As far as is known, the tree is given no protection. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11847 CR D1 Bicuiba oleifera Myristicaceae Brazil This monotypic genus is quite widespread but restricted to the threatened Atlantic coastal forests of south-east Brazil. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 18187 EN Alc Bidens hendersonensis var. hendersonensis Compositae Pitcairn Islands A caulescent shrub or tree endemic to Henderson Island and occurring with var. subspathulata in gaps in the plateau forest. The population of both varieties together is calculated to be about 40,000 individuals. VU D2 Regeneration appears to be good, although the species appears to be monocarpic. Henderson Island is a World Heritage Site. Assessor: Waldren, S. Refs: 12900, 13604, 16427 Bidens hendersonensis var. oenoensis Compositae Pitcairn Islands A caulescent tree or shrub endemic to Oeno Island, where it occurs in Argusia argentea/Pisonia grandis formations. A botanical expedition in 1991 failed to find any living specimens despite thorough searches. A sterile specimen was found in 1997 in the south-west of the island. Natural vegetation changes may be the cause of the evident scarcity of the species. Henderson Island is a World Heritage Site. Assessor: Waldren, S. & N. Kingston Refs: 5259, 13604, 19154 CR DI Bidens hendersonensis var. subspathulata Compositae Pitcairn Islands This variety is endemic to Henderson Island and occurs with the type variety in open gaps in the plateau forest. The total number of individuals of the two varieties together has been calculated to be about 40,000. Regeneration appears to be good, although the species is possibly monocarpic. Henderson Island is a World Heritage Site. Assessor: Waldren, S. Refs: 12900, 16427 VU D2 Bikkia kaalaensis Rubiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Bikkia lenormandii Rubiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Bikkia pachyphylla Rubiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 LR/cd Bivinia jalbertii Flacourtiaceae Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Zimbabwe A tree of the evergreen forest, known from restricted localities in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. It is a little More widespread in Kenya in Diani, Mrima and Witu. The Madagascan material could be genetically different. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 19172 LR/nt Blakea brunnea Melastomataceae Honduras, Panama In Panama the species occurs in cloud forest in the high mountains of Chiriqui, Bocas del Toro and Veraguas Provinces, occurring between 1500 and 2300m. It appears to be more or less common but the area is influenced by human activities and ranching. EN C2a 83 Species Summaries *TROPICOS records the species from Honduras but nothing more is known about this occurrence. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 3913, 7272, 7980, 16772 Blakea granatensis Melastomataceae Colombia An endemic to Cundinamarca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 CR B1+2c Blakea oldemanii Melastomataceae Ecuador Endemic to Pichincha Province, Ecuador, this small tree species inhabits cloud forest between 2500 and 3250m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119 VU B1+2c Bleasdalea papuana Proteaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea An uncommon species of isolated occurrence in lower montane forest on serpentine soils. It has been recorded from the Vogelkop Peninsula and Jayapura in Irian Jaya and the East Sepik and Morobe Provinces in Papua New Guinea. It is threatened by habitat destruction. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 EN C2a Blepharidium guatemalense Rubiaceae Guatemala, Honduras A rare tree of the Atlantic rainforest. In Honduras, the species is known only from a single collection. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 3977, 4491, 4974, 13995 EN C2a Blepharis dhofarensis Acanthaceae Oman, Yemen A species restricted to escarpment woodland in Dhofar, Oman, extending into Hauf and Ras Fartak in southern Yemen. In Oman, there has been a sharp population rise in the area and a subsequent increase in grazing pressure and the cutting of wood for domestic use. The leaves and fruiting heads of this species are used for animal fodder. Assessor: Ghazanfar, S.A. VU B1+2c Refs: 16380 Blepharispermum hirtum Compositae VU Alcd Oman, Yemen A small tree, sometimes dominant, in areas of escarpment woodland in Dhofar, Oman, and neighbouring south-east Yemen. In some areas, particularly in Oman, where there has been dramatic population increase, the tree is vulnerable to overcutting for domestic use. Assessor: Ghazanfar, S.A. Refs: 16380 The World List of Threatened Trees Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii Myrtaceae LR/nt Argentina (Neuquén, Rio Negro), Chile (Biobio, Coquimbo, La Araucania, Los Lagos, Maule, O'Higgins, Santiago, Valparaiso) The species occurs in wet or swampy areas in lowland forest. The habitat is under particular pressure in the Metropolitana region (IV-VI) of Chile, mainly from felling and clearing for agriculture and pastoralism. There is some confusion over the taxonomy. It appears that the same taxon occurs in Argentina as two species, Temu divaricatum and T. crucksanksii. Whether these are all the same entity remains to be confirmed. Assessor: Gonzalez, M. Refs: 5112, 11140, 16328 Bobea sandwicensis Rubiaceae USA (Hawaii) A species occurring in dry to moist forest and on open, sparsely vegetated lava flows up to 1220m altitude on Oahu, Molokai, Lanai and Maui. The genus consists of four species endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Bobea timonioides Rubiaceae USA (Hawaii) A species of dry to occasionally moist forest up to an altitude of 580m. It has been collected from Puna and south Kona Districts on Hawaii and on the southern slopes of Haleakala on Maui. There are also collections elsewhere which may be assignable to the species. The genus consists of four species endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Bocquillonia arborea Euphorbiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Bocquillonia castaneifolia Euphorbiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Bocquillonia longipes Euphorbiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Boehmeria australis var. dealbata Urticaceae New Zealand (Kermadec Is.) A small pioneer tree which is confined to Raoul Island of the Kermedec Group, the population on Macaulay Island having become extinct. It grows in forest clearings and disturbed areas and appears to be increasing in numbers since the removal of goats. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 1551, 5563, 9800, 19133, 19134 EN D1 84 Boehmeria jamaicensis Urticaceae Jamaica A relatively commonly occurring species in secondary thickets, along paths and gullies, generally on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Bombacopsis quinata Bombacaceae VU Alcd Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela A taxonomically controversial species, which has a strong possibility of being sunk into Pachira. Distributed from southern Honduras to northem Colombia and Venezuela, populations are fragmented within remaining areas of seasonally dry lowland forest. The species is threatened at the provenance level, most notably in the Choluteca valley in Honduras, eastern Nicaragua and northern Colombia. Buming, overexploitation of the timber and increasing settlement and conversion of the habitat for agriculture are the main causes of population and genetic losses. Although occurring in national parks, the habitat is relatively poorly represented in protected areas. Much interest has been generated in replanting programmes and various institutes are involved in research into wild populations and the conservation of representative genetic samples of remaining populations in the form of, for example, clonal seed orchards. The species is grown in small- scale species trials in Kenya and the Solomon Islands. Assessor: Sandiford, M. Refs: 4506, 5966, 6317, 12109, 14873, 15037, 19069, 19130, 19152 Bombax insigne var. polystemon Bombacaceae India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Nicobar Is.) A large tree known only from the type location on Narcodam Island which covers an area of just 12ha. Most of the island is designated as a wildlife sanctuary. Recent explorations have failed to find the taxon. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 7147 CR D1 Bombax mossambicense Bombacaceae Mozambique A species endemic to Mozambique. The extent of the population and its status are not known. Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 18965 DD Bombax rhodognaphalon var. tomentosum Bombacaceae Mozambique, Tanzania A poorly known taxon confined to remnants of moist lowland and submontane coastal forest, where it is relatively common. A population is known from Rungwe in Tanzania and further south in Mozambique up to the mouth of the Zambesi River. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814, 18965 VU B1+2b Bonnetia bolivarensis Guttiferae Venezuela A species known only from a single locality in the summit savanna of Ptari-tepui, in Canaima National VU D2 Park in Bolivar. The habitat is very fragile. At lower elevations, out of the range of this species, pressures exist from mining and tourism. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 Bonnetia celiae Guttiferae Venezuela A small tree known only from two localities on Cerro Yutaje in Amazonas, where it occurs in the fragile habitat of the *fepui summit. The area is a Natural Monument but not otherwise protected. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 VU D2 Bonnetia chimantensis Guttiferae Venezuela A species known only from three localities in fragile summit savanna in Bolivar; Uaipan-tepui and Aprada- tepui. It occurs in Canaima National Park, where mining and tourism are threatening habitats at lower elevations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 VU D2 Bonnetia cordifolia Guttiferae Venezuela A small tree, known only from the type specimen, which was collected in 1974 from the summit savanna of Cerro Guanacoco in Bolivar. The habitat is very fragile, although not imminently threatened. The area is given the status of a National Monument but is otherwise unprotected. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 VU D2 Bonnetia fasciculata Guttiferae Venezuela A small tree collected from several localities in summit savanna on the Chimanta Massif in the Boliar region. It occurs within the Canaima National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070 LR/nt Bonnetia holostyla Guttiferae Colombia A species known only from three localities in Amazonas and Vaupés, Colombia. No habitat information is available. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 VU D2 Bonnetia jauensis Guttiferae Venezuela A species known only from two localities in fragile *tepui summit savanna in Bolivar. It occurs within Jaua- Sarisarifiama National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 13574 VU D2 85 Species Summaries Bonnetia kathleenae Guttiferae Venezuela A small tree known from only two localities in low forests and thickets on the summits of Cerro Sipapo and Cerro Autana (a single collection) in Amazonas State. Its range is contained within Sipapo Forest Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070 VU D2 Bonnetia lanceifolia Guttiferae Venezuela A species which only rarely attains the status of a tree. It is known from various localities on swampy flats or savanna on the summit and slopes of a single mountain, Cerro Guaquinima, in Bolivar. The area is a Natural Monument within La Paragua Forest Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070 VU D2 Bonnetia maguireorum Guttiferae Venezuela This species is known from several localities on the summit plateau and slopes of a single mountain, Cerro de la Neblina inside Serranfa de la Neblina National Park, Amazonas State. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070 VU D2 Bonnetia multinervia Guttiferae Venezuela A woodland species known from three *tepui summits in Bolivar State: Ilu-tepui, Yuruani-tepui and Sierra de Lema, all of which are contained within the borders of Canaima National Park. Mining and tourism threaten habitats at lower elevations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070 VU D2 Bonnetia ptariensis Guttiferae Venezuela A species collected only once, in 1978, from a densely wooded area on the summit of Ptari-tepui, Bolivar, within Canaima National Park. It has not been seen recently despite efforts to locate it. It is clearly extremely rare or perhaps even extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 CR D1 Bonnetia rubicunda Guttiferae Guyana This species is known only from three localities in exposed summit areas at Roraima, Wokomung and Ayanganna. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070 VU D2 Borassodendron machadonis Palraae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand This palm species occurs in lowland rainforest up to 500m in northern Peninsular Malaysia and Peninsular VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Thailand. A number of high-density populations are known but they are somewhat threatened by forest management activities and limestone mining. Assessor: Saw, L.G. Refs: 19118 Borassus madagascariensis Palmae Madagascar Endemic to western Madagascar, the species inhabits lowland open forest along rivers, on alluvium. Encroaching settlement is the most imminent threat. Some consider the species to be conspecific with B. aethiopum. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VU Alc Borassus sambiranensis Palmae Madagascar This majestic species is endemic to the lowland alluvial plains of north-west Madagascar. It has been poorly collected. Fifteen mature individuals have been found in Sambirano. Although seedlings exist there are no young trees. Fire is suspected to prevent establishment. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 EN Alc Boronella koniamboensis Rutaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et all. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Boscia arabica Capparaceae Oman, Yemen The species occurs in the foothills of the escarpment mountains in Dhofar, Oman, and neighbouring south- east Yemen. It is vulnerable to cutting for fodder, timber and firewood. Trees are frequently damaged and regeneration is not evident in several populations. The problem is more acute in Oman, where there has been a sharp influx of people since 1975. Assessor: Ghazanfar, S.A. Refs: 16380 VU Alcd Boswellia ameero Burseraceae Yemen (Socotra) A dry woodland species, endemic to Socotra. Some Boswellia species on Socotra are exploited for the resin but none at a commercial level. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Boswellia elongata Burseraceae Yemen (Socotra) A dry woodland species, endemic to Socotra. Some Boswellia species on Socotra are exploited for the resin but none at a commercial level. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 86 Boswellia ogadensis Burseraceae Ethiopia A distinct but little-known species which is recorded only from the type locality near Webi Schebele River in Ethiopia. It is confined to a small but relatively undisturbed area of bushland on limestone slopes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 18523 VU D2 Boswellia pirottae Burseraceae Ethiopia Populations are isolated and restricted to woodland on steep rocky slopes along the Tekeze, Abay and Gibe River systems. The human population and agricultural activities are increasing in the area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 18523 LR/nt Boswellia popoviana Burseraceae Yemen (Socotra) A dry woodland species, endemic to Socotra. Some Boswellia species are exploited for the resin but none at a commercial level. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 19083 VU D2 Boswellia sacra Burseraceae Oman, Somalia, Yemen (Former South Yemen) The largest and most widespread occurrence of the species is in northem Somalia. It is also a dominant component of desert-woodland on the escarpment mountains in Dhofar in Oman, extending into Yemen. The resin provides incense, perfume and medicine. In Oman the tree is so heavily browsed that it rarely flowers or sets seed. Trees appear to be dying and regeneration is poor. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 6746, 16380 LR/nt Boswellia socotrana Burseraceae Yemen (Socotra) A dry woodland species, endemic to Socotra. Some Boswellia species are exploited for the resin but none at a commercial level. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Bottegoa insignis Sapindaceae Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia A rare species of Acacia—Commiphora woodland. The largest population occurs in central and southern Somalia. The species extends into small areas of the Ogaden in Ethiopia and north-east Kenya. In places the habitat is under some threat of degradation because of farming activities and overcutting for charcoal production. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 1330, 6396, 18665 LR/nt Bourreria baccata Boraginaceae Jamaica A locally common species occurring in thickets and woodlands on limestone, mostly in dry coastal or exposed areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Bourreria velutina Boraginaceae Jamaica Very restricted in range, the species occurs in low coastal scrub on dog-tooth limestone in the area of Port Henderson Hill. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Brachychiton carruthersii Sterculiaceae Papua New Guinea A tree scattered in lowland coastal and monsoon forest, often in the transition zone between savanna woodland and lowland forest. It is mainly restricted to monsoon forest in Central Province. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 VU B1+2c, C2a Brachychiton velutinosus Sterculiaceae VU B1+2c, C2a Australia (Queensland), Papua New Guinea A tree scattered in lowland coastal and monsoon forest, often in the transition zone between savanna woodland and lowland forest. In Papua New Guinea, it is mainly restricted to monsoon forest in Central Province. It occurs also on the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 17200, 19114 Brachyglottis arborescens Compositae New Zealand (North Is.) Endemic to Three King Islands, this small tree occurs on steep scree slopes. In 1981, three populations of between one and twelve scattered trees were recorded. The islands are protected and goats have been removed. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 902, 17637, 19133, 19134 EN D1 Brachyglottis huntii Compositae New Zealand (Chatham Is.) A small tree, endemic to the Chatham Islands, where it has suffered the wholescale destruction of the forest habitat type. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 902, 9800, 19133, 19134 VU B1+2c Brachyglottis pentacopa Compositae New Zealand (North Is.) A small tree or shrub, known only from Mount Percy. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 19133 VU D2 87 Species Summaries Brachyglottis perdicioides Compositae New Zealand (North Is.) A small tree or shrub with a localised distribution only on the east coast of the North Island. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 19133 LR/nt Brachylaena huillensis Compositae LR/nt Angola, Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa (KwaZulu- Natal, Mpumalanga, Northen Province), Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe A timber species occurring in various forest types from upland semi-deciduous forest to coastal dry forest or thicket. The wood is heavily exploitated in the wood carving industries in Kenya and Tanzania. Populations in South Africa are secure, with a number of subpopulations occurring in protected areas. Dense stands have been recorded from the northern parts of Kruger National Park. Increased logging in Mozambique may pose a threat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4506, 13191, 14667, 19218 Brachyotum gleasonii Melastomataceae Ecuador A shrub or tree endemic to the montane and upper montane cloud forests of the High Andes in Ecuador. Populations are known to occur in the provinces of Imbabura, Pichincha, Cotopaxi, Cafiar and Azuay. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119 VU B1+2c Brachystegia bakeriana Leguminosae Angola, Zambia Confined to woodland on Kalahari sands in areas of low rainfall, this species occurs in Mongu and Senanga Districts of western Zambia and adjacent parts of Angola. It is associated with Baikiaea plurijuga and is frequently cut for charcoal production. Populations in traditional areas are given a degree of protection. Assessor: Phiri, P.S.M. Refs: 6727, 7550 VU B1+2c Brachystegia kennedyi Leguminosae Cameroon, Nigeria A tall straight timber tree of local cultural importance, recorded from several localities of lowland rainforest, including Ejagham, Mamfe, Tabo-agbokem in Cameroon. The largest and most stable population probably occurs in Cross River National Park in Nigeria. Forest outside protected areas has significantly declined because of large-scale logging and clearing for agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5595, 7550, 12597, 15251 VU B1+2c Brachystegia nigerica Leguminosae Cameroon, Nigeria An uncommon and large canopy tree, sometimes gregarious near water. It is known from lowland rainforest in southern Nigeria and the South-West Province of Cameroon. One of the largest remaining areas of forest is in the Oban Hills of Cross River VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees National Park. Deforestation and clearance for crops have been comprehensive outside protected areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 4977, 7550, 11504, 12597 Brachystegia zenkeri Leguminosae Cameroon A timber tree restricted to remaining areas of Atlantic forest in Cameroon. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5595, 5651, 15251 VU B1+2c Brackenridgea palustris Ochnaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines, Singapore Usually found in lowland peat swamp and *kerangas forest, the species has come under pressure from habitat loss through most of its range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9199, 17140, 19017 Brahea aculeata Palmae Mexico (Durango, Sinaloa, Sonora) An endemic palm of open forest, occurring in very dry areas on rocky soils up to 600m. A local source of forage and fibre, and also of omamental interest. Assessor: Quero, H.J. Refs: 19118 VU Alc Brahea edulis Palmae Mexico (Guadalupe Is.) Endemic to Guadalupe Island, this omamental palm tree is confined to dry scrub on rocky volcanic slopes and cliffs on the foggy north-west slope. Approximately 1100 moribund individuals were counted in 1988. Introduced feral goats predate the seeds and are believed to be inhibiting natural regeneration. Assessor: Johnson, D. EN Cl Refs: 19118 Brahea nitida Palmae VU C2a Guatemala, Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sinaloa) A palm of oak forest, occurring in dry areas on limestone hills between 900 and 1500m. Regeneration is poor. Assessor: Quero, H.J. Refs: 19118 Brahea pimo Palmae Mexico (Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit) A Mexican endemic confined to temperate and tropical pine—oak forest in areas near streams and on hillsides in the west. Population numbers are small. Fibre from the leaves is traded in local markets and used locally in handicraft. Assessor: Quero, H.J. Refs: 19118 VU C2a 88 Brassaiopsis minor Araliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare small tree, known from only two collections. The species is confined to the lowland and montane rainforest of Terengganu, where it is protected in Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Brassaiopsis simplex Araliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree of moist hill forest. This rare species is confined to Perak (Ulu Kerling, Slim Hills Forest Reserve at 800m) and Selangor (Ulu Selangor at 400m). Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Brazzeia longipedicellata Scytopetalaceae Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda Populations are known to occur in upland areas of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Ishasha Gorge and Budongo Forest Reserve in Uganda and also in eastern DR Congo. Assessor: *MUIENR Refs: 9605, 9837, 10961, 16021 EN B1+2c Bretschneidera sinensis Bretschneideraceae EN Alcd China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan, Viet Nam Uncommon and thought to be getting rarer, the species is scattered in low to middle elevation forest in ravines and by streams throughout south-east China extending to Lai Chau in Viet Nam and Taibei and Ilan Counties in northern Taiwan. Habitat loss and logging are the main causes of declines. The population in Viet Nam is considered to be threatened and in Taiwan populations are highly localised and contain few individuals. The species is protected under Taiwan's Cultural Heritage Preservation Law. The family is monotypic. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 848, 1818, 11530, 11847, 19050, 19055 Breviea sericea Sapotaceae LR/nt Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana Scattered in moist semi-deciduous forest from Céote d'Ivoire to DR Congo, this species is relatively well represented in population numbers. Its habitat has substantially reduced in extent because of logging activities and the encroachment of agriculture. It is the only species of the genus and the only close relative of the endangered Aubregrinia taiensis. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 8369, 8854, 12061, 12822 Brexia madagascariensis ssp. mircrocarpa Escalloniaceae Seychelles Scattered individuals occur on the islands of Mahé, Silhouette, Praslin and Felicité. Thought to be once more abundant, the subspecies is now restricted mainly to VU D2 higher altitudes. Populations once known on Round and Long Island are now extinct. These declines are probably attributable to historical deforestation. Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Refs: 10610, 19025 Bridelia kurzii Euphorbiaceae VU B1+2c India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is., Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Nicobar Is.) A forest tree with populations on Kamorta Island in the Nicobars and also on the Andaman Islands. Large-scale logging and conversion of the forest for agriculture have caused the loss of the species habitat from much of the Andamans. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 7147 Bridelia moonii Euphorbiaceae Sri Lanka A tree confined to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Bridelia whitmorei Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known only from the type collection, the species is found in lowland rainforest in Ulu Tembeling in Pahang. The area falls within a permanent forest reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Brongniartikentia lanuginosa Palmae New Caledonia A species of wet forests on schists and siliceous soils, confined to the north-east. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 19118 LR/cd Brosimum glaziovii Moraceae EN B1+2bc Brazil (Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo) The habitat of this species continues to be rapidly destroyed. Populations are now very restricted and largely confined to the Serra do Mar. It occurs in Tijuca National Park and on the official list of threatened Brazilian plants compiled by *IBAMA. Assessor: Varty, N. Refs: 8815, 15539, 16123 Brosimum utile ssp. darienense Moraceae Panama The Panamanian form of a widely distributed species. It occurs relatively commonly in Kunayala Indigenous Reserve, including Puerto Obaldia on the border with Colombia. Other collections from Colén, Bocas del Toro and Darién have not been identified down to the subspecies level. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 12584, 16772 VU B1+2c 89 Species Summaries Brosimum utile ssp. magdalenense Moraceae Colombia Endemic to Colombia, this subspecies is restricted to Boyaca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Brownea santanderensis Leguminosae Colombia An endemic to Santander. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Browneopsis excelsa Leguminosae Colombia, Panama, Peru At present, the species is known from three isolated localities in Darién in Panama, and from localities in Colombia and Peru. It occurs, occasionally commonly, in lowland semi-deciduous rainforest up to 600m. A small part of the Panamanian population is found in Darién National Park. Elsewhere the habitat is exposed to increasing agriculture and settlement. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 VUCI Brownlowia kleinhovioidea Tiliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known from a single collection, this tree was found in lowland rainforest on Gunung Bubu, Perak. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 19073 VU D2 Brownlowia velutina Tiliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A very rare tree of lowland moist forest known only from Kuala, Terengganu. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 8464, 19073 EN B1+2c Brucea macrocarpa Simaroubaceae Kenya This shrub or small tree is endemic to central Kenya, where it is confined to areas of riverine or swamp forest, such as Kamiti, Thika Falls, Rojwero Swamp and Kiambu. Population numbers are small and the habitat is under pressure from increasing agricultural and settlement of the area. The Plant Conservation Programme in Kenya maintains living and seed collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 17859 EN B1+2c Brugmansia aurea Solanaceae Ecuador This endemic of Ecuador inhabits the montane cloud forest of the High Andes. Currently it is known to occur in Imbabura, Pichincha and Tungurahua. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Brugmansia versicolor Solanaceae Ecuador A montane cloud forest tree, endemic to the High Andean areas of Pichincha, Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Brunellia acostae Brunelliaceae Ecuador A tree species endemic to the Ecuadorean Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Brunellia almaguerensis Brnelliaceae Colombia An endemic to Narifio. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 4217, 7980, 8869, 19069 EN B1+2c Brunellia antioquensis Brunelliaceae Colombia An endemic to Antioquia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 VU Bl1+2c Brunellia boqueronensis Brunelliaceae Colombia An endemic to Antioquia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 VU B1+2c Brunellia cayambensis Brunelliaceae Ecuador A tree species endemic to the upper montane forest zone of the Ecuadorean High Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Brunellia comocladifolia ssp. boyacensis Brunelliaceae Colombia An endemic to Boyaca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Brunellia darienensis Brunelliaceae Colombia, Panama The few collections known have come from the Cordillera del Darién in Panama, and only recently from Colombia. The species is scarce and highly restricted in distribution, occurring in evergreen rainforest between 1000 and 1500m. Although the species range is entirely contained within a national park, there is still some risk of deforestation. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 EN C2a 90 Brunellia ecuadoriensis Brunelliaceae Ecuador A tree species endemic to the montane forest zone of the Ecuadorean High Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Brunellia elliptica Brunelliaceae Colombia An endemic to Norte de Santander. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Brunellia farallonensis Brunelliaceae Colombia Although restricted to a small area near Cali, the species is not threatened. The area is steeply sloping and unsuitable for agriculture or other uses. It is also protected within Farallones de Cali National Park. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980 LR/cd Brunellia grandiflora ssp. grandiflora Brunelliaceae Peru Relatively widespread, this subspecies occurs on the eastern slopes of the Andes up to 2000m altitude in disturbed areas and *terra firme forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 LR/nt Brunellia inermis var. inermis Brunelliaceae Peru A variety of middle elevation forest currently restricted to the departments of Cuzco, Hudnuco and Pasco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 LR/nt Brunellia littlei ssp. caucana Brunelliaceae Colombia An endemic to Cauca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Brunellia macrophylla Brunelliaceae Colombia A Colombian endemic, occurring only in Caqueté and Huila. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 VU B1+2c Brunellia morii Brunelliaceae Panama A cloud forest species, which is considered to be endemic to Panama but possibly also exists in Costa Rica. Only a few collections are known from areas of forest between 1000 and 2500m in the Central Cordillera. There are no protective measures in place and the habitat is somewhat exposed to clearing for settlements and agriculture. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 EN C2a Brunellia occidentalis Brunelliaceae Colombia An endemic to Valle. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 4217, 7980, 8869, 19069 VU B1+2c Brunellia ovalifolia Brunelliaceae Ecuador A tree species endemic to the High Andes of Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 19120 VU B1+2c Brunellia pauciflora Brunelliaceae Ecuador A tree species restricted to a narrow altitudinal range in the High Andes of Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119 VU B1+2c Brunellia penderiscana Brunelliaceae Colombia An endemic to Antioquia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Brunellia racemifera Brunelliaceae Colombia An endemic to Cundinamarca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 VU B1+2c Brunellia rufa Brunelliaceae Colombia An endemic to Caqueta. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Brunellia subsessilis Brunelliaceae Colombia An endemic to Antioquia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 VU B1+2c Brunellia zamorensis Brunelliaceae Ecuador An endemic tree species of the Ecuadorean High Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Brunfelsia jamaicensis Solanaceae Jamaica A montane forest species occurring commonly near the summit of John Crow Peak, scattered in southern catchments and rare in northern catchments. Its Testriction to altitudes above 1400m has led to the species escaping much of the disturbance at lower elevations, although soil erosion and invasive plants still cause habitat degradation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 12564 VU B1+2c 91 Species Summaries Brunfelsia membranacea Solanaceae Jamaica The species occurs locally in thickets on limestone in St Andrew and St Catherine Parishes. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 5653, 19085 VU B1+2c Brunfelsia portoricensis Solanaceae Puerto Rico This small tree or tall shrub is located in at least 15-20 sites of wet forest below 600m. There are about 300 individuals in total. Sexual reproduction appears to be successful. The major threat to the habitat is the establishment of commercial and forestry plantations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 17124 EN Cl Brunfelsia splendida Solanaceae Jamaica Known from occurrences in St Catherine, Clarendon and Trelawny, the species is uncommon and confined to woodland on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Buchanania barberi Anacardiaceae India (Kerala) A hill forest species, known only from the type locality at Nadari, Travancore District. It has not been recorded since colonial times. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14276, 19144 CR B1+2c Buchanania lanceolata Anacardiaceae India (Kerala) A tree of lowland dipterocarp forest, known from a few scattered collections in Travancore and Quilon Districts. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Buchanania platyneura Anacardiaceae India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.) A tall tree of evergreen forest, apparently known only from the type collection. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799 VU D2 Buchenavia hoehneana Combretaceae Brazil (Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, SAo Paulo) In the last 20 years of herbarium collections and records, the species is notably scarce. It is restricted to remaining areas of Atlantic forest on the road to Engenheiro Passos in S4o Paulo, in Itatiaia National Park in Rio de Janeiro and in Belmonte and Canavieiras in Bahia. The record from Itatiaia dates back to 1941. Assessor: Silva, N.M.F. Refs: 7655, 19098, 19105 VU B1+2d, D1 Buchenavia iguaratensis Combretaceae Brazil (S40 Paulo) First described in 1981 from a specimen taken from EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees scrubby vegetation in Santa Izabel, the species is poorly known. Only two additional collections are recorded, from earlier dates, one of unknown origin and the other from Miguel Arcanjo. Assessor: Silva, N.M.F. Refs: 19105 Buchenavia kleinii Combretaceae LR/nt Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo) Assessor: Silva, N.M.F. Refs: 7655, 9173, 19105 Buchenavia pabstii Combretaceae Brazil (Sao Paulo) Known only from the Linares Forest Reserve, the species is extremely rare and has not been collected since 1982. Assessor: Silva, N.M.F. Refs: 19105 EN B1+2c Buchenavia rabelloana Combretaceae Brazil (Espirito Santo, Sao Paulo) Populations have been recorded at Boracéia Biological Station, Salenépolis in Sao Paulo and Linhares Forest Reserve in Espirito Santo. It was last collected in 1985. Of the three collections from Salenépolis, the most recent dates to 1967. Assessor: Silva, N.M.F. Refs: 19105 EN B1+2c Bucida ophiticola Combretaceae Cuba A shrub or small tree restricted in range to dry serpentine shrubwoods of Habana and Matanzas Provinces. In the past this species was locally abundant, but its habitat has declined considerably through urbanisation, agriculture and grazing. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19149 EN Alc, B1+2c Buddleja formosana Buddlejaceae Taiwan Occurring in the eastern part of the island, this shrub or small tree is found in small fragmented populations in lowland dry deciduous scrub. The loss of habitat has been severe, caused mainly by increasing land settlement. Little regeneration is evident. No protection or conservation measures are in place. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 19050 CR B1+2ab Bulnesia carrapo Zygophyllaceae Colombia Endemic to Colombia, the species is restricted to localities in Cundinamarca and Tolima. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Bulnesia sarmientoi Zygophyllaceae Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay A Chaco endemic, moderately exploited for its fragrant LR/cd 92 wood. One of the last and also the largest unexploited populations is said to occur in the newly established Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park, which covers 34,410km:, in south-east Bolivia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11140, 11936, 19136, 19170 Bunchosia diphylla ssp. brevisurcularis Malpighiaceae Panama A lowland rainforest species, so far only known from Colén and Darién, being a little more abundant in the latter. Small populations are protected in Darién National Park. It is also suspected to be in Kunayala Indigenous Reserve and perhaps also Colombia. Occurrences outside protected areas are exposed to habitat clearance. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 EN C2a Bunchosia hartwegiana Malpighiaceae Colombia, Panama In Colombia the species is known from the Chocé and Antioquia, appearing uncommon in both places. In Panama, all of the collections are identified under the variety brevisurcularis, which is considered threatened. Further work is needed to consolidate whether the separation into different varieties is valid. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 15037, 16772 DD Bunchosia hartwegiana var. brevisurcularis Malpighiaceae Panama Endemic to Panama, this variety is known from a few collections gathered in the province of Darién, including Darién National Park, and from a very sparse distribution in the coastal zone of Colén Province, where it is under particular threat from human activities. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 15037, 16772 VU C2a Bunchosia jamaicensis Malpighiaceae Jamaica Populations are restricted to woodland on limestone in Trelawny and St Ann. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Bunchosia linearifolia Malpighiaceae Cuba An endemic shrub that rarely attains the size of a small tree. It is occasionally found in the dry, thomy shrubwoods on limestone in south-eastern Cuba. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU D2 Bunchosia tutensis Malpighiaceae Panama Known only from two collections from the Cerro Tute in Verguas, the species appears to be confined to an area which is not botanically well studied. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 DD Burckella sorei Sapotaceae LR/nt Papua New Guinea (North Solomons, Papua New Guinea), Solomon Islands (South Solomon) Confined to the islands of Bougainville in the North Solomons and Guadalcanal in the South Solomons, this timber tree is found mainly in primary lowland rainforest. It is threatened by logging activities and overexploitation, especially as it occurs in a region subject to heavy logging activities. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 Burkillanthus malaccensis Rutaceae VU C2a Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia (ex), Sarawak) A small tree from a monotypic genus. Solitary trees or small groups of trees occur on stream banks, slopes and on ridge tops in primary and secondary forest in lowland areas. In Sarawak, the species is known from a single specimen collected in 1961 from primary riparian forest in the Labang Forest Reserve, Bintulu. The species is now extinct in Peninsular Malaysia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14541, 19017 Burretiodendron esquirolii Tiliaceae VU B1+2c China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand A tree of lowland deciduous forest, occurring up to 1100m. The timber is commercially useful and rates of logging, as well as general habitat loss, have caused considerable declines in the Chinese part of the range. Information is needed on populations in Thailand and Myanmar. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 2891, 11847, 19055 Burretiodendron hsienmu Tiliaceae China (Guangxi, Yunnan) The centre of the species’ distribution is in south-west Guangxi, extending into limestone areas of Yunnan. Populations in Viet Nam represent a separate species. A slow-growing tree, it is found, sometimes as a dominant component, in lowland semi-deciduous woodland. Regeneration is observed to be strong in forest gaps. The timber is highly valued, and in many parts of its range mature trees have become very scarce or been eliminated. There are several occurrences within nature reserves, including Ba Be National Park in Viet Nam. Habitat loss and degradation have also contributed to the decline. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 5054, 11530, 11847, 13838, 15357, 19055 VU Alcd Burretiodendron tonkinense Tiliaceae China (Guangxi, Yunnan), Viet Nam The species is confined to forest in limestone areas extending from southem China to northern Viet Nam. Considerable population declines have been observed from overexploitation of the timber and lack of sufficient regeneration. Assessor: Ban, N.T. Refs: 848, 19060 EN Ald 93 Species Summaries Bursera aromatica Burseraceae Jamaica Populations are confined to hillside woodland on limestone only in the parishes of Hanover, St James and Trelawny. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 7980 VU B1+2c Bursera hollickii Burseraceae Jamaica Known only from St Catherine Parish, the species is confined to a few areas of dry thicket on rocky limestone hills. Collections are recorded from Port Henderson and Great Goat Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653 EN B1+2c Bursera lunanii Burseraceae Jamaica A species which is locally common in dry thickets and woodlands on limestone near the sea. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Bursera tonkinensis Burseraceae Viet Nam A rare species restricted to primary and secondary evergreen forest on limestone mountains in Nam Ha (Phu Li), Ninh Binh (Pho Sau) and Ha Tay (Chua Huong). Its status and distribution elsewhere are poorly known. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848 VU B1+2c Bussea eggelingii Leguminosae Tanzania The species is now thought to be restricted to undisturbed forest areas in the Rondo Forest Reserve (140km?). Severe disturbance of the habitat has been caused by past activities, including logging of the largest East African population of Milicia excelsa, planting of exotic timbers, shifting cultivation and wood collection. Current forest management activities are unintentionally discouraging local exploitation. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3925, 16796 EN B1+2c Bussea xylocarpa Leguminosae Mozambique This species is confined to a small area of woodland along the Zambezi River, which is currently being cleared for agriculture. Further indications as to the extent of the species location and its reduction may lead to a more serious status of threat. Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 7550 VU B1+2cde, D2 Butea monosperma var. lutea Leguminosae India A small tree of dry deciduous forest, occurring in central India and Orissa, Gujarat and Maharashtra. About 20 fragmented populations are known within a range of less DD The World List of Threatened Trees than 20,000km. It is not known if population or habitat declines have taken place. Assessor: CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants in India Refs: 19209 Butia eriospatha Palmae VU Alc Brazil (Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina) A small palm tree of open forest and Araucaria forest between 700 and 1200m, restricted to southern Brazil. Wild populations are declining, but the species is widely cultivated. Assessor: Noblick, L. Refs: 19118 Butia purpurascens Palmae Brazil (Goias) A small palm tree known only from an area of *cerrado in Goids. The only confirmed population occurs near Jatai, where individuals are doing well in an area protected by the Brazilian military. Trees in nearby pastureland are not regenerating. Seed predation by bean weevils is very high. Assessor: Noblick, L. Refs: 19118 VU B1+2c Buxus arborea Buxaceae Jamaica A Cockpit Country endemic found in a confined area of remaining woodland on limestone in St James and Trelawny. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Buxus citrifolia Buxaceae Colombia, Panama, Venezuela The few reports of the species in Panama indicate that it is uncommon and restricted to a narrow range, occurring in the Canal area and in the provinces of Panamé and Colén. In Colombia it is known from Cartagena and Sucre, where it appears to be rare. The larger Venezuelan population is recorded under the genus Tricera. There are further suggestions of conspecific taxa occurring in the Caribbean. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 3156, 7272, 16772 LR/nt Buxus colchica Buxaceae Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, Turkey This understorey tree is a common species in ravinine moist forest. It is in decline because of forest clearance and environmental changes. Assessor: Firsov, G.A. Refs: 1956, 19056 LR/nt Buxus nyasica Buxaceae Malawi A Malawi endemic known from two forest reserves 70km apart. Near Blantyre the species occurs on Mount Soche in a forest that has been reduced to 1.5km? and continues to suffer from illegal logging. A population also occurs on Mount Chese in the Mulanje Massif, EN B1+2ac 94 where the forest is also much reduced by illegal activities and encroaching agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 7058, 17610 Buxus obtusifolia Buxaceae Kenya, Tanzania Typically a shrub, this species extends in a range from south-east Kenya through to south-east Tanzania, confined to pockets of dry coastal forest or wooded bushland. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5811, 6396, 12067 VU B1+2b Buxus vahlii Buxaceae CR A2c, C2ab, D1 Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (US) (ex) A shrub or tree of coastal limestone hills, restricted to forested ledges and ravines. Reports of the species occurring on St Croix in the US Virgin Islands date to the 1700s and the occurrence in Jamaica is also doubtful. In Puerto Rico, there are two locations: the nuclear power plant site at Rincon and Hato Tejas, Bayamon, consisting of 16 and 12 plants respectively. The Hato Tejas population was larger but was partially destroyed by limestone mining in the 1980s. The remaining individuals are threatened with development of a coal- fueled power plant, further mining and industrial or commercial developments. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 14424, 17124, 19167 Byrsonima horneana Malpighiaceae Puerto Rico A very rare tree, localised on moist slopes in western Puerto Rico. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3786, 5988, 7931, 17124 DD Byrsonima nemoralis ssp. dressleri Malpighiaceae Panama Although the species is known from various sites in Panama and north Colombia, this subspecies is considered endemic to the Cordillera de Cerro Jefe, to the north-east of Panama city. It is uncommon and in Cerro Azul has experienced considerable habitat loss through urban and industrial development. Most of the populations in Cerro Jefe are protected within Chagres National Park. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 16772 CR B1+2c Byrsonima ophiticola Malpighiaceae Puerto Rico As with B. horneana the species is rare and scattered on Moist slopes in western Puerto Rico. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3786, 5988, 7931, 17124 DD Byrsophyllum ellipticum Rubiaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 17195 VU Alc Byrsophyllum tetrandrum Rubiaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A small tree, known only from a few localities of submontane forest in the Agastyamalai Hills. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but about 1000km? of forest remain protected within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10733, 19144 EN B1+2c Byttneria ivorensis Sterculiaceae Cote d'Ivoire This species is only known from the herbarium specimen collected in 1896 from the edges of moist semi-deciduous forest. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 12822 EX Cabralea canjerana ssp. polytricha Meliaceae Brazil (Goids, Minas Gerais) The taxon is confined to a small area of submontane *cerrado, where it is relatively safe from threat. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 5942, 7980, 12281 LR/nt Caesalpinia echinata Leguminosae EN Alacd Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe) The exploitation of this species as a dyewood dates back to 1501. The original collectors of the dyewood were called brasileiros, after whom the country is now named. Synthetic dyes only became available in 1875, by which time dramatic population declines had already taken place and continued to occur until the 1920s. Natural stands were almost completely destroyed but some populations remained in a few areas on the coastal plain, where they have since suffered from deforestation. The species is recorded in reserves in Bahia and Pernambuco. There is also a reintroduction programme at Linareas Reserve and the species is listed on the official list of threatened Brazilian plants by *IBAMA. Assessor: Varty, N. Refs: 8815, 15539, 16123, 19212 Caesalpinia kavaiensis Leguminosae USA (Hawaii) Currently fewer than 50 individuals are known. They are restricted to populations found in dry and moist forest in the Waianae Mountains on Oahu, Hualalai on Hawaii and on Lanai. Populations on Maui and Kauai are now apparently extinct. Various factors have contributed to the decline, from overexploitation and habitat clearance CR D1 95 Species Summaries to damage caused by feral animals and invasive plants. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 Caesalpinia nhatrangense Leguminosae Viet Nam Apparently endemic to Viet Nam, the species is known only from two localities, Ninh Hoa and Dién Khénh in Khanh Hoa on the east coast. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848 VU D2 Caesalpinia paraguariensis Leguminosae VU Alacd Argentina (Catamarca, Chaco, Cérdoba, Corrientes, Formosa, Jujuy, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Fé, Santiago del Estero, Tucumén), Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Widely occurring and relatively common in the Chaco region, the species is found in lowland deciduous forest. It reaches the margins of its range in Brazil, where it is confined to Porto Murtinho. In Bolivia the species is well represented in herbarium collections. Throughout its range it is exploited as a popular source of timber, but the most serious threat is habitat loss. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 1262, 5112, 11936, 13661, 15377, 19170, 19179 Calatola columbiana Icacinaceae Colombia A poorly known species, thought to occur in Valle. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Calliandra comosa Leguminosae Jamaica Known only from Manchester and Trelawny, the species is found on jagged limestone cliffs. The somewhat inaccessible distribution of the species habitat is likely to have impeded excessive clearing. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU D2 Calliandra decrescens Leguminosae Peru A species known only from the type collection taken from lowland Amazonian forest in Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Calliandra paniculata Leguminosae Jamaica A species of scrub and woodland on arid rocky limestone, occurring in low-lying parts of Manchester and Clarendon Parishes. The woodland has been extensively destroyed in this area since 1980, mainly for the production of charcoal. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 5653, 19085 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Calliandra pilosa Leguminosae Jamaica This species is endemic to Manchester Parish, where it is confined to arid limestone rocks. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Calliandra tumbeziana Leguminosae Peru A species of submontane forest currently known only from the Tumbes delta in the north-west. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Callicarpa ampla Verbenaceae Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (US) A seemingly dioecious tree of lower montane moist forest. In Puerto Rico there is a population of about 30 individuals scattered in six or seven sites, mostly contained within state forest land. Evidence of natural regeneration is absent and seed germination trials have not been successful. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 17124, 17540 CR C2a Callitris baileyi Cupressaceae Australia (New South Wales, Queensland) As with all Callitris species, populations have declined because of previous exploitation. Although protection is afforded in various national parks, the species is vulnerable to grazing, logging and fire in the rest of its range. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 15615, 17200 VU Alc Callitris drummondii Cupressaceae Australia (Western Australia) Populations in the south-west appear to be under threat from fire and overgrazing. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 4581, 8842, 13041 VU Alc Callitris monticola Cupressaceae Australia (New South Wales, Queensland) A species which is restricted in range and under some threat from logging, fires and grazing. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 707, 15615, 17200 VU Alc Callitris neocaledonica Cupressaceae New Caledonia A shrub usually occurring in small populations which are limited to high altitude cloud forest in the southern ultramafic massif. Slow growth and regeneration rates have been observed and there are some threats from fires and tourism. Populations are effectively protected in Montagne des Sources and also Mont Humboldt Botanical Reserve. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 9631, 12630 LR/cd 96 Callitris oblonga Cupressaceae Australia (New South Wales, Tasmania) Previously known only from Tasmania, the species has been recently found in New South Wales (NSW), although this could be a distinct taxon. The Tasmanian populations are restricted to a small area of sclerophyllous scrubland (<100km?) along the north-east coast and about 12,000 mature trees have been counted in NSW along intermittent streams. Fires and conversion of the habitat to agriculture are the main threats to the species. Some small populations occur inside protected areas. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 707, 17200 VU Alc Callitris roei Cupressaceae Australia (Western Australia) Populations in the south-west appear to under threat from logging. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 4581, 8843, 13041 VU Alc Callitris sulcata Cupressaceae New Caledonia Occurring in mixed woodlands in valley bottoms, the species is known from only a few sites in the north which are prone to wild fires and disturbance. One site in the Comboui valley has been logged. Regeneration has also been noted as poor. No populations are properly protected. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 10351, 12630 EN B1+2c Calocedrus formosana Cupressaceae Taiwan Occurring in mixed evergreen forest, sometimes cloud forest, at medium elevations, the species is scattered in isolated populations in the central and northerm parts of Taiwan. Part of the range is covered by Shueipa National Park. In other areas felling and forest management activities pose threats. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 2106, 6469, 11191, 19050, 19051 EN B1+2b Calocedrus macrolepis Cupressaceae China (Guangdong - Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Throughout the species range, populations are rapidly being reduced to the more inaccessible areas where logging and cutting are limited. It is still found commonly in some valleys in Yunnan. In Viet Nam the populations are small (EN D), but some are contained within protected areas, such as Ba Vi National Park and Bidoup Nature Reserve. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 848, 1818, 11530, 13041, 15357 VU Alc Guizhou, Calodendrum eickii Rutaceae Tanzania Known only from the West Usambara Mountains, the species occurs in montane Juniperus forest, which has been reduced to 11% of its original cover because of the establishment of commercial pine plantations and the CR B1+2c excision of the Shume-Magamba Forest Reserve for local cultivation. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 Caloncoba lophocarpa Flacourtiaceae Cameroon A small tree of montane forest descending to 400m. Occurrences have been recorded at Bangem, Mamfe, Bakossi Mountains and Mount Cameroon. Expanding agriculture is the most serious threat to the habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12597, 18965 VU D2 Calophyllum acutiputamen Guttiferae Papua New Guinea Known only from Rossel Island, this canopy species is found on ridges in colline forest. The fragile ecosystem of Rossel Island is possibly threatened by logging and mining for copper and gold. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19031, 19032 CR B1+2abcde Calophyllum bifurcatum Guttiferae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A poorly known species collected only once from Japen Island. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031 VU D2 Calophyllum bracteatum Guttiferae Sri Lanka A scattered species restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Calophyllum brassii Guttiferae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A montane forest tree known only from the Western District in Papua New Guina and Irian Jaya mainly between 400 and 900m altitude. Sterile material may be incorrectly assigned to this species. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031, 19113 DD Calophyllum carrii var. carrii Guttiferae Papua New Guinea A tree of lower montane rainforest that is found in the Central and Northern Provinces between 1050 and 1525m. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031 VU D2 Calophyllum carrii var. longigemmatum Guttiferae VU B1+2abcde Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea This variety is found in lowland rainforest up to 300m altitude near Jayapura, Irian Jaya and in the West Sepik District of Papua New Guinea. It is a fine timber tree 97 Species Summaries restricted to areas being extensively logged and therefore is threatened by felling and habitat loss. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19031, 19113, 19114 Calophyllum caudatum Guttiferae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A small tree collected only once, from Dalmar in Geelvink Bay. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031, 19113 VU D2 Calophyllum chapelieri Guttiferae Madagascar The species occurs in lowland rainforest in a range extending from Vohémar to Manakara. The forest type is much reduced in extent. The wood is useful and the species is a focus of silvicultural studies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6161 VU Alcd Calophyllum collinum Guttiferae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea Endemic to New Guinea, this species is found in lowland and hill forest up to an elevation of 500 m in the Snow Mountains, Irian Jaya and the Western and Morobe Districts of Papua New Guinea. These areas are poorly collected. It is suspected that the timber is traded as ~Calophyllum' in Papua New Guinea. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031, 19113 DD Calophyllum confusum Guttiferae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A tree known only from the New Georgia group in well- drained, lowland, primary rainforest. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19031, 19114 VU B1+2abcde Calophyllum cordato-oblongum Guttiferae Sri Lanka This uncommon tree is restricted to the lowland rainforests of south-west Sri Lanka. The species has not been refound in the Hinidumkanda MAB Reserve even though the area has been carefully surveyed, possibly due to disturbance caused by illegal felling. It has, however, been recorded recently during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys in several forest reserves and proposed reserves. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 16916, 16943, 17195 VU Alc, B1+2c Calophyllum cuneifolium Guttiferae Sri Lanka A locally common tree restricted to upper montane rainforest in Sri Lanka. Only 31 km? of montane forest remains in Sri Lanka. This species was not found during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 18796, 19106, 19112 CR B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Calophyllum havilandii Guttiferae VU Alcd+2cd Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Restricted to north-west Borneo, this peat swamp species is cut for its bintangor timber. It is locally used for planks. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14573, 18327 Calophyllum heterophyllum Guttiferae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea This species is so far known from the Vogelkop Peninsula and the Snow Mountains in Irian Jaya and in the Western Province in Papua New Guinea. This species appears to grow into canopy trees on low ridges at 100m altitude but forms only shrubs and treelets on poor loam soils at 1200 to 1300m. This species is very poorly known and probably undercollected. The taxonomic limits of this species are also unknown. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031, 19113 DD Calophyllum hirasimum Guttiferae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A locally abundant small tree confined to the Arfak Mountains and the Wissel Lake region. It occurs mainly in Nothofagus—conifer forest. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031, 19113 DD Calophyllum insularum Guttiferae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) This tree is known only from the islands in Geelvink Bay, where it occurs in colline rainforest at approximately 200 m altitude. Because of its restricted distribution and the possibility of exploitation, this species is considered seriously endangered. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19031, 19113, 19114 EN B1+2c Calophyllum laticostatum Guttiferae Papua New Guinea, Philippines? A large tree found in well-drained lowland or lower montane rainforest. This species is possibly traded for its Calophyllum timber in Papua New Guinea. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. DD Calophyllum macrophyllum Guttiferae Indonesia (Moluccas) A very poorly known species of Gebeh Island, known only from the type collection made last century. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031, 19113 VU D2 Calophyllum mooni Guttiferae Sri Lanka A species scattered in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195 VU Alc 98 Calophyllum morobense Guttiferae Papua New Guinea Endemic to Morobe Province, this tree occurs in lowland rainforest on alluvium, where it is under threat mainly from logging. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19031, 19114 EN B1+2c Calophyllum nubicola Guttiferae Panama Originally the species was known only from Cerro Jefe but it has since been recorded close by in Kunayala Indigenous Reserve. The species, occurring in lowland semi-deciduous rainforest, is fairly common and its range is almost completely contained within protected areas. Outside these areas the habitat is declining because of increasing settlement of the land. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 EN B1+2c Calophyllum obscurum Guttiferae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) Restricted to primary forest on ridges or flooded coral platforms, this tree is found on the islands of Choiseul, Santa Isabel and Malaita. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031, 19113 VU B1+2c Calophyllum parvifolium Guttiferae Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Moluccas) A montane forest species known from only two specimens, one from Gebeh Island of the Moluccas and the other from Waigeo Island of Irian Jaya. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031, 19113 VU D2 Calophyllum persimile Guttiferae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A rainforest tree occurring up to 560 m altitude near Kiunga. This species is poorly known and variation is seen in the sterile material. The timber is probably traded as calophyllum in Papua New Guinea. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 14573, 19031, 19113 DD Calophyllum piluliferum Guttiferae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A tree found in forest in or near swamps below 40 m altitude in Digul, Irian Jaya and the Western District of Papua New Guinea; this area is poorly collected. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031, 19113 DD Calophyllum robustum Guttiferae Papua New Guinea This uncommon tree is found in lowland rainforest in the Morobe District and near Ioma in the Northen District. It is vulnerable on account of restricted distribution and possible exploitation. However, the limits of this taxon are unclear. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19031, 19113, 19114 VU B1+2abcde Calophyllum rufinerve Guttiferae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A very poorly known tree known only from Geelvink Bay, where it was found in Agathis forest at 400m altitude. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031, 19113 VU D2 Calophyllum savannarum Guttiferae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A tree found in secondary forest and as the main component of forest clumps in secondary savanna. So far it is only known from Japen Island and from an area near Jayapura. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031 VU D2 Calophyllum streimannii Guttiferae Papua New Guinea Known only from Morobe District, the species is rarely collected, occurring on ridges and hillsides between 30 and 300m, often associated with dipterocarps. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031, 19114 DD Calophyllum thwaitesii Guttiferae Sri Lanka A species occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Calophyllum tomentosum Guttiferae Sri Lanka During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, this species was recorded in seven forests. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17759, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Calophyllum trapezifolium Guttiferae Sri Lanka A prominent species of upper montane rainforest, endemic to Sri Lanka, occurring occasionally in lowland rainforest. The species was found in only three of the localities surveyed during the extensive National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 17759, 19106, 19112 EN B1+2c Calophyllum waliense Guttiferae EN B1+2abcde Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago) A species restricted to lowland rainforest on ridges on Manus Island. The habitat has been heavily logged and degraded. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19031, 19113, 19114 99 Species Summaries Calophyllum walkeri Guttiferae Sri Lanka An emergent tree found in upper montane rainforests in Sri Lanka; it occasionally occurs in the lowland rainforests. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 17759, 19106 VU Alc Calpocalyx atlanticus Leguminosae Cameroon A Cameroon endemic restricted to remnant forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5595, 7550 VU Alc Calpocalyx brevifolius Leguminosae Gabon A tree collected from the south and known only from its type locality. The species may be more widespread given that the country's forests are relatively unexplored. Many forest areas, however, are under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7550, 8506 VU D2 Calpocalyx cauliflorus Leguminosae Cameroon, Nigeria A shade-bearing lowland forest species known from one outlying population west of the Niger River in Nigeria and otherwise confined to remaining forest in the east extending into Cameroon. The most significant area of forest is contained within the Oban Division of Cross River National Park in Nigeria and Korup National Park in Cameroon. The forest habitat has been extensively felled outside protected areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 7550, 11504 VU Alc, B1+2c Calpocalyx heitzii Leguminosae Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Relatively restricted in range, this coastal forest species occurs in the south of Cameroon on the border with Equatorial Guinea and north of the Ogooué River in Gabon. Both populations are threatened because of the extent of felling and degradation of the habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15790 VU Alc, B1+2c Calpocalyx klainei Leguminosae VU Alc Cameroon, Gabon This species is easily confused with the more widespread C. dinklagei. It is confined to remaining areas of coastal forest in the south of Cameroon, extending into Gabon. There is a population in Lopé Forest Reserve, a portion of which has become Gabon's first national park. It is also locally common in the rabi- Kounga area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8506, 19043 The World List of Threatened Trees Calpocalyx letestui Leguminosae Gabon A small tree limited to two localities in mountainous areas in the east and central south. Although the species may be found to be more widespread, given that large areas of Gabon's forests are unexplored, these areas are also largely under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8506, 14958 VU D2 Calpocalyx ngouiensis Leguminosae Cameroon, Gabon In southern Cameroon this tree is known to occur in coastal forest extending inland along rivers. One population is also known in central south Gabon. Both areas of forest have been heavily degraded in places where there have been logging and agricultural activities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8506 VU Alc Calycolpus excisus Myrtaceae Cuba A small tree known only from the deeply eroded limestone mountains of south-western part of Sierra de Nipe in eastern Cuba. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 9522, 11403, 19149 VU D2 Calycorectes australis Myrtaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina) Known from few collections, the species is confined to areas of rainforest on the Atlantic coast. The type specimen is from Santa Catarina and it has also been found at Parati in Rio de Janeiro near the border with Sao Paulo. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19097 EN B1+2acde Calycorectes duarteanus Myrtaceae EN B1+2acde Brazil (Para, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo) A tree or treelet, which occurs infrequently in remaining areas of Atlantic forest. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19097 Calycorectes schottianus Myrtaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) The species is known only from the type collection. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19097 CR B1+2acd Calycorectes sellowianus Myrtaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) Present information suggests the species is endemic to Rio de Janeiro. It has been found in the Pogo das Antas Biological Reserve and on Mage. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19097 EN Alacd 100 Calycorectes wurdackii Myrtaceae Peru The only record of the species is from the type collection, which was taken from lowland Amazon forest in the department of Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Calyptranthes acutissima Myrtaceae Jamaica An endemic to Dolphin Head and Bubby Hill where the species is found in low numbers in wooded areas on the summit. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Calyptranthes arenicola Myrtaceae Cuba A small tree, imperfectly known, described more than half a century ago from E] Morrillo in Pinar del Rio Province. Fieldwork is needed to confirm whether the population still exists. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 CR B1+2c Calyptranthes brevispicata Myrtaceae Peru Currently recorded only from the type coilection, the species occurs in lowland Amazon forest in Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Calyptranthes capitata Myrtaceae Jamaica The species is distributed between 670 and 950m in St Ann and Clarendon Parishes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Calyptranthes crebra Myrtaceae Peru Known only from the type, this species occurs in lowland Amazon forest on white sand in Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Calyptranthes densiflora Myrtaceae Peru This species is endemic to the lowland eastern slopes of the Andes in Peru. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 DD Calyptranthes discolor Myrtaceae Jamaica The species is rare and confined to forested slopes on Dolphin Head. The habitat has experienced selective logging and hurricane damage. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Calyptranthes ekmanii Myrtaceae Haiti, Jamaica Confined to areas of wet woodland or thicket on limestone, this shrubby species occurs in south-west Haiti and Portland in Jamaica. The habitat in both islands has suffered severe decline largely because of forestry and agricultural expansion. Threats of cutting and clearing are still strong in remaining wooded areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 261, 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Calyptranthes flavo-viridis Myrtaceae Cuba This small tree, along with its relative C. arenicola, was discovered many years ago at a single locality in Pinar del Rio Province. The site, near the Santa Cruz River, has suffered severe degradation from settlement and agriculture. Fieldwork is necessary to verify the existence of this species. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 CR B1+2c Calyptranthes johnstonii Myrtaceae Panama This species is described on the basis of three collections, all from south-west of Fort Sherman in the Canal area. Other Calyptranthes in the same region are identified as other species. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 3467, 16772 DD Calyptranthes kiaerskovii Myrtaceae Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (British) A small tree of moist forest or wet areas in dry forest. In Puerto Rico three sites, each containing a single individual, were originally recorded, only one of which may still be extant. A population on the offshore island of Vieques has been destroyed in the construction of a helipad. On Virgin Gorda in the British Virgin Islands, there are several very small populations within the national park and there may be others still to discover. On Tortola, however, the population has not been seen for some time. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16898, 17124 CR D1 Calyptranthes luquillensis Myrtaceae Puerto Rico An endemic to the Luquillo Mountains, occurring in wet areas at middle elevation in the El Verde region. More information may indicate a more serious threat category is appropriate. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5988, 7931, 7980, 12389, 17124 VU D2 Calyptranthes nodosa Myrtaceae Jamaica A tree of moist thickets, especially along streams, found only in Trelawny and Clarendon. A doubtful record also comes from Hanover. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c 101 Species Summaries Calyptranthes polyneura Myrtaceae Cuba An uncommon shrub or small tree confined to the serpentine plateau of Sierra de Nipe in north-eastern Cuba. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU D2 Calyptranthes portoricensis Myrtaceae Puerto Rico A poorly known species, which was recorded in 1981 from two localities in the upper regions of Monte del Estado, Maricao. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 17124 EN C2a Calyptranthes pozasiana Myrtaceae Cuba Many years ago this small tree was reported to occur locally in the Rfo del Medio region of Pinar del Rio Province in western Cuba. The habitat in this area is very disturbed. Fieldwork is needed to check whether the original population stili exists. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 CR B1+2c Calyptranthes rostrata Myrtaceae Cuba A shrub, sometimes a small tree, endemic to the scrub and karstic woods on limestone of Monte Verde in the Nipe-Yateras District of eastern Cuba. Few collections have been made of this species. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Calyptranthes sessilis Myrtaceae Peru A lowland forest species known only from Loreto and San Martin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 DD Calyptranthes simulata Myrtaceae Peru Occurring in seasonally inundated areas and *terra firme forest, the species is known only from the departments of Amazonas, Loreto and Madre de Dios. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 LR/nt Calyptranthes thomasiana Myrtaceae EN C2a Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (British), Virgin Islands (US) Recorded as a shrub or tree, the species is known from scattered small populations in moist forest. There are about 30-50 individuals remaining in three localities in Puerto Rico. In the US Virgin Islands the best known population consists of 15-20 plants on Bordeaux Mountain on St John. The site of the St Thomas population is now developed and no plants remain, The World List of Threatened Trees except in cultivation. In the British Virgin Islands there is thought to be a population of at least 100 individuals on Gorda Peak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5988, 7980, 17124 Calyptranthes umbelliformis Myrtaceae Jamaica The distribution of the species is disjunct, with populations - possibly representing different taxa - occurring in St James in the west and Portland in the east. The species is confined to moist wooded limestone hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Calyptranthes uniflora Myrtaceae Jamaica Known from only a single locality, the species occurs at the base of a wooded limestone cliff in Cooks Bottom, St Elizabeth Parish. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c, C2b Calyptranthes wilsonii Myrtaceae Jamaica Although the species appears to be locally abundant, it is confined to mossy woodland areas between 450 and 900m in Portland and St Thomas. Almost the entire forest in the latter parish has been either severely degraded or completely lost. Areas in the former are also reduced and threatened by forestry activities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 19116 VU B1+2c Camellia chrysantha Theaceae China (Guangxi), Viet Nam A shrub or small tree restricted to wet areas of forest below 500m in south-west Guangxi extending into Viet Nam. Populations are given formal protection over much of the range in China but continue to be threatened by overcollection of seedlings and habitat disturbance. The species was included in Appendix II of *CITES in 1985 and deleted from the Appendix in 1997. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU Alcd Camellia crapnelliana Theaceae China (Fujian, Guangxi, Zhejiang), Hong Kong A species of the broadleaved forest, occurring along the coast in Fujian, south-west Zhejiang, southem Guangdong and southern Guangxi. Populations are steadily diminishing with increasing habitat loss and cutting. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU Alc Camellia euphlebia Theaceae China (Guangxi), Viet Nam A shrub or small tree found in northern Viet Nam and one location in Fangcheng, southern Guangxi, where it VU Alc, D2 102 grows in forested valleys between 150 and 480m. There are constant threats of cutting or habitat clearance. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 Camellia fleuryi Theaceae Viet Nam A small tree which appears to be confined to a single locality between 800 and 1000m at Dien Khanh in Khanh Hoa Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 11530 VU D2 Camellia gilbertii Theaceae Viet Nam A small tree, apparently endemic to Viet Nam, where it occurs at about 300m in Phu Tho in Vinh Phu Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848 VU D2 Camellia grijsii Theaceae China (Fujian, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi) Confined to areas of evergreen broadleaved forest between 150 and 500m, the species occurs in a few scattered locations in the east of China. The numbers of populations are steadily diminishing with increasing habitat loss and disturbance. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU Alc Camellia hengchunensis Theaceae Taiwan A species restricted to dry lowland forest on windward hills and ridges in the Nanjenshan area on the Hengchun Peninsula. The entire range is contained within Kenting National Park. Little regeneration is evident. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 19050 EN C2a Camellia pleurocarpa Theaceae Viet Nam A small tree which has been collected only from Hoi Xuan in Thanh Hoa Province, near the Laos border. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848 VU D2 Camellia pubipetala Theaceae China (Guangxi) A shrub or small tree known from two locations, Long'an and Daxin, occurring in evergreen broadleaved forest at the base of limestone mountains, between 190 and 230m. There are constant threats of cutting and habitat clearance. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU B1+2c, D2 Camellia reticulata Theaceae China (Yunnan) Although the species occurs widely in cultivation, wild populations are restricted to mixed montane forest in VU B1+2c western and central Yunnan, where they are in decline. The demand from the horticultural industry is causing significant depletion of plants in the wild. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 Camellia tunghinensis Theaceae China (Guangxi) A shrub or small tree confined to Fangcheng in southern Guangxi, where it occurs in forest between 180 and 440m. There are constant threats of cutting or habitat clearance. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU B1+2c, D2 Cameraria microphylla Apocynaceae Cuba A small tree, up to 5m tall, occurring in evergreen thorny shrubwoods on serpentine-derived soils in the lowlands of Camaguey and Ciego de Avila Provinces. The species’ habitat has been severely degraded and transformed into savanna by buming and grazing. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Campnosperma seychellarum Anacardiaceae Seychelles A tree scattered as isolated individuals or small groups in moist forest on Mahé. A single individual is also known near Vallee de Mai on Praslin. Historical records indicate populations were once large but have declined through heavy exploitation for fuelwood and timber used in boat and house building. Natural regeneration is now rare and seriously hampered by the invasion of Cinnamomum verum. The entire species range lies largely within Mome Seychellois National Park. Propagation from seeds is now being attempted. Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Refs: 9859, 17229, 19023, 19025 EN B1+2c Campnosperma zeylanicum Anacardiaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to the lowland evergreen rainforests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Campomanesia aromatica Myrtaceae Brazil Restricted to Atlantic coastal forest in the south-east, the species has suffered from extensive reductions in habitat. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19097 VU B1+2c Campomanesia espiritosantensis Myrtaceae Brazil Restricted to Atlantic coastal forest in the south-east, the species has suffered from extensive reductions in habitat. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19097 VU B1+2c Species Summaries Campomanesia hirsuta Myrtaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) Restricted to the mountains of Rio de Janeiro near Petrépolis and Terez6polis, this tree was last collected in 1968. It is not known whether the species is still extant. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5435, 7980 EN B1+2c Campomanesia laurifolia Myrtaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) A forest tree apparently restricted to the mountains around Rio de Janeiro. The most recent collection is dated 1961. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5435, 7980 EN B1+2c Campomanesia lundiana Myrtaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) This species is known only from the type collection, which supposedly came from Rio de Janeiro in 1825. Although this area has since been well studied, the species has not been found again. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5435, 7980 EX Campomanesia neriiflora Myrtaceae Brazil (Paranda, S40 Paulo) A tree confined to the remaining patches of coastal forest in Sao Paulo and Parand. Large-scale destruction of these forests has taken place over several centuries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5435, 7980 VU B1+2c Campomanesia phaea Myrtaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, S40 Paulo) A small tree known only from sites near Sao Paulo city and Serra dos Orgaos National Park near Teresépolis in Rio de Janeiro. It is also cultivated on a small scale for its much appreciated edible fruits which are shaped like Indian clay pots, or cambuci, from which it derives its vernacular name. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5435, 7980 VU B1+2c Campomanesia prosthecesepala Myrtaceae Brazil (Minas Gerais) The species is known only from a collection made in the last century at a location called Rio Manso in Minas DD ' Gerais. There is more than one Rio Manso in the state 103 and the species has not been found again. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5435, 7980 Campomanesia reitziana Myrtaceae Brazil (Santa Catarina) Although common where it occurs, this small tree is confined to a small area of coastal forest in Santa Catarina. The declines in this habitat over centuries have been dramatic. Assessor: Barroso, G.M. Refs: 5435, 7906, 7980, 19097 LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees Campomanesia rufa Myrtaceae Brazil (Minas Gerais) This species is poorly known. It is apparently restricted to Minas Gerais, where it probably occurs in *cerrado vegetation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5435, 7980 DD Campomanesia schlechtendaliana var. schlechtendaliana Myrtaceae VU B1+2c Brazil (Paran4, Rio de Janeiro) An Atlantic coastal forest tree from locations in Parana and Rio de Janeiro. The decline in its habitat has been dramatic. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5435, 7980 Campomanesia sessiliflora var. sessiliflora Myrtaceae Brazil (Sao Paulo) According to current knowledge, two collections from the last century and one more recent collection, this variety is confined to coastal forests in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The other varieties appear to be more commonly collected and located in the interior. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5435, 7980 EN B1+2c Campomanesia speciosa Myrtaceae Peru A small tree which has a relatively wide range on the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes. Recent collections have been few. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 LR/nt Campomanesia viatoris Myrtaceae Brazil (Alagoas) Apparently collected only twice, this rare species is poorly known but believed to be distributed in forest on the banks of Rio Sao Francisco in coastal Alagoas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5435, 7980 EN B1+2c Camptolepis ramiflora Sapindaceae Kenya, Madagascar?, Somalia, Tanzania An evergreen tree of riverine forest. It occurs from southern Somalia along the lower Jubba River into eastern Kenya and Tanzania. Although the range appears extensive, populations are localised and confined to disappearing habitat. Information on the possible occurrence in Madagascar may alter the current status of the species. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 1308, 2361, 6396, 8697, 18665 VU B1+2c Campylospermum scheffleri Ochnaceae Tanzania A species restricted to the East Usambara Mountains within moist evergreen forest in upland areas. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814, 11631 VU B1+2b 104 Campylospermum vogelii var. molleri Ochnaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Priincipe, Sao Tomé) A small tree which is found in three sites above 1300m, where it occurs commonly in secondary forest. Regeneration is good in at least one of the sites. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19111 VU D2 Canarium fusco-calycinum Burseraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) An uncommon tree endemic to Sarawak, where it occurs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18327 VU Alcd+2cd Canarium kipella Burseraceae Indonesia (Java) This species is apparently sparsely distributed in hill forest on Mount Salak and near Pelabuhan Ratu. Both areas, close to Bogor city, appear to be without official protection and are susceptible to encroachment and cutting. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 EN B1+2c Canarium liguliferum Burseraceae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A lowland rainforest species known only from the Solomon Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16292, 16612 DD Canarium luzonicum Burseraceae Philippines Endemic to the Philippines, this tree occurs in primary forest at low to medium altitudes. The kedondong timber is used for light construction, a valuable oil is tapped from the tree and the seeds are edible. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 11145 VU Alcd Canarium ovatum Burseraceae Philippines A lowland primary forest tree, endemic to the Philippines, valued for its kedondong timber and the commercially traded seeds called pilinuts. It is commonly planted. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919, 7673, 11145 VU Alcd Canarium paniculatum Burseraceae Mauritius Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 9120, 16426, 19208 EN Alcde+2ce Canarium perlisanum Burseraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree known from a single collection in moist scrub on a limestone hill, Perlis (Kaki Bukit). Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Canarium pseudodecumanum Burseraceae VU Alcd+2cd Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Thailand An uncommon large tree found scattered in primary forest on undulating swamp land up to 280 m.The timber is traded as kedondong. There is concern over its status in Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7673, 11145, 17140, 19017, 19026 Canarium pseudopatentinervium Burseraceae VUAIc Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak) An uncommon tree restricted to lowland primary forest. In Sarawak, the species is only known from a single collection from Belaga. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11145, 19017 Canarium pseudopimela Burseraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A small tree known only from two collections, taken from lowland rainforest in Gunung Lambir and Gunung Raya. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Canarium pseudosumatranum Burseraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This imperfectly known species is scattered in lowland and hill forest of Perlis, Kedah, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang. The wood is traded as kedondong timber. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 11145, 19073 LR/cd Canarium reniforme Burseraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species of moist coastal hill forest, found in Perak and Selangor. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Canarium sarawakanum Burseraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Endemic to Sarawak, this small uncommon tree occurs in lowland to low submontane forest. So far collections are known from Kapit, Lubok Antu, Gunung Penrissen and Simanggang. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Canarium whitei Burseraceae New Caledonia A rainforest tree recorded from Riviére des Pirogues. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 CR C2a 105 Species Summaries Canarium zeylanicum Burseraceae Sri Lanka A scattered tree confined to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Canthium dicoccum Rubiaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Canthium ficiforme Rubiaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) This species is known from a collection taken from a confined area of submontane forest in the Elamalai Hills and from an imprecisely recorded locality futher south. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Canthium glaucum ssp. frangula Rubiaceae Kenya A shrub or small tree, known from Meru National Park, where it occurs in Combretum woodland at 790m. More detailed information on population numbers may indicate a more serious threat category is appropriate. The type subspecies is more widespread. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396 VU D2 Canthium impressinervium Rubiaceae Tanzania A coastal forest species known from three sites in south- east Tanzania. It has been collected from an unprotected tract of forest on the Noto Plateau and from the nearby Rondo Plateau. Forest covering 140km? is protected in the latter site as a forest reserve. Much of it is heavily disturbed because of previous logging, planting of commercial timbers, shifting agriculture and local exploitation. The presence of an active forest Management programme is discouraging further exploitative activities. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b, D2 Canthium keniense Rubiaceae Kenya A Kenyan endemic of dry upland forest, occurring in localised populations in the Nairobi-Machakos region. The surrounding area is densely populated and agricultural activities, firewood collection and recent droughts are causing habitat degradation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Canthium kilifiensis Rubiaceae Kenya Confined to areas of Brachystegia woodland, this shrub or small tree is known only from populations in Arabuko-Sokoke and Mangea. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396 VU B1+2c Canthium montanum Rubiaceae Sri Lanka This species was found in 10 forest localities, mainly in Nuwara Eliya District, during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 VU B1+2c Canthium neilgherrense var. neilgherrense Rubiaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A small tree of montane forest, occurring in the Nilgiris and in the Agastymalai Hills further south. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Canthium oligocarpum ssp. intermedium Rubiaceae Kenya, Tanzania A subspecies of dry montane forest. A single collection is known from south-west Mau in Kenya. In Tanzania occurrences are known from Mount Kilamanjaro, Kilomeni and the Nguru Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Canthium pergracilis Rubiaceae India (Kerala) A relatively large tree, which has only been recorded from a small locality of lowland rainforest in south Kerala. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Canthium racemulosum var. nanguanum Rubiaceae Mozambique, Tanzania A variety from dry forest patches scattered in a relatively unexplored region extending from Kilwa in southern Tanzania to northern Mozambique. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Canthium robynsianum Rubiaceae Kenya, Tanzania Occurrences are recorded in the Usambara Mountains and Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania and in Arabuko- Sokoke and Witu in Kenya, in Brachystegia woodland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 12067 VU B1+2c Canthium rondoense Rubiaceae Tanzania A coastal forest species which appears to be confined to the remaining areas of undisturbed forest within Rondo EN B1+2bc 106 Forest Reserve. Logging activities, shifting cultivation, pole and fuelwood collection and the establishment of commercial plantations have disturbed the forest extensively in the past. The presence of an active forestry programme is discouraging local exploitation at the present time. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 16796 Canthium shabanii Rubiaceae Tanzania The range of the species appears to be confined to the Usambara Mountains, where it occurs in moist montane forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Canthium siebenlistii Rubiaceae Tanzania Confined to the Usambara and Udzungwa Mountains, the species is known from four moist forest localities at altitudes above 1000m: Shume-Magamba, Mwanihara, Myumbenito and Monga. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2c Canthium suborbiculare Rubiaceae Papua New Guinea This shrub or small tree is restricted to the Port Moresby region and Morupore Island, where it is found in savanna or scrub. It is known only from five or six collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19140 VU D2 Canthium vollensenii Rubiaceae Tanzania The species ranges in south-east Tanzania, where it occurs in moist semi-deciduous forest remnants. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Cantleya corniculata Icacinaceae VU Alcd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia?, Sabah, Sarawak) Scattered below 300m in primary freshwater swamp forests and hill forests in drier areas, this tree is exploited for its highly valued timber. The heavy, hard wood has a similar fragrance to sandalwood and is often used as a substitute. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 5550, 6426, 12937 Capparis crotonantha Capparaceae Panama The species is known only from the type collection in San Blas. The specimen is not complete and was probably described erroneously as a separate species from C. filipes, which occurs widely in the same area. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 DD Capparis discolor Capparaceae LR/nt Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama Ranging from the Gulf Region of Mexico to Colombia in areas of lowland rainforest, the species is reported to be most common in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. In Panama small populations have been recorded from the provinces of Panama and Darién, including an occurrence in Darién National Park. The Colombian population appears to be confined to Antioquia. Throughout the species range the habitat has been extensively cleared for agriculture, settlement and its timber resources. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 CR C2a A small tree, known from very few collections taken from a small area of lowland semi-deciduous rainforest to the north-east of the Panama Canal. The area has suffered much deforestation, although forest is protected within the national parks of Chagres and Portobelo. Occurrences are evidently rare, but it is possible further exploration will uncover additional localities. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 Capparis mollicella Capparaceae Mexico A relatively widepsread Mexican endemic, occurring in rainforest and also drier forest types in the Gulf region and the Pacific slopes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993, 19124 VU Alc Capparis pachyphylla Capparaceae India (Arunachal Pradesh) Once reported to be common along windswept steep cliffs and slopes, the species has not been recoilected since 1935 from the known localities in the Aka Hills and Tuzu River Gorge. The area is remote and the species is likely to be found again. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799 EN B1+2c Capparis panamensis Capparaceae Panama All collections of this species come from a small area of lowland evergreen rainforest to the north-east of Panama City. The populations are small and strongly affected by logging and other activities. There is a possibility that there are further populations occur in Chagres National Park in south-east Colén and around the Canal. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 1370, 7980, 16772, 18416 CR C2a VU D2 A species known only from the type collection from San Martin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 107 Species Summaries Capparis uniflora Capparaceae Panama Originally collected from Coclé in 1941 and identified as C. baducca, the specimen was redescribed as a new species, C. uniflora. No recent collections have been made and there is insufficient evidence to confirm the taxonomy. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 16772 DD Captaincookia margaretae Rubiaceae New Caledonia A species from a genus endemic to New Caledonia. It is confined to a small area of threatened sclerophyllous forest. Fires, grazing and encroaching agriculture are continuous problems. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 1833, 4492, 10351 CR B1+2c Caraipa jaramilloi Guttiferae Peru A species of *ferra firme forest occurring in the departments of Loreto, Madre de Dios and Pasco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 LR/nt Caraipa utilis Guttiferae Peru Occurring in *ferra firme forest on white sand, the species is known only from the type collection. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Carallia calycina Rhizophoraceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 17759 VU Alc Carallia diplopetala Rhizophoraceae China (Guangxi), Viet Nam Confined to the Shiwan Mountains in southern Guangxi, the species appears to occur in such low numbers that repeated recent searches for it have failed. In Viet Nam it appears to be more widespread in secondary forest and forest margins in central provinces and mountain areas. Natural regeneration is reported to be good here. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847, 15357, 19060 LR/nt Carallia euryoides Rhizophoraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species of lowland and hill forest, rarely reaching an altitude of 900m, occasionally found on quartz ridges. Populations are recorded in Selangor, Pahang and Johore, where it is protected in Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees Carica jamaicensis Caricaceae Jamaica The species has a local distribution on rocky banks or in thickets and pastures on coral limestone or sandy soils near the sea. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Cariniana ianeirensis Lecythidaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) A species known only from four collections in the Atlantic forests of Tijuca and Itaocara. Its proximity to Rio de Janeiro places it under serious pressure from urban encroachment and recent intensive fieldwork in the area has failed to find living specimens. Much of Tijuca forest is protected. The species is included in the official list of threatened Brazilian plants compiled by *IBAMA. Assessor: Varty, N. Refs: 7980, 8815, 16123 EN B1+2c Cariniana integrifolia Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas) Confined to non-flooded forest of central Amazonia, near Manaus, the species is under threat from increasing land settlement and fires. It occurs in the Ducke Forest Reserve. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1503, 5942, 7980, 9632 VU B1+2c Cariniana kuhlmannii Lecythidaceae Brazil (Rond6nia) A savanna tree, known only from the type collection from Campos dos Urupa's. There is a serious threat of habitat loss through increasing land settlement. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1503, 3791, 7980, 9632 CR B1+2c Cariniana legalis Lecythidaceae VU Alac Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo), Colombia?, Venezuela? A large emergent tree, sparsely scattered in areas of lowland non-flooded rainforest, such as Atlantic forest, mesophyllous, riverine or hygrophyllous forest and semi-deciduous woodland. Large trees are also left standing in agricultural areas and coffee plantations. Populations frequently occur on fertile land and considerable habitat loss has caused declines in the species. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 1503, 7980, 9632, 11449, 19179, 19184 Cariniana pachyantha Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A large tree, endemic to lowland rainforest in Sao Paulo de Olivenga. It is known only from the type collection. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1503, 3791, 7980, 9632 VU B1+2c, D2 108 Cariniana pauciramosa Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas) This species has only ever been collected from a single site of lowland rainforest along the Manaus to Itacoatiana road. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1503, 5942, 7980, 9632 EN B1+2c Cariniana penduliflora Lecythidaceae Brazil (Rond6nia) A species of savanna or open woodland, known only from Mutumparana. Much of the natural vegetation has been lost to agricultural encroachment. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1503, 3791, 7980, 9632 CR B1+2c Cariniana pyriformis Lecythidaceae Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Venezuela A relatively wide ranging species of primary forest. It is threatened at a national level in Colombia and is causing some concern in Venezuela. The wood has been commercially expoited but is considered hard to work. It has been cultivated outside its natural range in Jamaica, Trinidad and Singapore. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1503, 5942, 7980, 9632, 12109, 19069 LR/nt Cariniana uaupensis Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas) The known distribution of this rainforest species is confined to its type locality in Imeri. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1503, 3791, 5942, 7980, 9632 VU B1+2c Carissa edulis var. sechellensis Apocynaceae Seychelles The main population is confined to Silhouette. On Aldabra there are two trees and the population on Mahé became extinct by 1874, probably because of habitat clearance. About 150 mature trees exist in total, a large population occurring at Mont Cocos Marrons. The trees were also felled in the past for the production of aromatic oils and fuelwood for copra dryers. All populations are within areas which are given protection. Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Refs: 10610 EN D1 Carpinus putoensis Corylaceae China (Zhejiang) A single fenced tree is left in the wild on Mount Froding on Putuo Island in the Zhoushan Archipelago. Originally occurring in evergreen broadleaved forest, the remaining tree now exists at the edge of a sparse mixed forest. The species is monoecious. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11725, 11847 CR D1 Carpodiptera mirabilis Tiliaceae Cuba This beautiful tree is localised in montane rainforest on limestone-derived soils within Guantanamo Province. No flowering specimens have ever been collected. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 16327, 18485, 19149 CR B1+2c Carpodiptera ophiticola Tiliaceae Cuba An uncommon shrub or small tree occurring locally near favines and washes in the serpentine outcrop of Canasi, Matanzas Province. The habitat is under constant threat of being completely cut and cleared. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 16327, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Carpoxylon macrospermum Palmae Vanuatu A palm tree of ornamental interest, confined to areas of lowland rainforest in Aneityum, Tanna and Futuna. Approximately 40 individuals exist in the wild and another 120 mature trees are cultivated around villages. Regeneration is moderate.The species is protected and the subject of a conservation plan managed by the Vanuatu Forestry Department. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 CR D1 Caryocar amygdaliforme Caryocaraceae Colombia, Panama, Peru Apparently endemic to Colombia, the species is known to occur in Antioquia, Bolivar, Caldas, Santander, Tolima and possibly Caquetaé. The Peruvian distribution Tequires confirmation. There may also be a collection from Darién in Panama. The species is closely related to C. costaricense to such a degree that they may be forms of the same taxon. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069, 19216 EN B1+2c Caryocar coriaceum Caryocaraceae Brazil A species of *cerrado, restricted to the Chapado do Araripe in Brazil. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 1262, 7980 EN Ala+2c Caryocar costaricense Caryocaraceae Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela The species is known from scattered populations in lowland evergreen rainforest. In Costa Rica occurrences are very scarce and confined to protected areas. Similarly in Panama, the species is restricted to Darién and San Blas, where populations appear to be in a poor state with little evidence of regeneration. Levels of exploitation of the timber are reported to be high but there are differences in opinion as to whether timber trade is a serious threat to the species. Habitat loss has, however, been severe. Populations extend into the VU Alacd 109 Species Summaries Chocé in Colombia. There may some confusion with populations of the closely related species, C. amygdaliforme. The species is listed on Appendix II of *CITES. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 7980, 14487, 16772, 19179, 19185 Caryodaphnopsis cogolloi Lauraceae Colombia An endemic to Antioquia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Caryodendron angustifolium Euphorbiaceae Panama The species appears to be known only from the type specimen, collected in Progresso in Chiriquf in the first half of the century, although it possibly occurs in the Golfo Dulce area in Costa Rica. Additional specimens originally recorded as this species from other parts of Panama have since been identified as Senefeldera testiculata. It is not known whether the species is now extinct. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772, 19177 DD Casasia longipes Rubiaceae Jamaica An uncommon tree found in remaining areas of woodland on limestone in central parishes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Casearia albicans Flacourtiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree confined to the moist forest of Penang and Perak. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 DD Casearia atlantica Flacourtiaceae Panama Occurring chiefly along forested riversides, the species appears to be confined to the Atlantic side of three provinces. The few living specimens known are sparsely scattered in forest that is not well studied and, in parts, disappearing through encroaching agriculture and settlements. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 12756, 16772 EN C2a Casearia coriifolia Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 LR/cd Casearia crassinervis Flacourtiaceae Cuba A shrub which sometimes reaches the size of a small tree. It occurs in pine woodland and forest and is VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees confined to the mountains of the Nipe-Baracoa Massif in eastern Cuba. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 19149 Casearia engleri Flacourtiaceae Tanzania A montane forest tree restricted in range to the West Usambara Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5020, 5204 VU B1+2b Casearia flavovirens Flacourtiaceae Indonesia (Bali, Java) A species of various forest types occurring up to an altitude of 800m in eastern Java and Bali. All forested areas at these elevations have experienced heavy clearing and are under intense pressure from the activities of local populations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7673, 9078 VU B1+2c Casearia flexula Flacourtiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) An uncommon shrub or small tree of submontane and hill forest confined to Kedah Peak. Similar specimens, which could be this species, have been collected elsewhere in Peninsular Malaysia and in Sumatra and Borneo. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 DD Casearia kaalaensis Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Casearia lasiophylla Flacourtiaceae DD Brazil (Alagoas, Minas Gerais, Parand, Piauf, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo) Although the species is geographically widespread, its distribution is discontinuous. It is found principally in areas of Araucaria forest, but also in more open areas and pastureland. Occurrences are rare in Sao Paulo and questionable in Rio de Janeiro. It has, however, been recently collected from Parana. Assessor: Torres, R.B. Refs: 19098, 19099 Casearia macrocarpa Flacourtiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This small tree species is found only in areas of rainforest in Penang. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Casearia mannii Flacourtiaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Principe) The species has been collected only twice and no information on its exact locality has been recorded. VU D2 110 There have been no recent botanical surveys of the island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724 Casearia mauritiana Flacourtiaceae Mauritius Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 9120, 16426, 19208 CR Alce, B1+2ce Casearia megacarpa Flacourtiaceae Colombia This endemic Colombian species occurs in Valle and Vaupes. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 VU B1+2c Casearia mexiae Flacourtiaceae Ecuador An endemic of Ecuador, inhabiting montane and upper montane cloud forest. Currently this species is only known from the High Andean areas of Imbabura and Pichincha. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Casearia quinduensis Flacourtiaceae EX Colombia An extinct species, previously recorded in Tolima and possibly Quindio. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19063, 19069 Casearia tinifolia Flacourtiaceae EX Mauritius No specimens have been found since 1976. Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 9120, 16426, 19208 Casearia williamsiana Flacourtiaceae CR C2a Honduras A species of *matorral, thickets and dry forest along rivers, at low to middle elevations. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 7980, 12756, 13995 Casearia wynadensis Flacourtiaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A small tree of low to medium elevation evergreen forest, occurring in scattered localities in Wayanad and the Nilgiris with some outlying populations further south. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Cassia aldabrensis Leguminosae Seychelles (Aldabra) This species appears on Assumption and all the main islands of Aldabra, except the western portion of Grand Terre. It occupies crevices on limestone pavement (platin) and on pinnacled micro-karst limestone VU D2 (champignon). Aldabra is protected as a Strict Nature Reserve. Assumption has experienced some habitat clearance for strip-mining for phosphate or guano. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19027 Cassia artensis Leguminosae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Cassia aubrevillei Leguminosae Céte d'Ivoire, Gabon The distribution of this rare species is disjunct. It is known only from lowland moist semi-deciduous forest in Gabon and further west in Cote d'Ivoire. This type of forest in the latter country has disappeared outside protected areas. In the former country forest areas are unprotected, with the exception of the newly established national park at Lopé, and largely under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 12822 Cassia fikifiki Leguminosae Cote d'Ivoire A species endemic to lowland forest in south-west Cote d'Ivoire, between the rivers Sassandra and Cavally. Severe deforestation in the area has resulted in there being little forest outside Tai National Park. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 12822 VU Alc, B1+2c EN B1+2c Cassine koordersii Celastraceae Indonesia (Java) It is not known whether the species is still extant in the wild. The only known location, which was situated in a seasonally dry area in Pugur in the Lampesan Valley and Watangan Hills, is now deforested. Intense population pressure has been the main cause of habitat loss. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 CR B1+2c Cassipourea brittoniana Rhizophoraceae Jamaica An uncommon tree confined to areas of woodland on limestone hills in Trelawny. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Cassipourea eketensis Rhizophoraceae Nigeria Recorded only from Eket in south-eastern Nigeria, the habitat of this species is likely to have been destroyed by operations for oil exploration. A botanical survey of the area is required to ascertain whether the species is now extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 450, 2773, 11504 CR Alc 111 Species Summaries Cassipourea fanshawei Rhizophoraceae Zambia The type collection, made in Musondwa in 1958, is the only known record of this species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18965 VU D2 Cassipourea flanaganii Rhizophoraceae South Africa (Eastern Cape) Found in evergreen forest along the Eastern Cape coast and further inland, mainly in Transkei, the species occurs in many localities which are supposedly protected as demarcated forest. However, the system of protection has not been successfully upheld since 1994. Much of the forest, including that which is not demarcated, is threatened by increasing settlement and cutting for firewood and timber. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 VU A2c Cassipourea hiotou Rhizophoraceae Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana A tree which can be common where it occurs but is strictly confined to wet evergreen forests. In Céte d'Ivoire it is restricted to the south-west, mainly in Tai National Park. This type of forest has reduced in extent significantly because of logging and mining and also the establishment of industrial plantations. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 8369, 12061, 12822 VU Alc, B1+2c Cassipourea obovata Rhizophoraceae Mozambique Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 18965 DD Cassipourea subcordata Rhizophoraceae Jamaica A small tree known only from an area of marsh and one other site along a brook in limestone hills in Trelawny. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Cassipourea subsessilis Rhizophoraceae Jamaica A very uncommon tree endemic to Dolphin Head, where it is confined to areas of woodland on limestone in the north-east. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Cassipourea swaziensis Rhizophoraceae South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal), Swaziland There is taxonomic confusion over this species. Little is known about its abundance and precise distribution. It has been found on exposed quartzite rock ridges in only three definite localities, where the habitat is under threat from cutting as a source of firewood and timber. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 11785, 19218 DD The World List of Threatened Trees Cassipourea thomassetii Rhizophoraceae Seychelles (Aldabra) A shrub or small tree which appears to be very sparsely distributed in inland mixed scrub on Malabar, Polymnie and the west of Picard. The islands are under protection in a Strict Nature Reserve and only Picard is inhabited by staff of a research station. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11577, 19027, 19062 VU D2 Castanopsis catappaefolia Fagaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This lowland tree of open rainforest is known only from the type collection, gathered in 1886 from the district of Gopeng, Perak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19073 CR B1+2c Castanopsis concinna Fagaceae China (Guangdong, Guangxi), Hong Kong A tree known only from scattered small populations on low-lying hills on the coast from the mouth of Zhujiang River to Shiwan Mountain. Numbers are believed to be very small and declining because of cutting for the timber. Some populations, e.g. at Datan in Hong Kong and Chengman in Jiulong, are protected. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU B1+2ce Castanopsis curtisii Fagaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A medium-sized tree, distributed in lowland rainforest areas in Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan, Penang, Pahang and Selangor. Protected populations are found within Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/nt Castanopsis kawakamii Fagaceae LR/nt China (Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi), Taiwan, Viet Nam A massive tree scattered in subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest along the south-east coast of China and in Taiwain, and widespread in northern and central Viet Nam. Trees are heavily cut in many areas for the timber, which is used in construction work. Regeneration, at least in Viet Nam, is reported to be poor and limited to forest edges. Assessor: SSC Temperate Broadleaved Trees Specialist Group Refs: 1818, 6469, 11847, 15357 Castanopsis nephelioides Fagaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore Occurring up to 1600m, the species is found in both open and closed rainforest in Kedah, Kelantan, Penang, Pahang and Selangor. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 9199, 11647, 19073 VU AIc Castanopsis scortechinii Fagaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare tree occurring in the hill forests of Perak and VU B1+2c 112 Pahang. The localities are given a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate. However, large areas remain threatened by encroaching agriculture. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 Castanopsis wallichii Fagaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore This tree is found in the lowland rainforests of Kedah, Penang, Perak, Selangor, Malacca and Singapore. Much of the remaining habitat is under threat from development, although four small localities are contained within forest reserves. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 9199, 19073 VU B1+2c Catalpa brevipes Bignoniaceae Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti In Cuba, this small tree is known from the limestone hills of Baire on the northern side of the Sierra Maestra mountain range and from the dry forests on coastal limestone in Cabo Cruz. It has also been collected from Azua in the Dominican Republic and the Massif de la Hotte in Haiti. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 8451, 11403, 18485, 19149 VU B1+2c Cathaya argyrophylla Pinaceae China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan) A monospecific genus occurring in a few disjunct localities in the eastern Dalou Mountains and in the Yuecheng range. Around 30 small to medium-sized stands occur in areas which are fairly inaccessible. The populations are well protected but there is concern that they will be replaced by faster growing broadleaved species if regeneration continues to be poor. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 1818, 5624, 11847, 13041 LR/cd Cavanillesia platanifolia Bombacaceae Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru A widely distributed species, occurring in lowland rainforest and in areas which have been disturbed or cleared of forest. The Colombian population is considered to be endangered. In Panama, the largest populations are found in the Canal area and in Darién. It is one of the few trees often left uncut after forest clearance because its large size makes handling difficult. Solitary individuals and scattered populations are distributed throughout the rest of Panama, and in neighbouring Central American countries it is relatively common. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 11449, 16772, 19069 LR/nt Cecropia longipes Cecropiaceae Colombia, Panama In Panama the species occurs in moist forest, woodland and scrub habitats from the Canal area to Darién. Populations are small and dispersed and there are few young individuals. A small part of the species range is EN C2a contained within protected areas. More information is needed on the population status in Colombia. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 Cecropia maxonii Cecropiaceae Panama Occurring in Boquete in the province of Chiriquf, the species has been collected only twice, although the area has been relatively well studied. There is not enough information to categorise the species as extinct and it is possible that more recent collections have been identified under a different species name. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 DD Cecropia multiflora Cecropiaceae Peru A lowland forest species restricted to the departments of Amazonas, Cuzco and Junin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 LR/nt Cecropia tubulosa Cecropiaceae Peru Known only from the type collected in Hudnuco, this species occurs in lowland rainforest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Cecropia utcubambana Cecropiaceae Peru Recorded from the type only, this species occurs in lowland rainforest in Amazonas Department. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Cedrela fissilis Meliaceae EN Alacd+2cd Argentina (Jujuy, Misiones, Salta, Tucum4n), Bolivia, Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela At one time an abundant and wide-ranging species in lowland forest types. Populations throughout its range have been decimated by overexploitation and habitat loss. Overexploitation has resulted in the species becoming threatened in Colombia and Amazonian Peru. Most natural populations in Ecuador have been destroyed. Some large trees remain in Cuyabeno but they are being felled for export to Colombia. The species has become rare in Bolivia and is now only harvested opportunistically whilst mahogany, Amburana and Machaerium are being sought-after. It is apparently still abundant in the Regién Oriental in Paraguay, especially along the Parana valley. Populations in Argentina are restricted to the north, where they are partly contained within subandean piedmont forest, a habitat which is under severe threat. In Central America there are very few individuals in Costa Rica, if any at all, and few in 113 Species Summaries Panama. The timber is considered inferior to C. odorata, but is sold with the latter in mixed batches. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 1262, 4506, 5112, 7272, 7906, 9173, 11374, 11936, 12281, 14873, 19170, 19179, 19195, 19213 Cedrela lilloi Meliaceae EN Ala+2cd Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Santa Catarina), Paraguay, Peru A commercial timber species of montane forest, occurring between 800 and 3400m. Colonising land after substantial disturbances, the species occurs in large, almost monodominant stands. In many areas these have been drastically reduced, the largest now remaining in regions of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Assessor: Llamozas, S. Refs: 1262, 7980, 12281, 14040, 19121, 19170 Cedrela odorata Meliaceae VU Alcd+2cd Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico (Quintana Roo), Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, Suriname, Venezuela One of the world's most important timber species. It occurs in humid or dry lowland forest, preferring well- drained soils. Exploitation has continued on a large scale over the past 200 years and the species is now widely threatened at the provenance level. Large individuals have become scarce, especially in Amazonia. Trees are often cut opportunistically while other species, such as mahogany, Amburana and Machaerium, are being sought-after. Natural regeneration is generally good, but there are reports of trees being felled before they reach maturity. Populations are protected within national parks and agricultural landscapes. Attempts are being made to establish plantations throughout the tropics. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 4147, 4217, 4506, 5519, 6602, 8503, 12109, 12281, 14873, 15037, 16235, 16261, 19170, 19179 Cedrus brevifolia Pinaceae Cyprus Only one population is known, from Mount Triphylos. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 VU D2 Cedrus libani var. libani Pinaceae Lebanon, Syria, Turkey Although this variety is not threatened in Turkey, it is heavily threatened in Lebanon and extremely restricted in Syria. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 4506, 9058, 12984, 13041 LR/nt Ceiba rosea Bombacaceae Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama Occurring in medium-altitude forest, the species is found in scattered populations, which are never large, on the Pacific side of the Cordillera Central throughout VU C2a The World List of Threatened Trees Panama, and in the Chocé in Colombia and Alajuela in Costa Rica. Throughout the species range, there is evidence of medium to high human disturbance. In Chiriqui, Panama, the population is affected by annual buming. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 Celtis balansae Ulmaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Celtis hypoleuca Ulmaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Celtis jamaicensis Ulmaceae Jamaica A species found occasionally in woodland on steep limestone hillsides in the central and eastern parishes. General habitat declines have been considerable, mostly caused by increasing agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Celtis lindheimeri Ulmaceae Mexico, USA (Texas) A tree of brushlands and ravines, in Texas occurring near San Antonio and Edward's Plateau and in Mexico confined to the north. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3786, 7980, 19163 VU B1+2c Celtis luzonica Ulmaceae Philippines A timber species, endemic to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919, 12937 VU Alcd Centaurodendron dracaenoides Compositae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) Preliminary data indicate the species is confined to less than 100km? and declining in numbers through the effects of grazing by feral animals and spread of introduced weeds. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. The genus contains three species, endemic to Juan Femandez. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 14140 CR B1+2c Centaurodendron palmiforme Compositae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) Preliminary data indicate the species is confined to less than 100km? and declining in numbers through the effects of grazing by feral animals and spread of CR B1+2c 114 introduced weeds. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. The genus contains three species, endemic to Juan Fernandez. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 14140 Centrolobium yavizanum Leguminosae Colombia, Panama Known only from the province of Darién, the species is uncommon and restricted to small groups of trees, principally occurring in open woodlands at river edges. Populations in Darién National Park appear to be slightly more common and well protected. Also recorded in Colombia, the species occurs equally infrequently in the Valle del Cauca and the Chocé. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 3156, 7272, 7980, 16772 VUCI1 Centronia brachycera Melastomataceae Colombia Endemic to Colombia, the species has been recorded from Cundinamarca, Huila and Santander. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 VU B1+2c Centronia laurifolia Melastomataceae Peru A species known only from a single collection in Hudnuco Department. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Centronia mutisii Melastomataceae Colombia An endemic to Cundinamarca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 VU B1+2c Centronia peruviana Melastomataceae Peru A cloud forest species apparently confined to the department of Hudnuco between altitudes of 3000 and 3500m in the Peruvian Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Cephalomappa sinensis Euphorbiaceae China (Guangxi), Viet Nam The species occurs in limestone areas in south-west Guangxi, China, and in Cao Bang in Viet Nam, where it can become dominant in moist forest below 500m. Overcutting and use of the tree as cattle forage are the main threats. In Viet Nam seedlings and young trees are abundant where the trees have been planted, but regeneration in the wild is almost non-existent. However, trees coppice well. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847, 15357 VU B1+2c Cephalosphaera usambarensis Myristicaceae Kenya, Tanzania A monotypic genus restricted to small areas of upper moist evergreen forest in the Usambara Mountains, Southern Nguru Mountains, Uluguru Mountains and Udzungwa Mountains. A population also occurs in the Shimba Hills in Kenya. The timber, used for veneer, has been overexploited in the recent past and habitat degradation has also caused population declines. The Nearest relative is a small genus, Brochoneura, in Madagascar. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 11631, 19181 VU B1+2b Cephalotaxus fortunei Cephalotaxaceae LR/nt China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Myanmar, Viet Nam Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6190, 11191, 11530, 13041, 17186, 18751 Cephalotaxus hainanensis Cephalotaxaceae China (Guangdong - Hainan) This species has previously been included in C. mannii and has likewise suffered population declines because of logging and more recently exploitation of bark and leaves which contain the valuable medicinal extracts, cephalotaxine and harringtonine. It is endemic to, and widespread in, lowland forest on Hainan Island. As with other members of the genus, the maturation rate of the seed is slow and regeneration is relatively infrequent. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 848, 11191, 11847, 13041, 17186 EN A2d Cephalotaxus harringtonia var. drupacea Cephalotaxaceae China, Japan Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041, 17186 LR/nt Cephalotaxus lanceolata Cephalotaxaceae China (Yunnan), Myanmar? Although closely related to C. fortunei, this species is considered to be a distinct taxon in China. It occurs in small groves within forested valleys up to 1900m in Gongshan County. An occurrence in Myanmar is recorded, but there is no collected material from here. Exploitation of the taxon for the medicinal properties of its bark, and also of the habitat for its timber resources, are the main threats to the species. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 1818, 11191, 13041, 17186 VU D2 Cephalotaxus mannii Cephalotaxaceae VU Ald China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Xizang, Yunnan), India (Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland), Myanmar, Viet Nam Although widespread, the species has become rarer because of heavy exploitation, initially of the timber in the 1960s, but now of the bark and leaves which contain medicinal extracts, shown to be effective against leukaemia and lymphoma. The populations in China 115 Species Summaries often only occur in low densities and in remote areas. Parts of the Indian population are sometimes referred to as C. griffithit. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1818, 11191, 11530, 11847, 13041 Cephalotaxus oliveri Cephalotaxaceae VU Ald China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam Populations of this relict species are being rapidly depleted through logging and clearing of the lowland moist forest habitat. The plant has strong sprouting capacity but regeneration by sexual reproduction appears to be slow, possibly because of its dioecious nature. It is also a rich source of the anti-cancer extracts cephalotaxine and harringtonine, but exploitation does not appear to be large-scale. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1818, 11530, 11847, 13041, 15357 Cephalotaxus wilsoniana Cephalotaxaceae Taiwan Widely distributed but locally very scarce, the species occurs in areas of forest above 1800m which have been subject to extensive conversion into agricultural crops, commercial plantations and settlements. There are protected populations within Yushan and Taroko National Parks. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 374, 2106, 13041, 19050 EN C2a Ceratonia oreothauma ssp. oreothauma Leguminosae Oman, Yemen The main distribution of this species lies in the eastern Hajar Mountains in northern Oman in wadis and at the summit above 1500m. An isolated population is recorded from Hadramaut in South Yemen. The eastern part of the Hajar population is contained within Wadi Siren Nature Reserve. In the north-west the population is not regenerating. Assessor: Ghazanfar, S.A. Refs: 13174, 16380 VU Alcd Ceratonia oreothauma ssp. somalensis Leguminosae EN B1+2d, C1+2a, D1 Somalia Less than 10 trees have been seen during the last 15 years in the escarpment area south of Mait. Two individuals were seen in January 1997 south-west of Qandala some 280km to the east. More individuals are likely to exist in both areas. The habitat and the wood from this tree are used for multiple purposes and remain unprotected. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 13174, 18665 Ceratopetalum succirubrum Cunoniaceae VU A2cd Australia, Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea In Papua New Guinea populations are mainly confined to Western Province, where they are scattered in primary rainforest or monsoon forest. They are confined to an area which is heavily logged. The wood is decorative The World List of Threatened Trees and exported in small quantities. Ongoing exploitation will result in population decline and habitat destruction. More information is needed on the population status in Australia. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 Cerberiopsis neriifolia Apocynaceae New Caledonia The species is uncommon and confined to a small area in the south-east of Grand Terre encompassing parts of the Ouinné valley and along the Coniboue River. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et all. Refs: 10351, 12630 EN B1+2c Cerberiopsis obtusifolia Apocynaceae New Caledonia A relatively widely occurring species confined to remnant patches of sclerophyllous forest along the northern half of the west coast. The habitat is fragmented and reduced in extent. Fires, grazing and encroaching agriculture are continuing threats. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 VU B1+2c Cercidiphyllum japonicum Cercidiphyllaceae LR/nt China (Anhui, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Japan A rare tree found in temperate beech forests in Japan and in remnant patches of broadleaved forest in China. The main threat to the species is poor regeneration. The katsura-tree is an important timber species in Japan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 4506, 11847 Cercis canadensis Leguminosae Canada (Ontario), USA (Connecticut) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 13404, 15828 EX Cercocarpus traskiae Rosaceae USA (California) A shrub or small tree, which is endemic to Catalina Island. A single wild population exists, consisting of seven individuals in a canyon covering an area of approximately 250m?. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19033 CR DI Ceroxylon alpinum Palmae Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela A species of montane rainforest. In Colombia, the species is particularly under threat from habitat conversion to agriculture, but trees survive in deforested areas or coffee plantations. Regeneration is poor. Assessor: Bernal, R. Refs: 19069, 19118 EN B1+2c Ceroxylon quindiuense Palmae Colombia The national tree of Colombia, occurring in montane rainforest in the Andes. The habitat has come under VU B142c 116 severe pressure from increasing agriculture. Adult trees, although protected by law, are removed for omamental use. The leaves, too, are collected in large quantities for use in religious festivals, although there is now mounting pressure to halt overcollection. Assessor: Bernal, R. Refs: 19069, 19118 Ceroxylon sasaimae Palmae Colombia A palm tree of montane rainforest, principally found in the Cordillera Oriental. Trees survive in coffee plantations. Leaves are used in religious festivals. Assessor: Bernal, R. Refs: 19069, 19118 CR B1+2c Cestrum chimborazinum Solanaceae Ecuador An endemic of Ecuador currently known from the upper montane cloud forest of Chimborazo in the High Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Chaetocarpus coriaceus Euphorbiaceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Chaetocarpus pubescens Euphorbiaceae Sri Lanka A tree confined to the lowland rainforests of south-west Sri Lanka. This species was not rediscovered during the comprehensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, suggesting it is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 17195, 19112 CR B1+2c Chamaecrista bucherae Leguminosae Cuba This shrub rarely attains the size of a small tree. An uncommon species, it is confined to the lowland serpentine shrublands of the coastal zone north of the Moa Mountains. In some places the habitat is degraded. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19149 VU D2 Chamaecyparis formosensis Cupressaceae Taiwan A long-living emergent, which usually forms pure stands in medium to high elevation cloud forest. Many large trees were felled in the past and exported as timber to Japan. Over a hundred large trees have been preserved as a monument near Yuenyang Lake and Lala Mountain. Regeneration is good where it is not prevented by the planting of commercial species and the invasion of broadleaved species in the undergrowth. Plantations are now being established. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 2106, 11847, 13041, 19050, 19051 VU Ala Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Cupressaceae USA (California, Oregon) Natural populations of Port Orford cedar are confined to coniferous forest in coastal areas from Coos Bay to Mad River. International trade in the timber has put enormous pressure on the remaining old growth stands. The spread of the introduced pathogen Phytophthora lateralis continues at a rapid rate and prevents successful regeneration in many areas, especially those accessible by road. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 7222, 13041 VU Alde+2de Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana Cupressaceae Taiwan Occurring in association with, but in a more restricted range than, C. formosensis, this variety is found in moist evergreen forest at medium elevations. It also provides a more valuable timber, and rates of exploitation have in the past been very high. Protected populations occur in Yuanyang Lake Reserve and Yushan National Park. Plantations have also been established. The species is sometimes known under the name C. taiwanensis. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 374, 2106, 13041, 19050, 19051 VU Alacd Chamaecyparis obtusa var. obtusa Cupressaceae Japan There is concern over this species because of the extent of timber exploitation. Japan has apparently tumed to importing C. lawsoniana from the USA because of the low levels of supply of the native species. A ban on logging is now in effect. Remnant populations are known to occur in submontane forest in South Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu Islands. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 5287, 7222 VU Alc Chamaecyparis thyoides var. henryae Cupressaceae USA (Alabama, Florida, Mississippi) A variety which is very scattered in the drier parts ofTaxodium forests, but it is not under any threat. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 11886, 13041 LR/nt Chamaesyce atoto Euphorbiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 VU B1+2c Chamaesyce atrococca Euphorbiaceae USA (Hawaii) Known only from an area in the west of Kauai, the species occurs in various forest types up to an altitude of 900m altitiude. A population once recorded in the north of the island near Kilauea is thought no longer to exist. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU D2 117 Species Summaries Chamaesyce celastroides var. celastroides Euphorbiaceae USA (Hawaii) One of the recognised varieties of a widespread and variable species. It occurs at low elevations on Nihoa, Niihau and Kauai. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 LR/nt Chamaesyce celastroides var. hanapepensis Euphorbiaceae USA (Hawaii) One of the recognised varieties of a widespread and variable species. It is endemic to Kauai where it is restricted to rainforest at high elevations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 LR/nt Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana Euphorbiaceae USA (Hawaii) One of the recognised varieties of a widespread and variable species. Approximately 10 populations, consisting of about 545 individuals in total, are located in coastal dry shrubland, principally at Kaena Point but with small populations in Alau Gulch, Waianae Kai and Keawaula. Fires and alien species are the major threats to remaining populations. The variety is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19168 EN B1+2c Chamaesyce celastroides var. laehiensis Euphorbiaceae USA (Hawaii) One of the recognised varieties of a widespread and variable species. It is known from low elevations on Lanai and near Manawainui on East Maui. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Chamaesyce celastroides var. lorifolia Euphorbiaceae USA (Hawaii) One of the recognised varieties of a widespread and variable species. It is one of the dominant components of high elevation dry forest on Maui and Lanai, on which it has become particularly scarce. Disturbance caused by grazing, conversion to pastureland and the invasion of alien grasses, increasing the likelihood of serious fires, have all contributed to the decline in the habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Chamaesyce celastroides var. stokesti Euphorbiaceae USA (Hawaii) One of the recognised varieties of a widespread and variable species. It is found in beach vegetation on Niihau, Kauai, Molokai and Kahoolawe. The habitat has been in rapid decline because of the spread of goats and other feral animals and invasive plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce The World List of Threatened Trees Chamaesyce celastroides var. tomentella Euphorbiaceae USA (Hawaii) One of the recognised varieties of a widespread and variable species. Specimens were known only from Oahu. It has not been found in recent decades and is now presumed extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EX Chamaesyce herbstii Euphorbiaceae USA (Hawaii) Currently the species is known from four populations in the north and central Waianae Mountains on Oahu. There are estimated to be fewer than 200 plants in total. The lowland rainforest habitat is steadily being degraded by feral pigs and invasive plants. Protective and monitoring measures are being carried out on the population in Pahole Natural Area Reserve. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 12359, 19168 EN B1+2c, C2a, D1 Chamaesyce olowaluana Euphorbiaceae USA (Hawaii) This species was once common over a wide altitudinal range forming dry open forests up to 2800m on western Maui and Hawaii. Disturbance caused by grazing, conversion to pastureland and the consequent invasion of introduced grasses increasing the likelihood of serious fires have all contributed to the decline in this habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Chamaesyce rockii Euphorbiaceae USA (Hawaii) Usually a compact shrub but sometimes a tree, the species is confined to the Koolau Mountains on Oahu, where it is scattered in rainforest, primarily along cloudswept ridges up to 830m. Between 200 and 400 plants are estimated to exist in 11 populations, the majority of which lie in the Kawailoa Training Area. The vegetation is liable to be damaged or degraded by feral goats, invasive plants and military activities. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 12359, 19168 EN C2a Chamaesyce sachetiana Euphorbiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) The species is endemic to the Marquesas, occurring as a herb, shrub or small tree in Eiao, Nuku Hiva, Ua Huka, Ua Pou in the northern group and Fatu Hiva, Hiva Oa and Mohotani in the south. It is a strictly littoral species, occurring from sea level to 450m on rocky beaches, cliffs and rarely in secondary forest and abandoned pasturage. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 19169 VU B1+2c 118 Chambeyronia lepidota Palmae New Caledonia A species of schistose soils, restricted to the north-east of the island. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 19118 LR/cd Charpentiera densiflora Amaranthaceae USA (Hawaii) The species is confined to Kauai, where it occurs, sometimes as a dominant component, in *hala forest up to 250m along the Napali coast. The habitat has declined severely and is widely replaced by introduced flora. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN Alce Chassalia albiflora Rubiaceae Tanzania The range of the species is confined to the East Usambara Mountains, where it occurs within moist forests at altitudes of 800m to 1050m. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Cheirodendron dominii Araliaceae USA (Hawaii) One of the four endemic Cheirodendron taxa restricted to Kauai. It is ecologically and altitudinally distinct occurring in rainforest between 1525 and 1550m just below the summit of Mount Waialeale. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN B1+2c Cheirodendron forbesii Araliaceae USA (Hawaii) A tree known from three locations on Kauai Island. It is restricted to rainforest up to 890m on Mount Kahili, Makaleha Mountains and the Powerline Trail. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU D2 Chelyocarpus dianeurus Palmae Colombia A single-stemmed palm of rainforest, occurring on well- drained soils in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia. In some undisturbed areas, the species occurs in abundance and is under little threat at present. Leaf sheath fibre is used locally for pillow stuffing. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19118 LR/nt Chiangiodendron mexicanum Flacourtiaceae Mexico (Chiapas, Veracruz) This monotypic genus is confined to the remnant rainforest of the Gulf region of Mexico, only occurring in abundance in Uxpanapa. It is the only New World member of its tribe. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 5993, 7980 EN Alc Chimarrhis cymosa ssp. jamaicensis Rubiaceae Jamaica This subspecies is found infrequently in remaining areas of woodland on limestone in areas of high rainfall. Other subspecies are confined to the Lesser Antilles and Cuba. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Chionanthus adamsii Oleaceae Jamaica Known only from Trelawny, the species is uncommon and restricted to areas of woodland on limestone hilltops. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Chionanthus avilensis Oleaceae Venezuela An evergreen tree, apparently restricted to a single location in forest on Cerro Avila in north Venezuela. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1030 VU D2 Chionanthus caudifolius Oleaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare tree inhabiting montane rainforest between 1210 and 1450m in Perak and Pehang (Cameron Highlands). Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Chionanthus caymanensis var. caymanensis Oleaceae Cayman Islands Confined to Cayman Brac and Little Cayman, the species occurs in dry evergreen woodland on dolomite karst. Populations are stable and there are extensive primary stands of the habitat remaining. However. if the trends in real estate development spread from Grand Cayman, there is potential for rapid deforestation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19137 VU D2 Chionanthus caymanensis var. longipetala Oleaceae EN B1+2bcd Cayman Islands The species is endemic to the Cayman Islands, occurring in dry evergreen woodland on dolomite karst. This variety is confined to Grand Cayman, where the habitat has been 95% destroyed in the west. Clearing continues and trees are cut for fence posts and house construction. No trees are retained for landscaping, nor are they being replanted. There are, however, some areas where the taxon occurs abundantly and it is well represented in protected areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16261, 17038, 19137 Chionanthus filiformis Oleaceae LR/nt Brazil (Parand, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo) An evergreen species found in rainforest, often near livers, in south-east coastal Brazil. It is well collected which may indicate that it is common. However, it is 119 Species Summaries restricted to a habitat which has been extensively destroyed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1030 Chionanthus fluminensis Oleaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) A species with a very local distribution. It was once well collected, probably because of its proximity to the city of Rio de Janeiro. It does not appear to have been collected this century. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1030 CR B1+2c Chionanthus jamaicensis Oleaceae Jamaica This species is found only in areas of woodland in St Andrew Parish. Almost all forested areas in this parish are completely cleared or severely degraded. Assessor: Bellingham, P. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19116 VU B1+2c Chionanthus lancifolius Oleaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree of montane rainforest up to 1600m. It receives a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 9073, 19073 LR/cd Chionanthus leprocarpa var. courtallensis Oleaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A medium-sized tree, recorded from scattered localities in the Agastyamalai Hills and in two sites in the mountain ranges further north. It occurs in evergreen forest between 700 and 1500m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Chionanthus linocieroides Oleaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A species of lowland forest, recorded only rarely from scattered localities in the vicinity of the Agastyamalai Hills. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but about 1000km? of forest remain protected within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Chionanthus micranthus Oleaceae Brazil (Bahia) Endemic to the coastal forest of Bahia, this small evergreen tree is little known and rare. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1030 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Chionanthus proctorii Oleaceae Jamaica A poorly known and uncommon species. It is found on a wooded limestone hillside in Westmoreland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Chionanthus richardsiae Oleaceae Zambia This species occurs in open bush, often on steep slopes on sandy or stony soil, but so far it is recorded only in the vicinity of the Kalambo Falls. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18965 VU D2 Chionanthus spiciferus Oleaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A very rare tree confined to one locality in Selangor. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19073 VU D2 Chionanthus subsessilis Oleaceae Brazil (Minas Gerais) Presumed to be an evergreen tree, this species was collected only once, over a century ago, from Minas Gerais. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1030 CR B1+2c Chionanthus tenuis Oleaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) A small tree which has been collected only once, over 50 years ago, from remnant forest in Rio de Janeiro. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1030 CR B1+2c Chionanthus wurdackii Oleaceae Peru A tree known only from one location along Rio Marafion in the Amazonas region of Peru. Its wood has been described as extremely hard. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1030 VU D2 Chisocheton pauciflorus Meliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore? A shrubby tree up to 16m tall, inhabiting moist lowland primary forest up to an altitude of 550m. It can be found throughout western and southern parts of Peninsular Malaysia, in many areas which have been converted for non-forest land use. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 9199, 17140, 19073 VU B1+2c Chisocheton perakensis Meliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This tree grows up to 16m tall and is confined to the upper hill forest on Maxwell Hill, Taiping, in the state of Perak. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 120 Chisocheton stellatus Meliaceae VU B1+2c, C2a Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea Endemic to New Guinea, this tree of primary and secondary rainforest is known from only a few collections. In Papua New Guinea, the species was collected once in an area in Madang Province that is subject to ongoing logging, including wood chipping operations. In Irian Jaya, the species is known only from Geelvink Bay and Jayapura. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 Chlorocardium rodiei Lauraceae VU Alad Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Occurring in northern Brazil, Venezuela and the Guyanas, the species is a dominant component of a restricted belt of lowland rainforest on brown sand, and is also found occasionally in other forest types. A large part of the total population is confined to Guyana. The species is found in low densities in western Venezuela and only in a small concentration along Maratakka River in Suriname. The production of greenheart timber has declined significantly over the past 50 years. It is not known whether this represents falling supplies or just a greater interest in the plywood market. Regeneration in natural stands is very slow and poor germination success is inhibiting the establishment of plantations. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 5672, 10263, 13947, 17854, 19159, 19179, 19196 Chloroleucon chacoense Leguminosae Argentina (Salta), Bolivia, Paraguay An endemic to a small area of subandean piedmont forest, occurring from north-west Argentina to Paraguay, possibly extending into Bolivia. It is a notably uncommon tree within a habitat which is unprotected and under constant decline with logging, encroaching agriculture and pastoralism. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 1262, 5994, 7980 VU A2c, B1+2ac Chloroleucon eurycyclum Leguminosae Venezuela This species is known only from the type locality, in the lower Rio Paragua, Bolivar State. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU D2 Chloroleucon extortum Leguminosae Brazil (Bahia) This species of semi-deciduous woodland is known only from the type collection, gathered from north Bahia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU D2 Chloroleucon mangense var. tetrazyx Leguminosae Venezuela A tree of xeromorphic scrub woodland endemic to Bolivar. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 LR/nt Chloroleucon tortum Leguminosae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) A shrubby tree restricted to *restinga and thickets on sandy soils along the coast of Rio de Janeiro State. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 CR B1+2c Chloroxylon swietenia Rutaceae VU Alc India (Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu), Madagascar, Sri Lanka East Indian satinwood occurs in dry mixed evergreen forest. It is a slow-growing species which has become very scarce in most areas because of timber exploitation. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 6431, 8483, 15431, 17759, 18796, 19057 Chodanthus montecillensis Bignoniaceae Honduras A tree of humid forest at high elevations. nomenclatural status is somewhat uncertain. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 CR C2a Its Chordospartium muritai Leguminosae New Zealand (South Is.) Confined to a site in Clifford Bay in Marlborough, only twelve wild plants survive in a remnant of coastal forest. There are only two species in the genus, both endemic to New Zealand. Assessor: Oates, M.R. & P. J. de Lange Refs: 902, 9800, 10734, 17368, 19133 CR D1 Chordospartium stevensonii Leguminosae New Zealand (South Is.) Endemic to Marlborough, this small tree usually grows in scrubby sites near streams, except in one area where it forms its own forest type. Surveys in the early 1980s estimated a population figure of less than 200 individuals in total, but the number has now increased. Habitat deterioration has resulted in the invasion of grasses and weeds in places, and regeneration is sometimes prevented by grazing deer and livestock. There are only two species in the genus, both endemic to New Zealand. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 902, 17637, 19133, 19134 VU D2 Chosenia arbutifolia Salicaceae VU Alc China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning), Former USSR (Russia North, Sakhalin), Japan, North Korea Although occurring over a wide range, the species is confined to lowland forest and is in severe decline because of loss and degradation of this habitat. Regeneration is poor. The genus is monotypic. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 9957, 11847, 13143, 16250 Chrysophyllum acreanum Sapotaceae Brazil (Acre, Amazonas) A timber species recorded from *varzea and non- VU B1+2c 121 Species Summaries flooded lowland forests in a few sites in western Amazonia. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 Chrysophyllum albipilum Sapotaceae Peru Apparently the species has not been recorded since it was first collected in the first half of the century from San Martin, where it occurred in lowland rainforest between 400 and 800m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Chrysophyllum arenarium Sapotaceae Brazil (Ceara, Maranhdo, Pernambuco) Widely scattered in dry open forest locations, the species is relatively well collected and does not appear to be declining in any way. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 LR/nt Chrysophyllum azaguieanum Sapotaceae Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana This species is strictly confined to wet evergreen forest in Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire, where general losses of this forest type have been significant over the past century. It is an understorey tree quite unlike other members of the genus. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 8369, 12061 EN B1+2c Chrysophyllum bombycinum Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Peru A newly described species currently known from two main locations in the western Amazon. Several occurrences are recorded in non-flooded forest, usually on white sand in Loreto in Peru. The species also occurs further east in Brazil. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Chrysophyllum brenesii Sapotaceae Costa Rica, Panama A species mainly known from Costa Rica, but also occurring in Coclé in Panama. It is found in semi- deciduous forest and in association with oak, ascending to 1100m. It has been recorded in Santa Rosa, Braulio Carillo and Santa Ana National Parks in Costa Rica. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8816 LR/cd Chrysophyllum claraense Sapotaceae Cuba A shrub or small tree known from coastal scrub and forest in Casilda, Sancti-Spiritus Province. The habitat in this area has become severely degraded by urban expansion and tourism. Another unconfirmed record of this species has been made from Pinar del Rio. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 16327, 18485, 19149 CR B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Chrysophyllum durifructum Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A tree species of non-flooded lowland forest. It is known only from the type collection from the north of Manaus. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 CR B1+2c Chrysophyllum euryphyllum Sapotaceae Colombia A newly described species, known from the type specimen, which was collected from César some 50 years ago and from one other collection from Bolivar. It is recorded as a straggling treelet scattered on the forest edge and in savanna. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19069 CR B1+2c Chrysophyllum flexuosum Sapotaceae LR/cd Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, S40 Paulo) A small tree of lowland coastal rainforest and gallery forest in drier inland localities. It has recently been collected from a number of new sites, including Ilha do Cardoso State Park in Sao Paulo. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 Chrysophyllum hirsutum Sapotaceae Costa Rica, Panama A montane or cloud forest species recorded from a number of sites in Alajuela in Costa Rica and Coclé, Colén and Panamé Provinces in Panama. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8816 LR/nt Chrysophyllum imperiale Sapotaceae Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro) A large tree known from several sites of lowland rainforest, one being a plantation, on the Atlantic coast. The natural habitat of the species has been greatly reduced in recent decades. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN B1+2c Chrysophyllum inornatum Sapotaceae LR/cd Brazil (Parand, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina) A small tree of coastal rainforest. The known range of this species has increased. It also occurs in Ilha do Cordoso State Park in Sao Paulo. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 Chrysophyllum januariense Sapotaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) A tree of lowland coastal rainforest. It has been collected only from the type locality in Laranjeiras Forest, Rio de Janeiro, but it can no longer be found there. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EX 122 Chrysophyllum lanatum Sapotaceae Colombia A newly described species, endemic to Colombia, and currently known only from an area of montane rainforest between 2700 and 3000m in Cauca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19069 EN B1+2c Chrysophyllum lucentifolium ssp. lucentifolium Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro) The more restricted of the two subspecies. The taxon is confined to the coast of Brazil between Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, where the lowland forest habitat has seriously declined in extent and continues to be threatened by development and settlement. It has been recorded in Linhares Forest Reserve in Espirito Santo. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 LR/cd Chrysophyllum ovale Sapotaceae Bolivia, Brazil (Acre), Peru A lowland rainforest tree recorded from separate localities, one in Amazonian Peru and the other in the border area between Acre in Brazil and Beni in Bolivia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Chrysophyllum paranaense Sapotaceae Brazil (Paranda, Sao Paulo) A tree confined to lowland evergreen coastal forest in an area where increasing development and settlement are causing serious habitat declines. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c, D2 Chrysophyllum parvulum Sapotaceae Colombia, Venezuela A tree which is currently known from two widely separated areas, occurring in several sites in lowland evergreen rainforest in Carabobo and Lara in northern Venezuela and in a small endangered population in montane forest at 2000m in Valle in Colombia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816, 19069 LR/nt Chrysophyllum pauciflorum Sapotaceae Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (US) A tree of semi-deciduous dry forest and thickets on hills up to 750m. Occurrences are recorded from the serpentine barrens in Puerto Rico and from St Croix, St John and St Thomas in the Virgin Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Chrysophyllum revolutum Sapotaceae Peru A small tree known only from the region of Tarapoto in San Martin, where it occurs in rainforest at an altitude of 750m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Chrysophyllum splendens Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Pernambuco) A species restricted to remaining wet coastal rainforest in an area which is seriously threatened by increasing settlement and development. An occurrence is recorded in the Linhares Forest Reserve in Espirito Santo. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Chrysophyllum subspinosum Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia) Little information is available on this species. It apparently occurs in two sites of dry forest. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN D1 Chrysophyllum superbum Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A lowland forest species, only known from the type collection made in 1941 in western Amazonia. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 CR C2b Chrysophyllum viride Sapotaceae LR/nt Brazil (Espirito Santo, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo) A widely occurring species of the Atlantic slopes of Brazil from Espirito Santo to Santa Catarina and Parana. It occurs in rainforest up to 1000m and also in periodically flooded forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8816 Chunia bucklandioides Hamamelidaceae China (Guangdong - Hainan) Confined to Hainan Island the species is now only found on Dialuo Mountain and Jingfeng Mountain occurring in forested gullies at altitudes of 600 to 700m. Populations in Ding'an Qiongzhong, Baoting and Yaxian have apparently disappeared. It is the only species in the genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VUAIc Chytranthus mannii Sapindaceae Sao Tomé & Principe A shrub or small tree collected numerous times. Its fruit are edible and traded locally. Trees must be planted if the resource is to be harvested sustainably over the long term. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724 LR/nt Chytranthus obliquinervis Sapindaceae Kenya, Tanzania A tree of dry forest, restricted to localised populations on the East African coast. Pressures exist from a growing human population and the demand for land to cultivate. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 12067 VU B1+2c 123 Species Summaries Cinnadenia malayana Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A newly described species, known only from two collections, found in hill forest in Selangor and Negri Sembilan. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073, 19182 VU B1+2c Cinnamodendron corticosum Canellaceae Jamaica The species has a local distribution confined to Portland and St Thomas in remaining areas of rainforest between 300 and 1000m. The habitat, especially in St Thomas, has been heavily destroyed and degraded. Very little forest remains. Assessor: Bellingham, P. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19116 VU B1+2c Cinnamodendron cubense Canellaceae Cuba A very rare tree found in rainforest and the upper limit of the montane semi-deciduous forest in eastern Cuba. Habitat declines have been severe in places. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 9522, 11403, 19149 EN Alc, B1+2c Cinnamomum balansae Lauraceae Viet Nam A large tree restricted to lowland primary evergreen forest in Ha Tay (Ba Vi) and Ninh Binh (Ctic Phuong) in northern Viet Nam. Very little habitat remains and the species is also suffering from poor regeneration, with a complete absence of seedlings and young trees under the canopy of parent trees. The durable wood is exploited for construction and joinery. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 15357 EN Alcd, B1+2c Cinnamomum brevipedunculatum Lauraceae Taiwan A tree of dry lowland forest, confined to the southern part of the Hengchun Peninsula, partially contained within Kenting National Park. Increasing human activities, agriculture and settlement have caused extensive habitat losses. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 19050 EN B1+2a Cinnamomum capparu-coronde Lauraceae Sri Lanka This uncommon tree is restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, this species was recorded in 10 localities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 17278, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Cinnamomum chemungianum Lauraceae India (Tamil Nadu) Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in the forest understorey at 1400m in the Agastyamalai Hills. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but about 1000km? of forest remain protected within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 Cinnamomum citriodorum Lauraceae Sri Lanka A threatened species apparently restricted to Ratnapura and Monaragala Districts. It was discovered in only five forest localities surveyed for the comprehensive National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 12129, 18796, 19112 EN B1+2c Cinnamomum filipedicellatum Lauraceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A tree of submontane forest, known from three or four collections from scattered localities at the southern end of the Western Ghats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Cinnamomum heyneanum Lauraceae India (Karnataka) A very poorly known species, recorded from a single unspecified locality. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 DD Cinnamomum japonicum Lauraceae LR/nt China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang), Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan A tree occurring in isolated populations on coastal islands in China, throughout Taiwan and parts of North and South Korea and Japan. It is found in lowland evergreen forest, where it is susceptible to habitat clearance and conversion to agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 6469, 11847, 16250 Cinnamomum kanahirae Lauraceae Taiwan A tree of low to mid-elevation broadleaved forest. Populations are scattered over a relatively wide range. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 6469, 19051 EN Alacd Cinnamomum kotoense Lauraceae Taiwan A beautiful tree restricted to a few small populations in lowland broadleaved forest on Lanyu Island. Although, there are up to 200 or more mature trees, only a small fraction of that number set seed. The species is of local importance as an omamental and as a source of medicine. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 3295, 7933, 19050, 19051 CR C2a 124 Cinnamomum litseifolium Lauraceae Sri Lanka During the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, the species was found in three forest localities. It appears to be locally common in Horton Plains National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17759, 18796, 19112 VU B1+2c Cinnamomum macrostemon Lauraceae Taiwan Although the species is widely scattered in low to medium elevation forest throughout the island, populations are mostly isolated and under heavy exploitation for the medicinal extract that can be obtained from the leaves and bark. Establishment of industrial plantations and increasing land settlement have also had an extensive impact on the habitat. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 19050, 19051 VU C2a Cinnamomum mairei Lauraceae China (Sichuan, Yunnan) Restricted to south-west Sichuan and north-east Yunnan in submontane forest, the populations have been seriously reduced because of overexploitation of the bark for medicinal use and habitat clearance. Regeneration is reported to be poor and the species is being rapidly replaced by other broadleaved species in places. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 EN B1+2c Cinnamomum mathewsii Lauraceae Peru A species known only from its type collected from Amazonas Department in the Peruvian Amazon. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Cinnamomum mercadoi Lauraceae VU Ald Philippines A timber species of lowland and hill forest, the bark of which yields cinnamon. \ Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919 Cinnamomum micranthum Lauraceae LR/cd China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang), Taiwan, Viet Nam Although relatively widespread in lowland rainforest, the species has experienced considerable habitat declines, largely because of conversion to agriculture. Remaining populations are believed to be well protected in nature reserves. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 6469, 11847 Cinnamomum osmophloeum Lauraceae Taiwan An important source of medicine and spice. The species is widespread in lowland broadleaved forest. VU Alacd, B1+2a Populations have come under heavy exploitation and have also declined in extent because of habitat loss. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 6469, 19050 Cinnamomum parthenoxylon Lauraceae DD Indonesia, Malaysia (Sabah), Philippines, Thailand?, Viet Nam In Viet Nam, although the species occurs commonly in areas of evergreen rainforest in the north, exploitation of the roots for their commercial essence has caused severe population declines, resulting in the species being critically endangered at a national level (CR Alcd). Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 848, 9328, 12937, 15357, 19060 Cinnamomum parviflorum Lauraceae Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti A shrub or tree up to 15m tall, occurring in montane rainforest and cloud forest. It is uncommon in Cuba. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19149 VU B1+2c Cinnamomum perrottetii Lauraceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A medium-sized tree of montane forest, occurring in two main locations, the Nilgiri Hills and Anaimalai range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8483, 16438, 19144 VU B1+2c Cinnamomum reticulatum Lauraceae Taiwan Confined to the Hengchun Peninsula in the southern tip of Taiwan, populations are small and isolated, in dry forest on rocky seashores and coastal localities. Observations of poor regeneration and habitat clearance for housing developments have led to concerns for the species. A population is recorded in Kenting National Park Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 6469, 19050, 19051 VU C2a, D2 Cinnamomum riparium Lauraceae India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Few collections of this riverine tree exist. It occurs in lowland to medium elevation forest along the coast and Western Ghats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6431, 8483, 19144 VU B1+2c Cinnamomum rivulorum Lauraceae Sri Lanka During the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, this species was found in only one forest locality in Badulla District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 CR B1+2c 125 Species Summaries Cinnamomum walaiwarense Lauraceae India (Tamil Nadu) A small tree known a single collection, occurring in a restricted area of submontane forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 CR B1+2c Citharexylum quereifolium Verbenaceae Peru A species confined to the Peruvian Andes, recorded from rocky areas of forest between 2500 and 4000m in the departments of Cajamarca, Cuzco, Lima and La Libertad. Extensive burning and clearing have caused declines and fragmentation of the habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Citharexylum rimbachii Verbenaceae Ecuador This endemic tree of the Ecuadorean High Andes inhabits montane cloud forest at 2500m in Bolfvar. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Citharexylum suberosum Verbenaceae Peru A small tree apparently confined to a single area of disturbed forest between the altitudes of 2500 and 3000m in the department of Apirimac in the Peruvian Andes. Extensive burning and clearing have caused declines and fragmentation of the habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c, D2 Citharexylum ternatum Verbenaceae Cuba An endemic shrub or small tree locally confined to the mountainous area of Nagua in the west of the Sierra Maestra range in Granma Province. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU D2 Citropsis gabunensis Rutaceae Ghana A tree confined to wet evergreen forest in an area which has experienced significant declines in this habitat because of logging, mining and the commercial planting of exotics. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 6127, 12061, 15251 VU Alc, B1+2c Citrus taiwanica Rutaceae Taiwan Once widely scattered, the species has become scarce and confined to a few isolated populations in lowland forest in the region of Hsinchu and Taitung. The future prospects of its survival are poor as regeneration is severely hampered by the use of the tree as a rootstock in citrus plantations and by the extensive loss of habitat. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 19050 CR B1+2ab, C2a The World List of Threatened Trees Claoxylon ooumuense Euphorbiaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) Endemic to Nuku Hiva. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt Claoxylon taitense Euphorbiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) Populations are recorded from Moorea, Raiatea, Tahaa and Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt Clausena calciphila Rutaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Restricted to the rocky limestone slopes between 150 and 300 m, this small tree is known only from three localities; Bukit Pa'it and Bukit Bra'ang in Kuching District and Bukit Mentagai in Baram District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 Clavija jelskii Theophrastaceae Peru A forest species, found between 2000 and 2500m only in the department of Cajamarca in the Peruvian Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 Clavija longifolia Theophrastaceae Peru Endemic to Peru, the species is found in lowland rainforest in the departments of Hudnuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios and San Martin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 VU B1+2c LR/nt Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei Euphorbiaceae VU B1+2c China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan), Myanmar, Viet Nam This multi-purpose tree occurs in small populations in broadleaved forest on limestone over a relatively wide range, covering parts of southem China, Son La, Lao Kai and Yen Bai in north Vietnam and northem Myanmar. In China, particularly over the past 10 years, trees have been cut for timber at unsustainable levels. In Viet Nam the timber is said to be more rarely used because of its susceptibility to insect and termite attack. Seeds contain up to 30% edible oil. The genus contains just two species. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 Cleidiocarpon laurinum Euphorbiaceae Myanmar, Viet Nam There is some dispute over the wild origins of this species, but it is generally believed to be the more restricted in range of the two members of the genus. Wild populations are recorded in Son La in Viet Nam and in Myanmar in areas of evergreen broadleaved forest from low to medium elevation. Various parts of EN B1+2c, C2a 126 the plant are harvested for use, including the timber. It is widely planted as a fruit tree. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 11530, 15357 Cleidion lemurum Euphorbiaceae New Caledonia Once known from the Caves of Hienghéne, the species has not been found since 1871. It is questionable whether it should not now be considered extinct. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351 CR DI Cleidion lochmios Euphorbiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Cleidion marginatum Euphorbiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Cleidion veillonii Euphorbiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU D2 Cleistanthus bracteosus Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to Perak, the species is recorded from just two localities of lowland rainforest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Cleistanthus collinus Euphorbiaceae Sri Lanka The endemic status of this tree is uncertain. In Sri Lanka, this forest species is possibly extinct due to overexploitation. It was not found in the recent National Conservation Review forest survey indicating that the species is either extremely rare or extinct. The conservation category is inferred from the situation in Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18796, 19112 VU Ald Cleistanthus evrardii Euphorbiaceae Democratic Republic of Congo The species is restricted to a single locality in the Maringa valley, where it occurs in dense swamp forest often associated with Gilbertiodendron dewevrei. The habitat is threatened by logging and agriculture. Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Refs: 17185, 17951 VU D2 Cleistanthus ferrugineus Euphorbiaceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Cleistanthus flavescens Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare species of lowland rainforest in Perak and Terengganu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/nt Cleistanthus glandulosus Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree of primary evergreen rainforest, known only from a single collection from Gunung Keledang in Perak. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Cleistanthus glaucus Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to Perak, the species is distributed in lowland forest, below 200m, mainly on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19073 VU D2 Cleistanthus kingii Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare species of lowland forest and swamp forest, occurring on limestone below 150m in Perak and Johore. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 17140, 19073 LR/cd Cleistanthus lanuginosus Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to Mount Ophir in Johore, the species is scattered in submontane forest at 500m. The area is conserved. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Cleistanthus major Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree of primary evergreen rainforest, known only from a single collection from Kemaman in south Terengganu. Its continued existence is somewhat in doubt since the area has been under development of various kinds and much of the forest has been cleared. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 CR B1+2c Cleistanthus malabaricus Euphorbiaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala) Known from a few reports and even fewer herbarium specimens, the species occurs in low to medium altitude VU B1+2c 127 Species Summaries forest in scattered locations in the Western Ghats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 Cleistanthus membranaceus Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A lowland rainforest tree, occurring between 90 and 150m in Penang and Perak. The species has been collected few times. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/nt Cleistanthus parvifolius Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree of limestone forest in Gopeng, Perak. It has been collected only once. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 VU D2 Cleistanthus petelotii Euphorbiaceae Viet Nam ; A scarce tree, which appears to be known only from Hoda Binh (Muong Thon, Luong Son: Lam Son) in north Viet Nam. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848 VU D2 Cleistanthus robustus Euphorbiaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to lowland wet evergreen forests in south-west Sri Lanka. This species was not found during the recent National Conservation Review forest surveys, indicating that it is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Previously a population was known from Kanneliya Forest Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 CR B1+2c Cleistanthus travancorensis Euphorbiaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Two collections of the species have been gathered from widely separated localities of submontane evergreen forest at the southern end of the Western Ghats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Clermontia arborescens ssp. arborescens Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) One of two subspecies. An epiphytic or terrestrial tree or shrub restricted to southern West Maui, where it occurs in montane rainforest. It has been estimated that as much as 90% of the habitat has been logged and converted into pastureland. Remaining areas are affected by grazing feral pigs. The genus is endemic to the Hawaii Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre EN Alce Clermontia drepanomorpha Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) A terrestrial or epiphytic tree which is known only from the summits of the Kohala Mountains on Hawaii, where it is found in low boggy forest within an area of 26km?. EN B1+2c, C2a, D1 The World List of Threatened Trees A survey in 1995 identified 200 individuals in five different populations. The area is state-owned and the only site to harbour this unique habitat. The major threats come from ditch management, invasive plants, feral pigs and rats. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19037 Clermontia grandiflora Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) The species occurs in rainforest or the margins of bogs up to 1975m on Molokai, Lanai and Maui Islands. Two subspecies are sometimes recognised, of which the type subspecies is locally common but confined to West Maui. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 LR/nt Clermontia hawaiiensis Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) A terrestrial or epiphytic species confined to Hawaii Island, where it occurs in Puna and Kau Districts in rainforest from low to high altitudes. Much of the habitat has been logged and converted into pastureland. Remaining areas are strongly affected by grazing feral pigs. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Clermonitia lindseyana Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) An uncommon terrestrial or epiphytic species occurring in montane rainforest up to 2150m altitude. A single population remains on Maui on the southern slopes of Haleakala. About 14 populations are known from Hilo, Kau and South Kona Districts on Hawaii. The total population has been estimated to lie between 225 and 325 individuals. The major threats to the species are invading alien plants, grazing and damage caused by domesticated animals and the feral pig. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19039 EN B1+2c, C2a Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes Campanulaceae CR B1+2c, C2ab, D1 USA (Hawaii) This subspecies is known from a single population of about 20 individuals located in the south-eastern part of Kamakou Preserve, on Molokai, where it grows on forested slopes between 1100 and 1200m altitude. Feral pigs are an immediate threat to the population and rats may be predating the fruit and other plant parts. The taxon is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19040 Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis Campanulaceae CR B1+2c, C2b, D1 USA (Hawaii) This subspecies is restricted to one locality on West Maui, populations on Lanai and East Maui having become extinct in 1913 and 1927 respectively. On West Maui the taxon was first collected in the 1980s and is presently known from a single individual within a 128 protected area of montane wet forest. There still exist areas of rainforest on East Maui where a population may yet be discovered. Attempts at propagation have so far failed. The taxon is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19087 Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. oblongifolia Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) This subspecies is confined to lowland rainforest on Oahu Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Clermontia peleana Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) A shrub or tree which is epiphytic on tree ferns, Metrosideros, Acacia or Cheirodendron species. It occurs in rainforest on the slopes of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on Hawaii. A population on East Maui along with another population on the northern slope of Mauna Kea have been referred to as ssp. singulifera but both are now extinct. There are four remaining populations of the species, numbering no more than a few individuals. There is evidence of damage to the habitat caused by feral pigs, rats and the illegal cultivation of cannabis. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19039 CR C2a, D1 Clermontia persicifolia Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) This terrestrial or epiphytic species is found in lowland rainforest on Oahu. It is recorded from both the Koolau and Waianae Mountains, more commonly from the latter. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 LR/nt Clermontia pyrularia Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) A small tree restricted to Hawaii, where a single wild population of three plants remains. Two populations have been planted in exclosures at Hakalau, nearby. Invasive plants and the damage caused by feral pigs are thought to have contributed significantly to the species decline. It is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19039 CR C2a, D1 Clermontia tuberculata Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) Confined to East Maui, this terrestrial species occurs in montane rainforest, primarily along stream beds. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN Alce Clerodendrum calcicolum Verbenaceae Cuba A shrub or small tree up to 8m tall, endemic to the coastal dry evergreen forests of western Cuba. Habitat declines have been great in the past decades; overcutting and clearing for urbanisation continue to be threats. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19149 VU Alc, B1+2c Clerodendrum denticulatum Verbenaceae Cuba A small tree, of up to 10m in height, inhabiting semi- deciduous forest on eroded limestone in eastern Cuba. The habitat in this region has been heavily degraded in places. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 16327, 18485, 19149 VU B1+2c Clerodendrum galeatum Verbenaceae Yemen (Socotra) A small tree or shrub which is scattered in woodland areas throughout the island. Its timber is exploited at a local level. Populations are stable at present. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Clerodendrum glabrum ssp. minutiflorum Verbenaceae Seychelles (Aldabra) A small tree or shrub of inland scrub communities on the islands of Malabar, Polymnie, Picard, Grand Terre, Assumption, Cosmoledo and Astove. It provides an important food for tortoises. The Aldabran Islands are under protection within a Strict Nature Reserve. Some disturbance has occurred on Assumption because of strip-mining for phosphate or guano, and on Cosmoledo and Astove, where areas have been cleared for the establishment of coconut and Casuarina plantations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19027, 19062 VU D2 Clerodendrum leucophloeum Verbenaceae Yemen (Socotra) A small tree or shrub which is scattered in woodland areas throughout the island. Its timber is exploited at a local level. Populations are stable at present. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Clethra alexandri Clethraceae Jamaica This species appears to be common to abundant, especially above 1800m. The largest population occurs in forest on the Grand Ridge, also in forest margins and gaps. Hybridisation takes place between this species and C. occidentalis. The forest at lower altitudes has suffered more serious degradation because of logging and the ensuing soil erosion and invasion of aggressive exotic plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 12564 LR/nt 129 Species Summaries Clethra coloradensis Clethraceae Panama The species is known from a few collections all taken from a small area of cloud forest around Cerro Colorado in Chiriqui. There is much activity in the area, particularly copper and gold mining. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 6067, 16772 CR B1+2be Clethra crispa Clethraceae Ecuador An endemic of Ecuador, currently known to occur only in areas of montane and upper montane cloud forest in Azuay and Loja. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119 VU B1+2c Clethra hendersonii Clethraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) An uncommon shrub to small tree which resides in the understorey or in gaps of montane rainforest, also occuring in secondary forests at high elevation. It is given a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Clethra javanica Clethraceae Indonesia (Java) The species is known only from a forested area near the lake at Taman Hidup in Dataran Tinggi Yang or the Yang Plateau. The area is relatively isolated, although logging has occurred in the past and commercial plantations have been established. Proposals to give the area national park status have failed. A variety may possibly occur on Lombok. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1011, 9078 VU Alc, D2 Clethra parallelinervia Clethraceae Ecuador An endemic of Ecuador, found only in the provinces of Loja and Azuay where it occurs in montane and upper montane cloud forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Clethra tutensis Clethraceae Panama The species is known only from the type specimen collected in 1975 from Cerro Tute in Verguas. It is not known whether the species still exists and the area is little explored. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 6067, 16772 DD Cleyera bolleana Theaceae Dominican Republic, Haiti A cloud forest species which has been collected from only six localities in Hispaniola. The two collections from Haiti from the Massif de la Selle date back over 50 years. There is considerable pressure exerted on these VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees small forests because of the demand for farming land and wood. It is unknown whether the populations remain intact. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 13574 Cleyera cernua Theaceae Mexico (Oaxaca) A montane forest species known only from the Oaxaca region of Mexico. Several localities are known but most are not definite and more fieldwork is necessary to confirm the distribution of this rare species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 13574 DD Cleyera japonica var. grandiflora Theaceae India (Meghalaya) A taxon known only from a few localities in Meghalaya. How many of the localities harbour extant populations is not known. No record of the taxon has been made since 1935 despite explorations in the area. The forest in Meghalaya has been seriously fragmented and reduced to sacred groves in many places. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799 EN B1+2c Cleyera vaccinioides Theaceae Dominican Republic, Haiti A species known only from five localities within cloud and pine forests of Hispaniola. The two Haitian localities occur in the Massif de la Selle and Massif de la Hotte and date back the 1920s. Considerable pressure is exerted upon these small areas of forest because of the demand for farming land and wood. It is unknown whether these populations remain intact. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 197, 13574 VU B1+2c Clianthus puniceus Leguminosae New Zealand (North Is.) Occurring in scattered populations from Northland to Hawkes Bay, the species occurs as a shrub or small tree in scrubby forest margins and flaxland. About 200 plants exist in total, most of these occurring within the boundaries of Urewera National Park. Browsing by goats, pigs, deer and possums and the illegal collecting of seedlings have caused more recent declines in numbers. A popular ornamental plant with large bright ted flowers, it is possible that the Maori were partly responsible for previously known occurrences on offshore islands, the East Cape and other parts of the North Island. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 902, 4253, 15251, 17637, 19133, 19134 EN Dl Clidemia crossosepala var. adamsii Melastomataceae EN B1+2c Jamaica This variety occurs very locally in thickets on limestone, only in Trelawny at about 680m. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 130 Cliffortia arborea Rosaceae South Africa (Northern Cape, Western Cape) A *fynbos relic which occurs in *karroid vegetation along the Great Escarpment from Beaufort West in the east to near Sutherland in the west and northwards to Calvinia. Information from local farmers indicated that it was once very common along the edge of the escarpment. However, being the only woody plant in the area, it was heavily used for firewood and reduced to five remnant subpopulations. Two of the extant subpopulations are healthy, with a range of size classes present; one is also contained within a national park and the other occurs in a local authority nature reserve. There is no evidence of any further declines in recent years. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 VU Alcd Clinostigma haerestigma Palmae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A palm tree of lowland Casuarina forest on ultrabasic soils, restricted to south-east Santa Isabel. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 DD Clinostigma harlandii Palmae Vanuatu Endemic to Vanuatu, this palm tree occurs in wet rainforest on ridge tops and the adjacent steep slopes. The population is extensive with 100,000s of mature trees. Regeneration is good. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 LR/nt Clinostigma samoense Palmae Western Samoa A palm confined to Upolu Island, Western Samoa. The major part of the broadleaved lowland forest habitat is now destroyed. Remaining populations appear to be healthy and stable, the species occasionally being quite common. Assessor: Whistler, A. & D. Johnson Refs: 19118 EN Alc Clinostigma savoryana Palmae Japan (Ogasawara-shoto) A rare palm tree of wet forest endemic to the Bonin Islands. Very little has been published on this species. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 DD Clitoria moyobambensis Leguminosae Peru Known only from the type, the species occurs in lowland rainforest in San Martin Department. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Clitoria woytkowskii Leguminosae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in lowland rainforest in San Martin Department. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Clusia carinata Guttiferae Peru A lowland rainforest species which is known only from the type collected in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Clusia clarendonensis Guttiferae Jamaica An uncommon tree occurring in woodland on limestone in Clarendon, St James and Trelawny. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Clusia croatii Guttiferae Colombia, Panama Occurring in semi-deciduous rainforest above 500m, the species is found throughout Panama from Darién, extending into Colombia, to the border with Costa Rica, possibly extending over that border as well. In places it is relatively common but never abundant. Some populations are protected in national parks, but elsewhere the species is under pressure from mining for copper and gold, as in Cerro Colorado, and from increasing settlement of the land in Coclé. The only known Colombian population is restricted to a very small area. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 VU A2c Clusia cupulata Guttiferae Panama Principally known from the centre-north of Panama, the species continues to be in found new sites, increasing its range so that it almost stretches from the border with Costa Rica to the border with Colombia. No record of the species has been made in either of the latter countries so far. It occurs almost exclusively in undisturbed rainforest up to 1200m. There are small populations in Volcan Bari and Chagres National Parks and Kunayala Indigenous Reserve. Outside these areas the habitat is VUAIc frequently threatened by settlement, logging and extensive agriculture. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 Clusia dukei Guttiferae VU Alc Panama Largely growing epiphytically, the species is scattered diffusely in areas of moist forest from low elevation to 1800m. It is recorded from localities throughout Panama. Some populations are protected in national parks, others are seriously exposed to increasing habitat clearance for settlement and agriculture. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 131 Species Summaries Clusia havetioides var. havetioides Guttiferae Jamaica Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980 LR/nt Clusia havetioides var. pauciflora Guttiferae Jamaica This variety is known from only a single locality on a steep densely wooded hillside on Croft's Mountain, Clarendon. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 7980, 19085 EN B1+2c Clusia havetioides var. stenocarpa Guttiferae Jamaica Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980 LR/nt Clusia longipetiolata Guttiferae Panama At present, the species is known only from the Caribbean coast in Bocas del Toro and Colén, where it is scattered in lowland semi-evergreen or evergreen forest. The area is not well explored but available information suggests the species is uncommon. A small population in Santa Rita, Colén, is in grave danger of being cut down. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 VU B1+2c Clusia osseocarpa Guttiferae Colombia, Panama Occurring in rainforest from low elevation to 1500m, the species ranges from the Canal region in Panama to an area just over the border with Colombia in the Chocé. Population numbers are not large but several of the localities are within protected areas. Increasing agriculture, settlkement and logging threaten areas of unprotected forest. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 VUC1 Clusia portlandiana Guttiferae Jamaica An epiphytic tree or shrub confined to mossy forest on limestone in Portland between 450 and 750m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Clusia pseudomangle Guttiferae Peru A cloud forest species which is endemic to the Peruvian Andes and has been collected only once, from the department of San Martin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Clusia tarmensis Guttiferae Peru Known only from the type, the species occurs in lowland rainforest in the department of Junin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Cnidoscolus fragrans Euphorbiaceae Cuba Apparently endemic to the site where the capital city of Cuba was built, this tree was described from the area of Regla at the eastern side of Habana Bay more than a century and a half ago. A wide area of several kilometres around the harbour has been cleared and urbanised. There is very little chance of rediscovering the species. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 EX Cnidoscolus matosii Euphorbiaceae Cuba This tree is locally restricted to coastal, dry, evergreen forests on limestone terraces in Maisi, eastern Cuba. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 16327, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Cnidoscolus rangel Euphorbiaceae Cuba Confined to Pinar del Rio Province, this small tree occurs infrequently in semi-deciduous forest on shallow soils or on bare, deeply eroded limestone rocks. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 16327, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Coccoloba cholutecensis Polygonaceae Honduras A scarce species of lowland dry forest, occurring on the Pacific coast where fires and encroaching agriculture are frequent threats. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 CR C2a Coccoloba coriacea Polygonaceae Cuba Endemic to a relatively small area in the north of Pinar del Rio Province, this shrub or small tree is confined to sclerophyllous evergreen scrub and woodland on serpentine-derived soils in the Cajalbana range. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19149 VU D2 Coccoloba dariensis Polygonaceae Colombia, Panama A relatively common species of lowland seasonal rainforest, in Panama occurring in Darién Province, Valle de Antén in Coclé, and the Canal area. Much of the range lies within protected areas, outside which occurrences are less common. In Colombia, there are populations in the Chocé and Valle de Cauca. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 LR/nt 132 Coccoloba lindaviana Polygonaceae Honduras A tree restricted to the Atlantic drainage, occurring at low to middle elevations. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 CR C2a Coccoloba matudae Polygonaceae Mexico A rainforest species with a distribution confined to high precipitation forests in the Gulf region and from the Pacific slope. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993 VU Alc Coccoloba plumieri Polygonaceae Jamaica A tree of moist savannas, thickets and woodlands on limestone in the central and western parishes. General habitat declines have been considerable. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Coccoloba proctorii Polygonaceae Jamaica A large tree with a local distribution on limestone hills in St Elizabeth and St James. Population numbers are very low. The habitat is severely degraded in places and under constant threat from cutting and encroaching agriculture. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 EN B1+2c Coccoloba retirensis Polygonaceae Cuba A small tree described from a single locality in El Retiro, Santa Cruz, Pinar del Rio Province. The habitat in the area has been severely degraded. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19149 CR B1+2c Coccoloba rugosa Polygonaceae Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (US) (ex) Originally described from a cultivated specimen, this beautiful tree occurs in the wild in semi-dry woodland on coastal hills in the north-east and east of Puerto Rico. The record from St Thomas in the US Virgin Islands dates from over 100 years ago and the habitat there has largely been destroyed. The main extant population consists of 121 plants in Palmas de Mar, Puerto Rico. There are thought to be a further three populations, making the population total 400- 500 plants. Threats of quarrying and development, especially of houses, tourist facilities and roads, are apparent. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 17124 EN C2a Coccoloba tiliacea Polygonaceae Argentina (Jujuy, Salta), Bolivia Endemic to the piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and Bolivia, the species is confined to an unprotected VU B1+2ac ecosystem which is agricultural systems. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 19122 being rapidly replaced by Coccoloba troyana Polygonaceae Jamaica Populations occur in two main areas, Trelawny and St James, and Portland and St Thomas. They are confined to remaining areas of woodland on limestone and serpentine soils. Deforestation has occurred extensively in the latter two parishes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 19116 VU B1+2c Cocconerion minus Euphorbiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Coccothrinax borhidiana Palmae Cuba Occurring on raised limestone beaches near the sea, this palm is restricted to Matanzas. The area of occupancy is less than 10km?. Assessor: Moya, C. Refs: 19118 CR B1+2c Coccothrinax crinita ssp. brevicrinis Palmae Cuba A Cuban endemic found in lowland, seasonally flooded savanna up to 500m. Habitat destruction and local exploitation of the plant parts are causing population reductions. The species is traded locally as an ornamental. Assessor: Moya, C. Refs: 19118 EN B1+2e, C2a Coccothrinax crinita ssp. crinita Palmae Cuba A Cuban endemic of lowland, seasonally-flooded savanna up to 500m. Habitat destruction and local exploitation of the plant parts are causing population reductions. The species is traded locally as an ornamental. Assessor: Moya, C. Refs: 19118 EN B1+2c, C2a Coccothrinax ekmanii Palmae Dominican Republic, Haiti A palm tree found in dry scrub forest on limestone on rocky hills or near the sea. Little is known about the species status in Dominican Republic but it is very likely to be threatened in Haiti. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 DD Coccothrinax inaguensis Palmae Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands This rare palm species occurs in scrub on sandy or DD 133 Species Summaries limestone soils in coastal areas. Little information is available on its conservation status. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 Coccothrinax pauciramosa Palmae Cuba Confined to Camagiiey, Holguin and Oriente in Cuba, this small tree grows in open forest on limestone hills or on serpentine savanna between 200 and 250m. The area of occupancy is small and populations are declining. Assessor: Moya, C. Refs: 19118 VU B1+2e Cochlospermum tetraporum Cochlospermaceae Argentina (Jujuy, Salta), Bolivia Within the genus, the species appears to have evolved in isolation. It is endemic to the subandean piedmont forest in north-west Argentina and Bolivia and appears to be restricted to gypsum-based soils. The ecosystem remains entirely unprotected and threatened by agriculture, logging and pastoralism. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 1262, 5112, 7980, 11140, 19122 EN B1+2a Coffea costatifructa Rubiaceae Tanzania This species was first described in 1994. It is known from two localities: Mafia Island and the Selous Game Reserve, where it occurs in patches of forest, woody savanna or Brachystegia thicket. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17153 VU D2 Coffea fadenii Rubiaceae Kenya Endemic to the Taita Hills, the species is scattered to scarce in areas of moist montane forest. Populations are known from Mbololo, a protected reserve, and Ngangao. There is some habitat encroachment by local farmers and settlers. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 17859 VU B1+2c, D2 Coffea lemblinii Rubiaceae Cote d'Ivoire Known only from a single herbarium specimen, the species is believed to be extinct. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 2773, 12822 EX Coffea mongensis Rubiaceae Tanzania Known from the East Usambara, North Udzungwa and also probably the Nguru Mountains, this species is found in moist evergreen forest at altitudes of 1150 to 1400m. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b The World List of Threatened Trees Coffea mufindiensis ssp. mufindiensis Rubiaceae Tanzania A Tanzania endemic, this subspecies is restricted to moist montane forests in the Kiboriani and Udzungwa Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Coffea pocsii Rubiaceae Tanzania Described in 1994, this small tree is confined to dry evergreen forest, characterised by the frequency of Euphorbia and Encephalartos, in Kitulanghalo Forest Reserve in the Morogoro region. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17153 VU B1+2c, D2 Coffea pseudozanguebariae Rubiaceae Kenya, Tanzania A shrubby tree which is known from remnant dry forest patches occurring in the Taita Hills in Kenya, and further south in Tanzania and Zanzibar. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Coffea togoensis Rubiaceae Ghana, Togo A small tree which is common but restricted to the southem dry forests of Ghana, from Tain II Forest Reserve to the Volta region and extending into Togo. Dry forests have suffered the most serious losses of all the forest types in this area. They continue to decline because of fire, felling and agricultural expansion. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 VU Alc Coffea zanguebariae Rubiaceae Mozambique, Tanzania Ranging in a relatively unexplored area from southern Tanzania in the Kilwa District to northern Mozambique, this species is confined to patches of dry coastal forest. The species is possibly cultivated in Madagascar. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Cola attiensis Sterculiaceae Cote d'Ivoire At one time widespread, this species has become rare because of the extent of deforestation in the country. It occurs in remaining moist semi-deciduous forest, the large part of which now exists only in protected areas. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 2773, 12822 EN Alc, B1+2c Cola boxiana Sterculiaceae Ghana Endemic to Ghana, this tree is generally rare and confined to upland evergreen forest. It is most common in the Atewa range and occurs in neighbouring forest reserves. Farming, fire, forest management and large- EN B1+2c 134 scale mining continue to put pressure on the species habitat. Its status could prove to be more threatened after necessary survey work. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 6127, 8369, 12061 Cola bracteata Sterculiaceae Uganda An endemic to Uganda, occurring relatively commonly in Kalinzu and Malamagambo Forest Reserve but scarce in Itwara Forest Reserve and elsewhere. Assessor: *MUIENR Refs: 5654, 9605, 9837, 14667 VU B1+2c Cola clavata Sterculiaceae Mozambique Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 18965 DD Cola duparquetiana Sterculiaceae Gabon This species has been collected only from Lastoursville, where logging has been intensive and the forest is degraded. The species may be found to be more widespread in the country's relatively unexplored forests, which, although extensive, are largely under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14958, 15790 VU D2 Cola gigas Sterculiaceae Nigeria Only recorded in south-eastern Nigeria, the largest, if not only, population of this species occurs in the Oban Division of the Cross River National Park. The areas outside the park have been largely deforested and planted with commercial or subsistence crops. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 4977, 11504 VU B1+2c Cola glabra Sterculiaceae Nigeria A small tree confined to the few remaining forested areas in south-west Nigeria. Large-scale logging, encroaching agriculture and the planting of commercial crops have resulted in large declines in the habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 11504 VU B1+2c Cola hypochrysea Sterculiaceae Cameroon, Nigeria A species with a scattered occurrence in lowland rainforest, especially in swampy areas or along river banks. Its range extends from south-eastern Nigeria, (although it does not appear to occur in Cross River National Park), to Cameroon, where it has been recorded from Japoma, Dibamba, Eseka, Kribi, Ebolowa and Campo. Unprotected areas have been extensively logged and cleared for agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11504, 12597 VU Alc Cola letestui Sterculiaceae Gabon Apparently the species is known only from the vicinity of Lastoursville, where the habitat is largely disturbed. Further collecting is likely to uncover additional occurrences, but there is concern over the extent to which forest in Gabon is now under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14958, 15790 VU D2 Cola lizae Sterculiaceae Gabon A common species confined to Lopé Forest Reserve and a 50km radius around the northern boundary. Part of the range is under concession to logging companies and there is concern over future plans for intensive logging. The species is notable in being wholly dependent on the lowland gorilla for seed dispersal. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14958 LR/nt Cola lourougnonis Sterculiaceae Cameroon, Céte d'Ivoire The sites of moist semi-deciduous forest where this species was found in Cote d'Ivoire have been felled. The habitat in Cameroon has also declined because of logging operations. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 12822 EN Alc, B1+2c Cola mossambicensis Sterculiaceae Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe? Occurring mainly in central Mozambique in areas of lowland forest, this species is severely threatened by the decline in quality and conversion of its habitat for agricultural purposes. Populations may also exist in southern Malawi. Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 5654, 18965 VU B1+2c Cola nigerica Sterculiaceae Nigeria Records suggest the species is confined to the remaining areas of lowland rainforest in southern Nigeria. Although it is said to occur frequently in parts of Shasha and Omo Forest Reserves, most of the latter forest has been felled and replanted with exotic timber species. A protected population exists in the Oban Division of the Cross River National Park. Forests outside protected areas are almost completely cleared and taken over by commercial and subsistence crops. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 4977, 11504 VU Alc Cola octoloboides Sterculiaceae Kenya A shrub or small tree, confined to a few forest patches or shady crevices, including localities in Cha Simba, Gongoni, Muhaka and Dzombo. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 9198 EN B1+2c 135 Species Summaries Cola philipi-jonesii Sterculiaceae Nigeria A shrubby species, which has to date been recorded in only a small area near Ikom which lies between the northem and southern division of the Cross River National Park. Unprotected forest has been almost completely felled up to the park boundaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 11504 EN B1+2c Cola porphyrantha Sterculiaceae Kenya A tree of dense evergreen forest, collected only a few times from Pangani, Longo and Magandi forests. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 9198 EN B1+2c Cola reticulata Sterculiaceae Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea An uncommon small evergreen tree which is confined to areas of upland evergreen forest in Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and also on Mount Nzo in Guinea. These areas are under pressure from farming, fire, forest management activities and large-scale mining. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Cola scheffleri Sterculiaceae Tanzania A species of moist semi-deciduous submontane forests occurring only in the Nguru Mountains and in the south of the Udzungwa Mountains at Kihanzi. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Cola semecarpophylla Sterculiaceae Cameroon, Nigeria A small tree of lowland rainforest and secondary forest. The range extends from south-east Nigeria, including the Oban Hills in Cross River National Park, to Cameroon, where it is known from several localities including Mount Cameroon, Korup National Park, Kribi, Kompina, Mamfe, Kumba and Campo. Unprotected forested areas have been heavily logged and cleared for agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11504, 12597, 19092 LR/cd Cola umbratilis Sterculiaceae Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana Known only from Ghana but expected in Céte d'Ivoire, this species is confined to remaining patches of wet evergreen forest. Declines in this habitat type because of mining, logging and commercial forestry activities have been significant in the last few decades. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Cola usambarensis Sterculiaceae Tanzania Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 DD The World List of Threatened Trees Colea colei Bignoniaceae Mauritius Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 9120, 16426, 19208 EN Alc+2e Colea seychellarum Bignoniaceae Seychelles Endemic to the Seychelles, the species qualifies as threatened by virtue of its restricted distribution. Populations are healthy and stable. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9859, 17229 VU D2 Colona poilanei Tiliaceae Viet Nam A small pioneer tree found in areas of lowland secondary, disturbed and recolonising forest in Viet Nam. Occurrences are recorded from several provinces. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 15357 LR/nt Colpothrinax wrightii Palmae Cuba A palm tree of lowland savanna on quartzine soils, restricted to Pinar del Rio and Isla de Pinos. It is suffering from excessive exploitation of trunk wood, leaves and fruit for local use. Regeneration is poor. Assessor: Moya, C. Refs: 19118 VU Bl+2e Colubrina anomala Rhamnaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A primary species of lowland evergreen rainforest, confined to the state of Perak. Habitat reductions have been caused by logging and conversion to agriculture. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Colubrina hondurensis Rhamnaceae Honduras An endemic species found along rocky streams in dry forest at middle elevations. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 CR C2a Colubrina nicholsonii Rhamnaceae South Africa (Eastern Cape) A palaeoendemic confined to riverine forest patches along the Transkei coast in close proximity to, or overhanging the water. It grows in shallow acidic soils derived from sandstones. Initially, only three very small subpopulations were known, each containing between 10 and 15 plants. Additional subpopulations have since been found, the largest of which is near Port St John's where the species is described as locally common. No seedlings have ever been recorded and, although plants flower prolifically, fruits are rarely seen. A population is found in Mkambati Game Reserve and in demarcated forest reserves, although protection measures in the latter have largely collapsed since 1994. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 EN C2a, D1 136 Colubrina obscura Rhamnaceae Jamaica Confined to thickets and woodlands in limestone areas in the Cockpit Country, the species has experienced widespread clearance of its habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Colubrina oppositifolia Rhamnaceae USA (Hawaii) One of the hardest native woods, the species was heavily harvested by ancient Hawaiians and is now only rarely found in dry to moist forest up to 920m altitude. There are 10 extant populations in the Waianae Mountains on Oahu, in the Kohala Mountains, Muana Loa and Hualalai on Hawaii and a recently discovered individual on Maui. It has been estimated that there are approximately 300 individuals. The spread of alien plants, damage caused by feral pigs and the black twig borer are among the major threats to remaining populations. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19039 EN B1+2c, C2a Colvillea racemosa Leguminosae Madagascar This species is found in the north-west and south-west in Antsiranana, and from Morondava to Toliary in lowland areas of primary *tropophilic forest, wooded savanna and clearings. The wood is useful and the species is the focus of silvicultural studies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6161 LR/nt Combretocarpus rotundatus Anisophylleaceae VU Alcd Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) This monotypic genus is restricted to all types of peat- swamp forest throughout Borneo, Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Larger trees occur in the wetter swamp forests. The timber is used for railway sleepers and heavy construction. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 Combretum hartmannianum Combretaceae Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan A distinctive species with long drooping leaves. It is a dominant component of Combretum-Terminalia woodland and wooded grassland in the region of west Entrea, Tigray and Gonder. Factors of agricultural expansion and increasing human activities are causing declines and degradation of the habitat. The situation of C. rochetianum is the same. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5941 VU Alc+2c Combretum mkuzense Combretaceae Mozambique, South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal) A species of mixed woodland and sand forests in northern Zululand and southern Mozambique. It grows in deep sand on the Maputaland coastal plain within LR/nt 60km of the coast. Plants have been recorded from Mkuze Game Reserve and the species may also occur within Ndumu and Kosi Bay cnservation areas. Sand forest is under threat from cutting for firewood and timber. The area is also increasingly threatened by settlement and agricultural activities. There is some debate over the specific status of the taxon. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 Combretum petrophilum Combretaceae South Africa (Mpumalanga, Norther Province) The species occurs on north-western or southern slopes in mixed savanna. Specimens are often found growing between rocks, in fissures or along ledges in hilly and mountainous terrain. Populations are recorded from a number of localities, some of which are protected areas. Outside protected areas, the species is showing some decline because of wood-cutting activities. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 15561, 19218 LR/nt Combretum rochetianum Combretaceae Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan Reported to be often common, this species is confined to Combretum-Terminalia woodland in a relatively small range covering west Eritrea, north-west Ethiopia and adjacent areas of Sudan. Agricultural expansion and human activities are causing declines in the extent of this habitat in the area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5941 VU Alc+2c Combretum tenuipetiolatum Combretaceae Kenya, Tanzania A small tree collected from Rabai and Mombasa over 70 years ago and also apparently from Potwe forest in adjacent Tanzania. The Rabai forest is sacred. The other occurrences, if they still exist, are far less secure. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 9198 CR B1+2c Commidendrum robustum ssp. gummiferum Compositae St Helena Although it is doubtful whether any pure material of this subspecies still exists, its characters are frequently seen in hybrid populations at Peak Dale. The taxon was at one time distributed on the central ridge between 400 and 700m. There is also a tree of questionable identity found in Deep Valley. The genus consists of four species, all endemic to St Helena. Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B. Refs: 19081 EX Commidendrum robustum ssp. robustum Compositae St Helena Gumwood woodland covered over 60% of St Helena in the 16th century. Extensive cutting of trees for their fine timber in the following centuries led to their reduction to a few small stands. Only two viable populations now remain in Peak Dale and Deep Valley, accounting for less than 2500 trees. Recent evidence indicates that sheep grazing and competition with introduced plants may be a problem. Biological control appears to have EN B1+2c 137 Species Summaries helped get rid of infestations of the homopteran pest, Orthezia insignis. The genus consists of four species, all endemic to St Helena. Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B. Refs: 11891, 19071, 19081 Commidendrum rotundifolium Compositae St Helena Formerly one of the common gumwoods occurring in dry areas. By the end of the 18th century stands were reduced to a few isolated localities and the species was considered extinct at the end of the 19” century. A tree was rediscovered on an inaccessible cliff at the southern edge of Horse Pasture in 1982 but by 1986 it had blown down in a gale. Some trees have been planted at Pounceys. The genus consists of four species, all endemic to St Helena. Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B. Refs: 9954, 11891, 19081 EW Commidendrum rugosum Compositae St Helena A low-domed shrub of the crown wastes. At one time it became entirely confined to cliff localities. Since the extirpation of goats, population numbers are believed to be expanding. The total population size exceeds 1000 individuals, but most subpopulations are very small and restricted geographically, making them vulnerable to stochastic events. The species is able to tolerate severe drought and saline conditions. There is evidence of hybridisation. The genus consists of four species, all endemic to St Helena. Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B. Refs: 9954, 11891, 19081 VUDI1 Commidendrum spurium Compositae St Helena A small tree, known from just six individuals in the wild: one at Coles Rock, one old plant with three young ones at Mount Vesey and one fenced individual on a ridge between Cason's Gate and Oaklands. The species has been brought into cultivation. In the past, trees were recorded as growing on the tops of the highest mountains. The wood was used chiefly as a source of fuel. The genus consists of four species, all endemic to St Helena. Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B. Refs: 9954, 11891, 19081 CR D1 Commiphora alata Burseraceae Somalia This species is confined to bushland on sand over limestone in a small area in the south-west of Somalia. The habitat is under pressure from degradation and overcutting for charcoal production. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 7620, 18665 VU D2 Commiphora albiflora Burseraceae Ethiopia, Somalia Occurring in Acacia—Commiphora bushland on limestone substrate, this small tree is known from scattered localities from northern and south-central Somalia to Sidamo, southern Ethiopia. Habitat is being LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees degraded in places where there is overcutting for charcoal production and the expansion of agriculture. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 1330, 7620 Commiphora campestris ssp. campestris Burseraceae Kenya A tree of Acacia—Commiphora bushland or open woodland, which is found in two varieties, vars. campestris and heterophylla. It occurs in abundance in the Kibwezi-Taita area, where the two varieties coexist and interbreed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 10961, 17859 LR/nt Commiphora chaetocarpa Burseraceae Kenya, Somalia A rare spiny shrub or tree. The only viable population occurs in central Somalia in a few localities of bushland on gypsum soils. A collection was also made from a male plant, near Garissa in Kenya in open bushland on sandy soil. The habitat is under threat of degradation from overgrazing and overcutting for charcoal production. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 6396, 7620, 12067, 13058, 18665 VU D2 Commiphora ciliata Burseraceae Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia Known from central and southern Somalia, parts of the Ogaden in Ethiopia and two localities in north-east Kenya in Acacia—Commiphora woodland, this species is restricted in range and rare. In places, the habitat is degraded because of farming activities and overcutting for charcoal production. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 1330, 6396, 7620, 12067, 13058, 18665 LR/nt Commiphora corrugata Burseraceae Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia An unusual species on account of the characteristics of its bark, leaves and stamens. Only a few localities are known in central and southern Somalia, in the Ogaden in Ethiopia and a small area in north-east Kenya. The Acacia—Commiphora bushland habitat is vulnerable to overcutting for charcoal production and the expansion of agricultural activities. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 1330, 7620, 18665 LR/nt Commiphora guidottii Burseraceae Ethiopia, Somalia A species which is fairly widespread in Somalia and also in adjacent parts of the Ogaden in Ethiopia. It is found in Acacia—Commiphora bushland, always on gypsum soils. Habitat is being degraded in places where there is overcutting for charcoal production and also an expansion of agricultural activities. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 1330, 7620 LR/nt 138 Commiphora hodai Burseraceae Ethiopia, Somalia Although the species has a very restricted range in the Ogaden in Ethiopia, it is widespread in Somalia. Its resin is used locally for myrrh. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 1330, 7620 LR/nt Commiphora mafaidoha Burseraceae Madagascar A species confined to the south-west in areas of *tropophilic forest up to 600m. A useful timber tree and the focus of silvicultural studies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6161 LR/nt Commiphora monoica Burseraceae Ethiopia A species known from only five collections made in the vicinity of the Sof Omar caves in dense woodland on rocky limestone slopes. It is the only wholly monoecious species in the genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 13058, 18523 VU D2 Commiphora obovata Burseraceae Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia A small tree with a fragmented range restricted to parts of the Ogaden in Ethiopia, central and northern Somalia and eastern Kenya. The habitat has been degraded in places because of farming activities and overcutting for charcoal production. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 1330, 7620, 10961, 18665 LR/nt Commiphora ornifolia Burseraceae Yemen (Socotra) Although widespread on coastal plains and foothills, the populations are generally scattered and small. Leaves are used as fodder for livestock. Increasing goat numbers could cause the species to become more seriously threatened. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Commiphora planifrons Burseraceae Yemen (Socotra) Collected only a few times, the species has a very scattered distribution in moist woodland on limestone and granite hills. There are no immediate threats. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Commiphora pseudopaolii Burseraceae Kenya, Somalia A spreading tree known from central and southern Somalia and from central Kenya in open bushland, often on alluvium soils. Overcutting and grazing of this habitat are threats. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 6396, 7620, 13058, 18665 LR/nt Commiphora socotrana Burseraceae Yemen (Socotra) A species of dry shrubland on the low-lying foothills and plains. The gum is tapped for use as incense. At present the rates of exploitation are sustainable, since it is restricted to the local level, but increased demand could potentially put the species at risk. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Commiphora sphaerophylla Burseraceae Ethiopia, Somalia Fairly widespread in Somalia extending into Harerge in Ethiopia, this tree occurs in wooded grassland and bushland overlying limestone. There is some suggestion that the species could be a form of the variable C. erythraea. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 1330, 7620 LR/nt Commiphora sulcata Burseraceae Somalia Only a few localities where this species occurs are known. All are confined to northern and central Somalia in bushland which is vulnerable to degradation. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 7620, 18665 LR/nt Commiphora truncata Burseraceae Ethiopia, Somalia A species of Acacia—Commiphora bushland overlying limestone. It is fairly widespread in Somalia but known only from Harerge in Ethiopia. In places there is a threat to the habitat from overcutting for charcoal production and from expanding agricultural activities. The resin is used locally as myrrh. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 1330, 7620 LR/nt Commiphora unilobata Burseraceae Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia Relatively wide-ranging, the species is found in central eastern parts of Kenya, central and southern Somalia and Sidamo in Ethiopia. In some areas the habitat is vulnerable to degradation from agricultural expansion and charcoal production. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 1330, 7620, 18665 LR/nt Commiphora wightii Burseraceae India (Gujarat, Rajasthan), Pakistan A small tree occurring in dry zones from the Deccan and west India to the north-west and Karachi, Sind and Balochistan in Pakistan. The gum is of importance in international trade and it appears to be being extracted at unsustainable rates, causing declines, particularly in the southern populations. In the northern parts of its distribution it remains relatively common. The government of India has banned the export of the species. Assessor: CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants in India Refs: 561, 7147 DD 139 Species Summaries Comocladia cordata Anacardiaceae Jamaica Known only in Trelawny, the species is confined to areas of woodland on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Comocladia parvifoliola Anacardiaceae Jamaica Endemic to Dolphin Head, the species is confined to an area of woodland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653 CR B1+2c Comocladia velutina Anacardiaceae Jamaica This species is found along the south coast on dry limestone. It is locally common in places. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Conceveiba macrostachys Euphorbiaceae Gabon A common tree confined to the central part of Lopé Forest Reserve, extending a few kilometres to the south. Part of the range is under concession to logging companies and there is concern over future plans for intensive logging. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14958 LR/nt Condaminea glabrata Rubiaceae Peru A species which has been collected only once from the department of Hudnuco. There is some doubt as to the taxonomic status of this Andean genus of just three species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Condaminea macrocarpa Rubiaceae Peru A species which is recorded only from the type in Hudnuco Department. There is some doubt as to the taxonomic status of this Andean genus of just three species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Condaminea microcarpa Rubiaceae Peru A species which is recorded only from the type in Hudnuco Department. There is some doubt as to the taxonomic status of this Andean genus of just three species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Connarus agamae Connaraceae Malaysia (Sabah) To date this small tree is known only from Sandakan and Mostyn of Sabah, where it is restricted to primary mixed dipterocarp forest Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Connarus brachybotryosus Connaraceae Guatemala, Honduras A scarce species of the Atlantic wet lowlands of Guatemala and Honduras. Continuing conversion of the habitat for agriculture has caused population reductions. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 7980, 13995 EN C2a Connarus popenoei Connaraceae Honduras Restricted to the Altantic wet lowlands of Honduras, the species occurs in low numbers in Lancetilla Biological Reserve. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 7980, 13995, 14911 CR C2a Connarus williamsii var. williamsii Connaraceae Colombia, Panama The main population of this variety is concentrated in the province of Darién in Panama, with additional occurrences in the Canal area in Panama, and also just over the border into Colombia, in the Serranfa del Darién in the Chocé, and Uraba. Occurring in lowland, sometimes inundated, forest up to 300m, the species is scarce throughout much of its range and only in Darién National Park is there a well-protected population. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 VU B1+2c Conocarpus lancifolius Combretaceae Somalia, Yemen A small tree from a genus of just two species. The natural distribution is thought to be restricted to populations in the region of Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Bari and Nugaal in Somalia and in Hadramaut in South Yemen. It occurs in cultivation elsewhere in East and North Africa and Arabia. Wild populations are confined to localities along water courses in the semi-desert coastal zone. The wood of the damas tree provides excellent timber and charcoal. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9059, 19083, 19108 LR/nt Conostegia chiriquensis Melastomataceae Panama For a short period, this cloud forest species was known only from the mountains of Chiriqui. Populations have now been found in Bocas del Toro and the high mountains in the Canal region. There are occurrences in Volcén Bari and La Amistad National Parks, one within 3km of the border with Costa Rica. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 14873, 16772 VU Ci 140 Conostegia extinctoria Melastomataceae Colombia An endemic to Tolima. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Conostegia grisebachii Melastomataceae Jamaica The species is apparently known only from specimens which originated from John Crow Mountains in St Thomas. This area has_ since been almost comprehensively deforested and no living populations are known. There is some question as to the taxonomy of the species as it closely resembles C. balbisiana. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 DD Conostegia subprocera Melastomataceae Jamaica An uncommon species, confined to moist thickets on limestone in Portland. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 EN B1+2c Conostegia superba Melastomataceae Jamaica A small tree of moist woodland areas below 750m, found only in St Mary, Portland and St Thomas. The habitat, especially in the latter parish, has been extensively destroyed and degraded. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 19116 VU B1+2c Copaifera epunctata Leguminosae Suriname A rare endemic of rainforest on iron-capped hills in Brownsberg. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6493, 19196 VU D2 Copaifera panamensis Leguminosae Panama Endemic to Panama, the species ranges from Coclé towards the east, to Darién and San Blas. It occurs in low numbers in lowland semi-deciduous rainforest, sometimes inundated forest. Only in the Canal area does the species occur a little more frequently. Seedlings are notably scarce, indicating that regeneration may be poor. The wood and resin are of commercial value but are less commonly traded because the species has become rare. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 3156, 7272, 7980, 16772 VU A2cd Copaifera salikounda Leguminosae VU Ald Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone An Upper Guinea endemic, most abundant in moist evergreen forests. It can occur commonly and regeneration appears to be good. Exploitation of the timber, as well as habitat loss, throughout its range are causing population declines. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2362, 2773, 6128 Copernicia brittonorum Palmae Cuba Las Villas and Pinar del Rio are the only known localities of this palm tree. It occurs in lowland woodlands and in open wetlands. Local overexploitation of the timber and leaf fibre is causing a decline in population number and few individuals remain in the wild. Assessor: Moya, C. Refs: 19118 VU B1+2e Copernicia ekmanii Palmae Haiti Restricted to north-west Haiti, this palm tree occurs in lowland scrub on rocky shores near the sea. In 1996, a field survey found about 1200 individuals in four populations, ranging from a single relict tree to healthy populations numbering around 500. The leaves are used locally for thatching and the trunks are used for construction; this exploitation is the major threat to this species. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 EN Cl Copernicia gigas Palmae Cuba A palm tree confined to seasonally flooded woodland and savanna in eastern Cuba. It is suffering from excessive local exploitation of the trunk wood and leaves. Assessor: Moya, C. Refs: 19118 VU Bl+2e Coprosma cookei Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) An endemic to Rapa. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Coprosma esulcata Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) Populations are recorded on Nuku Hiva and Ua Pou. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Coprosma oliveri Rubiaceae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) A characteristic species of lower montane forest, a good example of which is found at Quebrada Villagra. Preliminary data indicate the species is confined to less than 100km?. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 7980, 14140 VU D2 Coprosma pyrifolia Rubiaceae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) A characteristic species of lower montane forest, a good example of which is found at Quebrada Villagra. VU D2 141 Species Summaries Preliminary data indicate the species is confined to less than 100km?. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 7980, 14140 Coprosma rapensis var. benefica Rubiaceae Pitcairn Islands A small dioecious tree, endemic to Pitcairn. Only 10 individuals of flowering size were seen in 1997, and these are mostly well scattered in the eastern half of the island in degraded areas of forest. Evidence of natural regeneration is limited to a single sapling. Assessor: Waldren, S. & N. Kingston Refs: 19154 CR D1 Coprosma taitensis var. glabrata Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) A shrub or small tree which is known only from the island of Raiatea in the Society Group. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Coprosma taitensis var. oliveri Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) The rarer of two varieties of the species occurring on Tahiti. This taxon is also recorded from Moorea. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Coprosma taitensis var. raiateensis Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) As with var. glabrata, the taxon is confined to the island of Raiatea. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Coprosma wallii Rubiaceae New Zealand (North Is., South Is.) A small tree with divaricating branches, found in lowland *kahikatea/matai forest, frost flats and clearings. In the North Island only three localities are known and occurrences have been recorded from Nelson, Westland and Canterbury in the South Island. There is evidence suggesting the species to be a poor competitor, suffering from the lack of periodic disturbance and sites available for recolonisation. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 9800, 19133, 19134 VU B1+2c, D2 Cordeauxia edulis Leguminosae Ethiopia, Somalia An important shrub or small tree species confined to semi-desert bushland from eastern Ogaden to central Somalia. The seeds are highly nourishing and are exploited to such levels that regeneration may be hampered. The tree also provides valuable dry-season VU A2cd The World List of Threatened Trees browse as well as fuel and dye. The potential of the plant as a food crop is being studied. The genus is monotypic. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 18665 Cordia anisophylla Boraginaceae Panama Ranging from the centre of Panama to the border with Colombia, the species occurs in lowland evergreen forest. It is found in areas which are experiencing increasing urbanisation. Only the populations within Chagres National Park and Kunayala Indigenous Reserve are given some form of protection. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 14407, 16772, 18039 VU A2cd Cordia cicatricosa Boraginaceae Peru This lowland rainforest species is known only from its type, which was collected from the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Cordia clarendonensis Boraginaceae Jamaica A Cockpit Country endemic which occurs rarely in open woodland on arid limestone between 400 and 760m, only in Clarendon and Trelawny Parishes. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 5653, 19085 VU B1+2c Cordia correae Boraginaceae Panama Described in 1988, this species is known only from a few collections taken from areas of evergreen rainforest between 800 and 1000m in central Panama. There is a population within Chagres National Park, in Cerro Jefe. Other locations in Cerro Tute and in the Valle de Antén, which harbours the largest population, are strongly affected by urban development and tourism. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 4072, 16772, 18039 EN A2c, E Cordia croatii Boraginaceae Costa Rica, Panama A species first described in 1988 and known only from a few scattered localities in Veraguas and Coclé in Panama and from larger populations in Costa Rica, principally located in San Ramén Forest Reserve. It is restricted to cloud forest between 800 and 1200m. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 4072, 16772, 18039 VU A2c Cordia elliptica Boraginaceae Jamaica An uncommon species occurring in secondary rainforest on limestone hills in central and eastern parishes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt 142 Cordia harristi Boraginaceae Jamaica A Cockpit Country endemic with a disjunct population at the summit of Dolphin Head. Populations occur in areas of woodland on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Cordia leslieae Boraginaceae Panama The area from which this relatively newly described species has been collected is geographically and altitudinally very restricted. The entire population is contained within Chagres National Park and is somewhat threatened by encroaching settlement and tourist activities. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 4072, 16772, 18039 CR B1+3be Cordia mandimbana Boraginaceae Mozambique Known only from the type specimen, the species was collected in 1941 from open woodland in the Ngami valley. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5117, 18965 VU D2 Cordia mukuensis Boraginaceae Democratic Republic of Congo A species found only in rocky areas of savanna on Mont Mukuen. The area is vulnerable to fire and overcutting. Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Refs: 17185, 17951 VU D2 Cordia obovata Boraginaceae Oman, Somalia, Yemen (Socotra) A species known from north-eastern Somalia and also Socotra and Oman. Its habitat type is vulnerable to overcutting for wood especially for charcoal production. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 8697, 18665 LR/nt Cordia platythyrsa Boraginaceae VU Ald Cameroon, Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone A timber species occurring in closed forest and secondary formations. It regenerates well in disturbed forest; e.g. along logging roads. Exploitation is moderate and the current threatened status of the species should be kept under review. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2362, 2773, 6128, 6718 Cordia protracta Boraginaceae Colombia, Panama Current information indicates that populations of this shrubby species are very scarce, occurring in lowland evergreen forest in Kunayala Indigenous Reserve and the Serranfa del Darién in Panama, and in the Chocé in Colombia. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 EN B1+2bde Cordia ramirezii Boraginaceae Colombia An endemic to Narifio. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 VU B1+2c Cordia sebestena var. caymanensis Boraginaceae Cayman Islands Occurring in dry habitats on all three islands, this variety is widespread and well represented in protected areas. There is potential for hybridisation to occur with the type variety, which is being brought onto the islands for landscaping. Import restrictions and growing interest in the propagation of native trees may help to avoid the problem. Habitat destruction is also extensive, but trees are often retained for landscaping. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17038, 19137 LR/nt Cordia stuhlmannii Boraginaceae Mozambique Two collections of this species were made from northern parts of Mozambique 30 years ago, one from the Reserva Florestal do Mucheve. The species occurs in thicket on sandy soils and termite hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5117, 18965 VU D2 Cordia suckertii Boraginaceae Ethiopia, Somalia Scattered in central Somalia and adjacent parts of Ethiopia, the species is not widely spread. It is exploited locally for the seeds, which are a good source of fat and protein. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 1330, 18665 LR/nt Cordia tacarcunensis Boraginaceae Panama The species has been collected only once, from an area of lowland rainforest near the Colombian border in Darién National Park. It is possible the population extends into Colombia but no record of the species has been made since 1975. The locality has been opened up for agriculture somewhat. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 4072, 16772, 18039 DD Cordia troyana Boraginaceae Jamaica A Cockpit Country endemic recorded from Peckham and Douglas Castle Woods and other areas of woodland on limestone. There is evidence of cutting and agricultural encroachment at both these sites. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Cordia urticacea Boraginaceae Honduras, Mexico (Guerrero) Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 3952, 3977, 13995, 18039 CR C2a 143 Species Summaries Cordia valenzuelana Boraginaceae Cuba An uncommon shrub or small tree confined to Rangel, a small area in eastern Pinar del Rio Province. The species has been overcut for its valuable timber. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 16327, 18485, 19149 VU B1+2e Cordia wagnerorum Boraginaceae Puerto Rico A straggling tree or woody vine of moist forest, known from no recent sitings but recorded in 1991 from the type locality on the El Toro Trail. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3786, 5988, 7980, 17124 CR D1 Cordyla haraka Leguminosae Madagascar An emergent tree confined to low-altitude evergreen humid forest in north-east Madagascar. The forest is being degraded by exploitation and agriculture. Its estimated range covers 20 000 km? (*AOO) and includes some protected areas. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 VU A2cd Cordyla madagascariensis Leguminosae Madagascar A deciduous tree, widespread in western and northern Madagascar. Its distribution is estimated to be 200,000 km? (*EOO) but is confined to highly fragmented areas of native vegetation. Several protected areas fall within its distribution. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 6161 LR/nt Cordyla richardii Leguminosae Sudan, Uganda A savanna species known only from northern Uganda and neighbouring Sudan. Assessor: *MUIENR Refs: 9605, 9837, 10961, 16021 VU B1+2c Cordyla somalensis Leguminosae Somalia One of the subspecies, ssp. littoralis, is confined to the coastal dunes in southern Somalia and would be categorised as vulnerable (VU D2). However, the differences between it and the type subspecies are not thought to be significant. The species occurs more widely from southern Somalia up to the eastern Ogaden. It is not common and its habitat is vulnerable to degradation. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 1330, 7550, 18665 LR/nt Cornus disciflora Cornaceae VU Alcd Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz), Panama A cloud forest species with a wide range, extending from northern Mexico through Central America. It is The World List of Threatened Trees mainly found in the upper ranges of cloud forest, penetrating into pine—oak forest, between 1900 and 2250m. The timber is exploited and the habitat has declined significantly. Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 19203, 19206 Cornus monbeigii Cornaceae China (Yunnan) A species of mixed montane forest or cloud forest, occurring between 2800 and 3200m. Populations are known from Weixi, Lijiang and Degin in north-west Yunnan. Rapid declines in numbers have been recorded, largely because of extensive habitat loss and degradation in the last few years. No protection or conservation measures appear to be in place. The species is in cultivation as an ornamental plant. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 19055 VU B1+2c Cornutia obovata Verbenaceae Puerto Rico A small tree of dry serpentine or moist limestone locations. A total population of eight individuals is thought to be divided between three or four sites: Rio Abajo, Aricedo Observatory, Barrenquitas and possibly in the state forest at Susua. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6107, 7980, 17124 CRDI1 Cornutia thyrsoidea Verbenaceae Jamaica Occurring in woodland margins on limestone hills, the species is uncommon and exposed to frequent habitat degradation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Corokia macrocarpa Escalloniaceae New Zealand (Chatham Is.) This small tree actually occurs quite commonly on the Chatham Islands, to which it is confined. Populations are, however, under great pressure from the continuous damage caused by browsing possums. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 902, 5563, 19133, 19134 LR/nt Corylopsis pauciflora Hamamelidaceae Japan, Taiwan In Taiwan populations are few and restricted to isolated localities in broadleaved submontane forest in Chingshuishan and Bashienshan. They are unprotected and regenerating poorly. Information is needed on the population in Japan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6469, 19050, 19053 DD Corylus chinensis Corylaceae EN Alcd China (Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan) A relatively widely occurring component of middle elevation broadleaved forest. Trees are fast-growing and provide various commercially useful products, most 144 importantly a good-quality timber. Declines in the number of mature individuals have been reported, caused largely by overexploitation. Habitat loss and poor regeneration, apparently caused by the decimation of seed crops by birds, are also thought to have contributed to the present status of the species. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 Corypha macropoda Palmae India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.) A palm tree known only from the middle and south Andaman Islands. Its present status is unknown. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 DD Corypha microclada Palmae Philippines The species distribution is not confirmed. It appears to be confined to lowland rainforest in Biliran Island. Assessor: Madulid, D. Refs: 19118 VU Alc, D2 Corypha taliera Palmae India This monocarpic palm tree is not known in the wild. Specimens are growing in the Indian Botanic Garden and the Fairchild Tropical Garden. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 EW Corypha umbraculifera Palmae India (Karnataka, Kerala) A monocarpic palm of moist forest, restricted to Karnataka and the Malabar coast of Kerala. It is difficult to distinguish between wild and semi-wild populations. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 DD Corythophora labriculata Lecythidaceae Suriname A relatively small tree of non-flooded rainforest, riverine or swamp forest, known from about 15 collections. The genus is made up of four species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980, 9263, 19196 VU D2 Cossinia trifoliata Sapindaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Cotoneaster granatensis Rosaceae Spain Endemic to the Andalusian sierras, this shrubby species occurs on calcareous and ultrabasic rocks. Most of the population is contained within protected sites. It is a useful coloniser and stabiliser of eroding slopes. Assessor: Vivero, J.L. et al. Refs: 7222, 7741 LR/cd Cotylelobium burckii Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) A tree that is locally common on giant podzols and poor sandy soils, often near the coast and in lowland heath forest. The wood is used for boat making. Some populations occur within reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alcd+2cd Cotylelobium lanceolatum Dipterocarpaceae VU Alcd, B1+2c Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore, Thailand This species is restricted to a declining habitat on sandy low hills. It is widespread but local, and recorded within some reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857, 18327 Cotylelobium lewisianum Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to rocky ridges of highland evergreen forest. Its wood is collected locally. This species was not found during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 15431, 13857, 19112 CR Alacd, B1+2c Cotylelobium melanoxylon Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd+2cd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore Some populations of the species are known to occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Cotylelobium scabriusculum Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to lowland wet evergreen forest, a habitat type that is found only in the south-western comer of the island. This species was not found in the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 15431, 17195, 13857, 19112 CR Alcd, B1+2c Couepia joaquinae Chrysobalanaceae Brazil (Amapé) The species was described in 1991 from collections originating from Jari. So far only four individuals are known. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19095 CR D1 Couepia schottii Chrysobalanaceae VU Alc+2c Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro) Little of the *restinga vegetation, to which the species is confined, remains. The expansion of the tourist industry and holiday homes, as well as exploitation for fuelwood, 145 Species Summaries threatens the species survival. It is included in the official list of threatened Brazilian plants compiled by *IBAMA. Assessor: Varty, N. Refs: 5901, 7980, 8815, 15539, 16123 Couepia scottmorii Chrysobalanaceae Panama A scarce species which is confined to a small area of cloud forest between 800 and 1000m in the region of Cerro Jefe, in the province of Panam4. The whole species’ range is within the boundaries of Chagres National Park. Before the area was granted this status, a large part of the original forest was destroyed for housing and industrial developments. A single collection from Valle del Cauca in Colombia could possibly be included under this species. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 5970, 7501, 7980, 16772 CR B1+2bd Couratari asterophora Lecythidaceae Brazil (Bahia) This species is known only from the type collection, which was taken from farming land. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 5942, 7980, 9632 CR B1+2c Couratari asterotricha Lecythidaceae Brazil (Espirito Santo) A species known only from the type locality in Linhares Forest Reserve. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 CR B1+2d Couratari atrovinosa Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas) Confined to non-flooded forests in the vicinity of Manaus, the species is threatened by fires and urban expansion. An occurrence is recorded from INPA Experimental Reserve. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 EN B1+2d Couratari calycina Lecythidaceae Guyana This rainforest tree has been collected only once, along the Bartica—Potaro road in 1933. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980 VU D2 Couratari guianensis Lecythidaceae VU A2bcde Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Parad, Rond6nia), Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela A widespread timber species which has suffered serious population declines because of overexploitation and habitat loss, most particularly in Central America and Brazil. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 4616, 4870, 5134, 5942, 9632, 10686, 12109, 14717, 17854 The World List of Threatened Trees Couratari longipedicellata Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas) This species is known only from areas of non-flooded forest in the vicinity of Manaus. Fires, felling and cutting the buttresses are the most major threats. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 VU B1+2c, D1 Couratari prancei Lecythidaceae Brazil (Acre), Peru A rarely collected species of non-flooded forest, occurring in Acre and eastern Peru. The area is threatened by increasing land settlement. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 CR B1+2d Couratari pyramidata Lecythidaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) At one time the species may have represented a commonly occurring tree. It is now confined to forested areas around Rio de Janeiro. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 EN B1+2c Couratari sandwithii Lecythidaceae Suriname, Venezuela A poorly known species, collected only twice from areas of lowland non-flooded rainforest in the Venezuelan Guyana and Suriname. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 6493, 7980 VU D2 Couratari scottmorii Lecythidaceae Costa Rica, Panama A large buttressed tree of evergreen lowland rainforest, known from about four collections taken from a locality in the Osa Peninsula in Costa Rica and from single localities in San Blds and Darién in Panama. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 4616, 7980, 14717 VU B1+2c Couratari tauari Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas, Para) An infrequent species known from a few widely geographically separated collections from non-flooded forest. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 5942, 7980, 9632 VU D2 Couroupita nicaraguensis Lecythidaceae LR/nt Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama Although widely occurring from El Salvador to Ecuador, the species is scattered sparsely in lowland semi- deciduous rainforest, sometimes in swampy areas. It is noted as common in Nicaragua and in Darién National Park in Panama. The habitat, especially where unprotected, is under pressure from _ increasing settlement, logging and agriculture. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 1984, 7980, 16772 146 Coursetia brachyrachis Leguminosae Argentina (Jujuy, Salta), Bolivia Endemic to the piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and Bolivia, the species is confined to an unprotected ecosystem which is being rapidly replaced by agricultural systems. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 19122 VU B1+2ac Coursetia hypoleuca Leguminosae Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Tucumén), Bolivia A tree or shrub, endemic to the subandean piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and Bolivia. The ecosystem is unprotected and, at least in Argentina, the habitat is constantly declining because of encroaching agriculture and other human activities. The species acts as a pioneer and is reported to be regenerating sufficiently. There is considerable interest in it as a source for compounds which attack the AIDS virus. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 1262, 13295 VU B1l+2ac Coussapoa curranii Cecropiaceae Brazil A scarce species of Atlantic forest in the north-east and south-east of Brazil. Assessor: Carauta, J.P.P. Refs: 7980, 10481, 15717, 19101 VU Alc Coussapoa floccosa Cecropiaceae Brazil (Minas Gerais) Assessor: Pereira, J.P. et al. Refs: 7980, 10481, 15717 VU B1+2ab Coussapoa tolimensis Cecropiaceae Colombia An endemic to Tolima. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Coussarea klugii Rubiaceae Peru Occurring in Amazon forest, the only record of the species is its type collection taken from the department of Loreto. There is uncertainty over the taxonomy. It may be treated as a variety of C. longiflora or a synonym of C. benensis. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 DD Coussarea mexicana Rubiaceae Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz) This canopy tree is restricted to the remaining rainforest in the Gulf region, from southern Veracruz to the adjacent states further south. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993 VU Alc Craibia atlantica Leguminosae Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria The distribution of this species is irregular from Céte VU Alc d'Ivoire to Cameroon. Although generally uncommon, it can occur in some abundance at certain sites, e.g. along river banks. In Ghana it is best known from the Shai Hills. In Cameroon it is known only from an area along the banks of Sanaga River. Its forest habitat, particularly dry forest in Ghana, has experienced serious reductions in extent, mainly because of agricultural expansion, settlement and fires. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061, 12597 Craibia brevicaudata ssp. brevicaudata Leguminosae Tanzania Relatively widespread in Kenya extending into north- east Tanzania, this subspecies occurs in evergreen coastal forest and rocky woodland or bushland along rivers. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3356, 6396, 10961 LR/nt Craibia brevicaudata ssp. burttii Leguminosae Kenya Most specimens of the species in Kenya are ssp. brevicaudata. This subspecies survives only in coastal forest patches near Kibwezi and on Emali Hill. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 10961 EN B1+2c Craibia brevicaudata ssp. schliebenii Leguminosae Mozambique, Tanzania This subspecies occurs in dry evergreen forest at elevations between 1100 and 1800m in east Tanzania and the Gorongosa Mountains in Mozambique. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Craibiodendron scleranthum Ericaceae Viet Nam Endemic to central Viet Nam, this large tree is scattered sparsely or found in dominant stands in dense evergreen broadleaved and mixed forest in Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Phu Yen and Khanh Hoa Provinces. The wood is used in construction work and furniture-making. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 15357, 19060 VU B1+2c Craigia kwangsiensis Tiliaceae China (Guangxi) This species has been found at only a single locality in Langping, growing in forest on limestone hills at 1400m. An extensive search in 1982 failed to relocate the species. There are only two species in this somewhat taxonomically unresolved genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11725, 11847 CR D1 Craigia yunnanensis Tiliaceae EN B1+2c China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan), Viet Nam Small populations are scattered in Ruili, Malipo, Xichou and Lushui in Yunnan, in western Guangxi and Dushan County in southern Guizhou, and in north Viet Nam. The species habitat is monsoon forest between 500 and 1000m. It has been extensively cleared and degraded 147 Species Summaries throughout the range. Only two species have been described in this somewhat taxonomically unresolved genus. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 Crateranthus talbotii Lecythidaceae Cameroon, Nigeria An unusual small tree, which occurs in swamp forests in an area extending from south-east Nigeria into Cameroon. The largest, if not the only, remaining populations occur in the Oban Division of the Cross River National Park in Nigeria and the contiguous Korup National Park in Cameroon. Forests outside protected areas have largely been logged and cleared for commercial crops and subsistence farming. This is the only member of the genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 4977, 11504 VU B1+2ac Craterispermum longipedunculatum Rubiaceae Tanzania Endemic to southern parts of the Nguru Mountains and northern parts of the Udzungwa Mountains, this species is confined to moist evergreen montane forest within a very narrow altitudinal band. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204 VU B1+2b Craterispermum microdon Rubiaceae Seychelles Endemic to the Seychelles, the species qualifies as threatened by virtue of its restricted distribution. Populations are healthy and stable. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16212, 17229 VU D2 Craterispermum montanum Rubiaceae VU B1+2c, D2 Sao Tomé & Principe (Principe, Sao Tomé) A small tree, which was relatively well collected on expeditions at the turn of the century and before. In the present day it appears to be localised to a number of primary forest sites at high altitudes (>1000m). The bark is an important ingredient in a fortifying drink for swordfish hunters and also in an aphrodisiac drink. There is evidence that some trees are dying from overcollection of the bark. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724, 10080, 19042, 19111 Cratylia bahiensis Leguminosae Brazil (Bahia) Known from six sites, this newly described species is confined to a small area of semi-deciduous forest in central-southemn Bahia. It can occur as a climbing shrub or a treelet. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16095 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Cremastosperma longicuspe Annonaceae Peru A genus endemic to the Andes. This species is known only from the type, collected in Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Cremastosperma megalophyllum Annonaceae Peru A genus endemic to the Andes. This species is known only from the type, which was collected in Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Cremastosperma panamense Annonaceae Panama Although reported from Panama, there is no information in the literature or in herbaria in Panama to indicate where the species is located. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 6247, 16772 DD Cremastosperma peruvianum Annonaceae Peru A genus endemic to the Andes. This species is known only from the type, which was collected in Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Critoniopsis sevillana Compositae Ecuador A tree species which is endemic to the High Andes of Ecuador. It is apparently restricted to montane forest in a narrow altitudinal range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Critoniopsis sodiroi Compositae Ecuador A tree or shrub which is endemic to the montane forest zone of the Ecuadorean High Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Crossopetalum parviflorum Celastraceae LR/nt Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama A widely distributed species in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Guatemala, also reported from Mexico, and in small populations in the provinces of Bocas del Toro, Panama and the Canal zone in Panama. Scattered in lowland semi-deciduous forest, the species is found in areas which are experiencing high rates of settlement and human population growth. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 15037, 16772 Crotalaria exaltata Leguminosae Ethiopia From the Kefa, Shewa, Bale and Sidamo regions this small tree occurs in the margins of upland forest or LR/nt 148 bamboo thicket above 3000m. elsewhere. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 11191, 18523 It is not known Croton alienus Euphorbiaceae Kenya Endemic to central Kenya, this shrub or small tree is restricted to humid areas of upland evergreen or secondary forest. Loss of habitat to create land for agriculture and land settlement is the greatest threat to the species. There are protected populations in some reserves, such as Mount Kenya and Kakamega forest, although some of these areas are being actively logged. The Plant Conservation Programme in Kenya has raised seedlings. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 9198, 17859 EN B1+2c Croton aubrevillei Euphorbiaceae Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana A rare species of wet evergreen forests. Reductions in this habitat, caused by mining and forestry activities over the last few decades, have been significant. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 4108, 8369, 11530, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Croton cordatulus Euphorbiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Croton dictyophlebodes Euphorbiaceae Tanzania Restricted to the West Usambara Mountains, this species occurs within dry montane forest. It has a close affinity with C. sylvaticus. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 2074, 3356, 11631 VU B1+2b Croton jatrophoides Euphorbiaceae Tanzania A dry coastal forest species from eastern Tanzania, also said to occur in south-east Kenya. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Croton kelantanicus Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree of primary evergreen rainforest, collected only a single time from Kelantan. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Croton laurinus Euphorbiaceae Jamaica Populations are confined to areas of woodland on craggy limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Croton lawianus Euphorbiaceae India (Karnataka) A small tree of stunted montane forest, collected only once in the Bababudan range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 CR B1+2c Croton longipedicellatus ssp. austrotanzanicus Euphorbiaceae VU B1+2b Tanzania A Tanzanian endemic which occurs in deciduous coastal thicket and open woodland. It is known from two sites: Nakilala in Kilwa District and Lake Lutamba. Areas around the latter were extensively cleared 50 years ago for the cultivation of commercial crops, leaving only a small area of forest contained within Litipo Forest Reserve. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 Croton lucidus Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree of primary evergreen rainforest, known only from a single collection, gathered from Gunung Pulai in Johore. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Croton macrocarpus Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Recorded by a single collection, the species was known from an area of peat swamp forest at Telok in Selangor which has since been developed for agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17140, 19073 CR B1+2c Croton megalocarpoides Euphorbiaceae Kenya, Mozambique, Somalia, Tanzania At the north of the species range two populations occur in rocky places of semi-evergreen woodland and scrub in southern Somalia extending into Kenya near Kiunga. Further south new locations have been found in remaining patches of forest in Lindi and coastal Tanzania, possibly extending into northem Mozambique. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5654, 6396, 8697, 9198, 12067, 18665 LR/nt Croton phuquocensis Euphorbiaceae Viet Nam This species appears to be endemic to Viet Nam, where it is known from only a single locality in Kien Giang Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848 VU D2 Croton sarcocarpus Euphorbiaceae Yemen (Socotra) The species is scattered, although occasionally common in areas of moist submontane woodland. There are no immediate threats. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 149 Species Summaries Croton socotranus Euphorbiaceae Yemen (Socotra) This is one of the commonest trees on Socotra. It dominates all types of vegetation over much of the coastal plains and foothills. Trees are cut for constructing roofs. Current rates of exploitation are sustainable but increasing development of the island may place the species under greater risk. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 LR/nt Croton stellulifer Euphorbiaceae VU B1+2c, D2 Sao Tomé & Principe (Principe, Sao Tomé) An upland tree with a relatively wide altitudinal range, principally occurring in secondary forest. Populations are recorded from Oqué Pipi on Principe and Lagoa Amelia, Morro Miguel Angelo and Esperanca on Sao Tomé. Although trees have been seen to set fruit, no regeneration is evident. The wood is valued as a timber. Areas on both islands remain to be inventoried and it is hoped there are regenerating populations in existence. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724, 10080, 19042, 19111 Croton sulcifructus Euphorbiaceae Yemen (Socotra) The species is scattered, although occasionally common in areas of moist submontane woodland. There are no immediate threats. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Croton talaeporos Euphorbiaceae Kenya, Somalia A species confined to bushland or woodland on the coast of Kenya and southern Somalia. It occurs in abundance near Kiunga. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 6396, 8697, 10961, 18665 LR/nt Croton touranensis Euphorbiaceae Viet Nam This species appears to be endemic to Viet Nam, where it is known from only a single locality in Da Nang. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 11530 VU D2 Croton vaughanii Euphorbiaceae Mauritius Only five individuals remain. Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 9120, 16426, 19208 CR Alc, B1+2e, C2ab, D1 Crotonogyne manniana Euphorbiaceae LR/nt Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria An understorey shrubby tree restricted to but locally abundant in wet evergreen forest. The species is relatively wide-ranging from Ghana to Gabon. Mining, logging and other forestry activities, particularly in The World List of Threatened Trees Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon, have caused the general decline and degradation of these forests. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 450, 2773, 12061, 12597, 15251, 19043 Crudia balachandrae Leguminosae India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Nicobar Is.) This is the only species of the genus in India. It is rare and endemic to Great Nicobar Island where it is found on forested slopes on the north to south road near South Bay. There is evidence of insect damage on the flowers. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2609 VU D2 Crudia brevipes Leguminosae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of lowland rainforest, confined to Tasek Glugor, Wellesley Province, Penang. Only one collection of the species has been made. The area is under increasing settlement. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Crudia glauca Leguminosae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This rare tree occurs in open forest on limestone hills, confined to Gopeng in the state of Perak. The area is experiencing mining activities and increasing settlement. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 DD Crudia lanceolata Leguminosae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand This tree is found in both Peninsular Malaysia and Peninsular Thailand, inhabiting primary hill rainforest. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Crudia penduliflora Leguminosae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This lowland rainforest species is confined to Mount Ophir in Johore. Only one collection has been made. The area is experiencing some logging and increasing settlement. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Crudia scortechinii Leguminosae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) An endemic tree of Peninsular Malaysia known only from lowland and hill rainforest in the state of Perak. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Crudia splendens Leguminosae Indonesia (Kalimantan) This species is only known from the type collection. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766 VU D2 150 Crudia zeylanica Leguminosae Sri Lanka A large tree of the wet lowlands endemic to Sri Lanka. The species has been considered on the verge of extinction for over a decade, and as it was not found in the recent National Conservation Review forest survey it is likely to be extinct. A single tree was supposed to exist in the Peradeniya Botanical Garden. However, it has not been refound in the garden despite an intensive search. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 12129, 18796 EX Cryosophila bartlettii Palmae Panama Occurring in lowland areas, the species is known only from a few small scattered populations in the vicinity of Lago Alajuela. Much of the original habitat was flooded by the construction of this artificial lake. Logging and increasing agriculture and settlements are the principal threats to remaining populations. One small population is protected within Chagres National Park. The fibre is locally traded. Assessor: Evans, R. Refs: 19118 EN Alc, B1+2c, C2a Cryosophila cookii Palmae Costa Rica The most morphologically distinct species in the genus. Individuals or small groups are scattered in Atlantic lowland rainforest near Limon. The present adult population is estimated to number less than 100 individuals. The range of the species is presumed to have been larger in the past. Habitat conversion to agriculture has caused major population declines. Logging, increasing settlements and decline in dispersal/pollination agent populations have also contributed to losses. The palm heart is eaten locally for medicinal purposes. A few plants are protected in Tortu Guero National Park. Assessor: Evans, R. Refs: 19118 CR Alc, B1+2a, C2a Cryosophila grayumii Palmae Costa Rica A single-stemmed palm of lowland rainforest, occurring on limestone on the Pacific slope. Populations are small, widely scattered and threatened by increasing agriculture and settlement and logging. There is a protected population in Carava Biological Reserve. Assessor: Evans, R. Refs: 19118 CR Alc Cryosophila guagara Palmae Costa Rica, Panama A palm tree of lowland rainforest, a habitat which has greatly declined through conversion to agriculture. Large populations still exist in protected areas in Costa Rica, including Corcorado National Park, Carava Biological Reserve and Golfito Wildlife Reserve. The heart of the palm is eaten locally for medicinal purposes. Assessor: Evans, R. Refs: 19118 LR/nt Cryosophila kalbreyeri Palmae Colombia, Panama A single-stemmed palm of lowland to submontane rainforest, ranging from eastern Panama to western Madalena, Colombia. The Colombian populations have been divided into two subspecies, both of which are considered endangered by the Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt. Much of the original habitat has been converted for agriculture and the species has become rare or absent in places. In remote, undisturbed areas the species remains relatively common. Assessor: Evans, R. Refs: 19069, 19118 LR/nt Cryosophila nana Palmae LR/nt Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, Sinaloa) Occurring on the Pacific coast, the species is found in areas of dry deciduous forest, often pine—oak woodland, up to 1700m. Much of the original dry forest along the coast is cleared or greatly altered as a result of logging and conversion to agriculture and _ settlements. Populations have become scarce or have completely disappeared at lower elevations. In_ relatively undisturbed areas in upper altitudinal limits, the species can be common. Assessor: Evans, R. Refs: 19118 Cryosophila williamsii Palmae Honduras The species is confined to two widely-separated populations on the west side of Lago Yojoa, occurring in lowland rainforest on steep slopes. The population at Lago Yojoa is known to be reproducing and is given some protection within a forest reserve. Increasing agricuture, settlement and logging have caused population declines in the past. The leaves are used locally for thatching and the palm heart is eaten for medicinal purposes. The flowers are unique in the genus in their ascending rather than arching position. Assessor: Evans, R. Refs: 7645, 7724, 19118 Cryptocarya anamallayana Lauraceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A poorly known species of submontane forest, collected three or four times from three widely separated localities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EW EN B1+2c Cryptocarya beddomei Lauraceae India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Rarely collected, the species occurs in widely scattered localities of submontane forest along the Western Ghats, from Kodachadri to the Agastyamalai Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c 151 Species Summaries Cryptocarya bitriplinerva Lauraceae New Caledonia A single locality is known in the Kalouéholo valley where the species occurs in lowland forest on ultramafic soils. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 EN B1+2c Cryptocarya elliptifolia Lauraceae Philippines, Taiwan In Taiwan, the population is confined to areas of lowland broadleaved forest on Lanyu Island. The number of mature individuals is very small (<250). Poor regeneration and housing developments cause the most serious concern for remaining populations. Information is needed on the populations in Philippines. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 6469, 7933, 19050, 19051 CR C2a, D1 Cryptocarya ferrarsii Lauraceae CR B1+2c India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.) A small forest tree, known only from the type collection on Middle Andaman Island. The forests here have declined significantly through large-scale logging. Intact forest remains in Jarwa Reserve, which is unexplored and may harbour further populations of the species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 7147 Cryptocarya mannii Lauraceae USA (Hawaii) A rarely collected species known only from Kauai and Oahu, where it occurs in various forest types. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 LR/nt Cryptocarya membranacea Lauraceae Sri Lanka A rare species confined to lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sr Lanka. During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, this species tumed up in only four forest localities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 17195, 19112 EN B1+2c Cryptocarya palawanensis Lauraceae Philippines This Palawan endemic occurs in forest next to mangrove stands at sea level. Mangrove areas continue to be depleted by local people collecting firewood and construction timber, despite their forest reserve status. The main island is declared a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986, 18088 EN B1+2c Cryptocarya stocksii Lauraceae India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A medium-sized tree of submontane forest. Little is known about its habitat. It has been collected just four times from four widely separated locations, from VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Bababudan in the Karnataka to the Agastyamalai Hills in Tamil Nadu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 Cryptocarya wightiana Lauraceae Sri Lanka A common tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Cryptosepalum diphyllum Leguminosae Nigeria Records of this forest species are known only from south-east Nigeria. It is not known from the Oban Division of the Cross River National Park. Forest outside protected areas is almost completely cleared and planted with commercial or subsistence crops. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 7550, 11504 EN B1+2ac Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum Leguminosae VU Alc, B1+2c Cte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone A rare tree which occurs in wet evergreen forests and along riversides in more deciduous forests. It ranges from Guinea to Sierra Leone. A general decline in this habitat type has been caused by mining, logging and the establishment of commercial plantations. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 7550, 8369, 12061 Cullenia ceylanica Bombacaceae Sri Lanka A species occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Cullenia rosayroana Bombacaceae Sri Lanka A subcanopy tree, restricted to the wet lowlands of Sri Lanka. It is commonly found in the Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 18515 LR/cd Cuminia eriantha Labiatae CR B1+2c Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) An arborescent species of Labiatae, confined to remaining upper montane forest. Preliminary data indicate the species is confined to less than 100km? and declining in numbers through the effects of grazing by feral animals and spread of introduced weeds. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. The genus contains two species, endemic to Juan Fernandez. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651 152 Cuminia fernandezia Labiatae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) An arborescent species of Labiatae, confined to remaining upper montane forest. Preliminary data indicate the species is confined to less than 100km? and declining in numbers through the effects of grazing by feral animals and spread of introduced weeds. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. The genus contains two species, endemic to Juan Fernandez. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651 CR B1+2c Cunninghamia konishii Taxodiaceae Laos, Taiwan, Viet Nam A good-quality timber tree, which is mainly known from occurrences in evergreen submontane forest in northern and central Taiwan. Many stands have been destroyed by felling and replaced with commercial plantations in Taiwan. There is a protected population in Yushan National Park. More recently the species has apparently been found in two small stands in the wild, in Houa Phan Province in northem Laos and at Bu Huong Mountain in Viet Nam. The species is sometimes known as a variety or form of C. lanceolata. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 374, 11191, 15357, 19050, 19051 VU Alac Cunonia aoupiniensis Cunoniaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU D2 Cunonia ouaiemensis Cunoniaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU D2 Cunonia rotundifolia Cunoniaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 LR/cd Cupania mollis Sapindaceae El! Salvador, Guatemala A fairly abundant species of primary forest up to an altitude of 1200m in El Salvador. The habitat is under great pressures from logging, fires, the growing human population and agriculture. The species regenerates well and is represented in protected areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4862, 4974, 19030 LR/cd Cupaniopsis acuticarpa Sapindaceae Papua New Guinea A small tree or shrub known only from the type collection from Central Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18389, 19047 VU D2 Cupaniopsis bullata Sapindaceae Papua New Guinea A small tree found in secondary vegetation in Central Province, known only from the type collection. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18389, 19047 VU D2 Cupaniopsis crassivalvis Sapindaceae New Caledonia A species once collected from an area north-east of La Conception near Nouméa. It has not been found since 1869 despite this being the botanically best known region of Grand Terre. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351 EX Cupaniopsis euneura Sapindaceae Papua New Guinea This species is only known from the type collection, gathered from West Highlands Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18389, 19047 VU D2 Cupaniopsis glabra Sapindaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Cupaniopsis globosa Sapindaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351 VU B1+2c Cupaniopsis mouana Sapindaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Cupaniopsis napaensis Sapindaceae Papua New Guinea This species is known only from the type collection, which was located in scrub near a dry creek in Central Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18389, 19047 VU D2 Cupaniopsis phanerophleibia Sapindaceae Papua New Guinea An understorey tree from Western Province, known only from a single collection . Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18389, 19047 VU D2 Cupaniopsis rosea Sapindaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c 153 Species Summaries Cupaniopsis rotundifolia Sapindaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Cupaniopsis squamosa Sapindaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Cupaniopsis strigosa Sapindaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) This species is known only from the type collection from Mount Bonthain. Assessor: Adema, F. Refs: 18389, 19047 VU D2 Cupaniopsis subfalcata Sapindaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Cupaniopsis tontoutensis Sapindaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Cupheanthus microphyllus Myrtaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Cupressus arizonica var. montana Cupressaceae Mexico (Baja California) Very few trees remain in the area where the variety was described. They are confined to steep slopes in San Pedro Martir. Large herds of cattle appear to be allowed to graze indiscriminately even though the area has national park status. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 6972, 11886, 13041, 18751 VU D2 Cupressus arizonica var. nevadensis Cupressaceae USA (California) This variety is known from four localities in the Piute Mountains and their vicinity. Some risk occurs from fires, grazing and mining. Several occurrences are contained within protected areas. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 3786, 6972, 13041, 19193 VU D2 Cupressus arizonica var. stephensonii Cupressaceae USA (California) Only two populations, approximately 1000 individuals, exist in fire-prone areas within Cleveland National Forest and Cuyamaca Rancho State Park. The Conejo fire of 1950 extirpated part of the population. Species management guidelines are adopted in Cleveland VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees National Forest. There is a lack of agreement over the variety's taxonomic status, it commonly being considered to hold species status. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 3786, 6972, 11886, 13041, 19193 Cupressus atlantica Cupressaceae Morocco One or two small groves remain in dry woodland on steep scree slopes in Oued n'Fiss Valley south of Marakech in the Atlas Mountains. Estimates of the area of occupancy have declined from 5500ha in 1950 to 1460ha in 1986, largely because of habitat degradation, overgrazing and to some extent exploitation. Observations during a visit to the site in 1997 indicated a complete absence of natural regeneration. One subpopulation is fenced and attempts are being made to replant the species but the rates of success are very low. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 4506, 13041, 19191 EN Alabc, B1+2b, C1+2a, D1 Cupressus bakeri Cupressaceae USA (California, Oregon) This species is known from nine scattered sites in north California and the extreme south of Oregon. Only one of them extends as far as two miles in length. Locations once known have been lost. Although fire-adapted, it is vulnerable to intense fires, which break out when the fuel load has built up. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 13041, 18751, 19193 VU B1+2bd Cupressus cashmeriana Cupressaceae Bhutan, India (Arunachal Pradesh) The natural distribution of the species is probably confined to west central Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh but it is obscured by the widespread cultivation of the plant. Populations do not appear to be large. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 4237, 13041, 18751 VU B1+2c Cupressus chengiana Cupressaceae China (Gansu, Sichuan) A few locations are known where the species dominates in mid-elevation coniferous forest on the flanks of gorges and arid valleys. Constant overcutting has eliminated the species in accessible sites and it is being replaced by thickets of other species. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1818, 11847 VU Alcd Cupressus chengiana var. jiangeensis Cupressaceae China (Sichuan) This variant of the threatened C. chengiana is restricted to a single tree in Sichuan. It is monoecious. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374 CR D1 Cupressus duclouxiana Cupressaceae China (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan) The native range of the species has not been resolved. Large trees are known to occur in a remote part of Tibet. The largest population occurs in Yunnan, where it is DD 154 widely distributed, especially along a historic trade route to Sikkim. These trees may have been planted. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374 Cupressus dupreziana Cupressaceae Algeria Three populations, containing 153 individuals and covering 200sq.km, are thought to exist. The main concentration is in Tassili N'Ajjer National Park, which has been designated a World Heritage Site. There is no regeneration in the wild. It is believed that the water table has sunk to an extent that impedes regeneration. The species has been successfully established in cultivation. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 12567 CR A2c, Cl Cupressus gigantea Cupressaceae China (Xizang) Confined to eastern Tibet, the species forms sparse pure stands along rivers on sheltered dry slopes. The largest individuals are said to be in a cemetery. Little regeneration is apparent except in the Yarlungzangbo River basin but the tree coppices well. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 1818, 11847, 13041 VU Ald Cupressus goveniana var. abramsiana Cupressaceae USA (California) Commonly recognised as A. abramsiana, this variety is rare and confined to fewer than 10 groves in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Each population is thought to have fewer than 100 individuals. There are threats from residential and agricultural developments, alteration of fire regimes and introgression of conifer species, which may also increase the risk from fires. None of the populations is officially protected. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 11886, 13041, 18751, 19193 EN C2a Cupressus goveniana var. goveniana Cupressaceae USA (California) Less than 1000 individuals are thought to exist in five popuations, in S.F.B. Morse Botanical Reserve, Point Lobos Reserve, where the species is protected, and along the coast in Mendocin and north-west Sonoma Counties. The coastal populations are sometimes known as var. pygmaea.There are some pressures from local development, altered fire regimes and possibly from non-native plants. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 11886, 13041, 19193 VUDI Cupressus guadalupensis var. forbesii Cupressaceae Mexico (Baja California), USA (California) Fewer than five occurrences are known in California. One of them is relatively inaccessible but the others are susceptible to frequent wildfires and development. Individuals can be found along roadsides. Mexico also harbours few, perhaps two, populations. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 6972, 11886, 13041, 18751, 19193 VU B1+2c Cupressus guadalupensis var. guadalupensis Cupressaceae Mexico (Guadalupe Is.) A population of 200 is thought to exist in two small stands. Regeneration is seriously hampered by goats. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374 CR Cl Cupressus lusitanica var. benthamii Cupressaceae Mexico (Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz) The species occurs in montane forest, in oak and mesophillous formations, in the border regions of several Mexican states. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6541, 19161 LR/nt Cupressus macrocarpa Cupressaceae USA (California) A widely planted and naturalised species which, in the wild, is restricted to two healthy subpopulations occurring in Point Lobos and Point Cypress. The former is thought to contain between 500 and 1000 individuals. Both are protected. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 7222, 11886, 13041, 19193 VU D2 Cupressus sempervirens Cupressaceae Greece (Crete), Iran, Turkey The species is sometimes referred to in different varieties. Only var. horizontalis is believed to originate from the wild and therefore is the only taxon considered in this context. The type specimen was collected from Crete. Populations which are questionably wild are also known from southern Turkey and northern Iran, where it LR/nt is very vulnerable. It is planted all over the Mediterranean. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 3489, 4508, 5519, 7222, 16111 Cupressus torulosa Cupressaceae LR/nt Bhutan, China (Xizang), India (Jammu-Kashmir), Nepal, Pakistan Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 848, 7222, 11530, 13041, 16781, 18710 Cussonia bancoensis Araliaceae Ghana The only natural populations appear to occur in Ghana. Occurrences in Céte d'Ivoire are reported to be planted. The species regenerates freely in a wide ecological Tange, but is best established in upland evergreen forest, where there are threats from farming, fires, forest Management activities and mining. Assessor: Hawthome, W. Refs: 6127, 12061 VU Alc Cussonia gamtoosensis Araliaceae South Africa (Eastern Cape) Occurring in thicket vegetation on stony hill sides, the species, for many years, was only known from the type locality. Three localities are now known. The species does not appear to be very abundant, but it is difficult to spot in the dense thickets where it grows. Large tracts of VU D1+2 155 Species Summaries the habitat have been cleared for agriculture, settlement and industrial development, possibly resulting in the species becoming fragmented and the subpopulations becoming isolated. Any developments at the type locality could seriously affect the species. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 Cussonia ostinii Araliaceae Ethiopia An Ethiopian endemic, occurring abundantly in upland savanna in the west. Increasing human population and their activities threaten the habitat to some extent, especially in the north. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 18523 LR/nt Cuviera migeodii Rubiaceae Tanzania A species of dry forest or open woodland, known only from Tendaguru. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b, D2 Cuviera schliebenii Rubiaceae Tanzania Known only from Litipo (10km?) and Rondo (140km?) Forest Reserves, this species is relatively well protected. Both forests have been extensively logged and other activities have contributed to large areas being disturbed. The demand for land for commercial and subsistence agriculture is also strongly felt but local activities and encroachment are discouraged by the presence of forest management operations. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 EN B1+2bc Cuviera tomentosa Rubiaceae Mozambique, Tanzania A species confined to relatively unexplored areas of dry coastal forest in Kingupira in Tanzania and northem Mozambique. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Cyanea aculeatiflora Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) A palm-like tree restricted to East Maui, where it occurs in rainforest between 945 and 1450m altitude on the windward slopes of Haleakala. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU D2 Cyanea arborea Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) A palm-like tree formerly known from a narrow altitudinal band in montane forest on the slopes of Haleakala on East Maui. It was last collected in 1928. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EX The World List of Threatened Trees Cyanea giffardii Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) This species is known only from the type material, which was collected in 1917 from a locality of rainforest near Glenwood on Hawaii. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EX Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) A montane rainforest taxon which is known to have occurred at only three sites on the western slopes of Hualalai on Hawaii. One population is found at Honuaulu Forest Reserve and another at Keokea, 45km away. In addition two populations have been planted within the native range, taking the total population size to possibly more than 50 individuals. Invasive plants and grazing are a persistent problem. The subspecies is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19039 CR C2a, D1 Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) A palm-like tree which occurs in rainforest between 1200 and 1400m altitude on the windward slopes of Haleakala on East Maui. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 3786 VU D2 Cyanea hardyi Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) Restricted to an area in the south of Kauai, the species occurs in forested valleys up to an altitude of 790m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU D2 Cyanea horrida Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) A palm-like tree known only from East Maui, where it is restricted to rainforest and the margins of subalpine forest between altitudes of 1520 and 2000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU D2 Cyanea leptostegia Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) This palm-like tree is confined to western Kauai, where it is found in moist forest 1000 and 1300m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU D2 Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) The species is known from two subspecies, this one being the rarer. It is restricted to rainforest only on Lanai and has been collected very rarely in the last 50 years. The type subspecies is endemic to Maui. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN Alce 156 Cyanea marksii Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) A small palm-like tree recorded in rainforest in Kona District on Hawaii. No adult trees have been found this century, although a population was located of what appeared to be precociously flowering juvenile individuals. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre’ Refs: 3372 EX Cyanea pohaku Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) This species has not been seen since it was first collected in 1910. It was found in subalpine shrubland on Puunianiau, a small cinder cone on the north-west slopes of Haleakala on East Maui. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EX Cyanea procera Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) A palm-like tree formerly found in the Kamalo region on Molokai and thought to be extinct until it was recently rediscovered at Puu O Kaeha, west of Kamalo. A total of eight individuals have been found in three populations in an area known to harbour feral goats. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19040 CR C2a, D1 Cyanea pycnocarpa Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) Now presumed extinct, this species is known only from the type material. It was collected on the Kohala Mountains on Hawaii. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EX Cyanea quercifolia Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) A poorly known species which is recorded only from the type collection taken from an area between 915 and 1220m on the leeward slopes of Haleakala on East Maui. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EX Cyanea solenocalyx Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) Confined to Molokai, the species is found in rainforest at medium elevation in the east of the island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU D2 Cyanea stictophylla Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) : A shrub or tree of montane rainforest restricted to the slopes of Mauna Loa, where it is now known from fewer than 20 individuals in three populations near Keauhou, Kohae and on Puuwaawaa. Another 46 individuals have been planted in exclosures at Puuwaawaa and Kau CR C2a Forest Reserve. Cattle grazing and trampling are major causes for the species decline. It is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19039 Cyanea superba ssp. regina Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) A subspecies recorded from the Southem Koolau Mountains on Oahu, where it was last found in 1932 in lowland rainforest. It is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EX Cyanea superba ssp. superba Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) This subspecies is still extant, as opposed to ssp. regina. It is known from two small populations, totalling fewer than 10 plants, in the Waianae Mountains, one on federal property in Kahanahaiki valley and the other on state land in Pahole Gulch. Habitat degradation by the spread of introduced plants is the most serious threat to remaining populations. Protective measures and planting are being carried out at Pahole. The taxon is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19168 CR C2a, D1 Cyanea tritomantha Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) A palm-like tree occurring in rainforest up to 1080m altitude in Waipio valley, Mauna Kea and the windward side of Mauna Loa on Hawaii. Damage by feral pigs has been recorded at a number of sites where the species is known. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Cyathocalyx olivaceus Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree locally common in the lowland and hill forests of Maxwell's Hill, Perak, which is a protected area. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 LR/cd Cyathocalyx scortechinii Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree, restricted to lowland and submontane forest, known only from the states of Perak and Pahang. The locality in Perak is no longer forested. It does, however, occur in Taman Nagara National Park and the protected forest of Mentigi in the Cameron Highlands. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 LR/cd Cybianthus cogolloi Myrsinaceae Colombia An endemic to Antioquia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 VU B1+2c 157 Species Summaries Cyclobalanopsis repandifolia Fagaceae Taiwan A tree with a scarce distribution in areas of lowland broadleaved forest in Chinshuiying on the Hengchun Peninsula. In the few populations known, regeneration is poor, seed crops appear to be frequently decimated by squirrels and other animals. No protection or conservation measures are in place. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 19050 CR B1+2b, C2a Cyclobalanopsis rex Fagaceae China (Yunnan), Laos, Myanmar In China the main populations are found at Mengla and Tengchong. They are extremely small and largely made up of senescing trees in areas of monsoon forest on limestone hills. Regeneration is poor and the habitat degraded. Information is needed on the populations in Laos and Myanmar. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 DD Cyclophyllum tenuipes Rubiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VUDI1 Cymbopetalum baillonii Annonaceae Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz) Confined to the Gulf region, the species occurs in most areas of remaining rainforest, extending as far north as northern Veracruz. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993, 19124 VUAIc Cymbopetalum mayanum Annonaceae Guatemala, Honduras Populations are small and scattered in the Atlantic lowlands in areas of varying humidity. The habitat continues to diminish through conversion to agriculture. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13228, 13995 EN C2a Cymbopetalum torulosum Annonaceae Costa Rica, Panama The main part of the species range occurs in areas of lowland rainforest in Costa Rica, concentrated in the region of Rio San Juan and La Selva Biological Station in the north-west. In Panama collections have been made in Chiriqui, near the border with Costa Rica. The populations here appear to be very restricted and under some threat from cattle ranching and commercial banana cultivation. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 5125, 7980, 16772 VU A2c Cynometra beddomei Leguminosae India (Kerala) A large tree, which has only ever been recorded from Tambacherry Ghat, where it was found in submontane streamside forest. It has not been found since 1870, EX The World List of Threatened Trees despite intensive explorations. Forestry plantations are now widely established where there was once primary forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 8483, 19144 Cynometra bourdillonii Leguminosae India (Karnataka, Kerala) A lowland forest tree which appears to occur in two main areas: in South Kanara, Karnataka, and in the Agastyamalai range in Kerala. Widespread and indiscriminate cutting and expansion of commercial agriculture have resulted in a significant reduction in the extent of these forests. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538, 19144 EN B1+2c Cynometra brachyrrhachis Leguminosae Tanzania The species is locally dominant in three patches of coastal forest in the Pangani River basin. Two of them are contained within forest reserves: Gendagenda Forest Reserve (27km?), and Tongwe Forest Reserve (12km?), the remaining population occurs in the Pangani Falls forest (1km?), where a hydroelectric dam has been built. The demand for agricultural land puts pressure on all these sites. The species is also reported to occur in lowland forest in the East Usambara Mountains *FTEA notes this may be a species of Scorodophloeus. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3925, 5654, 16796 VU B1+2bc, D2 Cynometra cubensis Leguminosae Cuba An uncommon tree endemic to semi-deciduous forests, mainly in gallery communities along rivers and creeks in Pinar del Rio Province. Its habitat has suffered intense degradation from logging and the ensuing invasion of exotic or secondary vegetation. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 16327, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Cynometra engleri Leguminosae Tanzania A species found only in lowland semi-deciduous forest in Sigi valley at the foot of the East Usambara Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 3925, 5204, 5654 VU B1+2b, D2 Cynometra falcata Leguminosae Fiji A slender tree, endemic to Fiji and known only from the two collections: the type was gathered from Viti Levu in 1840 and the second collection was from Vanua Levu in 1950. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18818 CR D1 Cynometra filifera Leguminosae Tanzania The species is locally dominant in a 0.25ha patch of forest near Lindi and elsewhere only from a single forest CR B1+2abcde 158 patch located 40km away. The latter site has not been visited recently and the forest may have disappeared. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3925, 16796 Cynometra gillmanii Leguminosae Tanzania The species is known from coastal forest near Mkoe from a single collection made in the 1940s. It is possible the species habitat has been destroyed. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3925, 16796 CR B1+2abcde, C2b Cynometra inaequifolia Leguminosae VU Ald Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Philippines, Thailand? A small tree of lowland forest which is used as a source of kekatong timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919, 12937, 14573 Cynometra longipedicellata Leguminosae Tanzania This species is largely known from areas of moist lowland forest reaching 900m in the East Usambara Mountains. A population may also occur in the Pugu Forest Reserve (22km?) near Dar es Salaam. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 3925, 5204, 5654 VU B1+2b Cynometra lukei Leguminosae Kenya, Tanzania Formerly known only from Kenya, this riverine forest tree has recently been found in Selous National Park in Tanzania. The Kenya population is small and confined to the seasonally flooded banks of the Tana River, near Wenje, where it is under some threat from increasing human settlement and agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5654, 6396, 17859 EN B1+2c Cynometra suaheliensis Leguminosae Kenya, Tanzania The range of this dry coastal forest species extends from Kwale and Kilifi Districts in Kenya into northern Tanzania in the Pangani River basin. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 3925, 5204, 6396, 7550 VU B1+2b Cynometra travancorica Leguminosae India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A tall tree reported from about four scattered locations in the Western Ghats, occurring in lowland evergreen forest on rocky slopes. In Karnataka the species occurs in Sollekallu in Chikmagalur and in Kerala there are records from the Palghat area and also apparently from the Travancore range. There has been much loss of habitat because of road building, expanding agriculture and other developments. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14276, 19144 EN B1+2c Cynometra ulugurensis Leguminosae Tanzania This tree is endemic to Kimboza Forest Reserve (4km?) at the foot of the Uluguru Mountains. The forest is disturbed because of previous logging and the planting of exotic species, including a Cedrela species which has become invasive. The surrounding area is densely populated and the demand for land to cultivate is strong. There are now two forest guards to stop illegal cutting and encroachment. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3925, 16796 EN C2b, D1 Cynometra webberi Leguminosae Kenya, Tanzania A shrubby tree occurring in dry coastal forest patches within an area ranging from Kwale and Kilifi Districts in Kenya into Tanzania. In some forest types it forms the dominant canopy element. Soils with impeded drainage and unpredictable water supply are especially favoured by the species. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 10961 VU B1+2b Cyphophoenix elegans Palmae New Caledonia This species is localised to the north-east on low-lying areas of schistose rocks. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 19118 VU B1+2c Cyphophoenix nucele Palmae New Caledonia The entire population is reduced to a small area of forest on raised coral on the north-east coast of Lifou in the Loyalty Islands. Regeneration is poor. The only other species in the genus is also threatened and confined to north-east New Caledonia. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 19118 CR B1+2c Cyphosperma tanga Palmae Fiji Only a few populations are known, confined to areas of dense forest on Viti Levu. Cutting by the Forestry Department resulted in the serious depletion of one population in 1970 and also continues to affect another more recently discovered population. Seed crops of reasonable size appear to be extremely infrequent. Assessor: Fuller, D. Refs: 6053, 19118 Cyphosperma trichospadix Palmae Fiji A few small populations are known from areas of dense forest between 600 and 760m on Vanua Levu and Taveuni. Some areas are being cleared for coconut plantations. Assessor: Fuller, D. Refs: 6053, 19118 CR Alc VU Alc 159 Species Summaries Cyphosperma voutmelensis Palmae Vanuatu A small palm tree scattered in rainforest on volcanic soils. It is restricted to the Cumberland Peninsula and Espirito Santo. Less than 100 mature individuals are known. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 EN D1 Cyrtandra denhamii Gesneriaceae Fiji The species appears to be highly localised. It is confined to the island of Ngau in Loma-i Viti, where it has been collected only twice from lowland forest in the hills around Herald Bay. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18818 VU D2 Cyrtandra elbertii Gesneriaceae Indonesia (Java) The only known location of this species is on Mount Lawu, where it occurs in an area of forest from 1500 to 1700m. An area of 60km? on Mount Lawu is being proposed as a nature reserve. Pressures of encroachment and cutting are severe. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 VU B1+2c, D2 Cyrtandra feaniana Gesneriaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) A shrub or small tree known from occurrences on Fatu Hiva, Hiva Oa, Nuku Hiva, Tauhata and Ua Huka. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt Cyrtandra giffardii Gesneriaceae USA (Hawaii) A small shrubby tree which is now known from 11 populations in montane rainforest on the north-eastern slopes of Mauna Kea south to the eastern siopes of Mauna Loa, including several populations in Volcanoes National Park. The species has disappeared from previously known sites and habitat damage caused by feral pigs, along with the invasion of introduced plants, continues to threaten remaining populations. Estimates of the total population size lie in the region of 1000 individuals. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19039 EN C2a Cyrtandra kandavuensis Gesneriaceae Fiji A spreading tree or shrub, which is confined to the island of Kandavu, where it occurs on the summit and slopes of Mount Mbuke Levu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18818 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Cyrtandra natewaensis Gesneriaceae Fiji A shrub or small tree, which occurs infrequently in dense forest between 400 and 820m. It is rarely collected and, so far, known only from eastern Vanua Levu and a site in Taveuni. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18818 VU D2 Cyrtandra spathacea Gesneriaceae Fiji A scarce but distinct tree species of dense forest between 500 and 750m. It has been collected just twice, once in 1933 on the slopes of Mount Mbuke Levu, on the island of Kandavu, and once from near Lautoka, Mba, on Viti Levu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18818 VU D2 Cyrtandra tavinunensis Gesneriaceae Fiji A shrub or tree which is endemic to the island of Taveuni. Collections have been made from the regions of Wairiki and Somosomo in dense forest between 700 and 850m altitude. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18818 VU D2 Cyrtandra tempestii Gesneriaceae Fiji An uncommon species restricted to Taveuni in dense forest up to 900m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18818 VU D2 Cyrtostachys kisu Palmae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A palm endemic to the islands of Choiseul and Baga, where it is scattered in lowland to submontane rainforest. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 DD Dacrycarpus kinabaluensis Podocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah) A shrub or small tree, which is known only from elevations above 2100m on Mount Kinabalu. Populations are protected within the national park. The species is thought to be susceptible to periodic droughts, but populations appear to have successfully survived recent dry spells. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 6851, 13041, 19125 LR/cd Dacrycarpus steupii Podocarpaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Kalimantan, Sulawesi) A tree of submontane swamp or disturbed forest, where it can form pure stands. In Kalimantan it was known from a now extinct population near Balikpapan. In Sulawesi it is confined to the Latimodjong Mountains, LR/nt 160 where lower slopes have been cleared in places for agriculture. Populations in New Guinea are thought to be widespread. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6851, 13041, 18751 Dacrydium comosum Podocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A relatively rarely collected shrub or small tree, which grows on exposed ridges in stunted mossy montane forest. Populations occurring on the Gunung Tahan Massif are protected within a national park. In the southern part of the species range, however, the habitat is threatened by infrastructural development. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 6851, 13041, 15966, 19073, 19192 EN B1+2c Dacrydium cornwalliana Podocarpaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea The species grows in some abundance in confined patches of cloud forest or mossy heath forest above 1430m. Collections are few, largely because the area is poorly explored. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6851 DD Dacrydium ericioides Podocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A locally abundant tree of primary mossy forest, occurring on exposed ridges in two locations on Mount Dulit and Meruong Plateau. It appears to be confined to ultrabasic soils. The area could possibly come under the heavy logging regimes which have occured throughout the country. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6851, 19192 VU D2 Dacrydium gibbsiae Podocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A shrub or small tree, known only from Mount Kinabalu and the summit ridge on Mount Murud in Sarawak. In the former location the species appears to be common at high elevations, particularly on ultramafic substrates. The population here is protected within the national park. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6851, 12121, 19125 LR/cd Dacrydium gracilis Podocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A large tree with a distribution which appears to be highly localised within a narrow altitudinal range on Mount Kinabalu, the Crocker range and adjacent parts of Sarawak. It is an integral part of the lower montane oak— laurel forest. Trees are hard to distinguish from other Dacrydium species and so are likely to be cut wherever accessible for construction timber. Populations on Mount Kinabalu are almost entirely contained within the national park and so are relatively well protected. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6851, 12121, 19125 VU D2 Dacrydium guillauminii Podocarpaceae New Caledonia A rare rheophyte confined to a single river basin where it grows in a restricted area of moist woodland. The largest population occurs at Chiites de la Madeleine, which, although given the status of a botanical reserve, is inadequately managed. The area is fire-prone, the shrub layer has regressed with increasing numbers of visitors and there is a threat of pollution from mining operations upstream. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 10351, 12630 CR B1+2c Dacrydium lycopodioides Podocarpaceae New Caledonia A New Caledonian endemic confined to a few sites of cloud forest in the southern massif, e.g. Mont Mou, Mont Humboldt and Mont Ningua. Populations are small and confined to high, usually inaccessible, mountain ridges. Regeneration does not appear to be good. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 9631, 12630 LR/cd Dacrydium magnum Podocarpaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Moluccas), Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Populations are known from the islands of Guadalcanal, Choiseul and Santa Ysabel in the Solomons, from the Louisades in Papua New Guinea and Obi Island in the Moloccas. The species is scattered to locally common in areas of lowland rainforest, especially on ridge crests. Forest management activities and agricultural pressures could cause rapid population losses to most or all parts of the range. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6851, 19192 Dacrydium nausoriense Podocarpaceae Fiji Endemic to the Nausori Highlands in western Viti Levu, the species occurs in small stands within a closely confined area. There is evidence that regeneration is poor. The area is unprotected and the stands are open to cutting, burning, agricultural and pastoral activities. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 9631, 18818 EN Alcd, B1+2ce, Cl Dacrydium spathoides Podocarpaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A poorly-collected species, known only from a small area in a remote locality along the Idenburg River in Western Irian Jaya. Further field work could reveal a more substantial distribution. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6851, 19192 DD Dacryodes breviracemosa Burseraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known from a single collection this lowland rainforest species is confined to Terengganu . Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 VU D2 161 Species Summaries Dacryodes colombiana Burseraceae Colombia An endemic to Boyaca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 15343, 19069 EN B1+2c Dacryodes elmeri Burseraceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah) This very rare tree is known only from a single collection taken from lowland forest in Tawau, Sabah and from Brunei. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18327, 19017 VU D2 Dacryodes expansa Burseraceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) A small tree of lowland forest known from a single collection from Kuching, Sarawak and from Brunei. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18327, 19017 VU D2 Dacryodes igaganga Burseraceae Cameroon, Congo?, Gabon A timber species which is confined to localities of lowland rainforest in Cameroon, Ngounié and Lopé Forest Reserve in Gabon and possibly Congo. There is concern over the rate at which logging has taken place and the decline in the habitat. Lopé is proposed for designation as a national park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 5595, 12509 VU Alcd+2cd Dacryodes kingii Burseraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree of late secondary and primary forest of up to 600m altitude. This species is protected in Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 LR/cd Dacryodes macrocarpa var. kostermansii Burseraceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) Restricted to coastal mixed swamp forest, this variety is known only from Kalimantan and from a single collection from Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7673 VU B1+2c Dacryodes macrocarpa var. patentinervia Burseraceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Occurring in lowland to submontane forest, the variety is known only from Bukit Hampuan in Ranau District, in Sabah, and from scattered populations in the 3rd, 4th and Sth Districtsin Sarawak. It is also found in Brunei. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7673 VU B1+2c Dacryodes multijuga Burseraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known only from the type collection, gathered at VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Pehang in Jerantut, this rare species occurs in moist forest at 60m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 Dacryodes puberula Burseraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of moist forest up to 1000m altitude in the states of Perak, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan and Malacca. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 Dactyladenia dinklagei Chrysobalanaceae Ghana An uncommon species restricted to wet evergreen forest in Upper Guinea. General losses to this habitat have been caused by mining activities, logging and commercial planting. Assessor: Hawthome, W. Refs: 8369, 12061 VU B1+2a VU Alc, B1+2c Dactyladenia hirsuta Chrysobalanaceae Cte d'Ivoire, Ghana Rare and confined to remaining areas of wet evergreen forest in Ghana and largely confined to Tai National Park in south-west Céte d'Ivoire, this species has suffered extensive logging of its habitat, the effects of mining and the establishment of commercial plantations. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 8369, 12061, 12822 EN B1+2c Dactyladenia laevis Chrysobalanaceae Gabon A small tree found only in the vicinity of Libreville. Logging has taken place in the area and nearly all the remaining forest is under concession to logging companies. It is possible, with further exploration, that the species may be found to be more widespread. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19043 VU D2 Dahlgrenodendron natalense Lauraceae EN B1+2ae, C2a, D1 South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal) A palaeoendemic usually found on forest margins, both next to and away from stream banks. A few individuals have been recorded from within climax forest, but these were invariably very old and senescent. The species is known from a number of localities; it has not been found again at Ngoye forest, despite several searches and it is probably extinct at this locality; there are at least two plants in the Nqutu area; a single large tree, which is dying of old age, is in Umdoni Park; the largest number of trees are found in the remnant forest patches between the Msikaba and Umtamvuna Rivers. The total number of mature individuals is estimated to be less than 200. Regeneration from seed has not been recorded and plants in fruit are seldom recorded. This may be the result of the synchronised dichogamy, where male and female flowers are produced at different times. Their isolated occurrence then provides little chance of 162 pollination. There is some debate about the taxonomic placement of this species, it is maintained here as a monotypic genus. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 Dalbergia abrahamii Leguminosae Madagascar A tree known only from a few localities around Autsiranana and the Ankarana Massif in areas of limestone outcrops. Populations are fragmented and much of the range is decreasing through forest destruction. The main threat comes from selective felling for timber and charcoal. Some localities are protected in Ankarana Reserve. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 12353, 19115 EN B1+2abcd Dalbergia acariiantha Leguminosae Tanzania This species is restricted to dry coastal forest patches in east and south-east Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 2459, 3356, 7550 VU B1+2b Dalbergia albiflora ssp. echinocarpa Leguminosae Nigeria A subspecies endemic to forest areas in southern Nigeria. The extent of the habitat has unquestionably declined as there has been large-scale deforestation in the last three decades. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 5651, 7550, 11504 VU B1+2c Dalbergia andapensis Leguminosae Madagascar A species confined to north-east Madagascar in humid, broadleaved evergreen forest between the altitudes of 400 and 500m. This rare species is poorly known, apparently having a restricted distribution in an area of declining forest. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 EN B1+2abc Dalbergia annamensis Leguminosae Viet Nam Endemic to Viet Nam, this small tree is scattered in lowland dry open forest in Phi Yén and Khanh Hoa Provinces. This species is endangered by overexploitation for its valuable wood. Assessor: Nghia, N.H. Refs: 848, 19091 EN Alcd Dalbergia aurea Leguminosae Madagascar A submontane, rainforest tree which has been collected only once from an area between the Marivorahona Massif north of the Tsaratanana Massif. This restricted area is little known but is suffering from a decline in natural vegetation. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 VU D2 Dalbergia balansae Leguminosae China, Viet Nam Scattered in northern Viet Nam and China, this pioneer species grows in lowland and submontane moist forest. Its distribution has been reduced by shifting cultivation. Natural regeneration is strong on fallow land. It is grown on a small scale in mixed plantations as a host plant for lac insects. Assessor: Nghia, N.H. Refs: 6125, 19091 VU Alcd Dalbergia bariensis Leguminosae Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam A tree widely distributed and scattered in lowland and submontane broadleaved forest in Indo-China. There has been a rapid decline in the number of large trees because of overexploitation of the precious timber. It is protected from illegal cutting in Viet Nam and occurs in protected areas. Assessor: Nghia, N.H. Refs: 848, 6125, 19091 EN Alcd Dalbergia baronii Leguminosae Madagascar A widespread species confined to the lowland plains of eastern Madagascar; these forests have been greatly reduced. This fine rosewood timber species grows in lowland rainforest, often in marshy areas and near mangroves. Large individuals are rare because of overexploitation. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 6161, 9090, 12353, 19115 VU Alcd+2cd Dalbergia bathiei Leguminosae Madagascar A tree confined to a few small areas of lowland, evergreen, humid forest, mainly along river margins to the north and south of Toamasina, eastern Madagascar. As a result of selective exploitation, this species is now very rare. Very few adult specimens have been recorded and the population is severely fragmented. This species is a fine rosewood and is traded nationally and locally. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 EN Alcd, B1+2abcd, C1+2a Dalbergia bojeri Leguminosae Madagascar A rare climbing species known from very few collections in an area of eastern Madagascar largely cleared of lowland forest. The total population is fragmented and few mature individuals remain. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 EN B1+2abcde Dalbergia boniana Leguminosae Viet Nam Assessor: Nghia, N.H. Refs: 19091 DD Dalbergia brachystachya Leguminosae Madagascar This species occurs in evergreen, humid forest between EN B1+2abcde 163 Species Summaries 1000 and 1500m. Currently the only population known can be found north of Lake Aloatra in a region with only a few patchy forest remnants; these remnants are still in decline. This species is traded locally and nationally as fuel and timber. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 Dalbergia bracteolata Leguminosae Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania A lowland tree or scandent shmb, occurring in deciduous, seasonally dry forest and woodland. It is widespread and quite common throughout western and northern Madagascar, as well as in localised forest patches in eastern Africa. However, this species distribution is highly fragmented largely because of extensive deforestation. A 20-50% population decline is expected over the next 100 years in Madagascar. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 6396, 7550, 12353, 19115 LR/nt Dalbergia cambodiana Leguminosae Cambodia, Viet Nam Widely distributed but scattered, this tree occurs in moist lowland forest. Its wood is valuable and continues to be exploited illegally. Assessor: Nghia, N.H. Refs: 19091 EN Alcd Dalbergia capuronii Leguminosae Madagascar A rare species known from only four collections from two localities in remnants of evergreen forest in central Madagascar between 1200m and 1300m. These forest fragments are seriously threatened and declining. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 EN B1+2abcde Dalbergia catipenonii Leguminosae Madagascar A species restricted to remnants of evergreen forest around the capital, Antananarivo, and Lake Aloatra. Some localities lie within the Manakambahin Natural Reserve, but other areas are exposed to exploitation and clearance. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 VU B1+2abcde Dalbergia chapelieri Leguminosae Madagascar This species occurs in humid, evergreen forest. up to 1000m altitude. Although widespread, it occurs mainly in lowland forest which has been and continues to be extensively cleared. This species is traded in minor international, national and local markets. Assessor: Du Puy, D. VU Alcd+2cd Refs: 19115 Dalbergia chlorocarpa Leguminosae VU Alacd+2cd Madagascar A Madagascan endemic occurring in _ lowland, seasonally dry deciduous forest. Although fairly widespread in western Madagascar, the primary The World List of Threatened Trees vegetation in this area has been extensively destroyed and is still decreasing. The species is selectively felled for timber and fuel for export. Protected populations are known from Ankarafantsika Natural Reserve, Namoroka Reserve and Bemaraha Reserve. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 Dalbergia cochinchinensis Leguminosae Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam A large evergreen tree of open semi-deciduous forests. It is considered threatened in Viet Nam because of the rates of exploitation of the prime timber. In Thailand the pressures on the species have also caused concern. The species is the focus of an ongoing *IPGRI study of the distribution of genetic resources. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 848, 6125, 11530, 15357, 19063 VU Alcd Dalbergia cultrata var. cultrata Leguminosae Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam This variety occurs in moist forests up to 1500m. In Viet Nam, it is scattered from Dac Lac to Dong Nai. The population has declined through overexpoitation of the timber. Assessor: Nghia, N.H. Refs: 6125, 9090, 19091 EN Alcd Dalbergia davidii Leguminosae Madagascar Known only from a single locality, this tree occurs in lowland, seasonally dry, deciduous forest in an area where Dalbergia species are being selectively felled for the export market. Despite its presence in Ankarafantsika Natural Reserve, the species is still under threat from logging. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 EN B1+2de, Cl Dalbergia delphinensis Leguminosae Madagascar This species occurs in lowland, evergreen, humid forest in south-east Madagascar, near Taolanaro. Selective felling for export, coupled with the fragmented and declining state of the habitat has brought the species into danger. Its restricted distribution coincides with a proposed site for titanium mining, which threatens all the remaining forest in the area. Assessor: Du Puy, D. EN A2cd, B1+2bcde Refs: 19115 Dalbergia emirnensis Leguminosae LR/nt Madagascar A widespread species, mainly found in rapidly-declining areas of deciduous, dry vegetation in southern Madagascar. The species is relatively common but selectively felled for minor timber trade. Some localities are protected within Andohahela Natural Reserve. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 164 Dalbergia entadoides Leguminosae Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam Assessor: Nghia, N.H. Refs: 19091 DD Dalbergia eremicola Leguminosae Kenya, Somalia The largest population of this small tree occurs in Kenya where it appears to be quite common in bushland near Wajir. It also extends into a small area of southem Somalia. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 1308, 6396, 7550, 18665 LR/nt Dalbergia erubescens Leguminosae Madagascar A species known from two remnants of submontane, evergreen forest in a very restricted area of Ivohibe. Trees are selectively felled and the habitat is in decline. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 EN B1+2abcde Dalbergia funera Leguminosae EI Salvador, Guatemala In El Salvador the species is confined to Santa Ana and Chalatenango, where it occurs in pine—oak forest up to 2000m. There have been no recent reports of its occurrence and the area is unprotected and susceptible to logging and expanding agricultural development. The wood is of wide importance in carpentry and constuction. Information is needed on the Guatemalan population. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4862, 4974, 10395, 19030 DD Dalbergia fusca var. enneandra Leguminosae China (Yunnan) This variety is confined to localities of lowland semi- deciduous forest at Simao, Meijiang, Jianchen and Jinghong in southern Yunnan. Overcutting of the timber, encroaching cultivation and habitat degradation have caused population reductions. The taxon has been observed to occur quite frequently in scrub, regenerating after the destruction of forested areas. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 VU B1+2c Dalbergia glaberrima Leguminosae Madagascar Two subspecies are recognised. Both have a restricted range within declining areas of seasonally dry forest and woodland on limestone outcrops. Trees are selectively felled to supply local and national markets. Populations are recorded in Ankarana and Bemaraha Reserves. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 VU B1+2de Dalbergia glaucocarpa Leguminosae Madagascar Currently this species is known only from the Sambrino margins of north-west Madagascar where it is selectively felled for the local and national timber EN B1+2abcde markets. The deciduous, seasonally dry, sandstone forest habitat of this species is severely fragmented. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 Dalbergia glomerata Leguminosae Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz) A species, endemic to remaining rainforest in the Gulf region, occurring as far north as southern Veracruz. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993, 19124 VU Alc Dalbergia greveana Leguminosae Madagascar This species occurs in deciduous, seasonally dry forest and woodland up to 800m. Although widespread in western Madagascar, trees are sought-after and selectively felled for the high-quality wood which forms the bulk of timber wood exports from western Madagascar. Population numbers have declined over the entire range. Some localities are protected in Ankarafantsika Nature Reserve and in Ankarana Special Reserve. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 LR/nt Dalbergia hildebrandtii Leguminosae Madagascar The lowland dry forest and woodland habitat of this species is being gradually reduced and fragmented. Although widespread, the species is uncommon and selectively felled for the valuable rosewood timber. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 VU Alcd+2cd Dalbergia hirticalyx Leguminosae Madagascar Found in evergreen, seasonally dry forest between 900m and 1100m, this species is known only from a single forest remnant at Tsiroanomandidy. The total population is selectively felled and the entire forest exploited. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19073, 19115 EN B1+2bce Dalbergia humbertii Leguminosae Madagascar A deciduous tree known only from two locations within a very restricted area north of Morondava. It covers an estimated 1500 km? (*EOO) within a region of fragmented and declining native vegetation. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 EN B1+2ab Dalbergia hupeana var. laccifera Leguminosae Laos, Viet Nam This species occurs along rivers and streams and on slopes in lowland and submontane moist forest in north- west Viet Nam and Laos. Forest fragmentation and shifting cultivation are the main reasons for the decline of this variety. Assessor: Nghia, N.H. Refs: 6125, 19091 LR/nt 165 Species Summaries Dalbergia hutibertii Leguminosae Madagascar A tree restricted to deciduous, seasonally dry forest and woodland on a few isolated limestone massifs in west and north Madagascar. Although these areas are largely protected, selective felling still takes place and populations are declining. Protected areas in which the species is found are Ankarana Special Reserve and Bemeraha. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 VU Alcd+2cd Dalbergia intibucana Leguminosae Honduras There is some doubt over the nomenclature of the species. It is confined to areas of medium-to high- elevation humid forest in Honduras. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995, 14311 CR C2a Dalbergia latifolia Leguminosae VU Alcd India (Andhra Pradesh, Kamataka, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh), Indonesia (Java), Nepal Indian rosewood is principally a species of monsoon forests. Its timber is of high commercial value and wild populations are widely overexploited. The species is protected under the Indian Forest Act, the export of logs or sawn timber being banned, but considerable pressure continues to be exerted by illegal felling. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 6431, 8483, 11145, 14573, 16458, 17286, 19064 Dalbergia lemurica Leguminosae Madagascar A tree confined to deciduous, seasonally dry forest on sand in western Madagascar. Although apparently widespread, most records are from near Morondava, where the habitat is being rapidly reduced and the trees are selectively felled. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 VU Alcd+2cd Dalbergia louvelii Leguminosae Madagascar A species confined to the drastically reduced lowland, humid forests of eastern Madagascar. Populations of this rare rosewood species are now severely fragmented and it is selectively felled for the export market. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 EN Alcd+2cd Dalbergia madagascariensis Leguminosae Madagascar A widespread species found along river margins in the humid, evergreen forest of north and east Madagascar. The extent of the forest is in decline and trees are selectively felled for the timber. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 VU Alcd+2cd The World List of Threatened Trees Dalbergia malacophylla Leguminosae Madagascar Known only from a single locality, this deciduous species is found in Mikea forest in south-west Madagascar and covers an estimated 2000 km? (*EOO). The native forest in this restricted locality is undergoing gradual decline and selective exploitation for timber. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 EN B1+2bc Dalbergia mammosa Leguminosae Viet Nam A tree scattered throughout broadleaved forest in central and southern Viet Nam up to 800m. The entire population has declined through overexploitation of the valuable timber. The species is now legally protected, but continues to be cut illegally. Assessor: Nghia, N.H. Refs: 848, 6125, 15357, 19091 EN Alcd Dalbergia maritima Leguminosae Madagascar A lowland tree restricted to humid, evergeen, coastal forest which has been almost completely destroyed. The remaining forests are seriously threatened by exploitation and clearing. Selective felling for export, fragmented populations and titanium mining activities threaten this endemic species. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 EN Alcd+2cd Dalbergia melanoxylon Leguminosae LR/nt Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe This species occurs in a range of woodland habitats in at least 26 sub-Saharan countries. Its timber, mpingo, is widely used in the wood carving industry and in musical instrument manufacture. Levels of exploitation are very high and larger or suitably exploitable individuals are becoming increasingly scarce. There is cause for concern over genetic erosion in many populations. However, as a species there is no imminent threat of extinction. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 7550, 13370, 13947, 14418, 16021, 17335 Dalbergia mollis Leguminosae Madagascar This widely distributed tree inhabits lowland, deciduous forest and woodland in western Madagascar. It occurs in regions of rapidly declining fragmented forest. It is also selectively felled for the high-quality rosewood timber. Some populations lie within the boundaries of Ankarafantsika Strict Nature Reserve. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 LR/nt 166 Dalbergia monticola Leguminosae VU Alcd+2cd Madagascar A tree of evergreen, humid forest with an extensive distribution along the eastern escarpment of Madagascar, including areas with extensive forest cover. However, this much sought-after rosewood is selectivey felled for export and mature trees are considered rare. Many localities receive protection in Perinet/Andasibe, Zahamena, and Ranomafana Protected Areas. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 Dalbergia neoperrieri Leguminosae Madagascar This species occurs in the lowland, seasonally dry, deciduous forests of western Madagascar. Only a few isolated populations are known, mainly confined to specialised limestone habitats. The area of forest is declining and the species is selectively felled, although good populations are recorded at Bemaraha Reserve. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 VU Alcd+2cd Dalbergia nigra Leguminosae VU Alcd Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) Brazilian rosewood is one of the most highly prized woods in Brazil. The timber has been harvested since colonial times for high-quality furniture and musical instruments. The highest concentrations of the species are located in hygrophilous forest on rich soils in southem Bahia and northen Espirito Santo, where rates of deforestation are great. Regeneration appears to be poor, possibly because of seed predation by rodents. It is found in a number of protected areas and it is listed on the official list of threatened Brazilian plants by *IBAMA. Listed in *CITES Appendix I. Assessor: Varty, N. Refs: 4506, 7980, 8815, 13947, 15539 Dalbergia normandii Leguminosae Madagascar A very rare species known from only two localities, Antalaha and the Isle Sainte Marie in north-east Madagascar, where it inhabits very fragmented humid, evergreen, coastal forest. This tree has been severely exploited for the excellent quality of its rosewood. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 EN Alcd+2cd, B1+2abcde Dalbergia odorifera Leguminosae China (Guangdong - Hainan) Confined to Hainan Island, the species is known only from stands of coppiced individuals in secondary forest and scrub up to 600m altitude. Trees have been heavily harvested for the timber and scented wood. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1660, 1818, 11847 VU Ald Dalbergia oliveri Leguminosae Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Scattered in dense evergreen and semi-deciduous forest up to 1200m, the species occurs within a restricted EN Alcd distribution. Its beautiful red wood is overexploited. A protected population occurs in Nam Cat Tién National Park. Assessor: Nghia, N.H. Refs: 3090, 6125, 18802, 19091 Dalbergia orientalis Leguminosae Madagascar A little-known species distributed through eastern Madagascar. This rare species natural habitat is evergreen humid forest between 100m and 1200m altitude. Such forest is decreasing and this species is selectively felled for timber. It is most frequently recorded around Fort Carnot, east of Fianarantsoa. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 VU Alcd+2cd Dalbergia peltieri Leguminosae Madagascar A widespread species of deciduous, seasonally dry, lowland forest on sand in western Madagascar. The species is still relatively common and less sought-after than other rosewoods because of its softer wood. It is mainly used for local construction purposes. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 LR/nt Dalbergia pervillei Leguminosae Madagascar A tree occurring in broadleaved, deciduous, seasonally dry forest and woodland, usually between 50m and 300m altitude. This locally common species is very widespread in southern, western and _ northem Madagascar. However, the vegetation in this zone is fragmented and the species is selectively felled. Some localities fall within protected area boundaries. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 LR/nt Dalbergia pseudobaronii Leguminosae Madagascar Occurring in evergreen, humid forest between 50 and 1000m, the species is mainly recorded from northern Madagascar. Little is known about its frequency, but population reductions have been caused by selective felling for the high-quality timber, which is sold on national and local markets. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 VU Alcd+2cd Dalbergia purpurascens Leguminosae Madagascar Widespread in east, west and south-west Madagascar, where it is locally common. However, this species produces a notably attractive high-quality rosewood which is selectively felled, seriously reducing populations. Some localities are in the protected areas of Ankarana, Namoroka and Bemaraha. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 VU Alcd+2cd 167 Species Summaries Dalbergia retusa Leguminosae VU Alacd Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama A dry forest species of the Pacific side of Central America and Mexico. Exploitation as a timber is intense and areas where the species was formerly widespread are almost completely exhausted. This is most notable in Costa Rica. There is a limited occurrence of the species north of the canal in Panama and reasonably sized populations are reported to be found still in Mexico. The habitat has been exploited for 400 years and continuing reductions are caused through cattle ranching and burning. The species responds well to periodic buming. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 7980, 14717, 15037, 19179 Dalbergia sambesiaca Leguminosae Mozambique Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 7550 DD Dalbergia setifera Leguminosae Ghana Endemic to Ghana, this species is confined to areas of dry forest at Sekondi. Habitat degradation has been extensive, although the species’ preference for rocky sites lessens the threat of agricultural encroachment. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 12061 EN B1+2c Dalbergia simpsonii Leguminosae Peru A lowland forest species known only from the type collection taken from the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Dalbergia suaresensis Leguminosae Madagascar A tree occurring in lowland deciduous forest in the northern tip of Madagascar, around Antsiranana. The extent of occurrence is very small, and the forest very fragmented within it. Selective felling of this species has drastically reduced the population. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 EN B1+2abcde Dalbergia tonkinensis Leguminosae China (Guangdong - Hainan), Viet Nam A tree known from scattered populations in areas of primary and secondary forest in Viet Nam and Hainan Island in China. In Viet Nam heavy exploitation of the beautiful timber has led to considerable population declines. Habitat loss on Hainan Island through logging has also been significant. Assessor: Ban, N.T. Refs: 848, 6125, 11530, 15357, 19060, 19091 VU Alcd Dalbergia tricolor Leguminosae Madagascar A tree occurring in lowland deciduous, seasonally dry forest and woodland. This uncommon species has a VU Alcd+2cd The World List of Threatened Trees distinct distribution. Selective felling in fragmented vegetation is causing a reduction in the total population. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 Dalbergia tsaratananensis Leguminosae Madagascar Few populations are known and all are confined to broadleaved, submontane, moist fforest in the Tsaratanana Massif in Madagascar. Trees are selectively felled and the habitat is in rapid decline because of increasing cultivation. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 EN B1+2abcde Dalbergia tsiandalana Leguminosae Madagascar Very restricted, this poorly known species occurs around Soalala and Mahajanga in western Madagascar. The coastal, lowland, moist forest habitat of this species is very reduced and fragmented. This good-quality rosewood is selectively felled. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 EN B1+2abcde Dalbergia urschii Leguminosae Madagascar A tree known from only one locality in lowland, deciduous, seasonally dry forest near Antsiranana. This Tare species is easily accessible, selectively felled and in an area of forest degradation and clearance. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 EN B1+2abcde Dalbergia vacciniifolia Leguminosae Kenya, Tanzania A relatively wide-ranging species which occurs as a scandent shrub in places. It is known from patches of dry coastal forest in south-east Kenya, at unusually high altitudes in the Shimba Hills and at Taru. The range extends south through coastal Tanzania to Zanzibar Island. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 7550 VU B1+2b Dalbergia viguieri Leguminosae Madagascar A poorly known rosewood tree, restricted to broadleaved transition forest in north-east Madagascar. The species is known from only three rapidly diminishing sites, all of which are fragmented and isolated. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 19115 VU Alcd+2cd Dalbergia xerophila Leguminosae Madagascar This species has a very restricted distribution in woodland and scrubland on sand, in south-east Madagascar. A shrubby species, not of export-quality EN B1+2abcde 168 rosewood, but the stems are very sought-after locally for construction and tool making. The vegetation in this area is very fragmented. Assessor: Du Puy, D. Refs: 12353, 19115 Daniellia klainei Leguminosae Cameroon, Gabon Populations in Cameroon have become reduced with increasing exploitation of the timber. There are intact stands in Gabon, where large tracts of forest have remained undisturbed. This trend, however, is rapidly changing as almost all forest areas in Gabon are now under concession to timber companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14958, 19132 LR/nt Daniellia oblonga Leguminosae VU Alc Benin, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Nigeria A large tree from Atlantic forest. Populations have been recorded in Benin, on the Nigerian border at Oueme, in Ikom in Nigeria, extending into Cameroon and Bioko. Although information on the extent of the species range and its status is incomplete, the habitat is known to have declined severely. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 7111, 11504 Daphnopsis calcicola Thymelaeaceae Cuba A small, endemic tree locally restricted to the deeply eroded limestone mountains called the mogotes complex in Vinales, Pinar del Rio Province. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU D2 Daphnopsis macrophylla Thymelaeaceae Ecuador A tree of montane and upper montane cloud forest in the Ecuadorean High Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Daphnopsis pavonii Thymelaeaceae Peru Known only from the type collected in the department of Junin, the species occurs in forest between 2500 and 3000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Dasylepis integra Flacourtiaceae Kenya, Tanzania An upland moist forest species known from the Taita Hills in Kenya, the West Usambara Mountains and Pare Mountains in Tanzania. There is also an unusual record of occurrence at Nou in Mbulu based on a single collection. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 8814 VU B1+2b Dasymaschalon scandens Annonaceae Philippines This tree is endemic to Palawan, found on forested slopes at low and medium altitudes. The main island is declared a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c Davidia involucrata var. involucrata Cornaceae LR/cd China (Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan) One of the two varieties in this monospecific genus. It occurs in small pure stands scattered over a fairly wide range in broadleaved forest between 1000 and 2200m. It is a valuable ornamental tree and seed collecting coupled with high levels of habitat destruction, have caused the species to disappear from parts of its range. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 Davidia involucrata var. vilmoriniana Cornaceae VU Alcd China (Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan) The more threatened of the two varieties in this monospecific genus. Occurring in montane or cloud forest with a distribution similar to as the type variant, populations appear to be less common. There is also a keener demand for the seeds and plants in the horticultural trade, and overcollection from wild populations has reduced natural regeneration severely. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 19055 Debregeasia ceylanica Urticaceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. This species was not recorded during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996, indicating that it is extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 CR B1+2cd Decatropis paucijuga Rutaceae Guatemala, Honduras A scarce species, collected only once in Honduras from a locality in the Atlantic wet lowlands. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 EN C2a Decazyx esparzae Rutaceae Honduras, Mexico Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 CR C2b Decazyx macrophyllus Rutaceae Guatemala, Honduras A species known from small populations, in lowland wet mixed forest. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 EN C2a 169 Species Summaries Deckenia nobilis Palmae Seychelles A palm tree, reaching up to 40m in height, scattered in lowland forest up to 600m. Population numbers are declining as result of exploitation of the edible palm hearts. Some stands are naturally protected on rocky, inaccessible cliffs. The species is legally protected and seedlings, raised in nurseries, are distributed to the public for planting. Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Refs: 19025, 19118 EN B2e+3d Degeneria roseiflora Degeneriaceae Fiji An endemic family of just two species. This species is endemic to Viti Levu, Vanua Levu and Taveuni. It is relatively abundant but being logged extensively. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 LR/nt Degeneria vitiensis Degeneriaceae Fiji An endemic family of just two species. This is the rarer taxon, occurring on Vanua Levu and Taveuni in small, scattered populations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1736, 5515, 6053, 18818 VUDI1 Dehaasia acuminata Lauraceae Indonesia (Java) A lowland forest species known from populations near Pelabuhan Ratu and a formerly forested area near Pringombo. The current status of these populations is unknown but they are bound to be affected by the almost complete clearance of their habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 CR Alc+2c, B1+2c Dehaasia chatacea Lauraceae Indonesia (Java) Little is known about this species other than that it was collected only once before 1850, probably from forest in west Java. Given the extent of habitat clearance, it is very likely this species is now extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 CR C2b, D1 Dehaasia lancifolia Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This rare species is confined to the mountain forests of Perak and Pahang. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Dehaasia pugerensis Lauraceae Indonesia (Java) This species has not been collected since the last century, when it occurred in lowland forest near Meru Betiri National Park. Given the extent of habitat loss, it is very likely that the species is now extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 CR C2b, D1 The World List of Threatened Trees Deinbollia longiacuminata Sapindaceae Democratic Republic of Congo A species endemic to the Forestier Central in the region of Ofala. Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Refs: 17185, 17951 LR/cd Deinbollia molliuscula Sapindaceae Céte d'Ivoire?, Ghana Confined to wet evergreen forest in Upper Guinea, this species has experienced general losses in habitat caused by mining, logging and the establishment of commercial plantations. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Deinbollia nyasica Sapindaceae Malawi A large tree, apparently known only from the type locality near Mboma stream in the Thyolo region. Most of the original forest in this area has been supplanted by tea estates and Eucalyptus plantations. In more recent years remaining forest areas have been steadily encroached upon for farming. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7058, 18965 EN B1+2ac Deinbollia rambaensis Sapindaceae Gabon Apparently known only from Ramba, the species may be found to be more widespread as large areas have yet to be explored. The future of Gabon's forest is uncertain as it is now almost completely under concession to logging companies. The taxonomic status of the genus is held in question. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15790, 19043 VU D2 Deinbollia saligna Sapindaceae Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria An understorey species, a borderline shrub or tree. It occurs in rocky streamside forest in a few localities in Nigeria and Cameroon and is recently recorded in Ghana. Populations in unprotected forest have been exposed to extensive logging and clearing for agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 450, 8369, 11504 VU Alc, B1+2c Delissea undulata ssp. kauaiensis Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) One of three subspecies. It was known to occur in rainforest near Hanapepe Falls on Kauai, but no record of it has been made since 1895. The genus is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19034, 19039 EX Delissea undulata ssp. niihauensis Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) This subspecies was known only from a population occurring on the island of Niihau. It has not been EX 170 collected since 1870. The genus is endemic to Hawaii. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19034, 19039 Delissea undulata ssp. undulata Campanulaceae USA (Hawaii) The only extant form of this species. It is represented by a single tree at Puuwaawaa on Hawaii. All other populations on West Maui, and on the slopes of Hulalai and Mauna Loa on Hawaii are believed extinct. The tree occurs in an area leased for ranching where it is under immediate threat from grazing, fire and also from invasive plants. Seeds have been propagated and planted out in the area, increasing the population to approximately SO plants. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19034, 19039 CR B1+2c, C2ab, D1 Delonix baccal Leguminosae Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia Occurring in Acacia—Commiphora bushland or riverine woodland, often on limestone, the species is confined to an area extending from central and southern Somalia to north-east Kenya and the Ogaden in Ethiopia. It is not common and, in places, the habitat is severely degraded by encroaching agriculture and overcutting for charcoal production. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 1308, 1330, 6396, 8697, 10961, 13072, 18665 LR/nt Delonix boiviniana Leguminosae Madagascar A deciduous woodland and forest species that occurs throughout north, south and west regions of Madagascar. It is locally common and exists within protected areas that are not imminently threatened. Assessor: Du Puy, D. et all. Refs: 13856 LR/nt Delonix brachycarpa Leguminosae Madagascar This deciduous woodland species has a scattered and widespread distribution across west, south-west and south-east areas of Madagascar. Its distribution is similar to that of D. boiviniana and indeed it may not qualify as a separate species. Assessor: Du Puy, D. et al. Refs: 13856 LR/nt Delonix decaryi Leguminosae Madagascar Restricted to a narrow strip near the coast of south and south-west Madagascar, this deciduous woodland species is extensive but occurs in areas under increasing threat from charcoal production. It is highly utilised locally. Assessor: Du Puy, D. et al. Refs: 13856 LR/nt Delonix floribunda Leguminosae Madagascar A deciduous woodland species that occurs commonly in the south-west and west of Madagascar. Its main populations are in areas of the south-west that are being increasingly reduced for charcoal production. Assessor: Du Puy, D. et al. Refs: 13856 LR/nt Delonix leucantha ssp. bemarahensis Leguminosae Madagascar Known only from a single herbarium specimen collected from Tsingy de Bemaraha in west Madagascar, this deciduous woodland species occurs within a reserve where exploitation is limited because of the area's remoteness. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 13856 VU D2 Delonix leucantha ssp. gracilis Leguminosae Madagascar Restricted mainly to south-west Madagascar, this deciduous woodland species is uncommon where it occurs and is threatened by charcoal burning. Assessor: Du Puy, D. et al. VU B2c Refs: 13856 Delonix leucantha ssp. leucantha Leguminosae VU D2 Madagascar Known only from a small population in west Madagascar, this lowland deciduous woodland species occurs in a fairly inaccessible location within a reserve where it is not threatened. However, in a recent botanical survey it was not recorded. Assessor: Du Puy, D. et al. Refs: 13856 Delonix pumila Leguminosae Madagascar Known only from two populations in south-west Madagascar, this species is restricted to areas of xerophytic scrubland on La Table Hill, with a smaller population on the plateau above St Augustin. Threats to the former population exist from road widening and the collection of mature individuals for the ormamental trade. Both populations are susceptible to fires and neither is protected. Assessor: Du Puy, D. et al. Refs: 13856 EN B1+2cde Delonix regia Leguminosae Madagascar This deciduous species is native to west and north Madagascar but is cultivated throughout this and many other tropical countries. The main native populations found around Antsiranana occur in areas that are threatened from charcoal production. It is used widely as an ornamental tree. Assessor: Du Puy, D. et al. Refs: 559, 1833, 13856 VU B1+2c 171 Species Summaries Delonix tomentosa Leguminosae Madagascar This deciduous species, previously known only from the type collected from the Ankara Plateau in the Boina, has recently been reported from a small population on the Ankarana Massif. Periodic fires on the Ankara Plateau are a threat. Its location is very inaccessible and no recent survey has been done. Assessor: Du Puy, D. et al. Refs: 13856 EN B1+2c Delonix velutina Leguminosae Madagascar Known from only a few small populations in north Madagascar, the main locality of this rare deciduous species is Orangea Peninsula, where it is severely threatened by charcoal buming. It has been recorded once from a protected site at Ankarana. Assessor: Du Puy, D. et al. Refs: 13856 CR A2c Delpydora macrophylla Sapotaceae Gabon From a genus of only two species, this tree is apparently confined to the Libreville area. Its range may prove to be wider as the forest is further explored. There is concern about the extent to which logging concessions have been made throughout the country. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14958, 15790 VU D2 Dendropanax alberti-smithii Araliaceae Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama The species is scattered in areas of evergreen rainforest up to about 1200m, principally on the Atlantic side of Panama, and on the Pacific coast in Colombia. There are also reports of occurrences in Costa Rica. None of the populations appears to be large and they occur in areas which are largely unprotected and prone to logging. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 VU C2a Dendropanax blakeanus Araliaceae Jamaica Apparently confined to John Crows Mountains, the species has been recorded in few localities, one above Ecclesdown and another at Proctor's Pool (a single individual), in *elfin or moist forest on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Dendropanax cordifolius Araliaceae Jamaica The species has been collected from wooded limestone hillsides at the summit of Dolphin Head. Thorough searches for the species in 1989 failed to locate it. Apart from habitat declines and degradation, it is possible that Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 caused serious damage. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Dendropanax darienensis Araliaceae Panama The type collection for this species was supposedly taken from the province of Darien but the herbarium specimen lacks details on the specific locality and the collection number. There has also been a claim that the specimen originated from Cabo Corrientes in Colombia. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 DD Dendropanax filipes Araliaceae Jamaica A small tree or straggling shrub, endemic to the Cockpit Country, where it occurs locally in woodland on limestone rocks. Originally recorded from four locations, attempts to find the species at three of these sites, Peckham Woods, Mango Tree Hill and Miss Laura's Hill, have failed. These areas suffer frequent cutting and agricultural encroachment. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Dendropanax grandiflorus Araliaceae Jamaica The species is known from four localities. At two of them, Peckham and Douglas Castle Woods, attempts to find the species have failed. Another location on a ridge south of Sunbury is severely degraded by cutting and intensive cultivation. The last site, on jagged limestone on White Rock Hill, appears to harbour a population which is in good condition. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Dendropanax grandis Araliaceae Jamaica A single sterile specimen is known from a ridge of woodland south of Sunbury, where the habitat has been severely degraded by cutting and intensive agriculture. Another population is known in forest in St Ann Parish. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Dendropanax hondurensis Araliaceae Honduras, Mexico A tree of high-elevation cloud forest. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 CR C2a Dendropanax lanceifolius Araliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree of hill rainforest, confined to the state of Perak. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Dendropanax marginiferus Araliaceae Peru A lowland forest species known only from the type VU D2 172 collected in the department of San Martin in the Peruvian Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 Dendropanax nutans var. nutans Araliaceae Jamaica One of the two varieties of a species which is endemic to the Blue Mountains and John Crow Mountains. It grows as a shrub or gnarled tree below 1700m on ridges, especially the Grand Ridge. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 12564 LR/nt Dendropanax nutans var. obtusifolius Araliaceae Jamaica This variety occurs in montane forest at higher altitudes, above 1700m, in the Blue Mountains and John Crow Mountains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 12564, 17743 LR/nt Dendropanax ovalifolius Araliaceae Jamaica Recorded from the parishes of St Elizabeth and St James, populations occur locally in woodlands on limestone, between 400 and 610m. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 17743, 19085 VU B1+2c Dendropanax pendulus Araliaceae Jamaica A species which occurs as a shrub or small tree, mostly on ridge crests, especially the Grand Ridge in the Blue Mountains. It is locally common below 1850m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 12564 LR/nt Dendropanax portlandianus Araliaceae Jamaica A shrub or small tree which has only been recorded from Portland Parish in localised areas of moist mossy limestone forest between 450 and 600m. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 VU B1+2c Dendropanax sessiliflorus Araliaceae Costa Rica, Panama A species of rainforest or cloud forest, occurring from low altitude to 2000m. Its range extends from Costa Rica through Panama to the Kunayala Indigenous Reserve, close to the border with Colombia. In Panama most of the collections originate from Chiriqui. Only a few populations are in protected areas and elsewhere the species is threatened by logging and burning. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 VU C2a Dendropanax swartzi Araliaceae Jamaica A taxon of doubtful validity, recorded from woodlands and thickets in wet areas in the John Crow Mountains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 DD Dendroseris berteriana Compositae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) A genus of palm-like pachycaul trees, endemic to Juan Fernandez. Most of the species in the genus are now reduced to a few individuals, largely through the effects of grazing by feral animals and spread of introduced weeds. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 14140 CR B1+2c Dendroseris gigantea Compositae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) A genus of palm-like pachycaul trees, endemic to Juan Fernandez. Most of the species in the genus are now reduced to a few individuals, largely through the effects of grazing by feral animals and spread of introduced weeds. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 14140 CR B1+2c Dendroseris litoralis Compositae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) A genus of palm-like pachycaul trees, endemic to Juan Fernéndez. Most of the species in the genus are now reduced to a few individuals, largely through the effects of grazing by feral animals and spread of introduced weeds. This species has been successfully cultivated and thrives in some places where it has been planted. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 7980, 14140 CR B1+2c Dendroseris macrantha Compositae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) A genus of palm-like pachycaul trees, endemic to Juan Fernandez. Most of the species in the genus are now reduced to a few individuals, largely through the effects of grazing by feral animals and spread of introduced weeds. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 14140 CR B1+2c 173 Species Summaries Dendroseris macrophylla Compositae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) A genus of palm-like pachycaul trees, endemic to Juan Fernandez. Most of the species in the genus are now reduced to a few individuals, largely through the effects of grazing by feral animals and spread of introduced weeds. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 14140 CR B1+2c Dendroseris marginata Compositae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) A genus of palm-like pachycaul trees, endemic to Juan Fernandez. Most of the species in the genus are now reduced to a few individuals, largely through the effects of grazing by feral animals and spread of introduced weeds. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a nationa! park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 14140 CR B1+2c Dendroseris micrantha Compositae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) A genus of palm-like pachycaul trees, endemic to Juan Fernandez. Most of the species in the genus are now reduced to a few individuals, largely through the effects of grazing by feral animals and spread of introduced weeds. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651 CR B1+2c Dendroseris neriifolia Compositae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) A genus of palm-like pachycaul trees, endemic to Juan Fernandez. Most of the species in the genus are now reduced to a few individuals, largely through the effects of grazing by feral animals and spread of introduced weeds. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 7980, 14140 CR B1+2c Dendroseris pinnata Compositae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) A genus of palm-like pachycaul trees, endemic to Juan Fernandez. Most of the species in the genus are now reduced to a few individuals, largely through the effects of grazing by feral animals and spread of introduced weeds. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands CR B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 14140 Dendroseris pruinata Compositae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) A genus of palm-like pachycaul trees, endemic to Juan Fernandez. Most of the species in the genus are now reduced to a few individuals, largely through the effects of grazing by feral animals and spread of introduced weeds. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 14140 CR B1+2c Dendroseris regia Compositae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) A genus of palm-like pachycaul trees, endemic to Juan Fernandez. Most of the species in the genus are now reduced to a few individuals, largely through the effects of grazing by feral animals and spread of introduced weeds. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 14140 CR B1+2c Dendrosicyos socotrana Cucurbitaceae Yemen (Socotra) One of the very few species in Cucurbitaceae to grow to the stature of a tree, it is also notable for its characteristic swollen trunk. Trees are fairly common on the coastal plains and foothills, mainly on limestone but also in granite areas. The whole plant is cut and pulped for livestock fodder. Although current levels of use are sustainable, there is a potential risk of increasing livestock numbers placing populations under severe pressure. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU A2d Dennettia tripetala Annonaceae Ghana, Nigeria A small tree found in dry forest in Upper Guinea. Its habitat is most vulnerable to agricultural expansion and the effects of high population growth and fires. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 8369, 11504, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Desmopsis dolichopetala Annonaceae Honduras Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 CR C2a 174 Desmostachys vogelii Icacinaceae Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria A wet evergreen forest tree ranging from Ghana to Cameroon. The species habitat has declined because of mining and logging activities and the establishment of commercial plantations. Assessor: Hawthome, W. Refs: 2773, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Deutzianthus tonkienensis Euphorbiaceae China (Guangxi, Yunnan), Viet Nam A species which occurs sparsely in the lower storey of primary or slightly disturbed forest. Its distribution in China is restricted to a small area of south-east Yunnan and south-west Guangxi. In Viet Nam populations are found in a number of northern provinces. Indiscriminate cutting and degradation of the habitat has caused declines in the mature population. It is the only species in the genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 10013, 11847, 15357, 19055 LR/nt Dialium bipindense Leguminosae Cameroon, Gabon A large canopy timber tree found in abundance in lowland rainforest in Kribi, Ebolowa and Bipindi in Cameroon and Ogoue and Njole in Gabon. The rates of harvesting of the timber are a primary concer throughout its range. Agricultural encroachment upon the habitat is also common. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12509, 12597, 15251, 15790 LR/nt Dialium cochinchinense Leguminosae LR/nt Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam A large deciduous tree, highly valued for the timber. Occurring in various forest types throughout Indo-China south into Peninsular Thailand and Malaysia, the species is becoming rarer in many places because of overexploitation. In Viet Nam, it is listed as threatened. A protected population occurs in Kon Cha Rang Nature Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 11530, 14573, 15357 Dialium excelsum Leguminosae Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda The species occurs in Ituri forest in DR Congo, where the species is fairly common but scattered. Elsewhere it is found uncommonly in small populations in a few localities in Uganda. General threats of mining, overcutting for charcoal production and expansive agriculture affect unprotected parts of the range. Assessor: *MUIENR Refs: 7550, 9605, 9837, 14667 EN B1+2c Dialium holtzii Leguminosae Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania A moist forest species which can occur in wetter or riverine areas of dry forests. It is found in remaining forest patches in east and south-east Tanzania into Mozambique. It has also been collected further north in VU B1+2b limestone areas at Buda, Gongoni and Pangani in Kenya. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 10961 Dialium lopense Leguminosae Gabon An endemic species to Lopé Forest Reserve, extending about 100km outside the reserve's boundaries. Part of the range is under concession to logging companies and there is concern over future plans for intensive logging. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14958, 15790 LR/nt Dialium orientale Leguminosae Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania This species ranges along the coast in semi-evergreen forest or bushland from north-east Tanzania, through Kenya into southern Somalia. The fruits are edible and the wood is used to make dhow nbs. Much of the habitat is threatened with overcutting and clearing. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 2361, 3356, 3925, 7550, 18665 LR/nt Dialium travancoricum Leguminosae India (Kerala) A large tree of lowland forest, endemic to a small area in the Travancore range, occurring at Ponmudi and Ariankavu. It appears to have become extremely scarce. No collections have been made in the last 100 years. Only small remnants of forest now exist within its former range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 19144 CR B1+2c Dicellostyles axillaris Malvaceae Sri Lanka An extremely rare lowland tree. No records were made during the recent forest surveys by the National Conservation Review, but there is a possibility that a population is located in the dry zone, which was not extensively surveyed. The only cultivated specimen, located in the Peradeniya Botanical Garden, died in 1992. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 12129, 18796 CR D1 Dichapetalum bocageanum Dichapetalaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (S40 Tomé) Little is known about the species. It has been collected twice. Large areas of the island remain to be explored, although most of the forest below 1500m was felled in the first half of the century. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724 VU D2 Dichapetalum costaricense Dichapetalaceae Costa Rica, Nicaragua A newly described species occurring in cloud forest in the Monteverde and Heredia Biological Reserve in Costa Rica and from areas along Rio San Juan near Cafio Chontalefio in Nicaragua. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 13112 VU D2 175 Species Summaries Dichilanthe zeylanica Rubiaceae Sri Lanka A tree confined to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. This species was recorded from only five forest localities during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 17195, 19112 EN B1+2c Dichrostachys dehiscens Leguminosae Yemen (Socotra) A fairly common small tree or shrub, occurring in submontane woodland. Leaves provide good livestock fodder, and trees are frequently damaged to obtain them. Although under no current threat, there is a potential for livestock numbers to increase and put the species at greater risk. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 19083 VU D2 Dichrostachys kirkii Leguminosae Ethiopia, Somalia A variable species known from central and southem Somalia extending to the eastern Ogaden in Ethiopia, where it occurs in dry deciduous bushland. In places the habitat is suffering from degradation caused by overcutting for charcoal production and by expanding agricultural activities. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 1330, 18665 LR/nt Dicraeopetalum capuroniana Leguminosae Madagascar Recorded from only a few scattered localities in a restricted area of southern Madagascar, this deciduous tree occurs on sand near the coast. Its range is estimated to be 16, 000 km? (*EOO) in areas that are subjected to continuing degradation. It is selectively felled for timber, with little or no conservation measures in existence. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 VU B1+2abe Dicraeopetalum mahafaliensis Leguminosae Madagascar A xerophytic species restricted to the limestone Mahafaly Plateau of southern Madagascar, covering an estimated 18, 000 km? (*EOO). The area is already fragmented and grazed and is continuing to be cleared. VU B1+2abe A small area is _ protected beside Lake Tsimanampetsotsa. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 Dicraeopetalum stipulare Leguminosae VU A2cd Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia There are reports of many trees in the Somalian population, but they are threatened by overcollection for charcoal production and also by habitat degradation. The species is also known from a single record in the eastern Ogaden and one in an area of bushland on limestone The World List of Threatened Trees north-east of Wajir in Kenya. It is the only species in the genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1308, 1330, 6396, 13072, 18665 Dictyosperma album var. album Palmae Mauritius A palm tree of submontane forest known only from Florin Reserve in south-west Mauritius. Less than 10 mature individuals remain and there are no authenticated reports of natural regeneration. The trees are protected in a managed, weeded and fenced reserve. Seed production is monitored. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 19118 CR DI Dictyosperma album var. conjugatum Palmae Mauritius Restricted to l'ile Ronde off the north-east coast of Mauritius, this palm tree has been reduced to a single wild individual. Two trees survived until 1994, when a cyclone killed one of them. Seeds were obtained from the tree before it died and 25 offspring were raised. These individuals have been introduced to a 25ha island reserve called Ile aux Aigrettes. The remaining wild tree produced seeds for the first time in December 1996. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 19118 CR D1 Dicypellium caryophyllaceum Lauraceae Brazil (Amazonas, Maranhdo, Paré) Most recent collections have come from non-flooded forest in Tapajés in Pard. In the past, the species was known from Maranhaéo further north. Intense exploitation of the bark to make essential oils has caused the species to become rare; there is 95.5% eugenol contained in the oil. The epithet is commonly spelled caryophyllatum. Assessor: Pedralli, G. Refs: 7144, 7145, 15539, 16123, 19142 VU Alcd Didelotia idae Leguminosae LR/nt Benin, Cameroon, Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo This species ranges from Sierra Leone to Cameroon but it is confined to wet evergreen and swampy forest. It occurs commonly in parts of its range but the effects of mining, logging and commercial forestry activities have caused significant losses in the extent of its occurrence. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7550, 8369, 12061 Didelotia unifoliolata Leguminosae LR/nt Cameroon, Céte d'Ivoire?, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia?, Sierra Leone? A relatively wide-ranging species, occurring from DR Congo to Ghana and possibly further west. It is confined and scarce in wet evergreen forest, which has experienced general declines in its extent because of mining, logging and commercial forestry activities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 5595, 8369, 12061, 12597, 19092 176 Dillenia ferruginea Dilleniaceae Seychelles Endemic to the Seychelles, the species qualifies as threatened by virtue of its restricted distribution. Populations are healthy and stable. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9859, 17229 VU D2 Dillenia fischeri Dilleniaceae Philippines A timber species, endemic to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919, 5651, 12937 VU Alcd Dillenia luzoniensis Dilleniaceae Philippines A timber species, endemic to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919, 5651 VU Alcd Dillenia megalantha Dilleniaceae Philippines A timber species of primary lowland forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919, 11145, 12937 VU Ald Dillenia philippinensis Dilleniaceae Philippines An evergreen tree which occurs in primary and secondary forests throughout the Philippines. It provides a useful timber and the fruits are edible and also have a medicinal value. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919, 11145, 12937 VU Ald Dillenia reifferscheidtia Dilleniaceae Philippines A species of primary and secondary lowland forests. It is exploited for its timber and edible fruits. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919, 11145, 12937 VU Ald Dillenia triquetra Dilleniaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to the lowland rainforests of south-west Sri Lanka. This species was scattered but fairly widespread in the lowland rainforests according to a survey in the late 1980s, but it was not recorded at any of the forest sites during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996, suggesting that this species is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 CR B1+2cd Dimocarpus longan Sapindaceae China (Guangdong - Hainan) One of the common and important components of low- elevation monsoon forests in the south-west of Hainan Island. Large-scale logging has taken out a considerable proportion of the population but trees are resprouting where allowed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 LR/nt Dimorphocalyx beddomei Euphorbiaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) An understorey tree, recorded only from the Agastymalai range in submontane evergreen forest. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but almost 1000km? of forest is now under protection within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Diospyros acuminata Ebenaceae Sri Lanka A tree scattered in the lowland rainforests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Diospyros acuta Ebenaceae Sri Lanka A very rare tree restricted the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. This species is known from four localities: Kanneliya, Kottawa, Badullakele and Dediyagala. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 16943, 17195 EN B1+2c Diospyros albiflora Ebenaceae Sri Lanka A tree confined to the lowland rainforests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VUAIc Diospyros amaniensis Ebenaceae Kenya, Tanzania A coastal forest species, often a shrub, known from populations in the Shimba Hills in Kenya and in north- east Tanzania. It is closely related to the West African species D. gabunensis. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 556, 3356, 6396 Diospyros angulata Ebenaceae Mauritius A species now known from just a single female tree in lowland forest at Magenta. The tree fruited for the first time in five years in 1996 and again in 1997, which suggests there is a male individual in the vicinity. Neither natural regeneration nor ex situ propagation VU B1+2bc CR D1 177 Species Summaries have been successful. The species is believed to have been a popular timber in colonial times. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 Diospyros atrata Ebenaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka In Sri Lanka, a recent survey identified a total of three populations, occurring in wet evergreen forests in Ratnapura and Kalutara Districts. In India populations are restricted to submontane forest at the southernmost end of the Western Ghats, including the Agastyamalai Hills, where forest has declined in extent but is now protected within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12129, 15431, 18796, 19112, 19144 VU B1+2c Diospyros attenuata Ebenaceae Sri Lanka This tree was found to occur in only three forest reserves during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 18796, 19112 EN B1+2c Diospyros barberi Ebenaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) One of the trees endemic to the Agastyamalai Hills. Large parts of the forest here have been affected by fires, grazing, the incursion of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood. However, almost 1000km? of forest are relatively well protected within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 19144 VU B1+2c Diospyros barteri Ebenaceae Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria A species which can be found in a variety of moist forest formations in populations on either side of the Dahomey Gap. General forest loss has been high in all three countries where it is found because of logging, mining, oil exploration and commercial forestry activities. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 6197, 11504, 12061 VU Alc Diospyros benstonei Ebenaceae Papua New Guinea Apparently confined to Misima Island in Milne Bay Province, this small rare tree occurs in streamside rainforest in a gorge. The population is threatened by mining and cutting for local use. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114, 19147 CR C2b Diospyros blancoi Ebenaceae Philippines A timber species, endemic to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 10938 VU Alcd The World List of Threatened Trees Diospyros blumutensis Ebenaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree known from a single collection taken from hill forest on Gunung Belumut, Johore. The area is classified as a protected forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19073 VU D2 Diospyros boutoniana Ebenaceae Mauritius A relatively common species of upland and mid elevation forest in the south-west and occasionally in the east and northern ranges. The spread of invasive species and habitat degradation are causing considerable concern. The species responds poorly to disturbance and appears to be regenerating insufficiently. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 VU B1+2c Diospyros capricornuta Ebenaceae Tanzania Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 556, 3356 DD Diospyros celebica Ebenaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) Occurring in lowland rainforest, the species is found only in central and northern Sulawesi. It has been heavily exploited for its fine streaked ebony timber which is used for carving, inlay, furniture and musical instruments. The number of mature trees has declined and large parts of the habitat have been converted to crops. Felling of the species is now only allowed by quota but continues illegally. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4329, 11145, 12937, 19048, 19065 VU Alcd Diospyros chaetocarpa Ebenaceae Sri Lanka A rare tree endemic to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. In the extensive surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review, this species was discovered in six localities in Galle and Kalutara Districts. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Diospyros chrysophyllos Ebenaceae Mauritius A small tree found extremely rarely in lowland to intermediate evergreen forest in the south-west, east and northern mountain ranges. The largest populations occur at Bel Ombre and at Femey, Mount Creole. Natural regeneration is rarely observed and there are significant pressures caused by the spread of invasive species and habitat degradation. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 EN B1+2c, C2a Diospyros conformis Ebenaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known only from a single collection, this tree of VU B1+2c 178 lowland forest was collected from Lenggong, Perak. It is hoped that the species will be found in Piah Forest Reserve. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073, 19182 Diospyros crassiflora Ebenaceae EN Ald Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Nigeria Virtually all large trees of this lowland rainforest species have been felled for the ebony wood, except perhaps in the most remote parts of its range. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2362, 2773, 6718, 17408 Diospyros crumenata Ebenaceae Sri Lanka This species was discovered in only two forest localities during the extensive surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 19112 EN B1+2c Diospyros daemona Ebenaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A lowland forest tree, known from four collections from northern Peninsular Malaysia. Populations may be conserved in the permanent forest reserves of Kedah, Kelantan and north Pahang. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19073 VU D2 Diospyros ebenoides Ebenaceae Sri Lanka In the extensive surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review, this tree was found in only three forest localities in Kandy and Ratnapura Districts. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17759, 19112 EN B1+2c Diospyros ebenum Ebenaceae India, Sri Lanka An understorey tree of dry evergreen forests. Since ancient times the species has been renowned for its black wood and it is still regarded as the best commercial black ebony. Both India and Sri Lanka have banned the export of this species. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 11145, 15431, 16031 DD Diospyros egrettarum Ebenaceae Mauritius Once a dominant coastal ebony, the species is now reduced to fewer than 10 individuals on the mainland and a larger viable population on Ile aux Aigrettes, a coral island off the east coast. It was heavily harvested in the past for timber and firewood. The trees on Ile aux Aigrettes are now benefiting from a number of protective measures, such as the eradication of exotic plants and rats. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 2000, 9120, 16426 CR B1+2c Diospyros elegantissima Ebenaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare tree of Perak and Pahang found in lowland and hill forest up to 700m. The habitat is threatened by agricultural expansion and other developments, but it is possible the species is conserved within the permanent forest reserves. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 LR/cd Diospyros fastidiosa Ebenaceae New Caledonia Apparently only collected once in 1972 on the eastern slopes of Mont Aoupinié in an area of humid forest at 600m occurring on an unusual and highly restricted substrate. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 VU D2 Diospyros feliciana Ebenaceae Guinea Endemic to Guinea, the species is confined to remaining areas of upland forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10090 VU B1+2c Diospyros gambleana Ebenaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare species, confined to hill forest in the Keledang range, in the state of Perak. Only two collections are known, both of them from the same locality. The forest in the region is classified as protected. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19073 VU D2 Diospyros gillisonii Ebenaceae Papua New Guinea A tree scattered throughout the small coral islands in the Kiriwina (Trobriand) Group and the Louisiade Archipelago, where it occurs in beach scrub on coral limestone at sea level. It is heavily exploited by the local people for its black heartwood, which is used in Carvings, native hair combs and ceremonial pieces. Very few mature trees, if any, remain. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 EN Alcd+2cd, C2a Diospyros greenwayi Ebenaceae Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania A shrub or tree confined to remaining patches of forest. Occurrences in Kenya are recorded from the Shimba Hills, Buda and Witu. It is known from a number of forest reserves in Tanzania and is apparently newly found in Somalia in the Jubbada Hoose region. The demand for agricultural land exerts heavy pressure throughout the range. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 556, 2361, 3356, 6396 VU B1+2c Diospyros hemiteles Ebenaceae Mauritius A species, probably a timber in the distant past, now CR C2a, D1 179 Species Summaries confined to a few sites of lowland evergreen forest in the south-west and also recently recorded on the east coast at Mont Brisée. The total population is estimated to be less than 60, although only 42 trees are known at present. No regeneration is apparent. There are plans to plant trees from cultivation into managed reserves. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 4506, 9120, 16426 Diospyros hirsuta Ebenaceae Sri Lanka Endemic to Sri Lanka, this species is scattered in the lowland wet evergreen forests. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Diospyros impolita Ebenaceae New Caledonia Confined to sclerophyllous forest, the species occurs in a few locations on the west coast. The habitat is fragmented and much reduced in extent, largely because of agricultural activities, grazing and fires. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351, 12630 VU B1+2c Diospyros insidiosa Ebenaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A lowland forest tree confined to Pulau Tioman. Only two collections have been made. The island is being developed into a resort and the chances of the conserving the species are remote. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Diospyros insularis Ebenaceae EN Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, North Solomons), Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A tree of primary lowland rainforest found in only a few localities in the Solomon Islands and New Ireland of the Bismarck Archipelago. Overexploitation and logging have resulted in the species becoming highly endangered, possibly critically endangered. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 Diospyros johorensis Ebenaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known only from a single collection, this lowland forest tree occurs in Gunong Panti Forest Reserve, which is now considered a conservation area by the Johore Forest Department. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19073 VU D2 Diospyros katendei Ebenaceae Uganda At present the species is known from a single population of about 20 trees in upland evergreen rainforest in central Kasyoha-Kitomi. The area is designated as a forest reserve and timber is being extracted. Assessor: Katende, A.B. Refs: 5525, 5654 CR B1+2ce, C2b, D1 The World List of Threatened Trees Diospyros kingi Ebenaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species confined to hill forest in Perak, where it has been collected three times. It is thought that the species receives a degree of protection within permanent forest reserves. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19073 VU D2 Diospyros kotoensis Ebenaceae Taiwan An endemic to Lanyu Island off the south-east coast of Taiwan. It occurs in lowland broadleaved forest and has attracted considerable attention as an ornamental tree. The populations are unprotected and under some threat from encroaching settlements and agriculture. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 19050 EN Alad, B1+2ab, C2a Diospyros leucomelas Ebenaceae Mauritius A relatively common species in lowland forests in the south-west and occasionally found in the eastern mountain ranges. Natural regeneration is poor and appears to be hampered by the spread of exotic plants and predation of the seeds by monkeys. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 VU B1+2ce Diospyros littorea Ebenaceae Papua New Guinea This tree is endemic to Motupore Island, where it is found in scrub vegetation. It was not found in the 1990 expedition to Motupore Island. It is a segregate species of the widespread D. ferrea. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19140 VU B1+2c Diospyros lolinopsis Ebenaceae Papua New Guinea The only recorded occurrence of this tree is located in open hillside forest at Usino near the Bigei River in Madang Province. The population may no longer exist. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 CR B1+2c, C2b Diospyros macrocarpa Ebenaceae New Caledonia Relatively widespread on the Grand Terre and also occurring on Ile des Pins, the species has been found in diverse habitats including humid forest and degraded maquis on ultramafic or schist substrates. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 LR/cd Diospyros magogoana Ebenaceae Tanzania The range of the species now appears to be confined to undisturbed areas within the Rondo Forest Reserve (140km?). Activities in the past resulting from logging and planting commercial timbers, shifting cultivation and wood collection have caused extensive damage to EN B1+2bc 180 the forest. Forest management operations are now discouraging any illegal encroachment or exploitation. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 556, 5654, 16796 Diospyros margaretae Ebenaceae New Caledonia A species known from two small populations. At the type locality in Kouaoua it occurs commonly in the rainforest understory on serpentine soils. In the second location at Petit Koum it occurs with Agathis lanceolata in rainforest on granite. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 VUDI Diospyros melanida Ebenaceae Mauritius A likely timber of past centuries this species is commonly found in dry deciduous lowland forest mostly in the south-west but also on the east coast and eastern mountain ranges. Regeneration appears to be poor because of the invasion of exotic plants and also exotic animals which destroy the seeds. In many places the populations are reduced to scattered individuals or small subpopulations. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 VU B1+2cde Diospyros minimifolia Ebenaceae New Caledonia Several scattered localities occur on the west coast confined to sclerophyllous forest. This habitat is fragmented and massively reduced in extent because of the effects of fire, grazing and habitat clearance. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351, 12630 VU B1+2c Diospyros molissima Ebenaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) Confined to Adi Island in Kaimana District, this tree occurs in rainforest below altitudes of 15m. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 CR C2b Diospyros moonii Ebenaceae Sri Lanka Apparently restricted to a small conservation forest reserve in Matara District, only a single tree was found in the comprehensive forest surveys for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 18796, 19112 CR B1+2c Diospyros mun Ebenaceae Laos, Viet Nam A small, slow-growing tree endemic to Viet Nam, although there are reports of occurrences in Laos. Stands are found in the northerm provinces of Ha Giang, Tuyen Quang, Lang Son, Hoa Binh, Ha Tinh and Quang Binh, where the species occurs on limestone mountains below 800m, and in the south in Cam Thinh Dong and Cam Thinh Tay communes. The glossy black timber is highly valued and has been in great demand. Export is now CR Alcd banned. Populations in the wild are much reduced, but some are protected in areas, such as Cuc Phuong National Park. Assessor: Nghia, N.H. Refs: 848, 11530 Diospyros nebulosa Ebenaceae New Caledonia The species appears to be known from just two collections taken from cloud forest on Mont Panié. The area is given some protection as a special botanical reserve. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 VU D2 Diospyros neraudii Ebenaceae Mauritius A small tree of moist evergreen submontane forest confined to the south-west and a few localities in the east. Regeneration is observed to be poor, especially in areas to which exotic species have spread. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 VU B1l+2cde Diospyros nodosa Ebenaceae Mauritius The population is estimated to be very small, possibly numbering less than 10 individuals. The species occurs in upland moist evergreen forest in the mountains in the south-west and has also recently been found in northern and eastern ranges. Regeneration is rarely apparent and is adversely affected by the spread of exotic invasives, especially in the north. The species has not yet become established in ex situ collections. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 CR C2a, D1 Diospyros nummulariifolia Ebenaceae Sri Lanka A dry zone tree found in only five forest localities during the extensive forest surveys for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c Diospyros oblongifolia Ebenaceae Sri Lanka A tree found in 12 forest localities during the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 19112 VU Alc Diospyros occulata Ebenaceae Tanzania This species is almost indistinguishable from the West African species D. troupinii. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 556, 3356 DD Diospyros oppositifolia Ebenaceae Sri Lanka An uncommon species of lowland rainforest in south- EN B1+2c 181 Species Summaries west Sri Lanka. Until recently, it was known only from Hinidumkanda Biosphere Reserve. Single collections were made in both Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve and in Kanneliya Forest Reserve.The forest on the south- eastern slopes of Hinidumkanda is threatened by encroaching slash-and-bum cultivation and _ illegal logging, resulting from increases in human population numbers in the surrounding area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 16916, 16943, 17195 Diospyros perplexa Ebenaceae New Caledonia A shrub or small tree confined to five or six localities of sclerophyllous forest in the west of Grand Terre. The habitat is fragmented and massively reduced because of the effects of fire, grazing and agricultural encroachment. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351, 12630 VU B1+2c Diospyros philippinensis Ebenaceae EN Alc, B1+2abe Indonesia? (Java?), Malaysia?, Philippines A timber species occurring in primary lowland forest up to 200m. In the Philippines exploitation of the ebony has caused the species to become rare; very little lowland forest remains and records of Philippine ebony are often from forest fragments smaller than 50 km?. Despite a ban on log exports which came into force in 1989, there have been reports of an illegal trade. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 11145, 12888, 19066 Diospyros pterocalyx Ebenaceae Mauritius An occasional species of upland moist evergreen forest found mainly in the south-west, but also in the eastern and northern ranges. As field surveys are carried out, the species continues to be found in new locations. Regeneration is not good and is hampered, especially in the north, by invasive plants. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 VU B1+2cde Diospyros pulgarensis Ebenaceae Philippines A species of primary lowland forest in Palawan, ascending to 500m. The main island is declared a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986, 5651 VU B1+2c Diospyros pustulata Ebenaceae New Caledonia A species restricted to sclerophyllous forest on the west coast of Grand Terre. The habitat is fragmented and massively reduced in extent because of the effects of fires, grazing and encroaching agriculture. It is a conspicous species and derives its names from blisters on its leaves. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351, 12630 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Diospyros quaesita Ebenaceae Sri Lanka Endemic to Sri Lanka, this large tree occurs infrequently in lowland wet evergreen forest and in dry forest. The species is threatened by overexploitation of its valuable variegated timber and by poor regeneration. In addition, the heartwood is used medicinally to heal wounds. It was found at 25 forest sites during the National Conservaton Review forest surveys. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 19110, 19112 VU Alcd Diospyros revaughanii Ebenaceae Mauritius Generally found on exposed ridges and plateaux, the species is relatively common where it occurs in the south-west, less so in the northern ranges. Although the trees fruit regularly and in abundance, regeneration appears to be poor and populations are declining where the habitat is susceptible to degradation. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 VU B1+2cde Diospyros rheophytica Ebenaceae Sri Lanka A tree apparently restricted to a single locality of forest in Ratnapura District. Only two trees were discovered during the extensive fieldwork carried out for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17759, 19112 CR B1+2c Diospyros riojae Ebenaceae Mexico (Hidalgo, Tamaulipas, Veracruz) The largest concentration of the species is confined to cloud forest on steep scarp slopes in the Sierra de Tantima and Plan de las Hayas in Veracruz. There a few individuals existing in Tamaulipas and Hidalgo. The population at the type locality in the Sierra de Chiconquiaco is now extinct and less than 500 individuals are suspected to exist in the two remaining Veracruz localities. The decline has taken place largely because of deforestation and agricultural expansion. There is no evidence of regeneration in one of the localities and attempts at propagation have so far failed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 81, 10480, 19206 EN B1+2c Diospyros rumphii Ebenaceae Indonesia (Moluccas, Sulawesi) A lowland forest tree exploited as an important source of black and streaked ebony. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 4734, 11145 DD Diospyros selangorensis Ebenaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Found in montane forest on Gunong Ulu Semongkok in Selangor, this tree has been collected only once. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 VU D2 182 Diospyros seychellarum Ebenaceae Seychelles Occurring on Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette and Felicite, this tree or shrub does not have a uniform distribution but exists in numerous small populations in forest on exposed rocky outcrops or in well-drained places. Regeneration appears to be fairly good and some populations are protected in national parks. Branches are frequently cut for the leaves and flowers, which have a medicinal value. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9859, 16212, 17229, 19023 VU D2 Diospyros shimbaensis Ebenaceae Kenya, Tanzania In Kenya this small tree occurs in moist semi-deciduous forest in the Shimba Hills National Reserve, Gongoni Forest Reserve and Buda Mafisini Forest Reserve. Habitat loss and degradation has caused population declines. More information is needed on the populations in Zaraninge forest in Bagamoyo and in Mrora forest on Mafia Island, Tanzania. Assessor: CAMP Workshop in Kenya Refs: 556, 3356, 5654, 6396, 19181 EN B1+2c Diospyros tessellaria Ebenaceae Mauritius Once heavily harvested as a timber, this canopy tree forms a dominant component of lowland evergreen forest and upland rainforest in the south-west and eastern mountain ranges. The habitat is declining and regeneration is poor in areas which are degraded. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 VU B1+2cde Diospyros thwaitesii Ebenaceae Sri Lanka A species confined to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. During the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review, the species was found in six forest localities including the Sinharaja and Haycok Biosphere Reserves. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Diospyros trichophylla Ebenaceae India, Sri Lanka A rare tree, restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. This species was found in nine localities during the extensive fieldwork carried out for the Sri Lankan National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1065, 15431, 17195, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Diospyros trisulca Ebenaceae New Caledonia Only a single location is known where the species occurs in dense forest on Mont Mandjélia at 600m. Of the New Caledonian taxa in the genus, this species is noted for its unique flower form. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351, 12630 VUDI1 Diospyros vaccinioides Ebenaceae CR Alad+2bd, B1+2abc, C1+2ab, D1 China (Guangdong), Hong Kong, Taiwan A heavily-exploited ornamental species. Overcollecting in Taiwan, has led to the complete absence of mature trees in the wild. A population of unproductive individuals, however, is believed to exist on a wooded hillside in Fengkang. Populations are also recorded from Chuhai and Huiyang in China, and Hong Kong. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 3295, 6469, 8142, 19050, 19051 Diospyros veillonii Ebenaceae New Caledonia A shrub or small tree known from only about 20 plants at Gadji, near Paita. It is confined to sclerophyllous forest, which has been in serious decline because of fire, grazing by cattle and deer and vegetation clearance. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351, 12630 CR D1 Diospyros wajirensis Ebenaceae Kenya, Somalia Occurring in dry bushland, this small tree is restricted in range from north-eastern Kenya to neighbouring Somalia. It is very common near Wajir and is locally used for making walking sticks. The habitat is threatened with degradation through grazing and overcutting for charcoal production. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 6396, 18665 LR/nt Diospyros walkeri Ebenaceae Sri Lanka A tree confined to the lowland rainforests of south-west Sri Lanka. This species was discovered in 20 localities during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 19112 VU Alc Diphasiopsis fadenii Rutaceae Kenya A rarely collected species of moist forest or thickets on _tocky hills. Populations are recorded from Chyulu, Mbololo, Kasigau, near Murka and Ngulia. There are only two species in the genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1308, 6396 VU B1+2c Diplodiscus hookerianus Tiliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A very rare tree known only from a single herbarium specimen which was collected in lowland rainforest on the bank of the Kinta River, Perak. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 17140, 19073 EN B1+2c Diplodiscus paniculatus Tiliaceae Philippines A timber species, endemic to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation VU Alcd 183 Species Summaries have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919 Diplodiscus scortechinii Tiliaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) A lowland forest tree known only from Keledang Saiong Forest Reserve in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia, Lambill Hill, Sarawak and the Andulau Forest Reserve, Brunei. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Diplokeleba herzogi Sapindaceae Bolivia Endemic to the piedmont forest in Bolivia, the species is confined to an unprotected ecosystem which is being rapidly replaced by agricultural systems. Assessor: Prado, D. VU B1+2ac Refs: 19122 Diplopanax stachyanthus Cornaceae VU Alc China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan), Viet Nam A small tree, widespread in submontane broadleaved forest on limestone mountains in southern China and in several localities in secondary forest in northern Viet Nam. In China, declines in population numbers have been recorded in the last decade, caused largely by habitat destruction. Traditional medicine may be harvested from the bark, otherwise the tree is only cut for fuelwood. The genus is monospecific. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 15357, 19055 Diplycosia pilosa Ericaceae Indonesia (Java) From Banten to Preanger the species is locally common in montane forest remnants between 1200 and 2200m. Its high-altitude distribution avoids the worst levels of habitat clearance and cutting but the species habitat is nevertheless under severe pressure. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre VU B1+2c Dipterocarpus alatus Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Bangladesh, Cambodia, India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is., Assam), Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam In Indo-China and Thailand the species occurs gregariously along river banks, and in the Philippines it is found in mixed dipterocarp forest. It is one of the main species of keruing timber in Indo-China and Thailand. Recently D. philippinensis has _ been discovered to be conspecfic. The conservation status is based on the rate of habitat loss. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 9169, 10013, 13857, 15754, 18243 Dipterocarpus applanatus Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan) A large tree endemic to Kalimantan. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Dipterocarpus baudii Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd Cambodia, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam A species found scattered in the greatly reduced lowland evergreen forests of South East Asia. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 6646, 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpus bourdilloni Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A large tree endemic to the Western Ghats, occurring principally in lowland evergreen forest in Kerala, with one or two occurrences extending into Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The timber is used to make plywood. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 13857, 19144 Dipterocarpus caudatus ssp. caudatus Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Philippines, Viet Nam A lowland subspecies found locally in permanently wet zones. The timber is strong and used in heavy construction. Wood-oil was also of commercial value in the past. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpus caudatus ssp. penangianus Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore A lowland subspecies found on well-drained land in humid areas. The strong timber is utilised for heavy construction and the wood-oil once had commercial value. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857 Dipterocarpus chartaceus Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand A large tree of lowland dipterocarp forest or semi- swamp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 6206, 6646, 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpus cinereus Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 EX Dipterocarpus concavus Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpus conformis ssp. borneensis Dipterocarpaceae VU Alcd, B1+2c Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) This subspecies is restricted to northern Borneo, where it grows in mixed dipterocarp forest up to 800m. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 14573 184 Dipterocarpus conformis ssp. conformis Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Indonesia (Sumatra) This variety is confined to lowland and hill dipterocarp forests in north-west Sumatra. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpus coriaceus Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857, 17140 Dipterocarpus cornutus Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore The conservation status of this species is based on the rate of habitat loss and conversion. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857, 17140 Dipterocarpus costatus Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd+2cd Bangladesh, Cambodia, India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam This species is widely scattered in lowland, hill and upper dipterocarp forest. Natural hybrids are formed with D. obtusifolius in Thailand and with D. gracilis in Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. Populations are found within reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 7673, 9169, 10013, 13857, 15754, 16925 Dipterocarpus costulatus Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) A large tree exploited for the keruing timber. The conservation status is based upon the rate of habitat loss. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857, 17140 Dipterocarpus crinitus Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand A large tree of mixed dipterocarp forest, important as a source of keruing timber and also for various other uses. Conservation status of the species is based upon the rate of habitat loss and conversion. Populations are found within forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 11295, 13857 EN Alcd+2cd Dipterocarpus cuspidatus Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Dipterocarpus dyeri Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Cambodia, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam A lowland tree of semi-evergreen dipterocarp forest and Schima/bamboo forest. The conservation status is based on rates of habitat loss. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 5550, 7673, 9169, 10013, 13857 Dipterocarpus elongatus Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore A large tree of secondary and primary forest and freshwater swamp forest. The conservation status is based on rates of habitat loss. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857, 18243 Dipterocarpus eurynchus Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Philippines A species with a localised distribution in mixed dipterocarp forest on leached clay soils. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 10547, 13857 Dipterocarpus fagineus Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9169, 10547, 13857 Dipterocarpus fusiformis Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Dipterocarpus glabrigemmatus Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpus glandulosus Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka An emergent species found only in restricted lowland wet evergreen forests on well-drained deep soils. Populations have been eliminated from many areas because of excessive tapping for resin. Regeneration is also observed to be poor. Some populations are known to occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195 CR Alcd, B1+2c Dipterocarpus globosus Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) This species is locally abundant in mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpus gracilis Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd Bangladesh, India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is., Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Tripura), Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand 185 Species Summaries A large tree found in lowland semi-evergreen and evergreen dipterocarp forest. It is one of the important sources of keruing timber in Indo-China and is often used as a commercial grade plywood. The conservation status is based on rates of habitat loss. Some populations are known to occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857, 15754 Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.), Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam A relict species of the Pleistocene Sundaland, occurring in primary semi-evergreen and evergreen dipterocarp forest. Substantial amounts of keruing timber and also large quantities of oleo-resin are harvested. The conservation status of the species is based on rates of habitat loss and conversion. Some populations are known to exist within reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 848, 3998, 6646, 9169, 9199, 13857, 17140 Dipterocarpus hasseltii Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd Indonesia (Bali, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam A large tree of lowland dipterocarp forest, cut for keruing timber. It is recorded in the sacred forest of Sanggen, Bali, and some forest reserves. The conservation status of the species is based on the rate of habitat conversion and loss. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5054, 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpus hispidus Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A species of the restricted lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sn Lanka. It is reported to regenerate well. There are populations in some forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195 CR Alcd Dipterocarpus indicus Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd+2cd, B1+2c India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A species found in lowland humid evergreen forests in southern India. It regenerates prolifically in disturbed areas. It is an important plywood species. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 8483, 9169, 13857, 15754, 19144 Dipterocarpus insignis Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka The species occurs in an area that has been proposed as a reserve. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195 CR Albcd, B1+2c Dipterocarpus kerrii Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam The World List of Threatened Trees A species which is locally common in lowland semi- evergreen and evergreen dipterocarp forest. It is cut for keruing timber and is the main source of damar minyak or gurjun balsam in the region. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857, 17140, 19093 Dipterocarpus kunstleri Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak), Philippines The conservation status is based on rates of habitat loss. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpus lamellatus Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah) Endemic to Sabah, the species is found in mixed dipterocarp forest on low coastal hills. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Dipterocarpus littoralis Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Java) Confined to Nusa Kambangan Island, Java, this species is locally common in lowland mixed rainforest covering an area of about 80km?. Despite the presence of three high-security prisons and armed guards patrolling a 20km? reserve, the tree is illegally harvested. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR B1+2c, C2a Dipterocarpus lowii Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A large tree which is an important source of keruing timber. Some populations of the species are found in forest reserve. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857, 17140 Dipterocarpus perakensis Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A very localised species found in lowland dipterocarp forest on coastal hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpus retusus Dipterocarpaceae VU Alcd+2cd, B1+2c China (Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Lesser Sunda Is., Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam A large timber tree which is widespread in moist evergreen, sometimes semi-deciduous, montane forest. In China, the species is confined to an area of 30 km? in Yingjiang, where a nature reserve has been set up. The populations in Viet Nam, restricted to northern evergreen or monsoon forests, have been reduced to at least half their original size. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 1818, 3998, 5550, 7673, 9169, 11847, 13857, 15754 186 Dipterocarpus rigidus Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak) A large tree which occurs locally in dry forest on coastal hills. Some populations are found within forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpus rotundifolius Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A large tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia and found on coastal hills. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 11647, 13857 CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Dipterocarpus semivestitus Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of lowland forest on almost swampy land. It is very close to extinction because of the loss and degradation of its habitat. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857, 17140 Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd+2cd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore In Peninsular Malaysia, this very large tree is an important source of keruing timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857, 17140 Dipterocarpus tempehes Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan) A lowland species, which is locally abundant near freshwater swamps and streams. It is often used as keruing timber in Sabah and parts of Sarawak, but is mainly threatened by habitat loss. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 13857, 18327 CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Dipterocarpus turbinatus Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd Bangladesh, Cambodia, India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is., Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam A large tree found in mixed deciduous, evergreen and semi-evergreen forest. It is exploited for the manufacture of commercial-grade plywood. The conservation status is based on the rate of habitat loss. Some populations are protected in reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 6646, 9169, 13857, 15754 Dipterocarpus validus Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah), Philippines This species occurs in both primary and secondary forest, especially along rivers and in freshwater swamps. Its wood is used as keruing timber and large quantities of wood-oil are extracted. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpus zeylanicus Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A canopy tree scattered in restricted areas of lowland wet evergreen forest. It is also found as an emergent in semi-evergreen moist forest. Regeneration is noted to be good. The conservation status is based on the rate of habitat loss and conversion. Some populations are also known to exist in forest reserves. The wood is an important source of plywood in Sri Lanka. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195 EN Alcd Dipteronia dyeriana Aceraceae China (Yunnan) Known only from the counties of Mengzi and Wenshan in the south-east of Yunnan, the species occurs at the edges of broadleaved evergreen forest between 1800 and 2400m. The habitat has declined in extent because of logging and clearing for agriculture, but the area is now under protection. It is a prized ormamental plant and one of just two species in the genus. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 EN B1+2c Dipteronia sinensis Aceraceae LR/nt China (Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan) The more widespread of the two species in the genus. It occurs in small stands scattered in mountainous moist forest areas in the centre and south-west of China. Mature trees are said to be becoming scarcer because of cutting. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 Dipteryx alata Leguminosae Brazil This tree, confined to *cerrado, is widespread in Brazil. The species has suffered from habitat conversion for agriculture. In addition, exploitation of its excellent quality timber and medicinal seeds has led to massive declines in population numbers. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4506 VU Alcd Dipteryx charapilla Leguminosae Peru Known only from the type locality, the species occurs in Amazon forest in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Dirachma socotrana Geraniaceae Yemen (Socotra) A small tree or shrub which is restricted to a few valleys in the Eastern Haggier Mountains and adjacent limestone hills. The total population was formerly thought to consist of no more than 30 individuals. Although severely geographically restricted, the species actually occurs commonly in places and appears to be regenerating healthily. There are no immediate threats to VU D2 187 Species Summaries populations. The only other member of the genus is in Somalia. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 7334, 19083 Dirachma somalensis Geraniaceae Somalia The best known population, observed to have fewer than 10 individuals, occurs in bushland in Gawen Gorge, near Hobyo. Although few pressures threaten this population, it remains unprotected. Other populations are thought to exist. The species is taxonomically isolated. The only other member of the genus is endemic to Socotra. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 9059, 18665 EN C2b, D1 Discoclaoxylon occidentale Euphorbiaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Sao Tomé) A forest tree, known only from a few herbarium specimens and thought to be extinct until it was rediscovered in 1968. Populations have been located at a range of altitudes in Pico, Angolares and Monte Café in two locations, one in Esperanca. The remaining populations are now confined to higher altitudes which have evaded deforestation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724, 10080 VU D2 Distylium gracile Hamamelidaceae Taiwan A species localised in wooded limestone areas in Taroko National Park, Hualien, eastern Taiwan. There is some threat from mining activities and regeneration does not appear to be good. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 3295, 19050, 19051 EN Ald, C2a Doerpfeldia cubensis Rhamnaceae Cuba A very uncommon tree found in coastal and subcoastal areas of eastern and south-central Cuba. The dry evergreen forests where this species thrives have experienced severe degradation in many places. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 9522, 11403, 19149 EN B1+2c Dombeya aethiopica Sterculiaceae Ethiopia A tree of dry Juniperus forest, forest margins and secondary forest. It is endemic to Ethiopia and is found in various localities in the western and south-west highlands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2361, 5941 LR/nt Dombeya amaniensis Sterculiaceae Tanzania Three localities are known where the species is found in moist forest within a narrow altitudinal belt, between 900 and 1000m: the East Usambara Mountains, Makuyuni and Mahenge. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b The World List of Threatened Trees Dombeya longebracteolata Sterculiaceae Ethiopia Three localities in Kefa, Gamo Gofa and Sidamo regions are known, where the species occurs in Combretum— Terminalia woodland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5941 VU D2 Dorstenia gigas Moraceae Yemen (Socotra) The largest species in the genus, attaining a height of 3.7m. The trunks are succulent and in drought years the whole plant is cut and pulped as fodder for goats. During years of average rainfall populations are largely untouched and unthreatened as they are confined to vertical cliff faces and areas inaccessible to grazing goats. The species is found only on the Haggier Mountains. It is of great horticultural interest and could potentially come under risk from overcollection by enthusiasts. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Dovyalis xanthocarpa Flacourtiaceae Tanzania A species, endemic to Tanzania, occurring in lowland dry forest in northern and central eastern areas. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5020 VU B1+2b Dracaena cinnabari Dracaenaceae Yemen (Socotra) The dragon tree of Socotra. Occurring only at altitudes above 500m in the centre and east of the island, the species is widespread and dominant in areas of woodland. Regeneration is very limited and generally confined to cliffs and boulders. Of its various uses it is most famously known as a commercial source of dragon's blood. Current exploitation is small-scale but there is potential for more harmful exploitation to take place. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 EN B1+2c Dracaena concinna Dracaenaceae Mauritius The remaining populations of this species are now managed in reserves, which should halt previous declines in numbers. The populations are very small and confined to a few tiny islands. Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 9120, 16426, 19208 EN Alce Dracaena draco Dracaenaceae VU Alabcde Cape Verde, Morocco, Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Is.) The wild populations of the dragon tree have been in decline for a long time. The species is present in five of the seven islands in the Canaries and the total population is reduced to a few hundred trees. In Madeira and Porto Santo, it was once an important component of the vegetation in more arid areas but is reduced today to two individuals in the wild. A survey in 1996 revealed new 188 populations in North Africa, in the Anezi region of the Anti-Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Thousands of individuals exist on steep quartzite cliffs in inaccessible gorges. These populations are likely to represent a distinct variant of the species. The species is listed in regional, governmental and international legislation. It is widespread in cultivation, long-living and reaches maturity in 30 years. Dragon's blood had a wide range of uses as a medicine, for staining violins and for embalming the dead. Its closest relative is the dragon tree endemic to Socotra. Assessor: Banares, A. et al. Refs: 7228, 13121, 19022, 19131, 19199 Dracaena floribunda Dracaenaceae Mauritius Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 9120, 16426, 19208 EN Alce+2ce Dracaena ombet Dracaenaceae EN Alcd Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda A once widespread and abundant species known as the Nubian dragon tree, it has experienced population declines throughout its range. Scattered individuals remain in inaccessible areas. The populations on the Red Sea Hills and Jebel Elba in Sudan and Egypt are particularly threatened. Overgrazing, overcutting and droughts have contributed to these declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2361, 5165, 6988, 16021 Dracaena serrulata Dracaenaceae Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen This taxon represents the populations of the dragon tree in the southern escarpments of the Arabian Peninsula. The species, however, is likely to be taxonomically indistinct from D. ombet. The Arabian populations are restricted to high altitudes in drier areas. In Oman trees on Jabal Samhan have been severely damaged in the last 10 years because of the cutting of leaves for camel fodder. No regeneration is apparent anywhere within its distribution in Oman. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16380, 19083 EN Alabed Dracaena umbraculifera Dracaenaceae Mauritius It is possible there are complications in the taxonomy of the species. Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 9120, 16426, 19208 EX Drimys confertifolia Winteraceae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) A dominant species of lowland dry forest and lower montane forest on Masatierra and Masafuera Islands. The extent of the forest has declined through the effects of grazing by feral animals, spread of introduced weeds and soil erosion. Trees were cut in large numbers for lumber in the past. Preliminary data indicate the species is confined to less than 100km?. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a VU D2 national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 14140 Drymophloeus lepidotus Palmae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A rainforest palm, occurring up to 600m, restricted to the Solomon Islands. The genus is in need of taxonomic revision. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 DD Drymophloeus oliviformis Palmae Indonesia (Moluccas) A single-stemmed palm of lowland rainforest, confined to Ambon Island. The genus is in need of taxonomic revision. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 DD Drymophloeus pachycladus Palmae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) Confined to Makira Island, this palm tree is located inland in moist lowland forest up to 600m. The genus is in need of taxonomic revision. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 DD Drymophloeus samoensis Palmae Western Samoa A rare palm of montane cloud forest on Savai'i and Upolu Islands. Natural disasters pose the most serious threat. Assessor: Whistler, A. & D. Johnson Refs: 19118 CR DI Drymophloeus subdistichus Palmae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A palm tree, scattered in lowland rainforest. The genus is in need of taxonomic revision. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 DD Dryobalanops aromatica Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A very large gregarious tree, which provides most of the kapur timber and camphor for Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. Small populations of the species have been found in forest reserves. It has recently been determined that D. sumatrensis is synonymous. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3738, 10547, 13857 Dryobalanops beccarii Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd+2cd Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Distributed within Borneo, this locally abundant tree occurs on leached sandy soils, sometimes in periodically 189 Species Summaries inundated areas or along streams. In Brunei the wood is considered to be the best-quality kapur timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 13857 Dryobalanops fusca Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan) This species occurs locally on sandy, podzolic soils in heath forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 13857 CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Dryobalanops keithii Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan) A lowland species always found near water. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 13857 CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Dryobalanops lanceolata Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) This is the tallest recorded dipterocarp tree. Its kapur timber fetches the highest prices in Borneo and the species is also a major source of Bomeo camphor. The conservation status of this tree is based upon the rate of habitat loss and conversion. Some populations are known to occur within forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 13857 EN Alcd Dryobalanops oblongifolia ssp. oblongifolia Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) Some populations are known to occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alcd Dryobalanops oblongifolia ssp. occidentalis Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd, B1+2c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A large tree restricted to shallow acidic soils. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Drypetes afzelii Euphorbiaceae VU Alc, B1+2c Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone Extending from Sierra Leone to Ghana, this species occurs only in a restricted wet evergreen forest habitat, generally along rivers. It is uncommon and has suffered from general declines in this habitat because of mining, logging and commercial forestry activities. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 Drypetes andamanica Euphorbiaceae EN B1+2c India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.) Endemic to South Andaman Island, the species occurs in areas of evergreen forest which have declined severely in extent through logging activities. A relatively intact tract of forest remains in the Jarwa Reserve where it is possible the species occurs. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 7147 The World List of Threatened Trees Drypetes caustica Euphorbiaceae Mauritius, Réunion Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 2046, 12470, 16426, 19208 EN Alc Drypetes cockburnii Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A relatively recently discovered species, known from areas of rainforest between 500 and 700m in Pahang and Johore. The full distribution and abundance of the species is still unknown. One locality in Ulu Endau is protected within Endau Rompin National Park and the other in Gunung Panti is also a conserved area. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Drypetes detersibilis Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known only from Kuala Triang in Pahang, the species has been collected only a single time from forest on the banks of the Pahang River. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Drypetes gerrardinoides Euphorbiaceae Tanzania An endemic species of dry montane forests within the Udzungwa Forest Reserve and Lulanda. It is abundant but confined to a 70m elevation band. These forests have been heavily exploited and disturbed in the past but active conservation programmes are now in place. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2c Drypetes glabra Euphorbiaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Sao Tomé) Endemic to Sao Tomé this tree is known from collections, both recent and old, from Ilheu das Rolas, Angolares, Ribeira Peixe, Lagoa Amalia, Bombaim and Jou. The lowland localities are likely to have been lost in the first half of the century when forest at these altitudes was extensively cleared. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724, 10080, 19042 VU D2 Drypetes henriquesii Euphorbiaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Sao Tomé) A tree of secondary forest, collected only twice, in the last century from S. Nicaolau and more recently from S. Carlos. Areas remain to be explored, although most of the forest below 1500m was cleared in the first half of the century. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724, 10080 VU D1+2 Drypetes laciniata Euphorbiaceae Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon A species with a fragmented distribution, which is sparse and confined to remaining areas of lowland moist forest, mostly in protected areas. It is found between the rivers of Sassandra and Cavally in south-west Céte d'Ivoire, including Tai National Park. In Cameroon LR/nt 190 populations are harboured in Korup National Park and Abong-Mbang. It is relatively widespread in Gabon, where large tracts of forest remain but are under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12590, 12597, 12822, 19043 Drypetes natalensis var. leiogyna Euphorbiaceae Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania A riverine forest tree, occurring in coastal areas from eastern Tanzania and Zanzibar iust into Somalia. It is threatened by localised habitat degradation. The type variety occurs from Sudan to KwaZulu-Natal and differs in having hairy fruit. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 9059 VU B1+2b Drypetes nervosa Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A primary species of lowland rainforest, recorded only from limestone hills in Perak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19073 VU D2 Drypetes obanensis Euphorbiaceae Nigeria Endemic to the Oban Division of the Cross River National Park, this small forest tree is relatively well protected. Pressures from commercial logging and agriculture are very strong outside the park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 4977, 11504 VU B1+2c Drypetes oxyodonta Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species of lowland forest on limestone in Pahang. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19073 VU D2 Drypetes palawanensis Euphorbiaceae Philippines Endemic to Palawan, the species occurs in primary forest at low and medium altitude. The main island is declared a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c Drypetes pellegrinii Euphorbiaceae Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana Occurring only in Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire, this species is found in areas of upland evergreen forest where it can be common in some areas. The effects of fire, overgrazing, forest management activities and mining have caused declines in the extent of the species' habitat. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 6127, 8369, 12061 VU Alc Drypetes perakensis Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A primary forest species, known only by a single VU D2 collection from Perak. The exact locality remains unknown. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 Drypetes porteri Euphorbiaceae India (Tamil Nadu) Recorded only a few times, the species occurs in scattered localities in low to medium elevation evergreen forest at the southern end of the Western Ghats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Drypetes preussii Euphorbiaceae Cameroon, Nigeria A rare species confined to forest patches in south-east Nigeria and neighbouring parts of Cameroon. The largest remaining forested area is contained within Oban Hills in Cross River National Park in Nigeria and the contiguous Korup National Park in Cameroon. Outside these protected areas forest has been comprehensively logged and cleared for agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4977, 11504 Drypetes riseleyi Euphorbiaceae Seychelles A Seychelles endemic confined to the islands of Mahé, Praslin and Silhouette, where it occurs sparsely in the understorey of primary and secondary upland forest. The total population contains fewer than 50 trees. Overexploitation of the wood and loss of habitat are the main contributors to the historical decline in the species. Habitat degradation and low recruitment continue to have an impact on remaining trees. Parts of the species range are contained in More Seychellois and Praslin National Parks and forest areas protected by the Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles. Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Refs: 9859, 17229, 19023, 19025, 19062 VU B1+2c CR D1 Drypetes sclerophylla Euphorbiaceae Tanzania A species of dry forest or woodland formations, endemic to the coastal forests of Tanzania. Populations have been recorded at four localities: Lake Lutamba, which has been cleared except for the 10km? of Litipo Forest Reserve, Namatogoro, Mpangapanga Ridge and Nahomba Valley. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Drypetes singroboensis Euphorbiaceae Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana A species which, although common in places, is found only in dry forest areas in southern Ghana and in moist semi-deciduous forest between the rivers Bandama and Nzi in Cote d'Ivoire. Declines in this habitat have been severe, mainly because of the effects of human population growth, but also because of fires. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 6127, 12061, 12590, 12822 VU Alc 191 Species Summaries Drypetes travancoria Euphorbiaceae India (Kerala) Known from a single collection, the species occurs on the Tamil Nadu/Kerala border in lowland evergreen forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Drypetes usambarica var. mrimae Euphorbiaceae Kenya Endemic to Kenya, this variety is confined to a few remaining patches of lowland coastal forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 9198 VU B1+2c Drypetes usambarica var. rugulosa Euphorbiaceae Tanzania The species as a whole is confined to a region covering eastern Tanzania and south-east Kenya. This variety is restricted to the Lulanda forest in the Udzungwa range, where an active conservation programme is in place. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 CR B1+2c Drypetes usambarica var. stylosa Euphorbiaceae Tanzania Confined to moist coastal forest within Kimboza Forest Reserve (4km?), this variety is similarly restricted in range as other varieties of the species. The forest is disturbed, mainly from previous logging activities, and contained within a densely populated area where the demand for land is strong. Two forest guards are EN C2b, D1 employed under the Tanzanian Catchment Forest Project to prevent illegal encroachment. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 Drypetes usambarica var. trichogyna Euphorbiaceae VU B1+2b, D2 Tanzania As with other varieties of this East African endemic, this taxon is restricted in range. It occurs from lowland to submontane elevations in areas of moist forest on two separate mountains. In the Udzungwa range there are populations at Mwanihana and Chita and to the east in Malundwe National Park. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 Drypetes usambarica var. usambarica Euphorbiaceae Kenya, Tanzania Restricted to south-east Kenya and eastern Tanzania, this variant occurs within moist forest at high elevations. It is contained within reserves over most of its range. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Drypetes wightii Euphorbiaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A species of submontane evergreen forest, occurring in two main areas: in the west of the Nilgiri range and in VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees the Anaimalai range. Only a few collections are known. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 Dubautia arborea Compositae USA (Hawaii) A shrub or small tree of subalpine shrubland, woodland and also alpine desert on Hawaii. It was once common around the flanks of Mauna Kea but the impact of grazing feral animals has severely restricted its distribution. It remains locally abundant above Puulaau. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN Alce Dubautia knudsenii ssp. filiformis Compositae USA (Hawaii) One of three subspecies confined to Kauai. This one appears to be the rarest, known from just two collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN B1+2c Dubautia knudsenii ssp. knudsenii Compositae USA (Hawaii) One of three subspecies confined to Kauai. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN Alce Dubautia knudsenii ssp. nagatae Compositae USA (Hawaii) One of three subspecies confined to Kauai Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN Alce Dubautia microcephala Compositae USA (Hawaii) Confined to Kauai Island, this shrub or small tree is infrequently collected and scattered in small numbers in moist forest between 825 and 1275m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN Alce, C2a Dubautia reticulata Compositae USA (Hawaii) A montane rainforest species confined to Maui Island. It appears to have been eliminated from the vicinity of Puunianiau but remains locally abundant on the east side of Koolau Gap. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Duguetia peruviana Annonaceae Peru A poorly known species. It has been collected just once from an unspecified location. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 DD 192 Duguetia schulzii Annonaceae Suriname Endemic to Jodensavanna, the species is rare and confined to areas of rainforest or savanna forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 942, 6493, 19196 VU D2 Dulacia crassa Olacaceae Guyana This species is known from only two collections: one from forest on the slopes of Mount Roraima and the other from Kaieteur Savanna. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 19158 VU D2 Duranta armata Verbenaceae Peru Relatively widely ranging, the species occurs in forest up to 4000m in the Peruvian Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 LR/nt Durio acutifolius Bombacaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) This understorey tree occurs on poor sandy and clay-rich yellow soils, often in periodically inundated areas in lowland rainforest. Wild specimens flower annually and could contribute significantly to the development of a reliably flowering durian cultivar. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11145, 18327 Durio dulcis Bombacaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A large tree found scattered in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest. The fruit is sold in local and urban markets, but the species is rarely planted because of its short fruiting period. The wood is probably one of the most important sources of durian timber in Sarawak. Forest clearance and degradation because of agriculture and logging are major threats to the habitat. In addition this species is suffering from some genetic erosion. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11145, 18327 Durio grandiflorus Bombacaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Restricted to the lowland mixed dipterocarp rainforests of northern Borneo, this species has edible fruits which are collected for consumption. It is only occasionally cultivated e.g. in Brunei. The species is suffering from some genetic erosion. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11145, 18327 VU Alc Durio kutejensis Bombacaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Sarawak) Wild trees are confined to mixed dipterocarp forest on the foothills of the mountains in central Bomeo. The natural habitat of this species is threatened by forest degradation due to logging and shifting agriculture and VU Alc Malaysia (Sabah, in Indonesia there is evidence of genetic erosion within populations. The species is cultivated for its popular fruits throughout Malesia and are the most similar to those of D. zibethinus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11145, 18327 Durio pinangianus Bombacaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species of lowland hill forest on steep slopes. The habitat has declined through logging and increasing settlement. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. VU B1+2c Refs: 19073 Durio testudinarum Bombacaceae VU Alc Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A species restricted to the lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. It is occasionally cultivated for its edible fruit and the wood is thought to be used as durian timber. It is possible that the species is conspecific with D. affinis. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11145, 18327, 19073 Durio wyatt-smithii Bombacaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) The possible wild progenitor of cultivated durian, the only differences from the cultivated form being a shorter calyx and more slender fruit spines. The species can be locally common. There are possible occurrences in Sarawak and Brunei. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11145 DD Dussia foxii Leguminosae Peru Known only from the type, the species occurs in lowland forest in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 Dutaillyea amosensis Rutaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et all. Refs: 10351 Dyera polyphylla Apocynaceae VU Alcd Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Less well-known than the more common D. costata, this species is scattered in swamp forest, peat-swamp forest and *kerangas on groundwater podzols. The wood is traded as jelutong timber and trees are tapped for the valuable latex. The risk of extinction from overexploitation was recognised 60 years ago. Populations in Sarawak are considered endangered. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11145, 12937, 17214, 19117 VU D2 VUDI 193 Species Summaries Dyerophytum pendulum Plumbaginaceae Yemen (Socotra) The species occurs as a scattered solitary small tree or shrub in dry woodland or shrubland. At present populations are under no threat. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 19083 VU D2 Dyerophytum socotrana Plumbaginaceae Yemen (Socotra) A newly described species, which, like D. pendulum, occurs as a scattered solitary small tree or shrub in dry woodland or shrubland. At present populations are under no threat. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 19083 VU D2 Dypsis ambanjae Palmae Madagascar This endemic of the Madagascan rainforest has not been collected for over 80 years and is possibly extinct. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 CR D1 Dypsis ambositrae Palmae Madagascar Currently only known to occur in the central region near Ambositra, the species is found among rocks and in remnant of riverine forest between 1300m and 1500m. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 CR D1 Dypsis ampasindavae Palmae Madagascar This Madagascan endemic is known from only two locations in Nosy Be and Manongarivo Mountains on steep slopes in moist lowland forest. Both sites are protected within Lokobe Special Reserve. However, tree poaching does occur. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 EN Alcd Dypsis andrianatonga Palmae Madagascar A small branching palm, restricted to Manangarivo and the Marojejy Massif in north Madagascar. Its habitat is open montane forest or heath, although occasionally it is found on rocks in denser forest. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 18986, 19118 LR/nt Dypsis antanambensis Palmae Madagascar A tree confined to Mananara Avaratra Biosphere Reserve, where it inhabits open rainforest on ultramafic soils. There are fewer than 50 individuals in total, scattered between 250 and 290m on steep slopes and ridge tops. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 EN D1 The World List of Threatened Trees Dypsis arenarum Palmae Madagascar A littoral forest species, found near fresh water. It is confined to an area lying between Soanierana-Ivango and Vatomandry. Population numbers are thought to be very low. Various developments and fires continue to threaten the habitat. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 CR B1+2c Dypsis basilonga Palmae Madagascar This tree is confined to small crown submontane forest on gneiss in Vatovavy, Madagascar. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 Dypsis bejofo Palmae Madagascar An endemic of Madagascar, known from only two sites of moist lowland forest in the bay of Antongil. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 EN C2b EN Alc Dypsis boiviniana Palmae Madagascar This palm of forest undergrowth inhabits open lowland rainforest or sand forest next to black water and peat swamps. It is known only from three sites in north- eastern Madagascar, only one of which is protected. The population is estimated to consist of 50 individuals. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 EN D1 Dypsis canaliculata Palmae Madagascar The species has not been seen since 1951 and may possibly be extinct. Its flowers remain unknown to science. The two known collections were gathered from lowland forest on sandstone in locations which are geographically far apart, one in the Manongarivo area and another from Ampasimanolotra. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 18986, 19118 CR D1 Dypsis canescens Palmae Madagascar This species has not been seen for over 50 years and may now be extinct. There is confusion over the type locality, which could either be at Ambaliha on the Ampasindava Peninsula or Ambaliha on the left bank of the Sambirano River. The habitat is defined as lowland moist forest on sandstone. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 18986, 19118 CR D1 194 Dypsis ceracea Palmae Madagascar This species is known only from moist lowland forest in the Marojejy area and Betampona. It has not been seen since 1949. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 18986, 19118 CR D1 Dypsis commersoniana Palmae Madagascar A little known Madagascan endemic from the south- eastern lowland rainforest. Most of the habitat has been cleared and the remainder is under intense pressure from the expanding human population. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 CR B1+2c Dypsis confusa Palmae Madagascar A Madagascan endemic of lowland rainforest in peat swamps, on ridge tops or flat ground. Populations are confined to Masoala, Mananara and Betampona. One site is protected. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 18986, 19118 LR/nt Dypsis coursii Palmae Madagascar A palm of moist montane forest or dense sclerophyll forest on ridges, usually found on gneiss and quartzite between 900 and 1850m. The global population is confined to the Marojejy area, which is restricted in size but protected. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 VU DI Dypsis crinita Palmae Madagascar An endemic palm of Madagascar, confined to areas of lowland open forest in Manongarivo, Masoala Peninsula and Mananara Biosphere Reserve. Seedlings require frequent submerging in water, which may explain the species’ common occurrence by streamsides. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 18986, 19118 LR/nt Dypsis decaryi Palmae Madagascar This species is confined to a small area of southem Madagascar, in dry forest or bush on stony soils. About 1000 individuals are thought to exist in the wild. Fire is a major threat and nearly all the seeds are harvested for export. In cultivation the species is widespread and grown in a wide variety of climates. It is listed in *CITES Appendix II. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VUDI Dypsis decipiens Palmae Madagascar This species is restricted to central Madagascar, between Ankazobe and Fianarantsoa, an area prone to forest destruction and fire. The number of individuals in the wild is estimated at aboutl00. They inhabit remnant forest near streams or on rocky sites between 1400 and 2000m. Cultivation of the palm remains small-scale and the species is listed in *CITES Appendix II. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 EN D1 Dypsis dransfieldii Palmae Madagascar This species inhabits a single site of littoral forest on coastal white sand on the western side of Masoala Peninsula in north-east Madagascar. The habitat is fragile and prone to grazing and clearance for agriculture or settlements. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 EN C2b Dypsis faneva Palmae Madagascar An endemic species confined to areas of littoral forest or lowland moist forest in Maroantsetra, Mananara and near Fenoarivo. The lowland rainforest in these areas is not well protected. Fewer than 50 individuals are estimated to exist in total. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 EN Alc, Cl Dypsis fasciculata Palmae Madagascar A coastal forest palm, rarely extending inland, within an area stretching from Antalaha and Marojejy to Betampona in the north-east of Madagascar. The habitat is often affected by fires. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VU Alc Dypsis heteromorpha Palmae DD Madagascar A palm of moist montane forest, confined to Tsaratanana, Marojejy and Anjanaharibe in northern Madagascar. The area is not botanically well known. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 19118 Dypsis hovomantsina Palmae Madagascar An impressive rainforest tree growing on steep slopes or ridge crests, known only from Maroantsetra and Mananara. Both sites are under pressure from increasing agriculture. The known populations consist of few individuals. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 CR DI 195 Species Summaries Dypsis ifanadianae Palmae Madagascar A slender palm, known only from lowland rainforest in the Ifanadiana area, which is undergoing continuous deforestation. Fewer than 50 individuals are known in total. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 19118 CR D1 Dypsis intermedia Palmae Madagascar Fewer than 50 individuals are confined to a single locality of steadily dwindling lowland rainforest in Manombo in Madagascar. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 CR D1 Dypsis interrupta Palmae Madagascar An omamental palm of hill forest undergrowth, currently known only from a single collection in the south-east of Madagascar around Ifanadiana and Ambinanindrano. The forests of Ambinanindrano are gradually being destroyed by shifting cultivation. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 CR B1+2c Dypsis lanceolata Palmae Comoros This species is restricted to Grande Comore and Moheli in the Comoro Islands. It inhabits rainforest between 500 and 1000m. Information is lacking on the current population status and the species may be more seriously threatened. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18986, 19118 VU D2 Dypsis ligulata Palmae Madagascar A tree last seen over 70 years ago in the lowland moist forest of north-west Madagascar. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 18986, 19118 CR D1 Dypsis madagascariensis Palmae Madagascar Although rare, the species is widespread in north-west and western Madagascar. It occurs in moist rainforest and semi-deciduous dry or plateau forest up to 650m. Populations are also found rarely in palm grassland, dry bushland and coastal forest. The total population consists of several thousand individuals. Habitat destruction is reducing the number of populations. Harvesting of palm heart and wood continues, even in the single protected location in Lokobe Special Reserve. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 18986, 19118 LR/nt Dypsis malcomberi Palmae Madagascar This palm is known only from Andohahela Special Reserve, where it inhabits submontane moist forest on VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees slight or steep slopes, occasionally near forest streams. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 18986, 19118 Dypsis mananjarensis Palmae Madagascar This species is confined to lowland moist and dry forest remnants between Vatomandry and Talanaro in eastern Madagascar. The entire area suffers high levels of habitat destruction as a result of various anthropogenic activities. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VUDI Dypsis mangorensis Palmae Madagascar A Madagascan endemic, confined to littoral or lowland rainforest in Mananara Biosphere Reserve. There is an old collection from the lower Mangoro River. Only a single sighting has been made recently, consisting of fewer than 20 individuals in a forest patch surrounded CR DI by agriculture and under threat of agricultural conversion. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 Dypsis mcdonaldiana Palmae VU A2c Madagascar A Madagascan endemic, confined to the mountains in the south-east, where it is found at rainforest edges between 300 and 1100m. The area of occurrence is small but partially protected. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 Dypsis nauseosa Palmae Madagascar A Madagascan endemic known only from two recent collections, gathered in coastal lowland forest in Fianarantsoa Province. Fewer than 20 trees are known to exist and the area is being rapidly cut down. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 CR D1 Dypsis nossibensis Palmae Madagascar A timber species, confined to Lokobe forest in the north- west, where a number of palm species are felled for timber. Fewer than 25 trees have been counted. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 CR DI Dypsis onilahensis Palmae Madagascar A palm confined to north-west, west and south-central Madagascar, inhabiting riverine forest and evergreen forest. Total numbers are estimated to be less than 1000. The species is most abundant within the flood level on the rocky banks of the Analabe River. The area of occurrence is fairly large, but the habitat is prone to outbreaks of fire. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VUDI1 196 Dypsis oreophila Palmae Madagascar An endemic palm of Madagascar confined to areas of Moist montane forest in Tsaratanana, Marojejy, high ground near Maroansterta and Mandritsara. The distribution is limited and the palm heart is highly esteemed, putting the species under considerable pressure. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VU Ald, Cl Dypsis oropedionis Palmae Madagascar This palm is known only from two sites on the western side of Madagascar's central plateau, inhabiting relict dry evergreen forest on steep-sided valleys between 1100 and 1450m. Neither population is protected and their habitat is under severe threat from cutting and annual fires. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 CR C2a Dypsis ovobontsira Palmae Madagascar A Madagasacan endemic, known from a single population of fewer than 10 individuals contained within Mananara Biosphere Reserve. It is found in moist submontane forest on ultramafic soil with a deep humus layer. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 CR D1 Dypsis paludosa Palmae Madagascar An endemic palm, occurring along the east coast in small pockets of peat swamp developed on white sand adjacent to the beach zone and also found in swampy areas further inland. Although the coastal lowland forest, which the species inhabits, is widespread it is threatened. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VU Alc Dypsis pembana Palmae Tanzania An endemic palm of Tanzania, confined to lowland moist and littoral forest in Ngezi forest on Pemba Is. The population is estimated at 3000 individuals. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VU C2b Dypsis perrieri Palmae Madagascar An endemic palm of Madagascar, inhabiting moist forest between 150 and 800m, in Marojejy, Masoala and Mananara Avaratra. Despite its fairly wide distribution, the species is uncommon wherever it is found. Overexploitation of the palm heart is a major threat. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 18986, 19118 VU Alc Dypsis pilulifera Palmae Madagascar This endemic palm of Madagascar is confined to moist montane forest in the Sambirano region, Marojejy and Mantady. Harvesting of the palm heart continues even within Marojejy and Mantady protected areas. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VU B1+2c Dypsis prestoniana Palmae Madagascar The entire population does not exceed 200 individuals, confined to the Midongy area. The former population in Mahanoro appears to be extinct. In no part of its range is it protected. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VUDI1 Dypsis procera Palmae Madagascar A Madagascan endemic, confined to the area around Antongil. The lowland rainforest habitat in this area is under threat from shifting cultivation. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VU Alc Dypsis psammophila Palmae CR C2a Madagascar A palm confined to east Madagascar, between Soanierana Ivongo and Ambila-Lemaitso. The area of occupancy is small, containing fewer than 100 trees and the lowland coastal forest habitat is being destroyed. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 Dypsis rivularis Palmae Madagascar A palm confined to Mananjeba River, at Manongarivo and Ankarafantsika, where it inhabits streamside forest between 130 and 300m. The total population is estimated to contain less than 100 individuals. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 EN Dl Dypsis sahanofensis Palmae Madagascar Formerly known only from the type collection of 1911, the species has now been found in an area of submontane rainforest on Mount Vatovavy, eastern Madagascar. Population numbers are low and the forest is unprotected, although local taboos do provide some form of protection. The status will become critical in the next few years if forest clearance continues. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 EN Alc Dypsis saintelucei Palmae Madagascar Confined to a single site in Sainte-Luce forest, the species is known from a total population of 50 CR D1 197 Species Summaries individuals. The area is threatened by proposed mining operations for mineral sand (ilmenite ore). Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 Dypsis scottiana Palmae Madagascar An endemic palm of south-east Madagascar, inhabiting forest and heath scrub on white sand between 10 and 515m. The species range is small and the habitat is under threat from mining operations and fire. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 19118 VUDI Dypsis serpentina Palmae Madagascar A palm confined to Mananara Biosphere Reserve in Madagascar, where it is locally abundant in lowland rainforest on steep slopes and ridgetops on ultramafic soils, between 240 and 280m. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VU D2 Dypsis singularis Palmae Madagascar Confined to Manombo forest, the species inhabits lowland rainforest at the base of slopes. Shifting cultivation, fire and logging have gradually destroyed the forest. The number of trees remaining is estimated to be less than 100. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 CR C1 Dypsis tsaratananensis Palmae Madagascar This palm, endemic to Madagascar, has not been seen for 70 years. Mount Tsaratanana, where the species occurs, has not been visited for a long time. The palm heart is edible and highly esteemed. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 DD Dypsis tsaravotsira Palmae EN Alcd Madagascar This endemic palm is confined to Marojejy, Maroantsetra and Mananara, where it occurs in submontane primary woodland on steep slopes or ridgetop hollows. Population numbers are low and two of the sites are under pressure from agriculture. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 19118 Dypsis utilis Palmae Madagascar This gregarious palm is restricted to eastern Madagascar, where it is restricted to only a few streamside sites of swamp or moist forest between 950 and 1000m. Numbers are thought to be small. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VU Alcd The World List of Threatened Trees Dysosma versipellis Berberidaceae VU Alcd China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang) Although the species has a wide distribution, populations are small and declining. It has a wide altitudinal range within moist seasonal forest, sometimes bamboo forest. Roots and seeds are commonly collected for medicinal use, mostly at a local level. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 Dysoxylum angustifolium Meliaceae Philippines A species of primary forest, only found in Palawan. The main island is declared a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986, 18088 VU B1+2c Dysoxylum beddomei Meliaceae India (Kerala) Occurring in evergreen forest between 250 and 1200m, the species has been recorded from only a few localities in northern Kerala. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Dysoxylum ficiforme Meliaceae India (Kerala) At present five collections are known from scattered localities in the Anamalai and Travancore ranges. The species occurs in the canopy of submontane evergreen forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Dysoxylum pachypodum Meliaceae New Caledonia Collected very rarely and only recently from an area near Sarraméa, the species has a precarious existence in cultivated fields and also on river borders. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 CR D1 Dysoxylum palawanensis Meliaceae Philippines A primary forest species, endemic to Palawan at low altitudes. The main island is declared a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c Dysoxylum peerisi Meliaceae Sri Lanka This rare tree is restricted to lowland rainforest in south- west Sri Lanka. It was not found during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review, indicating that it is extremely rare or possibly extinct. Earlier surveys located a population in Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 CR B1+2c 198 Dysoxylum turczaninowii Meliaceae Philippines A timber species, endemic to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919, 18088 VU Alcd Ecclinusa lancifolia Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A shrub or tree known from very few collections originating from permanently flooded forest in central Brazilian Amazonia. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Ecclinusa orinocoensis Sapotaceae Venezuela A treelet with a distribution confined to a small area of periodically flooded sandy savanna in Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Ecclinusa parviflora Sapotaceae Venezuela A newly described species, currently known from just two collections taken from a site of low forest over granitic rocks near Puerto Ayacucho. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Ehretia glandulosissima Boraginaceae Tanzania The species range now appears to be confined to the undisturbed areas of Rondo Forest Reserve (140km?). Logging, planting of commercial timbers, shifting cultivation and wood collection in the past have caused disturbance to much of the forest. Current forestry Management activities are discouraging illegal activities. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 10961, 16796 EN B1+2c Ehretia scrobiculata Boraginaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Principe) It appears that only two collections have been made, one being from the coast where just one tree was located. More detailed information is lacking. There have been no recent botanical surveys of the island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724 VU D2 Ekmanianthe longiflora Bignoniaceae Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti A tree confined to semi-deciduous forest in Cuba and Hispaniola. In Cuba and Haiti, the species has disappeared from most places where logging, settlement and agricultural expansion have taken place. In the Dominican Republic it has been reported only from Sierra de Barahona. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 8451, 19149 EN Alc, B1+2cd Elaeagia ecuadorensis Rubiaceae Ecuador This Ecuadorean endemic inhabits cloud forest between 2250 and 3500m. Currently it is known to occur in the High Andean regions of Morona-Santiago and Loja. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Elaeagia pastoensis Rubiaceae Colombia An endemic to Putumayo. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 VU B1+2c Elaeagia uxpanapensis Rubiaceae Mexico (Chiapas) A relatively common tree of evergreen hill forest, confined to the Uxpananpa-Chimalapa region. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 5993, 14953, 19124 EN Alc Elaeagnus conferta ssp. dendroidea Elaeagnaceae India (Meghalaya) This subspecies is confined to the Khasi Hills, where it occurs in hill forest. Only a single occurrence is known and numbers are believed to be very small. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799 CR B1+2c Elaeagnus mollis Elaeagnaceae China (Shaanxi, Shanxi) Restricted to Xiangning, Hejin and Yicheng Counties in Shanxi and Huxian County in Shaanxi, the species is scattered on mountain slopes between 800 and 1500m. The numbers of large individuals and the overall natural extent of the species is declining because of overcutting. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU Alcd Elaeagnus tarokoensis Elaeagnaceae Taiwan Endemic to Taiwan, the species occurs in lowland forest in a small area to the east around Tienshiang. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 19053 VU D1+2 Elaeocarpus acmosepalus Elaeocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A medium-sized tree scattered throughout the freshwater and peat-swamp forest in Pehang, Selangor and Johore in Peninsular Malaysia, and parts of Singapore. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 9199, 19073 VU B1+2c Elaeocarpus apiculatus Elaeocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Viet Nam A large tree of primary forest, on valley and mountain slopes up to 330m. Regeneration under the canopy of wet forests is reported to be profuse in Viet Nam, where it is known from Ninh Binh (Cuc Phuong National Park), Thanh Hoa and Lam Dong Provinces. Populations VU B1+2a 199 Species Summaries are localised in Peninsular Malaysia in Kelantan, Terengganu and Perak. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 15357, 19073 Elaeocarpus beccarii ssp. beccarii Elaeocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A few localities are known in the region of Kuching. The taxon occurs in primary lowland forest. All forms of this species are restricted in range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU B1+2c Elaeocarpus beccarii ssp. nitens Elaeocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A tree of Sarawak hill forest occurring in a number of localities in Lundu District. All the forms of this species are restricted in range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU B1+2c Elaeocarpus beccarii ssp. sumatrana Elaeocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) Known only from the type collection, this newly described subspecies is found in lowland ridge forest in Sumatra. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU B1+2c, D2 Elaeocarpus blascoi Elaeocarpaceae India (Tamil Nadu) Occurring on the fringes of moist evergreen forest at an altitude of 2150m, the species is confined to the Palni and Kodaikanal HIlls. It has not been found in recent years and may have suffered the conversion of its habitat to agricultural land. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 19144 EN B1+2c Elaeocarpus bojeri Elaeocarpaceae Mauritius Fewer than 10 dwarfed trees are found in degraded cloud forest close to an Indian temple in the Grand Bassin. They are being closely monitored. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 CR D1 Elaeocarpus brigittae Elaeocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) A newly described species known from montane rainforest and mossy forest in Gunung Leuser National Park in Sumatra. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU D2 Elaeocarpus calomala var. pustulatus Elaeocarpaceae Philippines A tree found in remaining upland forest in Mindanao, Mindoro, Luzon and possibly Sibuyan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU Alc, B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Elaeocarpus calomala var. villosiusculus Elaeocarpaceae Philippines This variety is very poorly known and the status of any remaining populations in the wild is completely unknown. It was collected from Tayabas on Luzon. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 DD Elaeocarpus ceylanicus Elaeocarpaceae Sri Lanka A species found only at three localities during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 18796, 19112 EN B1+2c Elaeocarpus colnettianus Elaeocarpaceae New Caledonia A species known only from locations on Mont Colnett and Mont Ignambi in the north-east of Grand Terre, where it occurs in some abundance in forest between 1000 and 1350m. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 VU D1 Elaeocarpus cordifolius Elaeocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) Occurring in open shrubland, this small tree is recorded in Gunung Mulu National Park in Sarawak and one location in Kalimantan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 LR/cd Elaeocarpus coriaceus Elaeocarpaceae Sri Lanka During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, this species was found in only two sites: Horton Plains National Park and the Peak Wilderness Sanctuary. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c Elaeocarpus cruciatus Elaeocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Occurring in montane and submontane rainforest, this uncommon species is found in Gunung Padang, Gunung Mandi Angin in Terengganu and Fraser’s Hill, Gunung Ulu and the Kali/Genting Highlands in Pahang. It receives protection within a national park and the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Elaeocarpus dinagatensis Elaeocarpaceae Philippines Little is known about the present status of this lowland species. It was collected in 1919 from two small islands, Bucas Grande and Dinagrat, off the north-east tip of Mindanao. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU D2 200 Elaeocarpus eriobotryoides Elaeocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This endemic tree occurs in montane forests of southern Peninsular Malaysia, up to 1510m. Its known localities are under threat from infrastructural development. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Elaeocarpus fraseri Elaeocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known only from Peninsular Malaysia, this montane forest species is probably endemic to Fraser's Hill in Pahang. A more serious threat category may be appropriate pending further information. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU D2 Elaeocarpus gaussenii Elaeocarpaceae India (Tamil Nadu) Little is known about this species. It has been collected just once or twice from a single locality of evergreen forest at about 1500m in the Western Ghats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 19144 CR B1+2c Elaeocarpus gigantifolius Elaeocarpaceae Philippines A tree only definitely known from the 1909 type collection from steep sloping forest on Mount Apo on Mindanao. The mountain has been relatively well- visited. It also has national park status, although shifting cultivation and illegal logging continue to take place. Other specimens from Leyte Island are similar but more material is needed to confirm they are same species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU D2 Elaeocarpus glabrescens Elaeocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species found between 450 and 1830m within a range extending from the Cameron Highlands to Gunung Angsi and Gunung Panti in Johore. It is locally common on Gunung Inas and Gunung Jerai in Kedah. Some areas receive a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Elaeocarpus glandulifer Elaeocarpaceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195, 17759 VU Alc Elaeocarpus homalioides Elaeocarpaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A New Guinea endemic recorded from a few locations. It has not been collected in recent years. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 DD Elaeocarpus inopinatus Elaeocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah) A small tree known from one location in scrubby forest in Mount Kinabalu National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU D2 Elaeocarpus integrifolius Elaeocarpaceae Mauritius The most recent population estimate, in March 1997, is 51 individuals. Trees are found in small groups or as isolated individuals in upland evergreen forest in the Black River Gorges, Macchabe and Brise Fer. There are also isolated trees in the northern mountain ranges. No natural regeneration has been observed. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 CR DI Elaeocarpus miriensis Elaeocarpaceae Brunei Known from just two collections, this species occurs near river banks in valley forest in Tutong District in Brunei and in Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU D2 Elaeocarpus moratii Elaeocarpaceae New Caledonia A species described in 1982 and known only from the location where the type specimen was collected on Mont Ignambi. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 VUDI Elaeocarpus munronii Elaeocarpaceae India (Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu) An uncommon tree occurring in evergreen and *shola forest between 600 and 2000m over a wide range at the southern end of the Western Ghats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 19144 LR/nt Elaeocarpus nanus Elaeocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Scattered in moist forest between 1000 and 2000m, the species is found in Perak, Pahang, Selangor and Johore. Some localities receive a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Elaeocarpus prunifolius Elaeocarpaceae Bangladesh, India (Manipur, Meghalaya) This species appears to be restricted to remaining sacred groves of moist evergreen or semi-evergreen forest in the Khasi Hills and Manipur. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799 VU B1+2c 201 Species Summaries Elaeocarpus pseudopaniculatus Elaeocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Occurring in primary submontane to montane rainforest in the state of Pahang, the species is protected within the boundaries of Taman Negara National Park and within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Elaeocarpus recurvatus Elaeocarpaceae India (Tamil Nadu) Occurring in evergreen forest and *shola forest above 1800m, the species is endemic to the Anamalai range and parts of the Nilgiris. Its habitat has been strongly affected by fire and conversion to commercial plantations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 19144 VU B1+2c Elaeocarpus reticosus Elaeocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A shrubby tree, inhabiting moist forest between 1000 and 2000m on Gunung Rabong in Kelantan, Gunung Bubu in Perak, Gunung Tahan in Pahang and on Gunung Blumut in Johore. Populations are protected in the Taman Negara National Park and in the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Elaeocarpus royenii Elaeocarpaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A newly described species known only from the type collection. It occurs along Bot River in Merauke District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU D2 Elaeocarpus rugosus Elaeocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A tall tree up to 39m, inhabiting moist lowland and hill forest. This tree can be found in Perak, Terengganu, Pahang, Selangor, Johore and Singapore. It is protected in Cameron Highlands Wildlife Sanctuary. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 9199, 19073 VU B1+2c Elaeocarpus sallehiana Elaeocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species inhabiting hill and mountain rainforest up to 1070m in Pahang and Terengganu. It receives a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Elaeocarpus simaluensis Elaeocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) A species known from one location in swamp forest on Simalue Island, north-west Sumatra. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Elaeocarpus submonoceras ssp. collinus Elaeocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) A montane forest tree found in Kalimantan and the Mount Kinabalu region in Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 LR/cd Elaeocarpus submonoceras ssp. fusicarpus Elaeocarpaceae VU Alc, B1+2c Philippines A tree that is found in damp montane forest habitats in Mindoro, Negros and Mindanao. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 Elaeocarpus submonoceras ssp. oliganthus Elaeocarpaceae Philippines This subspecies is known only from its type locality in Zamboanga District in Mindanao, from where it was collected at the beginning of the century. The monsoon forest here has been almost completely degraded. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 CR B1+2c Elaeocarpus submonoceras ssp. oxypyren Elaeocarpaceae Indonesia (Bali, Java) A forest tree restricted to a few locations in Java and Bali. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU B1+2c Elaeocarpus submonoceras ssp. procerus Elaeocarpaceae Philippines A subspecies known only from the type locality in the Cuernos Mountains, from where it was collected in 1908. New information may indicate that the species is extinct or that a more serious threat category is appropriate. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU D2 Elaeocarpus submonoceras ssp. submonoceras Elaeocarpaceae VU B1+2c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree known from primary forest in Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, where it has not been collected since 1929. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 Elaeocarpus subvillosus Elaeocarpaceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195, 18515 VU Alc Elaeocarpus symingtonii Elaeocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree of montane rainforest, distributed between 1400 and 2200m at Perak in Gunung Bubu, Terengganu in Gunung Mandi Angin and Pahang in the Cameron LR/cd 202 Highlands, Gunung Berebun. Protected populations are found within Taman Negara National Park and the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 Elaeocarpus teysmannii ssp. domatiferus Elaeocarpaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) Recently found and described, this tree is known only from lower montane forest in Dumoga Bone National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU D2 Elaeocarpus teysmannii ssp. moluccensis Elaeocarpaceae Indonesia (Moluccas) A variant known only from the type locality in the Moluccas. It is said to be common where it occurs in thinned-out forest at the sides of a river. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU D2 Elaeocarpus teysmannii ssp. morowalensis Elaeocarpaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) A lowland tree known only from a relatively recent collection made on a ridge top in Morowali in north-east Sulawesi. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU D2 Elaeocarpus teysmannii ssp. rhizophorus Elaeocarpaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) A tree known only from one collection from Minahasa, north Sulawesi. There are reports from the early part of the century that it was planted and protected as a sacred tree. New information may indicate that a more serious threat category is appropriate. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU D2 Elaeocarpus teysmannii ssp. teysmannii Elaeocarpaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) A Sulawesi endemic known only from Minahasa. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074 VU D2 Elaeocarpus venustus Elaeocarpaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A large tree of submontane evergreen forest. It is narrowly distributed in the southern end of the Western Ghats, occurring in Chimunji and Muthukuzhivayal and nearby areas, where the forest has been extensively cleared for a hydroelectric project. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10733, 14276, 19144 VU B1+2c Elaeodendron laneanum Celastraceae Bermuda Occurring, sometimes commonly, on rocky upland hillsides throughout the eastern end of the island, Harrington Sound, Walsingham and Abbotts Cliff, the species is under no immediate threat. It is also widely VU D2 planted in gardens and within its native range as part of a conservation initiative. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19143 Elaeoluma crispa Sapotaceae Venezuela The rarest of the four species in the genus. It occurs in areas of periodically or permanently flooded forest confined to Amazonas State. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Elattostachys aiyurensis Sapindaceae Papua New Guinea A small palmoid tree known only from the type collection from Madang Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18389 VU D2 Elattostachys dzumacensis Sapindaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VUDI Elattostachys erythrocarpum Sapindaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) Endemic to Sulawesi, this small palmoid tree has been collected only a few times. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18389 VU D2 Elattostachys goropuensis Sapindaceae Papua New Guinea Known only from the type collection, this small palmoid tree occurs in Euphorbia-Ficus forest in the Northern Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18389 VU D2 Elattostachys rubrofructus Sapindaceae Papua New Guinea A rare understorey tree of lowland rainforest, often found on riverbanks and near swamps. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18389 VU B1+2c Elingamita johnsonii Myrsinaceae New Zealand (North Is.) A shrub or small tree, representing a monotypic genus, endemic to the Three Kings Islands. The 1981 Red Data Book of New Zealand records a colony of about 12 small trees in an isolated area of windswept scrub on West Island. A precise population estimate is not presently available, but the species is no longer dangerously low in numbers. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 902, 17637, 19133 VU D2 203 Species Summaries Ellipanthus beccari var. beccarii Connaraceae VU B1+2c Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) A small dioecious tree which occurs in mixed dipterocarp forest on leached yellow soils in western Borneo. In Sarawak, the only known occurrence is in the Kuching region. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18327, 19017 Ellipanthus hemandradenioides Connaraceae Kenya, Tanzania This species has a broken distribution, extending 700km along the coastline. It is known from numerous localities of coastal vegetation on white sands usually associated with rivers or wetter areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1308, 5654, 6396, 14719 LR/nt Ellipanthus madagascariensis Connaraceae Madagascar The type collection was made a century ago in the north- west of the country. The species has not been collected again. Taxonomically, it strongly resembles E. hemandradenioides, but until further material is available no conclusions can be drawn as to the status of the species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14719 DD Embelia upembensis Myrsinaceae Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia Occurring in Brachystegia woodland on lake shores or river terraces, often on termite hills, this species is restricted to a small area stretching from northern Zambia to Shaba Province in DR Congo. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18965 VU B1+2c Embolanthera spicata Hamamelidaceae Philippines An endemic genus to Palawan. The species is confined to Mount Victoria, where it is found along streams at about 150m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU D2 Emmenosperma pancherianum Rhamnaceae New Caledonia A species confined to a few localities in sclerophyllous forest. The habitat is fragmented and massively reduced in extent because of the effects of fire, grazing and encroaching agriculture. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351 VU B1+2c Enantia kummeriae Annonaceae Tanzania Until recently this species was known only from the East Usambara Mountains. Fallen fruits have now been found in the Mwanihana forest, Udzungwa Mountains, where the species is considered to be very rare. The forest in VU B1+2b The World List of Threatened Trees both areas has suffered severe declines and encroachment but is now relatively well protected. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204, 9302 Endiandra lecardii Lauraceae VU D2 New Caledonia A species known from two upland locations on the Plateau de Dogny and in Baakin, Canala. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 Endiandra scrobiculata Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Found at 1200m, this montane forest tree is known only from Fraser's Hill, Pahang. The area is under threat from rapid development as a tourist resort. It is hoped that the species will survive in remnant forest. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 VU D2 Endocomia canarioides Myristicaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam? A fairly widespread tree found in evergreen forest, open bamboo forest and lowland rainforest below 300m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9199, 9603, 19078 Endocomia rufirachis Mynisticaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A tree found in lowland primary and logged-over forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 9603 Endocomia virella Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A primary forest tree very localised within the Fourth Division, Sarawak and Beaufort Hill, Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 9603, 19078 VU D2 Engelhardia danumensis Juglandaceae Malaysia (Sabah) This tree of lowland mixed dipterocarp forest is known only from the type collection found in the Ulu Segama Forest Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Engelhardia kinabaluensis Juglandaceae VU D2 Malaysia (Sabah) A rare tree of lowland mixed dipterocarp and submontane forest, known only from the Mamut Copper Mine and the Mesilau area in Kundasang, Mount Kinabalu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 204 Engelhardia mendalomensis Juglandaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This uncommon tree is known only from the type specimen, which was collected in an area of primary mixed dipterocarp forest in Mendalom Forest Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Englerodendron usambarense Leguminosae Tanzania This monospecific genus is restricted to the East and possibly the West Usambara Mountains. Occurring in moist forest at elevations of 760—-1000m, the species has suffered severe habitat losses and degradation in the past. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 3925, 7550 VU B1+2c Enicosanthum acuminata Annonaceae Sri Lanka A fare species restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Enicosanthum congregatum Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A very rare tree scattered in lowland forest. So far it has only been collected from Perak and the Bukit Lagong Forest Reserve, Selangor. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Enicosanthum cupulare Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) The species is known only from lowland forest in Larut in Maxwell's Hills, Perak, and Bukit Kajong in Terengganu. Maxwell's Hills is a protected resort area. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Enicosanthum fuscum Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Although few collections have been made, the species is expected to be more widespread in areas of lowland and submontane forest. It occurs in Kanching Forest Reserve in Selangor and Gunung Bubu in Perak, where some protection is provided. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 11449, 19073 LR/nt Enicosanthum macranthum Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This tree of lowland forest is known only from Larut in the Maxwell's Hills mountain range in Perak. This area, home to many endemic plants, is currently conserved and protected; however, with increasing tourism Maxwell's Hills are likely be developed further. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Enicosanthum praestigiosum Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree restricted to the lowland swamp forests of south- east Johore. A large part of the area is now being developed. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 17140, 19073 VU D2 Entandrophragma angolense Meliaceae VU Alcd Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda One of the main sources of African mahogany. The commercial exploitation of this timber species has resulted in the large-scale extraction of mature individuals throughout its range. Significant genetic erosion has been reported in some countries. It has the potential to occur commonly and regenerates well after logging damage but not after burning. The seed does not appear to disperse over great distances and regeneration is poor away from parent trees. A slow-growing species. There are protected populations and felling limits in various countries. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 450, 2773, 3479, 4506, 6128, 6396, 6718, 10961, 12061, 15017, 16021, 17408 Entandrophragma candollei Meliaceae VU Alcd Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria One of the major sources of African mahogany. The species is widespread and heavily exploited throughout its range. Population densities are comparatively low and seed production is erratic, but regeneration appears to be good where parent trees remain and may also occur to some degree after buming. There are protected populations and felling limits in various countries. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2362, 2773, 6128, 6718, 12061, 17408 Entandrophragma cylindricum Meliaceae VU Alcd Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda A major source of African mahogany, this species is scattered in semi-deciduous forests and exploited heavily throughout its range. Genetic erosion caused by the large-scale depletion of mature individuals from populations has taken place in some countries. In comparison with other species of Entandrophragma, this species can occur in drier habitats, including abandoned fields, but it does not respond well to burning. Growth fates are amongst the slowest in the genus. There are protected populations and felling limits in various countries. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2362, 2773, 3479, 6128, 6718, 12061, 15017, 16021, 17408 205 Species Summaries Entandrophragma utile Meliaceae VU Alcd Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda An important source of African mahogany, this widespread species is heavily exploited throughout its range. Genetic erosion caused by the depletion of mature individuals from populations has taken place in most countries. Local overcutting is also common in parts of West Africa. Regeneration is good after disturbance and the species is generally noted to be more light- demanding and tolerant of dry conditions. Growth rates are amongst the slowest in the genus and the seeds and seedlings suffer high mortality rates because of insect attack. There are protected populations and felling limits in various countries. Assessor: Hawthorme, W. Refs: 2773, 6128, 6718, 12061, 13250, 14667, 16822, 17408 Eribroma oblonga Sterculiaceae VU Alc Cameroon, Céte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone A species of various rainforest types, locally common in places. Levels of exploitation for its timber are moderate and are contributing to the declines in population numbers. The current category applied should be kept under review. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2773, 8369, 11504, 13013, 13947 Erica scoparia ssp. platycodon Ericaceae Spain (Canary Is.) A species known from Tenerife, Gomera and Hierro, where it occurs in areas of woodland from low to medium elevation. It is listed in government legislation of 1991. Assessor: Bafiares, A. et al. Refs: 19022 LR/cd Eriocoelum oblongum Sapindaceae Gabon, Nigeria A little-known forest tree that occurs in south-east Nigeria and also in Gabon. The Nigerian population to date appears to be unprotected. Forest outside protected areas has been extensively logged and cleared for agriculture. In Gabon the species is found in Lopé Forest Reserve and most probably in other forest areas which have yet to be explored. There is concern about the degree to which forest is now under concession in Gabon. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 11504 DD Eriocoelum pungens var. inermis Sapindaceae Nigeria This variety has, until now, been recorded only from the coastal forests in the Eket and Degema area in the south- east. The habitat of the Eket population has been degraded, if not completely destroyed, by oil exploration operations. The other population is unprotected and its habitat is vulnerable to severe degradation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 450, 2773, 11504 EN Alc, B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Eriolaena lushingtonii Sterculiaceae India (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu) Populations appear to be few and fragmented. The species occurs in lowland hill forest in various localities in the Eastern Ghats. There have been steady declines in the extent of the habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799 VU B1+2c Eriotheca peruviana Bombacaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in lowland forest in the department of La Libertad. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Erithalis harristi Rubiaceae Jamaica Known from the central parishes, the species is locally common in woodland margins on rough limestone. General habitat declines have been considerable. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Erithalis quadrangularis Rubiaceae Jamaica Known from Clarendon, Manchester and St Ann, the species is confined to woodland on limestone. General habitat declines have been considerable. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Erythrina ankaranensis Leguminosae Madagascar An uncommon tree of limestone outcrops in the Ankarana Massif, north Madagascar. Its area of occupancy covers an estimated 500 km? and is contained within a protected reserve. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 EN B1+2abc Erythrina burana Leguminosae Ethiopia Known only from an area of bushland between 1350 and 2100m in Harerge, the species is relatively restricted in distribution but fast growing and under no present threat. Cultivated specimens are found elsewhere in Ethiopia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 4505, 18523 LR/nt Erythrina eggersii Leguminosae Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (US) Occurring as a vine or tree, the species is known from a small population of about 12 individuals in Nevarez, Puerto Rico, and from three to six isolated trees and a core population of 30-SO trees in Virgin Islands National Park on St John. Plants elsewhere are believed to be cultivated. The main population on St John is under little threat. Populations elsewhere are potentially EN D1 206 threatened by grazing and quarrying. In cultivation there is some indication that the plants die before reaching reproductive maturity. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3786, 7980, 17124 Erythrina elenae Leguminosae Cuba A small tree, up to 10m tall, confined to shrubwoods and forests on the southern slopes of the Guamuhaya Massif of Escambray in Cienfuegos Province. Its habitat has declined through logging and cutting. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU B1+2c Erythrina euodiphylla Leguminosae Indonesia (Java, Lesser Sunda Is.) A rare species, known only from a few herbarium specimens, the last of which was collected in 1975. It occurs in savanna areas in east Java and was once collected on Timor in 1968. The Bali specimen is now thought to belong to E. variegata. The species is recorded in Baluran National Park, where it is potentially threatened by human encroachment and competition with the introduced tree Acacia nilotica. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 VU D2 Erythrina haerdii Leguminosae Tanzania The species occurs in one locality of dry lowland forest, at the eastern foot of the Udzungwa range. The forest is under some pressure from agricultural encroachment and local exploitation. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 2459, 3356 VU B1+2b, D2 Erythrina hazomboay Leguminosae Madagascar Currently known from only four localities, this submontane species is uncommon and localised in stands of primary vegetation. Its range is broad, extending over 1000km? and it is likely that further localities exist. Populations are found in Andasibe/Perinet Reserve. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 VU D2 Erythrina perrieri Leguminosae Madagascar Known only from a single location in an area of highly fragmented vegetation on Ankara Plateau, this species occupies an area of approximately 100 km*. Trees are very rare, scattered and low in numbers. The remaining vegetation is declining rapidly as a result of burning and encroachment. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 CR C2a Erythrina sacleuxii Leguminosae Kenya, Tanzania Ranging from south-east Kenya, through Tanzania to VU B1+2b Zanzibar and Pemba Islands, the species is restricted to pockets of dry coastal forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 10961 Erythrina schliebenit Leguminosae Tanzania Repeated searches for this species at its type locality have failed to rediscover it. It was collected in the 1930s in an area of forest on the sides of Lake Lutamba, which has since been cleared. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 2459, 16796 EX Erythrina tahitensis Leguminosae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Erythrina tuxtlana Leguminosae Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz) A tree of high precipitation rainforest, occurring in the regions of Los Tuxtlas, Tuxtepec and Uxpanapa- Chimalapa. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993, 19124 VU Alc Erythrococca columnaris Euphorbiaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Principe) A tree which is known from a single collection. More detailed information is lacking. There have been no recent botanical surveys of the island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724 VU D1+2 Erythrococca molleri Euphorbiaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Sao Tomé) A relatively well-collected shrub or small tree, found in wet and shady places in secondary forest between 500 and 1000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724, 10080 LR/nt Erythrophleum fordii Leguminosae EN Alcd China (Guangdong, Guangxi), Taiwan, Viet Nam A valuable timber tree. The Chinese populations are largely reduced to trees left standing around living areas. The species' range in Viet Nam extends from the border with China to Quang Nam-Da Nang Province. Occurring in monsoon or rainforest up to 800m, it can form a scattered or dominant component. Plantations were established in the 1950s to increase supplies of the hardwood but demands are still in excess of what can be sustainably provided. Assessor: Nghia, N.H. Refs: 1818, 5054, 11530, 11847 Erythrophysa septentrionalis Sapindaceae Ethiopia A species of dry Acacia—Commiphora bushland with a rich shrub and forb layer in the eastern Ogaden. It has LR/nt 207 Species Summaries been collected five times within an area of 2500km?. Although the habitat is affected by overgrazing and agricultural activities in some places, the area is not obviously threatened. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 4505, 18523 Erythroxylum acranthum Erythroxylaceae Seychelles (Aldabra) A frequent constituent of inland mixed scrub occurring on the islands of Malabar, Polymnie, Picard, Grande Terre, Michel, Assumption and Menai. The Aldabran Islands are under protection within a Strict Nature Reserve and only Picard is inhabited with a research station. Areas of Assumption have been disturbed by strip mining for phosphate or guano. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19027 VU D2 Erythroxylum echinodendron Erythroxylaceae Cuba Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11403, 18485 EW Erythroxylum incrassatum Erythroxylaceae Jamaica An uncommon tree confined to woodland on limestone in Manchester and St Ann. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Erythroxylum jamaicense Erythroxylaceae Jamaica Known from Clarendon and St Ann, the species is confined to woodland on limestone hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Erythroxylum kochummenii Erythroxylaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A very rare species, known only from three collections from Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve in Selangor, Merlimau Forest Reserve in Malacca and Ulu Lebir Forest Reserve in Kelantan. Stricter conservation measures are required to secure these populations. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Erythroxylum obtusifolium Erythroxylaceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. This species was found at 10 localities during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Erythroxylum pacificum Erythroxylaceae Peru A species from the coast in the department of Tumbes. It is known only from the type collection. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Erythroxylum sechellarum Erythroxylaceae Seychelles A species with a widespread distribution within the Seychelles, occurring in rainforest on Mahé, Praslin, La Digue, Silhouette and several smaller islands. There are no obvious threats and populations appear to be healthy. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9859, 17229, 19023 VU D2 Eschweilera alvimii Lecythidaceae Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Pernambuco) A species which is found scattered in lowland rainforest in north-east Brazil. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 5942, 7980, 9632 VU B1+2c Eschweilera amazonicaformis Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A species which has been collected several times from non-flooded forest around Manaus. It is present in Ducke Forest Reserve, but elsewhere populations are under pressure from urban expansion and fires. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 VU B1+2c, D2 Eschweilera amplexifolia Lecythidaceae Panama The species is restricted to just three neighbouring localities of lowland semi-deciduous rainforest on the Atlantic side of Panama. The largest population occurs in Santa Rita, where increasing settlement of the area has destroyed much of the remaining forest. The same pressures are affecting the population along the highway from El Lano to Cartf. A specimen collected in 1984 from Valle del Cauca in Colombia has also been included in this species. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 3791, 7980, 16772 CR Alc, E Eschweilera atropetiolata Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas) Although the species is restricted in range, occurring in non-flooded forest in the vicinity of Manaus, it is known from many localities, including the Ducke Forest Reserve. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 LR/cd Eschweilera baguensis Lecythidaceae Peru A medium-sized tree, relatively newly described. It is known only from the type locality of lower montane VU D2 208 cloud forest, occurring between 1700 and 2100m in the department of Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980 Eschweilera beebei Lecythidaceae Venezuela Known only from Henri Pittier National Park, this cloud forest species has been collected about three times, each specimen probably from the same tree. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980 VU B1+2c, D2 Eschweilera bogotensis Lecythidaceae Colombia A small tree of non-flooded forest from sea level to 1100m. About 10 collections have been taken from localities in Valle and Cundinamarca. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980 VU B1+2c Eschweilera boltenii Lecythidaceae Suriname, Venezuela A small tree, known only from the type locality in the floodplain of the Zuid River in the Kayser Mountains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980 VU D2 Eschweilera carinata Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas) This species is confined to non-flooded forest in south- central and south-west Amazonas. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 VU B1+2c, D2 Eschweilera compressa Lecythidaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) Confined to non-flooded forests around Rio de Janeiro, the species range has been extensively reduced through urban expansion and exploitation. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 5942, 7980, 9632 CR B1+2cd Eschweilera cyathiformis Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A canopy tree of non-flooded forest, known only from the vicinity of Manaus, including occurrences in INPA Biological Reserve and Ducke Forest Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 LR/cd Eschweilera fanshawei Lecythidaceae Guyana This tree has been collected only once, in 1947, from an area of lowland non-flooded rainforest along the Bartica—Potaro road. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980 VU D2 Eschweilera integricalyx Lecythidaceae Colombia A large canopy or emergent tree, occurring commonly in places, but collected rarely from Pacific coastal Colombia in the departments of Chocé and Valle. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980 VU B1+2c Eschweilera jacquelyniae Lecythidaceae Panama A species largely confined to cloud forest on the summits of mountains in the Cordillera Central in central-eastern Panama. In localised areas it may be common, but on the whole it is not frequent. In Santa Rita and along the road from El Llano to Carti, in the Kunayala Indigenous Reserve, a large part of the forest has been destroyed. Small populations are protected in Chagres National Park. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 EN Cl+2a Eschweilera longirachis Lecythidaceae Costa Rica, Panama The species is known from the type specimen taken from Veraguas in 1974 and from a recent collection from Costa Rica. Similar specimens in the area have been identified as E. panamensis. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 DD Eschweilera mexicana Lecythidaceae Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz) This rainforest tree is endemic to the Uxpanapa- Chimalapa region, occurring in large but isolated populations. The Chimalapa area still harbours large tracts of relatively undisturbed forest, but is under potential threat from proposed large-scale forestry and development projects. Uxpanapa has suffered from substantial habitat clearance for agriculture and settlement in the government relocation scheme. This is the only member of Lecythidaceae in Mexico. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 5651, 5993, 7980, 18150 VU Alc Eschweilera obversa Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas, Maranhdo, Para) Populations are small but relatively widely scattered. An occurrence is recorded in Jari Genetic Reserve. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 5942, 7980, 9632 LR/cd Eschweilera piresii ssp. piresti Lecythidaceae Brazil (Para) Currently known only from one location on the Belém- Brasilia highway, this tree of periodically flooded forest has experienced serious habitat loss over the last two decades. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 EN B1+2c 209 Species Summaries Eschweilera piresii ssp. viridipetala Lecythidaceae French Guiana This subspecies is known solely from the type locality in lowland moist forest surrounding Saiil. To date only two individuals have been located. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980 CR DI Eschweilera potaroensis Lecythidaceae Guyana A poorly known species, recorded only from the type specimen, which was collected in 1943 from west- central Guyana. More collections of flowering material are needed to consolidate the taxonomy. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980 DD Eschweilera punctata Lecythidaceae Brazil (Acre), Colombia This species occurs in periodically flooded forests of the Amazon in Acre and Colombia. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 LR/nt Eschweilera rabeliana Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amapa) A species known only from the type locality in non- flooded forest. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 EN B1+2c, D1 Eschweilera rhododendrifolia Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas) This species has been collected from the roadside in non-flooded forests near Manaus. It is not known to occur elsewhere. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 VU D2 Eschweilera rimbachii Lecythidaceae Colombia, Ecuador This species is known only from a few collections, gathered in western Ecuador and south-west Colombia from rainforest between 500 and 2000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980, 10965 VU B1+2c Eschweilera rionegrense Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas) This species is known from a single location in the upper Rio Negro basin. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 VU D2 Eschweilera rodriguesiana Lecythidaceae Brazil! (Amazonas) A species of non-flooded forest known only from the vicinity of Manaus. It occurs in the Ducke Forest Reserve. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Eschweilera roraimensis Lecythidaceae Brazil (Roraima), Venezuela A canopy tree, unusual in the genus in occurring at submontane elevation. It has only been collected from cloud forest between 700 and 1500m on the Serra Parima. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 VU D2 Eschweilera sclerophylla Lecythidaceae Colombia A medium-sized tree, known from a few localities of lowland non-flooded forest in the departments of Valle and Chocé. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980 VU B1+2c Eschweilera squamata Lecythidaceae French Guiana A canopy or emergent tree of non-flooded forest, endemic to French Guiana. It has been collected from two localities, one being in Saiil. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980 VU D2 Eschweilera subcordata Lecythidaceae Brazil (Para) The species has been collected twice from forest margin and savanna areas on Marajé Island. It is not known elsewhere. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 VU D2 Eschweilera tetrapetala Lecythidaceae Brazil (Bahia) So far the species is known from three populations in non-flooded forests and roadsides in southern Bahia. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 5942, 7980, 9632 VU D2 Eschweilera venezuelica Lecythidaceae Venezuela A small tree, restricted to the lowland forest on the Caribbean slopes of the mountains of north-central Venezuela, from where it has been collected about four times. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980 VU B1+2c Esenbeckia alata Rutaceae Colombia Endemic to Colombia, the species is restricted to Cundinamarca, Tolima and Valle. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Esenbeckia berlandieri ssp. litoralis Rutaceae EN C2a Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama A lowland tree of dry rocky hillsides. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 210 Esenbeckia leiocarpa Rutaceae VU Alcd Brazil (Bahia, Goids, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, S40 Paulo) The habitat of this species has been greatly reduced because of massive forest conversion over the last century for agriculture, livestock and plantations. The heavy, decay-resistant wood is of commercial value and the last stands are gradually being cut down. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4506, 7980 Esenbeckia pentaphylla ssp. australensis Rutaceae Colombia, Panama Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 VU B1+2c Esenbeckia pentaphylla ssp. pentaphylla Rutaceae Jamaica The Jamaican subspecies of a Central American taxon, occurring in woodlands, most commonly in the western parishes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Eucalyptopsis papuana Myrtaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Moluccas), Papua New Guinea This tree is locally common, sometimes forming pure stands, in scattered areas of rainforest up to 1500m. It occurs in a small patch on Woodlark Island, in the headwaters of the Watut River in the Morobe Province and in lower montane forest in the Western and East Sepik Provinces. The species has been logged and exported from Woodlark Island and occurs in areas subject to further exploitation. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 Eucalyptus morrisbyi Myrtaceae Australia (Tasmania) Only four stands survive, all in southern Tasmania, largely on private land. Calverts Hill harbours the largest population of 2000 trees. East Risdon Nature Reserve has fewer than 20 trees and the other populations are small and near roads. Agricultural expansion is the main reason for the species’ decline. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17200 EN B1+2ce Eucalyptus recurva Myrtaceae Australia (New South Wales) A shrub known only from two localities near Mongarlowe in New South Wales. Apparently six individuals remain and are genetically very similar. The species has proved very difficult to cultivate. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17200 CR D1 Euchorium cubense Sapindaceae Cuba A monotypic genus endemic to the deepley eroded ‘haystack’ karstic hills of Vifiales in the limestone range EN B1+2c of Sierra de Los Organos, Pinar del Rio Province. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 Euclea balfourii Ebenaceae Yemen (Socotra) This is likely to to be taxonomically indistinct from E. laurina. Both species are endemic to Socotra and scattered in montane and submontane vegetation in both granite and limestone areas. There are no immediate threats to populations. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Euclea laurina Ebenaceae Yemen (Socotra) This is likely to to be taxonomically indistinct from E. balfourii. Both species are endemic to Socotra and scattered in montane and submontane vegetation in both granite and limestone areas. There are no immediate threats to populations. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Eucommia ulmoides Eucommiaceae LR/nt China (Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang) A species of a monotypic family, known from scattered populations occurring over a relatively wide range, altitudinally, ecologically and geographically. Its range is not clearly defined because it has been widely utilised and cultivated for the medicinal properties of its bark. Plantations are being established with some difficulties. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 Eucryphia cordifolia Eucryphiaceae LR/nt Argentina, Chile (Biobfo, La Araucania, Los Lagos) A highly exploited species of broadleaved evergreen forest. The largest populations are in Chile and are considered to be under some threat because of the tree's use as the major source of fuelwood and charcoal for southern Chile. The species is also used as a timber and in the tannery industry. Assessor: Gonzalez, M. Refs: 11140, 13947, 16328 Eucryphia glutinosa Eucryphiaceae Chile (Bfobfo, La Araucania, Maule) Occurring at riversides or in swampy areas, the species occupies a relatively small area of subandean forest in central Chile. It does not appear to be common or well known. Assessor: Gonzalez, M. Refs: 4893, 7980, 16328 LR/nt Eugenia abbreviata Myrtaceae Jamaica The species is apparently scarce, occurring in Westmoreland, Manchester and St Catherine. The most EN B1+2c 211 Species Summaries recent collection was taken in 1965 from an area of damp thicket at the base of a wooded limestone hill. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 Eugenia aboukirensis Myrtaceae Jamaica This species appears to be known only from the vicinity of Aboukir in St Ann Parish, where it occurs in woodland on a rocky limestone hilltop. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Eugenia aceitillo Myrtaceae Cuba An endemic tree confined to dry evergreen forest on the limestone terraces of Cabo Cruz in Gramna Province. The species is very uncommon and parts of Cabo Cruz have been degraded by logging and cutting. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Eugenia acunai Myrtaceae Cuba A shrub or small tree locally restricted to the rainforests of Loma del Gato in the province of Santiago de Cuba. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Eugenia acutisepala Myrtaceae Jamaica A small tree or shrub found only in the parish of St Catherine, where it is confined to wooded limestone hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Eugenia acutissima Myrtaceae Cuba An imperfectly known species, described from a specimen without flowers and fruits. It is a small tree, apparently restricted to the type locality, Toscano in Pinar del Rio Province. Much of the area has been cleared for settlement and agriculture. No recent collections have been made. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 CR B1+2c Eugenia amoena Myrtaceae Sri Lanka Apparently restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of Ratnapura District, the species was found in six sites during the extensive forest surveys of the National Conservation Review. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Eugenia amplifolia Myrtaceae Jamaica A shrub or small tree, uncommon and confined to areas of woodland on limestone hillsides. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Eugenia arianae Myrtaceae Brazil The species is known only from the type collection. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19097 CR B1+2abcde Eugenia bayatensis Myrtaceae Cuba Known only from a few localities on karstic hills and limestone plateaux, this uncommon shrub or small tree occurs on the border of Santiago de Cuba with Holguin. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Eugenia benjamina Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Found only in hill and montane forest in Perak, this tree is threatened by the increasing settlement of the area. It is hoped the species is present in the protected forest reserves. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VUDI Eugenia bojeri Myrtaceae Mauritius A species which has only recently been rediscovered since the 1960s, when the single known individual died. A total of two trees have been found in the last two years in a single locality of cloud forest on the southern slopes of Mount Cocotte. They are being closely monitored. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 CR D1 Eugenia brachythrix Myrtaceae Jamaica A tree confined to submontane forest in the western Blue Mountains. It has been reported from the headwaters of the Mabess River and also, very rarely, from the Grand Ridge. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 12564 VU B1+2c Eugenia brownei Myrtaceae Jamaica Only known from the parish of St Elizabeth, the species is very localised along riverbanks at sea level. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 VU B1+2c Eugenia burkilliana Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to the lowland forests of Perak, this tree is known only from a few collections in an area which is VU D2 212 experiencing forest clearance and increasing agriculture. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 Eugenia calcadensis Myrtaceae India (Tamil Nadu) Collections have been made from areas of evergreen forest along the Tamil Nadu/Kerala border at the southern end of the Western Ghats. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Eugenia camptophylla Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species known only by a single collection from Gopeng District in Perak gathered in the 18th century. It is unknown whether the species exists today. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 CR B1+2c Eugenia caudata Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to montane forest between 600 and 1500m, the species has been reported from Penang, Perak, Selangor and Pahang. Despite montane forest being considered protected by the government, increasing developments in the region are threatening the species. Asian _Eugenia_ are now included in _Syzygium_. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Eugenia colipensis Myrtaceae Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz) Endemic to the Gulf region, the species occurs in remaining rainforest, ranging as far north as northern Veracruz. : Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993 VU Alc Eugenia conglomerata Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A rare tree of lowland rainforest known only from three collections from Selangor, Malacca and Johore. The species is threatened by increasing settlement and agriculture. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 9199, 11647, 19073 VU D2 Eugenia cordifoliolata Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree known only from the type locality in Perak. The exact location has not been recorded. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Eugenia cotinifolia ssp. codyensis Myrtaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) This subspecies is known only from a single collection in the south of Karnataka, an additional collection, imprecisely located in the Nilgiris, and a record from the Agastyamalai Hills. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Eugenia coyolensis Myrtaceae Honduras A species of the dry Atlantic lowlands. There are doubts surrouding the nomenclature. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 CR C2b Eugenia crassicaulis Myrtaceae Jamaica Endemic to Portland, the species occurs at altitudes of 600-900m. Much of the habitat has been affected by forestry activities and logging. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Eugenia crenata Myrtaceae Jamaica A shrub or small tree found uncommonly on steep wooded hillsides in Manchester, St Andrew and St Thomas Parishes. It may represent a form of E. harrisit. The habitat in the latter two parishes has been almost completely cleared or severely degraded. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 19116 VU B1+2c Eugenia cyrtophylloides Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Although the species is known only from a single collection in Gunong Tahan in Pahang, it is expected to be locally frequent at the type locality within Taman Negara National Park. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Eugenia daenikeri Myrtaceae New Caledonia Asian Eugenia are now contained within Syzygium. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Eugenia discifera Myrtaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Known from two locations, Chimunji and the Sethur Hills, the species occurs very sparsely in evergreen forest between 1300 and 1400m. The location in the Sethur Hills has been converted into cardamom plantations. Asian Eugenia are now contained within Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1237, 2538, 19144 EN B1+2c 213 Species Summaries Eugenia discors Myrtaceae Peru A species known only from its type collected in San Martin Department. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Eugenia eperforata Myrtaceae Jamaica A tree of wooded limestone hillsides, found only in St Ann Parish. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653 EN B1+2c Eugenia ericoides Myrtaceae New Caledonia Asian Eugenia are now contained within Syzygium. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. VU B1+2c Refs: 10351 Eugenia erythrophylla Myrtaceae LR/nt South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal) A coastal forest species confined to sandstone formations in southern KwaZulu-Natal and the Pondoland area of the Eastern Cape, usually found in rocky situations near streams or along the upper edge of sandstone cliffs. It is recorded in two provincial nature reserves, a local authority reserve and a number of demarcated forests. The latter forest patches do not receive as much protection as they did prior to 1994, and they are increasingly being used as a source of firewood and timber. Some forest patches are also threatened by expanding settlement. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 Eugenia excisa Myrtaceae Cuba A small tree confined to the karstic hill complex of Sierra de Nipe on the border of Santiago de Cuba and Holguin Provinces. Habitat degradation has occurred in the accessible areas. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Eugenia floccosa Myrtaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A forest tree endemic to the Agastyamalai Hills in southern India. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but almost 1000km? of forest are now under protection within sanctuaries. Asian Eugenia are now contained within Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 10733, 19144 EN B1+2c Eugenia fulva Myrtaceae Sri Lanka This species was found at nine localities during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys. VU Alc, B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 18796, 19112 Eugenia gageana Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) The single collection of this species, made last century, is probably from Maxwell's Hill in Taiping. The hill is now being developed into a resort area. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 CR B1+2c Eugenia gatopensis Myrtaceae New Caledonia Asian Eugenia are now contained within Syzygium. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Eugenia glabra Myrtaceae Sri Lanka A species found at only three localities during the extensive forest surveys carried out for the National Conservation Review. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 18796, 19112 EN B1+2c Eugenia goniocalyx Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree confined to montane forest at about 1500m in the Cameron Highlands and Fraser's Hill, Pahang. Both localities are hill stations which are being developed. However, it is likely the species occurs in the high- altitude protected forests. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Eugenia haematocarpa Myrtaceae Puerto Rico The main population occurs in two colonies, totalling 50-100 plants, in submontane rainforest in E] Verde. A population of about nine adults is found at the edge of Carite forest. There are no obvious threats to the El Verde colonies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 17124, 17540 EN D1 Eugenia haniffii Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree scattered in moist hill forest between 300 and 450m in parts of Penang and Selangor. Both localities are under plans for development. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Eugenia hanoverensis Myrtaceae Jamaica This species is confined to Hanover Parish, where it was collected in 1965 from a glade between limestone hills CR B1+2c 214 west of Hillsbrook. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 Eugenia harrisii var. grandifolia Myrtaceae Jamaica The locality of this variety is unconfirmed. It was last reported in Egnor Gap in 1893. The species as a whole is local in distribution and confined to Jamaica. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Eugenia harrisii var. harrisii Myrtaceae Jamaica A tree confined to the Blue Mountains, where it occurs occasionally to commonly on wooded slopes below 1650m, mostly in the southern catchments, where the disturbance from encroaching agriculture has been most severe. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 12564 VU B1+2c Eugenia heterochroa Myrtaceae Jamaica Known only from the parish of Clarendon, the species occurs on wooded rocky limestone hilltops at about 760m. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 VU B1+2c Eugenia hexovulata Myrtaceae Peru Occurring in forest up to 1500m, the species is known only from its type collected in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Eugenia hypoleuca Myrtaceae Sri Lanka A tree recorded only twice in a single locality in Knuckles State Forest, which covers 300km+, during the extensive forest surveys by the National Conservation Review. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c Eugenia indica Myrtaceae India (Tamil Nadu) An understorey tree of evergreen forest, known from single records from three different locations at the southern end of the Western Ghats. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Eugenia insignis Myrtaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to lowland rainforest in south-west Sri Lanka. Previously recorded in Sinharaja and Haycock Biosphere Reserves, this extremely rare species was not found during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review, suggesting that it CR B1+2c might be extinct. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 Eugenia isosticta Myrtaceae Jamaica This is an uncommon species found on lowland wooded limestone hillsides. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Eugenia johorensis Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A very rare tree known from a single collection from moist submontane forest on Gunong Pulai. This area is being developed into a holiday resort. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 EN B1+2c Eugenia jutiapensis Myrtaceae El Salvador, Guatemala Restricted to the Pacific coast, the species occurs in lowland forest. It is recorded in El Imposible National Park in E] Salvador. The habitat has been widely logged and also affected by tourism and _ industrial developments in places. More information is needed on the Guatemalan populations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4862, 4974, 19030 DD Eugenia kaalensis Myrtaceae New Caledonia Asian Eugenia are now contained within Syzygium. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Eugenia kellyana Myrtaceae Jamaica The species has been reported in recent years from two locations, Hog House Hill and Holland Mountain, in submontane forest on limestone in the John Crow Mountains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Eugenia klossii Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree known from a single collection from lowland rainforest in Rantau Panjang in Selangor. The present existence of the collection locality is doubtful and the species may be extinct. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 CR B1+2c Eugenia koolauensis Myrtaceae USA (Hawaii) A small tree which, in the past, has been collected from lowland dry forest in the north of the Koolau Mountains on Oahu and from Maunaloa on Molokai. The only EN C2a, D1 215 Species Summaries extant populations are now restricted to Oahu, the Molokai populations being replaced by fields of pineapples. Fewer than 220 individuals now remain in eight populations in the Koolau Mountains, where they are threatened mainly by the destructive activities of feral pigs and by invasions of introduced plants. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19041, 19168 Eugenia lamprophylla Myrtaceae Jamaica Confined to areas of woodland on rocky hillsides along the base of limestone cliffs, this tree is uncommon in a habitat that is constantly vulnerable to cutting. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Eugenia lancetillae Myrtaceae Honduras Endemic to the wet Atlantic lowlands of Honduras, the species has a rare occurrence in Lancetilla Biological Reserve. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 4974, 13995 CR C2b Eugenia laurae Myrtaceae Jamaica A Cockpit Country endemic, known from localities in Trelawny and Clarendon Parishes. The woodland in Warsop, where the type specimen was collected, has been severely degraded and attempts to find the species have failed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Eugenia linocieroidea Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore The collection localities of this lowland rainforest tree are being developed for agriculture and settlement. It is expected the species will be found in the nearby production forest reserves in Perak and Selangor. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 9199, 19073 LR/nt Eugenia longicuspis Myrtaceae Peru An Amazon forest species known only from the type collection taken from the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Eugenia mabaeoides ssp. mabaeoides Myrtaceae Sri Lanka The species as a whole was found in only five forest sites during the extensive surveys carried out for the National Conservation Review. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17759, 19112 EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Eugenia mabaeoides ssp. pedunculata Myrtaceae Sri Lanka The species as a whole was found in only five forest sites during the extensive surveys carried out for the National Conservation Review. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 18796 EN B1+2c Eugenia mackeeana Myrtaceae New Caledonia Asian Eugenia are now contained within Syzygium. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Eugenia mandevillensis var. mandevillensis Myrtaceae Jamaica A shrub or small tree confined to areas of woodland on limestone hillsides in Manchester Parish. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Eugenia mandevillensis var. perratonii Myrtaceae Jamaica Slightly more widespread than the type variety, this taxon occurs in St Catherine and St Elizabeth, where it is uncommon and confined to woodland on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Eugenia marchiana Myrtaceae Jamaica In the western Blue Mountains, the species is scattered but moderately common in submontane rainforest, especially on steep slopes in the relatively extensive forests of the northern catchments. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 19116 LR/nt Eugenia mexicana Myrtaceae Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz) Endemic to the Gulf region, the species occurs in remaining rainforest, ranging as far north as northern Veracruz. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3467, 5993 VU Alc Eugenia micranthoides Myrtaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, this species occurs in Amazon forest in the Loreto Department. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Eugenia microcarpa Myrtaceae Brazil (Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro) A rarely occurring species of Atlantic forest. It is recorded from only two states. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19097 VU Bl+2acd 216 Eugenia millsii Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Although scattered and rare in lowland rainforest in Kedah, Pahang and Selangor, the species does not yet qualify as threatened. It is hoped there are populations within the production forest reserves of these states. Asian _Eugenia_ are now included in _Syzygium_. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/nt Eugenia mozomboensis Myrtaceae Mexico (Veracruz) This shrub or small tree is now confined to a single locality near Mozomboa in the Sierra de Manuel Diaz, where about 500 individuals survive on rocky shallow soils. The only evident regeneration is vegetative from stolons. There is great interest in the species as an ormamental and cuttings have been propagated at Xalapa Botanic Garden. Assessor: Vovides, A.P. Refs: 19206 EN C2b Eugenia myriantha Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This species is known by a single collection from Perak, probably from hill forest, made during the last century. It is uncertain whether the species still exists. The exact locality has not been specified. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 DD Eugenia ngadimaniana Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A tree confined to freshwater swamp and lowland forest in Kelantan and Johore. The species’ localities are vulnerable to development, especially the swamp forests of Johore which are being rapidly settled. It is possible a population exists in the productive forest reserves in Kelantan. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 9199, 19073, 19182 VU B1+2c Eugenia nicholsii Myrtaceae Jamaica A poorly known species of Portland and St Andrews Parishes. Populations are found at an altitude of about 1500m, where they are largely safe from high levels of disturbance and human activity. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 EN B1+2c Eugenia nitidula Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A locally abundant tree confined to montane forest on Gunong Ines, Perak and the Cameron Highlands and Fraser's Hill, Pahang. The expansion of agriculture and settlement both threaten the habitat. Populations are expected to be found in protected forest reserves in Perak and Pahang. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/nt Eugenia noumeensis Myrtaceae New Caledonia A species of sclerophyllous forest. It is known from only a few locations and its habitat is severely threatened by fires, grazing and encroaching agriculture. Asian Eugenia are now contained within Syzygium. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351 VU D2 Eugenia orites Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A montane forest tree, restricted to Gunung Tapis, Pahang, and Gunung Belumut, Johore, at 900m. The habitat is generally threatened by the development of resorts, but some areas are given a degree of protection within protected forests. Asian _Eugenia_ are now included in __Syzygium_. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Eugenia pachychlamys Myrtaceae El Salvador, Guatemala A shade-loving tree which, in El Salvador, is confined to Chalatenango in various upland habitats from closed forest to pastureland. More information is needed on the Guatemalan population. The fruits are edible and both livestock and humans are believed to help in seed dispersal. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4862, 4974, 19030 DD Eugenia pahangensis Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Occurring in montane and alpine forest, this tree is known only from Fraser's Hill and Gunung Tahan, Pahang, at about 1500m. The species is protected in Taman Negara National Park. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 Eugenia pallidula Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This species is very rare, known only from a few collections from Perak and Pahang. It occurs in areas of lowland rainforest, which are threatened by encroaching agriculture and increasing settlement. The area around Pondok Tanjong Forest Reserve in Perak, where a collection has been made, is now fully developed. It is hoped that the population here has survived along with a second population located along the banks of Semarang River near Temerloh, Pahang. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073, 19182 LR/cd VU B1+2c Eugenia pearsoniana Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of lowland and hill rainforest, recorded from Maxwell's Hill, Perak, and Gunong Panti, Johore. Both localities are now ecotourist destinations and as such it LR/cd 217 Species Summaries is hoped these forests will be preserved. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 Eugenia plumbea Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A single collection of this species was made in submontane rainforest on Gunong Batu Puteh in Perak. The locality is thought to be contained within the protected forests of Perak State. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Eugenia polypora Myrtaceae CR B1+2c Jamaica A tree of up to 20m, confined to a small area on the Dolphin Head. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 Eugenia porphyrantha Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of lowland and hill rainforest, known from Bukit Kutu, Selangor, and Raka Hill Forest Reserve, Pahang. Both localities lie within the boundaries of protected forest reserves. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Eugenia praestigiosa Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A lowland rainforest species, known only from a single collection from Perak. The exact locality is unknown. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 3467, 8464, 19073 DD Eugenia prasina Myrtaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19097 VU B1+2acd Eugenia pseudoclaviflora Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A lowland rainforest tree known only from a single collection gathered along the track to Gunung Tahan in Taman Negara National Park. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Eugenia pycnoneura Myrtaceae Jamaica Endemic to the John Crow Mountains in Portland, the species is uncommon and confined to areas of montane forest at about 1000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Eugenia quadrata Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to a single locality, this species was found in Larut in Maxwell's Hills, Perak. This area, although protected as a nature reserve and water catchment, is under development as a resort. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17140, 19073 VU D2 Eugenia rendlei Myrtaceae Jamaica Confined to parts of the John Crow Mountains ‘n St Thomas Parish, the species is uncommon and restricted to remaining areas of moist forest at about 500m. Almost all of the forest in this parish have been destroyed or severely degraded. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19116 CR B1+2c Eugenia rheophytica Myrtaceae Sri Lanka During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, only one individual was found in a single forest site in Ratnapura District. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 CR B1+2c Eugenia rhomboidea Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This tree is known from a single collection from Gunung Mengkueng in Selangor; it was found in moist montane forest at 1300m. The locality is within a protected forest. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Eugenia rivulorum Myrtaceae Sri Lanka During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, this species was found in 13 localities. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 18796, 19112 VU Alc Eugenia rostadonis Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species known only from a single collection from Terengganu. Its exact locality is unknown. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 DD Eugenia rottleriana Myrtaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A small tree, known largely from field data and a few collections, occurring along the Tamil Nadu/Kerala border in submontane evergeen forest. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c 218 Eugenia rotundata Myrtaceae Sri Lanka During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, this species was found in seven sites. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17759, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Eugenia rufo-fulva Myrtaceae Sri Lanka During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, this species was found in 14 localities. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 18796, 19112 VU Alc Eugenia sachetae Myrtaceae Jamaica Occurring only in Trelawny, the species is known from populations found on wooded limestone hills, between 450 and 600m. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 EN B1+2c Eugenia salamancana Myrtaceae Panama Known only from the type collection of 1938, the species remains poorly known. Other taxa of the same genus have been collected in the same area. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 DD Eugenia salamensis Myrtaceae EN C2a Costa Rica, E] Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua A species of moist wooded ravines or rocky hills and dense wet mixed forest at medium to high altitudes. It may be divided up into subspecies. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 8100, 13995 Eugenia scalarinervis Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A lowland forest tree known by a few collections in two separate localities in Perak. The species is threatened by encroaching agriculture but it is expected to be found in permanent forest reserves. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073, 19182 CR B1+2c Eugenia schulziana Myrtaceae Jamaica A small tree confined to wooded banks and hillsides in Hanover and Westmoreland Parishes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653 VU B1+2c Eugenia schunkei Myrtaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in Amazon forest in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Eugenia setosa Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to Perak and Selangor, this tree occurs in peat- swamp forest and sometimes in freshwater swamps. Since the peat-swamp forests are no longer being converted for agriculture, the species is considered to be less threatened than in the past. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 17140, 19073, 19182 VU B1+2c Eugenia singampattiana Myrtaceae India (Tamil Nadu) The only collections of the species were made over 100 years ago in the Singampatti and Papanasam Hills. Dam construction at the latter locality and clearing for tea and other plantations at the former may have destroyed both populations. The species may now be extinct. Asian Eugenia are now placed within the genus Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538, 19144 CR Alc Eugenia sripadaense Myrtaceae Sri Lanka During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, only five individuals were found in the Peak Wilderness Wildlife Sanctuary. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c Eugenia sulcivenia Myrtaceae Jamaica This small tree was known to occur in montane forests at about 1200m in St Andrew Parish. Almost all the forest below 1400m has been cleared or severely degraded. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19116 EN B1+2c Eugenia swettenhamiana Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A single herbarium specimen of this species exists, collected from lowland forest in Gunung Pondok, Perak. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Eugenia tabouensis Myrtaceae Cte d'Ivoire An endemic to lowland evergreen forests of Céte d'Ivoire. It is known solely from remaining forested areas between the rivers of Sassandra and Cavally, largely contained within Tai National Park. Over the last VU B1+2c 219 Species Summaries few decades the effects of logging have been extensive. An influx of people into the area also threatens the integrity of the forest. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 2773, 12822 Eugenia tahanensis Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree confined to montane forest in Gunung Tahan in Pehang. The area is protected within Taman Negara National Park. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Eugenia taipingensis Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Found in lowland forest in Taiping, the only known locality of this species has probably been cleared for agriculture and human habitation. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 EN B1+2c Eugenia tecta Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Mainly occurring in the mountain forests of Perak and Pahang, the exact range of this species is uncertain as it is poorly represented in herbarium collections. However, the mountain forests are considered protected. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Eugenia tekuensis Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This lowland forest tree is known only from Kuala Teku in Pahang, where it is contained within a national park. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Eugenia terpnophylla Myrtaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to lowland rainforest in south-west Sri Lanka. During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, this species was found at three localities. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 19112 EN B1+2c Eugenia tiumanensis Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) The species is known only from two collections from Pulau Tioman. The island is developing rapidly into a tourist resort. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073, 19182 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Eugenia umtamvunensis Myrtaceae VU D2 South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal) A coastal forest species confined to sandstone formations in southern KwaZulu-Natal and the Pondoland area of the Eastern Cape, usually found on forest margins but very scarce and scattered in occurrence. It is not encountered as frequently as E. erythrophylla and regeneration appears to be poor, although the seed set is viable. There are protected populations in at least two nature reserves and two demarcated forests. In places, it is threatened by cutting for firewood and timber, and increasing settlement. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 Eugenia uxpanapensis Myrtaceae Mexico (Veracruz) A species confined to rainforest in the Uxpanapa region of Veracruz. The habitat is greatly reduced through deforestation and clearance for crops, especially in the south where there are deep soils. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3905, 5651, 5993 EN Alc, B1+2c Eugenia verdoorniae Myrtaceae South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal) A coastal forest species and attractive ornamental tree, confined to sandstone formations in southern KwaZulu- Natal and the Pondoland area of the Eastern Cape. It is found on forest margins and in the open on the banks and islands of some of the larger rivers, where in places it is locally common. There are recorded populations within three nature reserves and a few demarcated forests, but threats of increasing settlement and cutting for firewood and timber continue to put pressure on these remaining forest patches. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 LR/nt Eugenia virgultosa Myrtaceae Jamaica A widespread common component of most forest types confined to the Blue Mountains and John Crow Mountains. Two varieties have been described but they commonly intergrade. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 19116 LR/nt Eugenia virotii Myrtaceae New Caledonia Asian Eugenia are now contained within Syzygium. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Eugenia watsoniana Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Restricted to lowland forest in Selangor, the species is experiencing rapid habitat loss through agricultural development and increasing settlement. Kanching Forest Reserve, where the species has been recorded, is now LR/cd 220 largely a recreational area. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 Eugenia woodburyana Myrtaceae Puerto Rico A slender tree with unusual winged fruit. A total of 45 plants are contained within three populations. Threats from fire, mining, grazing and road building are evident. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3786, 7980, 17124 CR D1 Eugenia zeyheri Myrtaceae South Africa (Eastern Cape) There is considerable confusion in the literature about the identity of this taxon and its correct distribution. More recent accounts indicate that it is confined to the Eastern Cape but absent from KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga as recorded previously. Herbarium specimens are also misidentified and there is little field knowledge of the species. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 DD Euodia lunuankenda Rutaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A poorly known species of forest margins, recorded from restricted areas of forest between 1400 and 1600m in the Agastyamalai Hills and Elamalai Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Euodia macrocarpa Rutaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) An uncommon tree found in moist lowland and submontane forest in Kedah, Penang, Perak, Pahang and Selangor. Increasing settlement of the area is the greatest threat to the species. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 1892, 8464, 14541, 19073 VU Alc Euodia robusta Rutaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A small tree of moist forest up to 1300m in Kedah, Perak and Singapore. Populations receive a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 9199, 14541, 19073 LR/cd Euonymus acanthocarpa Celastraceae LR/nt China (Anhui, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Shanxi, Yunnan) A species of ornamental interest. It is widely scattered in moist semi-deciduous forest between 1200 and 3000m. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 19055 Euonymus angulatus Celastraceae India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A small tree of evergreen forest on slopes and river banks, collected in the past from a number of locations VU B1+2c in the Nilgiri Hills and apparently also from two locations in southern Karnataka. It is thought to have disappeared from a number of sites, mainly because of habitat conversion and possibly also fires. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538, 19144 Euonymus assamicus Celastraceae India (Assam) Recorded from the Delei Valley in north Assam in 1928, the species occurred in thickets on a steep rocky slope but has not been found since. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538 EN B1+2c Euonymus glandulosus Celastraceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines A small tree found in hill and montane forest in northern Borneo and the Philippines. It is widely distributed in Sarawak, but restricted to Mount Kinabalu National Park in Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 LR/cd Euonymus lanceifolia Celastraceae China (Yunnan) The taxonomic status of the species is not resolved; it may represent a variety of E. hamiltonianus. It is confined to Mengzi in the south-east, where it is scattered in areas of semi-deciduous forest between 2100 and 3000m. In places the habitat has become degraded in the last few years and population numbers are reported to be declining. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 19055 VU B1+2c Euonymus morrisonensis Celastraceae Taiwan A species which is restricted to a narrow altitudinal range, occurring in open rocky habitats between 2700 and 2900m. Populations are found at distant localities, in Tatachia, Nengkaoyueh and Tienchin. There is little sign of regeneration. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 3295, 6469, 19050, 19051 VU D1+2 Euonymus pallidifolia Celastraceae Taiwan A potentially valuable omamental shrub, which is restricted to areas of evergreen forest on raised coral reef in the Hengchun Peninsula at the southern tip of Taiwan. Populations are very small and suffering from poor regeneration. The entire species' range is contained within Kenting National Park. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 3295, 6469, 19050, 19051 CR Ala+2d Euonymus paniculatus Celastraceae India (Tamil Nadu) A small tree, so far only collected twice from EN B1+2c 221 Species Summaries submontane evergreen forest at two widely separated localities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 Euonymus serratifolius Celastraceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A small understorey tree, recorded only three times: EN B1+2c once from an imprecisely recorded site in the Agastyamalai Hills and elsewhere from _ isolated localities in the Wyanad area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538, 19144 Euonymus thwaitesii Celastraceae EN B1+2c Sri Lanka A species found twice only in the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 18796, 19112 Euonymus walkeri Celastraceae Sri Lanka A species occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195 VU Alc Euphorbia abdelkuri Euphorbiaceae Yemen (Socotra) Approximately 15 small populations, each of about 10 mature individuals, are known, all confined to Jebel Saleh on the western side of Abd al Kuri, an island to the west of Socotra. They occur in dry semi-desert and are unthreatened at present. The species is subject to *CITES Appendix II controls. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 19083, 19197 EN D1 Euphorbia ammak Euphorbiaceae Saudi Arabia, Yemen A succulent tree, once an important component of the succulent shrubland between 1000 and 1500m. It has now become scarce, particularly in Saudi Arabia and South Yemen, although it remains common in places in North Yemen.The species is subject to *CITES Appendix II controls. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 19083, 19197 VU Alc Euphorbia apurimacensis Euphorbiaceae Peru Apparently confined to the department of Apurimac, the species occurs in forest roughly between 1500 and 2000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Euphorbia arbuscula Euphorbiaceae Yemen (Socotra) The species is fairly widespread, occurring on coastal plains and foothills in areas of dry woodland and shrubland. Trees are planted near settlements as dry season fodder for livestock. There is also a doubtfully distinct variety which is rare and confined to higher altitudes. The species is subject to *CITES Appendix II controls. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 19083, 19197 VU D2 Euphorbia bwambensis Euphorbiaceae Congo, Uganda A tree with drooping branches which, in Uganda, is confined to Cynometra forest in Semuliki, Bundibugyo District. Regeneration appears to be poor. It is protected within Rwenzori Mountain National Park.The species is subject to *CITES Appendix II controls. Assessor: *MUIENR Refs: 1308, 9605, 10961, 16021, 19197 VU B1+2c Euphorbia cussonioides Euphorbiaceae Kenya A tree with succulent branches. It is endemic to localised areas of dry or riverine upland forest. The species is subject to *CITES Appendix II controls. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1546, 6396, 9198, 19197 VU B1+2c Euphorbia doloensis Euphorbiaceae Ethiopia This species is known only from the type collection which occurs in open Commiphora-Boswellia bushland on steep rocky slopes in the Sidamo region. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5941, 18523 VU D2 Euphorbia epiphylloides Euphorbiaceae EN C2a, D1 India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.) An unarmed succulent tree which was recorded, up to 1977, as locally common in several localities. Recent surveys have been less successful in locating the species. In total no more than 250 plants exist around Saddle Peak on North Andaman, representing a serious decline from original population numbers. There are no known reasons for the decline as the area is relatively isolated and unthreatened. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19029 Euphorbia haeleeleana Euphorbiaceae USA (Hawaii) A small dioecious tree occurring on two Hawaiian islands in lowland forest, both moist and dry. At present 15 populations, containing between 450 and 625 individuals, are recorded from the Waianae Mountains on Oahu and on the north-west coast of Kauai. All but one of the localities are on state-owned land. The habitat is steadily being degraded by feral goats, pigs and also EN C2a 222 deer and the spread of introduced plants is causing a decline in native flora. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19035 Euphorbia lividiflora Euphorbiaceae Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe Populations are few and disjunct. One is known in Mikindani in Tanzania and another in a protected area in south-east Zimbabwe. Coastal populations in Mozambique may be extensive but more information is needed to confirm their status and extent.This species is subject to *CITES Appendix II controls. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1546, 5108, 5117, 10961, 17190, 19172, 19197 VU D2 Euphorbia mayurnathanii Euphorbiaceae India The species was described in 1940 from three old specimens growing on a rocky ledge on the eastern spur of a hill in Pallasana situated in the Palghat Gap. The vegetation is monsoon forest and succulent plants are absent apart from this single species. It has been postulated that the climate in the past was drier and this small remnant of a previously xerophytic community survived because of its exposed position. Thorough searches have failed to locate any living wild specimens today, although the species has been successfully cultivated. The species is subject to *CITES Appendix II controls. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19029, 19197 EW Euphorbia meuleniana Euphorbiaceae Yemen Known only from the Mahra region of South Yemen, the species is scarce and scattered in a few dry valleys. Further fieldwork is needed to estimate population sizes. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 19083 VU D2 Euphorbia nigrispinioides Euphorbiaceae Ethiopia A species which is locally common on lava flows in open deciduous woodland. It is known from Shewa but its distribution may extend into Harerge and possibly Somalia.The species is subject to *CITES Appendix II controls. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5941, 18523, 19197 LR/nt Euphorbia noxia Euphorbiaceae Somalia A laxly branched, slender tree confined to a few localities on rocky limestone soils with sparse bushland south of Bosaso and Qandala in north-eastern Somalia. The habitat is under some threat from overcutting and overgrazing. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 1546, 8697, 18665 VU D2 Euphorbia obcordata Euphorbiaceae Yemen (Socotra) A small tree or shrub, which has been collected on only a few occasions and is thought to be rare. Populations occur on wooded limestone cliffs on the east of the island. They are under no immediate threat. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Euphorbia santapauii Euphorbiaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A succulent species localised to the sward-covered summit of Mount Agasthya on the Kerala-Tamil Nadu border. Individuals survive in sheltered and moist places. Most localities have apparently been destroyed, frequently because of accidental and intentional fires. Trees are also cut and dried to be used as firewood by pilgrims trekking up to the temple on the summit of Mount Agasthya.This species is subject to *CITES Appendix II controls. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 19028, 19029, 19197 EN B1+2cd Euphorbia sekukuniensis Euphorbiaceae South Africa (Mpumalanga, Norther Province) A small spiny succulent tree with a restricted distribution on a range of hills northwest of Lydenburg. Plants are found on rocky slopes and cliffs in shallow sandy and turfy soils, associated with mixed savanna vegetation. The species is not threatened but it is listed as protected. Any changes in land use could have some impact. None of the localities are contained within conservation areas. The species is subject to *CITES Appendix II controls. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 14002, 19218 LR/nt Euphorbia smithii Euphorbiaceae Oman, Yemen Endemic to the escarpment mountains from Dhofar in Oman to neighbouring south-east Yemen, this species is a common component of woodlands at lower altitudes. There has been an influx of people into the area in Oman since 1975 and a subsequent rise in grazing pressure and cutting of wood. Assessor: Ghazanfar, S.A. Refs: 16380 LR/nt Euphorbia socotrana Euphorbiaceae Yemen (Socotra) Populations appear to be scattered and relatively rare in areas of dry woodland and shrubland on granite and limestone. They are under no immediate threat. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 19083 VU D2 Euphorbia tanaensis Euphorbiaceae Kenya A medium-sized tree of semi-deciduous swamp forest, confined to Witu Forest Reserve. The present population estimate includes 20 mature individuals. Although the CR B1+2c, D1 223 Species Summaries area is legally protected, civil insecurity has led to a lack of research and enforcement of protective measures. The species is subject to *CITES Appendix II controls. Assessor: CAMP Workshop in Kenya Refs: 1546, 6396, 12067, 19181, 19197 Euphorbia thulinii Euphorbiaceae Somalia A small tree known only from a limestone escarpment, vegetated with sparse low bushes, south of Dhurbo in north-east Somalia. The area is vulnerable to degradation. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 8697, 18665 VU D2 Euphorbia uniglans Euphorbiaceae Ethiopia A species recorded only from a small area in Sidamo in high Commiphora bushland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5941, 18523 VU D2 Euphorbia vajravelui Euphorbiaceae India (Tamil Nadu) Endemic to Tamil Nadu, this small succulent tree or shrub occurs in submontane forest. Populations occur in Kalakkad Forest, Kodyar, Sirumalai and Highwavys. More detailed information is needed on their status. This species is subject to the provisions of *CITES Appendix Il. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19029, 19197 VU D2 Euphorbia wakefieldii Euphorbiaceae Kenya, Tanzania? A succulent tree, best known from a population confined to coral cliffs and limestone outcrops in the Mombassa- Kilifi area in Kenya. There is also a record of an occurrence in the South Pare Mountains in Tanzania. The species is subject to *CITES Appendix II controls. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1546, 6396 EN B1+2c Euphorbia zoutpansbergensis Euphorbiaceae LR/nt South Africa (Northern Provine) A small spiny succulent tree restricted to the Zoutpansberg and Blouberg mountain ranges, where it grows in sandy soils on rocky, sandstone slopes of ridges and hills with a north and north-east aspect in mixed savanna vegetation. Apart from slight pressure from succulent-collectors, no immediate threats exist. Any change in land use, however, would have a serious impact because of the species’ restricted range. The species is listed as protected, but it is not recorded from any conservation areas. It is also subject to *CITES Appendix II controls. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 14002, 19218 The World List of Threatened Trees Euplassa isernii Proteaceae VU D2 Peru This species is known only from its type collection taken from the department of Junin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 Euroschinus aoupiniensis Anacardiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Euroschinus jaffrei Anacardiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Eurya rengechiensis Theaceae Taiwan Only a few small populations are known in areas of lowland broadleaved forest at Lienhunchi in the centre of Taiwan. There is little evidence of regeneration. None of the populations is protected. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 19050 EN B1+2b Eurya sandwicensis Theaceae USA (Hawaii) Apparently the species is uncommon and scattered on forested ridges between 450 and 1600m on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui and Hawaii. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Eurycorymbus cavaleriei Sapindaceae LR/nt China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan), Taiwan A wide-ranging tree, and important fuelwood, of lowland semi-deciduous forest, occurring up to 1600m. Habitat declines have been extensive throughout the range. Some populations exist within protected forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 Euryodendron excelsum Theaceae China (Guangdong, Guangxi) The species has been reduced to two localities, Yangchong in Guangdong and Pingnan in Guangxi, and very few individuals which are found in open forest on hilly slopes between 50 and 150m. The remaining trees do not appear to be protected and are close to villages, where they are susceptible to cutting. The genus is monospecific. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 CR D1 Eusideroxylon zwageri Lauraceae VU Alcd+2cd Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines Generally a species of lowland primary forest. Belian or ironwood is one of the most renowned timbers of 224 Borneo, the decline of which was first noted in 1955. Population reduction caused by overexploitation and shifting agriculture has been noted in the following regions: Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sabah, Sarawak and the Philippines. Indonesia has banned the export of belian and Sarawak has placed restrictions on export; Sabah and Kalimantan continue to export it. Regeneration in logged-over forests is limited. So far the species is only planted on a small scale because the supply of seeds and seedlings is inadequate. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 898, 3122, 7087, 7461, 12937, 13395, 14573, 17235, 19026 Euterpe luminosa Palmae Peru A clustered palm tree of great taxonomic interest, restricted to Cordillera Yanachaga. It occurs in the understorey of moist cloud forest between 2000 and 2500m. The species range is extremely small and threatened by forest clearance. Assessor: Henderson, A. Refs: 19118 VU B1+2c Excoecaria benthamiana Euphorbiaceae Seychelles Endemic to the Seychelles, the species occurs within a very restricted area (<1000ha), on Mahé and Praslin. Populations are healthy and stable. Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Refs: 16212, 17229, 19025 VU D2 Exocarpos gaudichaudii Santalaceae USA (Hawaii) This species is uncommon and scattered primarily on forested ridges or in shrubland at medium elevations on all the main islands except Kauai. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN Alce Exostema brachycarpum Rubiaceae Jamaica Occurring in central and western parishes, this tree has a local distribution confined to remaining areas of woodland on limestone. General declines in the habitat have been considerable. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Exostema orbiculatum Rubiaceae Jamaica An uncommon species confined to Crown Lands Troy in Trelawny. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c in Exostema triflorum Rubiaceae Jamaica A tree known only from St Ann and Portland Parishes, where it is restricted to sheltered moist woodland on VU B1+2c limestone at about 450m. Many areas have been logged or taken over by commercial plantations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 Fagara externa Rutaceae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) A characteristic species of lower montane forest, endemic to Masafuera Island. Preliminary data indicate the species is confined to less than 100km?. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 14140 VU D2 Fagara mayu Rutaceae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) A characteristic species of lower montane forest, a good example of which is found at Quebrada Villagra. Preliminary data indicate the species is confined to less than 100km?. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Fagara is now included in Zanthoxylum. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 7980, 14140 VU D2 Fagara mezoneurospinosa Rutaceae Cote d'Ivoire A rare species, known only from coastal forest in Cote D'Ivoire. This forest type has been severely degraded and depleted. Zanthoxylum is now the accepted name for this genus. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 12590, 12822 EN B1+2c Fagraea carstensensis Loganiaceae Papua New Guinea A poorly understood species, collected twice from forest between 200 and 860m on Mount Carstensz and Mount Tamrau, Mimika District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031 DD Fagraea gracilipes Loganiaceae Fiji A desirable timber, used for house posts and marine constructions. It is sometimes locally abundant, occurring in dry dense forest and occasionally on the inner edges of mangroves on four of the high islands. Cutting of trees in Mathuata and Mbua is restricted. It has become rare on Viti Levu because of cutting and coastal developments. The populations on the north coast of Vanua Levu are probably the least disturbed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 6433, 18818 LR/nt 225 Species Summaries Fagus hayatae Fagaceae Taiwan The Taiwan beech is found in broadleaved submontane forest in the northern and southern parts of Chatienshan and in smaller populations in Tungshan and Agushan in Ilan County. Populations are largely made up of old individuals. Trees are slow-growing and regeneration is poor, depending on the creation of gaps which are currently being invaded by alpine bamboo and broadleaved species. The species is morphologically similar to and may tum out to be synonymous with F. lucida from the central provinces of China. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 1818, 3295, 11847, 19050, 19051, 19054 VU D2 Fagus longipetiolata Fagaceae China, Viet Nam In Viet Nam this slow-growing tree is known only from Sapa and Moc Chau, where it is sometimes the dominant species in dense subtropical broadleaved forest. Regeneration is thought to be hampered by a thick layer of leaf litter on the forest floor. The wood is used to make furniture, implements and musical instruments. Assessor: Nghia, N.H. Refs: 848, 4506, 11530, 15357 VU Alcd Falcatifolium angustum Podocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A rare tree of lowland rainforest, collected four times from just two localities of rainforest near the coast at Bintulu and Kuching. Its diminutive size and scarcity render it unlikely to be exploited. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6851, 19192 VU D2 Faramea exemplaris Rubiaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in lowland Amazon forest in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Fatsia polycarpa Araliaceae Taiwan Occurring in broadleaved forest up to 2800m, the species is confined to the central mountain range. Habitat destruction has been extensive but most intense at lower elevations. The only other member of the genus is confined to Japan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 6469, 11847 LR/nt Faurea macnaughtonii Proteaceae LR/cd South Africa (Eastern Cape, Western Cape, KwaZulu- Natal, Mpumalanga), Swaziland A very widespread but scattered species occurring in forests and on forest margins from near Knysna in the Western Cape to Mariepskop in Mpumalanga (approx. 13 localities in South Africa). It is also recorded from a single forest in Swaziland. All the subpopulations are very small, except for a comparatively large and vigorous subpopulation in Lilyvlei forest at Gouna near Knysna in the Western Cape. Regeneration in all except The World List of Threatened Trees the latter subpopulation is non-existent, despite trees fruiting plentifully and the seed being viable. At one time trees were harvested for their timber, but this is now strictly controlled. It is a protected species over much of its range and efforts are being made to improve the potential of recruitment. More research is needed to establish the relationship between this species and other Faurea species in East Africa, Madagascar and Zimbabwe. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 16730, 19218 Fernandoa lutea Bignoniaceae Tanzania An endemic species of the Rondo Forest Reserve (140kmz2), limited to areas which remain undisturbed. Logging, planting of commercial timbers, shifting cultivation and wood collection have all contributed to the disturbance of forested areas within the reserve. The stability of the remaining forest is maintained by the presence of forest management activities which discourage local exploitation. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 5654, 16796 EN B1+2bc Ficus aguaraguensis Moraceae Bolivia Endemic to the piedmont forest in Bolivia, the species is confined to an unprotected ecosystem which is being rapidly replaced by agricultural systems. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 19122 VU B1+2ac Ficus andamanica Moraceae EN B1+2c India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.) A fig tree endemic to South Andaman Island where it is sparsely distributed in remaining areas of evergreen forest. Large declines in extent of the forest have been caused by logging. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 7147 Ficus angladei Moraceae India (Tamil Nadu) A poorly known species which has been recorded just the once from an unspecified locality in the Palni Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 CR B1+2c Ficus aripuanensis Moraceae Brazil (Mato Grosso, Para) Assessor: Pereira, J.P. et al. Refs: 2562 EN B1+2bc Ficus bizanae Moraceae South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal) A species of coastal and riverine forest, mainly found in the Transkei, Eastern Cape, but also in southem KwaZulu-Natal and in a disjunct subpopulation in Ngoye forest, northern KwaZulu-Natal. It is known from approximately six localities and does not seem to be common anywhere. Although a number of localities are in demarcated forest reserves, these reserves have not VU C2a 226 been effectively protected since 1994. Many forest patches are under threat from people collecting firewood and timber and expanding settlements. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 Ficus blepharophylla Moraceae Brazil (Roraima) Assessor: Pereira, J.P. et all. Refs: 2562 EN B1+2bc Ficus bojeri Moraceae Seychelles A species of the granitic islands, endemic to the Seychelles. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16212, 17229 VU D2 Ficus calyptroceras Moraceae VU B1+2bc Brazil (Bahia, Goids, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Piauf) Assessor: Pereira, J.P. et al. Refs: 2562 Ficus chlamydocarpa ssp. fernandesiana Moraceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Sao Tomé) A tree of secondary forest, occurring up to 1000m. It has been collected from four locations, S. Vicente, Jou, a site between Nova Moka and Bom Sucesso and also Monte Café. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2421, 2724, 10080 VU D2 Ficus cotinifolia var. hondurensis Moraceae Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua This variety occurs in mixed forest types of varying humidity. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 2652, 13995 EN C2a Ficus cyclophylla Moraceae EN Alc Brazil (Maranhdo, Minas Gerais, Parafba, Pernambuco, Pernambuco - Fernando de Noronha, Rio de Janeiro, Rond6nia) In the past the species has been confused with F. catappifolia or F. longifolia. It has a_ scattered distribution in areas of Atlantic forest in the north-east and south-east. Loss and degradation of habitat and poor regeneration have resulted in population reductions. Assessor: Carauta, J.P.P. Refs: 2562, 15717, 19101 Ficus faulkneriana Moraceae Kenya, Tanzania A strangler fig of coastal dry open bushland. Populations of extremely small size are known from Gongoni Forest Reserve and Dzirihini in Kenya. It was also recorded in Langoya Nwaganid in 1968. In Tanzania there are records from sisal estates in Pangani and Korogwe. These areas are in danger of being completely cleared. Assessor: CAMP Workshop in Kenya Refs: 6396, 19181 CR C2a, D1 Ficus hirsuta Moraceae LR/nt Brazil (Bahia, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) A species which was once thought to be near extinction. Assessor: Pereira, J.P. et al. Refs: 2562 Ficus lapathifolia Moraceae Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz) Endemic to the Gulf region, the species occurs in remaining areas of rainforest, ranging as far north as northern Veracruz. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993 VU Alc Ficus lateriflora Moraceae Mauritius, Réunion The Mauritian population consists of fewer than 10 individuals, only three of which have been identified with complete confidence. Individuals are confined to extremely wet areas in forest in the south-west uplands. There is no available information on the population which apparently exists on Réunion Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 2000, 3476, 12646 CR C2a, D1 Ficus meizonochlamys Moraceae Cuba Confined to the karstic hill complex of Sierra de Nipe on the border of the provinces of Santiago de Cuba and Holguin, this endemic tree is not well collected and its habitat has been degraded in accessible areas. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Ficus mexiae Moraceae Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais) Assessor: Pereira, J.P. et al. Refs: 2562 VU B1+2be Ficus muelleriana Moraceae Mozambique A shrub or small tree of moist deciduous woodland at about 600m, known only from two localities immediately to the east and south of the Chimanimani Mountains in western Mozambique. This woodland type is being extensively destroyed throughout south and central Africa. Although this area is largely unexplored and further populations may be found, the species distribution is very restricted and the populations are unprotected and small, one locality containing in the region of 20 individuals. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11085, 19172 EN D1 Ficus mutabilis Moraceae New Caledonia Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c 227 Species Summaries Ficus pakkensis Moraceae Brazil (Maranhdo, Para), Guyana The Brazilian population is confined and declining. Assessor: Pereira, J.P. et al. Refs: 2562 VU B1+2bc Ficus pulchella Moraceae VU B1+2bc Brazil (Maranhdo, Para, Parand, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina) An Atlantic forest species which is threatened by loss and degradation of the habitat and poor regeneration. Assessor: Carauta, J.P.P. Refs: 15717, 19101 Ficus ramiflora Moraceae Brazil (Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Roraima) Assessor: Pereira, J.P. et al. Refs: 2562 EN B1+2bc Ficus reflexa ssp. seychellensis Moraceae Seychelles Endemic to the Seychelles, the species qualifies as threatened by virtue of its restricted distribution. Populations are healthy and stable. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16212, 17229 VU D2 Ficus roraimensis Moraceae Brazil (Roraima) Assessor: Pereira, J.P. et al. Refs: 2562 EN B1+2bc Ficus salzmanniana Moraceae Brazil (Bahia) Assessor: Pereira, J.P. et al. Refs: 2562 EN B1+2bc Ficus ulmifolia Moraceae Philippines An endemic to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919, 18088 VU Alcd Ficus ursina Moraceae Brazil (Acre) Assessor: Pereira, J.P. et al. Refs: 2562 EN B1+2bc Firmiana hainanensis Sterculiaceae China (Guangdong - Hainan) The southernmost member of the genus. The few populations known are confined to Hainan Island, where they occur in seasonal rainforest between 400 and 900m. Extensive declines in the habitat because of logging and agricultural expansion have caused populations to decline throughout the species' range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Firmiana major Sterculiaceae China (Yunnan) The only remaining trees are those which have been planted around temples and villages. Wild populations were once believed to have existed in central and western Yunnan between 1700 to 2500m. The forests here have been replaced by crops. The species remains in cultivation, frequently planted as an ornamental tree. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 EW Fitchia cordata Compositae French Polynesia (Society Is.) A small genus endemic to East Polynesia. This species is recorded only on Bora Bora. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Fitchia cuneata ssp. cuneata Compositae French Polynesia (Society Is.) A small genus endemic to East Polynesia. This taxon represents one of two subspecies. It is confined to Raiatea. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Fitchia mangarevensis Compositae French Polynesia (Tuamotu Is.) Occurring as either a shrub or small tree, the species was only ever known from Taravai in the Gambier Islands. The genus is endemic to East Polynesia. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 EX Fitchia nutans Compositae French Polynesia (Society Is.) This species comes from a small genus, endemic to East Polynesia. It has been found only on Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 VU D2 Fitchia tahitensis Compositae French Polynesia (Society Is.) One of the six species in the genus, which is endemic to East Polynesia. It occurs only on Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 VU D2 Fitzroya cupressoides Cupressaceae EN Alcd Argentina (Chubut, Neuquén, Rio Negro), Chile (Los Lagos) Alerce has been logged since the middle of the 17th century. The largest concentration of the species, at the southern end of the Chilean depression, was exploited in the 18th and 19th centuries, leaving no remains except blackened stumps. By the early 1900s a third of the Fitzroya forests had been removed. In the 1930s motorised transport and the building of roads allowed access to the stands in the Coastal Cordillera and High Cordillera. Exploitation continued in both of these areas at such intensities that chances of regrowth and regeneration are anihalated. Present estimates of the area 228 taken up by remaining stands lie at 20,000ha, 15% of their original size. Restrictions laid down by the Chilean Government have not been adhered to and illegal logging in remote areas has been impossible to halt. Today the best stands may be found between latitudes of 41° and 42°S in the High Cordillera. Elsewhere populations are small. The species is listed in *CITES Appendix I. Assessor: Gonzalez, M. Refs: 5112, 7980, 11147, 13041, 16328, 19214 Fleurydora felicis Ochnaceae Guinea Information on the population status is not available. The species is endemic to upland forest. The pressure on these few small remaining areas exerted by a dense human population is great. It is the only species in the genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773 VU B1+2c Flindersia amboinensis Rutaceae Indonesia (Moluccas), Papua New Guinea A large tree, widespread but of sporadic occurrence throughout lowland and submontane rainforest on mainland Papua New Guinea, Seram Island and Tanimbar Islands of the Moluccas. The main threat to the species is logging. The wood has commercial value as a veneer and is used to make high-class furniture. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 LR/nt Flindersia ifflaina Rutaceae EN A2cd, B1+2c Australia (Queensland), Papua New Guinea In Papua New Guinea, this tree is found in monsoon and gallery forest up to 50m. The species occurs in the Oriomo River ecosystem in Western Province, which is relatively restricted, fragile and threatened by logging activities. The above threat category applies only to the population in Papua New Guinea. More information is needed from Queensland. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 Flindersia laevicarpa Rutaceae VU Cl+2a Australia (Queensland), Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea Found in monsoon, gallery and hill forest on elevated ground, this large tree is threatened in New Guinea by exploitation and logging activities. It has a sporadic occurrence in hill forest in Varirata National Park, Central Province, where it is hoped populations will survive. Its status in Australia is not considered in this evaluation. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 Flindersia pimenteliana Rutaceae EN C2a Australia (Queensland), Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A large tree found mainly in lower montane rainforest or in foothill rainforest. In Papua New Guinea, the species is widespread but uncommon and sporadic. It has been heavily exploited in the Bulolo/Wau region of Morobe Province. Populations on spurs and ridges of mountain ranges may be spared from future exploitation. The population status in Australia is not taken into consideration in this evaluation. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 Flindersia schottiana Rutaceae LR/nt Australia, Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea This species is widespread in monsoon, hill and lower montane forest. In Papua New Guinea, it was subject to exploitation in two major logging areas in Morobe and Western Provinces. Populations in the rugged mountains of Owen Stanley range may be spared from exploitation. The above threat category refers to the species’ situation in New Guinea. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 Flueggea anatolica Euphorbiaceae Turkey A recently described shrub known from just a single locality in the Kadincik Valley north of Mersin. About 100 individuals have been estimated to exist in an area of one hectare within the grounds of a dam. The site has been declared a nature reserve. Assessor: Giiner, A. & J. Zielinski Refs: 3736 EN D1 Flueggea neowawraea Euphorbiaceae USA (Hawaii) A large forest tree known from approximately 13 populations in north-west Kauai, the Waianae Mountains on Oahu, Molokai, where the one specimen known has died, the south-west slope of Haleakala on Maui and the Kona coast on Hawaii. The total population comprises of fewer than 50 individuals. The decline in numbers has mainly been caused by the black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus). The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 CR D1 Fokienia hodginsii Cupressaceae LR/nt China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Laos, Viet Nam A common species with a wide range, although the exact extent of the truly wild populations is obscured by those which have been planted. Large-scale logging has resulted in the species disappearing or becoming scarce in parts of its range, notably in northern Viet Nam and southem China. Regeneration is fire-dependent and appears to be good. The genus is monospecific. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 848, 1818, 11847, 16925 Fordia incredibilis Leguminosae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to the state of Johore, this small tree occurs in lowland forest up to 240m. Increasing agriculture and settlement are causing habitat declines. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c 229 Species Summaries Fordia lanceolata Leguminosae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) The species is scattered in lowland hill forest between 500 and 700m. Continued settlement of the area has resulted in habitat declines. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Fordia ophirensis Leguminosae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Occurring in hill forest, this small tree is confined to Mount Ophir, Johore. Only two collections have been made, gathered from localities between 300 and 400m. The area is being increasingly settled. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19073 VU D2 Fordia pauciflora Leguminosae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand A small tree found in hill forests in Perak, between 150 and 300m. Main threats to the species include logging activities and increasing settlement of the area. Populations are protected within forest reserves. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Forestiera hondurensis Oleaceae Honduras A tree of submontane oak woodland and thicket. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 8805, 13995 CR C2b Frangula azorica Rhamnaceae Portugal (Azores, Madeira) An endemic to the Azores, now probably extinct in Madeira. It occurs on all the Azorean Islands, except Graciosa and Corvo, in laurel—juniper forest up to 1000m. It appears to be a vigorous species which is little affected by habitat degradation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5287, 7222, 19131 LR/nt Franklinia alatamaha Theaceae USA (Georgia) A multi-stemmed shrub or small tree which has not been seen in the wild since 1803. Originally occurring along the banks of Alatahama River in McIntosh County on the coastal plain of Georgia, the only known colony occurred in acidic bogs at the heads of sand-hill branches and was thought to have been brought to extinction largely through overcollection by nurserymen. Numerous expeditions to relocate the plant have failed. It is now a popular garden plant. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2276, 19200 EW Fraxinus caroliniana ssp. cubensis Oleaceae Cuba A subspecies restricted to fenwoods and swamp forests on peat on the Zapata Peninsula in Matanzas Province. VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees The habitat has been degraded by logging and charcoal production. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19149 Fraxinus hondurensis Oleaceae Honduras A rarely collected tree, found in groves near river banks and on forested plains at medium elevation. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 CR C2b Freycinetia auriculata Pandanaceae Philippines This tree is an endemic of Palawan, found in forests at low or medium altitudes. The main island is a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c Freziera alata Theaceae Bolivia Records of three localities have been made within a small area of cloud forest in the department of La Paz. Two of these are over 100 years old. The extent of the forest in this area has declined because of widespread fires, encroaching farming activities and cutting for wood and charcoal production. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070 VU B1+2c, D2 Freziera angulosa Theaceae Bolivia A river or submontane forest species known from seven localities in Beni and La Paz. Forests in the area have declined because of encroaching farming activities and cutting for wood and charcoal production. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13661 VU B1+2b Freziera biserrata Theaceae Costa Rica An *elfin forest species known only from a single collection made in 1984, from the Cordillera de Talamanca. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 VU D2 Freziera caesariata Theaceae Bolivia A cloud forest species confined to a small number of localities, all from the La Paz region, where the extent of forest has been reduced by increasing fires, encroaching farming activities and cutting for wood and charcoal production. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070 VU B1+2c Freziera caloneura Theaceae Bolivia, Peru A cloud forest species known from several localities in La Paz and Cochabamba in Bolivia, extending into VU B1+2c 230 Cuzco, Peru. Of the six Bolivian collections four were made in 1866. Agricultural expansion and local exploitation and burning of forested areas have caused a decline in the habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070 Freziera campanulata Theaceae Ecuador, Peru A montane or *elfin forest species known only from two localities: Hudnuco in Peru and Loja-Zamora, Ecuador. The Ecuadorean population is located within Podocarpus National Park but the Peruvian one is unprotected and vulnerable to habitat degradation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 VU D2 Freziera ciliata Theaceae Peru A cloud forest species known only from two localities in Tumango in Hudnuco and Oxapampa in Pasco. Collections have been few, illustrating that the species may be very rare. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 VU B1+2c, D2 Freziera cordata Theaceae Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique Known from only three localities, this species is found in montane forests near volcanic summits. Populations occur on Morne Anglais in Dominica, on Mount Pelée in Martinique and Guanacaste in Rincén de la Vieja National Park in Costa Rica. Although it has been expected to become extinct at more than one of its localities after volcanic eruptions, it continues to recover. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 10754, 14883 VU B1+3abed, D2 Freziera dudleyi Theaceae Bolivia, Peru A cloud forest species known from only two localities: Cordillera Vilcabamba in Peru and Sandillani in Bolivia. There have been no collections from Bolivia since 1866 and the original populations may now be extinct. Agricultural expansion, cutting for wood and charcoal production and fires have caused extensive degradation and loss of this forest habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 EN B1+2cd Freziera echinata Theaceae VU D2 Colombia Known only from the type specimen, this morphologically distinctive species occurs within cloud forest in Munchique National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 Freziera euryoides Theaceae Colombia This species is poorly known. The locality of the type collection dating back to the 18th century is unknown. CR B1+2abcde Another locality in Valle is tentative. The species has not been definitely collected for over 100 years and may now be extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 Freziera ferruginea Theaceae Peru This species is known from only two localities in San Martin and Loreto. No habitat information is available. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 VU D2 Freziera forerorum Theaceae Panama A cloud forest species, known only from the type locality on the summit of Cerro Tacarcuna in Darién. In the late 1970s only three trees were counted. It appears that the summit vegetation is dying of natural causes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4246, 5070, 7272, 12963 CR DI Freziera friedrichsthailana Theaceae Costa Rica, Nicaragua A relatively common species occurring in cloud forest on Mount Mombacho and Ometepe in Nicaragua and various localities in Costa Rica. In parts of its range, especially in Costa Rica its habitat has declined and populations are threatened. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 8100 LR/nt Freziera glabrescens Theaceae Bolivia Probably only two localities exist where this species occurs in deciduous forest. One is in Chuquisaca and the other in Santa Cruz, mainly in Samaipata. Forest in this area has declined or become degraded because of heavy exploitation for wood and the encroachment of farming activities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070 VU B1+2bce Freziera inaequilatera Theaceae Bolivia A species known from a single locality near Mapini in La Paz, most recently collected in 1939. Fieldwork is needed to ascertain whether it is now extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13661 CR B1+2c VU D2 An *elfin or cloud forest species known from three localities: Cordillera Vilcabamba in Cuzco, Pan de Azicar and Tumango. Encroachment of farming activities, burning and overcutting for wood and charcoal production are causing widespread degradation of forested areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070 231 Species Summaries Freziera jaramilloi Theaceae Colombia Known only from the type, this species was collected in 1976 from the Chocé, between Alto del Galapago and San José del Palmar. Fieldwork is needed to ascertain the current status of the population. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 VU D2 Freziera longipes Theaceae Colombia Occurring in cloud forest, this species is known from five localities in Magdalena, Risaralda, Cundinamarca and Valle regions of Columbia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070 LR/nt Freziera obovata Theaceae Ecuador A small cloud forest species known from four localities in the Azuay and Loja regions of Ecuador. The populations may be more seriously threatened but fieldwork is needed to give an accurate assessment of their status. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070 VU B1+2c, D2 Freziera parva Theaceae Peru An *elfin forest species known from only two localities in Peru; Bongardé in the Amazonas region (collected in 1915) and the Cordillera Vilcabamba in Cuzco. The forest in these areas has suffered from the encroachment of farming activities, buming and cutting for charcoal production. These populations may be more seriously threatened but fieldwork is needed to give an accurate assessment of their status. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 VU B1+2c, D2 Freziera punctata Theaceae Colombia Occurring in cloud forest, this species has been collected in various localities in central Antioquia. Nowhere is it found to be common. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070 VU B1+2c, D2 Freziera retinveria Theaceae Colombia A poorly known species recorded only from the type specimen, which was collected in Alto de Santo Inés in 1941. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 VU D2 Freziera revoluta Theaceae Bolivia, Peru A large tree of primary cloud forest. It has been collected from just three localities. In Peru populations are known from Cordillera Vilcabamba in Cuzco and Oxapampa in Pasco. In Bolivia it was collected over 50 EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees years ago in the Mapiri region of La Paz. Forests in these areas have been extensively degraded by encroaching farming activities, fires and overcutting for fuelwood and charcoal production. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 Freziera roraimensis Theaceae Venezuela The exact location of this species is not known. The only collections date back to 1842 and are likely to have been taken from forests to the south of Roraima. Reports suggest that this area is no longer forested because of heavy buming. Surrounding forests have not been botanically well explored. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 CR B1+2c Freziera rufescens Theaceae Ecuador A species noted for the good-quality charcoal it produces. It is known from five localities in areas of primary or secondary cloud forest in Carchi, Imbabura, Pichincha (Pululahua Geobotanical Reserve) and Tangurahua. Some of these collections date back over 100 years and fieldwork is needed to evaluate the current situation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070 VU Alc Freziera sessiliflora Theaceae Colombia Occurring in cloud forest, this tree is confined to three localities: Las Orquideas Natural National Park, between Alto del Galapago, San José del Palmar in Chocé and La Argentina in Huila. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 VU D2 Freziera smithiana Theaceae Colombia A poorly known species once collected in 1926 in thickets in the vicinity of Las Vegas, Santander. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 EN C2b Freziera spathulifolia Theaceae Peru Little information on this species is available. It has been collected only once in 1923 from Hudnuco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 EN C2b Freziera stuebelii Theaceae Colombia Known only from the type collection in Cerro Patascoy in Putumayo, this species has not been seen in the wild since 1869. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 CR C2b 232 Freziera suberosa Theaceae Colombia, Ecuador A cloud forest species occurring in three localities: Tolima in Colombia and from Cantén Montifar in Carchi and Playén de San Francisco in Napo in Ecuador. The Colombian collection dates back over 100 years and its present status is unknown, possibly extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 VU D2 Freziera subintegrifolia Theaceae Bolivia Collections of this species have not been made for over 100 years since it was found in the Yungas, La Paz. The present status of its population is unknown but likely to be seriously threatened, possibly extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13661 CR B1+2c Freziera tomentosa Theaceae Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Although relatively widespread in areas of cloud forest, this species is rare wherever it occurs. In most of its range the habitat has been degraded or destroyed through burning and encroaching agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070 LR/nt Freziera uncinata Theaceae Bolivia Several localities, all in the department of La Paz, exist where this species can be found in areas of cloud forest. This habitat has suffered from the encroachment of agriculture and farming activities, burning and overcutting for wood or charcoal production. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070 VU Alc+2c Freziera uniauriculata Theaceae Bolivia Collected over 140 years ago in the department of La Paz from forests above Sandillani, the current status of this species is not known but is likely to be seriously threatened, possibly extinct. These areas have been seriously degraded by encroaching farming activities, buming and overcutting for wood and charcoal production. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 CR C2b Freziera varibrateata Theaceae Bolivia This species is known only from the type collection located in Suri-Negracota, in the department of La Paz in 1928. The current status of the population is not known and it is likely to be seriously threatened, possibly extinct. Forested areas have been seriously degraded because of encroaching farming activities, fire and overcutting for wood and charcoal production. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 CR C2b Freziera velutina Theaceae Colombia A small tree from the edge of secondary forest in an area north-east of Carmen del Atrato, Chocé. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5070, 13574 VU D2 Gaertnera rosea Rubiaceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Gaertnera ternifolia Rubiaceae Sri Lanka During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, this species was found in only two forest localities. It appears to be fairly common in the Peak Wilderness wildlife sanctuary. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c Gaertnera walkeri Rubiaceae Sri Lanka During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, this species was found in only four forest localities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 Galipea ossana Rutaceae Cuba Discovered in the early 19th century in the area of San Diego, Pinar del Rio Province, another record of this species was made in Habana. No collections or records have been made since. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU Alc, B1+2c EX Garcia nutans Euphorbiaceae Colombia A small tree, endemic and relatively widely scattered in moist forest in Colombia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Garcinia acutifolia Guttiferae Mozambique, Tanzania A dry coastal forest species which appears to be known from relatively widely separated localities. The Tanzanian population is restricted to the highly disturbed 22km? patch of forest at the Pugu Forest Reserve, near Dar es Salaam. There are also occurrences within the restricted coastal forests of Mozambique, where further fieldwork is needed to consolidate whether the status of the species is more seriously threatened. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204, 7089 VU B1+2c 233 Species Summaries Garcinia afzelii Guttiferae Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana A species from dry forest fringes and forest outliers. It is locally common but widely exploited as a source of chewsticks. Assessor: Hawthome, W. Refs: 1609, 8369, 12061 VU Alcd Garcinia bifasciculata Guttiferae Tanzania A species endemic to Kimboza Forest Reserve, which covers just 4km? of dry coastal forest in the foothills of the Uluguru Mountains. Disturbance has been caused by logging and planting of commercial timbers in the past. The surrounding area is densely populated and the demand for land is strong. Illegal activities and encroachment are currently prevented by two forest guards employed under the Catchment Forestry Project. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 7089, 16796 EN C2b, D1 Garcinia brevipedicellata Guttiferae Cameroon, Nigeria The range of this small lowland rainforest tree extends from south-east Nigeria to Cameroon. Populations are recorded in the Oban Hills of Cross River National Park in Nigeria and in Korup National Park, Masaka-Batanga and the Douala area in Cameroon. Outside protected areas there has been extensive deforestation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11504, 19092 VU Alc, B1+2c Garcinia cadelliana Guttiferae CR B1+2c India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.) A small tree endemic to South Andaman Island apparently occurring in evergreen rainforest. It has not been found since it was first collected and large areas of the species’ habitat have been logged and cleared. Intact forest remains in Jarwa Reserve, where it is possible the species may still be found. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 7147 Garcinia clusiaefolia Guttiferae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree so far only known from Wray's Camp at Gichon, Pahang at 900m. Only two collections have been made but they are located within the boundaries of Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Garcinia costata Guttiferae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Little information is available on this species. It is known from two localities, one from Ulu Merala Forest Reserve, Kedah, and the other from Maxwell's Hill, Perak, where it is protected. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Garcinia decussata Guttiferae Jamaica The distribution is disjunct, with occurrences in Clarendon, Manchester and Portland Parishes. The species is confined to damp shady woodlands on limestone. The habitat has been severely degraded and converted into commercial plantations in many places. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Garcinia diversifolia Guttiferae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree widely distributed but scattered in lowland to montane forest, where it is protected within permanent forest reserves. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Garcinia epunctata Guttiferae Ghana A species of evergreen Guineo-Congolian forests. Apart from serious habitat losses the species is heavily exploited, with G. afzelii, as a source of chewsticks. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 8369, 12061 VU Alcd Garcinia eugeniaefolia Guttiferae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Widely distributed, this species occurs in lowland and submontane forest. Populations are conserved in production and protected forests throughout the country. The species might be synonymous with G. rostrata. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Garcinia hermonii Guttiferae Sri Lanka An understorey tree confined to wet lowland evergreen forest. It is frequent in many forest reserves including Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 18515 LR/cd Garcinia holttumii Guttiferae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to the summit of Gunung Belumut in Johore, this forest species is so far known from only three collections, all from the same locality. Gunung Belumut falls within protected forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Garcinia imberti Guttiferae India (Kerala) Collected only once, the species occurs in submontane evergreen forest in the Agastyamalai Hills. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but almost 1000km? o1 forest are now under protection within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c 234 Garcinia kingii Guttiferae EN B1+2c India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.) A small tree of evergreen rainforest endemic to the Andaman Islands. Very little is known about the species as it has not been collected since it was first discovered. Deforestation has been carried out on a large scale and few intact tracts of forest now remain. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 7147 Garcinia kola Guttiferae Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana A widespread tree of evergreen forest. It is probably the most important source of chewsticks. Overexploitation has caused population declines. Seedlings are uncommon and slow-growing. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 5651, 8369, 12061 VU Alcd Garcinia linii Guttiferae Taiwan Restricted to Lanyu Island, the species occurs in lowland broadleaved forest. The population appears to be healthy but it is unprotected and under considerable threat from the expansion of housing and agriculture in the area. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 19050 EN B1+2b Garcinia montana Guttiferae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known only from a single collection from Mount Oplur in Johore, this species was found in submontane forest. Mount Oplur falls within the protected forests of Johore. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Garcinia paucinervis Guttiferae China (Guangxi, Yunnan), Viet Nam A timber species distributed in forest on limestone, rarely above 600m. Populations are confined to central Guangxi and to Malipo in south-east Yunnan, extending into northern Viet Nam. Large trees have been cut; very few remain. Regeneration also appears to be insufficient. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 EN B1+2e Garcinia quaesita Guttiferae Sri Lanka A species confined to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Garcinia rubro-echinata Guttiferae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) The species is largely contained within the Agastyamalai range. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but almost 1000km? of forest are now under protection within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Garcinia semseti Guttiferae Tanzania A widely varying species known only from three localities of moist forest. An occurrence is recorded from the Kimboza Forest Reserve, where 4km? of forest within a densely populated area are protected by two forest guards. There are also populations in the south of the Nguru Mountains and possibly at Chita and Kihansi within the Udzungwa Mountains. The latter occurrence is strange for its high elevation and may be a distinct taxon. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204, 11631, 15251 VU B1+2b, D2 Garcinia staudtii Guttiferae Cameroon, Nigeria A morphologically distinctive species. It is confined to forested areas extending from south-east Nigeria to Cameroon. Populations are recorded in the Oban Hills of Cross River National Park in Nigeria and from Douala, Edea and Korup National Park in Cameroon. Outside protected areas large-scale deforestation has taken place. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11504, 19092 VU Alc, B1+2c Garcinia terpnophylla var. acuminata Guttiferae Sri Lanka This variety occurs in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 18796 VU Alc Garcinia terpnophylla var. terpnophylla Guttiferae Sri Lanka A variety occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Garcinia thwaitesii Guttiferae Sri Lanka During the extensive forest surveys by the National Conservation Review, this species was found in only five localities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 19112 EN B1+2c Garcinia travancorica Guttiferae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Endemic to the Agastyamalai Hills at the southern end of the Western Ghats, the species occurs in the margins of submontane evergreen forest. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but almost 1000km? of forest are now under protection within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 19144 VU B1+2c Garcinia wightii Guttiferae India (Kerala) A lowland forest species, known from scattered VU B1+2c 235 Species Summaries occurrences in the Western Ghats between Anamalai and Travancore. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 Garcinia zeylanica Guttiferae Sri Lanka This species was discovered in only three forest localities during the extensive surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 19112 EN B1+2c Gardenia anapetes Rubiaceae Fiji A small tree of lowland dense forest, confined to south- west Vanua Levu. Only two localities are known: one on Mount Kasi where about 12 plants exist and the type locality on Mount Seatura. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 CR DI Gardenia brighamii Rubiaceae USA (Hawaii) A small tree occurring in a once widespread but unique dry forest type. Although it must have been present on all of the main islands, the population is now reduced to single or small numbers of trees at Honouliuli, Puukuua and Nanahuli on Oahu, Mauna Loa on Molokai, Kanepuu on Lanai, Olowalu on West Maui and Puuwaawaa on Hawaii. Deer and invasive plants have contributed to the damage and loss of habitat. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 CR C2a Gardenia candida Rubiaceae Fiji The species is known only from the type collection, gathered in 1947 from the Seanggangga Plateau in the vicinity of Natua, Vanua Levu. Trees were reported to exist in patches of forest in open rolling country. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 CR D1 Gardenia gordonii Rubiaceae Fiji Occurring in dense or open forest or on forest edges, this shrub or small tree is known from numerous collections from the two largest islands and from Rambi. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 LR/nt Gardenia grievei Rubiaceae Fiji A shrub or small tree of lowland open forest and thickets. It has been reported to be locally abundant, but presently appears to be confined to a few small populations in the west and north of Vanua Levu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 EN C2a The World List of Threatened Trees Gardenia hillii Rubiaceae Fiji This lowland shrub or slender tree is recorded from open slopes in dry areas of Mathuata Province on Vanua Levu, from forest on Kandavu and from Rambi Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 VU B1+2c Gardenia mannii Rubiaceae USA (Hawaii) This species is known from scattered populations along the length of the Koolau Mountains, from Kaunala Gulch and Kaunala-Waimea Ridge to Palolo, and in the Waianae Mountains, ranging from Haleauau Valley to Kaluaa Gulch on Oahu. The number of populations has steadily decreased. Of the remaining 27 populations, the large majority consist of fewer than five plants and the total number of individuals is thought not to exceed 100. The major threats come from feral pigs and invasive plants. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 12359, 19168 CR C2a Gardenia remyi Rubiaceae USA (Hawaii) A lowland rainforest tree with an occasional distribution on Kauai, Molokai, Maui and Hilo and Puna Districts on Hawaii. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Gardenia storckii Rubiaceae Fiji Confined to south-east Viti Levu, this slender tree occurs below 150m in areas of dense, dry or secondary forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 18818 LR/nt Gardenia transvenulosa Rubiaceae Kenya, Tanzania In Kenya this shrubby species is known from the Arabuko-Sokoke forest. It ranges south to south-east Tanzania within dry coastal forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 8814 VU B1+2b Gardenia vitiensis Rubiaceae Fiji A tree or shrub of lowland areas near the sea, occurring in open forest or on open slopes. It has only been collected from the eastern part of Mathuata Province in Vanua Levu, where a few small populations are known. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 CR D1 Gastonia crassa Araliaceae Seychelles A typical understorey component of mist forests on the islands of Mahé, Praslin and Silhouette. Trees are locally abundant and recruitment is good, but the species is VU D2 236 sensitive to habitat disturbance. The main populations are contained within protected areas. Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Refs: 9859, 17229, 19023, 19025, 19062 Gastonia lionnetii Araliaceae Seychelles At present the species is known from two mature individuals in Mission Casse Dent on Mahé Island. One is found in secondary forest, the other in a tea estate. There is evidence of seed germination but no young plants are surviving. It has been suggested that the species is the result of a cross between G. sechellarum and G. crassa and that may provide the reason why recruitment is low. The results of research into the genetic profiles of these species is soon to be made available. Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Refs: 10610, 19023, 19025, 19062 CR A2c, D1 Gastonia mauritiana Araliaceae Mauritius The known populations of this succulent heterophyllous tree are very small. They occur in forest on the east coast and in Yemen on the mainland and also on Ile aux Aigrettes, where active management of exotic species is aiding regeneration of native species. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 8106, 9120, 16426 CR C2a, D1 Gastonia rodriguesiana Araliaceae Mauritius (Rodrigues) Less than 50 individuals exist in the wild as isolated specimens on calcarenite and basalt, mainly on Plaine Corail. Attempts at propagation have been successful and young specimens have been planted in the wild. Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 9426, 16426, 19208 CR Alc, B1+2e, D1 Gastonia sechellarum var. contracta Araliaceae Seychelles Found only in a single patch of moist forest near Mission Casse Dent, this variety is presently protected in More Seychellois National Park. The most serious threats come from invasive plants and encroaching housing developments. Work is being carried out to consolidate the taxonomic status of the three varieties, although material for var. curtosae is insufficient. Assessor: Carlstrom, A. Refs: 10610, 19023 CR B1+2de Gastonia sechellarum var. curiosae Araliaceae CR Ale, B1+2e, D1 Seychelles The species is known from a single small tree confined to a rocky crevice on the island of Curieuse. Regeneration is not evident and infestations of weevils and other insects are a problem. Work is being carried out to consolidate the taxonomic status of the three varieties, although material from this variety is insufficient. Assessor: Carlstrom, A. Refs: 10610, 19023, 19025 Gastonia sechellarum var. sechellarum Araliaceae Seychelles An understorey tree confined to remnant populations in moist forest on the islands of Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette and Felicite. Most populations are contained within areas which are protected. However, poor recruitment and the continuing marginalisation and degradation of the habitat continue to cause declines. Work is being carried out to consolidate the taxonomic status of the three varieties, although material for var. curiosae is insufficient. Assessor: Carlstrom, A. Refs: 17229, 19023, 19025 VU Alc, D2 Gaussia attenuata Palmae Puerto Rico A palm tree confined to steep-sided, extremely well- drained limestone hills in Puerto Rico. Assessor: Henderson, A. Refs: 19118 VU B1+2c Gaussia gomez-pompae Palmae Mexico (Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz) An endemic palm of Mexico scattered in forest in steep, rocky places on limestone soils. Assessor: Quero, H.J. Refs: 7980, 12985, 15251, 16516, 19118 VU Alc Gaussia maya Palmae Belize, Guatemala, Mexico A forest species, scattered in rocky places on limestone soils at low elevations. The population size is small. Assessor: Quero, H.J. Refs: 19118 VU D2 Palmae Cuba An endemic to Jatibonico, a limestone plateau in central Cuba. Fewer than 150 mature trees remain in five populations. Assessor: Moya, C. Refs: 19118 EN C2a, D1 Geijera salicifolia Rutaceae Australia (New South Wales, Caledonia, Papua New Guinea A timber species, which in New Guinea is mainly confined to the Bulolo/Wau region of Morobe Province. This region was once heavily exploited, logged and converted into Araucaria plantations. It is not known exactly how many mature specimens remain here and this subpopulation is considered to be critically endangered. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19114 LR/nt Queensland), New Geissanthus challuayacus Myrsinaceae Ecuador Known only from Volc4n Sumaco in Napo Province, on the eastern slopes of the Andes, the species occurs in a very restricted area of lower montane forest. The province has experienced considerable forest destruction VU D2 237 Species Summaries but it is not known how this population has been affected. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2909, 6362 Geissanthus ecuadorensis Myrsinaceae Ecuador An endemic tree of Ecuador, currently only known to occur in cloud forest between 2200 and 2600m in Bolivar and Loja Provinces. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Geissanthus pichinchae Myrsinaceae Ecuador Endemic to Ecuador, the species is currently known only from areas of cloud forest between 2700 and 3400m in Napo, Pichincha and Cotopaxi Provinces. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Geissanthus vanderwerffii Myrsinaceae Ecuador A small understorey tree endemic to the south-central Andes in Ecuador. It is locally common in areas of *elfin forest and scrub cloud forest. A_ sizeable population is protected in a national park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2909, 6362 LR/cd Geissois imthurnii Cunoniaceae Fiji A small sturdy tree, usually found in dense forest between 500 and 900m, only in northern Viti Levu, principally in the vicinity of Nandarivatu. A single collection has also been taken from the Nausori Highlands. Each locality harbours about 40-50 individuals, the total population probably not exceeding 200 individuals. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 EN Dl Geissois stipularis Cunoniaceae Fiji Known only with certainty from Viti Levu, the species is restricted to a few localities of dense, open or dry forest, each containing 30-40 plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 EN D1 Geissois superba Cunoniaceae Fiji A small tree of dense forest or forest edges, only in Viti Levu. The total population consists of a few hundred plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 VU DI Geissois ternata var. minor Cunoniaceae Fiji This small gnarled tree is known from the two major Fijian islands. It occurs in dense forest and thickets on EN D1 The World List of Threatened Trees exposed ridges and open slopes at comparatively high elevations. Three or four populations are known, containing 50 plants each. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 Geissois ternata var. serrata Cunoniaceae Fiji The only known collection was made in 1937 from Waya Island, Yasawas. It was said to be locally common and used in house-building, but no additional material has been gathered. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 CR DI Geniostoma astylum Loganiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) Populations occur on Moorea and Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt Geniostoma clavigerum Loganiaceae Fiji So far known only from north-west Viti Levu, the species occurs in dense wet forest between 800 and 1190m on Mount Evans and Mount Lomalagi. Each population consists of between 12 and 20 individuals. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 CR D1 Geniostoma gagneae Loganiaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) An endemic to Fatu Hiva. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Geniostoma hallei var. fatuivense Loganiaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) An endemic to Fatu Hiva. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Geniostoma hallei var. hallei Loganiaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) An endemic to Tahuata. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Geniostoma hallei var. hivaoense Loganiaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) An endemic to Hiva Oa. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Geniostoma macrophyllum Loganiaceae Fiji A shrub or slender tree of lowland forest, thickets, rocky areas or sea cliffs on limestone. Populations are rare on LR/nt 238 the six islands where it is known in Fiji. It may be more abundant on Tonga. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 Geniostoma rupestre var. rouffaeranum Loganiaceae Papua New Guinea This variety is known from a single site, where it occurs commonly, on the banks of the Rouffaer River in Jayapura District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031 VU D2 Geniostoma stipulare Loganiaceae Fiji Known only from four localities, this slender tree or shrub is confined to areas of undisturbed dense forest on Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. Each site harbours about 20- 30 plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 EN D1 Geniostoma umbellatum Loganiaceae Papua New Guinea (North Solomons) A small semi-erect tree found only once on Guadalcanal in hillside secondary forest on well-drained soil. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031 VU D2 Gentlea molinae Myrsinaceae Honduras A species of submontane forest. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 8553, 13995 CR C2b Gentlea vatteri Myrsinaceae El Salvador, Guatemala In El Salvador the species is confined to cloud forest, where it ranges from 1500 to 3000m. Threats are posed mainly by fires and tourism. More information is required on the population status in Guatemala. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19030 DD Geoffroea decorticans var. subtropicalis Leguminosae Argentina (Jujuy, Salta), Bolivia Endemic to the piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and Bolivia, the species is confined to an unprotected ecosystem which is being rapidly replaced by agricultural systems. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 19122 VU Bl+2ac Gesneria calycina Gesneriaceae Jamaica Known only from the northern parts of John Crow Mountains, the species is found in areas of moist shady woodland on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 LR/nt Gesneria calycosa Gesneriaceae Jamaica A small tree or shrub with populations occurring occasionally in western parishes in shaded gullies and on sheltered banks. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Gesneria scabra var. fawcettii Gesneriaceae Jamaica Once recognised as a distinct species, this variety is known from just one collection on a damp shady limestone bank in Westmoreland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5653 CR C2b Gigasiphon macrosiphon Leguminosae Kenya, Tanzania A species of ormamental interest, known from moist coastal forest in Mrima Forest Reserve, Marenje Forest Reserve, Kaya Muhaka National Monument and Gongoni Forest Reserve in Kenya and the Rondo Plateau in Tanzania. Destruction and degradation of coastal forest is ongoing. Assessor: CAMP Workshop in Kenya Refs: 3356, 3925, 5654, 6396, 19181 EN B1+2abcde Gilbertiodendron bilineatum Leguminosae VU Alc, B1+2c Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone Scattered along riversides in wet evergreen forest from Sierra Leone to Ghana, this species is very rare and has disappeared from previously recorded localities. Habitat losses have been caused by mining, logging and commercial forestry activities. Assessor: Hawthome, W. Refs: 7550, 8369, 12061 Gilbertiodendron klainei Leguminosae Gabon This species has been collected only from Libreville. The habitat has been extensively logged. Much of the forest in the country remains unexplored and relatively intact, although large parts of it are now under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14958, 15790 VU D2 Gilbertiodendron pachyanthum Leguminosae Cameroon A large canopy tree endemic to Bipindi, where it occurs sparsely in lowland rainforest. The habitat is frequently cleared for agriculture and settlements. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12597 VU D2 Gilbertiodendron robynsianum Leguminosae Céte d'Ivoire A species of swampy areas. It is endemic to the remaining forest between the rivers Sassandra and Cavally. The largest part of the population is contained VU B1+2c 239 Species Summaries within the 3300km? of Tai National Park, outside which deforestation and habitat degradation have been severe in the past three decades. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 2773, 12822 Gilbertiodendron splendidum Leguminosae Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Sierra Leone A gregarious tree, occurring in swamps in the restricted wet evergreen forest habitat in the Upper Guinea region. Habitat declines have been caused by mining, logging and commercial forestry activites. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 8369, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Gilletiodendron glandulosum Leguminosae Mali This tree is confined to rocky wooded areas which are sheltered from fire in a region in the south-west defined by three points, Kita, Bafoulabé and Kéméba. It is a significant component of Kololo forest. The present population is a remnant of what was once a widespread species, which has declined because of climatic reasons and fire. Although it flowers and fruits abundantly and germinates well, there is no evidence of colonisation in new areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3640, 7439 VU A2c, B1+2c Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae China (Zhejiang) The wild populations of this widely planted omamental are apparently confined to Xitianmu Mountain, Zhejiang, where they are scattered in broadleaved forests up to 1100m. This is the only species in the genus. It is long-living and has an ancient geological record, appearing in the Jurassic. The species has been widespread in cultivation for several centuries. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847 EN B1+2c Ginoria nudiflora Lythraceae Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz) A relatively widespread rainforest tree, endemic to Mexico. It occurs in both Gulf and Pacific regions, sometimes in drier forest types. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1966, 5993, 19124 VU Alc Gleditsia assamica Leguminosae India Occurring in the Aka Hills, Naga Hills and Garo Hills, the species is found in open situations in evergreen forest. No recent collections have been made and the species is believed to have become scarce. Encroaching agriculture has caused declines in the species’ habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799 VU B1+2c Gleditsia rolfei Leguminosae Taiwan A species which is confined to the Hengchun Peninsula, south of Fengkang. It occurs in lowland dry forest in EN D1 The World List of Threatened Trees small populations, all of which are contained within Kenting National Park. Local people frequently collect wood for charcoal production. The habitat is also believed to be declining because of encroaching settlements and grazing. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 3295, 9379, 19050, 19053 Gleditsia vestita Leguminosae China (Hunan) A species reduced to two surviving individuals on the south-east slopes of Mount Hengshan, where it reaches the lower limit of mixed forest. The two trees are protected and attempts to propagate the species are under way. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 CR DI Glenniea penangensis Sapindaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species which occurs throughout Peninsular Malaysia in lowland and hill forests up to 900m. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Glenniea unijuga Sapindaceae Sri Lanka A tree found mainly in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. This rare species was discovered in nine sites during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Glionnetia sericea Rubiaceae Seychelles Endemic to the Seychelles, the species occurs within a very restricted area (<1000ha) on Mahé and Silhouette. Populations are healthy and stable. Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Refs: 16212, 17229 VU D2 Glochidion bourdillonii Euphorbiaceae India (Kerala) A rarely collected species of forest margins, occurring from low to medium altitudes at the southern end of the Western Ghats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Glochidion carrickii Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known only from two collections from a single locality, the species is confined to lowland forest in Gombak Forest Reserve, a permanent reserve in Selangor. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Glochidion comitum Euphorbiaceae Pitcairn Islands A newly described species, apparently endemic to EN C2b 240 Pitcairn Island, where it is widespread in disturbed scrub and open forest. There are relatively few large individuals, but many shrubby specimens which appear to have reached flowering age. Probably 500-1000 mature individuals exist. The timber was heavily exploited in the past for making into joists in construction. There has also been considerable habitat loss and degradation with the spread of exotic plants. Assessor: Waldren, S. & N. Kingston Refs: 13604, 19154 Glochidion ellipticum var. ralphii Euphorbiaceae India (Kerala) Known from two collections, this variety appears to be endemic to the Travancore range, occurring in submontane evergreen forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Glochidion grantii Euphorbiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) Occurring in the same lagoon on the sister islands of Tahaa and Raiatea, the species is localised on the summital crest of Mount Ohiri on the former and scattered on the plateaux of Temehani Rahi and Temehani Ute Ute on the latter. The populations are fragmented and reduced in extent. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 19169 VU B1+2c Glochidion insulare Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) The exact locality of the species remains unknown. It has been collected only once from primary forest in Penang. Most of the forest in the area has been cleared for development. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Glochidion johnstonei Euphorbiaceae India (Goa, Kerala) Although relatively wide-ranging, the species is known from only a few collections taken from areas of submontane evergreen forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Glochidion manono Euphorbiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) Populations occur on Moorea and Tahiti, where the species is most seriously threatened. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 VU B1+2c Glochidion nadeaudii Euphorbiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) A small tree, endemic to Moorea, occurring in the north between 420 and 800m. It is usually found in local abundance in mesophyllous open forest on crests. The populations are small and fragmented. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 19169 VU B1+2c Glochidion papenooense Euphorbiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) A shrub or tree at the edge of riverine forest, confined to a single locality in the Papenoo Valley. A hydroelectric project has been responsible for the destruction of large parts of the natural vegetation in the valley and the invasion of Miconia calvescens also presents a threat to the survival of the species. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 19169 CR B1+2c Glochidion pauciflorum Euphorbiaceae India (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu) A poorly known species of montane forest, which has been collected once from the Bababudan range and twice from the Nilgiri range. It has also been recorded from an unspecified location in the Palni area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Glochidion pitcairnense Euphorbiaceae Pitcairn Islands A small tree known only from Henderson and Pitcairn Islands. On Henderson the species is relatively common, numbering about 20,000 individuals in plateau and beach forest. The population is smaller, with fewer than 500 individuals, on Pitcairn, confined to remnant forest and scrub, where it is threatened with cutting and the spread of the invasive Syzygium jambos. No regeneration has been observed. Henderson Island is a World Heritage Site. Assessor: Waldren, S. & N. Kingston Refs: 5123, 12900, 14513, 16427, 19154 VU D2 Glochidion raivavense Euphorbiaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) Known only from the Tubuai Islands, the species is recorded from Raivavae, Rurutu and Tubuai. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 12900, 14513 EN B1+2c Glochidion rapaense Euphorbiaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) A shrub or very small tree of mesophyllous or riverine forest, humid rocks or cliffs in mountain or littoral areas. It appears to be relatively common but never abundant. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 19169 LR/nt Glochidion sisparense Euphorbiaceae India (Tamil Nadu) The species occurs in a single locality of montane forest in the Nilgiris. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Glochidion stylosum Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) The species is known from a single collection, gathered VU D2 241 Species Summaries from submontane forest at the base of Fraser's Hill in Pahang. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 Glochidion symingtonii Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to Gunung Peninjau in Perak, the species has been collected twice from a single locality of forest at 840m.The area is contained within the protected forests of Perak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Glochidion tomentosum Euphorbiaceae India (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu) Occurring on forest margins, the species has been collected only rarely from sites at medium elevation in southern Karnataka. It has also apparently been found in the Travancore range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Glochidion tooviianum Euphorbiaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) A small tree confined to the Toovii Plateau in the central part of Nuku Hiva. It has been collected between 710 and 1000m from primary riverine forest, on moist forested crests, in secondary forest and relict forest within pasture land. Although restricted in range, the species is relatively common. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 19169 LR/nt Gloeocarpus patentivalvis Sapindaceae Philippines A rare tree restricted to the primary dipterocarp forests of Mindanao, Samar, Leyte and Luzon. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 EN Alc Gloeospermum boreale Violaceae Honduras Only a small population is known, occurring in the wet Atlantic lowlands. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 CR C2b Gluema ivorensis Sapotaceae Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana This is a rare species confined to wet places in wet evergreen forest on either side of the Dahomey Gap. Its habitat has been severely degraded through mining, logging and commercial forestry activities throughout its range. It is the only member of the genus. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061, 12509 VU B1+2c Gluia papuana Anacardiaceae VU Alcd+2cd Indonesia? (Irian Jaya?), Papua New Guinea Endemic to New Guinea, this tree grows in seasonally inundated forest along rivers, in freshwater swamps and The World List of Threatened Trees on well-drained soils up to 50m. In Papua New Guinea it is restricted to Gulf and Western Provinces, which are now subject to heavy logging activities. The timber is sought-after for its decorative grain. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 Gluta travancorica Anacardiaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A well-collected species, endemic to submontane forest running the length of the Agastyamalai Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 LR/nt Glycosmis chlorosperma var. bidiensis Rutaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Known only from the type locality, this variety is found on limestone near the Bidi Cave, Kuching. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Glycosmis crassifolia Rutaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to the state of Malacca this very rare tree of lowland rainforest is under threat from increasing settlement of the area. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 14541, 19073 CR B1+2c Glycosmis decipiens Rutaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species of rainforest and swamp forest, distributed in the states of Terengganu, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan and Johore. A protected population is found in Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 14541, 19073 LR/cd Glycosmis longisepala Rutaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A small forest tree known only from Mount Pueh. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Glycosmis monticola Rutaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A shrub or small tree confined to hill forest on Mount Oplur in Johore State. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 EN D1 Glycosmis perakensis Rutaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree of hill forest, confined to Bubu Forest Reserve, Perak. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 14541, 19073 VU D2 242 Glycosmis tomentella Rutaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A very rare shrub or small tree confined to a single locality in Selangor. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 14541, 19073 EN B1+2c Glyphaea tomentosa Tiliaceae Mozambique The range of this species is small and confined to central Mozambique. Information is too limited to evaluate the species. Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 18965 DD Glyptopetalum lawsonii Celastraceae India (Tamil Nadu) Confined to the Western Ghats within an area stretching from the Nilgiri Hills to a site at the north of Shencottah, this understorey tree has been rarely collected from scattered sites within submontane evergreen forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Glyptopetalum palawanense Celastraceae Malaysia (Sabah), Philippines This small tree is known only from primary forest in Palawan in the Philippines and a single sterile collection from a coastal limestone ridge on Balambangan Island, Sabah. The main island of Palawan is a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986, 19017 VU B1+2c Glyptostrobus pensilis Taxodiaceae DD China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangdong - Hainan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Viet Nam The only extant species of a genus which was species- Tich in the Tertiary period. It is a prime timber tree, scattered in south and south-east China in areas which are densely populated. Primary localities exist in the Zhujiang Delta and the lower reaches of the Minjiang River. Populations in Viet Nam were once common but are now reduced to fewer than 100 individuals in a few sites of swamp forest in Dac Lac Province (CR Alcd). The population in Krong Bak Nature Reserve is protected, but regeneration is reported to be non- existent. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 848, 2901, 11191, 11530, 11847, 15357 Gmelina hainanensis Verbenaceae China (Guangdong - Hainan), Viet Nam In China the species is known only from rainforest in the mountain ranges of the south and west of Hainan Island. In Viet Nam it is recorded from Quanh Ninh Province, where it occurs in lowland evergreen monsoon forest. Although parts of the range are designated nature reserves, the habitat is generally subject to logging and clearance. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11530, 11847, 15357 VU B1+2c Gmelina lignum-vitreum Verbenaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 CR D1 Gmelina vitiensis Verbenaceae Fiji A relatively tall tree which supplies good furniture wood. It has been well collected from dense forest between 90 and 900m in Viti Levu, Kandavu, Ngau and Vanua Levu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18818 LR/nt Goetzea elegans Goetzeaceae Puerto Rico A small understory tree of limestone forest, recorded from eight populations of between 100 and 125 individuals. They are unprotected and experiencing various pressures. Road widening destroyed six individuals, which have since been replaced by numerous root suckers. Construction of a hotel complex, pipe-laying and predation of flowers are amongst the major concerns. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 17124, 17540 EN C2a Gomidesia cambessedeana Myrtaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) The species was collected twice in the early part of the 19th century, but since then it has not been found. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19097 EX Gomidesia mugnifolia Myrtaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) First described in 1857, the species has only recently been rediscovered from a population in the Poga d'Antas Biological Reserve. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19097 EN B1+2abcd Gomortega keule Gomortegaceae Chile (Biobio, Maule) A species of taxonomic interest, belonging to an ancient monotypic family. It is known from a very restricted distribution in the Coastal Cordillera of central Chile, occurring in forest on the south-facing slopes of humid ravines. The populations are unprotected and under threat from logging and forest management activities, fire and agricultural encroachment. Assessor: Gonzdlez, M. Refs: 7980, 13628, 16328 EN Alcd Gomphandra comosa Icacinaceae VU B1+2c India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is., Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Nicobar Is.) A small tree of evergreen forest confined to the Nicobar and Andaman Islands. Large areas of forest have been logged and lost to increasing agriculture and settlement. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 7147 243 Species Summaries Gongrospermum philippinense Sapindaceae Philippines This forest species is endemic to Luzon and known only from one or two collections. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 CR Alc Goniothalamus calycinus Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to Terengganu in lowland forest, this tree is mainly found on Bukit Kajong, which is a protected forest. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Goniothalamus gardneri Annonaceae Sri Lanka This species was discovered in only four forest localities during the extensive surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 19112 EN B1+2c Goniothalamus holttumii Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to Fraser's Hill by the Selangor border, this montane forest tree is known from a single locality. The main threat to the area is tourism. It is hoped that the proposed route of a new highway which is planned will not affect the population. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Goniothalamus hookeri Annonaceae Sri Lanka A tree confined to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. This species was discovered in only six forest localities during the extensive surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Goniothalamus macrocalyx Annonaceae Viet Nam The species appears to be endemic to a restricted area in the north, confined to the provinces of Ha Tay, Hoa Binh and Thanh Hoa.. Assessor: Ban, N.T. Refs: 848, 19060 VU Ala Goniothalamus majestatis Annonaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) A treelet restricted to the coralline limestone or serpentine soils of central and south-east Sulawesi. The species is only recently described and is known from three collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11509 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Goniothalamus montanus Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to montane forest in Ulu Brang in Terengganu and the Cameron Highlands in Pahang, this tree is known only from two collections. Both localities fall within protected forest. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Goniothalamus rhynchantherus Annonaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A species confined to the Agastyamalai Hills at the southern end of the Western Ghats, where it is scattered in a few localities of evergreen forest. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but almost 1000km? of forest are now under protection within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538, 5651, 19144 EN B1+2c Goniothalamus salicina Annonaceae Sri Lanka This species was discovered in 13 forest localities during the extensive surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 19112 VU Alc Goniothalamus simonsii Annonaceae India (Meghalaya) A small tree of the Khasi Hills. It is known only from the Lailad area of Nongkyllen Forest Reserve in Meghalaya. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7147 EN B1+2c Goniothalamus wynaadensis Annonaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Occurring in the understorey of lowland evergreen forest up to 900m, the species has been collected from scattered localities along the Western Ghats from Wayanad to Anaimalai. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 LR/nt Gonystylus bancanus Thymelaeaceae VU Alcd Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A gregarious, often dominant tree of lowland freshwater swamp and peat-swamp forest. Populations have been heavily depleted as the most important source of ramin timber. The species is also threatened in parts of its range by habitat loss. A recent investigation by Dutch and Malaysian experts, following *CITES debates on the species, concluded that G. bancanus is not threatened with extinction in Malaysian swamp forests although regeneration in overexploited forests may be a cause for concern. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7673, 14448, 14573, 17140, 19202 244 Gonystylus calophylloides Thymelaeaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A small tree found growing on the banks of rocky streams. It is endemic to north-east Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766 VU Alc+2c Gonystylus consanguineus Thymelaeaceae VU Alcd+2cd Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A lowland species, of primary or old secondary forest up to 400m altitude, which is exploited for its ramin timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 14573 Gonystylus costalis Thymelaeaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A small tree endemic to the lowlands of Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766 VU Alc+2c Gonystylus decipiens Thymelaeaceae Sarawak A small tree endemic to Sarawak up to 500m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766 VU Alc+2c Gonystylus glaucescens Thymelaeaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan) A small tree endemic to East Kalimantan. It has been recorded on a sandstone ridge at 400m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766 VU Alc+2c Gonystylus keithii Thymelaeaceae VU Alcd+2cd Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A tree scattered in the evergreen, non-inundated rainforests of Borneo. The wood is used as ramin timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 14573 Gonystylus lucidulus Thymelaeaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) A tree confined to the lowlands of Brunei and Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766 VU Alc+2c Gonystylus macrophyllus Thymelaeaceae VU Alcd Indonesia (Bali, Irian Jaya, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Papua New Guinea (North Solomons, Papua New Guinea), Philippines?, Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A widespread tree occurring in primary forest reaching an altitude of 1500m in some areas. The species is extremely rare in Papua New Guinea and occurs only on New Georgia and Choiseul in the Solomon Islands, where it is locally common. It is one of the important ramin timber species and the heartwood is used as incense. This species might eventually be split into several distinct species, as the present species concept might be too wide. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 4919, 12937, 14573, 17140, 19147 Gonystylus nervosus Thymelaeaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Apparently restricted to limestone hills, this small tree is endemic to Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766 VU Alc+2c Gonystylus nobilis Thymelaeaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A lowland species endemic to Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766 VU Alc+2c Gonystylus pendulus Thymelaeaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A small tree confined to the lowlands of south-west Sarawak. Assessor: -World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766 VU Alc+2c Gonystylus spectabilis Thymelaeaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A lowland tree endemic to Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766 VU Alc+2c Gonystylus stenosepalus Thymelaeaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A small tree endemic to Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766 VU Alc+2c Gonystylus xylocarpus Thymelaeaceae VU Alcd+2cd Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) A tree of primary rainforest and heath forest up to 100m, confined to western Bomeo. The species is exploited for its ramin timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14573 Gordonia hirtella Theaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree species occurring scattered in hill forest. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 5550, 11647, 19073 VU Bl+2a Gordonia maingayi Theaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This tree species is scattered on the ridge tops and hillsides of rainforests within a national park. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 245 Species Summaries Gordonia multinervis Theaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore This tree occurs in lowland and hill forest of Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Penang, Malacca, Johore and Singapore. Encroaching settlements are the largest threat to the species. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 9199, 17140, 19073 VU B1+2a Gordonia penangensis Theaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A small tree inhabiting open rainforest between 20 and 500m in Penang, Perak, Pahang and Singapore. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 9199, 19073 VU Bl+2a Gordonia scortechinii Theaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A very rare tree occurring scattered in the hill forest of Perak and Pehang. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Gordonia singaporeana Theaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A tree of moist forest up to 1300m, found in Perak, Pahang, Penang, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca, Johore and Singapore. Some areas receive a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 5550, 8464, 9199, 11647, 17140, 19073 VU B1+2c Gordonia taipingensis Theaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This rare, medium-sized tree is confined to the hills of one forest reserve in the state of Perak. Tourism presents the main threat to the species. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU Bl1+2a Gordonia villosa Theaceae Jamaica A recent taxonomic revision includes this species in the relatively common G. haematoxylon but _ this arrangement is disputed. The plant is stunted and seldom exceeds 2m in height because it grows in nutrient- starved conditions on deep acid mor humus. Endemic to the Blue Mountains, small populations are restricted to a very small range in montane rainforests between 1550 and 1700m. Assessor: Bellingham, P. Refs: 19116 EN B1+2c Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum Leguminosae EN Alcd Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Endemic to the Guineo—Congolian region, this timber species is declining in population numbers because of heavy exploitation and habitat loss. It grows in mature The World List of Threatened Trees little-disturbed lowland rainforest. In the main DR Congo/Nigeria forest block it is generally rare or absent. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2362, 2773, 6718, 15790, 17408 Graffenrieda bella Melastomataceae Panama One of the most common cloud forest trees, the species occurs above 800m in all provinces of Panama. It is less common in Coclé, Panama and Bocas del Toro. There are several occurrences in protected areas. Elsewhere populations come under pressure from increasing habitat encroachment. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 3913, 7980, 15037, 16772 LR/nt Graffenrieda caudata Melastomataceae Guyana A tree known only from the type collection, gathered in rainforest on the Pakaraima Mountains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9867 VU D2 Graffenrieda grandifolia Melastomataceae Colombia An endemic to Antioquia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Graffenrieda robusta Melastomataceae Peru This species is known only from forest between 1500 and 2000m in the department of Hudnuco region. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 DD Graffenrieda trichanthera Melastomataceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in lowland rainforest in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Graptophyllum repandum Acanthaceae Fiji Apparently this shrub or small tree is endemic to Fiji, where it is known from dense forest in rocky places up to 1130m on the two largest islands and Ovaluau. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18818 LR/nt Greenwayodendron suaveolens ssp. usambaricum Annonaceae VU B1+2b Tanzania A distinct form of a tropical African taxon, this subspecies occurs rarely within a 100m altitudinal belt of moist submontane forest on the East Usambara Mountains. Although forest loss and disturbance have been severe and the surrounding area is densely populated, an active conservation programme is now in place. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204, 9302 246 Grewia aldabrensis Tiliaceae Seychelles (Aldabra) A small slender tree with an occasional distribution in mixed scrub. It is endemic to the Aldabras, where it occurs only on Malabar, the east of Grand Terre and Michel Island. The islands are protected within a Strict Nature Reserve and are uninhabited. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19027 VU D2 Grewia bilocularis Tiliaceae Yemen (Socotra) Populations appear to be very scattered and scarce, but under no current threat. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Grewia goetzeana Tiliaceae Tanzania Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 DD Grewia limae Tiliaceae Mozambique Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 18965 DD Grewia salicifolia Tiliaceae Seychelles (Aldabra) An occasional constituent of mixed scrub found only on Malabar, the west of Picard, the east of Grand Terre in the Aldabras and Menai on Cosmoledo. The Aldabran Islands are protected within a Strict Nature Reserve and only Picard is inhabited with a research station. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19027 VU D2 Grewia transzambesica Tiliaceae Mozambique Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 18965 DD Grewia turbinata Tiliaceae Yemen (Socotra) Populations appear to be very scattered and scarce, but under no current threat. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Greyia flanaganii Greyiaceae South Africa (Eastern Cape) A shrub or small tree which grows on rocky, grassy hillsides in only a few restricted localities, all on private land. No information is available on the size of the populations or degree of threat. The roots are reportedly used for traditional medicinal and magical purposes. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 17410, 19218 DD Grias colombiana Lecythidaceae Colombia A small of lowland non-flooded forest, known only from three collections from the Pacific coast. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980 VU B1+2c, D2 Grias haughtii Lecythidaceae Colombia A Colombian endemic, collected relatively few times from non-flooded lowland forest in Antioquia, Caldas and Santander. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 3791, 7980, 19069 VU B1+2c Grias multinervia Lecythidaceae Colombia, Ecuador Known only from two collections, the species occurs in Cauca in coastal Colombia and in Los Rios in coastal Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980 VU B1+2c Grimmeodendron jamaicense Euphorbiaceae Jamaica Local and uncommon, this Cockpit Country endemic is distributed in forest on craggy limestone in St Elizabeth and Trelawny. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Grisollea thomassetii Icacinaceae Seychelles A tree endemic to the Seychelles, which was reported in 1910 to be locally common on Mahé and Silhouette. The population on Mahé is now reduced to a single tree on Mount Simpson, having declined through forest clearance at medium altitudes and degradation at higher altitudes. The species remains relatively common on Silhouette and is present in forest areas protected by the Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles. Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Refs: 16212, 17229, 19025 VU D2 Grossera elongata Euphorbiaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Principe) This tree is known from a site above Neves Ferrieira. More detailed information is lacking. There have been no recent botanical surveys of the island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724 VU D1+2 Grosvenoria rimbachii Compositae Ecuador A species which is endemic to the High Andes of Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c 247 Species Summaries Guaiacum coulteri Zygophyllaceae Mexico (Jalisco) Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 81, 7588, 19203 LR/cd Guaiacum officinale Zygophyllaceae EN C2a Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe (Guadeloupe, St Martin-St Barthelemy), Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, St Vincent, Turks and Caicos Islands, Venezuela, Virgin Islands (British), Virgin Islands (US) A slow-growing species of lowland dry forest, woodland and thicket, frequently growing in coastland areas. The timber and medicinal resin have been traded for several centuries as lignum-vitae and overexploitation has taken place throughout the species’ range. Populations are now severely reduced in the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Barbados, Virgin Islands and Colombia and extinct or almost extinct in Antigua, Anguilla and Barbuda. Regeneration is good but growth is very slow. The species is listed in Appendix II of *CITES. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 4082, 6602, 7630, 14301, 16327, 16987, 17678, 19069, 19179 Guaiacum sanctum Zygophyllaceae EN C2a Bahamas, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador (ex), Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico (Quintana Roo), Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, USA (Florida) A less valuable but rarely distinguished source of lignum-vitae than G. officinale. Occurring in lowland dry forest, the species is now extinct or extremely rare on most of the Caribbean islands. In Central America and Florida remaining populations are confined to restricted areas and continue to be threatened with habitat loss or exploitation, e.g. in Guancaste in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Florida Keys. As with G. officinale, both the timber and medicinal resin are of commercial use and have been traded for several centuries. Regeneration is good but growth is very slow. The species is listed in Appendix II of *CITES. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 197, 4147, 4974, 9254, 10197, 14717, 15037, 16327, 19179 Guapira rotundifolia Nyctaginaceae Jamaica Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980 LR/nt Guarea carapoides Meliaceae Peru Apparently known only from the type collection, the species is confined to the Peruvian Amazon at the mouth of Rio Santiago. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 12281 VU D2 The World List of Threutened Trees Guarea cartaguenya Meliaceae Colombia, Ecuador This species is known from few collections, gathered from rainforest flanking the base of the Pacific slopes of the Andes, occurring at the type locality in Valle, Colombia, and in Los Rios, Ecuador. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 12281, 19069 VU B1+2c Guarea casimiriana Meliaceae Peru Apparently known only from the type collection, this small tree is confined to the Peruvian Amazon at Yurimaguas in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 12281 VU D2 Guarea caulobotrys Meliaceae Colombia Endemic to Colombia, the species is known only from a few collections from the department of Valle on the Pacific coast, probably occurring in rainforest. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 12281, 19069 VU B1+2c Guarea cedrata Meliaceae VU Alc Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda A timber species found in some abundance in moist semi-deciduous forest and in the drier undisturbed areas of moist evergreen forest. Levels of exploitation are moderate and the species often suffers from its similarity to Entandrophragma angolense, resulting in it being harvested with the same intensity. Regeneration is more successful in undisturbed areas where there has been no burning. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 6128, 12061, 13250, 14667, 16021, 17408 Guarea convergens Meliaceae Brazil (Amazonas) This species is known only from non-flooded forest in central Amazonia. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 5942, 7980, 12281 VU D2 Guarea corrugata Meliaceae Colombia A poorly known species, occurring in Valle, recorded only from the type locality. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 12281, 19069 EN B1+2c Guarea crispa Meliaceae Brazil (Amazonas) Confined to non-flooded forest in central Amazonia, the species is known from rare collections on the Manaus— Porto Vello road. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 5942, 7980, 12281 EN D1 248 Guarea cristata Meliaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Peru A species which is confined to forested areas from the Javari River area between Brazil and Peru. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 5942, 7980, 12281 VU B1+2c Guarea guentheri Meliaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Peru A species of western Amazonia, occurring in non- flooded forest from sea level to 600m. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 5942, 7980, 12281 VU B1+2c Guarea humaitensis Meliaceae Brazil (Amazonas) The species is confined to non-flooded forest in south- west Amazonia. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 5942, 7980, 12281 VU B1+2c Guarea jamaicensis Meliaceae Jamaica Known only from disjunct limestone localities in St Andrew and St James, the species is uncommon and, particularly in St Andrew, has experienced almost complete destruction or degradation of its habitat. Assessor: Bellingham, P. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19116 VU B1+2c Guarea juglandiformis Meliaceae Brazil (Acre), Peru Occurring in non-flooded forest, the species appears to be restricted to the extreme western part of Amazonia. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1984, 5942, 7980, 12281 VU B1+2c Guarea macropetala Meliaceae Panama This scarce species has been collected throughout Panama, but only in areas of undisturbed forest of low to medium elevation. There are occurrences within protected areas, but elsewhere the habitat is under severe pressures. A site on the El Llano—Carti highway to the north-east of Panama city is under threat of deforestation. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 VU A2c Guarea macrophylla ssp. macrophylla Meliaceae VU B1+2c Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, St Vincent, Virgin Islands (US) Only known with certainty from the Lesser Antilles, the species occurs in remaining areas of lowland rainforest, often at riversides. The other subspecies are widespread in the Amazon. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 12281 Guarea mayombensis Meliaceae Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Uganda A tree of mid-altitude rainforest. In Uganda it occurs in Ishasha Gorge and Kayonza forest in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. There are reports that regeneration is poor because seed dispersal agents are lacking. There is no information on populations elsewhere. If it is assumed that the species occurs in Mayombe, populations there are under heavy pressure from logging and overcutting for charcoal. Assessor: *MUIENR Refs: 1308, 9605, 10961, 16021 VU Alc Guarea polymera Meliaceae Colombia, Ecuador A tree of Pacific coastal forest, known from only a few collections taken from the department of Valle in Colombia and Esmeraldas in Ecuador. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 12281, 19069 VU B1+2c Guarea pyriformis Meliaceae Costa Rica A medium-sized tree of lowland evergreen rainforest, confined to the Golfo Dulce area of south-eastern Pacific Costa Rica. The few collections made so far have all come from streamsides or river banks. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 12281 VU B1+2c Guarea sphenophylla Meliaceae Dominican Republic, Haiti A shrub or small tree of forested limestone hills, collected from the Massif de la Hotte in Haiti and near Rincén in Dominican Republic. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 197, 7980, 12281 VU B1+2c Guarea sprucei Meliaceae Brazil (Amazonas) This species is known only from the type collection in the Rio Negro basin. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 5942, 7980, 12281 CR C2b Guarea thompsonii Meliaceae VU Alc Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria Although moderately exploited, this species is less commercially important than G. cedrata. It occurs commonly in hilly moist evergreen forest. Growth is slow, reaching only 9ft. DBH in 200 years. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 6128, 6718, 12061, 13250, 17408 Guarea trunciflora Meliaceae Brazil (Amazonas, Para), Peru Despite its wide distribution in Amazonian Peru, Brazil, and the border area between Brazil and Guyana, this tree VU B1+2c 249 Species Summaries is scattered in non-flooded forest and has been collected rarely. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 5942, 7980, 12281 Guarea velutina Meliaceae Brazil (Amazonas, Parad, Roraima) A species occurring in the middle and upper Rio Negro and adjacent Roraima territory. It has also been collected once south of the Amazon in Para. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 5942, 7980, 12281 VU B1+2c Guarea venenata Meliaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Colombia This understorey species, although locally abundant in places, is confined to western and south-western Amazonia. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 5942, 7980, 12281 LR/cd Guatteria alutacea var. angustifolia Annonaceae Peru A variety known only from the type collected from the department of San Martin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Guatteria anomala Annonaceae LR/nt E] Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Tabasco, Veracruz) A timber tree and dominant component of lowland seasonal rainforest. In Mexico, populations are restricted to the Gulf Region, occurring commonly in remaining rainforest in the Lacandon region, and the Uxpanapa- Chimalapa region. Rates of deforestation have been very high in all parts of the range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4862, 4974, 5651, 7588, 19161 Guatteria atabapensis Annonaceae Venezuela A treelet which occurs in shrub islands in white-sand savanna in a number of localities in Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Guatteria augusti Annonaceae Peru A species of submontane forest, known only from the type collection from the department of La Libertad. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Guatteria calliantha Annonaceae Peru This species is known only from the type collection from the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Guatteria diospyroides ssp. hondurensis Annonaceae Honduras Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 CR C2b Guatteria dura Annonaceae Venezuela This species occurs along smaller rivers and creeks, probably in seasonally flooded sites, ranging from central to south-western Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Guatteria eriopoda Annonaceae Peru A species known only from the type collection from the department of Hudnuco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Guatteria excelsa Annonaceae Peru This species is known only from the type collection from the department of Hudnuco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Guatteria ferruginea Annonaceae Suriname A species of no recorded locality, endemic to Suriname. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19196 DD Guatteria geminiflora Annonaceae Peru This species is known only from the type collection from the department of Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Guatteria glauca Annonaceae Peru This species is known only from the type collection from the department of Hudnuco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Guatteria guentheri Annonaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Guatteria insignis Annonaceae Suriname A species of no recorded locality, endemic to Suriname. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19196 DD 250 Guatteria jefensis Annonaceae Panama Only small populations are known, confined to areas of lowland rainforest in Cerro Jefe. Several are contained within Chagres National Park, but those elsewhere are increasingly threatened by encroaching agriculture, settlements and industrial developments. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 12226, 16772 EN B1+2bd Guatteria juninensis Annonaceae Peru This species is known only from the type collection from the department of Junin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Guatteria liesneri Annonaceae Venezuela A tree of riverine forests, with occurrences in Serranfa de los Pijiguaos in Bolfvar and in western Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Guatteria modesta Annonaceae Peru This species is known only from the type collection from the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Guatteria panamensis Annonaceae Panama Occurring in lowland evergreen forest, the species is known from a few populations in the provinces of Los Santos and Bocas del Toro. There may be other occurrences, possibly in Costa Rica. No specific protection or conservation measures are in place and the habitat is susceptible to logging and clearing in many areas. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 VU B1+2de Guatteria stenopetala Annonaceae Venezuela Endemic to the Sierra de la Neblina in Amazonas, the species occurs within a restricted altitudinal range in lower montane Clusia forest. The area is protected but has suffered from fires and illegal mining. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 VU D2 Guatteria tonduzii Annonaceae Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama Ranging from Costa Rica to Colombia, the species is relatively widespread in areas of evergreen rainforest up to 1500m. Populations in Panama are reported to be healthy; certain areas are threatened with logging, while others are protected within national parks. In Costa Rica LR/nt the species is common at medium elevations. In Colombia the species distribution appears to be concentrated in the Chocé6, especially the Uraba area. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 15037, 16772 Guatteria williamsii Annonaceae Venezuela A tree of non-flooded evergreen forest, occurring along Rio Casiquiare in Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Guatteriopsis ramiflora Annonaceae Peru This species is known only from the type collection from lowland Amazon rainforest in the department of San Martin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Guettarda comata Rubiaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in lowland Amazon rainforest in the department of Loreto. There is uncertainty over its taxonomic status, as it may be conspecific with G. comosa or G. sericea. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Guettarda frangulifolia Rubiaceae Jamaica This species is likely to be a minor variant of G. argentea. It is uncommon and local in its distribution, apparently confined to St Catherine, Hanover and Trelawny. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Guettarda longiflora Rubiaceae Jamaica There is little information about this species and no recent collection material. It is, apparently, confined to St Ann and St Thomas Parishes and is evidently very uncommon. Almost all forested areas below 1400m in the latter parish have been destroyed or severely degraded. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 19116 CR B1+2c Guettarda noumeana Rubiaceae New Caledonia A species confined to a restricted area of sclerophyllous forest in the region of Nouméa. Fires, grazing and encroaching agriculture are continual problems and have caused a severe reduction in the habitat. Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351 VU B1+2c Guettarda ochreata Rubiaceae Peru This species is relatively widespread but confined to the LR/nt 251 Species Summaries Peruvian Andes up to 2500m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 Guettarda retusa Rubiaceae Cuba An endemic tree discovered in the mid 19th century in Loma Pelada, Los Palacios, Pinar del Rio Province. Thorough searches for the species over the past 25 years have been unable to locate it. Its habitat has been severely degraded by cutting and clearing. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. EX Refs: 19149 Guibourtia ehie Leguminosae VU AIlc Cameroon, Céte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria A West African timber which occurs in moderate densities in different forest types, from closed rainforest to drier semi-deciduous forest. Exploitation rates of the wood are high and causing population declines. The timber acts as a popular substitute for rosewood. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2773, 6128, 8369, 12061, 12509, 19132 Guibourtia schliebenii Leguminosae Mozambique, Tanzania A dry coastal forest species ranging from south-east Tanzania into little-known areas of Mozambique. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Guibourtia sousae Leguminosae Mozambique No information is available on the location and habitat of this species. Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 7550 DD Guioa acuminata Sapindaceae Philippines A smull tree found in secondary forest on Luzon and Polillo. It is known only from five collections. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 EN Alc Guioa asquamosa Sapindaceae Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Is.) Restricted to Timor and Flores, this small tree is known only from six collections. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 VU B1+2c Guioa bicolor Sapindaceae Philippines This species is only known from a total of seven collections from Luzon, Mindanao and Sabtang. It has been recorded in logged-over forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18389 VU Al, B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Guioa discolor Sapindaceae Philippines Known only from four herbarium specimens, this small tree is confined to the primary dipterocarp forests of Luzon and Samar. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 Guioa grandifoliola Sapindaceae Papua New Guinea An extremely localised species known only from four collections from lowland rainforest and advanced secondary forest near the Buso River. Large areas of lowland forest in Papua New Guinea are threatened by increased logging activity. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 EN Alc CR B1+2c Guioa hospita Sapindaceae Papua New Guinea The only record of this species is the type specimen collected in 1890 in Gulf Province. Despite the area being relatively well studied, it has not been recorded since. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 CR D1 Guioa malukuensis Sapindaceae Indonesia (Moluccas) A tree known from two collections, both from Morotai Island. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 VU D2 Guioa melanopoda Sapindaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A very localised tree, collected twice in the 1940s, found in rainforest on river banks in Jayapura. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 VU D2 Guioa molliuscula Sapindaceae Papua New Guinea To date there are just two collections from the 1950—'60s of this understorey tree of alluvial swamp. The area is not under threat but it is not well visited by botanists. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 VU D2 Guioa multijuga Sapindaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) Known only from two collections from the early 1900s, this small tree is found in the rainforest/savanna transition zone on steep ground and in old secondary forest. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 VU D2 252 Guioa myriadenia Sapindaceae Philippines Endemic to Luzon, this forest species, known from 19 specimens, has not been collected since the 1940s. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 EN Alc Guioa normanbiensis Sapindaceae Papua New Guinea Confined to the Milne Bay Province on Normanby Island, this tree is known from only four collections to date. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 VU D2 Guioa novobritannica Sapindaceae Papua New Guinea A tree known only from the type specimen, collected in Casuarina rumphiana-dominated montane forest in west New Bnitain. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 VU D2 Guioa oligotricha Sapindaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A small tree, known only from three collections, found in lowland secondary forest in the Southern Division of Irian Jaya and the Western Province of Papua New Guinea. These areas are underexplored. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 VU D2 Guioa palawanica Sapindaceae Philippines A small tree or shrub endemic to Palawan, where it has been collected only a few times in lowland forest on ultrabasic rock and in stunted montane rainforest. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 CR Alc Guioa parvifoliola Sapindaceae Philippines This species was found only once on the dry slopes of the Ilocos Norte Province of Luzon. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 CR Alc Guioa patentinervis Sapindaceae Indonesia (Moluccas) A small tree confined to the transitional area between coral sand beach and open forest on nickel-rich soils. It is known from a total of seven collections from the islands of Ambon, Buru, Ceram and Obi. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 VU D2 Guioa pauciflora Sapindaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A shrubby tree only known from three disjunct collections in an area which is underexplored. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 VU D2 Guioa plurinervis Sapindaceae Papua New Guinea To date this species is known only from three collections from secondary hill rainforest in Milne Bay Province in Rossel Island. There has been little collecting from this island. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 VU D2 Guioa reticulata Sapindaceae Philippines A secondary forest tree confined to the dimishing forests of Luzon. It has not been collected since the 1960s—'70s. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 CR Alc Guioa scalariformis Sapindaceae Papua New Guinea A shrub or small tree restricted to primary montane forest of Morobe Province. It has been collected only twice. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18389, 19189 VU D2 Guioa truncata Sapindaceae Philippines A tree of dense moist mossy forest found only on Mindanao Island. Collected only twice, it has not been recorded since the 1960s. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 EN Alc Guioa unguiculata Sapindaceae Papua New Guinea A small tree known only from four collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18389, 19189 VU D2 Guioa venusta Sapindaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) Restricted to secondary scrubby vegetation on Schouten and Japen Islands, this small tree has been collected three times, most recently in 1945. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 VU D2 Guioa waigeoensis Sapindaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) Known only from the type specimen, this small tree is endemic to Waigeo Island, which is an undercollected area. Assessor: van Welzen, P.C. Refs: 18389 VU D2 253 Species Summaries Gulubia hombronii Palmae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) Endemic to the Solomon Islands, this palm tree is scattered in broadleaved, swamp and cloud forest on ultrabasic soils from 100 to 1500m. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 DD Gulubia microcarpa Palmae Fiji A scarce species of steep forested slopes, occurring between 180 and 260m, only on the islands of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. Some areas have been lost to agriculture and logging. Assessor: Fuller, D. Refs: 6053, 19118 VU Alc Gustavia acuminata Lecythidaceae Brazil (Roraima), Venezuela This species appears to be restricted to non-flooded forest between 1250 and 1300m in Amazonian Brazil and adjacent parts of Venezuela. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1503, 7980, 9632 VU D2 Gustavia dodsonii Lecythidaceae Ecuador Known only from north-west Ecuador, this middle- storey tree has been collected about five times from areas of lowland non-flooded forest. It is apparently uncommon. The high tensile strength of the trunk has resulted in the species being popular for local use as a lever to lift heavy objects. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1503, 3791, 7980 VU B1+2c Gustavia erythrocarpa Lecythidaceae Brazil (Para) An understorey tree, locally common but confined to the vicinity of the type locality in non-flooded forest in the Tapajos River region. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1503, 7980, 9632 VU D2 Gustavia excelsa Lecythidaceae Colombia An endemic to the Magdalena Valley in Santander. Although it is a relatively common understorey tree in lowland non-flooded forest, it remains poorly known and rarely collected. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 1503, 3791, 4460, 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Gustavia foliosa Lecythidaceae Colombia, Ecuador Occurring on the Pacific coast, the species has been collected twice from areas of lowland non-flooded forest in Valle in Colombia and Esmeraldas in Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1503, 3791, 7980 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Gustavia fosteri Lecythidaceae Panama Occurring in semi-deciduous rainforest on seasonally flooded plains, the species is restricted to Barro Colorado Island (BCI) and the surrounding area. The populations are small but almost every one is contained within a protected area, including one in Soberania National Park. Only a population on the Gigante Peninsula at the south of BCI is under serious pressure because of the expanding human population. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 1503, 7980, 16772 VU C2a Gustavia gracillima Lecythidaceae Colombia A small slender tree with an unconfirmed distribution in lowland non-flooded rainforest in western Colombia, possibly occurring also in Antioquia, Chocé or Narino. It has been collected about four times. Cultivated specimens are found in Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden, Singapore Botanical Garden and in Chelsea, UK. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 1503, 3791, 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Gustavia latifolia Lecythidaceae Colombia Now possibly extinct, the species is known only from the type specimen, which was collected from Cundinamarca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 1503, 3791, 7980, 19069 CR B1+2c Gustavia longepetiolata Lecythidaceae Brazil (Para) A very small tree, known only from the type locality in non-flooded lowland rainforest in the Rio Cuminé- Mirim region. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1503, 3791, 7980 EN D1 Gustavia longifuniculata Lecythidaceae Colombia A poorly known species, recorded from approximately seven collections from lowland non-flooded rainforest in Santander. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 1503, 3791, 7980, 19069 CR B1+2c Gustavia monocaulis Lecythidaceae Colombia, Panama In Panama, the species is known from forest along the highway running from El Llano to Carti-Tupile in Kunayala Indigenous Reserve. It is easily confused with G. grandibracteata, which may explain why there have been no recent collections in this region. The forest is rapidly disappearing and being colonised by campesinos. The species has also been identified from recent collections in Antioquia in Colombia, and in Darién in Panama. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 1503, 7980, 16772 EN Cl+2a 254 Gustavia nana ssp. nana Lecythidaceae Colombia, Panama A subspecies which is known in Panama solely from a collection from Darién made in 1962. Similar collections in the area have been identified as ssp. rhodantha. In Colombia there is a collection of the subspecies from the Chocé but no further information is available. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 DD Gustavia nana ssp. rhodantha Lecythidaceae Colombia, Panama This subspecies is recorded from low to medium elevation rainforest, often along streamsides, occurring largely in Colombia and extending into Darién and the Kunayala Indigenous Reserve in Panama. The greater part of the range is in protected areas and the taxon is reported to relatively common and regenerating well in places. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 VU C2a Gustavia petiolata Lecythidaceae Colombia In Colombia, the species is recorded from the type locality in lowland non-flooded rainforest in the Chocé. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 1503, 3791, 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Gustavia pubescens Lecythidaceae Colombia, Ecuador A rarely collected species of lowland non-flooded rainforest, confined to Pacific coastal Colombia and Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1503, 3791, 7980 VU B1+2c Gustavia santanderiensis Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Colombia Occurring in areas of non-flooded forest, the species is distributed disjunctly with occurrences in the Magdalena Valley in Cérdoba, Cundinamarca, Santander and Vaupés Departments in Colombia and in north-west Amazonia in Brazil. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 1503, 5942, 7980, 19069 VU B1+2c, D2 Gustavia serrata Lecythidaceae Ecuador Known only from the type locality, the species occurs in lowland non-flooded rainforest on the road from Chone to Pichincha in Manabi. The area is contained within Pedro Franco Davila Biological Station. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1503, 3791, 7980 VU D2 Gustavia sessilis Lecythidaceae Colombia Presently known only from the type collection, the species is confined to dense forest in Chocé. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1503, 3791, 7980 VU B1+2c Gustavia speciosa ssp. occidentalis Lecythidaceae VU B1+2c Colombia A large tree, confined to the type locality on the Pacific slopes of Valle. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1503, 3791, 7980, 8869 Gustavia verticillata Lecythidaceae Colombia, Panama The species has been collected relatively rarely from localities of lowland non-flooded rainforest in Cundinamarca and Tolima in Colombia and parts of neighbouring Panama in Darién Province. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 1503, 3791, 7980, 19069 VU B1+2c Gyminda orbicularis Celastraceae Cuba A shrub which sometimes attains the size of a small tree up to 5m tall. It is very restricted in the dry shrubwoods and shrublands on limestone terraces near the coast between Cajobabo and Jauco in Guantaénamo Province. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU B1+2c Gymnacranthera canarica Myristicaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala) A large tree found in the lowland moist dense forests of Kerala, just extending into South Kanara in Karnataka. Collected from widely scattered locations in the 19th century, the species had not been collected for almost a century and was suspected of being extinct until recently. Remaining populations appear to be extremely tare and restricted. Further detailed information may indicate that a more serious threat category is appropriate. The seeds have been mistaken for nutmeg. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8295, 12114, 19144 VU B1+2c, D2 Gymnacranthera maliliensis Myristicaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) This tree is restricted to primary and degraded forest on ultrabasic soils in central Sulawesi, east of Malili. Sulawesi has the largest tract of forest on ultrabasic rock in the tropics. It is, at least relatively, secure from conversion to agriculture because of the ultramafic nature of the soil. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4329, 8295 LR/nt Gymnosporia bachmannii Celastraceae South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal) A shrub or rarely a small straggling tree, endemic to Pondoland in southern KwaZulu-Natal and the eastern Transkei area of the Eastern Cape. It occurs on sandstone outcrops on the rocky banks and beds of rivers and streams. It is present in most of the protected areas in the region and also many of the demarcated forest areas in the Transkei, which are ineffectively protected and under threat of losing their habitat through cutting for firewood and timber and increasing VU A2c 255 Species Summaries settlement. Agricultural activities upstream have also caused habitat loss through the siltation of rivers. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 19218, 19220 Gymnostemon zaizou Simaroubaceae Cote d'Ivoire A Cote d'Ivoire endemic, confined to remaining patches of forest between Cavally and Sassandra Rivers. The largest and most stable forest is contained within Tai National Park. Logging and the influx of people have caused the rapid decline and degradation of forests elsewhere. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 2773, 12822 VU B1+2c Gynoxys azuayensis Compositae Ecuador A tree species endemic to montane forest of the Ecuadorean High Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Gynoxys chimborazensis Compositae Ecuador A species which is endemic to the High Andes of Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Gynoxys colanensis Compositae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species is found in *terra firme forest above 2000m in the department of Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Gynoxys cuicochensis Compositae Ecuador A tree or shrub species which is endemic to the High Andes of Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Gynoxys dielsiana Compositae Ecuador A tree or shrub species which is endemic to the High Andes of Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Gynoxys laurifolia Compositae Ecuador A tree species which is endemic to the High Andes of Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Gynoxys rimbachii Compositae Ecuador A tree or shrub species restricted to the montane or upper montane forest zones of the Ecuadorean High Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Gyranthera darienensis Bombacaceae Panama Originally known only from Kunayala Indigenous Reserve and Darién near the border with Colombia, the species has now been collected from Veraguas, in central Panama. Future collecting may reveal the species in between these areas. Populations are few and small and the habitat is frequently cleared for settlements, agriculture and ranching. There is a protected population within the Darién National Park. Only two species exist in the genus. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 3156, 7272, 7980, 16772 EN C2a Gyrotaenia microcarpa Urticaceae Jamaica An occasional species of the eastern parishes, where it occurs in moist woodlands on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Gyrotaenia spicata Urticaceae Jamaica Abundant where it occurs, the species is distributed in central and western parishes in areas of woodlands on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Halesia macgregorii Styracaceae VU Alcd China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang) A tree with a scattered occurrence in south-east China. It is found in remaining areas of mid-elevation broadleaved forest on slopes and valleys. Throughout its range the species has been exposed to severe rates of habitat clearance and logging. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 Halfordia papuana Rutaceae Papua New Guinea This tree is scattered in submontane and montane rainforest between 1200 and 2700m, mostly confined to the Bulolo/Wau region in Morobe Province. The region has been heavily exploited, logged and converted into Araucaria plantations. It is not certain how many mature specimens remain but it is certainly less than 250. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 CR C2a 256 Hallea ledermannii Rubiaceae VU Alc Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria A gregarious forest species restricted to swampy areas, rivers and also coastal regions. Regeneration is good in wet areas. It is able to reproduce vegetatively. Overexploitation of the general-purpose timber and habitat degradation in large parts of its range are causing population declines. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2036, 6127, 7791, 8369, 12061, 15251, 17408 Hallea stipulosa Rubiaceae VU Alcd Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia A widespread and important source of timber which occurs most commonly in swampy areas. In many places it suffers from overexploitation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 6127, 8369, 12061, 15251, 16021, 17408 Halocarpus kirkii Podocarpaceae New Zealand (North Is.) Only a few populations are known, occurring in areas of forest up to 700m between the North Cape and the Coromandel Peninsula. Few seedlings and juvenile plants are apparent and the species appears to be dependent on disturbance (e.g. volcanic disturbance) for Tegeneration. Most populations are within protected areas. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 8032, 13041, 19126 VU Ala+2b Hamelia papillosa Rubiaceae Jamaica A Cockpit Country endemic occurring in the west- central parishes on exposed craggy limestone cliffs and woodland margins. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Hampea breedlovei Malvaceae Mexico Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzélez-Espinosa Refs: 4105, 6308 VU B1+2c Hampea dukei Malvaceae Panama Known only from Kunayala Indigenous Reserve, the species has not been collected since the type collection was made in 1966. However, H. punctulata, a very similar species, has been collected in the surrounding area and other parts of Panama. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 DD Hampea micrantha Malvaceae Panama Recorded from the provinces of Colén and Panama, the species occurs in rainforest to 1000m, mainly in the VU B1+2d central region of Panama and slightly to the east. The major part of the range is contained within protected areas, outside which the species occurs very rarely and is under severe threat from habitat clearance. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 13315, 16772 Hampea montebellensis Malvaceae Mexico Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzalez-Espinosa Refs: 6308, 12985 EN B1+2c Hampea reynae Malvaceae El Salvador A rarely collected species, endemic to El Salvador and confined to cloud forest in Monte Cristo, Metapdn, Santa Ana. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4105, 6150, 19030 VU D2 Hampea sphaerocarpa Malvaceae Guatemala, Honduras A tree confined to the wet Atlantic lowlands, where it has experienced gradual habitat loss to encroaching agriculture. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 EN C2a Hampea thespesioides Malvaceae Colombia Possibly now extinct, the species was known from a locality in Tolima. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 CR B1+2c Hannoa ferruginea Simaroubaceae Cameroon, Nigeria A poorly known species, occurring only on Mount Koloishe, Cross River State, in Nigeria and in Cameroon. Updates on the taxonomy and species distribution will help to consolidate its status. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11504 VU Alc Hannoa kitombetombe Simaroubaceae Democratic Republic of Congo A tree from upland gallery forest at the source of the Muye River. It is known only from a single locality. The area is vulnerable to overcutting, fire and agricultural encroachment. Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Refs: 17185, 17951 VU D2 Haplocoelopsis africana Sapindaceae Angola? (Angola?), Kenya, Tanzania In Kenya the species is rare and confined to groundwater forest in Witu, Mangea, Shimba Hills and Marenji. It has been suggested that the range of the species is more widespread, extending to Angola. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5654, 6396, 12067 DD 257 Species Summaries Haplocoelum trigonocarpum Sapindaceae Kenya, Mozambique, Somalia, Tanzania A rare species with disparate populations confined to pockets of forest, especially coastal forest. In Kenya it is confined to the Taita Hills. In neighbouring Tanzania the species is thought to be less rare than originally suspected. The population in Mozambique is very poorly known. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3356, 6396, 12067, 18665 LR/nt Haplolobus beccarii Burseraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Endemic to Sarawak, this tree is known only from the type specimen collected in lowland forest on Mount Matang. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18327 VU D2 Haplolobus bintuluensis Burseraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Endemic to Sarawak, this small tree has only been collected once in a site of mixed dipterocarp forest in the Nyabau catchment area, Bintulu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Haplolobus inaequifolius Burseraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Known only from the type collection, this tree was found in Sabal Forest Reserve in hill forest at an altitude of 360m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Haplolobus kapitensis Burseraceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A rare emergent tree of lowland hill forest, so far known from only four collections, two from Kapit in Sarawak and two from Ranau in Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Haplolobus leenhoutsii Burseraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Known only by the type specimen, the species occurs in mixed dipterocarp forest at 500m in Ulu Balleh, Kapit. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Haplolobus sarawakanus Burseraceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A small tree of mixed dipterocarp forest, known only from the type collected from Ulu Balleh of Kapit. Another collection from Sabah might also be identified as this species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Haplorhus peruviana Anacardiaceae Chile (Tarapaca4), Peru Occurring as isolated individuals or in small groups, the species is found in dry hot ravines in lowland areas, ranging from south-east Peru to the Ariza Province of Chile. Assessor: Gonzélez, M. Refs: 4893, 7980, 12268, 16328 DD Haplormosia monophylla Leguminosae VU Ald+2d Cameroon, Céte d'Ivoire, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone A lowland swamp forest species exploited for its timber. There is little information on the status of populations or their regeneration but it is expected that overexploitation and habitat degradation are resulting in population declines. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2773, 6128, 12590 Harpalyce maisiana Leguminosae Cuba A small tree reaching Sm in height, confined to a small area of arid evergreen shrubwoods and scrub on the Maisi coastal plain, at the easternmost end of Cuba. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU D2 Hebe barkeri Scrophulariaceae New Zealand (Chatham Is.) Once a significant component of forests in the Chatham Islands, this small tree is now reduced to four populations and scattered isolated individuals. The species is severely browsed by livestock and more recently by possums. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 902, 5563, 17637, 19133, 19134 VU D2 Heberdenia excelsa Myrsinaceae Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Is.) An uncommon species of *laurisilva and, at higher altitudes, cloud forest. Past exploitation of its habitat has resulted in the reduction and fragmentation of populations. *Laurisilva in Madeira is now said to be increasing in extent, although areas close to habitations are still under the threat of fire. The species occurs in protected areas and regional legislation. Assessor: Bajiares, A. et al. Refs: 19022, 19131 VU Cl Hederopsis maingayi Araliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of lowland and hills up to 610m in the states of Pahang, Kelantan, Kedah, Perak and Selangor. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU Bl+2a Hederopsis major Araliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This rare species, known only from a single collection, is confined to rainforest in Kelantan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 258 Hedyosmum burgerianum Chloranthaceae Panama Current information suggests the species is confined to Cerro Colorado and Cerro Horqueta in the province of Chiriqui. The populations are large in places but confined to a narrow altitudinal range, between 1500 and 1900m. The area is unprotected and parts of Cerro Colorado, in particular, are affected by mining for copper and gold, and the impact of an expanding human population. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 6724, 7980, 8999, 16772 EN B1+2cd Hedyosmum correanum Chloranthaceae Panama A shrubby species which occurs in small populations up to 3000m in cloud forest only in the mountains in the west. Each collecting trip appears to uncover a new population in a more remote area. There is also a report of a population in La Amistad National Park on the border with Costa Rica. The habitat is generally declining in extent, over much of the range, mainly because of logging and mining for copper and gold. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 6724, 7980, 8999, 16772 EN B1+2bcd Hedyosmum mexicanum Chloranthaceae Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas) A scarce species of cloud forest or mesophyllous montane forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19161 VU Alc Hedyosmum purpurascens Chloranthaceae Ecuador An Ecuadorean endemic, currently known only from the High Andes in Loja Province. The altitudinal range of the species extends between 2300 and 2900m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6724, 7980, 8999, 19119 VU B1+2c Hedyscepe canterburyana Palmae Australia (New South Wales - Lord Howe Is.) Endemic to Lord Howe Island, this palm tree dominates palm forest on the slopes of Mount Glower and Mount Lidgbird. Lord Howe Island is a World Heritage Site, most of which is a permanent park reserve. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 VU D2 Heinsenia diervilleiodes ssp. mufindiensis Rubiaceae Tanzania A moist montane forest tree, occurring at elevations exceeding 1500m in three localities: Nyumbanitu, Lulanda and west Mufindi. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Helicia acutifolia Proteaceae Papua New Guinea A small tree of secondary forest at 2040m, confined to Mount Victoria in the central district. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7673, 19031 VU D2 Helicia albiflora Proteaceae Papua New Guinea A tree often found in Castanopsis—Nothofagus rainforest from 900 to 2000m. Known from the East and Western Highlands, Morobe, Northern and Central Provinces of Papua New Guinea. Its conservation is dependent upon the conservation of its montane habitat. The attractive wood has a decorative grain. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 7673, 19031, 19114 LR/nt Helicia amplifolia Proteaceae Papua New Guinea A tree occurring in primary or secondary rainforest or submontane forest from 600 to 1300m. It is known from the Eastern, Western and Southern Highlands, Madang and Morobe Provinces. The wood is very attractive. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 7673, 19031, 19114 LR/nt Helicia australasica Proteaceae VU C2b Australia (Northem Territory), Papua New Guinea A tree usually found in patches of rainforest along rivers and streams. In Papua New Guinea, it is known only from the Western Province. Its restricted occurrence renders it vulnerable. The status of this species in Northern Australia has not been considered in this threat category. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19031, 19114 Helicia calocoma Proteaceae Papua New Guinea Confined to the Morobe District, this tree is restricted to a small area of Nothofagus- dominated forest on ridges up to 1800m. The wood is considered attractive and has a decorative grain. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19031, 19114 Helicia grandifolia Proteaceae Viet Nam Apparently endemic to Viet Nam, this small to medium- sized tree is known only from Ba Vi, a number of localities in Hoa Binh and Cuc Phuong in Ninh Binh. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 15357 VU B1+2c VU D2 Helicia insularis Proteaceae Papua New Guinea A small tree found in mossy forest on ridge crests at 800 to 950m on Normanby and Fergusson Islands of the D Entrecasteaux Group. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19031, 19114 EN B1+2abcde 259 Species Summaries Helicia latifolia Proteaceae LR/nt Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea) A tree scattered on slopes and ridges in primary and secondary rainforest up to 800m in the Gulf, Central, Milne Bay and Northem Provinces of Papua New Guinea and New Britain of the Bismarck Archipelago. This species has attractive wood. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19031, 19114 Helicia neglecta Proteaceae VU Alcd, C2a Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago) A tree of primary and secondary forest up to 400m, which occurs only on New Britain and New Ireland in the Bismarck Archipelago. It is potentially threatened by ongoing and future logging activities and encroaching agriculture. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19031, 19114 Helicia peekelii Proteaceae Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago) This lowland tree is known only from Namatanai, New Ireland, where it is thought to occur in coastal forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031 VU D2 Helicia peltata Proteaceae Papua New Guinea Known only from a single location, Bisiatabu in the Central Province, this tree occurs in forest at 450m. The habitat is threatened by logging and the increasing settlement. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 7673, 19031, 19114 CR B1+2abcde Helicia polyosmoides Proteaceae CR B1+2abcde Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago) This small tree, restricted to Manus Island in the Bismarck Archipelago, occurs in ridge forest between the elevations of 100 and 550m. This species may face extinction through the commercial logging of its habitat. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19031, 19114 Helicia retusa Proteaceae Papua New Guinea Occurring in ridge forest between 1600 and 1900m, this small tree found is known only from Milne Bay District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031 VU D2 Helicia rostrata Proteaceae Papua New Guinea A small tree, so far known only from lower montane forest on Mount Dayman, occurring between 2000 and 2200m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Helicia shweliensis Proteaceae China (Yunnan) Confined to south-west and west Yunnan, the species occurs in areas of monsoon forest between 1800 and 2150m. The extensive loss of habitat caused by logging and conversion to agriculture has incurred losses in population numbers and brought the species into serious risk of extinction. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847 EN B1+2c Helicia subcordata Proteaceae Papua New Guinea A tall tree found only once in mid-montane open forest at 1350m near Wagau in the Morobe Province. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19031, 19114 CR B1+2abcde Heliciopsis cockburnii Proteaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare tree scattered in lowland and hill forest. So far it is known only from Keledang Saiong Forest Reserve in Perak, and Gunung Tapis in Pahang. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Heliciopsis lanceolata Proteaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) A species distributed in remnant hill forests in the vicinity of Bogor. It is unknown how much of the original population remains but the extent of habitat clearance and cutting has been extremely high. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 15417 EN B1+2c Heliciopsis montana Proteaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A montane forest tree confined to Gunung Korbu, the Cameron Highlands and Fraser's Hill. This region is threatened by the expansion of human habitation and tourism. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 19073 LR/cd Heliciopsis rufidula Proteaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) A species of seasonal lowland and montane forest known only from Perak, Selangor, Trennganu and Pahang in Peninsular Malaysia. A single collection has been made from mixed dipterocarp forest near Belaga, Sarawak. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Heliciopsis whitmorei Proteaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Rarely found, this forest species is known only from Gunung Mandi Angin, Ulu Sungai Terengganu and Ulu Bendong Kemaman in Terengganu. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 19073 LR/cd 260 Helicostylis heterotricha Moraceae Brazil (Amazonas) A tree of non-flooded forest in the upper Amazon. Assessor: Pereira, J.P. et al. Refs: 7980, 15717 EN B1+2bc Helietta glaucescens Rutaceae Cuba A small tree restricted to the karstic block mountains and limestone cliffs in the northern Sierra Maestra mountain range, province of Santiago de Cuba. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Hemandradenia chevalieri Connaraceae Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana Occurring in wet evergreen forest, this species is known from few localities in coastal Céte d'Ivoire and Ghana. In these areas, the forest has severely declined in extent through logging, commercial forestry and mining activities. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 2773, 12061, 12822, 14719 EN B1+2c Hemandradenia mannii Connaraceae LR/nt Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria A small tree which is very rare in places but ranges widely from Cote d'Ivoire to DR Congo in moist evergreen or semi-deciduous forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8369, 12822, 14719 Henriettea granularis Melastomataceae Cuba An imperfectly known species found in semi-deciduous forests on acid substrate, mainly along rivers and creeks. Degradation of the habitat has resulted in soil erosion and the invasion of exotic species. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 9522, 11403, 19149 CR B1+2c Henriettea membranifolia Melastomataceae Puerto Rico A small tree of wet montane forest, with questionable records dating back to the 1960s from two sites in the Cordillera Central. The populations have not been recently located. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3786, 7980, 17124 CR A2c, D1 Henriettea punctata Melastomataceae Cuba A shrub, less often a small tree, locally confined to the karstic limestone range of Monteverde in the Nipe- Yateras area of eastern Cuba. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU D2 Henriettea squamata Melastomataceae Cuba An uncommon tree, up to 10m tall, restricted to the Moa mountain group in eastern Cuba where it grows in montane rainforest on serpentine-derived soils between 400 and 900m. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU D2 Henriettella goudotiana Melastomataceae Colombia Endemic to Colombia, the species is recorded from Cundinamarca, Huila, Meta and Tolima. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Henriettella ininensis Melastomataceae French Guiana Described in 1988, this small tree is known only from the type specimen collected in Montagne Bellevue de I'Inini. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9867 VU D2 Heptacodium miconioides Caprifoliaceae China (Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang) A prized omamental occurring in two main areas. It has not been found recently in the westernmost site in Xingshan, Hubei. In the east it is found in small numbers in woodlands or on the edge of evergreen broadleaved forest. Population declines through indiscriminate cutting have been recorded. It is the only member of the genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU Alcd Heritiera longipetiolata Sterculiaceae VU D2 Federated States of Micronesia?, Guam, Northem Marianas A medium-sized tree of moist forest on limestone cliffs and coastal windblown sites. The species is known from occurrences on Guam, Tinian, Saipan and Rota in the Mariana Islands, and also possibly on Pohnpei in the Caroline Islands. There are about 1000 trees on Guam, several hundred on Tinian and fewer than 100 on Saipan. The Rota population has not been found recently. There is strong evidence to suggest that the species is not regenerating. Seedlings and seeds are predated by ungulates and crabs. The species is listed as endangered by the Guam government and two populations are effectively protected within military bases. Assessor: Wiles, G. Refs: 2474, 2627, 15533, 16676, 19175 Heritiera parvifolia Sterculiaceae China (Guangdong - Hainan) A species restricted to small areas of remaining forest below 500m in the south of Hainan Island. It is a common component of this habitat type and sometimes occurs in pure stands. Regeneration is good. However, VU B1+2c 261 Species Summaries the rates of decline of the habitat have been considerable and the species has disappeared from parts of its range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 Heritiera percoriacea Sterculiaceae Indonesia (Java) This species is known only from Ujung Kulon and Sukawayana, a remnant of forest near Pelabuhan Ratu. The former population occurs in a national park but continues to be threatened by illegal logging, fuelwood collection and agricultural encroachment. The latter is unprotected and under intense pressure. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 EN B1+2c Heritiera utilis Sterculiaceae VU Alcd Céte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone A timber species which occurs commonly, especially in evergreen forests. Exploitation rates are high and likely to be unsustainable. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 6127, 12061 Hernandia beninensis Hernandiaceae Sao Tomé & Principe Relatively well collected, most recently in Diogo Vaz in 1972, the species occurs on cultivated or abandoned plantations. The original forest habitat was extensively felled and cleared for agriculture in the first half of the century. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724, 10080 LR/nt Hernandia catalpifolia Hernandiaceae Jamaica A tree which is locally common in the parishes of Portland and St Thomas by streams and in damp ravines in submontane woodland. Deforestation has almost completely removed the habitat in the latter parish, areas in ravines probably representing the only remaining fragments. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Hernandia cubensis Hernandiaceae Cuba Known only from forests near the conical karst complex of Monteverde in Guantanamo Province, this rare tree has not been collected recently. Disturbance has been heavy where logging and agricultural encroachment have occurred. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 CR B1+2c Hernandia didymantha Hernandiaceae LR/nt Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama This species occurs in lowland evergreen rainforest in Punta Mona, La Selva, Golfo Duce in Costa Rica, near Almirante, Bocas del Toro in Panama and in an increasing number of of other countries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 730, 1881, 3156, 3977, 7272, 14487 The World List of Threatened Trees Hernandia drakeana Hernandiaceae EX French Polynesia (Society Is.) An exinct species, originally known from Moorea. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 Hernandia hammelii Hernandiaceae DD Panama Known only from the type locality, the species is found in an area of Coclé which is not well explored botanically but is rapidly being colonised by an increasing number of settlers. It has been suggested that the species is actually a variety of H. didymantha, which is more widespread in Central and South America. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 Hernandia jamaicensis Hernandiaceae Jamaica Known from western and north-western parishes, the tree is confined to areas of woodland on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Hernandia mascarenensis Hernandiaceae Mauritius, Réunion The population on Mauritius is extinct and remaining populations on Réunion have experienced severe declines. Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 9120, 12470, 16426, 19208 EN Alc Hernandia moerenhoutiana ssp. elliptica Hernandiaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) Endemic to the Tubuai Group, the subspecies is recorded only from the islands of Raivave and Tubuai. The latter population is poorly known. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 EN B1+2c Hernandia stenura Hernandiaceae Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama Closely related to H. didymantha, the species occurs in lowland wet evergreen forest from Guatemala to Coclé in Panama. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 730, 3156, 7272, 14487 LR/nt Hernandia stokesii Hernandiaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.), Pitcairn Islands In the Pitcaim Group the species occurs only on Henderson Island. It is commonly found rooted in deep crevices within a restricted range in the north-west of the island. There are estimated to be 500 individuals here. It has been postulated that the Polynesian pigeon, now extinct on the island, alone was responsible for dispersing the seed. The population on Rapa Iti is poorly known. Henderson Island is a World Heritage Site. Assessor: Waldren, S. Refs: 2818, 8306, 13604, 14513, 17122 VU D2 262 Hernandia tahitensis Hernandiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is., Tubuai Is.) Little is known about the populations of this species, which are recorded from the island of Tubuai in the Tubuai Group and from Raiatea and Tahiti in the Society Islands. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Hernandia temarii Hernandiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Herrania laciniifolia Sterculiaceae Colombia Endemic to Colombia, the species is restricted to localities in the departments of Cundinamarca and Tolima. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 CR B1+2c Herrania umbratica Sterculiaceae Colombia Endemic to Colombia, the species is restricted to localities in the departments of Norte de Santander and Santander. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Hesperomannia arborescens Compositae USA (Hawaii) A small shrubby tree, occurring in scattered tiny populations on forested slopes and ridges in the Koolau Mountains, on Oahu, in Olokui Reserve on Molokai and in West Maui Reserve on Maui. In total fewer than 100 individuals exist in 14 populations. Goats threaten the Molokai population and in other areas feral pigs and invasive plants pose immediate problems. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19041, 19168 CR C2a Hesperomannia arbuscula Compositae USA (Hawaii) A small shrubby tree or shrub, known from scattered populations in lowland rainforest in the central and southern Waianae Mountains in Oahu and from a single individual on West Maui. There are four populations on Oahu, containing about 90 individuals. Feral pigs and introduced plants pose the most serious threats. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19168 CR C2a Hesperomannia lydgatei Compositae USA (Hawaii) A small tree of dense wet forest known only from a site along Wahiawa Stream on Kauai Island. It is protected CR B1+2c, C2b by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 Hexalobus mossambicensis Annonaceae Mozambique A species of northern Mozambique. Information on the species’ range and habitat are inadequate. Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 18965 DD Hexalobus salicifolius Annonaceae Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire Two isolated populations are known. In Céte d'Ivoire, the species is confined to swampy areas within remaining forest patches between the rivers Cavally and Sassandra. The largest patch is contained within Tai National Park. Logging and the influx of people have caused a rapid decline and degradation of the habitat. More information is needed on the other population in Cameroon. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 12590, 12822 EN B1+2c Hexapora curtisii Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known only from Penang Hill, this rare lowland forest species may be extinct as most of Penang has been developed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 CR B1+2c Hibiscadelphus bombycinus Malvaceae USA (Hawaii) Collected just once before 1868, the species is now presumed extinct. It was thought to occur in rainforest at Kawaihae on Hawaii. The genus is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and is known from species which are either extinct or critically endangered. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EX Hibiscadelphus crucibracteatus Malvaceae USA (Hawaii) A single tree was discovered on a dry slope of Puhielelu Ridge in 1981. It has since died. Seeds were collected but none have germinated. The genus is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and is known from either extinct or critically endangered species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EX Hibiscadelphus distans Malvaceae USA (Hawaii) Occurring as a shrub or small tree, the species is known from a single population of fewer than 20 individuals in a dry forest patch on the bluff above Koaie Stream in Waimea Canyon on Kauai. It is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. The genus is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and is known from species which are either extinct or critically endangered. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 CR DI 263 Species Summaries Hibiscadelphus giffardianus Malvaceae USA (Hawaii) The last of the original wild specimens on Mauna Loa, Hawaii, died in 1930. Since then cuttings from the species in cultivation have been reintroduced into a fenced area at Kipuka Puaulu, in Volcanoes National Park. Nine individuals remain here. They show some signs of damage by rats and pests. The establishment of a viable population in the wild may be hampered by the decline of the plants’ likely pollinator, the Haiwaiian honey-creeper species. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act.. The genus is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and is known from species which are extinct or critically endangered. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19037 CR D1 Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis Malvaceae USA (Hawaii) Originally known from three populations in Puuwaawaa on Hawaii, the last known wild tree died in 1992. A small number of cultivated trees have been reintroduced into two fenced sanctuaries. The species’ natural habitat is dry to moist forest on lava fields between 915 and 1020m. The only remaining patches are heavily threatened by fire, grazers, invasive plants and ranching activities. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. The genus is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and is known from species which are extinct or critically endangered. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19037 CR D1 Hibiscadelphus wilderianus Malvaceae USA (Hawaii) A single tree was found in 1910 on the dry forest lava fields of Auwahi on Maui. It has since died and the species is presumed extinct. The genus is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and is known only from either extinct or critically endangered species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EX Hibiscadelphus woodii Malvaceae USA (Hawaii) A small tree found in 1991. It is known only from the site of discovery in Kalalau Valley in Napali Coast State Park on Kauai. Only four trees have been found growing on cliff walls in montane rainforest. The main threats to the population come from feral goats and pigs and invasive plants. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. The genus is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and is only known from species which are extinct or critically endangered. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19036, 19086 CR D1 Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus Malvaceae EN B1+2c, C2a, D1 USA (Hawaii) Formerly ranging from Waihanau Valley to Papalaua Valley on East Molokai, the taxon is now reduced to an area stretching for Skm on the northern coast, where three populations occur along the steep cliffs. There are no more than 100 individuals in the area. Feral goats are The World List of Threatened Trees a major cause of damage to the habitat. The taxon is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19040 Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei Malvaceae USA (Hawaii) A sprawling to erect shrub or tree known from small populations restricted to dry forest and shrubland up to 350m on Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN C2a Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus Malvaceae EN B1+2c, C2a USA (Hawaii) A tree of dry forest and shrubland known from three localised populations, two on Kauai at Lihue and Olokele Canyon, and in the Waianae Mountains between Kawaihapai and Puupane on Oahu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 Hibiscus clayi Malvaceae USA (Hawaii) Occurring as a shrub or tree, the species is endemic to Kauai where it has been recorded from a number of locations in dry forest up to 350m. A group of four trees in the Nounou Mountains appears to be the only remaining population. The damage caused by cattle was realised in 1928 when the species was first brought into cultivation. That threat has been removed but the habitat continues to be steadily degraded by the spread of invasive plants, by feral pigs and potentially recreational activities. A small number of individuals have been planted to augment the population in the wild. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19038 CR D1 Hibiscus kokio ssp. kokio Malvaceae USA (Hawaii) A variable subspecies known from scattered populations in dry to moist forest up to 800m on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai and Maui. It is also presumed to be present on Hawaii. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Hibiscus kokio ssp. saintjohnianus Malvaceae USA (Hawaii) This subspecies is confined to forest in north-west Kaui, occurring up to 1100m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN C2a Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae Malvaceae EN B1+2c, C2a, D1 USA (Hawaii) A rainforest tree confined to Kauai, where two remaining populations occur in adjacent valleys, Limahuli and Hanakapiai, on the north coast. An additional population in Kalihiwai appears to be extinct and after Hurricane Iniki the population in Hanakapiai Valley was halved to about 25 plants. The second 264 population consists of between 50 and 100 plants. The lowland rainforest habitat is frequently damaged by feral pigs and invaded by introduced plants. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19036, 19086 Hibiscus waimeae ssp. waimeae Malvaceae USA (Hawaii) This subspecies is distributed from Waimea Canyon to the ocean-facing valleys in the west and south-west on Kauai. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 LR/nt Hieronima crassistipula Euphorbiaceae Cuba A very rare tree of natural pine forest along ravines and creeks in Pinar del Rio Province and on Isla de Pinos. Population numbers are probably too low to ensure the species' survival without intervention. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 CR B1+2c Hieronima macrocarpa Euphorbiaceae Colombia, Ecuador Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 4217, 19069 VU B1+2c Hildegardia cubensis Sterculiaceae Cuba A tree found in lowland semi-deciduous forest on rocky limestone soils in eastern Cuba. Populations have declined substantially in the past decades through habitat clearance and buming for logging, grazing and agricultural encroachment. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19149 VU B1+2c Hildegardia gillettii Sterculiaceae Somalia In the last 10 years fewer than 10 individuals have been found, most of them in the vicinity of El Ellan. Although the true population size is likely to be greater, the tree and its habitat are threatened with overcutting and grazing. The population is unprotected but local inhabitants are aware of its uniqueness. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 18665 EN C2b, D1 Hildegardia populifolia Sterculiaceae India (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu) Endemic to the Eastem Ghats in Andra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, the species is believed to have disappeared from all its recorded localities except for one on the forested eastern slopes of the Kalrayans Hills, where about 20 trees survive. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799 CR D1 Himatanthus stenophyllus Apocynaceae Suriname No locality is recorded for the species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19196 DD Hirtella enneandra Chrysobalanaceae Colombia An endemic to Valle. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 5970, 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Hirtella megacarpa Chrysobalanaceae Tanzania Rarely occurring in moist evergreen montane forest in two mountain ranges, this species is thought to be sufficiently ecologically and geographically distinct from the related H. zanzibarice to keep it taxonomically separate, although morphological differences are not substantial. In the West Usambaras a population is known in Shagai and in the Udzungwas there are occurrences in Mwanihana and Nyumbanitu. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 11631 VU B1+2b Holarrhena pubescens Apocynaceae Pakistan A small tree, once occurring in Nurpur, Tret, Murree Hills up to 1200m, now apparently extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4013, 5995 EX Holmskioldia gigas Verbenaceae Kenya, Tanzania Formerly known from a single individual in Kenya, which was felled in the 1980's, the species is now known to occur in a 0.1ha patch of forest near Ngarama Forest Reserve in Tanzania. Only a single individual exists. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 5654, 6396, 16796 CR B1+2abede, D1 Homalanthus polyandrus Euphorbiaceae New Zealand (Kermadec Is.) A small pioneer tree found only on Raoul Island in the Kermadec Group. By the early 1970s only a few small groups of trees had survived the damage caused by feral goats. A spectacular recovery in numbers has since been made following the removal of goats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5563, 9800, 17637 VU D2 Homailium betulifolium Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Homalium buxifolium Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c 265 Species Summaries Homalium dalzielii Flacourtiaceae Benin, Nigeria A small tree recorded in Lagos in Nigeria and from Dja and Kpoguidi in Benin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 7111, 11504 VU D2 Homalium gracilipes Flacourtiaceae Tanzania Known only from the type collection in Liwiri-Kiteza forest at Songea, southern Tanzania, the species occurs in moist semi-deciduous montane forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5020, 5204 VU B1+2c, D2 Homalium henriquesii Flacourtiaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Principe, Sao Tomé) This species is present in all high altitude sites. Regeneration is reported to be good. The wood is used as a construction timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724, 10080, 19042, 19111 LR/nt Homalium jainii Flacourtiaceae India (Tamil Nadu) Known only from the type collection, this canopy tree occurs in a restricted area of submontane forest in the Agastyamalai Hills. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but almost 1000km? of forest are now under protection within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Homalium juxtapositum Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Homalium kunstleri Flacourtiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A very rare species of lowland rainforest, scattered in limestone areas in Kinta, Perak. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Homalium lacticum var. glabratum Flacourtiaceae China (Yunnan) Remaining stands of this large tree are small and restricted to Jinghong, Mengla and Gengma Counties in Yunnan. The variety is a scattered component of the upper canopy in monsoon or subtropical rainforest. Large trees are increasingly scarce and continue to be cut for the timber. Regeneration, too, is insufficient. Protected populations exist in Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 VU B1+2ce The World List of Threatened Trees Homalium mathieuanum Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et all. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Homalium ogoouense Flacourtiaceae Gabon A species known from collections made around Lastoursville in 1929-1930. A collection in Wageningen comes from Echira. The area has been heavily logged and, although the species may be more widespread in Gabon's relatively unexplored forests, most areas are now under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8415, 19043 VU D2 Homalium patoklaense Flacourtiaceae Céte d'Ivoire, Gabon Also known under the synonym, H. lastoursvillense, this species occurs in two disjunct populations. The threatened Cote d'Ivoire population is restricted largely to Tai National Park. Forested areas outside the park have been heavily logged and degraded. In Gabon the species has been collected only from Lastoursville, where logging has been intensive. Although it may be more widespread, most forest areas are now under concession to logging companies. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 2773, 8415, 12822 VU B1+2c Homalium polystachyum Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Homalium rubiginosum Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Homalium rubrocostatum Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Homalium sleumerianum Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Homalium smythei Flacourtiaceae Céte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone This species is confined to moist forest in the Upper Guinea region, from Guinea to Céte d'Ivoire. In the latter country the population is mainly contained within Tai National Park. Forested areas outside the park have been widely logged and degraded. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 12822 VU B1+2c 266 Homalium spathulatum Flacourtiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A very rare species confined to lowland rainforest on the island of Pangkor, Perak. The habitat is threatened by the encroaching settlements and tourism. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 EN Dl Homalium taypau Flacourtiaceae Pitcairn Islands Restricted to hillsides and valleys on Pitcairn Island, the species is still common and often dominates the vegetation that remains. The population probably consists of at least 2000 mature individuals. Loss of habitat and spread of invasive plants have caused the populations to be reduced to their present extent. In the past the timber was also frequently cut for use in construction work. Regeneration is strong from cut stumps but rare from the seed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5658, 13604, 19154 VU D2 Homalium travancoricum Flacourtiaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Collections are recorded from the Travancore range down to the Agastyamalai Hills and field data have identified further populations to the south of the Nilgiris. The species occurs ir the lower storey of evergreen forest, mainly at low altitudes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Homalium undulatum Flacourtiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small to medium-sized tree occurring mainly in limestone hill forest in Kedah (Langkawi) and Perak, where it is threatened by increasing settlement and logging. It is unclear whether the species occurs in Peninsular Thailand or not. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2a Hopea acuminata Philippines A widespread species in the greatly diminished evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of the Philippines. The lightweight merawan timber is used for the construction of bridges, ships and houses. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, B1+2c Hopea aequalis Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) An endemic tree found in mixed dipterocarp forest on low hills, where the demand for agricultural land exerts a strong pressure on remaining forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alc, B1+2c, C1 Hopea altocollina Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A large tree which is locally common on clay-rich EN Alcd, B1+2c hillsides and spurs. An occurrence is recorded in a site proposed as a reserve. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Hopea andersonii ssp. basalticola Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) This subspecies, endemic to Borneo, occurs throughout mixed dipterocarp forest on rich clay soils. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, B1+2c Hopea apiculata Dipterocarpaceae CR Alc, B1+2c Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Thailand The species is probably a synonym of H. oblongifolia. Some populations are known within forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Hopea aptera Dipterocarpaceae Papua New Guinea Endemic to Papua New Guinea, this species forms pure stands in secondary forest and is a locally important timber species. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 13857 DD Hopea auriculata Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This tree is restricted to hill forests in Peninsular Malaysia. It is a small tree, that is not exploited. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alc, B1+2c Hopea bancana Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) Endemic to Sumatra, this species is seriously threatened by the loss of its forest habitat. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 13857 CR Alcd, B1+2c Hopea basilanica Dipterocarpaceae Philippines A species of primary lowland forest, threatened by the loss of its habitat. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, B1+2c, Cl, D1 seriously Hopea beccariana Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Thailand Widespread on coastal hills and inland ridges, this tree is an important source of heavy merawan timber and dammar resin. Some populations are known to occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd+2cd Hopea bilitonensis Dipterocarpaceae CR Alc+2c, B1+2c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This species is locally common on the sandy islands of 267 Species Summaries Billiton and Banka. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Hopea brachyptera Dipterocarpaceae Philippines A species which occurs in lowland primary forests on Mindanao Island. It is seriously threatened by the loss of its habitat. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alc+2c, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Hopea brevipetiolaris Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A species with an extremely restricted distribution, scattered in the remnants of lowland semi-evergreen rainforest in the south-west corner of Sri Lanka. It was discovered in only three forest localities within Kurunegala District, during the extensive surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. The tree has little value as a timber because of its warped bole. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 15431, 13857, 19112 CR Alcd, B1+2c, C1, D1 Hopea cagayanensis Dipterocarpaceae Philippines This locally abundant species is restricted to the diminishing lowland primary forest of north-east Luzon. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Hopea canarensis Dipterocarpaceae India (Karnataka) A lowland forest species, collected only once from a site near Kudremukh. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 13857, 19144 DD Hopea celebica Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia A species which is locally common in lowland semi- evergreen forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Hopea centipeda Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) Occurs locally on river banks. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alc+2c Hopea chinensis Dipterocarpaceae China (Guangxi), Viet Nam A relatively small evergreen tree restricted to monsoon forest in the Shiwan Mountains. It provides a valuable timber, renowned as 'ten-thousand year wood’. Overcutting is a serious problem. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 1818, 11847, 13857, 15754 CR Alcd+2cd, C1, D1 The World List of Threatened Trees Hopea cordata Dipterocarpaceae Viet Nam Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 848, 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Hopea cordifolia Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka No evidence of the species was found during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting that the species is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 18796, 19112 EN Alcd, B1+2c, D1 Hopea coriacea Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Found scattered on low hills and ridges, this slow- growing tree is exploited locally for house supports and boat hulls. It is unlikely to survive logging activities because it doesn't reach reproductive age within a logging cycle. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857, 17140 Hopea dasyrrhachia Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) The species is locally abundant on limestone slopes. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 11295, 13857 Hopea depressinerva Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Restricted to *granodiorite hill slopes in western Sarawak, this tree may already be extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR B1+2c, C2a, D1 Hopea discolor Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka This species' distribution is extremely restricted, occurring in pure stands on ridges in lowland wet evergreen forests. It apparently regenerates sufficiently in its natural habitat. This species was found in seven forests during the surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195, 19112 EN Albcd, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Hopea enicosanthoides Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This small tree species is locally frequent in Sarawak. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alc, B1+2c Hopea erosa Dipterocarpaceae CR Ald+2d, B1+2e, Cl, D1 India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Known only from very few scattered records, the species 268 is confined to lowland evergreen forest at the southern end of the Western Ghats. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 13857, 19144 Hopea exalata Dipterocarpaceae China (Guangdong - Hainan) A small tree of monsoon forest, only recently discovered in Yaxian County of Hainan Province. The degree of habitat disturbance suggests that most of the trees are secondary growth. The species has a good regenerative capacity in its natural habitat. The population on Ganshi Mountain is contained within a designated nature reserve. The species presents several primitive features which are of phylogenetic interest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 1818, 11847, 13857 VU Ald, B1+2e Hopea ferrea Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Cambodia, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam A commercially important timber tree, which is commonly traded in isolation from other members of the genus under the name malut. Assessor: Ashton, P. Pefs: 7673, 9169, 10013, 13857 Hopea ferruginea Dipterocarpaceae CR Alc+2c Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 16104 Hopea fluvialis Dipterocarpaceae EN Alc+2c Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) This tree is recorded in sites proposed for reserve status. The species is locally abundant, by streams. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Hopea foxworthyi Dipterocarpaceae Philippines Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 VU D2 Hopea glabra Dipterocarpaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Confined to the southern end of the Western Ghats, the species has been collected from scattered localities in low to medium altitude evergreen forest. The most northerly occurrence is recorded in the Nilgiri Hills, the most southerly in the Agastyamalai range. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 9169, 13857, 19144 EN Alcd+2cd Hopea glabrifolia Dipterocarpaceae Papua New Guinea Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 DD Hopea glaucescens Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 13857 CR Alc+2c, B1+2c Hopea gregaria Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Hopea griffithii Dipterocarpaceae VU Alcd+2cd Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand This species is locally common on leached soils, with some populations known to occur within forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 9169, 9199, 13857 EN Alcd+2cd Hopea hainanensis Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c China (Guangdong - Hainan), Viet Nam A slow-growing tree, occurring in remaining areas of lowland rainforest on Hainan Island in China and Nghia Dan, Quy Chau, Quy Hop and Nhu Xuan and a few smaller localities in Viet Nam. The Chinese population consists of several hundred mature trees, which are now protected from cutting. The timber is highly valued in both China and Viet Nam. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 848, 1818, 11847, 13857, 15357, 15754 Hopea helferi Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Cambodia, India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Thailand A large tree found in semi-evergreen and evergreen forests. The timber is valuable in the construction industry. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 2430, 9169, 13857 Hopea hongayanensis Dipterocarpaceae Viet Nam Endemic to Viet Nam, this slow-growing tree is valued highly for its hard, heavy timber, which is included in Viet Nam's ‘precious timber’ group. Occurrences are known from mixed forest at about 950m in Quang Ninh, Lang Son, Tuyen Quang, Ninh Binh and Nghe An Provinces. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9169, 13857, 15357 CR Alcd, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Hopea inexpectata Dipterocarpaceae Papua New Guinea Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, B1+2c Hopea jacobi Dipterocarpaceae India (Karnataka) A relatively small dipterocarp found only once in CR B1+2c, C1, D1 269 Species Summaries evergreen forest in Kodugu in the Western Ghats. It may now be extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 4799, 13857, 19144 Hopea johorensis Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree which is restricted to eastern Johore, often on hill ridges. Some populations are found within forest Teserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, B1+2c Hopea jucunda ssp. jucunda Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka Some populations are known to occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431 CR Alcd Hopea jucunda ssp. modesta Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka Some populations are known to occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857 CR Alcd Hopea kerangasensis Dipterocarpaceae CR Alc, B1+2c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) This species is locally abundant in Sarawak, with some populations occurring in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Hopea latifolia Dipterocarpaceae CR Alc, B1+2c Brunei, Cambodia, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Thailand? This tree is locally common in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest. It is widely distributed in Peninsular Malaysia and is known to occur in a number of forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Hopea longirostrata Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This species is restricted to mixed dipterocarp forests in Sarawak. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Hopea malibato Dipterocarpaceae Philippines A widespread and locally common species. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Hopea megacarpa Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This species is locally frequent in mixed dipterocarp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alc, B1+2c Hopea mengerawan Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, B1+2c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore Scattered throughout lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, this species is an important source of merawan timber and also produces a good-quality dammar resin. It is also contained within a number of forest reserves in Peninsular Malaysia. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857 Hopea mesuoides Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) A species of mixed dipterocarp and heath forest. The habitat is threatened by clearance and degradation. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alc, B1+2c Hopea micrantha Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Sarawak) A tree found in heath forest, where it is severely threatened by habitat conversion and degradation. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alc, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Malaysia (Sabah, Hopea mindanensis Dipterocarpaceae Philippines This lowland primary species may already be extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Hopea mollissima Dipterocarpaceae China (Yunnan), Viet Nam Only recently discovered, the species occurs in evergreen rainforest in south Yunnan and northern Viet Nam. In China populations are disappearing because of deforestation and habitat degradation. Small stands still exist in a number of provinces in Viet Nam. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9169, 11847, 13857, 15357 CR Alcd, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Hopea montana Dipterocarpaceae CR B1+2c, D1 Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah) This tree is found infrequently on hill slopes in dipterocarp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 270 Hopea nervosa Dipterocarpaceae CR Alc, B1+2c Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) This species is locally common on lowland clay-rich fertile soil. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 Hopea nigra Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) A tree endemic to the lowland forests of Sumatra, where it is severely threatened by the loss and degradation of the habitat. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alc, B1+2c Hopea nutans Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A species of periodically inundated sandy soils, used for its good-quality giam timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 Hopea oblongifolia Dipterocarpaceae Myanmar, Thailand This species is very rare and restricted in range. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 9169, 13857, 18243 DD Hopea odorata Dipterocarpaceae VU Alcd+2cd Bangladesh, Cambodia, India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.?), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam This widespread tree usually occurs in lowland riparian forest on deep rich soils. The Indian population, however, occurs in moist evergreen forest at higher altitudes, away from streams. It provides merawan timber and the resin has economic value. In Viet Nam a long period of selective logging has reduced the size of stands to small groups of trees or isolated individuals. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3619, 3998, 5550, 7673, 10013, 11727, 13857, 15357, 15754, 16925, 17140 Hopea ovoidea Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Hopea pachycarpa Dipterocarpaceae VU Alc+2c Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) A tree found in mixed dipterocarp forest. It is known to occur in an area proposed as a reserve. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857, 17140 Hopea parviflora Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd+2cd, B1+2c India (Karmataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Endemic to the south-west, the species is common and has a relatively wide distribution in evergreen, semi- deciduous and deciduous moist forest from sea level to about 900m. It appears to be regenerating well in the wild and provides a popular construction timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 8483, 13857, 19144 Hopea paucinervis Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) This species is possibly extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 DD Hopea pedicellata Dipterocarpaceae EN Alc+2c Cambodia, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Thailand A tree found in mixed dipterocarp forest. It is contained within productive and protected forests in Peninsular Malaysia. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857, 18243 Hopea pentanervia Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A species which occurs in highly threatened mixed peat- swamp forests in northern Borneo. It is a popular timber for heavy construction. Some populations are known to occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Hopea philippinensis Dipterocarpaceae Philippines This species occurs in the much-diminshed, non- seasonal evergreen forests of the Philippines. The tree's small size allows only for small-scale exploitation of the merawan timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, B1+2c Hopea pierrei Dipterocarpaceae EN Alc+2c, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Cambodia, Indonesia (Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand, Viet Nam A relatively small dipterocarp, which is found mainly in lowland evergreen rainforest on sandy soils, and also in heath forest in parts of Indo-China. The timber is highly valued in Viet Nam and Cambodia. Populations in the former are seriously reduced by past chemical warfare, exploitation and habitat reduction. In Peninsular Malaysia the species is reported in several forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 848, 7673, 9169, 13857, 14573, 15357 Hopea plagata Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak), Philippines The preferred habitat of the species is semi-evergreen forest and sometimes evergreen forest. It is one of the CR Alcd, B1+2c 271 Species Summaries most popular timbers for heavy construction work in the Philippines. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Hopea polyalthioides Dipterocarpaceae CR Alc+2c, B1+2c, C1, D1 Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Endemic to south Johore and under severe threat of extinction, this dipterocarp species occurs on well- drained lowland forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Hopea ponga Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd+2cd, B1+2c India (Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu) A gregarious tree, widely occurring in low to medium altitude evergreen forest, especially along riversides. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 8483, 13857, 15754, 19144 Hopea pterygota Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Locally common in Perak forests, populations are also known to occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 VU Alc+2c, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Hopea pubescens Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia, this tree is often found on flat and hilly well-drained land. The species is relatively abundant in Pahang. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alc, B1+2c Hopea quisumbingiana Dipterocarpaceae Philippines A species known only from a single collection from Samar Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9501 CR B1+2c Hopea racophloea Dipterocarpaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala) This tree is known from scarce and scattered collections from evergreen forests at the southern end of the Western Ghats. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 9169, 13857, 19144 EN Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Hopea recopei Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd+2cd, B1+2c Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam The species is known to occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 6206, 13857 The World List of Threatened Trees Hopea reticulata Dipterocarpaceae Thailand, Viet Nam A species of seasonal evergreen forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 13857 CR Alcd, B1+2c, C1, D1 Hopea samarensis Dipterocarpaceae Philippines The species is under severe threat from the loss of its forest habitat. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Hopea sangal Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, B1+2c, Cl, D1 Indonesia (Java, Lesser Sunda Is., Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand This tree is widely distributed, and locally common by rivers. It is commonly cut as merawan timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 5550, 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857, 17140 Hopea scabra Dipterocarpaceae Papua New Guinea Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 DD Hopea semicuneata Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, B1+2c Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of lowland dipterocarp forest on clay-rich alluvium. It is cut for its giam timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 Hopea shingkeng Dipterocarpaceae India (Arunachal Pradesh) A small tree once locally exploited for house posts and now thought to be extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs:13857, 15754 EX Hopea siamensis Dipterocarpaceae Cambodia, Thailand, Viet Nam Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9169, 13857 CR Alc, B1+2c Hopea sphaerocarpa Dipterocarpaceae CR Alc, B1+2c Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) A tree of mixed dipterocarp forest, suffering from forest degradation. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Hopea subalata Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree, which is locally common but confined to a single locality in Selangor Province within the Kanching Forest Reserve. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 EN D1 272 Hopea sublanceolata Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A locally abundant tree found on undulating land and low spurs up to 150m. The species is common along river basins by Gunung Perak and Gunung Pahang. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alc, B1+2c Hopea sulcata Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A gregarious tree which is locally common but restricted to forested ridges. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alc, B1+2c Hopea tenuivervula Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A tree of northern Bomeo found growing in mixed dipterocarp forest on low hills. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alc, B1+2c Hopea thorelii Dipterocarpaceae Laos, Thailand Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs:13857 CR Alc, B1+2c Hopea ultima Dipterocarpaceae Papua New Guinea There is a possibility that this dipterocarp is extinct in the wild. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 DD Hopea utilis Dipterocarpaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) This slow-growing species is restricted to a small area of semi-evergreen forest, usually near large rivers, in Thenmala and the Silent Valley in Kerala, and in Tirunelveli and Courtallam in Tamil Nadu. It regenerates copiously around the parent tree. Locally, the wood is used in construction work. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 13857, 19144 EN C2a, D1 Hopea vaccinifolia Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) A tree which occurs in remaining patches of *kerangas vegetation in Brunei and Sarawak. It is locally abundant in heath forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alc, B1+2c, C2a Hopea wightiana Dipterocarpaceae EN Alc+2c, B1+2c India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A relatively small tree, locally used for construction. It can occur frequently and regeneration is observed to be good. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 9169, 13857 Hopea wyatt-smithii Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan) A species of mixed dipterocarp forest, under severe threat from habitat degradation. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alc+2c, B1+2c Horsfieldia ampla Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A small tree known only from the type collection which was found in dense humid forest in Sepik Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18674 VU D2 Horsfieldia ampliformis Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A small tree of lower montane rainforest, known from two collections, one from Sepik Province and the other from Morobe Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18674 VU D2 Horsfieldia amplomontana Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sabah) Endemic to Mount Kinabalu, the species is known from four collections taken from primary and secondary forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 3597 VU D2 Horsfieldia androphora Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A montane forest tree, collected once from Sabah and three times from Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 3597 VU D2 Horsfieldia ardisiifolia Myristicaceae Philippines A Philippines endemic found in lowland forests in moist valleys on the islands of Luzon, Mindoro, Sibuyan, Samar and Leyte. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18674 VU Alc Horsfieldia atjehensis Myristicaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) A montane forest species known from a single collection from North Aceh. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 319, 10547 VU D2 Horsfieldia borneensis Myristicaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) This species is apparently specific to primary lowland dipterocarp forests. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 3597 273 Species Summaries Horsfieldia carnosa Myristicaceae LR/nt Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Restricted to lowland areas of Borneo, this is a small tree that grows in heath forest, wet *kerangas forest, peat-swamp forest and Agathis—Casuarina forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 319, 1766 Horsfieldia clavata Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A shrub or small tree which, although locally common, has been collected only three times from tall lowland forest on well-drained soils in the Northern Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18674 VU D2 Horsfieldia coriacea Mynisticaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) Endemic to central Sulawesi, the species is restricted to primary and disturbed forest on ultrabasic soil. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3597 LR/nt Horsfieldia crassifolia Myristicaceae LR/nt Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore A lowland tree which is fairly widespread in marshy forest and freshwater peat-swamp forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 319, 9199 Horsfieldia crux-melitensis Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A small tree or shrub, which is restricted to mixed lowland rainforest in Morobe Province. It has been collected only six times. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18674 DD Horsfieldia decalvata Myristicaceae Indonesia (Moluccas) A lowland forest tree known from single collections from each of the following islands: Morotai, Halmaheira, Ceram and Ambon. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17232, 18674 VU D2 Horsfieldia discolor Myristicaceae DD Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia? (Sabah?, Sarawak?) This species is known from the type collection, gathered in East Kalimantan, and from some doubtful specimens from Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8148 Horsfieldia disticha Myristicaceae Brunei A species of lowland rainforest, known from the type VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees collection in Andulau Forest Reserve and from another specimen from Kuala Belait District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 3597 Horsfieldia elongata Myristicaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree known only from the type collection from Fraser's Hill. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8148 VU D2 Horsfieldia flocculosa Myristicaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia, this tree is known only from lowland rainforest and swamp forest in Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Pahang and Johore. No _ recent collections have been made of this species and it is threatened by expanding settlements and logging activities. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 319, 19073, 19078 VU B1+2c Horsfieldia fragillima Myristicaceae VU Alc Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) This tree is restricted to primary lowland dipterocarp forest and riverine forests. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 3597 Horsfieldia fulva Mynisticaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare tree occurring in lowland rainforest up to 200m in Jambi Province, Sumatra, and Peninsular Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia the species is threatened by urban expansion and logging activities. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 319, 11647, 19073, 19078 Horsfieldia glabra var. javanica Myristicaceae Indonesia (Java) This variety is known from only two collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3597 VU D2 Horsfieldia glabra var. oviflora Myristicaceae Indonesia (Java) Restricted to west and central Java, this variety has been collected just five times from submontane forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3597 VU D2 Horsfieldia gracilis Myristicaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) A small tree found only once in primary lowland forest in Sarawak. In addition, three slightly different collections have been identified as this species. They may represent intermediates between H. paucinervis and H. gracilis. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 319, 2147 VU D2 274 Horsfieldia hellwigii var. brachycarpa Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea This variety is known from only four collections from northern Papua New Guinea. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18674 VU D2 Horsfieldia hirtiflora Myristicaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) A small tree which is known from just three collections from Tapanuli and the east coast. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3597, 10547 VU D2 Horsfieldia iriana Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) This tree is known only from the type collection, which was gathered from a site in south-west New Guinea. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18674 VU D2 Horsfieldia iryaghedhi Myristicaceae Sri Lanka Endemic to Sri Lanka, this tree occurs in lowland wet evergreen forest and disturbed forest. It is cultivated in Singapore, Penang and Java. This species was not found during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review, indicating that it is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15919, 17195, 19112 CR B1+2c Horsfieldia lancifolia Myristicaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) A tree endemic to forest areas on ultrabasic soils in central and south Sulawesi. Sulawesi has the largest tract of forest over ultrabasic soils in the tropics. The nature of the soil renders it unattractive to agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10148, 18674 LR/nt Horsfieldia leptantha Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea This tree is known from six or seven collections from primary and secondary forest areas in Vogelkop in Irian Jaya and West Sepik in Papua New Guinea. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18674 DD Horsfieldia longiflora Myristicaceae Viet Nam Collected only five times, the species appears to be restricted to submontane evergreen forests in Annam. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15919 VU D2 Horsfieldia macilenta Myristicaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A rare tree found growing in lowland primary mixed dipterocarp forest and swamp forest. There are eight collections in total. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3597 Horsfieldia macrothyrsa Myristicaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) A small tree of submontane and riverine forest apparently restricted to Mount Sago, central and northern Sumatra. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3597, 10547 LR/nt Horsfieldia moluccana var. moluccana Myristicaceae Indonesia (Moluccas) This variety is found in well-drained forest on Obi and Morotai Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18674 LR/nt Horsfieldia moluccana var. pubescens Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) This variety is common in primary and secondary forest on limestone, so far known from four collections from the Vogelkop Peninsula. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18674 VU D2 Horsfieldia moluccana var. robusta Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) Known from three collections from the Vogelkop Peninsula and Batanta Island, the variety grows in lowland secondary and coastal forest on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18674 VU D2 Horsfieldia montana Myristicaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A small to medium-sized tree found in montane and *kerangas forest in northern Bomeo. All the specimens from Sabah were collected from the vicinity of Mount Kinabalu and they differ from the collections from Brunei and Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 3597 LR/nt Horsfieldia motleyi Myristicaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) An uncommon species found throughout Borneo in primary and disturbed lowland forest up to 600m. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 319, 1766 Horsfieldia nervosa Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) To date this species is known from just two collections from primary forest in the First Division of Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 3597 VU D2 275 Species Summaries Horsfieldia obscura Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia? (Sarawak?) A species restricted to East Kalimantan (two collections). It grows in lowland dipterocarp forest and in ridge forest on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 3597 VU D2 Horsfieldia obscurineria Myristicaceae Philippines A small tree restricted to Luzon, where it has been collected just three times. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18674 EN B1+2c Horsfieldia obtusa Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This species is known from a single herbarium specimen collected from Sarawak. Nothing is known of its ecology or the specific location of the collection. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 3597 DD Horsfieldia oligocarpa Myristicaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) A tree of *kerangas and forest on poor soils confined to Sarawak and Brunei up to 50m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 3597, 19078 LR/nt Horsfieldia pachyrachis Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan) A tree known only from the type specimen, which was collected in Bukit Kelawai in West Kalimantan in 1939. The area is relatively unexplored. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 3597 VU D2 Horsfieldia palauensis Myristicaceae Palau This tree is locally common in primary lowland forest and is found only on the Palau Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18674 LR/nt Horsfieldia pallidicaula var. macrocarya Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A variety found in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and known from just two collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 319 VU D2 Horsfieldia pallidicaula var. microcarya Myristicaceae Indonesia? (Kalimantan?), Malaysia (Sabah) This variety is known only from the type collected in lowland forest in west Sabah and one other dubious collection from East Kalimantan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 319 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Horsfieldia pallidicaula var. pallidicaula Myristicaceae VU Alc Indonesia? (Kalimantan?), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A variety found in primary lowland and lower montane forests in Sarawak and west Sabah. The collection from West Kalimantan is doubtful. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 319 Horsfieldia pandurifolia Myrnisticaceae China (Yunnan) Endemic to southern Yunnan, occurring in Mengling, Xishuangbanna and Gengma, the species is scattered sparsely in lowland monsoon forest. Most of the range is contained within nature reserves. Overcollection of the seeds, which provide a commercial oil, and of the timber have caused declines in population numbers, particularly in the number of fertile female trees. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19005, 19055 EN B1+2c Horsfieldia paucinervis Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A small slender tree apparently endemic to Sarawak and known from just four collections. It grows in coastal *kerangas and secondary forest on eroded white sand. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 319, 1766 VU D2 Horsfieldia penangiana ssp. obtusifolia Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) This subspecies is known from four collections from Borneo. It is found in forest on hills and ridges. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2147 VU D2 Horsfieldia penangiana ssp. penangiana Myristicaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree found in primary dry montane forest. It is known from seven collections from Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2147 Horsfieldia perangusta Myristicaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small slender tree known only from the type collection from the Ulu Endau Forest Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2147 VU D2 Horsfieldia polyspherula var. maxima Myristicaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) This variety is found in lowland mixed forest in Sarawak, Sabah and East Kalimantan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3597 Horsfieldia pulcherrima Myristicaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare tree of lowland primary forest and swamp forest. 276 It is known from five collections from Pahang and Johore and from a single sterile collection from Jambi, Sumatra. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 319 Horsfieldia punctata Myristicaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This species is apparently endemic to the Cameron Highlands, from where it has been collected three times in areas of lower montane forest on granite and in ridge forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3597, 15919 VU D2 Horsfieldia reticulata Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) This lowland forest tree occurs throughout much of Borneo, although it has not yet been collected in Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 319, 1766 LR/nt Horsfieldia rufo-lanata Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Found in upper dipterocarp forest, the species has been collected just four times from Sarawak and Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 319, 1766 VU D2 Horsfieldia sabulosa Myristicaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A tall tree found in lowland mixed forest, Agathis forest and ridge forest with a restricted distribution. No recent collections have been made. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 319, 1766, 19078 VU D2 Horsfieldia samarensis Myristicaceae Philippines This small tree is known only from the type, which was collected on Samar Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18674 VU D2 Horsfieldia sepikensis Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A tree found in both primary and secondary forest. So far it is only known from three collections from East Sepik Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18674 VU D2 Horsfieldia sessilifolia Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Collected only once in 1971 from a threatened swamp forest in Sarawak. Most of the peat-swamp forest in Sarawak has been licensed for timber extraction. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 319, 1766, 3597, 18088 CR Alc, B1+2c Horsfieldia sparsa Myristicaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand An uncommon tree found in both primary and secondary dryland forest, as well as periodically inundated forest up to 350m. It is relatively widely distributed in Peninsular Malaysia, but known only from a single collection in Peninsular Thailand, two collections from northern Sumatra and one from Singapore. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 319, 9199 Horsfieldia splendida Myristicaceae LR/nt Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A species, endemic to Borneo, found in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, *kerangas forest and montane forest usually below 600m but occasionally found at altitudes up to 1500m. The species has not been collected recently. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 319, 1766, 19078 Horsfieldia squamulosa Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A locally common understorey shrub or small tree restricted to the Western Province and known only from three collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8148 VU D2 Horsfieldia sterilis Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sabah) Locally endemic to Tawau, this small tree or shrub is known only from four specimens. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 319, 1766 VU D2 Horsfieldia subalpina ssp. kinabaluensis Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak?) This subspecies is found in montane forest on Mount Kinabalu and the surrounding area. A collection which is doubtfully this species was taken from east Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 3597 LR/cd Horsfieldia subtilis var. rostrata Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A variety of mossy montane forest, known only from the type collection from Etappenberg, Sepik Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18674 VU D2 Horsfieldia sucosa ssp. bifissa Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) A subspecies found in lowland forest and Shorea laevifolia forest in east Sabah and east and south Kalimantan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 319 VU Alc 277 Species Summaries Horsfieldia superba Myristicaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A tree scattered in lowland, hill and swamp forest. This species has not been collected recently and it is threatened by increasing settlement and logging of the area. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 319, 9199, 17140, 19073, 19078 Horsfieldia talaudensis Mynristicaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) A tree collected four or five times in old forest at low altitudes on mountain slopes in the Talaud Islands. There is a collection from mainland Sulawesi, but it is held in some doubt. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4329, 18674 VU D2 Horsfieldia tenuifolia Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) An understorey tree of lowland dipterocarp forest restricted to the Beaufort Hill and Jesselton in Sabah and the First Division of Sarawak. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 1766, 3597 VU D2 Horsfieldia tomentosa Mynisticaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore?, Thailand A tree of lowland and hill forest found up to 300m. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 319, 9199 Horsfieldia triandra Mynisticaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) A tree known from two collections in central and south Sumatra. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 319, 10547 VU D2 Horsfieldia tristis Mynisticaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak) A species known from five localities in lowland forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 319 Horsfieldia tuberculata var. crassivalva Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A subcanopy tree known from three or four collections from Misima, Tagula and Rossel Islands. The collection from San Cristobal is doubtful. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18674 VU D2 Horsfieldia urceolata Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A small tree or shrub which has been collected two or three times from lowland primary rainforest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8148 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Horsfieldia valida Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan?, Sumatra) This tree is known from five collections taken from primary and ravine forest on the east and west coast of Sumatra. A collection, which is only doubtfully this VU D2 species, was taken from Mount Damoes, West Kalimantan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3597, 10547 Horsfieldia xanthina ssp. macrophylla Myristicaceae VU D2 Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Only three collections of this montane forest species are known, two from east Sarawak and one from Mount Kinabalu, Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3597 Horsfieldia xanthina ssp. xanthina Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This subspecies is known from only four collections from Mount Dulit, Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 3597 VU D2 Hortonia angustifolia Monimiaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to lowland rainforest in south-west Sri Lanka. Previously the species was found at a single locality within Sinhararja Biosphere Reserve. However, it was not found during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review, indicating that it is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195, 19112 CR B1+2c Howea belmoreana Palmae Australia (New South Wales - Lord Howe Is.) A palm tree, endemic to Lord Howe Island, found in lowland and submontane moist forest between 100 and 300m. A valuable ornamental, the seeds of wild trees are collected and germinated, and the seedlings are exported. The seed industry is strictly regulated. Lord Howe Island is a World Heritage Site, most of which is a permanent park reserve. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 VU D2 Howea forsteriana Palmae Australia (New South Wales - Lord Howe Is.) A palm tree endemic to Lord Howe Island, a World Heritage Site. It occurs in lowland and submontane moist forest up to 300m. The seeds of wild trees are collected and germinated, and the seedlings are exported. The seed industry is strictly regulated. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 VU D2 Huberodendron patinoi Bombacaceae Colombia, Ecuador, Panama? The species occurs in forest types of varying humidity. VU Cl 278 There is an unconsolidated report that the species has been found in Panama. Otherwise populations are confined to Chocé, Cérdoba, Valle del Cauca and other parts of Colombia and also Ecuador. Population numbers do not appear to be large and much of the habitat is under threat from increasing settlement, logging and agriculture. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 Huertea cubensis Staphyleaceae Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti A rare tree found in the remaining stands of semi- deciduous forest on limestone-derived soils. Its habitat has been severely degraded in most places in Cuba. It is infrequently found on Hispaniola. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19149 VU B1+2c Huilaea kirkbridei Melastomataceae Colombia An endemic to Magdalena. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Huilaea macrocarpa Melastomataceae Colombia An endemic to Boayaca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Huilaea minor Melastomataceae Colombia An endemic species known to occur in Santander and possibly also Boyaca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Huilaea mutisiana Melastomataceae Colombia Endemic to Colombia, the species is recorded from Boyaca and Santander. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Huilaea occidentalis Melastomataceae Colombia An endemic to Cauca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 VU B1+2c Huilaea penduliflora Melastomataceae Colombia An endemic to Huila. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Humboldtia bourdillonii Leguminosae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Collections of the species were made at the tum of the century from Peermade and Courtallum at the southern EN B1+2c end of the Western Ghats. There do not appear to be any more recent records and there is concern that extensive forest clearance and the spreading cultivation of cardamom have caused serious declines in population numbers. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538, 19144 Humboldtia decurrens Leguminosae India (Kerala) A common species of low to medium elevation evergreen forest, confined to southern parts of the Western Ghats, ranging from the Anamalai Hills to the Travancore range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538, 19144 LR/nt Humboldtia laurifolia Leguminosae India (Kerala), Sri Lanka A shrub or small tree recorded from two localities in the Western Ghats and throughout Sri Lanka. In India it was originally known to occur in shady places along streamsides up to 600m, but there have been no records of it since 1874. It appears to be fairly common in Sri Lanka, occurring in 66 forest sites according to surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14276, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2cd Humboldtia unijuga var. trijuga Leguminosae India (Kerala) A small tree of submontane evergreen forest in the Travancore range, which is known only from the type collection dating to the 19th century. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538, 6925, 19144 CR B1+2c Humboldtia unijuga var. unijuga Leguminosae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) This variety is sympatric with var. trijuga, occurring in a small area of submontane forest in the Travancore range. Since the type specimen was collected in the last century, a second record of the species has been made in an area close by. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538, 19144 EN B1+2c Humiriastrum melanocarpum Humiriaceae Colombia An endemic to Valle. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Hunga cordata Chrysobalanaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Hunga gerontogea Chrysobalanaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, F. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c 279 Species Summaries Hunga guillauminii Chrysobalanaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Hunga mackeeana Chrysobalanaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Hunteria ghanensis Apocynaceae Ghana Officially this is a Ghanaian endemic but it may have been overlooked elsewhere. It is confined to extreme dry forest in the south, where the effects of human population growth and the expansion of agriculture have caused severe declines in the habitat. Most recorded occurrences are in forest which is unprotected and has since disappeared. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 8369, 12061 EN Alc, B1+2c Huodendron parviflorum Styracaceae Viet Nam So far recorded only from Viet Nam, this small tree appears to be restricted to Mong Cai in Quang Ninh, on the border with China. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848 VU D2 Hydnocarpus cucurbitina Flacourtiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Occurring in rainforest below 210m, the species is protected in Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Hydnocarpus filipes Flacourtiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A medium to large species inhabiting the moist lowland and hill forests of Terengganu, Perak, Selangor and Pahang. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 17140, 19073 VU Bl+2a Hydnocarpus hainanensis Flacourtiaceae VU Alcd China (Guangdong - Hainan, Guangxi), Viet Nam A tree of monsoon forest occurring at low elevation in mountainous regions. The Chinese population is largely found on Hainan Island, where levels of deforestation at this altitude have been very high. In Viet Nam there has also been extensive declines in the habitat and the species is reported to be regenerating poorly. The timber is used in industry and agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847, 15357 Hydnocarpus humei Flacourtiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree known from only two collections in VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees lowland open quartzite forest in Larut, Perak, and Klang Gates, Selangor. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 Hydnocarpus kurzii Flacourtiaceae India, Myanmar Information from India indicates the species has declined by 50% in population numbers in the last 10 years. Fewer than 20 locations are known in northeastern India, where the species is found in areas of evergreen forest between 200 and 800m. Oil is harvested from the fruits and traded locally. More information is needed on the population status in Myanmar. Assessor: CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants in India Refs: 19209 DD Hydnocarpus macrocarpa ssp. macrocarpa Flacourtiaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) The main concentration of populations occurs near Muthukuzhivayal in evergreen hill forest. Large areas of forest have been destroyed for the Kodayar Hydroelectric Project and also for the establishment of plantation crops. Outlying populations exist further north towards Anamalai. Fruits have been overcollected. Assessor: CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants in India Refs: 561, 4799, 5651, 19144 VU B1+2c Hydnocarpus nana Flacourtiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A shrub or small tree of lowland and hill rainforest. Populations are found in Selangor and Terengganu, where they are protected within the boundaries of Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/nt Hydnocarpus octandra Flacourtiaceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 17195 VUAIc Hydnocarpus scortechinii Flacourtiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A primary lowland forest species, found in two coastal localities in Peninsular Malaysia. Increasing tourism and settlement in the vicinity are the main pressures faced by the species. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 EN B1+2c Hydrochorea acreana Leguminosae Brazil (Acre) A tree known from non-inundated Amazonian forest in Acre. Until the fruit is discovered, there will be some doubt as to the taxonomic placement of the species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 DD 280 Hydrochorea marginata var. scheryi Leguminosae Venezuela A small tree or shrub so far found only along the Orinoco River between Pto Ayacucho and Sanariapo, Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 LR/nt Hyeronima clusioides Euphorbiaceae Puerto Rico A species of moist hills and mountain forests in central and western Puerto Rica. The wood is good quality and used as lumber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7931, 7980 DD Hyeronima jamaicensis Euphorbiaceae Jamaica An uncommon tree, confined to moist woodlands on limestone between 700 and 900m in St Andrew, Clarendon, St Ann and Portland Parishes. The loss of habitat has been particularly severe in St Andrew. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 19116 VU B1+2c Hymenaea torrei Leguminosae Cuba A tall shrub or tree restricted to the dry evergreen forests and dry lowland shrubwoods of eastern Cuba. Habitat declines have been considerable in both communities; logging activities, agriculture and urban development are resulting in land clearance and habitat degradation. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 9522, 11403, 19149 VU B1+2c Hymenostegia aubrevillei Leguminosae Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria In Ghana this species occurs in the region of the Krokosua Hills. It is also known in upland evergreen forest on the other side of the Dahomey Gap and in Céte d'Ivoire. Farming, fire, forest management and mining are causes of habitat decline. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Hymenostegia bakeriana Leguminosae Cameroon, Nigeria Populations of this small forest tree are protected but confined to the Oban Division of the Cross River National Park and the adjacent Korup National Park in Cameroon. Large-scale deforestation has taken place in surrounding areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 4977, 7550, 11504 VU B1+2c Hymenostegia gracilipes Leguminosae Ghana Endemic to Ghana, this species is rare within a restricted wet evergreen forest habitat, which has declined in EN B1+2c extent because of mining, logging and commercial forestry activities. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 Hymenostegia talbotii Leguminosae Nigeria A little-known species, which has been recorded only from Eket in south-east Nigeria. Oil exploration operations in this area have caused the destruction of most if not all the forest habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 450, 2773, 11504 CR B1+2c Hyophorbe amaricaulis Palmae Mauritius Only a single individual remains in Curepipe, south-west central Mauritius, where it is now contained within a botanical garden. It is unlikely further individuals exist in the wild. The tree is monitored regularly. Attempts at propagation have been unsuccessful. There is some likelihood of hybridisation with other Hyophorbe species native to the Mascarenes, which are grown in the area. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 19118 CR D1 Hyophorbe indica Palmae Réunion A palm tree of moist primary forest between 175 and 600m, persisting in low numbers only. It is threatened by the expansion of agriculture and human habitation. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 EN D1 Hyophorbe lagenicaulis Palmae Mauritius A palm tree with a bottle-shaped bole, confined to lowland palm savanna on Round Island. Fewer than 10 Mature trees remain in the wild. Regeneration is sporadic in situ, but is increasing since rabbits and goats were eradicated from the island. The island is a managed reserve. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 19118 CR D1 Hyophorbe vaughanii Palmae Mauritius A tree of submontane evergreen forest. Only three wild individuals are known from Mare Longue Plateau, Fixon, south-west Mauritius. The seed from wild specimens have produced numerous plants, which have been re-introduced into a managed forest. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 19118 CR D1 Hyophorbe verschaffeltii Palmae Mauritius (Rodrigues) Fewer than 60 individuals remain in the wild, occurring in limestone areas of Grand Montagne, Anse Quitor and Ravine de la Cascade, St Louis. There is no evidence of regeneration and grazing pressures are strong. There is CR C2a 281 Species Summaries also a threat of hybridisation with the introduced H. lagenicaulis. The species is of commercial interest as an ornamental. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 Hyperbaena allenii Menispermaceae Costa Rica, Panama A lowland rainforest tree, occurring fairly commonly in the Valle de Antén area in Coclé and in populations of just a few individuals from Darién Province, close to the Colombian border in Panama, and in Puntarenas in Costa Rica. Although it is possible larger populations will be discovered, the species is poorly known in the latter two areas and under threat of habitat loss. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 VU C2a Hyperbaena jalcomulcensis Menispermaceae Mexico (Veracruz) Occurring in a range of forest types from evergreen rainforest to more deciduous forest, the species is confined to the central region of Jalcomulco, Rinconada, Plan del Rfo and Sierra de Manuel Diaz on karst topography. The forest is fragmented and widely disturbed. There is evidence of natural regeneration. Attempts at propagation have failed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19206 VU B1+2c Hyperbaena prioriana Menispermaceae Jamaica Known only from central parishes, the species is confined to rocky limestone woodland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Hyperbaena valida Menispermaceae Jamaica A species confined to coastal vegetation on limestone. It is thought to be endemic. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Hypericum balfourii Guttiferae Yemen (Socotra) A shrub or small tree found in low montane shrubland and dwarf Hypericum—Crotonopsis shrubland. The populations are believed to be stable and under no immediate threat. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Hypericum gnidiifolium Guttiferae Ethiopia A bushy tree known only from two disjunct localities beside streams, one in Wogera, on the Maye-Borhha Plateau in Tigray, and another in Choa in Shewa. It has not been collected recently. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5941 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Hyphaene dichotoma Palmae India (Gujarat, Maharashtra) A palm tree restricted to the coastal areas of Gujarat and Maharashtra between the latitudes of 18° and 23°. The area is mainly threatened by increasing settlement and development. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 LR/nt Ilex abscondita Aquifoliaceae Venezuela A shrub or low tree, which is endemic to upper montane forest on the Sierra de la Neblina. The area is protected within a national park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 VU D2 Tlex acutidenticulata Aquifoliaceae Venezuela The species is so far known from two disjunct populations both occurring in upper montane forest, one on Cerro Marahuaka and the second further south on the border with Brazil on the Sierra de la Neblina. Both areas are contained within national parks. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 VU D2 Tlex altiplana Aquifoliaceae Venezuela Endemic to the Gran Sabana within Canaima National Park, the species is found in riparian forest on sandstone plateaux. The tourist industry is rapidly growing, with some damaging consequences. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Ilex anonoides Aquifoliaceae Peru This species is known only from the type collection from the department of Puno. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Ilex aracamuniana Aquifoliaceae Venezuela A tree so far only known from a restricted zone of semi- open montane forest on Cerro Aracamuni in Amazonas. The area is protected within a national park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 VU D2 Tlex arisanensis Aquifoliaceae Taiwan The species is restricted to the Arishan area, where it is scattered in mixed evergreen forest between 1500 and 2200m. Populations are unprotected and the area susceptible to forest management activities and expanding settlement. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 6469, 19050 EN B1+2b 282 Ilex attenuata Aquifoliaceae Brazil (Amazonas) So far the species has been found in only a small area of montane forest in the Serra Pirapucd in Brazil, near the Venezuelan border. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 VU D2 Ilex brevipedicellata Aquifoliaceae Venezuela Occurring in montane forest bordering streams between 1100 and 1200m, the species is known from Cerro Marahuaka in Amazonas. The area is contained within a national park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 VU D2 Ilex canariensis Aquifoliaceae Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Is.) Occurring sporadically but in local abundance, the species is found mainly at lower altitudes in scrub and *laurisilva. The latter habitat type may be increasing in Madeira, but throughout much of the range there are pressures, particularly from grazing and_ fires. Populations occur within protected areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19131 LR/nt Ilex caniensis Aquifoliaceae Peru A species which is known only from the type collection found in the department of Hudnuco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Ilex ciliolata Aquifoliaceae Venezuela The species is endemic to Bolivar, where it occurs in semi-deciduous to evergreen submontane forest in an area stretching from El Pauji to Uaipari near Kavanayén. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Ilex cookii Aquifoliaceae Puerto Rico A small tree of cloud forest, known from a single tree with four root sprouts on Cerro de Punta and a few small plants and seedlings scattered along ridge tops on Monte Jayuya in Toro Negro State Forest. The construction of communication towers is likely to have destroyed a large part of the original population on Cerro de Punta. Further development, road building and trampling threaten remaining plants. The species is thought to be dioecious, although male flowers have never been observed. It is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17124, 19167 CR C2a, D1 Ilex costaricensis Aquifoliaceae Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama A species of evergreen moist montane forest or cloud forest. The largest populations are in the Cordillera de Talamanca between west Panama and east Costa Rica, where they are contained entirely within protected areas. Other smaller populations exist elsewhere, including one in the Volcan Mombacho in Nicaragua. In most of these sites the species is locally abundant. Unprotected forest is under some threat from logging and encroaching agriculture. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 14487, 16772 VU A2c Mex cowanii Aquifoliaceae Venezuela Known only from Cerro Huachamacari in Amazonas, the species occurs in a site of dense montane forest along a creek at about 1800m. The area is contained within Duida Marahuaca National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 VU D2 Ilex davidsei Aquifoliaceae Venezuela A slender tree, found only in the Rfo Pasimoni basin in Amazonas State, where it occurs in periodically flooded riparian forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Tlex ericoides Aquifoliaceae Peru A tree which is known only from the type collection from the department of Puno. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Ilex florifera Aquifoliaceae Jamaica A tree confined to areas of woodland on limestone in St Ann Parish. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Ilex gardneriana Aquifoliaceae India (Tamil Nadu) This species is known only from the type collection made in 1859 from *shola forest on Sispara Ghat in the Nilgiri Hills. The area has been repeatedly explored but no specimens have been found in the last few decades. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 19144 EX Tlex glabella Aquifoliaceae Venezuela Endemic to the Sierra de la Neblina, the species occurs on forested slopes along streams between 700 and 800m. The area is protected within a national park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 VU D2 283 Species Summaries Ilex gleasoniana Aquifoliaceae Venezuela A shrub or small tree, which is found in dwarf forests on *tepui summits, namely Cerro Coro Coro, Cerro Duida and Cerro Marahuaka in Amazonas. The latter two are contained within a national park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Ilex grandiflora Aquifoliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A shrub or small tree of montane rainforest found in the states of Perak (on Gunung Korbu), Pahang and Johore. Populations receive a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Ilex guaiquinimae Aquifoliaceae Venezuela A species of seasonally dry evergreen forest, occurring between 700 and 900m on Cerro Guaiquinima in Bolivar State. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 VU D2 Tlex harrisii Aquifoliaceae Jamaica A montane woodland species found in the Blue Mountains, sometimes in abundance, on the Grand Ridge and on steep slopes in the headwaters of the Clyde, Green and Mabess Rivers. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 12564 LR/nt Tlex holstii Aquifoliaceae Venezuela A species which is very similar to /. oliveriana and may prove to be conspecific. It is known only from a restricted area of submontane forest on Cerro Marahuaka in Amazonas State. The Duida Marahuaka National Park covers the locality. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 VU D2 Ilex huachamacariana Aquifoliaceae Venezuela A shrub or tree of shrubby meadows and dwarf riparian and mossy forest, generally on sandy soils. Disjunct populations, both of which are protected within national parks, are known from Auydén-tepui in Bolivar, and Cerro Huachamacari in Amazonas. The former may prove to be a distinct taxon. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Tlex ignicola Aquifoliaceae Venezuela Occurring on Serranja de los Pijiguaos in Bolfvar State and Cerro Aratitiyope in Amazonas State, the species is LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees found in submontane semi-deciduous and evergreen forest on igneous rock. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 lex illustris Aquifoliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A shrub or small tree inhabiting rainforest up to 2000m in Pahang,Terengganu and Perak. A _ protected population is found in Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Ilex jamaicana Aquifoliaceae Jamaica A rare tree, occurring in moist mossy montane forest in Portland, with a recently discovered population at a lower altitude above Ecclesdown. The vegetation has been heavily cleared for agriculture and forestry activities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Tlex jauaensis Aquifoliaceae Venezuela A small tree of montane riparian forests, occurring on Cerro Jaua and Serrania Marutanf in Bolivar State. The former is contained within a national park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt lex jelskii Aquifoliaceae Peru A species which is known only from the type collection from the department of Cajamarca. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Ilex karuaiana Aquifoliaceae Venezuela Occurring in dense riparian forest and semi-deciduous and evergreen forest on sandstone, the species appears to be endemic to the lower slopes of Ptari-tepui, near Rfo Caruay in Canaima National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 VU D2 Ilex khasiana Aquifoliaceae India (Meghalaya) An endemic of the Khasi Hills, occurring in mixed evergreen forest between 1000 and 1500m. Only three of four trees are known, confined to Shillong Peak. Regeneration is reported to be poor and the habitat has declined in extent and quality. Assessor: CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants in India Refs: 7147, 19209 CR B1+2c, C2b, D1 Tlex lasseri Aquifoliaceae Venezuela Known only from the vicinity of Kavanayén, the species is found on slopes in semi-deciduous and evergreen VU D2 284 forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 lex lechleri Aquifoliaceae VU D2 Peru A species which is known only from the type collection from the department of Puno. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 Ilex magnifructa Aquifoliaceae Venezuela The species is known from localities of gallery forest or semi-deciduous to evergreen forest up to 1800m on Cerro Pani, Cerro Ualipano, Cerro Yutajé, Rfo Coro Coro and Rio Parucito in Amazonas State. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Ilex maingayi Aquifoliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small to medium tree inhabiting lowland forest in swampy (peat swamp or the edge of mangroves), limestone areas (e.g. in Gopeng). The species is widely distributed along the west coast and in the south. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 7673, 8464, 9199, 17140, 19073 VU B1+2c Ilex marahuacae Aquifoliaceae Venezuela The species is endemic to montane slope forest on Cerro Huachamacari and Cerro Marahuaka in Amazonas State. Both areas are contained within Duida Marahuaka National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Ilex marginata Aquifoliaceae Venezuela A shrub or tree of dwarf cloud forest and Bonnetia shrublands, occurring on Auydn-tepui and Macizo del Chimanté in Bolivar State. Both areas are contained within Canaima National Park. Tourism is a rapidly growing industry with some damaging consequences. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Ilex mathewsii Aquifoliaceae Peru A species which is known only from the type collection from the department of Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Ilex mitis var. schliebenii Aquifoliaceae Tanzania A distinct variant of a widely distributed and variable montane tree. It is localised on forested ridge tops in the Uluguru Mountains and on the Lukwangule Plateau. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204, 13207 VU B1+2d lex neblinensis Aquifoliaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Venezuela A shrub or tree, endemic to the Sierra de la Neblina on the Venezuela—Brazilian border, where it is found on steep forested slopes along sandstone escarpments. The area is protected within a national park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 VU D2 Ilex palawanica Aquifoliaceae Philippines An endemic tree to Palawan, occurring in dense thickets on exposed ridges of Mount Pulgar at about 1200m. The main island is a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c, D2 Mex pallida Aquifoliaceae Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama A species of high-altitude cloud forest, occurring between 2000 and 3000m or higher. Populations are rare and isolated. Regeneration appears to be good and large fruit crops are reported. Most of the areas which the species occupies are under protection within national parks. However, there are increasing threats of habitat clearance for agriculture and logging. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 14487, 16772 VU B1+2bd Ilex paraguariensis Aquifoliaceae LR/nt Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina), Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay An understorey tree of mixed Araucaria forest, occurring in the subtropical and temperate regions of South America. For centuries the leaves have been used to make a tonic and stimulant drink. The rates of exploitation, in some areas, are believed to have caused a significant decline in population numbers. Plantations have been set up, but the demand for leaves is still, apparently, greater than the supply from cultivated stands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4506, 7906, 9173, 11374, 11936 Tlex parvifructa Aquifoliaceae Venezuela A shrub or tree of broadleaved meadows and riparian montane forests between 1600 and 1700m on Cerro Guaiquinima in Bolivar State. It is similar to and may be conspecific with I. steyermarkii. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 VU D2 Tlex patens Aquifoliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree of montane and submontane rainforest in Pahang, Kedah and Selangor. It is protected in Taman Negara National Park and within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd 285 Species Summaries Ilex pauciflora Aquifoliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree confined to the hill forest of Penang Hill, Penang. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 18840, 19073 EN D1 Ilex paujiensis Aquifoliaceae Venezuela A small tree of savanna and forest margins, found in the Rio Icabari basin and along Rio Paragua at the base of Cerro Guaiquinima. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Ilex perado ssp. azorica Aquifoliaceae Portugal (Azores) A subspecies endemic to the Azores, where it is one of the dominant components of remaining laurel forest on all the islands, except Graciosa. On Corvo only one specimen has been reported and the population on Santa Maria is under threat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7222, 19131 LR/nt Ilex perado ssp. iberica Aquifoliaceae Portugal, Spain A species occurring within a restricted area of the Sierras de Algeciras in the south of Spain, where it is largely confined to forest patches in humid ravines and inaccessible places. It is possibly also found in Portugal. Of the various threats to the remaining plants, fire appears to be the most significant. The Cordoba Botanic Garden is carrying out work on the wild populations in order to determine their status and to establish the species in cultivation. Assessor: Vivero, J.L. et al. Refs: 7741 CR B1+2de Ilex perado ssp. lopeziilloi Aquifoliaceae Spain (Canary Is.) This species is restricted to just two populations in cloud forest in Garajonay National Park on Gomera, both consisting of very few individuals. A recovery plan has been devised and the species is listed in government legislation of 1991. Assessor: Baiiares, A. et al. Refs: 8716, 19022 CR C2a, D1 Ilex perado ssp. perado Aquifoliaceae Portugal (Madeira) Endemic to Madeira, this is a common tree of *laurisilva and forest at higher altitudes. There is evidence to suggest that *laurisilva is expanding. The taxon occurs within protected areas and is also covered by regional legislation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7222, 19131 Ilex perado ssp. platyphylla Aquifoliaceae Spain (Canary Is.) A cloud forest species confined to parts of Tenerife and LR/nt VU C2a The World List of Threatened Trees Gomera, where it can be found in Garajonay National Park. The populations are small and fragmented. The species is listed in government legislation of 1991. Assessor: Baiiares, A. et al. Refs: 8716, 19022 Ilex polita Aquifoliaceae Venezuela A shrub or tree which occurs in forest and shrubby savanna on *fepui summits and slopes in several localities in Bolivar State. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Ilex praetermissa Aquifoliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known from only one locality, this uncommon shrub or small tree inhabits quartzite ridge in the hill forest of Selangor. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Ilex puberula Aquifoliaceae Jamaica This species is found in exposed montane thickets and woodland on steep slopes, 1200 to 1500m, in St Andrew and Portland Parishes. Disturbance and clearing of the habitat has been extensive but mostly at lower altitudes in more accessible sites. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653 VU B1+2c Ilex quercetorum Aquifoliaceae Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas) A montane forest tree, occurring in oak forest and mesophyllous formations. It is known mainly from the populations in Guatemala but also occurs in the northern mountains of Chiapas, where the species is considered to be vulnerable. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4974, 19161 VU Alc Tlex savannarum var. morichei Aquifoliaceae Venezuela Endemic to Cerro Moriche in Amazonas State, the variety occurs in shrublands and broadleaved meadows between 1200 and 1300m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 VU D2 Ilex savannarum var. savannarum Aquifoliaceae Venezuela This variety is known from areas of white-sand savanna, bordering streams or forests or in shrub islands. Occurrences have been recorded from Cafio Yagua and the basins of Rio Atabapo, Rio Guainia and Rio Pasimoni in Amazonas State. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt 286 Ilex sclerophylla Aquifoliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree which is distributed rarely in montane rainforest on Gunung Ledang in Johore and Ulu Brang in Terengganu. Populations receive a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Tlex sessilifructa Aquifoliaceae Venezuela A shrub or tree which occurs in savannas and submontane forest in the Rio Erebato basin in Bolivar State and in the Sierra de la Neblina in Amazonas State. The latter is contained within a national park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Ilex sideroxyloides var. occidentalis Aquifoliaceae Jamaica, Puerto Rico In Jamaica the variety occurs in thickets and woodlands in the eastern parishes and also Clarendon. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Ilex sintenisii Aquifoliaceae Puerto Rico Occurring in dwarf or *elfin forest on mountain summits, the species is known only from a restricted area of the Luquillo Mountains within Toro Negro State Forest. A total of 150 individuals exist within three populations. The forest has been cut through various forest management activities and also in the development of communication facilities. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 17124, 19167 EN C2a, D1 Ilex sipapoana Aquifoliaceae Venezuela A montane forest and shrubland species, occurring in a locality east of Los Pijiguaos in Bolivar State and elsewhere on Cerro Guanay and Cerro Sipapo in Amazonas State. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Ilex spruceana Aquifoliaceae Venezuela A lowland shrub or tree, which occurs in white-sand savannas on exposed igneous rock and in riparian forest in a number of localities in Amazonas State. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Ilex steyermarkii Aquifoliaceae Venezuela The species may prove to be conspecific with I. parvifructa. It is known from Bolivar State, where it occurs in forest from mid to high elevation at the base of sandstone escarpments, such as those on Auyan-tepui, LR/nt Gran Sabana and Toroné-tepui in Macizo del Chimanta. Much of the range is contained within a national park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 lex subrotundifolia Aquifoliaceae Venezuela Known from various localities in Bolivar State, including the Gran Sabana and Macizo del Chimantd, and on Cerro Sipapo in Amazonas State, the species occurs in shrublands, swampy depressions in meadows or savannas and at the margins of gallery forest between 500 and 2200m. It is possible that the specimens from high elevations on the Macizo del Chimanté represent a distinct species. Much of the range is contained within protected areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Mex subtriflora Aquifoliaceae Jamaica An extremely rare species, which is poorly known. It is confined to St Ann Parish and has not been recently collected. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Tlex sulcata Aquifoliaceae Venezuela A shrub or tree of shrubland, gallery forest and swampy depressions in meadows at mid to high elevation. Collections have been made on Auydn-tepui, Cerro Venama, Gran Sabana and Macizo del Chimanté in Bolivar State. Much of the range is contained within a national park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Ilex tahanensis Aquifoliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A montane species found on Gunung Tahan in Pahang and on Gunung Rabong in Kelantan. This small tree is protected in Taman Negara National Park and within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd lex tateana Aquifoliaceae Venezuela A shrub or tree which has been collected from riparian and semi-open forest between 1400 and 1500m on Cerro Aracamuni, Cerro Duida and Sierra de la Neblina in Amazonas State. All the localities are contained within national parks. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Ilex ternatiflora Aquifoliaceae Cuba Described in the mid-1800s, this species was apparently restricted to a single locality in Las Pozas, Pinar del Rio Province. The type locality has been completely EX 287 Species Summaries destroyed and the species has not been collected again despite thorough searches. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 12801, 19149 Ilex tiricae Aquifoliaceae Venezuela A shrub or small tree of montane thicket and riparian forest on sandstone. Collections have been made from Auy4n-tepui and Macizo del Chimantd in Bolfvar State, both contained within Canaima National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Tlex tolucana Aquifoliaceae Mexico A tree of oak forest or mesophyllous montane forest, so far known only from Mexico but possibly also occurring in Guatemala. The wood is used locally as a source of fuel and timber. There is an occurrence in El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve. Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 19161 VU AIc Ilex trachyphylla Aquifoliaceae Peru A species which is known only from type collection from the department of Cajamarca. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Ilex vaccinoides Aquifoliaceae Jamaica A locally common species, confined to primary and secondary montane forest at the headwaters of Green River in St Andrews Parish. Occurring above 1800m, the species’ habitat has largely escaped the forest destruction and degradation which have been extensive at lower altitudes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5653, 7980, 19116 VU B1+2c Ilex venezuelensis Aquifoliaceae Venezuela Occurring in various localities in Bolivar and Amazonas States, the species is found in *tepui meadows, dwarf riparian forests, forested slopes and on the edges of escarpments. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Tlex venulosa Aquifoliaceae India (Arunachal Pradesh) Endemic to the Khasi Hills, the species is known mainly from populations in Sohrarim and Laaitlyngkot. These areas have been drastically cleared and the species is believed to be very scarce now. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7147 EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Ilex vomitoria ssp. chiapensis Aquifoliaceae Mexico (Chiapas) A medicinal plant, found scattered in dry montane forest above 1500m in the high areas of Chiapas. The taxonomic status of the subspecies may need confirmation. The species is widespread in eastern North America. Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 9312, 19161 VU B1+2c Ilex vulcanicola Aquifoliaceae Costa Rica, Panama A more common species than /. costaricensis. Although it, too, occurs in high-altitude cloud forest, populations are also found below 1000m in Cerro Jefe and Cerro Campana in Panama. In Costa Rica, the species is reported to be abundant above 1500m, always within areas which receive some level of protection. Populations within Panama are also entirely contained within national parks or reserves. Despite this level of apparent protection, there still remain potential threats from logging and habitat clearance. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 14487, 16772 VU A2c Mex williamsii Aquifoliaceae Honduras A seldom-collected species of cloud forest. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 8805, 13995 CR C2b Illicium kinabaluensis Illiciaceae Malaysia (Sabah) A small tree restricted to Mount Kinabalu, where it is found in primary forest between 1200 and 2000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Illicium peninsulare Illiciaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A primary species of submontane rainforest, occurring between 800 and 1500m. Populations are found in a Wildlife Sanctuary and in the protective forests within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 LR/cd Illicium tenuifolium Illiciaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand A species of hill forest and cloud forest, scattered in Peninsular Thailand and Malaysia. Populations in Peninsular Malaysia are contained in a national park and protective forests within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 LR/cd Illicium ternstroemioides Illiciaceae China, Viet Nam A small tree, restricted to Hainan Island in China and VU D2 288 high mountains in north Viet Nam: Son La, Tuan Giao and Dien Bien. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 11530, 15357 Indigofera rothii Leguminosae Ethiopia An Indigofera species which reaches the stature of a small tree. It is confined to upland scrub and forest margins in an area where the majority of the Ethiopian population lives. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 18523 VU Alc Indigofera socotrana Leguminosae Yemen (Socotra) One of the few arborescent Indigofera species. It is scattered relatively sparsely in areas of submontane and montane woodland. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Inga allenii Leguminosae Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama In Panama, a large number of the original species’ localities have been converted into fields, especially banana plantations, ranches and farms. A few collections are known from Coclé and some more doubtful ones from Darién. In Costa Rica the species is fairly common in the south-east and there are small populations in La Selva and Limén. Recently the species has been recorded in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772, 19123 VU A2c Inga amboroensis Leguminosae Bolivia A tree known only from the type locality in the Amboré National Park, Santa Cruz. It occurs in montane rainforest at 1380m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga andersonii Leguminosae Mexico (Jalisco) A small tree, known only from the type locality in forest in a humid ravine. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17165, 19123 VU D2 Inga approximata Leguminosae Bolivia Known only from three localities in Cochabamba and Santa Cruz, this small tree occurs in cloud forest between 2000 and 2500m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga aptera Leguminosae Brazil (Bahia) Found below 100m, this small tree occurs in secondary VU B1+2c vegetation derived from wet lowland rainforest in Bahia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 Inga arenicola Leguminosae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) This treelet, up to 4m tall, is restricted to dense low arboreal *restinga near the coast of Rio de Janeiro. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c Inga augusti Leguminosae VU D2 Peru Collected only twice, this small tree occurs in sclerophyllous bush in Hudnuco between 1800 and 2500m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984, 19123 Inga balsapambensis Leguminosae Ecuador Restricted to the western slopes of the Ecuadorean Andes between 1550 and 1770m, this small tree occurs on steep slopes in remnant forest fragments and disturbed areas. This region was formerly covered in cloud forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU Alc, B1+2c Inga bella Leguminosae Costa Rica A small tree found in gallery forest and secondary vegetation. It appears to be restricted to the Osa Peninsula. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c Inga bicoloriflora Leguminosae Brazil (Amazonas) Apparently restricted to central Amazonas, this tree is known only from a few collections from non-flooded lowland rainforest near Manaus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU B1+2c Inga bijuga Leguminosae Venezuela A tree known only from the type collection found at 2200m on Sororopén-tepui in southern Venezuela. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga blanchetiana Leguminosae Brazil (Bahia) A tree restricted to the threatened Atlantic coastal lowland rainforest of Bahia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c 289 Species Summaries Inga bollandii Leguminosae Brazil (Ceara, Rio de Janeiro?, Sergipe) A species of hill forest occurring between 900 and 1000m. A collection labelled Rio de Janeiro is suspected to be misidentified. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga bracteifera Leguminosae Costa Rica An understorey tree in high rainforest endemic to the Osa Peninsula in south-eastern Costa Rica. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c Inga bullata Leguminosae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, SAo Paulo) So far known only from a few collections from Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, the species occurs in lowland secondary forest and swampy areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU B1+2c Inga bullatorugosa Leguminosae Brazil (Para) Known only from three collections from the River Tapajoz in Para, this small tree occurs in non-flooded lowland forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga cabelo Leguminosae Brazil (Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro) A small tree of coastal rainforest confined to the states of Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c Inga calantha Leguminosae Brazil (Para) A small tree of secondary forest on non-flooded land, known from just two collections from the middle Tapajoz River. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga calanthoides Leguminosae Suriname A tree known only from the type collection, gathered from forest on Tafelberg in 1944. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15188, 19123, 19196 VU D2 Inga calcicola Leguminosae Mexico (Oaxaca) Confined to the Tuxtepec District of Oaxaca, this understorey tree occurs in lowland evergreen rainforest on limestone. Although there has been extensive VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees deforestation, this area is perhaps less susceptible to development and clearance because of the difficulty of working on the karst substrate. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123, 19124 Inga canonegrensis Leguminosae Costa Rica A small tree known only from the type locality. It grows on poorly drained flat land in rainforest near sea level in Alajuela. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga caudata Leguminosae Brazil (Amazonas) A species known only from the type collection from Rio Maturacé in Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga chiapensis Leguminosae Mexico (Chiapas, Veracruz) A tree of deciduous forest on the northern edge of the Central Depression in Chiapas and of high evergreen rainforest in Uxpanapa in Veracruz. Half of the forest in the Uxpanapa has disappeared through land clearance for a government relocation scheme. This population is similar to and may prove to be /. dasycarp. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 5993, 19123 VU Alc Inga coragypsea Leguminosae Colombia Apparently restricted to the department of Santander del Sur in Colombia, this small tree is known from two collections, which were gathered between 1800 and 1900m. There is no available information on the species habitat type. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga cuspidata Leguminosae Panama A small tree confined to a restricted area of lowland rainforest near rivers in central Panama. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU B1+2c Inga cynometrifolia Leguminosae Peru A small tree known from only two collections from rainforest at 250m in Juan Guerra in Loreto and from Rio Huallaga in San Martin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga dominicensis Leguminosae Dominica A small tree up to 4m tall, confined to montane rainforest between 700 and 800m. The 40km? of VU D2 290 montane forest on Dominica has largely escaped deforestation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7424, 19123, 19124 Inga dwyeri Leguminosae Panama A small tree of wet lowland and montane forest up to 900m, known only from central Panama. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU B1+2c Inga enterolobioides Leguminosae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) Known only from the type collection from Rio de Janeiro, this tree is likely to have occurred in rainforest but its present status and location, if it is still in existence, are unknown. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 CR B1+2c Inga exalata ssp. umbilicata Leguminosae Costa Rica A poorly collected subspecies known only from mixed lowland rainforest up to 500m from the Osa Peninsula and from a single collection from montane forest in San José. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c Inga exfoliata Leguminosae Brazil (Espirito Santo) An understorey tree, found in rainforest on the coastal plains and in hill forest up to 800m, endemic to Espfrto Santo. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c Inga exilis Leguminosae Brazil (Amazonas) A small tree of lowland forest on *terra firme, known only from the type collection from western Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga extra-nodis Leguminosae Ecuador Found between 1700 and 2000m, this tree is restricted to the upper Amazonian slopes of the Ecuadorean Andes in disturbed areas, roadsides and pastures. This region was formerly covered in montane rainforest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU B1+2c Inga fosteriana Leguminosae Peru Known only from the type collection, this small tree was found in lowland rainforest between Shintuya and Manu in Madre de Dios in 1974. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga gereauana Leguminosae Peru A small tree of undisturbed lowland rainforest on non- flooded land between 120 and 150m, known only from a small area of Amazonian Peru near Iquitos. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga golfodulcensis Leguminosae Colombia?, Costa Rica A tree found in lowland evergreen forest up to 200m. In Costa Rica, populations are restricted to the Osa Peninsula and it is also apparently reported from Colombia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c Inga goniocalyx Leguminosae Colombia A species known only from two collections without exact locality. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 DD Inga grazielae Leguminosae Brazil (Bahia) Found below 100m, this small tree occurs in wet lowland rainforest and associated secondary vegetation in Bahia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 Inga hayesii Leguminosae LR/nt Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru Although for many years the species was thought to be endemic to Panama, it is now known to range from Nicaragua to Peru, occurring in lowland semi-deciduous rainforest, often at the edges of roads and in secondary forest. In Panama and Costa Rica, and probably in other countries, trees are found only in small numbers outside protected areas. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772, 19123 VU B1+2c Inga herrerae Leguminosae Costa Rica Endemic to Guanacaste Province, this localised tree is found in forest at around 400m. It is present in Rincon de la Vieja National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c Inga hispida Leguminosae VU AIc Brazil (Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro) A small tree found in wet forest between 400 and 800m from Minas Gerais to Rio de Janeiro. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 291 Species Summaries Inga interfluminensis Leguminosae Colombia A tall tree known only from the type collection, gathered at 2100m in Antioquia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga ismaelis Leguminosae Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz) A tree of lowland evergreen rainforest in the Uxpanapa region of Veracruz and the Tuxtepec area of Oaxaca. It grows on deep soils on limestone outcrops below 200m. The forest at Uxpanapa has been severely reduced through clearance for a government relocation scheme. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 5993, 19123 VU Alc, B1+2c Inga jaunechensis Leguminosae Ecuador A small understorey tree of seasonal lowland mixed forest, confined to the 100ha Jauneche Reserve in Los Rios Province. The area is in a precarious position, threatened by fires and encroachment. Assessor: Pennington, T.D. Refs: 19123, 19217 CR B1+2c Inga jimenezii Leguminosae Costa Rica A understorey tree of seasonal semi-deciduous rainforest, restricted to a small area of San José Province. It occurs within the Cararaé Biological Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c Inga lacustris Leguminosae Mexico (Veracruz) A small tree, restricted to an area of rainforest adjacent to mangroves in the Los Tuxtlas region of southern Veracruz. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993, 19123, 19124 EN Alc, B1+2c Inga lanceifolia Leguminosae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) A tree occuring in rainforest on hills between 900 and 1200m in Rio de Janeiro. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 Inga latipes Leguminosae Costa Rica Restricted to Limén and Cartago, this tree occurs in montane rainforest between 450 and 1400m. Rates of habitat loss have been severe. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14487, 19123 EN B1+2c EN B1+2c Inga lenticellata Leguminosae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) Apparently restricted to the states of Rio de Janeiro and VU Alc The World List of Threatened Trees Sao Paulo, the tree is found in rainforest on hills and along riversides up to 1000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 Inga lentiscifolia Leguminosae Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina) Apparently restricted to Santa Caterina and Rio Grande do Sul, this species occurs in cloud forest and Araucaria forest between 900 and 1000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU Alc Inga leptantha Leguminosae Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro) A tree, reaching 6m in height, found in disturbed lowland wet forest from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU Alc Inga leptingoides Leguminosae Suriname Restricted to Tafelberg Mountain, this small tree is known from a few locations of low bush or Clusia bush. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123, 19196 VU D2 Inga litoralis Leguminosae Costa Rica Endemic to the Pacific drainage region of Costa Rica, this tree occurs in semi-deciduous forest extending into evergreen forest near the Pacific coast. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c Inga macarenensis Leguminosae Colombia A small tree known only from the type collection found at 1700m in dense mossy forest in Sierra de la Macarena Natural National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga macrantha Leguminosae Venezuela This small tree is restricted to Isla Margarita off the north coast of Venezuela. It grows in windswept evergreen cloud forest between 400 and 850m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga maritima Leguminosae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul?) A shrub or small tree confined to *restinga, mainly in Rio de Janeiro, but also from Rio Grande do Sul, where a single collection has been made and provisionally included in this species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c 292 Inga martinicensis Leguminosae VU D2 Martinique A shrub or small tree restricted to a small area of rainforest between 600 and 700m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 Inga megalobotrys Leguminosae Peru Confined to flood plain forest between 350 and 400m, this treelet, up to 3.5m tall, is known only from Manu National Park in Madre de Dios. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 LR/cd Inga mendoncaei Leguminosae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) A small tree of coastal forest between 500 and 1000m, restricted to the state of Rio de Janeiro. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c Inga microcalyx Leguminosae Brazil (Para) A small tree up to 8m tall, found only along the flooded banks of the Amazon River in Pard. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga mortoniana Leguminosae Costa Rica A small tree, endemic to Costa Rica, confined to wet montane forest between 900 and 1750m. An estimated total of 1037km? montane forest remain in Costa Rica. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123, 19124 EN B1+2c Inga mucuna Leguminosae Colombia, Panama Populations occur in lowland semi-deciduous rainforest, rarely in secondary forest, throughout Panama and in Choc6 and Antioquia in Colombia. The species is generally scarce except in the Canal area and in Darién National Park, Panama. Much of the unprotected forest at these low altitudes is exposed to increasing settlement, farming and agriculture. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 VU Alc Inga multijuga ssp. aestuariorum Leguminosae Costa Rica, Panama A dry forest tree found along rivers and the Pacific coast at low altitudes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c Inga neblinensis Leguminosae Venezuela This small tree is known from two localities on periodically flooded gravel bars and in swamp forest up VU D2 to 800m on the lower slopes of Cerro Neblina. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 Inga pallida Leguminosae Bolivia Information on the species is somewhat limited. It is thought to be a tree of montane forest and is currently known only from the type collection from eastern Bolivia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga pauciflora Leguminosae Panama So far the species has been found only in Panama. It occurs, nowhere in abundance, in lowland rainforest throughout the country. The larger part of its distribution coincides with areas experiencing an influx of people and increasing agricultural and farming activities. It is most common in the Canal area, where it occurs in a number of protected areas. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772, 19123 VU Alc Inga pedunculata Leguminosae Brazil (Bahia) A treelet known from only two collections, one gathered from *restinga and the other from disturbed wet lowland forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c Inga platyptera Leguminosae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) A tree known from several collections from Rio de Janeiro, where it occurs in rainforest on hills at approximately 1200m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c Inga pleiogyna Leguminosae Brazil (Bahia) Apparently endemic to Bahia, this treelet is confined to *restinga over white sand at sea level. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU B1+2c Inga pluricarpellata Leguminosae Peru A small tree known only from two collections from eastern Peru. It occurs in wet forest between 200 and 300m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga porcata Leguminosae Peru Found between 350 and 400m in lowland flood plain forest, this recently described species is known only LR/cd 293 Species Summaries from Cuzco and Manu National Park and Rfo Sotileja in Madre de Dios. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 Inga portobellensis Leguminosae Panama Confined to central Panama, this tree occurs in gallery forest along rivers and sandbars below 100m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU B1+2c Inga praegnans Leguminosae Brazil (Sao Paulo) Restricted to the state of Sao Paulo, this treelet occurs in lowland rainforest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU B1+2c Inga saffordiana Leguminosae Colombia, Panama In Panama, the species is known from a few forest localities in Darién, including Darién National Park. Recent reports indicate the species also exists in the Chocé and Antioquia in Colombia. It doesn't appear to be common at any of these sites and where the habitat is unprotected it suffers increasing encroachment. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772, 19123 VU Alc Inga salicifoliola Leguminosae Brazil (Amazonas) Known only from the type collection, the species is locally common in forest on the lower slopes of the Cerro Neblina near the Brazilian Venezuelan border. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga saltensis Leguminosae Argentina (Jujuy, Salta), Bolivia Endemic to piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and Bolivia, the species occurs in an unprotected ecosystem, which is rapidly being replaced by agricultural systems. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 19122, 19123 VU B1+2c Inga santaremnensis Leguminosae Brazil (Para) Apparently confined to the state of Pard, only a few collections of this small tree have been found in disturbed rainforest on non-flooded sites. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga sellowiana Leguminosae Brazil (Sao Paulo) A shrub or small tree up to 2.5m in height, found on sand dunes and in beach scrub, apparently only in Sao Paulo. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Inga sinacae Leguminosae Mexico (Veracruz) Restricted to the Los Tuxtlas region of Veracruz, this tree is found in evergreen rainforest up to 200m. Most collections of this species were made near the Los Tuxtlas Biological Station. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993, 19123 EN Alc, B1+2c Inga skutchii Leguminosae Costa Rica Known only from south-east Costa Rica, this tree is found in disturbed lowland to montane rainforest up to 1300m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU B1+2c Inga spiralis Leguminosae Panama This tree of wet lowland forest is restricted to central Panama. It is known only from four collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga stenophylla Leguminosae Costa Rica A treelet, up to 2m in height, confined to montane and cloud forest in central Costa Rica between 600 and 1200m. Only an estimated 1037km? of montane forest remain in Costa Rica. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14487, 19123, 19124 EN B1+2c Inga suberosa Leguminosae Brazil (Amazonas) Apparently restricted to Manaus, this recently described tree grows in mixed rainforest on non-flooded sites. It is known from two collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c Inga subnuda ssp. subnuda Leguminosae VUAIc Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Mato Grosso, Parafba, Pernambuco, Sergipe) A tree of arboreal *restinga on sand, distributed near the coast from Parafba to Espfrito Santo. In Espfrito Santo, the species is also found in lowland rainforest near sea level. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 Inga suborbicularis Leguminosae Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais) An understorey tree of lowland rainforest up to 600m, restricted to Minas Gerais and the coastal zone of Bahia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU Alc 294 Inga tenuicalyx Leguminosae Peru Restricted to the Tarapoto region of San Martin, this small tree or shrub grows in dry low forest between 200 and 300m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga tenuiloba Leguminosae Costa Rica A tree of undisturbed lowland rainforest between 50 and 150m, endemic to the Osa Peninsula in south-eastern Costa Rica. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 EN B1+2c Inga unica Leguminosae Brazil (Bahia, Espfrito Santo) A tree known from a few collections gathered from rainforest in Bahia and Espfrito Santo. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU B1+2c Inga xinguensis Leguminosae Brazil (Para) A recently described species known only from the type collection found in non-flooded lowland forest on the bank of the River Xingu in Pard. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 VU D2 Inga yasuniana Leguminosae Ecuador An understorey tree, known only from non-flooded lowland rainforest in Yasunf National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123 LR/cd Intsia acuminata Leguminosae Philippines A species which occurs in coastal forest. It yields valuable merbau timber used for high-quality furniture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919, 12937 VU Ald Intsia bijuga Leguminosae VU Alcd American Samoa, Australia, British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Archipelago), Cambodia, India, Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Is.), Japan, Madagascar, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea), Philippines, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands (South Solomon), Tanzania, Thailand, Vanuatu, Viet Nam A lowland rainforest tree which produces one of the most valuable timbers of South East Asia. The species has been exploited so intensively for merbau timber that few sizeable natural stands remain. Few plantations are established. In Peninsular Malaysia, trees are never common and rarely reach a commercial size. There are apparently good stands still in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 559, 2625, 4919, 5054, 6156, 6161, 8058, 8865, 9199, 10571, 12779, 12937, 13662, 14011, 14573, 16765, 17140 Tochroma lehmannii Solanaceae Ecuador An endemic of Ecuador, inhabiting cloud forest at 2850m, in Chimborazo Province in the High Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Tochroma longipes Solanaceae Ecuador An endemic tree of Ecuador, inhabiting upper montane cloud forest in the High Andean regions of Carchi and Pichincha. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Ipomoea pulcherrima Convolvulaceae Peru An arborescent Ipomoea species, known only from the type collection which was taken from a savanna area above 1000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Irvingia gabonensis Irvingiaceae LR/nt Angola, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Sao Tomé & Principe (Principe), Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Uganda Tropical evergreen rainforest is the optimal habitat for this species. However, it occurs also in gallery forest and semi-deciduous forest and is often found in towns or on the outskirts of villages. It is restricted to fairly wet, well-drained loamy to clayey soils. Population numbers have declined through logging operations, the expansion of human settlements and poor natural regeneration. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 4506, 6127, 8369, 10961, 16021, 17408 Iryanthera campinae Myristicaceae Brazil Assessor: Rodrigues, W.A. Refs: 19198 EN B1+2d Iryanthera megistocarpa Myristicaceae Panama Recorded very rarely, the species is known only from the vicinity of the highway which runs from El Llano to Cartf in the Kunayala Indigenous Reserve. This area has been well covered botanically and the low number of collections of the species is a reasonable indication of its scarcity. Moreover, in recent years the major part of the forest here has been cleared and the land colonised by campesinos. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 233, 7980, 16772 CR B1+2bc 295 Species Summaries Iryanthera obovata Myristicaceae Brazil Assessor: Rodrigues, W.A. Refs: 19198 VU B1+2de Isoberlinia scheffleri Leguminosae Tanzania A species of moist forest at a wide altitudinal range. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 3925, 7550 VU B1+2b Tsolona congolana Annonaceae Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda A useful tree occurring in areas of closed forest, often along rivers, largely in DR Congo, extending into Uganda. Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Refs: 1308, 10961, 16021, 17951 LR/nt Tsolona deightonii Annonaceae Ghana, Sierra Leone This species is uncommon and confined to the wet evergreen forest in Upper Guinea. The forest has declined over the past decades as a result of logging, mining and commercial forestry activities. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 4108, 8369, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Isolona dewevrei Annonaceae Democratic Republic of Congo A Mayombe endemic known from two localities in the Luki Forest Reserve. The habitat has been greatly reduced by logging, charcoal production and agriculture. Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Refs: 17951 VU B1+2bc, D2 Isolona heinsenii Annonaceae Tanzania Restricted to low-elevation forests, the species occurs in the East Usambara Mountains and Magombera. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 9302 EN B1+2b Isonandra perakensis var. perakensis Sapotaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree of lowland rainforest, known under two varieties. This variety is confined to the state of Perak. A population is protected in Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 LR/cd Isonandra stocksii Sapotaceae India A small tree scattered in forest remnants in the Western Ghats. Several occurrences recorded from the turn of the century no longer appear to exist. The most recent collections are from Bangare in Upper Bisle Ghat and the Bababudan Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799 EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Isonandra villosa Sapotaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A species with a disjunct distribution, occurring in the Velligonda Hills in the south of the Eastern Ghats and in Quilon in coastal Kerala. Little is known of the present status of the populations as no record of them has been made since 1923. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799 EN B1+2c Itaya amicorum Palmae Brazil, Colombia, Peru An understorey palm of lowland rainforest, confined to the western Amazon regions of Brazil, Colombia and Peru. In Colombia it is known from a remote locality in a national park. At a local level the trunk is burned for the production of salt and leaves are used for thatch. Assessor: Bernal, R. Refs: 19118 DD Iteiluma pinifolium Sapotaceae New Caledonia The genus has now been moved to Pouteria. The taxon has been collected from Mont Poume and from maquis in Koumea and a few localities in the vicinity. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 10781, 12630 EN B1+2c Ixonanthes chinensis Ixonanthaceae VU Alcd China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan), Viet Nam A small to medium-sized tree, which is widely scattered in China, crossing the border into northern Viet Nam. Occurring in lowland monsoon forest, the species has suffered extensive habitat loss. One of the major populations is found on Hainan Island, which has experienced large-scale habitat destruction over the last 30 years. Other areas of forest are given protection. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 15357, 19055 Ixonanthes khasiana Ixonanthaceae India (Assam, Meghalaya) Occurrences are known from the Syreyngam, Khasi and the Jaintea Hills in Meghalaya and Bhutan Hill in Assam. The species is found in rainforest over 1000m. High rates of habitat loss have affected the entire range and no collections appear to have been made more recently than 1937. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538 VU B1+2c Ixora albersii Rubiaceae Tanzania A moist montane forest species confined to the West Usambara Mountains at Shagayu and Shuwe-Magamba. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b 296 Ixora brevipedunculata Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) An endemic to Tubuai Island. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Ixora calycina Rubiaceae Sri Lanka Apparantly restricted to the wet zone of Sri Lanka, this species was collected in five forests during the extensive fieldwork carried out for the recent National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c Ixora degemensis Rubiaceae Nigeria A shrubby tree endemic, confined to an area on the coast at Degema. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 11504 EN B1+2c Ixora johnsonii Rubiaceae India (Kerala) Known only from an imprecisely recorded location in the vicinity of Ernakulam on the Kerala coast, it is not known whether the species is still extant. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 CR B1+2c Ixora jucunda Rubiaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Ixora lawsoni Rubiaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala) A small tree of submontane evergreen forest, known from two records close to the Kerala-Karnataka border. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Ixora malabarica Rubiaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala) A small tree, recorded from scattered localities of lowland forest along the coast. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Ixora marquesensis Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) Populations are recorded from Fatu Hiva, Mohotani and Nuku Hiva. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Ixora nigerica Rubiaceae Nigeria This shrubby tree is endemic to southern Nigeria. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 11504 VU B1+2c Ixora ooumuensis Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) An endemic to Nuku Hiva. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Ixora pudica Rubiaceae Seychelles Endemic to the Seychelles, the species qualifies as threatened by virtue of its restricted distribution. Populations are healthy and stable. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16212, 17229 VU D2 Ixora raiateensis Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Raiatea. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt Ixora raivavaensis Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) An endemic to Raivavae. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt Ixora saulierei Rubiaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A poorly recorded tree, occurring in the understorey of montane forest in the Palni Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Ixora scheffleri ssp. keniensis Rubiaceae Kenya A shrub or tree which is possibly extinct, originally known from the north-east, east and south slopes of Mount Kenya between 1900 and 2100m in areas of moist Ocotea forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396 CR B1+2c Ixora scheffleri ssp. scheffleri Rubiaceae Malawi, Tanzania A subspecies which appears to extend from Tanzania into Malawi, confined to the remaining moist forest areas at submontane to montane elevations. In Tanzania records are known from the East Usambara Mountains, North Uluguru Mountains, Udzungwa Mountains and Rungwe Mountain. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 10961 VU B1+2b 297 Species Summaries Ixora st.-johnii Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Huahine. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Ixora temehaniensis Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Raiatea. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Ixora umbellata Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Jacaranda arborea Bignoniaceae Cuba A small tree found in pine forests, serpentine shrubwoods and shrublands of the Sagua-Baracoa range in eastern Cuba. The habitat has been degraded in places. Logging and mining activities are constant threats. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 19149 VU B1+2c Jacaranda mimosifolia Bignoniaceae Argentina (Catamarca, Jujuy, Salta), Bolivia The species is reported to be endemic to the endangered piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and Bolivia, an VU B1+2ac ecosystem which is rapidly being coverted to agriculture. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 5112, 8451, 14040, 15037, 19122 Jacqueshuberia loretensis Leguminosae VU D2 Peru This species occurs in *terra firme forest in the department of Loreto. It has been recorded only from the type collection. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 Jacquinia macrantha var. clarendonensis Theophrastaceae Jamaica This small tree is known from a rocky limestone hilltop above 730m, and possibly from Peckham Woods in Clarendon Parish. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Jacquinia macrantha var. macrantha Theophrastaceae Jamaica The species is endemic to Jamaica. The type variety is found in crevices of precipitous rocks, where it is relatively well protected from the extensive clearance which has taken place in more accessible habitats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Jatropha bullockii Euphorbiaceae Mexico (Jalisco) A relatively recently described species, occurring as a small tree in deciduous forest in La Huerta on the coast of Jalisco. It is known only from the type locality. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 19068 VU D2 Jatropha chamelensis Euphorbiaceae Mexico (Jalisco) Described in 1982, the species is found in deciduous forest in the Chamela Biological Station in La Huerta. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 153, 15346, 19068 VU D2 Jatropha unicostata Euphorbiaceae Yemen (Socotra) Endemic to Socotra, this species is one of its commonest plants, co-dominating low-altitude succulent shrubland. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 LR/nt Joannesia princeps Euphorbiaceae Brazil A rainforest tree found in east Minas Gerais, north Espirito Santo to the south of Bahia. The species has been in decline through forest conversion for agriculture, livestock and plantation projects. In addition, it is exploited for the valuable boleira wood. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4506, 7980 VU Alcd Jollydora glandulosa Connaraceae Cameroon, Nigeria A rainforest treelet which is known from four localities. In Nigeria, it exists only on the Obudu Plateau in Cross Rivers National Park, where it is confined to forested valleys. Damage to the habitat is incurred from frequent fires and also from encroaching agriculture, especially banana plantations but also subsistence farming. In Cameroon, the species is restricted to the west, at sites near Obang, Limbe and Ediki. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14719 VU B1+2c, D2 Jollydora pierrei Connaraceae Gabon This treelet has been collected in rainforest near Libreville. The habitat is degraded where there has been logging. The species distribution may be more extensive given that Gabon's forests are relatively unexplored. However most areas are under concession to timber companies and their future remains uncertain. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14719, 14958 Joosia standleyana Rubiaceae Ecuador An endemic tree of the Ecuadorean High Andes, currently known only from an area of montane cloud VU D2 VU B1+2c 298 forest between 2000 and 2700m in Zamora-Chinchipe. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 Joseanthus chimborazensis Compositae Ecuador A tree species which is endemic to the High Andes of Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119 VU B1+2c Joseanthus cuatrecasasii Compositae Ecuador A tree species which is endemic to the High Andes of Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Juania australis Palmae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) Restricted to the Masatierra Island, this palm tree occurs on steep slopes and ridges in lowland rainforest between 190 and 900m. Felling of the tree has been prohibited. The Juan Fernandez islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 19118 VU D2 Jubaea chilensis Palmae Chile A palm tree of dry river valleys in the Andean foothills and of open hillsides in seasonally dry regions. Populations were once relatively common between the latitudes of 32° and 35° south, but they are now confined to a few small areas. This species is felled as a source of palm wine, which is reduced to make honey. Assessor: Gonzalez, M. Refs: 19118 VU Alcd Jubaeopsis caffra Palmae South Africa (Eastern Cape) A multi-stemmed palm confined to the north banks of the Msikaba and Mtentu Rivers on the Transkei coast. Records from the Mzintlava River near Manteku have not been confirmed and it is possible that this subpopulation was destroyed by deforestation. The species grows from just above the water level to the tops of steep forested sandstone cliffs, even in the salt spray zone. Reproduction from seed is poor, but plants sucker vigorously. Both localities have been declared as national monuments and although they are in a designated protected area, there is no management and enforcement to ensure effective protection. This species is traded internationally on a small scale as an ornamental and overexploitation is a potential threat. The miniature coconut fruits are favoured by the local people and baboons. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 389, 689, 19118, 19218 VU D2 Juglans australis Juglandaceae LR/nt Argentina (Catamarca?, Jujuy, Salta, Tucum4n), Bolivia A vigorous pioneer species, which is valued as a source of timber, medicine, fodder and food. It occurs in moist montane forest in an area extending from north-west Argentina to Tarya and Chuquisaca in Bolivia. Bolivian populations are facing heavy exploitation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1262, 13295, 19170 Juglans californica Juglandaceae USA (California) The species may be divided into two varieties, vars. californica and hindsii, both endemic to California. Walnut forest is a much fragmented and decling habitat, threatened in several counties by urbanisation, grazing and possibly by the lack of natural reproduction. There are just two or three stands remaining of var. hindsii, although it is widely naturalised in parts of California and was formerly cultivated as a rootstock for J. regia, with which it readily hybridises. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19163, 19183, 19193 VU Alc Juglans insularis Juglandaceae Cuba An endemic tree, up to 30m tall, occurring in all types of seasonal forest, transitional between rainforest and semi- deciduous forest. The species is typical of pristine communities and acts as an indicator of minimal disturbance. The habitat, however, is one of the most suitable for tropical agriculture. Undisturbed stands are very rare. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 16327, 18485, 19149 VU B1+2c Juglans jamaicensis Juglandaceae VU Alc, B1+2c Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico A large tree, occurring on all islands of the Greater Antilles except for Jamaica, where it was reported once but probably in error. In Puerto Rico, 10 trees exist in La Silla de Calderon at 1000m. It is similarly uncommon on Cuba and Hispaniola but may be recorded under the name J. insularis. The wet montane forest habitat has been extensively destroyed and degraded. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 8915, 17124 Juglans neotropica Juglandaceae Colombia, Ecuador, Peru A highland species, with a scattered distribution on the periphery of the Andes and in inter-Andean valleys, often as isolated individuals in agricultural land. Declines in habitat have been considerable and the species continues to be exploited for its timber, which is often used for decorative purposes. Its presence in the international timber trade is thought to be increasing. No commercial plantations have been established. The seeds are also edible and marketed locally. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 3014, 4217, 4870, 12109, 16093, 18432, 19069, 19179, 19183 EN Alacd+2cd 299 Species Summaries Juglans olanchana Juglandaceae Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua A species of the Atlantic lowlands, occurring as distinct varieties. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995, 18136 EN C2a Juglans peruviana Juglandaceae Peru This species has been collected just once, from Lima. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Julbernardia magnistipulata Leguminosae Kenya, Tanzania This species is restricted to moist forest areas from south-east Kenya to eastern Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 10961 VU B1+2b Julostylis polyandra Malvaceae India (Kerala) Apparently collected only twice, the species is known from two forest localities to the north and south of the Travancore range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Juniperus barbadensis Cupressaceae St Lucia Overcutting in the past and overgrazing today have led to the confinement of the species to an inaccessible rocky outcrop, where it occurs in a dwarfed form. It is thought that forms growing to 15m were more frequent at one time. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374 CR D1 Juniperus bermudiana Cupressaceae Bermuda Overexploitation in the past, as with J. barbadensis, has caused population reductions. However, the cause of more recent declines is an infestation of two accidentally introduced scale insects. This species is marginally more common than J. barbadensis. A few stands remain in undisturbed areas. Protection measures are helping in its recovery, but the development of the island ensures that the species will never take up its former range. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 4506, 9836 CR B1+2c Juniperus blancoi Cupressaceae Mexico (Durango, México State, Sonora) Very similar to J. scopulorum, this species is known from three locations, generally along streamsides in montane pine-oak forest. It is locally common in Durango. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 13041, 13205 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Juniperus brevifolia Cupressaceae Portugal (Azores) A shrub or small tree which forms a typical component of remaining laurel forest, mostly above 500m. It is found on all the Azores, except Santa Maria and Graciosa. Continuous cutting of old stands for their high-quality wood has caused significant reductions in the population. Sizeable trees are now rare and the species is represented largely by shrub-sized individuals. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 7222, 13041 EN B1+2c Juniperus cedrus Cupressaceae Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Is.) Remaining populations are confined to dry woodland in inaccessible rocky areas of La Palma and Tenerife in the Canary Islands and only at higher altitudes on Madeira, where a total of 39 specimens have been counted in the wild. The species is dioecious and dispersal between the isolated populations is apparently failing because of declines in numbers in the avian-disperser population. It is listed in regional legislation and populations are also protected within national parks. Assessor: Banares, A. et al. Refs: 374, 13041, 19022, 19131 VUCl Juniperus centrasiatica Cupressaceae China (Xinjiang) An endemic to the Kuen Luen Mountains. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 LR/nt Juniperus comitana Cupressaceae Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas) Although relatively widespread within its range, stretching from Comitan in Mexico to north Guatemala, the species has suffered population losses from deforestation. It occurs on rocky hills in dry forests. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 4974, 13205, 19161 VU B1+2c Juniperus convallium var. convallium Cupressaceae China (Sichuan, Xizang) The species is found in an area extending from north- west Sichuan into east Tibet. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 LR/nt Juniperus convallium var. microsperma Cupressaceae China (Xizang) A species which is endemic to the south-east of Tibet. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 DD Juniperus deppeana var. patoniana Cupressaceae Mexico (Durango) This taxon is widely scattered on agricultural land in six main locations. Trees can be coppiced and large individuals are left for shade, leading to an unbalanced VU B1+2ce 300 population structure. The variety may be dubiously separated by bark characteristics. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 13041, 13205 Juniperus deppeana var. robusta Cupressaceae Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco) Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13205 VU B1+2ce Juniperus deppeana var. zacatecensis Cupressaceae Mexico (Durango, Zacatecas) This taxon is restricted, in the same way as var. patoniana, to areas where stands have been left to serve as shade trees. The population structure is poor. The variety is dubiously separated by bark characteristics. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 13041, 13205 VU B1+2ce Juniperus durangensis Cupressaceae VU B1+2c Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Sonora, Zacatecas) A scarce species which favours openings in montane pine—oak forest. Up to 10 localities are known, but more are likely to be found. It is possible the scarcity of collections is a reflection of the species being overlooked rather than low in numbers. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374 Juniperus ekmanii Cupressaceae Haiti A taxonomically questionable species. Occurrences are recorded from Mome la Selle and Morne la Visite, although the latter population is now thought to be extinct. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 9836, 13041 CR D1 Juniperus gamboana Cupressaceae Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas) A tree of pine-oak forest, restricted to limestone hillsides. Deforestation continues to occur on a large scale. The timber is used on a local scale. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041, 13205, 19161 VU B1+2c Juniperus gaussenti Cupressaceae China (Yunnan) A Yunnan endemic with a relatively restricted range. Overcutting is a threat. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374 LR/nt Juniperus gracilior Cupressaceae Dominican Republic Known from a locality near Constanza, Valle del Jaque, the increasing settlement of the area has reduced populations of this species to less accessible or attractive areas. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041, 13205 EN B1+2c Juniperus jaliscana Cupressaceae Mexico (Durango, Jalisco) This species is restricted to two populations in montane pine-oak forest in Pueblo Nuevo, the Sierra Madre Occidental and Cuale in Jalisco. These forests are experiencing rapid deforestation rates. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6541, 13041 EN B1+2c Juniperus komarovii Cupressaceae China (Sichuan) Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 LR/nt Juniperus lucayana Cupressaceae Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica This species is now rare in Cuba because of past overexploitation. It is technically extinct in Haiti and is rarely seen in the Bahamas. Of all tree species in the Blue Mountains in Jamaica, this is considered to be under the most direct threat because of its value as a fuelwood and a timber. It has a local and scattered distribution, mostly on steep slopes. In the Blue Mountains it occurs most commonly on southern slopes, where deforestation is prevalent and once remote populations are now accessible by road. Regeneration is spasmodic and young trees frequently colonise exposed sites and landslides. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 9836, 16327, 19116, 19149 VU B1+2c Juniperus martinezii Cupressaceae Mexico (Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Jalisco) Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 4311, 6541, 13041 LR/nt Juniperus pingii Cupressaceae China (Sichuan, Yunnan) A very rare species but apparently not under threat of extinction. Deforestation is taking place extensively in north-west Yunnan. There are some taxonomic queries about the boundary between this species and other Chinese junipers. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 LR/nt Juniperus procera Cupressaceae LR/nt Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen (Former North Yemen), Zimbabwe Widespread from Arabia to Zimbabwe, this large tree is found in mountainous areas on rocky ground, mostly between 1750 and 2500m. Existing populations in the Arabian Peninsula represent a small fragment of the woodlands that once existed. At lower elevations populations appear to be regenerating extremely poorly, possibly because of climatic changes. Trees continue to be cut for fuelwood and timber at a local level, and in some places also for export. Changing land-use patterns, browsing, particularly by buffalo and elephants, and the increase in plantations of fast-growing exotic species are also contributing to the species’ decline. Outlying 301 Species Summaries populations in Zimbabwe, the Republic of Congo and Malawi are extremely small and threatened. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2361, 4506, 5108, 6079, 7222, 14667 Juniperus przewalskii Cupressaceae China (Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan) As with J. pingii, the species is relatively rare but apparently not overly threatened. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 LR/nt Juniperus recurva var. coxii Cupressaceae China (Yunnan), Myanmar A fairly widespread variety of moist montane woodland in Yunnan and north-west Myanmar. It has been harvested heavily in Yunnan but appears to regenerate well. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 VU AIc Juniperus saxicola Cupressaceae Cuba A tree up to 10m tall, restricted to submontane forest on the rocky ridges of Pico Turquino and adjacent peaks in the Sierra Maesra mountain range in south-east Cuba. Population numbers are low. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 16327, 18485, 19149 VU D2 Juniperus standleyi Cupressaceae Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas) An uncommon tree or prostrate shrub, occurring in forest above 3000m. Less than a third of the original 700km? extent of occurrence remains. The wood is heavily exploited for local construction work and fuel, and the scarcity of the tree has now led to municipal boundary disputes. Trees are legally protected but the law is not well respected. In the rainy season grazing by sheep is heavy. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 536, 4974, 13205 EN B1+2bc Juniperus urbaniana Cupressaceae Haiti Viable populations were recorded in 1984 in Pic la Selle. Since then attempts to find this shrubby species have failed. It appears to be reduced to inaccessible areas. Much of its habitat has been destroyed. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 9836 EN B1+2c Kageneckia lanceolata Rosaceae Bolivia, Peru This species is located at elevations in the dry Andean valleys and transition zones to the *puna, where agricultural activity is most intense. Grazing, habitat clearing and collection as a fuelwood is affecting remaining populations. In areas where it was once noted as abundant, the species is almost extinct. The hard wood is also popular for making ploughs, etc. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19180 VU Alcd The World List of Threatened Trees Kalappia celebica Leguminosae Indonesia (Sulawesi) A monotypic genus, known only from a few collections, restricted to lowland forest in the vicinity of Malili. This large tree is locally valuable for its timber, especially for building ships and bridges. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4329, 6426, 19072 VU B1+2c Kayea coriacea Guttiferae Papua New Guinea This tree is found in Western District and has recently been discovered on Sudest Island. It occurs in lowland seasonally flooded or ridge forest. The taxonomic limits of the species are presently unknown. It could represent more than one taxon. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031, 19113 VU D2 Kayea macrophylla Guttiferae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A small tree of lowland rainforest, known from two collections: one from Geelvink Bay, Irian Jaya, and the other from an area near Angoram in the East Sepik District of Papua New Guinea. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031 VU D2 Keetia koritschaneri Rubiaceae Tanzania A dry forest species confined to the Mombo Forest Reserve, Makuyuni. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b, D2 Keetia purpurascens Rubiaceae Tanzania A Tanzanian endemic restricted to areas of dry forest in the east and south-east. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Kentiopsis oliviformis Palmae New Caledonia Occurring in the lowlands, the species is restricted to a small area of the south-west and centre of the island. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 19118 EN B1+2c Kermadecia pronyensis Proteaceae New Caledonia A species known from four localities. One is in the south near Prony and more recently the species has been recorded from the Boulinda Massif, where it is found in diverse habitat types of maquis and forest up to an altitude of 850m. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 VU D2 302 Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana Pinaceae Taiwan A close relative of K. davidiana in Yunnan, known from localities in the north and south, separated by 300km. The populations are small, numbering fewer than 150 mature trees, and the lowland forest habitat is commonly invaded by broadleaved species, leading to very poor regeneration. A reserve has been set up specifically to help conserve the taxon. It is also protected under the Cultural Heritage Preservation Law. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 2106, 11191, 13041, 19050, 19051 CR B1+2c Keteleeria fortunei Pinaceae LR/nt China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Hong Kong, Viet Nam Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 1818, 13041 Khaya anthotheca Meliaceae VU Alcd Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe An important source of African mahogany, this species is widespread in areas of evergreen forest. It is heavily exploited, particularly in East and West Africa. Regeneration is poor in places, especially where parent trees are scarce, and serious genetic erosion is believed to have occurred. This species is commonly confused with K. grandifoliola. There are protected populations, log export bans and felling limits in various countries. Assessor: Hawthome, W. Refs: 2773, 6128, 6725, 10961, 12061, 13250, 13370, 16021, 16822, 17408 Khaya grandifoliola Meliaceae VU Alcd Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Sudan, Togo, Uganda An important timber species, commonly confused with K. anthotheca but less widespread, occurring more frequently in dry semi-deciduous forest and forest outliers. Exploitation is heavy: extraction of mature individuals from populations has been comprehensive. Regeneration is poor away from parent individuals and is best at the savanna-forest boundary. Protected populations and log export bans are in place in various countries. Assessor: Hawthome, W. Refs: 2036, 2773, 6127, 11504, 12061, 14667, 16021 Khaya ivorensis Meliaceae VU Alcd Angola, Cameroon, Céte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigena The most important Khaya species for providing African mahogany. It is found in various habitat types in West and Central Africa but is most abundant in wet undisturbed evergreen forest. Levels of exploitation are very high. Little regeneration takes place after disturbance. Individuals reach a seed-producing age at 30 years, although large seed crops appear only at three to four year intervals. Log export bans and legal protection exist in various countries. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2773, 6128, 6718, 8785, 12061, 13250 Khaya madagascariensis Meliaceae Comoros, Madagascar In the north-west, the species occurs in Mahajanga, Port- Bergé, Mitsinjo, Ambilobe and also on the Comoros; further east on the mainland in Vohémas, Ambila and Mananjary. Populations are found in rainforest, along Trivers, salt-water marshes and also in degraded forest. Both habitat and trees have been heavily exploited. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6161 EN Alcd Khaya senegalensis Meliaceae VU Alcd Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, Uganda A mahogany species, widespread in_high-rainfall savanna woodland. Logging and local exploitation are largely uncontrolled and poorly monitored. In northern parts of the range exploitation may be leading to genetic erosion. Natural regeneration from the seed is poor but does occur from suckers. Legal protection exists in various countries. Many uses of the tree, particularly the medicinal properties of the bark, are documented. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2036, 2773, 4506, 5003, 11504, 14667 Kibatalia borneensis Apocynaceae EN Alc Malaysia (Sarawak) A small tree or shrub found in swamp forest and heath forest near Kuching, Sarawak. The vegetation surrounding Kuching is extremely threatened by urban encroachment. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18327, 18388 Kibatalia elmeri Apocynaceae Philippines A montane forest species known only from a single locality, Mount Bulusan on Luzon. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18388 VU D2 Kibatalia gitingensis Apocynaceae Philippines A tree of hill forest between 150 and 525m, found on the islands of Catanduances, Luzon, Leyte and Surigao. Trees are cut for timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18388 VU Alc, B1+2c Kibatalia longifolia Apocynaceae Philippines A tree, known only from the type collection, found in forest on deep rich soils at an altitude of 40m. It is CR B1+2c 303 Species Summaries apparently endemic to Davao Province of Mindanao Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18388 Kibatalia macgregori Apocynaceae Philippines Apparantly endemic to Sibuyan Island, this tree has been collected only once in montane forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18388 VU D2 Apocynaceae VU D2 Philippines A small tree endemic to the Philippines, so far found only on Samar and Leyte Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18388 Kibatalia puberula Apocynaceae Philippines Restricted to Samar Island, this small evergreen tree occurs in dipterocarp forest on river banks between altitudes of 100 and 250m. It has been collected only three times. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18388 EN B1+2c Kibatalia stenopetala Apocynaceae Philippines Found in forest in the foothills of mountains in Luzon and Mindanao, this tree is known only from three herbarium specimens. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18388 EN B1+2c Kibatalia villosa Apocynaceae VU B1+2c Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) An evergreen tree of swamp and montane forest, found in Johore in Peninsular Malaysia, Kalong and Marundi in Sarawak and in west, east and south Kalimantan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18388 Kibatalia wigmani Apocynaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) Endemic to north-east Sulawesi, the species has been collected several times from evergreen forest on volcanic soils. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4329, 18388 VU D2 Kielmeyera peruviana Guttiferae Peru Known only from the type collection, this species occurs in *terra firme forest over 1000m in the department of San Martin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Kingiodendron pinnatum Leguminosae India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A large tree sparesely distributed in evergreen hill forest and deciduous forest, occurring up to 1000m over a range extending from South Kanara in Karnataka to the southern tip of the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu. The species yields useful timber, bark and resin. The population has declined considerably because of overexploitation and habitat degradation. Regeneration appears to be very poor. Assessor: CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants in India Refs: 561, 4799, 19144 EN Alcd Kirkia burgeri ssp. somalensis Simaroubaceae Somalia Confined to northern Somalia, the subspecies is threatened by habitat degradation caused by general overcutting and grazing. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 8697, 18665 LR/nt Kirkia dewinteri Simaroubaceae Namibia A species of very arid savanna, confined to dolomite mountain slopes in Damaraland, northern Namibia. There is possibly a new locality further to the east. The population size is small and overutilisation of the area or a natural disaster could result in its demise. There are threats from increasing settlement and grazing by livestock. It is protected by forestry legislation and to a certain extent by the inaccessible terrain in which it occurs. If this new locality is confirmed, it will lie within a newly-formed conservancy. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 VU D2 Knema alvarezii Myristicaceae Philippines This species is known from only two collections from the Province of Nueva Ecija in the Philippines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema andamanica ssp. andamanica Myristicaceae VU B1+2c India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is., Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Nicobar Is.) A rainforest tree found only on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 Knema andamanica ssp. nicobarica Myristicaceae VU D2 India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Nicobar Is.), Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A total of six collections are known of this rainforest tree, taken from Nicobar Island, Pinang Island in Peninsular Malaysia and Atjeh in Sumatra. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 304 Knema andamanica ssp. peninsularis Myristicaceae Thailand This subspecies has been collected only four times from rainforest in Thailand, including some island localities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema ashtonii var. ashtonii Myristicaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) This variety is found in primary forest in northern Borneo. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU Alc Knema ashtonii var. cinnamomea Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) A primary forest variety found in central-east Kalimantan and Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU Alc Knema austrosiamensis Myristicaceae Thailand Known only from four collections, this tree is found in evergreen forest in south-east Thailand. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema bengalensis Myristicaceae Bangladesh This tree is known only from the type collected in the Chittagong District of Bangladesh. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5626, 10460 VU D2 Knema celebica Myristicaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) This species is confined to lowland forest on ultrabasic soils in central Sulawesi, south of Lake Matano. There are no occurrences north of the lake, where the soils have a different origin. It is known from four collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4329, 10460 VU D2 Knema communis Myristicaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore Apparently endemic to Peninsular Malaysia, this scattered species grows in lowland and hill rainforest up to 270m. Expansion of settlements and forest clearance are the main threats. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 9199, 17140, 19073 VU Alc Knema conica Myristicaceae Thailand A small tree found in evergreen forest; known only from the type collected in Chantabun, south-east Thailand in 1930. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema curtisii var. amoena Myristicaceae Brunei Very localised, this variety is known only from the type collected from lowland forest in Brunei. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 10460, 19078 VU D2 Knema curtisii var. arenosa Myristicaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Endemic to Borneo, this uncommon variety is restricted to sandy ridges. It has not been collected recently. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460, 19078 Knema curtisii var. paludosa Myristicaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore A variety found predominantly in freshwater swamp forest, where it has been collected only infrequently. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9199, 10460 Knema emmae Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) A small tree of hillside forest, recently described and known only from three collections from Bukit Tawau and Keningau in Sabah and Gunung Maeru Tagal in north-east Kalimantan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2147 VU D2 Knema glauca var. riparia Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This tree is usually found in lowland primary riverine forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 875 VU Alc Knema hirtella var. pilocarpa Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) This variety is known from occurrences in east Kalimantan, east Sabah and from a collection in Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU B1+2c Knema hookerana Myristicaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand A distinctive species which occurs from southern Peninsular Thailand to Sumatra; no recent collections have been made. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 9199, 10460 Knema intermedia Myristicaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore Although fairly widespread in west Malesia, the species 305 Species Summaries has been collected only twice in recent years. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 9199, 10460, 17140 Knema kinabaluensis Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sabah) A montane species locally common and endemic to Mount Kinabalu and the surrounding area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 10460 LR/cd Knema korthalsii ssp. rimosa Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sabah) A small tree of lowland primary dipterocarp forest endemic to east Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19082 VU B1+2c Knema kostermansiana Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) A tree found in logged forest and riverine forest; it is known from two collections from Sabah, a single collection from Sarawak and another from north-east Kalimantan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 875, 1766, 10460 VU D2 Knema krusemaniana Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan) A recently described small tree, which has been collected four times in the upper reaches of Katingan and Kahayan Rivers. It is locally common in secondary forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2147 VU D2 Knema kunstleri ssp. alpina Myristicaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A subspecies of submontane to montane forest in Sarawak, Sabah and west and south Kalimantan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 Knema kunstleri ssp. coriacea Myristicaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A subspecies usually found in the threatened peat- swamp forests of northern Borneo. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU Alc Knema kunstleri ssp. leptophylla Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan) This recently described subspecies is known only from the type collection. It was found in primary hill dipterocarp forest in west Kalimantan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2147 VU D2 Knema kunstleri ssp. macrophylla Myristicaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) Known only from the type collection. from the Irdragiri VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Uplands, the subspecies occurs in lowland swamp forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460, 10547 Knema kunstleri ssp. pseudostellata Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan) A small tree known only from a single collection found in primary dipterocarp forest at 1200m in Serawai, west Kalimantan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19082 VU D2 Knema lamellaria Myristicaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species known only from a collection from Terengganu and another from Pahang. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema lampongensis Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra) A total of five collections have been found on the east coast and Riouw Island off Sumatra and the Anambas Islands off Borneo. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema latericia ssp. latericia Myristicaceae Philippines This subspecies is endemic to Palawan; it has been further divided into two varieties: var. latericia and var. subtilis. The variety subtilis grows in primary and logged dipterocarp forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460, 19082 VU B1+2c Knema longepilosa Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) Known only from three collections, this small tree is found in hillside forest and occasionally mixed dipterocarp forest in Fourth Division of Sarawak and west-central Kalimantan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2147 VU D2 Knema losirensis Myristicaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) This tree has been found only in northern Sumatra. It is present in the Gunung Leuser Nature Reserves. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460, 10547 LR/cd Knema mamillata Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan) Found in lowland Agathis forest on sand ridges in peat forest, this tree is known only from three collections from south Kalimantan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 10460 VU D2 306 Knema matanensis Myristicaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) A tree, endemic to central Sulawesi, known only from four collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4329 VU D2 Knema minima Myristicaceae Brunei Known only from a restricted area in south Brunei, this small tree occurs in mixed dipterocarp forest on ridges between 50 and 350m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19082 VU D2 Knema mixta Myristicaceae Viet Nam A montane forest tree that has been collected only once in Annam. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema mogeana Myristicaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A small tree found in primary forest and mixed dipterocarp forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 875, 1766 Knema muscosa Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This species is restricted to two collections from Mount Majau, Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 10460 VU D2 Knema oblongata ssp. parviflora Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sabah) Known only from the type, this subspecies occurs in primary forest in Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema oblongata ssp. pedunculata Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sabah) Known from three collections, this subspecies is found in lowland primary forests in Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema oblongifolia Myristicaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare tree found in moist forest up to 1700m. Although populations are generally threatened by increasing settlement and logging activities, the species is conserved in Taman Negara National Park, wildlife reserves and forest reserves. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 10460, 11647, 19073, 19078 LR/cd Knema pachycarpa Myristicaceae Viet Nam Known only from the type collection, this tree is found in evergreen montane forest near Da Nang in Annam. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema pectinata ssp. pectinata Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) This lower montane subspecies is locally common in Sarawak and Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 10460, 17176, 19078 LR/nt Knema pectinata ssp. vestita Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This subspecies appears to be restricted to the Fifth Division, where it has been collected only three times. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17176 VU D2 Knema pedicellata Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A tree restricted to mixed dipterocarp forest up to an altitude of 700m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 10460 VUAIlc Knema percoriacea for. fusca Myristicaceae Brunei This form is known only from the type collected in Brunei. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema pierrei Myristicaceae Viet Nam This tree is confined to Cochinchina, south Viet Nam, where it is known from five collections from lower montane forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema piriformis Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) The species is found in montane forest especially on and around Mount Kinabalu. A single collection has also been recorded from Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 10460 LR/cd Knema plumulosa Myristicaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Found throughout Peninsular Malaysia, this species of lowland and hill rainforest is declining through the expansion of human habitation and logging activities. There are no recent collections of this species. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 17140, 19073, 19078 VU B1+2a 307 Species Summaries Knema poilanei Myristicaceae Viet Nam Known only from type collection from Annam, this tree was found in montane forest in 1939. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema psilantha Myristicaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A tree known from two collections from the Third Division, Sarawak, a single collection from the Beaufort District, Sabah, and a recent collection from east Kalimantan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 2147, 10460 Knema pubiflora Myristicaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A forest tree found in the Third Division of Sarawak, Sabah and Kalimantan (including Nunukan Island). Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 10460 Knema retusa Myristicaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree known only from four collections from Perak. The species is very rare and has not been collected recently. It is not known whether it still exists. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460, 19073, 19078 VU D2 Knema riangensis Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia? (Sarawak?) Known from three or four collections, the tree is known from primary riverine forest in Bukit Raya, central Kalimantan, and from a slightly different collection from Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 875 VU D2 Knema ridsdaleana Myristicaceae Philippines A small tree, known only from the type collection, found growing by a stream om ultrabasic soil in Palanan, north- east Luzon. The area receives limited protection as a wilderness area, but continues to be threatened by illegal logging and expansion of settlements. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2147 VU D2 Knema rigidifolia ssp. camerona Myristicaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A subspecies of montane forest known only from a single locality in the Cameron Highlands. The locality is under pressure from infrastructural development. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 10460, 19073 VU D2 Knema rigidifolia ssp. rigidifolia Myristicaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This subspecies is restricted to the mountains of Pahang LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees and Selangor. The known localities are under pressure from infrastructural development. Some populations are contained within a wildlife sanctuary and protected forests within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 10460, 19073 Knema rufa Myristicaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) This species occurs in Sarawak and Brunei. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema saxatilis Myristicaceae Viet Nam This tree is found in montane forest near Da Nang, Annam. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema sericea Myristicaceae VU D2 Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) Known from five collections, the tree is found at the foot of limestone mountains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 2147, 10460 Knema sessiflora Myristicaceae Viet Nam A montane forest species collected only twice, in Annam, Viet Nam. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema squamulosa Myristicaceae Viet Nam A tree, known only from the type collection, which was found growing in montane forest on rocky clay soil in Annam in 1923. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema steenisii Myristicaceae Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Is.) A tree only known from west Flores at about 800m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1011, 17176 VU D2 Knema stellata ssp. minahassae Myristicaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) This subspecies is endemic to north and central Sulawesi, from where it has been collected four times. It occurs on poor soils north of Lake Matano. There are no occurrences south of the lake, where the soils have a different origin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4329, 10460 VU D2 308 Knema stellata ssp. stellata Myristicaceae Philippines This subspecies is known from only five collections on the Samar Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema stenocarpa Myristicaceae Philippines This rare species is found on Sulu and Mindanao Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460, 19078 VU B1+2c Knema stylosa Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) This primary forest tree is found in north-east Sarawak and Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 875, 1766 VU Alc Knema subhirtella Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) An understorey tree found in mixed dipterocarp forest in west Sabah and Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 875, 1766 VU Alc Knema tenuinervia ssp. kanburiensis Myristicaceae Thailand Found in mixed deciduous forest, this tree appears to be restricted to Kanchanaburi Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema tonkinensis Myristicaceae Laos, Viet Nam This tree occurs in montane forest in Upper Laos and Tonkin, Viet Nam. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460 VU D2 Knema tridactyla ssp. pachydactyla Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sabah) Known only from the type collection, this small tree was found on a ridge at 400m in the Sugud Recreation Park, Penampang District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19082 VU D2 Knema tridactyla ssp. salicifolia Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sabah) Known only from the type collection found south of Tabilong in north Sabah, this subspecies was found on a hill at 650m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19082 VU D2 Knema tridactyla ssp. sublaevis Myristicaceae Brunei?, Malaysia (Sarawak) This subspecies is apparently restricted to the primary lowland dipterocarp forests of the First Division, Sarawak. A collection from Brunei possibly belongs to it. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460, 19082 VUAIc Knema tridactyla ssp. tridactyla Mynristicaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) This subspecies occurs in the Forth Division in Sarawak, Brunei and west Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10460, 19082 VU Alc Knema uliginosa Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) This species appears to be restricted to Sarawak and west Kalimantan. It is known only from three collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1766, 10460 VU D2 Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This species is based on four specimens, all found in the Fourth and Fifth Divisions of Sarawak in lowland and hill mixed dipterocarp forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 875, 1766 VU D2 Koanophyllon panamensis Compositae Panama Originally the species was thought to be restricted to rainforest along rivers and lakesides in the central parts of Panama, including Altos de Campana National Park. Recent reports indicate that the species occurs in Bocas del Toro andl La Amistad National Park on the border with Costa Rica. Occurrences are uncommon and outside protected areas populations are severely threatened by habitat loss. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 EN Cl Koilodepas calycinum Euphorbiaceae India (Tamil Nadu) Known from just two collections, the species occurs in widely separated localities of submontane evergreen forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11373, 19144 EN B1+2c Koilodepas ferrugineum Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) There is some doubt over the continued existence of the species. It has been collected only once from lowland evergreen forest in Malacca. Most of the forest here has been cleared for plantations or colonisation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 CR B1+2c 309 Species Summaries Koilodepas wallichianum Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) The species is confined to Penang Hill, where it is scattered in submontane rainforest. The locality is a conserved area. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 5550, 11647, 19073 LR/cd Kokia cookei Malvaceae USA (Hawaii) When first discovered in the 1860s, only three small trees were found in relictual dryland forest near Mahana in western Molokai. The site was central to a sheep run and the population was directly affected by browsing and trampling domestic and feral stock. By 1918 all the specimens in the wild had died. Some years after, the only known cultivated tree died without producing viable offspring and the species was thought extinct. However, living material has been obtained from the branch of a cultivated specimen discovered in 1970, and grafted onto K. kauaiensis. The genus consists of four species, all endemic to Hawaii and either extinct or critically endangered. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19089 EW Kokia drynarioides Malvaceae USA (Hawaii) A species from a small genus endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, reduced to a few individuals in dry forest on lava fields at Puuwaawaa and Huehue on Hawaii. It persists in cultivation. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 CR D1 Kokia kauaiensis Malvaceae USA (Hawaii) At one time this species was known only from a single tree in Koaloha Canyon. It is now the most numerous member of the genus. At present six populations are known from rainforest in Paaiki, Kuia, Mahanaloa, Kalalau, Pohakuao and Koaie Valleys in the west of Kauai. All of these are on state land. Estimates of the total population size range from 105 to 145, the largest containing no more than 50 individuals. Invasive plants and the activities of feral goats, deer and rats are the major threats to remaining populations. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19036, 19086 CR C2a Kokia lanceolata Malvaceae USA (Hawaii) A species from a small genus endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Originally known from the hills of Makaku, Koko Head and Wailupe Valley on Oahu, it was first recorded in 1888 and became extinct shortly afterwards. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EX The World List of Threatened Trees Kokoona coriacea Celastraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) This lowland forest species is known from the type collected from Perak, Peninsular Malaysia, and another recent collection from Niah Cave National Park, Sarawak. Trees of this genus are cut for mata ulat timber which is used locally. The species is threatened by the large-scale clearance of the forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5550, 11145, 11647, 19017, 19073 VU D2 Kokoona leucoclada Celastraceae Malaysia (Sabah) Endemic to Sabah, the species has been collected only once from Ranau and once from Sandakan in lowland forest. Trees of the genus are cut for mata ulat timber, which is used locally. The species is threatened by the large-scale clearance of the forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11145, 19017 VU D2 Kokoona littoralis var. bakoensis Celastraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Locally abundant in Bako National Park, this variety is found in heath forest. The species is cut for mata ulat timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11145, 19017 VU D2 Kokoona littoralis var. longifolia Celastraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This variety is known only from the type collection found in lowland forest in Limbang. The species is cut for mata ulat timber for local use. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11145, 19017 VU D2 Kokoona sabahana Celastraceae Malaysia (Sabah) Occurring infrequently in lowland swamp and hill forest, this small tree is known only from three collections from Nabawan, Tawau and Sandakan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11145, 19017 VU D2 Kokoona sessilis Celastraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare tree inhabiting rainforest between 60 and 730m in the states of Kelantan, Terengganu and east Johore. It is protected in Taman Negara National Park, but elsewhere is threatened by large-scale forest clearance. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5550, 8464, 11145, 11647, 19073 VU Alc+2c, D2 Koompassia excelsa Leguminosae LR/cd Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines, Thailand? One of the tallest rainforest trees ever reported, reaching up to 85m, found along rivers and in valleys in lowland primary forest and often in secondary growth. The trees are protected from cutting in Kalimantan because wild bees often build nests in the branches. It is also protected 310 in Sarawak under the Wildlife Protection Bill of 1990. There is concern over its conservation status in Sabah. However, Koompassia timber is currently gaining importance in trade because of the shortage of heavy hardwood timber. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 4919, 12937, 14573, 17214, 19026, 19072 Koompassia grandiflora Leguminosae VU Alcd+2cd Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A primary rainforest tree occurring on coastal plain foothills and stony low hills in Vogelkop, Irian Jaya and the Morobe, Gulf and Central Provinces of Papua New Guinea. Observations of active exploitation for the timber of this species in Papua New Guinea were made in the 1960s; the timber continues to be in high demand and is heavily exploited in areas subject to logging. As it occurs in primary forest and in readily accessible areas, the species is considered highly vulnerable. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 14573, 19057, 19072, 19114 Koompassia malaccensis Leguminosae LR/cd Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore, Thailand This very large tree is found in freshwater peat-swamp forest, usually below 150 m. It is a useful timber species for heavy construction. Koompassia timber is currently gaining importance in trade because of the shortage of heavy hardwood timber. It is protected in Sarawak under the Wildlife Protection Bill of 1990. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 2422, 9199, 12827, 12937, 14573, 17140, 17214, 19057, 19072 Kopsia lancifolia Apocynaceae Malaysia (Sabah) A tree known by only a single collection from Sabah. The taxonomy of this genus is in need of revision. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19117 VU D2 Kopsia larutensis Apocynaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Thailand A rare shrub to small tree found in lowland rainforest. In Peninsular Malaysia it is apparently restricted to the Kledang Saiong range in Perak. The taxonomy of this genus is in need of revision. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19073, 19117 DD Kopsia profunda Apocynaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This species is known only from three herbarium collections. The taxonomy of the genus is in need of revision. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19117 DD Kopsia scortechinii Apocynaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A medium-sized tree of rainforest in Perak. It has been DD collected only once in 1878. The taxonomy of this genus is in need of revision. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073, 19117 Kopsia singaporensis Apocynaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A tree of up to Sm height, occurring in lowland rainforests and swamp forests of Perak, Selangor, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca, Johore and Singapore. The main threat is encroaching settlements. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 9199, 17140, 19073 VU B1+2c Kopsia sleesiana Apocynaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This species is known from the type collection only. However, the taxonomy of this genus is in need of revision. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19117 VU D2 Kopsia tenuis Apocynaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A species known only from the type collection. However, the taxonomy of this genus is in need of revision. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre VU D2 Kostermansia malayana Bombacaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This species occurs in areas of swampy hill forest. Habitat reductions have resulted from logging and increasing agriculture and settlement. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 17140, 19073 VU B1+2c Kostermanthus malayus Chrysobalanaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to a single locality on the Kedah—Perak border, this species occurs in lowland rainforest, where it is under pressure from increasing settlement of the area. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 EN B1+2c Kotchubaea montana Rubiaceae Peru This forest species is recorded only from the type collection below 2000m in the department of San Martin. There is some question about whether it is synonymous with K. semisericea. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Kotschya platyphylla Leguminosae Tanzania A gregarious species, occurring in forest or grassland on upland exposed ridges in the vicinties of Udzungwa and Njombe in east Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356 VU B1+2b 311 Species Summaries Kraussia speciosa Rubiaceae Kenya, Tanzania A species confined to areas of moist coastal forest from the Shimba Hills, Dzombo and Witu in Kenya to eastern Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 8814 VU B1+2b Krokia pilotoana Myrtaceae Cuba Very rare, this small tree is locally confined to parts of the Sierra de Nipe mountain range in Holguin and Santiago de Cuba Provinces. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 18485, 19149 VU D2 Labordia hirtella Loganiaceae USA (Hawaii) A species which is highly variable. Scattered individuals are found in various forest types up to 1830m on eastern Kauai, the Koolau Mountains on Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 LR/nt Labordia kaalae Loganiaceae USA (Hawaii) A shrub or small tree restricted to the Waianae Mountains on Oahu, where it is found in diverse forest types at altitudes between 450 and 950m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN C2a Labordia lydgatei Loganiaceae USA (Hawaii) Known from few collections, the species is restricted to the Wahiawa Mountains on Kauai. It is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN C2a Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis Loganiaceae USA (Hawaii) One of three varieties. Populations are known from rainforest on Lanai and from Mapulehu Valley on Molokai. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN C2a Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis Loganiaceae CR B1+2c, C2ab, D1 USA (Hawaii) The total population is restricted to private land along forested streamsides in the Wahiawa drainage on Kauai. Once estimated to contain 100 plants, only 20 or 30 plants survived Hurricane Iniki. Feral pigs and invasive plants are the primary threats to the habitat. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19036, 19086 The World List of Threatened Trees Lachanodes arborea Compositae St Helena Once a common tree, occurring on the central ridge between 600 and 800m, the species was thought to have become extinct until three old trees and some seedlings were discovered in 1976 in pastureland above Osbome's Cottage. Seedlings have since been raised and planted out. It is a short-lived tree, which takes considerable effort to conserve in cultivation. The genus is monotypic. Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B. Refs: 9954, 16700, 19081 CR D1 Lacistema lucidum Lacistemataceae Brazil (Para, Sao Paulo) An Atlantic forest species which is closely related to L. pubescens, also an endemic to Brazilian Atlantic forest but more widely ranging in five states. The separation of the two taxa in Sao Paulo poses such difficulty that it is possible they may be considered taxonomically the same species. This taxon is recorded in Ilha do Cardosa State Park in Sao Paulo. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 19099 DD Lacunaria panamensis Quiinaceae Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 7272, 7980, 13995, 14873 EN C2a Ladenbergia acutifolia Rubiaceae Peru A species which is known only from the type collected in the department of Hudnuco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Ladenbergia ferruginea Rubiaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in lowland rainforest along a riverside in the department of Puno. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Ladenbergia gavanensis Rubiaceae Peru The taxonomic status of the species is uncertain. It is known only from the type collection from the department of Puno. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Ladenbergia pavonii Rubiaceae Ecuador An Ecuadorean endemic of the High Andean regions in Imbabura, Morona-Santiago and Azuay. The habitat of this species is cloud forest between 2260m and 3450m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c 312 Ladenbergia stenocarpa Rubiaceae Peru The species is known only from the type collection from the department of Cajamarca. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Ladenbergia ulei Rubiaceae Peru A lowland grassland species which has been recorded just a single time from the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Laetia micrantha Flacourtiaceae Panama The species is known only from a narrow strip of lowland semi-evergreen rainforest running the length of the province of Darién. A large part of the population runs close to the border with, and is likely to extend into, Colombia. The species is uncommon but utilised locally as a source of fuel and edible fruit. All known populations are within Darién National Park, where they are officially protected but under some threat from gold mining and localised logging. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 VU D1 Lafoensia replicata Lythraceae VU Alac+2d Brazil (Bahia, Brazilia Distrito Federal, Goids, Minas Gerais, S40 Paulo) A rainforest species with sparse distribution. Populations in Atlantic forest have declined extensively, especially in Bahia, as the habitat has been cleared and logged. Assessor: Cavalcanti, T.B. Refs: 19096 Lagarostrobos franklinii Podocarpaceae Australia (Tasmania) Huon pine, one of the longest living trees in the world, is found mostly in small stands in rainforest associated with the river systems of south-west Tasmania. Populations retreated during the Last Glacial and were heavily logged in the more recent past. Whilst most of the range is protected within a World Heritage Site, significant areas are open to the persistent threats of mining, logging, hydroelectric schemes and fire regimes. A small proportion of trees are sexually reproductive in one season, a disproportionate number of them being the oldest trees. Regrowth by vegetative reproduction is, however, very strong. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 8032, 18833 VU B1+2ce Lagerstroemia anisoptera Lythraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This rare species is a small tree confined to the lowland tropical rainforests of north-west Peninsular Malaysia. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Lagerstroemia intermedia Lythraceae China (Yunnan), Thailand A species found at forest edges and along roadsides between 800 to 1500m in south and south-west Yunnan and north Thailand. In Yunnan, populations are scattered and very small. It appears to be naturally rare but loss of habitat and cutting for fuelwood has contributed significantly to the present scarcity. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 VU B1+2ce Lagerstroemia langkawiensis Lythraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare species found in areas of limestone, quartzite and shale on Langkawi Island, Kedah. This small tree is scattered in open lowland rainforest, in an area which continues to be developed for tourism and other land uses. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 EN B1+2c Lagerstroemia minuticarpa Lythraceae India (Assam, Sikkim) Known from just two forest localities in Kerempani, Assam, and Singtam, Sikkim, the species was last collected in 1938. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799 Lagynias pallidiflora Rubiaceae Kenya, Tanzania A species confined to areas of moist coastal forest from the Shimba Hills, Buda and Arabuko-Sokoke in Kenya to eastern Tanzania and Pemba Island. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 8814 EN B1+2c VU B1+2b Lagynias rufescens ssp. angustiloba Rubiaceae Tanzania Occurring in moist submontane forest, this subspecies is known only from Mwanihana in the North Udzungwa Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b, D2 Lannea schweinfurthii var. acutifoliolata Anacardiaceae Kenya, Tanzania A coastal forest taxon located in pockets of remaining forest in a range stretching from south-east Kenya to eastern Tanzania, Zanzibar and the Pemba Islands. The type variety is widespread. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 8814 LR/nt Lannea transulta Anacardiaceae Yemen (Socotra) Scattered small populations occur in dry woodland and shrubland in mountain areas. They are under no immediate threat. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 313 Species Summaries Lannea welwitschii var. ciliolata Anacardiaceae Kenya, Tanzania A forest tree existing in remaining areas of moist low- altitude forest in south-east Kenya and eastern to south- west Tanzania. It is reported to be common in Diani in Kenya. The type variety is distributed from Central to West Africa. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 2361, 3356 LR/nt Laplacea curtyana Theaceae Cuba A very uncommon tree, up to 15m tall, occurring in lowland and hill semi-deciduous forest of Pinar del Rio and the Isla de Pinos. The area is under constant pressure from cutting and clearing. The accepted genus of the taxon is now Gordonia. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 9522, 11403, 19149 CR B1+2c Laportea urentissima Urticaceae China (Guangxi, Yunnan), Viet Nam Ranging in stature from a small shrub to a tree of 15m, this fast-growing species is a prominent component of monsoon forest on limestone hills between 700 and 1000m. Its range is concentrated in the border region of Guangxi, Yunnan and Viet Nam. Additional populations exist in the south-west of Yunnan. Continuous declines and degradation of the habitat have caused the species to disappear from large parts of its range. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 EN B1+2c Larix decidua var. polonica Pinaceae Poland, Romania, Ukraine A variety with a patchy distribution confined to remaining areas of natural forest. Young individuals were noted as being rare as early as 1930. The forest does not appear to be healthy and has been degraded by war and exploitative activities. Populations in the Carpathians may fare better. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 2162, 6858, 7222, 9887 VU B1+2c Larix griffithiana var. speciosa Pinaceae China (Sichuan?, Xizang?, Yunnan), Myanmar Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 11191, 13041 LR/nt Larix mastersiana Pinaceae China (Sichuan) Once occurring in large stands, the species has been reduced to isolated sparse woodlands and mixed forest at 2300-3500m along various river systems. The habitat continues to deteriorate because of overcutting and logging. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 11242, 11847, 13041 VU Alcd Larix potaninii var. himalaica Pinaceae China (Xizang), Nepal? A taxon restricted to the Himalayas in Xizang Zizhiqu, VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees apparently extending into Langtang Khola in Nepal. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041, 18751 Lasianthus ciliatus Rubiaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A small tree, mainly known from areas of submontane forest in the Nilgiris, but also recorded from a single locality in the Anaimalai Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU D2 Lasianthus gardneri Rubiaceae Sri Lanka During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, this species was recorded in seven forests. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 VU B1+2c Lasianthus grandifolius Rubiaceae Tanzania The only population known occurs at 2050m elevation in moist evergreen forest on the North Udzungwa Mountains at Bandwa Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b, D2 Lasianthus kilimandscharicus ssp. laxinervis Rubiaceae VU B1+2b Tanzania Confined to the Uluguru Mountains, this subspecies occurs in moist evergreen montane forest. It is not, in fact, thought to descend from L. kilimandscharicus and may attain full species status. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 Lasianthus oliganthus Rubiaceae Sri Lanka A small tree or shrub, restricted to lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sri Lanka. It is a dominant component in areas of Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195, 18515 LR/cd Lasianthus pedunculatus Rubiaceae Tanzania Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Lasianthus rhinophyllus Rubiaceae Sri Lanka During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, only two individuals were found within a single forest reserve in Ratnapura District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 18796, 19112 CR B1+2c 314 Lasianthus rostratus Rubiaceae India (Kerala) A small tree, known only from a few collections taken from forest between 600 and 1000m between the Anaimalai Hills and the Travancore range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Lasianthus tomentosus Rubiaceae Indonesia (Java), Singapore A species confined to Mount Salak near Bogor city in Java. The population occurs at 1700m. There are intense pressures of habitat clearance, degradation and cutting. The Singapore record needs confirmation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078, 9199 EN B1+2c Lasianthus varians Rubiaceae Sri Lanka During the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, this species was found in three forest localities including the Peak Wilderness Wildlife Sanctuary. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c Lasianthus wallacei Rubiaceae Tanzania An endemic of the Uluguru Mountains, occurring in moist evergreen montane forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Lasiochlamys hurlimannii Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Lasiochlamys mandjeliana Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU D2 Lasiochlamys pseudocoriacea Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU D2 Lasiochlamys trichostemona Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 LR/cd Lasiococca malaccensis Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species of lowland evergreen rainforest, known only from a single collection from Batang Malaka Permanent Forest Reserve in Malacca. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Res: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Lasiocroton fawcettii Euphorbiaceae Jamaica Occurrences are known from Westmoreland, Hanover and Trelawny Parishes. The species has a local distribution, confined to areas of thickets and woodlands on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Lasiocroton harrisii Euphorbiaceae Jamaica Similar in many respects to L. fawcettii, the species occurs in thickets on limestone hills in a narrow altitudinal band in the parishes of Clarendon and St Ann. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Lasiocroton macrophyllus Euphorbiaceae Jamaica Frequently common, the species occurs in dry thickets on limestone along the south coast. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Lasiocroton trelawniensis Euphorbiaceae Jamaica Confined to Trelawny, this species has a localised distribution on a wooded limestone hilltop. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 5653, 19085 EN B1+2c Lasiodiscus mildbraedii ssp. ferrugineus Rhamnaceae Kenya A shrub or tree of lowland dry evergreen forest, known from localities in Witu, Mangea and Arabuko-Sokoke. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 12067 VU B1+2c Lasiodiscus rozeirae Rhamnaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (SAo Tomé) The species has not been found since it was collected in 1954 in the south-east of the island. It is not known whether there is still an extant population. Extensive areas of remote forest remain to be explored. There are no obvious threats to the habitat at present. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2421, 18501 VU D2 Latania loddigesii Palmae Mauritius Remaining wild populations are confined to offshore islands, in coastal savanna. Regeneration has been good since the eradication of goats and rabbits. The species is widely cultivated as an omamental. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 EN C2a Latania lontaroides Palmae Réunion Occurring on the coast between Petite Ile and Saint- Philippe, the species was once common but has declined EN Alc 315 Species Summaries in extent through increasing agriculture and settlement. It is traded internationally as an ornamental. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 Latania verschaffeltii Palmae Mauritius (Rodrigues) Confined to Fond la Bonté, Baie aux Huitres, remaining populations account for about 500 individuals. There is almost no evidence of regeneration and the harvesting of leaves for use as thatch is not controlled, despite regulations. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 EN C2a Laurelia sempervirens Monimiaceae LR/nt Chile (Biobio, La Araucania, Los Lagos, Maule, O'Higgins) Restricted to central Chile, the species occurs in moist seasonal forest in the Coastal Cordillera, subandean range and central plains. It is of some importance as a timber and is under threat from overexploitation in the north of its range. Assessor: Gonzalez, M. Refs: 11449, 16328 Laurus azorica Lauraceae LR/nt Morocco, Portugal (Azores, Madeira), Spain (Canary Is.) One of the major components of *laurisilva, occurring over a wide altitudinal range. Threats exist from grazing, fires and habitat conversion, but recent evidence suggests the *laurisilva is now expanding. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19131, 19199 Lavoixia macrocarpa Palmae New Caledonia An endemic to Mont Panié, occurring in wet forest on a steep rocky slope at 500m. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 19118 CR DI Lebronnecia kokioides Malvaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) A small tree which at one time was thought to be reduced to a single individual surrounded by a few seedlings on Tahuata. A small colony covering a few hectares has now been found on Mohotane, a nature reserve. Although feral sheep are present on the island, they appear to find the plant unpalatable. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513, 15251 EN D1 Lecaniodiscus punctatus Sapindaceae Cameroon, Ghana Little is known about this unusual species. It is usually found near stream banks in moist semi-deciduous forest. In Ghana, few localities are known, all contained within the vicinity of Baku and Supong Forest Reserves, where deforestation has been severe. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 8369, 12061, 15251 EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Lecointea ovalifolia Leguminosae Peru Recorded only from the type collection, the species occurs in lowland Amazon forest in the department of San Martin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Lecomtedoxa nogo Sapotaceae Gabon A species so far collected only from Fernan Vaz. Forests in Gabon have not been well explored botanically and it is possible the species is more widespread. Most areas, however, are under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14958, 15790 VU D2 Lecythis barnebyi Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas) Several collections have been made of this species, but it is thought only to exist in three populations in open forest on white sand in central Amazonia. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 VU D2 Lecythis brancoensis Lecythidaceae Brazil (Roraima), Guyana A small savanna tree, known from a few collections from the Roraima territory of Brazil and adjacent Guyana. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980 VU B1+2c Lecythis lanceolata Lecythidaceae LR/cd Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Goids, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro) A relatively widely occurring species of Atlantic coastal forest. It is known to occur in Linhares Forest Reserve. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632, 9866 Lecythis lurida Lecythidaceae LR/cd Brazil (Amazonas, Bahia, Espirito Santo, Para, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Sergipe) Although the species is wide-ranging, its habitat has undergone serious deterioration and declines. It is known to occur in the Jari Genetic Reserve and in Linhares Forest Reserve. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3204, 3791, 9632 Lecythis parvifructa Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A canopy tree, known only from central Amazonia, occurring in non-flooded forest. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 VU D2 Lecythis prancei Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas) Confined to non-flooded forests in the vicinity of EN D1 316 Manaus, this species is under some pressure from urban expansion. It is known to occur in the Ducke Forest Reserve. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 Lecythis retusa Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A canopy tree confined to non-flooded forest in central Amazonia. It is found in the Ducke Forest Reserve and INPA Experimental Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 : LR/nt Lecythis schomburgkii Lecythidaceae Brazil (Roraima), Guyana A small savanna tree, rarely collected and restricted to Roraima territory in Brazil and adjacent Guyana. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 VU B1+2c Lecythis schwackei Lecythidaceae Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro) Known from few localities, the species is scattered in secondary deciduous forest and savanna-like vegetation. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 VU D2 Lecythis serrata Lecythidaceae Brazil (Amazonas, Para, Rond6nia) Evidence from collections indicate that this is a wide- ranging species, scattered in non-flooded forest. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 3791, 7980, 9632 LR/nt Leea tinctoria Leeaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Sao Tomé) This shrub or small tree is common and well known for its various local uses. It occurs in secondary forest up to 1060m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2421, 2724, 10080 LR/nt Leitneria floridana Leitneriaceae LR/nt USA (Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Missouri, Texas) A shrub or small tree with a very scattered distribution in three widely separated areas. Occurring along muddy riverbanks or in sawgrass marshes, usually within reach of seawater inundations, the species is known from south-east Missouri and eastern Arkansas, where it is locally common, south-east Texas, southern Georgia and northern Florida. There is no evidence of any serious declines in the population. The family is monotypic. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9254, 19163 Lemurophoenix halleuxii Palmae Madagascar An endemic palm of Madagascar known only from two populations, totalling an estimated 50 individuals. They occur in submontane primary forest on steep slopes and in a deep narrow valleys at elevations between 200m EN Alc, D1 and 450m. This species is used as an ornament for minor international, national and local trade. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 Lennea viridiflora Leguminosae VU A2c Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama The distribution of this species apparently extends the length of Central America from the border with Colombia to Mexico. The species occurs in lowland rainforest and is generally scarce outside protected areas. Logging, encroaching agriculture and settlements have caused the habitat to decline. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 2965, 7980, 15037, 16772 Lepidothamnus fonkii Podocarpaceae VU B1+2c Argentina (Chubut, Neuquén, Rio Negro), Chile (Aisén, Los Lagos, Magallanes) A dwarf conifer and the only member of the genus on the continent. Its nearest relatives are in New Zealand. It occurs as a pioneer in upland scrub in acidic bogs, often with Fitzroya and Pilgerodendron. The area is vulnerable to fires and habitat degradation. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 278, 374, 5112, 8032, 15415 Lepinia taitensis Apocynaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Tahiti and Moorea. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Leptactina delagoensis ssp. bussei Rubiaceae Tanzania Occurring in dry coastal forest, this subspecies is known from two populations confined to the remaining forested areas on the Rondo Plateau and Lake Lutamba. The forest on the Rondo Plateau has been heavily disturbed by previous activities, especially logging and shifting cultivation. It is thought that only Skm? of the original undisturbed forest remains. Forest management work in the forest reserve is discouraging further illegal activities and encroachment. Lake Lutamba has been largely cleared of forest except for 10km? contained within the Litipo Forest Reserve. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 EN B1+2b Leptactina papyrophloea Rubiaceae Tanzania A coastal forest species, which is now thought to be confined to undisturbed areas of the Rondo Forest Reserve (140km?). Disturbance in the past has been severe as a result of logging, planting of exotic timbers, shifting cultivation and wood collection. The presence of active forestry measures is helping to discourage local exploitation. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961, 16796 EN B1+2c 317 Species Summaries Leptostylis gatopensis Sapotaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Leptostylis goroensis Sapotaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 CR DI Leptostylis multiflora Sapotaceae New Caledonia Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Leptostylis petiolata Sapotaceae New Caledonia Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Lettowianthus stellatus Annonaceae Kenya, Tanzania A monotypic genus, known from the Shimba Hills and Miongoni in Kenya and areas of dry coastal forest in eastern Tanzania. The taxonomy of the Kenyan population is not confirmed. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 9198, 9302 VU B1+2b Leucadendron argenteum Proteaceae South Africa (Western Cape) Scattered subpopulations are known from the slopes of Table Mountain from Lion's Head to Orange Kloof, Cape Peninsula. There are also several subpopulations, which have probably been planted, including those on the Helderberg, Simonsberg and Paarl Mountain These are excluded from the evaluation. The species grows on moist, usually south-facing slopes, on granite clays in mountain *fynbos and on the margins of afromontane forest patches. Population counts indicate that there are more than 10,000 mature individuals. The expansion of Cape Town and the establishment of tree plantations continue to cause reductions in population numbers. There is also concern in the mixing of genetic pools by the extensive planting of the species and increased fire frequency in some areas. Only about 10% of the subpopulations are considered to be viable and are showing signs of active recruitment at present. Almost half of the entire population occurs within protected areas, all of which suffer from invasions by alien plant species. Alien eradication programmes are in place. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 VU D2 Leucadendron discolor Proteaceae South Africa (Western Cape) A tall shrub, sometimes growing to the size of a tree, confined to the western side of the Piketberg range. It grows on rocky soils derived from sandstone in mountain *fynbos. The total population of between 1000 and 5000 mature individuals is fragmented into three or four major subpopulations and a number of scattered EN B1+2abc The World List of Threatened Trees individuals, occurring within an area of 20km? (*AOO). The species is threatened in the eastern parts of its range by agricultural activities, particularly the planting of fruit orchards. Frequent fires could also be a problem, as they may not allow the species sufficient time to regenerate from seed. The only form of protection received is within private nature reserves. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 Leucadendron strobilinum Proteaceae South Africa (Western Cape) A shrub or small tree confined to the Cape Peninsula, where it occurs from Table Mountain to Kommetjie. It grows on south-facing, damp, rocky slopes in mountain *fynbos. The larger dense subpopulations occur mainly on the Table Mountain and Constantiaberg ranges, with the southern Peninsula subpopulations being small and scattered. The area of occupancy is only about 150 km? and the estimated population is 5000 mature plants. More than 50% of the subpopulations are protected in nature reserves and there is no evidence for decline. Invasive alien species could pose a threat as scattered pine trees have been recorded from a number of localities. Frequent fires could also be a problem, as they may not allow the species sufficient time to regenerate from seed. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 LR/cd Leucaena confertiflora var. adenotheloidea Leguminosae Mexico The more restricted in range of the two varieties of this Mexican endemic. Few wild populations are known and there are strong pressures from grazing and collection of the pods for their edible seeds. Trees are occasionally cultivated for the production of pods. Assessor: Hughes, C. Refs: 10207 EN B1+2c Leucaena confertiflora var. confertiflora Leguminosae VU Alc, B1+2c Mexico Geographically restricted, both the varieties of this species are known from only a few wild populations. Grazing pressure and the harvesting of pods for their edible seeds put considerable pressure on the remaining populations. Trees are occasionally cultivated for the production of pods. Assessor: Hughes, C. Refs: 10207 Leucaena cuspidata Leguminosae Mexico A species confined to the forest understorey within a restricted range. It is only occasionally found outside forest areas. Grazing pressures have reduced the species distribution to less accessible areas. Trees are often protected within the traditional agricultural system. Assessor: Hughes, C. Refs: 10207 VU Alc, B1+2c Leucaena greggii Leguminosae Mexico A species restricted in range, low in numbers and VU Alc, B1+2c 318 generally reduced to inaccessible areas because of the pressures of constant grazing. Assessor: Hughes, C. Refs: 10207 Leucaena involucrata Leguminosae Mexico (Sonora) This species is poorly known but seemingly very restricted in range. During the last 50 years it has been recorded from a single site in central Sonora. Assessor: Hughes, C. Refs: 10207 EN B1+2c Leucaena lempirana Leguminosae Honduras A highly localised species confined to northern Honduras in areas of degraded forest. The protection afforded the species within traditional agroforestry systems mitigates the threats to remaining stands. Assessor: Hughes, C. Refs: 10207 VU B1+2c Leucaena leucocephala ssp. ixtahuacana Leguminosae Guatemala This subspecies is uncommon and confined to a habitat which is restricted in extent and severely degraded. However, trees are protected and also cultivated in local agroforestry systems for the production of pods bearing edible seeds. Assessor: Hughes, C. Refs: 10207 LR/cd Leucaena magnifica Leguminosae Guatemala The total population is restricted to fewer than 400 individuals, occupying an area of less than 400km? in south-eastern Chiquimula. The species is unprotected and exposed to pressures of grazing and habitat degradation. Assessor: Hughes, C. Refs: 10207 EN B1+2c, Cl+2a Leucaena matudae Leguminosae Mexico A species which is confined to a very small area of remaining dry forest. The stands are exposed to pressures from grazing and habitat degradation. Assessor: Hughes, C. Refs: 10207 EN B1+2c Leucaena pueblana Leguminosae Mexico (Puebla) An endemic species of the Tehuacan Valley. It is never found in abundance. Populations have been largely reduced to areas which escape from the pressure of grazing. Assessor: Hughes, C. Refs: 10207 VU B1+2c Leucaena salvadorensis Leguminosae El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua The species occurs relatively commonly across southern LR/cd Honduras and northern Nicaragua with a very restricted population in eastern El Salvador. The habitat is severely degraded in places but the species is frequently protected within traditional agroforestry systems. Assessor: Hughes, C. Refs: 10207 Leucochloron foederale Leguminosae Brazil (Brazilia Distrito Federal) Known only from Chapada do Contagem, Distrito Federal, the species is found in *cerrado and gallery woodland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU D2 Leucochloron minarum Leguminosae Brazil (Minas Gerais) A tree known only from two collections, the most recent dated 1906, taken from *campo in an unspecified location in Minas Gerais. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 DD Leucomeris decora Compositae China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam A small composite tree scattered in hot dry valleys. The populations in China are confined to south and west Yunnan and are steadily being reduced by local exploitation of the wood for fuel and the bark for medicine. The distribution in Viet Nam is not known. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11847, 19055, 19061 DD Leucostegane latistipulata Leguminosae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to the lowlands of Perak, this small understorey species is principally threatened by increasing settlement. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Libocedrus austro-caledonica Cupressaceae New Caledonia Usually a shrub, the species occurs in small populations in cloud forest on a few of the higher mountains in the south and on Mont Paéoua in the north. Regeneration is evident in places but not on Mont Paéoua where mining and fires threaten the population. There are effectively protected populations in Riviére Bleue Provincial Park and Montagne des Sources Nature Reserve. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 9631, 12630, 14508 LR/cd Libocedrus chevalieri Cupressaceae New Caledonia Known only from the summits of Mont Humboldt and Mont Kouakoué, the species grows in high-altitude maquis shrubland, where there is a high fire risk. Rates of growth and regeneration are slow. Both sites are within botanic reserves. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 10351, 12630, 14508 EN B1+2de 319 Species Summaries Libocedrus plumosa Cupressaceae New Zealand (North Is., South Is.) A lowland forest species with a wide but local distribution, occurring from the North Cape to East Cape in the North Island and in north-west Nelson in the South Island. Regeneration occurs in disturbed sites. Many populations are found in protected areas. Others are exposed to forestry, agriculture and mining activities. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041, 13930, 19126 LR/nt Libocedrus yateensis Cupressaceae New Caledonia The species is sparsely distributed in small areas of lowland woodland or scrub, often on rocky slopes. Populations are restricted to two river valleys in the southern ultramafic massifs and a single location in Roche Ouaiéme. The populations in Riviere Bleue Provincial Park are well protected, although situated closely to the tourist facilities. Fire is a hazard throughout its range. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 9631, 12630, 14508 VU B1+3d, C2a Licania caldasiana Chrysobalanaceae Colombia Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 5970, 7501, 7980, 19069 EX Licania chiriquiensis Chrysobalanaceae Panama Only three collections of this cloud forest species exist: one from Cerro Colorado and two from Cerro Jefe. Mining for copper and gold threatens the population in Cerro Colorado. Cerro Jefe is contained within Chagres National Park. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7501, 7980, 16772 CR C2a Licania conferruminata Chrysobalanaceae Brazil (Rond6nia) A newly described forest species, known only from Rond6nia in Brazil. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 13176 VU B1+2c Licania fasciculata Chrysobalanaceae Panama A species of lowland semi-evergreen rainforest, which occurs in two neighbouring areas. One, in Santa Rita, Colén, has experienced an influx of people in recent years, which has resulted in almost loss of the forest. The other, in Kunayala Indigenous Reserve, consists of a very small population. There is a considerable area of relatively unexplored forest and other populations possibly exist. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 EN Alac The World List of Threatened Trees Licania intrapetiolaris var. brevis Chrysobalanaceae Peru This variety is known only from lowland Amazon rainforest in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Licania morii Chrysobalanaceae Panama The species has been collected only once, in 1975, although a second collection found almost 90km away was once thought to be the same species. The type locality has not been revisited and it is not known whether the species still exists. If it does, it should be considered to be seriously threatened. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7501, 7980, 15037, 16772 DD Licania salicifolia Chrysobalanaceae Colombia An endemic to Antioquia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 5970, 7501, 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Licania vasquezii Chrysobalanaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in swamp forest in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Licaria cubensis Lauraceae Cuba A small, aromatic tree occurring in montane rainforests. This rare species is confined to the Sierra Maestra range. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19149 VU D2 Licaria velutina Lauraceae Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz) A large tree of high precipitation rainforest, occurring in the areas of Uxpanapa-Chimalapa and Los Tuxtlas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993, 15719 VU Alc Ligustrum microcarpum Oleaceae Taiwan This species is confined to coniferous scrub at elevations above 2400m in the central mountain range. Populations are fragmented and suffering from poor regeneration. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 19050 EN B1+2a Ligustrum pricei Oleaceae Taiwan Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 19050 DD 320 Lijndenia brenanii Melastomataceae Tanzania A tree of moist evergreen forest endemic to a narrow altitudinal range in the East Usambara Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Lijndenia greenwayii Melastomataceae Tanzania Populations are known from the East Usambara Mountains and Mount Mlinga, where they are confined to a narrow altitudinal range in moist evergreen submontane forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b, D2 Limnocitrus littoralis Rutaceae Indonesia (Java) Little is known about this species which is endemic to central Java, but it is believed to be seriously endangered. There are intense pressures on remaining areas of natural vegetation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 EN B1+2c Linociera albidiflora Oleaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to lowland rainforest in south-west Sri Lanka. Previously found in Kottawa, Hinidumkanda, Sinharaja and Gilimale. This species was not found during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review, indicating that it is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 CR B1+2cd Linociera ramiflora Oleaceae Philippines, Taiwan In Taiwan the species is restricted to Lanyu Island, where it occurs in very small numbers (<250). Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919, 19050, 19053 DD Linospadix microcarya Palmae Australia (Queensland) Confined to north-east Queensland, this small palm tree, up to 2m in height, is commonly found in lowland to montane rainforest near the coast. It is adequately represented in national parks and World Heritage areas. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 LR/nt Lippia salicifolia Verbenaceae Ecuador (Galapagos) Endemic to the island of Floreana, the species was reported to occur in some abundance in the first half of the century. Large numbers of trees were felled for constructing houses during a period of settlement of the island and the total population is now estimated to include 2600 adult trees, most of which are located on VU C2b the Cerro de Pampa Bola. Regeneration is reasonable but there is a potential threat of colonization by Lantana camara and Psidium guajava. Assessor: Mauchamp, A. et al. Refs: 9651, 14556, 18411, 19155, 19204 Liquidambar orientalis var. integriloba Hamamelidaceae Turkey The Liquidambar forests have been reduced from 63km? to 13.5km? since 1945. Much of the land has been converted for agriculture. Trees are cut for firewood and the resin is collected for the production of fixative in the perfume industry. The species is now the target of a VU Alcd special conservation programme. There is some uncertainty in the taxonomy. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3489, 4863 Liquidambar orientalis var. orientalis Hamamelidaceae VU Alcd Greece (East Aegean Is), Turkey In Turkey the Liquidambar forests have been reduced from 63km? to 13.5km? since 1945. Much of the land has been converted for agriculture. Trees are cut for firewood and the resin is collected for the production of fixative in the perfume industry. The species is now the target of a special conservation programme. Assessor: Giiner, A. Refs: 1890, 3489, 19165 Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae LR/nt China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Viet Nam The species is widely scattered in montane evergreen broadleaved forest in the Yangtze River valley and further south to northern Viet Nam. Poor regeneration, extensive logging and clearing of the habitat have affected populations throughout the range. It is a relict species from a once widespread and species-rich genus. Assessor: Ban, N.T. Refs: 848, 1818, 9274, 11530, 11847, 19060 Litchi chinensis var. euspontanea Sapindaceae China (Guangdong, Guangdong - Hainan) A canopy tree of middle elevation rainforest known from several localities in the south-west of Hainan Island, and also from a single locality in Xuwen County, Guangdong. It is found below 800m in a habitat which has experienced severe declines in extent over much of the taxon's range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU B1+2c Lithocarpus burkillit Fagaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This tree is known from only one collection in the hill forest of Fraser's Hill, Pahang, where it is reported as being common. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 VU D2 Lithocarpus crassinervius Fagaceae Indonesia (Java) Occurring only in areas of primary forest in west and EN B1+2c 321 Species Summaries central regions, both the species and the habitat are uncommon. The pressures on remaining forest patches are very high, especially at elevations below 1400m, where the forest is almost completely cleared. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Lithocarpus curtisii Fagaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Populations are known from areas of lowland rainforest in Penang, Kelantan, Pahang, Terengganu, Perak and Selangor. The species is also protected in Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Lithocarpus erythrocarpus Fagaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rainforest species, occurring up to an altitude of 900m in Terengganu, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan. Much of the lowland forest has been converted for non- forest land use.. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Lithocarpus hendersonianus Fagaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A medium-sized tree inhabiting montane rainforest. Some localities are being cleared for agriculture despite being contained within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU Alc Lithocarpus indutus Fagaceae Indonesia (Java) A relatively common species where it occurs in patches of remaining submontane forest up to 1800m on Mount Slamet and further west. This habitat has been almost completely cleared below 1400m and at higher elevations it is under severe pressure from the activities of surrounding human populations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre VU B1+2c Lithocarpus kingianus Fagaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of submontane and montane rainforest, found in the states of Pahang, Terengganu and Selangor. The species is protected in Taman Negara National Park and in protective forest within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Lithocarpus kingii Fagaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of moist forest up to an altitude of 1200m, in the states of Perak, Terengganu, and Johore. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 17140, 19073 VU B1+2c Lithocarpus kostermansii Fagaceae Indonesia (Java) A species confined to the west, where it occurs in scattered remnants of hill forest up to 1000m. This EN Alc, B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees habitat has been almost completely cleared and remaining patches are under extremely severe pressure from the activities of local populations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Lithocarpus kunstleri Fagaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of primary and secondary forest, and also swamps, up to an altitude of 300m. This species is recorded in Kedah, Kelantan, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Johore. Some localities are protected within Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 17140, 19073 LR/cd Lithocarpus maingayi Fagaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A hill forest tree species from Kedah, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca and Johore. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Lithocarpus neorobinsonii Fagaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of moist submontane and hill forest. Most localities are in protected forests within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 LR/nt Lithocarpus ovalis Fagaceae Philippines A timber species, endemic to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919 VU Alcd Lithocarpus platycarpus Fagaceae Indonesia (Java) Populations are confined to remnants of lowland forest in the south-west comer of Java and to Nusa Kambangan. The population on the Kambangan is relatively well protected by the presence of three high- security prisons. A reserve of 20km? is also patrolled by armed guards. However, illegal logging continues. On the mainland the habitat is also under extreme pressure from local activities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre EN Alc, B1+2c Litosanthes capitulatus Rubiaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A small tree, poorly collected but recorded from a few scattered localities of submontane forest from the Pushpagiri Hills to the Nilgiris and Anaimalai range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Litsea auriculata Lauraceae China (Anhui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang) A species with a scattered distribution in a few mountain locations. It occurs in deciduous or mixed forest in LR/nt 322 mountain valleys between 800 and 1100m. There have been reports of population declines caused by large- scale logging and habitat degradation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 Litsea beddomei Lauraceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) The species has been collected twice from forest between 1200 and 1350m, only in the Agastyamalai Hills. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but almost 1000km? of forest are now under protection within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Litsea claviflora Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known only by a single collection from Perak, the species was found in lowland forest in Taiping, Perak. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Litsea dilleniifolia Lauraceae China (Yunnan) Endemic to south and south-west Yunnan, the species occurs in dense monsoon forest in mountain valleys below 800m. It is relatively uncommon and large trees have been cut for their valuable timber. The most substantial remaining populations are confined to nature reserves. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19050, 19055 EN B1+2ce Litsea foxiana Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known only from Penang Hill, a conservation area, this tree occurs in lowland forest. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Litsea gardneri Lauraceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Litsea glaberrima Lauraceae Sri Lanka The comprehensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review located this wet-zone species in four forest localities in Ratnapura and in a population consisting of five individuals in Rammalakanda Biosphere Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c Litsea gracilis Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A single collection of this species has been made in VU D2 lowland forest in Temengor, Perak. There has been much forest conversion for agriculture and it is uncertain whether the species still exists. However, some forest remains around Temengor, in which the species may survive. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 Litsea hirsutissima Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to the states of Perak and Kelantan, this hill forest species has been collected only a few times. It does, however, occur in Taiping near Maxwell's Hills, which is a conservation area. Agriculture is a threat. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Litsea imbricata Lauraceae New Caledonia A species occurring in two upland locations, one on Mont Humboldt and the other near Ngoye. Mont Humboldt is a well-visited and tramped botanical reserve. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 EN B1+2c Litsea iteodaphne Lauraceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. This species was found in 25 localities during the forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195, 19112 VU Alc Litsea leiantha Lauraceae EN B1+2c India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.) Endemic to South Andaman Island, the species occurs in scattered small populations in remnant patches of evergreen forest. Large-scale logging has caused significant population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 7147 Litsea leytensis Lauraceae Philippines An important source of medang timber, this forest species has become rare. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919 VU Ald Litsea ligustrina Lauraceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Occurring in submontane forest, the species is known from only a few collections from scattered localities in Wayanad and the Nilgiris, the Palni Hills and Elamalai range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c 323 Species Summaries Litsea longifolia Lauraceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195 VU Alc Litsea nemoralis Lauraceae Sri Lanka This uncommon tree is confined to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. The species was found in three of the sites surveyed by the National Conservation Review, none of which is protected. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 17195, 19112 EN B1+2c Litsea nigrescens Lauraceae EN B1+2c India (Tamil Nadu) A medium-sized tree, known only from the type collection taken from submontane forest near Shencottah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 Litsea pierrei var. szemois Lauraceae China (Yunnan) A variety restricted to areas of monsoon forest between 800 and 1500m in the counties of Menghai, Jinghong and Mengla. The timber and oil, which goes to make perfume, are commercially valuable but population numbers are very low for large-scale exploitation. The loss and degradation of the habitat now appear to be the more serious threat. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 EN B1+2ce Litsea scortechinii Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A lowland forest tree collected only once in Perak. The locality is no longer forested but there is a possibility that populations have survived in surrounding areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 CR B1+2c Litsea travancorica Lauraceae India (Kerala) A medium-sized tree known only from three collections taken from lowland forest at the base of the Western Ghats in Travancore. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Livistona alfredii Palmae Australia (Western Australia) Endemic to Western Australia, this palm tree is scattered in dry open forest between 100 and 150m. Potential threats include fires, natural disasters and tourism. The population is conserved within Millstream National Park. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 LR/cd The World List of Threatened Trees Livistona carinensis Palmae VU B1+2c Djibouti, Somalia, Yemen (Former South Yemen) A palm tree occurring in lowland deserts. In Somalia, only 38 trees in two localities are known and there are no signs of regeneration. There are approximately 2000 trees in three villages in Wadi Hadjen in the Jol, South Yemen, where regeneration is apparent but limited by an excessive number of goats. The South Yemen populations are additionally threatened by local overexploitation of the wood because of timber shortages. There is no information regarding the population status in Djibouti. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 3768, 16980, 18665, 19118 Livistona drudei Palmae Australia (Queensland) A palm tree of moist open forest up to an altitude of 150m, confined to an area extending from Kurramine Beach and Hinchin Island southward to Conway Beach. The main cause of population declines is land clearance. The species is mainly found on privately owned land. It is listed in the Nature Conservation Act (Queensland) 1994. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 EN Alc Livistona endauensis Palmae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A lowland palm tree of open and closed forest, existing in two disjunct populations. One population is in Endau Rompin State Park and the other is found in the coastal hills of south Terengganu. Assessor: Saw, L.G. Refs: 19118 LR/nt Livistona mariae Palmae Australia (Northern Territory) The entire range of this palm tree falls within Finke Gorge National Park, where it occurs in dry sparsely vegetated habitats along creeks and watercourses. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 LR/cd Livistona robinsoniana Palmae Philippines Endemic to the island of Palillo, the species has been little studied. Its lowland rainforest habitat is under pressure from logging and increasing agriculture and settlement. Assessor: Madulid, D. Refs: 19118 VU Alc, D2 Livistona tahanensis Palmae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A locally common palm tree of upper montane forest on peat soils between 1000 and 1200m, restricted to Gunung Tahan within the boundaries of Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: Saw, L.G. Refs: 19118 LR/cd 324 Livistona tonkinensis Palmae Viet Nam The description on which the species is based in insufficient. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 DD Livistona woodfordii Palmae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A palm tree of lowland rainforest and swamp forest, restricted to Nggela Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19118 VU D2 Llerasia assuensis Compositae Ecuador A species which is endemic to the High Andes of Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Lodoicea maldivica Palmae Seychelles Famous for its distinctively large double nut, the coco- de-mer occurs naturally only on Praslin and Curieuse Islands and is now extinct on St Pierre, Chauve-Souris and Round Islands. Planted populations occur on Mahé and Silhouette Islands. The long-term overexploitation of the unusual nuts has virtually wiped out natural recruitment. Fire is another major threat to the species. An important population at Fond Ferdinand has been burnt repeatedly and the only significant adult population left is at Vallée de Mai. The species is now protected and the nut trade is legally controlled by the coco-de-mer Management Decree of 1995. Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Refs: 19025, 19118 VU Alcd Loesenera kalantha Leguminosae Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia A lowland forest species, confined to remaining forested areas in Liberia and Cote d'Ivoire. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7550, 12590 VU Alc Loesenera talbotii Leguminosae Cameroon, Nigeria In Nigeria this rare forest tree is known only from the Oban Hills, where the population is protected within Cross River National Park. The population in Cameroon appears to be confined to Korup National Park. Areas outside protected areas have suffered serious habitat declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 5595, 19092 VU Alc, B1+2c Lonchocarpus calcaratus Leguminosae Costa Rica, Panama In Panama, this cloud forest species is just known from Valle de Antén in Coclé, where it appears to be very scarce and in some danger from industrial developments vUC1 and other human activities. The species is more common in Costa Rica in the Cordillera de Tilarén in Alajuela, where it less affected by external pressures and protected by law. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 Lonchocarpus chiricanus Leguminosae Panama Until recently the species was known only from the type specimen collected on a 1911 expedition to Chiriqui. Last year the species was identified on the Isla de Coiba in Coiba National Park, where it occurs commonly in rainforest along beaches and is protected. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 VU D2 Lonchocarpus guatemalensis var. proteranthus Leguminosae Panama Although, L. guatemalensis extends from Mexico to Panama, var. proteranthus has been collected only once, from Coclé in Panama. There have been no reports of the taxon for almost 90 years and it is possible that it is now extinct. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 DD Lonchocarpus kanurii Leguminosae Kenya, Somalia A species known from southern Somalia and adjacent parts of Kenya in Acacia—Commiphora bushland on sand. The habitat is frequently degraded because of overcutting and grazing. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 6396, 8697, 18665 LR/nt Lonchocarpus miniflorus Leguminosae EN C2b Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua A relatively widely ranging tree of dry scrub on plains and hillsides, often in rocky areas. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 8100, 13995 Lonchocarpus molinae Leguminosae Honduras A tree of low elevations, occurring in moist thickets along streams within areas of dry forest. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995, 18427 CR C2b Lonchocarpus phaseolifolius Leguminosae CR C2b Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua A tree found in thicket on lowland plains, sometimes along rocky creeks or on hillsides. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 325 Species Summaries Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus Leguminosae Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua A tree of rocky dry hillsides in lowland regions. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 4974, 13995 EN C2a Lonchocarpus retiferus Leguminosae Honduras, Nicaragua This species occurs in humid areas or near streams in dry forest. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 9076, 13995, 18427 EN C2a Lonchocarpus sanctuarii Leguminosae Honduras Occurring in thicket and forest, often near streams, the species is reduced to remnant populations because of habitat loss. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995, 18427 CR C2b Lonchocarpus santarosanus Leguminosae El Salvador, Guatemala There is no recent information on the status of the populations in either El Salvador or Guatemala. The species occurs in montane forest where it is evidently very scarce and under some threat from logging, agriculture, fires and forest management activities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4862, 4974, 19030 VU B1+2c Lonchocarpus trifolius Leguminosae Honduras A seldom collected tree, found in pine—oak forest. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 8805, 13995 CR C2b Lonchocarpus yoroensis Leguminosae CR C2b Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua A rarely collected tree of dry forest. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 Lophira alata Ochnaceae VU Alcd Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Uganda Azobé is a pioneer species and occurs abundantly in wet evergreen forest, which continues to experience large- scale destruction. Slow growth rate, poor regeneration in less than optimum conditions and overexploitation as a timber species are contributing to the decline in population numbers through most of its range. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2773, 6718, 9605, 12061, 17408, 19043 Lophopetalum sessilifolium Celastraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A small tree, endemic to Sarawak, found in lowland forest near rivers. It is locally frequent in west Baram. VU Alcd+2cd The World List of Threatened Trees All members of the genus are commercially valuable as perupok timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14573, 18327, 19017 Lovoa swynnertonii Meliaceae EN Alcd Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe This timber species occurs sparsely in small patches of remaining wet evergreen forest in East and Southem Africa. Populations in Mozambique and Zimbabwe are confined to single localities: Garuso forest and Chirinda Forest Reserve, respectively. Habitat loss and excessive exploitation of the seed-producing individuals are resulting in poor regeneration and a global population decline. Plantations have been unsuccessful because of infestation by Hypsipyla. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 4506, 5117, 6396, 6725, 10961, 14667, 17335 Lovoa trichilioides Meliaceae VU Alcd Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda African walnut or dibetou occurs in evergreen and deciduous forest, generally in moist sites. Regeneration occurs only in canopy gaps. Germination success is somewhat limited by short-lived seeds which are heavily predated. Exploitation rates are high. It is one of the two principal timber species in Congo. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2362, 2773, 6128, 6718, 8369, 10961, 12061, 13250, 16021, 17408 Loxococcus rupicola Palmae Sri Lanka A palm tree, occurring in moist closed forest between 300 and 742m. This monotypic genus is present within the national ornamental trade and the seeds are used locally as a betel nut substitute. It occurs within Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 CR Alc Loxopterygium grisebachii Anacardiaceae Argentina, Bolivia Endemic to the piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and Bolivia, the species occurs in an unprotected ecosystem, which is rapidly being replaced by agricultural systems. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 12837, 19122 VU B1+2c Ludwigia anastomosans Onagraceae Brazil Morphologically a very distinct species from a monotypic section of Ludwigia. It is rare and restricted to a few scattered individuals in black water streams of the ancient Planalto habitat of central Brazil, where it stands above associated tree species and bamboo canes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2744 VU B1+2c 326 Lunania cubensis Flacourtiaceae Cuba Populations of this tree are uncommon. The species is restricted to areas of montane semi-deciduous forest in the Sierra Maestra mountain range. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 19149 VU D2 Lunania dodecandra Flacourtiaceae Cuba An endemic tree apparently restricted to the Baracoa area of Guantanamo Province. The species has not been collected recently. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 11403, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Lunania elongata Flacourtiaceae Cuba This uncommon shrub or small tree is confined to montane forest in the Guamuhaya Massif, Sancti Spiritus Province. Cutting and logging are threats to the habitat of this species. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Lunania polydactyla Flacourtiaceae Jamaica An uncommon tree of hillside woodlands in Clarendon, Portland and St Thomas, occurring at altitudes of 480 to 900m. Logging and encroaching agriculture have caused extensive disturbance, causing almost complete loss or severe degradation of forest in St Thomas in particular. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Lunania racemosa Flacourtiaceae Jamaica An uncommon tree found in woodland at about 600m in St Ann, St Mary and St Thomas. Almost all forested areas at this altitude have been removed or severely degraded in the latter parish. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 19116 VU B1+2c Lupinus macbrideanus Leguminosae Peru A small tree which is known only from the type collection along a riverside in shrubland above 3000m in the department of Hudnuco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Lyonia elliptica Ericaceae Cuba Occurring only in rainforest on ferralitic soils near Monte Verde in the Nipe-Baracoa Massif, Guantanamo, this rare shrub or small tree is very localised. Its habitat is susceptible to cutting and logging. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 19149 EN B1+2c Lyonia jamaicensis Ericaceae Jamaica Confined to the Blue Mountains, mostly in secondary montane forest at altitudes below 1650m, the species is relatively common in southern catchments at forest margins. It colonises exposed well-drained sites. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 12564 LR/nt Lyonia maestrensis Ericaceae Cuba A rare shrub or small tree found in cloud forest on the highest peaks of the western Sierra Maestra mountain range, Santiago de Cuba Province. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19149 EN B1+2c Lyonia octandra Ericaceae Jamaica Endemic to the Blue Mountains, the species is generally rare, although locally dominant in a few sites on ridge tops, especially on the Grand Ridge. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 12564, 19116 LR/nt Lyonothamnus floribundus ssp. asplenifolius Rosaceae USA (California) Restricted to the islands of Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and San Clemente, the subspecies is limited in occurrence and threatened in parts of its range by damage caused by grazing animals. Feral herbivores have been removed from San Clemente and stump-sprouting has now been observed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19193 VU D2 Lyonothamnus floribundus ssp. floribundus Rosaceae USA (California) Endemic to Santa Catalina Island, this subspecies occurs in groves in moist humid areas of canyons and mountain sides, mainly on the Channel slopes. Increased control of feral pigs and deer has brought about improved regenerative capacity. Stump sprouting and seedlings have recently been observed. The introduced Acom Woodpecker may also be causing damage by drilling into tree trunks. The species’ range has shown historical declines, presumably as a consequence of climate changes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19193, 19194 VU D2 Maackia taiwanensis Leguminosae Taiwan A relict species confined to a small area of broadleaved evergreen forest in the Yangmingshan area, northern Taiwan. The area is partially protected as a national park. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 19050, 19051 EN B1+2ab, C2a 327 Species Summaries Macadamia neurophylla Proteaceae New Caledonia A species found rarely and confined to the southern massifs of Grand Terre, where it occurs largely on the coast in various types of moderate to dry habitats. Observations of hyper accumulation of nickel and manganese have led to considerable scientific interest in the species. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 VU B1+2c Macaranga beillei Euphorbiaceae Cote d'Ivoire A Cote d'Ivoire endemic confined to coastal forests. The species also occurs in Banco National Park, near Abidjan, but it could have been introduced there. There has been widespread degradation and loss of these forests. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 2773, 12822 VU B1+2c Macaranga bicolor Euphorbiaceae Philippines An endemic species to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919 VU Alcd Macaranga caudatifolia Euphorbiaceae Philippines An endemic species to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919, 5651 VU Alcd Macaranga cogostiflora Euphorbiaceae Philippines An endemic to Palawan, surviving in old clearings. The main island is a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986, 5651 VU B1+2c Macaranga conglomerata Euphorbiaceae VU B1+2b Kenya, Tanzania A local offshoot of the M. capensis—M. kilimandscharica complex, this species is restricted to two montane forests. A small population is known from the Taita Hills and another is found in the West Usambara Mountains. It has been recorded as common in the past, but recent tree plots suggest it is rare. The explosive increase in the human population in the surrounding area has exerted a heavy demand for wood and land. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 9198, 12067 Macaranga grandifolia Euphorbiaceae Philippines An endemic species to the Philippines. Rates of habitat VU Alcd The World List of Threatened Trees loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919, 5651 Macaranga huahineensis Euphorbiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) A dioecious tree, restricted to the central crest of Huahine Nui, on Mount Mato Ereere and Turi. It is common or co-dominant in ridge forest between 390 and 669m. There are signs of a spreading invasion of Merremia peltata. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 19169 VU D2 Macaranga mauritiana Euphorbiaceae Mauritius A pioneer species, which grows well in managed reserves where weeding is carried out. Regeneration is poor outside managed areas. Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 9120, 16426, 19208 EN Alce Macaranga paxii Euphorbiaceae Cameroon, Nigeria Extending from south-eastern Nigeria to Cameroon, the species is found sparsely distributed in patches of old secondary and disturbed forest. There is a population in the Oban Division of the Cross River National Park in Nigeria and in Cameroon the species is recorded in Ebone, Mantoum and Mount Cameroon. Unprotected forests have been heavily logged and cleared for agriculture. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 4977, 11504, 12597 VU B1+2c Macaranga quadricornis Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species of lowland to submontane closed and open forest, with an interesting distribution. There are two main populations; one in mountain forest at Gunong Nuong in Selangor and the other in lowland seasonal swamp in south-east Johore. The Johore population is being deforested for the construction of resorts and it is doubtful that the species will survive there. The forest at Gunong Nuong is protected. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Macaranga raivavaeensis Euphorbiaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) An endemic to Raivavae. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Macaranga taitensis Euphorbiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt 328 Machaerium chambersii Leguminosae Panama The species is known from a collection taken from the province of Panama. No further records of the species have been made. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 VU D2 Machaerium cuzcoense Leguminosae Peru A species of semi-deciduous forest, known only from the type collection in the department of Cuzco. ° Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Machaerium glabripes Leguminosae Panama This species was described from a collection made in 1908. No reports of the species have been made since. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 VU D2 Machaerium nicaraguense Leguminosae Honduras, Nicaragua This tree occurs on rocky wooded river banks and open areas in pine—oak forest. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 EN C2a Machaerium villosum Leguminosae Brazil Fairly widespread within Brazil from Minas Gerais to Parand, this species is grows in highland dry forests. Deforestation in this region has been severe. This species is exploited for its timber which is used to make fine furniture and veneer. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4506 VU Alcd Mackeea magnifica Palmae New Caledonia Restricted to north-east New Caledonia, the species occurs in wet montane forest or gallery forest on schistose rocks. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 19118 VU B1+2c Macleania loeseneriana Ericaceae Ecuador An Ecuadorean endemic of montane and upper montane cloud forest in the High Andes, known from the provinces of Carchi, Imbabura, Pichincha and Cotopaxi. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Maclurodendron parviflorum Rutaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Endemic to the Kuching District, this small lowland tree is known from only four collections found in primary VU D2 *kerangas forest and secondary forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 Maclurodendron pubescens Rutaceae Malaysia (Sabah) Endemic to Sabah, this tree is found in primary forest on ridges and hillsides up to 140m. It is found in Sandakan, Keningau and Lamag Districts. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10348, 19017 VU D2 Macrocarpaea hartii Gentianaceae Jamaica A species confined to moist montane and submontane forest, 1000 to 1400m, in St Andrew and Portland Parishes. Forest areas, in the former parish in particular, have been extensively destroyed or severely degraded. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 19116 VU B1+2c Macrocnemum cinchonoides Rubiaceae Peru Known only from the type specimen, this forest species was collected from Puno. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Macrocnemum jamaicense Rubiaceae Jamaica This species occurs in rocky rainforest and in pasture margins mostly in the north-central and eastern parishes. It is not common and habitat degradation has been severe in places. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Macrocnemum pilosinervium Rubiaceae Peru This species is known only from the type collection which was taken from a site in the department of Amazonas. It possibly represents a variety of M. roseum. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Macrolobium amplexans Leguminosae Suriname The species is known from the type locality on forested slopes in central Suriname and the Nassau Mountains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19196 VU D2 Macrolobium pittieri Leguminosae Colombia, Panama Originally known only from a few records, all from Kunayala Indigenous Reserve, in recent years the species has also been found in the Chocé, Valle del Cauca and Antioquia in Colombia. There is a possibility that there are populations in similar forest in Darién Province, Panama. Where it is known, the species is EN C2a 329 Species Summaries uncommon and under some pressure of habitat loss, although the area remains relatively under developed. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 3969, 7272, 7980, 16772 Macrolobium stenopetalum Leguminosae Suriname This species is known only from the type locality at Tafelberg. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19196 VU D2 Macrolobium taylorii Leguminosae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species is recorded from forest in the department of Hudnuco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Macropanax concinnus Araliaceae Indonesia (Java) A widespread but uncommon species of damp montane forests above 400m. At lower elevation the species habitat has been almost completely cleared. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre VU B1+2c Macrosamanea macrocalyx Leguminosae Brazil (Para) A shrub or small tree, known only from Rio Xingu, near Altamira, growing on the margins of flooded forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU D2 Macrosamanea prancei Leguminosae Brazil (Amazonas) Only know from sites along the Rio Araca in north Amazonas, this shrubby tree is found growing on seasonally inundated white sand savanna and on sandy riverbanks. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5994 VU D2 Madhuca aristulata Sapotaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree of rainforest, known from two collections: one from Perak and the other from Kedah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Madhuca betis Sapotaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi), Philippines This primary lowland forest species is a source of bitis timber and also medicinal extracts. In the Philippines stands have been depleted by logging and shifting agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919, 12937, 14573 VU Alcd Madhuca boerlageana Sapotaceae CR Alcd, C2ab, D1 Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Moluccas), Papua New Guinea A tree of primary lowland forest in New Guinea and the The World List of Threatened Trees Moluccas. In Papua New Guinea, this species is extremely rare and known from a single sterile collection made from the Vanimo area, West Sepik Province. This part of Papua New Guinea is heavily logged and there is grave doubt as to its continuing existence in this country. The above threat category applies to the situation in Papua New Guinea only. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 Madhuca bourdillonii Sapotaceae India (Kerala) The only collections of this large tree were made in lowland rainforest in Ariankavu and Shendumi Valley in Quilon District and from further north in the Trissur vicinity. It is not known to what extent the species has survived the continued exploitation of the habitat and of the trees for timber. Repeated searches have failed to find living specimens. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 19144 EN Alcd, B1+2c Madhuca calcicola Sapotaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This rare tree is scattered in lowland limestone forests at Tasik Dayong Bunting in Langkawi, Kedah. The area is under intense pressure for development. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 EN B1+2c Madhuca cuprea Sapotaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) The species is confined to rainforest in Perak. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 DD Madhuca diplostemon Sapotaceae India The only record of the species comes from a imprecisely located collection in the Deccan Peninsula. Botanical explorations in the Eastern and Western Ghats have failed to find the species. Assessor: CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants in India Refs: 4799, 18325 EN B1+2c Madhuca fulva Sapotaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Madhuca hainanensis Sapotaceae China (Guangdong - Hainan) A canopy tree of rainforest on the upper part of mountain slopes usually above 600m on Hainan Island and in Quang Ninh Province in Viet Nam where it is found in forest below 1000 to 1200m. It provides a useful timber and overexploitation of both the tree and its habitat has caused considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU B1+2cde 330 Madhuca insignis Sapotaceae India (Karnataka) The species is recorded from a single locality in Mangalore in South Kanara District, Karnataka. It has not been found this century despite thorough searches. Only fragments of the original forest now remain. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 561, 4799 EX Madhuca longistyla Sapotaceae VU B1+2c Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) ( A large tree inhabiting lowland rainforest and occasionally freshwater swamps. This species is confined to the state of Perak. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 17140, 19073 Madhuca microphylla Sapotaceae Sri Lanka A rare species which was found in only two wet zone forests during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c Madhuca moonii Sapotaceae Sri Lanka A rare tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. During the recent National Conservation Review, this species was found in 14 forest localities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 17195, 19112 VU Alc Madhuca neriifolia Sapotaceae Sri Lanka This rare species tumed up in only four localities in Kalutara and Ratnapura during the comprehensive forest surveys conducted for the recent National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c Madhuca oblongifolia Sapotaceae Philippines This species occurs in primary lowland forest on the island of Luzon. The wood is a source of bitis timber but has very limited availability. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14573 VU Ald Madhuca obovatifolia Sapotaceae Philippines A species of primary lowland forest on Luzon. The timber is used as bitis but is very limited in supply. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12937, 14573 VU Ald Madhuca obtusifolia Sapotaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A very rare tree confined to the state of Perak. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 DD Madhuca pasquieri Sapotaceae VU Alcd China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan), Viet Nam A large timber tree with a scattered distribution in lowland primary forest in south-west Guangdong, southern Guangxi, Malipo and Pingbian in Yunnan and northern provinces of Viet Nam. Few large trees remain. Populations have been heavily exploited throughout the range. The species’ range coincides with protected areas in both countries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 1818, 11530, 11847, 15357, 19055, 19061 Madhuca penangiana Sapotaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree inhabiting rainforest between 150 and 1100m in Kedah, Penang and Perak. This species receives a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 14573, 19073 LR/cd Madhuca penicillata Sapotaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A large tree up to 33m tall, inhabiting lowland and hill forest in the states of Kelantan, Terengganu, Perak, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 11647, 19073 VU Bl+2a Madhuca ridleyi Sapotaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree inhabiting late secondary and primary forests on limestone areas at altitudes of 150 to 390m. This species, occasionally growing on seasonally swampy land, can be found in Perlis, Kedah, Upper Perak, Kelantan and Pahang. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 14573, 17140, 19073 VU Bl+2a Madhuca rufa Sapotaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This species is found in the lowland, primary forest of Perak. Populations are unprotected and threatened by increasing settlement and logging. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Madhuca selangorica Sapotaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of moist forest up to an altitude of 300m, occurring only in the state of Selangor. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 LR/cd 331 Species Summaries Madhuca sessiliflora Sapotaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This is an uncommon small tree confined to shady, low- lying, seasonally swampy forests in north-eastern Johore. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 17140, 19073 VU B1+2c Madhuca tomentosa Sapotaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Occurring in freshwater swamps and near streams in lowland and hill rainforest up to 480m, the species is recorded from Temerloh in Pahang and east Johore. The populations are protected within state parks and Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 11647, 17140, 19073 LR/nt Madhuca tubulosa Sapotaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree inhabiting the primary rainforest up to an altitude 540m in Johore and Terengganu. This species is protected in state parks, wildlife reserves and forest reserves. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 11647, 19073 LR/cd Maerua acuminata Capparaceae Mozambique, Tanzania Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 5654, 18965 DD Maerua andradae Capparaceae Mozambique Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 18965 DD Maerua angolensis var. socotranum Capparaceae Yemen (Socotra) An important timber tree with a scattered distribution, declining in some areas. Recent rapid development could result in a building boom which would put certain pressure on remaining populations. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 19083 EN B1+2c Maerua brunnescens Capparaceae Mozambique It is likely that the species is confined to central Mozambique but more fieldwork, especially in northern regions, is required to consolidate the distribution and status of the species. Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 18965 DD Maerua elegans Capparaceae Democratic Republic of Congo The only known locality of this forest species is in Upemba National Park, east of Lake Upemba. The density of the human population is low and the threats VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees from agricultural encroachment and logging are at a relatively low level. The crushed leaves are used to wash infants. Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Refs: 17185, 17951 Maerua scandens Capparaceae Mozambique Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 18965 DD Maesa velutina Myrsinaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala) A small tree of lowland evergreen forest, very poorly known and collected only once from North Kanara in Karnataka and once from an imprecise locality in the Wayanad area in Kerala. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Magnistipula butayei var. greenwayi Chrysobalanaceae Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania The entire population of this variant is believed to be restricted to moist evergreen forest at relatively low elevations in the East Usambara Mountains. A population reported from the Katanga range in DR Congo is considered to be distinct but the taxonomy is not yet published. Heavy declines and exploitation of the forest have occurred in the past. There is continued pressure from the growing human population but an active conservation programme is now in place. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Magnistipula butayei var. sargosii Chrysobalanaceae Ghana Although the species is widespread in Africa, from east to west, this subspecies is very rare. Few records of it exist in Ghana, where it is believed to occur in a range of forest types. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 VU B1+2c Magnolia amoena Magnoliaceae China (Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang) A species known from small scattered stands, occurring in hilly lowland mixed forest in a restricted area just south of the mouth of the Yangtze River. The species is found nowhere in large numbers and collection of flower buds for medicinal purposes is believed to be affecting the regeneration of the plant. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 9274, 11847 VU B1+2c Magnolia boliviana Magnoliaceae Bolivia Originally described under the genus Talauma, the species is known only from forest in the foothills of Amboro Park and the Chapare region. Deforestation is ongoing. Assessor: Ibisch, P.L. & I. Vargas Refs: 19138, 19180 VU B1+2c 332 Magnolia calimaensis Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Dugandiodendron calimaense. It is recorded only from Valle. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 EN B1+2c Magnolia calophylla Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Dugandiodendron calophyllum. The species is recorded from Naraifio. 5 Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 VU B1+2c Magnolia cararensis Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Dugandiodendron cararense. The species is recorded only from Norte de Santander. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 EN B1+2c Magnolia caricifragrans Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Talauma caricifragrans. The species is recorded from localities in Boyaca, Cundinamarca and Norte de Santander. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 EN B1+2c Magnolia cespedesii Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Talauma cespedesii. The species is recorded from Cundinamarca and from a less definite record in Boyaca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 CR B1+2c Magnolia colombiana Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Dugandiodendron colombianum. The species has been recorded only from Huila. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 VU B1+2c Magnolia cubensis ssp. cacuminicola Magnoliaceae Cuba A rare tree of montane rainforest and cloud forest, restricted to Baracoa in eastern Cuba. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 9522, 19138, 19149 VU D2 Magnolia cylindrica Magnoliaceae China (Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang) A tree known from a restricted area in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, where it occurs in thickets and open forest up to 1700m. Collection of the flower buds for medicinal use and general forest clearance are believed to be having detrimental effects throughout the species range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 9274, 11847 VU B1+2c Magnolia dealbata Magnoliaceae Mexico (Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Veracruz) About four or five relict populations exist in areas of cloud forest between 600 and 1600m. The largest consists of between 80 and 100 individuals in disturbed cloud forest at Ixhuacan de los Reyes, Veracruz. Numbers are very small in Oaxaca and Hidalgo. The reasons for declines have largely been habitat destruction, timber production and poor regeneration. Approximately 1000 saplings have been produced ex situ, some of which are being planted at Jardin Botanico Francisco Javier Clavijero. Assessor: Vovides, A.P. Refs: 81, 4301, 16907, 19206 EN B1+2c, C2b Magnolia delavayi Magnoliaceae China (Sichuan, Yunnan) Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 19138, 19174 EN B1+2c Magnolia espinalii Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Talauma espinalii. The species is recorded only from Antioquia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 CR B1+2c Magnolia georgii Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Talauma georgii. The species has been recorded only from localities in Boyaca and Santander. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 EN B1+2c Magnolia gilbertoi Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Talauma gilbertoi. The species is restricted to Risaralda and Valle. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 Magnolia griffithii Magnoliaceae India (Assam), Myanmar Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19138 EN B1+2c DD Magnolia guatapensis Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Dugandiodendron guatapense. The species is recorded only from Antioquia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 CR B1+2c Magnolia guatemalensis ssp. hondurensis Magnoliaceae El Salvador, Honduras A species of medium- to high-altitude mixed forest. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995, 15892 EN C2a 333 Species Summaries Magnolia gustavi Magnoliaceae India (Assam) A large tree confined to Makum forest in Assam. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16640, 19138 VU D2 Magnolia henaoi Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Talauma henaoi. The species is recorded only from Huila. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 EN B1+2c Magnolia henryi Magnoliaceae China (Yunnan), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand Ranging from south-east Yunnan to north-east Myanmar, Thailand and north Laos, the species is found in dry monsoon forest on limestone at low to medium elevations. The extensive clearing and destruction of the forest in China has resulted in populations there becoming scarce and threatened. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 9274, 11847 DD Magnolia hernandezii Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Talauma hernandezii. The species is recorded from localities in Antioquia, Qiomdio, Risaralda and Valle. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 EN B1+2c Magnolia iltisiana Magnoliaceae Mexico (Guerrero, Jalisco) A majestic tree which forms part of the mesophyllous montane forest in the Sierra de Manantl4én and Cacoma in Jalisco. There is also a disjunct population in Guerrero. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 19068 VU B1+2c Magnolia kachirachirai Magnoliaceae Taiwan A species at the most southerly limit of the family's range, in southern Taiwan from Taitung to the Hengchun Peninsula. Populations are healthy but fragmented, occurring in areas of lowland broadleaved forest. Kenting National Park covers part of the range, but elsewhere encroaching settlements are causing loss of habitat. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 2428, 3295, 19050, 19051 EN Ald, C2a Magnolia katiorum Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Talauma katiorum. The species is known only from Antioquia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Magnolia lenticellatum Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Dugandiodendron lenticellatum. The species is recorded only from Antioquia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 VU B1+2c Magnolia macrophylla ssp. ashei Magnoliaceae USA (Florida) Endemic to Florida, the species ranges from Leon and Wakulla Counties westward to Santa Rosa County along the southern half of the Florida Panhandle. A record in Texas appears to be a misidentification. Occurring in broadleaved or mixed forest on ravine slopes and bluffs, the species is sporadic and scarce in distribution. It doesn't respond well to disturbance and competition with more aggressive plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9254, 19138, 19163 LR/nt Magnolia mahechae Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Dugandiodendron mahechae. The species is recorded only from Valle. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 CR B1+2c Magnolia minor Magnoliaceae Cuba A scarce tree of lower montane rainforest, confined to the Sierra Maestra. The habitat has been disturbed by logging and overcutting. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19138, 19149 EN B1+2c Magnolia narinensis Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Talauma narinensis. The species is known only from Narifio. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 EN B1+2c Magnolia nitida var. lotungensis Magnoliaceae LR/nt China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangdong - Hainan, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang) Previously considered to belong to a separate genus Parakmeria, this variety is scattered over parts of central and southem China and Taiwan. It occurs in broadleaved evergreen forest below 1000m. The species is thought to be scarcer now because of the affects of logging and habitat degradation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 9274, 11847 Magnolia nitida var. nitida Magnoliaceae VU Alcd China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Xizang, Yunnan), Myanmar The taxon occurs in montane broadleaved evergreen forest between 1400 and 1500m on Damiao Mountain in northern Guangxi, Rongjiang in south-east Guizhou, various mountain localities in Yunnan extending into Tibet and Myanmar. It provides a useful timber and its exploitation as well as general habitat loss have caused 334 considerable population declines. There is some concern that the androdioecious nature of the flowering system may be contributing to poor regeneration. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 2428, 9274, 11847 Magnolia officinalis Magnoliaceae LR/nt China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang) A very widespread tree endemic to China. It generally occurs in broadleaved deciduous forest up to 2000m but the rate of decline of forest and also the levels of bark- stripping of the tree have led to the species becoming rare outside cultivation. The species is frequently divided into subspecies but the differences between the two forms are not thought to be sufficient for taxonomic distinction. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 9274, 11847 Magnolia omeiensis Magnoliaceae China (Guizhou, Sichuan) A species closely resembling M. nitida var. nitida, confined to Emei Mountain, where only male individuals have been found in an area of broadleaved evergreen forest between 1000 and 1200m. It is unknown whether further localities and female individuals exist. Logging appears to be continuing in the area and no special protection is yet in place to ensure that the population remains intact. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 2428, 9274, 11725 CR D1 Magnolia pacifica ssp. pacifica Magnoliaceae Mexico (Jalisco) A variety which appers to be known only from a few localities in ravines and gorges from Zapopan and San Cristébal. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 19068 VU D2 Magnolia panamensis Magnoliaceae Panama Recently described, the species is presently known from forest between 2000 and 2600m on the Cordillera Central in Bocas del Toro and Chiriqui Provinces, right up to the border with Costa Rica. There is almost no doubt that the species continues into Costa Rica on the Cordillera de Talamanca, although it has yet to be collected here. There is a protected population in La Amistad National Park. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 EN B1+2c Magnolia phanerophlebia Magnoliaceae China (Yunnan) The species is endemic to Maguan in the south-east. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 19138, 19174 EN B1+2c Magnolia polyhypsopylla Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Talauma polyhypsophylla. The species is recorded only from Antioquia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 EN B1+2c Magnolia rostrata Magnoliaceae China (Xizang, Yunnan), Myanmar A montane forest tree, occurring between 2100 and 3000m within a small area encompassing western Yunnan, Médog County in Tibet and north-east Myanmar. Overexploitation and detrimental harvesting of the bark are believed to have caused considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 9274, 11847 VU B1+2c Magnolia sambuensis Magnoliaceae Colombia, Panama Known under the genus Talauma in Panama, the species occurs in small sporadic populations, usually in inundated forest, in Darién National Park and slightly more frequently in the Serranfa de Pirre, both in Panama. In Colombia, populations are recorded in Antioquia and more recently in Valle del Cauca. Outside protected areas the habitat has been extensively cleared for settlement and agriculture. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772, 19138 VU C2a Magnolia santanderiana Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Talauma sanderiana. The species is recorded only from Santander. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 EN B1+2c Magnolia sargentiana Magnoliaceae China (Sichuan, Yunnan) Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 9274, 19138, 19174 EN B1+2c Magnolia schiedeana Magnoliaceae EN B1+2c Mexico (Guerrero, Hidalgo, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Querétaro, Sinaloa, Veracruz) Remaining stands show signs of disturbance or cutting. Regeneration is primarily vegetative, by resprouting from the roots and trunk bases. There appears to be low fertility. Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 81, 15892, 16907, 19171, 19203 Magnolia sinensis Magnoliaceae China (Sichuan) A species known only in Tianquan, Lushan and Wenchuan Counties in Sichuan, occurring on the edges of forest and in scrub. The habitat has been cleared in places and the trees may be detrimentally affected by frequent bark-stripping. The bark contains a medicinal VU B1+2c, D2 335 Species Summaries extract often used as a substitute for that of M. officinalis. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 9274, 11847 Magnolia sororum ssp. sororum Magnoliaceae Panama This subspecies is recorded from Chiriquf and Coclé Provinces, where it occurs in cloud forest between 1000 and 2600m. It is fairly common in Volc4n Bari National Park and is expected to be found in other protected areas. The populations in Coclé are facing significant increase in the human population, and in industrial and tourist activities. The other subspecies is endemic to Costa Rica. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 VU A2c Magnolia urraoense Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Dugandiodendron urraoense. The species is recorded only from Antioquia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 VU B1+2c Magnolia virolinensis Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Talauma virolinensis. The species is recorded from localities in Boyaca and Santander. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 VU B1+2c Magnolia wilsonii Magnoliaceae China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan) There are scattered populations within the range of western Sichuan, northern Yunnan and western Guizhou in montane forest and thicket between 2000 and 3300m. The forest has been extensively cleared and the bark of the tree is also exploited to a considerable degree. Although it contains the same medicinal extract as M. officinalis, it makes a relatively poor substitute. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 9274, 11847, 19174 EN B1+2c Magnolia wolfti Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Talauma wolfii. The species is recorded only from Risaralda. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 CR B1+2c Magnolia yarumalense Magnoliaceae Colombia The accepted name for Dugandiodendron yarumalense. The species is recorded only from Antioquia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069, 19138 CR B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Magnolia yoroconte Magnoliaceae VU Alc Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas, Veracruz) The species is mainly known from the critically endangerd population in Honduras, occurring in medium to high elevation mixed forest. The distribution apparently extends to southern Mexico. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 13995, 19138 Magnolia zenii Magnoliaceae China (Jiangsu) Apparently only a single population exists containing 18 individuals at the type locality on the north slopes of Baohua Mountain in mixed forest at an altitude of 220m. The area is a provincial reserve but no specific protection is given to these trees. No natural regeneration has been observed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 9274, 11847 CR DI Mahonia oiwakensis Berberidaceae Taiwan Endemic to the central mountain range on Taiwan, the species occurs in scattered populations in montane coniferous forest and woodland scrub. Regeneration is reported to be poor and no conservation or protection measures are in place. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 6469, 19050 VU B1+2ab Maillardia pendula Moraceae Seychelles (Aldabra) A small tree known from just a few individuals in Takamaka Grove on Grand Terre, in the Aldabras. It was once locally common but changes in the vegetation appear to have reduced the population significantly. The island is protected within a Strict Nature Reserve and is uninhabited. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19027 Maingaya malayana Hamamelidaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) An endemic species of Peninsular Malaysia, known only from Perak and Penang. This species inhabits primary rainforest up to 960m. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 15251, 19073 CR B1+2c VU B1+2c Malania oleifera Olacaceae China (Guangxi, Yunnan) An uncommon tree scattered in western Guangxi and eastern Yunnan on limestone mountains up to 1640m. Wild populations are much reduced as a result of continued logging and habitat clearance. A large population is under protection in Longzhou Nature Reserve. The genus is monotypic. It has long been cultivated as a source of oil for cooking and soap- making. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 VU B1+2c 336 Malleastrum leroyi Meliaceae Seychelles (Aldabra) This shrub or small tree is found infrequently in mixed scrub on Polymnie, the east of Picard and the east of Grand Terre. The islands are protected within a Strict Nature Reserve and only Picard has a population of staff from a research station. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19027 VU D2 Mallotus atrovirens Euphorbiaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A lowland forest species which has been collected rarely from scattered localities along the coast and base of the Western Ghats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Mallotus fuscescens Euphorbiaceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Mallotus odoratus Euphorbiaceae Philippines An endemic species to the island of Camiguin. The present population status is not known and may be more seriously threatened. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU D2 Mallotus oppositifolius var. lindicus Euphorbiaceae Mozambique, Tanzania This variety occurs in south-east Tanzania and Mozambique within remaining areas of dry coastal forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Mallotus smilaciformis Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) It is questionable whether the species still exists. It has been collected only once from primary areas of lowland evergreen rainforest in Perak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 CR B1+2c Malmea cuspidata Annonaceae Peru This species is known only from the type collection, which was taken from the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Malmea gaumeri Annonaceae Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas) A species with a restricted range, occurring in remaining EN Alc areas of lowland seasonal rainforest. The timber is of local use. Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 13228, 19151, 19161 Malmea leiophylla Annonaceae Honduras This species is known from a single collection dating from 1890. It was discovered in Atlantic dry forest. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 CR C2b Malmea pachiteae Annonaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species is found in lowland Amazon forest in the department of Huanuco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Malouetia isthmica Apocynaceae Colombia, Panama The species is distributed relatively widely in areas of lowland evergreen rainforest throughout the centre and east of Panama and is also reported from San José del Palmar in Colombia. Populations do not appear to be large and some areas are threatened by deforestation. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 VUCI Malpighia cauliflora Malpighiaceae EN B1+2c Jamaica Only three localities are known, containing small populations in St Catherine and St Thomas. Deforestation has almost removed all forest areas below 1400m in the latter parish. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19116 Malpighia harrisii Malpighiaceae Jamaica A slender shrub or tree, known only from populations in woodland on limestone in Clarendon and St Ann. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Malpighia obtusifolia Malpighiaceae Jamaica A small tree or shrub from Clarendon, St James and Trelawny, where it occurs in woodland on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5653, 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Malpighia proctorii Malpighiaceae Jamaica The type locality of the species appears to have been cleared for charcoal production. It is not known whether the species occurs elsewhere or whether it is now extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c 337 Species Summaries Malus hupehensis Rosaceae Japan, Taiwan In Taiwan the species has been found in a very restricted area to the north of the island in the boundary area between Taipei and Ilan Counties. The population here consists of fewer than 50 individuals, in forest between 1700 and 1900m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12135, 19053 DD Malus komarovii Rosaceae China (Jilin), North Korea In China the species is confined to the Changbai Mountains, where it occurs infrequently in thickets between 1000 and 1300m. Clearing and altering of the habitat are believed to have affected regeneration and caused population declines. Observations of the species’ resistance to cold has caused some interest in its potential as an apple cultivar. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU B1+2c Malus sieversii Rosaceae China (Xinjiang), Former USSR In China pure stands of the species occur in the Ili River Valley in the western part of the Tianshan Mountains and on hillsides in western Junggar between 1100 and 1600m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU B1+2c Mammea grandifolia Guttiferae Papua New Guinea This small tree, known only from the type collection, was found along Pinini Creek in the Gulf Province. The taxonomic limits of this species are unclear. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031, 19113 VU D2 Mammea immansueta Guttiferae Panama Almost all of the few existing collections of this species have come from an area of lowland rainforest along the highway running from Panamé Province to the Kunayala Indigenous Reserve. The species is relatively common where forest remains, but in the last 10 years an influx of campesinos into the area has resulted in extensive deforestation. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 EN Alac Mammea malayana Guttiferae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This lowland forest tree is known only from two localities, one in north-east Pahang and the other in Perak. It is not certain that these localities are still forested, as the area is threatened by land conversion for agriculture. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Mammea novoguineensis Guttiferae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A tree that occurs in primary well-drained forest between 60 and 420m. It is known from a few scattered localities in an area that is poorly known. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031, 19113 DD Mammea papuana Guttiferae Papua New Guinea A rainforest tree known only from two collections from East Sepik. The taxonomic limits of this species are unclear. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031, 19113 VU D2 Mammea papyracea Guttiferae Papua New Guinea A small tree, known only from the type collection, found in Buso, south of Lae in the Morobe District. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031 VU D2 Mammea timorensis Guttiferae Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Is.) A species confined to the island of Komodo, a national park, and to West Timor. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1011 VU D2 Mammea usambarensis Guttiferae Tanzania The distinctness of this species from the West African species, M. africana, is considered to be doubtful. Populations in Tanzania occur in moist montane forest in the West Usambara and South Pare Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204, 7089, 10961, 11631 VU B1+2b Mammea veimauriensis Guttiferae Papua New Guinea The description of this species is based on two herbarium specimens. This tree is found along the Veimauri River in lowland rainforest, where it is reported to be quite common. Assessor: Stevens, P.F. Refs: 19031 VU D2 Mangifera acutigemma Anacardiaceae India (Sikkim) The species is based on a sterile herbarium specimen collected from a mountain locality in Sikkim. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11278 DD Mangifera altissima Anacardiaceae VU Ald Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, Sulawesi), Malaysia (Sabah), Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea), Philippines, Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A timber species of lowland evergreen forest. It is 338 nowhere abundant and the timber is available only in small quantities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2698, 4919, 9570 Mangifera andamanica Anacardiaceae EN B1+2c India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.) A tree endemic to Andaman and Nicobar Islands and restricted to wet evergreen forests. Many of the forests of the Andaman Islands have been affected in recent decades by overexploitation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 9570 Mangifera austro-indica Anacardiaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A small tree noted for its conspicuous mass of flowers. The species occurs commonly in remnants of *shola forest in Salem and Coorg Districts. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11278 VU D2 Mangifera austro-yunnanensis Anacardiaceae China (Yunnan) There is very little known about this species on the basis of a collection found in south-western Yunnan at 1500m. It is even doubtful that the specimen fits the limits of the genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11278 DD Mangifera blommesteinii Anacardiaceae EN Alc Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A rare tree known from only three collections in Sabah, two from Sarawak, and single collections from Nunukan Island off east Kalimantan and Rotan Tunggal Forest Reserve in Peninsular Malaysia. It is usually found in wet evergreen forest. The species has been reported to be in immediate danger of extinction. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4377, 8969, 16394 Mangifera bullata Anacardiaceae DD Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia? (Peninsular Malaysia?, Sabah?) A tree known from two sterile herbarium collections from northern Sumatra and from dubious collections from Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah. It is reported to be fairly common in well-drained rainforest at 900m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11278 Mangifera campnospermoides Anacardiaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan) A distinctive tree, which superficially looks like a Campnosperma species. It is known from only a single sterile specimen collected in well-drained wet evergreen forest in Purukcau near Kelaseh in south Kalimantan at 260m. The forest near Purukacau has been destroyed and the species may already be extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11278 CR B1+2c Mangifera casturi Anacardiaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan) Endemic to Kalimantan, mostly in the south, this tree produces delicious fruit but it is known only in cultivation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4377, 16394 EW Mangifera collina Anacardiaceae Thailand Restricted to Chiang Mai region in north Thailand, this uncommon tree is found in montane, wet evergreen and deciduous forests. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11278 DD Mangifera dewildei Anacardiaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) Found in lowland rainforest, this massive tree is known only from the type locality in North Sumatra Leuser Nature Reserve at 400m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11278 VU D2 Mangifera dongnaiensis Anacardiaceae Viet Nam A small tree, endemic to southern Viet Nam, restricted to the diminishing submontane wet evergreen forests. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9570 EN Alc Mangifera flava Anacardiaceae Cambodia, Viet Nam A rare species of mid-elevation wet evergreen forest, dry deciduous forest and bamboo thicket, occurring in Thailand and southern Viet Nam. Only a single collection from 1918 is known from Cambodia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9570 VU B1+2c Mangifera hiemalis Anacardiaceae China (Guangxi) This evergreen tree is so far only known from a region in south-west Guangxi Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9570 DD Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae India The common mango has been cultivated for thousands of years and now has a pantropical distribution. Wild populations can be found in Assam, India and Myanmar, especially the Assam-Chittagong Hills. There is a protected population in the biosphere reserve on the Mysore Plateau, India. The timber is also traded as machang. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919, 5550, 9570, 11479, 12937, 15431, 16121, 17759, 18327 DD 339 Species Summaries Mangifera lalijiwa Anacardiaceae Indonesia (Bali, Java, Sumatra?) There is some question over the existence of this large forest tree in the wild. A population is known from an area between Semarang and Yogyakarta in central Java. There are also possible occurrences in Madura, Java, Bali and Sumatra and perhaps further afield. In Java encroaching agriculture and logging have almost completely eradicated lowland forest. This species is obviously highly valued for its fruit, which appears in large quantities in local markets. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078, 11278 DD Mangifera macrocarpa Anacardiaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Singapore, Thailand A large tree, extremely scattered and localised within lowland wet evergreen rainforest. The species is rarely found in cultivation as it flowers and fruits infrequently and the fruit is rarely, if ever, eaten. It is possibly extinct in Java. The lowland rainforests of Peninsular Malaysia and Bormeo are threatened by conversion to agriculture and forest degradation through logging. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7215, 9199, 9328, 9570, 11479 Mangifera minutifolia Anacardiaceae Viet Nam So far this species is known only from the type specimen collected near Nhatrang, Annam. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9570 VU D2 Mangifera monandra Anacardiaceae Philippines A very scattered and uncommon tree found in wet evergreen lowland forest on the islands of Luzon, Samar, Lete, Ticae and Quimaras. The fruit has little flesh and is eaten unripe. The timber is used for interior finish and making furniture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9570 EN Alcd Mangifera nicobarica Anacardiaceae India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Nicobar Is.) A scarce species which is known only from the type locality in lowland mixed dense rainforest on the island of Great Nicobar. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11278 EN B1+2c Mangifera odorata Anacardiaceae Thailand?, Viet Nam? This species has never been found in the wild and its origin remains a mystery. The fruit is popular and trees are commonly cultivated in eastern Asia in areas of high rainfall, especially where M. indica can't be grown. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4377, 5054, 5550, 9199, 9570, 11278, 12937 DD The World List of Threatened Trees Mangifera orophila Anacardiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) One of the only mango species and one of the few tropical fruit trees that can grow at high altitudes, up to 1700m. It grows in wet evergreen forest in mountainous areas. This unique species opens up the possibility of cultivating mangoes in more temperate regions. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4377 VU B1+2c Mangifera pajang Anacardiaceae VU Alc Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore Restricted to primary lowland dipterocarp forests in Borneo, this tree is rare within its natural habitat type. The only area where it is common is on the west coast plains of Sabah. It is found both wild and cultivated in Dayak gardens in the north-east and west of Kalimantan, but it is very rarely found in the south. It has not yet been cultivated widely outside its natural range, although, given the economic value and quality of the fruit, there is potential for more widespread cultivation in South East Asia. It may hybridise with M. foetida. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7215, 8969, 9199, 9570 Mangifera paludosa Anacardiaceae EN Alc+2c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A tree found in freshwater marshy areas and mangrove swamp in southern Peninsular Malaysia, Riau Islands, Bangka Islands, Jambi and Palembang, Sumatra. It is thought to be extinct in Singapore because of the destruction of mangrove areas for urban growth. Elsewhere it is suspected to be in real danger of extinction. An occurrence is recorded in Berbak Nature Reserve in Sumatra. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4377, 16394 Mangifera pedicellata Anacardiaceae Indonesia (Java) This species is found on the Karimun Djawa Islands, north of Java. It is cultivated in south Sulawesi. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11278 VU D2 Mangifera pentandra Anacardiaceae VU Alc, B1+2c Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Singapore, Thailand? The natural distribution of this species is possibly confined to wet evergreen lowland forest in the north of Peninsular Malaysia. It was once a common village tree in Peninsular Malaysia and old orchards are found in Peninsular Thailand. It is suspected that the interest in the species is declining in favour of M. indica, although it is still useful in improving the genetic stock of the common mango. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8969, 9570, 11278, 11479 340 Mangifera persiciformis Anacardiaceae China (Yunnan) A small tree found in the district of Funing in south-east Yunnan, south-west Guizhou and south Guangxi. It is frequently found or planted near villages. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11278 DD Mangifera rubropetala Anacardiaceae Indonesia? (Sumatra?), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Yet to be found in the wild, this species is cultivated widely in Sabah, Sarawak and also south Kalimantan and probably Sumatra. Its tasty fruit is similar to the common mango. It is adapted to wet lowland conditions and is best grown in areas without a pronounced dry season. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11278 EW Mangifera rufocostata Anacardiaceae VU Alc Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah) One of the tallest trees in the genus, reaching 53m in height, it is found scattered in lowland wet evergreen forest in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Bomeo. The species produces a sour-tasting fruit after a long dry spell when other food is scarce. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4377, 8969, 11278 Mangifera similis Anacardiaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) Restricted to south Kalimantan and Palembang in Sumatra, this rare tree is found in lowland rainforests. It was introduced to Java, where it is now cultivated. The specimen from Sumatra is slightly different. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15991 VU Alc Mangifera sumbawaensis Anacardiaceae Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Is.) Restricted to montane wet evergreen rainforest, this large tree is known only from the islands of Sumbawa and Flores. On the Lesser Sunda Islands, only small isolated patches of tropical rainforests remain and only an estimated total of 210km? of montane rainforest is left. The original forests have been degraded by human activity or converted for agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16394 VU D2 Mangifera superba Anacardiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) So far this species is known only from the lowland wet evergreen forests in Peninsular Malaysia. It is one of the most threatened mango species. A large part of the habitat has been lost through clearance for agriculture, especially for large-scale cash crops. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9570, 11278, 19073 EN Alc Mangifera taipa Anacardiaceae Indonesia? (Moluccas?) Very little is known about this species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11278 DD Mangifera transversalis Anacardiaceae Indonesia (Moluccas) The species was originally described in 1755 as a remarkable species with fruit hanging transversely off the stalks. It is recorded as being endemic to Banda- Neira Island and introduced to Amboina Island. In 1993, this species was described by Kostermans based on a small cultivated tree, which is reputed to be common on Banda-Neira Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11278 VU D2 Mangifera zeylanica Anacardiaceae Sri Lanka This Sri Lankan endemic is very rare and scattered in both the wet and dry zones, in some places in designated reserves. The tree produces tasty fruits but is not yet in cultivation. It could potentially contribute to the improvement of mango varieties. The bark is also collected for its medicinal properties. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9570, 11278, 17195, 19110 VU Alc Manglietia aromatica Magnoliaceae China (Guangxi, Yunnan) Only a few scattered stands of this important timber tree remain. The species is found in monsoon forest on limestone hills between 800 and 1550m in a range stretching from south-east Yunnan to south-west Guangxi. Several populations are reported to have become extinct in both provinces, largely because of overexploitation of the timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 9274, 11847 VU Alcd, B1+2cde Manglietia fordiana var. forrestii Magnoliaceae China (Guangxi, Yunnan) Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 19138, 19174 VU B1+2c Manglietia grandis Magnoliaceae China (Guangxi, Yunnan) Ranging from south-west Guangxi to south-east Yunnan, the species occurs in forested valleys on limestone mountains between 800 and 1500m. The habitat has been extensively cleared and degraded, and population declines have been reported as a result. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 9274, 11847 VU B1+2c Manglietia megaphylla Magnoliaceae China (Guangxi, Yunnan) The remaining populations are believed to be small. They are restricted to broadleaved evergreen forest between altitudes of 450 and 1500m on Mount Caoguo, where the species occurs with M. sinica, Mount Laojun VU B1+2cde 341 Species Summaries in south-east Yunnan and in Jingxi and Napo Counties in Guangxi. The forests are unprotected and heavily exploited for firewood and timber. This species provides a construction timber given particular preference by local inhabitants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 9274, 11847 Manglietia ovoidea Magnoliaceae China (Yunnan) Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 19138, 19174 EN B1+2c Manglietia sinica Magnoliaceae China (Yunnan) A species known from a single population, which consists of just seven mature individuals on forested slopes between 1300 and 1550m on Caoguo Mountain and Nanchang Mountain. No effective protective measures are in place and the area is open to cutting and clearance. Regeneration is non-existent. The species was previously known under the monospecific genus Manglietiastrum. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9274, 11847 CR D1 Manilkara bella Sapotaceae Brazil (Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro) A primary forest tree, restricted to an altitudinal range between 600 and 700m on the Brazilian Atlantic coast. It provides an excellent timber. Overexploitation of both the tree and the habitat as a whole has caused the species to become scarce. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN B1+2c Manilkara bolivarensis Sapotaceae Venezuela The species was found some 30 years ago at the headwaters of Rio Pacairao in the Gran Sabana in Bolivar, where it was confined to gallery forest at 1100m. It has apparently not been found since, but the area is protected within Canaima National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980 VU D2 Manilkara cavalcantei Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas, Para) Occurring in the non-flooded lowland forests of northern Brazil, this species is threatened primarily by logging activities. It is present in the Duke Forest Reserve near Manaus. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Manilkara dardanoi Sapotaceae Brazil (Pernambuco) A small tree restricted to a small area of coastal forest and old secondary forest in Pernambuco. The habitat is threatened by felling and increasing settlement. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Manilkara decrescens Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia) A treelet which has been collected only once in 1982 from the *restinga on the roadside between Marati and Campinhos. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN B1+2c Manilkara elata Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo) The type collection originates from Bahia. The only other record was made in 1965, when the species was reported to be relatively abundant in Linhares in Espirito Santo. No recent collections in either location have since been made and the species is reported to have suffered population declines. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN Alc, B1+2c Manilkara excelsa Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Para) A large tree confined to periodically flooded forest on the banks of the Tapajés River. It occurs within the boundaries of the Tapajés National Forest. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Manilkara excisa Sapotaceae Jamaica A Cockpit Country endemic, confined to areas of woodland on limestone hills in Trelawny and St James. It is a large tree, valuable for its timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Manilkara gonavensis Sapotaceae Haiti An imperfectly known species. The only information available comes from the type collection, which was taken from Gonave Island in Haiti in the first part of the century. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 CR B1+2c Manilkara jaimiqui ssp. haitensis Sapotaceae Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico? A shrub or small tree of forest on rocky limestone hills up to 400m. Collections have been made from two sites in Haiti and two from the Dominican Republic. There are also unconfirmed reports of an occurrence in Puerto Rico. The timber is exploited locally but the destruction of the habitat is the main cause of concern. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8816 VU B142c eS ee Sapotaceae Cuba, Jamaica The subspecies occurs in lowland semi-deciduous forest, which for the most part has been heavily degraded in VU B1+2c 342 Cuba. It is also native to Jamaica. Although it is a small tree, it has been overexploited for its valuable timber. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19149 Sapotaceae Cuba This small tree is found in various sites throughout Cuba, both in coastal dry evergreen forests on limestone and in dry serpentine woodland. The habitat has suffered severe degradation in many places and continues to be threatened with cutting and burning. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19149 VU B1+2c Manilkara kanosiensis Sapotaceae EN Alcd+2cd, C2a Indonesia (Moluccas), Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea) Relatively widespread but uncommon, this timber tree is scattered in primary lowland rainforest. It occurs mainly in areas where intense logging is being carried out, such as New Britain and New Ireland in the Bismarck Archipelago and the north-west of Papua New Guinea. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 Manilkara longifolia Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo) A lowland rainforest species, recorded to be abundant in Espirito Santo in 1965. This area has been heavily cleared since and recent collections of the species have been rare. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN Alc, B1+2c Manilkara maxima Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia) The species is confined to *restinga vegetation. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Manilkara mayarensis Sapotaceae Cuba A shrub or small tree confined to the province of Oriente, where it occurs in montane serpentine shrubwoods, mainly along creeks, ravines and watercourses. Mining is a constant threat to its habitat. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19149 EN B1+2c Manilkara multifida Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia) The species has only been found once at Belmonte Experimental Station in 1970. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN B1+2c Manilkara nicholsonii Sapotaceae EN B1+2bcede South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal) A Pondoland endemic confined to sandstone outcrops in southern KwaZulu-Natal around Port Edward and in the eastern Transkei in the Eastern Cape. It occus as scattered single individuals on sandy soils among rocks on forest margins or streambanks. The few remaining patches of forest are under threat from cutting for firewood and timber, agricultural activities and coastal development. This species is used as firewood and for stick making. There are populations in two provincial nature reserves and a local authority reserve in KwaZulu-Natal, also in a game reserve and a few demarcated forest areas in the Transkei. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 Manilkara paraensis Sapotaceae Brazil (Maranh4o, Mato Grosso, Para) The range of this species is restricted to non-flooded forest. Much of its range has been affected by large- scale deforestation. The species occurs in the Caxiuand National Forest. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 LR/cd Manilkara pleeana Sapotaceae Puerto Rico A shrub or small tree of coastal woodlands on limestone only in Puerto Rico. A record of the species from St John in the US Virgin Islands requires confirmation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816, 16898 VU B1+2c Manilkara pubicarpa Sapotaceae Guyana A tall tree, known solely from the type collection, gathered 50 years ago from rainforest in the Kanuku Mountains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Manilkara rufula Sapotaceae LR/nt Brazil (Bahia, Cear4, Parafba, Pernambuco, Piauf, Sergipe) Populations of this submontane forest species are numerous. However, recent collections have suggested a decline in the numbers of individuals. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 Manilkara spectabilis Sapotaceae Costa Rica Recorded only from a single site, the species occurs in Atlantic coastal forest near Limén. The area was once covered with lowland rainforest but is now largely disturbed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 CR B1+2c Manilkara subsericea Sapotaceae LR/cd Brazil (Parané, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo) The extent of occurrence of this species is relatively wide. It is found in both *restinga vegetation and 343 Species Summaries lowland rainforest, also in Ilha do Cardosa Forest Reserve in Sao Paulo. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7906, 7980, 8816 Manilkara valenzuelana Sapotaceae VU B1+2c Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico? Populations of this tall shrub or tree are found in areas of coastal and subcoastal semi-deciduous forest in Pinar del Rio and Oriente in Cuba. Two localities are recorded in both Haiti and the Dominican Republic. There are also unconfirmed reports of occurrences in Puerto Rico. Declines in the habitat have been large-scale because of logging, charcoal production and increasing settlement. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19149 Maniltoa schefferi var. peekelii Leguminosae VU Alcd+2cd, C2a Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea) Restricted to East Sepik Province, New Britain and New Ireland in the Bismarck Archipelago, this tree grows in lowland rainforest mainly in areas under siege from intensive logging activities. Its long-term survival is highly questionable. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 Maniltoa vestita Leguminosae Fiji A forest tree of rocky slopes, occurring relatively infrequently on Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18818 LR/nt Mansonia altissima var. altissima Sterculiaceae EN Alcd Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria A moderately exploited timber tree. It occurs particurlarly in disturbed areas or light gaps in lowland moist forest. Regeneration is good after disturbance. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2773, 6718, 7111, 17408 Mappia racemosa Icacinaceae VU Alcd Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico A relatively widespread tree of semi-deciduous forest. It has been overexploited for its valuable timber in the West Indies and is now reduced to very small populations on most islands: one tree on Jamaica, five trees on Puerto Rico. Logging and habitat destruction continue to pose a serious threat. More information is needed on the Central American populations. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 17124, 19149 Margaritaria anomala var. cheloniphorbe Euphorbiaceae Seychelles (Aldabra) Occurring in inland scrub, this small tree or shrub is found on most of the Aldabran islands and also Menai and Astove. The fruits are eaten and the seeds dispersed by the blue pigeon. The Aldabras are protected within a Strict Nature Reserve. Areas of Cosmoledo and Astove VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees have been cleared for the establishment of coconut and Casuarina plantations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19027, 19062 Marila saramaccana Guttiferae Suriname This species is endemic to an area around the upper Saramacca River. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19196 VU D2 Marila spiciformis Guttiferae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species is recorded from lowland forest in the department of Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Marlierea sintenisii Myrtaceae Puerto Rico An endemic to upper wet ridges in the Luquillo Mountains. More information may indicate a more serious threat category is appropriate. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3786, 7931, 7980, 17124, 17540 VU D2 Marojejya darianii Palmae Madagascar This solitary species is known only from a single site near Maroantsetra, in upland swamp in a valley bottom between 400m and 450m. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 CR B1+2c, C2b Marojejya insignis Palmae Madagascar An endemic palm of Madagascar, inhabiting rainforest on ridge tops or steep slopes. Despite its wide distribution, ranging from Marojejy to Andohahela, the size of individual populations is small. The total number of individuals is estimated at less than 2000. Harvesting of the palm heart continues. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VU C2a Masoala kona Palmae Madagascar A newly described species, currently known only from the Ifanandiana area, where it inhabits rainforest on sandy/quartz soils between 450 and 550m. The forest and the populations in this small area are steadily disappearing because of shifting cultivation. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 EN Alc Masoala madagascariensis Palmae Madagascar This endemic palm is known only from Marojejy, Masoala and Mananara, inhabiting lowland rainforest on dry hillside or swampy valley bottoms, occasionally on VU Alc 344 ultramafic soils. The number of individuals in all known sites is low. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 Mastixia glauca Cornaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Endemic to Sarawak, this species is known only from Mount Santubong in mixed dipterocarp forest at an elevation of 90m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18327, 19017 VU D2 Mastixia macrocarpa Cornaceae Malaysia (Sarawak), Philippines This tree is known only from Luzon in the Philippines and from Miri in Sarawak, where it grows in mixed dipterocarp forest at 75m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU Alc Mastixia macrophylla Cornaceae Sri Lanka During the recent National Conservation Review, this species was discovered in eight of the surveyed forest sites. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Mastixia nimali Cornaceae Sri Lanka A tree confined to the lowland rainforests of south-west Sri Lanka. This species was found in only 10 localities during the comprehensive forest surveys conducted for the recent National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Mastixia tetrandra Cornaceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland rainforests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Mastixiodendron plectocarpum Rubiaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea Confined to south-west Papua New Guinea and south- east Irian Jaya, this large tree grows in lowland seasonal moist forest. This species occurs in a large forest logging concession area of Papua New Guinea which is subject to ongoing exploitation for log exports; continued exploitation will render it vulnerable. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114, 19147 LR/nt Mastixiodendron stoddardii Rubiaceae VU Alcd+2cd, B1+2abcde Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, North Solomons), Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A large timber tree of primary lowland rainforest, restricted to New Britain in the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands. New Britain is one of the most intensively logged islands in the Bismarck Archipelago, thereby threatening this species with habitat destruction. The Solomon Islands population is also at risk from logging activities. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 Matisia exalata Bombacaceae Panama The species is restricted to areas of evergreen rainforest between 650 and 1000m in the Central Cordillera. Populations are reported to be healthy, although much of the area has been altered by cattle ranching and increasing urbanisation. There is a record from La Yeguada Forest Reserve, which lies just to the west of the principal population. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 EN C2a Matisia stenopetala Bombacaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in lowland Amazon forest in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Matudaea trinervia Hamamelidaceae Mexico Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 12985 VU B1+2c Mauria killipii Anacardiaceae Peru The species has been recorded only from the type collection, which occurs above 1500m in the department of Junin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Mauria trichothyrsa Anacardiaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in shrubland above 2500m in the department of Cajamarca. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Mauritia carana Palmae Brazil (Amazonas), Colombia, Peru, Venezuela Widespread but uncommon, this palm tree occurs in lowland forest on poorly drained white sand soils in the Amazon region. Assessor: Henderson, A. Refs: 19118 LR/cd Mayna pubescens Flacourtiaceae Colombia A small tree or shrub, endemic to Colombia, recorded only in Cundinamarca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c 345 Species Summaries Mayna suaveolens Flacourtiaceae Colombia Endemic to Colombia, the species is recorded in Antioquia, Cundinamarca and Tolima. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Maytenus abbottii Celastraceae South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal) A Pondoland endemic found in remnant evergreen forest patches between Durban in KwaZulu-Natal and Port St John's in the Transkei, Eastern Cape. It occurs in isolated groups as an understorey shrub or slender tree in coastal scarp forest, often on river banks. In two of the known localities, trees have been chopped down at an alarming rate for local use as firewood and timber and the habitat cleared for agriculture and settlement. A large subpopulation is protected in the Umtamvuna Nature Reserve and plants also occur in the Mkambati Game Reserve and a number of demarcated reserves in the Transkei. However, little protection is afforded to these forests in the Eastern Cape. The species was previously confused with M. acuminata and could be more widespread than is currently known. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 VU C2a Maytenus addat Celastraceae Ethiopia A tree of Afromontane forest, especially along forest margins, and also secondary formations. It ranges throughout the highlands. In the north the expanding human population and agricultural activities have caused a decline in the extent of the forest and continue to put pressure on the remaining habitat. Where the forest is cleared the tree is often left standing because of its usefulness as a timber and firewood. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 18523 LR/nt Maytenus arbutifolia var. sidamoensis Celastraceae Ethiopia A variety known only from Afromontane forest and forest margins in Sidamo and adjacent parts of Shewa. The type variety is not ecologically distinct and is widely spread from DR Congo and Tanzania to Saudi Arabia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330 VU D2 Maytenus canariensis Celastraceae Spain (Canary Is.) A shrub or small tree, locally common in scrub on steep cliffs and in rocky areas. Endemic to the Canary Islands, populations are found on all the main islands except for Lanzarote. The extent of its known occurrence appears to be expanding. The species is listed in government legislation of 1991. Assessor: Baiiares, A. et al. Refs: 19022 LR/cd The World List of Threatened Trees Maytenus clarendonensis Celastraceae Jamaica Occurring in central parishes, the species has a local distribution confined to woodland on limestone hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Maytenus crassipes Celastraceae Jamaica Known only from central and western parishes, the species is found in woodland on rough limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Maytenus curtissii Celastraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand This species, confined to Thailand and the northem states of Peninsular Malaysia, inhabits open and closed rainforest below 300m. It is occasionally found in coastal and limestone forest. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Maytenus cymosa Celastraceae EN D1 Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (British), Virgin Islands (US) A species of dry coastal woodland. The greatest concentration is on Gorda Peak in the British Virgin Islands, where at least 100 plants exist. Elsewhere there are single trees, which may possibly have suffered in Hurricane Hugo, on St Croix and St Thomas in the US Virgin Islands and a population of about 52 plants in two sites in Puerto Rico. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 17124 Maytenus dhofarensis Celastraceae Oman, Yemen (Former South Yemen) Occurring in escarpment woodlands and the drier summit plateau, this species is endemic to the mountains extending from the Dhofar region in Oman to south-east Yemen. It is quite common but at risk from overcutting for domestic use, especially in Oman, where there has been a sharp rise in the population since 1975. Assessor: Ghazanfar, S.A. Refs: 16380 LR/nt Maytenus harenensis Celastraceae Ethiopia A small tree endemic to Harena forest, an Afromontane remnant of forest on the Bale Mountain. The forest is disturbed by logging activities and the building of sawmills in the area has made the activity more intense. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 18523 VU D2 Maytenus harrisii Celastraceae Jamaica This small tree is known only from the type specimen, which was collected in montane woodland in St Ann. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c, C2b 346 Maytenus jefeana Celastraceae Panama Only a few records of this species are known, all from the same region from Cerro Jefe and Cerro Azul towards the north-east of Panamé city. The species appears to be rare and present in small numbers, threatened by a growing urban population and various industrial developments. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 EN B1+2b Maytenus matudai Celastraceae Mexico Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 4974 VU B1+2c Maytenus microcarpa Celastraceae Jamaica A Cockpit Country endemic which is found in Clarendon and Trelawny Parishes in woodland on limestone. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 5653, 19085 VU B1+2c Maytenus oleosa Celastraceae South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal) A willow-like tree found along streams and rivers in southem KwaZulu-Natal and eastern Transkei in the Eastern Cape. It is often associated with Gymnosporia bachmannii on the rocky banks and beds of rivers and streams, confined to sandstone outcrops. The species has been recorded in fair numbers along several rivers in the Transkei. It is protected in the Umtamvuna Nature Reserve, Mkambati Game Reserve and _ several demarcated forest areas in the Transkei. In the latter, the lack of effective protection, combined with rapid human population increases and proposed developments threaten this and many of the other sandstone endemics in the region. There are also threats from agricultural activities and increasing settlement in southem KwaZulu-Natal. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 VU A2c Maytenus ponceana Celastraceae Puerto Rico A small tree of moist areas near Florida amd Rio Portugués, north of Ponce. The habitat is degraded and destroyed in places. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5988, 7931, 7980, 17124 VU B1+2c Maytenus stipitata Celastraceae Mexico (Chiapas) Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 642 VU B1+2c Maytenus williamsii Celastraceae Honduras A cloud forest nomenclature. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 2260, 13995 CR C2b species of somewhat dubious Medemia abiadensis Palmae Sudan A taxonomically-unresolved species restricted to desert oases along the White Nile. There is some indication the species is a small-fruited form of M. argun. No recent collections exist. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 5165, 18839, 19118 DD Medemia argun Palmae Egypt, Sudan Found in desert oases, this palm tree was rediscovered in Sudan in 1995 in small fragmented populations. There are signs of regeneration and seeds have been collected for cultivation. The populations in Egypt are assumed to be similarly small and fragmented. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 6988, 9920, 19118 CR B1+2c Medusagyne oppositifolia Medusagynaceae Seychelles The jellyfish tree comes from a monospecific family endemic to the Seychelles. The species is confined to Mahé Island, where it occurs as scattered individuals or in small groups on massive granitic outcrops at Bernica, Mount Sebert, Copolia and Mount Jasmin. The seeds appear unable to germinate in the wild. It has been Suggested that the species requires more humid conditions than are found in the vegetated rocky fissures where it is growing. Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Refs: 19023, 19025 CR A2be, D1 Medusandra richardsiana Medusandraceae Cameroon Endemic to the foothills of Mount Cameroon, the species occurs commonly in lowland rainforest in relatively well-protected areas: Mokoko Forest Reserve, Korup National Park, Bamuko Forest Reserve and the Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve. Where populations are unprotected they are exposed to encroaching agriculture and land settlement. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12597 LR/cd Megalopanax rex Araliaceae Cuba A monotypic genus endemic to Cuba. Collections have been made in western Cuba but now this tall tree appears to be locally confined to the montane forests of central Cuba, where only a few individuals have been seen. Fieldwork is needed to verify the number of remaining trees to assess whether the population is capable of recovery. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 CR B1+2c, D1 347 Species Summaries Meiogyne hainanensis Annonaceae China (Guangdong - Hainan, Guangxi) Recorded under the name Oncodostigma hainanensie in the China Plant Red Data book, the species is endemic to Hainan Island, with the exception of a population which apparently can be found at Hepu in Guangxi. It occurs in dense montane forest in the Guoling, Limu, Bawang and Jianfeng Mountains and also other localities. Rapid population declines have taken place because of increasing habitat loss through logging and clearing for cultivation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11847, 19090 VU Alcd Melanochyla fasciculiflora Anacardiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species of lowland forest, known from only two collections, both from Rengom Forest Reserve, a permanent forest reserve in Johore. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 VU D2 Melanochyla longipetiolata Anacardiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A lowland forest tree known only from three collections from Terengganu and Pahang. Populations are given a degree of protection within permanent forest reserves although there is still a threat from logging. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Melanodendron integrifolium Compositae St Helena The most abundant of the endemic cabbage trees. A total of probably more than 1000 individuals grow in various localities on the central ridge, principally Diana's Peak, Actaeon, Cabbage Tree Road, near Sandy Bay, High Peak and the Depot. Populations are healthy, appearing to regenerate well, although under competitive pressure from invading introduced species. The genus is monotypic. Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B. Refs: 9954, 11891, 19081 VUDI Melicope balloui Rutaceae EN B1+2c, C2b USA (Hawaii) A small tree of montane wet forest on north-west Haleakala, Maui. Sites where the species was historically known to occur no longer appear to harbour populations. Only a relatively recently discovered locality in the Kipahulu Valley in Haleakala National Park still holds a population, which is estimated to consist of fewer than 300 individuals. Feral pigs, although presently controlled, require constant vigilance. The spread of introduced plants also presents a serious threat to the long-term survival of the species. It is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19087 Melicope christophersenii Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) Known only from the Waianae Mountains on Oahu, the EN C2a The World List of Threatened Trees species is uncommon and restricted to rainforest between 910 and 1220m from Puukaua to Mount Kaala. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 Melicope cinerea Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) The main population occurs in the Waianae Mountains in lowland rainforest. There are also collections from Manoa and Palolo Valleys in the Koolau Mountains and a tentative specimen from Maui. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN C2a Melicope cruciata Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) A small tree known only from a few collections, thought to be taken from boggy rainforest above 1000m, in Kaholuamanu and Mount Waialeale on Kauai. It is now probably extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EX Melicope fatuhivensis Rutaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) The species is known only from Fatu Hiva in the Marquesas. The leaves are highly esteemed for their fragrance. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Melicope haleakalae Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) A small tree or shrub last seen in 1919 at Ukuele, on Maui, where it was found in rainforest at 1220m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EX Melicope haupuensis Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) Originally known only from the type locality on the north side of Haupu, on Kauai, the species has now been found in Waimea Canyon. The first population no longer exists and at the second site there are two trees 1.6km apart. The habitat is frequently degraded by feral goats and the invasion of alien plants. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19038 CR B1+2c, C2b Melicope hawaiensis Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) A variable species of dry, and occasionally moist, forest up to 1220m on Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii. The habitat is extensively degraded because of the impact of cattle, feral herbivores and introduced plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Melicope indica Rutaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A small tree of montane forest, occurring between 1800 EN B1+2c 348 and 2400m in a single locality in the Nilgiris. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 19144 Melicope jugosa Rutaceae Malaysia (Sabah) Confined to forest between 2250 and 2400m, this shrub or tree is endemic to Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU B1+2c Melicope kaalaensis Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) The species is endemic to the Waianae Mountains on Oahu, where it has been collected from lowland rainforest in an area extending from Puukaua to Piko Trail. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Melicope knudsenii Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) On Kauai a total of four isolated individuals are known from Olokele Valley and Waimea. On Maui, at one time locally common, the species has been reduced to 20 or 30 plants in two populations at Auwahi and Kanaio. The habitat has been steadily degraded by grazing and the invasion of introduced plants. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19038 CR C2a, D1 Melicope macropus Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) Endemic to Kauai, the species is known from just a few collections from two localities, the Robinson's summer house and Kaholuamanu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN B1+2c Melicope makahae Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) This shrubby tree is endemic to Oahu, where it occurs in rainforest up to an altitude of 1220m in the Waianae Mountains from Palawai to Makaha Valley. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN C2a Melicope mucronulata Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) A small tree of dryland forest, known from three collections taken in 1920 from the southern slope of Haleakala on East Maui, and from a single collection of 1985 from Kupaia Gulch on Molokai. The Maui population is likely to be extinct. The population on Molokai consists of just three individuals. Goats are evidently browsing the trees and there is an immediate threat of invasion by molasses grass. It is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19087 CR B1+2c, C2b, D1 Melicope nukuhivensis Rutaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) A small glabrous tree or shrub, endemic to Nuku Hiva. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt Melicope obovata Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) Presumed to be extinct, this species is known only from the type, of unknown locality but thought to originate from Maui. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EX Melicope orbicularis Rutaceae EN C2a USA (Hawaii) A small tree endemic to Maui, where it is restricted to medium-elevation rainforest from Pohakea_ to Honokahua in the west and from Makawao to Koolau Gap in the east. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 Melicope ovalis Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) A species which once grew in the mountains above Hana, on Maui, from where the type specimen was collected. Recent observations suggest that the taxon occurs over an area of several hundred hectares in Kipahulu Valley, where it is said to be more common than M. balloui. The species is particularly vulnerable to seed predation by rats and insects. Invasive plants are also prevalent in the area. It is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19087 EN B1+2cde Melicope pallida Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) Originally known from localities on Oahu and Kauai, the species has been reduced to six populations confined to the latter island. About 156 individuals have been counted. The habitat continues to be damaged by grazing feral animals and invasive plants. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 7274, 19038 EN C2a, D1 Melicope paniculata Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) Only three collections have been made of this small tree. These have been taken from populations on the upper Lihue Ditch Trail at 875m and from Waihiawa Bog at 580m. The species has not been found in recent years and is now probably extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EX Melicope puberula Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) A shrub or small tree reported to be scarce and restricted EN B1+2c 349 Species Summaries to rainforest above 1070m, from Kalalau and Puuokila Look-outs. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 Melicope quadrangularis Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) Known only from the type material collected in 1909 from Wahiawa Bog on Kauai, the species had been presumed extinct when a small population of 13 individuals was discovered in 1991. Potential threats of overcollecting and invading alien plants are present. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 7274, 19038 CR DI Melicope saint-johnii Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) Endemic to Oahu, eight populations, containing fewer than 150 individuals, are found in an area between Puu Kaua and Puu Kanehoa to Mauna Kapu in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains. The species grows to an elevation of 853m on forested ridges. feral goats, pigs and invasive plants are continuing threatS to the native flora. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 12359, 19168 EN C2a, D1 Melicope sandwicensis Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) A species confined to Oahu, where it is known from populations occurring in lowland rainforest in the Waianae Mountains and from Kahana Iki to Waimalu in the Koolau Mountains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN C2a Melicope sororia Rutaceae Malaysia (Sabah) A shrub or small tree endemic to Sabah. It is restricted to forest between the altitudes of 1500 and 2400m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU B1+2c Melicope subunifoliolata Rutaceae Malaysia (Sabah) Endemic to Sabah, this shrub or tree occurs in primary montane forest between 1200 and 2600m, descending occasionally to as low as 180m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU B1+2c Melicope tahitensis Rutaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) Populations are recorded from Moorea and Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt Melicope waialealae Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) A many-branched shrub or tree which occurs in open EN C2a The World List of Threatened Trees bogs and bog hummocks, including Wahiawa Bog and an area ranging from Alakai Swamp to Mount Waialeale on Kauai. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 Melicope wawraeana Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) A small forest tree known primarily from occurrences in the Koolau Mountains and an occasional appearance in the Waianae Mountains on Oahu. A single collection has also been made from Wahiawa Bog on Kauai. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU D2 Melicope zahlbruckneri Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) To date the species has been found in three locations on Hawaii. Only one of them, a fenced site at Kipuka Pualu, still harbours an extant population, containing 30 to 35 individuals. Regeneration appears to be taking place. There are threats of leafhopper infestations, invasive plants and rat damage. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19037 CR B1+2c, C2ab, D1 Melicytus flexuosus Violaceae New Zealand (North Is., South Is.) A shrub or small tree, occurring in scattered localities in the North and South Islands. It appears to be a poor competitor and has suffered from the lack of periodic disturbance and available sites to recolonise. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 19133, 19134 LR/nt Meliosma cordata Meliosmaceae Panama A poorly known species, recorded only from the original collection from Cerro Tute in Verguas. It is possible that a population still exists there. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 DD Meliosma linearifolia Meliosmaceae Panama A species of lowland semi-evergreen rainforest, known from two geographically close locations: one in Santa Rita in Colén and the other in Cerro Azul in Panamd Province. The population in Santa Rita is threatened by increasing encroachment of the forest. More moderate pressures affect the larger Cerro Azul population. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 EN C2a Meliosma sirensis Meliosmaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in *elfin forest in Hudnuco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 350 Meliosma youngii Meliosmaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in forest in the department of San Martin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Memecylon acuminatum var. acuminatum Melastomataceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A primary hill forest species, which is not restricted in range and occurs in protective forest within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 9199, 11647, 19073 LR/cd Memecylon arnottianum Melastomataceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sri Lanka. In the past it has been found in Kottawa, Hinidumkanda and Kanneliya Forest Reserves and in Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve. The recent forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review failed to find these or any other populations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195, 19112 CR B1+2c Memecylon bequaertii Melastomataceae Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda Assessor: *MUIENR Refs: 1308, 9605, 9837, 10961, 16021 VU B1+2c Memecylon candidum Melastomataceae Cameroon, Nigeria Confined to an area extending from south-east Nigeria to Cameroon, this understorey tree is not uncommon. It occurs and is protected in the Oban Hills in Cross River National Park. Outside protected areas deforestation has occurred on a large scale. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4977, 11504 VU B1+2c Memecylon cinereum Melastomataceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A species of lowland hill forest, occurring along streams throughout Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. The habitat is under pressure from logging. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 9199, 19073 VU B1+2c Memecylon clarkeanum Melastomataceae Sri Lanka A tree scattered in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195 VU Alc Memecylon corticosum Melastomataceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A hill forest species, which is not restricted in range and LR/cd occurs in protected areas, such as national parks and forest reserves. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 Memecylon cuneatum Melastomataceae Sri Lanka This rare species turned up in only four forest localities, including the Peak Wilderness wildlife sanctuary, during the comprehensive forest surveys conducted for the recent National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c Memecylon discolor Melastomataceae Sri Lanka A rare species found in only two forest localities in the wet zone during the comprehensive forest surveys conducted for the recent National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c Memecylon eleagni Melastomataceae Seychelles Endemic to the Seychelles, the species qualifies as threatened by virtue of its restricted distribution. Populations are healthy and stable. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16212, 17229 VU D2 Memecylon elegantulum Melastomataceae Sri Lanka A species confined to lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sri Lanka. Although previously found at a single site in Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve, it was not found again during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting that the species is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195, 19112 CR B1+2c Memecylon ellipticum Melastomataceae Sri Lanka Endemic to south-west Sri Lanka, this rare tree is scattered in the lowland wet evergreen forests. This species was found in only four of the National Conservation Review surveyed forest sites. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 17195, 19112 EN B1+2c Memecylon flavescens Melastomataceae India (Tamil Nadu) A species of high-altitude evergreen *shola forest known only from Kundha and Avalanche in the Nilgiri Hills. It appears to have become extremely scarce and has not been found in more recent decades despite repeated searches. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 16438 EN B1+2c 351 Species Summaries Memecylon floridum Melastomataceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore This species inhabits open and closed rainforest up to an altitude of 1200m, in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 9199, 19073 VU B1+2c Memecylon gardneri Melastomataceae Sri Lanka An extremely rare tree, occurring in lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sri Lanka. In the past populations were known from Kanneliya and Gilimale Forest Reserves and Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve, but the species was not found in the recent forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195, 19112 CR B1+2c Memecylon giganteum Melastomataceae Sri Lanka A rare species which was found in only four wet zone forests during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c Memecylon gracillimum Melastomataceae Sri Lanka Only four trees of this species were discovered in a single forest site during the recent forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 18796, 19112 EN B1+2c Memecylon grande Melastomataceae Sri Lanka A rare tree confined to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. This species was found in eight forest sites during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Memecylon hookeri Melastomataceae Sri Lanka A species found in only 10 localities during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Memecylon hullettii Melastomataceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) An endemic species of Peninsular Malaysia, where it is confined to the lowland and hill rainforests of Johore. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 17140, 19073 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Memecylon kunstleri Melastomataceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) An endemic tree of Peninsular Malaysia, inhabiting primary rainforest. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Memecylon lawsonii Melastomataceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A small tree of submontane forest. It has been collected only seldom from localities in the Anamalai Hills, the Nilgiris and Wayanad area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 832, 19144 VU B1+2c Memecylon leucanthemum Melastomataceae Sri Lanka A species found in only eight localities in the districts of Kurunegala, Badulla and Monarangala during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Memecylon macrocarpum Melastomataceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in tropical wet lowland and montane forest. In the extensive surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review, this species was discovered in eight localities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 12129, 18796, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Memecylon macrophyllum Melastomataceae Sri Lanka During the extensive surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review between 1991 and 1996, this species was discovered in only three forest localities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c Memecylon orbiculare Melastomataceae Sri Lanka Only a single individual was found during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 18796, 19112 CR B1+2c Memecylon ovoideum Melastomataceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, this species was recorded in seven localities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 17195, 18796, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Memecylon revolutum Melastomataceae Sri Lanka A species apparently restricted to the wet zone. During EN B1+2c 352 the extensive National Conservation Review forest Surveys, this species was recorded in five forest localities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 18796, 19112 Memecylon rhinophyllum Melastomataceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sri Lanka. It is apparently locally common but confined to a single forest reserve. Only nine individuals were discovered in at a single site during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 CR B1+2c Memecylon rostratum Melastomataceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Memecylon rotundatum Melastomataceae Sri Lanka During the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, this species was found in only six of the sites. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 18796, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Memecylon royenii Melastomataceae Sri Lanka A species found in only six forest localities in Ratnapura District and in a single locality in Kalutara District during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Memecylon sessilicarpum Melastomataceae Mozambique Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 18965 DD Memecylon sisparense Melastomataceae India (Tamil Nadu) The type locality is in Sispara in the Nilgiri Hills. The species has not been found there since it was first discovered. It is possible the population has been wiped out by the large-scale conversion of forest to plantation crops. Elsewhere there is an occurrence further south in submontane forest in the Palni Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 19144 CR B1+2c Memecylon subramanii Melastomataceae India (Tamil Nadu) A small tree of submontane forest, collected only from the Agastyamalai range. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but almost EN B1+2c 1000km? of forest are now under protection within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 Memecylon sylvaticum Melastomataceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195 VU Alc Memecylon teitense Melastomataceae Kenya A shrub or tree, endemic to forest at Ngangao and Mbololo in the Teita Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1308, 6396, 13072 VU B1+2c Memecylon urceolatum Melastomataceae Sri Lanka This species was found in seven forest sites during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Memecylon varians Melastomataceae Sri Lanka A tree confined to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195 VU Alc Memecylon wallichii Melastomataceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) An endemic tree of Peninsular Malaysia, inhabiting primary rainforest up to 330m. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Meriania ampla Melastomataceae Ecuador A tree endemic to the High Andes of Ecuador. Currently the species is known only from montane and upper montane cloud forest in Morona-Santiago Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Meriania campii Melastomataceae Ecuador An endemic of the High Andes of Morona-Santiago Province in Ecuador. The habitat of this species is cloud forest between 1800 and 3350m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119 VU B1+2c Meriania crassiramis Melastomataceae Guyana, Venezuela A tree restricted to upland rainforest on Mount Roraima on the Venezuela—Guyana border. The area is protected LR/nt 353 Species Summaries but affected to some extent by tourism. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 9867 Meriania cuneifolia ssp. cuneifolia Melastomataceae Ecuador This subspecies is endemic to Ecuador, where it inhabits cloud forest between 1100 and 2200m in Zamora- Chinchipe. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119 VU B1+2c Meriania cuneifolia ssp. subandina Melastomataceae Ecuador An endemic tree of Ecuador, occurring in montane cloud forest between 1100 and 2400m in Zamora-Chinchipe. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119 VU B1+2c Meriania drakei ssp. chontalensis Melastomataceae Ecuador An endemic of the Ecuadorean High Andes, this small tree inhabits montane cloud forest between 1600 and 2700m in Morona-Santiago, Loja, and Zamora- Chinchipe. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119 VU B1+2c Meriania drakei ssp. drakei Melastomataceae Ecuador An endemic tree of the Ecuadorean High Andes. This subspecies inhabits montane cloud forest between 1600 and 2700m in Morona-Santiago, Loja, and Zamora- Chinchipe. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119 VU B1+2c Meriania furvanthera Melastomataceae Ecuador A small tree of montane cloud forest, endemic to the Ecuadorean High Andes and currently only known from the provinces of Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119 VU B1+2c Meriania grandiflora Melastomataceae Costa Rica, Panama A few collections have recently been made between 1800 and 2000m on the Cordillera de Talamanca, mostly within La Amistad National Park, Costa Rica. Elsewhere the species is known from Panama in the Cordillera Central in Coclé towards the west, where it occurs fairly commonly in cloud forest above 800m. A number of populations here are in reserves of various kinds. Where no protection exists the habitat is susceptible to clearance and conversion into agriculture. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 VU C2a Meriania leucantha Melastomataceae Jamaica The species occurs in the eastern half of the island in LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees moist thickets and forested areas. A variety is reported in Cuba. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 Meriania panamensis Melastomataceae Panama Up to the present, the species has been found only in Chiriqui around Volcan Bari, where it occurs in the highest part of the country in cloud forest between 1800 and 3300m. There are tourism and agricultural developments in the area which may affect certain populations. Only part of the total population is contained within Bani National Park. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 3913, 7272, 7980, 16772 EN B1+2c Meriania peltata Melastomataceae Colombia Endemic to Colombia, the species is recorded to Cundinamarca and Valle. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Meriania pichinchensis Melastomataceae Ecuador A small tree, up to 6m tall, endemic to Ecuador. This species inhabits cloud forest at an altitude of 2750m, and at present is only known from Sucumbios Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 19119 VU B1+2c Meriania rigida Melastomataceae Ecuador An endemic tree of montane and upper montane cloud forest in the High Andes of Ecuador. The species is currently known only from the provinces of Azuay, Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119 VU B1+2c Meriania versicolor Melastomataceae Colombia Possibly now extinct, the species has been recorded only from Cundinamarca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 CR B1+2c Merrillia caloxylon Rutaceae VU B1+2c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia (ex), Sabah), Thailand Solitary trees of this monotypic genus are scattered in lowland moist primary and secondary forest on stream banks and hill sides. It has been collected only once, in Sabah from a stream bank in secondary forest in Sandakan. The durable, handsome wood has been used in the past in Peninsular Malaysia to make small implements. It is now presumed to be extinct in this region. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1685, 5550, 17140, 19017 354 Meryta brachypoda Araliaceae CR B1+2c, C2a French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.), Pitcairn Islands A shrub or tree recorded from Raivavae, Tubuai and Rapa Iti in the Tubuai Group and Henderson Island in the Pitcairm Group. The Raivavae population is in a critical state and the population on Henderson consists of fewer than six adult plants in tall forest on the north- west beach. Henderson Island is a World Heritage Site. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 13604, 14513 Meryta choristantha Araliaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) An endemic to Rapa Iti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 VU D2 Meryta drakeana Araliaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Meryta lanceolata Araliaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) Populations are recorded from Moorea and Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt Meryta lucida Araliaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Raiatea. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 VU D2 Meryta mauruensis Araliaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Meryta raiateensis Araliaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) Populations are recorded from Bora Bora, Huahine, Raiatea and Tahaa. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Meryta salicifolia Araliaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Meryta sinclairii Araliaceae New Zealand (North Is.) The species occurs in localised populations on the Three Kings Islands and Whatupuke Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 902, 19133 VU D2 Meryta sonchifolia Araliaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Mesogyne insignis Moraceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Sao Tomé), Tanzania The bulk of the population is found in areas of moist evergreen forest on the eastern mountains of Tanzania. Another population, which shows some morphological distinctness and was originally published under the name of M. henriquesii, occurs on the island of Sao Tomé. The population here is small and found in areas which were forest at the turn of the century but are now cultivated or secondary forest. The genus is monospecific. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8814, 10080, 11631 VU B1+2b Mesua kochummenia Guttiferae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to lowland forest in south-east Johore and south-east Pahang, the species occurs in areas which are earmarked for development. It is also reported to be present in Endau Rompin National Park. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 17140, 19073 VU B1+2c Mesua manii Guttiferae CR B1+2c India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.) A small tree of evergreen rainforest, endemic to South Andaman Island.The habitat has been severely deforested and no living specimens have been found since the type collection. It is possible that a population exists in the relatively intact Jarwa Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 7147 Mesua purseglovei Guttiferae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A montane forest tree known only from a single collection from 1500m in the Cameron Highlands, Pehang. The species is thought to be locally common. There are protected forests in the Cameron Highlands, but some areas are also given over to tea plantations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Mesua rosea Guttiferae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A lowland forest species, known from only a few localities in south-east Johore. Lowland areas in this State have largely been converted to agriculture. Protected populations are found in Gunong Panti Forest Reserve and Gunung Belumut. The genus is currently undergoing revision. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 17140, 19073 LR/cd Mesua stylosa Guttiferae Sri Lanka Restricted to swamp forest in the western lowlands of CR Alc, B1+2c, D1 355 Species Summaries Sn Lanka, this ironwood tree is threatened because its habitat is being converted for rice cultivation. In the recent National Conservation Review forest survey, only four individuals were discovered in a single locality. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 18796, 19104, 19112 Metaporana obtusa Convolvulaceae Yemen (Socotra) An unusually arborescent member of Convolvulaceae. Populations are confined to scattered individuals along wadis in the dry west side of the island. It is one of the only trees to remain green during the dry season and the leaves provide an important browse for livestock. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Metasequoia glyptostroboides Taxodiaceae China (Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan) Confined to slightly waterlogged areas of open forest, the species is known from sites in Shizhu in Sichuan, Lichuan in Hubei and Longshan and Sangzhi in Hunan. The subpopulations appear to have been reduced to a few mature individuals. Surrounding areas are heavily cultivated and there are poor prospects for natural regeneration. All large trees are protected but the habitat is not. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 1818, 11847 CR Alc, C2a Metatrophis margaretae Moraceae DD French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 Meteoromyrtus wynaadensis Myrtaceae CR B1+2c India (Tamil Nadu) A small tree from a monotypic genus. The only remaining population apparently occurs at Theerthundamala in Cannanore District, where its habitat is steadily declining. The populations in Wynnad and Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu are thought to have been destroyed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 19144 Metrosideros bartlettii Myrtaceae New Zealand (North Is.) A large tree, first discovered in 1975 near Cape Reinga. At present, the entire known population comprises 30 trees at three sites. The species is associated with streamsides or wetlands, a distribution which probably reflects land clearance patterns rather than a genuine preference. It favours dense forest, where it germinates in the the crowns of canopy trees such as Vitex lucens and Beilschmiedia taraire. Further occurrences are expected to be discovered and recovery work is under way to ensure the survival of known populations. There is particular pressure from browsing pigs, possums and livestock. Although widely cultivated, most ex situ plantings are derived from a single tree. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 902, 9800, 19133, 19134 EN D1 The World List of Threatened Trees Metrosideros humboldtiana Myrtaceae New Caledonia A bushy shrub or tree occurring in the high-altitude Mmaquis of various ultramafic massifs in the south, including Mont Humboldt, Pic du Rocher, Montagne des Sources. The latter is a Strict Nature Reserve and provides effective protection for the population. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 LR/cd Metrosideros ochrantha Myrtaceae Fiji This small tree is restricted to Mount Kasi and its vicinity, Vanua Levu. Only the type collection is known. It occurs in dense low forest between 300 and 430m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18818 VU D2 Metrosideros polymorpha var. newellii Myrtaceae USA (Hawaii) This variety represents the most threatened of about eight varieties of this widely dominating and variable Hawaiian endemic. It is restricted to remaining forms of forest and shrubland, usually along watercourses, from low to middle elevation on Hawaii. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Metrosideros punctata Myrtaceae New Caledonia A bushy shrub or small tree which is well represented in the southern ultramafic massifs and also on isolated massifs in the north. It occurs in low forest or maquis. In many places the habitat is degraded and exposed to threats of mining, fires and clearance. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 VU B1+2c Metroxylon amicarum Palmae Federated States of Micronesia A palm tree endemic to Ponape and Truk in the Caroline Islands. This scarce species is found in moist forest up to 550m in mountainous areas which are remote and unattractive for settlement. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 VU D2 Metteniusa cundinamarcensis Icacinaceae Colombia Metteniusa is a small genus of trees, endemic to north- west South America. This species is recorded from Cundinamarca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 VU B1+2c Metteniusa edulis Icacinaceae Colombia Metteniusa is a small genus of trees, endemic to north- west South America. This species is recorded from Guajira. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 VU B1+2c 356 Metteniusa huilensis Icacinaceae Colombia Metteniusa is a small genus of trees, endemic to north- west South America. This species is recorded from Huila. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 VU B1+2c Metteniusa santanderensis Icacinaceae Colombia Metteniusa is a small genus of trees, endemic to north- west South America. This species is recorded from Santander. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 VU B1+2c Mezilaurus itauba Lauraceae VU Ala Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 6493, 7957, 12109, 14291, 15478, 15714, 19179 Mezilaurus navalium Lauraceae Brazil Assessor: Pedralli, G. Refs: 19098, 19142 VU Alac Mezzettia herveyana Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known only from a single collection found in lowland forest in Malacca, it is uncertain if this species still exists. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 CR B1+2c Michelia aenea Magnoliaceae China (Yunnan), Viet Nam Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 9274, 11530, 19174 EN B1+2c Michelia coriacea Magnoliaceae China (Yunnan) The species is known only from Xichou in the south- east. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 19138, 19174 EN B1+2c Michelia hypolampra Magnoliaceae China (Guangdong - Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan) Scattered occurrences are known from Hainan Island, southern Yunnan and south-west Guangxi. They are restricted to remaining areas of lowland monsoon forest, which have been severely reduced by high rates of habitat clearance and logging. The species has some value as a source of medicine and condiment. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 9274, 11847 VU Alc Michelia ingrata Magnoliaceae China (Yunnan) Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 19138, 19174 EN B1+2c Michelia odora Magnoliaceae LR/nt China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangdong - Hainan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan), Viet Nam Previously known under the monotypic genus Tsoongiodendron, this species is relatively widespread in lowland moist forest within an area extending from southern China to northern Viet Nam. Population declines have occurred because of extensive logging and habitat clearance. Mature trees are said to be only rarely encountered. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 9274, 11530, 11847 Michelia punduana Magnoliaceae India (Meghalaya, Nagaland) A species of open sunny places in moist forest in north- east India. There have been no recent collections and both the species and its habitat are in decline because of overexploitation of the timber resources. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538 VU B1+2c Michelia wilsonii Magnoliaceae China (Hubei, Sichuan) A species restricted to mountainous areas on the south to west fringe of the Sichuan basin and Lichuan in western Hubei. It occurs in moist broadleaved forest between 700 and 1600m. Uncontrolled logging and habitat clearance are believed to have caused considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 9274, 11242, 11847 EN B1+2c Michelia xanthantha Magnoliaceae China (Yunnan) An endemic to Xishuangbanna. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 19138, 19174 EN B1+2c Miconia abbreviata Melastomataceae Peru Relatively widespread, the species is endemic to lowland forests of Peru. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 LR/nt Miconia aligera Melastomataceae Peru This species appears to be confined to Andean cloud forest above 2000m in the department of Cuzco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Miconia alpina Melastomataceae Peru Occurring above 3500m, the species is recorded from VU B1+2c 357 Species Summaries areas of forest in the departments of Ancash, Cuzco and Hudnuco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 Miconia aspratilis Melastomataceae Ecuador This small tree is endemic to the High Andes of Ecuador, currently known only from areas of cloud forest, between 2700 and 3400m, in Azuay Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia ayacuchensis Melastomataceae VU B1+2c Peru A species which is known from *elfin forest in the department of Ayacucho. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 Miconia bailloniana Melastomataceae Peru Endemic to Peru, the species occurs relatively widely in forest up to 2000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 LR/nt Miconia barbipilis Melastomataceae Ecuador A shrub or tree up to 3m tall, endemic to the High Andes of Ecuador and currently known from cloud forest, between 2250 and 3450m, in the province of Morona- Santiago. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119 VU B1+2c Miconia beneolens Melastomataceae Ecuador An endemic tree to Loja Province in the Ecuadorean High Andes, inhabiting cloud forest between 1500m and 3000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia bipatrialis Melastomataceae Ecuador A shrub or tree endemic to Azauy Province in the High Andes of Ecuador, where it inhabits montane cloud forest between 2400 and 3000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia brevistylis Melastomataceae Peru Presently known only from the department of Hudnuco, the species occurs in forest and shrubland between 1500 and 2000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Miconia caesariata Melastomataceae Ecuador A species of tree or shrub, endemic to the Ecuadorean Andes, where it is confined to the area of the Sangay National Park. The development of a road through the park threatens the integrity of the forest habitats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 19119 LR/cd Miconia cajanumana Melastomataceae Ecuador An endemic of the Ecuadorean High Andes, currently known to occur in areas of cloud forest, between 2200 and 3200m, in the provinces of El Oro, Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia calophylla Melastomataceae Peru A species recorded from forest between 2000 and 2500m in the department of Pasco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Miconia campii Melastomataceae Ecuador A shrub or tree endemic to the High Andes of Ecuador. Currently the species is known only from the montane and upper montane cloud forest of Morona-Santiago and Azuay. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia castillensis Melastomataceae Ecuador An endemic of the Ecuadorean High Andes, occurring in montane and upper montane cloud forest in Morona- Santiago, Azuay and Loja. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia castrensis Melastomataceae Ecuador A species of montane cloud forest, confined to Azuay Province in the Ecuadorean High Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia centrosperma Melastomataceae Panama Occurring in lowland forest or woodlands, the species is found in small localities along the road from El Llano to Carti-Tupile in Kunayala Indigenous Reserve. Other undetermined collections, suspected to be this species, come from the east, including some from Chagres National Park and Kunayala Indigenous Reserve. Within the confirmed range the forest continues to be destroyed by settlement, agriculture, farming and burning. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 6626, 7980, 16772 EN Cl 358 Miconia cuprea Melastomataceae Ecuador This endemic tree of Ecuador inhabits montane and upper montane cloud forest in the High Andean areas of Azuay Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia demissifolia Melastomataceae Peru A tree of montane forest above 3000m, recorded in the departments of Cuzco and Pasco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Miconia dissimulans Melastomataceae Ecuador An Ecuadorean endemic of the High Andes, inhabiting cloud forest between 2300 and 2800m in the provinces of Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia dodsonii Melastomataceae Ecuador A tree or shrub which is narrowly endemic to the southern High Andes of Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia floccosa Melastomataceae Perv This species occurs in grassland areas between 2500 and 3500m in the departments of Junfn and Pasco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Miconia glandulistyla Melastomataceae Ecuador This Ecuadorean endemic inhabits cloud forest between 1600 and 3350m, in the High Andean areas of Morona- Santiago and Zamora-Chinchipe. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia glyptophylla Melastomataceae Ecuador An endemic tree of the Ecuadorean High Andes. The species can be found in cloud forest between 2550 and 2750m in the province of Azuay. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia griffisii Melastomataceae Peru A species occurring in montane forest above 3500m in the departments of Hudnuco and San Martin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Miconia hexamera Melastomataceae Ecuador An endemic tree of the Ecuadorean High Andes, inhabiting cloud forest between 2550m and 3350m in Morona-Santiago, Cafiar, Azuay and Zamora-Chinchipe. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia huigrensis Melastomataceae Ecuador Endemic to Ecuador this species inhabits cloud forest between 1500m and 3400m. Currently it is known only from the High Andean areas of Bolivar, Chimborazo and Azuay. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia lachnoclada Melastomataceae Peru Known only from the department of Ayacucho, the species occurs in forest on rocky slopes above 3500m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Miconia mediocris Melastomataceae Ecuador An endemic of the Ecuadorean High Andes, inhabiting cloud forest between 1000 and 3350m in Pichincha and Azuay Provinces. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia monzoniensis ssp. cuzcoensis Melastomataceae Peru This subspecies occurs in forest roughly between 2500 and 3000m in the departments of Cuzco and Pasco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Miconia namandensis Melastomataceae Ecuador An endemic tree of the Ecuadorean High Andes, inhabiting cloud forest between 1500 and 3200m in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe Provinces. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia nubicola Melastomataceae Jamaica A small tree or shrub of mossy montane woodland. It is recorded only from St Thomas Parish between 1830 and 2000m. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 EN B1+2c Miconia pausana Melastomataceae Ecuador A small tree, 5—6m tall, endemic to the High Andes of VU B1+2c 359 Species Summaries Ecuador, where it is confined to cloud forest at 2400m in Azuay Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 Miconia penningtonii Melastomataceae Ecuador An endemic tree of the Ecuadorean High Andes, inhabiting cloud forest between 2800 and 3500m in Napo and Pichincha Provinces. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia perelegans Melastomataceae Cuba An uncommon endemic shrub or small tree, restricted to savanna in northern Isla de Pinos. Most of the original habitat in Pinus tropicalis forest has been converted into pastures. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU B1+2c Miconia poecilantha Melastomataceae Colombia An endemic to Cundinamarca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Miconia poortmannii Melastomataceae Ecuador Endemic to Ecuador, this species is found in areas of cloud forest between 1000 and 2400m in the High Andes of El Oro Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia pseudorigida Melastomataceae Jamaica A very uncommon small tree or shrub of mossy woodlands on limestone, recorded only from Portland Parish between 450 and 760m. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 5653, 19085 EN B1+2c Miconia quadrangularis var. glandulosa Melastomataceae Jamaica The species is endemic to Jamaica. This variety is confined to Portland Parish, where it occurs in mossy woodland on limestone between 450 and 600m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Miconia rimbachit Melastomataceae Ecuador Currently known to occur only in the High Andean areas of Bolivar Province, Ecuador. The habitat of this species is cloud forest between 2400 and 2600m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Miconia santaritensis Melastomataceae Panama Confined to the central region of Panama, extending a little to the east, the species occurs in lowland semi- deciduous rainforest. It appears to be fairly common in Santa Rita, Colén, becoming rarer in other localities. Parts of the range come under heavy pressure from increasing settlement of the area and related activities. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 6626, 7980, 16772 VU A2c Miconia setulosa Melastomataceae Peru Apparently restricted to the departments of Cuzco and Puno, the species occurs in forest between roughly 2500 and 4000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Miconia silicicola Melastomataceae Guyana, Venezuela Confined to south Venezuela and south Guyana, this species is found in scrub forest and on the summit of sandstone mountains in the vicinity of Roraima. The area is protected but under some pressure from tourism. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9867 LR/nt Miconia sodiroi Melastomataceae Ecuador An endemic of Ecuador's High Andean region, at present known only to occur in Pichincha Province. The habitat of this species is cloud forest between 1800 and 2600m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Miconia superba Melastomataceae Guyana, Venezuela A montane species found in rainforest on the slopes of Mount Roraima on the border of Venezuela and Guyana. The area is protected but under some pressure from tourism. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9867 LR/nt Miconia thaminantha ssp. thaminantha Melastomataceae Peru A subspecies of cloud forest to 2500m, known only from the department of Cuzco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Miconia villonacensis Melastomataceae Ecuador An endemic to Loja Province in the Ecuadorean High Andes, inhabiting cloud forest between 2600 and 2950m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2989, 6596, 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c 360 Microberlinia bisulcata Leguminosae Cameroon, Nigeria A valuable timber species endemic to remaining areas of coastal evergreen forest in Cameroon, apparently extending to the Oban Hills in south-east Nigeria. Large- scale habitat decline and exploitation have caused population declines. Populations are protected in Korup National Park, Cameroon and Cross River National Park, Nigeria. The species has ectomycorrhizal properties. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2773, 4977, 5595, 6718, 13013 CR Alc Microberlinia brazzavillensis Leguminosae Cameroon, Congo, Gabon A speciality timber tree, restricted to areas of coastal forest in Gabon, and neighbouring Congo. Populations in many places are small and scattered, with less than one individual per km?. Logging is currently not heavy and populations appear to be stable in areas of Gabon. The Cameroon occurrence is doubtful. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1332, 7550, 15790, 17408, 19043 VU Alc Microbiota decussata Cupressaceae Former USSR (Khabarovsk, Primorski) The present limited data suggest the species is endemic to an area near the Suchan River in Skihote Alin Province. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 1956, 13041 DD Micrococca scariosa Euphorbiaceae Kenya, Tanzania Restricted to dry coastal forest in limestone areas, the species ranges from Pangani and Gongoni in south-east Kenya, through eastern Tanzania to Zanzibar. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5654, 6396 VU B1+2b Microcos erythrocarpa Tiliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) An uncommon tree in the lowland and hill forests of Fraser's Hill and the Genting Highlands. Both areas are threatened by the encroachment of settlements and tourism. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 19073 VU D2 Microcos globulifera Tiliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to lowland moist forest on the west coast from Perak to Johore, this tree is threatened by urban encroachment and habitat clearance. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Microcos laurifolia Tiliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of lowland rainforest Peninsular Malaysia. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 19073 LR/cd widespread within Micropholis brochidodroma Sapotaceae Peru A newly described tree known only from Loreto, where it occurs in forest over white sand at altitiudes between 150 and 200m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Micropholis casiquiarensis Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas, Para), Venezuela Only a few collections have been made of this species, which appears to be scattered sparsely from southern Venezuela to central Brazilian Amazonia in non-flooded forest over clay up to medium elevation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Micropholis caudata Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A newly described species of non-flooded Amazonian forest, so far known only from the Manaus to Porto Velho road where the type was collected. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 CR B1+2d, D1 Micropholis compta Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia, Rio de Janeiro) A tree known from a few scattered sites of coastal rainforest. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Micropholis crassipedicellata Sapotaceae LR/cd Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) A coastal forest species, ranging from Bahia southwards to Sao Paulo. The species habitat has suffered greatly from intensive logging. A population occurs in Linhares Forest Reserve. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 Micropholis cylindrocarpa Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Peru Ranging from western Brazilian Amazonia to Loreto in Peru the species occurs in lowland forest, usually in areas which are not flooded. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Micropholis emarginata Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia) A shrub or small tree, restricted in distribution to areas EN B1+2c 361 Species Summaries of *campo rupestre on sandstone outcrops. Overcutting is a particular threat. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 Micropholis garciniifolia Sapotaceae Puerto Rico Endemic to Puerto Rico, the species is a common upper storey component of old secondary and undisturbed submontane forest in the Sierra de Naguabo and Luquillo Mountains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Micropholis gnaphaloclados Sapotaceae LR/nt Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Mato Grosso, Pernambuco) A tree of submontane *cerrado, *caatinga and rocky outcrops. It ranges from Pernambuco to Mato Grosso but the populations appear to be highly fragmented. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 Micropholis grandiflora Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A single collection of the species is known, originating from Neblina National Park on the Brazilian side. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 CR B1+2c Micropholis humboldtiana Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Venezuela A species of *igapo forest and periodically flooded savanna from the lower Rio Negro in Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Micropholis macrophylla Sapotaceae Peru The type, which was collected in the first part of the century from an altitude of 1200m in Loreto, is the only record of this species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 CR B1+2c Micropholis madeirensis Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Peru A lowland rainforest species distributed in central and western Amazonian Brazil and in Loreto in Peru. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Micropholis maguirei Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Venezuela Occurring in non-flooded lowland rainforest, the species is confined to a small area of southern Amazonas in Venezuela and neighbouring Brazil. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees Micropholis polita Sapotaceae Cuba A Cuban endemic confined to montane rainforests in Oriente Province. This species has suffered from overcutting. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19149 VU B1+2c Micropholis resinifera Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas) Possibly not distinct from M. guyanensis, the species is known only from a few collections which have come from non-flooded highland and lowland forest. The wood is said to be good quality but in too small a quantity to be commercially valuable. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2b Micropholis retusa Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A lowland rainforest tree, known only from the type collection from the north-west of the Brazilian Amazon. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN B1+2b Micropholis rugosa Sapotaceae Jamaica Occurring in central and western parishes, the species has a sporadic distribution, mostly in open situations on limestone hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 8816 LR/nt Micropholis spectabilis Sapotaceae Venezuela So far this species has been recorded only from the site where it was first collected in submontane rainforest north-east of Luepa in Bolivar. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Micropholis splendens Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Venezuela A species known only with certainty from southem Amazonas in Venezuela and adjacent Brazil. Tentative occurrences have been recorded from French Guiana and Amapa in Brazil. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Micropholis submarginalis Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A newly described tree, so far known only from the type collection in non-flooded forest over sand in central Brazilian Amazonia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 EN B1+2b Micropholis suborbicularis Sapotaceae Venezuela In Bolivar and Amazonas, this small tree or shrub LR/nt 362 occurs in bush islands in the savanna or dwarf forest along watercourses between 1300 and 2000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 Micropholis venamoensis Sapotaceae Venezuela This species is respresented by two herbarium specimens, collected from wet montane mossy forest on or near Cerro Venamo in Bolfvar. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Micropholis williamii Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas, Para) A species of scattered occurrence in non-flooded forest on clay soil. It is known to occur in the Ducke Forest Reserve. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 8816, 12109 LR/cd Microstrobos fitzgeraldii Podocarpaceae Australia (New South Wales) A dwarf conifer, usually decumbent, confined to moist montane scrub in an area between Wentworth Falls and Katoomba Falls in the Blue Mountains. A count has been made of seven populations containing 455 individuals. Populations are declining because of a number of factors, including competition with invasive plants and poor recruitment prospects on the sheltered unstable cliffs and waterfall ledges where the species occurs. Urban development is also threatening the catchment area of the site. The genus contains only one other species, which is endemic to Tasmania. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 10808, 17200 EN C2a Microtropis argentea Celastraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Found in *kerangas forest on a plateau in Belaga, this small tree is known only from a single collection. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Microtropis borneensis Celastraceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A shrub or small tree locally abundant on Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, where it grows in *kerangas and montane forest up to an altitude of 2400 m. In Sarawak, it is known only from a single collection found in the Lambir National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Microtropis densiflora Celastraceae India (Tamil Nadu) A small tree, known only from a single imprecisely recorded location in the Nilgiri Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Microtropis fascicularis Celastraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Known only from five collections, this uncommon small tree is found in mixed dipterocarp forest and *kerangas forest, usually growing near streams, up to 500m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Microtropis grandifolia var. grandifolia Celastraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Endemic to Sarawak, this variety of lowland and hill forest is so far known from only two specimens, one collected from Bukit Panjo of Lundu and the other from Lubok Antu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Microtropis grandifolia var. longipetiolatus Celastraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A variety known from the type collection only. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Microtropis keningauensis Celastraceae Malaysia (Sabah) This uncommon shrub or small tree is known only from the lowland forest of Lanas, Keningau. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Microtropis rigida Celastraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Endemic to Sarawak, this small tree of lowland and submontane forest is known only from Bako National Park, Gunung Santubong and Mulu National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Microtropis sabahensis Celastraceae Malaysia (Sabah) Endemic to Sabah, this small tree is known only from the type specimen collected from Kinabatangan in lowland and seasonal swamp forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Microtropis sarawakensis Celastraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Endemic to Sarawak, this small tree has been collected only once in lowland forest near streams. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Microtropis tenuis Celastraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known from only a single collection, this small tree is confined to hill forest in Mount Tapis in the state of Pahang. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 363 Species Summaries Mildbraedia carpinifolia Euphorbiaceae Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania A shrub or tree of dry coastal forest or open woodland, ranging from south-east Kenya to eastern Tanzania and Zanzibar Island and possibly Mozambique. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Milicia excelsa Moraceae LR/nt Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tomé & Principe (SAo Tomé), Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe Iroko, although common and widely distributed in different forest types throughout tropical Africa, suffers from heavy exploitation. East Africa was once a major source of the timber, which was used as a teak substitute until supplies became short. West Africa continues to export large quantities of it. Some populations suffer from gall attacks, especially in plantations, and its seed loses viability quickly. Trees are often left standing after land clearance and natural regeneration is good in open places. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2036, 2361, 4506, 6127, 6244, 6396, 6718, 7791, 9605, 15251, 16021, 17335, 17408, 19172 Milicia regia Moraceae VU Alcd Benin, Cameroon, Céte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Senegal Logging companies do not distinguish this species from M. excelsa. The rates of timber exploitation have a more serious impact on this species, with its narrower distribution within a region which has experienced large-scale forest destruction. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2773, 12061, 15251 Miliusa nilagirica Annonaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A poorly known species, which occurs in the understorey of stunted evergreen forest between 900 and 1600m. Occurrences are sparsely scattered; three records have been made in the Agastyamalai Hills and three from sites further north, including the Nilgiri Hills and the Karnataka and Kerala border. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Miliusa parviflora Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species known from four localities in the Langkawi Islands and Perlis State. It is restricted to forest on limestone hills. These areas are rapidly being developed and destroyed by urban expansion. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 VU D2 Miliusa zeylanica Annonaceae Sri Lanka Until recently this endemic tree had gone uncollected for VU Alc The World List of Threatened Trees over a century. This species turned up in 13 forest sites during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 16943, 18796, 19112 Millettia aurea Leguminosae Madagascar A deciduous woodland species that is restricted and uncommon. Its range extends 40, 000 km? (*EOO) but is highly fragmented as a result of agriculture and buming. Recent cotton plantations have had a strong impact and it is likely that at least 50% of the forest has been cleared or degraded in the last 100 years. This decline is continuing although this species is included within Ankarafantsika Reserve. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 EN Alc Millettia bussei Leguminosae Mozambique, Tanzania This species is restricted to areas of dry coastal forest in Niassa Province, Mozambique, and south-east and east Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Millettia capuronii Leguminosae Madagascar Known from only three localities, this coastal forest species is confined to eastern Madagascar. Its range is estimated to lie between 500 and 1000 km? (*AOO), but it is uncommon and the habitat is almost entirely destroyed, with only small vestiges remaining. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 VU D2 Millettia conraui Leguminosae Cameroon, Nigeria A small forest tree, similar to M. macrophylla, with a range extending from south-east Nigeria into Cameroon. Unprotected forest has been heavily logged and cleared for agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11504 VU Alc, B1+2c Millettia decipiens Leguminosae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This lowland rainforest species is known from only two collections from Kuala Dipong, Perak. The area is under increasing conversion to agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17140, 19073 VU D2 Millettia elongistyla Leguminosae Tanzania Two populations are known. One is restricted to Kimboza Forest Reserve, which covers 4km? of moist semi-deciduous coastal forest within a densely populated area. The demand for land and wood is high but the forest is protected by two forest guards, employed in the VU B1+2b 364 Catchment Forest Project. The other is restricted to low elevations in the Udzungwa Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 5204 Millettia eriocarpa Leguminosae Tanzania A species of dry coastal forest endemic to south-east Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204, 10961 VU B1+2b Millettia galliflagrans Leguminosae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of lowland moist areas, confined to the Kluang Forest Reserve in the state of Johore. The principal threat to remaining populations is logging. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Millettia hitsika Leguminosae Madagascar Recorded from only two sites, this eastern coastal forest species is confined to a forest remnant at Ambila- Lemaitsu which extends less than 500 km? (*AOO) and suffers continual degradation. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 EN B1+2abc Millettia lacus-alberti Leguminosae Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda An endemic to the Albertine Rift, confined to upland forest margins along the Waki River in Uganda and Lake Albert in DR Congo. Assessor: *MUIENR Refs: 1308, 9605, 10961, 16021 VU B1+2c Millettia laurentii Leguminosae EN Alcd Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon A species of Central African semi-deciduous, sometimes swampy, forest. In much of its range it is threatened with overexploitation for its decorative timber. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 7142, 11449, 12509, 17408 Millettia macrophylla Leguminosae Cameroon, Nigeria A small forest tree which occurs in areas of remaining forest, ranging from south-east Nigeria to Cameroon. Unprotected forest has been heavily logged and cleared for agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11504 VU Alc, B1+2c Millettia micans Leguminosae Tanzania A small tree restricted to remaining areas of dry coastal forest and open woodland in east and south-east Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356 VU B1+2b Millettia mossambicensis Leguminosae Mozambique A poorly known species of Zanzibar-Inhambane woodland. Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 7550 DD Millettia nathaliae Leguminosae Madagascar A deciduous woodland species known only from two localities restricted to the Ankarana-Analamerana Massif of north Madagascar. It is uncommon, covering an estimated area of 500 km? (*AOO), within which the forests are declining. It is included within Ankarana and Analamerana Reserves. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 EN B1+2abc Millettia oblata ssp. intermedia Leguminosae Tanzania A montane taxon confined to moist forests on the West Usambara Mountains, Uluguru Mountains and at Lupembe in the Kipengere range. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 7550 VU B1+2b Millettia oblata ssp. oblata Leguminosae Tanzania A subspecies confined to moist evergreen forest at submontane altitudes in the East and West Usambara Mountains. A doubtful record also originates from the Udzungwa Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 7550 VU B1+2b Millettia oblata ssp. stolzii Leguminosae Tanzania A tree of moist montane forest at altitudes of between 1400 and 1500m on Mount Rungwe and along Mkenja River. It is also apparently cultivated in Zambia. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 5204 VU B1+2b Millettia oblata ssp. teitensis Leguminosae Kenya This subspecies is known only from the Taita Hills, occurring in remnants of moist evergreen forest. The tree has many local uses and illegal exploitation of the wood continues. The habitat is also reduced through encroaching agriculture, settlement, the planting of commercial species and road building. Seed and living stocks are maintained under the Plant Conservation Programme in Kenya. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1308, 6396, 17859 VU B1+2bed, D2 Millettia orientalis Leguminosae Madagascar A coastal forest species known only from two restricted sites: Nosy Mangabe & Antongil and Taolanaro. The EN B1+2abc 365 Species Summaries southern population extends less than 500 km? (*AOO) and is threatened by mining. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 Millettia pterocarpa Leguminosae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of primary lowland forest, confined to the state of Perak, from where it has been collected three times. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Millettia sacleuxti Leguminosae Tanzania A species that occurs in the lowland forests in the East Usambara and south Nguru Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 5204, 10961 VU B1+2b Millettia schliebenii Leguminosae Tanzania A species endemic to south-east Tanzania, where it is confined to remaining areas of dry coastal forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 7550 VU B1+2b Millettia semsei Leguminosae Tanzania A moist forest species of low elevation, endemic to east and south-east Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356 VU B1+2b Millettia sericantha Leguminosae Tanzania Two populations are known, both in moist lowland forest. One occurs at the foot of the Uluguru Mountains and the other at Turiani. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 5204, 10961 VU B1+2b, D2 Millettia taolanaroensis Leguminosae Madagascar A transitional forest species between dry and humid vegetation, it is confined to an area of less than 500 km? (*AOO) in south-east Madagascar. The area is under threat from development, exploitation and mining, and the remaining forest is already highly fragmented. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 EN B1+2abe Millettia unifoliata Leguminosae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A lowland rainforest species, confined to the state of Perak, where it is principally threatened by encroaching settlements, agriculture and logging activities. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Millettia usaramensis var. parvifolia Leguminosae Tanzania A shrub or tree from two locations in south-east Tanzania, one in Kilwa and the other near Lindi. It is restricted to areas of dry coastal forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 5204 VU B1+2b Millettia warneckei Leguminosae Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Togo More information is needed on this species to confirm the status. It is not common and occurs in dry forests only in the Upper Guinea region. This type of vegetation has suffered extensively from the effects of human population growth, agricultural expansion and fire. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 VU Alc Mimetes arboreus Proteaceae South Africa (Western Cape) The species is confined to the Kogelberg range, where it occurs on the upper south slopes in seeps growing in wet mountain *fynbos. It is usually encountered as single plants, although small subpopulations, never exceeding 100 individuals, are also known. There is a total of approximately 500 mature plants within an area of 10 km? (*AOO). Populations may have been more extensive in the past and declined because of frequent fires, to which the species is susceptible as it is a reseeder and takes eight years to reach maturity. All the present localities are now in a strictly protected conservation area, with a clear management policy which controls the occurrence of fire and presence of alien invasives. However, this deliberate exclusion of fire for many years may not have had a totally beneficial effect because periodic fires are needed to ensure recruitment. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 VU D1+2 Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Leguminosae Brazil (Bahia, Cear4, Maranhdo) A xerophytic species found growing mainly in deep alluvial soils. It is suffering a slow decline through its use as a timber, fuelwood and charcoal and through habitat loss and degradation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4506 VU B1+2c Mimosa nothacacia Leguminosae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in shrubland in the department of Piura. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Mimosa verrucosa Leguminosae LR/nt Brazil (Bahia, Ceardé, Parafba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte) Common on hillsides, this shrubby tree is found on 366 *caatinga in north-east Brazil. It is slowly declining as a result of exploitation for timber and fuel. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4506, 7980, 9902 Mimusops acutifolia Sapotaceae Tanzania This small tree or shrub is mainly known from a dry forest habitat around Lake Lutamba. It may also be found in the East Usambara Mountains. The area around the lake has been completely cleared, with the exception of a 10km? patch of forest protected as Litipo Forest Reserve. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204 VU B1+2b Mimusops angel Sapotaceae Somalia A rare evergreen tree of dry and open riverine forest, restricted to the north-easten tip of Somalia. Overexploitation and degradation of the forest threaten the species. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 2361, 8697, 18665 LR/nt Mimusops penduliflora Sapotaceae Tanzania The type specimen is the only record of this species. It was collected from the bank of the Mbakana River in the southern Uluguru Mountains. It could represent a form of a more widespread species. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 EN B1+2d Mimusops riparia Sapotaceae Kenya, Tanzania Two localities in Kenya are known, where the species occurs in forest along the Luma and Tana Rivers. The range extends to eastern Tanzania, where populations are restricted to remaining areas of moist forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 10961 VU B1+2b Mimusops sechellarum Sapotaceae Seychelles A once important timber tree now restricted to scattered stunted individuals in exposed rocky areas on the islands of Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette, Ile Longue and Felicite. The population on Curieuse is now extinct because of a fire. Seed predation by rats hampers regeneration in localised areas. The species is a good candidate for reforestation projects. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9859, 17229, 19023, 19062 VU D2 Minquartia guianensis Olacaceae LR/nt Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela A monotypic species, widespread in lowland moist forest types from Nicaragua to Bolivia and Peru. It is locally common in the Guianas and other countries but it has become rarer in some areas where the wood is intensively harvested for local use, notably in Brazil and Colombia. Seed-producing trees are sometimes low in numbers but regeneration does not appear to be inadequate. The timber is scarce in international trade. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 730, 6317, 9867, 14717, 15037, 15478, 19069, 19158, 19179 Mitranthes clarendonensis Myrtaceae Jamaica Occurring in areas of wooded rocky limestone at about 760m, the species appears to be scarce and confined to Clarendon Parish. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 VU B1+2c Mitranthes macrophylla Myrtaceae Jamaica A small tree or shrub, which appears to have been found in only two locations in Trelawny. One is near a road extension west of Troy and the other is in woodland on a rocky limestone hilltop. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Mitranthes nivea Myrtaceae Jamaica A small tree or shrub found only in woodland areas on limestone hilltops in St Ann Parish. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Mitrephora caudata Annonaceae Philippines This tree is found at low and medium altitudes in forest in Palawan. The main island is a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c Mitrephora fragrans Annonaceae Philippines This tree is endemic to Palawan, found in forest at low altitudes. The main island is a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c Mitrephora grandiflora Annonaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala) A poorly collected species, known from a few scattered localities of lowland evergreen forest. In Kerala records have been made to the north of the Agastyamalai Hills, near Trissur, and in the Vavulmalai Hills. A single collection also originates from central Karnataka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Mitrephora lanota Annonaceae Philippines A timber species, endemic to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation VU Alcd 367 Species Summaries have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919, 5651 Mkilua fragrans Annonaceae Kenya, Tanzania A species from a monotypic genus, commercially important for the fragrance of its flowers. The historical interest and trade in the species may have caused its range to be artificially expanded. In Kenya it occurs in evergreen forest in two separate localities along the coast. Populations also occur in north-east Tanzania and Zanzibar and Pemba Islands. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 2418, 3356, 6396, 8814 VU B1+2b Molinadendron hondurense Hamamelidaceae Honduras A tree of high-altitude mixed humid forest. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 10147, 13995 CR C2b Mollia glabrescens Tiliaceae Guyana Described in 1842, this species has not been recorded since the type collection from the Kwitaro River. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7951 VU D2 Mollinedia argyrogyna Monimiaceae Brazil Although widely distributed in Atlantic forest in the south and south-east of Brazil, the species occurs sparsely and populations are in decline because of extensive habitat loss and degradation. Assessor: Peixoto, A.L. Refs: 19102 LR/nt Mollinedia butleriana Monimiaceae Honduras A rainforest tree of the Atlantic lowlands. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 CR C2b Mollinedia engleriana Monimiaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, S40 Paulo) Occurring in areas of montane evergreen rainforest, the species is known from few localities and populations are believed to be small. Assessor: Peixoto, A.L. Refs: 19098, 19102 VU B1+2c Mollinedia gilgiana Monimiaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) An understorey species which is confined to Atlantic forest in Serra de Macaé in Nova Friburgo. It is believed to be naturally rare and only a few collections have been made, dating from the 1800s and more recently between 1987 and 1988. The locality is contained within a CR B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees protected area and the species is included in the official list of threatened Brazilian plants compiled by *IBAMA. Assessor: Varty, N. Refs: 8815, 16123, 19102 Mollinedia glabra Monimiaceae Brazil (Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro) A tree of potential horticultural interest. It occurs sparsely in remnant areas of *restinga woodland. The habitat has been widely destroyed by urban expansion. The species is also suspected to suffer from habitat fragmentation because of its dioecious nature. It occurs on the official list of threatened Brazilian plants compiled by *IBAMA. Assessor: Peixoto, A.L. Refs: 8815, 16123, 19102 VU B1+2c Mollinedia lamprophylla Monimiaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) Formerly known along streamsides, this understorey species appears to have become extremely scarce. Extensive searches have located only two female specimens restricted to forest in Corcovado. One specimen has, however, set seed, suggesting there is at least a pollen-producing male individual in the vicinity. The species is included in the official list of threatened Brazilian plants compiled by *IBAMA. Assessor: Varty, N. Refs: 8815, 16123 CR C2a, D1 Mollinedia longicuspidata Monimiaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) This rare understorey species is confined to streamsides in areas of humid forest in Alto Macaé, in Nova Friburgo. The locality is now protected and the species is included in the official list of threatened Brazilian plants compiled by *IBAMA. Assessor: Varty, N. Refs: 8815, 16123 EN B1+2c Mollinedia marquetiana Monimiaceae Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo) An Atlantic forest species which is restricted to localities in the Linhares Reserve in Espirito Santo and to forest on Mussununga. The subpopulations are reported to be small. Assessor: Peixoto, A.L. Refs: 19102 VU B1+2c Mollinedia ruae Monimiaceae Honduras, Nicaragua Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 CR C2b Mollinedia stenophylla Monimiaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) Known from a restricted area of Atlantic forest in Nova Friburgo, this species has yet to be collected or recorded this century. The forest continues to be rapidly destroyed and recent surveys have failed to locate living EN B1+2ac 368 populations. The species is on the official list of threatened Brazilian plants compiled by *IBAMA. Assessor: Varty, N. Refs: 8815, 16123 Monadenium arborescens Euphorbiaceae Tanzania Originally described from a cultivated plant, the wild population was discovered in 1990, confined to an area of scrub on limestone in the Ruaha Valley. The area measures little more than a square kilometre and is situated a short distance from the main road. There is no current threat from collecting, but grazing and loss of habitat may be a problem. Assessor: Carter-Holmes, S. Refs: 19160 VU D2 Monadenium elegans Euphorbiaceae Tanzania Occurring in the same area as M. arborescens in the Ruaha Valley, this species is more abundant and not restricted to limestone but more widely distributed on hillsides and the summits of the surrounding mountains. Assessor: Carter-Holmes, S. Refs: 19160 VU D2 Monanthocitrus oblanceolata Rutaceae Malaysia (Sabah) Endemic to Sabah, this rather uncommon tree or shrub is found in the understorey of lowland forest, usually on slopes and ridges of low hills. Often this species is solitary or in small populations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU B1+2c Monocyclanthus vignei Annonaceae Ghana, Liberia Once thought to be endemic to Ankasa in Ghana, this understorey tree has now been found in Liberia. It occurs, but rarely, in wet evergreen forest. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 8369, 8854, 12061 EN B1+2c Monodora junodii var. macrantha Annonaceae Mozambique Endemic to northern Mozambique. More fieldwork is required to consolidate the range and status of this variety. Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 14416 DD Monodora unwinii Annonaceae Nigeria A forest tree, endemic to western Nigeria. Only a small area of forest remains and the extent of it continues to decline because of logging pressures and the demand for land for commercial crops and subsistence farming. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 11504 VU Alc, B1+2c Monopetalanthus compactus Leguminosae Céte d'Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone The largest part of the species’ range lies in Liberia. It extends from the south-west tip of Céte d'Ivoire towards the Nimba region of Liberia extending into Sierra Leone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 4979 VU Alc Monopetalanthus durandii Leguminosae Gabon Populations are known from Lopé Forest Reserve and the relatively isolated Cristal Mountains, possibly extending into the remnant coastal forest in Cameroon. The habitat is degraded where logging has taken place. A large part of Gabon's forest is now under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1332, 7550, 14958, 15790 VU B1+2c Monopetalanthus hedinii Leguminosae Cameroon This is the most endangered member of the genus. Recorded from small localities at Muyuka, Eseka, Kribi, Maleke and Lolodorf in Cameroon, the species may already be extinct from most of these sites. One location is converted to agricultural land. Another remains forested but attempts to find the species have failed and the third location appears now have been planted with bananas. It is closely related to M. heitzii but appears to grow to larger proportions and at a . relatively rapid rate. There is considerable interest in its potential as a plantation tree. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1332, 5595, 12597 CR B1+2abed, C1+2ab Monopetalanthus heitzii Leguminosae Cameroon?, Gabon A species confined to dry forest along the coast of Gabon following the Oguooé valley inland to Lopé Forest Reserve. Suggestions that it occurs in Cameroon have not been consolidated. It ranges over an area covering at least 70,000 km? in extent. The species is being felled for its timber, but the threat is not believed to be substantial at present. The long-term survival of the tree and its habitat is uncertain given the extent to which logging concessions have been made. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1332, 7550 LR/nt Monotes lutambensis Dipterocarpaceae Tanzania An African dipterocarp. It is cited as occurring at Lake Lutamba, where the only remaining forest is contained within Litipo Forest Reserve (10km?). Logging, clearing of the forest for agriculture and wood collection have taken place in the past and continue to put pressure on the reserve. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 10961, 16796 EN B1+2c, C2b 369 Species Summaries Montrouziera cauliflora Guttiferae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Moratia cerifera Palmae New Caledonia Restricted to north-east New Caledonia, the species occurs in wet forest on schistose soils between 500 and 800m. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 19118 LR/cd Morinda asteroscepa Rubiaceae Malawi, Tanzania From Nchisi forest in Malawi to eastern Tanzania, the species is restricted to areas of moist forest at medium elevations. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Morinda trimera Rubiaceae USA (Hawaii) Not an uncommon species. It is scattered, sometimes dominating lowland rainforest in the Waianae Mountains and Koolau Mountains on Oahu, and also Lanai and Maui. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 LR/nt Moringa arborea Moringaceae Kenya This species has been found only once in a site south- east of Malka Mari. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1308, 6396, 9198 VU D2 Mouretia tonkinensis Rubiaceae Viet Nam Apparently endemic to Viet Nam, where the species is restricted to a single locality in Ba Vi, Ha Tay Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 11530 VU D2 Mouriri completens Melastomataceae Colombia, Panama Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Mouriri emarginata var. rostrata Melastomataceae Cuba This variety occurs very occasionally in dry serpentine woodland, mostly on deeper soils near ravines in Holguin, Pinar del Rio and Habana. Its habitat has been severely degraded in most places. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 19149 EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Mouriri panamensis Melastomataceae Colombia, Panama Originally known only from Cerro Jefe, to the north-east of Panama city, the species has now been reported from Kunayala Indigenous Reserve and from Darién Province in Panama, and also Valle del Cauca and the Chocé in Colombia. It is sparsely scattered in lowland, often inundated, forest, mostly within protected areas. Unprotected forest is exposed to logging and development. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7588, 7980, 10218, 16772 VUCI Mozartia emarginata Myrtaceae Cuba A rare shrub or small tree restricted to parts of the serpentine range, Sierra de Moas, in Holguin Province. Disturbance has been heavy in places. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Mozartia maestrensis Myrtaceae Cuba A tree known only from montane rainforest on Sierra Maestra in eastern Cuba. It occurs mainly along creeks and watercourses. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 9522, 16327, 19149 EN B1+2c Mozartia manacalensis Myrtaceae Cuba Confined to the montane rainforests of Sierra Maestra range in eastern Cuba, this tree thrives on shallower soils and rocky outcrops. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 16327, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Multidentia castaneae Rubiaceae Tanzania A shrub or small tree of dry coastal forest, endemic to eastern Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Multidentia sclerocarpa Rubiaceae Kenya, Tanzania Two localities are known where the species occurs in moist forest. One is in Kenya in Mkongani North and the other is in the East Usambara Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b, D2 Munroidendron racemosum Araliaceae USA (Hawaii) Endemic to Kauai, the species, once widely scattered, is now confined to 15 populations mostly found on steep forested cliffs or slopes at low elevation. It is restricted to the Napali coast, Haupu range and Nounou Mountain, each population amounting to only one or two individuals, with the biggest one containing fewer than 50 individyals. Invasive plants and animals, including a longhorned beetle, rats and goats, pose serious threats to CR C2a 370 the survival of the species. There has been some success with propagation and plants have been reintroduced at Kauhao Ridge. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19038 Mussaenda microdonta var. microdonta Rubiaceae Tanzania A small tree known from moist evergreen forest at medium elevations at Shagayu in the West Usambara Mountains and Binduki in the Uluguru Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Mussaenda monticola var. glabrescens Rubiaceae Tanzania A small tree confined to three patches of moist lowland forest: Mvuma, Kiberege and Mohenge. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204 VU B1+2b Mussaenda monticola var. monticola Rubiaceae Kenya, Tanzania The nominate variant of an East African endemic. Populations occur in moist forest in the Shimba Hills, Gongoni and Pangani rocks in Kenya. They extend into remaining forest patches in eastern Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 6396, 8814 VU B1+2b Myodocarpus angustialatus Araliaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Myoporum rimatarense Myoporaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) A species which has been recorded only from Rimatara Island in the Tubuai Group. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Myoporum stokesii Myoporaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) The species has been recorded from Matotea and Maunganui on the island of Raivavae in the Tubuai Group. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Myrceugenia bracteosa Myrtaceae Brazil The main centre of distribution of the genus is in Chile and Argentina. The Brazilian species are localised, 1000km further north, in the south-eastern states, where their occurrence is scarce. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 7980, 19097 VU B1+2acd Myrceugenia brevipedicellata Myrtaceae Brazil The main centre of distribution of the genus is in Chile and Argentina. The Brazilian species are localised, 1000km further north, in the south-eastern states, where their occurrence is scarce. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 7980, 19097 VU B1+2acd Myrceugenia campestris Myrtaceae Brazil The main centre of distribution of the genus is in Chile and Argentina. The Brazilian species are localised, 1000km further north, in the south-eastern states, where their occurrence is scarce. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19097 VU Bl+2acd Myrceugenia fernandeziana Myrtaceae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) A dominant species of lowland dry forest and lower montane forest on Masatierra Island The extent of the forest has declined through the effects of grazing by feral animals, spread of introduced weeds and soil erosion. Trees were also cut in large numbers for lumber in the past. Preliminary data indicate the species is confined to less than 100km?. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 7980, 14140 VU D2 Myrceugenia franciscensis Myrtaceae Brazil The main centre of distribution of the genus is in Chile and Argentina. The Brazilian species are localised, 1000km further north, in the south-eastern states, where their occurrence is scarce. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 7980, 19097 VU Bl+2acd Myrceugenia kleinii Myrtaceae Brazil The main centre of distribution of the genus is in Chile and Argentina. The Brazilian species are localised, 1000km further north, in the south-eastern states, where their occurrence is scarce. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 7980, 19097 VU B1+2acd Myrceugenia miersiana Myrtaceae Brazil The main centre of distribution of the genus is in Chile and Argentina. The Brazilian species are localised, 1000km further north, in the south-eastern states, where their occurrence is scarce. Assessor: Barroso, G.M. Refs: 19097 LR/nt 371 Species Summaries Myrceugenia myrcioides Myrtaceae Brazil The main centre of distribution of the genus is in Chile and Argentina. The Brazilian species are localised, 1000km further north, in the south-eastern states, where their occurrence is scarce. Assessor: Barroso, G.M. Refs: 19097 LR/nt Myrceugenia pilotantha Myrtaceae Brazil The main centre of distribution of the genus is in Chile and Argentina. The Brazilian species are localised, 1000km further north, in the south-eastern states, where their occurrence is scarce. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 7980, 19097 VU B1+2acd Myrceugenia rufescens Myrtaceae Brazil The main centre of distribution of the genus is in Chile and Argentina. The Brazilian species are localised, 1000km further north, in the south-eastern states, where their occurrence is scarce. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 7980, 19097 VU B1+2acd Myrceugenia schulzei Myrtaceae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) A dominant species of lowland dry forest on Masafuera Island. The extent of the forest has declined through the effects of grazing by feral animals, spread of introduced weeds and soil erosion. Preliminary data indicate the species is confined to less than 100km?. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 14140 VU D2 Myrceugenia scutellata Myrtaceae Brazil The main centre of distribution of the genus is in Chile and Argentina. The Brazilian species are localised, 1000km further north, in the south-eastern states, where their occurrence is scarce. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 7980, 19097 VU B1+2acd Myrcia albobrunnea Myrtaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in lowland rainforest in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Myrcia almasensis Myrtaceae Brazil (Bahia) Endemic to Bahia in Brazil, the species is presently known from just two locations in *campo rupestre or in VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees sandy grassland. Evidence suggests that the species is unusual for its family in possibly being dioecious. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 849 Myrcia calcicola Myrtaceae Jamaica Reported to occur in abundance, the species is confined to areas of moist forest on limestone in Portland between 450 and 600m. Many areas have experienced logging and conversion to commercial plantations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Myrcia crassimarginata Myrtaceae Peru Apparently the species is known only from the type collection, which was taken from lowland Amazon forest near Yurimaguas in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984, 15371 VU D2 Myrcia fosteri Myrtaceae Panama Ranging from the Canal area towards Darién National Park in the east, the species is very common in places, such as Barro Colorado Island and the forest around the Canal. There are almost no populations outside protected areas or in disturbed forest. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 VU C2a Myrcia grandiflora Myrtaceae Brazil A rare species of Brazilian Atlantic forest. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19097, 19098 VU B1+2acd Myrcia lineata Myrtaceae Brazil A rare species of Brazilian Atlantic forest. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19098 VU B1l+2acd Myrcia paganii Myrtaceae Puerto Rico Only two populations, accounting for 10 individuals in total, are known from areas of moist limestone forest in the west. No evidence of flowering or fruiting is apparent. Both sites are on private land. Attempts at cultivation have been unsuccessful. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3786, 7980, 17124, 17540 CR D1 Myrcia pentagona Myrtaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in lowland rainforest species in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 372 Myrcia skeldingii Myrtaceae Jamaica A population was once located in streamside thickets along the Mason River on the Clarendon-St Ann border. No individuals have been seen or recorded since 1972 and the species is presently presumed extinct. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 EX Myrcia splendens var. chrysocoma Myrtaceae Peru This variety is known only from the type collection, which originates from lowland rainforest in the department of San Martin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Myrcianthes callicoma Myrtaceae Argentina (Tucuman), Bolivia Originally thought to be endemic to Tucumén in Argentina, the species has recently been discovered in a small area in Bolivia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5112, 19180 VU B1+2c Myrcianthes oreophila Myrtaceae Peru A cloud forest species of the Peruvian Andes, recorded from disturbed areas in the departments of Apurimac and Cuzco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Myrcianthes pungens Myrtaceae Brazil Assessor: Barroso, G.M. Refs: 19097, 19098 EN B1+2c Myrciaria cuspidata Myrtaceae Brazil, Paraguay A rare species of Brazilian Atlantic forest. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 7980, 19097 VU B1+2acd Myrciaria pliniodes Myrtaceae Brazil A rare species of Brazilian Atlantic forest. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19097, 19098 VU B1+2acd Myrciaria silveirana Myrtaceae Brazil A rare species of Brazilian Atlantic forest. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19097 VU B1+2acd Myrica rivas-martinezii Myricaceae Spain (Canary Is.) A dioecious species which is found scattered mainly as isolated individuals in cloud forest on the islands of La CR C2a Palma, Gomera and Hierro. The total population size is small and regeneration is poor. There is also evidence of hybridisation occurring with M. faya. The species is listed in government legislation of 1991. Assessor: Bajfiares, A. et al. Refs: 451, 16500, 19022 Myristica agusanensis ssp. squamulosa Myristicaceae Philippines This subspecies is newly described, based on three herbarium specimens. It is found in lower montane forest on the islands of Luzon and Sibuyan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 VU D2 Myristica alba Myristicaceae Indonesia (Moluccas) A small tree, found on limestone from four collections in Bacan, Obi and Buru Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8013 VU D2 Myristica ampliata Myristicaceae Australia (Queensland) Known only from four collections, this small tree is found locally in the lowland rainforest of the Mission Beach area of north-east Queensland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10378 VU D2 Myristica andamanica Myristicaceae VU B1+2c India (Andaman and Nicobar Is.- Andaman _Is., Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Nicobar Is.) The only species in the genus to be found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. A handsome tree of evergreen hill forest, rainforest or mixed forest, it has been collected a total of eight times, three times in the 19” century. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 Myristica arfakensis Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A small montane forest tree known only from two collections from the Arfak Mountains in north-east Vogelkop Peninsula. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica atresens Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea The type specimen is the only known collection of the tree. It was gathered from lowland forest near the border of Papua New Guinea in south-eastern Irian Jaya. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica basilanica Myristicaceae Philippines A newly described tree known only from the type VU D2 373 Species Summaries collected from Basilan Island in 1912. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 Myristica beddomei ssp. sphaerocarpa Myristicaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A small tree restricted to the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats in the Tinnevelly District. This subspecies has been collected only twice, in areas of wet evergreen forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10148, 18022 EN B1+2c Myristica beddomei ssp. ustulata Myristicaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) This tree is found in montane wet and relatively dry evergreen forest in Kerala and East Madras. Only five collections are known. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10148, 18022 EN B1+2c Myristica bifurcata ssp. bifurcata Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Moluccas) This subspecies is locally common in forest on Morotai Island of the Moluccas and is also known from the Vogelkop Peninsula, Irian Jaya. It has been collected five times. The wood of the species is likely to be traded as penarahan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8013, 11145 LR/nt Myristica bifurcata ssp. sulaica Myristicaceae Indonesia (Moluccas) This subspecies is locally common in lowland well- drained forest on the northern Moluccan Islands (Sula, Halmaheira and Obi). The wood of the species is likely to be traded as penarahan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8013, 11145 LR/nt Myristica brachypoda Mynisticaceae Papua New Guinea The type species was gathered in 1955 in logged-over forest near the Seribi River in the Gulf Province. It is the only known collection of the species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica brevistipes Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A small tree collected only on one occasion in tall foothill forest in the Central Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica buchneriana Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea Frequently found on ridge tops between 300 and 1300m, this tree is an important source of penarahan timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493, 11145 VU Ald The World List of Threatened Trees Myristica byssacea Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A small tree of montane forest, known from only two collections from the Northern Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica ceylanica Myristicaceae Sri Lanka A rare tree confined to remnants of intermediate forest and in drier gallery forest. It has recently been found in seven forest sites during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195, 19112 VU B1+2c Myristica coacta Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea Known only from the type collection of 1968, this species occurs in degraded Fagaceous forest of West Sepik Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Mpyristica colinridsdalei Myristicaceae Philippines Endemic to the Palanan area of north-east Luzon, this recently described tree has been collected three times from lowland forest over ultrabasic soil. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 VU D2 Myristica conspersa Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A species which provisionally unites three collections until further material becomes available. So far its distribution is restricted to primary forest in the Vogelkop Peninsula. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 DD Myristica corticata Myristicaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah) A tree of lowland primary forest and logged-over forest, known only from a single collection from Brunei and four collections from Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 VU D2 Myristica crassa Myristicaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia), Singapore This species is uncommon in lowland and hill forest. The wood has been used as penarahan timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9199, 11145, 11647, 17140, 18022, 19073, 19078 LR/nt Malaysia (Peninsular Myristica crassipes ssp. marronia Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea This subspecies is found in open montane Araucaria forest near creeks on Mount Suckling, Milne Bay VU D2 374 Province. It is known from only two collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 Myristica dactyloides Myristicaceae Sri Lanka This Sri Lankan endemic is restricted to the wetter region of the island, where remaining rainforest covers an area of less than 1440km?. The species is locally common in lowland and montane rainforest and has been collected many times. It is one of the dominant subcanopy species in Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 17759, 18515, 19112 LR/cd Myristica dasycarpa Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea Known only from the type collection, this subcanopy tree was found growing on a ridge at approximately 50m in the Waskuk Hills, East Sepik Province. Another collection from Irian Jaya might belong to this recently described species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19084 VU D2 Myristica depressa Myristicaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A tree restricted to lowland primary mixed dipterocarp forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 Myristica devogelii Myristicaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) Endemic to forest on ultrabasic rock in central Sulawesi, this tree has been collected three times from the area north of Lake Matano. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 VU D2 Myristica duplopunctata ssp. duplopunctata Mynisticaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A primary forest subspecies, known only from three collections from the coastal mountains of northern Irian Jaya. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Mpyristica duplopunctata ssp. versteeghii Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A tree of primary montane forest, occurring on the northern side of the main range. It is known from four collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica extensa Myristicaceae VU Alc Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) A species of lowland primary forest. Five collections have been gathered from Sarawak, a single collection is known from Brunei and two collections have come from central and east Kalimantan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 Myristica fasciculata Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea Collected three times, this species is locally common in primary and secondary forest in the upper Sepik River region of Sepik Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493, 19084 VU D2 Myristica filipes Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea This tree is locally endemic to the Buso River area of the Morobe Province. It has been collected six times in coastal swamp forest, river flat forest and lowland secondary forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 DD Myristica fissurata Myristicaceae Indonesia (Moluccas) A lowland forest tree, known only from three collections from Bacan Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8013 VU D2 Myristica flavovirens Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) This tree, found in old primary forest, is known only from the type collection taken from the Kebar Valley in the Vogelkop Peninsula. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica fragrans Myristicaceae Indonesia (Moluccas) The original source of nutmeg. It is thought to occur naturally in the lowland forests of Banda Island in the Moluccas, but it is now widely cultivated in the tropics, becoming naturalised in many areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3738, 8915, 18022 DD Myristica frugifera Myristicaceae Philippines An understorey tree, of primary and disturbed lowland forest, found on the islands of Luzon, Leyte and Mindoro. It is known from five collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 VU Alc Myristica fugax ssp. fugax Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A subspecies of primary and secondary montane forest, collected four times from localities near Isuarava and Lala, Central Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 375 Species Summaries Myristica fugax ssp. septentrionalis Mynisticaceae Papua New Guinea A tree occurring in foothill and montane forest in East Sepik, Gulf and Madang Provinces, known only from four collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica fusiformis ssp. fusiformis Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A small tree found only once in Nothofagus forest in west Iran Jaya. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica fusiformis ssp. pseudostipitata Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) This subspecies is known only from the type specimen, collected from the lower Lorentz River in south-west Irian Jaya. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica gigantea Myristicaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A large tree found on flat land and hillsides up to 700m altitude. The wood is used as penarahan timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11145 Myristica globosa Myristicaceae LR/nt Papua New Guinea (North Solomons, Papua New Guinea), Solomon Islands Confined to evergreen rainforest up to 1200m, this tree is cut for its penarahan timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11145 Myristica guadalcanalensis Myristicaceae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A tree found in well-drained primary and secondary forest endemic to the islands of Guadalcanal, Rennell and Malaita. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18252 LR/nt Myristica inaequalis Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A recently described species of ridge forest, known only from the type specimen gathered in the Arfak Mountains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19082 VU D2 Myristica incredibilis Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A tree known only from the type specimen collected on Rossel Island. This island has a fragile ecosystem, with VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees very poor soils, which is possibly threatened by gold and copper mining and logging. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493, 19032 Myristica inundata Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea Known only from the type specimen, this species occurs in seasonally inundated swamp forest in Kiunga, Western Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Mpyristica kajewski ssp. kajewski Myristicaceae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A tree locally common in well-drained forest, restricted to Guadalcanal and San Cristébal. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18252 LR/nt Myristica kajewski ssp. robusta Myristicaceae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A primary forest tree, possibly restricted to ultrabasic soils. It is known from only two collections, both from Choiseul. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18252 VU D2 Myristica kjellbergii Myristicaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) A primary forest tree found in central and south-west Sulawesi, known only from four collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 VU D2 Myristica laevis ssp. badia Myristicaceae Philippines A small tree known only from the type collection found in hillside forest from south Surigao, north-east Mindanao. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 VU D2 Myristica laevis ssp. laevis Myristicaceae Philippines This subspecies is known from only two collections from forest on Mount Sohoton, Samar Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 VU D2 Myristica lancifolia ssp. australiana Myristicaceae Australia (Northern Territory) A locally common subspecies, described recently, found in lowland rainforest, monsoon forest and riparian evergreen vine forest of the north-west Northern Territory, including Melville Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18251 VU D2 376 Myristica lancifolia ssp. kutubuensis Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A tentative new subspecies described from one specimen. It occurs in primary forest over limestone in Southern Highlands Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica lasiocarpa Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A subcanopy species, occurring as solitary trees in Nothofagus forest. It has only been collected only twice from the Kuper range area of the Morobe Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica lepidota ssp. lepidota Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Moluccas) This subspecies, known from five collections, is found in lowland rainforest in south-west New Guinea and in Aru and Pulau Wokam Islands of the Moluccas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8013, 11145 DD Myristica leptophylla Mynisticaceae Papua New Guinea Known only from the type locality, near Busilmin, West Sepik Province, the species occurs in secondary regrowth at medium elevation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica longipetiolata Myristicaceae Philippines This forest tree is known only from three collections from the islands of Luzon and Biliran. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 VU D2 Myristica lowiana Myristicaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore This tree is mainly found in peat-swamp forest; it is rarely found on dry land. Trees are cut for penarahan timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9199, 11145, 12937, 18022 Myristica magnifica Myristicaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala) A large tree and dominant component of a restricted area of lowland evergreen swamp forest in the Agastyamalai Hills. There are also two records of the species occurring in northern Kerala and North Kanara in Karnataka. Very little of the habitat remains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10148, 18022, 19144 EN B1+2c Myristica maingayi Myristicaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore This lowland species is found on hillsides and crests in LR/nt Peninsular Malaysia up to 300m. Trees are cut for penarahan timber. There is also a single deviating collection from Sumatra. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9199, 11145, 17140 Myristica malabarica Myristicaceae VU B1+2c India (Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu) A tree of swamp forest and other lowland forest types, occurring in scattered localities in the Western Ghats. The swamp habitat has been extensively drained for agriculture. There is additional evidence of low seed viability because of unfavourable soil conditions and pollination difficulties. The seed was once used as an adulterant of nutmeg and the plant is often grown as an ornamental. Assessor: CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants in India Refs: 561, 18022, 18325, 19144 Myristica malaccensis ssp. papillosa Myristicaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A newly described subspecies, known only from three collections from Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11145, 18022 VU D2 Myristica mediovibex var. kosteriana Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A variety known from two collections, occurring in primary forest along the Bodem River, Irian Jaya and East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica mediovibex var. mediovibex Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A single locality exists on mainland Irian Jaya and three collections come from Japen Island. The species is reported to be locally common in primary forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica mediterranea Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea Known only from three collections from the southern border between Irian Jaya and Papua New Guinea, this small tree occurs in disturbed forest or semi-swamp in valley forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica millepunctata Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A large tree known from two collections from montane forest in south-east Irian Jaya. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica nana Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A small tree, known from four collections, locally VU D2 377 Species Summaries endemic to forest in the Central and Milne Bay Provinces. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 Myristica olivacea Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea An understorey rainforest tree known only from four collections from near Amazon Bay, Central Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica ornata Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea Known only from the type specimen, the tree was discovered in lowland rainforest in the Kiunga area, Western Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica ovicarpa Mynisticaceae Papua New Guinea This tree is known only from the type collection. It was found in lowland hill forest on Mount Don of Rossel Island. Rossel Island has quite a fragile ecosystem with very poor soils; possible threats include mining and logging. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493, 19032 VU D2 Myristica pachycarpidia Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A tree known only from the type locality in oak forest on Mount Dayman, Milne Bay Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica papillatifolia Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A small tree found only once in valley forest near Ingambit in the Western Province, near the border with Irian Jaya. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Mpyristica perlaevis Myristicaceae Indonesia (Moluccas) Discovered in 1990, this tree is known only from the type collection found in the Ruwa catchment area of Ceram. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 VU D2 Myristica petiolata Mynristicaceae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A forest tree known only from two collections: Santa Ysabel and Big Nggela Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18252 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Myristica philippensis Myristicaceae Philippines A small tree restricted to the lowlands of Luzon. No recent collections of this species have been made. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11145, 19078 VU Alc Mpyristica pilosella Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A small tree known only from a site of Castanopsis forest at the junction of the Ugat and Mayu Rivers in Milne Bay Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica pilosigemma Myristicaceae Philippines A tree restricted to Samar and Mindanao and known from only two herbarium specimens. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 VU Alc, D2 Myristica polyantha Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A canopy or subcanopy tree restricted to Goodenough Island, where it has been collected twice. The D'Entrecasteaux Islands harbour many locally endemic species and require botanical investigation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493, 19032 VU D2 Myristica psilocarpa Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea An endemic to Manus Island, this tree has been collected twice in areas of lowland rainforest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica pubicarpa Myrnisticaceae Indonesia (Moluccas) So far the species is known from four collections, all from Halmaheira and Obi. Solitary trees are found in both open and dense primary forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8013 VU D2 Myristica pygmaea Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A small tree, endemic to Morobe Province, where it has been collected twice in lowland rainforest and logged forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica robusta Myristicaceae Indonesia (Moluccas) A distinctive solitary tree, known only from the type collection, found in disturbed lowland forest with little VU D2 378 undergrowth. The lowland forest in Bacan is rapidly disappearing. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8013 Myristica rosselensis ssp. minutiflora Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A tree occurring in rainforest on ridge crests between 100 and 300m. It is known from two collections, one from Sudest Island and the other from Rossel Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19082 VU D2 Myristica rubrinervis var. duplex Myristicaceae Philippines A newly described variety found in rainforest, montane and ridge forest on the islands of Palawan, Mindoro and Leyte. It is known from a total of only five collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 VU Alc, D2 Myristica rubrinervis var. rubrinervis Myristicaceae Philippines So far this variety is known only from three collections from Palawan, where it occurs in stunted montane rainforest, sometimes on ultrabasic rock. The main island is a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 VU D2 Myristica rumphii var. florentis Myristicaceae Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Is.) This variety is confined to montane forest on Flores Island. It has been collected a total of nine times. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 VU B1+2c Myristica sarcantha Myrnisticaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) An understorey tree known only from the type collection from mixed primary lowland forest in Sarmi, northern Irian Jaya. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3641, 19084 VU D2 Myristica schlechteri Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea The only specimen of this understorey tree was collected in 1908 in forest near Pema, Morobe Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica simiarum ssp. calcarea Mynisticaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) A forest tree, usually found on limestone; to date it is known from west and north-east Kalimantan and west Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 VU D2 Myristica simulans Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea The sole collection of this tree was gathered from riverine rainforest at Modewa Bay, Milne Bay Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Mpyristica sinclairii Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A total of five collections of this understorey tree have been gathered from Castanopsis forest, restricted to Morobe Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica sogeriensis Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea Endemic to the Sogeri region of Central Province, this shrub or small tree has been collected twice in foothill forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Mpyristica subalulata var. hagensis Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea This variety is found in montane Nothofagus or Castanopsis forest. It is known from five collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica subalulata var. leptantha Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A variety known from three disjunct localities of forest in the Vogelkop Peninsula, Irian Jaya, and Western and Sepik Provinces, Papua New Guinea. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493, 19084 VU D2 Myristica subalulata var. pedunculata Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A small tree, known only from the type locality at a streamside in lowland rainforest in the Gulf Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493, 19084 VU D2 Myristica subcordata var. rimosa Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) This variety is known from only four collections, gathered in forest on bedrock on the Vogelkop peninsula. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3641 VU D2 Myristica succadanea Myristicaceae Indonesia (Moluccas) A small tree of lowland and montane primary forest, found on the islands of Ternate, Tidore and Bacan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8013, 17232 LR/nt 379 Species Summaries Myristica tamrauensis Mynisticaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A small tree restricted to the Tamrau range of the northern Vogelkop Peninsula, where it has been collected twice in primary oak forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica teijsmannii Myristicaceae Indonesia (Java) From Pacitan to Kawi the species occurs in mixed lowland forest up to 700m. The habitat has been almost completely cleared at this altitude and there is intense pressure on remaining forested areas. There have been no recent collections. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 9078, 18022, 19078 EN B1+2c Myristica tenuivenia ssp. lignosa Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A subspecies of hill forest, known only from a single collection from Fergusson Island and a single collection from Rossel Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica trianthera Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) Restricted to the Jayapura area, this small tree has been collected twice from lowland periodically flooded forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica tristis ssp. ingambitense Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea This subspecies is known from two collections from two localities of secondary forest, one in south-east Inan Jaya and the other in south-west Papua New Guinea. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica tristis ssp. louisiadensis Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea A subcanopy tree of lowland forest, known from a single collection from Sudest (Tagula) Island and from one or two collections from Rossel Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica tristis ssp. sessilifructa Myristicaceae Indonesia (Moluccas) A solitary species, known from a single collection from lowland forest on Bacan Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 VU D2 Myristica ultrabasica Myristicaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi) A tree restricted to forest over ultrabasic (nickel) soils of VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees central Sulawesi. It has been collected four times. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022 Mpyristica velutina ssp. breviflora Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea This subspecies is restricted to the West Sepik and Western Provinces, where it has been collected five times in montane forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica verruculosa Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) Known from five collections, this tree occurs in secondary forest on limestone from the Vogelkop and Bombarai Peninsulas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3641 VU D2 Myristica warburgii ssp. hybrida Myristicaceae Papua New Guinea This subspecies is restricted to mixed primary montane forest in the East Highlands Province, where it has been collected twice, and possibly Sepik Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Mpyristica warburgii ssp. siphonantha Myristicaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea This subspecies has been collected five times from the northern slopes of New Guinea. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493 VU D2 Myristica xylocarpa Mynisticaceae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A tree that occurs in well-drained forest and ridge forest up to 250m on the islands of Santa Ysabel, San Crist6bal and Guadalcanal. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18252 LR/nt Myristica yunnanensis Myristicaceae China (Yunnan) A species recorded from four small localities in Mengla, in Xishuangbanna, where it occurs in low-elevation humid monsoon forest. The species is extinct from two of these localities and approximately 20 trees have been recorded in remaining populations. They appear to be unhealthy and rarely set seed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 CR D1 Myrocarpus frondosus Leguminosae DD Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones), Brazil (Minas Gerais, Parandé, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Paraguay A good-quality commercial timber tree, which is widely occurring within an area of seasonally dry forest extending from the south-east coast of Brazil to 380 Paraguay and northern Argentina. The expansion of agriculture has caused severe habitat loss in Argentina. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 1262, 5112, 7906, 9173, 12837 Myrrhinium atropurpureum var. atropurpureum Myrtaceae CR B1+2c Brazil A monotypic genus which is divided into two varieties. This variety is restricted to *restinga vegetation in Rio de Janeiro. It does not appear to have been collected recently. This habitat is in serious danger of disappearing. The other variety is widespread in temperate and subtropical South America. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5435, 7980 Myrsine adamsonii Myrsinaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) An endemic to Nuku Hiva. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Myrsine andersonii Myrsinaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) Although little is known about the populations on Rapa, the species is in a critical state on the islands of Raivavae and Tubuai. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Myrsine brownii Myrsinaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) Little is known about the population on Tubuai, but the species is critically threatened on the island of Raivavae. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Myrsine bullata Myrsinaceae Peru A cloud forest species, known only from the department of San Martin, occurring roughly between 3000 and 3500m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Myrsine degeneri Myrsinaceae USA (Hawaii) A small rainforest tree restricted to populations in Puukeahiakahoe and Kawai Nui on the summit of Koolau Mountains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU D2 Myrsine diazii Myrsinaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, this cloud forest species occurs in the department of Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Myrsine fernseei Myrsinaceae USA (Hawaii) This is a shrub or small tree of bogs and streamsides endemic to Kauai and known from several localities, Wahiawa, Powerline Trail, the headwaters of Hanalei River and Kaloko Reservoir. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 LR/nt Myrsine fosbergii Myrsinaceae USA (Hawaii) An uncommon species confined to Oahu, where it is known from populations in cloudswept forest along the crest of the Koolau Mountains from the south-eastern end to Castle Trail. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU C2a Mpyrsine gracilissima Myrsinaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) The species is known only from Hiva Oa. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Myrsine grantii var. tobiiensis Myrsinaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) The species is known only from Nuku Hiva. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt Myrsine hartii Myrsinaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Myrsine hosakae Myrsinaceae Pitcairn Islands One of the least common of the Henderson Island endemics. Up to 7000 individuals may exist, scattered in the plateau forest. The species is dioecious and may be suffering from the heavy predation of fruits, often before they are ripe, by doves. Ex situ germination tests have failed so far as many seeds appear to lack embryos. Henderson Island is a World Heritage Site. Assessor: Waldren, S. Refs: 12900, 13604 VU D2 Myrsine knudsenii Myrsinaceae USA (Hawaii) Endemic to Kauai, the species occurs in rainforest between 1060 and 1220m in altitude in Kokee and Hanapepe Valley. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN C2a Myrsine longifolia Myrsinaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c 381 Species Summaries Myrsine mezii Myrsinaceae USA (Hawaii) A small tree known from the ridge west of Hanapepe River on Kauai. It has been postulated that the species represents a hybrid between M. kauaiensis and M. wawraea, although the distribution of the latter does not coincide closely with that of M. mezii. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 CR C2a Myrsine obovata Myrsinaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) The species is known only from Raiatea. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Myrsine oliveri Myrsinaceae New Zealand (North Is.) An endemic to the Three Kings Islands. Information from the Red Data Book in 1981 indicated that very few individuals remained in coastal forest on Great Island. Current population figures are not available but are no longer believed to be at a critical low. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 902, 17637, 19133 VU D2 Myrsine orohenensis Myrsinaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) The species is known only from Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Myrsine ovalis var. ovalis Myrsinaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) Populations are recorded from Huahine, Raiatea and Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt Myrsine pearce Myrsinaceae Peru This cloud forest species is endemic to Cuzco, where it occurs within the altitudinal range of 2500 to 4000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Myrsine petiolata Myrsinaceae USA (Hawaii) Normally a shrub but occasionally a small tree the species mainly occurs in boggy shrubland and forest in the eastern half of Kauai and along Alakai Swamp Trail. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN C2a Myrsine raiateensis Myrsinaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Raiatea. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD The World List of Threatened Trees Myrsine reynelii Myrsinaceae Peru A cloud forest species, known only from the department of Piura. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Myrsine rivularis Myrsinaceae Peru Recorded only from the type collection, the species occurs in forest up to about 2000m in the department of Puno. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Myrsine ronuiensis Myrsinaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) The species is known only from Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Myrsine sodiroana Myrsinaceae Ecuador An endemic tree of Ecuador currently known only to occur in Pichincha and Cotopaxi. The habitat of this species is High Andean cloud forest between 1500 and 3500m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Myrsine tahuatensis Myrsinaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) An endemic to Tahuata. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Myrtus claraensis Myrtaceae Cuba Very uncommon, this shrub, sometimes a small tree, is confined to the coastal areas of Casilda in Sancti Spiritus Province. Housing development and the expansion of tourism have caused extremely severe habitat decline. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 CR B1+2c Nageia maxima Podocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) An understorey tree of peat-swamp forest. Present information suggests the species is confined to the Mujong River drainage and Bako National Park, but it is possible other populations exist in nearby localities. The area is vulnerable to disturbance from logging and habitat clearance for agriculture. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 2226, 6851, 19192 VU D2 Nageia nagi Podocarpaceae China, Japan (Japan, Ryukyu Is.), Taiwan An important timber species occurring in moist forest at various elevations in southern China, Taiwan and the southem islands of Japan. There is concern for DD 382 populations on Shikoku and Kyushu Islands in Japan because of the levels of exploitation. In Taiwan the species is known under the name N. formosensi. It is also known under the name of N. nagi, the species appears in populations in the northern end and southern tip of Taiwan, separated by the central range of mountains. Occurring in lowland mixed evergreen forest, the species has come under threat from habitat declines. Whole plants are also dug up for the horticultural trade. The species is recorded in Kenting and Yangmingshan National Parks. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6469, 11380, 18751, 19050, 19051 Napoleonaea lutea Lecythidaceae CR Alc, B1+2c Nigeria This species, along with N. reptans, is poorly documented and apparently confined to Eket in south- east Nigeria. Oil exploration operations in the area are causing extensive damage, to the habitat, if not it's complete destruction. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 450, 2773, 11504 Napoleonaea reptans Lecythidaceae Nigeria This species, along with N. lutea, is poorly documented and confined to the Eket area in south-east Nigeria. Oil exploration operations are causing extensive damage, if not complete destruction of the habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 450, 2773, 11504 CR B1+2c Nargedia macrocarpa Rubiaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 17195 VU Alc Nauclea diderrichii Rubiaceae VU Alcd Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda A widespread species which is found in low densities in the wild. It is heavily exploited for its timber, which is used in general construction work. Regeneration is good in large canopy gaps but the species is outcompeted by other pioneers after clear-felling. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2773, 6718, 10961, 12061, 14667, 17408 Nauclea gageana Rubiaceae CR B1+2c India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.) A large tree collected from Middle and South Andaman Islands in the 19" century. No record of the species has been made since and little is known of its present status, if it still exists. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 7147 Naucleopsis oblongifolia Moraceae Brazil Assessor: Carauta, J.P.P. Refs: 15717, 19101 VU B1+2bc Necepsia castaneifolia ssp. chirindica Euphorbiaceae Zimbabwe Endemic to Chirinda forest, this subspecies occupies an area of just 0.5km?. The forest has been logged in the past and is most heavily disturbed at the perimeter, where it is at risk from invasive species, drought and fire. It is otherwise well protected and the population is healthy. Other subspecies of this taxon are known from Tanzania and Madagascar. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6725 EN D1 Necepsia castaneifolia ssp. kimbozensis Euphorbiaceae Tanzania The East African form of a taxon also occurring as a distinct subspecies in Chirinda forest, Zimbabwe, and thereafter only in Madagascar. This subspecies is confined to a 4km? patch of moist forest on limestone contained within Kimboza Forest Reserve. The surrounding area is densely populated but two forest guards are employed by the Tanzanian Catchment Forest Project to prevent illegal activities. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 EN C2b, D1 Nectandra angusta Lauraceae Bolivia A species known from just three locations on the eastern slopes of the Andes from central and southern parts of Bolivia. One of the most important timber trees in the area, it is being heavily exploited in at least one of these sites. It is closely related to N. longifolia, a more widespread species in the same region. Assessor: Rohwer, J.G. Refs: 7980, 9262, 12663 VU D2 Nectandra apiculata Lauraceae Bolivia Restricted to cloud forest, this species has been collected from just one site on the Cochabamba to Santa Cruz road. More material is needed to ascertain whether similar collections nearby are the same species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU D2 Nectandra astyla Lauraceae Peru A montane species, which is known only from the type collection near Moyobamba. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU D2 Nectandra aurea Lauraceae Venezuela A gallery forest tree from the banks of the Orinoco. Its range covers an area greater than 20,000 km*. It is LR/nt 383 Species Summaries possible that this will increase as additional undetermined material is studied. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 Nectandra baccans Lauraceae Venezuela An evergreen species known from a few locations in dry forest or cloud forest, between 750 and 2400m. Although there is considerable population pressure in much of its range, it is well represented in protected areas. Assessor: Rohwer, J.G. Refs: 9262, 12663 LR/cd Nectandra barbellata Lauraceae Brazil (Espirito Santo, Sao Paulo) This forest species is known from just a few collections in south-east Brazil, where the rates of deforestation have been considerable. Doubts as to its being a separate entity from the variable species N. puberula have been expressed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU B1+2c, D2 Nectandra bartlettiana Lauraceae Venezuela A relatively wide-ranging tree from lowland moist forest on both sides of the Cordillera de Mérida in Venezuela. This includes records from forest reserves, Ticoporo and Caparo. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 LR/nt Nectandra bicolor Lauraceae Panama The species is known from just a small population confined to a unique low-altitude cloud forest on the Cerro Jefe. The area is well protected and essential as a watershed. Very little is actually known about the species. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7950, 7980, 9262, 16772 EN B1+2c Nectandra brittonii Lauraceae Bolivia, Peru An understorey species, which occurs in disjunct populations. The 1886 type collection is from La Paz. In Peru, the tree has been collected in pastures and in tall forest. Assessor: Rohwer, J.G. Refs: 7980, 9262, 12663 VU D2 Nectandra brochidodroma Lauraceae Peru A striking species on account of the leaf venation. It is known only from the type collection in Manu National Park. The park protects 15,328 km? of forest, although there are threats from oil exploitation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Nectandra canaliculata Lauraceae Ecuador A tree which is known only from the type collection from Limonococha. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU D2 Nectandra caudatoacuminata Lauraceae Haiti This species is even less well collected than its close telative N. pulchra. It is known only from the type collection, which was made in 1929 on the Massif de la Hotte. These forests are under considerable pressure from local exploitation and encroaching agriculture. Fieldwork is needed to confirm whether the population is still intact. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 197, 7980, 9262 CR B1+2c Nectandra cerifolia Lauraceae Ecuador A collection in *elfin forest on the western slopes of the Cordillera de Cutucti was made in 1976. No other record of the small tree species is known. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU D2 Nectandra citrifolia Lauraceae Bolivia, Peru This shrubby tree was originally described from an 1892 collection in Bolivia. Since then another population has been found along the banks of Rio Mayo in Peru. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU D2 Nectandra coeloclada Lauraceae Ecuador An unusual Nectandra species on account of its hollow twigs. It occurs in humid forest in Jatun Sacha Biological Reserve. Collections from Morona Santiago also seem to concur with this species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU D2 Nectandra cordata Lauraceae Peru A tree known only from the type specimen, which was collected in 1933. Information on its ecology and habitat are lacking. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 DD Nectandra crassiloba Lauraceae Ecuador Occurring as a tall tree in primary and secondary rainforest, this species is apparently confined to two adjacent localities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU D2 384 Nectandra cufodontisii Lauraceae Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama A distinctive tree found only in montane and cloud forests from Palmira and Pods through the Cordillera de Talamanca to the Chiriqui highlands in Panama. It has also recently been collected from the Central Cordilleral of Nicaragua. Much of its distribution lies in protected areas but there is still some threat of deforestation. It yields a hard yellow-wood. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9262, 12587 LR/nt Nectandra dasystyla Lauraceae Bolivia, Ecuador? (Ecuador?), Peru Occurring in moist lowland forest, this large-flowered and conspicuous species is known from only a few locations in Loreto, including Alexander von Humboldt National Forest, and in Beni and Pando. A collection of doubtful identity has also been found in Manabf in Ecuador. Assessor: Rohwer, J.G. Refs: 9262, 12663 VU C2a Nectandra debilis Lauraceae Brazil (Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro) An Atlantic forest species, which hasn't been collected for over 100 years. A tiny fraction of these forests has survived the past centuries of deforestation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 CR Alc Nectandra embirensis Lauraceae Brazil (Amazonas), Ecuador, Peru So far only three locations are known where the species occurs in *vdarzea forest or rainforest at the mouth of rivers. These include Rio Zubineta in Loreto, Peru, and Rio Envira in Amazonas, Brazil. Each population in each country is notably distinct. Assessor: Rohwer, J.G. Refs: 9262, 12663 DD Nectandra filiflora Lauraceae Peru A species which is known only from the type collection in the Alexander von Humboldt National Forest, which extends to 5708km?. Its inflorescence and pedicels are unlike any other in the genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU D2 Nectandra fragrans Lauraceae Ecuador A species known only from a collection, in 1989, from the Cordillera de Cutucu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU D2 Nectandra fulva Lauraceae Venezuela Only one population is known. It occurs on the Rio Mawarinuma near the Neblina Base Camp. The area is protected within a national park but disturbances have VU D2 been caused by gold mining, and pressures also exist from the influx of people. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 Nectandra gracilis Lauraceae Ecuador, Peru A newly described Amazon tree species, occurring in seasonally inundated forest. The number of sites where it is found continues to increase. Assessor: Rohwer, J.G. Refs: 7980, 9262, 12663 LR/nt Nectandra grisea Lauraceae Brazil (Amazonas) Known only from one locality on the banks of Rio Japurd, this species occurs in *vdrzea forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 Nectandra guadaripo Lauraceae Colombia, Ecuador A tall tree of primary lowland rainforest, recorded from three localities along the western part of the Colombian/Ecuadorean border. The species is considered threatened by *INEFAN. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262, 19135 VU D2 VU D2 Nectandra herrerae Lauraceae Peru A small tree discovered near Aguas Calientes train station in Machupicchu Historical Sanctuary. The cloud forest extends c.3260 km? and is heavily visited by tourists on foot and by train. Aguas Calientes is expanding rapidly as a tourist town. However, regular burning of the forest, including a very serious fire in 1997, remains the greatest threat to the area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 EN B1+2c Nectandra heterotricha Lauraceae VU D2 Peru A tree species confined to a small area of forest in the Iquitos region. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 Nectandra hirtella Lauraceae Peru A newly described species which has been recorded from two sites in submontane forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU D2 Nectandra hypoleuca Lauraceae Costa Rica A Central American Nectandra species which is most closely related to Amazonian species. This tree is known with certainty from La Selva Biological Station from secondary woodlands and alluvial forest along the Rio Puerto Viejo. The area is protected but occupies a small VU D2 385 Species Summaries corridor of forest now surrounded by pastureland and crops. More material is needed to confirm the species’ occurrence in the Sirena Field Station in Puntarenas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 Nectandra impressa Lauraceae Brazil This species is known only from the type specimen collected in the last century. It has not been found since and its locality in the wild remains unknown. Assessor: Rohwer, J.G. Refs: 7980, 9262, 12663 DD Nectandra japurensis Lauraceae Brazil (Amazonas), Peru The complete distribution of the species is not consolidated. It occurs for certain in lowland forest sites in the western Amazon. In Peru populations have been recorded in Iparia in Hudnuco National Forest, near Vitoc in Junin, and in three locations near rivers in Loreto. A population occurs along Rio Japur4 in Amazonas in Brazil. Specimens with some similarities have been collected in two locations in the Peruvian Andes. Assessor: Rohwer, J.G. Refs: 9262, 12663 DD Nectandra krugii Lauraceae EN Alcd+2c, B1+2cd Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico This Caribbean forest tree ranges from Dominica (and possibly Martinique) to western Dominican Republic. The forest in most of these areas has been heavily exploited. The species was noted in 1896 as becoming rare as a result of excessive exploitation and in the last 70 years it has only been collected in Puerto Rico. Assessor: Rohwer, J.G. Refs: 197, 7424, 7980, 9262, 12663 Nectandra latissima Lauraceae Bolivia Occurring as a small tree or shrub, this species is confined to islands of forest in savanna in the province of Beni. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU D2 Nectandra leucocome Lauraceae Mexico (Chiapas) A seriously restricted species, which with the more widespread N. ambigens, is the only species of the genus to produce pink flowers. It is recorded only from tall evergreen forest in Chiapas. These forests, in particular, have suffered dramatic declines in extent, largely because of land settlement and cattle ranching. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 EN B1+2c Nectandra longipetiolata Lauraceae Costa Rica This small tree is known from three collections from EN B1+2cd The World List of Threatened Trees lower ridges in remnant primary forest near Limén. There has been large-scale conversion of these forests over the last 50 years into pastureland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7950, 7980, 9262 Nectandra matogrossensis Lauraceae Brazil (Bahia, Mato Grosso) Closely related to N. globosa, this species is known from southern coastal Bahia and adjacent Mato Grosso in gallery forest and also in secondary vegetation and cocoa plantations, where it is used as a shade tree. A disjunct and doubtful locality also exists 1800km inland. Assessor: Rohwer, J.G. Refs: 7980, 9262, 12663 VU D2 Nectandra matudai Lauraceae Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca) Restricted to deciduous or secondary forests. There have been considerable declines in the extent of the forest, largely because of land settlement and cattle ranching. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7950, 7980, 9262 VU B1+2c Nectandra micranthera Lauraceae Brazil (Bahia) This tree species is restricted to the remnants of coastal rainforest and the cocoa plantations which have taken the place of forest. With more up-to-date information a more serious threat category might apply. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU Alc+2c Nectandra microcarpa Lauraceae Colombia, Peru Occurring in lowland rainforest often along rivers, this shrubby tree is known from the edges of Rio Huallaga in Peru and from a more doubtful collection in Colombia. A record which may be erroneous has also been made in Argentina. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7134, 7980, 9262 LR/nt Nectandra minima Lauraceae Cuba The only collections of this shrub or small tree, from Isla de Pinos and the adjacent mainland, were made over 50 years ago. Natural vegetation remains only where land is unsuitable for agriculture. Fieldwork is necessary to determine how many individuals exist. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7950, 7980, 9262, 19149 CR B1+2c Nectandra mirafloris Lauraceae Nicaragua A tree which is known solely from montane and cloud forests in Nicaragua. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262, 15719 VU D2 386 Nectandra obtusata Lauraceae Colombia, Ecuador A tree species collected from southernmost Colombia to Ecuador in Andean cloud and montane forests. The number of collections in Ecuador appears to be increasing and part of the population is in Rfo Guajalito Floristic Reserve. Assessor: Rohwer, J.G. Refs: 7980, 9262, 12663 LR/nt Nectandra olida Lauraceae Ecuador, Peru A rainforest tree restricted to a fairly small range from southern Ecuador to northern Peru on the eastern slopes of the Andes. Threats exist from fires and encroaching farming activities. Assessor: Rohwer, J.G. Refs: 7980, 9262, 12663 VU B1+2c Nectandra paranaensis Lauraceae Brazil (Parana, S40 Paulo) A tree which is confined to primary rainforest in south- east Brazil. In Sao Paulo it is restricted to Carlos Botelho State Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU Alc+2c Nectandra parviflora Lauraceae Ecuador, Peru? This is a primary forest species, which is largely known from the region of Rio Pastaza. Another slightly different collection has been made in Loreto. Despite intensive collecting in Ecuador the species has not been found to be more widespread. Assessor: Rohwer, J.G. Refs: 7980, 9262, 12663 VU D2 Nectandra psammophila Lauraceae EN Alc Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro) The *restinga vegetation to which the species is confined is being rapidly destroyed, especially in the region of Rio de Janeiro. Only four collections have been made in the last 50 years. Assessor: Rohwer, J.G. Refs: 7980, 9262, 12663 Nectandra pseudocotea Lauraceae Peru This species is restricted to forest in the foothills of the Peruvian Andes where fires are frequent. It is one of the most distinctive species of its genus on account of the pattern of glands in the stamens and staminodes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU Alc+2c Nectandra pulchra Lauraceae Haiti The species has not been collected since 1927, when it occurred in the vicinity of Miragoane on limestone crags. Forest areas in Haiti have declined rapidly in the CR B1+2c past century and the demand for land to cultivate continues to put pressure on remaining areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 197, 7980, 9262 Nectandra ramonensis Lauraceae Costa Rica, Panama This tree species is confined to drier montane forests from central Costa Rica to Coclé in Panama. Much of the area is covered by La Amistad Biosphere Reserve but forest destruction in the past decades has been considerable and pressures are still exerted by various activities: expanding agriculture, logging, industrial plantations, oil exploration, hydroelectric projects. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU B1+2c Nectandra reflexa Lauraceae Ecuador, Peru This species is known from a few collections, each so different that they may be worthy of distinction. Populations are found in pastureland or primary forest. In Ecuador the species is found in the Cordillera de Cutucu. In Peru it has been collected from a location near Quebrada, from Cajamarca and from three locations in Pasco. Assessor: Rohwer, J.G. Refs: 9262, 12663 VU D2 Nectandra rudis Lauraceae El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas) This species occurs in montane forests, which have declined in extent and continue to be under serious threat of deforestation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU Alc+2c Nectandra ruforamula Lauraceae Venezuela A tree species which is restricted to the lowland link between the Orinoco and Amazon basins in Venezuela. Its extent of occurrence covers in the region of 50,000km?. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 LR/nt Nectandra salicina Lauraceae Costa Rica, Panama In Costa Rica and Panama the species is confined to montane forests, between 370 and 2000m. One collection made in Mexico is probably a new species. This species does not appear to be rare where it occurs but the dramatic declines in the habitat may qualify it for a threat category. It occurs in Rincén de la Vieja National Park. Assessor: Rohwer, J.G. Refs: 7950, 8100, 9262, 12663 LR/nt Nectandra smithii Lauraceae Costa Rica, Panama Originally recorded only from Costa Rican cloud forest, VU Alc, B1+2c 387 Species Summaries this tree may now have been found in Panama. It occurs in submontane forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 Nectandra sordida Lauraceae Peru This species is relatively widespread, but restricted to remnant primary forest, mostly in coffee plantations. The potentially unbalanced structure of the populations and their location put the species at risk. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU Alc+2c Nectandra spicata Lauraceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) A species known only from the surroundings of Rio de Janeiro city, where it is under serious threat from habitat destruction. Additional material is required to confirm its taxonomic status as separate from N. hihua and N. leucantha. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 DD Nectandra subbullata Lauraceae Venezuela A tree species which is known only from the type taken on the road from Mérida to La Azulita in 1982. It is very closely related to the more widespread N. cissiflora. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 VU D2 Nectandra truxillensis Lauraceae Venezuela A small tree known from several locations on the Cordillera de Mérida in Venezuela. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9262 LR/nt Nectandra utilis Lauraceae Peru This tree occurs in Andean forests in northern Peru. It is known from only two locations and has not been collected again for some years, which may indicate that there has been a serious decline in the population. It apparently has the reputation of being the most-used general-purpose timber in the Chachapoyas area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262, 12663 EN B1+2cd Nectandra venulosa Lauraceae Brazil (Minas Gerais) This is a poorly known tree species from Serra do Frio in Minas Gerais. It is known from only herbarium specimens, the most recent of which is from 1864. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 DD Nectandra warmingii Lauraceae Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais) An easily overlooked tree of gallery forest and dry forest LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees in the savanna regions of central Brazil. It is planted in Brasilia Federal District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9262 Nectandra weddellii Lauraceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) A species collected only from within a 250km radius of Rio de Janeiro city. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 EN B1+2c Nectandra wurdackii Lauraceae Peru A little-known species with only one recorded location, in Amazon rainforest along Rio Marafion near Teniente Pingo in Loreto. Assessor: Rohwer, J.G. Refs: 7980, 9262, 12663 VU D2 Nectandra yarinensis Lauraceae Peru A species known solely from two collections in the Rio Ucayali, one being in the Iparia National Forest. More material would help determine its taxonomic position. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9262 DD Neea acuminatissima Nyctaginaceae Guatemala, Honduras Confined to the wet Caribbean lowlands, the species is scattered in sparse populations, including a rare occurrence in Lancetilla Biological Reserve. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 EN C2a Neea amplexicaulis Nyctaginaceae Panama Known only from a few records, the species is endemic to areas of lowland rainforest in Darién Province. It appears to be uncommon and only in Darién National Park is it relatively well protected. Elsewhere the threats of habitat clearance are great. There are no recent records of the species but much of the forest remains under-studied. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 14453, 16772 EN C2a Neea darienensis Nyctaginaceae Panama Originally known from just Darién Province, the species now appears to have a sparse occurrence in lowland rainforest, ranging from Darién National Park up to the Canal area. Its distribution extends very close to the border with Colombia. Most populations are contained within protected areas, outside which habitat loss has been extensive. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 14453, 16772 VU A2c 388 Neea ekmanii Nyctaginaceae Cuba A tree up to 5m tall confined to Hanabanilla River valley in south-central Cuba; this area is severely degraded by logging, agriculture, settlement and the construction of a river dam. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Neisosperma brevituba Apocynaceae New Caledonia A species occurring in the north-east of Grand Terre. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 VU D2 Neisosperma brownii Apocynaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) A species originally known from Nuku Hiva. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 EX Neisosperma sevenetii Apocynaceae New Caledonia This species is known from two recorded sites, one on the summit of Mont Tiébaghi and the other from an unknown locality labelled Wagap on the east coast. Both sites are unprotected and exposed to fires and encroaching activities. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 EN B1+2c Neisosperma thiollierei Apocynaceae New Caledonia Found only in a small area of forest on Mont Koghi in the south-west of Grand Terre the species is unprotected and exposed to various threats, including tourist activities. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 CR B1+2c Neobalanocarpus heimii Dipterocarpaceae VU Alc,d Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore (ex), Thailand (ex?) A large tree now only extant in Peninsular Malaysia. Populations in the southernmost part of Thailand and Singapore are believed to be extinct. Chengal is a valuable timber species. The export of logs has been banned. The species is found in numerous protected areas. Assessor: Chua. L.S.L. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857, 17140 Neoboutonia mannii Euphorbiaceae Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria The species ranges from south-east Nigeria to Equatorial Guinea. Although habitat clearance and logging have caused declines in the extent of lowland forest throughout its range, the species appears to be abundant in secondary and disturbed forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11504, 12597 LR/nt Neocallitropsis pancheri Cupressaceae New Caledonia A useful tree prone to overexploitation and confined to a few populations in southern maquis, with a single northern location on Mont Paéoua. Most populations occur in areas which are officially although frequently not effectively protected. Fire is a constant threat and the population on Mont Paéoua is also threatened by mining exploits. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 9631, 12630, 14508 VU Alc, B1+2b Neoharmsia baronii Leguminosae Madagascar An important coastal forest species known from only two highly restricted localities in the northern tip of Madagascar near Irodo village. Its entire range is estimated to be just 10 km? (*AOO) and only one site has been confirmed recently, on a small patch of highly specialised vegetation that is threatened by disturbance and exploitation. The site is not protected. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 CR B1+2abe Neoharmsia madagascariensis Leguminosae Madagascar A deciduous species known only from the Bemaraha Massif and Namoroka in west Madagascar, where it occurs on exposed limestone. It is confined to this very specialised habitat, which is of little interest for agriculture or exploitation. Both areas are reserves. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 VU D2 Neohemsleya usambarensis Sapotaceae Tanzania Known from the West Usambara Mountains and also sighted in the South Nguru Mountains, this species is locally common within a 200m altitudinal range in moist forest. A monotypic genus. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814, 11631 VU B1+2b Neolemonniera clitandrifolia Sapotaceae Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone From an unusual genus of five species, this tree is found at low densities in a few localities from Upper and Lower Guinea. In Ghana, it occurs in Atewa and also Cape Three Points and Ankasa Game Park Reserves. Much of its habitat has been lost to agriculture, mining and logging. Population numbers have been observed to decline rapidly. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 8369, 12061 EN B1+2c Neolitsea daibuensis Lauraceae Taiwan A shrub to small tree, which occurs in the understorey of broadleaved forest between 1100 and 1300m in Nanfengshan and Chinshuiying. The populations are EN C2a 389 Species Summaries small and unprotected, in areas which are susceptible to housing developments. Regeneration is poor. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 19050, 19051 Neolitsea fischeri Lauraceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Occurring from 1000m to 2500m, the species is endemic to the Anamalai and Palni Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Neolitsea kedahense Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to Gunung Terai in Kedah, this tree is scattered in montane forest at 1000m. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Neolitsea mollissima Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known only from Gunong Batu Puteh in Perak, this montane forest tree is known from a single collection. The locality is within a protected forest. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Neolitsea vidalii Lauraceae Philippines An endemic species to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919, 4986 VU Alcd Neomitranthes cordifolia Myrtaceae Brazil (Santa Catarina) Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19097, 19098 VU B1+2acd Neomitranthes langsdorfii Myrtaceae Brazil (Santa Catarina) Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19097 VU B1+2acd Neosprucea sararensis Tiliaceae Colombia A Colombian endemic, found in Cundinamarca and Norte de Santander. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Neostenanthera hamata Annonaceae VU Alc, B1+2c Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone Ranging from Sierra Leone to Ghana, this species is largely confined to lowland wet evergreen forest. Loss of its habitat over the past decades has been caused by mining, logging and the establishment of commercial plantations. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 The World List of Threatened Trees Neostenanthera robsonii Annonaceae Gabon Collections are known from Lopé Forest Reserve, Lastoursville and Moumba. Logging has taken place in these areas and is expected to continue over the large areas of forest which are now under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14958, 15790 LR/nt Neoveitchia storckii Palmae Fiji Endemic to Viti Levu, the species is reduced to a small area of secondary forest in Naitasiri Province. Over the past few decades the decline in population numbers has been rapid as the habitat has been logged and cleared for cultivation of commercial crops, such as bananas. It is the only species in the genus. Assessor: Fuller, D. Refs: 6053, 19118 EN Alc Nephelium costatum Sapindaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A late secondary and primary species found in the lowland open rainforest of Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Malacca. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Nephelium hamulatum Sapindaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species of lowland open and closed rainforest on sandy soils. This tree can be found in Kedah, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca and Johore. Some localities lie within the wildlife sanctuary in the Cameron Highlands. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Nephrosperma vanhoutteanum Palmae Seychelles A palm tree endemic to Mahé, Silhouette, Praslin, Curieuse and Ste Anne, where it grows abundantly in lowland moist forest. Presently there is no threat to the species. Assessor: Murugaiyan, P. Refs: 19118 LR/nt Neraudia melastomifolia Urticaceae USA (Hawaii) A genus endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. This is the most common of the species and the only one that attains the stature of a tree. Populations are found in rainforest up to an altitude of 1160m on Kauai, Oahu, and in Olowalu and Lao Valley on Maui. A single collection was also taken from Olokui Plateau on Molokai. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce 390 Neraudia ovata Urticaceae USA (Hawaii) Originally occurring from North Kona to Kau on Hawaii, this dry forest species is now known from two populations of five and six individuals on privately owned land in Kaloko and a US Anny training area at Pohakuloa. There are persistent threats from browsing and habitat damage by feral goats and sheep, and invasions of introduced plants. The species is classified as endangered on the US Federal Register. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19037 CR C2a, D1 Nesiota elliptica Rhamnaceae St Helena A small tree, once known from localised populations on the highest parts of the eastern central ridge. It became noticeably rare in the 19" century, when the population was recorded as consisting of only 12 to 15 trees on the northern side of Diana's Peak. A single tree was discovered on a precipitous cliff near Diana's Peak but died in 1994. Of the many attempts to propagate cuttings from the tree, all but one have failed. The one cutting is now a tree of 2m high in Scotland. It is suffering from a fungal infection but has provided a limited source of seed for further propagation. In St Helena, the species was known to be pollinated by an endemic syrphid fly, which also visits other endemic trees. The genus is monotypic. Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B. Refs: 11891, 19081 EW Nesogordonia papaverifera Sterculiaceae VU Alcd Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone A timber species, which grows in dense stands, commonly in areas where savanna has been replaced by forest. Regeneration is good in disturbed forest but genetic impoverishment is reported in outlying parts of the species’ range. Exploitation is moderate. Sometimes large individuals are left after logging. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2036, 2773, 4506, 6127, 6718, 12061, 17408 Nesohedyotis arborea Rubiaceae St Helena One of the commoner and keystone endemic trees of St Helena, with 132 adult trees growing in damp tree-fern thickets on the central ridge. The 24 subpopulations are small and clumped because of human land-use patterns. The species is dioecious, although males can set seed occasionally, and a small part of the population is currently reproductively isolated. It is pollinated by an endemic syrphid fly, which is also known to visit other endemic trees. The genus is monotypic. Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B. Refs: 5556, 11891, 16700, 19081 EN D1 Nesoluma nadeaudii Sapotaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) The genus is made up of the three poorly defined species. This represents the taxon endemic to Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Nesoluma polynesicum Sapotaceae VU Alce Cook Islands, French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.), USA (Hawaii) Populations, which are sometimes recognised as separate varieties, have been recorded in the Tubuai Group, on Raivavae, Rurutu and Rapa, apparently on Mauke in the Cook Islands and on all the main Hawaiian Islands with the exception of Niihau and Kahoolawe. On Raivavae and Rurutu populations are in a critical state, but on Rapa they are unthreatened. In Hawaii the species once formed a significant component of lowland dry forest. It has become rare because of habitat loss, and is now restricted to remnant patches of forest on lava flows and slopes which are less attractive for cultivation or grazing. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 434, 3372, 14513, 16551 Nesoluma st.-johnianum Sapotaceae Pitcairn Islands A common tree endemic to Henderson Island and co- dominant in the plateau forest with Xylosma suaveolens. It also occurs in scrub vegetation and on cliff slopes. The total population is estimated to number between 20,000 and 40,000 individuals and is under no threat at present. Henderson Island is a World Heritage Site. Assessor: Waldren, S. Refs: 12900, 13604 VU D2 Neuburgia alata Loganiaceae Fiji Occurring within a restricted area of south-east Viti Levu, the species is found in dense or secondary forest up to 400m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 18818 LR/nt Neuburgia macrocarpa Loganiaceae Fiji A tree with a compact crown, occurring in dense or open forest or forest edges up to 400m. So far populations are known only from Vanua Levu at the type locality and Viti Levu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 18818 LR/nt Neuburgia macroloba Loganiaceae Fiji A dense forest species, endemic to Taveuni. Small populations of about 20 plants are known from each of Six Sites. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 EN Dl 391 Species Summaries Neuburgia tubiflora Loganiaceae Papua New Guinea A shrub or small tree, so far known only from two collections taken in the Vogelkop District. It is reported to be common in young secondary lowland forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031 VU D2 Newtonia erlangeri Leguminosae Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania A tree of riverine or groundwater forest, extending into periodically flooded bushland. A few localities are known in southernmost Somalia and from the Tana River in Kenya, where it can be locally dominant. It also extends into north-east Tanzania.The habitat is reduced and degraded through overcutting. The timber of this species is used for construction work. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 9151, 12067, 18665 LR/nt Newtonia paucijuga Leguminosae Kenya, Tanzania Fairly common in places, e.g. Shimba Hills, this tree is restricted to pockets of moist coastal forest from south- east Kenya to south Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 10961 VU B1+2b Nicotiana africana Solanaceae Namibia An unusual wild tobacco species confined to the Brandberg, Erongo and Spitzkuppe Mountains in northern Namibia. It occurs as a shrub or small tree of 2.5m in very arid *karroid shrubland in a semi- desert/desert environment, usually in inaccessible, shady areas between huge granite boulders where there is some protection from human activities and browsing by livestock. The subpopulations are so small that any natural disaster or human impact like mining could easily wipe them out. Nothing is known about its reproductive strategy and few young plants have been seen. Cross-pollination between the isolated localities appears to be impossible, but there are no signs of any genetic decline. Research is being carried out to assess the potential of the species to improve cultivated tobacco forms. Although not used today, it may have been used as tobacco by early inhabitants. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 VU D1+2 Normanbya normanbyi Palmae Australia (Queensland) An omamental palm tree of coastal rainforest up to 300m, restricted to north-east Queensland. This uncommon species is in decline because of land clearance. It is listed in the Nature Conservancy Act (Queensland) 1994. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 VU Alc Northea hornei Sapotaceae Seychelles A common component of forest areas on Mahé, Praslin, VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Silhouette, Curieuse and Felicite Islands. It occurs in More Seychelloise National Park and seedlings are being used in a reforestation programme. The timber is of high quality and diverse use. The main threat to populations comes from the pervasive spread of introduced plants. The genus is monotypic. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9859, 16212, 17229, 19023 Nostolachma crassifolia Rubiaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A small tree of submontane forest, known only from a few collections and field records in the Anamalai Hills and an imprecisely recorded location in the Agastyamalai Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Nothaphoebe condensa Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Endemic to Langkawi Island, this species is known only from a single collection found in lowland seasonal forest. Langkawi Island is being rapidly developed as a tourist resort. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Nothaphoebe javanica Lauraceae Indonesia (Java) A species known from a single specimen, collected from Mount Payung in Ujung Kulon National Park. It is not known whether the species is now extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 CR C2b, D1 Nothaphoebe pahangensis Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A montane forest species confined to the Cameron Highlands in Pahang. Mountain forests are protected forests in Peninsular Malaysia. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Nothocestrum breviflorum Solanaceae USA (Hawaii) A stout tree which occurs only rarely, generally confined to dry forest up to an altitude of 1830m in the southern part of the Kohala Mountains, the northern slopes of Hualalai and Mauna Loa on Hawaii. Fewer than 50 individuals remain in six populations. Habitat conversion for residential and recreational purposes, the invasion of introduced plants, fire and grazing have all contributed to the decline in the species. It is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. The genus consists of four species, all endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19039 CR C2a, D1 Nothocestrum latifolium Solanaceae USA (Hawaii) This small tree occurs in various forest types between 460 and 1530m on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai and EN C2a 392 Maui. The genus consists of four species, all endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 Nothocestrum longifolium Solanaceae USA (Hawaii) A small tree or shrub, the commonest in the genus, occurring in rainforest up to 1620m on all the main islands except Niihau and Kahoolawe. The genus consists of four species, all endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 LR/nt Nothocestrum peltatum Solanaceae USA (Hawaii) A species of montane rainforest endemic to Kauai, where it is known from seven populations located at Kalalau Lookout, Awaawapuhi and Makaha Valleys, Nualolo, Kawaiula and Waimea Canyon. The number of individuals has declined to about 23 in total, largely because of the impact of invasive plants, feral goats, pigs, deer and jungle fowl. It is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. The genus consists of four species all endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19038 CR C2a, D1 Nothofagus alessandri Fagaceae Chile (Maule) Endemic to Maule region, the species was once more widespread but is now restricted to eight scattered localities in a small area of deciduous forest in the Coastal Cordillera. These stands all represent secondary growth from stump sprouts and between 1983 and 1991 their extent of occurrence was reduced by almost 60% as a result of the establishment of plantations of Pinus radiata. About 13% of the species range is covered by protected areas. It is recognised as a very primitive member of the genus. Assessor: Gonzalez, M. Refs: 4893, 11147, 16328, 19153 EN Alcde, B2cd Nothofagus alpina Fagaceae Argentina (Neuquén), Chile (Biobio, Maule) The species occurs in moist seasonal forest up to 1900m in both the Coastal Cordillera and Andes in Chile, extending into Argentina. Most of the lower elevation forest has been logged and converted to agriculture, especially in the northern part of the range, and also to Pinus radiata plantations. There are still extensive areas of intact forest. The species is little represented in Chilean protected areas. Assessor: Gonzalez, M. Refs: 331, 5112, 16328 LR/nt Nothofagus baumanniae Fagaceae New Caledonia This species is a dominant component of stunted cloud forest on ultramafic soils, restricted to three mountain peaks. The species' range is not believed to have been LR/cd any more extensive in the past. It is effectively protected within Riviere Bleue National Park. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 5300, 10351 Nothofagus discoidea Fagaceae New Caledonia This species is confined to a few small populations on ultramafic soils in the lowlands of the far south. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 5300, 10351 VU D2 Nothofagus glauca Fagaceae VU Alcd, B1+2c Chile (Biobfo, Maule, O'Higgins, Santiago, Valparaiso) The species is endemic to central Chile, occurring on thin or rocky soils up to 1500m in both the Coastal Cordillera and the Andes. Almost all the pure stands in the coastal range, known as Maule forest, have been logged and converted into Pinus radiata plantations. The Andean populations are presently under conversion. Since 1985 the woodchip industry has increased the demand for timber. Regeneration in old growth stands is very good. The species is rarely contained within protected areas. Assessor: Gonzalez, M. Refs: 4893, 11147, 16328, 19153 Nothofagus x leonii Fagaceae Chile A hybrid between N. obliqua and N. glauca. It is found only in areas where the two parent species meet in the Coastal Cordillera and the Andes in Chile. Its occurrence in protected areas is rare and most areas have experienced logging and clearing. Assessor: Gonzalez, M. Refs: 4893, 11147, 16328 EN Alcd, B2c Nothofagus nuda Fagaceae Papua New Guinea A tree known from a single collection found in mixed lower montane forest near the Tauri River in the Gulf Province, which is outside the general range of Nothofagus in New Guinea. A future taxonomic revision may change the status of this species. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 5300, 19114 CR D1 Nothofagus stylosa Fagaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A species known from a single locality in the central mountain range of Irian Jaya. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5300, 7154 VU D2 Nothofagus womersleyi Fagaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A locally common species, restricted to a single locality of primary rainforest on Bukit Irau in the Kebar Valley of the Vogelkop Peninsula. Its restricted occurrence and Narrow genetic base place the species in a precarious State. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 5300, 19114 EN B1+2c 393 Species Summaries Nothopegia aureo-fulva Anacardiaceae India (Tamil Nadu) Recorded only from the Tirunelveli Hills, this small tree has not been found this century despite botanical surveys of the area. Various developments have encroached upon and degraded the forest but there is still a possibility that the species may be rediscovered. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14276, 19144 CR B1+2c Nothopegia beddomei var. wynaadica Anacardiaceae India (Kerala) This taxon is poorly recorded, known only from a single site of submontane forest in Wynaad near the border with Karnataka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Nothopegia castanaefolia Anacardiaceae India (Maharashtra) A poorly known tree from an imprecisely recorded localition on the border between Karnataka and Maharashtra. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 CR B1+2c Nothopegia heyneana Anacardiaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Tamil Nadu) A widely but sparsely scattered species, occurring in areas of low- to medium-altitude forest in the Western Ghats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7147, 19144 LR/nt Nothospondias staudtii Simaroubaceae VU B1+2c Cameroon, Céte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria Extending from Cote d'Ivoire to Gabon, the species is relatively widespread but rare within a rapidly declining habitat. It occurs in semi-deciduous forest, which has been heavily logged everywhere. It is the sole member of the genus. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061, 12590 Nothotsuga longibracteata Pinaceae EN Alc China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi) Although the species is widespread, it appears to be very rare and poorly collected. Deforestation is a threat in most of its range. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1818, 11242, 13041, 18751 Notospartium carmichaeliae Leguminosae New Zealand (South Is.) A small tree, known only from Marlborough, where it occurs in valleys between the Wairau and Awatere Rivers. The genus consists of three species, endemic to New Zealand. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 902, 17637, 19133 LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees Notospartium glabrescens Leguminosae New Zealand (South Is.) A small tree, confined to Marlborough, where it is found between Awatere and Kowhai Rivers. The genus consists of three species endemic to New Zealand. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 19133 LR/nt Notospartium torulosum Leguminosae New Zealand (South Is.) Confined to Canterbury, this small tree is found in one main population near Peel forest and a few smaller populations, occurring on steep rocky slopes in riparian scrub or on forest margins. An increase in farming has caused a retraction of the species’. The total population consists of a few hundred individuals. Reproduction is sufficient in the main population. The genus consists of three species endemic to New Zealand. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 17637, 19133 LR/nt Nouelia insignis Compositae China (Sichuan, Yunnan) Shrubs or small trees are found singly or in small clumps, restricted largely to the lower reaches of the Anning and Yalong Rivers and Jinsha River Valley between 900m and 2800m. The main threat comes from firewood collection, but populations frequently occur in inaccessible places in rock crevices and on steep cliffs. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 LR/nt Nuxia glomerulata Buddlejaceae South Africa (Guateng, North-West Province) A straggling shrub or small tree which occurs on ridges and hills between Pretoria and Zeerust in mixed savanna. There may have been some decline in numbers and the extent of occurrence because of agricultural activities and other developments. Its restricted distribution also renders it vulnerable to any future developments in the area. It occurs in a privately owned nature reserve and a local authority reserve. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 LR/nt Nyssa yunnanensis Cornaceae China (Yunnan) A species known from a small population restricted to Jinghong County in the region of Xishuangbanna. It occurs infrequently as a component of the upper canopy of monsoon forest between 540 and 850m. Logging has contributed significantly to the decline in the extent of the species' range. The area is now under protection. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 CR B1+2c, C2a Ochanostachys amentacea Olacaceae DD Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore A monotypic genus found scattered in the understorey, occasionally reaching the canopy, of primary and secondary lowland rainforest, often mixed dipterocarp forest. Natural regeneration is sparse and scattered, but it 394 can be good under favourable conditions. The tree is slow-growing; taking about 150 years to reach a diameter of 50 cm. The petaling timber is too scarce to be of commercial importance. However, it is often traded with other medium and hard woods in mixed consignments. The wood is used for house posts and heavy construction. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 5550, 9199, 9328, 11145, 12937, 17140, 19017 Ochna angustata Ochnaceae Mozambique A species confined to central coastal areas of Mozambique. More fieldwork is required to consolidate the status of the population. Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 18965 DD Ochna beirensis Ochnaceae Mozambique Along with O. angustata, this species is confined to the central coastal area of Mozambique. More fieldwork is required to consolidate the status of the species. Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 18965 DD Ochna rufescens Ochnaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to lowland rainforest in south-west Sri Lanka. This species was previously found in Kottawa and Kanneliya Forest Reserves. However, it was not again found during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting that the species is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 CR B1+2cd Ochreinauclea missionis Rubiaceae India (Kerala) Endemic to the Western Ghats in Kerala, the species occurs in scattered pockets of evergreen forest along streamsides. It is believed to have been wiped out from several locations where there has been logging, clearing for commercial agriculture or other projects. The bark has medicinal value and the leaves are fed to livestock. The genus is monotypic. Assessor: CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants in India Refs: 561, 4799, 19144 VU B1+2c Ochrosia borbonica Apocynaceae Mauritius, Réunion Less than 50 individuals are known on Mauritius. The species is also rare and scattered in forest on Réunion. More information may indicate Critically Endangered is a more appropriate category. Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 9120, 12470, 16426, 19208 EN Alc+2ce Ochrosia fatuhivensis Apocynaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) The species has been recorded only from Fatu Hiva. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 Ochrosia grandiflora Apocynaceae New Caledonia Occurring in lowland gallery forest on schist or calcareous substrates, the species is known from four main localities in the regions of Koumac, Néavin and Col d'Amien, and also on the Ile de Pins. All sites are unprotected and exposed to threats, such as fire and agricultural encroachment. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 EX VU B1+2c Ochrosia haleakalae Apocynaceae USA (Hawaii) A tree scattered in dry to moist forest, often on lava, between 700 and 1200m on East Maui. Two collections have also been made, from Pololu Valley and Kalopa Gulch on Hawaii. It is reported to be in cultivation on Hawaii. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 15251 EN C2a Ochrosia kauaiensis Apocynaceae USA (Hawaii) This tree is uncommon and confined to Kauai Island, where it is found in lowland moist forest up to 350m on the Napali coast and on the slopes of Mount Kahili. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN C2a Ochrosia kilaueaensis Apocynaceae USA (Hawaii) Originally collected only from Puuwaawaa and Kipuka Puaulu on Hawaii, the species has not been recorded since the 1940s. It is possible that a population remains in the former site but recent surveys in the latter failed to uncover any remnant of a population. The montane rainforest habitat has been degraded by introduced plants, goats and fire. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19039 CR B1+2c, C2b, D1 Ochrosia nukuhivensis Apocynaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) The species has been recorded only from Nuku Hiva. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 EX Ochrosia tahitensis Apocynaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) The species has been recorded only from Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 EX 395 Species Summaries Ochrothallus blanchonii Sapotaceae New Caledonia The genus is now included in Niemeyera. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Ochrothallus francei Sapotaceae New Caledonia The genus is now included in Niemeyera. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Ocotea argylei Lauraceae Kenya The species is possibly synonymous with O. kenyensis. It is endemic to areas of moist forest above 2200m at Posta Hill, Mau. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 9198, 17859 VU D2 Ocotea basicordatifolia Lauraceae Brazil (Sao Paulo) This species is confined to a restricted area of Atlantic forest on the Serra de Paranapiacaba in Santo André. There is a biological reserve here within the Serra do Mar State Park. However, it is under serious threat from uncontrolled industrial pollution. The species is included in the official list compiled by *IBAMA of threatened Brazilian plants. Assessor: Varty, N. Refs: 8815, 16123 EN B1+2c Ocotea benthamiana Lauraceae Ecuador An endemic tree of Ecuador, inhabiting montane cloud forest, between 2000 and 3000m in the High Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Ocotea catharinensis Lauraceae VU Alcd Brazil (Paran4, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo) Formerly abundant, this slow-growing species has become rare because of the levels of exploitation of its timber. Essential oil is also harvested from the bark for the perfume industry. Its habitat also continues to to decline, although several localities are protected within state parks and biological reserves. The species is included in the official list compiled by *IBAMA of threatened Brazilian plants. There is also a suggestion that populations exist in Misiones in Argentina and in Paraguay. Assessor: Varty, N. & D.L. Guadagnin Refs: 8815, 15539, 16123 Ocotea clarkei Lauraceae Mexico (Chiapas) Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 8553 LR/cd The World List of Threatened Trees Ocotea foetens Lauraceae Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Is.) One of the major components of *laurisilva. Populations in both island groups are scattered and fragmented as a result of past habitat loss and timber exploitation. The most serious threat in the present day is fire. The population in the Canary Islands has not been properly censored but probably contains fewer than 10,000 individuals in total. It is listed in government legislation of 1991. In Madeira it is possible that population numbers are increasing with the expansion of laursilva. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1512, 19022, 19131 LR/nt Ocotea gabonensis Lauraceae Gabon A Gabon endemic, so far found at Lopé Forest Reserve and near Lastoursville. The habitat is degraded where logging has taken place. The species may be more widespread, given that Gabon's forests are relatively unexplored. These areas, however, are now largely under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14958, 15790 LR/nt Ocotea glaucosericea Lauraceae Costa Rica, Panama Occurring in montane forest, this species is found only in the Cordillera de Talamanca in Costa Rica and in the Chiriqui Highlands in Panama, where it is fairly abundant Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8381, 12587 LR/nt Ocotea harristi Lauraceae Jamaica A species known only from the type locality in Peckham Woods. Much of the area is degraded by cutting and lower slopes are planted with Pinus caribaea. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Ocotea jorge-escobarii Lauraceae Honduras, Nicaragua A species of mixed dry forest, occurring at middle elevations. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 1080, 6703, 7534 EN C2a Ocotea kenyensis Lauraceae VU Alcd Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, Northern Province), Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe A timber species found in areas of moist forest in East and South Africa extending into Central Africa. In some areas the populations are very small, e.g. the Zimbabwean population consists of four immature individuals. The populations in South Africa are all contained within protected areas, but usually comprise 396 of only isolated individuals or small groups of trees. It yields a superior hardwood which is heavily exploited through most of its range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 689, 2361, 6396, 6725, 10536, 10961, 16021, 19218 Ocotea langsdorffii Lauraceae Brazil (Minas Gerais) This species occurs in low densities in a restricted area of *campo rupestre in the Serra do Cipé. Trees are indiscriminately cut for timber resources, at levels of exploitation that are unsustainable. Laws to set up the Serra do Cip6é State Botanical Park and to protect the species are not yet well established. This species is included on the official list of threatened Brazilian plants compiled by *IBAMA. Assessor: Varty, N. Refs: 7144, 8815, 16123 VU Alcd Ocotea otuzcensis Lauraceae Peru A cloud forest species, which is known only from the type collection from the department of La Libertad. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Ocotea porosa Lauraceae VU Alcd Argentina? (Misiones?), Brazil (Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Paraguay? One of the dominant species of Araucaria forest, also occurring in various other habitat types. The largest populations occur in south Parand and north Santa Catarina, where the species occurs in almost pure stands. Although present in large numbers, the species is slow- growing and declining in numbers through timber exploitation. In rates of extraction, the species is second only to Parand pine. Several localities are protected and the species occurs on the official list of threatened Brazilian plants compiled by *IBAMA. Suggestions that populations exist in Argentina and Paraguay need verification. Assessor: Varty, N. & D.L. Guadagnin Refs: 4506, 8815, 14355, 15539, 16123, 19179 Ocotea pretiosa Lauraceae VU Alcd Argentina? (Misiones?), Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais, Parané, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Paraguay? Commonly known under the name of O. odorifera, the species is an important source of timber and essential oil. The species’ distribution is discontinuous, occurring in coastal forests which continue to be cleared despite legislative measures, and also in small woods and forest formations on the southern Brazilian plateau. There is also some indication that it may be found in Misiones in Argentina and also Paraguay. Exploitation of the species as a source of sassafras oil has been uncontrolled but largely confined to Santa Catarina, which is the only area to contain trees with sufficiently high safrole content. Remaining stands are no longer capable of sustaining high levels of utilization and no replanting has taken place. Natural sources of safrole are still the preferred source and it is likely that the market will turn to alternative plant species to replace O. pretiosa. The species is included in the official list of threatened Brazilian plants compiled by *IBAMA. Assessor: Varty, N. Refs: 7144, 8815, 15539, 16123 Ocotea raimondii Lauraceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in the department of Cajamarca. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Ocotea rivularis Lauraceae Costa Rica A lowland rainforest species, known from the type locality near Esquinas, where it was once said to be common, and also from Rincén. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12587, 14311 VU D2 Ocotea robertsoniae Lauraceae Jamaica The species is found in St Ann, St Elizabeth and Clarendon Parishes in areas of woodland on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Ocotea rotundata Lauraceae Ecuador A tree, growing up to 8m, endemic to the High Andes of Ecuador. It inhabits cloud forest between 2640 and 3200m in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe Provinces. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119 VU B1+2c Ocotea staminoides Lauraceae Jamaica An uncommon species found only in St Ann Parish. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Ocotea uxpanapana Lauraceae Mexico (Veracruz) A common tree of riparian forest in the regions of Uxpanapa and Los Tuxtlas. Half of the forest in Uxpanapa has disappeared through resettlement projects in the 1970s. The forests of Los Tuxtlas are rapidly disappearing and are considered to be extremely threatened. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 5993, 7980 VU Alc, B1+2c Ocotea viridiflora Lauraceae Costa Rica?, Panama Confined to the Chiriquf Highlands in cloud forest, this species is poorly understood. Undetermined specimens from Costa Rica may also represent this taxon. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7144, 7980, 13228 VU D2 397 Species Summaries Octoknema orientalis Olacaceae Tanzania This species is restricted to moist evergreen forest between 1000 and 1200m in the South Ngum Mountains, North Udzungwa Mountains and Mahenge. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204, 10961, 11631 VU B1+2b Oenocarpus circumtextus Palmae Colombia This endemic Colombian palm is found in lowland scrub in Amazonas, often in white sand areas or on rocky outcrops. The species is restricted to two remote localities, where few pressures are evident. Assessor: Bernal, R. Refs: 19118 VU B1+2c Oenocarpus makeru Palmae Colombia A palm of lowland rainforest, bordering areas of white sand. The species is known only from one location in a remote area of north-western Amazonia. Assessor: Bernal, R. Refs: 19118 DD Oenocarpus simplex Palmae Colombia An understorey species of lowland rainforest, known only from an undisturbed remote area in the north-west Amazon. Assessor: Bernal, R. Refs: 19118 DD Olax psittacorum Olacaceae Mauritius, Réunion In Mauritius occurrences are known in seasonal forest in Simonet and Morne Seche. Around 50 individuals have been counted and regeneration is observed to be occasional. Information on the Réunion population is required. The fruits of the tree are believed to be a food for a rare endemic parrot. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 12470, 16426, 19199 CR C2a Oldenburgia grandis Compositae South Africa (Eastern Cape) A shrub or small tree of potential ornamental interest, found along the Suurberg inland from Port Elizabeth to the mountains around Grahamstown. The species always occurs on outcrops of quartzite in grassy *fynbos. Its extent of occurrence is only about 500 km?. Although there are threats from invasive alien species, especially *wattles, and agricultural activities in places, there is no evidence of population declines. Most of the subpopulations occur on privately owned farms. Some plants are found in a national park and a few provincial and private nature reserves. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees Olea chimanimani Oleaceae Mozambique, Zimbabwe A species known only from the Chimanimani Mountains on the Zimbabwe—Mozambique border. It occurs fairly commonly on quartzite soils within a well-protected area of 600km?. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18965 VU D2 Olea europaea ssp. cerasiformis Oleaceae Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Is.) This taxon now includes subspecies from both the Canary Islands and Madeira, the latter previously being known as ssp. maderensis. It is relatively abundant at low and medium elevation in dry woodland on most Canary Islands, on the south coast and some areas of north Madeira and on Desertas and Porto Santo Islands, where it is rare. The species is covered in regional legislation and occurs in protected areas, but the habitat continues to experience general degradation and declines through increasing house-building, fires and invasive species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6729, 19022, 19131 LR/nt Olearia angulata Compositae New Zealand (North Is.) The taxonomic status of this species is dubious. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 902, 9800, 19134 DD Olearia chathamica Compositae New Zealand (Chatham Is.) The coastal forests of the Chatham Islands were once dominated by this small tree. The comprehensive destruction of the forest type has reduced populations to scrubland on exposed cliffs, largely confined to the south shore of Chatham Island, and on Pitt and South East Islands. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 902, 19133, 19134 LR/nt Olearia fragrantissima Compositae New Zealand (South Is.) Occurring in lowland forest and scrub in the east of South Island, this small tree appears to be common in most areas but is showing little regeneration. In the southern parts of its range it occurs on high-fertility soils, which are highly sought-after by agriculturists and colonised by aggressive pasture grass. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 902, 9800, 19133, 19134 LR/nt Olearia hectorii Compositae New Zealand (North Is., South Is.) Approximately 1000 individuals remain of this small tree, occurring in isolated populations in forest and scrub on fertile soils. Regeneration is almost absent. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 902, 9800, 19133, 19134 EN C2a 398 Olearia polita Compositae New Zealand (South Is.) A tree restricted to a population of about 500 trees in lowland beech forest in Nelson. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 902, 9800 EN C2b Olearia traversii Compositae New Zealand (Chatham Is.) Once one of the major components of forest on the Chatham Islands. Complete destruction of the forest type has led to the species becoming rare and largely confined to paddocks. There is evidence of some regeneration. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 902, 5563, 19133, 19134 LR/nt Omalanthus stokesii Euphorbiaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) An endemic to Rapa. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt Oncosperma fasciculatum Palmae Sri Lanka A palm tree of the wet lowlands, endemic to Sri Lanka. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 LR/nt Oncosperma platyphyllum Palmae Philippines A species of primary forest at low to medium elevations, confined to the island of Negros. Assessor: Madulid, D. Refs: 19118 VU Alc Ophrypetalum odoratum ssp. longipedicellatum Annonaceae EN B1+2d, C2b, D1 Tanzania An endemic to the Kimboza Forest Reserve, which covers 4km? of moist coastal forest on limestone. The surrounding area is densely populated and there is a strong demand for land for cultivation. Two forest guards are employed by the Tanzanian Catchment Forest Project to prevent illegal activities or encroachment. The type subspecies is the only other member of the genus and is similarly restricted. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204, 9302 Ophrypetalum odoratum ssp. odoratum Annonaceae Kenya, Tanzania Ranging more widely than ssp. longipedicellatum, this small tree is often locally dominant within pockets of dry coastal forest, often on coral. Populations are known from Diani, Jadini and Vipingo in south-east Kenya as well as further south in eastern Tanzania. The genus is monotypic. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 8814 VU B1+2b Orania decipiens Palmae Philippines A primary forest species, endemic to Mindoro. Assessor: Madulid, D. Refs: 19118 LR/nt Orania longisquama Palmae Madagascar A rare palm endemic to Madagascar, known only in the north-west and east. This species inhabits lowland and submontane rainforest between 40 and 550m. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 19118 LR/nt Orania ravaka Palmae Madagascar This Madagascan endemic is known only from lowland rainforest at three sites in the north-east. The total population is estimated to consist of 500 individuals. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VU B1+2c Orania sylvicola Palmae LR/nt Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore (ex) This palm tree is confined to coastal rainforest up to 200m. The population in West Java has been reduced to fewer than 200 individuals in a single locality. The species is extinct in Singapore. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 9199, 19118 Orania trispatha Palmae Madagascar Fewer than 50 individuals are known from three locations of lowland rainforest, all of which are under threat of destruction. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 CR Alcd Oreomunnea pterocarpa Juglandaceae Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama Although previously considered to be a Costa Rican endemic, it appears the species is also recorded in Mexico and Chiriqui in Panama and hence could be distributed throughout Central America. It is sparse in occurrence, usually found as isolated individuals in areas of moist and wet evergreen forest. Little is known of the regenerative capacity of the species, although it does not appear to be strong. The timber is not heavily exploited, although it is traded to some extent domestically. The species is listed in Appendix II of *CITES. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 7980, 14487, 14717, 19179, 19185, 19186 EN C2a Oreopanax arcanus Araliaceae Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas) Occurring in montane forest in oak and mesophyllous formations, the species is found in the Chiapas Highlands in Mexico, between 2000 and 2300m, and in VUAIlc 399 Species Summaries mountainous parts of Guatemala. The population in Mexico is considered endangered. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4974, 19161 Oreopanax candamoanus Araliaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, this species occurs in forest between roughly 2000 and 3500m in the department of Cajamarca. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Oreopanax cissoides Araliaceae Peru Recorded only from the type collection, the species occurs in forest above 2500m in the department of Cajamarca. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Oreopanax echinops Araliaceae Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico A species of oak forest occurring at medium elevations. Its distribution extends from Sierra Madre in Chiapas, Mexico to Honduras. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19161 VU Alc Oreopanax ischnolobus Araliaceae Peru A species of forest above 2500m, known only from the type collection from the department of Junin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Oreopanax jelskii Araliaceae Peru Recorded only from the type collection, the species occurs in forest above 2500m in Cajamarca. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Oreopanax klugii Araliaceae Peru A lowland forest species which is recorded only from the department of Loreto. There are doubts over its taxonomic status and it is not included in the Flora of Peru. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 DD Oreopanax lempiranus Araliaceae Honduras Endemic to Honduras, the species is, so far, known only from an area of wet montane forest in Celaque National Park. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 2935, 10147 CR C2b The World List of Threatened Trees Oreopanax oerstediana Araliaceae Costa Rica, Panama A species of cloud forest, occurring between 1000 and 2500m in small, restricted populations. Despite the entire range coinciding with protected areas, there are increasing threats of habitat logging and clearance. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 14487, 15037, 16772 VU C2a Oreopanax peltatus Araliaceae Guatemala, Mexico Occurring from the Gulf region of Mexico to Guatemala, the species is found in areas of moist seasonal forest from medium to high elevations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993, 19161 VU Alc Oreopanax raimondii Araliaceae Peru Recorded only from the type collection, the species occurs in forest above 2500m in the department of La Libertad. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Oreopanax sanderianus Araliaceae Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico A scarce species of pine—oak forest and mesophyllous montane forest. Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzalez-Espinosa Refs: 19161 VU Alc Oreopanax stenophyllus Araliaceae Peru This cloud forest species occurs in forest between 3000 and 3500m, in the departments of Cuzco and Puno. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Oricia suaveolens Rutaceae LR/nt Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Sierra Leone Widely occurring from Sierra Leone to DR Congo, this species is confined to the more restricted wetter evergreen forests, which in certain areas have been heavily logged and destroyed by oil exploration, mining and commercial forestry operations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 8369, 11504, 12061 Oricia trifoliolata Rutaceae Cameroon A small forest tree confined to Korup National Park and the Mount Cameroon area. It is sparsely scattered and the habitat is declining through logging and the expansion of areas under cultivation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12597 VU B1+2c 400 Oriciopsis glaberrima Rutaceae Cameroon Endemic to Cameroon, this small understorey tree occurs locally in some abundance in lowland swamp forest at Bertona, Doume, Lomie, Akonolinga and Sangmelima. The habitat is being lost to agricultural development in places. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12597 LR/nt Ormocarpopsis aspera Leguminosae Madagascar Widespread in central and west Madagascar, this lowland or submontane woodland species is uncommon and the remaining native vegetation is very fragmented and continuing to decline. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 LR/nt Ormocarpopsis calcicola Leguminosae Madagascar A deciduous woodland species restricted to limestone outcrops in the Ankara Plateau of west Madagascar. Although it occurs within the protected Namoroka Reserve its range is restricted to an estimated 400 km? (*AOO) and areas outside the reserve are declining. It may now be restricted to a single locality within the reserve. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 EN B1+2abc Ormocarpopsis itremoensis Leguminosae Madagascar A sclerophyllous woodland species that is known only from the small marble outcrops to the south of Amatofinandrahana on the eastern margin of the Itremo Massif in central Madagascar. These areas are being actively mined for marble and the forest remnants are also being rapidly degraded. Its range is estimated to be less than 10 km? (*AOO). No protection exists in this area. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 CR B1+2abc Ormocarpopsis mandrarensis Leguminosae Madagascar Known from only two localities, this deciduous woodland species occurs in the upper Mandrare River basin and Ihosy River valley of south-central Madagascar. Its range is restricted to an estimated 1500 km? (*AOO), where the vegetation is highly fragmented and decreasing. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 VU B1+2abc Ormocarpopsis parvifolia Leguminosae Madagascar A xerophytic scrub and woodland species confined to a small area of south and south-east Madagascar. Its range is estimated to be 15, 000 km? (*EOO) and includes VU B1+2abe Andohahela Reserve (Parcelle 2). All vegetation in this area is fragmented and declining. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 Ormocarpopsis tulearensis Leguminosae Madagascar This scrubland species is confined to the Mahafaly Plateau between the Manombo River and Itambono Corridor, with an estimated range of 5000 km? (*EOO). The vegetation is fragmented, often disturbed and declining as a result of felling for charcoal and grazing. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 EN B1+2abc Ormocarpum caerulum Leguminosae Yemen (Socotra) A small tree or shrub which is relatively common in lowland and submontane woodland. It is an important cattle browse. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 19083 VU D2 Ormocarpum dhofarense Leguminosae Oman, Yemen A regional endemic from a small area of escarpment woodlands in Dhofar, Oman, and neighbouring Mahra, southem Yemen. Since 1975 the area in Oman has seen an influx of people and their livestock. There has been a subsequent rapid increase in the cutting of wood and grazing. Trees are also browsed by livestock. Assessor: Ghazanfar, S.A. Refs: 16380, 17281 VU B1+2c Ormocarpum sennodes ssp. zanzibaricum Leguminosae Kenya, Tanzania A small tree found only in areas of dry coastal forest from the vicinity of the Shimba Hills in south-east Kenya, through eastern Tanzania to Zanzibar Island. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 8814 VU B1+2b Ormosia cruenta Leguminosae Panama Collected only twice from the provinces of Chiriqui and Coclé, the species and its status are very poorly known. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 14630, 16772 DD Ormosia gracilis Leguminosae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species of submontane primary rainforest, occurring up to 2000m. Some parts of the range are affected by increasing settlement and agriculture, but a sufficient part of the total population is believed to be contained in protective forests within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 LR/cd Ormosia grandistipulata Leguminosae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This small tree or shrub is confined to rainforest in the VU D2 401 Species Summaries state of Terengganu, in Peninsular Malaysia. It has been collected only once and little is known about its altitudinal range. The area is under some pressure from increasing settlement. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19073 Ormosia hosiei Leguminosae LR/nt China (Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang) Populations are wide-ranging, but large individuals are teduced to areas around temples and houses. The natural habitat of this species is in low-elevation broadleaved forest. Habitat conversion to agriculture and overexploitation of the species for its timber are the main causes of population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 Ormosia howii Leguminosae China (Guangdong, Guangdong - Hainan) Despite extensive searches the species has not been found again in the two lecalities where it has been recorded, in Dialuo Mount Forest Region on Hainan Island and Yangchun County in Guangdong. It was known to be restricted to montane rainforest, exposed to various threats of cutting and encroaching agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11725, 11847 EX Ormosia jamaicensis Leguminosae Jamaica The species is known from a small range in Hanover in woodland on limestone hillsides. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Ormosia polita Leguminosae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) An endemic tree of Peninsular Malaysia, inhabiting primary lowland rainforest. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Orophea palawanensis Annonaceae Philippines This tree is endemic to Palawan, found in forests at low and medium altitudes. The main island is a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c Orophea submaculata Annonaceae Philippines A lowland forest species, confined to Palawan between 200 and 450m. The main island is a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986, 5651 VU B1+2c Orophea thomsoni Annonaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Four scattered occurrences are recorded, in two cases EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees imprecisely, from the Anaimalai area and the Agastyamalai Hills. The species occurs in the understorey of evergreen forest between approximately 500 and 1000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 Orophea uniflora Annonaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) An understorey tree of evergreen forest, ascending to altitudes of 1200m. It appears to be scattered sparsley in the southern end of the Western Ghats, including Wynaad in the Nilgiri Hills Biosphere Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14276, 19144 VU B1+2c Orphanodendron bernalii Leguminosae Colombia An endemic to Antioquia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 CR B1+2c Osmoxylon arrhenicum Araliaceae Papua New Guinea (North Solomons) Endemic to Santa Isabel, this species is known only from the site where it was first collected in steep hill forest at 700m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031 VU D2 Osmoxylon chrysanthum Araliaceae Papua New Guinea (North Solomons) A small tree, known only from the type collection. It was found in a riverine community on the debris banks of a deep gorge at 300m on Guadalcanal Island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031 VU D2 Osmoxylon corneri Araliaceae Papua New Guinea (North Solomons) Endemic to Guadalcanal, this small tree is known only from the type specimen collected at 1470m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031 VU D2 Osmoxylon ellipsoideum Araliaceae Papua New Guinea (North Solomons) A many-branched tree, presently known only from areas of secondary or disturbed lowland hill forest in the Milne Bay District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031 VU D2 Osmoxylon lanceolatum Araliaceae Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago) An understorey tree, endemic to central and south New Ireland where it occurs in ridge-top forest on limestone between 750 and 850m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031 VU D2 402 Osmoxylon mariannense Araliaceae Northern Marianas Endemic to the island of Rota, the species is scattered in moist forest on limestone. There have been no recent surveys but the population certainly contains fewer than 100 or possibly 50 trees, confined to an area of 15km?. Lack of regeneration is a serious problem but the causes are unknown. Assessor: Wiles, G. Refs: 2474, 16676, 19175 CR C2b Osmoxylon miquelli Araliaceae Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A sparsley branched tree, known from only a single imperfect collection of no precise locality. It is likely to come from Triton Bay, Fakfak District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031 DD Osmoxylon reburrum Araliaceae Papua New Guinea (North Solomons) A small tree, so far known only from the type collection from the Malaita District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031 VU D2 Osmoxylon whitmorei Araliaceae Papua New Guinea (North Solomons) A small tree endemic to coastal forest in Guadalcanal; it is known only from the type collection. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031 VU D2 Ostodes minor Euphorbiaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sri Lanka. The species was previously found in the Haycock (Hinidumkanda) Biosphere Reserve. However, it was not found again during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting that the species is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 CR B1+2c Ostrya rehderiana Corylaceae China (Zhejiang) The wild population is now apparently confined to five damaged individuals on Xitianmu Mountain. The trees are protected but they do not appear to be regenerating naturally. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11725, 11847 CR D1 Otoba acuminata Myristicaceae Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama The species is fairly common in lowland forest in Bocas del Toro in Panama and more scarce in Limén in Costa Rica. It is hoped that populations exist in La Amistad National Park in between these two sites and *TROPICOS also records the species in Ecuador. Although this suggests the species’ range is wide, the LR/nt known populations are not large and the habitat is greatly threatened. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 Otophora unilocularis Sapindaceae China (Guangdong - Hainan) The species is now presumed to be extinct from its only known location in thorny scrub on the seashore in Foluo, Ledong County, south-west Hainan. It was last seen in 1935. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 4246, 11847 EX Ouratea amplectens Ochnaceae Ghana, Liberia A species which occurs commonly but only within a restricted and reduced area of wet evergreen forest. This habitat has experienced significant pressure from mining, logging and commercial forestry activities. Assessor: Hawthore, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Ouratea cocleensis Ochnaceae Costa Rica, Panama A species of mid-elevation rainforest, which has been collected from Valle de Antén in Coclé and more recently from the province of Panamé, including Altos de Campana National Park, where the population is well protected. Further investigation may reveal the species to be more widespread. There are several undetermined herbarium specimens, which may, prove identifiable to this species and a new record from Puntarenas indicates the species range extends into Costa Rica. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 VU C2a Ouratea elegans Ochnaceae Jamaica A single individual, which has not been satisfactorily identified, is the only currently known specimen of the species. It is found in Copse Woods which is conserved by the landowners. Disturbance has been limited to hurricane damage. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR D1 Ouratea insulae Ochnaceae Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico The species occurs in moist lowland thickets, often in secondary growth. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 EN C2a Ouratea jamaicensis Ochnaceae Jamaica A tree with an occasional distribution in central and westem parishes in woodland and pasture margins on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt 403 Species Summaries Ouratea patelliformis Ochnaceae Panama Known only from Pacora, in Panamé Province, the species has not been collected since it was first discovered, despite the area being relatively well explored. A revision of the genus suggests that the taxon is just a form of O. lucens. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 DD Ouratea quintasii Ochnaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (S40 Tomé) This small tree is known from coastal areas in Angolares and Diogo Vaz. The island remains unexplored in places, although most of the forest below 1500m was cleared in the first half of the century. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724 VU D2 Ouratea schusteri Ochnaceae Kenya, Tanzania A species of moist forest with populations in the Taita Hills, Kasigau, the Usambara and Uluguru Mountains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 12067 VU B1+2c Ouratea tumacoensis Ochnaceae Colombia An endemic of Narifio. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 VU B1+2c Oxandra leucodermis Annonaceae Venezuela Occurring in seasonally flooded evergreen forest, the species has been found in localities along Rio Casiquiare and Rio Negro in Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19128 LR/nt Oxanthera aurantium Rutaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Oxanthera brevipes Rutaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Oxanthera fragrans Rutaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Oxanthera neocaledonica Rutaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Oxanthera undulata Rutaceae New Caledonia The species was last seen and collected in the vicinity of the upper Dothio. It is questionable whether it should now be considered extinct. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351 CRDI1 Oxera cauliflora Verbenaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Oxera crassifolia Verbenaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 LR/cd Oxera macrocalyx Verbenaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Oxera nuda Verbenaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Oxyanthus lepidus ssp. kigogoensis Rubiaceae Tanzania A small tree with a very restricted range, occurring within a 50m altitudinal belt in moist montane forest in Kigogo. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2d, D2 Oxyanthus pyriformis ssp. brevitubus Rubiaceae Kenya, Tanzania In Kenya this taxon is recorded from dry forest on Emali and the Mutito Hills at medium elevations. It is also known from a similiar habitat in northern Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 6396, 10351, 12067 VU B1+2b Oxyanthus pyriformis ssp. longitubus Rubiaceae Kenya This small tree is known only from areas of moist forest in the Shimba Hills, Gongoni and Pangani. Only the Pangani site is unprotected. Assessor: CAMP Workshop in Kenya Refs: 6396, 19181 EN B1+2c Oxyanthus pyriformis ssp. tanganyikensis Rubiaceae Tanzania A shrub or small tree from east and south-east Tanzania, restricted to moist forest or open woodland ranging from low to medium elevations. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 8814, 10351 VU B1+2b 404 Oxystigma msoo Leguminosae Kenya, Tanzania This large tree is restricted to small areas of remaining moist or riverine forest from south-east Kenya to north- east Tanzania. The only records from Kenya are from Pangani and the Tana Delta. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 6396, 10351, 12067 VU B1+2b Ozoroa namaquensis Anacardiaceae Namibia, South Africa (Northern Cape) A poorly known multi-stemmed species apparently confined to the lower Orange River Valley in the Goodhouse area of southern Namibia and the Northern Cape. It is recorded from at least three localities in *karroid shrubland in a semi-desert environment on non- perennial tributaries leading down to the Orange River. At one locality only a few plants were seen, but all were healthy and flowering profusely. Mining activities in the area could pose a threat. One locality was beside a former main road between South Africa and Namibia. It is likely that this species occurs elsewhere and a field assessment is required to determine its conservation status. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 DD Ozoroa reticulata var. nyasica Anacardiaceae Malawi This is a variant of a very polymorphic species. The taxonomy may need further confirmation. It is apparently confined to patches of montane woodland on Mount Mulanje. There have been considerable declines in the extent of forest and woodland on the mountain in the past, mainly through timber exploitation and also fires, but there is now some degree of protection. The conservation of remaining resources and prevention of illegal activities are now a high priority. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 15477, 18965 VU D2 Pachyanthus pedicellatus Melastomataceae Cuba Occurring in montane rainforest especially along creeks, this endemic shrub or tree is restricted to the Sierra Maestra mountain range in eastern Cuba. It is still fairly common although in many places the species is becoming scarce. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 16327, 18485, 19149 LR/nt Pachypodanthium barteri Annonaceae Cameroon, Gabon, Nigeria A swamp forest tree, which appears to be rare. It is known to occur from south-west Nigeria to Gabon. Most parts of the range have suffered large-scale declines in its habitat because of logging and the demand for land for cultivation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4108, 11504 VU Alc Pachypodium namaquanum Apocynaceae Namibia, South Africa (Northern Cape) A spiny succulent tree recorded in *karroid shrubland along both sides of the lower Orange River Valley from the Tantalite Valley and Pella mountain range in the east to the Richtersveld, Huib-Hoch and Huns Mountains in the west. It has been recorded from more than 50 localities within an extent of occurrence of approximately 15000 km?. The subpopulations on the Namibian side of the Orange River are inaccessible and therefore generally secure. They are fairly large, with an average density of between 625 and 1100 individuals per hectare. Similar densities, with a range of ages, are also found on Pella Mountain. The species has been subjected to much illegal collecting, especially in the Richtersveld, as plants are highly sought-after on both the domestic and international markets. Artificially propagated plants are now widely available and the demand for wild-collected plants has effectively been reduced. There are further threats from mining activities in Namibia and intense grazing and trampling of the surrounding vegetation by domestic livestock in the Richtersveld, although this subpopulation is contained within a national park and provincial nature reserve. There are also low levels of recruitment in the latter subpopulation, apparently because of insect parasitism of the seeds. The species is also protected by law in both South Africa and Namibia and it is listed in *CITES Appendix II. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19141, 19218 LR/nt Pachystela subverticillata Sapotaceae Kenya A coastal shrub or small tree up to 8m, confined to a few isolated areas of moist or riverine forest and dense bushland/woodland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1308, 6396 VU B1+2c Pachystigma loranthifolium ssp. loranthifolium Rubiaceae VU B1+2b Kenya, Tanzania Ranging from south-east Kenya to north-east Tanzania, this small tree or shrub is confined to patches of dry coastal forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 8814 Palaquium bataanense Sapotaceae Indonesia, Philippines A large tree of primary forests, this species is a source of ted nato timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919, 12937, 14573 VU Ald Palaquium bourdillonii Sapotaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A relatively large tree, endemic to the southernmost part of the Western Ghats in the Agastyamalai Hills. It has been collected or recorded from approximately six localities of evergreen forest between 500 and 1300m. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for VU B1+2c 405 Species Summaries fuelwood, but almost 1000km? of forest are now under protection within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 14276, 19144 Palaquium canaliculatum Sapotaceae Sri Lanka A rare tree restricted to lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sri Lanka. Only three localities were identified during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 Palaquium grande Sapotaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195 EN B1+2cd VU Alc Palaquium impressinervium Sapotaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand A very large tree of moist lowland and hill forest . The timber is traded internationally, but the greatest threat to the species is from the expansion of settlements. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2a Palaquium laevifolium Sapotaceae Sri Lanka A species confined to lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sri Lanka. Only three trees were found in a single site, proposed for reserve status, during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the recent National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 CR B1+2cd Palaquium luzoniense Sapotaceae Philippines This primary forest tree is a source of red nato timber and formerly provided gutta-percha for trade. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919 VU Ald Palaquium mindanaense Sapotaceae Philippines A timber species, endemic to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919 VU Alcd Palaquium neo-ebudicum Sapotaceae Vanuatu An endemic species to Vanuatu, occurring on the islands of Erromango, Pentecost and Banks. It is not uncommon but logging and habitat destruction have led to the species becoming increasingly hard to find. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11632 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Palaquium pauciflorum Sapotaceae Sri Lanka A tree confined to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195 VU Alc Palaquium petiolare Sapotaceae Sri Lanka Endemic to Sri Lanka, this canopy tree is restricted to the wet lowlands. It is one of the dominant canopy species in the Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve and also occurs in several other forest reserves. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 18515 Palaquium philippense Sapotaceae Philippines A medium-sized tree, of lowland primary forests, which is used as a source of nyatoh timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919, 14573 LR/cd VU Ald ‘Palaquium ravii Sapotaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Collected twice, this relatively large tree is recorded from two localities of lowland evergreen forest in the region of the Anamalai Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Palaquium regina-montium Sapotaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Occurring in montane and submontane rainforest areas, the species is protected within Taman Negara National Park and other protected forests within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 14573, 19073 LR/cd Palaquium rubiginosum Sapotaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. This species was found in eight sites during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Palaquium thwaitesii Sapotaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 17195 VU Alc Palaquium zeylanicum Sapotaceae Sri Lanka A newly described species from lowland dipterocarp forest in Morapitiya and Kanneliya Forest Reserves. In VU D2 406 some places logging is threatening the habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11086 Palicourea calycina Rubiaceae Ecuador An endemic of the Ecuadorean High Andes, inhabiting areas of cloud forest between 3200 and 3290m in the provinces of Carchi, Imbabura, Bolfvar and Loja. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Palicourea consobrina Rubiaceae Peru Occurring between 2000 and 3000m, this forest species has been recorded only from the department of Cuzco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Palicourea herrerae Rubiaceae Peru Restricted to areas of cloud forest between 2500 and 4000m, the species is recorded in the departments of Cuzco and Huancavelica. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Palicourea latifolia Rubiaceae Peru Recorded only from the department of Hudnuco, the species occurs in areas of forest between 1500 and 3000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Palicourea wilesii Rubiaceae Jamaica A locally common species, occurring in shady woodland on limestone or shale in St Andrew, St Thomas and Portland between 280 and 1130m. Almost all the forest at these altitudes has been destroyed or severely degraded. Assessor: Bellingham, P. Refs: 6057, 7980, 17743, 19116 VU B1+2c Pamphilia vilcabambae Styracaceae Peru This species is restricted to cloud and *elfin forest between 2000 and 3000m in the department of Cuzco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Pancheria humboldtiana Cunoniaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 LR/cd Pancheria multijuga Cunoniaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 LR/cd Pancheria robusta Cunoniaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 LR/cd Pandanus aldabraensis Pandanaceae Seychelles (Aldabra) A small tree of mixed and tall scrub found only in the Gionnet Channel and in the Takamaka area on Picard and Grand Terre. The entire population occurs within an area of less than 1000ha. The fruits are eaten and apparently dispersed by tortoises. The islands are protected within a Strict Nature Reserve. Only Picard has a small number of inhabitants in the research station. Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Refs: 19027 VU D2 Pandanus balfourii Pandanaceae Seychelles Endemic to the Seychelles, the species qualifies as threatened by virtue of its restricted distribution. Populations are healthy and stable. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16212, 17229 VU D2 Pandanus carmichaelii Pandanaceae Mauritius A low, sprawling shrub known only from a population confined to marshland at Le Petrin between 600 and 650m in the south-west. Although the plants appear to flower and fruit regularly, no regeneration has been observed. The species has not been successfully brought into cultivation. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 2026, 9120 CR DI Pandanus clandestinus Pandanaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 LR/cd Pandanus decastigma Pandanaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Pandanus decipiens Pandanaceae Philippines This endemic tree of Palawan occurs in thickets and forests at low altitudes, often adjacent to mangrove swamp. The main island is a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c Pandanus decumbens Pandanaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c 407 Species Summaries Pandanus gabonensis Pandanaceae Gabon A newly described species which is known only from an area near Mbel. It may be more widespread given that Gabon's forest are relatively unexplored. Most areas of forest, however, are now under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8572, 14958 VU D2 Pandanus halleorum Pandanaceae Vanuatu A species found only on Vanua Lava Island and at Tisbel on Malekula Island in medium-altitude forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9000 VU D2 Pandanus hornei Pandanaceae Seychelles Once a dominant component of palm forest, the species is now restricted to small riverine areas on Mahé, Silhouette, Praslin and Curieuse. Historical clearance of mid-altitude forest has been the main factor causing the species’ decline. Invasive plants are the most serious concern now. The species is present in several national parks. Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Refs: 16212, 17229, 19025 VU D2 Pandanus joskei Pandanaceae Fiji A species known from just two locations in Fiji, on Mount Korobamba on Viti Levu and on Koro Island, both at moderately high altitudes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18818 VU D2 Pandanus kajui Pandanaceae Kenya A tree with prop roots, endemic to central Kenya. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 9151 VU B1+2c Pandanus lacuum Pandanaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Pandanus multispicatus Pandanaceae Seychelles Usually a shrub less than 2m high, but occasionally arborescent, the species is endemic to the Seychelles. Populations are healthy and stable. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16212, 17229 VU D2 Pandanus palustris Pandanaceae Mauritius Like P. carmichalii, the species, which in this case is a tree growing to 10m, is found in the marshland at Le CR D1 The World List of Threatened Trees Petrin. Isolated individuals also occur on river courses of Mare aus Vacoas (‘Lake of Pandanus'). Fewer than 20 individuals have been counted. No regeneration is observed and the plant has not been successfully brought into cultivation. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 2026, 9120 Pandanus papenooensis Pandanaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) The species is known only from Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt Pandanus parvicentralis Pandanaceae Gabon The wild population remains unknown. The species is known only from herbarium specimens. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8572 DD Pandanus petersii Pandanaceae Mozambique Scattered in woodland remnants in swampy or wetland places, the species is confined to an area stretching from Namacurra to Quelimane and the Zambezi Delta. The populations are unprotected and contained within a zone which is under pressure from growing human populations and their activities. Assessor: Burrows, P. Refs: 19172 VU D2 Pandanus pyramidalis Pandanaceae Mauritius Originally known from marshland areas on the central plateau, the last known individual died in 1995 of disease. It is possible that the species survives in areas which have not been surveyed. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 2026, 9120 EX Pandanus sechellarum Pandanaceae Seychelles Endemic to the Seychelles, the species qualifies as threatened by virtue of its restricted distribution. Populations are healthy and stable. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16212, 17229 VU D2 Pandanus taveuniensis Pandanaceae Fiji A tree confined to Taveuni Island, where the population is reported to be extensive. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18818 VU D2 Pandanus tectorius var. uapensis Pandanaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) One of the numerous varieties of this Polynesian species. It is known only from Ua Pou in the Marquesas. DD 408 An important tree for various uses: a source of fibre, thatch, wood and also a famine food. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 434, 14513 Pandanus teuszii Pandanaceae Gabon The population in the wild is unknown. The species is known only from herbarium specimens. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8572 DD Pandanus thomensis Pandanaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Sao Tomé) A tree known from several collections, both recent and old, from Rodia, Ilheu das Rolas and S. Anténio de Mussacavu. Areas of Sao Tomé remain to be explored, although most of the forest below 1500m was cleared in the first half of the century. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724 VU D2 Pandanus verecundus Pandanaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 CR D1 Pappobolus sanchezii Compositae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in cloud forest between 2500 and 4000m in the department of Cajamarca. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Paracalyx balfourii Leguminosae Yemen (Socotra) A species of lowland dry woodland on Socotra and also Samha, one of The Brothers. Its occurrence is very scattered but populations are under no immediate threat. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Parajubaea torallyi Palmae Bolivia Endemic to the Bolivian Andes, the species is scattered in dry forest on steep rocky slopes between 2400 and 3400m in inter-Andean valleys. There is little evidence of regeneration: most stands almost completely lack seedlings and juveniles. Although local communities are concerned about the species' conservation and two populations are now contained within a protected area at E] Palmar, no research or action has been taken to deal with the lack of regeneration. Assessor: Moraes, M. Refs: 19118, 19180 EN B1+2c Paramachaerium schunkei Leguminosae Peru This lowland Amazon forest species is known only from the type collection from the department of Hudnuco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Paranecepsia alchorneifolia Euphorbiaceae Mozambique, Tanzania A monotypic genus. It is found in remaining riverine forest or thicket in eastern Tanzania extending south into north-east Mozambique. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Paranephelium hainanensis Sapindaceae China (Guangdong - Hainan) A species with a highly restricted range, valuable as a timber and confined to woodland below 200m in Yaxian County on Hainan Island. Scattered singly or in small stands, individuals have become scarcer because of cutting and habitat clearance. Remaining stands do not appear to be protected in any way. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 EN B1+2c Parashorea aptera Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) Found below 70m in eastern Sumatra, this tree grows on sandy soils on low hills. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd Parashorea chinensis Dipterocarpaceae China (Guangxi, Yunnan), Viet Nam An emergent tree, reaching heights of 80m, in primary forest areas within Mengla, Maguan and Hekou in Yunnan, parts of south-west Guangxi and the northern provinces of Viet Nam. In China only a few large trees are left, the Yunnan population being restricted to an area of 20km?. Insect attacks, resulting in premature fruit-fall, are frequent. In Viet Nam the species is sometimes found in pure stands. Populations have been overexploited for their timber in both countries. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 848, 1818, 11847, 13857, 15357, 15754, 19055 EN Alcd, C2a, D1 Parashorea densiflora Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree scattered throughout the lowland dipterocarp forest of Peninsular Malaysia, which is cut for gerutu timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alcd, B1+2c Parashorea globosa Dipterocarpaceae EN B1+2e, D1 Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree suffering from degradation of the lowland dipterocarp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 409 Species Summaries Parashorea lucida Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, B1+2c, C2a Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak) This species is found in mixed dipterocarp forest on hills. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Parashorea macrophylla Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) A large timber tree which is confined to moist clay-rich soils in Sarawak and Brunei. An occurrence has been recorded in a proposed reserve. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, B1+2c, C2a Parashorea malaanonan Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines A very large dipterocarp tree of lowland primary forest, which is used as white seraya timber and is the most important commercial timber of northern Borneo. This threatened species is located in a proposed reserve site. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Parashorea stellata Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, B1+2c Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam This slow-growing tree is found in seasonal lowland and evergreen dipterocarp hill forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 13857, 19093 Parasitaxus ustus Podocarpaceae LR/nt New Caledonia A small shrub which parasitises the roots of Falcatifolium taxoides. Although populations are small, the species is widely dispersed in cloud forest and under effective protection in Riviére Bleue Provincial Park. There are threats of mining in Mont Dzumac and Mont Paéoua. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 12630, 13041 Parathesis amplifolia Myrsinaceae Panama Occurring in moist evergreen forest between 700 and 1500m, the species is known from two main areas, from Cerro Jefe in Chagres National Park and from Kunayala Indigenous Reserve. There are few collections but the forest is relatively extensive and well protected. Occurrences are also recorded in Fortuna Forest Reserve in Chiriqui and Valle de Antén in Coclé. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 14873, 16772 VU C2a Parathesis aurantica Myrsinaceae VU B1+2c EI Salvador Endemic to El Salvador, the species occurs in Chalatenango, Los Esesmiles and in the east of la Palma. The World List of Threatened Trees It is found in montane pine-oak forest, where it is widely exposed to threats of logging, agriculture and pastoralism. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19030 Parathesis bicolor Myrsinaceae Panama The species is known from three collections: the type from the El Llano—Cartf highway, from Cerro Campana in Altos de Campana National Park and most recently in 1982 from a collection without a named locality but with co-ordinates which fall in the middle of the ocean. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 DD Parathesis congesta Myrsinaceae El Salvador Confined to Chalatenango and El Imposible National Park, the species is scattered in forest areas up to 1200m. The main threats to the populations are posed by habitat loss through logging, forest management activities and the spread of agriculture. There are restrictions on these activities in the national park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19030 VU B1+2c Parathesis glaberima Myrsinaceae Panama Known only from the type collection, gathered from Cerro Tute in Veraguas in 1975. There are problems of identification with the members of this family in Panama and a taxonomic revision is needed. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 DD Parathesis panamensis Myrsinaceae Colombia, Panama The species is known only from the type collection, gathered in 1927 from Valle de Talamanca, Bocas del Toro. *TROPICOS records the species in Antioquia in Colombia but no further details are known. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 14873, 16772 DD Parathesis seibertii Myrsinaceae Costa Rica, Panama A common species of montane forest in Chiriqui, Panama, occurring in Volcan Bari National Park, La Amistad National Park, on both the Panama and Costa Rica sides, and Fortuna Forest Reserve. It is also reported from Bocas del Toro, Panama, and in high areas of the provinces of Alajuela and Puntarenas in Costa Rica. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 LR/nt Parathesis tenuifolia Myrsinaceae Panama The species was described in 1971 on the basis of a single collection from Bocas del Toro in 1928. The exact DD 410 locality from which the specimen was collected is not known. The family in Panama is in need of taxonomic revision. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 Parathesis vulgata Myrsinaceae Guatemala, Honduras Mainly occurring at middle and upper elevations of mountain slopes, the species is found in areas of rainforest or cloud forest. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 EN C2a Parinari argenteo-sericea Chrysobalanaceae Malaysia (Sabah) This tree, endemic to Sabah, is found in lowland forest and in forest along streams. It is known only from Lanad Datu, Sandakan and Tawau. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Parinari papuana ssp. salomonense Chrysobalanaceae VU Alcd+2cd, B1+2abcde Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz Is, South Solomon) A lowland rainforest tree restricted to the Solomon Islands. It is locally common in parts of the New Georgia group. Populations are located in a prime logging area and the tree makes up a fairly large proportion (6-10%) of the logs exported to Japan. Habitat loss is also a threat. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 Parkia harbesonii Leguminosae Philippines Endemic to Palawan, the species occurs in areas of lowland forest up to 150m. The main island is a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986, 18088 VU B1+2c Parkia korom Leguminosae Federated States of Micronesia An endemic tree of the island of Ponape in Micronesia. It occurs in primary forest and provides a useful wood for constructing canoes. It does not appear to have been collected in the last 50 years. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6835 VU D2 Parkia parrii Leguminosae Fiji No record has been made of the species since the type collection, which was gathered in 1878 from Mbua Province, Vanua Levu. At the time of the collection the timber of the species was used for various purposes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6835, 18818 CRDI Parkia parvifoliola Leguminosae Palau A primary forest tree, which is known only from the VU D2 island of Babeldaop in the Republic of Palau. It does not appear to have been collected in the last 50 years. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6835 Parkinsonia raimondoi Leguminosae Somalia Endemic to south-central Somalia, this species occurs in Acacia-Commiphora bushland on sand. The habitat continues to be degraded and destroyed by increasing agriculture and overcutting, particularly in the vicinity of Mogadishu. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 7550, 8697, 18665 LR/nt Parmentiera cereifera Bignoniaceae Panama Wild populations of the species occur in lowland evergreen forest on the Atlantic coast, either side of the Panama Canal, in Colén and Panama Provinces. It is not a common species and in some places the habitat is under serious threat from logging. It is found in botanic gardens throughout the world. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 EN C2a Parmentiera dressleri Bignoniaceae Panama The species is restricted to lowland evergreen rainforest on the Atlantic side of Panama and Colén Provinces. Populations are small and rare within an area which is potentially highly vulnerable to logging and habitat clearance. Some occurrences coincide with protected areas. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 14873, 15037, 16772 EN C2a Parmentiera morii Bignoniaceae Panama The few collections made all come from the same area on a highway from El Llano to Carti. Trees are found within deciduous rainforest between 250 and 400m. In recent years there has been much habitat clearance. It is possible that there are populations in the Kunayala Indigenous Reserve and Darién National Park, which would improve the species' status. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 5335, 7980, 13316, 16772 CR C2a Parmentiera stenocarpa Bignoniaceae Colombia A Colombian endemic, known only from Antioquia and Chocé6. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 VU B1+2c Parodiodendron marginivillosum Euphorbiaceae Argentina, Bolivia Endemic to the piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and Bolivia, the species occurs in an unprotected VU B1+2c 411 Species Summaries ecosystem, which is agricultural systems. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 19122 rapidly being replaced by Pasania dodonaeifolia Fagaceae Taiwan The morphological similarity of the species to P. formosana and the existence of intermediate forms raise some doubt as to its current taxonomic status. Both species are confined to the Hengchun Peninsula, this taxon occurring in localities of lowland broadleaved forest in Tawu and Chinshuiying. The populations are small and little regeneration has been noted. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 19050, 19051 EN Ala, B1+2ab Pasania formosana Fagaceae Taiwan The notes under P. dodonaeifolia are relevant here. Both taxa are restricted to the Hengchun Peninsula and are morphologically closely related. This species is based on a single population of fewer than SO individuals, confined to the windward slopes of Nanjenshan. Seed crops appear to be poor and heavily predated by squirrels. Little regeneration is evident. The location is contained within Kenting National Park. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 3295, 19050, 19051 CR D1 Paulownia kawakamii Scrophulariaceae Taiwan Only 13 mature trees appear to remain in the wild in the Chiayang area, Central Cross Island, Hwy. The mixed evergreen forest habitat has been extensively destroyed to make way for apple and peach orchards. The species has also been overexploited in the past for its valuable timber. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 19050 CR Alace, B1+2abc, C2ab Pauridiantha insularis Rubiaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Sao Tomé) A small tree of montane forest. It was collected from Macambrara and Pico. No recent collections have been made. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724 VU D2 Pausinystalia brachythyrsum Rubiaceae Cameroon The only evidence of this species is the type specimen, which was collected in 1746 in Bipinde in western Cameroon. The species may be considered to be extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4509 EX Pausinystalia lane-poolei ssp. lane-poolei Rubiaceae Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone The range of this rare tree is almost confined to medium elevations in the Nimba Mountains in Liberia, possibly extending into Sierra Leone. It is also recorded in wet evergreen forest in Ghana. Mining for iron-ore, logging, VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees the establishment of commercial plantations and the influx of people into these areas have caused large-scale destruction of the habitat. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 4509, 8369, 12061 Pavetta abyssinica var. usambarica Rubiaceae Tanzania A variety endemic to the West Usambara Mountains, where it is found in moist semi-deciduous forest at elevations above 1675m. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Pavetta axillipara Rubiaceae Tanzania Restricted to the South Nguru Mountains, this small tree is located in a small area of moist forest at 1200m. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356 VU B1+2b Pavetta comostyla var. matengoana Rubiaceae Tanzania One of the two distinct variants of the subspecies nyassica. This taxon is found only in a restricted area of dry montane forest on Lupembe Hill. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Pavetta comostyla var. nyassica Rubiaceae Malawi, Tanzania This taxon is the more widespread of the two variants of the subspecies nyassica. It is distributed in two small areas of moist montane forest on Mount Rungwe in Tanzania and further south in Malawi. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Pavetta holstii Rubiaceae Tanzania Populations are known from the East Usambara Mountains and the South Nguru Mountains. The species occurs at medium elevations in moist evergreen forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Pavetta intermedia Rubiaceae Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda A difficult species to identify and apparently uncommon. It has a restricted range in eastern DR Congo, extending into Uganda. Assessor: *MUIENR Refs: 1308, 9837, 16021 VU B1+2c Pavetta johnstonii ssp. breviloba Rubiaceae Tanzania, Zambia A dry montane forest shrub or small tree. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b 412 Pavetta kyimbilensis var. iringensis Rubiaceae Malawi, Tanzania A shrub or small tree of moist montane forests, above 1800m. The variety is known from the Udzungwa Mountains, Njombe and Rungwe Mountains in Tanzania, also occurring in Malawi. The type variety is more restricted in range. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Pavetta kyimbilensis var. kyimbilensis Rubiaceae Tanzania A small tree or shrub known from a single population in an area of moist montane forest on Mount Njombe in Tanzania. The other variant of the species is similarly restricted to East African montane forest but is more widespread. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b, D2 Pavetta lasioclada Rubiaceae VU Alcd, B1+2c Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Togo Ranging from Guinea to Cameroon, this species is found in areas of upland evergreen forest. This forest type has suffered from farming, fire, forest management activities and large-scale mining. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8854, 12061 Pavetta linearifolia Rubiaceae Kenya, Tanzania Ranging from the lower Tana and lower Galana area in Kenya to eastern Tanzania, this small tree or shrub is restricted to remaining areas of dry coastal forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 12067 VU B1+2b Pavetta lynesii Rubiaceae Tanzania Populations are restricted to areas of moist montane forest in Njombe, Udzungwa Mountains and Ukaguru. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 ; VU B1+2b Pavetta macrosepala var. macrosepala Rubiaceae Mozambique?, Tanzania Restricted in range, this is a shrub or small tree found in dry deciduous coastal thickets on sand. It is possible that the range of this variety extends into Mozambique. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Pavetta macrosepala var. puberula Rubiaceae Tanzania A variety restricted to coastal thickets in south-east Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Pavetta manyanguensis Rubiaceae VU B1+2b Tanzania An endemic to an area of moist montane forest at 1800m on South Nguru. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 Pavetta mollissima Rubiaceae Cote d'Ivoire?, Ghana A small tree of wet evergreen forest, mainly in Ghana, possibly extending into Cote d'Ivoire. This forest has declined in extent because of the effects of mining, VU Alc, B1+2c logging and the establishment of commercial plantations. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 12061 Pavetta monticola Rubiaceae VU D2 Equatorial Guinea (Annobén), Sao Tomé & Principe (Sao Tomé) A small tree known from several collections, some recent, in forest up to 1950m. Much of the rainforest below 1500m on Sao Tomé was felled in the first half of the century. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724 Pavetta nitidissima Rubiaceae Tanzania A single population is known from an area of moist montane forest at Mwanihana in the Udzungwa Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b, D2 Pavetta sepium var. massaica Rubiaceae Tanzania A small tree or shrub, known from a single site of dry montane forest in east Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Pavetta sepium var. sepium Rubiaceae Kenya, Tanzania In Kenya this variety has been recorded from groundwater or riverine forest and rocky bushland in the Taita Hills and Loitokitok. It also occurs in northern Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 8814 VU B1+2b Pavetta sparsipila Rubiaceae Tanzania A small tree or shrub restricted to moist evergreen forest in the North Uluguru Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204 VU B1+2b Pavetta sphaerobotrys ssp. lanceisepala Rubiaceae Tanzania The range of this shrubby tree is restricted to north-east VU B1+2b 413 Species Summaries Tanzania, where it occurs in patches of dry coastal forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 Pavetta sphaerobotrys ssp. sphaerobotrys Rubiaceae Tanzania A shrubby tree confined to a few localities of dry coastal forest in Kilosa. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Pavetta sphaerobotrys ssp. tanaica Rubiaceae Kenya A shrub or tree endemic to the lower Tana River, where it occurs in areas of riverine forest or woodland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396 VU B1+2c Pavetta subumbellata var. subcoriacea Rubiaceae Malawi, Tanzania A taxon known from a single locality of moist montane forest at Mufindi, Tanzania, and also from a population in Malawi. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Pavetta tarennoides Rubiaceae Kenya A shrub or tree, rarely described as climbing, endemic to the Shimba Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396 VU B1+2c Pavetta tendagurensis var. glabrescens Rubiaceae Tanzania A variant of a Tanzanian endemic. It is known from dry lowland forest in Mlinguru, Tendaguru and the Rondo Plateau. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Pavetta tendagurensis var. tendagurensis Rubiaceae VU B1+2b, D2 Tanzania A poorly known small tree or bush which is known only from the type locality at Tendaguru. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 Pavonia spicata var. troyana Malvaceae Jamaica The Jamaican variety of a Caribbean species. It occurs in woodland on limestone in the central and north-western parishes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees Peddiea kivuensis Thymelaeaceae Democratic Republic of Congo The distribution of this species is limited. It occurs in lowland closed forest in the Forestier Central. Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Refs: 17185, 17951 LR/cd Pelagodoxa henryana Palmae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) A monotypic palm genus restricted to Nuku Hiva in the Marquesas. It grows in rainforest at 40m. The main threats are grazing by feral pigs and land clearance for agriculture and human habitation. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 CR B1+2d Pelea obovata Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 Pellacalyx yunnanensis Rhizophoraceae China (Yunnan) An evergreen tree known only from two localities in Mengla County, where it occurs in dense monsoon forest between 600 and 850m. The population has been reduced to a few hundred plants, including a few individuals within a nature reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 EN B1+2c, C2a Pellegriniodendron diphyllum Leguminosae Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana Confined to areas of wet evergreen forest, where it can be common, this small understorey tree is found on both sides of the Dahomey Gap. There has been significant loss of this forest in all countries because of mining, logging and commercial forestry activities. It is a slow- growing species from a monotypic genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8369, 12061, 12597, 19043 LR/nt Pennantia baylisiana Icacinaceae New Zealand (North Is.) A species which has only ever been known from a single tree, discovered in 1946 on Great Island in Three Kings Islands Group. Although sexed as female, the tree has produced viable pollen and some seedlings have been Taised ex situ. The decline of the species has been attributed to habitat destruction as a consequence of human occupation and browsing by goats. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 4253, 9800, 17637, 19133, 19134 CR D1 Pentace acuta Tiliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A scattered tree of lowland and hill forest, known only from Bubu Forest Reserve in Perak and Bukit Bauk Forest Reserve in Terengganu. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c 414 Pentace excelsa Tiliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known only from Gunung Mandi Angin in Terengganu and Gunung Tapis in Pahang, this large tree is common at 600m in moist montane forest. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 19073 LR/cd Pentace exima Tiliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree found scattered within open forest, usually occurring on the coastal hills of Penang, Perak and Pahang. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Pentace grandiflora Tiliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A locally common tree found in open moist forests of Bukit Bauk, Jerangau, Ulu Sungai Loh and Gunung Mandi Angin in Terengganu. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Pentace microlepidota Tiliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Scattered and rare, this tree grows in lowland and hill forests. The timber is used locally. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Pentace perakensis Tiliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Scattered in lowland and hill open forest, this tree is known only from Lanit Hills, Perak, where it is threatened by tourism and expanding settlements. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 19073 VU D2 Pentace strychnoidea Tiliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) An endemic tree most common in hill forest. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 8464, 11145, 19073 LR/cd Pentagonia rubiflora Rubiaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the tree occurs in lowland forest in San Martin. It is possibly a synonym of P. velutina. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 DD Pentapanax castanopsisicola Araliaceae Taiwan Usually an epiphytic shrub, the species is scattered in small populations throughout the central mountain range. Occurring in broadleaved evergreen forest at medium elevations, some populations are protected in EN C2a Yushan National Park; others are under pressure from encroaching housing developments. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 3295, 6469, 19050, 19051 Pentapanax henyri Araliaceae China (Yunnan) Endemic to parts of north-west and south-east Yunnan, the species occurs in subtropical monsoon forest between 1200 and 2600m. Its bark is widely used, and in some instances overexploited, for its medicinal properties. There are several occurrences within nature reserves. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 19055 LR/cd Pentaspadon motleyi Anacardiaceae DD Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Papua New Guinea (North Solomons, Papua New Guinea), Solomon Islands (South Solomon) In Papua New Guinea, this species occurs mainly in primary forest on the banks of streams and rivers in the Gulf and Madang Provinces and Bougainville in the North Solomons. It is under great threat from habitat destruction in these areas and is considered to be endangered (EN C2a). The situation is likely to be similar elsewhere. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5550, 9328, 11145, 12937, 17140, 19114 Pera aperta Euphorbiaceae Panama Known only from the type specimen, it is uncertain whether the species is extinct or whether it has been incorrectly described as a separate taxon from P. arborea, which also occurs in the area. No specimens have been collected since 1941. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 DD Perebea glabrifolia Moraceae Brazil (Amazonas) There exists only one collection, made in 1932 from Sao Paulo de Olivenga. Assessor: Pereira, J.P. et al. Refs: 7980, 15717 CR B1+2be Pericopsis elata Leguminosae EN Alcd Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Nigeria A timber species, also known as Afrormosia, which provides an important alternative to teak. It is a gregarious species, restricted to the drier parts of semi- deciduous forests in Central and West Africa. Since 1948 trade in the timber has soared. Levels of exploitation have been unsustainable in all countries and the species' habitat has declined. Regeneration is insufficient to replace lost populations. The species is currently listed in *CITES Appendix II. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 4506, 6128, 6718, 8325, 8369, 14301, 17408 415 Species Summaries Pericopsis mooniana Leguminosae VU Alcd Federated States of Micronesia, Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka A fairly large tree mainly found scattered within coastal forests. The species has been heavily exploited for its beautiful timber, which is in great demand and realises high prices. Supplies are limited and trade and export are minimal. It is threatened further by poor natural regeneration and lack of replanting. Very few stands remain in Sulawesi, it is thought to be almost extinct in Sabah, and it is considered to be rare or vulnerable in Peninsular Malaysia, Kalimantan and Sri Lanka. In Papua New Guinea, this species is restricted to the heavily logged Oriomo River in the Western Province, where it is possibly now extinct. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 1517, 4329, 5550, 8203, 8865, 12779, 12937, 13395, 14573, 17991, 18796, 19026, 19112, 19114 Peritassa killipii Celastraceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in lowland Amazon forest in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Perrottetia excelsa Celastraceae Panama There have been no records of the species since 1980. The two collections known are from the same site. Fieldwork is needed in order to ascertain wether the species still exists. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 15991, 16772 VU D2 Perrottetia multiflora Celastraceae Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela A cloud forest species which, in Panama, occurs in small populations only in Chiriqui and Darién. In Costa Rica populations appear to be larger and scattered throughout the country at elevations above 1000m. Records also exist from Venezuela and it is likely that the species will be found in Colombia. Most parts of the range are protected, although extensive agriculture is beginning to affect some high-altitude areas in Panama and Costa Rica. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 15991, 16772 LR/nt Persea alpigena var. harrisii Lauraceae Jamaica This variety is hard to distinguish from the type variety. Both are endemic to the Blue Mountains, this form apparently being locally common in montane thickets on shale above 750m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 12564 LR/nt Persea brenesii Lauraceae Costa Rica The species is known only from an area of wet VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees evergreen forest, occurring between 1100 and 1200m, near La Palma de San Ramon. It is possible that the taxon represents a unusual form of P. veraguasensis. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12587, 14487 Persea bullata Lauraceae Ecuador A small tree of the High Andes, endemic to areas of montane and upper montane cloud forest between 2500 and 3500m in the provinces of Loja, Chimborazo and Zamora-Chinchipe. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Persea campii Lauraceae Ecuador A small tree of cloud forest between 2400 and 2900m in the Ecuadorean High Andes, known only from Loja and Azuay Provinces. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Persea floccosa Lauraceae Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz) Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzalez-Espinosa Refs: 1857, 10816, 16121 VU B1+2c Persea glabra Lauraceae Brazil (Bahia) A shrub or tree, newly described and known only from the type collection, which was made in secondary vegetation at the edge of forest in Pico das Almas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15421 VU D2 Persea indica Lauraceae Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Is.) The wild origin of the species is a little obscure. It appears to have been introduced to the Azores three centuries ago. Occurrences on these islands are therefore excluded for the purposes of assigning an IUCN red list category. On Madeira and the Canaries, populations are known from remaining *laurisilva and cloud forest. Although the extent of the stands is much reduced as a result of past exploitation of the highly valued wood, the species is still abundant in parts of Madeira and the Canaries. It is listed in regional legislation and occurs within protected areas. Assessor: Bafiares, A. et al. Refs: 5287, 7222, 19022, 19131 LR/cd Persea julianae Lauraceae Suriname A poorly known species which has been collected only from a single locality at 1200m on Julianatop. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19196 VU D2 416 Persea liebmanni Lauraceae Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, Sinaloa) Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 1857, 16121, 16794 VU B1+2c Persea lingue Lauraceae LR/nt Argentina (Chubut), Chile (Biobio, La Araucania, Los Lagos, Maule, O'Higgins, Santiago, Valparaiso) Distributed over much of the Central Depression up to 900m in Chile, extending into Argentina, the species is widespread but suffering from extensive habitat loss. Logging, increasing agriculture and fires are the main concerns. Assessor: Gonzalez, M. Refs: 5112, 5448, 7980, 16328 Persea obtusifolia Lauraceae Costa Rica, Panama Occurring in montane *elfin forest or drier sites at higher elevations, the species is known solely from the easternmost parts of the Cordillera de Talamanca, extending into the Chiriqui highlands in Panama. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12587, 15037 VU B1+2c Persea philippinensis Lauraceae Philippines An endemic to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919, 7673, 18088 VU Alcd Persea podadenia var. glabriramea Lauraceae Mexico (Veracruz) Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzalez-Espinosa Refs: 1857, 10816 VU B1+2c Persea ruizii Lauraceae Peru The species is known only from the type collection taken from the department of Hudnuco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Persea schiedeana Lauraceae VU Alc Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz), Nicaragua, Panama Occurring throughout Central America and Mexico, the species is confined to areas of forest above 1000m. It has become extremely sparse in some countries, such as Costa Rica and Panama, and it is almost extinct in El Salvador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15037, 16121, 16772 Petrobium arboreum Compositae St Helena The smallest of the cabbage trees. It is confined to damp areas of relict tree-fern thicket or cabbage-tree woodland EN D1 on the upper slopes of the central ridge above 600m, principally at Cuckhold's Point, below Diana's Peak, Actaeon, above Grapevine Gut, Cabbage Tree Road. A total of approximately 150 plants exist. The genus is monotypic. Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B. Refs: 9954, 11891, 19081 Phaeanthus malabaricus Annonaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Occurring in evergreen forest up to about 900m, this small tree was originally thought to be endemic to a small area in Wynaad and Tambracherry. Further collections have extended the species’ range in the southern end of the Western Ghats, down to the Agastyamalai Hills. Much of the forest has experienced large-scale encroachment throughout the range, but substantial areas are now protected. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 19144 LR/nt Phellodendron amurense var. wilsonii Rutaceae Taiwan A tree scattered in mixed submontane forest in the the north-east. The bark has been a popular constituent of medicinal products for a long time. The present status of the species requires further investigation. Forest clearance and overexploitation of the bark are the main causes for concern. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3295, 19050 DD Phialanthus jamaicensis Rubiaceae Jamaica This species is uncommon and confined to a narrow altitudinal range, between 240 and 270m, in dry thickets on limestone in St Andrew and St Elizabeth. Populations have been recorded from the southern side of Long Mountain and Great Pedro Bluff. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Phialanthus revolutus Rubiaceae Jamaica Confined to coastal thickets, the species is very rare and recorded only from St Catherine, Clarendon and Manchester Parishes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Philippia nyassana Ericaceae Malawi Known only from Mount Mulanje, this species is scattered at the edges of montane forest and in the adjoining grasslands. There are threats of fire and in places encroaching agriculture and illegal collection of wood. The area is protected and the conservation of remaining natural resources and the control of exploitative activities are now a high priority. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 18965 VU D2 417 Species Summaries Phoebe bournei Lauraceae LR/nt China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang) A valuable timber, widely occurring as single trees or in groves in evergreen forest. Larger trees have become rare in places where there has been exploitation. The species’ preference for fertile lowlands has also brought it into competition with the expansion of agriculture. Plantations have been established. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 Phoebe chekiangensis Lauraceae China (Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang) A large evergreen tree with a localised distribution in areas of evergreen broadleaved forest, where it frequently occurs as a dominant component. The species has been overexploited for its timber in most of its range and the habitat has deteriorated in many places. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU B1+2c Phoebe nanmu Lauraceae EN B1+2ce China (Xizang, Yunnan) In Yunnan the species is known mainly from populations in monsoon forest in the south and west. It is only recorded from Meitus in south-east Tibet (Xizang). During the last 10 years populations have been declining because of overcutting. The timber is excellent for building construction and furniture. Some areas of forest are protected. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 Phoebe poilanei Lauraceae Viet Nam Apparently endemic to Viet Nam, the species is located close to the Chinese border in Phong Tho, Lai Chau Province, between 1600 and 1700m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848 VU D2 Phoebe scortechinii Lauraceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Recorded only from Maxwell's Hill in Perak, this tree is scattered in montane forest. Maxwell's Hill is a protected area. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Phoebe zhennan Lauraceae China (Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan) A valuable timber. Populations have been reduced in extent and are now mainly confined to semi-natural forest. Large individuals are left around temples, parks and villages. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU Ald Phoenicophorium borsigianum Palmae Seychelles A forest palm tree endemic to the Seychelles. This LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees species is locally abundant and easily colonises bare eroded lands. Assessor: Murugaiyan, P. Refs: 19118 Phoenix rupicola Palmae India (Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikkim) A small palm tree of rocky slopes, occurring in the lower Himalaya Mountains up to 450m. Increasing settlement of the area is the main threat. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 LR/nt Phoenix theophrasti Palmae Greece (Crete), Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe) A palm tree found in the sandy beds of temporary streams up to 250m. On Crete, there are eight populations; the largest contains a few thousand individuals and is protected under Greek law. Four populations are known in Turkey. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 LR/nt Pholidocarpus kingianus Palmae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore Restricted to swamp forest in Peninsular Malaysia, this palm tree is threatened by rapid habitat conversion for agriculture and urbanisation. Assessor: Saw, L.G. Refs: 19118 VU B1+2c Pholidocarpus macrocarpus Palmae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand A palm tree of swamp forest up to 500m, restricted to Peninsular Malaysia and Peninsular Thailand. Most of the swamp forests are subject to forest conversion and forestry activities. Assessor: Saw, L.G. Refs: 19118 VU B1+2c Photinia lasiogyna Rosaceae VU Alcd China (Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang) A relatively widespread species, occurring in broadleaved or mixed forest above 2000m. Habitat declines and degradation have reduced population sizes. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 19055 Photinia lasiopetala Rosaceae Taiwan Occurring in broadleaved evergreen forest above 800m, the species is confined to a few populations in central Taiwan. Part of the range is covered by Taroko National Park. Other areas are susceptible to increasing housing developments. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 19050, 19053 VU D1+2 418 Photinia serratifolia var. tomentosa Rosaceae India (Tamil Nadu) An endemic to the Nilgiris, occurring in montane forest above 1900m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Phragmotheca rubriflora Bombacaceae Colombia An endemic to Antioquia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 VU B1+2c Phylica polifolia Rhamnaceae St Helena Occurring now only as a low straggling bush, the last tree form specimen died recently at Blue Hill. Populations have been reduced to dry locations on cliffs, e.g. High Hill, Lot, between Distant Cottage and Asses' Ears. Although there may be up to 100 plants, their distribution is fragmented and they are vulnerable to competition from introduced plants. Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B. Refs: 5556, 19081 CR C2a Phyllanthus arbuscula Euphorbiaceae Jamaica A variable species with distinctive populations in middle-elevation and montane woodlands on limestone. In the western Blue Mountains, the population is restricted to a small area north of the Grand Ridge at the headwaters of the Mabess River. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 12564 LR/nt Phyllanthus axillaris Euphorbiaceae Jamaica Known only from Trelawny, the species occurs very locally in dry scrubby woodland on rocky hillsides. There is a constant threat of overcutting and encroaching agriculture. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 5653, 19085 EN B1+2c Phyllanthus cauliflorus Euphorbiaceae VU B1+2c Jamaica Populations are known from Westmoreland and Hanover, where the species occurs locally in thickets and woodlands on limestone rocks. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 Phyllanthus cladanthus Euphorbiaceae Jamaica An uncommon slender tree, occurring in thickets and woodlands on limestone, especially in wet areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Phyllanthus eximius Euphorbiaceae Jamaica Known only from Portland, the species occurs locally in wet mossy thickets and woodland on limestone areas. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 19085 VU B1+2c Phyllanthus fadyenii Euphorbiaceae Jamaica A very poorly known species, recorded only from a single herbarium specimen. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 DD Phyllanthus gentryi Euphorbiaceae Panama This shrub or small tree is known only from evergreen rainforest, often on slopes, in the Serranfa de Pirre, close to the Colombian border. It is possible that the species range extends into Colombia. Regeneration appears to be good and the population is protected within Darién National Park. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 15037, 16772 EN D1 Phyllanthus latifolius Euphorbiaceae Jamaica A shrub or small tree which occurs in some abundance in dry thickets on low limestone ridges, cliffs and ledges in St Andrew and St Catherine. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Phyllanthus montanus Euphorbiaceae Jamaica An apparently abundant species occurring in western and central parishes in woodland and thickets on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Phyllanthus profusus Euphorbiaceae Ghana, Guinea, Liberia A species confined to the restricted areas where wet evergreen forest remains in parts of the Upper Guinea region. This habitat has been lost from the sites where mining, logging and commercial forestry have occurred. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Phyllanthus watsonii Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Recorded only from north Johore and south Pahang, this theophyte is confined to forest on the banks of Endau River. The area is protected within Endau-Rompin National Park. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 17140, 19073 LR/cd 419 Species Summaries Phyllostemonodaphne geminiflora Lauraceae EN B1+2c Brazil (Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro) Last collected in 1978, the species is concentrated around Rio de Janeiro, but is also known from forests further inland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7145 Phyllostylon orthopterum Ulmaceae Bolivia Endemic to the piedmont forest in Bolivia, the species is confined to an unprotected ecosystem which is being rapidly replaced by agricultural systems. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 19122 VU B1+2ac Phylloxylon arenicola Leguminosae Madagascar A coastal forest and woodland species known only from Baie de Rigney and Baie d'Irodo forests in north-east Madagascar, with an estimated range of less than 10 km? (*AOO). These areas are under severe local pressure from selective cutting and degradation. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 CR B1+2abe Phylloxylon decipiens Leguminosae Madagascar A deciduous woodland species known only from a very restricted area of north-east Madagascar. Its range is estimated to be 250km? (*EOO) based mainly on old records, and is likely to be considerably smaller. This species is declining through habitat destruction and selective cutting of its highly sought-after timber. It occurs within Analamerana Reserve. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 EN B1+2abe Phylloxylon perrieri Leguminosae Madagascar A deciduous woodland species that is widespread but uncommon in west Madagascar. Its range extends an estimated 10,000 km? (*AOO) but occurs within extremely fragmented and decreasing patches of vegetation. This species is selectively and intensively felled for its construction properties and for fuel. A rapid decline is expected. It is found within some reserves such as Ankarafantsika, Bemaraha and Namoroka. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 EN A2d Phylloxylon phillipsonii Leguminosae Madagascar Known only from a single recent collection, this deciduous woodland species occurs in a_ highly populated area near a main road, south-east of Antsiranana in north Madagascar. Its range is probably considerably less than the estimated 100km? (*EOO), as there are very few remnants of native vegetation in the area. No conservation measures exist. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 CR B1+2abc The World List of Threatened Trees Phylloxylon spinosa Leguminosae Madagascar A deciduous species that is uncommon and restricted to two limestone outcrops in the northem tip of Madagascar: Montagne des Francais and Ankarana Massif. Its estimated range is 100km? (*AOO) and includes the Ankarana Reserve. Selective and intensive felling for its favoured construction properties mean it is expected to decline rapidly. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 EN B1+2abc Phylloxylon xiphoclada Leguminosae Madagascar An evergreen species last recorded over 40 years ago from a single very restricted area estimated to cover less than 10km? at Tampoketsa d'Ankazobe in central Madagascar. The vegetation is extremely degraded and declining and few small remnant forested patches remain. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 CR B1+2abc Phylloxylon xylophylloides Leguminosae Madagascar A widespread species in the evergreen, humid forests of north and east Madagascar, with a substantial population in the coastal forest in the south-east, north of Taolafaro. This last population contains many individuals but will be felled for the RTZ (QIT) titanium mines in the near future, reducing the known population by at least 20%. The largest area of possible occurrence includes Andasibe/Perinet, Montagne d'Ambre and Mont Tsaratanana Reserves. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 VU A2cd Physokentia dennisii Palmae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A palm tree found in gullies and on lower hill slopes in damp shaded forests between 200 and 700m. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 DD Physokentia tete Palmae Vanuatu Endemic to Vanuatu, this palm tree occurs in rainforest and mossy cloud forest between 200 and 1000m. It is regenerating well. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 LR/nt Physokentia thurstonii Palmae Fiji Small populations exist on mountain summits, such as Mount Kambalau, Mount Mariko, Mount Seatura and Mount Sori on Vanua Levu. There are also a few plants on Taveuni. Regeneration is apparent. Some areas are affected by logging. Assessor: Fuller, D. Refs: 6053, 19118 LR/nt 420 Phytelephas seemannii Palmae Colombia, Panama A small tree of lowland rainforest. Large populations remain along some rivers on the Pacific coast of Colombia. Seeds are used for vegetable ivory, which is traded at a minor international level. Conservation activities are taking place, and a recent project on the sustainable use of the seeds has resulted in local awareness of the importance of the species and its protection. Assessor: Bernal, R. Refs: 19118 LR/cd Phytelephas tumacana Palmae Colombia An endemic palm of Colombia, found in lowland moist forest on alluvial soils. Populations have been severely decimated by agriculture and are now restricted to only a few rivers. The species has a variety of uses as a food, thatching and as a source of vegetable ivory. Utilization and trade continue at local and minor international levels. Assessor: Bernal, R. Refs: 19118 EN B1+2c Picconia azorica Oleaceae Portugal (Azores) Once a dominant component of forest between 300 and 600m on all of the Azores, except Graciosa. Overexploitation of the wood and habitat loss have now led to the species becoming almost extinct on some islands. It remains scattered in coastal forest consisting mainly of introduced species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1512, 5287, 7222, 19131 EN B1+2c Picconia excelsa Oleaceae Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Is.) The species has a fragmented distribution but still appears to be relatively frequent in areas of cloud forest above 1000m on the Canaries. It is rare and scattered over a slightly wider altitudinal range in *laurisilva on Madeira. In the past it was exploited for its timber but is now included in regional legislation. Assessor: Bafiares, A. et al. Refs: 4556, 19022, 19131 VU Cl, D2 Picea alcoquiana var. acicularis Pinaceae Japan Endemic to the Yatsugadake Mountains this variety is restricted to a small area (<100km?) of montane forest, most of it being state forest. It provides a useful timber. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13206, 18751 VU D2 Picea alcoquiana var. reflexa Pinaceae Japan A few (<5) small populations in scattered locations are confined to the volcanic Akaishi range of central Honshu. They occur in mixed montane forest. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6879, 13206 VU D2 Picea aurantiaca Pinaceae China (Sichuan, Xizang?) A species of montane coniferous forest confined to a small area west of Kangding in Sichuan. Forests in this area are increasingly under pressure from indiscriminate logging. Populations have declined and, as yet, there is no protection for the species. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 11242, 11847, 13041 EN B1+2abe Picea brachytyla Pinaceae VU Alcd China (Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan) A widespread species valued highly for its timber. It occurs in montane coniferous forest, which is experiencing increasing rates of logging and deforestation throughout the species’ range. Population declines are not documented but are believed to be considerable. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1818, 11847 Picea brachytyla var. complanata Pinaceae VU Alcd China (Sichuan, Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh), Myanmar A valuable timber tree, widespread but suffering from overexploitation and loss of the montane forest habitat to logging and clearing. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6879, 11847 Picea breweriana Pinaceae USA (California, Oregon) A species of conservation concern because of its restricted range in the Siskiyou Mountains of south-west Oregon and north-west California. It is limited to areas of mixed conifer forest mostly on glacial moraines. It is too rare to be exploited for its timber but it is cultivated on a small scale as an ornamental plant. Part of the range is also managed as a wildemess area in the Siskiyou National Forest. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 13041 LR/nt Picea chihuahuana Pinaceae Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Nuevo Leén) A species known from about 25 sites, containing a few to several hundred trees, often in canyons or on moist north-facing scree slopes. Regeneration is poor and inadequate. A continued decline in the population, especially of seeding trees, is expected. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1539, 14683, 17554 EN B1+2e Picea engelmannii ssp. mexicana Pinaceae Mexico (Chihuahua, Nuevo Leén) The main population of this subspecies occurs at the type locality in coniferous montane forest in the Sierra de la Marta where it was nearly exterminated by a forest fire in 1975. There are possibly less threatened small EN Ala, B1+2abe 421 Species Summaries populations at Cerro Mohihora in Chihuahua and in south-east Arizona. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6879, 8661, 17554 Picea farreri Pinaceae China? (Yunnan), Myanmar This species is confined to coniferous montane forest in the Fen-Shui-Ling Valley at the China~Myanmar border. There are unconfirmed reports of other populations, some occurring further north along the Salween-Irawaddy divide. Habitat loss and logging are serious threats but the current situation is not known because it has been impossible to visit the area. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 3812, 13041 EN B1+2abc Picea koraiensis var. pungsanensis Pinaceae North Korea A useful timber tree which is restricted to a few localities of upland coniferous forest along the coast at Keizanchin, Mount Pungsan and Hamnam. There are no known measures to protect the species. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 11117 VU D2 Picea koyamae Pinaceae Japan An endemic to the Yatsugadake Mountains in central Honshu. Fewer than 250 individuals have been recorded, in small groves. It has been the case that after typhoons the timber is harvested and the area is replanted with commercial species. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13206 EN D1 Picea likiangensis var. hirtella Pinaceae China (Sichuan, Xizang) This variety is restricted to high-altitude coniferous forests in the mountains of west Sichuan and neighbouring Tibet. The tree provides a useful timber and levels of exploitation of both it and the forest in general have caused serious habitat fragmentation and population declines. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6879 VU B1+2c Picea likiangensis var. montigena Pinaceae China (Sichuan) A useful timber tree restricted to a small area of high- altitude coniferous forest in south-west Sichuan. Levels of exploitation of both the tree and the forest in general have caused population declines. There are no signs of the pressure easing and no protection measures are enforced. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 18751 EN B1+2a Picea martinezii Pinaceae Mexico (Nuevo Leén) This species has been treated as a synonym of P. chihuahuana. It is a timber tree confined to just two sites of montane forest near streams in Nuevo Leén. Timber CR B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees has been extracted in recent years in the larger of the two populations. The other population has fewer than 15 individuals. Fire is the main threat. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 17554 Picea maximowiczi var. maximowiczi Pinaceae Japan Two varieties are in the same situation of being confined to small and scattered populations in degraded montane woodland on Fuji-San and Yatsugatake Mountains. Both the habitat and the tree have been overexploited. Much of the habitat remains degraded and regeneration is poor. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041, 13206 VU B1+2c Picea maximowiczii var. senanensis Pinaceae Japan As with var. maximowiczii this taxon is confined to small and scattered populations in degraded montane woodland on Fuji-San and Yatsugatake Mountains. Overexploitation of the tree and the habitat has occurred in the past. Much of the habitat remains degraded and regeneration is poor. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041, 13206 VU B1+2c Picea morrisonicola Pinaceae Taiwan One of the most important timber species in Taiwan. It is usually associated with Tsuga chinensis in areas of montane coniferous forest. Populations have declined because of overexploitation. There are records of the species in Yushan and Shueipa National Parks. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 374, 2106, 6469, 19050, 19051 VU Alac Picea neoveitchii Pinaceae EN B1+2ab China (Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan) The species is very rare and scattered within its range in montane coniferous forest on the southem slopes of the Qinling range. The forest has experienced large reductions in extent and the entire population has declined in numbers, especially at Neixiang. A good stand is apparently still found in Xinja Shan. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1818 Picea omorika Pinaceae Bosnia and Herzegovina The Serbian spruce is known from fewer than 1000 trees, occurring in 60ha of montane forest entirely within Pancic Narodni Nature Reserve in the Tara Mountains. The only threat appears to come from competition with P. abies and Fagus orientalis. It is widely cultivated. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 4978, 5287, 7222 VU D2 Picea retroflexa Pinaceae China (Sichuan) A tall tree restricted to a small area of high-altitude cloud forest along the Yalong River and north and west VU B1+2abe 422 of Kangding in south-west Sichuan. Levels of exploitation of the old growth coniferous forests are substantial and threatening the integrity of all populations. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 11191 Picramnia bullata Simaroubaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in *terra firme forest in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984, 17398 VU D2 Picrasma excelsa Simaroubaceae VU Alcd Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St Vincent, Venezuela A single population, now thought to be extinct, was once recorded from El Sabalo in Pinar del Rio Province, Cuba, where the habitat has largely been deforested. Elsewhere in the Greater Antilles, the species and habitat have also suffered from overcutting. A record exists from northern Venezuela. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19149 Pierreodendron kerstingii Simaroubaceae Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo Occurring from Céte d'Ivoire to Benin, this is an uncommon species from a heavily exploited semi- deciduous forest habitat. The only other species in the genus, although apparently ecologically distinct, is very similar. If the two were to be taxonomically merged the species would be wide-ranging and at lower risk. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 7111, 8369, 12061 VU B1+2c Pilgerodendron uviferum Cupressaceae VU Alcd+2cd Argentina (Chubut, Neuquén, Rio Negro, Santa Cruz), Chile Large-scale destruction of the forest during colonial times and the widespread opening up of the lowland areas have led to the extinction of the species from most of its original distribution. It is slow to mature and its regeneration is very poor, especially under a canopy. The species is listed in *CITES Appendix I. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 278, 374, 5112, 6036, 13041, 15251, 19179 Pilocarpus goudotianus ssp. heterochromus Rutaceae Colombia An endemic to Huila. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 CR B1+2c Pimenta adenoclada Myrtaceae Cuba Endemic to Cuba, this shrub or small tree is confined to coastal habitats in dry forests on limestone. Only areas which are unsuitable for agriculture or inaccessible have VU B1+2c survived. Overcutting, buming and settlement are constant threats. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 5435, 5651, 7980, 19149 Pimenta cainitoides Myrtaceae Cuba Confined to rocky montane areas in Sierra Maestra and other mountain ranges in eastern Cuba, this species is not well collected. There has been extensive habitat loss from overcutting, mining and tourism but vegetation remains in areas which are inaccessible or unattractive to agriculture. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 5435, 5651, 7980, 11403, 18485, 19149 VU B1+2c Pimenta ferruginea Myrtaceae Cuba A poorly known species, found only in one location on the coast in Pinar del Rio Province. Overcutting and tourism are the main threats but vegetation remains in rugged and inaccessible areas. Fieldwork is necessary to locate viable populations. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 5435, 5651, 7980, 19149 EN B1+2c Pimenta filipes Myrtaceae Cuba Endemic to eastern Cuba, this small tree is found in dry forests, savannas and coastal areas. There is an unconfirmed record from a relatively inaccessible montane area in south-central Cuba. Logging, grazing, urban expansion and mining have significantly reduced the original populations. Tourism is also a major threat. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 5435, 5651, 19149 VU B1+2c Pimenta haitiensis Myrtaceae Dominican Republic A shrub or small tree restricted to a small area in Pedernales, where it occurs in a unique coastal xerophytic vegetation on ‘dog tooth’ limestone substrate. The leaves are a popular source of fragrance and are sold in markets. If exploitation increases, the species will become seriously threatened. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5435, 7980, 10197 VU D2 Pimenta jamaicensis Myrtaceae Jamaica A tree resembling P. dioica, the source of allspice. It is festricted to the highlands of Jamaica above 600m. A popular source of firewood but populations are probably most seriously threatened by habitat degradation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5435, 6057, 7980 LR/nt Pimenta obscura Myrtaceae Jamaica An uncommon small tree, closely related to P. dioica, the source of allspice. It is restricted to forest areas in the VU B1+2c 423 Species Summaries highlands of Cockpit Country. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5435, 5653, 7980 Pimenta odiolens Myrtaceae Cuba A small tree restricted to the province of Baracoa. The habitat has experienced declines because of logging, overcutting, mining and tourism. Unspoilt areas remain where the terrain is rugged and inaccessible. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 5435, 7980, 19149 VU D2 Pimenta oligantha Myrtaceae Cuba Known only from Sierra de Nipe in the Oriente, this shrub or small tree is poorly documented and confined to a habitat declining through logging, overcutting, mining and tourism. Only areas which are inaccessible remain relatively unspoilt. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 5435, 5651, 7980, 19149 VU D2 Pimenta podocarpoides Myrtaceae Cuba A morphologically interesting species which is known only from the type location, near a stream in Oriente Province. The habitat has been extensively degraded by logging, overcutting, mining and tourism. The spread of invasive plants along streams is also a major threat. Fieldwork is necessary to search for populations in more inaccessible, intact areas. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 5435, 5651, 7980, 19149 EN B1+2c Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus var. hoehnei Myrtaceae Brazil (Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo) A coastal forest taxon, known from about four localities in Sao Paulo and Santa Catarina. Large-scale deforestation and habitat degradation have occurred over the centuries. The type variety is found further inland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5435, 7980 VU B1+2c Pimenta racemosa var. hispaniolensis Myrtaceae Dominican Republic, Haiti A Hispaniola endemic found in remaining upland broadleaved forest in a number of locations. The decline in the extent of forest has been drastic. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5435, 7980 VU B1+2c Pimenta racemosa var. ozua Myrtaceae Dominican Republic, Haiti Endemic to north-central Hispaniola, this variety grows in forest and woodland areas. The habitat has been drastically reduced in extent. This species has a use as a fragrance to a disinfectant called ‘puro ozua’. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5435, 7980 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Pimenta racemosa var. terebinthina Myrtaceae Dominican Republic Known only from the vicinity of Peninsular Samané, this variety occurs in areas of forest on limestone. The forest has been dramatically reduced in extent and continues to be threatened by grazing, agricultural encroachment and logging. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5435, 7980 EN B1+2c Pimenta richardii Myrtaceae Jamaica A Jamaican endemic, known from just two locations of upland forest in Cockpit Country. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5435, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Pinus albicaulis Pinaceae Canada (Alberta, British Columbia), USA A widespread species of subalpine and alpine woodlands in the Cascades, Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains in the USA and parts of Canada. Infestations of the introduced rust, Cronartium ribicola, have caused population reductions of 80 to 90%, especially in the northern wetter parts of the range. In addition, populations in national parks are adversely affected by fire-suppression regimes and predation by Dendrococtonus ponderosae. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 13041 VU Alc Pinus amamiana Pinaceae Japan This species is known from scattered populations in lowland coniferous woodland on Yakushima and Tanegashima Islands. It was formerly exploited and seems slow to regenerate where conditions have become exposed. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 4506, 11191 VU D2 Pinus aristata Pinaceae USA (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico) A slow-growing species, usually occurring in open stands on high rocky slopes in the Rocky Mountains. Regeneration may be impeded by grazing livestock. Climatic changes may also be a factor. Most stands are protected from cutting or damage. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 7222, 13041 LR/nt Pinus armandii var. mastersiana Pinaceae Taiwan A timber tree endemic to Taiwan. Levels of exploitation and the degradation of its montane forest habitat have caused substantial declines in the population. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374 EN Alc Pinus ayacahuite var. veitchii Pinaceae Mexico An important timber tree. It is scattered thinly in nine LR/nt 424 Mexican states in coniferous montane forest. The population is concentrated around México city and must be under great pressure from urban and other developments. The timber is highly sought-after. More information may indicate that a threat category is appropriate. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 7980 Pinus balfouriana ssp. austrina Pinaceae USA (California) A number of isolated populations occur within protected areas in the Sierra Nevada at subalpine levels. The trees are extremely slow-growing and recruitment may be insufficient. Fire and grazing by wildlife are also problems. Populations are being monitored and protected against fire hazards. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 LR/cd Pinus balfouriana ssp. balfouriana Pinaceae USA (California) A few isolated populations occur at subalpine altitudes on the Klamath Mountains within USDA National Forest lands. The trees are extremely slow-growing and populations may be susceptible to fire and the grazing of wildlife. Old trees are protected from being cut or damaged. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 13041 LR/cd Pinus brutia var. eldarica Pinaceae Afghanistan?, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran? The only certain population occurs on the Azerbaijan— Georgia border. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041, 18751 DD Pinus caribaea var. caribaea Pinaceae Cuba A heavily exploited taxon of lowland and hill pine forest and mixed oak—pine forests on slatey rocks, occurring in Pinar del Rio and Isla de Pinos. Buming and logging of large areas of pine forest have transformed the habitat into savanna. Frequent fires also prevent regrowth of the species in favour of P. tropicalis. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 8646, 13041, 19149 VU Alc+2c Pinus cembroides ssp. lagunae Pinaceae Mexico (Baja California Sur) Although this taxon is not a valuable timber tree, it is the only pine in this remote region and is exploited at a low level. It occurs in open stands in meadows or with oak above 1600m, mostly in La Laguna, covering a range of about 100km?. The area is not protected and, although not easily accessible, it is susceptible to fire and overgrazing. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6004, 8475, 18751 VU Alc Pinus cembroides ssp. orizabensis Pinaceae Mexico (Puebla, Tlaxcala, Veracruz) Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 7980, 8475, 13041 LR/nt Pinus clausa Pinaceae USA (Alabama, Florida) The sand pine is a useful species of lowland open forest and scrub on well-drained soils. Although it is in part dependent on fire for regeneration, it is also especially vulnerable to intense forest fires. There is no evidence to suggest that populations have declined, as yet. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 LR/nt Pinus contorta var. bolanderi Pinaceae USA (California) A small tree endemic to the white sand pine barrens along the Mendocino coast. The area comes under various pressures from development, overland vehicles and fires. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041, 19193 LR/nt Pinus culminicola Pinaceae Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leén) A decumbent shrub which occurs in monotypic stands on exposed rocky summits of Cerro Potosi and neighbouring peaks, covering an area of several hundred hectares. Growth and regeneration are slow and susceptible to fire. None of the populations is within a protected area. A road to an observatory gives easy access to the largest population. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1538, 5194, 7980 EN B1+2bc Pinus dabeshanensis Pinaceae China (Anhui, Henan, Hubei) Confined to upland mixed forest in parts of the Dabieshan, mature trees are few and rates of regeneration and growth are poor. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 1818, 11847 VU B1+2c Pinus dalatensis Pinaceae Viet Nam Until recently the species was known from only one area of montane evergreen forest near Dalat. It has now been found in four adjacent provinces, extending into central Viet Nam, including four occurrences within nature reserves: Ngoc Linh, Chu Yang Sinh, Dao Ngoan Muc and Nui Ba. Populations remain low in numbers and are increasingly reduced to isolated areas. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 848, 4966, 15357 VU B1+2c Pinus densiflora var. funebris Pinaceae North Korea, Russia, South Korea? Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 3811, 13041, 18751 DD 425 Species Summaries Pinus fenzeliana Pinaceae LR/nt China (Guangdong-Hainan, Guangxi, Hunan), Viet Nam Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 Pinus gerardiana Pinaceae LR/nt Afghanistan, China (Xizang), India (Jammu-Kashmir), Pakistan Populations are widespread in areas of montane open forest but they are small and low in density. In many areas the seed crop is exploited unsustainably but the effects on regeneration are not yet clear. In Afghanistan plantations have been established to supply the seeds. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 256, 374, 4966 Pinus jaliscana Pinaceae Mexico (Jalisco) Confined to Sierra el Cuale in the north-west part of Sierra Madre del Sur, the species is present in mostly undisturbed areas of submontane pine—oak forest. Mining operations are under way in the area. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6004, 7980 LR/nt Pinus krempfii Pinaceae Viet Nam The species is known only from localised populations in Khanh Hoa and Lam Dong Provinces in the south. It occurs within Nui Ba and Dao Ngoan Muc Nature Reserves. Assessor: Loc, Phan Ke Refs: 848, 11530, 12455, 19044 VU B1+2c Pinus kwangtungensis Pinaceae LR/nt China (Guangdong, Guangdong - Hainan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan), Viet Nam The species’ distribution is concentrated on the Nanling range, but extends into Hoa Binh and Cao Bang Provinces in Viet Nam. It is thought to exhibit a wide ecological tolerance and frequently occurs in pure stands, but much of the habitat has declined and populations are frequently reduced to steep cliffs or inaccessible places. In Viet Nam the population numbers are low and declining (EN D). Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 848, 1739, 1818, 9492, 11847, 15357, 19044 Pinus latteri Pinaceae LR/nt China (Guangdong, Guangdong - Hainan, Guangxi), Myanmar, Viet Nam Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 Pinus longaeva Pinaceae USA (California, Nevada, Utah) In most populations very old, senescent and even dead trees predominate. These are some of the oldest trees in the world, reaching ages of 4870 years. Their growth rate is extremely slow. It is doubtful whether present rates of regeneration are sufficient to replace the population under present climatic and environmental VU B1+2e The World List of Threatened Trees conditions. Most areas where the species occurs are protected and cutting or gathering wood is prohibited. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041, 19193 Pinus luchuensis Pinaceae Japan (Ryukyu Is.) Confined to Luchu in the Ryukyu Islands, stands occur frequently near sea-water. During and after the Second World War trees were heavily harvested. The present poor form of the remaining trees precludes further exploitation. Plantations have been established. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 448 LR/nt Pinus massoniana var. hainanensis Pinaceae China (Guangdong - Hainan) A variety confined to two main locations in the Yajia range on Hainan Island. It occurs individually or in small clumps on the margins of tropical montane rainforest and mossy summit woodland. There is a danger that the area will be taken over for commercial forestry management. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1818, 11847 EN B1+2b Pinus maximartinezii Pinaceae Mexico (Zacatecas) A total population of fewer than 10,000 trees exists, within an area of approximately 10km?, in montane dry forest on inaccessible summit ridges and eastern slopes of the Sierra de Morone near Juchipila. Regeneration is poor, possibly because the seeds are collected in considerable numbers for food. Cattle grazing and fires also pose threats. The land is privately owned but formal protection measures are being considered. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 81, 374, 7980, 9300 EN B1+2bc Pinus merkusii Pinaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Philippines An important timber tree known from open pine woodlands in Sumatra around Lake Toba following the mountains north-east, and also in the Philippines. High levels of exploitation have resulted in populations being reduced to very low levels in the Philippines. In Sumatra the timber continues to be extracted. The effects on the population here are yet to be confirmed but are not thought to be as severe. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 3091, 6405, 6646, 19093 VU B1+2ce Pinus muricata Pinaceae Mexico (Baja California), USA (California) The species is known from occurrences on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands in California and further down the Pacific coast in Mexico. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 4966, 7980, 13041 LR/nt 426 Pinus nelsoni Pinaceae VU C2a Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leén, San Luis Potosf, Tamaulipas) A unique species widely scattered in small populations on mesas and in high valleys in the Sierra Madre Oriental. Populations are not larger than several hundred mature trees and are restricted to limestone sites. Overgrazing may pose a threat. None of the populations is protected. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6004, 7980 Pinus nigra ssp. dalmatica Pinaceae Croatia Known only from Brac, Hvar, Korcula and Pelijesac Islands on the Dalmatian coast, this subspecies occurs in stands above the Aleppo pine forest. There is evidence that this form hybridises with the mainland subspecies. Threats come from overgrazing and habitat degradation. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 5194, 5287, 6004, 7222, 13041 VU B1+2c Pinus peuce Pinaceae Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Yugoslavia Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 4506, 7222, 13041, 13573 LR/nt Pinus pinceana Pinaceae LR/nt Mexico (Coahuila, Hidalgo, Querétaro, San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas) Trees are scattered in disjunct and small populations in submontane woodland or scrubland. The species is not under any protection anywhere but it occurs widely outside areas where woodland resources are being exploited. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6004, 7980, 13041 Pinus radiata var. binata Pinaceae EN Cl Mexico (Guadalupe Is.) Two populations exist on Cedros Island and Guadeloupe, which is an uninhabited island 250km off the mainland. Each contains in the order of 400 mature trees. Regeneration on Guadeloupe is seriously impeded by feral goats. Attempts are being made to eradicate them. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 6004, 7980, 13041, 19193 Pinus radiata var. radiata Pinaceae USA (California) The type variety of this widely planted species is restricted to three main areas; in Ano Nuevo, Cambria and the Monterey Peninsula. Only half of the historical range remains undeveloped on the Monterey Peninsula. Further land developments, genetic contamination, pine pitch canker disease and forest fragmentation are of some concern. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 7222, 7980, 13041, 19193 LR/cd Pinus rzedowskii Pinaceae Mexico (Michoacan) Three disjunct populations occur on Cerro Chiqueritas, Cerro Ocotoso and Puerto del Pinabete. Their distribution is restricted to limestone outcrops among huge boulders above 2100m. The two smallest populations contain fewer than 50 trees. Fire is a hazard but the trees are respected as being unique and are safe from exploitation. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 6004, 6541, 7980, 12985 EN D1 Pinus squamata Pinaceae China (Yunnan) Discovered in moist montane woodland in Qiaojiaxian in 1991 and described a year later, the species is so far known from a total population of 20 trees. More fieldwork is needed to establish the health and status of this population and whether there are any more subpopulations in the vicinity. The closest relative of the taxon is P. bungeana, which occurs 500km to the south. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 13041 CR D1 Pinus strobus var. chiapensis Pinaceae VU B1+2b Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz) A valuable timber tree, now restricted to small remnant populations in mixed or broadleaf montane forests. Overexploitation and the subsequent degradation and changes in the forest vegetation have caused the decline. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 3951, 6004, 7980, 13041, 18751 Pinus tabuliformis var. henryi Pinaceae China (Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan) Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 11191, 13041 LR/nt Pinus taiwanensis var. damingshanensis Pinaceae China (Guangxi, Guizhou) An endemic to the Damingshan. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 LR/nt Pinus tecunumanii Pinaceae VU A2c Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca), Nicaragua, Panama A tree increasingly exploited for its quality timber. Although the exact limits of its range are imperfectly known, the species is found in upland valleys and plateaux, often growing on deep rich fertile soil, sometimes forming pure stands. These areas are frequently cleared and replaced by secondary shrubland, with P. oocarpa. Trees are large with a notably straight bole. The timber is highly valued in construction work. Plantations have been established but no conservation measures are in place. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 7980, 13041, 16772 427 Species Summaries Pinus torreyana ssp. insularis Pinaceae USA (California) Fewer than 250 trees exist in the coastal chaparral of Santa Rosa Island. The entire population is protected. Coastal abrasion and fires pose threats. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 13041, 19193 EN D1 Pinus torreyana ssp. torreyana Pinaceae USA (California) There is a very small population of fewer than 1000 trees in suburban areas north of San Diego. Most of the population is protected within Torrey Pines State Park but trees on unprotected land are highly vulnerable to fire, recreation activities and urban development. There has been a recent serious infestation of five-spined ips bark beetle in the park, but it is now apparently contained. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 13041, 19193 EN C2b Pinus wangii Pinaceae China (Yunnan), Viet Nam Highly restricted in range and population numbers, the species is confined to evergreen submontane forest on limestone mountains in Xicho and Malipo, south-east Yunnan. There is a threat of continued logging. It is also recorded in Viet Nam but the population there is poorly known. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1818, 11847, 19044 EN B1+2bd Piper amalago var. variifolium Piperaceae Jamaica This variety is known only from the type, which was collected in Manchester. The species is endemic to Jamaica. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR C2b Piper augustum var. cocleanum Piperaceae Panama Although the species ranges from Costa Rica to northern South America, this variant is thought to be endemic to Panama, where it occurs in a number of provinces, mainly in undisturbed rainforest up to 1300m. It is scarce outside protected areas. The taxon's range closely approaches both national borders and possibly extends into Costa Rica and Colombia, but is recognised there only at the species level. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 LR/nt Piper cordulatum Piperaceae Costa Rica, Panama A lowland rainforest species, well distributed in Panama, particularly in the Canal area and in a number of national parks. In recent years it has also been reported from Costa Rica in Corcovado National Park, where it appears to be common. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees Piper distigmatum Piperaceae Panama A doubtful species known only from the type specimen of 1950. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 Piper fimbriulatum Piperaceae Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama Occurring over a wide altitudinal range, the species is telatively common on the Pacific slopes of Costa Rica, in all mountain areas of Panama and in the Chocé in Colombia. Almost all localities in Panama are in areas of minimal human impact. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 DD LR/nt Piper lucigaudens Piperaceae Panama Common in places, the species is recorded from various provinces in Panama in rainforest, generally at higher altitudes, but ranging from sea level to 2200m. There are a number of occurrences in protected areas and elsewhere in regions that are heavily influenced by human activities. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 LR/nt Piper lucigaudens var. alleni Piperaceae Panama A doubtful variant of the species, which is known only from a type specimen collected from Darién Province. It is the only record of the species in the province. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 DD Piper verrucosum Piperaceae Jamaica A tree with an occasional occurrence in central parishes in remaining areas of woodland on craggy limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Piptadenia weberbaueri Leguminosae Peru The species occurs in areas of grassland and shrubland, between i500 and 2000m in the department of La Libertad. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Piptostigma fugax Annonaceae Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia A species which can occur in some abundance, at least in Ghana. It is generally confined to wet evergreen forest, especially in upland areas. Much of the forest in this area has been adversely affected by mining, logging and commercial planting operations. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c 428 Piptostigma giganteum Annonaceae Nigeria This species appears to be known only from the Oban Division of the Cross River National Park. Unprotected forest has been extensively logged and cleared for cultivation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 4977, 11504 VU B1+2c Piptostigma oyemense Annonaceae Gabon A species known only from a collection in Oyem in the north, in an area which has been degraded to some degree. Much of Gabon's extensive forests have not been explored and are now under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14958, 15790 VU D2 Pipturus argenteus var. argenteus Urticaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) The species occurs on Moorea and Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 VU B1+2c Pipturus schaeferi Urticaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) Populations are found on the islands of Fatu Hiva, Hiva Oa and Tahuata. The species occurs between 330 and 780m in humid or riverine areas of forest or mesophyllous forest, and also in open dry rocky areas and basalt cliffs. It is relatively scarce and distributed in areas sensitive to degradation. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 19169 VU B1+2c Pisonia donnell-smithii Nyctaginaceae El Salvador, Guatemala A species occurring in areas of inundated and swamp forest. Little information is available on the conservation status of subpopulations but the habitat has suffered widely from logging, tourism and an expanding human population. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4862, 4974, 19030 VU B1+2c Pisonia ekmani Nyctaginaceae Cuba A doubtful tree taxon found infrequently in Las Tunas and Hoguin Provinces. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Pisonia graciliscens Nyctaginaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Pisonia sechellarum Nyctaginaceae Seychelles A species known only from an area of 0.5ha in a valley on Silhouette. The population is estimated to contain 190 trees, many of which represent the same individual and the genetic diversity is believed to be low. The area falls within a forest protected by the Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles. Numerous seeds are set but germination is poor. There has been no success in bringing the species into cultivation either. The tree's main pollinator (Epicroesa sp.) appears also to be its main seed predator. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10610, 17229, 19025 EN D1 Pisonia siphonocarpa Nyctaginaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Moorea. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Pisonia wagneriana Nyctaginaceae USA (Hawaii) Endemic to Kauai the species is restricted to forested valleys up to 650m from the Powerline Trail to the Maunahina-Wainiha drainage. It is thought a collection from Honopu Valley on the Napali coast may also represent this species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN C2a Pistacia aethiopica Anacardiaceae LR/nt Eritrea (ex), Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen In the main part of its range in North and East Africa, the species is fairly abundant. There is an outlying population in Arabia, restricted to Jebel Iraf on the old North Yemen-South Yemen border. The woodland here is believed to be in good condition, although it may come under threat after the completion of a new road to the area. The tree produces a high-quality gum mastic and damage is frequently incurred from the tapping process. The populations around Nairobi are said to be wiped out from overexploitation. The species is also thought to be extinct in Eritrea. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 6396, 19083 Pistacia cucphuongensis Anacardiaceae Viet Nam Apparently endemic to Viet Nam, this shrub or small tree is confined to a single locality in Cuc Phuong, Ninh Binh. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848 VU D2 Pistacia mexicana Anacardiaceae Guatemala, Mexico Occurring in dry montane scrub or pine—oak formations, the species is restricted in altitudinal range and distribution. Populations are recorded from southern VU Alc 429 Species Summaries Mexico and Guatemala. The habitat is considerably reduced by the effects of growing agriculture and pastoralism. Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 19161 Pitavia punctata Rutaceae Chile (Biobfo, Maule) A species which is known from two regions in central Chile, occurring in moist lowland forest in the Coastal Cordillera. Populations are under threat throughout the area, mainly from logging and forest management activities. Assessor: Gonzalez, M. Refs: 7980, 11147, 16328 EN Alcd Pithecellobium gracile Leguminosae India (Kerala) Known from seven collections, the species occurs in scattered localities of evergreen forest at low to medium elevations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Pithecellobium grisebachianum Leguminosae Argentina (Jujuy, Salta), Bolivia Endemic to the piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and Bolivia, the species is confined to an unprotected ecosystem which is being rapidly replaced by agricultural systems. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 19122 VU B1+2ac Pithecellobium johansenii Leguminosae Belize, Guatemala, Honduras A tree of the wet Atlantic lowlands, occurring in Lancetilla Biological Reserve. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 EN C2a Pithecellobium pithecolobioides Leguminosae Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes), Paraguay An uncommon species, restricted to marginal forest along the banks of Rios Parana and Paraguay. Collections appear to be declining in number and in extent of occurrence. Existing threats to remaining populations include dam construction, tourism and fishing. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 1262, 7980 VU B1+2ac Pithecellobium savannarum Leguminosae Cuba Endemic to serpentine areas in south-east Holguin, the species occurs in a habitat which has been largely replaced by secondary savanna and pastureland. Populations have survived best near watercourses. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 16327, 18485, 19149 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Pithecellobium saxosum Leguminosae Guatemala, Honduras A thicket species, usually occurring on rocky hillsides or plains, sometimes along creeks. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 4974, 13995 EN C2a Pithecellobium stevensonii Leguminosae Belize, Guatemala, Honduras A tree restricted to mixed rainforest on Atlantic slopes. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 EN C2a Pittosporum aliferum Pittosporaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Pittosporum artense Pittosporaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Pittosporum brevispinum Pittosporaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 CR DI Pittosporum collinum Pittosporaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Pittosporum coriaceum Pittosporaceae Portugal (Madeira) Few individuals are known in the wild, growing in deep ravines in the *laurisilva. A new population has recently been discovered, but total population numbers do not greatly exceed 30 trees. The entire range is contained within the National Park of Madeira, but there are still potential threats from fire and grazing. There is no observed natural seed germination, the only regeneration being vegetative. Efforts are being made to propagate the species, with limited success. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19080, 19131 CR D1 Pittosporum dallii Pittosporaceae New Zealand (South Is.) A small tree confined to montane beech forest in the Tasman Mountains in north-west Nelson. Browsing by deer and possum is heavy. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 902, 9800, 17637, 19133, 19134 VU B1+2c Pittosporum eriocarpum Pittosporaceae India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh) A shrub or small tree recorded from Dehra Dun, Musoorie and Sahastradhara, where it has become so scarce that specific searches for it have failed to locate a EN B1+2c 430 single specimen. It was known to grow on hot rocky slopes up to 2400m. Large-scale lime quarrying and degradation of the habitat are likely to have contributed to the decline. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538 Pittosporum fairchildii Pittosporaceae New Zealand (North Is.) This small tree is endemic to the Three Kings Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 902, 9800, 19133 VU D2 Pittosporum gatopense Pittosporaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Pittosporum goetzei Pittosporaceae Tanzania This species is restricted to the Uluguru Mountains, where it occurs over 2100m in moist evergreen forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204, 10961 VU B1+2d Pittosporum gomonenense Pittosporaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Pittosporum linearifolium Pittosporaceae Malaysia (Sabah) Restricted to the Bukit Ampuan area in Ranau, this tree is found in hill forest up to 1200m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Pittosporum muricatum Pittosporaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Pittosporum napaliense Pittosporaceae USA (Hawaii) A small tree scattered in disturbed *hala forest and wetter vegetation up to 550m within an area stretching from Limahuli to Hanakoa Valley in north-western Kauai. The invasion of alien plant species has affected the habitat in many areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN C2a Pittosporum obcordatum Pittosporaceae New Zealand (North Is., South Is.) Occurring on both islands in lowland *kahikatea/matai forest, populations are scarce and small. In the 1981 Red Data Book of New Zealand there were estimated to be fewer than 50 individuals in total. Regeneration is reported to be good in places. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 902, 9800, 17637, 19133, 19134 LR/nt Pittosporum ornatum Pittosporaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Pittosporum orohenense Pittosporaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) This species is known only from Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 VU B1+2c Pittosporum paniense Pittosporaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU D2 Pittosporum patulum Pittosporaceae New Zealand (South Is.) Recorded as a small tree, the species is known from very few adult plants, occurring in beech forest. Seedlings and saplings are heavily browsed by deer and possums. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 9800, 19133, 19134 EN D1 Pittosporum pauciflorum Pittosporaceae China (Yunnan) The species is confined to areas of mixed montane forest in Sichuan and north-west Yunnan. Extensive habitat losses and the popularity of the species in traditional medicine have caused the populations in the wild to decline. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 19055 VU B1+2c Pittosporum raivavaeense Pittosporaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) The species is known only from Raivavae. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Pittosporum senacia ssp. wrightii Pittosporaceae Seychelles Endemic to the Seychelles, the species qualifies as threatened by virtue of its restricted distribution. Populations are healthy and stable. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16212, 17229 VU D2 Pittosporum silamense Pittosporaceae Malaysia (Sabah) Endemic to Sabah, this small tree of hill forest seems to be restricted to Mount Silam in Lahad Datau District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Pittosporum stenophyllum Pittosporaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c 431 Species Summaries Pittosporum tanianum Pittosporaceae New Caledonia The species was first discovered in 1988 from two specimens contained within a small patch of sclerophyllous forest on the island of Leprédour. Five years later both individuals died, one because the surrounding soil had eroded away. Intensive searches have failed to uncover additional specimens. Deer plague the remaining fragments of forest, totalling about Sha. Propagation of cuttings has failed. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351 EX Pittosporum terminalioides Pittosporaceae USA (Hawaii) A species scattered in dry to moist forest extending over a wide altitudinal range. Populations are recorded on Lanai, Maui and from Kilauea around the leeward side to the Kohala Mountains on Hawaii. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Pittosporum turneri Pittosporaceae New Zealand (North Is.) A small tree growing on frost flats and in clearings in montane forest. Browsing possums are causing damage to this species. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 9800, 19133, 19134 LR/cd Pittosporum virgatum Pittosporaceae New Zealand (North Is.) The species has been recorded from the Auckland area, the Coromandel Peninsula and Great Barrier Island. Several hundred trees remain in the wild along forest margins, in scrubland and regenerating *kauri forest. It is locally abundant on Great Barrier Island. Habitat clearance for forestry and farming are responsible for past population declines. Most of the remaining colonies are found on land administered by the Forest Service. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 902, 9800, 17637, 19133 LR/nt Pittosporum viridulatum Pittosporaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A small tree, currently known only from a single record from a locality at the base of the Nilgiris. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 CR B1+2c Placodiscus attenuatus Sapindaceae Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana Although supportive evidence to indicate population declines is not available, the loss of the habitat of this species has been severe. It is found in one remnant area of coastal forest, which has been significantly reduced by farming, fuelwood collection and forestry plantations. It also occurs in moist evergreen or riverine forest. Assessor: Hawthorme, W. Refs: 8369, 12061, 15251 EN Alc, B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Placodiscus bancoensis Sapindaceae Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana Found solely in Ghana and neighbouring Cote d'Ivoire, this species is restricted to small areas of moist evergreen forest. Deforestation in this area has been caused by mining, logging and commercial forestry operations. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 8369, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Placodiscus boya Sapindaceae Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana Known only from Ghana and neighbouring Céte d'Ivoire, this species occurs in relatively dry or semi- deciduous forest. It can be quite common but the restriction of the species’ range and the severe losses of its habitat render it vulnerable. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 6127, 12061 VU B1+2c Placodiscus bracteosus Sapindaceae Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana A species restricted to areas of moist evergreen forest in Ghana and neighbouring Cote d'Ivoire. Losses in the forest habitat have been incurred from mining, logging and commercial forestry activities. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 8369, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Placodiscus oblongifolius Sapindaceae Ghana This a common tree in Ghana, but its range is restricted to evergreen forests in the Upper Guinea region. A large part of the habitat has suffered losses because of mining, logging and commercial forestry activities. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 8369, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Placodiscus paniculatus Sapindaceae Democratic Republic of Congo A species of the Forestier Central. It is restricted to a zone in the north-east where it is apparently heavily utilised for arrow-making. Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Refs: 17185, 17951 VU D2 Placodiscus pseudostipularis Sapindaceae Cte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone Like P. attenuatus, this species occurs in remnants of coastal forest, where the effects of farming, fuelwood collection and commercial forestry have been severe. It is also found in areas of less disturbed wet evergreen or riverine forest but only in the Upper Guinea region. Assessor: Hawthome, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 EN B1+2c Placopoda virgata Rubiaceae Yemen (Socotra) A widespread species of low-altitude woodland and shrubland. It is abundant in places on the lower slopes of LR/nt 432 limestone mountains and summit plateaux. The populations are under no immediate threat. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 Pladaroxylon leucadendron Compositae St Helena A small spreading tree, which is found in a number of localities between 720 and 800m on the central ridge, particularly at High Peak, from Mount Actaeon to Cuckhold's Point, also at Cabbage Tree Road and Diana's Peak. The total population size is probably less than 50 individuals. Regeneration has been successful where invasive plants, such as New Zealand flax, have been cleared. The genus is monotypic. Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B. Refs: 9954, 19071, 19081 CR DI Plagianthus regius var. chathamicus Malvaceae New Zealand (Chatham Is.) This is the correct combination for the taxon P. chathamicus or P. betulinus var. chathamicus. It is a large tree of inland forest, occurring commonly in a few reserves. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 902, 19133, 19134 LR/nt Plagiosiphon gabonensis Leguminosae Gabon A species found in areas of closed forest in Lopé Forest Reserve, Ndjolé-Koumamejong, Sindoro and near Lastoursville. The habitat is degraded where there has been logging. Gabon's extensive forests are relatively unexplored and are now under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19043 LR/nt Planchonella contermina Sapotaceae New Caledonia The genus is no longer considered valid according to Pennington. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 10781 EN B1+2c Planchonella daenikeri Sapotaceae New Caledonia The species has been collected from forest on serpentine in a few localities from the north and south, including sites on the lower slopes of Massif Tiebaghi and Mont Kaala. The genus has been transferred to Pouteria. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 10781, 12630 EN B1+2c Planchonella kaalaensis Sapotaceae EN B1+2c New Caledonia The genus is no longer considered valid according to Pennington. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 10781 Platanus kerrit Platanaceae Laos, Viet Nam A large tree distributed widely at low altitudes in northern provinces of Viet Nam and Vieng Chan in Laos. It grows near streams on alluvium, gravel soils or mud flats. Natural regeneration and coppicing is strong. The wood is used only on a small scale because of its propensity for cracking and curving. In Viet Nam, the species has become threatened because of the rates of habitat loss. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 11530, 15357 VU Alc Platycladus orientalis Cupressaceae LR/nt China (Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi), Iran, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan The species is apparently quite widespread but the range is confused by populations which may have been planted. It is very slow-growing. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1956, 13041 Platydesma remyi Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) A shrubby tree found only rarely in rainforest up to 1080m in the Hamakua-Kohala area on Hawaii. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN C2a Platymenia foliolosa Leguminosae VU Alcd Brazil (Bahia, Cearé, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco) A widespread species found in diverse habitats and climates, ranging from lowland rainforest to *cerrado. Selective exploitation of the timber, coupled with poor regeneration, is causing population declines, especially in the coastal areas of Espirito Santo. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4506 Platymiscium albertinae Leguminosae Honduras Of somewhat dubious nomenclature, the species is rarely collected and confined to dry forest along creeks. The population at the type locality has disappeared because of urban development. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995, 14311 CR C2b Platymiscium gracile Leguminosae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in lowland forest in the department of San Martin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Platymiscium pleiostachyum Leguminosae Costa Rica, El Salvador, Nicaragua Occurring in remnant dry forests and woodlands on flat ground, including disturbed or secondary forest, the species is scarce, individuals often show signs of genetic degradation and regeneration is largely absent. The EN Cl 433 Species Summaries timber is attractive and has been heavily exploited in Costa Rica but there is no evidence of it being present in international trade. The species is listed in Appendix II of *CITES. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 4862, 7980, 14487, 19179, 19185, 19186 Platypterocarpus tanganyikensis Celastraceae Tanzania The species is known only from the dry montane forests of West Usambara. A substantial area of the forest in which it occurred was cleared in the mid-1960s and it may now be extinct. The genus is monotypic. The nearest related genus is Wimmeria in Central and South America. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 CR B1+2b, C2b Platyspermation crassifolium Escalloniaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 LR/cd Pleioceras orientale Apocynaceae Mozambique Only two localities are known, where the species occurs in lowland dry evergreen forest and deciduous coastal forest on sand. One is within 200m of a new railway line. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18965 VU D2 Pleiomeris canariensis Myrsinaceae Spain (Canary Is.) Known only from Gran Canaria and Tenerife, the species exists in fragmented populations in inaccessible areas of dry woodland. It is listed in government legislation of 1991. Assessor: Bafiares, A. et al. Refs: 19022 VU C2a Pleiospermium longisepalum Rutaceae Malaysia (Sabah) Endemic to Sabah, the species is found in primary and secondary inland forest up to an elevation of 1300 m. It is located in the foothills and low mountainous regions of Kota Marudu, Ranau and Tambunan Districts and on the offshore islands of Pulau Banggi and Pulau Bohayan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU B1+2c Pleodendron macranthum Canellaceae Puerto Rico A small tree of wet to moist submontane forest. Only three populations are known, accounting for 10-12 individuals. There are two individuals in El Yunque. The rest are found in Rio Abajo State Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 17124, 17540 CR D1 The World List of Threatened Trees Pleomele auwahiensis Dracaenaceae USA (Hawaii) A species restricted to remnants of lowland dry forest in central Molokai and in more moist forest in Makawao and Olinda on Maui. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Pleomele fernaldii Dracaenaceae USA (Hawaii) Endemic to Lanai, the species is confined to remaining patches of lowland dry forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN C2a Pleomele forbesii Dracaenaceae USA (Hawaii) The main population is found in various lowland forest types in the Waianae Mountains on Oahu. There are occasional occurrences also in the Kolau Mountains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN C2a Pleomele halapepe Dracaenaceae USA (Hawaii) This is a striking species which rarely flowers. It is restricted to dry and other lowland forest types on Oahu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Pleomele hawaiiensis Dracaenaceae USA (Hawaii) A species of lowland dry forest on lava fields. It is currently recorded from six to eight populations in Puuwaawaa, the Kaloko/Kaloao area, the Kapua/Kahuku area and on Holei Pali. Population estimates lie between 300 and 400 individuals. The habitat is threatened with conversion for residential or recreational use. Grazers, invasive plants and fire are also problems. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19037 EN C2a Pleurothyrium hexaglandulosum Lauraceae Costa Rica, Panama Two collections have been made of this understorey tree. It occurs in lowland wet evergreen forest in Puntarenas Province in Costa Rica and in Colén in Panama. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12587, 15719 VU D2 Pleurothyrium roberto-andinoi Lauraceae Honduras This species occurs in areas of riverine forest at medium elevations. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 7534, 13995 CR C2a 434 Plinia rupestris Myrtaceae Cuba An imperfectly known species known only from a single locality in Cerro de Mendosa, Pinar del Rio Province. Apparently the species is surviving precariously in a very threatened area. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 CR B1+2c Podadenia thwaitesii Euphorbiaceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. This species appeared to be fairly common during a previous survey, but it was not found at all during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 CR B1+2c Podocarpus acuminatus Podocarpaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Venezuela The species occurs in the Sierra de la Neblina, on both the Brazilian and Venezuelan sides, and on Chimantd and south-west Amuri-tepui. All areas are contained within effective national parks. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 13041 DD Podocarpus angustifolius Podocarpaceae Cuba A very rare tree, up to 10m high, occurring in montane rainforests of Pinar del Rio Province and in the mountain ranges of south-central Cuba. Its habitat is degraded in places and the species seems particularly vulnerable to ecological impact. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 2479, 16327, 19149 CR B1+2c Podocarpus annamiensis Podocarpaceae China (Guangdong - Hainan), Myanmar, Viet Nam A tree scattered in forest areas on hillsides and ridges at medium altitudes. Populations confined to the mountains of southern Hainan Island in China are constantly subject to exploitation and have declined. Populations elsewhere are also subject to heavy logging. Assessoi: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1739, 1818, 5054, 11191, 11530 DD Podocarpus atjehensis Podocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Papua New Guinea The species occurs in the Gajo Lands in northern Sumatra and the Wissel Lakes in Papua New Guinea. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6851, 13041 DD Podocarpus borneensis Podocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1766, 6851, 13041 DD Podocarpus costalis Podocarpaceae Philippines, Taiwan The species occurs in dry coastal scrubland or low forest in rocky or cliff top locations, mainly in Lanyu Island, Taiwan, and the Batan Islands in the Luzon Strait. The type collection was gathered from Luzon in the Philippines. The natural stands present in Taiwan before 1980 have been reduced to a few individuals as a result of whole plants being uprooted for the horticultural trade. It is also a popular omamental plant in the Philippines. The species is subject to CITES Appendix I restrictions. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 2106, 6469, 10938, 11314, 13041, 19050, 19051 EN Alacd Podocarpus decumbens Podocarpaceae New Caledonia A species known from just three sites of high-altitude maquis in areas of high precipitation in the southem ultramafic massifs. All three sites are relatively inaccessible and well protected within Riviére Bleue Provincial Park and Montagne des Sources Nature Reserve. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 9631, 12630 Podocarpus deflexus Podocarpaceae LR/cd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A shrub or small tree of moist montane scrub, which is confined to Gunung Tahan in Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia, and the Gajo Lands in north Sumatra. The former locality is protected within Taman Negara National Park. ° Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 374, 6851, 8464, 13041, 19073 VU D2 Podocarpus dispermus Podocarpaceae Australia (Queensland) The species is confined to the Atherton Tableland in north-east Queensland. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 707, 13041, 17200 DD Podocarpus fasciculus Podocarpaceae VU Alcd Taiwan Although recognised as an endemic in Taiwan, populations on the Ryukyu Islands in Japan are also considered to belong to this species. In Taiwan populations are found in the north-central region, and in the far south in Tawushan Nature Reserve. Regeneration is poor. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 2106, 15406, 19050, 19051 Podocarpus gibbsii Podocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah) The entire range of the species is probably contained within Mount Kinabalu National Park, where it is confined to forest between 1200 and 2400m on ultramafic substrates. The area is well protected but VU D2 435 Species Summaries there is a potential threat presented by the attractiveness of the substrate for mining. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6851, 12121, 19125 Podocarpus globulus Podocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6851, 13041 DD Podocarpus guatemalensis Podocarpaceae DD Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela A cloud forest species which has come under considerable threat throughout its range. Logging, grazing, increasing settlement and agriculture have brought about large declines in the habitat and reduced populations largely to remote inaccessible places. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 730, 3047, 4665, 10217, 13041, 15037, 18751, 19206 Podocarpus lambertii Podocarpaceae Argentina (Misiones), Brazil (Bahia, Sao Paulo) Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 5112, 5410, 16525, 19127 DD Podocarpus laubenfelsii Podocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan) Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6851, 13041, 17855 DD Podocarpus lophatus Podocarpaceae Philippines Known only from two collections from a single locality, the species is confined to the summit of Mount Tapulao in Luzon. No recent reports have been made and it is not known whether the population is still extant. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 11314, 19192 VU D2 Podocarpus matudai Podocarpaceae DD El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas, Puebla, Veracruz) Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 4974, 5470, 8870, 10217, 13041 Podocarpus micropedunculatus Podocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1766, 6851, 13041 DD Podocarpus nakaii Podocarpaceae Taiwan Endemic to Taiwan, the species is restricted to a small area in the centre of the island in Nan Ton County. Populations are small and isolated in areas of EN Alad, C2a The World List of Threatened Trees broadleaved evergreen forest up to 1000m, where they are under threat from increasing settlement, forest management and agricultural activities. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 374, 2106, 6469, 11191, 19050, 19051 Podocarpus nubigenus Podocarpaceae LR/nt Argentina (Neuquén), Chile (Aisén, Los Lagos, Magallanes) A common species of low- to medium-altitude forest. Where it occurs in southern Chile there is the constant threat of logging and commercial forestry activities, e.g. planting eucalypts and Monterey pine. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 4665, 5112, 13041, 15384 Podocarpus pallidus Podocarpaceae Tonga An endemic to the east Tongan Islands. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 9695, 13041 DD Podocarpus parlatorei Podocarpaceae Argentina, Bolivia, Peru A cloud forest species threatened mainly by loss of habitat, although also an important commercial timber. Populations in Argentina are very small and scattered. Their exact locations are kept undisclosed for better protection. The species is listed in Appendix I of *CITES. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 12453, 14040, 19127, 19179, 19185 DD Podocarpus pendulifolius Podocarpaceae Venezuela Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 5411, 13041 DD Podocarpus polyspermus Podocarpaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 6851, 10351, 12630 VU B1+2c Podocarpus roraimae Podocarpaceae Venezuela The species occurs on Mount Roraima and the mountains lying on the border between Venezuela and Guyana. The area is protected, although it is under some pressure from tourism. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 5411, 12192, 13041 DD Podocarpus rusbyi Podocarpaceae Bolivia Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13661, 19127 DD Podocarpus salignus Podocarpaceae VU Ald+2b Chile (Bfobfo, La Araucania, Los Lagos, Magallanes, Maule, O'Higgins) A species which is said to occur abundantly in areas of 436 low- to medium-altitude forest in the central Andes and Coastal Cordillera, extending from Maule to Los Lagos (Regions VII-X). The habitat has been extensively logged and replanted with eucalypts and Monterey pine. Several botanical visits to the area have failed to find a single large mature individual. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 4522, 13041, 16328 Podocarpus sellowii Podocarpaceae Brazil (Parana, Sao Paulo) Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 16525, 16884, 19127 DD Podocarpus smithii Podocarpaceae Australia (Queensland) The entire population is contained within the State Forest Reserve on Mount Lewis near Mossman, where the species is scattered in montane rainforest in summit localities. Felling is illegal without permission. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 3404, 7891, 13041 LR/cd Podocarpus spathoides Podocarpaceae DD Indonesia (Moluccas), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands (South Solomon) The species is known from occurrences on Mount Ophir in Peninsular Malaysia, Morotai in the north Moluccas, Rossel Island in the Louisiade Archipelago of Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6851, 13041, 16612 Podocarpus subtropicalis Podocarpaceae China (Sichuan, Yunnan) The species is known only from Mount Omei in Sichuan and Yunnan. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 DD Podocarpus urbanii Podocarpaceae Jamaica The species is common to locally dominant in the montane rainforests of the Blue Mountains. At very high altitudes it is one of the commonest trees. Large populations exist on the Grand Ridge and in southern catchments. It is less common where slopes are steep or unstable. Assessor: Bellingham, P. Refs: 374, 2479, 5214, 19116 LR/nt Poecilanthe ovalifolia Leguminosae Suriname A rainforest tree, known only from an area along the Tapanahony River. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6493, 19196 VU D2 Poecilanthe parviflora Leguminosae Argentina (Buenos Aires, Misiones), Brazil Information is limited, but indicates that the species is endemic to an area extending from northern Argentina DD into the Rio Uruguay valley in Brazil. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 1262, 7134 Poeciloneuron pauciflorum Guttiferae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) This species was collected just two or three times in 19th century from areas of evergreen hill forest in Travancore and Tirunelveli. It was once a useful timber. The habitat has been severely reduced in extent and recent botanical surveys have failed to locate any specimens. It is not known for certain whether the species is now extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 19144 CR B1+2c Polyalthia angustissima Annonaceae DD Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Viet Nam? Occurring in lowland forest below 100m, this species is known from localities in Johore and Bukit Timah Forest Reserve in Singapore. More information is needed to consolidate the species’ occurrence in Viet Nam. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9199, 11530, 17140, 19073 Polyalthia elmeri Annonaceae Philippines This tree is endemic to Palawan, located in thin forests near seashore. The main island is a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c Polyalthia glabra Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known only from two herbarium specimens, this tree was collected in lowland forest. The localities, one in Penang and the other in Malacca, are no longer forested. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 CR B1+2c Polyalthia hirtifolia Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A lowland forest species, known only from a single collection from Pulau Betong Reserve in Penang. The area is threatened by increasing settlement and it is not certain whether this species still exists. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 CR B1+2c Polyalthia pachyphylla Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A lowland forest tree, recorded only from Larut in Perak. Its exact location is unknown. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 DD Polyalthia palawanensis Annonaceae Philippines A tree endemic to Palawan, found on dry forested slopes at low altitude. The main island is a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c 437 Species Summaries Polyalthia rufescens Annonaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A timber-yielding species of evergreen hill forest in the southern end of the Western Ghats. Populations are recorded from Cochin and Travancore in Kerala and Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu. Cutting of the trees and habitat clearance for the cultivation of commercial crops have caused population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 19144 EN B1+2c Polyalthia shendurunii Annonaceae India (Kerala) A medium-sized tree collected only from a small area of submontane evergreen forest in the Agastyamalai Hills on the Kerala/Tamil Nadu border. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but almost 1000km? of forest are now under protection within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Polyceratocarpus scheffleri Annonaceae Tanzania Until recently this tall tree was known only from a few collections from the East Usambara Mountains. It has been subsequently discovered, in small populations, on the northern Uluguru and Udzungwa Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204, 9302, 11631 VU B1+2b Polylepis besseri ssp. besseri Rosaceae Bolivia A subspecies which frequently hybridises with related species. It is confined to Cochabamba and Chuquisaca, where it occurs in small stands totalling no more than a few tens of square kilometres between 3000 and 4100m. Buming activities, combined with overgrazing, soil erosion and firewood collection, continue to have a serious impact on remaining populations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3104, 19020, 19067 VU Alacd, B1+2c Polylepis besseri ssp. incarum Rosaceae Bolivia, Peru A small tree growing in large stands on limestone hills, confined mainly to the northern part of the Titicaca basin, where it is the only naturally occurring Polylepis. Other Polylepis species have been planted in the area and the subspecies readily hybridises with P. racemosa ssp. triacontandra. Populations in Bolivia may all be planted. It has been estimated that the stands cover 166km? in total. Growth rates are fast and the tree is a good candidate for reforestation programmes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3104, 19067 VU B1+2c Polylepis besseri ssp. subtusalbida Rosaceae Bolivia This subspecies is variable and readily hybridises with other Polylepis in its range. It is endemic to areas of VU Alacd, B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees montane forest above 3000m in central Bolivia. Fires and overcutting are the main causes of concern. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3104, 19020, 19067 Polylepis crista-galli Rosaceae Bolivia This species was included within P. besseri. It is believed to be of hybrid origin. Small stands, totalling less than 100km? in area, occur in central to south-east Bolivia above 3200m. At lower elevations, down to 2500m, it is found in mixed Podocarpus—Alnus forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3104, 19020, 19067 VU Alacd, B1+2c Polylepis hieronymi Rosaceae VU B1+2c Argentina, Bolivia A small tree occurring in restricted areas of Podocarpus-Alnus forest in central and south-east Bolivia and north-west Argentina. Unusually for the genus, it readily colonises open and disturbed areas, where it is soon supplanted by slower-growing trees. This characteristic makes it useful in the reclamation of eroded slopes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3104, 6802, 19067 Polylepis incana Rosaceae Colombia? (Colombia?), Ecuador, Peru The species’ distribution is disjunct, ranging from north and central Ecuador to Ayacucho in Peru. Occurrences in Colombia and Bolivia are based on taxonomic misconceptions. Trees occur in small stands, pure or mixed with other Polylepis species, above 3300m. In all parts of the range the forests are severely affected by buming, as well as cutting for firewood and charcoal production. Commercial logging of this species, along with P. weberbaueri, has taken place within the boundaries of Huascaran National Park. The destruction of Polylepis forest in Huancavelica, Ayacucho and Cuzco has been particularly thorough. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1653, 3104, 6802, 19020, 19067 VU Alacd Polylepis lanuginosa Rosaceae Ecuador An endemic tree of cloud forest in the Ecuadorean High Andes, currently known to occur between 2750 and 3500m in Bolivar, Chimborazo, Cafar and Azuay Provinces. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Polylepis microphylla Rosaceae Ecuador A cloud forest shrub, growing to 30cm in height, endemic to Bolivar Province in the Ecuadorean High Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16239, 19119 VU B1+2c 438 Polylepis multijuga Rosaceae Peru The most primitive member of the genus, confined to two main locations, Chachapoyas in Amazonas, and northern Cajamarca. It occurs locally in humid montane forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1653, 3104, 6802, 19067 VU B1+2c, D2 Polylepis neglecta Rosaceae Bolivia Recently discovered, the species occurs in more humid areas of Podocarpus—Alnus forest, mainly in the Chuquisaca and Cochabamba area. It rarely forms the dominant component. Continual buming of large areas of vegetation, firewood collection and charcoal production are causing the decline of these forests. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3104, 19020, 19067 VU Alacd, B1+2c Polylepis pauta Rosaceae Ecuador, Peru The tallest of the Polylepis species. It is restricted to remaining small areas of mixed montane forest between 1800 and 3600m in northern Ecuador and in small areas of eastern central and south Peru. The habitat is threatened mainly by fires, which are lit to support grazing and which frequently encroach upon forested areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3104, 6802, 12268, 19067 VU Alc Polylepis pepei Rosaceae Bolivia, Peru A small tree or shrub, rare and confined to a series of localities stretching along the eastern slope of the Cordillera Real from south-east Peru to north-east Bolivia, in the transition zone between humid montane forests and *puna grasslands. Its habitat is highly vulnerable to local activities, especially the fires which are induced to support grazing and which frequently encroach upon forested areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1653, 3104, 6802, 19067 VU Alc Polylepis racemosa Rosaceae Peru This is a variable species known from restricted areas of humid montane forest, occurring from northern Peru to north-west Bolivia. Subspecies in Bolivia are described separately. In the northern part of the range specimens are almost exclusively cultivated. Natural stands occur from Huanuco southwards, generally above 3200m. The habitat has greatly declined because of continual buming, cutting for firewood and charcoal production. This species is fast-growing, more ecologically adaptable than others in the genus and a promising candidate for reforestation and agroforestry. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3104, 6802, 12268, 19067 VU Alc Polylepis racemosa ssp. lanata Rosaceae Bolivia This subspecies intergrades and hybridises with ssp. triacontandra. It is known only from the wetter parts of the Cordillera Tunari in Cochabamba, where it can form a dominant element of the vegetation. The continual buming of vegetation is clearly causing the decline in the extent of the forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3104, 19067 VU B1+2c, D2 Polylepis racemosa ssp. triacontandra Rosaceae Bolivia This subspecies intergrades and hybridises with ssp. lanata. It occurs within a small range above 3600m, at the upper limit of the humid montane forest in the Cordillera de Apolobamba. It is a fast-growing and frequently planted tree. Continual burning, as well as cutting for firewood and charcoal production, are causing declines in the extent of the forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3104, 19067 VU B1+2c, D2 Polylepis reticulata Rosaceae Ecuador This Ecuadorean endemic inhabits cloud forest between 2850 and 4300m in Napo, Pichincha, Tungurahua, Chimborazo, and Azuay Provinces. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16239, 19119 VU B1+2c Polylepis rugulosa Rosaceae Chile, Peru Small and dispersed patches of the species occur in arid regions above 3400m from Arequipa, Moquegua, Tacna and possibly Puno into northern Chile. It is generally the only tree in the area. The extent of the habitat is declining, with constant overgrazing and overcutting for firewood and charcoal production. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3104, 19067 VU Alc Polylepis subsericans Rosaceae Peru Locally the species forms dense forest patches above 3400m, concentrated in Lima and adjacent Ica, extending into restricted areas further east. Declines in the extent of the forest are being caused largely by burning and charcoal production. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3104, 6802, 12268, 19020, 19067 VU Alacd, B1+2c Polylepis tarapacana Rosaceae Argentina?, Bolivia, Chile, Peru A small tree or shrub found only in sparse and scattered stands in the volcanic Western Cordillera in the border regions of Bolivia, Peru and Chile. It is probably the only tree in the world growing up to altitudes of 5200m. Locally it is of great importance as a source of firewood and even of construction timber. Populations seriously declined in the past (more than three generations ago) LR/nt 439 Species Summaries but their present status appears to be stable. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3104, 6802, 7980, 19020, 19067 Polylepis tomentella ssp. incanoides Rosaceae Bolivia A common tree, usually dominating, in a small area of forest, totalling about 20km?, between 2500 and 3400m in the Cochabamba area. Buming activities are a major threat to the habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3104, 19067 VU B1+2c, D2 Polylepis tomentella ssp. nana Rosaceae Bolivia A tiny shrub found in a very restricted mountainous locality, south-east of Cochabamba in northern central Bolivia. It occurs in degraded woodland, covering an area of just 7Sha, where it is affected by firewood collection and domestic grazing. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3104, 19020 CR B1+2c, C2b Polylepis tomentella ssp. tomentella Rosaceae Bolivia A variable subspecies. It is relatively widespread, occurring in dispersed stands between 3200 and 4500m in south-east Bolivia extending into north-west Argentina. There are some large stands, up to 60km? in area, growing on lava and pumice where they are safe from buming. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3104, 19020, 19067 LR/nt Polylepis weberbaueri Rosaceae Ecuador, Peru The distribution of this species is disjunct. Populations occur in humid montane forest above 3000m in central and south-west Ecuador, and in Peru in the north-west and further south in the Cordillera Blanca and Cuzco— Apurimac area. The species is particularly sensitive to buming. A forest covering 20km? in Cuzco was completely destroyed by buming two years ago. Remaining stands are almost exclusively reduced to boulder-scree, stream ravines and rock ledges, where they are sheltered from most fires. Both this species and P. incana are being logged inside Huascaran National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3104, 6802, 12268, 19020, 19067 VU Alacd Polyscias aemiliguineae Araliaceae Réunion Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 12470, 16426, 19208 CR Alc, Cl+2a Polyscias dichroostachya Araliaceae Mauritius Similar to Tabernaemontana persicarifolia but rarer, the species is found in small numbers in remaining dry forest. Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 9120, 16426, 19208 EN Alc+2e The World List of Threatened Trees Polyscias farinosa Araliaceae Ethiopia A tree known as the baboon's chair. It appears to be confined to woodland along river systems. Although it is distributed in an area heavily influenced by agricultural activities and the expansion of the human population, regeneration is apparently good. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 4505, 18523 LR/nt Polyscias gracilis Araliaceae Mauritius A small solitary tree occurring in Mondrain, Tamarind Falls and Piton du Fouge Ridge Forest. These areas are heavily invaded by exotic plants and animals. Regeneration is poor and the number of adult trees is estimated to be less than 20. The species has been propagated and reintroduced into Mondrain Nature Reserve. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 CR DI Polyscias kikuyuensis Araliaceae Kenya Scattered in distribution but confined to wet upland forest in central Kenya, this species is highly valued at a national level for its timber. Exploitation and habitat loss have led to the species becoming rarer. The Kenyan Forestry authorities maintain plantations of it and also sell the seed. Populations in Mount Kenya National Park and other forest reserves are legally protected. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1308, 6396, 17859 VU B1+2c Polyscias mauritiana Araliaceae EN Alce Mauritius Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 9120, 16426, 19208 Polyscias neraudiana Araliaceae CR D1 Mauritius A small tree known from fewer than 15 adult individuals, confined to plateau regions and the flanks of the northern mountain range, including Le Petrin Nature Reserve. The habitat is highly degraded and invaded by exotic species. Although seed production has been observed, there is no regeneration. The population in Le Petrin is fenced and weeded of exotic plants. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 Polyscias nothisii Araliaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 3356, 10351 VU B1+2c Polyscias paniculata Araliaceae Mauritius Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 9120, 16426, 19208 EN Alce 440 Polyscias quintasii Araliaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Principe, Sao Tomé) An upland forest tree known from a few sites above 1000m on Morro Claudino. Regeneration is reported to be very feeble or non-existent in the five sites where it has been studied. It yields a timber but not of great importance. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724, 19042, 19111 EN B1+2e Polyscias stuhlmannii var. inarticulata Araliaceae Tanzania A doubtful variety of a restricted-range species. It is scarce and confined to cloud forest at Shume-Mugamba in the West Usambara Mountains. The area has been extensively converted to agriculture. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204, 8221 VU B1+2b Polyscias stuhlmannii var. stuhlmannii Araliaceae Kenya, Tanzania This species occurs in the west Usambara and Uluguru Mountains and Teita. Threats exist from localised habitat degradation and changes in land use and management. The Usambara Mountains are the focus of a conservation programme. The split into two varieties may not be warranted. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 12067 VU B1+2b Polyscias tahitensis Araliaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic of Raiatea and Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Polysphaeria macrantha Rubiaceae Tanzania Endemic to the East Usambara Mountains, this small tree occurs in moist evergreen forest at medium elevations. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Pomaderris hamiltonii Rhamnaceae New Zealand (North Is.) A small tree occurring sparsely in the North Island. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 902, 19133 LR/nt Pongamia velutina Leguminosae Papua New Guinea A tree occurring in monsoon forest, Eucalyptus savanna and swamps near mangroves along the coast of the Central Province. Its restricted distribution, coupled with local exploitation, renders the species vulnerable. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114 VU B1+2c, C2a Pongamiopsis amygdalina Leguminosae Madagascar Known from only two localities, this deciduous woodland species occurs in limestone areas in the Ankarana Massif and Montagne des Frangais in north Madagascar. Its range extends less than 300km? (*AOO). Populations near Antsiranana are declining as a result of forest degradation and selective felling. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 EN B1+2abc Pongamiopsis viguieri Leguminosae Madagascar This species is restricted to limestone outcrops in Namoroka and Bemaraha in west Madagascar. Covering an estimated 2000km? (*AOO), the population is VU B1+2abc declining, especially in the northern extremity (Mahajunga), where it may now be extinct. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 Popowia beddomeana Annonaceae EN B1+2c India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A species confined to wet evergreen forest on the upper slopes of the Agastyamalai Hills at the southem end of the Western Ghats. It grows mostly in inaccessible and undisturbed areas. Some parts have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but almost 1000km? forest are now under protection within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538, 19144 Popowia pauciflora Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree known only from the type collection, found in lowland forest in Malacca. It is uncertain whether this species is still surviving. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 CR B1+2c Popowia velutina Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare lowland forest tree known only from two collections from Gopeng in Perak. It is uncertain whether the species is still surviving as the locality from which it was collected has recently been developed. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 CR B1+2c Populus guzmanantlensis Salicaceae Mexico (Jalisco) So far the species is known only from the southern part of the Sierra de Manantlién in Casimiro Castillo, Cuautitlén and Tuxcacyexco, growing in semi-deciduous forest between 800 and 900m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15436, 19068 EN B1+2c 441 Species Summaries Populus ilicifolia Salicaceae Kenya, Tanzania Restricted to the Tana, Athi and Uaso-Nyiro river systems in Kenya and the Ruvu river system of Tanzania, this species is one of the dominant components of riparian forest. The habitat is greatly reduced and the species is notably scarcer. Seed crops are frequently washed away in annual floods after vegetation clearance. In Kenya the habitat has also been widely irrigated and cleared for settlement programmes. On a local scale the species provides a wood preferred for making dug-out canoes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4506, 6396, 10961 VU B1+2c Populus mexicana ssp. mexicana Salicaceae Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz) A relatively widespread endemic, occurring in rainforest in the Gulf and Pacific regions. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993, 17609 VU Alc Portlandia albiflora Rubiaceae Jamaica A small tree or shrub known only from one locality in St Andrews on limestone rocks and cliffs. Similar specimens come from other parts of the island but their identity has not been confirmed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5653, 7980 CR C2b Portlandia grandiflora Rubiaceae Jamaica This species is fairly common but confined to thickets and woodlands on limestone. It is cultivated as an ornamental in the Old World. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Portlandia harrisii Rubiaceae Jamaica Recorded from Clarendon and St Ann Parishes, this small tree or shrub occurs locally in thickets and open woodland on limestone. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 5653, 19085 VU B1+2c Potameia lotungensis Lauraceae China (Guangdong - Hainan), Viet Nam In Viet Nam the species is very rare, occurring only between 900 and 1200m in Tam Dao in Vinh Phu in the north. On Hainan Island there are records of the species in Lo Tung. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848 VU B1+2c Poupartia borbonica Anacardiaceae Mauritius, Réunion The Mauritian population is known from fewer than five adult trees found in dry deciduous forest at the bases of the Chamarel range, Mont Briseé and Mont Creole. The species has also been propagated and reintroduced into CR C2a The World List of Threatened Trees Mondrain Nature Reserve. A few plants are grown in a nursery and elsewhere on Ile aux Aigrettes. Information is required on the population in Réunion. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 Poupartia pubescens Anacardiaceae Mauritius Occurring as an occasional species in the south-west and lower eastern mountain ranges, fewer than 250 adult trees are believed to exist. Browsing of the seedlings by exotic deer is limiting regeneration. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 EN C2a Pourouma hirsutipetiolata ssp. hirsutipetiolata Cecropiaceae VU B1+2c Colombia Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 Pourouma melinonii ssp. glabrata Cecropiaceae Colombia, Panama Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 VU B1+2c Pourouma oraria Cecropiaceae Colombia, Panama, Peru In Panama only two old collections are known but localities are unspecified. More recently the species has been identified in Colombia, occurring quite commonly in primary forest in Chocé6, Boyacd, Valle and other regions. The species has been recorded in Peru, but not frequently. The habitat is declining through much of the species' distribution as a result of increasing settlement. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 10481, 16772 VUC1 Pouteria alnifolia var. sacleuxti Sapotaceae Tanzania A variety endemic to Zanzibar Island. It occurs in small areas of moist semi-deciduous forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2c Pouteria altissima Sapotaceae LR/cd Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda Occurring in drier areas of semi-deciduous forest, this timber species is widespread throughout the African tropics. The species provides a general-purpose timber and is overexploited in parts of its range. In the timber industry, it is frequently confused with Aningeria robusta (now P. aningeri). Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2361, 6128, 6396, 8369, 10961, 16021 Pouteria amapaensis Sapotaceae Brazil (Amapé) A treelet newly described as a species and, at present, EN B1+2b 442 known only from upland dry forest in Amapé. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 Pouteria amygdalina Sapotaceae Belize, Guatemala The only certain occurrences of this tree are recorded in Petén in Guatemala and adjacent parts of Belize. The species is found in seasonal semi-evergreen forest over limestone in sites up to 800m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8816 VU B1+2c Pouteria andarahiensis Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia) At present, the Mucugé region of Bahia is the only site where this species is known. Logging is the most serious threat to its dry forest habitat. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN B1+2b Pouteria anteridata Sapotaceae Venezuela A newly described species of northern Venezuela. Collections have been made from several localities of lowland rainforest in Barinas, Falcén, Yaracuy and Zulia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Pouteria arcuata Sapotaceae Venezuela This species is known only from the site where it was first collected in lowland rainforest in Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria areolatifolia Sapotaceae Guatemala Confined to La Cumbre in Petén, the species is found in lowland seasonal semi-evergreen forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria arguacoensium Sapotaceae Colombia A species which appears to be confined to a restricted area on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Cesar. It is restricted to montane rainforest between 1300 and 2300m. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19069 VU B1+2c, D2 Pouteria aristata Sapotaceae Cuba A shrub or small tree of coastal thickets and dry thickets on limestone hills. It has been recorded from the provinces of Pinar del Rio, Habana and Oriente and an unconfirmed report suggests it is also present in Las VU B1+2c Villas. The species is rarely seen today because of extensive habitat degradation. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19149 Pouteria atabapoensis Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Venezuela Only a few collections of this species are known. They originate from the Rio Negro above Manaus in Amazonas, Brazil, and from further north along Rio Atabapo in Amazonas, Venezuela. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Pouteria austin-smithii Sapotaceae Costa Rica A cloud forest species, endemic to Costa Rica and recorded from a few sites in Alajuela and Cartago. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria bapeba Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia) A tree species which is known only from the coastal rainforest of Bahia. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c, D2 Pouteria beaurepairei Sapotaceae LR/cd Brazil (Parané, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo) A lowland rainforest treelet, confined to an area where logging activities are intense. A population is known to occur in Ilha do Cordosa State Park in Sao Paulo. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 Pouteria belizensis Sapotaceae Belize, Guatemala, Mexico A tree known from few collections. Occurrences have been recorded in Tabasco, from Lake Izabal and the Subin River in Guatemala and from an unknown locality in Belize. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8816 VU B1+2c Pouteria benai Sapotaceae French Guiana Presumably a lowland forest species, known only from two collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria bonneriana Sapotaceae Peru This species is known from just two collections from the Cerros Campanquiz in Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 443 Species Summaries Pouteria bracteata Sapotaceae Colombia A large tree, newly described as a species and so far known with certainty only from the site where the type specimen was collected in montane forest on the Pacific slopes of Colombia in Valle. It is a large tree. Collections do not seem to have been made in the last 50 years. A second specimen is similar but only tentatively grouped with this species. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19069 EN B1+2c Pouteria brevensis Sapotaceae Brazil (Para) Known only from a few collections in Breves, Marajo, this species is confined to non-flooded forest. Increasing settlement of the area poses the most serious threat. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN B1+2d Pouteria brevipetiolata Sapotaceae Ecuador A newly described species currently known only from the type collection from El Oro on steep forested slopes at about 800m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria briocheoides Sapotaceae Guatemala Confined to a single known population in La Cumbre in Petén, the species is a component of seasonal semi- evergreen forest dominated by Manilkara zapota. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria buenaventurensis Sapotaceae Colombia, Panama Ranging from sea level to 2000m, the species occurs in two main areas of wet rainforest: one in Panama in adjacent Colén and Panama Provinces, the other in Colombia on the Pacific side in Norte de Santander and Valle. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8816 LR/nt Pouteria bullata Sapotaceae Brazil (Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) A tree which is restricted to coastal rainforest, up to 900m. Relatively few collections have been made and the continuing clearance of the habitat poses a serious threat to any remaining populations. The fruit is harvested locally. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Pouteria butyrocarpa Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo) A large tree confined to a small area of wet coastal EN B1+2b The World List of Threatened Trees forest between southern Bahia and Espirito Santo. It is harvested locally for the fruit, oil and wood. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 Pouteria calistophylla Sapotaceae Costa Rica, Panama Occurring in remnants of lowland forest, the species is scattered in several localities in Costa Rica and Panama. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8816 VU B1+2c Pouteria canaimaensis Sapotaceae LR/nt Venezuela A shrub or small tree, which is known from a few sites of shrub savanna and periodically flooded areas in Bolivar. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 Pouteria capacifolia Sapotaceae LR/nt Ecuador Confined to areas of lowland rainforest up to 700m, the species is found in a small area of Pacific Ecuador in Los Rios, where it is recorded from Rio Palenque Biological Station, and Pichincha. It is sometimes very common in pasture, where it is protected as a shade tree. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 Pouteria chiricana Sapotaceae VU D2 Panama Information on this species may not be complete. Collections have been made from the provinces of Chiriqui and the Canal Zone from remaining areas of wet lowland forest. There is a possibly erroneous record from Costa Rica in the Flora of Panama checklist. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8816 Pouteria chocoensis Sapotaceae DD Colombia There is very little information on this species, there being only a single incomplete herbarium specimen. It was found in tall rainforest in the Chocé region in 1946. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 Pouteria cicatricata Sapotaceae LR/nt Brazil (Amazonas, Rond6nia) A newly described species. Historial collections indicate the species' range to be greater than 20,000 km?. More recent collections suggest there has been a reduction in this area. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 Pouteria cinnamomea Sapotaceae Peru Information on the species is poor. It is known only from the type collection made at the turn of the century in Cuzco, where it occurred in subxerophilous forest. CR B1+2c Much of the vegetation in the area is under threat from buming and clearance. The current status of the species, if it is still extant, is unknown. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 Pouteria coelomatica Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia) The type collection occurs in a farming area and is the only known occurrence of this species. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN B1+2c Pouteria collina Sapotaceae VU D2 Colombia, Ecuador A Pacific coast tree with two populations, occurring in lowland rainforest in the Valle del Cauca in Colombia and from submontane rainforest in Alto Tambo in Esmeraldas in Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 Pouteria congestifolia Sapotaceae Costa Rica, Panama Occurring in montane rainforest, the species is found along the continental divide of Costa Rica and Panama. Collections have been made from more than five localities in Alajuela, Cartago and Heredia in Costa Rica and in Chiriquf and Coclé in Panama. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Pouteria crassiflora Sapotaceae Brazil (Amap4) A species which is known only from Amapé in non- flooded forests. The most serious threat to the species is logging. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c, D2 Pouteria cubensis Sapotaceae Cuba : A Cuban endemic confined to seasonal rainforest and the lowest elevation wet montane rainforest in the Sierra Maestra mountain range between 200 and 900m. The habitat of this rare tree has been degraded in many places. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19149 EN B1+2c Pouteria decussata Sapotaceae Brazil (Para) A few collections of this dry forest tree are known from north-west Paré. Records show it occurs in some abundance in Jari on terraced hills, but its distribution is highly restricted. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN B1+2c Pouteria dictyoneura ssp. dictyoneura Sapotaceae Cuba The Cuban form of a Caribbean species, occurring VU B1+2c infrequently in remaining areas of lowland semi- deciduous forest over limestone. The tree has been overexploited for its valuable timber and a great part of its habitat has been deforested. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19149 Pouteria espinae Sapotaceae Colombia This species is apparently confined to a small area of Magdalena on the slopes of the Santa Marta range, where it occurs in montane forest above 2000m. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19069 CR B1+2c Pouteria euryphylla Sapotaceae Panama Known only from the type collection, the species is recorded from rainforest at about 275m in Chiriqui. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 CR B1+2c Pouteria exstaminodia Sapotaceae Brazil (Amap4) A newly described species, at present known only from the site where it was first collected in non-flooded forest along River Vatuma. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN B1+2b Pouteria filiformis Sapotaceae Costa Rica A newly described species, so far known only from the type gathering in Limén in Atlantic rainforest in the Hitoy Cerere Biological Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria fossicola Sapotaceae Costa Rica, Panama Distributed from central Costa Rica to central Panama, the species occurs in lowland evergreen forest and seasonal semi-evergreen forest up to 600m. Collections have been made from Cartago, Puntarenas and San José Provinces in Costa Rica and Coclé, Colén and Barro Colorado Island in Panama. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8816 VU B1+2c Pouteria foveolata Sapotaceae Costa Rica, Nicaragua A buttressed tree, newly described as a species. It is confined to two main areas, in Chontales, Nicaragua, and in Manuel Antonio National Park, Costa Rica. Both are near sea level in lowland rainforest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8816 VU D2 Pouteria fulva Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A species, newly described, known from just two EN B1+2d 445 Species Summaries collections from non-flooded lowland forest in the Rio Solim6es area in Amazonas. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 Pouteria furcata Sapotaceae Brazil (Maranhdo, Piauf) A newly described species, scattered in dry lowland forest and *cerrado. Some areas are under threat from expanding developments and land settlement. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Pouteria gabrielensis Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Colombia, Venezuela Although occupying a relatively wide range in the Colombian, Venzuelan and Brazilian Amazon, the species is actually known from only a few collections from *varzea forest below 200m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Pouteria gigantea Sapotaceae Ecuador A canopy tree known only from lowland rainforest in the Rio Palenque Science Center in Pacific coastal Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria glauca Sapotaceae Peru A newly described species of lowland swampy forest. So far it has been collected from only two sites in Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria gracilis Sapotaceae Peru A newly described species, which has been recorded only from the site where it was first collected in Tocache Nuevo in San Martin in 1972. The population was found in rainforest between 700 and 800m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria grandiflora Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro) A species distributed in *restinga, ranging over an area greater than 20,000 km?, assuming that populations still exist in the collection sites. Habitat clearance has been extensive and further evidence may reveal that the species has been lost from some of these sites. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 LR/nt Pouteria hotteana Sapotaceae Haiti, Puerto Rico Populations have been recorded in forest over limestone EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees at about 1200m in the Massif de la Hotte in Haiti and in Maricao Insular forest in Puerto Rico. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7931, 8816 Pouteria izabalensis Sapotaceae Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua Ranging from Guatemala to Nicaragua, the species occurs in well-drained Atlantic forest near sea level. The wood has been used for railway sleepers in Guatemala. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8816 LR/nt Pouteria juruana Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Colombia The species is known from two sites of lowland rainforest in western Amazonia in Brazil and in the department of Putamayo in Colombia. More specimen data are needed to confirm its taxonomic status. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816, 19069 EN B1+2c Pouteria kaieteurensis Sapotaceae Guyana A newly described species, which appears to be confined to a single population on the Kaieteur Plateau in savanna and low savanna forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria krukovii Sapotaceae Brazil (Acre), Peru Known only from two collections, the species is found in lowland, periodically flooded forest at the mouth of Macauhan in Acré, and from Yanomono Explorama Camp in Loreto, Peru. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria latianthera Sapotaceae Brazil (Amapa) A newly described species. At present it is known from only two sites in Amapa, in mixed lowland forest. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN B1+2c Pouteria leptopedicellata Sapotaceae Costa Rica, Panama Confined to lowland and submontane rainforest, the species has been recorded in just two isolated sites: one in Heredia in Costa Rica and the other from the Santa Rita Ridge in Panama. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8816 VU D2 Pouteria longifolia Sapotaceae Bolivia, Peru A tree of montane forest, occurring up to 900m, in Amazonian Peru and Bolivia. Populations have been VU B1+2c 446 recorded in two or three widely separated sites, one in San Martin in Peru, the others in La Paz in Bolivia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 Pouteria lucens Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A tree which is known only from *igapo forest from upper Rio Negro and Rio Japurd regions. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Pouteria macahensis Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia, Rio de Janeiro) The type specimen was collected in 1910 from Rio de Janeiro. Otherwise known from Bahia, the species occurs in *restinga vegetation and inland forests. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN B1+2c Pouteria macrocarpa Sapotaceae VU Ala Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Para), Colombia, Costa Rica The range of the species is extensive geographically and altitudinally. However, populations are rare and declining. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 8816 Pouteria maguirei Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Venezuela A component of *igapo forest in southern Venezuela extending to the upper Rio Negro in Brazil. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Pouteria micrantha Sapotaceae Cuba A small tree apparently confined to submontane serpentine forest in what is known as the *manacles in the Sierra de Nipe, Oriente Province. The species is poorly known and has been rarely collected. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19149 EN B1+2c Pouteria microstrigosa Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Mato Grosso) A newly described species with a restricted distribution in lowland rainforest, ranging from Bahia to Espirito Santo. The habitat has been extensively logged and cleared. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Pouteria minima Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A newly described species, the only records of which occur in two sites in the Rio Vaupes region in western Brazilian Amazonia. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN B1+2c Pouteria moaensis Sapotaceae Cuba A small tree known only from Sierra de Moa in Oriente Province, the site where it was first gathered in 1955. The main threat to the species is from the mining of the ferritic soils. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19149 EN B1+2c Pouteria nemorosa Sapotaceae Bolivia A species with an anomalous floral structure compared to the rest of the family. A few recent collections now indicate that the species is not as rare as was once assumed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816, 19170 VU B1+2c Pouteria nudipetala Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Peru Only three collections have been made of this species. They originate from periodically flooded or *vdrzea forest at the mouth of Rio Embira in Amazonas, Brazil, and from upland forest in Loreto, Peru. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria oppositifolia Sapotaceae Brazil (Amapé, Para) A species which appears to occur in both moist and drier lowland forest types. It is harvested locally for the timber. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Pouteria oxypetala Sapotaceae Brazil (Sao Paulo) Currently known from just two collections taken from lowland secondary forest, this newly described species is threatened most seriously by increasing habitat clearance and settlement of the area. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN B1+2c Pouteria pachycalyx Sapotaceae Brazil (Espirito Santo) A newly described species. Present information suggests that it is confined to lowland rainforest on sandy soils in Linhares Forest Reserve. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 CR B1+2d Pouteria pachyphylla Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas, Rond6nia) A tree species which is confined to the Brazilian Amazon, where it occurs in periodically and permanently flooded forest. The habitat is generally threatened by logging activities. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c 447 Species Summaries Pouteria pallens Sapotaceae Brazil (Rond6nia) A newly described species, currently known only from the site where it was first collected in 1963 from lowland forest at Porto Velho. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 Pouteria pallida Sapotaceae Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St Lucia Endemic to the Windward Islands in the Caribbean, the species is found in lowland rainforest up to 600m. A single population is recorded on each of Dominica, Martinique, St Lucia and Guadeloupe, where the exact locality of the species is unknown. Little rainforest remains on Martinique. The species provides an excellent construction timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8816 CR B1+2c EN B1+2c Pouteria peduncularis Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia) A very poorly known species. The only knowledge of it comes from the herbarium type specimen, which was collected in the last century from a locality which has not been precisely recorded. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 DD Pouteria penicillata Sapotaceae Guyana This species is known only from the site where it was first collected in 1941 in forest on laterite. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria peruviensis Sapotaceae Peru Although the species is known only with certainty from the type collection, there may be other collections from the Amazon which belong to this taxon. The type specimen was gathered from rainforest in the Cerros Campanquiz in Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria petiolata Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas, Para) A newly described species, confined to two localities of non-flooded forests, including one in Ducke Forest Reserve. The most serious threat comes from continuing logging. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c, D2 Pouteria pimichinensis Sapotaceae Venezuela This shrub or bushy tree is known only from populations in Amazonas, occurring in savanna and occasionally along flooded river margins. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees Pouteria pisquiensis Sapotaceae Peru A tree known only from the type specimen, which was collected from lowland rainforest at Ucayali in 1942. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria platyphylla Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso), Peru A tree of lowland rainforest. Few collections exist, one from Jenaro Herrera Arboretum in Loreto, Peru, and several from Amazonian Brazil. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Pouteria polysepala Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A large tree. Its only known occurrence is at the mouth of the Rio Javari in non-flooded forest. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 CR B1+2c Pouteria psammophila Sapotaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) A tree of *restinga vegetation and granitic outcrops along the Atlantic coast. Large areas of the habitat are being lost to housing, tourist and other developments. The species is recorded in the Ilha do Cardoso State Park in Sao Paulo. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN Alc, B1+2c Pouteria pseudoracemosa Sapotaceae Tanzania A moist lowland forest tree known from three localities in Tanzania. A population is confined to Kimboza Forest Reserve, 4km? of forest in a densely populated area. The demand for land is high but two forest guards prevent illegal encroachment and activities. There are also populations also at low elevations in the East Usambara Mountains and North Udzungwa Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b, D2 Pouteria puberula Sapotaceae Venezuela A newly described species, known only from the site where it was first collected in 1977 in rainforest at 750m in Miranda. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria pubescens Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Peru This tree has been collected from just two sites so far, one in the Jenaro Herrera Arboretum in Loreto, Peru, and the other in Sao Paulo de Olivencga in Amazonas, Brazil. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 448 Pouteria putamen-ovi Sapotaceae Brazil (Rond6nia), Peru A newly described species of non-flooded forest over sand. So far populations have been recorded from two sites in Loreto in Peru, including the Jenaro Herrera Arboretum, and from Rond6nia in Brazil. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria retinervis Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas), French Guiana Occurring in the Saiil area of French Guiana and along the Rio Negro in Amazonas, Brazil, the species is found in non-flooded lowland forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/cd Pouteria rhynchocarpa Sapotaceae Mexico (Veracruz) A newly described species so far known only from Los Tuxtlas Biological Station in central Veracruz, where it occurs in lowland evergreen rainforest over black clay. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 7980, 8816 EN B1+2c Pouteria rigida ssp. rigida Sapotaceae Brazil (Roraima), Guyana, Venezuela A small tree or shrub found in sandstone scrub and forest islands in savanna, dwarf mossy forest over sandstone and Bonnetia forest up to 2200m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Pouteria rigida ssp. tomentosa Sapotaceae Venezuela This subspecies is confined to just a few sites of dwarf forest or low scrub on stony mountain slopes in Bolivar and Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Pouteria rigidopsis Sapotaceae Venezuela A tree of wet montane forest and shrubby cloud forest, confined to morthem Venezuela, occurring in Anzoategui, Distrito Federal, Monagas and Sucre. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Pouteria rodriguesiana Sapotaceae Brazil (Amapé, Para), French Guiana, Suriname A newly described species known from several sites in the Guianas and adjacent parts of Brazil, where it occurs in lowland rainforest, usually on non-flooded land up to 700m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Pouteria rufotomentosa Sapotaceae VU D2 Guatemala A rainforest species, which appears to be confined to Baja Verapaz in Guatemala. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 Pouteria sclerocarpa Sapotaceae Colombia, Ecuador, Panama A lowland rainforest species, known from scattered collections from the south of Panama in Darién Province and from single sites in Amazonian Ecuador and Colombia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8816 LR/nt Pouteria semecarpifolia Sapotaceae VU B1+2c Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St Lucia, St Vincent An endemic of the Windward Islands in the Caribbean. Populations are recorded in Castle Bruce and St Davis Parish on Dominica, Morne Larcheux and La Trinité on Martinique and sites on Guadeloupe, St Lucia and St Vincent. It is a lowland forest tree and apparently provides good construction timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816, 10754 Pouteria sessilis Sapotaceae Peru A newly described species, currently known only from the type locality in lowland rainforest in Jenaro Herrera Arboretum. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria silvestris Sapotaceae Costa Rica A newly described species, endemic to Costa Rica, where it has been collected twice from lowland rainforest in Heredia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria sipapoensis Sapotaceae Venezuela A newly described species which, so far, is known from just two collections in forest in southern Venezuela. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria splendens Sapotaceae Chile (Valparaiso) A morphologically distinct member of the genus, confined to the coastal regions of central Chile, where it occurs in rocky ravines and coastal scrub. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816, 11147 LR/nt Pouteria squamosa Sapotaceae Guatemala, Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz) A species of lowland evergreen forest, occurring in VU B1+2c, D2 449 Species Summaries damp valleys and along streamsides. At present only three sites are recorded, one in Izabal in Guatemala and the other two in the Uxpanapa-Chimalapa region between Oaxaca and Veracruz States in Mexico. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 8816 Pouteria stenophylla Sapotaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) A tree known at one time to be confined to the coastal hill forest of Rio de Janeiro. Although the area has been visited numerous times by botanists, no recent record of the species has been made. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EX Pouteria subsessilifolia Sapotaceae Brazil (Bahia) A treelet which appears to be confined to a small area of sandy *campo rupestre vegetation, in marshy places, near Mucugé. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 CR B1+2d Pouteria tarapotensis Sapotaceae Peru Apparently a Peruvian endemic, although there are, as yet, unconfirmed reports of the species occurring in Panama. Populations have been recorded from lowland rainforest, sometimes periodically flooded, in Cocha Cashu in Madre de Dios, from the area of the Yurimagunas in Loreto and from Tarapoto in San Martin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8816 LR/nt Pouteria tarumanensis Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A species confined to non-flooded forest over sand in the centre of the Brazilian Amazon, especially in the region of Manaus. Logging activities and fires in the area are the most serious threats. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN B1+2a Pouteria triplarifolia Sapotaceae Costa Rica The species has been recorded from a single location in Puntarenas in wet hill forest at about 600m, near the coast. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pouteria vernicosa Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas), Peru A newly described species, as yet known from just a few collections from lowland rainforest in Hudnuco in Peru, and from various localities, including Ducke Forest Reserve in Amazonas, Brazil. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Pouteria villamilii Sapotaceae Philippines This species occurs in primary lowland forest on the islands of Luzon and Siargao. Its timber is in short supply but is traded as white nato, together with that of other species of the genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919, 14573 Povedadaphne quadriporata Lauraceae Costa Rica A species of wet submontane rainforest, known from sites in the San Ramé6n Forest Reserve, near Ciudad Quesada and east of Rfo Sarapiqui in Heredia Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2514, 7980, 12587 VU Ald VU B1+2c, D2 Pradosia argentea Sapotaceae Peru This species is known only from the type collection from the Cajamarca area dating back about 180 years. No record of the tree has been made since. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 EX Pradosia atroviolacea Sapotaceae Brazil (Acre), Colombia, Peru A species of lowland periodically flooded or non- flooded forest in western Amazonia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Pradosia cuatrecasasii Sapotaceae Colombia A large buttressed tree of lowland rainforest, currently known from just two collections from Valle. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pradosia decipiens Sapotaceae Brazil The species is known only from the type collection from non-flooded lowland forest in the Rio Taruma region near Manaus. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 CR B1+2a Pradosia glaziovii Sapotaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) Two collections of this species were made in Rio de Janeiro. The area has since been extensively visited and no evidence of the species has been uncovered. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EX Pradosia granulosa Sapotaceae Brazil (Maranhdo, Para) A newly described species, which appears to be confined to non-flooded forest in the north of Brazil. VU B1+2b 450 The most serious threat is from mining activities. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 Pradosia kuhlmannii Sapotaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) The species is apparently confined to lowland rainforest in Rio de Janeiro, where urban expansion exerts considerable pressure on the habitat. It has been frequently cited from other Brazilian states but these records have not been authenticated and confusion with another taxon is quite possible. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 EN B1+2c Pradosia montana Sapotaceae Ecuador A newly described species of deciduous forest recorded from a small area on the dry Pacific slopes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Pradosia mutisii Sapotaceae Colombia A very poorly known species with no precise data on locality or habitat. It has been described from four collections made in the first half of the century. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19069 EX Pradosia subverticillata Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas, Para) A tree of the Brazilian central Amazon, known from just a few collections taken from non-flooded forest. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Pradosia verrucosa Sapotaceae Brazil (Pernambuco) A tree apparently confined to an area of seasonal forest in the Pernambuco Highlands. The habitat is under threat, particularly from agricultural expansion. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 CR B1+2c Premna grandifolia Verbenaceae Cote d'Ivoire An endemic of the areas of remaining forest within the region of the Sassandra and Cavally Rivers. The largest part of the population occurs within Tai National Park. Outside the park the forest has been heavily logged and degraded. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 2773, 12822 VU B1+2c Premna hans-joachimii Verbenaceae Tanzania Currently the species is known only from Mlinguru forest. This area has not been visited recently but, if it still exists, it is believed to be 10—-20km from Lindi. Specimens that possibly represent the same species have been found on the Rondo Plateau, where 140km? of VU B1+2b mostly disturbed forest are protected by the activities of a forest management programme. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 Premna maxima Verbenaceae Kenya A buttressed tree of upland moist evergreen forest, confined to small localities near Meru and Marsabit. The timber is used for making furniture and telegraph poles. The population in the Marsabit National Reserve is protected. The species is also being propagated as part of the Plant Conservation Programme in Kenya. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 10961, 17859 VU B1+2c, D2 Premna schliebenii Verbenaceae Mozambique, Tanzania A dry forest tree known from low elevations in the East Usambara Mountains and at Lipindi in Tanzania. The species also occurs in Mozambique. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Premna szemaoensis Verbenaceae China (Yunnan) Widely distributed but confined to south and south-west Yunnan, the species is found in sunny open forest between 500 and 1500m. The main cause of population reductions has been overexploitation of the timber, and possibly also of the bark for medicinal use. Regeneration is reported to be poor and few young trees can be found. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19050, 19055 VU B1+2c Premna tanganyikensis Verbenaceae Mozambique, Tanzania A scandent shrub or small tree. In Tanzania two populations are known from patches of dry coastal forest. One is recorded in the Rondo Plateau, where the little remaining undisturbed forest is protected in a reserve with an active forest management programme, which discourages any _ illegal activities or encroachment. The other population is found at the Mozambique border at Kitangari. The species is also found in Mozambique. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Prestoea tenuiramosa Palmae Brazil (Amazonas), Guyana, Venezuela Restricted to the Guyana Highlands, this palm tree grows in cloud forest between 1200 and 2000m. Assessor: Henderson, A. Refs: 19118 LR/nt Priotropis socotrana Leguminosae Yemen (Socotra) A small tree or shrub which is scattered, occasionally common, in areas of moist submontane woodland. There are no immediate threats. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 451 Species Summaries Prismatomeris andamanica Rubiaceae CR B1+2c India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.) Collected from scrub along the fringes of evergreen forest in South Andaman Island, the species has not been found again since it was first discovered. The habitat has declined because of logging and increasing agricultural developments. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 7147 Pritchardia affinis Palmae USA (Hawaii) Confined to an area stretching from South Kona to Punaluu, this tree is scattered in lowland open forest on the leeward coast and in inland gulches. About 60 trees are known in the wild, although some of these might be aboriginal. Regeneration is limited. Severe damage is caused by rats and pigs. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: Gemmill, C. Refs: 19118 CR Alce+2ce, B1+2abcde, C1+2a Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii Palmae CR Alace+2ce, B1+2abcde, D1 USA (Hawaii) Two individuals are confined to dry scrub on Kaali Cliff on Niihau Island. Assessor: Gemmill, C. Refs: 19118 Pritchardia elliptica Palmae USA (Hawaii) Restricted to Kumoa Valley, Lanai Island, the species was not found during a 1992 survey of the vicinity. The taxonomy is questionable. Assessor: Gemmill, C. Refs: 19118 DD Pritchardia forbesiana Palmae USA (Hawaii) A palm tree of wet montane open forest, restricted to Mount 'Eke in the Honokohau drainage basin in west Maui. Populations are recovering well in areas where feral pigs have been eradicated. Assessor: Gemmill, C. Refs: 19118 EN Alacd, B1+2d, D1 Pritchardia glabrata Palmae USA (Hawaii) A very small palm tree, known only from Iao Needle in Maui, restricted to moist open forest and scrubland at about 550m. Damage is caused by feral pigs, rats and goats and competitive pressure is exerted by invasive plants such as Rubus rosifolius. Assessor: Gemmill, C. Refs: 19118 EN Alce+2ce, B1+2bcde, D1 Pritchardia hardyi Palmae USA (Hawaii) A small palm tree, up to 5m high, scattered in wet open forest between 500 and 750m along the Powerline Trail CR Alce, B1+2abce, D1 The World List of Threatened Trees on Kauai Island. Only 30 individuals are known in the wild and regeneration is limited. Assessor: Gemmill, C. Refs: 19118 Pritchardia kaalae Palmae USA (Hawaii) A palm tree of lowland moist forest on slopes and cliffs between 450 and 980m. Fewer than 130 individuals are known from five populations in the central and north- central Waianae Mountains. Regeneration is by seed predation by rats and goats. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: Gemmill, C. Refs: 19118, 19168 CR Alce+2ce, B1+2abcde, C1+2a Pritchardia lanaiensis Palmae USA (Hawaii) A palm of lowland mesic shrubland, confined to an area stretching from the upper Nannalli drainage gulch to the Waialala gulch. No regeneration has been observed and the species is suffering from seed predation by rats and deer. Assessor: Gemmill, C. Refs: 19118 EN Alce+2ce, B1+2abcde, D1 Pritchardia lanigera Palmae USA (Hawaii) Restricted to the Kohala Mountains on Oahu Island, this small palm tree occurs in dense rainforest on a flat, boggy plateau between 1000 and 2000m. Populations are in decline and there is limited regeneration. Habitat degradation caused by pigs is the major threat to the species. Assessor: Gemmill, C. Refs: 19118 EN B1+2c Pritchardia limahuliensis Palmae CR Alce+2ce, B1+2abcde, C1 USA (Hawaii) Fewer than 100 individuals of this palm tree are known from Limuhuli Valley, Kauai, in lowland moist forest. Regeneration is limited, mainly because of seed predation by rats and pigs. Assessor: Gemmill, C. Refs: 19118 Pritchardia lowreyana Palmae USA (Hawaii) Known only from a few localities in lowland rainforest near the northern shore of Molokai Island, this small palm tree is not regenerating well because of seed predation by rats, pigs and goats. Assessor: Gemmill, C. Refs: 19118 VU Alc+2ce, B1+2abcde, D1 Pritchardia munroi Palmae USA (Hawaii) A single wild tree remains in lowland dry shrubland on the leeward side of Molokai Island. A second immature individual may exist. A fence has been erected to keep CR A2ce, D1 452 feral pigs and goats out of the immediate area. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: Gemmill, C. Refs: 19118 Pritchardia napaliensis Palmae CR Alce+2ce, B1+2abcde, C1+2a USA (Hawaii) A palm tree of moist lowland forest, found along the Napali coast. Fewer than 90 individuals are left in the wild and regeneration is limited, mainly as a result of seed predation by rats and goats. A few trees exist within an enclosure but the fence is not secure. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: Gemmill, C. Refs: 19118 Pritchardia perlmanii Palmae EN Alce+2ce, B1+2abcde, C1+2a USA (Hawaii) Fewer than 500 individuals are scattered in moist lowland forest in Waioli Valley on Kauai Island. Regeneration is poor because of seed predation by rats and pigs. Assessor: Gemmill, C. Refs: 19118 Pritchardia remota Palmae USA (Hawaii) A palm tree of dry lowland scrub, known from only two populations containing approximately 680 individuals. The area is apparently free from feral animal. The species is proposed for inclusion in the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: Gemmill, C. Refs: 19118 EN A2ce, B1+2abcde, C1+2a Pritchardia schattaueri Palmae USA (Hawaii) Only 12 individuals in three populations remain in the wild in areas of lowland moist forest between 600 and 800m on Hawaii. The remaining trees are threatened by seed predation, grazing and agriculture. Assessor: Gemmill, C. Refs: 19118 CR Alce+2ce, B1+2abcde, D1 Pritchardia thurstonii Palmae Fiji An important ornamental palm which is confined to the Lau Group in eastern Fiji. The species is locally abundant on limestone soils. It is widely cultivated. Assessor: Fuller, D. Refs: 6053, 19118 LR/nt Pritchardia viscosa Palmae USA (Hawaii) A palm tree of open wet forest, restricted to the windward side of Kauai Island between 500 and 700m. Only two wild trees were known until recently, when two more were discovered; one of which has been harvested. Hurricane Iniki caused a decline in the population. The current threat is seed predation by rats, pigs and humans. Assessor: Gemmill, C. Refs: 19118 CR Alacde+2cde, B1+2abcde, D1 Pritchardia waialealeana Palmae USA (Hawaii) Endemic to Kauai Island, this palm tree is scattered in wet lowland open forest between 450 and 800m. It is threatened by seed predation by rats. Assessor: Gemmill, C. Refs: 19118 VU A2ce, B1+2abcde, D1 Pritchardia woodfordiana Palmae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) Endemic to Nggela Island, this palm tree occurs in moist open forest up to 20m. There is some indication that the taxon represents a form of P. pacifica. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 DD Pritchardiopsis jeanneneyi Palmae New Caledonia The species occurs in the south-west on a steep slope on serpentine soils at 200m. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 19118 CR D1 Prosopis abbreviata Leguminosae VU B1+2c Argentina (Catamarca, Cérdoba, San Juan, San Luis, Santiago del Estero) A scrubland species restricted to semi-arid and arid areas of central-west Argentina. Its distribution is highly fragmented within an area that has had a long history of human colonisation and pastoralism. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 1262, 5112, 11140 Prosopis affinis Leguminosae DD Argentina (Buenos Aires, Cérdoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Santa Fé), Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, Uruguay Occurring in savanna and *campo, the species’ range is large but declining in the face of increasing agriculture and cattle ranching, as well as other activities. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 1262, 5112, 7134, 17523 Prosopis alba Leguminosae LR/nt Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chaco, Cérdoba, Corrientes, Entre Rfos, Formosa, Jujuy, Salta, San Luis, Santa Fé, Santiago del Estero), Bolivia, Chile?, Paraguay, Peru In recent years this timber species has been heavily exploited, notably in the provinces of Formosa, Chaco and Santa Fé in Argentina. The population structure is reported to be fundamentally changed and studies are under way to examine the consequences of these changes. Populations in Bolivia are less rare and threatened. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1262, 4870, 5112, 7134, 17523, 19180 Prosopis caldenia Leguminosae Argentina (Buenos Aires, Mendoza, Rio Negro, San Luis) At one time more widespread, the species was heavily exploited in the past as a source of wood and fuel. It is DD Cérdoba, La Pampa, 453 Species Summaries currently restricted to small areas of *campo and savanna in the centre-south of Argentina. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 1262, 5112, 7134 Prosopis nigra Leguminosae DD Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Cérdoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, Salta, San Luis, Santa Fé, Santiago del Estero, Tucumén), Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay An excellent timber tree, which occurs in abundance in lowland dry forest types. It is exploited widely as a timber, fuelwood and has various other uses. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 1262, 5112, 17523 Prosopis tamarugo Leguminosae Chile (Tarapaca) Found only in the northernmost province of Chile, the species occurs within a small area of dry woodland. It is an important local source of timber and fuel, and is even cultivated on a small scale. Attempts to plant the species within the area of its natural distribution have been successful. Assessor: Gonzélez, M. Refs: 4893, 16328, 17523 LR/cd Protea aurea ssp. potbergensis Proteaceae South Africa (Western Cape) This subspecies has a very restricted distribution, confined to Potberg Mountain in De Hoop Nature Reserve in the southern Cape. It grows on the lower slopes and flats at the base of the mountain in *fynbos in both sparse and dense isolated stands. An estimated 2000 plants exist within an area of 15 km? (*AOO). There is no evidence of a population decline, but frequent fires in the past may have had some impact. The area is protected but being invaded by alien pine trees and *hakeas. Frequent fires could still pose a threat, as they may not allow sufficient time for plants to regenerate. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 VU D2 Protea comptonii Proteaceae LR/nt South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga), Swaziland There are two disjunct areas where the species is found; one in the Kaapse Hoop and Barberton areas of Mpumalanga, just extending into Swaziland, and the other in KwaZulu-Natal with subpopulations in Vryheid, Louwsburg, the Itala Game Reserve and in Ngotshe District. It is highly localised on steep south-facing slopes on quartzite outcrops in grassy savanna. It does, however, appear to be abundant or in pure stands in places. There is some evidence of decline in numbers and extent of occurrence. The species is sensitive to frequent burning and appears to have low recruitment. Plants are also heavily grazed by large game animals and the bark is removed for use in traditional medicine by local people. The species is legally protected throughout its range. It also occurs in one publicly The World List of Threatened Trees owned conservation area, where fire management measures are in place, and also in a privately owned Natural Heritage Site. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 3344, 19218 Protea curvata Proteaceae South Africa (Mpumalanga) Only two subpopulations are known, both are confined to dry summit ridges of schist hills on serpentine soils on the Drakensberg Escarpment near Barberton. It appears in low numbers in mixed savanna. There is no evidence of threats or population declines, but both subpopulations are on privately owned land and could easily be destroyed by any change in land-use. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 VU D2 Protea laetans Proteaceae South Africa (Mpumalanga, Norther Province) Originally known only from a single locality at the Blyde River Canyon on the Drakensberg Escarpment, the species has since been found at another site on the escarpment north-east of Mariepskop. It is found on quartzite outcrops, where it forms an open Protea savanna woodland. One population occurs in a publicly owned conservation area and the other is in a privately owned reserve. No threats are known and no decline has been recorded. The species’ relationship with P. gaguedi will be described in a forthcoming revision of Protea (Rourke in prep.). Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 15561, 19218 VU D2 Protea lanceolata Proteaceae South Africa (Western Cape) Found along the southern Cape coast from De Hoop to Mossel Bay, the species occurs on calcareous white sands in limestone *fynbos and often at the ecotone with thicket communities. Near Mossel Bay, it occurs. on gravels. Stands are very dense in places. The area of occupancy is approximately 1000 km?. Agricultural activities, particularly planting of cereal crops, and coastal developments have resulted in the decline of the species in places and this is likely to continue, especially in the Mossel Bay area. More than half of the subpopulations are threatened by alien invasive species, particularly Australian Acacia species. A quarter of the known subpopulations occur in protected areas. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 VU Alace Protium attenuatum Burseraceae DD Dominica, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent A species endemic to the Lesser Antilles. The record for Jamaica is based on a single collection from 1786. It is either erroneous or the species has become extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 10754 Protium connarifolium Burseraceae Malaysia (Sabah), Philippines A lowland forest tree, known only from Palawan in the VU B1+2c 454 Philippines and a single collection from Sempoma, Sabah. The main island of Palawan is a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986, 19017 Protium correae Burseraceae Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama The species has not been recorded in Panama since it was first collected in 1968. It is known from various collections in Nicaragua and Costa Rica and has been reported from Colombia. In Nicaragua it appears to be relatively common but generally confined to forest habitats, which are subject to increasing human disturbance. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 11703, 16772 VU A2c Protium inconforme Burseraceae Panama Known only from Panama, the species is reported from four provinces, from the border with Costa Rica to the centre-east of the country. Occurring in forest types below 500m, populations in many parts of the species’ range have been strongly affected by encroaching agriculture, cattle ranching and increasing settlement. There are populations within protected areas. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 VU B1+2c Protium panamense Burseraceae Costa Rica, Panama The species occurs along the Atlantic slopes of Panama in lowland evergreen rainforest and in Limén and La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. Populations are noted to be large, healthy and for the most part unthreatened. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 8100, 16772 LR/nt Protium pittieri Burseraceae Costa Rica, Panama Populations in Panama are widespread on the Atlantic side of the provinces of Veraguas and Bocas del Toro. The species is also principally found on the Atlantic side of Costa Rica. Although numbers are small, the regenerative capacity of the species appears to be good. New roads have been built into Bocas del Toro, which have opened up new areas for settlement and logging. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 15343, 16772 VU A2c, E Protium tenuifolium ssp. meleodii Burseraceae Panama Endemic to Panama, the species is recorded only from the provinces of Panam4 and Darién. The collections from Panamdé come from a restricted area and only a single population is so far known from Darién, within a national park. Regeneration appears to be sufficient. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 VU A2c Protium tenuifolium ssp. sessiliflorum Burseraceae Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama In Panama, the species is widely distributed, especially in areas of lowland evergreen rainforest on the Pacific side, the largest populations being in the Canal and Darién regions. Regeneration appears to be healthy here. Elsewhere in the Panama and Costa Rica, populations are sparse, showing little recruitment, and imminently threatened with deforestation in places. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 VU A2c Prumnopitys andina Podocarpaceae Chile (La Araucania, Los Lagos, Maule) A timber tree with a fragmented distribution in low- to medium-altitude forest in the central Andean range. Populations are small, containing not more than a few hundred individuals, and exploitation is at a high level throughout the species’ range, largely for the woodchip industry. Assessor: Gonzalez, M. Refs: 7980, 8136, 13041, 16328 VU Alcd, C2a Prumnopitys exigua Podocarpaceae Bolivia Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 13041 DD Prumnopitys harmsiana Podocarpaceae Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 2739, 3047, 3204, 4217, 4870, 5411, 12268, 13041, 13661, 19127 LR/nt Prumnopitys ladei Podocarpaceae Australia (Queensland) Endemic to Mount Spurgeon near Mossman, the species is scattered in montane rainforest in summit localities. The entire population is contained within a state forest reserve and felling is illegal without permit. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 7891, 13041, 17200 LR/cd Prumnopitys standleyi Podocarpaceae Costa Rica Endemic to Costa Rica, populations are known only from Volcan de Poas and Cerro las Vueltas. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 13041 DD Prunus adenopoda Rosaceae Indonesia (Java) A small tree which is confined to a few locations in the greatly diminished lowland coastal forests of Java. It is known from 10 collections, most of which are from the early 1900s; the last collection was made in 1960. Populations are found in Ujung Kulon National Park and on Nusa Kambangan, an island which is controlled by the Prison Service. Despite the very limited access to the EN Alc, B1+2c 455 Species Summaries island, the vegetation is threatened by timber thieves who are removing timber regardless of the armed guard patrol. Assessor: Kalkman, C. Refs: 563, 9078, 19045 Prunus africana Rosaceae VU Alcd Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Rwanda, Sao Tomé & Principe (Sao Tomé), South Africa (Eastern Cape, Guateng, KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, Northern Province), Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Also commonly known under the name Pygeum africanum, this species is widespread from the African tropics to Madagascar and South Africa. Throughout much of its range, most notably Cameroon and Madagascar, the unsustainable exploitation of its bark and to a lesser degree its timber have caused rapid population declines. It is too rare in some countries to be of commercial use and is most commonly exploited for the local market. An important element in the ecosystem, it is reported to regenerate well. It is listed in *CITES Appendix II and protected in various protected areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2361, 2773, 6396, 6718, 9605, 14778, 16021, 16730 Prunus carolinae Rosaceae Colombia An endemic to Cundinamarca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 CR B1+2c Prunus ceylanica Rosaceae Sri Lanka A rare species which was found in only three localities during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c Prunus clementis Rosaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi), Philippines This tree occurs in primary and secondary forest on volcanic and ultrabasic soils on Mindanao Island in the Philippines, and north and central Sulawesi. There have been no recent collections from the Philippines and only a few new collections from Sulawesi. Central Sulawesi has the largest tract of forest on ultrabasic rock in the tropics. Assessor: Kalkman, C. Refs: 563, 19045 LR/nt Prunus ernestii Rosaceae Colombia An endemic to Cundinamarca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 CR B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Prunus grisea var. tomentosa Rosaceae Philippines An endemic variety to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU Ald Prunus kinabaluensis Rosaceae Malaysia (Sabah), Philippines This tree is found on Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, and has recently been discovered on Luzon in the Philippines. The population within Mount Kinabalu National Park is protected. Assessor: Kalkman, C. Refs: 563, 1766, 19045 LR/cd Prunus laxinervis Rosaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) This shrub or small tree is found in primary forest on Mount Kinabalu and in West Kalimantan. On Mount Kinabalu, this species has not been collected since 1930, although the area is well explored. The only specimen from West Kalimantan was collected in 1989. Assessor: Kalkman, C. Refs: 563, 1766, 19045 VU D2 Prunus lusitanica ssp. azorica Rosaceae Portugal (Azores) A low-growing tree which is found in deep narrow ravines and in stands of undisturbed laurel—juniper forest. Occurrences have been recorded from the islands of Sao Miguel, Terceira, Sao Jorge and Pico but in recent years only a few specimens have been found on Pico da Vara and Lombadas on So Miguel and on Pico. Clearing of the habitat for agriculture and plantations, and the invasion of introduced plants and animals, are the most serious problems. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19131 EN B1+2ce Prunus lusitanica ssp. hixa Rosaceae Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Is.) In Madeira, the species is known only from a single location on the north coast in a small area of the *laurisilva within the National Park of Madeira. There is no regeneration by seed and only one stand of planted specimens has produced seed crops. Only a few populations exist in the *laurisilva of the central Canary Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19131 VU D2 Prunus lusitanica ssp. lusitanica Rosaceae France, Morocco, Portugal, Spain Widely scattered in moist forest enclaves in the Iberian Peninsula and in humid ravines in the north of the Rif Mountains in Morocco, the species represents a relict component of a Tertiary ecosystem which has retreated with the drying of the climate. Remaining populations are isolated and threatened with fire, overcutting and EN A2c 456 forest management activities, as well as a decline in the availability of water. Assessor: Vivero, J.L. et al. Refs: 7741 Prunus mirabilis Rosaceae Malaysia (Sabah) This tree is endemic to Mount Kinabalu, where it is found in mossy forest. It has been collected just four times, the most recent collection dating to 1964. This species is protected in Mount Kinabalu National Park. Assessor: Kalkman, C. Refs: 563, 1766, 19045 VU D2 Prunus odorata Rosaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This species is confined to moist forest in the Cameron Highlands, in the state of Pahang. Information on the taxonomy and conservation of the species is insufficient. The area is experiencing increasing settlement and tourism. Populations are thought to receive some protection within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 563, 8464, 19073 DD Prunus pulgarensis Rosaceae Philippines A small forest tree known from only four collections from mountains on Palawan and Luzon. Both islands have suffered from massive deforestation. No new Material of this species has been collected since 1965, even though there have been collecting expeditions to Palawan since. Assessor: Kalkman, C. Refs: 563, 4986, 19045 EN Alc Prunus ramburii Rosaceae Spain A species endemic to the Andalusian Sierras, occurring in dry montane scrub, where populations are affected by fire, tourism and lack of pollinators. It is used locally to make an alcoholic drink. A conservation plan for the species is being developed by Cordoba _ Botanic Garden. Assessor: Vivero, J.L. et al. Refs: 5287, 7222, 7741 VU B1+2c Prunus rubiginosa Rosaceae Philippines A very rare forest tree known from only five collections from Luzon, Mindoro, Sibuyan and Mindanao Islands. Assessor: Kalkman, C. Refs: 563 EN Alc Prunus subglabra Rosaceae Philippines A small tree restricted to forest on Mount Pulog and Mount Tabayog on Luzon. Despite Mount Pulog being relatively well explored, the species remains poorly known and has been collected only three times, most recently in 1968. Assessor: Kalkman, C. Refs: 563, 19045 VU D2 Prunus taiwaniana Rosaceae Taiwan Restricted to the northern part of the central mountain range, this omamental tree occurs in isolated populations in mixed montane forest. The species is unprotected throughout its range and observations indicate that regeneration is poor. The effects of increasing settlement of the land and forest management activities are also threatening some populations. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 6469, 19050, 19053 VU D1+2 Prunus transarisanensis Rosaceae Taiwan A shrubby tree, endemic to Taiwan and widely scattered in the northern half of the central mountain range. It occurs in forest between 1600 and 2800m. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 6469, 19053 LR/nt Prunus turfosa Rosaceae EN Alc+2c Brunei?, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) This tree is confined to peat-swamp forest in Sarawak, although a similar specimen has been collected from West Kalimantan on the border with Sarawak. It may also occur in Brunei Darusalaam. The peat-swamp forest of Sarawak has been licensed for timber extraction. There has been no botanical collecting in the area since 1961. Assessor: Kalkman, C. Refs: 563, 1766, 19045 Prunus villegasiana Rosaceae Colombia An endemic to Valle. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Prunus walkeri Rosaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Pseudagrostistachys africana Euphorbiaceae VU Alc, B1+2c Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko, Equatorial Guinea), Ghana, Nigeria, Sao Tomé & Principe (Sao Tomé) A species which is found mainly in montane forest in the Lower Guinea region. In Nigeria it occurs only on the Obudu Plateau, where fires and encroaching agriculture are causing damage to the restricted areas of remaining vegetation in forested valleys. An anomalous occurrence is known in Ghana, where it is highly localised but common in evergreen rainforest along a river bank. General threats from mining, logging and commercial forestry can affect these areas. This is the only species in the genus. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 8854, 11504, 12061 457 Species Summaries Pseudobombax argentinum Bombacaceae DD Argentina (Jujuy, Salta), Bolivia, Brazil (Sao Paulo), Paraguay A scarce species of low to middle elevation forest types. The Argentinian population is threatened because its habitat is rapidly being converted into cattle ranches. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 1262, 5112 Pseudocarapa championii Meliaceae Sri Lanka A species restricted to the lowland rainforest in south- west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Pseudoeugenia tenuifolia Myrtaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A lowland forest tree, known only from two collections. One collection originated from Kamasul Forest Reserve, which is now being established as an artificial plantation. It is hoped that there is a population within the Virgin Jungle Reserve in Selangor. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073, 19182 EN B1+2c Pseudoglochidion anamalayanum Euphorbiaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A monotypic genus known only from the two collections from a small area of submontane forest in the Anamalai Hills in Coimbatore District. There are large areas of intact and well-protected forest. However, despite repeated botanical surveys, the species has not been found since 1912. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 19144 CR B1+2c Pseudolmedia hirtula Moraceae Brazil A forest species known only from the coastal region between Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina. Assessor: Carauta, J.P.P. Refs: 7980, 15717, 19101 EN B1+2bc Pseudopanax ferox Araliaceae New Zealand (North Is., South Is.) A small tree with a local occurrence. Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Refs: 902, 9800, 19133 LR/nt Pseudopanax gilliesii Araliaceae New Zealand (North Is.) Thorough surveys have found this species to be widespread. It occurs as a small tree or shrub in regenerating *kauri forest and coastal shrubland in north Auckland. Regeneration is good and the species is often planted as an omamental. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 902, 9800, 17637, 19134 LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees Pseudopanax scopoliae Araliaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Pseudophoenix ekmanii Palmae Dominican Republic This palm tree is restricted to dry lowland scrub on the Barahona Peninsula. The population has been depleted by previous felling of trees for the production of palm wine. Present threats are grazing and agriculture. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 CR B1+2c Pseudophoenix lediniana Palmae Haiti A rare palm tree restricted to dry scrub in river valleys in the south-west peninsula. In 1989 only 30 trees were found in the wild. Locally the fruit is fed to livestock. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 CR D1 Pseudosalacia streyi Celastraceae South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal) A shrub or small tree, endemic to Pondoland in southern KwaZulu-Natal and the eastern Transkei area of the Eastern Cape. It is found along sandstone streams or in moist places in evergreen forests, sometimes in small groves, near the coast from Uvongo to Port St. John's. At many localities there is poor regeneration. It occurs in a number of publicly owned protected areas in the region, including many of the demarcated forest areas in Transkei, which are no longer strictly protected. Habitat destruction through cutting for firewood and timber and increasing settlement pose a problem here and in southem KwaZulu-Natal. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 VU A2c Pseudosamanea cubana Leguminosae Cuba Endemic to south-eastern Cuba, this tree grows in palm- savanna and subcoastal dry evergreen forest. The good- quality construction timber has been overexploited for years. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 5994, 19149 VU B1+2c Pseudosciadium balansae Araliaceae : New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Pseudoscolopia polyantha Flacourtiaceae LR/nt South Africa (Eastern Cape, Western Cape, KwaZulu- Natal) A shrub or small tree, found mainly on forest margins in the Transkei, Eastern Cape, and southern KwaZulu- Natal, with a disjunct distribution in the Noodsberg area of KwaZulu-Natal and a very strange isolated occurrence on the Piketberg in the Western Cape. Many of the subpopulations occur on soils derived from 458 sandstone. The species occurs in the Umtamvuna Nature Reserve and in a number of demarcated forest areas in the Transkei, which are no longer strictly protected. Habitat destruction through cutting for firewood and timber and increasing settlement could pose a problem here, especially at forest margins. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 Pseudospondias microcarpa var. hirsuta Anacardiaceae Nigeria A variety which is very similar to the Africa-wide type variety. It appears to occur in forest areas fringing forest-savanna mosaic only in south-west Nigeria. Forests in the country have been extensively logged and cleared for commercial and subsistence agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 11504 VU B1+2c Pseudotaxus chienii Taxaceae EN Alc China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang) A generally rare and scattered species occurring in densely forested areas in limestone gullies or on cliffs. In addition to habitat deterioration, the species appears to be suffering from inadequate pollination of female plants. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 1818, 11191, 13041 Pseudotsuga macrocarpa Pinaceae USA (California) Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 LR/nt Pseudotsuga sinensis var. brevifolia Pinaceae China (Guangxi) The variety is given species status in China. It is confined to areas of sparse forest on limestone hills in south-west Guangxi and southern Guizhou. There is some overcutting. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 11191, 11847, 13041 VU B1+2c Pseudotsuga sinensis var. gaussenii Pinaceae China (Anhui, Fujian?, Sichuan, Zhejiang) The taxon is treated as a distinct species in China. Trees are scattered on slopes and in valleys below 1500m in south-east Anhui, north Zhejiang and Jiangxi. There is also a record from Jianning in Fujian. Constant overcutting of the tree and its habitat are a threat and the seeds are said to have poor viability. A substantial population is protected in Lin'an County, Zhejiang. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 11191, 11847, 13041 LR/nt Pseudotsuga sinensis var. sinensis Pinaceae VU Alcd China (Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan The taxon is widespread, but scattered as isolated individuals or in small stands, primarily on mountain ridges in mixed submontane forest. The Taiwan populations are known in the country under the synonym P. wilsoniana. They are restricted to the central and northern parts of the main mountain range, where the forest is being extensively cleared for apple and peach orchards. The timber is extracted extensively throughout the species' range but most thoroughly in accessible areas. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1818, 2802, 19050, 19127 Pseudoxandra williamsii Annonaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Pseuduvaria cerina Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A lowland forest tree, known only from a single collection gathered in Bukit Bauk Forest Reserve, a permanent forest reserve in Terengganu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Pseuduvaria galeata Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Confined to south-east Johore, the collection localities of this lowland forest species are being developed for agriculture and resorts. It may occur in the permanent forest reserves in this state. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 17140, 19073 LR/cd Pseuduvaria nervosa Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree known only from a single collection from the hill forests at Ulu Berang-tersat, Terengganu. It is hoped that the species falls within the permanent forest reserve system. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 VU D2 Pseuduvaria prainii Annonaceae VU B1+2c India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is., Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Nicobar Is.) A species endemic to the evergreen rainforest of the Andaman Islands and Great Nicobar Island. Large-scale logging has taken place on the Andamans and there is no doubt that the species has declined as a result. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799 Pseuduvaria taipingensis Annonaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A locally common species restricted to montane forest on Maxwell's Hill in Perak. This locality is going to be developed as a tourist resort but most of the existing forest will be conserved in the protected forests. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 19073 LR/cd 459 Species Summaries Psidium cinereum Myrtaceae Brazil Assessor: Barroso, G.M. Refs: 19097, 19098 LR/nt Psidium dumetorum Myrtaceae Jamaica Once known from a restricted area of streamside thicket in Clarendon, the species has not been collected since 1976 and is now presumed extinct. The habitat in the area has been completely cleared. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 5653, 19085 EX Psidium harrisianum Myrtaceae Jamaica An uncommon small tree or shrub. It appears on wooded rocky limestone hilltops in the central parishes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 6057, 7980 LR/nt Psidium havanense Myrtaceae Cuba An uncommon shrub or small tree restricted to the remaining dry evergreen scrub and scrub forests on serpentine outcrops in the Habana and Ciudad de la Habana Provinces. Habitat loss from cutting, buming, grazing and housing development has caused a decline in the species. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Psidium rostratum Myrtaceae Peru This species is restricted to coastal forest in the department of Tumbes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Psidium rufum var. widgrenianum Myrtaceae Brazil Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 19097, 19098 VU B1+2acd Psidium sintenisii Myrtaceae Puerto Rico A total of three or four very small populations are known from mossy wet forest on summits and peaks, principally in El Yunque. There is no evidence of regeneration. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 17124, 17540 CRDI1 Psoralea arborea Leguminosae South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal), Swaziland The taxonomy and true identity of this taxon is not fully resolved, especially its relationship with P. pinnata. A previous account by Prof. C. Stirton indicates that urban expansion, land drainage and dam building and frequent fires are major threats to the species. However as no DD The World List of Threatened Trees information can be traced on its precise distribution and abundance its conservation status must remain data deficient. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218, 19219 Psychotria adamsonii Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) The species has been collected only from Ua Pou from the Pepehitoua valley at about 760m. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Psychotria alsophila Rubiaceae Kenya, Tanzania Known only from Ngangao forest in the Taita Hills in Kenya and a slightly larger area in Tanzania, this shrub or small tree is restricted to patches of dry forest at medium to high altitude. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 8814 VU B1+2b Psychotria atricaulis Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) The species is known only from Huahine. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt Psychotria beddomei Rubiaceae India (Kerala) Known only from the type collection, this small tree is recorded from a restricted area of forest at medium elevation, in the Agastyamalai Hills. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but almost 1000km? of forest are now under protection within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 19144 EN B1+2c Psychotria bryonicola Rubiaceae Jamaica There is very little information on this species. It evidently occurs very rarely in Portland at 750m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR C2b Psychotria cathetoneura Rubiaceae Cuba Confined to the forests of El Yunque de Baracoas in Guant4namo Province, this shrub or small tree is localised in a small area on limestone and dolomite. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU D2 Psychotria clarendonensis Rubiaceae Jamaica Small populations are known only from Clarendon Parish, where they are restricted to rocky limestone hilltops at about 760m. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 EN B1+2c 460 Psychotria clusioides Rubiaceae Jamaica A tree confined to rainforest on limestone in Portland between 530 and 600m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Psychotria congesta Rubiaceae Jamaica There are no recent records of this obscure species. It is believed to be endemic and is evidently very uncommon. There is a possibility that it is conspecific with P. dolphinensis. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653 DD Psychotria cookei Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) The species is known only from Raiatea. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Psychotria crassipetala Rubiaceae Kenya A shrub or tree to 12m, endemic to submontane forest in the Taita Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1308, 6396, 13072 VU B1+2c Psychotria cyathicalyx Rubiaceae Tanzania A moist montane forest tree locally common in the West Usambara Mountains, the Uluguru Mountains and also Mount Kilimanjaro. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Psychotria danceri Rubiaceae Jamaica Previously the species was known only from the type specimen with no definite locality. In 1992 a population was found in submontane rainforest on Holland Mountain. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5653 CR B1+2c Psychotria dasyophthalma Rubiaceae Jamaica Known only from St Andrew and Manchester Parishes, the species is found in localised areas of dense thicket on limestone hills. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 VU B1+2c Psychotria deverdiana Rubiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Psychotria dolichantha Rubiaceae Jamaica Known from the central parishes, the species is not uncommon and occurs in thickets and woodland on rocky limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Psychotria domatiata Rubiaceae Jamaica Confined to Portland, the species occurs in remaining areas of rainforest and mossy thickets on limestone between 530 and 900m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 17743 VU B1+2c Psychotria dubia Rubiaceae Sri Lanka A species occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195 VU Alc Psychotria elachistantha Rubiaceae Tanzania Endemic to the Uluguru Mountains, this species is confined to high elevations in moist evergreen forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b, D2 Psychotria foetens Rubiaceae VU B1+2c Jamaica An uncommon tree known only from localities in St Elizabeth and St Mary. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 Psychotria franchetiana Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) Populations are recorded from Moorea and Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Psychotria gardneri Rubiaceae Sri Lanka A rare species found in only five localities during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c Psychotria glandulifera Rubiaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. It was found in only five forests in the Ratnapura and Matara Districts during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 17195, 18796 EN B1+2c 461 Species Summaries Psychotria globicephala Rubiaceae EN B1+2c India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A shrubby species, collected from forest in approximately five localities between the southem Nilgiris and the Agastyamalai Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14276, 19144 Psychotria goetzei var. goetzei Rubiaceae Tanzania A variant of an east Tanzanian endemic. This is a shrub or small tree restricted to areas of moist evergreen forest over 1100m in altitude. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Psychotria goetzei var. platyphylla Rubiaceae Tanzania A variant of slightly lower altitudes than the type variety. It is confined to areas of moist semi-deciduous forest between 950 and 1650m. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Psychotria grandiflora Rubiaceae USA (Hawaii) Endemic to Kauai Island, the species occurs in rainforest between altitudes of 1040 and 1230m in Kokee and Alakai Swamp. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN C2a Psychotria grantii Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) The species is known only from Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Psychotria greenwelliae Rubiaceae USA (Hawaii) A rainforest species known only in the vicinity of Kokee. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU D2 Psychotria guerkeana Rubiaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Sao Tomé) A shrub or small tree collected several times, recently mostly from Pico. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724 VU D2 Psychotria hanoverensis Rubiaceae Jamaica Confined to Hanover, the species is very uncommon and little known. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR C2b The World List of Threatened Trees Psychotria hierniana Rubiaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (Sao Tomé) A species found in forest in the south-west of the island in Porto Alegre and Monte Café. Areas remain to be explored, although most of the original forest below 1500m was cleared in the first half of the century. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724, 10080 VU D2 Psychotria hobdyi Rubiaceae USA (Hawaii) A species very localised in distribution known only from the Milolii-Kopiwai area on Kauai within an altitudinal band of just 10m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 EN C2a Psychotria le-bronnecii Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) Populations are recorded from Fatu Hiva, Hiva Oa and Tahuata. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Psychotria lepiniana Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) The species is known only from Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 VU B1+2c Psychotria longipetiolata Rubiaceae Sri Lanka Apparently confined to Ratnapura District, this rare species has been found in only three localities during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 18796, 19112 EN B1+2c Psychotria macrocarpa Rubiaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) This shrubby tree has been collected only once from evergreen forest in the Travancore range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Psychotria megalopus Rubiaceae Tanzania A shrub or small tree from moist montane forest known only from the Uluguru Mountains, Mahenge and Kigogo. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Psychotria megistantha Rubiaceae Tanzania Endemic to the North and South Uluguru Mountains, this shrub or small tree is confined to areas of moist montane evergreen forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b 462 Psychotria nilgiriensis var. astephana Rubiaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A shrubby tree of montane forest, occurring above 2000m. Only two collections are known, one from the Nilgiris and the other from the Palni Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Psychotria pedunculata var. caudata Rubiaceae Jamaica One of two varieties of a Jamaican endemic, this is the less common one, confined to central parishes in margins of woodland on rocky limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Psychotria peteri Rubiaceae Tanzania A species with a very restricted range, known from a small area of moist evergreen forest between 900 and 1000m in the East Usambara Mountains. Population pressure and the demand for fertile land have caused a reduction in the forest but a conservation programme is now in place. There is a doubtful record from the Uluguru Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Psychotria petitii Rubiaceae Kenya This species is confined to upland moist evergreen forest in the Taita Hills. Specimens which are arguably a new and highly restricted species have been found at higher altitudes in the same location. It is not possible to keep the seeds in long-term storage but the Plant Conservation Programme in Kenya maintains a living collection. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1308, 6396, 13072, 17859 VU B1+2c, D2 Psychotria plicata Rubiaceae Jamaica A Cockpit Country endemic. It is uncommon and confined to Trelawny and St Ann, where it occurs in woodland on rocky limestone. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 VU B1+2c Psychotria plurivenia Rubiaceae Sri Lanka During the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review, this species was found in only four of the localities surveyed. It appears to be restricted to the districts of Kegalle and Kandy. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 18796, 19112 EN B1+2c Psychotria pseudoplatyphylla Rubiaceae Kenya, Tanzania Ranging from the Taita Hills in Kenya to north-east VU B1+2b Tanzania, this species is confined to areas of moist montane forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 12067 Psychotria pulchra var. hispidula Rubiaceae Jamaica A variety of potential horticultural interest. It is known only from the parish of Trelawny from a locality at about 530m. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 5653, 19085 EN B1+2c Psychotria siphonophora Rubiaceae Jamaica A limestone woodland species. It appears to have been collected from only a single location at about 600m near Troy. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 EN B1+2c Psychotria sordida Rubiaceae Sri Lanka A rare species found in only two wet zone forests during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c Psychotria speciosa Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) The species is endemic to Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Psychotria stenophylla Rubiaceae Sri Lanka This species was found in 17 localities during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 18796, 19112 VU Alc Psychotria tahitensis Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) The species is endemic to Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Psychotria taitensis Rubiaceae Kenya A small tree of evergreen forest between 1400 and 1600m, endemic to Kasigau. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1308, 6396, 13072 VU B1+2c Psychotria trichocalyx Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic to Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c 463 Species Summaries Psychotria tubuaiensis Rubiaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) An endemic to Tubuai. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Psychotria waasii Rubiaceae Sri Lanka During the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review, this wet zone species was found in only seven of the surveyed sites. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Psychotria woytkowskii Rubiaceae Peru This species is known only from the type collection taken from the department of Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Psychotria zombamontana Rubiaceae Tanzania, Zimbabwe Confined to areas of moist montane forest, the species occurs in east and south Tanzania, Malawi and Zimbabwe. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814, 13191 LR/nt Psydrax faulknerae Rubiaceae Kenya, Tanzania A species ranging from a few localities of dry coastal forest or thicket in Kenya to areas of east Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 8814 VU B1+2b Psydrax kibuwae Rubiaceae Tanzania A poorly known tree recorded only from the type, which was collected at Kiwanda along the Sigi River in the East Usambara Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b, D2 Psydrax micans Rubiaceae Mozambique, Tanzania A dry coastal forest small tree ranging from south-east Tanzania to Mozambique. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Psydrax paradoxa Rubiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Pteleopsis barbosae Combretaceae Mozambique Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 18965 DD The World List of Threatened Trees Pteleopsis habeensis Combretaceae Ghana, Mali, Nigeria Three localities, which account for little more than a few square kilometres, are known: the Bandiagara scarps in Mali, Yankari Game Reserve in Nigeria and the dry forests of Bui and Akosombo in Ghana. In Yankari_ it grows on rocky hills, in dense stands in an area that is under pressure from encroachment. In Ghana the establishment of a plantation and the influx of people into the area have caused declines in the species’ habitat. Assessor: Hawthome, W. Refs: 6127, 7439, 8369, 12061 EN Alc, B1+2c Pteleopsis tetraptera Combretaceae Kenya, Tanzania A species of coastal forest or scrub, occurring in a small area which is densely populated and much modified by human activities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 9198, 17787, 18829 LR/nt Pteralyxia kauaiensis Apocynaceae USA (Hawaii) This species grows on slopes and ridges in various lowland moist forest types. It is known from nine populations, consisting of between 500 and 1000 individuals in total. The habitat continues to be degraded by feral goats, pigs and invasive plants. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19038 EN C2a Pteralyxia macrocarpa Apocynaceae USA (Hawaii) An endemic to Oahu Island, where the species is scattered sparsely in moist forest up to 730m in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU C2a Pterandra isthmica Malpighiaceae Panama The species is known only from populations in the proximity of the Cerro Azul to the north-east of the city of Panama. It occurs sparsely in semi-deciduous rainforest between 600 and 900m. The population in Chagres National Park is well protected. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 EN C2b Pterocarpus angolensis Leguminosae LR/nt Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, Northern Province), Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe A key timber species throughout its distribution in woodland areas of East and Southern Africa. Large stands are known to still occur in places, particularly in protected areas in South Africa, Botswana and Namibia. In most regions, however, the species has become less frequent, especially where it is heavily used by local populations. There are attempts to exploit remaining stands sustainably or at least in a regulated way, but in 464 most parts of the range there is no control over the rate of harvesting. Large individuals are reported to be suffering from fungal attack. Regeneration is sufficient but may be episodic, depending on fire or high rainfall. Individuals are reproductively mature at 15-20 years old. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3344, 6723, 7550, 9090, 13370, 17335, 19172, 19218 Pterocarpus dalbergioides Leguminosae India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.) Endemic to the Andaman Islands, this tree is found in deciduous and semi-moist deciduous forests up to 100m. Trees are cut for narra timber. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 5651, 9090, 14573 DD Pterocarpus indicus Leguminosae VU Ald Cambodia, India, Indonesia (Bali, Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Myanmar, Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, North Solomons, Papua New Guinea), Philippines, Solomon Islands (South Solomon), Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vanuatu, Viet Nam (ex) A widespread tree found in lowland primary and some secondary forest, mainly along tidal creeks and rocky shores. Populations have declined because of overexploitation, sometimes illegal exploitation, of the narra timber, as well as from increasing general habitat loss. The Viet Nam population has been extinct for some 300 years. An extensive forest survey in Sri Lanka has failed to find the species and information on populations in India, Indonesia and the Philippines indicate the species is seriously threatened. Exploitation of the few known stands in Peninsular Malaysia may have caused its extinction there and what are believed to be the largest remaining populations, in New Guinea, are being heavily exploited. Cultivated populations are widely distributed throughout the tropics. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919, 5550, 6125, 6156, 6426, 8058, 9328, 10013, 10571, 12779, 12937, 14573, 17140, 19057, 19112, 19147 Pterocarpus marsupium Leguminosae Sri Lanka This dry zone tree is declining in Sri Lanka, as it is exploited for its timber and its medicinal bark and latex. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1833, 19110 VU Alcd Pterocarpus mildbraedii ssp. usambarensis Leguminosae Tanzania The species is widespread, extending across the African continent. This is a distinct subspecies, confined to moist lowland forest in eastern Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 7550, 11631 VU B1+2b Pterocarpus santalinus Leguminosae India Red sandalwood is restricted to the southern parts of the EN B1+2de Eastern Ghats, where it occurs in dry deciduous forest. The tree is commercially valuable for its timber and for the extraction of dye, medicine and cosmetics. It has been overexploited in the past. International trade is now monitored through a *CITES Appendix II listing and plantations are being established. Assessor: CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants in India Refs: 561, 1228, 6508, 18325, 19074 Pterogyne nitens Leguminosae LR/nt Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes, Formosa, Jujuy, Misiones, Salta, Tucum4n), Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay The species’ distibution is contained within an area of seasonally dry forest, extending from northem Argentina into Brazil, Paraguay and Boliva. The habitat is unprotected and in decline because of logging and encroaching agriculture and pastoralism. The species is sought-after as a source of timber. In Bolivia it is one of several species, native to semi-deciduous forest in eastern Santa Cruz, which are experiencing increased logging pressure. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 1262, 4506, 11936, 19170 Pterospermum kingtungense Sterculiaceae China (Yunnan) Confined to Babianjiang in Yunnan, the species grows in forested valleys on limestone between 1400 and 1500m. There are very few adult individuals left, although the trees which have been cut are resprouting. The area is not protected and is susceptible to cutting and disturbance. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 CR B1+2c, C2a Pterospermum menglunense Sterculiaceae China (Yunnan) A species confined to a single locality of monsoon forest on limestone hills in Menglun, Mengla County. The population is contained within Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve and should be protected, although illegal cutting is known to take place. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 CR B1+2c, C2a Pterospermum reticulatum Sterculiaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Reported to have been frequent in the past, this endemic of the Western Ghats has become restricted to scattered populations in lowland evergreen forest. Both the tree and its habitat have been extensively exploited. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4799, 19144 VU B1+2c Pterospermum yunnanense Sterculiaceae China (Yunnan) A Yunnan endemic known only from two locations, Yiwa in Mengla County and Youluo Mountain in Jianghong County. The populations are relatively CR C2a 465 Species Summaries inaccessible on limestone cliffs and summit ridges. There are few mature individuals and regeneration is poor. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 Pterostyrax psilophylla Styracaceae VU Alcd China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan) Relatively widespread, the species is found through a range of altitudes and in various forest types. It is, however, not common and believed to be becoming scarcer because of habitat declines and degradation. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 Pterygota bequaertii Sterculiaceae VU Alcd Cameroon, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria A timber species occurring in forest areas in West and Central Africa. It is much rarer than, but commonly confused with, P. macrocarpa. The species appears to be suffering declines because of levels of exploitation through most of its range. Assessor: Hawthome, W. Refs: 2773, 6127, 6128, 6718, 12061 Pterygota macrocarpa Sterculiaceae VU Alcd Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone A common tree of dry forests. Exploitation for the timber occurs at high levels throughout its range and is likely to be causing population declines. Regeneration is reported to be abundant in areas of logging damage. Assessor: Hawthorme, W. Refs: 2773, 6128, 6718, 12061 Ptilochaeta nudipes Malpighiaceae Argentina (Jujuy, Salta), Bolivia Endemic to the piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and Bolivia, the species is confined to an unprotected ecosystem which is being rapidly replaced by agricultural systems. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 19122 VU B1+2ac Ptychopyxis triradiata Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Only a single collection of the species has been made, gathered from Bota Kiri Forest Reserve in Perek. The surrounding areas are being developed. Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Ptychosperma bleeseri Palmae Australia (Northern Territory) Restricted to rainforest near Darwin, this palm tree is scattered in the lowlands up to 50m. The entire population consists of approximately 500 mature individuals and is believed to have stabilised since the exclusion of feral pigs and water buffaloes from the area. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 CR Ale The World List of Threatened Trees Ptychosperma gracile Palmae Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago) Confined to New Ireland and New Britain, this palm tree is scattered in rainforest on both limestone and volcanic soils. Populations have declined because of rapid and extensive deforestation for plantation agriculture. This species can survive in open vegetation or in secondary forest if it is allowed to regenerate. Assessor: Essig, F.B. Refs: 19118 EN Ala+2c Ptychosperma hentyi’ Palmae Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago) A taxonomically unique palm tree of lowland forest, restricted to eastern New Britain. Rapid and extensive deforestation for plantation agriculture has caused population decline. Assessor: Essig, F.B. Refs: 19118 EN Ala+2c Pullea perryana Cunoniaceae Fiji A fairly abundant tree, in forest and thickets on hillsides, crests and ridges in eastern Viti Levu. A single collection has been made in Ovalau. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 LR/nt Punica protopunica Lythraceae Yemen (Socotra) The only congeneric relative of the pomegranate, P. granatum. The species remains widespread throughout the island on granite and limestone, occurring either as isolated individuals or as a co-dominant in patches of woodland or shrubland. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU D2 Pycnandra kaalaensis Sapotaceae New Caledonia Occurring on ultramafic soils, the species is recorded from the base of various isolated massifs in the north- west, such as the southern slopes of Mont Kaala and Mont Poum. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 VU B1+2c Pycnocoma littoralis Euphorbiaceae Kenya, Tanzania This species is restricted to areas of dry coastal forest, often on coral, from south-east Kenya to eastern Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Pycnocoma macrantha Euphorbiaceae VU B1+2b Tanzania Restricted to moist evergreen forest at medium elevations, this small tree is known only from the East Usambara Mountains and the South Nguru Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 2074, 3356, 17190 466 Pyracantha koidzumii Rosaceae Taiwan The species range is confined to the valley between Hualien and Taitung on the eastern side of the island. Shrubs are common in scrub along river banks and on lowland plains on sandy soils. No large individuals are found in the wild. Exploitation of the plant both for commercial trade and at a local level has led to population declines. Field surveys indicate that seedlings are scattered and few. No conservation or protection measures are in place. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 6469, 19050, 19053 EN Alacd+2bde, C2a Pyrenaria pahangensis Theaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A shrub or small tree confined to lowland rainforest in Pahang. This species is protected in the Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 17140, 19673 LR/cd Pyrenaria serrata var. kunstleri Theaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A variety found in lowland forest in Kedah, Perak, Penang, Pahang and Selangor. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Pyrus anatolica Rosaceae Turkey Assessor: Giiner, A. & J. Zielinski Refs: 3489, 4863, 19165 LR/nt Pyrus hakkiarica Rosaceae Turkey Assessor: Giiner, A. Refs: 3489, 4863, 19165 DD Pyrus oxyprion Rosaceae Turkey Assessor: Giiner, A. & J. Zielinski Refs: 3489, 19165 LR/nt Pyrus salicifolia Rosaceae Turkey Assessor: Giiner, A. & J. Zielinski Refs: 3489, 7222, 19165 LR/nt Pyrus serikensis Rosaceae Turkey Assessor: Giiner, A. & J. Zielinski Refs: 3489 VU B1+2c Qualea calantha Vochysiaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in Peruvian Amazon forest in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Qualea impexa Vochysiaceae Peru The species is known only from the type collection taken from lowland Amazon forest in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Quararibea aurantiocalyx Bombacaceae Costa Rica, Panama A species of evergreen rainforest with a restricted altitudinal range, occurring between 1000 and 1200m. In Panama the species is known only from a small population, containing few mature individuals, in the Cerro Tute in Veraguas. It is a little more widely distributed in Costa Rica, but again few mature individuals exist. The Panamanian population is unprotected and under some threat from deforestation. Further fieldwork is needed to search for populations in the intervening zone between these two locations. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 Quararibea dolichopoda Bombacaceae Panama Endemic to Panama, the species is known from a few collections taken from lowland semi-deciduous rainforest within an area stretching from the centre of the country to the Colombian border. It is not common and in most parts of its range the habitat is declining because of the increasing settlement of the land, ranching and agriculture. Only a small part of the population is protected within national parks. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 8153, 16772 Quararibea dolichosiphon Bombacaceae Panama This species is known only from the type collection made in 1968. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15037, 16772 Quararibea gomeziana Bombacaceae Costa Rica, Panama Resticted to lowland forest in an area extending from north-west Panama to north-east Costa Rica, the species occurs in sparsely scattered small populations within a rapidly developing region. Only a single population in San Ramén in Costa Rica occurs within a forest reserve. All other populations are unprotected and under severe threat from agricultural and industrial developments, and from urbanisation. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 EN C2a EN C2a VU D2 EN C2a Quararibea jefensis Bombacaceae Panama The species has been collected only a few times, from lowland evergreen rainforest in two provinces. It does not appear to be common, although its full distribution May not yet have been revealed. Cerro Jefe is the only protected area in which the species occurs. Elsewhere CR C2a 467 Species Summaries the habitat is under threat from increasing settlement and industrial, touristic and agricultural developments. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 15037, 16772 Quararibea pendula Bombacaceae Costa Rica, Panama The species occupies a small area between north-east Costa Rica and north-west Panama, where it is restricted to lowland areas of semi-deciduous rainforest. In Costa Rica only a few records exist, all in the vicinity of Rfo Yorkin, very near the Panama border. There are various distinct occurrences in Panama, some in the the Palo Seco Protection Forest. Elsewhere the habitat is unprotected and extensively cleared for cultivating bananas, cocoa and other commercial crops. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 Quararibea platyphylla Bombacaceae Costa Rica, Panama A lowland rainforest species. In Costa Rica several collections have been made in Burica, Puntarenas, near the Panama border. In Panama collections have come from the Atlantic slopes through the length of the country to Colombia, into which it possibly extends. Populations are small and under pressure from increasing land settlement, logging and agriculture, particularly banana plantations. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 Quararibea pterocalyx Bombacaceae Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela Scattered as isolated individuals, the species is distributed in lowland evergreen to semi-evergreen rainforest, preferring humid or swampy zones. It is recorded from Alajuela and Guanacaste in Costa Rica, from Bocas del Toro to Darién in Panama, being present in larger numbers in the Canal area and Barro Colarado Island, and from Urabé and other areas of Colornbia. No information is available on its distribution in Venezuela. Throughout the range the habitat is affected by the growing human population, agricultural activities and logging. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 EN C2a EN C2a VU C2a Quararibea sanblasensis Bombacaceae Colombia, Panama In Panama, the species has been collected only from San Blas, very close to the border with Colombia, in lowland semi-deciduous rainforest along river banks. There are reported to be a few dispersed individuals, including a very few adult trees. The species' range in Colombia is restricted to a small area in Antioquia. Only the Panamanian population is contained within a protected area. The tree provides medicine, food, fuel, timber and oils at a local level. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 EN C2a The World List of Threatened Trees Quararibea santaritensis Bombacaceae Panama The species' description is based on a single collection from 1932. It came from an area of deciduous woodland in the Santa Rita Hills, Col6én. Much of this area has been cleared for agriculture and grazing. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 16772 CR B1+2c Quararibea velutina Bombacaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, this Amazonian forest species occurs in Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Quararibea yunckeri Bombacaceae Honduras A rarely collected species, of somewhat uncertain nomenclature. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 CR C2a Quercus acerifolia Fagaceae USA (Arkansas) Three localities of this species are known, two of them having been discovered recently, in open glades and shrubland in central-west Arkansas. The populations are small, each numbering less than 500, but stable and contained within a national forest. Data accumulated by Stoynoff and Hess support the contention that the taxon is a species and not a subspecies of Q. shumardii. Assessor: Hess, W.J. Refs: 8470, 10353, 19145 EN B1+2c, C2b Quercus arkansana Fagaceae VU D2 USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas) Fewer than five localities of this woodland species are known to exist. Populations are thought to be declining because of habitat destruction, mainly through grazing and conversion to farmland. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 9653 Quercus aucheri Fagaceae Greece, Turkey A small tree very similar to Q. coccifera. It grows in the Aegean region on the Greek islands and in Anatolia in Turkey. Populations are localised and isolated. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2915, 3489, 4863, 7538 LR/nt Quercus x basaseachicensis Fagaceae Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango) A hybrid between Q. rugosa and Q. depressipes known from four sites in Chihuahua and one in Durango in submontane woodland or scrub. The populations are isolated and none are believed to be large. Assessor: Hess, W.J. Refs: 7538, 9653, 19145 EN D1 468 Quercus benthamii Fagaceae Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca) Until the taxonomy of Central American specimens is confirmed, the exact range of this species cannot be consolidated but could extend to southern parts of Central America. Because of the rate of destruction of the moist forest habitat in the last few decades the species qualifies as threatened. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7980, 9653, 19161 VU Alc Quercus boyntonii Fagaceae USA The status of this species is not well consolidated. It appears to have become extinct in the areas from which it was known. There is, however, a possibility that it occurs in Mississippi and Lousiana. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19145 EN B1+2c Quercus brandegeei Fagaceae Mexico (Baja California) The species occurs in low density in a xeric habitat in the foothills of the Sierra Lazaro. The area is subject to grazing pressure. Regeneration has not been observed in recent years. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653, 12945 EN B1+2e Quercus brenesii Fagaceae Costa Rica A taxonomically doubtful species, apparently endemic to the department of Alajuela. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 6678, 7538, 7980, 9653 DD Quercus buckleyi Fagaceae USA (Oklahoma, Texas) A tree confined to scrub on Edward's Plateau. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 3786, 7538, 9653, 10353 VU D2 Quercus bumelioides Fagaceae VU AIc Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas), Nicaragua, Panama The montane forest habitat of this species has suffered serious declines in past decades. The tree can grow to a large size and has obvious value as a timber tree. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 730, 7538, 9653, 11715, 19161 Quercus cedrosensis Fagaceae Mexico (Baja California) A species restricted to a specialised sclerophyllous habitat at lowland to montane altitudes. Cedros Island suffers from overgrazing by goats. More information on the regeneration of this species may allow it to qualify for the status of endangered. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 8470, 9653, 12945 VU D2 Quercus cerrioides Fagaceae Spain The taxonomic status of this localised oak is uncertain. It may be a hybrid. The taxon occurs in dry montane forest in Catalonia, Aragon, Mallorca, La Rioja and Navarra, possibly extending into France. Fire, forest management activities and hybridisation pose threats to the taxon. Assessor: Vivero, J.L. et al. Refs: 5287, 7222, 7741 LR/cd Quercus coahuilensis Fagaceae Mexico (Coahuila) It is suspected that the species will prove to be threatened when the area of occupancy is calculated, taking into account the altitudinal range of the species. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653 DD Quercus convallata Fagaceae Mexico (Jalisco, Nayarit) The taxonomic status of this species is dubious. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653, 14250 DD Quercus costaricensis Fagaceae Costa Rica Occurring in the montane forest of Volcan Irazu and Cerro Chirripé, the species is restricted to an area of occupancy of less than 2000km?. Although deforestation has been extensive in the past, these areas are now given some degree of protection. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7980, 9653, 14487 VU Bl+2e Quercus deliquescens Fagaceae Mexico (Chihuahua) A species of dry montane scrub, known only from one population system in the valley of Rio Concho and north along Rio Grande. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 412, 9653, 11715 VU D2 Quercus depressipes Fagaceae DD Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Zacatecas), USA (Texas) A shrub scattered in montane grasslands over a wide range. Population sizes and declines are not documented. The US locality is vulnerable but protected. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653, 10353, 11715 Quercus devia Fagaceae Mexico (Baja California) Two or three populations occur in dry montane forest, where grazing pressure is high. The mainland Mexican species, Q. viminea, may be synonymous, in which case the species would qualify for a status of lower risk. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653, 11715, 12945 VU D2 469 Species Summaries Quercus dumosa Fagaceae Mexico (Baja California), USA (California) A number of populations (e.g. Santa Barbara, Hollywood and Griffith Park) have disappeared. The lowland scrub habitat of the remaining populations is under threat from pollution and the expansion of urban and industrial areas. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 8470, 9653 EN Alc+2c Quercus engelmannii Fagaceae Mexico (Baja California), USA (California) Extensive declines of the sclerophyllous habitat of the species have been observed over the past 50 years. Regeneration of the species is poor and the remaining habitat is under threat from grazing and urban, agricultural and industrial developments. Only one tree remains on Santa Catalina Island in California but part of the population on Santa Rosa is protected in the Santa Rosa Plateau Reserve. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653, 19193 VU Alc Quercus excelsa Fagaceae DD Mexico (Jalisco, Veracruz) Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653, 14250 Quercus flagellifera Fagaceae VU Alc Guatemala Confined to the moist montane forests of east and central Guatemala, the species has experienced declines in its habitat in the last 50 years. There are a number of estimated rates of deforestation: all exceed an annual rate of one percent. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7980, 9653 Quercus galeanensis Fagaceae Mexico (Nuevo Le6én, Tamaulipas) A rare species, characterised by the leaves being vertically appressed to the twigs. Occurring in submontane to montane chaparral, it is restricted to two populations occupying a narrow band (150km x 10— 20km) from Galeana, Nuevo Leone, to the Miquihrana region in Tamaulipas. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653 VU D2 Quercus georgiana Fagaceae USA (Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina) Small isolated populations are restricted to granite outcrops, occupying an area less than 500km?. The impact of tourism is considerable on Stone Mountain. Drought; poor regeneration, soil erosion and compaction are all weakening the status of the species. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 3786, 7538, 9653 EN B1+2ce Quercus germana Fagaceae Mexico A species of submontane seasonal dry forest, which has VU Alc The World List of Threatened Trees experienced dramatic declines over the last few decades. Forest has been converted for agricultural use, especially coffee plantations. The trees are often decked with an array of densely packed epiphytes. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653, 11715 Quercus graciliformis Fagaceae USA (Texas) One small isolated population exists in riparian oak woodland in the Chisos Mountains. The locality is threatened by the activities of tourists from a nearby camping ground and by occasional drought. Previous records from Mexico are erroneous. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 9653, 10353 CR C2b Quercus gulielmi-treleasei Fagaceae Costa Rica, Panama The taxonomic status of the species is uncertain. It is confined to Chiriqui in Costa Rica and Cartago in Panama in wet montane forests. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7980, 9653 DD Quercus hinckleyi Fagaceae Mexico?, USA (Texas) A shrub with holly-like leaves, known from 11 isolated populations, nine of which are in the Big Bend Ranch State Natural Area. Most populations consist of fewer than 100 individuals and cover an area less than five acres. Historical climate change is thought to be the main factor that has caused the species to become rare. Hybridisation with other Quercus species, roadway construction, collecting by horticulturists, drought and grazing are threats today. Although acorn yields are good, all reproduction appears to be vegetative. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act and a recovery plan was devised in 1992. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653, 10353, 11683 CR A2b, B1+2cd Quercus hintonii Fagaceae Mexico (México State) A submontane to montane dry forest species which is confined to a small area (less than 10 x 10km) along a road. Much of the area is in the process of conversion into avocado plantations and human settlements. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 4934, 9653 CR B1+2ac Quercus hintoniorum Fagaceae Mexico (Nuevo Leén) A montane forest species occurring in two nearby locations in the Sierra Lamata. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 9653 VU D2 Quercus hypoxantha Fagaceae Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leén) It is suspected that this species will prove to be threatened when the area of occupancy is calculated DD 470 taking into account the altitudinal range of the species. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 4934, 7538, 9653 Quercus ilex ssp. ballota Fagaceae Portugal, Spain This species is present in a large part of the Iberian Peninsula within areas of lowland dry forest up to 2000m. It is locally abundant, forming extensive woodlands in places. Populations are exposed to overcutting, fires, expanding agriculture and declining water availability, but trees are legally protected throughout the range. Assessor: Vivero, J.L. et al. Refs: 7741 LR/nt Quercus invaginata Fagaceae Mexico (Coahuila) It is suspected that the species will prove to be threatened when the area of occupancy is calculated taking into account its altitudinal range. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653, 11715 DD Quercus x macdonaldii Fagaceae USA (California) The species is restricted to a few scrubby localities in Santa Rosa, Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz Islands. Control of grazing and the removal of sheep have helped oak regeneration on Santa Cruz Island. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 9653, 10353 VU D2 Quercus macdougallii Fagaceae Mexico (Oaxaca) A distinctive species known only from the type locality in the dry montane forests of Oaxaca. It has not been collected recently and it is biologically poorly known. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653, 11715 VU D2 Quercus miquihuanensis Fagaceae Mexico (Nuevo Leén, Tamaulipas) An endemic of Pefia Nevada and Miquihuana, locally common in montane pine—oak forest and also chaparral, covering an area of less than SO0km?. Logging activities and overgrazing threaten the habitat. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653 EN B1+2e Quercus oglethorpensis Fagaceae USA (Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina) This species is known from a small area in the piedmont of north-east Georgia, neighbouring western South Carolina and also from a disjunct population in Mississippi. In total, approximately 1000 individuals, covering an area of occupancy less than 150km?, are estimated to exist. The most common habitats are roadsides and old fence rows. A survey in 1985 failed to locate 11% of the previously known sites. Poor seed viability and chestnut blight are also reported. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653 EN B1+2ce Quercus parvula var. parvula Fagaceae USA (California) Two small populations on Santa Cruz Island and five or six populations in Santa Barbara County are known. Occurring in maritime chaparral and pine forests, no population extends over more than 10km?. Habitat degradation and grazing are threats on Santa Cruz Island. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 3786, 9653, 10353, 14430 EN B1+2ce Quercus peninsularis Fagaceae Mexico (Baja California) A montane species. The number of localities and population status are unknown. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653, 12945 DD DD Mexico (Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora) Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653 Quercus petraea ssp. huguetiana Fagaceae France, Spain Occurring in moist forest up to altitudes of 1800m, the species is abundant over a relatively wide range. It is also legally protected in Spain. Assessor: Vivero, J.L. et al. Refs: 7741 LR/cd Quercus praineana Fagaceae Mexico (Jalisco, Sinaloa) Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653, 17165 DD Quercus purulhana Fagaceae Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua A montane forest species, abundant in areas, but subject to general declines in habitat. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 4974, 9653, 11715, 19161 VU Alc Mexico (Chiapas), Quercus rapurahuensis Fagaceae Costa Rica, Panama A moist forest species which has been subject to the general forest declines in this area. Further investigation may show that the species is more seriously threatened. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7272, 9653, 11715, 14487 VU Alc Quercus robur ssp. imeretina Fagaceae Georgia, Russia A rare tree endemic to Kokhida in western Georgia, with a small part of the range extending into Russia along the Black Sea coast. The population is declining through VU B1+2c 471 Species Summaries felling and agriculture. The wood is considered a valuable timber. Assessor: Firsov, G.A. Refs: 7538, 14458, 19056 Quercus x robusta Fagaceae USA (Texas) This species is confined to the Chisos Mountains in Brewster County, where it is found in moist wooded canyons. Assessor: Hess, W.J. Refs: 3786, 10353, 19145 DD Quercus rysophylla Fagaceae Mexico (Nuevo Leén, San Luis Potosf, Tamaulipas) The known populations are small but their extent is not known. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 4934, 7538, 9653, 11715 DD Quercus skinneri Fagaceae VU Alc E] Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas) The species is widespread and often occurs in abundance in moist montane forests. It is also frequently planted. General rates of deforestation in recent decades have caused significant population declines. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653, 11715, 19161 Quercus skutchii Fagaceae Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas) Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653, 11715 DD Quercus subspathulata Fagaceae Mexico (Durango, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa) A forest species which has suffered extensive destruction of its habitat. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 8470, 9653, 14250 VU Alc Quercus x tardifolia Fagaceae USA (Texas) It is thought no more than five trees exist in dry montane woodlands in the Chisos Mountains. The hybrid is a product of Q. hypoxantha and Q. gravesii. One of the parents is now absent from the area. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 9653, 10353 CR D1 Quercus tomentella Fagaceae Mexico (Guadalupe Is.), USA (California) The regeneration of the species is hampered by overgrazing in the dry forest areas to which it is restricted on the channel islands of California and Guadelupe Island of Mexico. Populations on Guadelupe Island, in particular, have declined dramatically in recent years. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 5988, 7538, 7980, 9653, 10353, 19193 VU B1+2ce The World List of Threatened Trees Quercus tonduzii Fagaceae Costa Rica A species of uncertain taxonomic status, found in the mountains of central Costa Rica in Alajuela. One collection from 1896 is cited from Volcan Poas. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 7980, 9653, 14487 DD Quercus undata Fagaceae Mexico (Durango) Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653 DD Quercus uxoris Fagaceae Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco) The extent of population declines is not documented but the level of forest destruction has been dramatic. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653, 17165 VU Alc Quercus vincentensis Fagaceae El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico Declines in population numbers have not been recorded but the species occurrence in an area of extensive forest destruction qualifies it as vulnerable. Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 7980, 9653, 19161 Quercus xalapensis Fagaceae Mexico (Chiapas, Veracruz) Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653, 19161 VU Alc VU Alc Quercus zempoaltepecana Fagaceae Mexico (Oaxaca) Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Refs: 7538, 9653 DD Quiina colonensis Quiinaceae Costa Rica, Panama A lowland rainforest species, occurring in Colén and Coclé Provinces in Panama and in Heredia and Puntarenas, including a locality in Corcovado National Park, in Costa Rica. There are also specimens which are tentatively identified as this species in Kunayala Indigenous Reserve. In most of its range, the species appears to be uncommon and under considerable pressure from increasing settlement, agriculture and development. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 VUCI Quiina jamaicensis Quiinaceae Jamaica A species with a local distribution confined to north- western parishes in woodland on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt 472 Quiina schippii Quiinaceae Belize, Guatemala?, Honduras A species of moist forest, collected only once in Honduras. Its occurrence in Guatemala is uncertain. Various developments are causing considerable loss of habitat. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 EN C2a Radermachera ramiflora Bignoniaceae Malaysia (Sabah) Endemic to Sabah, this tree is found in rainforest and disturbed forest on hillsides up to 1500m, often on ultramafic soils. It is known from Mount Kinabalu, Ranau, Kota Marudu and Mount Rara. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18327, 19017 LR/cd Ramosmania rodriguesii Rubiaceae Mauritius (Rodrigues) Café marron is reduced to just one surviving individual. A fence is erected around it and continuing damage has led to construction of a further three fences. Cuttings have been propagated at Kew Botanic Gardens but attempts at re-introduction had failed until 1996, when cuttings raised in Rodrigues successfully rooted. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18414, 19199 CRDI1 Randia aculeata var. jamaicensis Rubiaceae Jamaica The species as a whole is distributed from Florida to Venezuela. This variety is endemic to Jamaica, where it is found in small populations in thickets and woodland on limestone in St Andrew and Clarendon between 210 and 790m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 17743 VU B1+2c Randia pleiomeris Rubiaceae El Salvador, Guatemala A rare species of forest and woodland understorey. There is no information on the status of its populations but the lowland habitat has experienced extensive declines, mainly through logging and expanding agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4491, 4862, 4974, 19030 DD Rapanea ceylanica Myrsinaceae Sri Lanka A species occurring in lowland rainforest in south-west Sri Lanka. In previous surveys populations have been located in Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve. However, the species was not found during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting that it is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195, 19112 CR B1+2cd Rapanea coclensis Myrsinaceae Panama A species known only from two collections. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16772 Rapanea gilliana Myrsinaceae South Africa (Eastern Cape) A shrub or small tree which occurs in coastal forest and scrub on dunes or rocky outcrops from Humansdorp to Bathurst. Its range is slowly becoming fragmented by coastal developments, especially the construction of settlements and holiday resorts. The species occurs in at least two protected areas and possibly in a third. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 VU D2 VU A2c Rapanea perakensis Myrsinaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A shrub or small tree inhabiting forested ridge tops between 700m and 2100m. The species is recorded in Kelantan, Terengganu, Perak and Pahang and is afforded protection in Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/nt Rapanea seychellarum Myrsinaceae Seychelles The entire population amounts to fewer than 50 individuals. There are six sites on Mahé and single sites on Silhouette and Praslin. Montagne Planeau has a large and healthy population. Most other locations contain between one and five trees. No seedlings have been reported. Populations are recorded within Morne Seychellois and Praslin National Parks and in forest areas protected by the Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles. Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Refs: 10610, 17229, 19025 CR D1 Rapanea striata Myrsinaceae India (Karnataka) The species is currently known from two records from widely separated localities in submontane evergreen forest in the Western Ghats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Raphia australis Palmae Mozambique, South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal) This very large palm occurs in swamp forest around Kosi Bay in northem KwaZulu-Natal, extending northwards along the coast of southern Mozambique, occurring along river valleys, as far as Inhambane. The plants flower once, after about 30 years, and then die after setting fruit. They can form very dense groves and in some places they have naturalised after planting, e.g. at Mtunzini on the Zululand coast, which is now a national monument. The plants at Kosi Bay are not under threat and are contained within a conservation area, although local use of the plants is allowed. The 12 ha Bobole Special Reserve 40 km north of Maputo, is supposedly the most southerly occurrence of this species DD 473 Species Summaries in Mozambique, and contains 150 plants. This subpopulation is under threat because of habitat clearance for subsistence agriculture within the reserve. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 3018, 6809, 19118, 19218 Rauvolfia sachetiae Apocynaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) Populations are known from Hiva Oa and Nuku Hiva. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Ravenea albicans Palmae Madagascar A palm known from two recently identified localities in lowland moist forest on ultramafic soil. One population contains up to 40 trees with trunks, 100 young trees without trunks and several seedlings. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 EN D1 Ravenea dransfieldii Palmae Madagascar A Madagascan endemic confined to moist forest in the area between Marojejy Mountains and Ifanadiana. Populations at Ifanadiana are under threat of destruction; population numbers at each site are low. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VU C2a Ravenea glauca Palmae Madagascar A Madagascan endemic confined to dry forest in the centre and south. The status of populations in Andringitra is unknown, no collections having been made there since 1922. Elsewhere it is known only from Isalo, where the population size is estimated to be made up of a few hundred individuals. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VU D1 Ravenea hildebrandtii Palmae Comoros Confined to the islands of Grand Comore, Moheli and Anjouan, the species is considered endangered because all forest in the Comoros Islands is under severe threat. No collections have been made for a considerable time. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 EN Alc Ravenea julietiae Palmae Madagascar Occurring in moist lowland forest, the species is restricted to east Madagascar between Mananara Avaratra and Vangaindran. The population numbers are very low: fewer than 50 trees have been counted. The more southern localities, where most of the trees are found, are rapidly being destroyed. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 EN C2a The World List of Threatened Trees Ravenea krociana Palmae Madagascar An endemic palm found only in one site at Andohahela in Madagascar, inhabiting submontane moist forest. There are approximately 60 individuals at this site. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VU D1+2 Ravenea lakatra Palmae Madagascar An endemic palm of eastern Madagascar, occurring between Andasibe and Vangaindrano. The species is found in a very limited number of sites in moist lowland forest on slight mid-slopes or ridge crests. Several of these sites are being rapidly destroyed. The population at Mantady consists of pruned rosettes as a result of the harvesting of the young leaves for fibre. The two more southerly populations contain fewer than 20 trunked trees. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 EN Dl Ravenea latisecta Palmae Madagascar This species is known from a single population of four trees at Andasibe in Madagascar. The habitat is submontane moist forest on steep slopes near the hill crest. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 EN D1 Ravenea louvelii Palmae Madagascar Confined to Andasibe in Madagascar, this species inhabits moist forest on a steep slope near the crest between 800m and 1000m. There are fewer than 25 individuals with trunks and rejuvenation is minimal. The population exists outside the protected area. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 EN D1 Ravenea madagascariensis Palmae Madagascar An endemic of central and east Madagascar, inhabiting moist to dry hill forest on steep slopes or hill crests between 25m and 1700m. The species is fairly widespread and in some areas locally common. One population is protected in Mantady National Park. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 19118 LR/nt Ravenea moorei Palmae Comoros Only two female palm trees are known from a patch of secondary submontane rainforest, last seen in October 1993. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 CR D1 Ravenea musicalis Palmae Madagascar A true water palm, endemic to south Madagascar, where VU D1+2 474 it inhabits flowing water to a depth of 0.5-2.5m along a single river. The population consists of about 450 trees. This aquatic environment is very changable and the palm is somewhat exposed and vulnerable. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 Ravenea nana Palmae Madagascar A palm confined to eastern Madagascar, between Marojejy and Andohahela, where it inhabits montane ericoid bush or forest on rocky sites on gneiss and quartzite. The species is known only from three localities and has not been collected for 30 years. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 EN B1+2c Ravenea rivularis Palmae Madagascar An endemic palm of south-central Madagascar, confined to Mangoky and Onilahy River Valleys. Only two populations are known, occurring in shallow standing water, river banks and swampy valley bottoms. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 19118 VU Alc Ravenea robustior Palmae Madagascar A Madagascan endemic occurring in moist forest in valley bottoms near water or on hill crests up to 1000m. Its occurrence, although widespread, ranging from Manongarivo to Marojejy and south to Andohahela, is not common. The species is recorded in Ranomafana National Park, Marojejy, Manongarivo Reserve and at Analamazaotra, but trees continue to be cut within the reserves. If harvesting of palm heart and cutting for the timber continue at present rates, the status of the species may become threatened. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 LR/nt Ravenea sambiranensis Palmae Madagascar Occurring in north-west, west and east Madagascar, the species is found in various habitats, such as littoral forest on white sand, dense moist forest, dry montane forest and riverine forest remnants in the west. Although widespread, the populations are small and threatened by felliing, exploitation of the palm heart and increasing settlement. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 VU Alc Ravenea xerophila Palmae EN D1 Madagascar Known only from south Madagascar, between Ampanihy and Anpingaratra Mountains, the species inhabits dry spiny bush or low dry forest on laterite or gneiss. In recent studies two populations have been located, consisting of 65 trunked trees and 80 seedlings. Overgrazing is destroying the Tranoroa site. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 Ravenia biramosa var. peruviana Rutaceae Peru A variety which is known only from the type collection taken from Amazonian forest in Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Ravenia swartziana Rutaceae Jamaica This species is known only from the type, collected at the beginning of the century. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Rawsonia burtt-davyi Flacourtiaceae Malawi Originally known under the genus Dasylepis, this tree is confined to a small area of montane evergreen forest on Mount Mulanje. Although the habitat is protected as a forest reserve, there have been significant declines in its extent and quality because of exploitation for wood, encroachment of subsistence cultivation and fire. Plans have now been drawn up to ensure the conservation of the remaining natural resources and the prevention of further illegal activities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10090, 18965 VU B1+2bc, D2 Rawsonia reticulata Flacourtiaceae Malawi, Tanzania A montane forest species, which is regarded as distinct but strongly resembles R. burtt-davyi. A population occurs at the north of Lake Nyasa, the Tanzanian part of Lake Malawi, and the species is believed to range into northern Malawi. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 LR/cd Recchia simplicifolia Simaroubaceae Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz) A rainforest tree confined to high-precipitation forest in the Uxpanapa-Chimalapa region. This small genus is endemic to Mexico. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 5993, 7180 EN Alc, B1+2c Reevesia rotundifolia Sterculiaceae China (Guangxi) The species is restricted to a few localities on Shiwanshan. It is a scarce component of the understorey in monsoon forest. Recent searches into some of the original locations have found the forest cleared and the population destroyed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 CR B1+2c Rehderodendron macrocarpum Styracaceae LR/nt China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan), Viet Nam This is one of the dominant components of broadleaved semi-deciduous forest above 1200m in south-west China, also occurring in scattered localities in northern and southem provinces in Viet Nam. Stands in China are 475 Species Summaries said to have become more sporadic because of the extensive logging and clearing of the species habitat. The timber is used domestically. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847, 15357, 19055 Retrophyllum minor Podocarpaceae New Caledonia Populations of this small rheophyte are very restricted in range, confined to river banks and lake shores on the Plaine des Lacs. Protection in the Chite de la Madeleine Reserve is inadequate. There are threats from fluctuations in the water table and exposure to fires. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4391, 10351, 12630, 18751 EN Cl+2a Retrophyllum piresii Podocarpaceae Brazil (Rond6nia) An endemic to Serra Pacas Novos. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 4391, 19127 DD Retrophyllum rospigliosii Podocarpaceae Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 3047, 4391, 10194, 18751, 19127 LR/nt Reutealis trisperma Euphorbiaceae Philippines A timber species, endemic to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919, 5651, 7673 VU Alcd Reynoldsia sandwicensis Araliaceae USA (Hawaii) A variable species of dry to occasionally moist forest up to 800m on Niihau, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii Islands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 LR/nt Reynosia jamaicensis Rhamnaceae Jamaica The only known locality exists in a woodland area on limestone in Hanover Parish, part of the Dolphin Head. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c, C2b Rhamnella gilgitica Rhamnaceae Pakistan A large shrub or tree, usually growing up to 5 to 7m, known only from the type gathering in Gilgit between 1600 and 2450m. The young shoots and leaves are used as fodder. More information may indicate a more serious threat category is appropriate. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5995 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Rhamnidium caloneurum Rhamnaceae Panama No new reports of the species have been made since the original collection was taken from Bocas del Toro. The general area of collection has been little studied. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 DD Rhamnidium dictyophyllum Rhamnaceae Jamaica A shrub or tree, very rare and confined to upland woodland in rocky limestone areas in Manchester Parish. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Rhamnus capraeifolia var. matudai Rhamnaceae Mexico (Veracruz) Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 7980, 11723 EN B1+2c Rhamnus crenulata Rhamnaceae Spain (Canary Is.) Endemic to the Canary Islands, the species is distributed fairly abundantly in dry scrub. Housing developments, grazing and invasive plants all pose threats to the remaining populations. The species is listed in government legislation of 1991. Assessor: Baiiares, A. et al. Refs: 19022 LR/nt Rhamnus glandulosa Rhamnaceae Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Is.) Occurring in undisturbed cloud forest or *laurisilva above 800m, this uncommon species is largely contained within protected areas. The greatest threat to remaining populations comes from buming. It is covered by regional legislation. Assessor: Bafiares, A. et al. Refs: 1512, 19022, 19131 LR/cd Rhamnus integrifolia Rhamnaceae Spain (Canary Is.) Found only in the Cumbres and Barrancos in the south of Tenerife, the species occupies a wide altitudinal range in dry woodland and scrub. Populations appear to be stable, although restricted. It is listed in government legislation of 1991. Assessor: Baiiares, A. et al. Refs: 19022 VU D2 Rhaphithamnus venustus Verbenaceae Chile (Juan Ferndndez Is) A tree of upper montane forest. Preliminary data indicate the species is confined to less than 100km?. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the VU D2 476 native plants. There are two species in the genus, the second being found on mainland Chile. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 7980, 14140 Rhaptopetalum belingense Scytopetalaceae Gabon An endemic to the Belinga Mountains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15790 VU D2 Rhaptopetalum sindarense Scytopetalaceae Gabon A species collected in areas of closed forest in Ngounye and in Lopé Forest Reserve. Much of Gabon's forests are poorly explored and it is possible the species has a wider range. There is concern over the extent to which these forests are now under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7142, 14958, 15790 VU D2 Rheedia aristata Guttiferae Cuba Populations of this uncommon shrub or tree have been recorded from numerous localities of semi-deciduous forest on limestone or serpentine in western Cuba. The species is threatened by overexploitation, mainly as a source of medicine, and the habitat is threatened by urban development and conversion for agriculture, ranching and tourism. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 9522, 11403, 19149 EN B1+2c Rhipidantha chlorantha Rubiaceae Tanzania Endemic to the North Uluguru Mountains, this is a moist evergreen forest species recorded only at altitudes above 1450m. The genus is monospecific. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204 VU B1+2b, D2 Rhododendron album Ericaceae Indonesia (Java) A montane forest species occurring between 1200 and 1700m in remaining forest patches in west and central Java. These areas, although they are not as badly affected as forest at lower elevations, are under severe pressure from the activities of the surrounding human populations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 VU B1+2c Rhododendron cyanocarpum Ericaceae China (Sichuan, Yunnan) Known only from Diancang Mountain in Yunnan and in Muli in Sichuan, the species occurs as a shrub or small tree in remaining areas of forest above 3000m. Overcutting and loss of the habitat are causing population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU D2 Rhododendron dalhousiae var. rhabdotum Ericaceae Bhutan, China, India (Arunachal Pradesh) An epiphytic shrub or small tree collected in 1915 from Bhutan and subsequently from Kameng District in Arunachal Pradesh and China. Road building and other developmental projects are threatening the Indian population. It is a prize-winning ornamental. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3013, 7147 VU B1+2c Rhododendron fictolacteum Ericaceae China (Sichuan, Yunnan) A species of subalpine coniferous forest, occurring between 2800 and 3900m, in north-west Yunnan and Muli in south-west Sichuan. Some of the sites are designated nature reserves but the effectiveness of their protection should be monitored. Trees, especially the larger individuals, have been heavily cut for fuelwood in places. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 LR/cd Rhododendron jucundum Ericaceae China (Yunnan) An endemic of Diancang Mountain in Dali, Yunnan. It occurs in subalpine coniferous forest between 3500 and 3900m, where it frequently appears crooked and contorted from the effects of strong winds and heavy snow. The area is designated a nature reserve but, at present, the management measures are not thought to be sufficient to ensure the species' protection. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU D2 Rhododendron kanehirai Ericaceae Taiwan A beautiful ornamental shrub, which became extinct in 1984 during the construction of a dam and the flooding of its only known locality in the wild at Feitsui. For several centuries it has been in cultivation and is widely planted in gardens around the country. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 19050, 19051 EW Rhododendron loerzingii _Ericaceae Indonesia (Java) This species is uncommon and confined to areas of scrub or grassland on Mount Tlerep, Merbabu and Sumbing. The soil is noted to be fertile. These areas, although less affected than those at lower elevations, are under severe pressure from the activities and demands of the surrounding human populations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 VU B1+2c Rhododendron protistum var. giganteum Ericaceae CR C2b China (Yunnan) Fewer than 100 trees are thought to exist in an area of submontane evergreen broadleaved forest in Gaoligongshan in south-west Yunnan. This population was rediscovered in 1981, 62 years after its first 471 Species Summaries collection. The area has been designated as a nature reserve and the species is in cultivated as an omamental. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055 Rhododendron rex Ericaceae LR/nt China (Sichuan, Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh), Myanmar A relatively widely occurring species in the wild and a famous ornamental in cultivation. The status of the population in China is believed to be endangered because of its restriction to small areas of subalpine evergreen forest, where fires and cutting have caused population declines in the past 10 years. A population is protected in Mount Wuliang Nature Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1619, 1818, 11847, 19055 Rhododendron subansiriense Ericaceae India (Arunachal Pradesh) This species is known only from the type specimen, which was gathered from mossy forest above 2600m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1619 VU D2 Rhododendron wattii Ericaceae India (Manipur) A species known only from the type locality. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1619 VU D2 Rhododendron wilhelminae Ericaceae Indonesia (Java) This species has been found only once at 1350m near the crater on Mount Salak. It may be a natural hybrid of R. javanicum and R. malayanum. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 CR DI Rhodognaphalon breviscupe Bombacaceae VU Alcd Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone A timber species of West and Central Africa. It occurs in various forest types, particularly secondary forest. Exploitation is moderate. Little is known about regeneration but it does not appear to be abundant and growth rates are slow. Assessor: Hawthome, W. Refs: 2362, 6127, 6718, 11504, 12061, 17408 Rhodognaphalon mossambicense Bombacaceae Mozambique Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117 DD Rhoiptelea chiliantha Rhoipteleaceae VU B1+2c China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan), Viet Nam Occurring as a canopy tree in montane forest, the species is largely confined to southern China, with restricted populations in Lao Cai and Yen Bai just over the border into northern Viet Nam. Trees generally occur singly or in small groups. The species is a dominant element The World List of Threatened Trees where recolonisation is taking place after forest clearance. The family is monotypic. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 1818, 11530, 11847, 15357, 19055, 19061 Rhopaloblaste augusta Palmae India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Nicobar Is.) A palm tree of lowland forest in the moist hill valleys and slopes of Nicobar Island. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 VU Alc Rhopaloblaste elegans Palmae Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A primary forest palm tree found in the moist lowlands of the Solomon Islands. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 DD Rhopaloblaste singaporensis Palmae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore Scattered in lowland rainforest, this species is common in south Peninsular Malaysia and in the remnant forests of Singapore. Healthy populations exist in protected areas. Outside the parks, populations are subject to forestry activities and are becoming locally extinct. Assessor: Saw, L.G. Refs: 19118 LR/cd Rhopalostylis baueri var. baueri Palmae Norfolk Island This variety is now largely confined to rainforest in the national park on Norfolk Island. The Norfolk Island Group is a World Heritage Site. The species is widely cultivated and traded as an ornamental. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 LR/cd Rhopalostylis baueri var. cheesemanii Palmae New Zealand (Kermadec Is.) This variety is abundant in rainforest on Raoul Island of the Kermadec Group. Raoul Island is a nature reserve. The species is widely cultivated and traded. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 LR/cd Rhopalostylis sapida Palmae New Zealand An omamental palm tree found in lowland moist forest up to 400m. Assessor: Dowl, J.L. Refs: 19118 LR/cd Rhus aucheri Anacardiaceae Oman An Omani endemic which occurs commonly on rocky slopes and in wadis in the foothills of the Hajar Mountains in the north. Assessor: Ghazanfar, S.A. Refs: 16380 LR/nt 478 Rhus brenanii Anacardiaceae Tanzania A scandent shrub or a small tree known only from moist montane forests in the Mbeya range and the nearby Mount Rungwe. The forests are categorised as catchment forest reserves but fire is causing a decline in their extent in the Mbeya range. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 EN B1+2b Rhus delavayi Anacardiaceae China (Sichuan, Yunnan) Ranging throughout much of Yunnan and into Sichuan, the species is found in areas of monsoon forest between 1100 and 2500m. The oil from the seeds is used in cooking and soap-making. Seeds are collected in some quantity for this purpose. Habitat declines are also extensive but most of the species' range is now contained within nature reserves. Assessor: Sun, W. Refs: 19055 LR/cd Rhus glutinosa ssp. abyssinica Anacardiaceae Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan Scattered populations occur in evergreen bushland on the Gebel Elba in Sudan and Egypt, from the Tigray region northwards through Eritrea and possibly into Saudi Arabia. There is some intergrading with the other subspecies to the south. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1330, 2361 LR/nt Rhus thyrsiflora Anacardiaceae Yemen (Socotra) A fairly common tree, found in areas of submontane woodland. It is under no immediate threat. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 LR/nt Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides Rhynchocalycaceae South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal) A monotypic genus in a monotypic family endemic to Pondoland in southern KwaZulu-Natal and the eastern Transkei area of the Eastern Cape, where it is found on forest margins and along streams and rivers. It is locally common in places, although there is poor regeneration at some sites. There are subpopulations in a number of publicly owned protected areas in the region, including many of the demarcated forest areas in Transkei, which are no longer strictly protected. Habitat destruction through cutting for firewood and timber and increasing settlement could pose a problem here and in southern KwaZulu-Natal, where there is also concern over encroaching agriculture. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. etal. ‘ Refs: 689, 17410, 19218 VU A2c Rhytidophyllum grande var. grande Gesneriaceae Jamaica The type variety of a Jamaican endemic, locally LR/nt common in clearings and glades in forest or sheltered thickets on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 Rhytidophyllum grande var. laevigatum Gesneriaceae Jamaica One of two varieties of a Jamaican endemic. It has a local distribution in St James and Trelawny, occurring in thickets and on open banks on rocky limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 17743 VU B1+2c Ricinodendron heudelotii var. tomentellum Euphorbiaceae Kenya, Tanzania A taxon of dry coastal forest distributed in the Shimba Hills, Rabai and Dzombo in south-east Kenya and parts of eastern Tanzania. It has suffered from habitat degradation in much of its range. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Rinorea antioquiensis Violaceae Colombia Although recorded as locally common, this small tree is still known only from its type location in lowland forests in Nechi. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 16331, 19069 EN B1+2c Rinorea bicornuta Violaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A tree which is known only from the type collection made in 1927 near Tefé on a forested river bank. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 16331 EN B1+2c Rinorea brachythrix Violaceae Panama A small tree, collected only from San Blas and Darién in various seasonal and non-seasonal lowland forest types. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7272, 7980, 16331 VU B1+2c Rinorea convallarioides var. marsabitensis Violaceae Kenya A variety confined to submontane forest patches, which exist as islands surrounded by semi-desert vegetation, in Marsabit and Mathews. The habitat is not greatly threatened at present. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1308, 6396, 17859 VU D2 Rinorea cordata Violaceae Colombia A distinctive species which is known only from the type location in rainforest in the northern part of the valley of Rio Magdalena in north-west Colombia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 16331, 19069 EN B1+2c 479 Species Summaries Rinorea crenata Violaceae Costa Rica, Panama Confined to two forest refugia in Chiriquf and Darién in Panama and also apparently in Costa Rica, this species occurs over a wide altitudinal range, in the understorey of lowland forest and as an epiphyte in cloud forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5603, 7980, 14487, 16331 LR/nt Rinorea deflexa Violaceae Ecuador This small tree has not been collected anywhere other than the type locality in Chimborazo forest near Atacama. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 16331 EN B1+2c Rinorea endotricha Violaceae Guyana, Venezuela Although relatively widely ranging, this understorey species is confined to areas of primary forest in the lower Orinoco basin and adjacent areas in Guyana. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 16331 LR/nt Rinorea haughtii Violaceae Colombia This species occurs in lowland rainforest. It is probably endemic to north-west Colombia where it is known from three locations in Nechi and the valley of the Rfo Magdalena. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 16331, 19069 EN B1+2c Rinorea hirsuta Violaceae Colombia, Panama An understorey species of lowland rainforest. It appears to be endemic to an area, exceeding 40,000km?, in Chocé and adjacent forested areas in Panama, such as Nechi and Darién. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 16331 LR/nt Rinorea hymenosepala Violaceae Colombia Closely related to the more widespread R. ulmifolia, this species is known from two locations: one in the northern forests of the Rio Magdalena valley and the other near Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 16331, 19069 EN B1+2c Rinorea keayi Violaceae Cameroon, Nigeria The Nigerian population of this tree appears to be restricted to forested valleys on the Obudu Plateau, the northern division of Cross River National Park. Parts of the forest are showing signs of fire damage and there is growing pressure to convert areas into commercial plantations, especially for growing bananas. The species also appears to grow in dense populations in various LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees forest types in Cameroon, on the central plateau as well as in the coastal forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 4977, 9133, 11504 Rinorea laurifolia Violaceae Colombia This tree species is known only from the type collection, which was made in 1936 in the valley of Rio Magdalena. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 16331, 19069 EN B1+2c Rinorea longistipulata Violaceae Brazil (Acre) Confined to non-flooded forest, this species has not been collected from anywhere other than its type locality. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 16331 VU D2 Rinorea marginata Violaceae Colombia A species collected only from the river banks of the southern Rio Magdalena valley. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 16331, 19069 CR B1+2c Rinorea maximiliani Violaceae Brazil (Espirito Santo) The type locality, to which the species appears to be confined, was discovered nearly 200 years ago in an area of coastal rainforest of Espirito Santo. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 16331 CR B1+2c Rinorea oraria Violaceae Venezuela A species which appears to be confined to its type location on the slopes of the Coastal Cordillera in Venezuela, between 700 and 800m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 16331 VU D2 Rinorea pectino-squamata Violaceae French Guiana This species is known only from the 1982 type collection, located along a road in northem French Guiana. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 16331 VU D2 Rinorea ramiziana Violaceae Brazil (Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro) Confined to coastal forest refuges and savanna forest, the species is known only from the north of Rio de Janeiro and Alegre. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 16331 VU Alc, B1+2c 480 Rinorea squamata Violaceae Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Well collected and apparently relatively abundant, this understorey species occurs in primary or disturbed lowland to submontane rainforest between south-east Nicaragua and Panama. It is also found in forest/pasture margins. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9076, 13995, 14487, 16331 LR/nt Rinorea thomensis Violaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (S40 Tomé) A species known from single collections made in the last century from Saudade, Santa Ana, Batepa and S. Carlos and from a more recent collection from Santarém. Most of the original forest below 1500m was cleared in the first half of the century. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724, 10080 VU D2 Rinorea ulmifolia Violaceae Colombia A species which, although endemic to north-west Colombia, is relatively well collected in the Rio Magdalena valley from Bogota to Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 16331, 19069 VU B1+2c Rinorea uxpanapana Violaceae Mexico (Veracruz) An isolated and distinctive species of Rinorea, growing in seasonal forest on karst limestone. It is known only from the type collection of 1982, taken from Uxpanapa. Although there has been much deforestation, the areas on karst are generally unattractive to cultivate or log. The species appears to be more closely related to paleotropical members of the genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5603, 5651, 7980, 8283, 16331 VU D2 Rinorea villosiflora Violaceae Brazil (Maranhdo) Apparently confined to the type locality along a road in the estate of Santa Maria, this species occurs in non- flooded forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 16331 EN B1+2c Robinsonella brevituba Malvaceae Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz) A species of high precipitation rainforest, occurring in the Tuxtepec and Uxpanapa-Chimalapa regions. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 5993 VU Alc Robinsonella mirandae Malvaceae Mexico Endemic to the Gulf region, this canopy tree is restricted to remaining areas of rainforest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993, 14293 VU Alc, B1+2c Robinsonella samaricarpa Malvaceae Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz) A large tree of high precipitation rainforest, occurring largely in the Uxpanapa-Chimalapa region. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993 VU Alc Robynsia glabrata Rubiaceae Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria A species which is uncommon and located in the severely degraded dry forests of southern Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana and Nigeria. These areas are vulnerable to the effects of population growth and associated activities. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 VU Alc Rochefortia acrantha Boraginaceae Jamaica A small tree or shrub, which is restricted to areas of woodland on rocky limestone in Trelawny and Westmoreland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Rollinia amazonica Annonaceae Colombia This is a rare species restricted to low altitudes in Trapécio Amazonico. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2228, 6507, 6728, 7980 VU D2 Rollinia andicola Annonaceae Ecuador, Peru Restricted to areas of montane forest, between 1200 and 1900m, the species has not been widely collected although it does have a relatively wide extent of occurrence ( > 70,000 km?). Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6728, 7980 LR/nt Rollinia bahiensis Annonaceae Brazil (Bahia) Confined to lowland coastal forests, this small tree is threatened with the loss of its habitat. It extends probably just over 20,000 km?. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2228, 3912, 6728, 7980 VU B1+2c Rollinia boliviana Annonaceae EN B1+2c Bolivia This species has only once been collected, in 1939 in Larecaja, La Paz. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2228, 6728, 7980, 17460 Rollinia calcarata Annonaceae Brazil (Acre) This is an unusual species, which is known only from EN B1+2c 481 Species Summaries the type collection made in 1933 at the mouth of Rio Macauhan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4624, 6728, 7980 Rollinia centrantha Annonaceae Ecuador, Peru? The species is known from two disjunct locations in the Amazon. The range may be found to be more extensive after further collections have been fully determined. The flower structure is the only feature that distinguishes this species from R. cuspidata. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6728, 7980 DD Rollinia chrysocarpa Annonaceae Ecuador? (Ecuador?), Peru A distinctive species, known only from the type collection, within a 50m altitudinal belt in the Peruvian Amazon. Similar, but undetermined, specimens occur in Napo, in Ecuador. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 349, 6728, 7980 VU D2 Rollinia ecuadorensis Annonaceae Ecuador A tree species with a range covering less than 20,000 km?, confined to lowland rainforest in Napo. It is found in the Jatun Sacha Biological Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2228, 6728, 7980, 18190 VU B1+2c Rollinia ferruginea Annonaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) This species grows to a maximum of 2m. It is very rare and restricted to forests around the city of Rio de Janeiro, where increasing urbanisation places it under serious threat. It has been found on the north side of Tijuca National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6728, 6767, 7980 EN Alc+2c, B1+2c Rollinia helosioides Annonaceae Brazil, Ecuador Current information states that this species is reduced to a single tree in Jatun Sacha Biological Reserve, Ecuador. However, previous information suggests it may also be found in Brazil. Assessor: Buitr6n, X. et al. Refs: 2228, 6728, 6767, 7980, 19195 CR B1+2e, Cl, Dl Rollinia herzogii Annonaceae Bolivia, Peru This tree or shrub is recorded in forest and savanna areas in two disjunct locations in Peru, including Tambopata Wildlife Reserve, and in Bolivia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6728, 7980 LR/cd Rollinia hispida Annonaceae Ecuador, Peru A small tree confined to an area possibly less than VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees 20,000km? in the Amazon of Per and Ecuador. It occurs in Iparfa National Forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 349, 6728, 7980 Rollinia occidentalis Annonaceae Argentina, Bolivia The species appears to be endemic to the piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and Bolivia, an unprotected ecosystem which is rapidly being replaced by agricultural systems. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 19122 VU B1+2c Rollinia pachyantha Annonaceae Colombia The species is confined to lowland rainforest in Valle. The site of a 1985 collection coincides with the proposed route for a road to a military base. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 6728, 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Rollinia parviflora Annonaceae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) A shrub or tree from forest in Rio de Janeiro. It is known from several locations and is not uncommon. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6728, 7980 LR/nt Rollinia pickelii Annonaceae Brazil (Paraiba, Pernambuco) This small tree is restricted to a fairly small area (< 20,000km+) in the highly threatened *restinga vegetation on the coast of Parafba and Pernambuco States. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6728, 7980, 14516 VU B1+2c Rollinia rufinervis Annonaceae Colombia This species is known only from a small area along Rio Magdalena north-west of Bogota. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2228, 6728, 7980, 14516 DD Rollinia ubatubensis Annonaceae Brazil (Sao Paulo) A forest tree, endemic to Ubatuba. It may extend over an area greater than 20,000 km? but there is evidence that it is threatened. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6728, 6767, 7980 LR/nt Rollinia velutina Annonaceae Colombia, Venezuela Fairly wide-ranging, the species is found in low-altitude forests in Boyaca to Barinas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6728, 7980 LR/nt 482 Rollinia xylopiifolia Annonaceae Brazil (Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) A small forest tree or shrub, which ranges over an area greater than 40,000km*. It is also found on the margin of *campo cerrado. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6728, 7980 LR/nt Romeroa verticillata Bignoniaceae Colombia A monotypic genus, confined to Magdalena Valley in Boyaca and Santander. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 VU B1+2c Rondeletia adamsii Rubiaceae Jamaica An endemic to the Cockpit Country, occurring on rocky limestone in Clarendon and Trelawny. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 VU B1+2c Rondeletia amplexicaulis Rubiaceae Jamaica Found in open glades or woodland on clay banks, the species is restricted to Trelawny. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Rondeletia brachyphylla Rubiaceae Jamaica Occurring in small numbers on rocky serpentine hillsides, the species is confined to the southern John Crow Mountains between 750 and 900m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 17743 EN B1+2c Rondeletia cincta Rubiaceae Jamaica There appear to be only a few individuals, confined to the summits of Dolphin Head and Bubby Hill. There is evidence of selective logging and some hurricane damage. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR C2a Rondeletia clarendonensis Rubiaceae Jamaica A rare small tree or shrub of exposed craggy sites on limestone. It is recorded only from the parishes of Clarendon and St Ann. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 5653, 19085 EN B1+2c Rondeletia dolphinensis Rubiaceae Jamaica A species known only from the summit slopes of Dolphin Head, where it occurs locally in moist forest on limestone between 450 and 500m. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 EN B1+2c Rondeletia elegans Rubiaceae Jamaica An uncommon tree or shrub, restricted to moist secondary forest on limestone hills in Portland and St Thomas between 360 and 680m. It resembles R. pallida, an equally rare species, and may not be worthy of taxonomic distinction. The habitat, especially in St Thomas, has been almost completely destroyed or severely degraded. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 19116 VU B1+2c Rondeletia galeottii Rubiaceae Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz) A species of high precipitation rainforest, occurring in the regions of Los Tuxtlas and Uxpanapa-Chimalapa. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993 VU Alc Rondeletia glauca Rubiaceae Jamaica A scrambling shrub or tree, the species has a local distribution in woodland on sheltered limestone banks in St Catherine, Trelawny and St Ann. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Rondeletia harrisii Rubiaceae Jamaica A small uncommon tree or shrub, restricted to Hanover, Trelawny and St Ann, where it occurs in woodiand on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Rondeletia hirsuta Rubiaceae Jamaica A small shrub or tree known only from Portland and St Thomas, where it occurs between 120 and 550m in lowland forested ravines. In the more accessible places forest areas are almost completely destroyed or severely degraded. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 19116 VU B1+2c Rondeletia hirta Rubiaceae Jamaica A small tree or shrub which is locally frequent in St Andrew and St Thomas in thickets and woodland on steep rocky slopes between 240 and 900m. Most of the accessible areas of forest have been destroyed. Assessor: Bellingham, P. Refs: 6057, 7980, 19116 VU B1+2c Rondeletia pallida Rubiaceae Jamaica Uncommon and confined to Portland and St Thomas, the species occurs up to 600m in woodland on limestone, especially where it is wet. Most, if not all, of the forest, VU B1+2c 483 Species Summaries especially in the latter parish, has been destroyed or severely degraded. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 19116 Rondeletia peruviana Rubiaceae Peru A species which is recorded only from the type collection taken from Amazon forest in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Rondeletia portlandensis Rubiaceae Jamaica Recorded only from Portland, the species occurs in damp thickets and mossy forest on limestone. It has recently been found above Ecclesdown. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 VU B1+2c Rondeletia racemosa Rubiaceae Jamaica A tree of submontane forest in Portland, St Andrew and St Thomas. Almost all the accessible forest below 1400m in the latter two parishes has been destroyed or severely degraded. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 19116 VU B1+2c Rondeletia subsessilifolia Rubiaceae Jamaica Known only from Portland Parish, the species has a very local distribution, confined to mossy thickets in wet areas on limestone. There is also a putative specimen in the forest above Ecclesdown. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 VU B1+2c Roscheria melanochaetes Palmae Seychelles A common palm tree found in moist forest on steep hillsides and slopes. Populations are restricted to Mahe, Praslin and Silhouette Islands. It regenerates well. Assessor: Murugaiyan, P. Refs: 19118 LR/nt Rosselia bracteata Burseraceae Papua New Guinea A newly described genus, endemic to Rossel Island in the Louisiade Archipelago. The area was thickly forested a century ago. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 476 VU B1+2c Rothmannia annae Rubiaceae Seychelles The only wild populations remaining are confined to the Aride Islands. Populations on Mahé, Silhouette, Praslin and Felicite Islands became extinct in the early part of the century. A count has been made of 922 mature plants which appear to be healthy and regenerating, although VU Ala, D1+2 The World List of Threatened Trees recent declines in numbers are thought to have been caused by shading from other species. Past declines on other islands are probably attributable to widespread forest clearance. Parasitism by the mealy bug (Icerya seychellarum), although often stated as a contributing factor, has little effect on the health and reproductive capacity of individuals. Aride Island is a Special Reserve. Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Refs: 10610, 11417, 17229, 19025, 19062 Rothmannia macrosiphon Rubiaceae Kenya, Tanzania A sometimes scrambling shrub or small tree. It ranges from moist coastal forests in Buda, Marenge, Shimba, Arabuko and Mangea in Kenya to areas of east and south-east Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b Roupala brachybotrys Proteaceae Ecuador This Ecuadorean endemic inhabits cloud forest between 2600 and 2700m in the province of Azuay. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Roupala loxensis Proteaceae Ecuador This Ecuadorean endemic inhabits montane cloud forest in Loja Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Roupala pinnata Proteaceae Peru This species is known from submontane forest up to about 3500m in Hudnuco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU B1+2c Roupala sphenophyllum Proteaceae Peru A species which is known only from the type collection taken from Amazon forest in Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Roystonea dunlapiana Palmae Honduras, Mexico In Honduras, the species occurs in humid forest in the Atlantic lowlands.The population is considered to be Critically Endangered (CR C2a). The wood is used for construction. The only other occurrence is recorded in south-east Mexico. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7645, 12985, 13995, 16980 EN B1+2c Roystonea lenis Palmae Cuba Confined to Guantanamo Province, this early pioneer palm tree occurs in lowland open forest and anthropic VU D1+2 484 landscapes between 350 and 420m. This species is difficult to distinguish from the common R. regia. Assessor: Zona, S. Refs: 19118 Roystonea princeps Palmae Jamaica An early pioneer which occurs in wetland areas below 10m in the Great Morass region of western Jamaica. Two main populations exist, covering an area of less than 400km?. The total population size is unknown but estimated at between 5000 and 10,000 individuals. Increasing settlement and the decline in soil water content are the main threats. Assessor: Zona, S. Refs: 19118 LR/nt Roystonea regia var. hondurensis Palmae Honduras This variety appears to be endemic to Honduras and confined to a small area of humid forest in the Atlantic lowlands. The timber is exploited for construction work. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 7645, 13995 CR C2a Roystonea stellata Palmae Cuba Confined to Yagruma Terrace in the Maisf region of Cuba, this palm tree occurs in lowland open forest. For the last four decades, its preferred habitat has been converted to coffee plantations. No trees were found in 1990 during a search of the area. Assessor: Zona, S. Refs: 19118 EN Dl Ruagea microphylla Meliaceae Ecuador This endemic tree of the Ecuadorean High Andes inhabits cloud forest between 2200m and 2650m in Loja Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Ruagea ovalis Meliaceae Bolivia A rarely collected species confined to the eastern slopes of the Andes in Bolivia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 12281 VU D2 Rudgea microcarpa Rubiaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in submontane forest in the department of Hudnuco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Rudgea obesiflora Rubiaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, this lowland forest VU D2 species was collected from the Amazon in Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 Rudgea stenophylla Rubiaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in lowland forest in the department of San Martin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Ruellia insignis Acanthaceae Yemen (Socotra) A small tree or shrub which is scattered, occasionally common, in areas of moist submontane woodland. There are no immediate threats. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 19083 VU D2 Ruprechtia apetala Polygonaceae LR/nt Argentina (Catamarca, Cérdoba, Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta, San Luis, Santiago del Estero, Tucuman), Bolivia A species of scrubland and woodland. Although occurring widely, it is found in areas which are heavily degraded and overgrazed by goats, sheep and cattle. It is unknown whether the species is regenerating. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1262, 5112, 19170 Ryania speciosa var. mutisii Flacourtiaceae Colombia A Colombian form of a widespread South American species. It is believed to have occurred in Tolima and/or Cundinamarca. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 EX Ryparosa fasciculata Flacourtiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree of Malacca and Pahang, inhabiting lowland secondary forest up to 300m. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU Bl+2a Ryparosa scortechinii Flacourtiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore Inhabiting rainforest up to 900m, this small tree ranges from Penang and Kelantan southwards. Part of the range is contained within Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 9199, 17140, 19073 LR/cd Rytigynia adenodonta var. adenodonta Rubiaceae Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia The higher altitude variant of the species. Populations are known from the Nyika Plateau within Malawi and Zambia and further north in parts of Tanzania, where there is dry montane forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b 485 Species Summaries Rytigynia adenodonta var. reticulata Rubiaceae Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia This variant, as with the type variety, occurs in dry montane forest in the Nyika Plateau and parts of Tanzania. It is restricted to lower altitudes, from 1800 to 1950m. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Rytigynia binata Rubiaceae Tanzania A dry coastal species endemic to east and south-east Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Rytigynia bugoyensis ssp. glabriflora Rubiaceae Malawi, Tanzania A shrub or small tree confined to areas of moist montane forest in four localities, including Ukaguru, Rungwe and Songea in Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Rytigynia caudatissima Rubiaceae Tanzania An endemic of the Udzungwa Mountains, restricted to an area of moist montane forest at Sanje. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU B1+2b, D2 Rytigynia celastroides var. nuda Rubiaceae Tanzania A variety confined to dry coastal forest areas in east and south-east Tanzania and on Zanzibar Island. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Rytigynia eickii Rubiaceae Kenya, Tanzania A shrub or small tree ranging from the forest fringes and rocky bushland in the Taita Hills to areas of moist forest at medium elevation in eastern Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 8814 VU B1+2b Rytigynia hirsutiflora Rubiaceae Tanzania An endemic of the North Udzungwa Mountains, the species is known from areas of moist montane forest at Sanje and Udekwa. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Rytigynia induta Rubiaceae Kenya, Tanzania A shrub or small tree confined to a few areas of forest or thicket in Kenya and to dry montane forest in Loliondo and Ufiomi in Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 12067 VU B1+2b The World List of Threatened Trees Rytigynia lichenoxenos ssp. glabrituba Rubiaceae Tanzania One of the subspecies of a Tanzanian endemic. It is found in moist montane forest at Mufindi in the Udzungwa Mountains and at Nditima along the upper Ruhudje River. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Rytigynia lichenoxenos ssp. lichenoxenos Rubiaceae VU B1+2b Tanzania Endemic to the South Ulugum Mountains, this subspecies is restricted to high-altitude moist evergreen forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 Rytigynia longipedicellata Rubiaceae Tanzania A species which appears now to be confined to the remaining areas of undisturbed coastal forest in the Rondo Forest Reserve (140km2). The forest has been severely disturbed by logging, shifting cultivation, wood collection and plantation establishment in the past. The presence of forest management staff activities is helping to discourage local exploitation. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 16796 EN B1+2bc Rytigynia nodulosa Rubiaceae Tanzania An endemic of the cloud forests in the North Uluguru Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Rytigynia pseudolongicaudata Rubiaceae Tanzania A shrub or small tree occurring in moist montane forest areas in the Ukaguru Mountains, South Uluguru Mountains and at Mwanihana in the Udzungwa Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Sabal bermudana Palmae Bermuda An endemic species confined to the few remaining patches of lowland dry or marshy scrub. The largest population is in Paget Marsh. This omamental palm tree is widely cultivated and traded internationally. Natural stands are protected under the Tree Preservation Orders and the Woodland Preservation Orders. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 EN B1+2cd Sabal gretheriae Palmae Mexico (Yucatan) A palm confined to the Yucatén Peninsula, inhabiting open disturbed herbaceous vegetation on sandy soils at VU D2 486 low elevations. It is used locally as a source of timber, food, fibre and thatching. Assessor: Quero, H.J. Refs: 19118 Sabal pumos Palmae Mexico An endemic palm of Mexico confined to the Balsas Valley, where it is found on sandy soils in the transition zone between tropical deciduous forest and oak forest. Increasing agriculture is causing habitat loss. Assessor: Quero, H.J. Refs: 19118 VU Alc Sabal uresana Palmae Mexico An endemic palm of Mexico, confined to the Sierra Madre Occidental, where it is scattered in thorn forest and oak forest along watercourses. Assessor: Quero, H.J. Refs: 19118 VU Alc Saccopetalum prolificum Annonaceae China (Guangdong - Hainan) An endemic of Hainan Island, confined to remaining areas of semi-deciduous monsoon and rainforest in valleys below 500m. The species can occur commonly and regenerates well, but it is cut for its timber and has experienced rapid rates of decline in its habitat because of logging and the increase in the amount of land coming under cultivation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU Alcd Sageraea grandiflora Annonaceae India (Kerala) For a long time the species was known only from collections taken in the 19th century from Konni forest in Quilon District, a large part of which has been logged and replaced with commercial crops. The species now appears to be sparsely distributed in a few additional localities of lowland forest in the area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538, 19144 EN B1+2c Sageraea laurifolia Annonaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 LR/nt Sageraea thwaitesii Annonaceae Sri Lanka A rare species found in wet and dry forest. During the extensive surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review, populations were found in single localities in Ratnapura District and Anuradapura District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 19112 EN B1+2c Sakoanala madagascariensis Leguminosae Madagascar A coastal, evergreen forest species confined to only four known localities, all in fragments of now very restricted (200km? *AOO) and continually decreasing forest in eastern coastal Madagascar, near Toamasina. Trees are selectively felled for construction timber. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 EN B1+2abc Sakoanala villosa ssp. menabeensis Leguminosae Madagascar A rare and poorly known woodland species confined to the coastal plains of western Madagascar, with a known distribution of 20 000 km? (*EOO). Vegetation in the area is already very fragmented and declining. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 VU B1+2abc Sakoanala villosa ssp. villosa Leguminosae Madagascar A rare deciduous woodland subspecies confined to the Ankarana Massif and around Antsiranana at the northern tip of Madagascar, on limestone. Covering an estimated 250km? (*AOO), most of the area is very fragmented and declining rapidly. The Ankarana population is protected within the Ankarana Reserve. Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Refs: 12353 EN B1+2abc Salacia lehmbachii var. manus-lacertae Celastraceae Gabon An endemic of the Belinga Mountains. The vegetation in some areas is degraded by agricultural encroachment. Several other restricted-range variants of this species exist because of the tendency for variable characteristics to stabilise when populations become isolated. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12323 VU D2 Salacia lehmbachii var. pes-ranulae Celastraceae Cameroon, Nigeria This variety is localised in the remaining protected forests in the Oban Hills, extending into south-east d'Ebolowa in Cameroon. Forests outside these areas have been extensively felled and cleared for agriculture. Several restricted range variants of this species exist because of the tendency for variable characteristics to stabilise when populations become isolated. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4977, 12323 VU B1+2c Salacia lehmbachii var. uregaensis Celastraceae Democratic Republic of Congo This variety is known only from the type locality in the Forestier Central. Several other restricted-range variants of this species exist because of the tendency of variable characteristics to stabilise when populations become isolated. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12323 VU D2 487 Species Summaries Salacia miegei Celastraceae Céte d'Ivoire Endemic to Céte d'Ivoire, this species appears to be scattered throughout the country but only in remnants of primary forest. Extensive logging in the country in the last three decades has caused the rapid decline of forest. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 12822 VU B1+2c Salix floridana Salicaceae USA (Florida, Georgia) A small tree, confined to scattered sites from Pulaski and Early Counties in southern Georgia to Lake and northern Orange Counties in central peninsular Florida. It grows in very wet soils, usually in dense swampy woods, often at streamsides. About 12-15 sites are known, in some of which the species may now be extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9254 VU B1+2c Salix kusanoi Salicaceae Taiwan A shrub or small tree which occurs in two widely separated localities, one in the north-east and the other in the southern tip of Taiwan. Populations are small and isolated, occurring in wetland areas or at the side of rivers or ponds. A large part of the habitat has been converted into paddy fields, fishing ponds and houses. No protection or conservation measures are in place. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 3295, 6469, 19050, 19053 EN C2a Salix magnifica Salicaceae China (Sichuan) Confined to scattered localities in western Sichuan, the species is found in montane broadleaved evergreen forest in valleys by streams. Individuals are apparently becoming scarcer in places because of the destruction of the habitat. Populations on Mount Wolong are undisturbed as this is one of the sites where the giant panda occurs. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU Alcd Salix tarraconensis Salicaceae CR B1+2c Spain A small shrubby tree, known from dispersed populations, generally consisting of between 10 and 40 individuals, within areas of sclerophyllous submontane scrub in the coastal cordillera between Castell6n and Tarragona. The opening up of forestry roads has caused some habitat loss. Part of the range is protected within a national reserve. Assessor: Vivero, J.L. et al. Refs: 1512, 7222, 7741, 13560 Sambucus palmensis Caprifoliaceae Spain (Canary Is.) A dioecious species known from a few scattered individuals in cloud forest on the islands of Tenerife, Gomera, Gran Canaria and La Palma. It has a very poor regenerative capacity and the few remaining populations are threatened to a degree by fire, grazing and CR C2a The World List of Threatened Trees overexploitation of the medicinal bark. The species is the focus of a rescue programme which is attempting to establish new populations. It is also listed in government legislation of 1991. Assessor: Baniares, A. et al. Refs: 8716, 10862, 16500, 19022 Sambucus tigranii Caprifoliaceae Former USSR A shrub reaching 3m in height, restricted to dry, stony slopes in the resort of Arzni, Mount Aragaz, and the Ervard Ravine, Armenia. It is a promising species for forestry. Assessor: Firsov, G.A. Refs: 19056 VU D2 Samyda glabrata Flacourtiaceae Jamaica There is little distinction between this species and S. villosa. Both are uncommon, small trees. This species is known from St Thomas and Portland, where it is restricted to thickets on limestone in wet areas between altitudes of 250 and 900m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Samyda villosa Flacourtiaceae Jamaica There is little distinction between this species and S. glabrata. It is uncommon and confined to pastures, thickets and woodland on limestone in Clarendon, Manchester and Trelawny. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 VU B1+2c Sandoricum vidalii Meliaceae Philippines A timber species, endemic to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919, 18088 VU Alcd Santalum album Santalaceae VU Ald China, India (Kamataka, Tamil Nadu), Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Is.), Philippines Sandalwood is a hemi-parasitic plant which is widely scattered in dry deciduous forests. Regeneration is mostly vegetative by wood suckers or coppicing and is very successful in places. Viable seeds are produced after five years and dispersed by birds. Fire, grazing and most importantly exploitation of the wood for fine furniture and carving and also oil are threatening the species. Export of the timber is banned from India but smuggling has assumed alarming proportions. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 6426, 6431, 8483, 9328, 12937, 13285, 19075, 19076, 19077 488 Santalum fernandezianum Santalaceae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) Last seen in 1908, the species was cut to extinction for its aromatic wood. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651 EX Santalum freycinetianum var. lanaiense Santalaceae USA (Hawaii) A relatively common species with three morphologically overlapping varieties. This variant is known from Lanai and Maui, where it occurs in a unique dry forest type which has steadily declined under the influence of grazing deer and spreading alien plant species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Santalum haleakalae Santalaceae USA (Hawaii) Known only from Haleakala on East Maui, this small tree is scattered in alpine shrubland on dry slopes up to 2700m, especially in fogswept areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU D2 Santalum insulare var. hendersonensis Santalaceae Pitcaim Islands A variety of a widespread Polynesian species endemic to Henderson Island. In the plateau forests it is a semi- decumbent tree, becoming more shrubby and scarcer in cliff and more open communities. The total population size is calculated to be between 2000 and 4000 plants. The regeneration potential of the taxon is likely to be affected by poor fruiting performance. It is also partially parasitic, which hampers the cultivation of the plant ex situ. Related taxa have been widely exterminated from their range through exploitation for the perfume and incense industry. Henderson Island is a World Heritage Site. Assessor: Waldren, S. Refs: 434, 8306, 13604 VU D2 Santalum insulare var. insulare Santalaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) One of the numerous varieties of a variable species, found only on Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt Santalum insulare var. marchionense Santalaceae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) One of the numerous varieties of a variable species. This taxon was once abundant in areas of humid forest and was the main source of wood for early European colonists. Overexploitation led to extensive deforestation and the reduction of the taxon to small remnants of its former population. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 434, 14513 VU B1+2c Santalum insulare var. margaretae Santalaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) One of the numerous varieties of a variable species. It is known from a small population at Tanga on Rapa Iti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 434, 14513 CR B1+2c Santalum insulare var. raiateense Santalaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) One of the numerous varieties of a variable species. The main population occurs on Moorea. It is also known from Raiatea, where its status is critically endangered. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt Santalum insulare var. raivavense Santalaceae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) One of the numerous varieties of a variable species. It occurs only on Raivavae in the Tubuai Group. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Santalum macgregorii Santalaceae EN Alcd, Cl Indonesia? (Irian Jaya?), Papua New Guinea A parasitic or semi-parasitic species found in open savanna vegetation and in savanna forest in gullies in the eastern part of Western Province and possibly also in south-east Irian Jaya. As with all other sources of sandalwood, this species is overexploited for its scented wood, which is used for incense, perfume, essential oil and carving. In Papua New Guinea the exploitation began at the turn of the last century; now the resource is greatly depleted as there are few mature trees or virgin stands. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Refs: 19114, 19147 Santiria dacryodifolia Burseraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This small tree is uncommon in Sarawak, where it has been collected only once from a ridge top at 1400m on Ulu Sungai Maria, Lawas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Santiria impressinervis Burseraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Konwn only from the type, this small tree was found in old secondary forest near the Pamerario River at Bario in the Kelabit Highlands. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Santiria kalkmaniana Burseraceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Rarely occuring, this tree of lowland and hill forest is known only from a few collections from Sabah and Sarawak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU Alc+2c 489 Species Summaries Santiria nigricans Burseraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Endemic to Sarawak, this tree is scattered in mixed dipterocarp forest up to 1600m. So far it is known only from Sungai Jelalong, Selampit, Balingian, Mulu National Park and Lambir National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU B1+2c Santiria rubiginosa var. latipetiolata Burseraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Endemic to Sarawak, this variety is known from only two collections from the Lambir National Park; it was found in mixed dipterocarp forest on ridges at 250m. Trees are cut for kedondong timber. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11145, 19017 VU D2 Santiria rubiginosa var. pedicellata Burseraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This variety is common in the threatened swamp forests of Sarawak, a habitat type which has been licensed for timber extraction by the year 2000. The wood is cut for kedondong timber; small amounts of Santiria timber are exported to Japan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10148, 11145, 19017 EN Alc+2c Santiria sarawakana Burseraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This uncommon tree of lowland forest up to 120m is endemic to Sarawak. It is known only from two collections, from the Miri and Sabel Forest Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Sapindus oahuensis Sapindaceae USA (Hawaii) The species is found in various forest types up to 610m in north-western Kauai and in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains on Oahu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU Alce Sapium aubrevillei Euphorbiaceae Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana Restricted to wet evergreen forest, this species is known from a few scattered populations, e.g. in Atewa and Subri Forest Reserves in Ghana. It is also recorded in Céte d'Ivoire. In both countries these habitats have suffered from the effects of mining, logging and commercial forestry activities, e.g. parts of Subri Forest Reserve have been deforested for industrial plantations. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 6127, 8369, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Sapium bourgeaui Euphorbiaceae Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz) Endemic to the Gulf region, the species is restricted to VU Alc The World List of Threatened Trees the remaining rainforests, ranging no further north than southern Veracruz. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993 Sapium harrisii Euphorbiaceae Jamaica A pioneer species of the Blue Mountains. It occurs in colonies in forest gaps and as sparsely scattered large trees in submontane forest, especially on steep unstable slopes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980, 12564 LR/nt Sapium luzonicum Euphorbiaceae Philippines A timber species, endemic to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4919, 5651, 12937 VU Alcd Sapium saltense Euphorbiaceae Argentina, Bolivia Thought to be endemic to the piedmont forest of north- west Argentina and Bolivia, the species occurs in an unprotected ecosystem, which is rapidly being replaced by agricultural systems. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 19122 VU B1+2c Sapium triloculare Euphorbiaceae Kenya, Tanzania A population has recently been found in remnant forest at Pangani Rocks, in Kenya. Otherwise the species is known only from remaining dry coastal forest in east and south-east Tanzania, Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 2074, 3356, 5204, 6396 VU B1+2b Sapranthus longepedunculatus Annonaceae Panama Apparently endemic to the Peninsula de Azuero in Panama, the species is known from the type collection, dated 1968 from Punta Blanca, Tonosf, and from a collection taken in 1997 from Cerro Hoya National Park, 5km away. The species appears to be very scarce, occurring in lowland semi-deciduous forest. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 CR D1 Saprosma fragrans Rubiaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A shrubby tree, poorly collected and recorded from few scattered sites of low- to medium-elevation evergreen forest between Travancore, the Nilgiris and the northernmost part of Kerala. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c 490 Saprosma scabridum Rubiaceae Sri Lanka Known from four collections in total, this endemic species is restricted to the wet forests of south-west Sri Lanka. two collections were made last century. The two recent collections were found in forest reserves during the comprehensive surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 16943, 18796, 19112 EN B1+2c Saraca asoca Leguminosae India, Sri Lanka Occurring in the south and central Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, this small tree has become threatened in some parts of its range mainly through the loss of its habitat. No populations were found in Sri Lanka during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting the species is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. It is commonly cultivated and regarded as_ sacred. Medicinal extracts from the bark are commercially valuable and exported. Assessor: CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants in India Refs: 561, 18325, 19110, 19112 VU B1+2c Saraca celebica Leguminosae Indonesia (Sulawesi) This species, endemic to Sulawesi, is known from only five collections; it is found near lowland streams. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4329, 19017 LR/nt Sarawakodendron filamentosum Celastraceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A monotypic genus endemic to Sarawak. This small tree grows in mixed dipterocarp forest and *kerangas forest. It is known only from Nyabau Forest Reserve, Bako National Park, Sri Aman and Bayai. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Sarcaulus inflexus Sapotaceae Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso) A tree of the central Brazilian Amazon, where it occurs in non-flooded forest. Logging activities are a threat to some populations. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Sarcaulus oblatus Sapotaceae Ecuador A tree of the Ecuadorean Amazon. It occurs in submontane forest in Morona-Santiago and the north- east of Zamora. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Sarcaulus vestitus Sapotaceae Brazil (Acre, Amazonas) A species confined to *vdrzea forest in the western Amazon of Brazil. Logging activities are the most serious threat to the area. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Sarcaulus wurdackii Sapotaceae Peru At present the species is known from just two herbarium collections. The specimens were collected from Amazonas in Peru, where they were found in lowland rainforest near Teniente Pinglo. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Sarcomelicope glauca Rutaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 CR B1+2c Sarcomphalus havanensis Rhamnaceae Cuba An endemic shrub or small tree confined to coastal thickets and dry evergreen forest. This very rare species has suffered from severe coastal habitat destruction throughout its range. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 9522, 11403, 19149 EN B1+2c Sarcotheca laxa var. brigittae Oxalidaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) Confined to Aceh, Sumatra, this variety occurs in lowland rainforest. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Sarcotheca laxa var. hirsuta Oxalidaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Scattered in lowland rainforest, this variety is confined to Johore. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Sarcotheca laxa var. laxa Oxalidaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A variety confined to north-west Peninsular Malaysia, where it is scattered in lowland moist forest. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Sarcotheca laxa var. sericea Oxalidaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore This variety is confined to east Peninsular Malaysia, where it occurs in lowland rainforest. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 9199, 19073 VU B1+2c 491 Species Summaries Sarcotheca monophylla Oxalidaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree scattered mainly in lowland secondary forest. Threats include logging and urban encroachment. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/nt Sarcotheca ochracea Oxalidaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This small tree of mixed dipterocarp forest is uncommon and confined to Miri, Bintulu and Tatau. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Sassafras randaiense Lauraceae Taiwan A relict species confined to mixed evergreen forest above 1200m in the central and northern parts of the main mountain range. Regeneration is rare and confined to gaps in the forest. Germinating seeds are frequently eaten by birds. There are two other members of the genus, which occur in China and North America. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 6469, 19050, 19051 VU Alad Satakentia liukiuensis Palmae Japan (Ryukyu Is.) A palm tree endemic to Ishigaki Island and Iriomote Island in the southern Ryukyus. A reserve has been set up to protect the populations on Ishigaki Island. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 DD Satranala decussilvae Palmae Madagascar Endemic to Manara Biosphere Reserve, the species inhabits moist forest on shallow soils, overlying ultramafic rock. A_ single population is known, consisting of 30 trunked trees, 40 immature individuals and many seedlings. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118 EN D1 Saurauia aequatoriensis Actinidiaceae Ecuador A tree species which is endemic to the Ecuadorean High Andes. It is confined to the area of the Sangay National Park, where it is characteristic of dense cloud forest and subAndean forest. The development of a road through the park is a major threat to the integrity of these protected habitats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 19120 LR/cd Saurauia bogoriensis Actinidiaceae Indonesia (Java) Endemic to west Java, the species is known only from a 1975 collection made in the Ciapus Gorge on Mount Salak near Bogor city. More information is needed on its present status. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 CR B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Saurauia bracteosa Actinidiaceae Indonesia (Bali, Java) The species occurs throughout Java and also in Bali. Most of the forests in lowland areas have been cleared. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 VU B1+2c Saurauia cauliflora Actinidiaceae Indonesia (Java) This species is confined to west Java. Most lowland forest has been cleared and population pressure continues to be the greatest threat to remaining forested areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 VU B1+2c Saurauia lanceolata Actinidiaceae Indonesia (Java) This species is confined to west Java. Most lowland forest has been cleared and population pressure continues to be the greatest threat to remaining forested areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 VU B1+2c Saurauia latipetala Actinidiaceae Guatemala, Mexico A species of mesophyllous montane forest or cloud forest, occurring in the highlands of southern Mexico and Guatemala. The habitat has been considerably reduced by logging, increasing agriculture and ranching. Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 19161 VU Alc Saurauia leucocarpa Actinidiaceae Mexico Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 14932, 19203 VU Alc Saurauia mahmudii Actinidiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This species is confined to open or closed rainforest at an altitude of 1500 to 1900m in the Cameron Highlands of Pahang. Populations are given a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Saurauia malayana Actinidiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Occurring in hill and submontane secondary forest of the Cameron Highlands, Pahang, the species receives a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 19073 LR/cd Saurauia microphylla Actinidiaceae Indonesia (Java) A species distributed throughout Java. Most forest in lowland areas has been cleared and population pressure VU B1+2c continues to be the greatest threat to remaining forested areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 Saurauia oreophila Actinidiaceae Guatemala, Mexico A species of mesophyllous montane forest, occurring in the highlands of Chiapas and Guatemala. The habitat has been considerably reduced by logging, increasing agriculture and ranching. Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 19161 VU Alc Saurauia rubens Actinidiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Occurring in rainforest between 850 and 1400m, the species is found at Fraser's Hill in the Genting Highlands, Pahang, and on Gunung Mandi Agin in Terengganu. Part of the range is contained within Taman Negara National Park. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/nt Saurauia seibertii Actinidiaceae Panama Occurring in cloud forest between 1000 and 2100+m, the species is distributed in the high mountains of Chiriqui and Bocas del Toro. Only a few collections exist, taken from a very restricted but perhaps insufficiently explored area. Regeneration is observed to be poor. A population exists within Volc4én Bari National Park. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 16772 EN C2a Saurauia serrata Actinidiaceae Mexico Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 10079, 12985, 19203 EN B1+2c Saurauia villosa Actinidiaceae Mexico Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 14932, 19203 VU B1+2c Sauropus assimilis Euphorbiaceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sri Lanka. The species was previously found in a single site within the Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve. However, it was not found again the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting the species is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 17195, 18796, 19112 CR B1+2c Sauropus elegantissimus Euphorbiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) The species has not been recorded since the type collection was gathered from Ulu Gombak Forest CR B1+2c Reserve in Selangor, despite intense botanical work in the area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073 Saxegothaea conspicua Podocarpaceae Argentina (Chubut, Neuquén, Rio Negro), Chile A relatively common tree occurring in medium altitude deciduous forest. The habitat is extensively logged. The wood of this species is exploited but the associated broadleaved species are more heavily harvested. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 727, 5112, 13041, 13295, 15415 LR/nt Scaevola chanii Goodeniaceae Malaysia (Sabah) So far this small tree or shrub is known only from the upper montane forests of Mount Kinabalu between the altitudes of 2500 and 3000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Scaevola muluensi Goodeniaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) The shrub up to | m high, is found on exposed ridges and cliff faces of limestone. Only two collections are known from Gunong Api in the Gunong Mulu National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Scaevola verticillata Goodeniaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Probably endemic, this very small tree or shrub is recorded only from Mount Tambuyukon in stunted subalpine vegetation on ultramafic soils at an elevation of 2500m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19017 VU D2 Scalesia aspera Compositae Ecuador (Galapagos) A bushy species, restricted to two small populations, occurring in lowland scrub in north-west Santa Cruz and Eden Islet. The former population is subject to grazing by introduced goats, but there is no firm evidence of decline. Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving Refs: 19146, 19156, 19157 VU D2 Scalesia atractyloides Compositae Ecuador (Galapagos) A single population of three individuals exists in a crater on Santiago Island. In 1997, seven seedlings were also counted. The plants are subject to grazing by introduced goats, but a fence is under construction to prevent access. A single plant has been raised in cultivation in the Gal4pagos and the vegetatively produced offspring of two other adults are growing in Copenhagen Botanical Garden. Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving Refs: 19146, 19156 CR Alace, B1+2e, C1+2b, D1 493 Species Summaries Scalesia baurii ssp. baurii Compositae Ecuador (Galapagos) Restricted to Pinzén Island, the subspecies occurs in areas of open woodland and scrub which are free of introduced herbivores. As long as goats and other grazing animals are denied access to the island, the populations are likely to remain stable. Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving Refs: 19146, 19156 VU D2 Scalesia baurii ssp. hopkinsti Compositae Ecuador (Galapagos) Endemic to the islands of Pinta and Wolf, this shrub or small tree forms part of the open understorey in dry deciduous steppe forest. The population on Wolf is not suffering from grazing damage. On Pinta, the species is relatively common but subject to damage by introduced goats. Severe declines in this population were recorded in the 1970s. Since the goats have been more effectively managed, a rapid recovery in population numbers has been observed and the species is now believed to be stable. Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving Refs: 5101, 14556, 19146, 19156 VU D2 Scalesia cordata Compositae Ecuador (Galapagos) A small tree which formerly made up extensive woodland on the slopes of two volcanoes, Sierra Negra and Cerra Azul on Isabela Island. A continuing decline in the extent of the woodland is evident. Damage is being caused by introduced herbivores, invasive weeds are causing habitat degradation and areas are being cleared by local inhabitants. There is also the constant threat of volcanic eruption. Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving Refs: 5101, 14556, 19146, 19156 EN B1+2c Scalesia crockeri Compositae Ecuador (Galapagos) Most typically a bush, the species is confined to areas of lowland scrub on three of the Galapagos Islands. There is a single population on North Seymour, two on Baltra and several small populations on the north and east coasts of Santa Cruz. There is no firm evidence of decline, despite the damage caused by introduced herbivores on Santa Cruz. Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving Refs: 19146, 19156 VU D2 Scalesia divisa Compositae Ecuador (Galdpagos) Restricted to the north-eastern half of San Crist6bal Island, the species, most typically occurring as a bush, has become scarce in areas where it was previously recorded as abundant. Introduced goats, the main cause of these population declines, continue to cause extensive damage to remaining stands. Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving Refs: 19146, 19156 CR B1+2bcde The World List of Threatened Trees Scalesia gordilloi Compositae Ecuador (Galapagos) Confined to the south-west coast of San Cristébal Island, this bushy species occurs in a single population of 200 to 300 individuals, including all age groups. The area is susceptible to damage caused by introduced herbivores and also, to some extent, by tourism. Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving Refs: 19146 EN D1 Scalesia helleri ssp. helleri Compositae Ecuador (Galapagos) A bushy species, existing in two populations. On Santa Fé Island, although population numbers have been severely reduced by introduced goats, it is hoped they will fully recover now that the animals have been eradicated from the island. The population on Santa Cruz Island is very low in numbers and confined to the south-east. Goats also cause damage here, but there is no firm evidence of population declines. There is some indication that this latter population actually represents a hybrid form between helleri and retroflexa. Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving Refs: 19146, 19156 VU D2 Scalesia helleri ssp. santacruzinua Compositae VU D2 Ecuador (Galapagos) A bushy species, represented by several small populations principally confined to the south-west coast of Santa Cruz Island, with a few individuals on La Fe Islet. Although the Santa Cruz populations are subject to damage by introduced goats, there is no firm evidence of a decline. The species is used as a garden plant in Puerto Ayora on Santa Cruz. Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving Refs: 19146, 19156, 19157 Scalesia incisa Compositae Ecuador (Galapagos) Endemic to San Cristébal Island, this small tree is scattered in a restricted area in the east. Trees are subject to damage by introduced goats, but there is no firm evidence of a population decline. Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving Refs: 19146, 19156 VU D2 Scalesia microcephala var. cordifolia Compositae Ecuador (Galapagos) One of two varieties, this tree forms woodlands on the high slopes of the volcanoes Wolf and Ecuador on Isabela Island. Introduced goats are responsible for damage to the trunks of mature trees and the lack of seedlings in the population. Volcanic eruptions pose an additional threat. Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving Refs: 14556, 19146, 19156 EN B1+2ce Scalesia microcephala var. microcephala Compositae Ecuador (Galapagos) This variety occurs in populations on the high slopes of Fernandina Island and on Volcan Alcedo and Volcan Darwin on Isabela Island. A continuing decline in population numbers has been observed on Isabela, EN B1+2ce 494 caused by the damage from introduced goats. There is an added threat of volcanic eruption. Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving Refs: 14556, 19146, 19156 Scalesia pedunculata Compositae Ecuador (Galapagos) One of the largest growing Scalesia species. It forms compact woodlands in the highlands of San Cristobal, Santa Cruz, Santiago and Floreana. Recent declines in the extent of this habitat have occurred because of land settlement, grazing and the spread of invasive plants. These trends appear to be continuing. There is also a potential threat from volcanic eruption. Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving Refs: 14556, 19146, 19156 VU Alace+2ce, B1+2abce Scalesia retroflexa Compositae Ecuador (Galapagos) Six small populations occur within 6ha of open forest and scrub on the south-east coast of Santa Cruz Island. About 4600 plants, including 1400 adults, are thought to exist. Although there is evidence of damage by introduced goats, there is no firm indication that the population is declining as a result. Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving Refs: 19146, 19156, 19157 VU D2 Scalesia stewartii Compositae Ecuador (Galapagos) This tree species is restricted to a sparsely vegetated area in the east of Santiago Island and to a population of fewer than 250 individuals on the neighbouring islet of Bartolomé. The Santiago localities are vulnerable to introduced goats, although no decline in population numbers has yet been documented. Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving Refs: 19146, 19156 VU D2 Scalesia villosa Compositae Ecuador (Galapagos) Typically occurring as a bush, the species is found on Floreana Island and the islets of Champion, Enderby, Caldwell and Gardner-near-Floreana. The population on the main island is subject to damage by introduced goats, although no decline in numbers has yet been documented. Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving Refs: 19146, 19156 VU D2 Scaphium longiflorum Sterculiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Occurring in swampy or semi-swampy rainforest in the states of Kedah, Penang, Perak, Selangor and Johore, this tree is exploited as timber for major international trade and as a medicine for minor international trade. The greatest threats are increasing settlement and logging activities. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Scaphopetalum parvifolium Sterculiaceae Nigeria This small forest tree is recorded from the Oban Hills, within Cross River National Park. Unprotected forest has been extensively logged and cleared for cultivation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 4977, 11504 VU B1+2c Schefflera agamae Araliaceae Philippines This tree has been collected only once, 70 years ago, from lowland forest on rocky hills in south Palawan. It is threatened by forest loss, although Palawan has experienced less intense deforestation than the other Philippine Islands. The main island of Palawan is a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 EN Alc, B1+2c Schefflera albido-bracteata Araliaceae Philippines An epiphytic shrub or small tree known from only two collections from montane forest in the north-east of Mindanao. This species has not been collected since 1912. Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 4986, 19079 EN Alc, B1+2c Schefflera apiculata Araliaceae Indonesia (Moluccas) A shrub or tree found on Bacan, Halmahera, Ternate and Maluku, possibly extending to Waigeo, Irian Jaya. It is known from only a few collections but this could be due to undercollecting in the region. Varieties and subspecies are likely to be identified when more collections are made. Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 17232, 19079 DD Schefflera apioidea Araliaceae New Caledonia A tree restricted to a very limited area of lowland forest on the west coast, where habitat destruction has been considerable. No new material has been recorded since the late 1800s. There is a possibility that the species is conspecific with S. veitchii, four specimens of which have been collected in the Bourail region. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 19079 VU B1+2c Schefflera beccariana Araliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) This lowland forest species is known from two collections from Johore, Peninsular Malaysia, and two disjunct, slightly differing populations in Sarawak. The population in western Sarawak was rediscovered 62 years after it was first found near Kuching, an area extremely threatened by urban expansion. A specimen collected in the late 1800s from Lingga Island is similar to this species. Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 17140, 19079 VU D2 495 Species Summaries Schefflera bourdillonii Araliaceae India (Kerala) This shrub or small tree has so far been collected twice from montane forest in the Travancore Hills in the southern Western Ghats. Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 15926, 19079 EN B1+2c Schefflera brenesii Araliaceae Costa Rica, Panama This species is relatively common in moist evergreen forest and woodlands in the low mountains of Heredia, Alajuela, Guanacaste and Limén in Costa Rica. In Panama there are a few minor populations around the Canal region and in the province of Panama and it is expected to be found further west. Some localities are within protected areas, where regeneration has been observed to be relatively good. Other areas are affected by the growing settlement of land, logging and extensive agriculture. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 VU A2c Schefflera capitulifera Araliaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) A small hemiepiphytic tree collected five times in northern Sumatra. This distinctive species is found in montane forest and along forest edges in deep ravines. It is found in Gunung Leuser National Park Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 10547, 19079 VU D2 Schefflera cephalotes Araliaceae EN B1+2c Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore A forest tree with a restricted and disjunct distribution. It is known from Penang Hill Reserve in Peninsular Malaysia and a site west of Kuching in Sarawak, where it is threatened by urban encroachment. The population in Singapore is presumed extinct. Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 9199, 19079 Schefflera chapana Araliaceae China (Yunnan), Viet Nam Endemic to the Fan Ci Pan range, extending from northern Viet Nam into Yunnan, China, this tree is localised in forest between 1000 and 1200m. Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 11530, 19079 VU B1+2c Schefflera costata Araliaceae Fiji This localised tree is known from two mountain tops: Tomauivi (Victoria Peak) and the west slopes of Taveuni. It is confined to small areas of rainforest over 900m. Its restricted distribution renders the species susceptible to stochastic events, but there are no direct threats at the present time. Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 18818, 19079 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Schefflera curranii Araliaceae Philippines A montane forest species found on ultramafic soils in central Palawan. It is known from only three herbarium specimens and was last seen in the 1970s—'80s. Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 4986, 19079 EN Alc, B1+2c Schefflera diplodactyla Araliaceae Ecuador Extremely localised in eastern Ecuador, this tree is threatened by increasing settlement and oil exploration. Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 349, 19079 VU D2 Schefflera dolichostyla Araliaceae Peru Collected only once or twice, the species is restricted to cloud forest in the Peruvian Andes in the departments of Puno and Cuzco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Schefflera euryphylla Araliaceae Peru A cloud forest species, known only from the department of Junin in the Peruvian Andes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Schefflera euthytricha Araliaceae Fiji A small tree found in the lowlands of Viti Levu. Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 18818, 19079 DD Schefflera fastigiata Araliaceae Indonesia (Java) This species is found in forest remnants on Nusa Kambangan and possibly Ujung Kulon. It was last collected in 1970. Nusa Kambangan is an island controlled by the Prison Service, with very limited access. However, the vegetation of the island is threatened by timber thieves, who are removing timber regardless of the armed guard patrol. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078, 15417 EN Alc, B1+2c Schefflera gleasonii Araliaceae Puerto Rico A montane forest tree confined to ultramafic soils in the central Punta range of Puerto Rico. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980 VU D2 Schefflera harmsii Araliaceae Peru A shrub or small tree of lowland forest on white sand, DD 496 known only from a few collections, the last of which is dated 1974. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 Schefflera kontumensis Araliaceae Viet Nam Very localised in the central highlands of Viet Nam, this small tree is known from a single collection. The area is relatively poorly explored. Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 11530, 19079 EN B1+2c Schefflera kuchingensis Araliaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This multi-stemmed tree, which can be epiphytic, is known only from an area extremely threatened by urban expansion near Kuching. It is known from a total of four collections, two of which were recently gathered from the Sumengo Arboretum. Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 19079 CR B1+2c Schefflera lukwangulensis Araliaceae Tanzania Localised on ridge tops in upper montane forest, this species is restricted to the north and south Ulugumu Mountains, the west Usambara Mountains and south Nguru. Changes to land use and local habitat degradation represent a threat. The Uluguru Mountains are the focus of a conservation programme. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 5204, 8221, 11631 VU B1+2b Schefflera multifoliolata Araliaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) A montane forest tree restricted to Gunung Sibajak, Sibalangit and Banda Baru of northern Sumatra. The species' description was based on eight specimens, the Most recent of which was collected in 1983. The population on Gunung Sibajak is close to a popular tourist destination near Medan. The habitat is also threatened by shifting cultivation. Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 10547, 19079 EN B1+2c Schefflera nanocephala Araliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Last collected in 1970, this small epiphytic tree occurs in montane forest and forest edges north of the Genting Highlands Casino complex and the Cameron Highlands. Populations receive a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073, 19079 LR/cd Schefflera nervosa Araliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This species is known from three distinct forms, which could possibly be described as separate species. All are highly localised. The first form is confined to the Cameron Highlands; it has been collected twice from an isolated area, most recently in 1938. The second form, VU D2 last seen in 1977, is from the Genting Highlands resort complex. The third form occurs locally in Terengganu, where is known from five collections, the most recent dating from the 1960s. Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 8464, 19073, 19079 Schefflera palawanensis Araliaceae Philippines This suberect shrub or small tree reaches about 4m in height. It is restricted to the north of Palawan, where it occurs in forest on limestone. Habitat loss is a threat. Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 4986, 19079 EN Alc Schefflera palmiformis Araliaceae Viet Nam This endemic tree is known from only a few collections in an area experiencing extensive habitat decline. Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 5054, 11530, 19079 EN B1+2c Schefflera procumbens Araliaceae Seychelles The species is confined to Silhouette Island, having become extinct on Mahé largely through the degradation of its habitat. The six remaining populations are stable and confined to the main mountain ridges within an area of 100ha, which is under the protection of the Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles. Attempts to bring the species into cultivation have failed. Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Refs: 17229, 19025 VU D2 Schefflera pueckleri Araliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare large shrub or small tree found in montane cloud forest at about 1370m. Populations receive a degree of protection within the permanent forest estate in Perak and the Cameron Highlands in Pahang. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073, 19079 LR/cd Schefflera seibertii Araliaceae Costa Rica, Panama In Panama the species is known only from the type collection made in 1940. Despite considerable botanical activity in the area, it has not been found there again. It is reported from the mountains of Alajuela in Costa Rica, but there is no additional information on this population. Field investigations are needed to determine whether the species still exists or whether it is a synonym of S. sphaerocoma. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 15926, 16772 DD Schefflera stearnii Araliaceae Jamaica Endemic to Portland, this species occurs in moist thickets on limestone above 600m. There is some question of its being conspecific with S. sciodaphyllum. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c 497 Species Summaries Schefflera troyana Araliaceae Jamaica A Cockpit Country endemic, found in low densities in woodland and woodland margins on rocky limestone in the central and west-central parishes. The habitat is under the constant threat of being cut or cleared for agricultural expansion, e.g. at Peckham Woods. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Schefflera urbaniana Araliaceae Martinique A large tree, rare within dense humid forest, endemic to Martinique. It is known from only four collections from before the 1940s. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10754 VU D2 Schefflera veitchii Araliaceae New Caledonia This tree is restricted to lowland forest below 100m in the coastal semi-dry region around Noumea and Anse Vata in south-east New Caledonia. A lot of urban development has taken place in this region. Anse Vata is a fully developed beach resort area and the species was last collected there in 1925. It was collected in 1926 in the Montravel Reserve. It was introduced into cultivation in the 1860s in the UK, where it became a popular table pot plant. It may still be in cultivation. The specimens from Bourail are most likely to be S. apioidea. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 19079 EN B1+2c Schefflera wrayi Araliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A small tree known only from one specimen collected in 1888 south of Ringlet. This remote locality has not been revisited. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073, 19079 DD Schima wallichi var. pulgarensis Theaceae Philippines Endemic to Palawan, the species is confined to mossy scrub on ridges between 1000 and 1200m. The main island of Palawan is a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c, D2 Schinopsis haenkeana Anacardiaceae VU Alcd Argentina (Cérdoba, San Juan, San Luis), Bolivia A characteristic tree of the Chaco Serrano. In Argentina populations range from the north-east up to San Juan, San Luis and Cérdoba. The habitat is rapidly declining throughout the range, particularly in Cérdoba. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1803, 5112, 13657 The World List of Threatened Trees Schinus engleri Anacardiaceae DD Argentina (Buenos Aires, Corrientes, Entre Rfos, Santa Fé), Brazil (Minas Gerais, Parand4, Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay Although widely occurring, the range of the species has probably receded greatly with the spread and intensification of agriculture. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 1262, 7134 Schinus gracilipes var. pilosus Anacardiaceae Argentina, Bolivia Endemic to the piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and Bolivia, the species occurs in an unprotected ecosystem, which is rapidly being replaced by agricultural systems. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 19122 VU B1+2c Schinus longifolius var. paraguariensis Anacardiaceae Paraguay A species which ranges from Brazil to Argentina. This taxon represents a localised variety which occurs in a calcareous region in the upper reaches of the Rio Apa. It is known only from the type locality. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 1262, 7980 VU D2 Schinus pearcei Anacardiaceae Bolivia, Chile (Atacama), Peru A dryland species, which appears to be scarce, particularly in Chile, where it is restricted to the Atacama region. Assessor: Gonzalez, M. Refs: 4870, 16328 DD Schinus venturi Anacardiaceae Argentina, Bolivia Endemic to the piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and Bolivia, the species occurs in an unprotected ecosystem, which is rapidly being replaced by agricultural systems. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 19122 VU B1+2c Schippia concolor Palmae Belize An omamental palm tree restricted to Mountain Pine Ridge and Cayo District, where it is scattered in open and closed dry forest up to 500m. The species is threatened by habitat destruction and encroachment by agriculture and forestry. Assessor: Johnson, D. Refs: 19118 VU A2c Schmardaea microphylla Meliaceae Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela A small tree which is becoming increasingly scarce, occurring in the Andes from Venezuela to Peru. It is recorded from open pastures and dry forest at medium elevation and from cloud forest at 2700m in Peru. Naturally uncommon, the species has come under VU Alc 498 intense pressure from habitat clearance. It is a monotypic genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 12281, 19069 Schoepfia arenaria Olacaceae Puerto Rico A hemiparasitic tree, known from about four sites containing 120 individuals in total. Isabela harbours the largest population. The Pinones population was heavily hit by Hurricane Hugo, but has produced large seed crops as a consequence. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 17124 EN Dl Schoepfia harrisii Olacaceae Jamaica A Cockpit Country endemic, occurring in the parishes of Clarendon and Trelawny on moist wooded limestone crags, between 600 and 900m. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 5653, 19085 VU B1+2c Schoepfia multiflora Olacaceae Jamaica Known from the central parishes, the tree has an occasional distribution in woodland on rocky limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Schoutenia cornerii Tiliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare tree of lowland moist forest known only from Mersing and Mawai-Jemaluang, Johore. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 17140, 19073 EN B1+2c Schoutenia furfuracea Tiliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of lowland moist forest known only from Ulu Sungai Anak Endau, Pahang. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Schoutenia kunstleri Tiliaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare tree known only from Penang, Perak and the east coast from Terengganu to Johore, where it grows in lowland rainforest. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 19073 VU B1+2c Schumacheria alnifolia Dilleniaceae Sri Lanka Only six individuals of this species were found in the Peak Wildemess Sanctuary during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting it to be either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 CR B1+2c Schumanniophyton problematicum Rubiaceae Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Sierra Leone A species known from the restricted wet evergreen forests of the Upper Guinea region. The extent of these forests have declined because of mining, logging and the establishment of industrial plantations. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Sciadopitys verticillata Sciadopityaceae Japan A tree of low to medium elevations occurring in forested areas from Fukushima to Hiroshima on Honshu Island, and also on Shikoku and Kyushu Islands. It provides a useful timber and levels of exploitation have been considerable. It belongs to a monospecific family. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 18751 VU Alc+2c Sclerocarya gillettii Anacardiaceae Kenya Endemic to a small area in eastern Kenya, this shrub or small tree occurs sparsely in localised areas of dry bushland on red sand. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396 VU B1+2c Sclerolobium beaureipairei Leguminosae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) Populations of the species are principally confined to forest on the slopes of the Serra do Mar. Assessor: Vaz, A.M.S. Refs: 19100 EN B1+2c Sclerolobium densiflorum Leguminosae Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Pernambuco) Known only from a restricted distribution in Atlantic forest, the species has suffered dramatic habitat declines and levels of exploitation. Assessor: Vaz, A.M.S. Refs: 19098, 19100 LR/nt Sclerolobium denudatum Leguminosae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) Confined to Atlantic forest in the states of S4o Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, the species has suffered dramatic habitat loss and has been extensively exploited for its timber. Assessor: Vaz, A.M.S. Refs: 19098, 19100 LR/nt Sclerolobium pilgerianum Leguminosae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) A species of montane forest, confined to the slopes of the Serra do Mar. Assessor: Vaz, A.M.S. Refs: 19100 EN B1+2cd 499 Species Summaries Sclerolobium striatum Leguminosae Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) Endemic to Atlantic forest in the one state in Brazil, the species has suffered dramatic habitat declines. Assessor: Vaz, A.M.S. Refs: 19098, 19100 VU B1+2c Scolopia oreophila Flacourtiaceae South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga) This species is confined to a small area in the northern Drakensberg mountain range, where it occurs as scattered plants in Afromontane forest patches. It is also said to occur in North-West Province, but this is highly improbable. Two of the localities are in private nature reserves. There are taxonomic problems with the species, which need to be resolved before its conservation status is assessed. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 DD Scolopia steenisiana Flacourtiaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Known from only two collections, this tree can be found in the open limestone rainforests of lowland Kelantan. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU D2 Scolosanthus howardii Rubiaceae Jamaica A small tree or shrub which occurs very rarely on rocky limestone hills between 480 and 600m, only in the parish of Trelawny. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 19085 EN B1+2c Sebastiania alpina Euphorbiaceae Jamaica A montane rainforest species found uncommonly in the western highlands above 750m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Sebastiania crenulata Euphorbiaceae Jamaica This species is known from the woodland on the summit of Bubby Hill. The area is susceptible to selective logging and other disturbances. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Sebastiania fasciculata Euphorbiaceae Jamaica A shrub or small tree confined to a small area of woodland on limestone in Hanover. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Sebastiania howardiana Euphorbiaceae Jamaica Apparently, the species is known only from the Ramgoat Cave area in Trelawny. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Sebastiania huallagensis Euphorbiaceae Peru This species is known only from the type collection taken from the department of San Martin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Sebastiania lesteri var. glabrata Euphorbiaceae Jamaica A variety or possibly a distinct species. It occurs in St Elizabeth, where the only known population is on Top Hill. The area is susceptible to cutting and encroaching agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Sebastiania lesteri var. lesteri Euphorbiaceae Jamaica One of two threatened varieties of a Jamaican endemic. It appears to be known from two populations. The one on Quaco Rock is probably extinct as the vegetation has been cleared, largely for charcoal production. There is also a population along the road between Balcarres and Sunbury. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5653, 11802 CR B1+2c Sebastiania spicata Euphorbiaceae Jamaica Populations are restricted to Peckham Woods and Douglas Castle Woods. There is evidence of cutting and agricultural encroachment in both localities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 EN B1+2c Securinega flexuosa Euphorbiaceae Philippines A timber species, endemic to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919 VU Alcd Semecarpus acuminata Anacardiaceae Sri Lanka During the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, this species was found in four rainforest localities including the Sinharaja National Heritage Wilderness Area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 19112 EN B1+2c 500 Semecarpus auriculata Anacardiaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) The main concentration of the species occurs in low- to medium-altitude forest in Travancore, along the border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Collections have also been made further north in the Western Ghats into Karnataka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15106, 19144 LR/nt Semecarpus coriacea Anacardiaceae Sri Lanka During the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review, this tree was found in five localities, mainly in Nuwara Eliya District. It is present in the Peak Wilderness Wildlife Sanctuary. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17759, 19112 EN B1+2c Semecarpus gardneri Anacardiaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to the lowland evergreen rainforests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Semecarpus marginata Anacardiaceae Sri Lanka A rare tree confined to wet evergreen lowland forest in south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Semecarpus moonii Anacardiaceae Sri Lanka Apparently restricted to wet forest in Galle, Kalutara and Ratnapura Districts, this species was found in nine localities during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12129, 15431, 18796, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Semecarpus nigro-viridis Anacardiaceae Sri Lanka This species is scattered in the diminished wet evergreen lowland forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Semecarpus obovata Anacardiaceae Sri Lanka A very rare species restricted to the wet zone of Sri Lanka. Until the National Conservation Review forest surveys of 1991-1996, this species went uncollected for over a century. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 16943, 18796, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Semecarpus ochracea Anacardiaceae Sri Lanka An endemic species scattered in lowland wet evergreen forest. It was not rediscovered during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, indicating it to be extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 CR B1+2cd Semecarpus parvifolia Anacardiaceae Sri Lanka A species occurring in lowland wet evergreen forests in south-west Sri Lanka. A population has been discovered in the dry zone in Rahuna National Park. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 16943, 17195 VU Alc Semecarpus paucinervius Anacardiaceae Philippines This tree is endemic to Palawan, found in forest along streams, at about 100m. The main island of Palawan is a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c Semecarpus pseudo-emergina Anacardiaceae Sri Lanka This species was recorded only once in Matara District during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 CR B1+2c Semecarpus pubescens Anacardiaceae Sri Lanka A rare species, restricted to lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Semecarpus riparia Anacardiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Semecarpus subpeltata Anacardiaceae Sri Lanka A species occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Semecarpus walkeri Anacardiaceae Sri Lanka A species occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VUAIc 501 Species Summaries Semiliquidambar cathayensis Hamamelidaceae LR/nt China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang) A tree of lowland forests and open woodland by streamsides. The species' distribution is relatively widespread in southern China, extending into Lang Son and Son La Provinces in Viet Nam. However, it is becoming scarcer because of overexploitation, habitat destruction and clearance for agriculture. The roots have various important medicinal uses. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 Senecio lamarckianus Compositae Mauritius Fewer than 12 adult individuals are known, most of them in Piton du Fouge Ridge Forest. There is a chance there are more individuals in more remote areas. The species has been propagated from cuttings and introduced into Mondrain Nature Reserve. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 15251, 16426 CR D1 Senna caudata Leguminosae Costa Rica, Panama At one time the species was divided into the Panamanian form, var. caudata, known only from the type collection from the province of Panamé in 1911, and the Costa Rican form, var. diadema, with a fairly common occurrence in lowland rainforest in San José and Puntarenas. There have been no further collections of the species in Panama, despite the area round the type locality being relatively well known. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 VU C2a Senna dariensis var. hypoglauca Leguminosae Panama The species is distributed in rainforest up to 1000m along the Cordillera Central, in the provinces of Veraguas, Coclé and Panamé. It is known from only a few records, but a large part of these mountains remains poorly explored. The populations in Campana National Park are well protected. In other areas there are strong influences from encroaching settlement, agriculture and pastoralism. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 VU C2a Senna domingensis Leguminosae Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti Known in Cuba from a single locality in the coastal areas of Daiquiri, Santiago de Cuba Province, this small tree occurs infrequently in dry evergreen shrubwood and shrubland on limestone. Its habitat type has been degraded in many places. Tourism is the major threat in Cuba. The species is more widespread and more common in Hispaniola. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 19149 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Senna multijuga ssp. doylei Leguminosae Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz) Confined to the Gulf region, this taxon occurs in remaining rainforest from northern Veracruz southwards. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5993 VU Alc Sequoia sempervirens Taxodiaceae USA (California, Oregon) Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 3786, 7222, 13041 LR/cd Sequoiadendron giganteum Taxodiaceae USA (California) An emergent of mixed montane forests. There was large-scale logging of populations between 1856 and 1955, but 90% of the population is now protected. Fire prevention policy, causing a build-up of undergrowth, may have hampered regeneration in the past. Schemes to improve management and to plant trees on cleared land are in place. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 7222, 13041 VU Alcd Serianthes calycina Leguminosae New Caledonia A species which can be divided into two varieties, both endemic to New Caledonia. It occurs in lowland areas of maquis or forest on ultramafic substrate in the north- west of Grand Terre and possibly also on Ile Yandé. These areas are unprotected and exposed to various threats from fire, mining activities and habitat clearance or degradation. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351, 12630 VU C2a Serianthes margaretae Leguminosae New Caledonia A species which appears to have two disjunct populations. Both occur in littoral maquis on ultramafic soils, one near Koumac in the north-west and the other further south on the east coast. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 VU C2a Serianthes melanesica var. meeboldii Leguminosae Fiji An inadequately known tree, similar to the type variety and collected only once from Rewa Province, Viti Levu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18818 VU D2 Serianthes myriadenia Leguminosae French Polynesia (Marquesas Is., Society Is.) In the Marquesas the species is confined to Nuku Hiva. In the Society Islands, populations are recorded from Moorea, Raiatea and Tahiti. The Raiatea population is critically endangered. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 LR/nt 502 Serianthes nelsonii Leguminosae Guam, Northern Marianas A large tree of moist forest on limestone substrate. There are about 120 trees on Rota and only one remains on a military base on Guam. Lack of regeneration seems to be the main cause of the population decline. Possible causes include insect predation on the seeds, ungulate predation of the seedlings and seedling mortality caused by introduced mealybugs. The population on Rota is likely to decline as older trees die. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act and in government legislation in Guam and the Northern Marianas. Assessor: Wiles, G. Refs: 2196, 16676, 19175 CR D1 Serianthes petitiana Leguminosae New Caledonia Endemic to southern Grand Terre, the species occurs in lowland rainforest and maquis formations on ultramafic soil. Populations are believed to be effectively protected in Riviere Bleue Provincial Park. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 LR/cd Serianthes rurutensis Leguminosae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) Little is known about the population on Raivavae, but on Rurutu the species is in a critical state. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 CR B1+2c Serianthes vitiensis Leguminosae Fiji Known only with certainty from Vanua Levu, the species has been collected from forest near creeks on the lower slopes of mountains in Mathuata Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18818 VU D2 Sericanthe odoratissima var. odoratissima Rubiaceae Tanzania The distribution of this small tree is not consolidated. There is a population at Amani and possibly another at Ambangula at medium elevations in moist evergreen forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Sericanthe odoratissima var. ulugurensis Rubiaceae Malawi, Tanzania This variant is more widespread than the type variety and is restricted to montane forest at higher altitudes. Populations are known from the Uluguru Mountains, Mount Rungwe in Tanzania and also from Malawi. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Sericanthe toupetou Rubiaceae Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana The range of this species is restricted to wet evergreen forest in Céte d'Ivoire and neighbouring Ghana. It is EN B1+2c uncommon and has suffered from the significant declines in its habitat caused by logging, mining and expansion of commercial plantations. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 6127, 12061, 15251 Sesbania coccinea ssp. atollensis Leguminosae DD French Polynesia (Marquesas Is., Society Is., Tuamotu Is.) A shrub or small tree known from five varieties which occur on various islands in the Marquesas, Tuamotu and Society Groups. Populations on Moorea, Raiatea, Tahiti, Tetiaroa are apparently now extinct and on other islands they are under some threat. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 Sessea brasiliensis Solanaceae Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) An Atlantic forest species. Assessor: Carvalho, L.d'A.F. Refs: 19098, 19103 DD Shorea acuminata Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia A large dipterocarp of well-drained, undulating land, which is cut for its light and dark red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9509, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea acuminatissima Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) An enormous tree, endemic to Borneo, found in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, often on hills and ridges near the coast. The wood is used as yellow meranti. Some populations are known to occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea acuta Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) Some populations of this species occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea affinis Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka Relatively widely distributed in what remains of Sri Lanka's lowland wet evergreen forest, this dipterocarp is found scattered on deep rich soils on hillsides. The species is one of the dominant canopy species in the protected area at Sinharaja. However, it was not found during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting it has become extremely rare. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195, 18515, 19112 CR Alcd EN Alcd Shorea agami Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) This species, found on leached soils, is cut for its white EN Alcd 503 Species Summaries Meranti timber. There are populations also in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea agamii ssp. agamii Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Populations of this species are known to occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9501, 13857 EN Alcd Shorea albida Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd+2cd Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) A large timber tree restricted to Brunei, Sarawak and West Kalimantan. It is a characteristic component of the threatened peat-swamp forests, sometimes occurring locally on podzolic soils in heath forest. An area of forest covering about 400,000ha in Brunei may now contain the largest remaining undisturbed _ stand. Regeneration is reported to be non-existent. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857, 19949 Shorea almon Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines A large tree, found on hills in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest. The red meranti timber is cut for plywood. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea alutacea Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 VU Alc, B1+2c, C2a, D1 Shorea andulensis Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) A tree of mixed dipterocarp forest tree, suffering from habitat conversion. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alcd Shorea argentifolia Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A gregarious tree found on clay soils, exploited for its light red meranti timber. Some populations are known to occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea asahii Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A tree that is restricted to the mixed dipterocarp forests of Borneo. It is directly threatened by logging operations because its reproductive cycle exceeds the logging cycle. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a, D1 The World List of Threatened Trees Shorea assamica ssp. assamica Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, B1+2c China (Yunnan), India, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar This gregarious tree occurs on slopes and along rivers in lowland evergreen forest. The Chinese population is confined to Yingjiang and is threatened by conversion of the forest to agriculture. In India the species is known from healthy populations, which are regenerating well. The trees are cut for the commercially valuable plywood. Populations of the species are known to occur in some forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 1818, 3998, 5550, 9169, 11847, 13857 Shorea assamica ssp. globifera Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Indonesia (Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Philippines, Thailand Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea assamica ssp. koordersii Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Moluccas, Sulawesi), Philippines Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alc Shorea assamica ssp. philippinensis Dipterocarpaceae Philippines Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea astylosa Dipterocarpaceae Philippines An endemic tree species of the disappearing lowland primary evergreen dipterocarp forests of the Philippines. The balau timber is used for good-quality construction. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea bakoensis Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Although the population of this species is extremely small, it does occur in a protected reserve. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 13857 CR D1 Shorea balangeran Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra) This common tree of peat-swamp forest is a major source of red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea balanocarpoides Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) This tree grows on yellow sandy loam on undulating land and ridges. It is used as yellow meranti and the illipe nuts are collected locally. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 504 Shorea bentongensis Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia, this tree is locally common in deep valleys. The wood is used as white meranti. However, the tree is slow-growing and cannot withstand logging because the reproductive cycle exceeds cutting cycles. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alc Shorea biawak Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) Found in mixed dipterocarp forest, this tree is threatened by forest conversion and habitat degradation. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alcd Shorea blumutensis Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A slow-growing species of lowland dipterocarp forest, threatened directly by logging; the tree is unlikely to reach reproductive maturity within a logging cycle. It is currently being exploited for its yellow meranti timber. The species occurs in some forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea bracteolata Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd+2cd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore Found mostly on well-drained lowland coastal hills, this tree is heavily exploited for white meranti timber, especially in Peninsular Malaysia. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857, 17140 Shorea brunnescens Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alcd+2cd, C2a Shorea bullata Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) A species of mixed dipterocarp forest. Some populations also occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd+2cd Shorea cara Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Java) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs:13857, 16172 DD Shorea carapae Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, D1 Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) Endemic to ridges and hill forests in Peninsular Malaysia, this tree is slow-growing and _ therefore directly threatened by logging operations. The tree is cut for balau timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 13857 Shorea chaiana Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd+2cd Shorea ciliata Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 11647, 13857 EN Alcd+2cd Shorea collina Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, C2a Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A lowland tree which is cut for red balau timber. It is directly threatened by logging because its slow growth prevents the tree from reaching reproductive maturity within a logging cycle. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9199, 11647, 13857 Shorea congestiflora Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A characteristic species of remnant lowland wet evergreen forest, forming one of the dominant components of the canopy in Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve. However, it was not discovered during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting that the species has become rare. It is an important component of plywood, which is mainly used to make tea chests. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195, 18515 CR Alcd Shorea conica Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) This species is found on undulating land near the coast. It is threatened by forest conversion and degradation. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea contorta Dipterocarpaceae Philippines Endemic to the Philippines, this large tree is found in the ever-decreasing lowland seasonal semi-evergreen dipterocarp forest. It is suffering from exploitation for the light red meranti (or white lauan) timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea cordata Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea cordifolia Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A canopy species that is endemic to the remaining fragments of lowland wet evergreen forest of Sri Lanka. Signs of regeneration are meagre. This tree was not found during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation CR Alcd 505 Species Summaries Review, suggesting that it is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195, 19112 Shorea cuspidata Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 EX Shorea dasyphylla Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak) This tree is found in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest on well-drained land and is cut for light red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alcd Shorea dealbata Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd, C2a Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) A tree that occurs locally on flat coastal swamps on yellow sandy soils and on low hills. It is exploited for its white meranti timber. The species also is found in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857, 17140 Shorea dispar Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) An endemic tree of the threatened mixed dipterocarp forests of Sarawak. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea disticha Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A small tree with an extremely localised distribution in areas of lowland wet evergreen forest. It is found in Lenegal Kande Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve and has previously been reported from Kanneliya and Gilimale. The species is not of any economic importance because of its small size and scarcity. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs:13857, 15431, 17195, 18515 EN Alcd Shorea domatiosa Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd, C2a Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) A tree occurring in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea dyeri Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A sizeable tree found scattered in the remnants of lowland wet evergreen forest in the south-west corner of Sri Lanka. It is of local value as a construction timber, and occurs in some forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs:13857, 15431, 17195 EN Alcd The World List of Threatened Trees Shorea elliptica Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, C2a Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) Confined to the lowland mixed dipterocarp forests of north-western Kalimantan and western Sarawak, this tree is cut for red balau timber. Some populations occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea faguetiana Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd Indonesia, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Thailand This tree is often found on well-drained clay soils on ridges and undulating land. The wood is utilised as yellow meranti timber. Populations have been found in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9169, 12937, 13857 Shorea falcata Dipterocarpaceae Viet Nam Endemic to Viet Nam, this species may now be extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857 CR C2b Shorea falcifera Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) This lowland species cannot withstand logging because of its slow growth. Balau consignments are often made up of this species. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857, 18327 Shorea falciferoides Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Philippines A massive tree of mixed dipterocarp forest on clay soils, cut for balau timber. This slow growing species cannot reach reproductive maturity between logging cycles and is therefore threatened by logging activities. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea falciferoides ssp. falciferoides Dipterocarpaceae Philippines This subspecies is restricted to the Philippines; it grows in mixed dipterocarp forest and is confined to ridges in permanently wet areas. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9501, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea falciferoides ssp. glaucescens Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Sarawak) This subspecies is restricted to Borneo, where it grows in mixed dipterocarp forest up to 600m. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9501, 13857 CR Alcd Malaysia (Sabah, 506 Shorea farinosa Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, C2a Malaysia? (Peninsular Malaysia?), Myanmar, Thailand Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 7673, 9169, 13857, 18243 Shorea flaviflora Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 18327 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea flemmichii Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) A lowland tree locally distributed on deep yellow sandy soils and coastal hills. It is often cut for dark red meranti timber. The tree is slow-growing and directly threatened by logging because it cannot reach reproductive maturity within a cutting cycle. Populations are recorded from some forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea foraminifera Dipterocarpaceae Brunei Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea foxworthyi Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Thailand A lofty tree that is a source of balau timber. Logging is a serious threat because the reproductive cycle of the species exceeds the present cutting cycle. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea gardneri Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A large tree confined to the remaining 700km? of highland wet evergreen forest. It prefers deep well- drained soils. The timber is exploited for house building and bridge construction. It was not found during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting that the species is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 19112 CR Alcd Shorea geniculata Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) A large tree occurring in mixed dipterocarp forest on leached yellow soils. It is valued as the most solid balau timber in Brunei. Directly threatened by logging, trees do not reach reproductive maturity in the time between logging cycles. Populations of the species occur in some forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea gibbosa Dipterocarpaceae Singapore An emergent lowland tree that grows on deep clay-rich soils that is cut for its yellow meranti timber. The illipe nuts are collected. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9199, 13857, 16104 CR Alcd Shorea glauca Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Thailand A semi-gregarious species that is found on rocky hillsides and ridges. It is cut for balau timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alcd Shorea gratissima Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd, C2a Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand A large tree found on well-drained soil in coastal areas, felled for white meranti timber. Populations of the species occur in some forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857 Shorea guiso Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam A lowland forest species from which red balau timber is harvested. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857, 19093 Shorea hemsleyana ssp. grandiflora Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, C2a Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) A localised subspecies found on shallow peat-swamp and on leached sandy soils. The species as a whole is protected for its illipe nuts in Sarawak. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9169, 13857 Shorea hemsleyana ssp. hemsleyana Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, C2a Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species found on leached sandy soils and in shallow peat-swamp. In Sarawak trees are protected for the illipe nuts. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 13857 Shorea henryana Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam A tree of seasonal wet and dry evergreen forest. The hard, heavy timber is used for ship building and, in the past, the resin (dammar) was tapped commercially. The species occurs in some forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9169, 12937, 13857 507 Species Summaries Shorea hopeifolia Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Philippines A large tree often found along streams on clay-rich soils, it is a source of yellow meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 2072, 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea hypochra Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Cambodia, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand, Viet Nam This large tree is found in semi-evergreen and evergreen lowland dipterocarp forest. It produces a good-quality resin (damar temak), which, in the past, was tapped commercially. The wood is used as white meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea hypoleuca Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Sarawak) A slow-growing species of mixed dipterocarp forest, directly threatened by logging activities because trees do not reach reproductive maturity between the current logging cycles. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd Malaysia (Sabah, Shorea iliasii Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea inaequilateralis Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) A species of the dwindling mixed peat-swamp forests, which is threatened by logging for its valuable construction timber, semayur. It is unlikely to survive logging because trees are slow-growing and do not reach reproductive maturity within a logging cycle. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea inappendiculata ‘ Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, C2a Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A tree found infrequently in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest on coastal hills. It is cut for balau timber but its slow growth does not allow it to reach maturity within the current logging cycle. Some populations are found in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea induplicata Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, B1+2bde, C2a Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) A tree which occurs in the transitional forest between heath and mixed dipterocarp forest. Forest degradation and logging have brought the species close to extinction. Its slow growth makes it particularly vulnerable to the affects of continual logging. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 The World List of Threatened Trees Shorea isoptera Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A lowland tree which is particularly threatened by logging operations because of its slow growth. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea johorensis Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A lofty tree that occurs locally on well-drained soils at low altitude. It produces a high-grade light red meranti timber and for this reason it is a priority plantation tree in Indonesia. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea kuantanensis Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) The one locality in Kuantan, where the species was discovered, has now been converted into a plantation. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea kudatensis Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah) An endemic tree, which has suffered high rates of forest conversion and degradation and may now be extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea kunstleri Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A large tree specific to leached sandy clay soils, felled for its valued red balau or red meranti timber. Some populations of the species occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea ladiana Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, C2a Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) Confined to the diminishing mixed dipterocarp forests of north-west Borneo, this tree is directly threatened by logging. Its slow growth and maturation rate make it particularly vulnerable to continual cutting. Some populations are found in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea lamellata Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A large tree that is found locally on ridges. The tree is cut for white meranti timber and the wood is tapped for its clear resin in Borneo. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea laxa Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) Confined to coastal hills, the species occurs in mixed CR Alcd 508 dipterocarp forest of north-east Sarawak, Brunei and south-east Sabah. It is exploited for its locally valuable yellow meranti timber. Populations are recorded in some forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea lepidota Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree that occurs in lowland dipterocarp forest. The illipe nuts are collected on a small scale and the timber is used as light red meranti. The species occurs in some forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857, 17140 Shorea leprosula Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand This species is still found, sometimes in forest reserves, but it has suffered a massive population reduction mainly because of the rates of exploitation of its light red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857, 17140 Shorea leptoderma Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah) A tree endemic to the lowland forests of Sabah. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea lissophylla Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A small tree found in patches on shallow poor soil. It regenerates prolifically. The species was found in 11 of the forests surveyed for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195, 19112 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea longiflora Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, C2a Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) A yellow meranti timber species, endemic to Bomeo, found scattered on shallow peat or yellow sandy soils. Some populations of the species occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea longisperma Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, C2a Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak) An enormous tree of the declining mixed dipterocarp forests in Sumatra and northem Bomeo. It is felled for yellow meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea lumutensis Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Limited in its range, this timber species occurs along the coastal hills of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. CR Alcd, C2a Some trees are also found in forest reserves in this area. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea lunduensis Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A tree confined to the diminishing mixed dipterocarp forests of Sarawak. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea macrantha Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, C2a Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) This species occurs in the declining mixed peat-swamp forests. The tree is exploited for its light or dark red meranti timber and its edible illipe nuts. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857, 17140 Shorea macrobalanos Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Endemic in Sarawak and eastern Kalimantan, this rare tree is found on clay-rich soils on hill ridges. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea macrophylla Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This lowland tree is one of the fastest growing species of the genus. It is found frequently along rivers and in areas which are periodically inundated. The tree is cut for its light red meranti timber, but more importantly it is the major source of illipe nuts, which ensures its protection under Sarawak's Wildlife Protection Bill (1990). Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 17214 VU Alcd Shorea macroptera ssp. baillonii Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) Some populations of this tree occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alcd Shorea macroptera ssp. macroptera Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857 Shorea macroptera ssp. macropterifolia Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) The species is recorded in some primary forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alc Shorea macroptera ssp. sandakanensis Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd 509 Species Summaries Shorea malibato Dipterocarpaceae Philippines This species occurs in non-seasonal evergreen forest in the Philippines. It is now very nearly extinct because of habitat loss. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea materialis Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, C2a Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) A tree of remaining patchy *kerangas vegetation on podzols and sandstone cuestas. It is cut for balau timber. The population in Peninsular Malaysia has declined because of overexploitation. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857, 17140 Shorea maxima Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A relatively small tree that is scattered on hills and undulating land. The timber is used as yellow meranti, but its export has been banned. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alc Shorea maxwelliana Dipterocarpaceae EN Alc Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) One of the main balau timber trees, occurring locally in some abundance on low ridges. Some trees are found in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea megistophylla Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka An emergent tree, usually found by rivers and streams, confined to the remaining 1422km? of lowland wet evergreen forest in Sri Lanka. Trees have been selectively logged in Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve. The species was not found during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting that it is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195, 19112 CR Alcd Shorea micans Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah) A lowland tree found growing over the ultrabasic rocks in Sabah, threatened mainly by forest conversion. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alc, C2a Shorea montigena Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Moluccas, Sulawesi) A tree located in S. selanica hill forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd The World List of Threatened Trees Shorea mujongensis Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A magnificent yellow meranti timber species endemic to the fertile volcanic soils of the Hose Mountains in Sarawak. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea myrionerva Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Sarawak) A tree that is found on moist hillsides and along rivers. It is also found in some forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea negrosensis Dipterocarpaceae Philippines A large, often gregarious, tree that occurs in the remaining lowland seasonal and evergreen dipterocarp forest of the Philippines. The timber is used as red meranti. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Malaysia (Sabah, CR Alcd Shorea oblongifolia Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka This tree occurs mainly on hillsides and river banks in remaining fragments of lowland wet evergreen forests. Regeneration is somewhat sparse. Some populations occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 12129, 13857, 15431, 17195 CR Alcd Shorea obovoidea Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This tree is found only in the threatened mixed dipterocarp forests of western Sarawak. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea obscura Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Sarawak) Populations of this species occur in some primary forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 13857, 15598 EN Alcd Malaysia (Sabah, Shorea ochrophloia Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species, found locally on well-drained undulating low- lying ground. The timber is used as red meranti. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea ovalifolia Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A dipterocarp, confined to the lowland and hill wet evergreen forests of south-east Sri Lanka, which is close to extinction because of the loss of its habitat. This tree was not found during the extensive forest surveys CR Alcd, C2a 510 conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting that the species is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs:13857, 15431, 17195, 19112 Shorea ovalis ssp. ovalis Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Singapore A widespread subspecies that is found in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857 Shorea ovalis ssp. sarawakensis Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Endemic to northern Borneo, this species is restricted to lowland mixed dipterocarp forest. Some populations are known to occur in primary forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea ovalis ssp. sericea Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This subspecies occurs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea ovata Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Philippines A widespread species which is cut for its dark red meranti timber. The tree occurs in some primary forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 13857 EN Alcd Shorea pachyphylla Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) A valuable dark red meranti timber species that is restricted to the highly threatened mixed peat-swamp forest, usually near the coast of north-west Borneo. It is particularly threatened by logging operations because it grows too slowly to reach reproductive maturity between cutting cycles. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea palembanica Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) This large tree is a riverine and freshwater swamp species, which is exploited for its red meranti timber. It is protected under Sarawak's Wildlife Protection Bill (1990) as a major source of illipe nuts. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 17140, 17214 CR Alcd Shorea pallescens Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A dipterocarp restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of Kegalle and the South Peak Sanctuary. The species is unable to reach reproductive maturity between CR Alcd, C2a the current cutting cycles. It was not found during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting that it is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs:13857, 15431, 17195, 19112 Shorea pallidifolia Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, C2a Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) A tree of remaining fragments of heath forest in Sarawak. It is mainly threatened by habitat degradation. Some populations occur in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea palosapis Dipterocarpaceae Philippines A large tree that is found throughout the Philippines on well-drained soils in what is left of the evergreen mixed diptercarp forest. It is cut for its light red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea parvifolia ssp. parvifolia Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand The species is possibly the most common dipterocarp in Malesia. It is, however, heavily exploited as the main source of light red meranti timber in South East Asia. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857 Shorea parvifolia ssp. velutina Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) The species is possibly the most common dipterocarp in Malesia. It is, however, heavily exploited as the main source of light red meranti timber in South East Asia. Some populations occur in primary forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea pauciflora Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore An immense tree of lowland and hill forest on well- drained soils. The species is exploited for its valuable dark red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857 Shorea peltata Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, C2a Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of mixed dipterocarp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 511 Species Summaries Shorea platycarpa Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A timber tree specific to mixed peat-swamp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9199, 13857, 17140 Shorea platyclados Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) A species found in hilly and mountainous areas on deep fertile soils. It produces a fine dark red meranti timber. Some populations are found in primary forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 EN Alcd Shorea polyandra Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) An immense tree, endemic to Borneo, where it is locally common on fertile clay-rich soil. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea polysperma Dipterocarpaceae Philippines A tree, endemic to the Philippines, which occurs in the remaining hill evergreen mixed dipterocarp forests. It is heavily exploited as the most important red meranti timber in the country. Populations are recorded in some forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea praestans Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Confined to mixed dipterocarp forest in central Sarawak, this species is threatened by forest degradation. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea pubistyla Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Some populations occur in primary forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea quadrinervis Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Confined to north-west Borneo, this tree is one of the major sources of light red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 16104 EN Alcd Shorea resinosa Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) A tree with a local distribution in mixed dipterocarp forest. The timber is used as a minor white meranti timber. The main threat to the species is forest conversion and degradation. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 The World List of Threatened Trees Shorea revoluta Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A tree endemic to fragments of heath forest in northern Borneo. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea richetia Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, C2a Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) This tree is endemic to the threatened mixed dipterocarp forests and heath forests of western Borneo. Some populations occur in primary forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea rotundifolia Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) Endemic to Sarawak, this tree is found in mixed dipterocarp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea roxburghii Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd Cambodia, India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam A widespread dipterocarp, unusual for its adaptation to withstand adverse climatic conditions and soil types. It occurs in dry evergreen or deciduous forest and bamboo forest, often on sandy soils. In India, there are healthy regenerating populations in the south. Some populations are recorded in forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 7673, 8483, 9169, 13857 Shorea rubella Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A species found on lowland coastal hills, sometimes within primary forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea rugosa Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan) A large tree of mixed dipterocarp and heath forest, that also occurs in some primary forest reserves. The timber is used as dark red meranti. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea sagittata Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea selanica Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Moluccas) Endemic to the south-west Moluccas, this large tree, CR Alcd 512 often the dominant species, occurs in lowland forest. It is exploited for its valuable red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea seminis Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak), Philippines A fairly large riverine tree, often occurring in patches in lowland areas. The tree provides balau timber and illipe nuts, and is protected under the Sarawak's Wildlife Protection Bill (1990). Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857, 17214 CR Alcd Shorea singkawang Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand A dark red meranti timber species, usually found near lowland streams. The illipe nuts are collected. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9501, 13857 Shorea singkawang ssp. scabrosa Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This subspecies is restricted to coastal Pahang and Terengganu, where it grows in forest on low hills. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9501, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea slootenii Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Sarawak) This species is found on coastal hills, and in some primary forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Malaysia (Sabah, Shorea smithiana Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A large tree of lowland areas, threatened by rates of exploitation. It is the major source of light red meranti timber for north-east Borneo. Populations are found in some forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea splendida Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A relatively small dipterocarp which occurs in river forest. The tree provides a light red meranti timber and is the one of the main sources of illipe nuts. It is afforded protection by Sarawak's Wildlife Protection Bill (1990). Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 17214 EN Alcd Shorea stenoptera Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) This timber species, locally common in the patchy lowland heath forest, has been planted for its especially large illipe nuts. This tree is protected under Sarawak's EN Alcd Wildlife Protection Bill (1990). Some populations also occur in primary forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 17214 Shorea stipularis Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka This species was discovered in only 12 of the forests surveyed for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 12129, 13857, 15431, 17195, 19112 CR Alcd Shorea subcylindrica Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sarawak) A relatively small tree of mixed dipterocarp forest, threatened by the decline and degradation of its habitat. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd, C2a Shorea submontana Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A large dipterocarp that is locally abundant on high hills in Peninsular Malaysia. It is cut for balau timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 11647, 13857 EN Alcd Shorea sumatrana Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand This tree can be found along the banks of slow-flowing rivers. The population in south-east Peninsular Thailand appears to be extinct. It is exploited for its balau timber and the illipe nuts are collected locally. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 17140 CR Alcd Shorea superba Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A species of mixed dipterocarp forest, which is the main source of balau timber for Sabah. Logging poses a severe threat because the trees are unable to reach reproductive maturity between cutting cycles. The species is known to occur in some primary forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea symingtonii Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah) This tree is endemic to the mixed dipterocarp forests of Sabah, where it is threatened by habitat conversion and degradation. The species also occurs in some primary forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea tenuiramulosa Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) This tree appears to be confined to dry coastal ridges. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR C2a, D1 513 Species Summaries Shorea teysmanniana Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A tree of mixed peat-swamp forest, exploited for its light red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857, 17140 Shorea thorelii Dipterocarpaceae Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9169, 12937, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea trapezifolia Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka This tree is found in fragments of lowland and sometimes highland wet evergreen forest, usually on deep soils. Most of the habitat has been converted into plantations, resulting in the species becoming localised. It forms one of the dominant components of the canopy in the protected area at Sinharaja. The timber is harvested mainly for plywood. Regeneration is good where selective logging is taking place. No populations were found during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting that the species is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195, 18515, 19112 CR Alcd Shorea tumbuggaia Dipterocarpaceae India (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu) A small tree which occurs gregariously on slopes and peaks in dry savanna forest and dry mixed decidous forest. The habitat is threatened with conversion to agriculture. The wood is used for construction. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857 DD Shorea uliginosa Dipterocarpaceae VU Alcd Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) Locally abundant in mixed peat-swamp forest, this species is cut for its dark red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857, 17140 Shorea waltoni Dipterocarpaceae Malaysia (Sabah) This tree grows on well-drained ground in the lowlands and is found in some primary forest reserves.. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 CR Alcd Shorea worthingtonii Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka Isolated patches of this species are found scattered on well-drained soil in remaining lowland wet evergreen forests. Regeneration is poor. The species forms a dominant component in the canopy in the protected area at Sinharaja. It was not found during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the EN Alcd The World List of Threatened Trees National Conservation Review, suggesting that the species is extremely rare. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195, 18515, 19112 Shorea xanthophylla Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A tree that is found in mixed dipterocarp forest on hills in northern Borneo. The wood is used as yellow meranti timber. The species also occurs in some forest reserves. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857 Shorea zeylanica Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in wet evergreen forest which becomes an emergent at higher altitudes. The wood is used in construction work. It was not discovered during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting that the species is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195, 19112 CR Alcd, C2a Sibangea pleioneura Euphorbiaceae Tanzania The East African member of this small tropical African genus. It is endemic to the North Udzungwa Mountains where it is found in moist evergreen forest at medium elevations. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961, 11631 VU B1+2c Sideroxylon acunae Sapotaceae Cuba Related to S. angustatum, this species is also confined to Oriente Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Sideroxylon altamiranoi Sapotaceae Mexico (Hidalgo, Querétaro) Confined to Hidalgo and Querétaro States, the species has been recorded only a few times in montane forest and *matorral, from the lower limit of the pine—juniper belt. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Sideroxylon angustum Sapotaceae Cuba A shrub or small tree of dry thickets, apparently restricted to the serpentine plateau of Sierra de Nipe between 300 and 500m. So far it has been collected just three times. Some taxonomic confusion exists. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19149 EN B1+2c 514 Sideroxylon anomalum Sapotaceae Dominican Republic A species known only from the site where it was first collected in Barahona at about 700m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 Sideroxylon bullatum Sapotaceae Jamaica Confined to Portland, the species is found in wet areas of woodland on limestone, e.g. above Ecclesdown. The habitat has declined and continues to be threatened. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 3932, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Sideroxylon capiri ssp. capiri Sapotaceae LR/nt Mexico (Guerrero, Jalisco, México State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca) Occurring relatively widely, the species ranges from Jalisco to Oaxaca in deciduous forest from near sea level up to 1600m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 Sideroxylon cartilagineum Sapotaceae Mexico (Guerrero, Jalisco, Sinaloa) This small tree occurs over an area extending from Sinaloa to Guerrero, restricted to deciduous and semi- deciduous forest, frequently on igneous rock. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 LR/nt Sideroxylon confertum Sapotaceae Cuba Not a well-known species, it is confined to the provinces of Oriente and Pinar del Rio, where it occurs in forest by mangroves and also in dry *manacales up to 900m. Overexploited for its timber has caused population decline. Overcutting and clearing are constant threats to the habit. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19149 VU B1+2c Sideroxylon contrerasii Sapotaceae LR/nt Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico (Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Veracruz), Panama A rainforest species of lowland to medium elevation, scattered sparsely over a relatively wide range. Populations occur on the Atlantic slopes of Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica and more recently it has been collected from Cerro Jefe in Panama. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 Sideroxylon discolor Sapotaceae Yemen (Socotra) Formerly known under a small genus Spiniluma, the species is confined to the Haggier Mountains, from where it has been collected twice. It occurs in moist VU D2 seasonal woodland within a restricted range below 1000m. There are no immediate threats to the area. More fieldwork is needed to estimate population numbers. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 Sideroxylon dominicanum Sapotaceae Dominican Republic A small treelet recorded, up to now, only twice from forest on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c, D2 Sideroxylon durifolium Sapotaceae Belize A small tree which appears to be confined to the Jacinto Hills in Belize, although a specimen collected in Chiapas in Mexico could possibly be the same species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Sideroxylon eucoriaceum Sapotaceae Guatemala, Mexico (Veracruz) Known only from a few collections, the species is recorded from lowland rainforest in Nifio Perdido and Baja Verapaz in Guatemala and from submontane secondary forest in the Apatlanco area in Veracruz. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Sideroxylon excavatum Sapotaceae Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca) A newly described species of arid thom forest or oak forest on calcareous soil between 1600 and 2000m. It is known only from small populations in the Chilpancingo area in Guerrero and south of San Marcos Arteaga in Oaxaca. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 EN B1+2c Sideroxylon fimbriatum Sapotaceae Yemen (Socotra) Collected only a few times, the species has a very scattered distribution in moist woodland on limestone and granite hills. The populations are under no immediate threat. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 19083 VU D2 Sideroxylon floribundum ssp. belizense Sapotaceae Belize, Guatemala A rainforest species, confined to lowland limestone sites in Izabal and Petén, in Guatemala, and to Toledo in Belize. The type subspecies is confined to Jamaica. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU Alc Sideroxylon floribundum ssp. floribundum Sapotaceae Jamaica A taxon endemic to the central parishes of Jamaica, VU B1+2c 515 Species Summaries where it occurs within restricted areas of forest between 600 and 760m. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 6057, 7980, 19085 Sideroxylon hirtiantherum Sapotaceae Guatemala This species is known from a single locality at La Cumbre, Petén, where it is confined to lowland rainforest dominated by Manilkara zapota. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c, D2 Sideroxylon ibarrae Sapotaceae Guatemala Confined to lowland rainforest, this species has been collected only a few times from its range in Baja Verapaz. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c, D2 Sideroxylon inerme ssp. cryptophlebia Sapotaceae Seychelles (Aldabra) A frequent constituent of mixed scrub on most of the islands in Aldabra, Assumption, Cosmoledo and Astove. Trees are frequently infested by woolly coccids. They also provide fruit for the blue pigeon. The islands of Aldabra are protected within a Strict Nature Reserve. Strip-mining for phosphate or guano has taken place on Assumption and areas of Cosmoledo and Astove have been cleared and planted with coconuts and Casuarina. The species is found on the African mainland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19027 VU D2 Sideroxylon jubilla Sapotaceae Cuba A valuable timber tree, up to 30m tall, fairly widespread in the humid mountainous areas of eastern Cuba, where it grows in submontane and montane rainforest and seasonal evergreen forest. Population numbers continue to decline because of overcutting. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 8816, 19149 VU B1+2c Sideroxylon mermulana Sapotaceae VU C2a Cape Verde, Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Is.) The species is commonly known under the epithet marmulano and may possibly be divided into different varieties on different island groups, particularly the Cape Verde populations. It occurs in lowland dry forest and xerophytic scrub. On the Canary Islands and Madeira the populations have become small and fragmented, and are under great pressure from grazing, burning and habitat conversion. The species is covered by regional legislation and occurs within protected areas. Assessor: Baiiares, A. et al. Refs: 1512, 16500, 19022, 19131 Sideroxylon montanum Sapotaceae Jamaica The species occurs over a wide range of altitudes and soil types in the Blue Mountains. It is especially LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees common on the Grand Ridge and on steep, sometimes unstable, slopes. At lower elevations there has been logging. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 12564 Sideroxylon octosepalum Sapotaceae Jamaica An uncommon species occurring in the central parishes on well-drained rocky limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Sideroxylon peninsulare Sapotaceae Mexico (Baja California Sur) A small tree or shrub, which is confined to two sites along stream beds and gullies in the southern tip of Baja California. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c Sideroxylon persimile ssp. subsessiliflorum Sapotaceae LR/nt Mexico (Chihuahua, Colima, Durango, Jalisco, Sinaloa) This is the more localised subspecies of a widely occurring Central American tree. Populations are found along watercourses in dwarf deciduous forest up to 1200m, covering a range from Chihuahua to Jalisco and Colima. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 Sideroxylon retinerve Sapotaceae Honduras A small tree, confined to an area of submontane pine— oak woodland and rocky thickets in central Honduras. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 7980, 8816, 13995 CR C2a Sideroxylon rotundifolium Sapotaceae Jamaica This species is actually quite common where it occurs in areas of woodland and thicket on limestone in central and western parishes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Sideroxylon rubiginosum Sapotaceae Dominican Republic A very poorly known species. The type and only collection was taken from a hilltop in Santo Domingo in the early part of the century. It has not been recorded since. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 CR C2a Sideroxylon socorrense Sapotaceae Mexico (Revilla Gigedo Is) A tree known only from Socorro Island and the Revilla Gigedo Islands in humid forest up to 900m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU D2 516 Sideroxylon stevensonii Sapotaceae Belize, Guatemala This species is restricted to Petén in Guatemala and adjacent Belize. It is found in lowland rainforest dominated by Manilkara zapota, ascending to medium elevations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 8816 VU B1+2c VU D2 Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in Amazon forest in the department of Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 Sindora beccariana Leguminosae Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Scattered in lowland dipterocarp forest, this uncommon species, as well as others in the genus, may be seriously threatened by large-scale exploitation of forest. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 662, 1766, 12937, 14573 DD Sindora inermis Leguminosae Indonesia (Sumatra), Philippines The timber of this lowland forest species is used as sepetir. The supply is very limited. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 2072, 4919, 12937, 14573 VU Ald Sindora javanica Leguminosae Indonesia (Java) A rare tree restricted to the lowland forests of Preanger and Banjumas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12937, 14573 VU B1+2c Sindora supa Leguminosae Philippines The timber of this species, found in Luzon and Mindoro, is locally important and the wood-oil also has a variety of uses. Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 4919, 12888, 14573 VU Ald Sindora tonkinensis Leguminosae Cambodia, Viet Nam A slow-growing tree, sparsely but widely distributed in remaining areas of primary and slightly disturbed forest. In Viet Nam, the species produces one of the best woods in the country and is becoming increasingly scarce. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 12563 DD Sinojackia dolichocarpa Styracaceae China (Hunan) A relatively newly discovered species, known only from populations on Huping Mountain and Tienping Mountain, where it occurs in forest areas between 400 and 800m. The former location is designated a nature VU D2 reserve, but the habitat in both areas is susceptible to disturbance. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 Sinojackia xylocarpa Styracaceae VU B1+2ce, D2 China (Jiangsu) A dwarf tree restricted to a few localities close to Nanjing. It occurs on hillsides below 400m. Although some populations appear to be protected, trees are still susceptible to being cut for firewood. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 Sinoradlkofera minor Sapindaceae Viet Nam A small tree or shrub which appears to be endemic to Vo Xa, Nam Ha Province, in northern Viet Nam. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848 VU D2 Sinowilsonia henryi Hamamelidaceae China (Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan) Confined to central China, the species occurs in mixed forest on mountain slopes and river banks between 1100 and 1600m. One population is believed to be protected in Taibai Shan Nature Reserve. Elsewhere the species appears to be suffering from habitat degradation and declines. It is the only species in the genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 LR/nt Siparuna eggersii Monimiaceae Ecuador An endemic tree of Ecuador, inhabiting forest between 60m and 2650m in Bolivar Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Siphoneugenia densiflora Myrtaceae Brazil Assessor: Barroso, G.M. Refs: 19097, 19098 VU Bl+2acd Siphoneugenia occidentalis Myrtaceae Argentina (Jujuy, Salta), Bolivia Endemic to the piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and Bolivia, the species is confined to an unprotected ecosystem which is being rapidly replaced by agricultural systems. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 19122 VU B1+2ac Siphoneugenia widgreniana Myrtaceae Brazil Assessor: Barroso, G.M. Refs: 19097, 19098 VU B1+2acd 517 Species Summaries Sloanea acutiflora Elaeocarpaceae Suriname An upland rainforest tree, locally abundant in places. It is endemic to Brownsberg and the Tapanahony River. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19196 VU D2 Sloanea gracilis Elaeocarpaceae Suriname An endemic to Brownsberg. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19196 VU D2 Sloanea lepida Elaeocarpaceae New Caledonia This species has been collected only rarely, perhaps twice. It occurs in dense rainforest in Oua Némi and Mé Oué in the north of Grand Terre. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et all. Refs: 10351, 12630 VUDI1 Sloanea shankii Elaeocarpaceae Honduras A rarely collected species of lowland moist forest. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 CR C2a Sloanea suaveolens Elaeocarpaceae New Caledonia A species which appears to be known from a single location on Mont Tonine, where it occurs in dense forest on schist substrate between 800 and 1000m. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 VUDI1 Solanum betaceum Solanaceae Argentina? (Jujuy?, Tucum4n?), Bolivia? The native range of the tamarillo tree is not resolved. It is often thought extinct. Putative wild populations are small, occurring in restricted areas in Argentina and Bolivia. It is widely cultivated in the Andes, Europe, Africa and New Zealand. Wild representatives are important for the genetic improvement and understanding of cultivated forms. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 11906, 16093, 17611 DD Solanum bullatum Solanaceae LR/cd Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo) A relatively widely ranging species of Atlantic coastal forest. Assessor: Carvalho, L.d'A.F. Refs: 19098, 19103 Solanum cajanumense Solanaceae Colombia, Ecuador, Peru A small tree of Andean forest, occurring especially on the western slopes, between 1500 and 3000m, from Columbia to northern Peru. The habitat is seriously threatened by encroaching agriculture and fires. The LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees fruits are sweet and edible and are now being cultivated in New Zealand as a possible commercial fruit crop. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9880, 11906, 17611 Solanum cinnamomeum Solanaceae Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) The species appears to occur in isolated populations, including some in protected areas. Assessor: Carvalho, L.d'A.F. Refs: 19098, 19103 LR/cd Solanum circinatum ssp. ramosa Solanaceae Colombia Ranging relatively widely, the subspecies occurs in rainforest and cloud forest, in the valleys of Magdalena, Cauca and Patfa Rivers. It is geographically isolated from the more widespread type species. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 9880, 11906, 17611, 19069 VU B1+2c Solanum corymbiflora ssp. mortoniana Solanaceae Brazil (Parand, Santa Catarina) Two localities are known, one in Parand, south-east of Curitiba, and one around Sao Joaquim. It occurs within an area of 10,000km?, in clearings, thickets and waste places in the dwarf montane forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9880, 11906, 17611 VU D2 Solanum diploconos Solanaceae LR/nt Brazil (Minas Gerais, Parané, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo) This species has long been known under the name Cyphomandra fragrans. It is found in clearings and forest edges in Atlantic coastal rainforest and Araucaria forest, both of which have suffered heavy declines over the past centuries. The fruit are edible and are being tried in New Zealand as a potential commercial crop. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9880, 11906, 17611 Solanum diversifolium ssp. diversifolium Solanaceae Venezuela Distributed in a restricted area of coastal Venezuela, this small tree colonises disturbed areas and light gaps in cloud forest over 500m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9880, 17611 LR/nt Solanum drymophilum Solanaceae Puerto Rico A spiny shrub or tree up to 10ft. It occurs in thickets at the edge of pastureland, where it is vulnerable to cutting, burning and development. A total of between 50 and 150 individuals are known from a single site. If allowed to, it has the potential to become a weed in disturbed areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 17124, 17540 CR C2b 518 Solanum exiguum Solanaceae Bolivia A diminutive tree or shrub restricted to the valleys of Rio Beni and Rfo Chapare, where it is uncommon. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9880, 11906, 17611 VU B1+2c Solanum fallax Solanaceae Colombia, Ecuador An unusual species restricted to ravines and forest pockets in Jauneche forest in western Ecuador. It endures a more severe dry season than other species in this section of the genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9880, 17611 LR/nt Solanum fortunense Solanaceae Costa Rica, Panama Panama may contain the only extant populations of this rare species. The taxon is restricted to montane or cloud forest between 900 and 1800m. Further fieldwork may indicate that a more serious threat category is appropriate. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9880, 11906, 17611 VU D2 Solanum granulosum-leprosum Solanaceae Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) Assessor: Carvalho, L.d'A.F. Refs: 19098, 19103 LR/cd Solanum inaequale Solanaceae LR/cd Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, S40 Paulo) A widespread species of montane forest. Assessor: Carvalho, L.d'A.F. Refs: 7980, 19098, 19103 Solanum latiflorum Solanaceae Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) Quite well collected and widespread, this small tree is confined to the remaining areas of Atlantic coastal rainforest in the south-east of Brazil. This habitat has suffered large-scale destruction over the past centuries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9880, 17611 LR/nt Solanum leucodendron Solanaceae Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro) Assessor: Carvalho, L.d'A.F. Refs: 19103 LR/cd Solanum melissarum Solanaceae LR/nt Brazil (Bahia, Espfrito Santo, Minas Gerais, Parafba, Paran, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo) A relatively widespread species of primary or secondary forest, often in Araucaria groves, on the Atlantic coast. Declines in this habitat have been dramatic. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9880, 17611 Solanum ovum-fringillae Solanaceae Brazil (Pernambuco) A small shrub or herb which may be extinct in the wild. Collections, the last of which was gathered in 1933, originate from coastal ‘*restinga vegetation in Pernambuco and *caatinga of Bahia. This is the only species in this section of the genus to be found in *caatinga. Assessor: Bohs, L. Refs: 9880, 11906, 17611 CR B1+2c Solanum paralum Solanaceae Brazil (Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) An unusual species which is morphologically specialised to survive in *restinga vegetation along seashores. It is known from four collections, none more recent than 1971, from isolated localities on the south-east coast, where the loss of this habitat continues to be dramatic. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9880, 17611 EN Alc Solanum pinetorum Solanaceae LR/nt Brazil (Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo) The northem populations in Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo are separated from those in the south by 250km (and by morphologically different leaves and corolla). The species occurs in secondary vegetation and disturbed areas in primary forest, coastal cloud forest and Araucaria forest. Destruction of these forests has been extensive. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9880, 11906, 17611 Solanum roseum Solanaceae Bolivia A cloud forest species which is restricted to a small area in the department of La Paz, although it may appear in southern Peru. Habitat degradation has been caused by the expansion of agriculture and fires. This is one of the closest relatives to the tamarillo tree. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9880, 11906, 17611 VU B1+2c Solanum sibundoyense Solanaceae Colombia A small cloud forest tree endemic to Sibundoy and surrounding areas, where it occurs between 1400 and 2300m. It produces some of the largest fruit in this section of the genus (which also contains the tamarillo) and would be a good candidate for trial as a commercial fruit despite its restriction to such a specialised habitat type. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9880, 11906, 17611 VU D2 Solanum sycocarpum Solanaceae Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro) An unusual succulent species, which has become specialised and is restricted to *restinga vegetation on seashores. It ranges over about 1000km of the southern EN Alc 519 Species Summaries Brazilian coast, where this habitat is seriously threatened and continues to decline. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9880, 11906, 17611 Solanum tobagense Solanaceae Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela In the Guyana Highlands the species exists in two populations on either side of the Orinoco Delta. Some differentiation has evidently arisen between the populations but both are restricted to primary forest over 400m or cloud forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 9880, 11906, 17611 LR/nt Sonneratia hainanensis Lythraceae China (Guangdong - Hainan) Only five specimens are known to exist, confined to mangrove forest in Wenchang County, Hainan. The species is adapted to immersion in salty water and periodic drought. The seeds produced are minute and, although numerous, signs of regeneration are lacking. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11725, 11847 CR D1 Sophora fernandeziana Leguminosae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) Preliminary data indicate the species is confined to less than 100km?. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 7980, 14140 VU D2 Sophora mangarevaensis Leguminosae French Polynesia (Tuamotu Is.) Endemic to Mangareva. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 EN B1+2c Sophora masafuerana Leguminosae Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) Preliminary data indicate the species is confined to less than 100km?. More detailed information on the species should become available to confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3241, 5651, 7980, 14140 VU D2 Sophora raivavaeensis Leguminosae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) An endemic to Raivavae. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Sophora rapaensis Leguminosae French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.) Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Sophora saxicola Leguminosae Jamaica A rare and localised species, occurring on limestone cliffs and ledges in Trelawny. A single tree is recorded on Mango Tree Hill, near Spring Garden, in low disturbed woodland. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 5653, 19085 EN B1+2c Sophora toromiro Leguminosae Chile (Easter Is) A shrub or small tree. The last wild specimen was a plant in Rano Kao in 1935. A few plants still exist in cultivation in botanic gardens but attempts at reintroduction of the species on Easter Island have failed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7599, 7980, 15251 EW Sophora wightii Leguminosae India (Tamil Nadu) Known only from the type collection, the species is located in the north of the Nilgiris, occurring in montane forest between 1350 and 2000m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Sorbus amabilis Rosaceae China (Anhui, Fujian, Zhejiang) A species occurring in small localised colonies in the Margins or gaps of montane forest on Huangshan and Qingliang Mountain in southern Anhui, Lin'an and Longquan Counties in Zhejiang and Chong'an County in Fujian. Some of these areas are designated nature reserves. The degree of protection given to populations is however, largely unknown and the habitat continues to be cleared in places. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 VU B1+2c Sorbus anglica Rosaceae Ireland, United Kingdom (Great Britain) A shrub or small tree occurring locally in small populations, usually on Carboniferous limestone, on the edges of woodland or in scrub in Devon, north Somerset, the Avon Gorge, Wye Valley, Shropshire, Brecon, Montgomery, Denbigh and Kerry. The total population numbers about 600 individuals, the largest subpopulation being on Eglwyseg Mountain in Denbigh. The species is well protected in a number of nature reserves and Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Subpopulations have been noted to show some variability despite the species being an apomict. It is the product of a cross between S. aucuparia and S. rupicola. Assessor: Wigginton, M.J. Refs: 7222, 7801, 15608, 19148 VUDI 520 Sorbus arranensis Rosaceae United Kingdom (Great Britain) Scattered trees are confined to small remnants of woodland, mostly on inaccessible steep slopes, on very acidic soils in northern Arran. About 500 plants remain in the two known sites, most of the population being in Glen Diomhan Nature Reserve. Regeneration is believed to be insufficient for recruitment and grazing deer and sheep contribute to this failing. The species is apomictic and a fully fertile hybrid of S. aucuparia and S. rupicola. Assessor: Wigginton, M.J. Refs: 7222, 7801, 19148 VUDI Sorbus austriaca ssp. croatica Rosaceae Croatia A Croatian endemic, restricted to Velebit Mountain, found growing in montane and alpine open dry forest. It is a slow-growing, xerophytic, heliophytic tree. The species range is almost entirely within a nature reserve and is not considered to be of conservation concern. Assessor: Nikolic, T. Refs: 7222, 15608, 19070 LR/cd Sorbus badensis Rosaceae VU D2 Germany Endemic to the states of Bayern and Baden- Wiirttemberg in southern Germany, this small tree or shrub occurs in woodlands and scrub on upland slopes. It is an apomictic species of the S. latifolia complex, originating from a cross between S. graeca and S. torminalis. Assessor: Schmidt, P.A. Refs: 1719, 7222, 15608 Sorbus bristoliensis Rosaceae United Kingdom (Great Britain) Endemic to the Avon Gorge, both the Somerset and Gloucestershire sides, the species occurs on Carboniferous limestone in woodland and scrub. A population of about 100 plants exists and is increasing in number. The species is apomictic and the product of hybridisation between S. rupicola and S. torminalis. Assessor: Wigginton, M.J. Refs: 7222, 7801, 19148 EN D1 Sorbus decipiens Rosaceae Germany An apomictic species of the S. latifolia complex, arising from a cross between S. aria and S. torminalis. It is confined to submontane open woodland on one limestone hill in Burgberg, Thuringia State. At the beginning of the 19th century about 100 individuals were counted, but now only 50 individuals remain within an area of less than 100km2. Assessor: Schmidt, P.A. CR B1+2e, D1 Refs: 1719 Sorbus eminens Rosaceae VU DI United Kingdom (Great Britain) A woodland tree, occurring very locally on Carboniferous limestone in the Wye Valley, the Avon Gorge, other locations in Somerset, and also in Bangor in North Wales, a population which was formerly placed under S. porrigentiformis. About 250 trees exist in total, the majority of which are in the Avon Gorge, where they are under some degree of protection and constructive management. The species is apomictic. There appears to be significant variation between populations and further studies are required to elucidate their exact origins. Assessor: Wigginton, M.J. Refs: 7222, 7801, 19148 Sorbus franconica Rosaceae Germany A small tree or shrub, occurring in beech forest, pine plantation on limestone and at forest edges in three small areas in the state of Bayern, northern Bavaria. The species, an apomictic member of the S. latifolia complex, is thought to have originated from a hybridisation event between S. pannonica or S. aria and S. torminalis. Assessor: Schmidt, P.A. Refs: 1719, 7222, 15608 VU D2 Sorbus heilingensis Rosaceae Germany Confined to the limestone area between the villages of Heilingen and Reinstadt in the state of Thuringia, this large tree has an extent of occurrence of less than 100km?. It is an apomictic species of the S. latifolia complex, originating from a cross between S. aria and S. torminalis. Assessor: Schmidt, P.A. Refs: 1719, 7222, 15608 VU D2 Sorbus lancastriensis Rosaceae United Kingdom (Great Britain) A small tree of open woodland or woodland edges, occurring on Carboniferous limestone in a number of sites within a 30km radius of Morecambe Bay. Most sites are protected or inaccessible. The species is apomictic, originating from a cross between S. aria and S. rupicola. Assessor: Wigginton, M.J. Refs: 7222, 7801, 19148 LR/nt Sorbus leptophylla Rosaceae United Kingdom (Great Britain) A sprawling tree known only from populations on shady crags of Carboniferous limestone at two sites in Breconshire, both of which are given some form of protection. The population is stable and inaccessible to grazing animals. The latest count uncovered 44 trees. A small population of very similar trees is found at Craig Breidden in Montgomery. Further studies are needed to consolidate whether it belongs to this species. Assessor: Wigginton, M.J. Refs: 7222, 7801, 19148 CR D1 Sorbus leyana Rosaceae United Kingdom (Great Britain) About 20 trees are known in total from two sites on Carboniferous limestone cliffs in southern Breconshire. Both locations are given limited protection as Sites of Special Scientific Interest and a small number of plants raised from seed have been incorporated into the population. Quarrying has destroyed some of the former CR DI 521 Species Summaries sites. The species is an apomictic product of a cross between S. aucuparia and S. rupicola. Assessor: Wigginton, M.J. Refs: 7222, 7801, 19148 Sorbus maderensis Rosaceae Portugal (Madeira) Endemic to Madeira, the species is reduced to a single population of about 30 trees in a small area of montane woodland at 1500m. Recent grazing control has helped to improve the prospects of regeneration. There are still potential threats from burning and collectors. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 16500, 19080, 19131 CR DI Sorbus multicrenata Rosaceae Germany Restricted to a single locality on the southern slope of a hill in Greifenstein near Blakenburg in the state of Thuringia, this species occurs within an area of 100 km?. It belongs to the S. latifolia complex, originating from hybridisation between S. aria and S. torminalis. Assessor: Schmidt, P.A. Refs: 1719, 7222, 15608 EN D1 Sorbus parumlobata Rosaceae Germany This tree is restricted to the limestone slopes south of Amstadt in Thuringia. There are fewer than 50 individuals. It belongs to the S. Jatifolia complex, originating from a cross between S. aria and S. torminalis. Assessor: Schmidt, P.A. Refs: 1719, 7222, 15608 CR DI Sorbus pseudofennica Rosaceae United Kingdom (Great Britain) A small tree known from Glen Diomhan in Arran, where it occurs in scrub on steep granite crags and in remnant woodland on a stream bank. The area is remote and designated as a nature reserve. Signs of regeneration are evident but they are exceeded in rate by the natural loss of old trees. Attempts at supplementing the existing population of about 500 individuals by planting young trees has met with limited success. The parent species are believed to be S. arranensis and S. aucuparia. Assessor: Wigginton, M.J. Refs: 1719, 7222, 7801, 19148 VU D2 Sorbus pseudothuringiaca Rosaceae Germany A shrub to medium-sized tree, confined to an area of less than 200km? in the mountain range of Frankische Alb in the state of Bavaria. It is an apomictic species of the S. hybrida complex, originating from a cross between S. aria and S. aucuparia. Assessor: Schmidt, P.A. Refs: 1719, 7222, 15608 VU D1+2 Sorbus subcordata Rosaceae Germany Endemic to the state of Thuringia, this apomict is found in a population of about 1000 individuals, on the VUDI The World List of Threatened Trees limestone slopes south of Amstadt. It belongs to the S. latifolia complex, originating from a cross between S. aria and S. torminalis. Assessor: Schmidt, P.A. Refs: 1719, 7222, 15608 Sorbus subcuneata Rosaceae United Kingdom (Great Britain) Occurring in oak woodlands, this apomictic species is confined to a small area along the Devon and Somerset coasts. Most of the small populations are stable, with the one noted exception being the potentially threatened population above High Town in Minehead. Assessor: Wigginton, M.J. Refs: 7222, 7801, 19148 VU DI Sorbus velebitica Rosaceae Croatia Taxonomically and nomenclaturally doubtful, the species is in need of further investigation. Assessor: Nikolic, T. Refs: 7222, 15608, 19070 DD Sorbus vexans Rosaceae United Kingdom (Great Britain) A small tree, often multi-stemmed from the base. Populations occur in a small corridor of coast between Culbone in Somerset and an area just west of Trentishoe in Devon, where the species grows mainly in oak woodlands. There are no obvious threats to the populations, although inappropriate woodland Management and the spread of Rhododendron are potential hazards. The species is apomictic. Assessor: Wigginton, M.J. Refs: 7222, 7801, 19148 VU D1+2 Sorbus wilmottiana Rosaceae United Kingdom (Great Britain) Known from both sides of the Avon Gorge in Somerset and Gloucestershire, the species is one of the rarest Sorbus species in the UK. As few as 20 trees may remain in woodland margins and on cliff edges with other rare Sorbus species. The area is managed so as to conserve the rare plants. However, there have been recent reports of the illegal collection and cutting down of trees. Assessor: Wigginton, M.J. Refs: 7222, 7801, 19148 CR D1 Sorindeia calantha Anacardiaceae Tanzania Known only from a few collections, this species is confined to upper moist evergreen forest in the South Nguru Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 CR B1+2d Sorindeia mildbraedii Anacardiaceae Cameroon, Nigeria This small forest tree is confined to an area extending from south-east Nigeria to Cameroon, including Oban Hills in Cross River National Park, where the population is relatively well protected. Unprotected forest has been VU B1+2c 522 extensively logged and cleared for cultivation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4977, 11504 Sorocea guilleminiana Moraceae Brazil An Atlantic forest species widely occurring in north, north-east and south-east Brazil. Populations have declined because of habitat loss and degradation and poor regeneration. Assessor: Carauta, J.P.P. Refs: 15717, 19101 VU Alc Soulamea terminalioides Simaroubaceae Seychelles Endemic to the Seychelles, the species qualifies as threatened by virtue of its restricted distribution. Populations are healthy and stable. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9859, 17229 VU D2 Soyauxia talbotii Medusandraceae Nigeria A small tree which is recorded only in south-east Nigeria. Unprotected forest has been extensively logged and cleared for cultivation. The family is endemic to West Africa. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 11504 EN B1+2c Spachea correae Malpighiaceae Costa Rica, Panama A scarce rainforest species, which in Panama is known from only a few localities on the Atlantic slopes in the provinces of Colén and Bocas del Toro. The species is in danger of being lost from the Colén localities because the forest has rapidly disappeared in recent years. There is thought to be an occurrence in La Amistad National Park between Panama and Costa Rica and the species extends north on both Atlantic and Pacific sides up to the border with Nicaragua. Populations appear to be larger in protected areas, most notably in Corcovado National Park. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 VU Cl Spathacanthus hahnianus Acanthaceae LR/cd Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua A species of moist seasonal montane forest or cloud forest. Although it is scarce, it is relatively wide-ranging and the habitat is well represented in protected areas. Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 19161 Spathandra barteri Melastomataceae Ghana A species which is rare and confined to small areas of swamp or riverine areas within evergreen forest. These areas have suffered losses from mining, logging and commercial forestry activities. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 8369, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Spathelia coccinea Rutaceae Jamaica The species has been recorded only from two localities on limestone hills within five miles of Troy and on Donkey Trail Hill. The areas are susceptible to cutting and encroaching agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 CR B1+2c Spathelia glabrescens Rutaceae Jamaica A gregarious species found in hilly areas in the central parishes. A distinct but similar species appears to have been found in Trelawny. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Spiraeanthemum graeffei Cunoniaceae Fiji A tree or shrub of dense forest and forest edges, occurring between 275 and 1050m. The species is known with certainty only from a few populations of about 20-30 plants in Viti Levu, although it has been erroneously recorded elsewhere. There are recorded occurrences in Nadarivatu and Tomaniivi Nature Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 EN D1 Spiraeanthemum serratum Cunoniaceae Fiji A small tree or shrub of dense thickets on crests and ridges, occurring between 1100 and 1323m. Populations are few and small, containing about 20-30 plants, confined to Viti Levu and Taveuni. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5515, 6053, 18818 EN D1 Spirotecoma apiculata Bignoniaceae Cuba Widespread in the Sagua-Baracoa serpentine mountain ranges of north-east Cuba, this small tree is typical of the pine forest belt between 600 and 900m and is also found in the lowland serpentine shrublands in the subcoastal zone north of the Moa Mountains. The species is not yet uncommon but has suffered from overcutting and habitat loss. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 19149 VU B1+2c Spirotecoma holguinensis Bignoniaceae Cuba A small tree up to 8m tall, confined to dry scrub and scrub—woodland communities in the serpentine areas of north-east Holguin. Overcutting, overgrazing and urban expansion have confined the population to small areas. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 19149 EN B1+2c 523 Species Summaries Stadmannia oppositifolia ssp. rhodesiaca Sapindaceae LR/nt Mozambique, South Africa (Northern Province), Zimbabwe Nowhere common, this subspecies is found relatively widely on hills in the Zimbabwe savanna, in adjacent parts of Mozambique, Canicadoa and Rio dos Elefantes, and into Northern Province, South Africa. All the South African records are from Kruger National Park. Records from KwaZulu-Natal need confirmation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 689, 2044, 5108, 7401, 19218 Stahlia monosperma Leguminosae EN B1+2c, C2a, D1 Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (US) Occurring at the margins of mangroves and in coastal forest, the species is extremely rare throughout its range. In Puerto Rico fewer than 20 trees are thought to exist in Boqueron and Sabana Grande. The wood is used in furniture-making. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 17124, 17540 Staudtia pterocarpa Myristicaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (SA0 Tomé) A timber species once of lowland forest. Individuals are now found in areas which have been settled and cultivated, as most of the original forest below 1500m was cleared in the first half of the century. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724, 10080 VU D2 Steganotaenia commiphoroides Umbelliferae Ethiopia, Somalia One collection has been made in Ethiopia but otherwise the species is endemic to southern Somalia. The habitat is vulnerable to degradation caused by overcutting for charcoal production and expanding agricultural activities. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 8697, 18665 LR/nt Stemmadenia pauli Apocynaceae Costa Rica An understorey shrub or small tree restricted to forest in Puntarenas Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15491 VU B1+2c Stemonoporus acuminatus Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A tree found only in small patches of remaining wet evergreen forest above 600m. This species was found in 13 of the sites surveys for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195, 19112 EN Alc Stemonoporus affinis Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka Endemic to Hunasgiriya, this small semi-gregarious tree is confined to the lower canopy of remaining patches of CR Alc The World List of Threatened Trees highland wet evergreen forest. This species was not found during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, indicating that it is extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 18796, 19112 Stemonoporus angustisepalus Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to lower montane forest. During the comprehensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, this species was found in only three localities in Kegalle and Ratnapura. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 19112 EN Alc Stemonoporus bullatus Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka This dipterocarp was known from wet evergreen forest in Kanneliya and Hinidumkande, however it was not found during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, indicating that it is extremely rare or possibly extinct. Its taxonomic characteristics are doubtfully distinct from S. canaliculatus. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 19112 EN Alc Stemonoporus canaliculatus Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka An understorey tree with a clumped distribution in remaining lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sri Lanka. This species was found in 11 forest sites during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195, 19112 CR Alc Stemonoporus cordifolius Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka Localised on the southern slopes of Adam's Peak in Ratnapura District, this gregarious understorey tree occurs in highland wet evergreen forest. It was found in three sites surveyed by the National Conservation Review. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 19112 EN Alc Stemonoporus elegans Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A species restricted to the southern slopes of Adam's Peak at around 1000m. This species was found in three of the sites surveyed for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 17759, 19112 CR Alc Stemonoporus gardneri Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A small tree which dominates highland wet evergreen forest at higher altitudes, sometimes extending into montane forest on the south and east slopes of Adam's Peak and higher elevations of forest in Sinharaja. The EN Alc 524 species was found in only three of the sites surveyed for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 19112 Stemonoporus gilimalensis Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A small tree known only from Gilimale forest in Ratnapura District. It was not found during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting that it is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 19112 CR Alc, C2a Stemonoporus gracilis Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka This species is known only from an area of river bank on a tributary of the Kelani River. It was not found during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting that the species is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 19112 CR Alc, D1 Stemonoporus kanneliyensis Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka This species was found only once in Haycock Biosphere Reserve during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting that the species is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. The taxon is doubtfully distinct from S. reticulatus. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 19112 EN Alc, C2a Stemonoporus laevifolius Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka This small tree was not found during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting that it is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 19112 EN Alc, B1+2c Stemonoporus lanceolatus Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka Confined to remaining patches of lowland wet evergreen forest, the species occurs in small clumps on steep rocky hillsides. It was found only once in Ratnapura District during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs:13857, 15431, 18796, 19112 CR Alc, D1 Stemonoporus lancifolius Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A very small tree which is found in a few hillside and river bank localities of lowland wet evergreen forest. It was found only once in Ratnapura District during the CR Alc, Dl extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 19112 Stemonoporus latisepalus Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A single tree was found in Ratnapura District during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 19112 Stemonoporus marginalis Dipterocarpaceae CR B1+2c, D1 CR B1+2c, D1 A spindly tree, known only from the type locality. This species did not tum up during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, indicating that it is either extremely rare or possibly extinct Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 19112 Stemonoporus moonii Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka Confined to the Kalutara District, this small shrub is found in the understorey of swamp forests and in marshy, periodically inundated areas near slow-running streamlets. Most swamp forests have been converted to Tice fields. It was found only once during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9169, 13857, 15431, 17759, 19104, 19112 CR C2a, D1 Stemonoporus nitidus Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka This tree, known from a single collection, is limited to a few patches of lowland wet evergreen forest on ridges. It was not found during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, indicating that it is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 18796, 19112 CR Alc, D1 Stemonoporus oblongifolius Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka This small tree is sparsely distributed in remaining patches of highland wet evergreen forest. It was found in only two sites during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 18796, 19112 EN Alc Stemonoporus petiolaris Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A small tree endemic to Kitulgala and Gilimale, where it grows on well-drained deep soil in lowland wet evergreen forest. It was not found during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, indicating that it is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 18796, 19112 CR Alc+2c, C2a 525 Species Summaries Stemonoporus reticulatus Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A small tree confined to ridge crests in the remaining lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. It was found in only two forests during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195, 19112 EN Alc Stemonoporus revolutus Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka A small tree of highland wet evergreen forest, known from one ridge overlooking the Sinharaja forest. It was found only once during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 19112 EN Alc Stemonoporus rigidus Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka Found only in the Ambagamuwa region, this small tree had been collected only twice, in 1852 and 1860, but in 1981 a population of several hundred trees was discovered on the southern forested slopes of Peak Wilderness between 1600 and 1800m. However, it was not found during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, indicating that it is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 15431, 18796, 19112 EN Alc Stemonoporus scaphifolius Dipterocarpaceae Sri Lanka This small tree is known only from the type collection. It did not tum up during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, indicating that it is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 19112 EN Alc Stenanona panamensis Annonaceae Costa Rica, Panama Small populations exist in the Bocas del Toro in Panama, and in Sixaola in Costa Rica. They occur in primary forest, principally along streams, covering a combined area of approximately 10,000 km*. The locations are affected by increasing habitat clearance and logging. It is possible that further populations remain to be found. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 EN CZa Stenocarpus dumbeensis Proteaceae New Caledonia This species has been collected five times in the region of Nouméa above Koé. Despite this being the botanically best known area of Grand Terre, the species has not been found since 1905. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351, 12630 EX The World List of Threatened Trees Stenocarpus heterophyllus Proteaceae EN B1+2c New Caledonia Occurring in maquis, open forest and riverine vegetation, the species is confined to a few localities in the south-west. Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 Stenocarpus villosus Proteaceae New Caledonia A species restricted to the east coast, where it has been recorded on ultramafic substrate towards Balade and Canala. The last collection was gathered in 1860 and the species has not been found since. It is questionable whether it should not now be considered extinct. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 4492, 10351, 12630 CR D1 Stephanopodium magnifolium Dichapetalaceae VU D2 Brazil (Bahia) A distinctive small tree known from one location in the Urugua municipality of Bahia. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 13112 Stephanostegia capuronii Apocynaceae Madagascar Confined to the east coast, the species occurs in three disjunct areas between Antalaha and Ambila. It is found in sublittoral rainforest. The wood is useful and the species is a focus for silvicultural studies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6161 LR/nt Sterculia africana var. socotrana Sterculiaceae Yemen (Socotra) A variety which is endemic to Socotra. It occurs in dry low-altitude woodland. The tree is important for its use as animal fodder and also potentially as a source of timber. Rapid development on the island may result in extensive cutting of trees for construction work. Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 2354, 19083 VU A2d, D2 Sterculia alexandri Sterculiaceae South Africa (Eastern Cape) A small tree found on forest margins, in scrub, and on open slopes of valleys and ravines, sometimes near stream banks, in only a few localities: Winterhoek Mountains near Uitenhage, Van Staaden's Mountains near Port Elizabeth and near Kouga Dam at the start of the Baviaanskloof. It possibly occurs elsewhere in the remote Kouga Mountains and Baviaanskloof. All the subpopulations appear to be very small, with the one in Van Staaden's Wildflower Reserve possibly being the largest and best known. Another subpopulation in the Van Staaden's Valley was probably destroyed many years ago when a national road was built. There is a threat of habitat destruction through increasing settlement, industrial developments and frequent fires. Recruitment appears to be low, although plants coppice VU C2a, D2 526 readily if damaged. A few plants are protected in the Groendal Wilderness Area. The Van _ Staaden's Wildflower Reserve is not particularly well-managed at present. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 Sterculia cinerea Sterculiaceae LR/nt Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan The species apparently occurs disjunctly, with populations in lowland wooded grasslands in eastern Eritrea and in Illubabor in the west of Ethiopia. It is also reported in Sudan. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5941 Sterculia khasiana Sterculiaceae India (Meghalaya) An endemic tree of the Khasi Hills in Meghalaya, where it occured in subtropical forest between 1000 and 1500m. There have been significant declines in the extent of the habitat, largely caused by extensive agriculture and fires. The species has not been collected since 1877 and is presumed extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538 EX Sterculia schliebenii Sterculiaceae Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania Restricted to coastal forest, this species is known from only a few locations. In Kenya it occurs in the region of the Shimba Hills, and in Tanzania, Chitoa Forest Reserve (8km?) is one of the two reserves which harbour a population. The extent of occurrence in Mozambique is little known. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 6396, 16796 VU D2 Steriphoma macranthum Capparaceae Colombia, Panama A poorly known plant, which has been collected just twice. The type specimen was found in Pinogana District in Darién. The area, until now, has been difficult to access and is little studied. A second specimen came from Antioquia in Colombia in 1945. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772 DD Storckiella vitiensis Leguminosae Fiji Occurring on four of the high islands, the species is found in dense forest along creeks, rivers and their tributaries. It has not been collected frequently. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18818 VU D2 Streblorrhiza speciosa Leguminosae Norfolk Island Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3484, 11400, 13880 EX Streblus sclerophyllus Moraceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Strempeliopsis arborea Apocynaceae Jamaica A Cockpit Country endemic found in areas of woodland on craggy limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Strychnos benthamii Loganiaceae Sri Lanka This species has been found in only six forest sites during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 VU B1+2c Strychnos chromatoxylon Loganiaceae Cameroon, Central African Republic, Céte d'Ivoire This species is severely restricted in the Upper Guinea part of its range, where it was found once in riverine forest in Bafing, between Biankouma and Touba in Cote d'Ivoire. In Cameroon and the Central African Republic its status is not yet known. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 12590, 12822 DD Strychnos mellodora Loganiaceae Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe Although the species ranges from Kenya to Zimbabwe, it exists in small and restricted pockets of moist forest, which have declined in extent over the past few decades. It has been found only once in the Shimba Hills in Kenya. In Tanzania it occurs in the East Usambara Mountains, the North Udzungwa Mountains, where it is very scarce, and the Ngurdota Crater on Mount Meru. The species is confined to Chirinda forest in Zimbabwe, where there is a well-protected healthy population. It has also been recorded from Garuso forest in central Mozambique. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 6725, 8814, 16232 VU B1+2be Strychnos millepunctata Loganiaceae Cote d'Ivoire Represented by few known collections, this endemic of Céte d'Ivoire is scattered throughout the country in primary forest. Extensive logging has severely reduced the extent of forest in the country in the last three decades. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 12822 VU B1+2c Strychnos tetragona Loganiaceae Sri Lanka A tree confined to areas of lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sri Lanka. Only a single individual was found in Knuckles State Forest during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation CR B1+2c 527 Species Summaries Review between 1991 and 1996. Previous surveys recorded populations in Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve and Gilimale Forest Reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9176, 17195, 19112 Stuhlmannia moavi Leguminosae Kenya, Madagascar, Tanzania The accepted name for Caesalpinia insolita, this taxon is recognised as a new genus. It is known from a few coastal forest fragments at Mwena River in Kenya and in several sites on the coastal plain between Pangani and Miligaji Rivers in Tanzania, including the relatively undisturbed Gendagenda Forest Reserve and a cattle ranch which may be added to the Sadaani Game Reserve. It is also reported from Madagascar. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 1308, 4506, 6396, 12067, 16796 VU B1+2c, C2a, D2 Stylogyne darienensis Myrsinaceae Panama Collected only once, the species is restricted to a region which has been poorly explored until now. Stylogyne is known from several collections in Darién, identified as other species. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 16772 DD Styrax argyrophyllus Styracaceae Peru This species appears to be confined to the department of Cajamarca in the Andes, where it is known only from the type locality in submontane shrubland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Styrax crotonoides Styracaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore This species inhabits both closed and open lowland rainforest and swamp or disturbed forests. Many such forests in the state of Johore have undergone conversion, particularly for housing developments. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 9199, 17140, 19073 VU B1+2c Styrax ferax Styracaceae Peru So far known only from the type locality, the species occurs in lowland forest in the department of Junin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Styrax foveolaria Styracaceae Peru This species is known only from the type collection from the department of Hudnuco. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Styrax fraserensis Styracaceae VU D2 Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare species occurring at 1300m on Frasers Hill, Pahang. The prime threat to this species is tourism. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 Styrax litseoides Styracaceae VU D2 Viet Nam A species apparently endemic to Viet Nam, where it is known only from Phu Loc in Lang Co in the centre of the country. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848 Styrax mathewsii Styracaceae VU D2 Peru Recorded only from the type collection, the species occurs in submontane forest in the department of Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 Styrax peruvianum Styracaceae VU D2 Peru This Andean species appears to be confined to Cajamarca, where it has been recorded only from the type collection taken from submontane shrubland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 Styrax portoricensis Styracaceae CR D1 Puerto Rico A total of four individuals are known from a single site of upper montane wet forest in the Caribbean National Forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 17124, 17540 Styrax socialis Styracaceae VU D2 Peru A shrubland species, known only from the type collection in scrub occurring below 1500m in Cuzco Department. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 Styrax tafelbergensis Styracaceae VU D2 Suriname A rare endemic, known only from Tafelberg, where it is found in creek forest near the Table Mountain. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6493, 19196 Suregada lithoxyla Euphorbiaceae Tanzania Restricted to patches of moist evergreen forest in eastern Tanzania, this tree is known from Kimboza Forest Reserve, the East Usambara Mountains and possibly VU B1+2b also the North Udzungwa Mountains. All these localities are in densely populated areas but are relatively well protected by guards or active conservation programmes. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 Swartzia fistuloides Leguminosae EN Alcd Angola (Cabinda), Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria Although widespread in closed forests in West and Central Africa, the species is not common. It is exploited at a moderate level as a decorative timber. There is also evidence that regeneration may be hampered in places by the absence of its seed disperser, the elephant. Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 2773, 6128, 6718, 8369, 17408 Swartzia macrophylla Leguminosae EX Colombia Believed to be extinct, the species was recorded from an unspecified locality, probably in Antioquia. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 8869, 17690, 19069 Swartzia nuda Leguminosae Panama A species which is known only from two localities, Isla Colén and Valle del Agua, in Bocas del Toro, where it occurs, fairly commonly, in lowland evergreen to semi- evergreen rainforest. There are some threats from logging and encroaching settlements and agriculture. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772, 17690 EN B1+2c Swartzia oraria Leguminosae Colombia An endemic to Valle. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 CR B1+2c Swartzia rediviva Leguminosae VU D2 Suriname An endemic species known only from the type locality along the Left Coppename River. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19196 Swartzia robiniifolia Leguminosae Colombia Endemic to Colombia, the species is recorded from Cauca, Santander and Tolima. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN Bi+2c Swartzia santanderensis Leguminosae Colombia An endemic of Santander. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 VU B1+2c Swida darvasica Cornaceae Former USSR, Tajikistan A shrub reaching up to 4m or more in height, restricted to a single location in Darvaz, Tajikistan, consisting of only a few plants. It can be easily cultivated and has potential as an ornamental. Assessor: Firsov, G.A. Refs: 4196, 19056 CR D1 Swietenia humilis Meliaceae VU Alcd Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama A species of dry deciduous forest, savanna, rough scrub, rocky hillsides and cultivated fields. Trees are usually seen as scattered and isolated individuals, preserved in cultivated land and pastures. Large specimens are rare. The timber is used in local carpentry, but is of little commercial importance. The species is listed in Appendix II of *CITES. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4974, 7980, 12281 Swietenia macrophylla Meliaceae VU Alcd+2cd Belize, Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Goids, Maranhdo, Mato Grosso, Paré, Rond6nia, Tocantins), Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico (Quintana Roo), Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela A very large timber tree which has an extensive natural distribution in various forest types. This species is the most commercially important of the mahoganies. The level of exploitation has led to the exhaustion of supplies particularly in the northern parts of its range. The ecology of northern populations is relatively well understood whereas virtually nothing is known about Amazonian populations. Basic inventories are lacking for most of its range. Good stands apparently still remain in parts of Brazil and Bolivia. Regeneration of the species is stochastic, depending in nature on large-scale disturbance. This ecological strategy makes mahogany vulnerable to logging regimes. Harvesting and processing are generally only 50 percent efficient. There is, at present, little economic incentive to manage natural stands sustainably. International trade in timber of the species is subject to the provisions of Appendix III of *CITES. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1957, 4147, 4217, 4974, 5124, 6602, 9076, 12109, 12268, 12281, 14717, 14873, 15539, 16123, 19170 Swietenia mahagoni Meliaceae EN Alcd Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe (Guadeloupe, St Martin-St Barthelemy), Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, USA (Florida), Venezuela The Caribbean mahogany is found on the Caribbean islands and also in south Florida in dry or moist forest, often on limestone. Its natural distribution is hard to ascertain as it has been widely cultivated. It was the first mahogany to appear in the European market five centuries ago. Natural stands are extensively exhausted and the species exhibits high levels of genetic erosion. 529 Species Summaries Remaining individuals are usually weedy trees or bushes. Small quantities of timber from plantations are occasionally available on the international market. The species is listed in Appendix II of *CITES. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Refs: 5519, 6602, 7630, 12281, 16261, 19178, 19179, 19187 Syagrus botryophora Palmae Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Sergipe) A tree of Atlantic coastal rainforest. The species responds badly to forest clearance. Seed production and seedling survival decline outside forest areas. Assessor: Noblick, L. Refs: 19118 LR/nt Syagrus glaucescens Palmae Brazil (Minas Gerais) A small palm tree of *cerrado and *campo rupestre on rocky outcrops, confined to Serra da Diamantina of Minas Gerais. Population numbers are declining at an alarming rate. Only a few small trees remain and mature individuals are almost completely absent from certain rocky areas. There is evidence that adult palms have been collected, possibly transplanted into cultivation. Assessor: Noblick, L. Refs: 19118 VU Alc Syagrus macrocarpa Palmae EN C2a Brazil (Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro) The species is confined to Atlantic coastal forest. It is particularly rare in Espirito Santo. Trees are so sparsely scattered that outcrossing may be seriously limited. No large populations are known. Assessor: Noblick, L. Refs: 19118 Syagrus stratincola Palmae French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname A palm tree that occurs in fewer than 10 localities on granite outcrops in low transitional moist forest in the Guianas. In French Guiana one of these sites is in Las Neuragus Nature Reserve. Fire and poor regeneration are the principal threats. Assessor: de Granville, J.J Refs: 19118 VU B1+2c Sympetalandra schmutzii Leguminosae Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Is.) A large tree endemic to Flores Is. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1011 VU D2 Symphonia globulifera var. angustifolia Guttiferae Panama Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 15309, 16772, 17397 DD Symphyochlamys erlangeri Malvaceae Somalia A tree from a monotypic genus. It is confined to southern Somalia where the habitat is extensively LR/nt The World List of Threatened Trees degraded because of overcutting for charcoal production and overgrazing. Assessor: Thulin, M. Refs: 8697, 18665 Symplocos anamallayana Symplocaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A small tree of montane forest, occurring above 2100m. Existing records and collections have all come from a restricted area within the Anamalai and Palni ranges. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8483, 19144 EN B1+2c Symplocos baehnii Symplocaceae VU D2 Peru Only the type collection is known. It was recorded from the department of Junin. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 Symplocos barberi Symplocaceae India (Tamil Nadu) This species is endemic to the Agastyamalai Hills at the southern end of the Western Ghats. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but almost 1000km? of forest are now under protection within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651 EN B1+2c Symplocos bractealis Symplocaceae Sri Lanka In the extensive surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review, this species was discovered in nine forest localities, mainly confined to Nuwara Eliya District. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 19112 VU B1+2c Symplocos breedlovei Symplocaceae Mexico Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 3913, 9227, 19203 EN B1+2c Symplocos calycodactylos Symplocaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species of hill and submontane forest up to 900m. A few collections have been made, from the states of Kedah and Perak. Logging and increasing settlement are the principal threats to remaining populations. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 VU B1+2c Symplocos canescens Symplocaceae Ecuador An endemic of the Ecuadorean High Andes, currently known to occur in areas of cloud forest between 2500 and 3400m in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe Province. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c 530 Symplocos carmencitae Symplocaceae Ecuador An endemic tree of Ecuador, currently known to inhabit montane cloud forest in the High Andean areas of Imbabura. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Symplocos clethrifolia Symplocaceae Ecuador This tree is endemic to the High Andes of Ecuador where it inhabits cloud forest between 3000m and 3500m. Currently known from Morona-Santiago, Azuay and Loja. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Symplocos coccinea Symplocaceae Mexico (Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz) A cloud forest species distributed in the Sierra Madre Oriental. Its range has declined and populations are reduced to areas that have escaped agricultural expansion, such as deep gullies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 81, 16907, 19206 VU Alc Symplocos cordifolia Symplocaceae Sri Lanka During the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review, this species was apparently locally common but occurred in only six of the surveyed localities in the districts of Nuwara Eliya and Kandy. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17759, 19112 VU B1+2c Symplocos coronata var. coronata Symplocaceae Sri Lanka A variety restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Symplocos coronata var. glabrifolia Symplocaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Symplocos costata Symplocaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) Scattered in remnant montane and hill forest, the species occurs from areas in the west to as far east as Gunung Telomojo. This habitat has been almost completely cleared in areas below 1400m and the pressures are intense on remaining areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18840 VU B1+2c Symplocos cuneata var. acuta Symplocaceae Sri Lanka A variety occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Symplocos cuneata var. cuneata Symplocaceae Sri Lanka A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Symplocos diversifolia var. appressa Symplocaceae Sri Lanka The species was found in only two forest sites in Ratnapura District during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. The sites are not protected. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 19112 EN B1+2c Symplocos diversifolia var. diversifolia Symplocaceae Sri Lanka The species was found in only two forest sites in Ratnapura District during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review. The sites are not protected. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 19112 EN B1+2c Symplocos globosa Symplocaceae Ecuador A cloud forest tree of the Ecuadorean High Andes, currently only known to occur in Cafiar and Azuay Provinces. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Symplocos hispidula Symplocaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195 VU Alc Symplocos junghuhnii Symplocaceae Indonesia (Java) Occurring in the west in mixed montane forest at about 1750m, the species appears to be very rare. The pressures from encroachment and cutting exerted on the habitat at this high elevation are less intense than at lower levels but are still very strong. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre EN B1+2c Symplocos longipes Symplocaceae Mexico Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzdlez-Espinosa Refs: 3913, 9227 LR/cd 531 Species Summaries Symplocos lugubris Symplocaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in submontane forest in the department of Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Symplocos macrocarpa ssp. kanarana Symplocaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala) Although scattered over a wide area from north of the Kalinadi River in Karnataka to the Agastyamalai Hills in Kerala, the taxon has rarely been collected or recorded. It occurs in evergreen forest up to 1000m. The type subspecies is well collected but confined to the Agastyamalai Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Symplocos mezii Symplocaceae Peru A Peruvian endemic, known only from the type collection from the department of Cajamarca. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Symplocos molinae Symplocaceae Honduras Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995, 15830 CR C2a Symplocos nairii Symplocaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A small tree of submontane evergreen forest, collected from two localities at the southern end of the Western Ghats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Symplocos nivea Symplocaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This endemic tree is scattered in lowland primary forest in Penang and Johore. Both states are undergoing rapid habitat clearance for increasing settlement. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 EN B1+2c Symplocos octopetala Symplocaceae Jamaica Occurring in the western Blue Mountains and John Crow Mountains, the species has an occasional to common distribution over most montane habitats between 1160 and 1700m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 LR/nt Symplocos oligandra Symplocaceae India (Tamil Nadu) An endemic tree of the Agastyamalai Hills at the southern end of the Western Ghats. The species has been collected only twice in areas of submontane evergreen forest. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but almost 1000km? of forest are now under protection within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 19144 Symplocos peruviana Symplocaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species is confined to the department of Cajamarca. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Symplocos pulchra ssp. coriacea Symplocaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A small tree, known only from the type specimen collected from a restricted area of submontane forest in the Agastyamalai Hills. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but almost 1000km? of forest are now under protection within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Symplocos pyriflora Symplocaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A shrub or small tree of moist submontane rainforest up to 1450m. This species is found in Taman Negara National Park and in protective forest within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 LR/cd Symplocos rimbachii Symplocaceae Ecuador An Ecuadorean endemic, inhabiting cloud forest at 2600m in the High Andean areas of Bolivar. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19119, 19120 VU B1+2c Symplocos shilanensis Symplocaceae Taiwan Known only from the Nanjenshan area in the Hengchun Peninsula, the species occurs in very small and isolated populations in lowland forest. Little regeneration is evident and the expansion of housing developments has caused declines in the habitat. The Kenting National Park covers the entire range. Assessor: Pan, F.J. Refs: 3295, 19050, 19053 EN B1+2ab, Cl Symplocos sousae Symplocaceae Costa Rica, Mexico (Jalisco, Oaxaca) A small tree of montane mesophyllous forest, between 2500 and 2700m. In Mexico it occurs only in the Sierra de Manantlén. More information is needed on its distribution elsewhere. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 12985, 13361, 19068 DD 532 Symplocos tacanensis Symplocaceae El Salvador, Guatemala A cloud forest species confined to Monte Cristo and Esesmiles in El Salvador. More information is needed on the status of populations. The main threat to the habitat is fire. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3913, 4862, 4974, 19030 VU B1+2c Symplocos trichoclada Symplocaceae Taiwan Two small populations are known to exist on Chiben Mountain in the south. Trees are scattered sparsely in mixed forest between 1800 and 2100m. Regeneration is noted to be poor. and no conservation or protection measures are in place. Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Refs: 19050, 19053 VU D1+2 Symplocos tubulifera Symplocaceae Jamaica An uncommon tree restricted to St Catherine and St Ann Parishes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 401, 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Symplocos versicolor Symplocaceae Sri Lanka A species of lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west Sri Lanka. It has been recorded from several sites in Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve, but not during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 CR B1+2cd Synadenium compactum var. compactum Euphorbiaceae Kenya Endemic to central Kenya, this variety occurs in riverine or rocky sites in dry bushland. The habitat is threatened by encroaching agriculture and land settlement in the area. The Plant Conservation Programme in Kenya maintains living stocks for ex situ conservation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 10961, 17859 VU B1+2c Synapsis ilicifolia Bignoniaceae Cuba A rare shrub or tree, up to 15m in height, locally confined to small areas of karstic semi-deciduous forest on limestone cliff in Santiago de Cuba Province. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 EN B1+2c Synsepalum aubrevillei Sapotaceae Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana A small rare tree confined to wet evergreen forests in Ghana and neighbouring Cote d'Ivoire. Significant parts of this forest have been lost to mining, logging and commercial forestry activities. Assessor: Hawthorme, W. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Synsepalum glycydorum Sapotaceae Nigeria A small tree, apparently confined to the Oban Hills in Cross River National Park. Surrounding areas have been extensively logged and cleared for cultivation. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2773, 4977, 11504 VU B1+2c Synsepalum kassneri Sapotaceae Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe Widely known under the genus Afrosersalisia, this species is known from populations in the Shimba Hills in Kenya, coastal forest in Tanzania, Makurupini National Park (1.5km?) in Zimbabwe and the lower slopes of the Chimanimani Mountains in Mozambique. It occurs in some abundance in some areas, especially towards the drier regions of forest, but it is being actively cut in places (e.g. Mangea in Kenya). Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5654, 6396, 6725, 10781 VU B1+2c Synsepalum subverticillata Sapotaceae Kenya, Tanzania? A small tree of moist semi-deciduous lowland forest or dense bushland. There are populations in Witu Forest Reserve, Gongoni Forest Reserve and the Shimba Hills National Reserve. It is also thought to extend into Tanzania. The entire species range is contained within protected areas, although there is no enforcement of protective measures. Assessor: CAMP Workshop in Kenya Refs: 19181 EN B1+2c Synsepalum tsounkpe Sapotaceae Cote d'Ivoire A coastal forest species known only from Cote d'Ivoire. Clearing and degradation of the forest have been extensive in the last three decades. This species has local importance as a food sweetener. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 2773, 12822 EN B1+2c Syzygium ampliflorum Myrtaceae Indonesia (Java) The only known locality is in Mount Galunggung in forest from 1300 to 1400m, where it may have suffered damage from a volcanic eruption in 1982. The habitat is under constant pressure from the activities of surrounding populations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078, 19060 CR B1+2c, C2b Syzygium amplifolium Myrtaceae Fiji A shrub or slender tree, known only from southern Viti Levu in forested areas at elevations of 50-429m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078, 18818 VU D2 Syzygium andamanicum Myrtaceae CR B1+2c India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.) Endemic to the Andaman Islands, the species is known 533 Species Summaries only from the type collections. There have been large declines in the extent of the forest habitat because of logging. It is not known whether the species is now extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 427, 4799 Syzygium assimile var. acuminata Myrtaceae Sri Lanka The species was found in only three localities during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review. No information is available at the variety level. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17759, 19112 EN B1+2c Syzygium beddomei Myrtaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A relatively large tree of submontane evergreen forest, known from a single collection in the Agastyamalai Hills and from a less precisely located record in the Anaimalai range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Syzygium benthamianum Myrtaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A small tree of montane forest, occurring in the Nilgiris, the Agastyamalai Hills and a few scattered localities in between. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Syzygium bourdillonii Myrtaceae India (Kerala) A forest species recorded only from Merchiston in Trivandrum District and Colatoorpolay in Quilon District in a restricted area of forest. It is not known whether any populations still remain. There has been much habitat destruction in places and the species has not been collected since 1895. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538, 19144 EN B1+2c Syzygium caryophyllatum Myrtaceae Sri Lanka This species was found in three of the sites surveyed by the National Conservation Review. Apparantly it is restricted to forest in the wet zone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c Syzygium chavaran Myrtaceae India (Kerala) A lowland forest species, known only from the type collection near the border with Tamil Nadu and from a field record on the coast. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Syzygium cordifolium ssp. cordifolium Myrtaceae Sri Lanka A subspecies confined to lowland rainforest in south- west Sri Lanka. The species as a whole was found in only seven of the forest sites surveyed for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Syzygium cordifolium ssp. spissum Myrtaceae Sri Lanka This subspecies is restricted to lowland rainforest in south-west Sri Lanka. The species as a whole was found in only seven of the forest sites surveyed for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 17759, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Syzygium courtallense Myrtaceae India (Tamil Nadu) Recorded from a single locality in the Courtallam Hills, the species has not been found for over 100 years despite the area being accessible and visited by tourists. Apparently it is in cultivation in Sri Lankan gardens. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538, 19144 CR B1+2cde Syzygium cyclophyllum Myrtaceae Sri Lanka Only three trees were found in a single proposed reserve in Ratnapura District during the surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 CR B1+2c Syzygium densiflorum Myrtaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Collected seven times, the species occurs in scattered localities of montane forest, above 1500m, in the Nilgiris, Anamalai and Palni Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Syzygium discophorum Myrtaceae Indonesia (Java) This species is confined to Mount Willis in central Java in forest between 1300 and 1500m. Strong pressures are exerted by the activities of surrounding populations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078, 19060 EN B1+2c Syzygium fergusonii Myrtaceae Sri Lanka The species was found in three of the sites surveyed by the National Conservation Review. It appears to be locally common in Knuckles State Forest. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 EN B1+2c 534 Syzygium firmum Myrtaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to lowland rainforest in south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Syzygium gambleanum Myrtaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A small-leaved tree collected only once in montane evergreen forest along the Muthukuzki River in Kannyakumari District. It is unlikely to be found again as the forest was extensively cleared for the construction of the Kothayar Dam. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538 EX Syzygium makul Myrtaceae Sri Lanka A tree confined to scattered locations in lowland rainforest in south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Syzygium manii Myrtaceae CR B1+2c India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.) A species known only from the type locality in semi- evergreen forest on Middle Andaman Island. There have been large declines in the extent of the habitat because of logging. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 427, 4799 Syzygium micranthum Myrtaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to lowland rainforest in south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Syzygium microphyllum Myrtaceae India (Tamil Nadu) Known only from the type locality, the species is endemic to a small area at the margin of montane forest in the Agastyamalai Hills. Although relatively intact, large parts of the forest have been affected by fires, grazing, the increasing incursion of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood. More information is needed on the status of the species and direct threats to its populations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651, 19144 EN B1+2c Syzygium minus Myrtaceae Fiji This small tree is confined to the Mount Evans range on Viti Levu, where it is known from the type locality and two collections gathered from crest thickets between 760 and 850m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5372, 18818 EN D1 Syzygium myhendrae Myrtaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A poorly known species of submontane forest, occurring at the southern end of the Western Ghats. Only two records are known, one from the Travancore range and the other from the Agastyamalai Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Syzygium neesianum Myrtaceae Sri Lanka A tree restricted to lowland rainforest in south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195 VU Alc Syzygium occidentale Myrtaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala) A small tree of lowland riverine forest, known from scattered collections mostly from the southern end of the Western Ghats in Kerala but also from single isolated records in Karnataka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU Ald Syzygium oliganthum Myrtaceae Sri Lanka Apparently confined to Nuwara Eliya District, this species was recorded from seven sites during the recent National Conservation Review forest surveys. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 19112 VU B1+2c Syzygium palghatense Myrtaceae India (Kerala) A large tree endemic to montane forest in the Palghat Hills. Recorded in the last century, it has not been found since. The habitat is considerably reduced in extent and it is unknown whether the species is still extant. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538, 19144 CR B1+2abcde Syzygium parameswaranii Myrtaceae India (Tamil Nadu) Known from two collections in two separate localities on the border with Kerala, the species is poorly known but appears to be confined to montane forest in the Agastyamalai Hills and Elamalai Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Syzygium phaeophyllum Myrtaceae CR D1 Fiji A small tree of dense forest between 700 and 900m. Only the type collection, dated 1934 from Taveuni, is known. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5372, 18818 535 Species Summaries Syzygium phyllyraeoides Myrtaceae Sri Lanka A rare tree restricted to lowland rainforest in south-west Sri Lanka and previously known from Kanneliya Forest Reserve. It was not found during the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting that the species is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 CR B1+2c Syzygium pondoense Myrtaceae VU A2c, B1+3d South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal) A shrub or small tree growing among sandstone boulders on islands in the bed of the Umtamvuna River in southern KwaZulu-Natal and in a number of river valleys in the Port Shepstone area, including the Lusikisiki and Bizana Districts of the Transkei in the Eastern Cape. In places it occurs in abundance, but it is susceptible to periodic flooding. The floods in 1978 destroyed most of the plants in the Umtamvuna River Valley, but the subpopulation was able to recover from the few remaining plants. Subpopulations are found in two provincial reserves and a number of demarcated forests, which are no longer strictly protected and under threat from increasing settlement and cutting for firewood and timber. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Refs: 689, 19218 Syzygium ramavarma Myrtaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A medium-sized tree of submontane evergreen forest. The main concentration of collections comes from the Agastyamalai Hills. A single collection has also been made in the Anaimalai Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Syzygium rotundifolium Myrtaceae Sri Lanka This tree occurs frequently in upper montane rainforest. It was recorded in nine of the sites surveyed from the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 19106, 19112 VU Alc, B1+2c Syzygium spathulatum Myrtaceae Sri Lanka An endemic tree found in wet and dry forest in Sri Lanka. The species was found in only five of the sites surveyed for the National Conservation Review, including an occurrence in a strict nature reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 17195, 17759, 19112 EN B1+2c Syzygium spissum Myrtaceae Sri Lanka The species was found in only seven of the sites surveyed for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19112 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Syzygium stocksii Myrtaceae EN B1+2c India (Karnataka, Kerala) A poorly known species, recorded twice from unspecified localities in the Wayanad area in Kerala and just over the border into Kamataka. It appears to occur in evergreen forest at about 800m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 Syzygium sylvestre Myrtaceae Sri Lanka This species is confined to lowland rainforest in south- west Sri Lanka. It was not found during the extensive National Conservation Review forest surveys, indicating that it is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 17195, 19112 CR B1+2cd Syzygium travancoricum Myrtaceae India (Kerala) The total population is very small, numbering less than 200. The sacred grove of Aickad is reported to harbour four individuals and another population of 15 to 20 trees has been seen at Guddrikal. The swampy wetland habitat has been widely drained and converted into paddy fields. Assessor: CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants in India Refs: 561, 2538, 4246, 19144 CR C2a Syzygium turbinatum Myrtaceae Sri Lanka This tree was found in only four of the sites surveyed for the National Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 19112 EN B1+2c Syzygium umbrosum Myrtaceae Sri Lanka A species found in only three of the sites surveyed during the extensive National Conservation Review, one of which is a strict nature reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15431, 19112 EN B1+2c Syzygium utilis Myrtaceae India (Karnataka) A tree of evergreen forest, known from an imprecisely recorded collection taken from North Kanara. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 DD Syzygium wolfti Myrtaceae Fiji A Fijian endemic known from the type collection on Viti Levu and five collections from Vanua Levu. The species occurs in dense or secondary forest, forest patches in open country, or on forested crests. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5372, 18818 VU D2 536 Syzygium wrightii Myrtaceae Seychelles Endemic to the Seychelles, the species qualifies as threatened by virtue of its restricted distribution. Populations are healthy and stable. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9859, 16212, 17229 VU D2 Syzygium zeylanicum var. ellipticum Myrtaceae India (Tamil Nadu) A small tree, known only from the type collection taken from montane forest in the Agastyamalai Hills. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but almost 1000km? of forest are now under protection within sanctuaries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Tabebuia anafensis Bignoniaceae Cuba A shrub or small tree confined to Sierra de Anafe and other isolated limestone hills in Habana and Matanzas Provinces. There are active limestone quarries in this region. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU B1+2c Tabebuia arimaoensis Bignoniaceae Cuba A small tree localised to the mountains of the Guamuhaya Massif. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 19149 VU D2 Tabebuia bibracteolata Bignoniaceae Cuba Confined to the northem karstic area of the Sierra Maestra in Santiago de Cuba Province, this uncommon shrub or small tree occurs locally in semi-deciduous and deciduous forest complex on eroded limestone. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 11403, 19149 VU D2 Tabebuia dubia Bignoniaceae Cuba A canopy tree found mainly in montane serpentine rainforest thriving on acid ferralitic soils in the Nipe- Baracoa Massif. The species is not yet uncommon but overexploitation and habit disturbance have caused a decline in numbers. Logging, cutting and mining are constant threats. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 19149 VU B1+2c Tabebuia elongata Bignoniaceae Cuba An uncommon tree endemic to the Nagua mountain group in Sierra Maestra. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 19149 EN B1+2c Tabebuia furfuracea Bignoniaceae Cuba A shrub or small tree confined to the Sierra de Nipe mountain complex in Holguin and Santiago de Cuba Provinces. Logging and cutting have resulted in habitat degradation in places. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU B1+2c Tabebuia hypoleuca Bignoniaceae Cuba A tree endemic to the montane rainforests of Sierra Maestra and other mountains in Guantanamo Province. The species is still fairly common but populations have declined over the past few decades. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 19149 VU B1+2c Tabebuia jackiana Bignoniaceae Cuba A small tree of subalpine deciduous forest on eroded limestone, restricted to the 'mogote complex’ in Pinar del Rio Province. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 11403, 18485, 19149 VU D2 Tabebuia lapacho Bignoniaceae Argentina (Jujuy, Salta), Bolivia Although in the past the species has been placed in synonymy with 7. ochracea, the most recent work suggests that it is a valid entity, endemic to the piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and Bolivia. The ecosystem is entirely unprotected and in rapid decline as agriculture expands. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 5112, 7980, 19122 VU Bl+2ac Tabebuia oligolepis Bignoniaceae Cuba A species typically confined to the montane rainforests of the Sierra Maestra mountain range in Santiago de Cuba and Granma Provinces. This tree is not yet uncommon but habitat has been degraded in places and cutting is still a threat. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 VU B1+2c Tabebuia platyantha Bignoniaceae Jamaica A tree sparsely scattered in central and western parishes in woodland on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Tabebuia polymorpha Bignoniaceae Cuba Populations of this shrub or small tree are confined to areas of bare limestone with dry littoral scrub woodlands on the coastal terraces and seaside karstic slopes of VU B1+2c 537 Species Summaries eastern Cuba. Its habitat has been severely degraded in places by buming and cutting. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 19149 Tabebuia shaferi Bignoniaceae Cuba A shrub or tree widespread in many forest types. Its habitat has been severely degraded in most places, especially in western and central Cuba. Cutting and clearing remains a threat in the remaining areas and in north-east Cuba mining is a major threat. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 19149 VU B1+2c Tabebuia striata Bignoniaceae Colombia, Panama In Panama, the species is recorded as locally common around the base of the mountains in Puerto Obaldia in Kunayala Indigenous Reserve, near the Colombian border, and from the north-east of Darién Province. It is more widely distributed on the Pacific coast and in Antioquia in Colombia, although these populations are, apparently, not large. The whole area is not well studied botanically and it is possible the species is more widespread. There is also little human impact, although the cultivation of marijuana is increasing. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 5335, 7272, 7980, 16772 VU C2a Tabernaemontana antheonycta Apocynaceae Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A shrub or small tree occurring in the understorey of lowland forest up to 250m. So far it is known from a total of seven localities. In Brunei this species is confined to Mount Biang and in Sabah it is confined to Kota Kinabalu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7745 VU B1+2c Tabernaemontana apoda Apocynaceae Cuba A small tree or shrub, restricted to lowland areas and savanna in Sancti Spiritus Province. It has become rare, since much of the habitat has been converted to agricultural land or pastures. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 CR B1+2c Tabernaemontana cordata Apocynaceae Philippines A forest understorey species, often found along creeks, endemic to Mindanao Is. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7745 VU Alc Tabernaemontana cumata Apocynaceae Brazil A small tree found on *terra firme forest in the vicinity of Manaus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15491 EN B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Tabernaemontana gamblei Apocynaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) An understorey shrub or small tree which has been well collected in areas of submontane evergreen forest in the southern end of the Western Ghats, occurring from Anaimalai to the southern tip of the Agastyamalai Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7745, 19144 LR/cd Tabernaemontana heyneana Apocynaceae LR/nt India (Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu) A shrub or small tree, endemic to lowland south-west India, found in bush or forest up to 600m. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7745 Tabernaemontana muricata Apocynaceae Brazil (Amazonas) A small tree or shrub found in non-inundated forest near Manaus, Amazonas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15491 EN B1+2c Tabernaemontana ochroleuca Apocynaceae Jamaica A shrub or small tree which is localised in areas of hill forest between 300 and 500m on Dolphin Head, Hanover Parish. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 15491, 19085 VU B1+2c Tabernaemontana oppositifolia Apocynaceae Puerto Rico A shrub or small tree restricted to forest on limestone hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 15491 VU D1+2 Tabernaemontana ovalifolia Apocynaceae Jamaica A small tree which is known from three collections taken from limestone hillsides on Dolphin Head, Hanover Parish. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 7980, 15491, 19085 EN B1+2c Tabernaemontana persicariifolia Apocynaceae Mauritius, Réunion A small tree distributed in areas of bush and forest from the coast to 1200m. It is very rare on Réunion but found in greater numbers on Mauritius, where it still survives in small area of relatively undisturbed dryland forest. Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 2000, 7745, 9120, 12470, 19208 EN Alc, B1+2bce Tabernaemontana polyneura Apocynaceae Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A shrub or small tree inhabiting montane rainforest between 1000 and 1300m in Perak, Pahang, Selangor, LR/cd 538 Malacca. Populations are protected in Taman Negara National Park and within the permanent forest estate. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 Tabernaemontana remota Apocynaceae Indonesia (Sulawesi), Papua New Guinea A shrub or small tree up to 10m high, occurring in submontane scrub or forest. It is known from several collections from Sulawesi and Rossel Island of Papua New Guinea. The fragile ecosystem of Rossel Island is threatened by logging and mining activities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7745, 19032 VU B1+2c Tabernaemontana stenosiphon Apocynaceae Sao Tomé & Principe (SAo Tomé) A common upland forest tree widely distributed over the island between 500 and 1600m. The species regenerates well. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2724, 7745, 19042 LR/nt Tabernaemontana wullschlaegelii Apocynaceae Jamaica Endemic to Jamaica, this shrub or small tree is found in forest on limestone between 350 and 900m in scattered localities throughout the island. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 15491 LR/nt Tachigali tessmannii Leguminosae Peru An Amazon forest species, apparently restricted to Amazonas and Loreto Departments. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 DD Tahitia vescoana Tiliaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) An endemic of Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Taiwania cryptomerioides Taxodiaceae VU Ald China (Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan), Myanmar, Taiwan A large slow-growing tree from a monotypic genus, although the Chinese/Myanmar populations are frequently refered to as T. flousiana. It is widely scattered as an emergent in mid- to high-elevation forest, usually with Chamaecyparis species. Population have declined because of forest clearance and logging, exacerbated by poor regeneration. Plantations have now been established. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 6469, 11847, 19050, 19051 Takhtajania perrieri Winteraceae Madagascar A monotypic genus, first discovered in 1909 in the north-west of the island. Attempts to find the species EN D1 again had failed until a healthy population of about 250 trees was recently discovered in the Anjahanaribe-Sud Special Reserve in the north-east, 150km from the original locality. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19107, 19190 Talbotiella eketensis Leguminosae Nigeria A swamp forest species, found only in south-east Nigeria. In Eket the habitat appears to have been almost completely destroyed because of oil exploration operations. Elsewhere levels of logging and clearing are high outside protected areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 450, 2773, 7550, 11504 EN B1+2c Talbotiella gentii Leguminosae Ghana Endemic to Ghana, this evergreen tree occurs in tiny stands in rocky areas of dry forest. Records from Cameroon appear to be erroneous. The original area of dry forest has been extensively destroyed by incursions of people and subsequent exploitation of forested areas. This species is very slow-growing and does not seem to have a dispersal mechanism. It is considered to be the species with the highest conservation priority within Ghana. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 2773, 8854, 12061 CR Alc, B1+2c Tannodia swynnertonii Euphorbiaceae Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe A number of small isolated populations exist. The Tanzanian population is confined to Mwanihana in the Udzungwa Mountains. In Zimbabwe, the species occurs in Chirinda forest, where it is a common understorey tree, and in the Vumba Mountains, near Mutare, where one or two individuals have been recorded. Poorly collected areas in Mozambique are expected to harbour additional populations. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5108, 6725, 10961 VU B1+2bc, D2 Tapeinosperma campanula Myrsinaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU D1 Tapiphyllum schliebenii Rubiaceae Tanzania The entire population is restricted to Litipo Forest Reserve, which covers 10km?. This is a unique, almost completely deciduous patch of coastal forest. Logging in the past has removed all valuable timbers and has now been banned. There is some pressure from pole and fuelwood collection inside the southern perimeter and also generally from the demand for land for the cultivation of cash crops in the surrounding area. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 10961, 16796 EN B1+2c, C2b 539 Species Summaries Tapirira bethanniana Anacardiaceae French Guiana A newly described species of primary rainforest, endemic to French Guiana and principally found in the vicinity of La Fumée. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980 Tapirira chimalapana Anacardiaceae Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz) A common canopy tree, endemic to the Uxpanapa- Chimalapa area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5651 VU D2 VU Alc Tapiscia sinensis Staphyleaceae VU Alc China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang) A widely occurring species sparsely distributed in the Yangtze River basin in moist forest, usually at streamsides, on mountain slopes between 400 and 1600m. There is a long interval between fruiting seasons, which leads to naturally poor regeneration. Extensive disturbance, clearance and logging of the habitat have caused population declines over most of the species’ range. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847 Tapura arachnoidea Dichapetalaceae Gabon A small forest tree, which is known only from a small area near Lastoursville. The area is under exploitation and there is a serious likelihood that the species’ habitat is already lost. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19043 VU D2 Tapura carinata Dichapetalaceae Congo, Gabon A species with a distinctive floral structure, known only from two collections from areas of closed forest. Further collecting may extend the distribution. There is concern about logging and the extent to which forest areas are now under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7359, 14958 VU D2 Tapura ivorensis Dichapetalaceae Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana A small tree confined to the restricted area of wet evergreen forest in Ghana and neighbouring Cote d'Ivoire. This forest has been affected by mining, logging and commercial forestry activities. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 8369, 8854, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Tapura letestui Dichapetalaceae Congo, Gabon A species of semi-deciduous forests, known only from two collections. It is possible that further collecting may extend the distribution. There is concern over logging VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees and the extent to which forest areas are now under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7359, 14958 Tapura neglecta Dichapetalaceae Gabon A small forest tree or shrub, which, at present, is known only from the two collections from Mandji and Ndjolé. It is possible that the species may be found to be more widespread. There is concern over logging and the extent to which forest areas are now under concession to logging companies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7359, 15790, 19043 VU D2 Tapura orbicularis Dichapetalaceae Cuba Known only from the montane edaphic climax shrubwoods and forests of Sierra de Nipe in Holguin Province, this rare tree is suffering from habitat destruction resulting from logging and mining activities. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 7980, 11403, 18485, 19149 VU B1+2c Taraktogenos annamensis Flacourtiaceae China (Guangxi, Yunnan), Laos, Viet Nam Populations in China are localised, occurring in Mengla, Jiangchen, Jingping, Hekou and Pingbian in south Yunnan and Longzhou in south-west Guangxi. The species is said to be relatively common in central and northern Viet Nam. No information is available on the populations in Laos. The lowland forest habitat has suffered large-scale clearance and conversion to agriculture. Medicine and oil are harvested from the seeds. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055, 19061 VU Alcd Tarenna agumbensis Rubiaceae India (Karnataka) A small tree, collected four times from separate localities of evergreen forest in southern Karnataka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 14276, 19144 EN B1+2c Tarenna drummondii Rubiaceae Kenya, Tanzania A small tree or shrub known from areas of coastal forest at Shimba, Mrima, Marenje and Miongoni in Kenya and further south in east and north-east Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 6396, 8814 VU B1+2b Tarenna luhomeroensis Rubiaceae Tanzania Known only from the type, this tree occurs at Luhomero in moist forest at 1750m. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 10961 VU D2 540 Tarenna monosperma Rubiaceae India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Poorly known, this shrubby species has been collected just three times from the Nilgiris, the Anamalai Hills and the Agastyamalai Hills. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 427, 19144 EN B1+2c Tarenna nilagirica Rubiaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala) A small tree of submontane forest, known from only a few collections, mainly from the Nilgiris but also from scattered localities extending into southern Karmataka. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 VU B1+2c Tarenna quadrangularis Rubiaceae Tanzania An endemic from the Uluguru Mountains, restricted to upper moist evergreen forest. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Taxodium mucronatum Taxodiaceae Guatemala, Mexico, USA (Texas) Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 4974, 7395, 13041 DD Taxus brevifolia Taxaceae LR/nt Canada (Alberta, British Columbia), USA (Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington) Native populations have been under considerable pressure from the scale of exploitation of the bark by pharmaceutical companies. Plantation sources are now available. The species occurs in various national parks in the north-west. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041, 18751 Taxus floridana Taxaceae CR B1+2c USA (Florida) Populations are unhealthy and highly restricted, occupying an area of less than 10km?. They occur along the Appalachian River on steep rocky bluffs. A lowering of the water table in this limestone area may be responsible for significant levels of stress and the lowering of immunity to fungal diseases in the members of the population. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 13041 Taxus globosa Taxaceae Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chihuahua) In north-east Mexico the species is locally common. Some interest has been shown by pharmaceutical companies in its medicinal properties. There is no evidence of active exploitation. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1539, 4974, 5470, 10217, 13041 LR/nt Xylopia elliotii Annonaceae Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana A species restricted to small areas of wet evergreen forest in Ghana and neighbouring Cote d'Ivoire. This forest has declined through the effects of mining, logging and other commercial forestry activities. Assessor: Hawthorme, W. Refs: 8369, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Xylopia hastarum Annonaceae Jamaica Declines have been recorded in population numbers. The species is relatively widespread in woodlands on limestone. The timber is widely used and the trees are frequently coppiced. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Xylopia lamarckii Annonaceae Mauritius An estimate of fewer than 250 individuals exist in upland scrub and heathland on Mare Longue Plateau, Macchabe, Mont Cocotte and Brise Fer in the south- west. Most areas are heavily invaded by exotic species and no regeneration is apparent. Le Florin and Le Petrin Nature Reserves, which hold small populations, are fenced and weeded. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 9120, 16426 CR D1 Xylopia latipetala Annonaceae Tanzania A single population is known and thought to be confined to the undisturbed areas within Rondo Forest Reserve (140km?). Large areas of the forest have been disturbed by logging, planting of commercial timbers, shifting EN B1+2c cultivation and wood collection. Current forest Management activities are discouraging the local exploitation. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 9302, 16796 Xylopia longifolia Annonaceae EN C2a Panama Known only from the Canal zone, the species occurs in dense forest, largely within national parks. Despite the protected status of these populations, there is concern that growing population pressure will result in much of this habitat being destroyed. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 16772 Xylopia pierrei Annonaceae Cambodia, Viet Nam Assessor: Ban, N.T. Refs: 848, 19060 VU Ala Xylopia richardii Annonaceae Mauritius, Réunion Generally a small shrub, but occasionally a tree, the species is scattered throughout scrub and transitional forest in south-west Mauritius. Regeneration is observed VU B1+2c 573 Species Summaries to be poor. Some populations, e.g. in Florin and Le Petrin Nature Reserves, are fenced and weeded of invasive species. Information on the population in Réunion has yet to be gathered. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 2000 Xylopia talbotii Annonaceae Nigeria Populations of this forest tree were known in Eket and Oban. The latter is relatively well protected within the 3000km? of the southern division of the Cross River National Park. The former is likely to have been seriously or completely destroyed by oil exploration operations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 450, 2773, 11504 VU B1+2c Xylosma boulindae Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU D1 Xylosma capillipes Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 CR B1+2c Xylosma crenatum Flacourtiaceae USA (Hawaii) A tree of montane forest up to 1065m. Populations are known from Nualolo Trail, Kokee State Park, Napalikona Forest Reserve and Mahanaloa Valley, each consisting of between one and six individuals. Invasive plants and damage caused by feral pigs are major threats. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19038 CR C2a, D1 Xylosma fawcettii Flacourtiaceae Jamaica The species has an occasional distribution in the central parishes in thickets and woodland on limestone. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6057, 7980 LR/nt Xylosma glaberrimum Flacourtiaceae Brazil (Parandé, Rio de Janeiro, S40 Paulo) The species is poorly known. Collections indicate that it occurs in *restinga and other Atlantic forest types. Assessor: Torres, R.B. Refs: 19098, 19099 DD Xylosma grossecrenatum Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Saffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 CR D1 The World List of Threatened Trees Xylosma inaequinervium Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et all. Refs: 10351 EN B1+2c Xylosma kaalense Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Xylosma latifolium Flacourtiaceae India (Karnataka, Kerala) The type collection was taken from montane forest in the Bababudan range. An occurrence has also been recorded from Wayanad in Kerala. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19144 EN B1+2c Xylosma molestum Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU D2 Xylosma obovatum Flacourtiaceae Colombia An endemic to Cesar. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 7980, 19069 EN B1+2c Xylosma pachyphyllum Flacourtiaceae Puerto Rico A very rare dioecious tree, occurring in Cambalache forest in moist submontane limestone forest and in Maricao on serpentine gravel. Population estimates in 1989 were put at 14 individuals in total. There are threats from cutting, burning and the development of the area. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 17124 CR D1 Xylosma palawanense Flacourtiaceae Philippines A Palawan endemic, confined to remaining forest at low altitude. The main island of Palawan is a biosphere reserve. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4986 VU B1+2c Xylosma peltatum Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et all. Refs: 10351 CR B1+2c Xylosma pininsulare Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 CR B1+2c 574 Xylosma proctorii Flacourtiaceae Jamaica A Cockpit Country endemic, confined to areas of woodland on limestone in Manchester, St Ann and Trelawny Parishes. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5653, 7980 VU B1+2c Xylosma ruizianum Flacourtiaceae Peru A species known only from the type specimen, which is recorded with no specific location. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 DD Xylosma serpentinum Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU D2 Xylosma suaveolens ssp. haroldii Flacourtiaceae Pitcairn Islands A dioecious tree, often partially decumbent, endemic to Henderson. The taxon on the Pitcairn Islands has yet to be determined. On Henderson, it is widespread in plateau forest and drier areas. The population on Pitcairn has declined through habitat loss and cutting. Very few individuals there are expected to survive. The total population is estimated to be about 10,000 trees. Seeds are dispersed by the endemic fruit dove on Henderson but on Pitcairn there is a distinct lack of frugivorous birds. Henderson Island is a World Heritage Site. Assessor: Waldren, S. & N. Kingston Refs: 8306, 13604, 19154 EN D1 Xylosma tuberculatum Flacourtiaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU D2 Xylotheca tettensis var. fissistyla Flacourtiaceae Tanzania This may only be a form of the more widespread var. kirkii rather than a distinct variety. It is known only from small areas of coastal forest at Bagamayo and in the Pugu Hills, close to Dar es Salaam. Both areas are disturbed by various human activities. The Pugu Forest Reserve has an active conservation programme. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5020, 5204 VU B1+2b Zanthoxylum albuquerquei Rutaceae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in Amazon forests in Ucayali. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Zanthoxylum atchoum Rutaceae Cote d'Ivoire A Cote d'Ivoire endemic, this species occurs commonly VU B1+2c in wet evergreen forest. The rate of decline of in the extent of these forests has been severe in the last few decades, largely because of logging. Remaining forested areas are small and generally confined to protected areas, especially Tai National Park. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 12822 Zanthoxylum belizense Rutaceae EN Alc, C2a Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama A tree of wet forest and thickets in the Atlantic lowlands. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 Zanthoxylum brieyi Rutaceae Democratic Republic of Congo Little is known about the population of this species other than that it occurs in Luki Reserve in Mayombe. The surrounding areas are heavily populated and pressures caused by logging, charcoal production and agricultural encroachment are severe. Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Refs: 17951 VU D2 Zanthoxylum chevalieri Rutaceae Ghana Not commonly recorded, this species occurs in evergreen forest in rocky or upland areas in the Upper Guinea region. The habitat has suffered from the effects of farming, fire, certain forestry management systems and large-scale mining. Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 8369, 12061 VU Alc, B1+2c Zanthoxylum deremense Rutaceae Malawi, Tanzania A species of moist forest of medium to high elevations. There are populations in parts of eastern Tanzania and Malawi. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. dipetalum Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) The commoner variety of the two which are recognised. Populations are found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai and Hawaii in dry to moist forest from low to medium elevation. Its wood was of great value in the past for resonant kapa logs which were beaten for the purpose of long-distance communication. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 LR/nt Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum Rutaceae CR B1+2c, C2ab, D1 USA (Hawaii) This variety is considerably rarer than the type variety. It is known from approximately 24 individuals scattered on lava fields at Puuwaawaa in North Kona District on Hawaii. There are persistent threats from grazing 575 Species Summaries ungulates and spreading invasive plants. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19037 Zanthoxylum fagara ssp. aguilarii Rutaceae Guatemala, Honduras A species of moist forest or thickets in ravines or sometimes dry hillsides. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 EN C2a Zanthoxylum ferrugineum Rutaceae EN C2a Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama A species of dry to humid pine forest, at middle elevations. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995, 14487, 18416 Zanthoxylum flavum Rutaceae VU Alc Anguilla, Bahamas, Bermuda, Brazil (Amazonas), Cuba, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St Lucia, USA (Florida) A shrub or tree up to 15m tall, occurring in thickets and woodland on rocky limestone. In Central America the species is represented by a single collection from Swan Island, Honduras. The species has been heavily exploited for its timber over a long period on all the West Indian islands. Stands are now largely depleted of mature trees and the timber is extremely rare in international trade. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Refs: 3786, 6057, 13947, 13995, 19149, 19188 Zanthoxylum gentlei Rutaceae Belize, Guatemala, Honduras A species, of somewhat dubious nomenclature, occurring in humid forest in the Atlantic lowlands. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 4974, 13995 EN C2a Zanthoxylum harrisii Rutaceae Jamaica Until now, the species has been found only in low numbers in an area of humid woodland at 1060m in Portland Parish. Observations in the 1980s also indicated that it may occur in Clarendon Parish. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 3932, 5653, 19085 VU B1+2c Zanthoxylum hartii Rutaceae Jamaica A species restricted to John Crow Peak, where it can be common or locally dominant on karst limestone near the summit. A few individuals were found on shale close to the limestone bluffs of the peak. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 3932, 4089, 5653, 19085 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) A species scattered mainly in dry forest on lava flows up to 1740m on Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii. At least 11 populations are said to remain on four of the islands, amounting to over 250 individuals. The majority of them are found on Hawaii at Puuwaawaa and Pohakuloa and areas in between. Competition with alien plants and feral and domesticated grazers continues to put pressure on the remaining populations. The species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19039 EN C2a Zanthoxylum heterophyllum Rutaceae Mauritius (Mauritius, Rodrigues), Réunion On Mauritius a population of fewer than 50 adult trees is estimated to exist in fragmented subpopulations in Trou du Douce on the east coast and Brise Fer Mountain in the south-west. Habitat degradation and the spread of invasive species appear to be limiting regeneration. More information is needed on the populations elsewhere. Assessor: Page, W. Refs: 1411, 2000, 9120, 9426, 12470, 16426 CR C2a Zanthoxylum holtzianum Rutaceae Tanzania Only four collections of this subspecies have been recorded from remaining areas of dry coastal forest or bushland in south-east Tanzania. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 2361, 3356 VU B1+2d, D2 Zanthoxylum integrifoliolum Rutaceae Philippines, Taiwan In Taiwan, the species is restricted to forest areas on Lanyu Island. Fewer than 250 individuals are thought to be in existence here. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6469, 19053 DD Zanthoxylum kauaense Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) Relatively widespread, the species occurs in forest of various types over a wide altitudinal range on all the main islands except Niihau and Kahoolawe. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 LR/nt Zanthoxylum lindense Rutaceae Tanzania Known from Mafia Island and parts of south-east Tanzania, this sometimes scandent small tree or shrub occurs in dry coastal forest or bushland. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b 576 Zanthoxylum nadeaudii Rutaceae French Polynesia (Society Is.) Populations are recorded from Raiatea, Tahaa and Tahiti. Assessor: Florence, J. Refs: 14513 DD Zanthoxylum negrilense Rutaceae Jamaica Known only from Westmoreland Parish, the species occurs locally in woodland on rocky limestone. Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Refs: 401, 3932, 5653 EN B1+2c Zanthoxylum oahuense Rutaceae USA (Hawaii) A small tree of lowland rainforest confined to the Koolau Mountains on Oahu. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372 VU C2a Zanthoxylum panamense Rutaceae Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama A species of uncertain nomenclature, found in monsoon forest and semi-evergreen forest mainly on the Caribbean side. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 EN C2a Zanthoxylum penjaluensis Rutaceae Indonesia (Java) Few collections have been made of this species and they are all confined to Penjalu in forest at 720m. The habitat at this elevation has been almost completely cleared and pressures on remaining areas continue to be extreme. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 9078 CR B1+2c Zanthoxylum procerum Rutaceae EN C2a Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama Found on both sides of the continental divide, this species occurs in monsoon or semi-evergreen forest and cloud forest. Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 13995 Zanthoxylum psammophilum Rutaceae Cote d'Ivoire A species which is rare and endemic to coastal forest in Cote d'Ivoire. A significant part of these forests has been cleared and degraded. Assessor: Assi, A. Refs: 12822 EN B1+2c Zelkova abelicea Ulmaceae Greece (Crete) A small tree endemic to Crete, occurring in small numbers in 15-20 localities on the three main mountain massifs, especially at the south-east corner of the Omalés Plain.. There are differences of opinion as to VU B1+2ce, D2 whether the extent of the species’ occurrence is regressing or not. There is no doubt that grazing goats have a strong impact in places, but it has lessened over the past 80 years and the trees regenerate well by suckering. All shepherds’ crooks in west Crete are made from the wood. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1890, 5287, 7222, 16500, 19018, 19019 Zelkova carpinifolia Ulmaceae Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Turkey Assessor: Giiner, A. & J. Zielinski Refs: 1956, 3489, 19165 LR/nt Zelkova sicula Ulmaceae Italy (Sicily) Between 200 and 250 individuals exist in a single remote population extending 200m along the banks of a stream on the northern slopes of the Iblei Mountains. The area is now fenced to prevent grazing and any other damage. Few flowering individuals have been seen in the last six years and the fruit produced appears to be sterile. Reproduction is largely vegetative. Assessor: Garfi, G. Refs: 6510, 19150, 19151 CR C2b, D1 Zenia insignis Leguminosae LR/nt China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan), Viet Nam A large tree concentrated in limestone areas at low elevation. Populations are widespread throughout southern China and in several of the northern provinces of Viet Nam. In China constant overcutting of the tree and its habitat has resulted in the species becoming scarce. The species is apparently not specifically exploited in Viet Nam but is uncommon. It is the only member of the genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848, 1818, 8911, 11847, 15357, 19055, 19061 Zenkerella capparidacea ssp. capparidacea Leguminosae VU B1+2b Tanzania The type subspecies of a Tanzanian endemic. Populations are known from the Uluguru Mountains and South Nguru Mountains, where they are restricted to moist montane forest above 1430m. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204, 8814 Zenkerella capparidacea ssp. grotei Leguminosae Tanzania The more northerly distributed subspecies of this montane forest tree. Populations are known from the East and West Usambara Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204, 8814 VU B1+2b Zenkerella egregia Leguminosae Tanzania A lowland forest species, restricted to the remaining forested areas at the foot of the East Usambara Mountains, Kimboza Forest Reserve at the foot of the Uluguru Mountains and possibly also in South Nguru. VU B1+2b 577 Species Summaries These forests have declined heavily in the past because of the increasing clearing of land for agiculture. Continuing declines are prevented by the presence of forest guards and active conservation programmes. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 5204, 10961, 11631 Zenkerella perplexa Leguminosae Tanzania Known from only two sites this tree occurs in the Uluguru Mountains and Malundwe in areas of moist evergreen forest at medium elevations. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814, 11631 VU B1+2c Zeyheria tuberculosa Bignoniaceae VU Alcd Brazil (Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) This pioneer species is found in rainforest, dry forest and *cerrado in south-east Brazil. This region is threatened by encroaching agriculture, ranching and charcoal production, which is causing a decline in this species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4506 Zieria chevalieri Rutaceae New Caledonia Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351 VU B1+2c Zimmermannia capillipes Euphorbiaceae Tanzania The only populations known occur in areas of moist evergreen submontane forest in the East Usambara Mountains. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 2074, 3356 VU B1+2c Zimmermannia nguruensis Euphorbiaceae Tanzania A small tree, which appears to be known only from the type collection, occurring in upper moist evergreen forest in the South Nguru Forest Reserve. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2c, D2 Zimmermannia ovata Euphorbiaceae Kenya Endemic to the drier parts of Ngangao forest in the Taita Hills, the species is known only from a small population containing few individuals. A population estimate may indicate that a more serious threat category is appropriate. Natural regeneration is not evident. The Plant Conservation Programme in Kenya is monitoring the species. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 6396, 17859 VU D2 The World List of Threatened Trees Zimmermannia stipularis Euphorbiaceae Tanzania Restricted to eastern Tanzania, this species is found at Mangalisa, Mpwapwa and Sao Hill in a montane dry forest habitat. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 3356, 8814 VU B1+2b Zinowiewia costaricensis Celastraceae Belize, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama In Panama, the species appears to be at the limits of its range, occurring only rarely in Chiriquf. In other Central American countries the species is widespread in lowland evergreen rainforest between 1000 and 2500m. Most of the high-altitude locations are protected. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 358, 3156, 9076, 15037, 16772 LR/nt Zinowiewia micrantha Celastraceae Panama The species is known only from the type collection, which originated from an area of Boquete, in Chiriquf, above 2000m. The taxonomic status of the species is doubtful. The only other Zinowiewia specimens collected in the area are of Z. costaricensis. Assessor: Mitré, M. Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 DD Ziziphus celata Rhamnaceae USA (Florida) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19164 VU D1 Ziziphus hutchinsonii Rhamnaceae Philippines An endemic species to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919 VU Ald Ziziphus mistol Rhamnaceae DD Argentina (Catamarca, Chaco, Cérdoba, Corrientes, Formosa, Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta, Santa Fé, Santiago del Estero, Tucumén), Bolivia, Paraguay Widespread and widely used, the species occurs within an area of considerable human disturbance in dry subtropical forest in the Chaco. Assessor: Prado, D. Refs: 1262, 7980 Ziziphus pubescens ssp. glabra Rhamnaceae Mozambique Little information is available on this endemic of Mozambique. Few collections have been made. Assessor: Bandeira, S. Refs: 5117, 18965 DD 578 Ziziphus robertsoniana Rhamnaceae Kenya, Tanzania Occurring in areas of moist semi-deciduous coastal forest, the species is recorded from Kaya Diani, Gongoni Forest Reserve, Kaya Dzombo, Chale Island and Kaya Kinondo. More information is needed on the Tanzanian population. The loss and degradation of coastal forest continues at an alarming rate. Assessor: CAMP Workshop in Kenya Refs: 6396, 19181 EN B1+2abcde Ziziphus talanai Rhamnaceae Philippines A timber species, endemic to the Philippines. Rates of habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to considerable population declines. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2072, 4919 VU Alcd Zollingeria borneensis Sapindaceae Malaysia (Sabah) A large, very distinctive tree known only from a few collections near Tawau. There is a possibility that this species is extinct, as it is suspected that the locality has been deforested. Assessor: Adema, F. Refs: 18389, 19047 CR B1+2c Zollingeria dongnaiensis Sapindaceae Thailand, Viet Nam In Viet Nam, the species is known from only two localities, one on the mainland in Bien Hoa and the other on the island of Con Son. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 848 DD Zygia lehmannii Leguminosae Colombia The species is known from Cauca according to confirmed records and from Valle from less definite records. Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 19069 EN B1+2c Zygia oriunda Leguminosae Peru Known only from the type collection, the species occurs in lowland Amazon forest in Loreto. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984 VU D2 Zygogynum cristatum Winteraceae New Caledonia A notable species on account of its large flowers and numerous petals. It is known from just two upland locations on ultramafic soils in the region of Kouaoua at Mé Ori and Aréha. The area is unprotected and exposed to threats from mining activities, fires and habitat clearance. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 VU B1+2c Zygogynum oligostigma Winteraceae New Caledonia Only a small tree or shrub. It is known from just two collections from the Kouaoua area in relict lowland forests and maquis on ultramafic substrate. The area is unprotected and exposed to threats from fire, mining activities and habitat clearance. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 EN B1+2c 579 Species Summaries Zygogynum tanyostigma Winteraceae New Caledonia A small tree from wooded slopes on Mont Panié, collected infrequently at various altitudes. Although the area is given the status of a botanical reserve, it is thought that these plant populations are given insufficient protection. Assessor: Jaffré, T. et al. Refs: 10351, 12630 VU B1+2c The World List of Threatened Trees DATA SOURCES 81 145 153 195 197 233 256 261 278 298 319 331 349 358 374 Vovides, A.P. 1981. Lista preliminar de plantas Mexicanas raras o en peligro de extincién. Biotica 6(2): 219-228. Abeywickrama, B.A. 1983. Threatened or endangered plants of Sri Lanka and the status of their conservation measures. pp. 11-18. 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Loving. 1997. Completed data collection forms for Scalesia species on the Galapagos. Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Letter to Sara Oldfield containing annotations to the 'Draft red list summary report for Papua New Guinea trees’. Wigginton, M.J. In Prep.. (ed.). 1997. Red Data Book for vascular plants. 3rd edition. Peterborough: JNCC. Areces-Mallea, A.E. 1997. A_ listing of threatened Cuban trees prepared for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. Garfi, G. 1997. Completed data collection form for Zelkova sicula. Bennett, K. 1997. Completed data collection form for Zelkova sicula. 613 19152 19153 19154 19155 19156 19157 19158 19159 19160 19161 19162 19163 19164 19165 19166 Data Sources Sandiford, M. 1997. Additional comments on Bombacopsis quinata. Donoso, C. 1996. Ecology of Nothofagus forests in Central Chile. pp. 271-292. In Veblen, T.T. et al. The ecology and biogeography of Nothofagus forests. Waldren, S. & N. Kingston. 1997. Threatened trees and shrubs of Pitcairn Island: update October 1997. (unpublished). Tye, A. 1997. Amendments to the species summaries of threatened trees of the Galapagos. Eliasson, U. 1974. Studies in Galapagos plants. XIV. The genus Scalesia Arm. Opera Botanica 36 Arsiniegas, M. 1996. Caracterizacién, evaluacién y conservacién de cuatro especies de plantas endémicas que se hallen en peligro de extincién en las islas Gal4pagos: Calandrinia gaiapagosa, Lecocarpus darwinii, Scalesia _helleri, Scalesia __retroflexa. (unpublished). Tesis de Ing. Forestal, Univ. Téc. ‘Luis Torres’, Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Hiepko, P. 1993. Olacaceae. Flora of the Guianas. Koenigstein: Fed. Rep. of Germany: Koeltz Scientfic Books. Chanderbali, A. 1997. Completed data collection form for Chlorocardium rodiei. Carter-Holmes, S. 1997. Completed data collection forms for 2 Tanzanian Monadenium species. Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzéalez- Espinosa. 1997. Completed data collection forms of threatened tree species in Chiapas. Hawthorne, W. & C. E. Hughes. 1997. Bioquality of the forests of Quintana Roo. ODA Mexico: Quintana Roo _ Forest Management Project. Biological Component Phase 1. (unpublished). Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 1997. Flora of North America. Volume 3. Oxford University Press. Southeast Environmental Research Program, Florida International University and Center for Plant Conservation. 1995. An action plan to conserve the native plants of Florida. (unpublished). Giiner, A. 1997. Completed data collection forms for trees of Turkey. Timyan, J.C. & S. F. Reep. 1994. Conservation status of Attalea crassipatha (Mart.) Burret, the rare and endemic oil palm of Haiti. Biological Conservation 68: 11-18. The World List of Threatened Trees 19167 19168 19169 19170 19171 19172 19174 19175 19177 19178 19179 19180 19181 19182 19183 U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Endangered Species. 1991. Species accounts. WWW site, cited December 1997. URL: http://www.fws.gov./~r9endspp/endspp.html US Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Region. 1997. Draft recovery plan for Oahu plants. Portland, Oregon: US Fish and Wildlife Service. Florence, J. 1996. Gallicae Polynesiae florae Praecursores. 1. Nouveautés taxonomiques dans les Euphorbiaceae, Piperaceae_ et Urticaceae. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. section B. Adansonia 18(3-4): 239-274. Killeen, T. 1997. Comments on the species summaries for Bolivia. Dieringer, G. & JE. Espinosa. 1994. Reproductive ecology of Magnolia schiedeana (Magnoliaceae), a threatened cloud forest tree species in Veracruz. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 121(2): 154-159. Burrows, J. 1997. Comments and completed data collections forms for species of Southern Africa. Sun, W. 1997. Conservation status of trees of Yunnan (mainly NW part). A report for the Regional Workshop of the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (unpublished). Wiles, G. 1996. Completed data collection forms for threatened trees of Guam. Burger, W. & M. Huft. 1995. Euphorbiaceae. Flora Costaricensis. Fieldiana Botany 36: 169. Carrington, S. 1993. Wild plants of Barbados. Hong Kong: Macmillan Press Ltd. 128 pp. WCMC. (comp.). 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa’ Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (unpublished). Ibisch, P.L. & I. Vargas. 1997. Comments on the species summaries for Bolivia. Luke, Q. (ed.). 1996. Conservation Assessment and Management Planning (CAMP) Workshop for selected species of the Kenya coastal forests. (unpublished). National Museums of Kenya - Darwin course: Plant conservation techniques for East Africa. 20-25 November 1996. Chua, L.S.L. 1997. Fax to Sara Oldfield concerning the status of certain Malaysian tree species. Wickens, G.E. 1995. Edible nuts. Non-wood Forest Products 5. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 197 pp. 614 19184 19185 19186 19187 19188 19189 19190 19191 19192 19193 19194 19195 19196 19197 19198 19199 Weyland Vieira, M.C. 1990. Phytogeography and conservation of forests in Monte Belo, Minas Gerais - case study: Fazenda Lagoa. Rio de Janeiro Blaser, J. 1996. Silvicultural considerations of listing timber species in Appendices I, II and III of CITES. Working document for the 2nd meeting of the CITES Timber Working Group. (unpublished). Madrigal, Q.J. 1993. Arboles maderables en peligro de extinction en Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica: INCAFO. Rodan, B.D., A.C. Newton & A. Verissimo. 1992. Mahogany conservation: status and policy initiatives. Environmental Conservation 19: 331-338. Flynn, J.H. 1994. A guide to useful woods of the world. Portland, Maine: King Philip Publishing Co. van Welzen, P.C. 1997. Comments on trees of Sapindaceae in New Guinea. Schatz, G.E. & A. Ramisamihantanirina. 1998. Takhtajania perrieri rediscovered. Nature 391: 133-134. Farjon, A. & A. Griffiths. 1998. Completed data collection form for Cupressus atlanticus. de Laubenfels, D.J. 1998. Completed data collection forms for selected conifer species. Tibor, D. (comp.). 1998. Threatened tree information from the California Native Plant Society. (unpublished). van de Hoek, R. 1997. Email to Amy MacKinven containing information on Santa Catalina Island endemics. Buitrén, X. 1996. List of endangered and possibly endangered species of Ecuador produced in the Workshop Flora Specialists of Ecuador for the National Biodiversity Diagnostic, November 1996. (unpublished). Werkhoven, M.C.M. 1997. Threatened trees of Suriname. A list compiled for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (unpublished). Carter, S. & U. Eggli. 1997. The CITES checklist of succulent Euphorbia taxa (Euphorbiaceae). German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. 70 pp. Rodrigues, W.A. 1997. Information on Brazilian species of Myristicaceae. Anon. 1998. Mascarene survivor cloned. Plant Talk: 15. 19200 19202 19203 19204 19205 19206 19207 19208 19209 Spongberg, S.A. 1997. Franklinia alatamaha Marshall. Extinct in the wild: an early example. Broadleaves. Newsletter of the IUCN-SSC Temperate Broadleaved Trees Specialist Group 5: 7-9. Clemente, M. (ed.). 1997. Actas de la Septima Reunion del Comite de Flora, San José, Costa Rica 11-15 Noviembre 1996. 111 pp. Gonz4lez-Espinosa, M. 1997. ECOSUR baso de datos. Mauchamp, A., I. Aldaz, E. Ortiz & H. Valdebenito. 1998. Threatened species, a re- evaluation of the status of eight endemic plants of the Galapagos. Biodiversity and Conservation 7: 97-107. Anon. 1994. Proposal to transfer Aloe helenae and A. suzannae from Appendix II to Appendix I of CITES. Ninth Conference of the Parties to CITES, Fort Lauderdale, USA. Vovides, A.P. 1998. Completed data collection forms for selected Mexican tree species. Hammerton, J.L. 1998. Fax to Sara Oldfield concerning the endemic trees and shrubs in the Bahamas and their status according to the Department of Agriculture. Strahm, W. 1998. Correspondence with Charlotte Lusty containing preliminary evaluations for tree species of Réunion, Rodrigues and Mauritius. Molur, S. & S. Walker (eds.). 1998. Report on selected medicinal plants of Northern, Northeastern and Central India resulting from a Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP) workshop, held in the Forest Department of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 21-25 January 1997. Zoo Outreach Organisation. 615 19210 19211 19212 19213 19214 19216 19217 19218 19219 19220 Data Sources Atkin, J. 1998. Comments on tree species from Paraguay. Clement, C.R. 1991. Amazonian fruits: a neglected and threatened, but potentially rich resource. Diversity Magazine Green, C.L. 1995. Natural colourants and dyestuffs. A review of production and development potential. Non-Wood Forest Products 4. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Phillips, O., A. Gentry, C. Reynel, P. Wilkin, C. Galvez-Durand. 1993. Table of the useful woody plot species at Tambopata, Madre de Dios, Peru, from a paper entitled "Quantitative ethnobotany and conservation" submitted to Conservation Biology. (unpublished). Golte, W. 1996. Exploitation and conservation of Fitzroya cupressoides in southern Chile. In Hunt, D. (ed.). Temperate trees under threat. Mitré, M. 1998. Email to Charlotte Lusty with details of the relationship between Caryocar costaricense and C. amygdaliforme. Pennington, T.D. 1998. Letter to Amy MacKinven with comments on draft species summaries for Inga. Hilton-Taylor, C. (comp.). 1998. Assessment of Southern African Trees for WCMC. Stirton, C.H. 1989. A revision of Otholobium C.H. Stirton (Papilionoideae, Leguminosae). Ph.D. thesis, University of Cape Town. (unpublished). Jordaan, M. 1995. A taxonomic revision of the spiny members of the subfamily Celastroideae (Celastraceae) in southern Africa. M.Sc. thesis, University of Pretoria. (unpublished). depen? Wart >. : (etB acsop soo otha? Sty TalGi. ei oat oeleehe rite SS FRE A ogee ueaey te Cee Sect ett, tan Dewi eke “ ; fe De lk TS Si seated slants Ain i pant! Cera WAT. GO Comoe. 118 went hietbessl strroqmal 528-40 tats glledpanet fy! Repco Tine Comyetgs b 24.2 quod tellete-ge -_> 4 ’ can ee? soars ay ’ fab Heep & 7 P ; comingallGidlecreg FHP hd ry M4 pnaesnslg Cnn aha ioe Re? > aetine Tas | auc> hat na a by evircagh toh eee fe wy otps sabe 7 bw teem, A ciiuaete ~— oem Pg CAT 1 eke t nie un’ deo Wiaey) -ntncity ieenecta yer : a 5 ohne?” wenterT 20th + thet ma BOA ree 14 se-vecnSacttsnoD eer . Seclait bere) Gow ovr egg: = nic a etal Naim, a ae ; ayn oto ptt ao eats Sere Sat ere ners Ate at 2 ge? al Hs SOWA st sik ayetneld = Vane va fet ee-Jieti seletY 2 ea atoyp aermenf? a0) attaydyhia WM Ugel i © OR a Kee 5 recanted et aan v PR Ates Aton ny « rene nt ae we oe ayer allie on iis ek. "rae: 4 Y= =. cy hlieos 8 RETO %. nT a es 4 Sua’) 5 os mye sed hens 68 betoqot'l rhry wee MH pir pen | sat (need Reh oO AZ ade co! iT RET Oe Arnie teehee] 2091 saleaeale ee ee ee oe mre aioe grat: A sounrareatlo sods are}. woe ol ee ae | sncitins ‘pe * y = :§ APPENDIX 1 GLOBALLY THREATENED TREE SPECIES OF AUSTRALIA This list of globally threatened trees species of Australia has been prepared by Lyn Meredith, Threatened Species and Communities Section, Environment Australia. The species included are those which have a conservation rating which equate with the pre 1994 IUCN categories of E (Endangered) and V (Vulnerable). The species list is derived from Briggs, J. and Leigh, J. (1996) Rare or threatened Australian plants. CSIRO, Melbourne. 466pp. This national listing, ROTAP, includes approximately 5,000 taxa of Australian native plants. ROTAP uses a binary coding system for categorising threat developed and refined over several years but based on the IUCN categories. Species in the supporting ROTAP database have been flagged as trees for inclusion in this Appendix to The World List of Threatened Trees. Environment Australia has commenced compiling a list of nationally threatened Australian plants according to the 1994 IUCN categories and criteria, in cooperation with Australia’s state conservation agencies. Acacia araneosa Eucalyptus argutifolia Eucalyptus lateritica Acacia auriculiformis Eucalyptus articulata Eucalyptus leprophloia Acacia caerulescens Eucalyptus balanites Eucalyptus leptoloma Acacia carnei Eucalyptus beaniana Eucalyptus mckieana Acacia cretacea Eucalyptus beardiana Eucalyptus merrickiae Acacia crombiei Eucalyptus bennettiae Eucalyptus mooreana Acacia georgensis Eucalyptus benthamit Eucalyptus morrisbyi Acacia grandifolia Eucalyptus blaxellii Eucalyptus nicholii Acacia latzii Eucalyptus brevipes Eucalyptus olivacea Acacia perangusta Eucalyptus burdettiana Eucalyptus paedoglauca Acacia peuce Eucalyptus cadens Eucalyptus parramattensis ssp. Acacia pubifolia Eucalyptus caleyi ssp. ovendenii decadens Acacia wardellii Eucalyptus camfieldii Eucalyptus parvula Acronychia littoralis Eucalyptus camphora ssp. relicta Eucalyptus phylacis Alloxylon flammeum Eucalyptus cannonii Eucalyptus platydisca Archidendron lovelliae Eucalyptus ceracea Eucalyptus pruiniramis Archontophoenix myolensis Eucalyptus cerasiformis Eucalyptus pulverulenta Austromyrtus fragrantissima Eucalyptus clandestina Eucalyptus pumila Baloghia marmorata Eucalyptus conglomerata Eucalyptus raveretiana Banksia brownii Eucalyptus copulans Eucalyptus recurva Banksia verticillata Eucalyptus coronata Eucalyptus rhodantha Bosistoa selwynii Eucalyptus crenulata Eucalyptus rhodantha var. petiolaris Bosistoa transversa Eucalyptus crispata Eucalyptus rhodops Canarium acutifolium var. acutifolium Eucalyptus crucis ssp. crucis Eucalyptus robertsonii ssp. Codonocarpus pyramidalis Eucalyptus crucis ssp. praecipua hemisphaerica Cryptocarya foetida Eucalyptus cuprea Eucalyptus rubida ssp. barbigerorum Cupaniopsis tomentella Eucalyptus dolorosa Eucalyptus rubida ssp. canobolensis Davidsonia pruriens var. Eucalyptus glaucina Eucalyptus rubida ssp. septemflora Jerseyana Eucalyptus goniantha ssp. goniantha _ Eucalyptus scoparia Diospyros mabacea Eucalyptus hallii Eucalyptus steedmanii Diploglottis campbellii Eucalyptus imlayensis Eucalyptus strzeleckit Endiandra cooperiana Eucalyptus impensa Eucalyptus suberea Endiandra floydii Eucalyptus infera Eucalyptus synandra ssp. synandra Endiandra hayesii Eucalyptus insularis Eucalyptus terrica Eucalyptus absita Eucalyptus johnsoniana Eucalyptus tetrapleura Eucalyptus alligatrix ssp. limaensis Eucalyptus kabiana Eucalyptus virens Eucalyptus aquatica Eucalyptus kartzoffiana Eucalyptus xanthope Eucalyptus argophloia Eucalyptus langleyi Floydia praealta 617 The World List of Threatened Trees Fontainea australis Fontainea oraria Fontainea venosa Hakea trineura Jagera javanica ssp. australiana Livistona drudei Livistona mariae Lomatia tasmanica Macadamia integrifolia Macadamia ternifolia Macadamia tetraphylla Macaranga polyadenia Mitrantia bilocularis Musa fitzalanii Normanbya normanbyi Ochrosia moorei Oreodendron biflorum Owenia cepiodora Planchonella eerwah Pomaderris parrisiae 618 Ristantia gouldii Symplocos baeuerlenii Syzygium hodgkinsoniae Syzygium moorei Toechima pterocarpum Wodyetia bifurcata Wollemia nobilis Xanthostemon oppositifolius Xanthostemon youngii APPENDIX 2 GLOBALLY THREATENED TREE SPECIES OF JAPAN This list comprises tree species taken from the 1997 Red List of Japanese Vascular Plants compiled by the Threatened Species Committee, Japan Society of Plant Taxonomists; Yahara, T., Kato, T., Inoue, K., Yokota, M., Kadono, Y., Serizawa, S., Takahashi, H., Kawakubo, N., Nagamasu, H., Suzuki, K., Ueda, K. and Kadota, Y. The species have been evaluated as globally threatened (EW, CR, EN or VU) according to the 1994 IUCN Red List Categories. Abelia chinensis var. ionandra Acer miyabei Acer miyabei var. shibatai Acer oblongum var. itoanum Acer pycnanthum Ardisia montana Barringtonia asiatica Betula chichibuensis Betula davurica Betula ovalifolia Bredia okinawensis Breynia formosana Bryanthus gmelinii Buxus liukiuensis Buxus microphylla var. sinica Buxus microphylla var. insularis Callicarpa formosana Callicarpa kochiana Callicarpa longissima Callicarpa nishimurae Callicarpa oshimensis var. okinawensis Callicarpa shikokiana Caryopteris incana Celtis biondii var. insularis Chamaedaphne calyculata Chionanthus retusu Choerospondias axillaris var. Japonica Chosenia arbutifolia Cinnamomum daphnoides Citrus nippokoreana Citrus tachibana Claoxylon centenarium Colubrina asiatica Corylopsis glabrescens Corylopsis gotoana var. pubescens Corylopsis spicata Crataegus chlorosarca Crepidiastrum ameristophyllum Crepidiastrum linguifolium Cryptocarya chinensis Cyclobalanopsis hondae Daphne pseudo-mezereum var. koreana Daphnimorpha capitellata Dendrocacalia crepidifolia Deutzia uniflora Diospyros eriantha Diplomorpha pauciflora Discocleidion ilmifolium Drypetes integerrima Elaeagnus matsunoana var. hypostellata Entada phaseoloides Euchresta formosana Euonymus chibai Euonymus oligospermus Euonymus yakushimensis Eurya emarginata var. minutissima Eurya zigzag Evodia nishimurae Fatsia oligocarpela Ficus tidaiana Forsythia togashii Gardenia boninensis Gardneria shimadae Geniostoma glabra Grewia biloba Hydrangea involuculata var.takaraensis Hydrangea liukiuensis Hydrangea serrata var. minamitanii Ilex beecheyi Ilex dimorphophylla Ilex macrocarpa Ilex matanoana Ilex mertensti Illigera luzonensis Jasminum superfluum Juniperus sibirica Lagerstroemia subcostata Lespedeza bicolor var. melanantha Ligustrum tamakii Lindera communis var. okinawensis Lonicera alpigena ssp. glehnii Lonicera alpigena ssp. glehnii var. viridissima Lonicera cerasina Lonicera chamissoi Lonicera chrysantha var. crassipes Lonicera demissa var. borealis 619 Lonicera linderifolia Lonicera linderifolia var. konoi Lonicera maackii Lonicera maximowiczii var. sachalinensis Lonicera ramosissima var. kinkiensis Lonicera vidalii Loropetalum chinense Magnolia pseudokobus Magnolia tomentosa Malus spontanea Maytenus diversifolia Melastoma pentapetalum Melastoma tetramerum Menziesia goyozanensis Menziesia multiflora var. purpurea Menziesia purpurea Menziesia yakushimensis Metrosideros boninensis Morinda umbellata var. hahazimensis Morus boninensis Murraya koenigii Myoporum bontioides Myrsine okabeana Osbeckia chinensis Osmanthus okinawensis Osteomeles anthyllidifolia Paliurus ramosissimus Photinia serrulata Photinia wrightiana Picea koyamae Picea maximowiczii Picea shirasawae Pieris japonica var. koidzumiana Pinus armandii var. amamiana Pittosporum beecheyi Pittosporum chichijimense Pittosporum parvifolium Planchonella boninensis Planchonella obovata var. dubia Polyalthia liukiuensis Prunus incisa var. bukosanensis Pseudotsuga japonica Psychotria homalosperma Rhamnella franguloides var. inaequilatera The World List of Threatened Trees Rhamnus calicicola Rhamnus ishidae Rhamnus kanagusuki Rhamnus liukiuensis Rhamnus yoshinoi Rhododendron amagianum Rhododendron amamiense Rhododendron boninense Rhododendron dauricum Rhododendron degronianum ssp. metternichii var.kyomaruense Rhododendron dilatatum var. boreale Rhododendron dilatatum var. satsumense Rhododendron eriocarpum var. tawadae Rhododendron keiskei var. hypoglaucum Rhododendron kiyosmense ssp. mayebarae Rhododendron kiyosmense ssp. mayebarae var. ohsumiense Rhododendron komiyamae Rhododendron makinoi Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum Rhododendron nudipes var. kirishimense Rhododendron osuzuyamense Rhododendron parvifolium Rhododendron pentaphyllum var. villosum Rhododendron sanctum Rhododendron sanctum var. lasiogynum Rhododendron scabrum Rhododendron uwaense Rhododendron viscistylum var. amakusaense Rhododendron yakuinsulare Rhododendron yedoense var. pooukhanense Rhus javanica Ribes ambiguum Rosa hirtula Rubus chingii Rubus lambertianus Rubus tawadanus Salix hidaka-montana Salix hukaoana Salix nummularia ssp. pauciflora Salix rupifraga Salix taraikensis Salix yezoalpina Sophora franchetiana Sophora tomentosa 620 Spiraea media var. sericea Spiraea nipponica var. ogawae Spiraea salicifolia Stachyurus macrocarpus Symplocos boninensis Symplocos confusa Symplocos kawakamii Symplocos pergracilis Syzygium cleyeraefolium Terminalia nitens Tilia mandschurica Tilia rufo-villosa Tripterygium doianum Tsusiophyllum tanakae Vaccinium amamianum Vaccinium microcarpum Vaccinium sieboldii Viburnum boninsimense Viburnum carlesii Viburnum koreanum Vitex quinata Vitis amurensis var. shiragai Vitis quinqueangularis Weigela florida Wikstroemia pseudoretusa Zabelia integrifolia APPENDIX 3 NOT EVALUATED GLOBALLY THREATENED TREE SPECIES The 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants, published this year, includes tree species which are categorised as threatened according to the pre 1994 IUCN Red List Categories. Although the list was used as a basis for the work to compile The World List of Threatened Trees, not all of the tree taxa included were evaluated for various reasons which are outlined in the introduction. The following taxa represent those trees categorised as E (Endangered) or V (Vulnerable) in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants, which are believed to be taxonomically valid but which have not been evaluated for the present publication. Acanthaceae Sanchezia klugti Actinidiaceae Saurauia chaparensis Saurauia molinae Saurauia oroquensis Anacardiaceae Astronium gracile var. acuminatum Comocladia undulata Mangifera lambii Poupartia castanea Semecarpus supanduriformis Annonaceae Anaxagorea silvatica Annona domingensis Guatteria cargadero Melodorum fuscum Miliusa tectona Orophea salicifolia Orophea torulosa Phoenicanthus coriacea Phoenicanthus obliqua Polyalthia angustifolia Polyalthia moonii Polyalthia persicaefolia Popowia parvifolia Sageraea listeri var. andamanica Sageraea reticulata Stelechocarpus longipes Apocynaceae Alstonia curtisti Aspidosperma chodatii Mucoa pantchenkoana Parahancornia krukovii Parahancornia oblonga Parahancornia peruviana Petchia ceylanica Aquifoliaceae Ilex cassine ssp. mexicana Ilex micrantha Ilex nannophylla Ilex rarasanensis Araliaceae Cussonia kirkii var. bracteata Cussonia kirkii var. quadripetala Dendropanax morbifera Didymopanax gleasonii Meryta angustifolia Meryta latifolia Oreopanax dussii Oreopanax nicaraguensis Polyscias rivalsti Sinopanax formosana Betulaceae Betula apoiensis Betula megrelica Bignoniaceae Amphitecna costata Amphitecna macrophylla Amphitecna megalophylla Amphitecna silvicola Amphitecna steyermarkii Amphitecna tuxtlensis Jacaranda acutifolia Jacaranda bullata 621 Jacaranda carajasensis Jacaranda caucana ssp. calycina Jacaranda crassifolia Jacaranda egleri Jacaranda ekmanii Jacaranda grandifoliolata Jacaranda intricata Jacaranda montana Jacaranda rugosa Jacaranda selleana Jacaranda subalpina Parmentiera valerii Sparattosperma catingae Spirotecoma spiralis Tabebuia acunana Tabebuia arianeae Tabebuia botelhensis Tabebuia bureavii Tabebuia caleticana Tabebuia capotei Tabebuia conferta Tabebuia cristata Tabebuia del-riscoi Tabebuia dominguensis Tabebuia jojoana Tabebuia multinervis Tabebuia ophiolitica Tabebuia paniculata Tabebuia polyantha Tabebuia reticulata Tabebuia riodocensis Tabebuia selachidentata Tabebuia zanonii Tabebuia zolyomiana Tecoma tanaeciiflora Bombacaceae Durio macrantha Quararibea costaricensis Spirotheca rhodostyla The World List of Threatened Trees Boraginaceae Bourreria radula Cordia acunae Cordia corallicola Cordia decandra Cordia iberica Cordia intricata Cordia lauta Cordia skutchii Cordia suffruticosa Cordia van-hermannii Brunelliaceae Brunellia boliviana var. boliviana Brunellia briquetii Brunellia brunnea Brunellia bullata Brunellia carpishensis Brunellia comocladifolia ssp. cundinamarcensis Brunellia comocladifolia ssp. guadalupensis Brunellia comocladifolia ssp. josephensis Brunellia comocladifolia ssp. ptariana Brunellia coroicoana Brunellia cuatrecasana Brunellia cutervensis Brunellia cuzcoensis Brunellia dichapetaloides Brunellia diversifolia Brunellia dulcis Brunellia espinalii Brunellia foreroi Brunellia gentryi Brunellia glabra Brunellia hexasepala Brunellia hiltyana Brunellia hygrothermica Brunellia integrifolia ssp. mollis Brunellia latifolia Brunellia littlei Brunellia oliveri Brunellia pallida Brunellia pitayensis Brunellia propinqua ssp. susaconensis Brunellia putumayensis Brunellia rhoides Brunellia stuebelii Brunellia trianae Brunellia velutina Buddlejaceae Buddleja longifolia Burseraceae Crepidospermum cuneifolium Crepidospermum multijugum Protium melinonis Protium nitidifolium Protium pilosum Capparaceae Capparis nitida Forchhammeria polyandra Caricaceae Carica chilensis Carica cnidoscoloides Carica horovitziana Caryocaraceae Caryocar edule Caryocar glabrum ssp. album Cecropiaceae Coussapoa ferruginea Pourouma bolivarensis Pourouma elliptica Pourouma herrerensis Pourouma napoensis Pourouma phaeotricha Pourouma stipulaceae Chloranthaceae Hedyosmum goudotianum var. mombachanum Hedyosmum pungens Chrysobalanaceae Couepia bondarii Couepia carautae Couepia caryophylloides ssp. glabra Couepia coarctata Couepia cognata var. major Couepia cognata var. membranacea Couepia exflexa Couepia insignis Couepia longipetiolata Couepia martinii Couepia meridionalis Couepia monteclarensis Couepia nutans Couepia parvifolia Couepia pernambucensis Couepia platycalyx Couepia recurva Couepia reflexa Hirtella aramangensis Hirtella barnebyi Hirtella barrosoi Hirtella conduplicata Hirtella floribunda Hirtella glaziovii Hirtella insignis Hirtella liesneri Hirtella orbicularis Hirtella parviunguis Hirtella pauciflora Hirtella racemosa var. glandiapedicellata Hirtella racemosa var. glandipedicellata Hirtella racemosa var. hispida Hirtella radamii Hirtella santosii Hirtella subglanduligera Licania bellingtonii Licania buxifolia Licania cecidiophora Licania couepiifolia 622 Licania cuatrecasasii Licania dodsonii Licania grandibracteata Licania heteromorpha var. revoluta Licania indurata Licania lamentanda Licania littoralis var. cuneata Licania maranhensis Licania miltonii Licania nelsonii Licania niloi Licania occultans Licania pakaraimensis Licania retifolia Licania riedelii Licania santosii Licania silvatica Licania spicata Licania teixeirae Parinari alvimii Parinari brasiliensis Parinari euadenia Parinari littoralis Combretaceae Terminalia bentzoe ssp. rodriguesensis Terminalia luteola Terminalia psilantha Terminalia simulans Terminalia vitiensis Compositae Eupatorium borinquense Fulcaldea laurifolia Olearia pachyphylla Connaraceae Connarus ecuadorensis Connarus megacarpus Rourea antioquensis Cornaceae Cornus asperifolia Cornus kousa var. yaeyamensis Corylaceae Carpinus rankanensis var. rankanensis Dichapetalaceae Stephanopodium angulatum Stephanopodium blanchetianum Stephanopodium engleri Stephanopodium estrellense Tapura amazonica var. manausensis Tapura bullata Tapura colombiana Tapura ferreyrae Tapura haitiensis Tapura juliani Tapura lanceolata Tapura peruviana var. peruviana Tapura tessmannii Dracaenaceae Beaucarnea pliabilis Ebenaceae Diospyros bambuseti Diospyros campechiana Diospyros conzatii Diospyros diversifolia Diospyros engleri Diospyros gracilis Diospyros johnstoniana Diospyros kerrii Diospyros koenigii Diospyros longepilosa Diospyros oaxacana Diospyros opaca Diospyros rekoi Diospyros saxosa Diospyros thaiensis Diospyros trianthos Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus arakiana Elaeagnus yakushimensis Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus costatus Ericaceae Bejaria cubensis Bejaria imthurnii Bejaria ledifolia Bejaria nana Bejaria neblinensis Bejaria steyermarkii Bejaria subsessilis Bejaria zamorae Elliottia racemosa Erica caterviflora Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum affine Erythroxylum andrei Erythroxylum baracoense Erythroxylum bezerrae Erythroxylum bicolor Erythroxylum bradeanum Erythroxylum buxus Erythroxylum carthagenense Erythroxylum clarense Erythroxylum columbinum Erythroxylum ellipticum Erythroxylum foetidum Erythroxylum glazioui Erythroxylum grandiflorum Erythroxylum guanchezii Erythroxylum hamigerum Erythroxylum horridum Erythroxylum lancifolium Erythroxylum leal-costae Erythroxylum ligustrinum var. carajasense Erythroxylum loretense Erythroxylum lygoides Appendix 3 Not Evaluated Globally Threatened Tree Species Erythroxylum macrocalyx Erythroxylum mattos-silvae Erythroxylum membranaceum Erythroxylum mikanii Erythroxylum nitidum Erythroxylum occultum Erythroxylum ovalifolium Erythroxylum petrae-caballi Erythroxylum reticulatum Erythroxylum ruryi Erythroxylum santosii Erythroxylum splendidum Erythroxylum steyermarkii Erythroxylum stipulosum Erythroxylum tianguanum Erythroxylum tucuruiense Erythroxylum undulatum Erythroxylum vasquezii Erythroxylum virgultosum Euphorbiaceae Adelia vaseyi Aporusa incisa Croton pilgerii Croton poecilanthus Croton pyriticus Drypetes dussii Drypetes lanceolata Drypetes leiocarpa Drypetes triplinervia Euphorbia hubertii Euphorbia quadrialata Jatropha costaricensis Manihot michaelis Margaritaria holteana Phyllanthus valerii Sapium laurocerasus Fagaceae Lithocarpus craibianus Lithocarpus echinops Pasania nantoensis Pasania shinsuiensis Quercus acuminata Quercus hondai Quercus imeretina Quercus listeoides Quercus sicula Flacourtiaceae Banara kuhlmannii Banara larensis Banara portoricensis Banara quinquenervis Banara selleana Banara splendens Banara trinitatis Banara wilsoni Carpotroche froesiana Carpotroche ramosti Casearia bahiensis Casearia catharinensis Casearia ilicifolia Casearia luetzelburgii Casearia manausensis Casearia melliodora Casearia mestrensis 623 Casearia neblinae Casearia nigricolor Casearia paranaensis Casearia sessiliflora Casearia zahlbruckneri Dovyalis spinosissima Euceraea sleumeriana Homalium glabrifolium Homalium peninsulare Homalium schlichtii Laetia ovalifolia Lunania dentata Lunania tenuifolia Mayna hystricina Ryania dentata var. dentata Ryania dentata var. toxica Xylosma avilae Xylosma bolivianum Xylosma glaucescens Xylosma longipetiolatum Xylosma lucidum Xylosma martinicense Xylosma raimondii Xylosma roigiana Xylosma sanctae-annae Xylosma schroederi Xylosma terrae-reginae Guttiferae Calophyllum amblyphyllum Calophyllum calaba var. calaba Calophyllum calaba var. worthingtonii Calophyllum leucocarpum Clusia plukenetii Garcinia adinantha Garcinia clarensis Hamamelidaceae Trichocladus dentatus HoplestigmataceaE Hoplestigma pierreanum Icacinaceae Citronella apogon Citronella engleriana Citronella ilicifolia Citronella megaphylla Citronella melliodora Discophora montana Juglandaceae Alfaroa guanacastensis Alfaroa manningii Alfaroa williamsii ssp. tapantiensis Alfaroa williamsii ssp. williamsii Juglans pyriformis Oreomunnea mexicana ssp. costaricensis Lacistemataceae Lacistema macbridei Lacistema serrulatum The World List of Threatened Trees Lauraceae Aniba ramageana Beilschmiedia berteroana Beilschmiedia miersii Caryodaphnopsis inaequalis Cinnamomum glanduliferum Cryptocarya gregsonii Licaria sericea Litsea mysorensis Mezilaurus caatingae Mezilaurus duckei Mezilaurus mahuba Mezilaurus micrantha Mezilaurus opaca Mezilaurus palcazuensis Mezilaurus pyriflora Mezilaurus quadrilocellata Mezilaurus thoroflora Ocotea caundato Ocotea laevigata Ocotea lancilimba Ocotea mascarena Ocotea moschata Persea meyeniana Persea nummularia Persea shaferi Persea urbaniana Pleurothyrium grandiflorum Pleurothyrium westphalii Lecythidaceae Eschweilera cabrerana Eschweilera calyculata Eschweilera collinsii Eschweilera hondurensis Eschweilera klugii Eschweilera paniculata Eschweilera revoluta Eschweilera rufifolia Foetidia mauritiana Foetidia rodriguesiana Gustavia acuta Gustavia flagellata var. costata Gustavia flagellata var. flagellata Gustavia gentryi Gustavia inakuama Gustavia parviflora Gustavia tejerae Gustavia terminaliflora Leguminosae Acacia mbuluensis Albizia aylmeri Amherstia nobilis Caesalpinia barahonenensis Caesalpinia buchii Calliandra nervosa Cassia bucherae Cassia scleroxyla Centrosema seymourianum Cojoba chazutense Copaifera camibar Copaifera chodatiana Copaifera langsdorffii var. glabra Coursetia polyphylla var. acutifolia Dalbergia decipularis Dalbergia frutescens var. tomentosa Dimorphandra coccinea Dimorphanara dissimilis Dimorphandra gigantea Dimorphandra ignea Dimorphandra jorgei Dimorphandra loretensis Dimorphandra mediocris Dimorphandra williamii Dimorphandra wilsonii Erythrina acunae Erythrina dominguezii Erythrina furcatifolia Erythrina greenwayi Hymenaea davisii Loesenera walkeri Lonchocarpus ferrugineus Lonchocarpus monticolus Lonchocarpus morenoi Lonchocarpus pilosus Lonchocarpus verrucosus Macrolobium costaricense Mora abbottii Neochevalierodendron stephanii Parkia bahiae Parkia truncata Peltophorum berteroanum Piptadenia hassleriana Piptadenia paraguayensis Pithecellobium abbotti Prosopis atacamensis Prosopis rojasiana Prosopis rubriflora Robinia viscosa vat. hartwegii Sabinea carinalis Sclerolobium costaricense Sesbania goetzei ssp. multiflora Stryphnodendron porcatum Swartzia acutifolia var. leiogyna Swartzia acutifolia var. parvipetala Swartzia acutifolia var. submarginata Swartzia acutifolia var. ynesiana Swartzia amazonica var. amazonica Swartzia amazonica vat. cinerea Swartzia amplifolia var. rigida Swartzia amshoffiana Swartzia angustifoliola Swartzia anomala Swartzia apetala var. blanchetii Swartzia apiculata Swartzia aptera Swartzia benthamiana vat. yatuensis Swartzia brachyrachis var. colombiana Swartzia brachyrachis var. peruviana Swartzia buntingii Swartzia cabrerae Swartzia caribaea Swartzia caudata Swartzia costata Swartzia cupavenensis Swartzia curranit Swartzia davisii Swartzia dolichopoda Swartzia duckei Swartzia fanshawei Swartzia fimbriata Swartzia floribunda Swartzia foliolosa Swartzia fraterna Swartzia froesii 624 Swartzia gigantea Swartzia grazielana Swartzia haughtii Swartzia hostmannii Swarizia iniridensis Swartzia jenmanii Swartzia katawa Swartzia lamellata var. kaieteurensis Swartzia lamellata var. lamellata Swartzia latifolia var. latifolia Swartzia leblondii Swartzia leiogyne Swartzia littlei Swartzia longicarpa Swartzia longipedicellata Swartzia longistipitata Swartzia lucida Swartzia macrostachya var. glabrifolia Swartzia macrostachya vat. kuhlmannii Swartzia macrostachya var. macrostachya Swartzia macrostachya var. riedelii Swartzia magdalenae Swartzia maguirei Swartzia mangabalensis Swartzia monachiana Swartzia mucronifera Swartzia oblonga Swartzia pachyphylla Swartzia panacoco var. altsonii Swartzia panacoco vat. kamarangensis Swartzia panacoco vat. panacoco Swartzia panacoco vat. sagotii Swartzia panacoco var. sandwithiana Swartzia panacoco vat. tepuiensis Swartzia parvifolia Swartzia pernitida Swartzia phaneroptera Swartzia piarensis Swartzia pickelii Swartzia pittieri Swartzia prolata Swartzia racemosa var. klugii Swartzia racemosa var. major Swartzia riedelii Swartzia roraimae Swartzia schunkei Swartzia sericea var. emarginata Swartzia sprucei var. sprucet Swarizia trinitensis Swartzia ulei Swartzia vaupesiana var. glauca Swartzia vaupesiana var. vaupesiana Swartzia velutina Swartzia wurdackii Swartzia xanthopetala Tessmannia martiniana var. pauloi Lythraceae Tetrataxis salicifolia Magnoliaceae Magnolia palescens Magnolia poasana Magnolia sororum ssp. lutea Pachylarnax pleiocarpa Malpighiaceae Bunchosia acuminata Bunchosia articulata Bunchosia macilenta Bunchosia pauciflora Bunchosia quaesitor Bunchosia systyla Malvaceae Dendrosida batesii Dendrosida breedlovei Dendrosida parviflora Hibiscus boryanus Hibiscus columnaris Hibiscus fragilis Hibiscus genevii Hibiscus liliiflorus Robinsonella erasmi-sosae Sida eggersii Melastomataceae Axinaea sodiroi Dissotis aprica Dissotis arborescens Dissotis bussei Dissotis glandulicalyx Memecylon cordatum Memecylon greenwayii Memecylon myrtiforme Meriania acostae Meriania almedae Meriania amplexicaulis Meriania brevipedunculata Meriania kirkbridei Meriania loxensis Meriania maguirei Meriania parvifolia Meriania stellata Miconia chiriquiensis Miconia foveolata Miconia fulvostellata Miconia pycnoneura Mouriri ambiconvexa Mouriri angustifolia Mouriri arborea Mouriri bahiensis Mouriri cearensis ssp. carajasica Mouriri doriana Mouriri exadenia Mouriri floribunda Mouriri froesii Mouriri gonavensis Mouriri gonavensis var. gonavensis Mouriri gonavensis var. hottensis Mouriri lancifolia Mouriri megasperma Mouriri micradenia Mouriri micranthera Mouriri monopora Mouriri myrtilloides ssp. orinocensis Mouriri obtusiloba Mouriri pachyphylla Mouriri regeliana Mouriri steyermarkii Mouriri tessmannii Appendix 3 Not Evaluated Globally Threatened Tree Species Mourini viridicosta Ossaea krugiana Pachyanthus oleifolius Tibouchina chamaecistus Votomita pubescens Meliaceae Cedrela weberbaueri Dysoxylum patersonianum Guarea costata Trichilia pachypoda Trichilia stipitata Trichilia trifolia ssp. palmeri Turraea decandra Turraea laciniata Turraea rigida Turraea trichopoda Meliosmaceae Meliosma abbreviata Meliosma corymbosa Meliosma hachijoensis Meliosma nanarum Meliosma peytonii Meliosma solomonii Meliosma vasquezii Monimiaceae Tambourissa cocottensis Tambourissa pedicellata Tambourissa quadrifida Tambourissa sieberi Tambourissa tetragona Moraceae Brosimum utile var. allenii Dorstenia excentrica Ficus pseudopalma Naucleopsis chiguila Naucleopsis jamariensis Naucleopsis naga Naucleopsis pseudo-naga Naucleopsis riparia Perebea guianensis ssp. hirsuta Perebea guianensis ssp. pseudopeltata Perebea longepedunculata Trophis cuspidata Trophis involucrata Myricaceae Myrica californica Myrica phanerodonta Myristicaceae Otoba parvifolia Staudtia kamerunensis Myrsinaceae Ardisia magdalenae Badula balfouriana Badula borbonica var. borbonica Badula borbonica var. macrophylla Badula decumbens 625 Badula fragilis Badula multiflora Badula nitida Badula ovalifolia Myrtaceae Amomyrtus luma Calyptranthes elegans Calyptranthes krugii Eugenia chrysobalanoides Eugenia crassipetala Eugenia gryposperma Eugenia jeremiensis Eugenia octopleura Eugenia rodriguesensis Eugenia stahlii Eugenia stewardsonii Eugenia vaughanii Monimiastrum fasciculatum Myrceugenia acutiflora Myrceugenia schultzei Myrcia borhidii Myrcia edulis var. dominicana Myrcianthes ferreyrae Myrcianthes fragrans var. simpsonii Syzygium balfourii Syzygium bijouxii Syzygium cylindricum Syzygium populifolium Syzygium vaughanii Nyctaginaceae Guapira leonis Guapira suborbiculata Pisonia costata Pisonia suborbiculata Olacaceae Dulacia tepuiensis Heisteria asplundii Heisteria maytenoides Heisteria skutchii Schoepfia tepuiensis Oleaceae Chionanthus acunae Chionanthus ayresti Chionanthus boutonii Chionanthus broomeana vat. broomeana Chionanthus moncadae Fraxinus latifolia Fraxinus papillosa Fraxinus texensis Osmanthus rigidus Pandanaceae Pandanus barklyi var. macrocarpus Pandanus conglomeratus Pandanus drupaceus Pandanus glaucocephalus Pandanus iceryi Pandanus incertus Pandanus macrostigma Pandanus microcarpus The World List of Threatened Trees Pandanus obsoletus Pandanus prostratus Pandanus spathulatus Pandanus sphaeroideus Pandanus vandermeerschii Pellicieraceae Pelliciera rhizophorae Pinaceae Pinus arizonica var. stormiae Pinus brutia var. pityusa Pinus bungeana Pinus torano Pseudolarix amabilis Pseudotsuga japonica Tsuga chinensis var. oblongisquamata Tsuga chinensis var. robusta Pittosporaceae Pittosporum balfourii Pittosporum bracteolatum Podocarpaceae Dacrydium leptophyllum Nageia fleuryi Podocarpus costaricensis Podocarpus hispaniolensis Podocarpus humbertii Podocarpus purdieanus Polygalaceae Monnina idroboana Monnina membranifolia Polygonaceae Coccoloba caravellae Coccoloba fawcettii Coccoloba priorii Proteaceae Helicia ceylanica Quiinaceae Froesia venezuelensis Rhamnaceae Colubrina cubensis Colubrina cubensis var. floridana Colubrina johnstonii Rhamnus glaucophylla Rhamnus lindeniana Rhamnus lojaconoi Rhamnus pirifolia Rhamnus seravschanica Ziziphus bidens Ziziphus guaranitica Rhizophoraceae Cassipourea adami Cassipourea firestoneana Rosaceae Crataegus pojarkovae Malus sylvestris var. microphylla Prunus darvasica Prunus pruninosa Pyrus kawakamii Rubiaceae Alseis dariensis Alseis peruviana Amaioua magnicarpa Antirhea obtusifolia Bertiera bistipulata Borojoa atlantica Borojoa panamensis Cephaelis croatii Chassalia boryana Chassalia capitata Chassalia coriacea vat. coriacea Chassalia coriacea var. johnstonii Chassalia grandifolia Chassalia lanceolata ssp. lanceolata Chassalia lanceolata ssp. latifolia Chimarrhis microcarpa Chione darienensis Chione panamensis Cinchona carabayensis Cinchona delessertiana Cinchona nitida Cinchona rufinervis Coussarea durifolia Coussarea morii Coussarea neei Coussarea veraguensis Duroia genipifolia Faramea bocataurensis Faramea ovalis Faramea pauciflora Faramea standleyana Fernelia pedunculata Gaertnera boivini Gaertnera calycina Gaertnera crassiflora Gaertnera hirtiflora Gaertnera longifolia var. longifolia Gaertnera longifolia var. pubescens Gaertnera noddosa Gaertnera oxycarpa Gaertnera pendula Gaertnera quadriseta Gaertnera truncata Genipa curviflora Gleasonia duidana var. latifolia Guettarda amblyophylla Guettarda brenesii Guettarda cobanensis Guettarda cobrensis Guettarda nervosa Guettarda organosia Guettarda petenensis Guettarda retusa Guettarda roigiana Guettarda sanblasensis Henriquezia jenmanii 626 Henriquezia nitida var. longisepala Hillia chiriquiensis Ladenbergia laurifolia Mussaenda landia var. holosericea Palicourea montensis Palicourea ochnoides Palicourea rigidifolia Palicourea veraguensis Platycarpum acreanum Platycarpum duckei Platycarpum eglandulosum Platycarpum egleri Platycarpum froesii Platycarpum maguirei Platycarpum negrense var. glaucum Platycarpum negrense var. negrense Platycarpum orinocense vat. grandiflorum Platycarpum schultesii var. schultesii Psychotria calophylla Psychotria catillicalyx Psychotria croceovenosa Psychotria hexandra var. hosakana Psychotria hexandra var. oahuensis Psychotria hexandra vat. rockii Psychotria hexandra var. st.-johnii Psychotria nubiphila Psychotria ostaurea Psychotria panamensis Psychotria pleeana Psychotria quadrangulata Psychotria santaritensis Psychotria taurina Psychotria tutensis Ramosmania heterophylla Randia mira Raritebe darienensis Remijia chelomaphylla Rondeletia cooperi Rondeletia kirkbridei Rondeletia panamensis Rondeletia platysepala Rondeletia salicifolia var. salicifolia Rudgea coronicarpa Scyphochlamys revoluta Scyphostachys pedunculatus Simira darienensis Simira maxonii Rutaceae Amyris madrensis Erythrochiton incomparabilis Esenbeckia cornuta Esenbeckia feddemae Esenbeckia macrantha Esenbeckia nesiotica Euodia littoralis Euodia obtusifolia var. brachypoda Metrodorea maracasana Pilocarpus demerarae Zanthoxylum caudatum Zanthoxylum paniculatum Zanthoxylum parvum Zanthoxylum pistaciiflorum Salicaceae Populus cataracti Salix arizonica Salix paludicola Salix planifolia ssp. tyrrellii Salix sessilifolia Salix silicicola Sapindaceae Hypelate trifoliata Sapindus grandifolius Sapotaceae Bumelia acunae Bumelia revoluta Bumelia tenax Bumelia thornei Chrysophyllum eggersii Diploknema siamensis Ecclinusa dumetorum Labourdonnaisia glauca Labourdonnaisia revoluta Lecomtedoxa heitzana Madhuca kerrii Madhuca punctata Madhuca tokinsis Mimusops andamanensis Mimusops erythroxylon Mimusops petiolaris Mimusops zeylanica Palaquium garrettii Palaquium punctatum Payena thorelii Pouteria boninensis Sarcosperma siamensis Sideroxylon boutonianum Sideroxylon eriocarpum Sideroxylon galeatum Sideroxylon grandiflorum Sideroxylon majus Sideroxylon sessiliflorum Sideroxylon tenax Sideroxylon thornei Simaroubaceae Picramnia dwyeri Picrasma cubensis Simaba praecox Appendix 3 Not Evaluated Globally Threatened Tree Species Solanaceae Brunfelsia clarensis Brunfelsia dwyeri Brunfelsia lactea Brunfelsia linearis Brunfelsia picardae Cestrum jimenezii Cestrum moaense Lycianthes beckneriana Lycianthes howardiana Sterculiaceae Astiria rosea Ayenia cajalbanensis Byttneria scopiura Cola crispiflora Dombeya mauritiana Dombeya populnea Dombeya rodriguesiana Herrania balaensis Sterculia zeyianica Theobroma cirmolinae Trochetia triflora Trochetia uniflora Symplocaceae Symplocos ciponimoides Symplocos lanata Symplocos moaensis Theaceae Eurya boninensis Gordonia zeylanica Ternstroemia elliptica Ternstroemia heptasepala Ternstroemia rostrata Theophrastaceae Clavija repanda Thymelaeaceae Daphnopsis grandis 627 Tiliaceae Neosprucea sucumbiensis Tilia chyugokuensis Trigoniaceae Trigonia macrantha Ulmaceae Ampelocera glabra Urticaceae Obetia ficifolia Rousselia erratica Verbenaceae Citharexylum sulcatum var. hirtellum Violaceae Gloeospermum sclerophyllum Leonia occidentalis Melicytus latifolius Melicytus novae-zelandiae ssp. centurionis Rinorea djalonensis Vochysiaceae Callisthene hassleri Vochysia duquei Vochysia oppugnata Winteraceae Tasmannia purpurascens Zygophyllaceae Porlieria chilensis , ye hy yor x eos . ested ‘ 1G . na ‘ it f whoo a ~~ é iI) AR, Teter siias, Pee en, ark ae S| Tracy ; ar@u"ie saan ath | : rh quis ot Abney P orbi:be Jno : aa -s ‘ J » bie iy ‘ « 4 4 F ne > «4 < ow iY Pats » oe eM « 34 went 7 é a ; , 5 = t vs i ’ i o_' ne sien f aan : neh credo . Vir or sae S cenelitt sehieed ' 2 iG ri eee F ro 7) FeeRors w, marth 1 ahotohars eyto aie ae m as Gheries } . oy..’ ees . wt G ‘ 4 ” APPENDIX 4 IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES Prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission As approved by the 40th Meeting of the IUCN Council Gland, Switzerland 30 November 1994 629 The World List of Threatened Trees 1 INTRODUCTION The threatened species categories now used in Red Data Books and Red Lists have been in place, with some modification, for almost 30 years. Since their introduction these categories have become widely recognised internationally, and they are now used in a whole range of publications and listings, produced by IUCN as well as by numerous governmental and non-governmental organisations. The Red Data Book categories provide an easily and widely understood method for highlighting those species under higher extinction risk, so as to focus attention on conservation measures designed to protect them. The need to revise the categories has been recognised for some time. In 1984, the SSC held a symposium, 'The Road to Extinction’ (Fitter & Fitter 1987), which examined the issues in some detail, and at which a number of options were considered for the revised system. However, no single proposal resulted. The current phase of development began in 1989 with a request from the SSC Steering Committee to develop a new approach that would provide the conservation community with useful information for action planning. In this document, proposals for new definitions for Red List categories are presented. The general aim of the new system is to provide an explicit, objective framework for the classification of species according to their extinction risk. The revision has several specific aims: to provide a system that can be applied consistently by different people; to improve the objectivity by providing those using the criteria with clear guidance on how to evaluate different factors which affect risk of extinction; to provide a system which will facilitate comparisons across widely different taxa; to give people using threatened species lists a better understanding of how individual species were classified. The proposals presented in this document result from a continuing process of drafting, consultation and validation. It was clear that the production of a large number of draft proposals led to some confusion, especially as each draft has been used for classifying some set of species for conservation purposes. To clarify matters, and to open the way for modifications as and when they became necessary, a system for version numbering was applied as follows: Version 1.0: Mace & Lande (1991) The first paper discussing a new basis for the categories, and presenting numerical criteria especially relevant for large vertebrates. Version 2.0: Mace et al. (1992) A major revision of Version 1.0, including numerical criteria appropriate to all organisms and introducing the non-threatened categories. Version 2.1: IUCN (1993) Following an extensive consultation process within SSC, a number of changes were made to the details of the criteria, and fuller explanation of basic principles was included. A more explicit structure clarified the significance of the non-threatened categories. 630 Appendix 4 IUCN Red List Categories Version 2.2: Mace & Stuart (1994) Following further comments received and additional validation exercises, some minor changes to the criteria were made. In addition, the Susceptible category present in Versions 2.0 and 2.1 was subsumed into the Vulnerable category. A precautionary application of the system was emphasised. Final Version This final document, which incorporates changes as a result of comments from IUCN members, was adopted by the IUCN Council in December 1994. All future taxon lists including categorisations should be based on this version, and not the previous ones. In the rest of this document the proposed system is outlined in several sections. The Preamble presents some basic information about the context and structure of the proposal, and the procedures that are to be followed in applying the definitions to species. This is followed by a section giving definitions of terms used. Finally the definitions are presented, followed by the quantitative criteria used for classification within the threatened categories. It is important for the effective functioning of the new system that all sections are read and understood, and the guidelines followed. REFERENCES Fitter, R., and M. Fitter, ed. (1987) The Road to Extinction. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. IUCN. (1993) Draft IUCN Red List Categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Mace, G. M. et al. (1992) "The development of new criteria for listing species on the IUCN Red List.” Species 19: 16-22. Mace, G. M., and R. Lande. (1991) "Assessing extinction threats: toward a reevaluation of IUCN threatened species categories." Conserv. Biol. 5.2: 148-157. Mace, G. M. & S. N. Stuart. (1994) "Draft IUCN Red List Categories, Version 2.2". Species 21- 22: 13-24. 2 PREAMBLE The following points present important information on the use and interpretation of the categories (= Critically Endangered, Endangered, etc.), criteria (= A to E), and sub-criteria (= a,b etc., i,ii etc.): Taxonomic level and scope of the categorisation process The criteria can be applied to any taxonomic unit at or below the species level. The term ‘taxon’ in the following notes, definitions and criteria is used for convenience, and may represent species or lower taxonomic levels, including forms that are not yet formally described. There is a sufficient range among the different criteria to enable the appropriate listing of taxa from the complete taxonomic spectrum, with the exception of micro-organisms. The criteria may also be applied within any specified geographical or political area although in such cases special notice should be taken of point 11 below. In presenting the results of applying the criteria, the taxonomic unit and area under consideration should be made explicit. The categorisation process should only be applied to wild populations inside their natural range, and to populations resulting from benign introductions (defined in the draft IUCN Guidelines for Re-introductions as "..an attempt to 631 The World List of Threatened Trees establish a species, for the purpose of conservation, outside its recorded distribution, but within an appropriate habitat and eco-geographical area"). Nature of the categories All taxa listed as Critically Endangered qualify for Vulnerable and Endangered, and all listed as Endangered qualify for Vulnerable. Together these categories are described as ‘threatened’. The threatened species categories form a part of the overall scheme. It will be possible to place all taxa into one of the categories (see Figure 1). Figure 1: Structure of the Catagories Exdinct Exdinct in the Wid Crilicalty Endangered | __—s (Threattaned) Endangered Vulnerable ie: (Adequate data) | Conservation Dependent Lower Risk Neer Threatened Least Concem (Eveusted) =| Data Deficient Evaluated Role of the different criteria For listing as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable there is a range of quantitative criteria; meeting any one of these criteria qualifies a taxon for listing at that level of threat. Each species should be evaluated against all the criteria. The different criteria (A-E) are derived from a wide review aimed at detecting risk factors across the broad range of organisms and the diverse life histories they exhibit. Even though some criteria will be inappropriate for certain taxa(some taxa will never qualify under these however close to extinction they come), there should be criteria appropriate for assessing threat levels for any taxon (other than micro-organisms). The relevant factor is whether any one criterion is met, not whether all are appropriate or all are met. Because it will never be clear which criteria are appropriate for a particular species in advance, each species should be evaluated against all the criteria, and any criterion met should be listed. 632 Appendix 4 IUCN Red List Categories Derivation of quantitative criteria The quantitative values presented in the various criteria associated with threatened categories were developed through wide consultation and they are set at what are generally judged to be appropriate levels, even if no formal justification for these values exists. The levels for different criteria within categories were set independently but against a common standard. Some broad consistency between them was sought. However, a given taxon should not be expected to meet all criteria (A-E) in a category; meeting any one criterion is sufficient for listing. Implications of listing Listing in the categories of Not Evaluated and Data Deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made, though for different reasons. Until such time as an assessment is made, species listed in these categories should not be treated as if they were non-threatened, and it may be appropriate (especially for Data Deficient forms) to give them the same degree of protection as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be evaluated. Extinction is assumed here to be a chance process. Thus, a listing in a higher extinction risk category implies a higher expectation of extinction, and over the time-frames specified more taxa listed in a higher category are expected to go extinct than in a lower one (without effective conservation action). However, the persistence of some taxa in high risk categories does not necessarily mean their initial assessment was inaccurate. Data quality and the importance of inference and projection The criteria are clearly quantitative in nature. However, the absence of high quality data should not deter attempts at applying the criteria, as methods involving estimation, inference and projection are emphasised to be acceptable throughout. Inference and projection may be based on extrapolation of current or potential threats into the future (including their rate of change), or of factors related to population abundance or distribution (including dependence on other taxa), so long as these can reasonably be supported. Suspected or inferred patterns in either the recent past, present or near future can be based on any of a series of related factors, and these factors should be specified. Taxa at risk from threats posed by future events of low probability but with severe consequences (catastrophes) should be identified by the criteria (e.g. small distributions, few locations). Some threats need to be identified particularly early, and appropriate actions taken, because their effects are irreversible, or nearly so (pathogens, invasive organisms, hybridization). Uncertainty The criteria should be applied on the basis of the available evidence on taxon numbers, trend and distribution, making due allowance for statistical and other uncertainties. Given that data are rarely available for the whole range or population of a taxon, it may often be appropriate to use the information that is available to make intelligent inferences about the overall status of the taxon in question. In cases where a wide variation in estimates is found, it is legitimate to apply the precautionary principle and use the estimate (providing it is credible) that leads to listing in the category of highest risk. Where data are insufficient to assign a category (including Lower Risk), the category of ‘Data Deficient’ may be assigned. However, it is important to recognise that this category indicates that data are inadequate to determine the degree of threat faced by a taxon, not necessarily that the taxon is poorly known. In cases where there are evident threats to a taxon through, for example, deterioration of its only known habitat, it is important to attempt threatened listing, even though 633 The World List of Threatened Trees there may be little direct information on the biological status of the taxon itself. The category ‘Data Deficient’ is not a threatened category, although it indicates a need to obtain more information on a taxon to determine the appropriate listing. Conservation actions in the listing process The criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it. In cases where it is only conservation action that prevents the taxon from meeting the threatened criteria, the designation of 'Conservation Dependent’ is appropriate. It is important to emphasise here that a taxon require conservation action even if it is not listed as threatened. Documentation All taxon lists including categorisation resulting from these criteria should state the criteria and sub-criteria that were met. No listing can be accepted as valid unless at least one criterion is given. If more than one criterion or sub-criterion was met, then each should be listed. However, failure to mention a criterion should not necessarily imply that it was not met. Therefore, if a re- evaluation indicates that the documented criterion is no longer met, this should not result in automatic down-listing. Instead, the taxon should be re-evaluated with respect to all criteria to indicate its status. The factors responsible for triggering the criteria, especially where inference and projection are used, should at least be logged by the evaluator, even if they cannot be included in published lists. Threats and priorities The category of threat is not necessarily sufficient to determine priorities for conservation action. The category of threat simply provides an assessment of the likelihood of extinction under current circumstances, whereas a system for assessing priorities for action will include numerous other factors concerning conservation action such as costs, logistics, chances of success, and even perhaps the taxonomic distinctiveness of the subject. Use at regional level The criteria are most appropriately applied to whole taxa at a global scale, rather than to those units defined by regional or national boundaries. Regionally or nationally based threat categories, which are aimed at including taxa that are threatened at regional or national levels (but not necessarily throughout their global ranges), are best used with two key pieces of information: the global status category for the taxon, and the proportion of the global population or range that occurs within the region or nation. However, if applied at regional or national level it must be recognised that a global category of threat may not be the same as a regional or national category for a particular taxon. For example, taxa classified as Vulnerable on the basis of their global declines in numbers or range might be Lower Risk within a particular region where their populations are stable. Conversely, taxa classified as Lower Risk globally might be Critically Endangered within a particular region where numbers are very small or declining, perhaps only because they are at the margins of their global range. IUCN is still in the process of developing guidelines for the use of national red list categories. Re-evaluation Evaluation of taxa against the criteria should be carried out at appropriate intervals. This is especially important for taxa listed under Near Threatened, or Conservation Dependent, and for threatened species whose status is known or suspected to be deteriorating. 634 Appendix 4 IUCN Red List Categories Transfer between categories There are rules to govern the movement of taxa between categories. These are as follows: (A) A taxon may be moved from a category of higher threat to a category of lower threat if none of the criteria of the higher category has been met for 5 years or more. (B) If the original classification is found to have been erroneous, the taxon may be transferred to the appropriate category or removed from the threatened categories altogether, without delay. (C) Transfer from categories of lower to higher risk should be made without delay. Problems of scale Classification based on the sizes of geographic ranges or the patterns of habitat occupancy is complicated by problems of spatial scale. The finer the scale at which the distributions or habitats of taxa are mapped, the smaller will be the area that they are found to occupy. Mapping at finer scales reveals more areas in which the taxon is unrecorded. It is impossible to provide any strict but general rules for mapping taxa or habitats; the most appropriate scale will depend on the taxa in question, and the origin and comprehensiveness of the distributional data. However, the thresholds for some criteria (e.g. Critically Endangered) necessitate mapping at a fine scale. 3 DEFINITIONS Population Population is defined as the total number of individuals of the taxon. For functional reasons, primarily owing to differences between life-forms, population numbers are expressed as numbers of mature individuals only. In the case of taxa obligately dependent on other taxa for all or part of their life cycles, biologically appropriate values for the host taxon should be used. Subpopulations Subpopulations are defined as geographically or otherwise distinct groups in the population between which there is little exchange (typically one successful migrant individual or gamete per year or less). Mature individuals The number of mature individuals is defined as the number of individuals known, estimated or inferred to be capable of reproduction. When estimating this quantity the following points should be borne in mind: Where the population is characterised by natural fluctuations the minimum number should be used. This measure is intended to count individuals capable of reproduction and should therefore exclude individuals that are environmentally, behaviourally or otherwise reproductively suppressed in the wild. In the case of populations with biased adult or breeding sex ratios it is appropriate to use lower estimates for the number of mature individuals which take this into account (e.g. the estimated effective population size). 635 The World List of Threatened Trees Reproducing units within a clone should be counted as individuals, except where such units are unable to survive alone (e.g. corals). In the case of taxa that naturally lose all or a subset of mature individuals at some point in their life cycle, the estimate should be made at the appropriate time, when mature individuals are available for breeding. Generation Generation may be measured as the average age of parents in the population. This is greater than the age at first breeding, except in taxa where individuals breed only once. Continuing decline A continuing decline is a recent, current or projected future decline whose causes are not known or not adequately controlled and so is liable to continue unless remedial measures are taken. Natural fluctuations will not normally count as a continuing decline, but an observed decline should not be considered to be part of a natural fluctuation unless there is evidence for this. Reduction A reduction (criterion A) is a decline in the number of mature individuals of at least the amount (%) stated over the time period (years) specified, although the decline need not still be continuing. A reduction should not be interpreted as part of a natural fluctuation unless there is good evidence for this. Downward trends that are part of natural fluctuations will not normally count as a reduction. Extreme fluctuations Extreme fluctuations occur in a number of taxa where population size or distribution area varies widely, rapidly and frequently, typically with a variation greater than one order of magnitude (i.e., a tenfold increase or decrease). Severely fragmented Severely fragmented is refers to the situation where increased extinction risks to the taxon result from the fact that most individuals within a taxon are found in small and relatively isolated subpopulations. These small subpopulations may go extinct, with a reduced probability of recolonisation. Extent of occurrence Extent of occurrence is defined as the area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary which can be drawn to encompass all the known, inferred or projected sites of present occurrence of a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy. This measure may exclude discontinuities or disjunctions within the overall distributions of taxa (e.g., large areas of obviously unsuitable habitat) (but see 'area of occupancy’). Extent of occurrence can often be measured by a minimum convex polygon (the smallest polygon in which no internal angle exceeds 180 degrees and which contains all the sites of occurrence). 636 Appendix 4 IUCN Red List Categories Area of occupancy Area of occupancy is defined as the area within its 'extent of occurrence’ (see definition) which is occupied by a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy. The measure reflects the fact that a taxon will not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may, for example, contain unsuitable habitats. The area of occupancy is the smallest area essential at any stage to the survival of existing populations of a taxon (e.g. colonial nesting sites, feeding sites for migratory taxa). The size of the area of occupancy will be a function of the scale at which it is measured, and should be at a scale appropriate to relevant biological aspects of the taxon. The criteria include values in km’, and thus to avoid errors in classification, the area of occupancy should be measured on grid squares (or equivalents) which are sufficiently small (see Figure 2). Location Location defines a geographically or ecologically distinct area in which a single event (e.g. pollution) will soon affect all individuals of the taxon present. A location usually, but not always, contains all or part of a subpopulation of the taxon, and is typically a small proportion of the taxon's total distribution. Quantitative analysis A quantitative analysis is defined here as the technique of population viability analysis (PVA), or any other quantitative form of analysis, which estimates the extinction probability of a taxon or population based on the known life history and specified management or non-management options. In presenting the results of quantitative analyses the structural equations and the data should be explicit. 637 The World List of Threatened Trees @ ® ee * fo é “4 ® aS _ eo "e “eer °% © oes ae $k A eo, oe re at st Figure 2: Two examples of the distinction between extent of occurrence and area of occupancy. (a) is the spatial distribution of known, inferred or projected sites of occurrence. (b) shows one possible boundary to the extent of occurrence, which is the measured area within this boundary. (c) shows one measure of area of occupancy which can be measured by the sum of the occupied grid squares. 638 Appendix 4 IUCN Red List Categories 4 THE CATEGORIES ' EXTINCT (EX) A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW) A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalised population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed extinct in the wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form. CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future, as defined by any of the criteria (A to E). ENDANGERED (EN) A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future, as defined by any of the criteria (A to E). VULNERABLE (VU) A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as defined by any of the criteria (A to D). LOWER RISK (LR) A taxon is Lower Risk when it has been evaluated, does not satisfy the criteria for any of the categories Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Taxa included in the Lower Risk category can be separated into three subcategories: 1. Conservation Dependent (cd). Taxa which are the focus of a continuing taxon-specific or habitat-specific conservation programme targeted towards the taxon in question, the cessation of which would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threatened categories above within a period of five years. 2. Near Threatened (nt). Taxa which do not qualify for Conservation Dependent, but which are close to qualifying for Vulnerable. 3. Least Concern (Ic). Taxa which do not qualify for Conservation Dependent or Near Threatened. ‘Note: As in previous IUCN categories, the abbreviation of each category (in parenthesis) follows the English denominations when translated into other languages. 639 The World List of Threatened Trees DATA DEFICIENT (DD) A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution is lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat or Lower Risk. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, if a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified. NOT EVALUATED (NE) A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is has not yet been assessed against the criteria. 5 THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future, as defined by any of the following criteria (A to E): A) Population reduction in the form of either of the following: 1) An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 80% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of the following: a) direct observation b) an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat d) actual or potential levels of exploitation e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridisation, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites. 2) A reduction of at least 80%, projected or suspected to be met within the next ten years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of (b), (c), (d) or (e) above. B) Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km’ or area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km’, and estimates indicating any two of the following: 1) Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location. 2) Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: a) extent of occurrence b) area of occupancy c) area, extent and/or quality of habitat d) number of locations or subpopulations 640 3) Appendix 4 IUCN Red List Categories e) number of mature individuals. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: a) extent of occurrence b) area of occupancy c) number of locations or subpopulations d) number of mature individuals. C) Population estimated to number less than 250 mature individuals and either: 1) 2) An estimated continuing decline of at least 25% within 3 years or one generation, whichever is longer or A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals and population structure in the form of either: a) severely fragmented (i.e. no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 50 mature individuals) b) all individuals are in a single subpopulation. D) Population estimated to number less than 50 mature individuals. E) Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50% within 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is the longer. ENDANGERED (EN) A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future, as defined by any of the following criteria (A to E): A) Population reduction in the form of either of the following: 1) 2) An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 50% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of the following: a) direct observation b) an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat d) actual or potential levels of exploitation e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridisation, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites. A reduction of at least 50%, projected or suspected to be met within the next ten years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of (b), (c), (d), or (e) above. B) Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km’ or area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km’, and estimates indicating any two of the following: 641 The World List of Threatened Trees 1) 2) 3) Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations. Continuing decline, inferred, observed or projected, in any of the following: a) extent of occurrence b) area of occupancy c) area, extent and/or quality of habitat d) number of locations or subpopulations e) number of mature individuals. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: a) extent of occurrence b) area of occupancy c) number of locations or subpopulations d) number of mature individuals. C) Population estimated to number less than 2500 mature individuals and either: 1) 2) An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within 5 years or 2 generations, whichever is longer, or A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals and population structure in the form of either: a) severely fragmented (i.e. no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 250 mature individuals) b) all individuals are in a single subpopulation. D) Population estimated to number less than 250 mature individuals. E) Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20% within 20 years or 5 generations, whichever is the longer. VULNERABLE (VU) A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as defined by any of the following criteria (A to E): A) Population reduction in the form of either of the following: 1) An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 20% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer,, based on (and specifying) any of the following: a) direct observation b) an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat d) actual or potential levels of exploitation . e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridisation, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites. 642 B) C) D) E) 2) Appendix 4 IUCN Red List Categories A reduction of at least 20%, projected or suspected to be met within the next ten years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of (b), (c), (d) or (e) above. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km’ or area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2000 km’, and estimates indicating any two of the following: 1) 2) 3) Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than ten locations. Continuing decline, inferred, observed or projected, in any of the following: a) extent of occurrence b) area of occupancy c) area, extent and/or quality of habitat d) number of locations or subpopulations e) number of mature individuals. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: a) extent of occurrence b) area of occupancy c) number of locations or subpopulations d) number of mature individuals. Population estimated to number less than 10,000 mature individuals and either: 1) 2) An estimated continuing decline of at least 10% within 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is longer, or A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals and population structure in the form of either: a) severely fragmented (i.e. no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 1000 mature individuals) b) all individuals are in a single subpopulation. Population very small or restricted in the form of either of the following: 1) 2) Population estimated to number less than 1000 mature individuals. Population is characterised by an acute restriction in its area of occupancy (typically less than 100 km’) or in the number of locations (typically less than 5). Such a taxon would thus be prone to the effects of human activities (or stochastic events whose impact is increased by human activities) within a very short period of time in an unforeseeable future, and is thus capable of becoming Critically Endangered or even Extinct in a very short period. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10% within 100 years. 643 Ay APPENDIX 5 STANDARD DATA COLLECTION FORM The data collection form was designed specifically to provide a framework for experts to review existing data as well as provide new data on threatened tree species. Several thousand forms have been completed by over 300 experts and their contents entered directly into the Tree Conservation Database. Section 1 of the form was pre-filled with information from the Threatened Plants Database on taxonomy, distribution and conservation status together with common names and uses where known. Experts were asked to verify information in this section. Section 2 of the form was designed to record the 1994 IUCN category and criteria and to record summary notes on the conservation status of the species. Section 3 allows for the provision of supplementary information on uses, ecology and bibliographic references. 645 The World List of Threatened Trees Section 1 - Nomenclature and Occurrence Distribution at BRU* level (*Basic Recording Unit) Old Global IUCN threat category Is the taxonomy above correct? Is the distribution complete? If not, in which additional countries or states can the species be found? If the species distribution is confined to a particular area? (e.g. a mountain range) Please give the details Is this species of conservation concern in any part of its range? Please specify where OEw OcR OLRed OLRnt OLRIc Revised global IUCN threat category (1994) Criteria (e.g A.1.(d) etc.) a use ais space to sum up the status of the species. Please include any information about the population size or decline, restricted range, ecological or taxonomic uniqueness, characteristics of regeneration or reproductive strategy, and any indications of the fragility of the state of the species, especially where data are insufficient to assign a threat category Threats If multiple threats please indicate order of concern - use 1 for the most serious threat(s) [] Felling [] Fire [ ] Natural Disaster [] Pests & Diseases [] Invasive species [ ] Seed Predation [] Mining [] Agriculture [ ] Expansion of human habitation [ ] Other major threat: [] Tourism Conservation measures Please give the details of any on-going conservation activities, including legal measures, presence in protected areas, management practices and ex situ conservation, especially where the species i is categorised as LRed 646 OEN ODD Ovu ONE [ ] Exploitation of plant parts [] Pollution [ ] Lack of dispersal/pollination agents [ ] Poor regeneration for unknown reasons [] Industrial development [] Forestry [] Decline in soil water content Appendix 5 Standard Data Collection Form Section 3 - Uses and Ecology Please enter in the columns provided the Non-vertebrate appropriate letter and number ici poison corresponding to the part used and the i level exploitation respectively Unspecified, Entire plant, SeeDling, Gall, STem, Bark, Leaf, Inflorescence, Fruit, Seed, EXudate, Root 1 Major International trade 2 Minor International trade (LKS) 3 National or Local trade 4 Local use only O Broadleaved O Coniferous O Mixed ***Habitat Type OD Closed forest Please tick whichever D Open forest boxes describe the D Scrub species natural habitat OD Herbaceous vegetation most appropriately. OD Sparsely vegetated OD Early pioneer aun eras ee eee a he Altitudinal range in metres Status of the species in cultivation O Plantation grown O) Widely cultivated O Small scale O None Relevant references Please cite any references used to complete this form **Please indicate the uses of species only when relevant to human use e.g. only those plants eaten by invertebrates such as silkworms, lac insects etc. should be indicated as invertebrate food. Bee plants are those which are used for honey production. Animal food refers to those plants eaten by domesticated animals. Environmental use refers to shade trees, windbreaks and trees used in erosion control etc. Examples of plants of social use are narcotics, contraceptives, plants of ritual significance etc. ***Closed forest consists of trees with interlocking crowns. Open forest (woodland) contains trees with crowns not interlocking. Herbaceous vegeta i i plants with scattered trees. 647 ; ‘ 4 ’ v © : e 0 = v i ‘ Ne ’ , = } yee } as 5 Z U I y < . = i } ‘ ; ‘ oR 3 : ; ; is ; a f 4 : i An We—s ’ = i tet ’ - . , ei owe etl / i ’ * sal | ) ij srg A niv vs eH toate , ary “ : ae ea 49 jetur ay i i eu 7 i t ‘ i i! a a ; " . =~ o nihag : 3 i 6 7 ' > ¢ ~e : hea erage e - a | 5 } ' seus t uath ib t eis a uf lw ae af - . a } ~ ; ‘ Fi ic corel ( : Hn tn ory sbegie & Wa. AA © rely. ae Ra ae ar « = - horyradeen ee eae s my uy Me h, To. hy a M ce bis > tp 7 betes a tc i ' ‘ song Ma ae . 9 i ra + " 2 teu Le A 4 f +5 7 F BM . 4 © 1 ) oa i oo a ‘ race. ee all wr ers a habpelgs ne eames Maeaieaa ; 4 Neo clang ee ane «y yh HE Tres 7 oti 10 me a oie Tish a GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS AETFAT AOO Caatinga Campo Campo cerrado Campo rupestre CBD Hala forest Igapo IBAMA IUCN Kahikatea/matai forest Association for the Taxonomic Study of the Flora of Tropical Africa. Area of Occupancy, a term which is used in the application of the IUCN Red List Categories. It is defined in Appendix 4. Xerophytic scrubland in areas of alternating flood and drought, found in South America. An open formation, largely composed of shrubs and grasses, found in South America. Savanna with trees, found in South America. An open formation on rocky soil in South America. Convention on Biological Diversity A shrubby savanna-like vegetation, found in South America. Center for International Forestry Research Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. California Native Plant Society. Mexican Commission on Conservation and Use of Biodiversity (Mexico). Corporacién Nacional Forestal (Chile) Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (Australia). Colegio de la Frontera Sur (Mexico). Extent of Occurrence, a term which is used in the application of the IUCN Red List Categories. It is defined in Appendix 4. Forest with a canopy about 5m high, gnarled growth; the highest of the montane vegetation formations. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Faculdade de Ciéncias Agrarias do Para (Brazil). Flora of Tropical East Africa. A term which refers to a flora and vegetation type unique to the South African Cape; evergreen sclerophyllous shrubland. Geographic Information System. Coarsely crystalline acid igneous rock. Members of the Proteaceae family. Coastal forest dominated by Pandanus tectorius, found in Hawaii. An Amazonian forest or woodland type flooded by black waters. Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renovaveis (Brazil). International Dendrological Society. Institute Ecuatoriano Forestal y de Areas Naturales y Vilda Silvestre (Ecuador). International Centre for Research in Agriculture International Plant Genetic Resou:ces Institute. International Tropical Timber Agreement International Tropical Timber Council. International Tropical Timber Organisation The World Conservation Union. A New Zealand forest type, consisting of Dacrycarpus dacrydioides and Prumnopitys taxifolia 649 The World List of Threatened Trees Karroid shrubland Kauri forest Kerangas Puna Shola forest Tepui Terra firme forest TNC TROPICOS Tropophilic TWG Varzea Wallaba forest Wattles WCMC Arid shrubland, dominated by succulent species, found in the Karoo, a vast arid plain in the South African Cape. A forest type dominated by Agathis in South-East Asia and the Pacific. Heath forest of invariably low stature, lacking emergents and confined to organic white sand and podsol soils. It occurs mainly on raised beach terraces or on sandstone ridges and plateaux in South-East Asia. An Afrikaans word for a gully, ravine or valley, usually with steeply inclined or rocky sides. Evergreen laurel forest, e.g. in the Canary Islands. A specific altitudinal zone in Cuba between 300 and 900m. Vine forest, largely confined to the Amazon. A general term used in South America to described scrub or shrubland. Makere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources (Uganda). National Botanical Institute (South Africa). New York Botanical Garden. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. High Andean grasslands. Coastal dune woodland or scrub in areas of northern and eastern South America and Mexico. Rare or Threatened Australian Plants (Australia). Southern African Threatened Plants Database (South Africa). TUCN Species Survival Commission. Patches of stunted evergreen hill forest with temperate and tropical components, occurring in Peninsular India and Sri Lanka, usually restricted to hill folds and surrounded by extensive grassy downs. Tabletop mountains found in the Guyana Shield in northern South America. Upland, unflooded forest in South America. The Nature Conservancy (USA). A nomenclatural database held at Missouri Botanical Garden. Pertaining to marked periodic fluctuations of light, temperature and moisture. CITES Timber Working Group. An Amazonian forest type on sedimentary soil; subject to annual flooding by white water. A forest type dominated by Eperua spp. Acacia species. World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 650 =] = : . * a © ate) thecal rie Stet a ondia) + oicat! Gey tet fran & te Dagpe ame, wid el We De Bee Alin. — ae Kipeea-<' foe wae tome rhe Gertats ote) bey gee: a Lag Raw Qe eat ee F wie ioe Magy Met) Cay ot Quay be are, Peloty seep ae pontine’ ® : oem © wr. ow pert a At ee ees) . =e Fee CP @ mw aget aepe eet phage a ee Mam, 302 IP Abe © poh “res ‘ager, enh wot . J be os : - Aes. PAO ot Hoe a ee Bate eset er eee ae alt ge ? ees, oun #. on mang: oe Suna i oe Sea Y aes einaed a A cate ee i | ae ear | — WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE The World Conservation Monitoring Centre, based in Cambridge, UK, is a joint venture between three partners in the World Conservation Strategy and its successor Caring for the Earth: UCN — The World Conservation Union, UNEP — United Nations Environment Programme, and WWF — World Wide Fund for Nature. The Centre provides information services on the conservation and sustainable use of species and ecosystems and supports others in the development of their own information systems. Se SPECIES SURVIVAL COMMISSION The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is one of six volunteer commissions of IUCN — The World Conservation Union, a union of sovereign states, government agencies and non-governmental organizations. The SSC’s mission is to conserve biological diversity by developing and executing programmes to save, restore and wisely manage species and their habitats. A volunteer network comprised of nearly 7,000 scientists, field researchers, government officials and conservation leaders from nearly every country of the world, the SSC membership is an unmatched source of information about biological diversity and its conservation. As such, SSC members provide technical and scientific counsel for conservation projects throughout the world and serve as resources to governments, international conventions and conservation organizations.