Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge http://www.archive.org/details/worldplantconser90wcmc Wh PLANT CONSERVATION compiled by Threatened Plants Unit World Conservation Monitoring Centre Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 1990 be THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW The mission of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, is to ensure better es “ys management of the Earth’s environment by increasing our knowledge R ng [ and understanding of the plant kingdom: the basis of life on Earth. Boles Whenever possible, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, will endeavour K F W to reduce and reverse the rate of destruction of the world’s plant species and their habitats. WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE The World Conservation Monitoring Centre is a joint venture between the three partners in the World Conservation Strategy: [UCN - The World Conservation Union, UNEP — United Nations Environment Programme, and WWF - World Wide Fund for Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund). Its mission is to support conservation and sustainable development through the provision of information on the world’s biological diversity. _— ( em\ 0 V N | SA Ly UNEP ©: World Conservation Monitoring Centre and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1990 ISBN : 0 947643 24 9 Cover design : Stevens Richardson Design Associates for Media Resources Typesetting : Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Printed by : Whitstable Litho Printers Ltd. The designation of geographical entities in this document, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the WCMGC, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, or other participating organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. CONTENTS Preface ... perpen See ae ee ee Ce re ee eee es Tt! Beeaatilédgements ROT Pi BO Rpt ALES Pe IS ee ei A a) LY Introduction . . oo oe eo Sears Geeombou ara oboe oe How to use this Bibliography et ee ES ee ee ee ee ee ene Os ienmed Mata bookiGategories. 15.0 9 Re MESeeGnVveniOnS <0 es ee ee ee we ee XML MpIRaRENIS eer et IS ele aioe et Pe Be Fe ay oe es ee ee eee a ORDY, BIBLIOGRAPHY en eralenetenences\| isiecrieesee ss tes Aclb ce cies REED mek eee GRA 1 Regional references MECCA et oa eee ee 6 ae ee ee ee ee een EO — Arctic... be hbsicecactie brite Gene ese ce hae Re al — Caribbean reisivas AE ORD, S50 Ee, Pe. ee oe Ree cee eel Merial AMET Cave ue We cecal Rank touts (on ieee ee uaa ban eae EP RUTOPe isi Geir pibvar vi sweet Be th Meee fc van ate eS a a 0D. — Indian Ocean ralad SERS CNRS I Ne a ee ee — Mediterranean .. . eR As eae ot PE eee BOO — Middle Asia, Indochina and Japan Se re, SAP Lea popes Moe se — New World 5. eat Rae; Re LS Cae os he — North Africa and Middle ee Siscy ick hore Piece eohipeeos Sos 98 ma @l aWonldcecee meet yee et eo ee Seeoeas. a Ec emgeenc | LOO RE ciicislandss oeee Sool eaten nee Gea Serta ae cyl se. Soha eee OL DEEPER ICAI) hs. Hes ape ae ie) Be aga 3 ete. tes, ae eee LOS — South America... Ey ej gues Cake ic mma cae LD: — South Atlantic and Rei est Tsleinde Le ach Ag eae Ee oo Maoh PaSCASIA 6s) kycin = Gon Se wie be Ota bes fos ey ee ae Oo 28 ME Seqent CTIA CTIGA = falc Ac ep ee hs se Se Awa ie. se eR ad eco re apes) se) LO mEUneicAlVAtheA) ee. se Se es ea ea eke etna ore ew a DO MEN RELERENCES. (oo eee ap ec sk ek NN ee ee EAT (For order of references and area names used see Geographical Index) INDICES Sua Ncinics meaneaiae oh crise ere ea ee ot Pee oe ae a OLY imag aries mea eee owen: 5), tke > S, vas eed a jes ee tate BSS Beets iical MT Mies ti nic ra i, As) aga eh oe ey (spe os MS ex LOSE ee ae af-*; 4 ? — ~ bea aes _ y te "ar “np hae PUR ~j i Srntity . @ sive We ay % se5re pl ; a Cer a ; Pa” Wy * Pees eee» eo ae = 2 “ : deg » y as ¥ ve ; vert teat ery bs imeeted sa rvinter U yee erste gre st viet } » we s Le = a —, eisadiiady well ALT ls like sceryline Bios, : ale iter, sri f asf Heos el se | 4 - hey ’ awe ‘s pcre r a Prvrea’ whe Ti ally sliterinow his a. : . Se =a a eel? netiperseee bent 7 _ x weg ide baw rm ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A book of this type, covering such an extensive literature, and generated from a computer held database that has been developed over a number of years, could not have been compiled without the help of a large number of individuals, both within the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. We must single out Stephen Davis to whom we give special thanks for his meticulous care in the day-to-day supervision and overall management of the project within WCMC. Suzy Dickerson has also played a key role in having senior editorial responsibility for the project within Kew. In addition, the bibliography has benefited greatly from Stephen Droop’s expertise and patience in proof-reading and database correction. In preparing this bibliography for publication, we would also especially like to thank the following: Christine Leon (editorial control, data-input); Noel McGough (editorial control, liaison); Susan Wickens (library checking), without whom the work would never have seen the light of day. We