•Demoxstratiox IX Anatomy,"' by Rembrandt

Conducted by Nicholas Tulp, Professor of Anatomy
at Amsterdam, in the year 1632.

(Painting in the Theatre Anatomique, Amsterdam)

This justly famous painting represents
the Burgomaster Tulp, ghi)ig a lesson in
anato)ny to his friends and pupils, Jacob
Block, Hartman Hartmanss, Adrien Slab-
braan, Jacob de Wit, Matthieu Kalkoen,
Jacob Koolveld and Francois van Loenen.

The grouping of the heads, the character-
istic expression of the faces — all artistically
arranged though directed toward the one
object — the composure of the professor and
the enthusiasm of his pupils, render this
historic masterpiece, containing so many in-
dividual portraits, worthy of all the renozvn
which it possesses.

The above frontispiece is a direct re-
production from a famous engraving of the
original painting.

The

World's Anatomists ^

u

Concise Biographies of Anatomic Masters,

FROM 300 B.C. TO THE PrESENT TiME,

Whose Names Have Adorned
THE Literature of the
Medical Pro-
fession

By G. W. H. KEMPER, M.D.

Professor of the History of Medicine in the
Medical College of Indiana, Indianapolis, Ind.

REVISED AND ENLARGED from the original serial
publication in The Medical Book News

fVith EU'ven Illustrations
Nine of luhicb are Portraits

P. Blakiston's Son & Co.

1 01 2 Walnut Street

Philadelphia

1905

\WZ 11^

K'b'-^

no^

Copyrights covering the original serial publication of
this work, in parts, in The Medical Book News:

Part I (J^b' '""^J J""^ -O) 1904

Part II (August issue) August 5, 1904

Part III (September issue) September 19, 1904

Part IV ( October issue) October 1 8, 1904

Part V (No-vember issue) November 17, 1904

Part VI (December issue) December 9, 1904

Original text, with additions and revisions,

Copyright, 1905,

Bv P. Blakiston's Son & Co.

pvtfact

IT has been deemed proper to issue a
revised edition of The World's Anat-
omists in a more substantial form. As
originally published in The Medical Book
News, the list of anatomists comprised one
hundred and sixty-eight; to this has been
added sixty-one additional names, — mak-
ing a total of two hundred and twenty-nine.
Also, the names of sixteen authors of works
on anatomy have been appended, and a
number of new illustrations incorporated.
The work is, in fact, a completely revised
and enlarged edition.

It is sincerely hoped that it will prove
a valuable aid to students and practitioners
of medicine.

G. W. H. Kemper.
Muncie, Indiana, January 14, 1905.

9!llU!Stmtion^

Frontispiece, "Demonstration in Anat-
omy" IV

John B. Deaver opposite page 4

William Harvey

Christopher Heath

Luther Holden

John Hunter

Henry Morris

Andreas Vesalius

Thomas Willis

Jacob Benignus Winslow..
Vesalius' Idea of the Blood-
vessels

12
20
26

34
40
48

54
62

67

3;ntrot)Uct(on

THE object of these biographic
sketches is to introduce to the medi-
cal profession the men whose names
have adorned anatomic Hterature. As the
student of anatomy progresses in his studies
he encounters names of persons that in
time become familiar, but quite often he
pays no attention to the history or nation-
ality of these men. Herophilus, Poupart,
I Gimbernat, Steno, etc., are commonplace
1 names to the student and the physician,
I but there, as a rule, the matter ends.
; A closer acquaintance with the lives of
, the men whose names are given to various
parts of the body is difficult to acquire,
, owing to the inaccessibility of works sup-
■ plying the necessary information.
I After conceiving the idea of a historical
' investigation of these men, the work be-
came exceedingly fascinating as one anat-
omist after another, dead and living, came
. up for biographic study. If the reader
^can derive a modicum of satisfaction in
perusing these 'notes, or if he can secure
one-half the pleasure in readitig the vari-
ous life histories that was derived in.€ol-

^

3f ntroUUCtion — Continued

lecting them, the writer will be more than
repaid for his labors.

There are presented concise biographies
of anatomic masters who lived three hund-
red years before the birth oi Christ, as
well as those of the preTsent hour — a period
of twenty-two liundred years. Nearly
every country is represented, from the
sunny skies of Italy to the frozen fields of
Russia; from the ancient cities of Alexan-
dria and Pergamos, in the East, to our own
new land in the West.

It is shown how men have toiled and
toiled, and never grew weary of their task.
It will be found that men like Bichat, at
the early age of thirty-one, and Cohnheim,
at fort)'-five, finished their work — wrote
numerous books, and evolved wonderful
discoveries that benefitted the human
race, — and amid honors of wonderful mag-
nitude were untimely called away. Again,
there are those like Scarpa, who toiled
past the allotted three-score years and ten
until blindness overtook him, and then,
only, he laid aside his task, and patiently
waited until death claimed him at eighty
years. The celebrated Ruj^sch, at the ad-
vanced age of ninety-three years, was still
busy in the preparation of his anatomical
museum, and when he ceased his life-long
work he had made a record equal to

SfntroUuCtion — Continued

that of any of the great investigators who
had preceded him.

Throughout these sketches, in a few in-
stances, minor collateral facts could not be
ascertained or verified, although numer-
ous works were searched. In some cases
authors disagree as to dates of births and
deaths. In such instances the different
opinions are stated. A few obscure names
have been omitted because of the inability
to secure the proper historical data. In
the preparation of these sketches the fol-
lowing works have been consulted : Mor-
ris' "Anatomy," Gray's "Anatomy," Allen's
"Anatomy," Mayne's "Lexicon," Baas's
"History of Medicine," Foster's "History
of Physiology," Richardson's "Disciples of
JEsculapius," " The Index Catalogue of the
Library of the Surgeon-General's OMce,
U. S. A.," and Gould's "Illustrated Medical
Dictionary." I am also under obligations
to Dr. William Osier and Dr. John Ruh-
rah, of Baltimore, Dr. Frank Baker, of
Washington, D. C., and Dr. P. Hebert, of
Iron Mountain, Mich., for assistance ren-

dered.

i^ y

Wom'^ anatomijStg

Andersch, Carl Samuel. — A German
anatomist, born — ; died at Konigsberg
in 1777. Andersch's ganglion • is a
synonym of the petrous ganglion of the
glossopharyngeal nerve. He discovered
this ganglion, and distinguished the 9th,
loth, and nth cerebral nerves as dis-
tinct nerves.

Arantius. — Same as Aranzio.

Aranzio, Giulio Cesare. — (English,
Aranzi; Latin, Arantius.) — An Italian
anatomist, born at Bologna in 1530;
died in 1589. The tubercles of Arantius,
or corpora Arantii, are named after this
anatomist. He was professor of anat-
omy for thirty-two years in the uni-
versity at Bologna, and physician to
Pope Gregory XHI.

Arnold, Friedrich.— A German anatomist,
born 1803; died 1890. Arnold's gang-
lion is a synonym for the otic ganglion.

Aselli, Caspar. — An Italian anatomist,
born 1581 ; died 1626. His home was at
Cremona. In the year 1622, while pro-
fessor of anatomy at Pavia, he discov-
ered the lacteals, and wrote a book on
the subject. The cluster of lymphatic
glands lying in the mesentery is known
as the pancreas of Aselli, or lesser pan-
creas. These glands were mentioned
in his treatise.

Bachmann — See Rivinus.

Baer, Karl E. von.— A Russian physiolo-
gist, born 1792; died 1876. He was
professor in Dorpat, Petersburg, and
Konigsburg. He was famous as a

CI)e ^orlli'6 Slnatomifitg

naturalist and embryologist. Discovered
the ovum of mammals in 1827, and
" fifty years ago gave to morphology its
genetic foundations," as Hackel says in
his dedication. The ovum of the human
female described by von Baer in 1827,
but said to have been seen previously
by von Graaf, Prevost, and Dumas, and
called the» vesicle of Baer, is named for
him. /

Baillarger, /Jules GX^iel Francois. — A
French physician, born 1806; died — .
The band of Baillarger in' the brain is
named for this physician.

BartholinV Thomas. — Was a Danish
physic^n, born at Copenhagen, 1619 ;
died 1680. His name is associated with
one pf the ducts of the sublingual
glan(^; also to two small acinous glands
situated one on each ^side of the ex-
ternal opening of the vagina.

Bauhin, Caspar. — A French anatomist,
born 1560; died 1624, according to
Mayne. Baas gives the year of his birth
1550. The ileo-C3£cal valve is some-
times known as the valve of Bauhin.
He was a professor at Basel, and wrote
a work on g}-necology. (See Blandin.)

Bechterew. — See Bekhtereff.

Bekhtereff, Vladmir Mikailovich — A Rus-
sian physician, born 1857. The nucleus
of Bechterew on ventral root of the
eighth nerve is named for him.

Bell, Sir Charles. — An English surgeon,
born 1774; died 1842. The posterior
thoracic nerve — long thoracic, external

d)e Wtiviti*s ^natomtfiitfi

respiratory of Bell, — is named for this
surgeon.

Bell, John. —A Scotch anatomist, born 1762;
died 1820. Two longitudinal bands of
muscle contained in the two slight folds
which stretch from the uvula vesicae to
each ureter, and form the boundaries of
the trigome, are known as Bell's
muscles. He wrote two works, "Ana-
tomy and Physiology of the Human
Body" and " Frinciples of Surgery."

Bellini, Laurentio (Lorenzo) — An anat-
omist of Florence, Italy, born 1643 ; died
1704. FQr a while he was professor of
anatomy at Pisa, and later became
physician to Cosimo III, at Florence.
In 1662, when^only 19 years of age, he
wrote a tract on the structure of the
kidney. The Duke of Tuscany had
sent to Bovelli a deer to be used for
anatomical purposes, and Bellini, under
Bovelli's guidance, capefuHy examined
the kidneys. It was lin^ef these cir-
cumstances that he di^overed the uri-
nary tubules, his on^ valuabk contri-
bution to anatomy. '\

Bernard, Claude. — A French physiologist,
born 1813; died 1878. Originally a
tragic poet, he finally turned his atten-
tion to the natural sciences and to
medicine. He was the successor of
Magendie, and was famous as an ex-
perimentalist in physiology and path-
ology. His numerous works relate to
the digestion of fat by the aid of the
pancreatic juice, the formation of sugar
in the liver, the production of diabetes
by puncture of the fourth ventricle, and

(?ri)e ^orlU'fi Slnatomistfi

division of the sympathetic. One of his
remarks is worth quoting: "If I
wished to express my feeling" oT^tte
science of life, I should say it is J a.
noble salon, glowing with light, to^.-^fch
on^ can only go by passing through a
great and disgusting l^hen." In 1885
a monument to Bernard's memory was
erected in the University of Paris. A
supplementary duct of the pancreas is
named for him, — Bernard's canal. It
is also named Santorini's canal.

Bertin, Exupere Joseph. — A French anat-
omist of Tremblay, born 1712; died
1781. He wrote on osteology, and the
organs of the voice. The sphenoidal
turbinated bones, the prolongations
inward of the cortical substance of
the kidney between the pyramids and
the ilio-femoral ligament, are named
for him.

