SES ee en ie Ga nell oe ela ce os eee See — are wer een ey — cen ' ; 3 Be ee aad oe SN ey Nee wt? os a oF= re a $ x paged vs are ee 2! De om ee i te Seti aes. ra et = a Sad 6 we fe } > | T * a -< _ _ 2 : | - : f 3 "4 i‘. B bi ft 7 ~ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto 4 | t http://www.archive.org/details/yearbookofagrict & sy =f. =e a a - Frontispieck? ae ey ) YEARBOOK OF THE eee tee eS PAT ES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1899. [PuBLIC—No. 23.] AN ACT providing for the public printing and binding and distribution of public documents. . * * % % Ba a Section 73, paragraph 2: The Annual Report of the Secretary of Agriculture shall hereafter be submitted and printed in two parts, as follows: Part one, which shall contain purely busi- ness and executive matter which it is necessary for the Secretary to submit to the President and Congress; part two, which shall contain such reports from the different bureaus and divisions, and such papers prepared by their special agents, accompanied by suitable illustrations, as shall, in the opinion of the Secretary, be specially suited to interest and instruct the farmers of the country, and to include a general report of the operations of the Department for theirinformation. There shall be printed of part one, one thousand copies for the Senate, two thousand copies for the House, and three thousand copies for the Department of Agricuiture; and oi part two, one hundred and ten thousand copies for the use of the Senate, three hundred and sixty thousand copies for the use of the House of Representa- tives, and thirty thousand copies for the use of the Department of Agriculture, the illustrations for the same to be executed under the supervision of the Public Printer, in accordance with directions of the Joint Committee on Printing, said illustrations to be subject to the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture; and the title of each of the said parts shall be such as to show that such part is com- plete in itself. 2 S ral Aas lease cop. 83 PREFAOK. The present Yearbook does not in form differ materially from its predecessors, with the exception of the Yearbook for 1897, to which, as explained in the preface to that publication, a special feature had been added by direction of the Secretary of Agriculture, con- sisting of articles from each chief of Bureau, Division, and Office outside of those that are purely administrative, presenting ‘‘in plain terms the relation of the work of his Bureau, Division, or Office to the farmer.” This addition made the Yearbook of 1897 consist of four distinct parts instead of three, as usual. While the form has been changed, the spirit of this special feature has by no means been neglected in the present volume. No attempt was made to secure an article for this book from every chief relating to the general work of his Division to the farmer, as was done last year—a course which would have inevitably resulted in more or less repetition; but the chiefs understood that it was the wish of the Secretary that the prac- tical service rendered to the farmer by the Bureau, Division, or Office contributing the article should be made apparent. |e 613 Sheep breeders’ associations... ....----.--. --2<<04--.<-a0—-5= 2 eee 614 Swine breeders’ associations... .<..-2---2+-.s08= s¢-_ bot oo ee 615 Association of Breeders of Dogs. ......... + -..2<-5.ss05e ecco eee 615 Poultry associations ...- 2... - 22-2 nee ane eek oe 615 State veterinarians and secretaries of sanitary boards...........-..---- 616 National League for Good Roads .._.....-.-- ---.<-.....-- 350 5 ae States having officers for forest work-.-_-.....-------------------------- 620 Forestry associations _ 2.2... -2...055 --416s-4--. 0. J ee 620 Officers of horticultural and kindred societies oo nenek sane Se 621 Patrons of Husbandry ..-_......4.. .-.-...------<+-~--5. =. 624 National Farmers’ Alliance)... 2. 2 2<:+4.-2s.¢252¢4-j25522 ee 627 Farmers’ National Congress... .<. -...22----- 42 -- -2 = oe ee 627 Review of weather and crop conditions, season of 1898-_._....-.---.---- 627 Plant diseases in the United States in 1898--..._..-.. ..-.-... 222 ee 652 Notes.on soil moisture in 1898. ._-.. .-- +222 -42-.-5-~ 52-5 ee 652 Composition of millets and other forage plants -.---..----------------- 655 Methods of controlling injurious insects--.-..-..-.....--. 2. ----2..---55 657 Preparation and use of insecticides... .......-.--------------+--<-ssee- 659 Measurement of standing trees ._=...... .~ 7. 1-_-- 25-26-55 662 Rate of growth of trees. .- .-~ -.-sia4s): -- -eop 225 -> == 3o = 664 Legal standards for dairy products, 1898 .......