thank the many staff of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, who gave of their time to help proof-read the text and translate many citation titles, specifically: Sally Dawson, Diana Polhill, Emma Powell, Kathleen Rattue, Brian Stannard, Maria Wallace. Thanks also go to Milan Svanderlik of Media Resources and the staff of the Typing Pool. We also thank Bill Loder for handling the type-setting of the final text, moving the text through various computer systems so successfully. Within the staff of the World Conservation Monitoring Centre we thank Richard Fiennes, Robert Madams, Judy Sheppard, Saskia Hartwig and Jana Zantovska. Special thanks also go to Duncan Mackinder, Al Blake and other members of the Computer Services Unit of the WCMC who helped develop and maintain the software for the database who provided technical help in formatting the final text. We also thank Hugh Synge for writing the original software and managing the database in its early days. The bibliography has also benefited from the help of numerous individuals who have submitted reference lists to us over the years. Particular thanks go to Bob DeFillips at the [UCN office in the Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C., for the addition of many references for the Pacific; to Janie Villa-Lobos, at the same institution, whose monthly Biological Conservation Newsletter is a valuable source of information on recently published material; and to Norman Myers and David Given for the inclusion of many relevant papers. Dr R. Pellew Professor G.LI. Lucas Director Deputy Director World Conservation Monitoring Centre Royal Botanic Gardens Cambridge Kew INTRODUCTION AIM OF THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY The relatively recent explosion in ‘green’ thinking and policy making worldwide, together with the concern at the rate of loss of both species and habitats, has led to a growing demand for up-to-date facts and figures about plant species and vegetation types and how they should be conserved. Fortunately, much has been published on this subject in recent years, yet there has been no obvious route for the conservation and development community to gain access to this information quickly and easily. The relevant literature tends to be markedly multi- disciplinary, and is thinly scattered across such varied fields as botany, forestry, ecology, horticulture, planning, economics, politics and environmental law. Moreover, at the same time, a sizeable volume of the literature is of an ephemeral nature and much is repetitive. In this respect, the plant conservation literature is quite unlike the plant taxonomic literature, to which plant taxonomists gain easy access through the Kew Record, published regularly by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. By comparison, the selection of references for the World Plant Conservation Bibliography has been by no means straightforward. Furthermore, although a number of newjournals have appeared in recent years devoted almost exclusively to conservation — for example, Ambio, Biological Conservation, Environmental Conservation and Conservation Biology — much essential plant conservation information continues to be found only in rather obscure or little known journals. Accessing this information is therefore not only time-consuming but can often be very difficult, especially for individuals or small organizations with no direct links to the larger scientific libraries. Aware, therefore, of an increasing demand for quick and easy access to this vast pool of information, the World Conservation Monitoring Centre and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, have together produced this somewhat ambitious publication entitled World Plant Conservation Bibliography. Its primary aim is to help fulfil a very obvious need of conservationists and policy makers for a catalogue of ‘significant’ references on the conservation of plant diversity. Its precise coverage is described in more detail later. Clearly, the broad scope of the subject dictates that a bibliographic compilation such as this is a rather open-ended task and one that will never be complete. We make no claims, therefore, about the comprehensiveness of this volume, but we hope it will prove useful to those who need to gain access to the literature and in this way indirectly promote conservation at local, national and international levels. The present bibliography is the result of a number of years of collaborative effort by WCMC and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Staff at both institutions have been engaged in screening the literature for relevant material, and the resultant database maintained and developed by WCMC as part of its data collecting activities. The role of Kew in the development of this bibliography illustrates how the resources of a modern botanic garden can be harnessed to provide working documents for plant conservation. This volume is designed to complement WCMC’s earlier publication, prepared by its Threatened Plants Unit entitled Plants in Danger; What do we know? (1986), which is a more structured work containing selected references to the plant