Bichat, Marie Francois Xavier. — A
French anatomist, born at Thoirette,
in 1771 ; died 1802. The transverse or
great horizontal fissure of the cerebrum,
also the inner coat of blood-vessels —
tunic of Bichat, — help to preserve his
name. Bichat founded general anat-
om}'. In the short span of life allotted
to him — 31 years — he contributed to
medical science nine volumes. It is
stated that in one winter he examined
seven hundred bodies.

Bigelow, Henry Jacob. — An American sur-
geon, born 1818; died 1890. In his
work on " The Hip," Dr. Bigelow called
special attention to the part played by
the ilio-femoral ligament in dislocation
of the hip, and this tissue has since

^m^

/^

^ p.

See page /S.

d)c Wovi'ti'& anat0mt0tfi(

been called by authors Bigelow's liga-
ment. Dr. Bigelow performed the first
excision of the hip in this country in
1852, and in 1878 invented the method
of crushing and removing stone from
the bladder at a single operation, known
as litholapaxy.

Bizzozero, Giulio. — An Italian physician,
born 1846. Lymphoid cells found in
the medulla of bones, and in the spleen,
and believed by him to become red
blood corpuscles, are Hamed for him
corpuscles of Bizzozero.

Blandin, Philippe Frederic — A French
surgeon of Aubigny, born 1798; died
1849. He was the successor of Riche-
rand as professor of operative surgery.
The small acinous glands near the apex
of the tongue are named for him. They
are also called Nuck's, Bauhin's and
Blondin's.

Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich. — A German
naturalist and physiologist, born at
Gotha in 1752; died 1840. He has been
called the founder of anthropology, and
researches regarding the formation of
the skull in different races, and his ac-
tivity in the study of comparative anat-
omy, physiology, and the history of de-
velopment, have rendered him justly
famous. He proposed a method of es-
timating the size and form of a skull
by placing it with the malar bones in
such a position at it would occupy if
the lower jaw were attached, the ob-
server looking at it from above. By
this plan a general idea can be obtained
of its length, breadth, general form, and

CI)e WtixVi}'& ^natomifitg

facial projection. This has been

termed Blumenbach's norma verticalis.

Bock, August Carl — A German anato-
mist, born at Magdeburg in 1782; died
in 1833 at Leipsic. The pharyngeal
nerve of the sphenopalatine ganglion
is named for him.

diploe of the cranial bones, in which
Breschet's veins run, are named
Breschet's bone-canals. The four
larger veins on each side of the cranium
in the diploe — one frontal, two tempor-
al, and one occipital, — are termed
Breschet's veins. He was a professor
in Paris. He established the existence
of phlebits, and showed its frequency
and results.

Bonnet, Amedee.— A French surgeon, born
at Amberieux in 1802; died at Lyons,
1858. The posterior part of the tunica
vaginalis oculi, behind the point of per-
foration of the tendons of the muscles
of the eyeball, is termed Bonnet's
capsule. He rendered important ser-
vice to surgery by his treatment of dis-
eases of the joints with immovable
dressings, — fixation of the diseased
joints. He also performed enucleation
of the bulb, without removal of the
ocular muscles, in 1842.

Botallo, Leonardo. — An Italian anato-
mist, born at Asti, in Piedmont, in 1530;
died — . The foramen ovale is named
after this anatomist — foramen of Botalli.
It was supposed to have been discov-
ered by Botallo, but was first noticed
by Galen. He was a pupil of Falloppio,
and lived in France from 1561 to 1585.

Cbe Wavirs ^natomifits

Bowman, Sir William — An English an-
atomist and ophthalmic surgeon, born
1816; died 1892. His name is preserved
in the glands of the olfactory mucous
membrane — Bowman's glands, — also
Bowman's capsule in the kidney. He
was consulting surgeon and vice-presi-
dent of the London Ophthalmic Hos-
pital in Moorfields, and a successful
cultivator of microscopic anatomy.
Richardson says : "It remained for one
of our own generation — the late Sir
William Bowman — to work out the
problem of the capsule, the malpighian
corpuscle, the convoluted tubule, and
the rest of the anatomical physiological
problem [of the kidney], which every
student in these days is bound to
learn."

Breschet, Gilbert.— A French anatomist,
born 1784; died 1845. Canals in the

Broca, Paul — A French surgeon and
anthropologist, born at Sainte Fay,
Department of the Gironde, in 1824;
died in Paris, 1880. In 1861 he dis-
covered that the left inferior frontal
convolution is, as a rule, more highly
developed than the right, and that it
is the center for language. This
region is termed Broca's convolution.
While surgeon to the Hospital des
Cliniques, he proposed anesthesia by
means of hypnotism, or staring at a
glittering point, a form of Braidism.

Bruch, Carl Wilhelm Ludwig. — A German
histologist, born 1837 ; died 1884. The
aggregate glands of Bruch in the con-
junctiva of the lower eyelid are named
for this histologist.

)e WovUi's Snatomtfitfi

Brunner, Jean Conrad von A Swiss

anatomist, born at Diessenhofen in
1653; died at Mannheim in 1727. In
1687 he was called to the Chair of Medi-
cine in Heidelberg, and at that time he
published a dissertation on the duode-
nal glands, since known by his name,
— Brunner's glands, sometimes termed
Brunn's glands.

Burdach, Karl Frederich A German

anatomist, born at Leipsic in 1776; died
in Breslau, 1847. The tract of Burdach
in the posterior column of the spinal
cord is named for this anatomist. He
was a professor at Leipsic, Dorpat and
Konigsberg.

Burns, Allan. — A Scotch anatomist, born
1781 ; died 1813. The inner extremity
of the superior cornu of the saphenous
opening of the fascia lata, which is at-
tached to Gimbernat's ligament at the
spine of the pubes, is named for this
anatomist, — Burns's ligament.

Camper, Pierre — A Dutch physiologist,
born at Ley den in 1722 ; died at The
Hague, 1789. The deep layer of the
perineal fascia covering the bulb of the
urethra and the crura of the penis is
named Camper's ligament. (Gould).
The superficial laj'er of the abdominal
fascia is named Camper's fascia. (Gray).

Carcassonne, Bernard Gauderic. — A French
anatomist and surgeon, born at Perpig-
non in 1728; died — . The deep pe-
rineal fascia is named for him, —
Carcassonne's ligament.

Casserio, Giulio— An Italian anatomist,
born at Piacenza in 1545; 1561 (Baas);

Cbe WqxWs Inatomifitfi

died at Padua in 1616. The perforated
muscle of Casserio is an old name for
the coracobrachialis muscle. The Cas-
serian ganglion is a name used inter-
changeably with Gasserian ganglion, or
semi-lunar ganglion on the 5th nerve.
(See Gasser).

Chassaignac, Charles Marie E, — A French
surgeon, born 1805; died 1879. The
anterior tubercle of the transverse pro-
cess of the sixth cervical vertebra is
sometimes known as Chassaignac's, or
the carotid tubercle.

Chaussier, Francois, — A French anatomist
and surgeon, born at Dijon in 1746; died
at Paris, 1828. He was a famous anato-
mist and cultivator of the history of
anatomy. His new nomenclature of
anatomy has been in considerable part
adopted by the French school.

Clarke, Joseph Lockhart — An English mi-
croscopist of eminence, born 1817; died
1880. He is best known by his memoirs
on the minute anatomy of the nervous
system, where Clarke's posterior vesi-
cular column is named for him.

Claudius — A German anatomist, born — .
The cells of Claudius, in the internal
ear, are named for him.

Cohnheim, Julius. — A German pathologist,
of Demmin, in Pomerania, born 1839;
died 1884. The so-called areas of Cohn-
heim found in muscular fibres are named
for him. He was professor of patho-
logical anatomy in Leipsic, and author
of valuable investigations on inflamma-
tion and the embolic processes. He
was the first to inoculate tubercle in

Cbe Wtwia'si ^natomifiitfi

Germany. His lectures on general
pathology continue a standard work.
He died at the early age of 45.

Goiter. — See Koyter.

Colles, Abraham.— An Irish surgeon, born
at IMilmount, near Kilkenny, in 1773 ;
died at Dublin in 1843. The deep layer
of the superficial perineal fascia is
named fascia of Colles. Probably his
name is more often spoken by our pro-
fession than that of any other surgeon
by reason of the very common fracture
of the lower end of the radius, and
named for him Colles' fracture.

Cooper, Sir Astley Paston. — An English
surgeon, born at Brooke, in Norfolk,
in 1768; died in London in 1841. The
ligament of Cooper near the external
abdominal ring is named for him. He
was the most eminent surgeon of his
day. He was surgeon to Guy's and
St. Thomas's hospitals in London, and
ordinary surgeon to George IV, and
Queen Victoria. He was a fertile
author, and a daring operator. In 1801
he performed the first paracentesis of
the membrana tympani, and in 181 7
ligated the abdominal aorta, the patient
surviving forty-eight hours.

Corti, Matthieu An Italian anatomist,

born 1495 ; died 1564. The name of
Corti is associated with a study of the
minute structure of the internal ear, —
organ of Corti, rods of Corti, etc.

Cotugno, Domenico. — Better known as
Cotunnius ; an Italian anatomist born at
Ruvo, in Naples, in 1736; died at

William
Harvey

See page 26.

A photographic reproduction of an en-
graving from the original sculpture by
J. Koubraken, Amsterdam, 1739.

Cl^e Woxil'6 ^natomtfitfi

Naples, 1818 (Mayne) ; 1822 (Baas).
He was a man who rose from the deep-
est poverty, and became professor of ana-
tomy in the University at Naples. Is
known from his profound investigations
concerning the internal ear, — the aquae-
ductus and aqua Cotunnii being named
for him. He was the first (1770) to
demonstrate, by boiling, the existence of
albumen in the urine.

Cotunnius. — Same as Cotugno.

Cowper, William — An English anatomist,
born at Alresford, in Hampshire, in
1666; died in London in 1709. Discov-
erer of the two symmetrically placed
glands — Cowper's glands, — lying below
the membranous portion of the urethra,
and close behind the bulb.

Crampton, Sir Philip — An Irish surgeon,
born 1777; died 1858. The meridional,
external, or radiating fibres of the
ciliary muscle, were first observed by
this surgeon, and are named for him, —
Crampton's muscle.

Cruveilhier, Jean — A French surgeon, born
at Limoges in 1791 ; died at Sussac, near
Limoges, in 1874 (Mayne) ; 1873
(Baas). The anterior ligament of the
metacarpo - phalangeal articulations are
named the glenoid ligaments of Cruveil-
hier,

Cuvier, George Leopold Christian Fried-
rich Dagobert Baron von. — A French
naturalist, born 1769 ; died 1832. He
described the two lateral trunks by
means of which the vertebral veins
formed by the union of all the vertebral

Cbe WoxWs ^natomifitfii

veins open into the heart at an early
period of its development. At a later
period the left duct of Cuvier atrophies,
whilst the right duct enlarges and
forms the lower portion of the vena
cava superior. (Mayne).

Cyon, Elie von.— A Russian physiologist,
born at Telsch in 1843. Naturalized in
France. The depressor nerve is termed
Ludwig and Cyon's nerve.

Darwin, Charles Robert. — An English
naturalist, born at Shrewsburg, Febru-
ary 12, 1809; died at Down, Kent, April
19, 1882. He was one of the most cele-
brated naturalists that the ages have
produced, and the founder of the "Dar-
winian theory of evolution." His
name is perpetuated in anatomy in the
tubercle of Darwin. It is the nodule
or eminence sometimes seen on the
edge of the helix of the ear; it is be-
lieved to be a relic corresponding to
the point of an ape's ear.

Dauberton, Louis Jean Marie. — A French
anatomist, born 1716; died 1799. The
occipital line stretching from the opis-
thion to the nasion is known as Dauber-
ton's line.

Debove, Georges-Maurice. — A French anat-
omist, born in Paris in 1849 (Mayne) ;
1845 (Index-Catalogue). A layer of
squamous epithelium cells lying upon
the basement membrane, and beneath
the ciliated epithelial cells of the mucous
membrane of the trachea and bronchi,
is named for this physician, — Debove's
membrane.

16

Cbc WovW6 ^tnatomigtfli

Deiters, Otto Friedrich Carl —A German
anatomist and histologist, born at
Bonn in 1834; died there in 1863. The
nucleus of Deiters, in the vestibular or
ventral root of the eighth nerve, is
named for him.

Demours, Pierre.— A French surgeon and
ophthalmologist, born 1702 ; died 1795.
The posterior elastic lamina of the
cornea is known as Demour's membrane.
It is the same as Descemet's membrane.

Descemet, Jean. — A French physician,
born 1732 ; died 1810. Descemet's
membrane : the posterior elastic lamina
of the cornea. It is highly elastic, and
when peeled off rolls up with the an-
terior convex surface inwards. (Mayne).
Jacob considered its use to be to pre-
serve the requisite permanent correct
curvature of the flaccid cornea proper.
Descemet was a professor in Paris.

Dobie, William Murray.— An English anat-
omist and physician of the nineteenth
century. The thin, dark disc or mem-
brane passing transversely through and
bisecting the clear zone or stria in a
striated muscle-fibre is known as
Dobie's lines.

Douglas, James.— A Scotch obstetric phy-
sician and anatomist, born 1675 ; died
1741. Douglas's pouch, formed by the
peritoneum between the uterus and the
rectum is named for this physician.
He was a famous teacher of anatomy
and surgery in London. Haller was
one of his pupils. He wrote a very
careful description of the peritoneum
in 1730.

Cbe WovWs ^natomtfitfi

Duverney, Joseph Guichard — A French
physician, born 1648; died 1730. Duver-
ney's gland is a synonym for Bartho-
lin's gland. He was professor of anat-
omy at Paris, and was the first to de-
scribe diseases of the ear in accordance
with their anatomical seat.

Dubois. — See Sylvius.

Doyere, . — A French anatomist of the

nineteenth century. The small conical
eminence at the point where the cylin-
der axis of a nerve filament penetrates
the sarcolemma of a muscular fibre to
form a motorial end-plate is known as
Doyer's papilla.

Dulaurens, Andre. — A French anatomist,
born 1558; died 1609. He resided at
Montpellier, and later at Paris, where
he was physician-in-ordinary to Henry
IV. He wrote a work on anatomy en-
titled, " Historia anatomica humani
corporis." He was loyal to his king,
of whom he declared that he had cured
fifteen hundred scrofulous persons by
laying his hands upon them !

Ecker, Alexander. — A German anatomist
of the nineteenth century. The occipital
transverse fissure, on the dorsal surface
of the occipital lobe of the brain, a
part of the paroccipital fissure, is named
for this anatomist, — Ecker's fissure.

Ehrenritter. — Ehrenritter, about the year
i775j was prosector for Barth, who
wrote a treatise on the muscles, and
described the tympanic nerve and jugu-
lar ganglion of the glossopharyngeal
nerve. This ganglion — the jugular —

18

d)e WoxW& Stnatomtfitfi

is known as Ehrenritter's, and also
ganglion of Johannes Miiller. It is in-
constant, and is not described by all
authors. (Allen. Baas.)

Eustacchi, Bartolommeo (Eustachius) — An
Italian anatomist, born 1520 (?); died
1574. He discovered the Eustachian
tube in 1562. He regarded it as adapted
to conduct pus, etc., out of the ear. He
understood the arrangement of the
bones of the ear. He also saw what we
call the thoracic duct. The Eustachian
tube and the Eustachian valve perpetuate
his name. He flourished between Vesa-
lius and Fabricius. He prepared some
anatomical plates famous for artistic
perfection, which were first found and
published by Lancisi in the eighteenth
century.

Fabricius, Hieronymus {Jerome) ab Aqua-

pendente. — An Italian anatomist, born

1537; died 1619; He was the discoverer

of the valves in the veins, and was the

teacher of Harvey. He was also emi-

' nent as a surgeon, and was the first to

differentiate goitre from tumors of the

\ neck. He practiced trepanning ; and

j hung up the patient by the feet in

strangulated hernia. How carefully he

observed may be judged from the fact

that he knew the cavity of the tympanum

in the new-born w-as filled with mucus,

a fact re-discovered in our day. (Baas).

Fallopio, Gabriel. —An Italian anatomist,
born at Modena in 1523, died in 1562.
His name is variously written: (Fallop-
pio, Gabrielo Ital.), Fallopia, Falloppia,
Fallopio, Fallopius, and Falloppius. He

CI)e WoxVn's ^nntomists

was a favorite pupil of Vesalius ; studied
at Padua, and visited Greece and France.
At the age of 24 he was appointed pro-
fessor at Ferrara, and subsequently
filled the same position at Paris, and
finally in Padua. He made numerous
discoveries in anatomy, and his name
is perpetuated in the Fallopian tubes.

Ferrein, Antoine. — A French physician,
born at Frespech in 1693; died in Paris
in 1769. Antoine Ferrein, professor of
surgery and anatomy at Montpellier
and at Paris, made, in 1749, in company
with many errors, and these very great
ones, a slight contribution to our knowl-
edge when he described the rays of
straight tubules shooting up into the
cortex, since known as the pyramids
of Ferrein. Putting aside, however,
these two things, we may almost say
that our knowledge of the kidney re-
mained where Malpighi left it, until, in
the generation which has just passed
away, Bowman took up the subject
again. (Foster).

Flourens, Jean Pierre Marie. — A French
anatomist and physiologist, born 1794;
died 1867. He was eminent as a phy-
siologist and investigator of the func-
tions of the individual parts of the
brain, le noeud vital. He demonstrated
the seat of the intellectual functions in
the cortical substance.

Fontana, F e 1 i x — An Italian anatomist,
born at Pomerole, in the Tyrol, in 1730;
died at IMontpellier in 1805. He was
professor in Pisa, an anatomist who
gave his special attention to the eye, —

Christopher
Heath

See page /t

CI)e ^orlti*fii ^natomifiitfi

the spaces of Fontana being named for
him. He was celebrated as an artist
in anatomical preparations in wax.

Galen, Claudius. — A celebrated physician,
born at Pergamos, in Mysia, in 131.
The time and place of his death are
uncertain ; it took place at Rome, at
Pergamos, or in Sicily, according to
various authors, at some time between
the years 201 and 210. His name is
modestly perpetuated in anatomy by
the' venae Galeni, of the cerebellar
veins. He contributed a work on an-
atomy, based on his practical knowl-
edge derived from the study of two
human skeletons, and the soft parts of
inferior animals. This work was the
recognized textbook on anatomy until
the time of Vesalius, in 1543.

Gasser, Johann Laurentius. — An anatomist
of the eighteenth century, of whom
nothing is known save that he was the
instructor of Antonius Raymond Baltha-
sar Hirsch, who, in 1765, named the
ganglion on the sensory trunk of the
fifth pair of nerves after him. (See
Casserio).

Gavard, Hyacinthe.— A French anatomist,
born 1753 ; died 1802. The oblique layer
of involuntary muscular fibres in the
stomach i? known as Gavard's muscle.

Gerlach, Joseph von.— A German anatomist,
born 1820. The minute filamentous net-
work producd by the branching of the
processes of the ganglion cells of the
central nervous system are named for
this anatomist, — Gerlach's nerve-net-
work.

23

CI)t ^orlti'6 Enatomifitfi

Gimbernat, Don Antonio de. — A Spanish
surgeon at the close of the i8th cen-
tury. The portion of the aponeurosis
which is reflected from Poupart's liga-
ment at the spine of the os pubis along
the pectineal^ line is named for this
surgeon, — Gimbernat's .ligament."'* He
was a professor in Barcelona from 1762
to 1774, and afterward lived in Madrid.
He was distinguished ^ a surgeon and
anatomist, especially as a herniologist.

Giraldes, Cardozo Cazado Joachim Albin.
6.^ — A French surgeon of Portugese ex-

traction, born at Genes in 1808; died in,
Paris in 1875. The organ of Giraldes
— the three or more small irregular
masses situated in front of the sper-
matic cord, just above the head of the
epididymus, — are named for him.

Glaser, Johann Heinrich. — A Swiss anat-
^,., Ofriistr born at Basel in 1629; died in
1675. The Glaserian fissure is named
for this anatomist. It is a narrow slit
which divides the glenoid fossa into two
parts. It extends into the tympanum,
opening into its outer wall, lodges the
processus gracilis of the malleus, and
transmits the laxator tympani muscle
and the tympanic branch of the internal
maxillary artery. (Mayne).

Glisson, Francis G. — An English physician,
born at Rampisham, in Dorset, in 1596;
died at Colchester in 1677 (Mayne) ;
(b. 1597; d. 1677, Foster); (b. 1597; d-
1671, Baas). Glisson's name is preserved
in the capsule of the liver named for
him, — the cellulo-vascular membrane
enveloping the hepatic vessels. He v.as

€ht ^orlU'fii anatomi0tfi

regius professor of medicine in the Uni-
versity of Cambridge, and succeeded
Harvey as professor (reader) of anat-
omy in the College of Physicians of
London.

GolgijCamillo. — An Italian anatomist, born
1844. A reticulated ending of nerve-
fibres in tendons, sometimes embedded
in granular-looking matter, is termed
Golgi's end-plate.

Goll, Friedrich. — A Swiss anatomist, born
at Zurich in 1829. The tract of Goll in
the spinal column is named for him.

Graaf, Regner de. — A Dutch anatomist,
born at Schoonhoven, 1641 ; died 1673.
His name is intimately associated with
the Graafian follicles of the ovary. In
1664, when only 23 years of age, he
made an investigation on pancreatic
juice, obtaining it through a quill of a
wild duck, in an opening into the ab-
domen of a dog. It is interesting to
note that this experiment on the pan-
creas was never, so far as is known, re-
peated by any one until Claude Bernard,
in modern times, took it up again.
(Foster). He died at 32.

Guido Guidi See Vidius.