conservation literature. Users may find it helpful, therefore, to refer to these two publications together. Every effort has been made to ensure that the citations are sufficiently clear and complete for users to identify them quickly. However, in order to make the World Plant Conservation Bibliography available as soon as possible, some minor inconsistencies, such as journal abbreviations, may still be present. Special care, however, has been taken to ensure that subject cross-references are as complete as possible in order to indicate the coverage of any one reference within the very multi-disciplinary field of conservation. By choosing to arrange the references by geography, in addition to including indices on plant families and individual plant taxa, we hope that we have presented the information in a way that will be most easily accessible. Vi WHAT DOES THE BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTAIN? This volume contains over 10,000 reference citations to published literature considered relevant to international, national or local plant conservation. As a result, the user will find a mixture of sometimes highly specific papers, for example on the conservation and population status of an individual threatened plant species, to more general papers tackling conservation strategies and policies at a national, regional or international level. Most citations date from the late 1970s onwards. Earlier publications may also be cited where they describe vegetation cover and rates of habitat loss, since these may provide valuable perspectives for conservationists and land managers on which to gauge present- day changes. To assist in our selection of references from the potentially vast field of relevant literature, we chose to adopt the following set of criteria: References on the following are included: — Rare andthreatened plants and their conservation, including papers outlining the status of a species that is threatened nationally or locally, but which may be common on a world scale. (Includes a few papers on lower plants and fungi, but coverage for these groups is very sparse); — Erosion and conservation of plant genetic resources, in situ and/or ex situ, especially accounts relating to individual crops and their wild relatives, as well as medicinal and other economic plants; — Threats to plant life, including invasive and introduced species where they pose a threat, acid rain, etc.; — Extent and loss of habitats and vegetation; — Floristic and vegetation accounts of centres of plant diversity and/or endemism, including papers using satellite imagery; - A selection of forestry papers, especially those covering forest policy and management for conservation; — Protected areas, especially those for which plant species inventories and accounts of their vegetation have been compiled; - Role and work of botanical institutions, especially botanic gardens, in plant conservation; - Ex situ plant collections where held for conservation purposes (e.g. gene banks); — Conservation thinking and policy, especially background papers on conservation in a country or region; — Reviews of the legal basis for conservation relevant to plants; - Bibliographies on the above topics. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The origin of this bibliography dates back to the mid-1970s and the work of Gren Lucas and Hugh Synge at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. At that time, plant conservation references were recorded in a card index which was later to be maintained and developed by IUCN’s Threatened Plants Committee Secretariat, now the Threatened Plants Unit (TPU) of the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. By 1979, Dawn Scott of the Royal Botanic Gardens’ library staff began a more systematic screening of the literature for plant conservation material. References found during indexing of new accessions and in preparing the Kew Record, an annual taxonomic bibliography, were collated in the monthly Conservation Current Awareness List (CCAL), which was produced by the Kew Library from January 1979 to January 1981. Coverage was worldwide, with the exception of the United Kingdom. However, CCAL was never widely available outside of Kew; its main use was by Kew’s own staff and visiting scientists. Vil With the purchase of a computer system in 1981, TPU were able to begin managing citations to plant conservation references in a computer datafile, using software written by Hugh Synge, later to be up-dated by computer staff in the WCMC. Initially, back issues of CCAL were incorporated together with additional references as they were screened by the Kew Library staff. Additional sources of information included commercial abstracting databases (such as Agricola and CABS) together with recently published regional bibliographies on aspects of plant conservation. Here, we acknowledge the valuable bibliography published by the New York Botanical Garden Library entitled Endangered Plant Species of the World and their Endangered Habitats: A Compilation of the Literature (1978, 1985) and A Bibliography of Plant Conservation in the Pacific Islands: Endangered Species, Habitat