Haller, Albrecht von — A Swiss anatomist
and physiologist, born at Berne in 1708;
died there in 1777. lialler's name is
perpetuated in anatomy in the vas
aberans of the testicle. He has been
styled Haller, the Great. He took his
degree as Doctor of Medicine, at Ley-
den, in 1727. Soon afterward he re-
turned to his native city, where for a

25

d)e ^orlU'fii ^natomifitfi

time he taught anatomy and practiced
medicine. For seventeen years he lec-
tured at the University of Gottingen
on anatomy, botany, and physiology.
Finally he returned to his native city,
Berne, where he lived in retirement
until his death. He established the doc-
trine of muscular irritability.

Harvey, William. — An English anatomist
and physician, born 1578; died 1657.
Harvey will always be recognized as the
first person to demonstrate the circula-
tion of the blood. Others came up to
the threshold, but entered not in. He
began, at the age of fifteen, his studies
at Cambridge, and later traveled in
France, Germany, and Italy. He re-
mained at Padua from 1599 to 1602, in
order to hear the lectures of Fabricius
ab Aquapendente. Afterward he re-
turned to England in time to become
physician to James I, and later to
Charles I. Soon after 1613, he began,
through his lectures, to make known
the doctrine of the circulation of the
blood, but he did not publish the re-
sults of his researches until 1628, after
submitting them to fifteen years of
proofs and counter-proofs of every kind.

Hasner, Joseph von — A German ophthal-
mologist, born in 1819; died 1892. The
valve of Hasner, in the nasal duct, is
named for this person.

Hassall, Arthur Hill.— An English physi-
cian, born in Teddington in 1817; died
1894. The peculiar bodies found in
the medulla of the thymus gland, are
termed the concentric corpuscles of

Luther
H olden

See page 78.

C^c WovVn's Stnatomifiitfi

Hassall. He wrote a work on micro-
scopic anatomy of the human body in
health and disease.

Havers, Clopton.— An English anatomist,
born — ; died 1702. The Haversian
canals found in bones are named for
him. In 1691, he wrote a work entitled
" Osteologia nova." He instituted
researches into artificial digestion, and
made some valuable discoveries in the
structure of bones.

Heidenhain, Rudolph Peter Hienrich. — A
German physician, born in Marienwer-
der in 1834; died 1897. The demilunes
of Heidenhain in the salivary glands
are named for him.

Henle, Friedrich Gustav Jacob A Ger-
man anatomist and pathologist, born
at Fiirth, Bavaria, in 1809; died at Got-
tingen in 1885. Henle studied from
1827 in Bonn, Heidelberg, and Berlin
under Johannes Miiller. He became a
privadocent in Vienna in 1837, profes-
sor in Ziirich, 1840, in Heidelberg, 1844,
and professor of anatomy in Gottingen,
1852. He wrote extensively on anatomi-
cal, physiological, pathological and mic-
roscopical subjects. The ligament of
Henle was named for him. The epithe-
lium, in our present sense of that term,
was, among other things, discovered
and named by Henle.

Hansen, Victor — A German physiologist
and embryologist, born in Schleswig
in 1835 1 died — . Hensen's prop-
cells — the columnar epithelial cells on
the outer side of the last row of outer
hair-cells of the organ of Corti, — are

29

d)e WtivW6 ^natomifitfi

named for him. He was director of the
Physiological Institute of Kiel.

Herbst, Ernst Friedrich Gustav. — A Ger-
man anatomist, born at Gottingen, — ;
died — . The corpuscles of Herbst
in nerve endings are named for him.

Herophilus. — A physician of Chalcedon,
born about 335 B. C.; died 280 B. C.
He first described the four sinuses of
the dura mater which meet opposite the
tuberosity of the occipital bone. The
columns of blood coming in different
directions were supposed to be pressed
together at this point and named torcu-
lar (a wine-press) Herophili. He was
one of the earliest dissectors of human
corpses, and it is said that he even in-
vaded the living bodies of convicts. He
was a pupil of Praxagoras of Cos.

Hesselbach, Franz Kaspar. — A German
surgeon, born in Hammelburg in 1759;
died at Wiirzburg in 1816. Hesselbach's
ligament, and also Hesselbach's triangle
are named for him. He was Siebold's
colleague in the chair of anatomy,
though he wrote on surgical subjects,
particularly inguinal hernia.

Hey, William — An English surgeon, born
at Pudsey, near Leeds, in 1736; died in
1819. The fibres of the upper horn
of the falciform border of the saphe-
nous opening in the fascia lata, which
are attached to Gimbernat's ligament,
are known as Hey's ligament. Hey's
amputation of the foot, and also the saw
known as Hey's saw, are named for this
surgeon. A memoir of Mr. Hey has

30

C()e WovWs ^natomifiitg

appeared in a series of Christian Medi-
cal_ Biographies. His life was charac-
terized b}' great religious fervor.

Highmore, Nathanael.— An English physi-
cian, born at Fordingbridge in 1613 ;
died at Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, in
1685. He was an excellent anatomist
and described quite accurately the so-
called corpus Highmorianum, the sem-
inal ducts, and the epididymis. The
antrum of Highmore is also named for
him.

Hilton, John. — An English surgeon, born
in London, 1804; died at Clapham, 1878.
The Arytaeno-epiglottidseus inferior,
and compressor sacculi laryngis, is
named Hilton's muscle. He was sur-
geon-extraordinary to the Queen, and
became well known to the profession
by his work on "Rest and Pain."

Hirschfeld, Ludwig Moritz. — An Austrian
anatomist, born at Nadargyn in 1816 ;
died 1876. The branch of the facial
nerve which supplies the styloglossus
and the palato-glossus muscles is named
for this anatomist, — Hirschfeld's nerve.

H i s, William. — A Swiss anatomist, born
1831 ; died April 30, 1904. His' gran-
ule cell is named for him. He was
professor of anatomy in the University
of Leipsic.

Horner, William Edmonds — An American
anatomist, born in Warrenton, Va.,
June 3, 1793; died in Philadelphia,
March 13, 1853. The tensor tarsi, or
Horner's muscle, is a small thin muscle
about three lines in breadth and six in

d)e Wnxl^'a 3lnatomi6t6

length, situated at the inner side of the
orbit, behind the tendo oculi. He was
professor of anatomy in the University
of Pennsylvania ; author of various
treatises on anatomy, histology, and
pathology, and the first to demonstrate
the true character of the " rice-water "
discharges in cholera.

Houston, J oh n. — An Irish surgeon, born
1802 ; died 1845. Three prominent folds
of mucous membrane in the interior
of the rectum are known as Houston's
folds. Also a band of muscular fibres
described by him, and capable of com-
pressing the veins of the penis, is termed
Houston's muscles.

Hovius, Jacobus. — A Dutch anatomist,
born 1710; died 1786. The ciliary
canal is named for him — canal of Ho-
vius; also a plexus of veins in the cili-
ary region of the eye is termed Ho-
vius's plexus.

Howship, John. — An English surgeon,
born — ; died 1841. Howship's la-
cunae in bone are named for him.

Huguier, Pierre Charles — A French sur-
geon, born at Sezanne in 1804; died in
Paris, 1873. The canal of Huguier, in
the middle ear, and ihe pair of small
glands which open into the vagina —
glands of Huguier, — are named for him.

Hunter, John. — An English surgeon, born
at Long Calderwood, in Lanarkshire, in
1728; died suddenly in St. George's Hos-
pital in 1793. The triangular canal giv-
ing passage to the femoral artery and
vein, and the internal saphenous nerve,
is termed Hunter's canal.

d)e Woxiii'6 Slnatomifitfii

Huschke, Emil.— A German anatomist,
born at Weimar in 1797; died at Jena
in 1858. The foramen of Huschke is
named for him ; also the valve of mu-
cous membrane situated at the point
where the common canal formed by the
canaliculi enters the lachrymal sac.

Ingrassias, Giovanni Filippo. — An Italian
physician and anatomist, born at Re-
calbuto, near Palermo, in 1510; died at
Palermo in 1580. The lesser wings of
the sphenoid bone are termed the pro-
cesses of Ingrassias. He was called the
Sicilian Hippocrates, and was the first
physician who described scarlet fever.
He was a professor at Naples, and the
most accurate osteologist of his age,
and one of the best myologists.

Jacob, Arthur. — An Irish physician and
ophthalmic surgeon, born 1790; died
1874. The layer of rods and cones of
the retina is termed Jacob's membrane.

Jacobson, Ludvig Levin. — A Danish anat-
omist, born 1783; died 1843. His name
is associated with a number of anatom-
ical structures, and is best preserved
in Jacobson's nerve, — the tympanic
branch of the glosso-pharyngeal nerve.

Kerckring, Theodorus — A Dutch anato-
mist, born in Hamburg in 1640, where
he died in 1693. The valvulse conniven-
tes are known as the valves of Kerck-
ring.

Key, Ernst Axel Henrik. — A Swedish phy-
sician, born in 1832; died 1901. Two
foramina at the extremities of the lat-
eral recesses of fourth ventricle, behind
the upper roots of the glossopharyngeal
nerves, connect the cisterna magna with

C|)t ^orlD'iS SlnatomiBtfi

the fourth ventricle. These are known
as the foramina of Ke}-- and Retzius.

Kobelt, George L. — A German physician,
born 1804; died 1857. Kobelt's tubes —
the blind tubes of the parovarium, — are
named for him.

KoUiker, Rudolf Albert von. — A Swiss anat-
omist born in Ziirich in 1817. Still liv-
ing. The neuroglia immediately sur-
rounding the epithelium of the central
canal of the spinal cord is named after
him, — central grey nucleus of Kolliker.
He was professor of anatomy at Wiirz-
burg.

Koyter, Volcherus (also written Colter). —
A Dutch anatomist, born 1534; died
1600. He served a time as a military
surgeon, and finally settled in Nurem-
berg. Baas says he was the first to
describe two anterior and two posterior
nerve-roots. The corrugator supercilii
was first described by this anatomist, and
has been named for him, — musculus
Coiteri.

Krause, Wilhelm — A German anatomist,
born 1833. The spherical, or ovoid, cor-
puscles occurring at the ends of the
nerve tubules that emerge from a nerve
plexus are named Krause's corpuscles,
after this anatomist.

Kiihne, Willy. — A German phA'sician, born
1S37 ; died 1900. He was the first to
describe accurately the motorial end-
plates of nerves in muscle fibre. He
was a professor at Heidelberg.

Lancisi, Giovanni Maria. — An Italian
physician, born in Rome, 1654; died

34

John
Hunter

See page 32.

Reproduced from a work on Surgery, pub-
lished ill 1812.

Snbe ^orlU'fi Inatomifits

1720. The striae longitudinales of the
brain are called the nerves of Lancisi.
Laumonier, Jean Baptiste. — A French anat-
omist and surgeon, born 1749; died 1818.
The ganglion caroticum superioris is
known as Lanmonier's ganglion. In the
year 1781, at Rouen, this surgeon ac-
cidentally performed an ovariotomy
while performing another operation. It
is interesting to know that the same
" accident " had occurred to Robert
Houston, in Glasgow, in 1701. Dr.
McDowell, of Kentucky, first deliberate-
ly planned and executed the operation
in 1809.

Lauth, Thomas. — A German anatomist,
born at Strassburg in 1758; died in 1826.
The transverse ligament of the atlas is
named after him.

Leber, Theodore L, — A German anatomist
and ophthalmologist, born 1840. His
name is preserved in the plexus of
Leber, a small venous plexus situated
between the canal of Schlemm and the
spaces of Fontana.

Leydig, Franz von. — A German anatomist,
born at Rothenburg in 1821. He was a
professor at Bonn. Leydig's duct,
named for this anatomist, is the same
as the Wolffian duct. (See Wolff.)

Lieberkixhn, Johann Nathaniel. — A German
physician and naturalist, born in Berlin,
1711; died 1756 (Mayne) ; 1765 (Baas).
The simple follicles of the small intes-
tines are named for him, — crypts of
Lieberkiihn. He distinguished himself
as an artistic injector and microscopist,
inventing the solar microscope in 1738.

37

Ct)e Wtivi'n'6 Inatomifitfi

Lieutaud, Joseph. — A French anatomist,
born at Aix in 1703 ; died in Paris,
1780. He was professor at Aix until
he became, in 1749, physician to the
royal children, and, in 1774, ordinary
physician to Louis XVI. He was an
extensive author. His name has been
preserved in the uvula of Lieutaud, — a
longitudinal median ridge in the trigone
of the bladder.

Littre, Alexis. — A French surgeon, born
at Cordes in 1658; died at Paris in 1726
(Mayne) ; 1725 (Baas). The glands of
Littre in the mucous membrane of the
urethra are named for him. He devised
in 1710 a method for establishing an
artificial anus, which method has since
borne his name.

Lbwenberg, Benjamin Benno — A German
surgeon, born at Sonnenburg, 1836. He
eventually became an aural surgeon in
Paris. That portion of the cochlear
canal situated above the membrane of
Corti is termed the canal of Lowenberg.

Lower, Richard — An English physician,
born at Trenmore, in Cornwall, in 1631 ;
died in London, 1691. His name is pre-
served in the tuberculum Loweri of the
heart. Foster believes that Willis' fame
in a large measure rested on Lower's
careful, unacknowledged work. He
was the instructor of Willis.

Ludwig, Daniel (Latin) Ludovicus. — A
German physician, born at Weimar in.
1625; died in 1680. He was ordinaryj
physician to the duke of Gotha. Hel
was styled " the immortal reformer ofj

3S

^ht WavWs ^mtomi&ts

the Materia Medica." The well-defined
transverse ridge in the sternum, at the
junction of the manubrium and gladio-
lus, termed the angle of Ludovici, is
supposed to be named for this physi-
cian. This is sometimes styled Louis'
angle.

Ludwig, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm. — A Ger-
man physiologist, born at Witzenhau-
sen in 1816; died 1895. He was pro-
fessor of physiology successively at
Marburg, Ziirich, Vienna, and Leipsic.
Ludwig's ganglion on the cardiac plex-
us is named for him.

Luschka, Hubert von. — A German anato-
mist, born in Constance, 1820; died at
Tubingen, 1875. Luschka's cartilage in
the vocal cord, also Luschka's gland, or
the coccygeal gland, which he discov-
ered, are named for him.

Luys, Jules Bernard.— A French anatomist
and physician, born in 1828. The
nucleus pedunculi cerebri is named after
this physician, — Luys' body.

McBurney, Charles. — An American sur-
geon, born 1845. The name McBurney's
point is for this surgeon, who described
it as follows : A point on a line be-
tween the anterior superior iliac spine
and the umbilicus, situated two-and-a-
half inches from the former. This
point is noted as marking the region of
greatest tenderness in many cases of
appendicitis.

Magendie, Francois. — A French surgeon
and physiologist, born at Bordeaux in
1783 ; died in Paris, 1855. A small open-

39

C|)e Wtixiti'& UnatomifitE;

ing in the roof, or posterior wall, of the
fourth ventricle., just above the level of
the point vrhere the central canal of the
cord opens out into the ventricle, is
named foramen of ]Magendie for him.
Sometimes it is spelled Majendie. He
is better known by a solution of mor-
phia— Magendie's solution, — 16 grains of
sulphate of morphia in an ounce of
water.
Malacarne, Michele Vincenzo Giacinto. —
An Italian anatomist and physician,
born in 1744; died at Padua, in 1816.
He was professor at Pavia, Padua, and
Turin. He wrote a systematic treatise
upon the tissues of the bodj^ and some
chirurgico-anatomical works. The hind-
er end of the pyramid of the cerebellum
is named for this anatomist, — Mala-
carne's pyramid.

Malpighi, Marcello. — An Italian anatomist
and microscopist, born at Crevalcuore,
near Bologna, 1628; died in Rome,
1694. Malpighi was the first to de-
scribe the minute structure of the kid-
ney, and recorded the arrangement of
the pyramids, bodies, capsules and
tufts. He noticed that the pyramids
Vv-ere composed of minute tubes, but at
a later date Bellini gave them the name
of uriniferous tubes. In the spleen his
name is associated with the bodies of
that organ. He deserves all the credit
of the discovery of the cutaneous mem-
brane which bears his name — rete
Malpighii, — as well as the further credit
of detecting that the external color of
the different races of men is not due to
any difference of color in the blood

f^

Henry

Morris

Sec page yS.

C|)c WoxWs 9lnatomi6tfi!

circulating through them. Malpighi,
in 1661, while examining the lungs and
mesentery of frogs, discovered the
capillary circulation. He also discov-
ered the red corpuscles of the blood
in 1665. He is, also, properly regarded
as the founder of embryology.

Manz, Wilhelm.— A German physiologist,
born in Freiburg in 1833. The flask-
like depressions found in the neighbor-
hood of the annulus conjunctiva of ani-
mals, and sometimes in man, are named
Manz's glands. They are not true
glands.

Marshall, John.— An English anatomist
and surgeon, born 1818; died 1891. He
was appointed professor of surgery at
University College in 1866, and of
anatomy at the Royal Academy in
1873. In 1883 he became president of
the Royal College of Surgeons. Be-
tween the left pulmonary artery and
subjacent pulmonary vein is a triangu-
lar fold of the serous pericardium ; it
is known as the vestigial fold of
Marshall.

Mauchart, Burkhard David. — A German
anatomist and surgeon, born at Mar-
bach in 1696; died at Tubingen, 1751.
He was professor of anatomy and sur-
gery at Tiibingen. He did away with
the doctrine of the laceration of the
peritoneum in the origin of hernia. The
odontoid, or check ligaments (alar liga-
ments), are named for this anatomist.

Mauthner, Ludwig. — An Austrian ophthal-
mologist, born in Prague in 1840. The
thin membrane which invests the axis

Cbe l^orlU'fii anatomifitfi

cylinder of a nerve, separating it from
the white substance of Schwann, is
named Mauthner's sheath.

Meckel, Johann Friedrich, Sr. — A German
anatomist, born at Wetzlar in 1714; died
in Berlin, 1774. The spheno-palatine
ganglion — the largest of the cranial
ganglia — is named for this anatomist.
Meckel's diverticulum is also named
for him. In 1856, Dr. J. M. Carnochan,
of New York, first removed ^Meckel's
ganglion and the second division of
the fifth nerve for the relief of
neuralgia.

Meckel, Johann Friedrich, Jr. — A German
anatomist, born at Halle in 1781 ; died,
1833. Grandson of Johann Friedrich
Meckel, Sr., mentioned in the preced-
ing paragraph. Meckel's cartilage of
the mandibular arch in the embryo is
named for this anatomist.

Meibom, Heinrich. — A German physician,
born at Lubeck in 1638; died at Helm-
stadt in 1700. ^The series of acinous
sebaceous glands situated on the mar-
gin of each ej-elid are named Meibo-
mian glands, after this physician.

Meissner, Georg. — A German physiologist,
born in Hanover in 1829. His name is
especially associated with Meissner's
plexus of nerves in the sub-mucous
layer of the small intestine. He was
professor of physiology at Gottingen.

Merkel, Karl Ludwig. — A German anat-
omist, born in Leipzig in 1812 ; died
1876. The tactile corpuscles, the small
.sub-epidermic groups of ganglion cells

Cbe ^orlU'fi ^natomifitfi!

in connection with the nerves of the
skin, are named for him, — Merkel's
ganglia.
Mery, Jean — A French surgeon, born at
Vatan in 1645; died at Paris, 1722.
Mery's glands are synonymous with
Cowper's glands.

Meynert, Theodore.— An Austrian physi-
cian, born 1833. Several anatomical
parts in the brain are named for this
person, — as Meynert's ammon's-horn
formation, the third layer of the cortex
cerebri, etc.

Mohrenheim, Baron Joseph Jacob Freiherr
von. — An Austrian gynecologist and
surgeon, born — ; died 1799. Moh-
renheim's fossa, or space, is named for
him, — infraclavicular fossa. He prac-
ticed first in Vienna, and was subse-
quently professor of surgery at St.
Petersburg, where he died. He was or-
dinary physician of Catherine U, and
obstetrician to the Grand Duchess. He
was also distinguished as an oculist.

Moll, Jacob Antonius. — A Dutch histolo-
gist, born — ; died — . The glands
of Moll, found in the eyelids, are named
for him.

Monro, Alexander.— A Scotch anatomist,
born in London in 1697; died 1767. A
communication between the lateral and
third ventricles — foramen of Monro —
is named for this anatomist. This fora-
men had been previously described by
Vieussens. A slight depression on the
wall of the third ventricle is named the
sulcus of Monro. He was known as
Monro primus ; his son, Alexander Mon-

45

C|)e WovW^ StnatomiBitEi

ro, as Monro seciindus (1733-1817) ; his
grandson, Alexander Monro, as Monro
tertius ( 1773 -1859). It will be seen that
all lived to old age. All were professors
in early life — at 23, 21, and 25, respective-
ly. Father, son, and grandson held the
anatomical chairs in Edinburg from 1720
to 1846, — a period of 126 years.

Montgomery, William Fetherston, — An
Irish physician, born 1797; died 1850.
The sebaceous glands in the areola of
the nipple which undergo hypertrophy
in pregnancy are named for this phy-
sician,— IMontgomerj-'s glands.

Morand, Sauveur Francois — A French sur-
geon, born in Paris in 1697 ; died 1773.
The hippocampus minor is named
Morand's spur.

Morgagni, Giovanni Battista. — An Italian
physician and pathologist, born at
Forli in 1682; died at Padua in 1771.
The name of Morgagni is associated
with numerous anatomical structures,
as Morgagni's hydatid, sinus of Mor-
gagni, etc. He was a pupil of Valsalva.
He wrote extensively on pathology, —
his greatest work on pathological anat-
omy was issued in his seventy-ninth
year. He filled the chair of anatomy
at Padua for fifty-nine years. For
some years prior to his death he was
blind, but he continued his work. The
King of Sardinia, Emanuel III, was
his friend, and four Popes, — Clements
XI, XII, XIII, and Benedict XIV, all
honored him. He was the father of
fifteen children.

Mulder, Johannes.— A Dutch anatomist,
born in Franeker in 1769; died in

46

C|)e ^orlU'fi! 3lnatomi6t6

Groningen, 1810. He was professor of
anatomy, surgery, obstetrics, and physio-
logy at Groningen. The angle formed
by the intersection of the facial line
of Camper with a line drawn from the
root of nose to the spheno-occipital
suture is known as Mulder's angle.