Conversion, Introduced Biota (1987), by R.A. DeFilipps. The database has now become an important research tool. Its contents have greatly expanded beyond threatened plants to cover topics such as protected areas, the role of botanic gardens in conservation, the loss of habitats, other types of threats to plant life, and more general works on conservation. Aware of the increasing demand for easier access to this information, the [UCN/ WWF Joint Plant Advisory Group, during its 1988 meeting at Kew, recommended that the bibliography should be made more widely available. An opportunity to implement this recommendation came in the summer of 1989 when the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, found the funds for its publication. Since then, RBG, Kew, and WCMCG, have worked in close collaboration to prepare it for publication. The present volume is the result. THE FUTURE As it is intended to produce supplements and revisions, as time and finance permit, we warmly invite users to send corrections and additional references. Such collaboration will be greatly appreciated as this will help to improve the coverage and quality of future editions. Please forward any communication to either of the addresses given below: Threatened Plants Unit Conservation Unit World Conservation Monitoring Centre Economic and Conservation 219c Huntingdon Road Section (ECOS) Cambridge, CB3 0DL Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond Surrey, TW9 3AB Vili HOW TO USE THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY Reference citations are grouped into three sections: General, Regional and Country. References included under the General section are those which tend to be geographically non-specific. The Regional section includes those references covering more than one country but confined to a particular geographical region of the world. For example, a paper dealing with ecological guidelines for the Middle East would be cited under the Regional heading North Africa and the Middle East rather than be cited under each country to which it was relevant. 18 regions are recognised in this volume, as listed in the Contents page. The Country section contains references specific to individual countries. Where a publication is relevant to a small number of countries, then the reference is repeated under the appropriate country headings. Country names used are those adopted by the International Standards Organization (ISO). Large countries are subdivided into their respective states or provinces. Thus, a paper dealing with threatened plants of western China would appear under the country heading China. However, a paper on threatened plants of Yunnan and Sichuan would be found under the appropriate province headings. Occasionally, a paper may be listed under both Regional and Country or state headings, where the subject matter seems relevant to more than one geographical entity. A case in point would be a general paper on the conservation of Pacific Island floras which included detailed case studies from Hawaii. Such a reference would be cited under the Regional heading Pacific Islands as well as under U.S. — Hawaii. Within each section, references are arranged in alphabetical order of author. For a full list of countries and states, and commonly used synonyms, see the Geographical Index. Format of Reference Citations References are cited as follows: Citation number Author (Date). Title. Title translation (if original not in English). Publication details. Notes, e.g. language key; Cross-references. Some explanation is necessary for some of these items: Citation Number Allreferences are numbered in the left hand column according to their numerical order of appearance in the bibliography. This number is designed to help users find specific references quickly when using the subject indices given at the end of the book. Title Translation We have provided English translations, or in some cases, transliterations, for Polish and Russian titles. Translations are given in round brackets after the foreign title. Some English translations from German and Spanish have also been made in cases where titles are long and complex. Where references were screened from secondary sources and abstracts, it has often only been possible to include a translated title. In these cases, the English translation is given in square brackets. Because of the limitations of the computer system, accents have sadly had to be omitted. Language key Following each citation, language abbreviations are given for all papers not written in English. The language code of the main text is given first, followed in brackets by the codes for other langauges, if used. The latter usually refer to abstracts or summaries. Abbreviations are as follows: Notes Afrikaans Af Italian It Albanian Al Japanese Ja Arabic Ara Kazakh Ka Armenian Arm Korean Ko Azerbaijani Az Latvian Latv Belorussian Be Lithuanian Li Bulgarian Bu Macedonian Mac Catalan Ca Mongolian Mong Chinese Ch Norwegian No Czech Cz Polish Pol Danish Da Portuguese Por Dutch Du Rumanian Rum English En Russian Rus Estonian Es Serbo-Croatian Se Finnish Fi Slovakian Slk Flemish Fl Slovenian SIn French Fr Spanish Sp German Ge Swedish Sw Georgian Geo Thai Th Greek Gre Turkish Tu Hebrew He Turkmenian Turkm Hindi Hi Ukrainian Uk Hungarian Hu Vietnamese We Indonesian In Where the subject coverage of a reference is unclear from its title, sometimes we have added a phrase or short sentence as a guide to users. References containing illustrations and/or maps are indicated by the use of ‘I/lus.’and/or ‘Maps’. Illustrations are assumed to be black and white unless ‘Col. illus.’ is used. Cross-References The following cross-reference codes to broad subject areas covered by the reference, are added in brackets after each citation, as appropriate: - Bibliography (i.e. whether the reference itself is a bibliography) - Economic Plants and/or Genetic Resources Botanic Gardens and Cultivation (includes seed banks and all aspects of ex situ plant conservation) - Legislation (includes relevance to existing and proposed laws and conventions) - Protected Areas (includes nature reserves and national parks, as well as proposals for their establishment) — Threatened Plants sl el fe! @ylealles) | Sample citation 1: Trautmann, W., Korneck, D. (1978). Zum Gefahrdungsgrad der Pflanzenformationen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. (The threat to vegetation formations in the German Federal Republic.) Veroff. Natursch. Landschaftspfl. Baden-Wurttemberg, 11: 35-40. Ge. Illus. (T) English title translation Language of main text is German Illustrated Contains information on Threatened plants Sample citation 2: Kondratiuk, I., Ivashyn, D.S. Burda, R.I. (1978) [Study of the flora and vegetation of the Stanitsa-Lugansk branch of the Lugansk State Reservation]. Introd. Aklim. Rosl. Ukr. Akad. Nauk. URSS, 13: 18-22. Uk (Rus). (P) Square brackets used around English translation if original title not traced Language of main text is Ukrainian A summary is provided in Russian Contains information about a protected area Index In addition to the cross-reference codes appearing after each reference citation, the user may also access the bibliography by the three indices for Countries, Families or Species given at the back of the book. An explanatory note on the use of the indices is given at the beginning of each. xi IUCN RED DATA BOOK CATEGORIES The following IUCN Red Data Book categories and their codes are occasionally referred to in the notes following reference citations: Extinct (Ex) Taxa which are no longer known to exist in the wild after repeated searches of their type localities and other known or likely places. Endangered (E) Taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating. Included are taxa whose numbers have been reduced to a critical level or whose habitats have been so drastically reduced that they are deemed to be in immediate danger of extinction. Vulnerable (V) Taxa believed likely to move into the Endangered category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating. Included are taxa of which most or all the populations are decreasing because of over- exploitation, extensive destruction of habitat or other environmental disturbance; taxa with populations that have been seriously depleted and whose ultimate security is not yet assured; and taxa with populations that are still abundant but are under threat from serious adverse factors throughout their range. Rare (R) Taxa with small world populations that are not at present Endangered or Vulnerable, but are at risk. These taxa are usually localized within restricted geographical areas or habitats or are thinly scattered over a more extensive range. Indeterminate (I) Taxa known to be Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable or Rare but where there is not enough information to say which of the four categories is appropriate. Candidate (C) Taxa whose status is being assessed and which are suspected but not definitely known to belong to any of the above categories. Not Threatened (nt) Neither rare nor threatened. Insufficiently Known (K) Taxa that are suspected but not definitely known to belong to any of the above categories, following assessment, because of the lack of information. Xl WHC: CITES: RAMSAR: BERNE: LEGAL CONVENTIONS Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Unesco, Paris, 1972). This convention provides for the designation of areas of ‘outstanding universal value’ as world heritage sites, with the principle aim of fostering international cooperation in safeguarding these important areas. Sites, which must be nominated by the signatory nation responsible, are evaluated for their world heritage quality before being declared by the international World Heritage Committee. The convention entered into force 17 December 1975. For each party adopting the convention since August 1975 the convention enters into force four months after the date of adoption. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. CITES is an international agreement designed to prohibit the international trade in an agreed list of currently endangered species and to control and monitor the international trade in additional species that might otherwise become endangered. The Convention works by issuance of import and export licences by designated government Management Authorities, who are advised by designated Scientific Authorities. Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar, Iran, 1971). An international treaty providing the framework for international cooperation for the conservation of wetland habitats. The Convention places general obligations on contracting party states relating to the conservation of wetlands throughout their territory, with special obligations pertaining to those wetlands which have been designated in a ‘List of Wetlands of International Importance’. The Convention entered into force 21 December 1975. For each party adopting the Convention since August 1975 the Convention enters into force four months after the date of adoption. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Berne, Switzerland, 1979). An international treaty whose aim is to conserve wild flora and fauna and their natural habitats, especially, those species and habitats whose conservation requires the co-operation of several Council of Europe Member States. The Convention places general obligations on contracting parties in respect of wild flora, fauna and their habitats and more specific obligations pertaining to named species and various methods of their exploitation according to four Appendices. The Convention entered into force 19 September 1979. Xiil ACRONYMS American Association of Botanic Gardens and Arboreta American Forest Association Association for European Industrial Development and Economic Cooperation (Netherlands) Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service American Orchid Society Association of Southeastern Biologists (USA) Association of South East Asian Nations American Society of Planning Officials Arid Vegetation Information System British Ecological Society Regional Centre for Tropical Biology (Indonesia) Bureau of Land Management Biological Records Centre (UK) Botanical Society of the British Isles Botanical Society of Edinburgh (UK) Botanical Survey of India IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas California Native Plant Society Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Cactus and Succulent Society of America Department of Science and Industrial Research (New Zealand) Economic Commission for Europe Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific European Association for Research on Plant Breeding Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fundacao Estadual de Engenhacia do Meio Ambiente Global Environmental Monitoring System (UNEP) Genetic Resources Information System International Biological Programme International Biological Programme Conservation Section International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas International Centre for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies International Council of Museums Instituto Nacional para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza International Council for Bird Preservation International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (India) International Institute for Environment and Development Institut National pour l’Etude Agronomique du Congo Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias International Organization for Succulent Plant Study International Rice Research Institute International Union for Biological Sciences International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources International Union of Forest Research Organizations Indonesian Institute of Sciences Man and the Biosphere Programme (Unesco) Massachussetts Institute of Technology Malayan Nature Society Natural Products Alert (USA) Nature Conservancy Council (UK) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USA) National Parks and Conservation Association Natural Resources Defense Council The Oceanic Society (USA) XIV Unesco UNFPA USAID USDA USFS WCI WCMC WRI WWE Overseas Development Administration (UK) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Organization for the Phyto-taxonomic Investigation of the Mediterranean Area Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer (Office for Scientific and Technical Research Overseas) Royal Geographical Society Royal Society for Nature Conservation Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research Southeast Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology South Pacific Regional Environment Programme The Nature Conservancy (U.S.A.) IUCN Threatened Plants Committee Secretariat WCMC Threatened Plants Unit (formerly TPC, and the IUCN Threatened Plants Unit) University of California at Los Angeles (USA) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations Fund for Population Activities US Agency for International Development United States Department of Agriculture US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service World Conservation International (USA) World Conservation Monitoring Centre World Resources Institute World Wide Fund for Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund) = (me is oie Riis eeloaseaNO « Tene rat! twit ras yin, j pees Bn TO Stipes al 24) 16, edtepioseat aint Hf arty rod tooist SEP SE rucacra nh as - “ihn soo alt tenet 2 Sup esis oc! Ree