Miiller, Heinrich. — A German anatomist,
born at Castell in 1820; died in Wiirz-
burg in 1864. His name is associated
with the circular fibres of the ciliary
muscle which lie near the iris ; also a
layer of unstriped muscle fibres bridging
over the spheno-maxillary fissure. He
was professor of anatomy at Wurzburg.

Miiller, Johannes.— A German physiologist,
and comparative anatomist, born at Cob-
lenz in 1801 ; died in Berlin in 1858. He
was the first to describe minutely the
Mijllerian duct in the embryo.

Naboth, Martin. — A Saxon physician,
born in 1675; died in 1721. His name
is preserved in the dilated mucous fol-
licles situated in the neck of the uterus,
— glands of Naboth. He was a pro-
fessor of chemistry in the University of
Leipsic.

Nasmyth, Alexander. — A Scotch dental

surgeon, born ; died 1847. The cu-

ticula dentis, or Nasmyth's membrane,
is named for him. He practiced in
London.

Nelaton, Auguste.— A French surgeon,
born at Paris in 1807; died there in
1873. Nelaton's test line is named for
this surgeon : A line drawn from the
anterior superior spinous process of the

d)e WoxVa's 3tnatomifiit6

ilium over the outer side of the hip
to the most prominent part of the tuber-
osity of the ischium. In health the top
of the great trochanter should just
touch this line in every stage of flexion
and extension of the joint, provided
there is neither abduction nor adduc-
tion. It crosses the center of the ace-
tabulum.

Neubauer, Johann Ernst,— A German anat-
omist, born at Giessen in 1742; died at
Jena, 1777. An occasional branch of
the inferior thyroid artery is named for
this anatomist, — Neubauer's artery.

Nuck, Anton. — A Dutch anatomist, born
in 1669; died in 1742 (Mayne). (Born
1650; died 1692. Baas). His name is
preserved in the canal of Nuck, a pro-
longation or diverticulum of the perito-
neum, which in females extends for
some distance down the inguinal canal.
He distinguished himself as a dentist,
oculist, and aurist; was first among the
Moderns to perform paracentesis of the
cornea, cauterization of the antitragus
for toothache ; also made artificial teeth
from the teeth of the hippopotamus,
and prohibited the extraction of teeth
in pregnant women. He was professor
of anatomy at Leyden.

Nuhn, Anton. — A German anatomist, born

at Heidelberg in 1814; died . The

glands of Nuhn, — same as glands of
Blandin. He was professor of anat-
omy in the University of Heidelberg.

Oehl, Eusebio. — An Italian anatomist and
physician, born at Lodi in 1877. Pro-
fessor of physiology in the University

48

Andreas
Vesalius

Sec page 66.

From a rare old etching.

d)c ^orlU*6 3liiatomifiitfi

of Pavia. The striatum lucidum, one
of the epidermal layers, is known as
Oehl's layer.

Oken.Lorenz.— A German physiologist and
physician, born at Bohlsbach, in Baden,
in 1779; died at Zurich, 1851. He was
a professor in Zurich. The corpus
Okense, the same as the Wolffian body
{q. v.), is named for him.

Pacchioni, Antonio. — An Italian anatomist,
born at Reggio in 1665 ; died in Rome
in 1726. The Pacchionian glands are
named for this anatomist.

Pacini, Filippo.— An Italian anatomist,
born in Pistoja in 1812; died in Flor-
ence in 1883. He was the first to de-
scribe minutely the Pacinian corpuscles,
or the end-bulbs of certain nerves.
They are sometimes known as Vater's
corpuscles. (SeeVater).

Pansch, Adolf.— A German anatomist, born
1841 ; died 1887. A fissure between the
parietal lobules of the cerebrum, begin-
ning near the ventral end of the central
fissure, and running to near the tip of
the occipital lobe including the parietal
and paroccipital fissure, is termed the
fissure of Pansch. This is also some-
times known as fissure of Pansch and
Dallon.

Pander, Heinrich Christian von.— A Ger-
man anatomist, born at Riga in 1794;
died at St. Petersburg, 1865. A brown-
colored, lentil-shaped mass of gray
nerve substance, lying between the
nucleus tegumenti and the corresponding
corpus albicans beneath the optic thalam-

51

(Ll)c ^orltj'fii Unatomtfitfi

us, is named Pander's nucleus pedunculi
cerebri.
Pecquet, Jean.— A French anatomist and
surgeon of Dieppe, born 1622; died 1674.
He practiced first in Dieppe, and subse-
quently in Paris. In 1651, he made
known the discovery of the receptacle
of the chyle and its continuation as
the thoracic duct, which he says he
had come upon years before while
studying at Montpellier. He elaborated
the discoveries of Aselli. In 1652, Van
Horn made known the same discovery
independently of Pecquet.

Petit, Francois Pourfour du A French

surgeon and anatomist, born 1718; died
1794. He first described what has been
since called the canal of Petit, — a saccu-
lated canal which encircles the crystal-
line lens.

Petit, Jean Louis — A French surgeon,
born 1674; died 1750. This is the sur-
geon for whom Petit's triangle is
named. His name is associated with
several operations, especially herniotomy
without opening the sac. His fame
was so great that he was called to Po-
land to treat Augustus the Strong, and
also to Spain. Frederick the Great and
other sovereigns sought his pupils for
field surgeons.

Payer, Johann Konrad. — A Swiss anato-
mist, born at Schaffhausen in 1653; died
there in 1712. Peyer's patches, or
glands, in the walls of the small in-
testines were first described by Peyer
in 1677. Claimed that he discovered
them in 1673.

52

Cl)e ^orlU'fii Inatomifitfi

Poupart, Francois. — A French surgeon
and anatomist, born at Mans, 1661 ; died
1708 (Mayne), October 31, 1709 (Cen-
tury Dicty.). The lower border of the
aponeurosis of the external oblique
muscle, extending from the anterior
superior spine of the ilium to the spine
of the pubis, is named Poupart's liga-
ment after this surgeon.

Purkinje, Johannes Evangelista. — A Hun-
garian anatomist and physiologist, born
1787; died 1869. The central or axial
part of a nerve tubule is named for
Purkinje. His name is also associated
with a number of other structures. He
founded the first physiological institute
in Breslau, over half a century ago.

Ranke, Hans Rudolph.— A Dutch anatomist
and surgeon, born 1849; died 1887. In
the short span of life allotted to this
man he became a famous operator, and
was recognized as a philanthropist. The
nasal angle of Ranke is named for him :
The angle included between the horizon-
tal plane of the skull and a line passing
through the mid-line of the alveolar
border of the upper jaw beneath the
nasal spine and the center of the
fronto-nasal suture. {Mayne).

Ranvier, Louis. — A French histologist,
born 1835. The nodes of Ranvier in cer-
tain nerve tissues are named for him.

Rathke, Martin Heinrich. — A German anat-
omist, born 1793; died i860. Rathke's
pouch in the embryo preserves his
name.

Rau (Ravius) Johann J.— A Dutch anat-
omist, born at Baden in 1658; died T719.

53

(E\)t ^orltJ'fii ^Inatomifiitfi;

He rendered excellent service in in-
creasing our knowledge of the malleus
and the membranous labyrinth. The
processus gracilis of the malleus is
named for him, — processus Ravii.
Emerging from the cottage of the poor,
he became first a barber and in this
capacity travelled about extensively.
Finally he was appointed professor of
anatomy and surgery in Leyden, where
he improved the methods of instruction
by the introduction of practical exer-
cises in operating upon the cadaver. He
was famous as a lithotomist.

Recklinghausen, Friedrich Daniel von A

German physiologist and histologist,

born 1833; died . The minute

canals supposed by Recklinghausen to
exist in all connective tissue, and to
form the beginnings of the lymphatic
vessels, are termed the canals of
Recklinghausen.

Reil, Johann Christian. — A German phy-
sician, born at Rhaude, in East Fries-
land, in 1759; died 1813. He is best
known in anatomical studies by the
island of Reil, in the cerebrum, which
was named for him. He was a profes-
sor at Halle.

Remak, Robert. — A German physician,
born 1815; died 1867 (Mayne), 1865
(Baas). His name is associated with the
gray, or gelatinous nerve-fibres, so
abundant in the sympathetic system,
and to a less extent in the cerebro-
spinal system, — fibres of Remak. He
was noted for his studies in electro-
therapeutics.

'Thomas
Willis

See page 73.

A photographic reproduction of a fine line
engraving from an original sculpture by
G. Virtue, made in 1742.

C|)e WaxWs Stnatomtfits

Ribes, Francois, — A French physician,
born 1800; died 1864. The ganglion
of Ribes, — the existence of which is
denied — located in the sympathetic sys-
tem, is named for this physician. He
was a professor at Montpellier.

Riolan, Jean, Jr. — A French anatomist,
born 1577; died 1657. He was a volum-
inous writer, his works being published
in the Latin language. Riolan's bouquet
is a term for the mass of muscles and
ligaments attached to the styloid pro-
cess. His name is preserved also in
the arched transverse mesocolon, and
Riolan's muscle, — that portion of the
orbicularis palpebrarum which passes
among the roots of the eyelashes.

Rivinus, August Quirin. — A German phy-
sician, born 1652, or 1676 (?); died 1723
(Mayne). (Bachmann is his German
name). He is accredited as the dis-
coverer of the duct of the sublingual
gland, — ducts of Rivinus — there being
eight to twenty in number. This dis-
covery has also been claimed for Cas-
per Bartholin, Jr. The name Rivhius
is also associated with some other anat-
omical structures.

Robin, Charles Philippe, — A French his-
tologist, born 1821 ; died 1885. The
polar bodies of Robin in the ovum are
named for him. He was the founder
of histology in France, and one of the
editors of Littre's famous medical en-
cyclopaedia.

Rolando, Luigi. — An Italian anatomist,
born in Piedmont in 1773; died in 1831.
The name of Rolando is perpetuated in

57

le WoxWa Inatorufitfii

the several anatomical names, fissure,
tubercle, and funiculus of Rolando.

Rosenmiiller, Johannes Christianas. — A
German anatomist, born 1771 ; died 1820.
His name is perpetuated in the palpebral
portion of the lachrymal gland, the
parovarium, and also the depression on
the lateral wall of the naso-pharynx be-
hind the pharyngeal orifice of the
Eustachian tube. He was a professor
at Leipsic.

Ruysch, Friedrich. — A Dutch anatomist,
born 1638; died 1731. His name is pre-
served in the tunica Ruyschiana of the
eye, as well as in other structures. He
was a professor at Amsterdam. He was
the inventor of minute injections, in
which he became very skillful. He
formed an anatomical collection which
Peter the Great bought at an expense
of $75,000, and transported to Russia.
He was then 79 years old, but he went
to work and created a second collection.
His son, who was his assistant, died,
and then his daughter, Rachel, who
was a painter of flowers, took up the
work and helped her father. His second
museum sold for $50,000. He died at
the age of 93 years.

Ryff, Walther Hermann. — A German sur-
geon of Strassburg, about the middle
of the sixteenth century. In 1541 he
wrote the first work on anatomy in the
German language. He also wrote on
surgery in 1559, in which he mentions
the ligation of arteries with a silk
thread, — in the arm above, in the neck
below, the wound.

58

CI)c Woxiti's 3tnatomi6t6

k

Santorini, Giovanni Domenico. — A Vene-
tian anatomist, born 1681 ; died 1737.
He described the corpuscula Santorini
of the larynx, and his name is asso-
ciated with several other anatomical
parts. The risorius is named the
muscle of Santorini. He was a pro-
fessor in Venice. A number of his
anatomical plates were published a
quarter of a century after his death.

Scarpa, Antonio. — An Italian anatomist
and surgeon, born at Motta in 1747
(Mayne) ; died at Pavia in 1832. The
year of his birth is given differently
by nearly every biographer, some mak-
ing it 1748, others 1750. Richardson,
for good reasons, prefers 1746. Proba-
bly best known by the triangle named
after him. He did a great work in
dissection of the internal ear, and the
endolymph is also named for him, as
well as a number of other tissues. Up
to his sixty-sixth year, Scarpa con-
tinued to hold the Chair of Anatomy
at Pavia. In his last years, he who
helped to restore so many to sight tem-
porarily lost, himself became blind.

Schneider, Conrad Victor. — A Saxon anat-
omist, born 1610 (Mayne) ; 1614
{Baas) ; died 1680. The Schneiderian
membrane is named for him. He dem-
onstrated anatomically and clinically,
that it was not the brain, but the mu-
cous membrane which secreted the
mucus discharged in disease, — an ex-
planation which now seems so simple
to us, and yet upset the whole doctrine
of the Ancients, who believed the con-

C^e ^orlU'fii Inatomifitfi

trary. He was a professor in Witten-
berg.

Schrager (or Schreger) Bernhard Gottlob.
— A German surgeon and anatomist,
born 1766; died 1825. Schrager's lines
in the dentine of the teeth are named
for him.

Schron, Ottone. — A German anatomist,
born 1837. A small, bright, apparently
solid body described by Schron as
existing in the germinal spot is named
the granule of Schron, for this anat-
omist.

Schultze, Max J. S — A German physiolo-
gist and histologist, born 1825; died
1874. Several tissues are named after
him, especially the primitive fibrillae
of Schultze.

Schwann, Thomas. — A German physiolo-
gist, born 1810; died 1882. The white
substance of Schwann in nerve tissue
is named for him. He was the dis-
coverer of animal cells.

Sharpey, William.— An English anatomist
and physiologist, born 1802; died 1880.
He was professor of anatomy and phy-
siology in University College, and was
eminent as a teacher. Fibres that?
pass through and seem to rivet several
concentric laminae of bones, and are
attached to the periosteum, are named
Sharpe3-'s fibres.

Skene, Alexander Johnston Chalmers. — An
American g^-necologist, born at Fyvie,
Aberdeenshire, Scotland, June 17, 1837;
died at New York, 1900. One of the
two mucous glands just within the

d)e ^orlU'fi! ^natomifitfi

meatus urinarius of the female is
named for him, — Skene's glands. Was
an author of several gynecological
works, and a professor in the Long Is-
land College Hospital, of Brooklyn, New
York.

Soemmering, Samuel Thomas von. — A Ger-
man physician, born at Thorn, in 1755 ;
died at Frankfort, in 1830. He is best
known as the discoverer of the yellow
spot, or macula lutea of Soemmering, on
the retina.

Spiegel, Adrian van der. — A Belgian phy-
sician, born 1578; died 1625. Also writ-
ten Spigelius, and Van Spieghel. The
lobus Spigelii, of the liver, will always
perpetuate his name.

Stensen, Nicolas; (Lo/m), Steno Nicolaus. —
A Danish physician, born at Copenhagen,
1636 (Mayne) ; Jan. 10, 1638 (Foster) ;
died 1686. His name is associated with
the duct of the parotid gland, — Stensen's
duct. One day, when he was engaged
in dissecting the head of a sheep and
examining the parotid gland, the style
which he was using slipped easily down
and struck with a sharp clink against
the teeth ; he recognized that he had dis-
covered the duct of the gland. Awak-
ened by religious thoughts, he abandoned
medicine, and became a priest, and even-
tually a Catholic bishop.

Stilling, Benedict. — A German physician,
born 1810; died 1879. His name is
preserved in the canal of Stilling in
the eye.

Sylvius, Franciscus ( Latin for Francois)
De le Eoe (or Dubois). — A German

Cbe WuxWsi 9lnatomi6t6

physician and physiologist, born at
Hanover in 1614; died 1672. He was
a celebrated teacher, and gave especial
attention to the chemical problems pre-
sented by the human body. " We owe to
him, it is true, and not to his older
namesake, the aqueduct of Sylvius ; but
the new things which he made known
were in the main chemical."

Sylvius, Jacobus (Latin for Jacques) Du
Bois.— A French physician and anato-
mist, born at Amiens, in 1478 ; died in
1555. The fissure of Sylvius and other
structures are named for him. In
1 53 1 he began to teach anatomy at
Paris, and in 1550 succeeded Vidius
Vidus in the Chair of Medicine
in the recently established College
of France. He was Vesalius's master,
as indeed the master of most anat-
omists of that age. He was noted
for his oddity as well as for science.
He was a miser — "avarice itself" — com-
pelling his servants to live on dry
bread. In cold weather he would run
about with a log on his shoulder in or-
der to keep warm and save the cost of
fuel ! He must not be confounded with
P'ranciscus (Latin for Francois) Sylvius
De la Boe (or Dubois).

Tarin, Pierre. — A French surgeon, born
1725; died 1761. The posterior perfo-
rated space, or poris Tarini — part of
the floor of the third ventricle, — is
named for him.

Tenon, J. Rene.— A French surgeon and
oculist, born 1724; died 1816. Tenon's
capsule of the eyeball is named after

62

Jacob
Benignus

Win slow

See page 73.

Portrait from the collection in the Library
of the Surgeon-General's Office, Washing-
ton, D. C.

Cbe Wavin's Inatomists

him. He wrote meritoriously on cata-
ract and other diseases of the eye.
(Baas).

Thebesius, Adam Christian, — A German
physician, born 1686; died 1732. In
1708 he discovered the so-called fora-
mina Thebesii on the inner surface of
the right auricle of the heart.

Tiirck, Ludwig. — A German surgeon and
specialist, born 1810; died 1868. The
anterior or direct pyramidal tract is
named for this surgeon, — column of
Tiirck.

Tyson, Edward. — An English anatomist,
born 1649; died 1708. The odoriferous
glands on the corona glandis, and pre-
puce— Tyson's glands, — are named for
him. He was a professor of anatomy
in London.

Valentini, Michael Bernhard, — A German
physician and anatomist, born 1657 ; died
1729. The ganglion of Valentin on the
middle superior dental branch of the
trifacial nerve is named for him. He
was a professor at Giessen. He was
a believer in witches. (Baas).

Valsalva, Antonio Maria. — An Italian anat-
omist, born at Imola, 1666; died 1723.
Dilatations of the aorta and pulmonary
arteries at the attachment of the aortic
and pulmonary semilunar valves are
named for him, — sinuses of Valsalva.
He had the good fortune to be a pupil
of the great Malpighi, and the teacher
of the still greater Morgagni. He fol-
lowed Malpighi in the professor's chair
al Bologna, and rendered good service

65

Cl)e ^orlU'6 Stnatomifitfii

to anatomy, particularly by a work
upon the ear. Valsalva's method of
inflating the middle ear is familiar to
all.
Varolio, Costanzo. — An Italian physician,
born 1543; died 1575. He was profes-
sor at Bologna, and ordinary physician
of the Pope; also described the pons
commissure, crus cerebri, and "the ner-
vous system in general.

Vater, Abraham.— The ampulla of en-
trance of the common bile-duct and
pancreatic duct is named Vater's am-
pulla, for this anatomist. The Pacinian
bodies are sometimes known as Vater's
corpuscles. (See Pacini).

Verheyen, Philipp.— A Dutch anatomist,
born 1648; died 1710. He was profes-
sor of anatomy at Louvain. The stellate
network in the cortical renal veins is
named for this anatomist, — stellula
Verheynii.

* Vesalius, Andreas. — Was born the last
day of the year 1514, in Brussels, and
died in a shipwreck on the Island of
Zante, October 15, 1564. While Vesa-
lius was the " Father of Anatomy," his
name is perpetuated in his favorite sub-
ject by an insignificant hole in the
pterygoid bone, — the foramen of Vesa-
lius. It is doubtful if any great and
immediate advance in anatomy would
have been made in the sixteenth cen-
tury unless he had lived and labored.
In his twenty-first year he was profes-
sor of anatomy in the renowned school
of Padua, and in 1543, in his twenty-
ninth year, and fourteen years before

66

QL\)t WoxW& ^Inatomifitfi

the birth of Harvey, gave to the world
his great work, — " The Structure of the
Human Body."

*Quite recently, Jackschath, an Austrian in-
vestigator, writes that Leonardo Da Vinci, and not
Vesalius, was the father of scientific anatomy; and
Vesalius is branded as one of the greatest of
" plagiarists." Da Vinci was a genius in nearly
all departments. He was too busy a man to have
produced a profound work on anatomy: He was
a painter, poet, sculptor, architect, musician, mathe-
matician, hydraulic engineer, as well as an anat-
omist. His name will be longer remembered
as the painter of The Last Supper.

Marc Antonio Delia Torre (1473-1506), a pro-
fessor at Padua and Pavia, was a distinguished
anatomist, for whom Leonardo Da Vinci designed
his anatomical plates. " So perfect were these,
that it is difficult to determine whether the pro-
fessor or the painter was the greater anatomist,
especially as Da Vinci wrote on anatomy." —
(Baas). Da Vinci dissected the horse and other
inferior animals, as well as the human body. He
made his celebrated sketch-book of drawings in
red chalk, now in the Royal Library at Windsor.
He wrote with the left hand, and, like the
Hebrews, from behind forward, so that his works
could only be deciphered with the assistance of a
mirror. It has been conjectured from this pecu-
liarity that his right hand was paralyzed.

Leonardo Da Vinci was born in 1452, and
died May 2, 1519, — to be precise, four years,
four months, and two days after Vesalius was
born. Vesalius may have received considerable
information, and possibly what is greater, an in-
spiration, from the work of Da Vinci, but it is
not to be doubted that Vesalius was an original
investigator in the field of anatomy, and his
great work, "The Structure of the Human Body,"
should not, on doubtful evidence, be labeled as
the work of a " plagiarist."

Sir B. W. Richardson, who painted the draw-
ings made from the dissections by Vesalius,
after a great deal of study of the question, does
not mention Leonardo Da Vinci, but says: " It
seems to be generally accepted that the plates
came from the studio of Titian."

Vicary, Thomas.— An English anatomist
and surgeon, about the middle of the

67

CI)e ^orlIi*fii ^natetnifiitfi

sixteenth century. He was the first
surgeon of St. Bartholomew's Hospital,
and wrote, in 1548, the first English
work on anatomy. His book was en-
titled " The Englishman's Treasure; or
the True Anatomy of Man's Body."

Vicq d'Azyr, Felix. — A French anatomist
and physiologist, born 1748; died 1794.
A thick bundle of nerve-fibres arising
from the more posterior of the two
median nuclei of the corpus mammillare
of the brain, and extending to the an-
terior tubercle of the thalamus, is
named the bundle of Vicq d'Azyr. He
was the ordinary physician of Marie
Antoinette and others. He rendered
valuable services in the study of the
brain and nerves.

Vidius, Vidus; Latinized name of Guido
Guidi. — An Italian physician and anat-

NOTE: — The anatomical drawing re-
produced on the following page is from
the "Anatomy" of Andreas Vesalius.
printed at Basel in 1542. It shows hi
idea of the blood-vessels. The arterie.
and veins end abruptly. The perioQ
named was three-quarters of a century
before Harvey demonstrated the circula-
tion of the blood, and one hundred and
nineteen years before Malpighi discov-
ered the capillaries. It will be observed
that the testicles are shown, while,
stranger still, the heart is absent!

See opposite page

€\)t WovVn*^ ^natomifitfii

omist, born — ; died 1569. The Vidian
artery, canal, and nerve especially pre-
serve his name in anatomy. He was a
professor of medicine in the College of
France, and was succeeded by Sylvius.

Vieussens, Reymond. — A French physician,
born 1641 ; died 1716. The valve of
Vieussens, loop of Vieussens, and sev-
eral other anatomical names are given
for him. He wrote on diseases of the
heart, and made various researches in
anatomy, also in chemical matters.
Originally he was a theologian, then a
physician, and as such a professor at
Montpellier; next an army surgeon and
travelling physician, one after the other,
and finally physician-in-ordinary at
Paris.

Virchow, Rudolph. — A German anatomist
and pathologist, born in Pomerania in
1821 ; died in 1902. Virchow has been
styled the father of modern pathology.
His first edition of "Cellular Pathology"
appeared in 1858, and his extensive
Vv'ork on "Tumors" in 1866. He was a
famous author and teacher. The angle
formed by the meeting of two lines, one
passing through the most prominent
part of the superior alveolar process and
the naso-frontal suture, the other
through the upper border of the ex-
ternal auditory meatus and the lower
border of the orbit, is known as the
Virchow-Holder's angle.

Wachendorf, Evardus Jacobus von.— A
German anatomist of the eighteenth
century. In 1737 he discovered the
pupillary membrane.

QL\)t WovW^ ^natomifitfii

Wagner, Johann W. — A German professor
of physiolog>% born 1800; died 1834.
The tactile corpuscles of Wagner, sit-
uated in the endings of sensory nerve
fibres in the papillae of the skin, and
considered by Wagner to be directly
concerned in the sense of touch, are
named for him. For some years
Rokitansky was his assistant.

Waldeyer, Henry William Gottfried. — A
German physician, born 1836. A few
scattered rudimentary tubules, best seen
in the child, are situated in the broad
ligament between the parovarium and
the uterus, — the paroophoron of Wal-
deyer.

Weber, Ernst Heinrich. — A German anat-
omist and physiologist, born 1821 ; died
1878. Weber's corpuscle, or the sinus
pocularis, is named for this anatomist.

Weitbrecht, Josias. — A Russian anatomist,
born 1702; died 1747. Was a professor
in St. Petersburg, and author of a fa-
mous treatise on syndesmolog\'. The
interarticular fibrocartilage of the acro-
mio-clavicular articulation is named
cartilage of Weitbrecht, for this anat-
omist. Also the orbicular ligament of
the elbow- joint, as well as ligamentous
structures in other parts.

Wharton, Thomas. — An English anatomist,
born 1610; died 1673 (Mayne) ; born
1614 (Foster). He was among the ear-
liest to devote attention to the general
theory of the glands, and discovered
the duct named after him, — Wharton's
duct. He pursued his medical studies

Cbe Woviti*& ^natomwtfi

in London, where he subsequently
practiced as a physician. He was a
friend and ally of Glisson.

Wilde, Sir William R. W.— An English
surgeon and specialist, born 1815 ; died
1876. Cords of Wilde is a name for
the transverse striae on the corpus cal-
losum.

Wilder, Burt Green. — An American physio-
logist, born in Boston, August 11, 1841.
A number of fissures of the cerebrum,
described by this physiologist, are
named for him, — fissure of Wilder. Pro-
fessor of physiology at Cornell Univer-
sity.

Willis, Thomas. — An English physician
and anatomist, born in Great Bedwin,
Wiltshire, in 1621 ; died 1675. He was
a man who rendered eminent service
to anatomy, and especially the anatomy
of the nervous system, and particularly
of the brain. He greatly advanced our
knowledge, of the blood vessels of the
brain, where the circle of Willis is
named after him. Originally destined
to theology, circumstances turned his
attention to medicine, and, on the
completion of his studies, he received
the professorship of natural philosophy
in the University of Oxford. He was a
successful practitioner of medicine for
many years in London. In 1674 he de-
termined the sweetness of diabetic
urine by the taste. He was extremely
methodical.

Winslow, Jacob Benignus. — A Danish
anatomist, born at Odensee, on the Is-

iL\}t WoxWs Itnatomistfi

land of Fiihnen, in 1679 (Mayne) ; 1669
(Baas) ; died 1760, in Paris. Is best
known by the foramen of Winslow — the
narrow opening of communication be-
tween the greater and lesser cavities of
the peritoneum, — named for this anat-
omist. He wrote a textbook on anat-
omy, which passed through several
editions, and was translated into sev-
eral languages. While of Danish birth,
he became a professor in Paris, where
he remained until his death. He was,
probably, the ablest anatomist of the
eighteenth centurj\

"Wirsung, John George. — A Bavarian phy-
siologist, born — ; died 1643. His
name is associated with the excretory
duct of the pancreas, — canal of Wir-
sung. He was professor of anatomy
at Padua. He claimed to have dis-
covered the duct in 1642. His pupil,
John IMaurice Hoffman, claimed that
he found the duct in the fowl in 1642,
and pointed it out to Wirsung, who then
described the duct in man as his own
discovery; but there is no satisfactory
evidence of this. Some years after
this event, Wirsung was shot as he
was entering his house at night. The
legend states that a quarrel about the
discovery of the duct was the cause
of the murder, but it seems to have
been the result of some private
grudge.

Wolff. Casper Friedrich.— A Russian anat-
omist, born 1735 (Mayne) ; 1733
(Park) ; died 1794. The Wolffian bodies
and ducts are named for him. They

d)e WovWs 3tnatomi6tg

were discovered in 1759. Wolff was the
first meritorious investigator in Rus-
sia. He revived the ancient theory of
epigenesis — i. e., that the process of
generation was an actual new creation.
(Baas).

Wormius, Olaus (or Worm.) — A Danish
physician, born 1588; died 1654. The
Wormian bones are named for this
physician.

Wrisberg, Henricus Augustus. — A German
anatomist, born 1737 {May tie) ; 1739
(Baas) ; died 1808. The lesser internal
cutaneous nerve of the arm, and sev-
eral other anatomical parts are named
for him. He was a professor at Gottin-
gen, and an excellent anatomist, and
also a skillful obstetrician.

Zinn, John Godfrey. — A German physician,
born 1727; died 1759. Was a profes-
sor in Gottingen, and one of Haller's
favorite pupils. He published a work
on the anatomy of the eye, adorned
with very perfect plates. His name is
preserved in the zonula of Zinn ; also,
the common tendon — the ligament, or
aponeurosis of the inferior and internal
recti muscles of the eye, — the ligament
of Zinn. Was only thirty-two years
old when he died.

75

Cl)e WoxWe anatomifitfii

aDDenDa

Rudbeck, Otof, Sr — Swedish scientist and
polyhistor. Born at Vesteras, Sweden,
Sept. 30, 1630; died Dec. 12, 1702. He
studied natural science at the Univer-
sity of Upsala, where he became a
professor in the Faculty of Medicine.
At the age of 22, Rudbeck discovered
the general lymphatics. The results of
his investigations which w^ere laid down
in his "Nova exercitatio anaiomica"
(1653), gained for him European re-
nowni. In addition to investigations in
several branches of science, he devoted
himself to the study of archaeology and
literature, both classical and Scandina-
vian, publishing several sagas and
Swedish provincial laws (1679).

Retzius, Anders Adolf. — Born at Lund,
Sweden, Oct. 13, 1796, where his father,
Anders Jahan Retzius, was professor
of botany ; died in Stockholm, April t8,
i860. A Swedish anatomist. He was
professor of anatomy and physiology in
the Royal Medico-Chirurgical Institute,
Stockholm. For him are named liga-
mentum Retzii (the fundiform liga-
ment), spatium Retzii (the preperitoneal
space), and striae parallelae Retzii of the
enamel of the teeth.

Retzius, Magnus Gustaf — Son of Anders
Adolf Retzius. Born in Stockholm,
Oct. 27, 1842. A Swedish histologist.

76

Cbe Wavirs ^tnatomifitg

For several years professor of histology
in the Royal Medico-Chirurgical Insti-
tute. About fifteen years ago, he re-
signed his position, and since then he
has devoted his time to scientific re-
searches. In i875-'76, he published, to-
gether with his colleague, Ernst Axel
Henrik Key, a work in two folio vol-
umes, entitled "Studien in der Anatomie
des Nervensystems und des Bindege-
wehes." This work is said to 4iave cost
him 40,000 kronor (about $11,000). In
i88i-'84, he wrote another large work in
German, "Das Gehororgan der Wirbel-
thiere" (2 folio volumes). He is also
widely known and quoted as an author-
ity in anthropology. Two foramina at
the extremities of the lateral recesses of
the fourth ventricle, behind the upper
roots of the nervus glossopharyngeus,
connect the cisterna magna with the
fourth ventricle. These are known as
the foramina of Key and Retzius.

Cbc S'orllj's anatamists

autl)Ot:si

THE following is a partial list of promi-
nent authors, whose names do not
appear in the preceding pages, who
have contributed works on Human Anat-
omy :

Allen, Harrison.

American. Born 1841 ; died 1897.
Bock, Carl Ernst.

German. Born 1809; died 1874.
Deaver, John B.

American. Born 1845.
Gerrish, Frederick Henry.

American. Born 1845.
Gray, Henry.

English. Born 1825; died 1861.
Heath, Christopher.

English. Born 1835.
Holden, Luther.

English. Date of birth not obtained
to time of going to press.
Hughes, Alfred Williams.

English. Born 1861; died 1900.
Hyrtl, Joseph.

German. Born 1810; died 1894.
Leidy, Joseph.

American. Born 1823; died 1891.
Morris, Henry.

English. Born 1844.
Quain, Jones.

English. Born 1796; died 1865.

C|)e Wovll's ^natomtfitfi

Sappey, Marie Philbert Constant.

French. Born 1810.
Testut, Jean Leo.

French. Born 1849.
Wilson, (Sir William James) Erasmus.

English. Born 1809; died 1884.
Wistar, Caspar.

American. Born 1761; died 1818.

79

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^ I World's anatomists...

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1905
Kemper, G W H
World • s anatomists . . •

MEDiOAL SCIENCES LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE
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