--.-.--------.--.------- 666 Determination of age by teeth in domestic animals ----.....-..-----.-- 667 Weather Bureau signals -... .....- 22 seis see - owen ee 668 Reckoning of amount and value of hay -.-....-.-.-----------------«---- 669 Cuba: its population and resources -....--.-.-- 2... .<2---2-----=+-s4ees 670 A brief account of the Philippine Islands-..........-...----.---------- 672 Postal regulations .... .-.i-< 25-2 sac0s65 oooh bon ieee sae eee 674 Coin and currency of the United States........-.-......--------------- 676 Legal holidays - - ..-.-..- . 0. ---e2nWeenke ns anemia ie -aseeks eae 677 Strength of ropes -..--.----------------. --- --- +--+ 2002-2002 -- = n-ne nnn 677 Mixture for cleaning a plow .- - .. «2 -242-.. 0-2-6002 020s ence cote sche enenen 677 Statistics of the principal crops and farm animals -.------.-----.------ 678 Imports and exports of agricu'tural products-.---......---.------------ 705 Average prices for imports and exports.-...-..-. .--..---...-----+-----+--- 718 Sugar statistics... ....B.....---- .22-00sa eves nnsoncse-seeeeeneneneaas=) MEE Tea, coffee, and liquors - .. --..-- 2.222. 2c cnn nnn ew nde nsenensanamaeocs= 723 Transportation rates .....------.-.--- +--+. 02. e nee enn cen nee e nn ne cene es 723 ELDUST RATIONS: PLATES. Page. Jeremiah M. Rusk (Secretary of Agriculture, 1889-1893) ..........--....-.--..------ Frontispiece. Puate L Fig. 1.—Library and chapel building, Massachusetts Agricultural College. Fig. 2.—College barn, Massachusetts Agricultural College--...--....--.----.-.---.-. G4 IL Fig. 1.—Machine shop, Michigan State Agricultural College. Fig. 2.—Printing office, Kansas State Agericalsural College ---< 2. iow coc eee es ccc cena neeoesewce 64 Ill. Fig. 1.—Main building and Morrill Hall, fowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Fig. 2.—Engineering building, Pennsylvania State College -- 64 IV. pee 1.—Class scoring pigs, Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic rts. Fig. 2.—Dairy bacteriology room, Iowa State College of Agriculture SUIE Gl AE ee ere ont = ces een 20 eae Saeco aces terceesnereaseeena, (OO Y. Fig. 1.—Chemical laboratory, Alabama Polytechnic Institute. Fig. 2.—Dairy Duilding, Cornell University, New York. . 12. .--. ..-2.0.-- 0 .-23-------------- 80 VL ef 1.—Townshend Hall, Ohio State University. Fig. 2.—Horticultural-physics PUES OMEVELSLEY OL WOBCOMEIN 9525. 58 22052 25 tote cues de oe sca eae ee ee nane 8) VII. ‘a 1.—A lesson in irrigation in horticultural-physics building, University of isconsin. Fig. 2.—Agricultural hall, University of California .......-.-..... 80 Ra en GH OGRO TICMpeSTes MUNDO) = a2 2 = oe ines wtheat Gece cee as fe eee Core ete Sea teen 92 IX. Fig. 1.—a, Tubercle culture just inoculated; 6, manner of transferring. Fig. 2.—First growth tubercle culture. Fig. 3.—Well-grown tubercle culture_.... 112 X. Fig. 1.—Band of sheep grazing on Cascade Range Forest Reserve, Wasco County, Oregon. Fig. 2.—Seven-year-old burn without reproduction, on Cascade Range Higtcs: Beserve. Wasco Uonnty, Oroepens. <2. 220 Stee oe wee lose e---, 1 el, ie 1.—Western Yellow Pine scarred at the base by fire, Hay Canyon, Black ills Forest Reserve, South Dakota. Fig. 2.—Timber ruined by fire scars many years after the fire, near Hill City, S. Dak., Black Hills Forest Reserve. 192 XI. Fig. 1.—Roots of Western Hemlock partly exposed by fire, Olympic Forest Re- serve, Washington. Fig. 2.—Mimneral soil laid bare by fire, with charred frag- esas of Douglas Fir (Red Fir), Lake Crescent, Olympic Mountains, Washing- tis le” Sa Oe ee i 2 SE eS Se ee. 1a en ee 2 XIII. ie. 1.—Charred stub of Douglas Fir (Yellow Fir), with young trees of Douglas ir (Red Fir) grown since the fire, Soleduc Valley, Olympic Forest Reserve, Washington. Fig. 2.—General view of old fire-killed stubs, Soleduc Valley, Olympic Forest Reserve, WVGEIUM PLO: ec cee ete cos Cea ee cece we ee ee XIV. Fig. 1.—Automatic kite reel, arranged for service. Fig. 2.—Kite meteoro- Prag oe) ec. SERRE ens wrens ee etc L i aa oes ie coe See eaene 204 mont Gut COMMON SORG- CALLEN DITOS —2 5-000 -s0 sheen Ser ee ce bec ckese beet owes eneece, , BA XVI. Millets: Common, Early Harvest, Germun, Golden Wonder, Hungarian, and Yosnoe so eliboy dr ste A Pe ee ee oo a eo en eee. XVII. Fig. 1.—New Siberian Millet. Fig. 2.—Japanese Barnyard Millet. Fig. 5.—Ger- man Millet growing in the grass garden of the Department of Agriculture, UV MG VERE DOTR SL) Oat oo ee eR BES ee eee Le Ss Se Rane Se oe ew chee, SAO XVIII. Eleven tons hauled by twenty horses over an ordinary road__-.........----.--..- 292 X1X. Eleven tons hauled by one horse over steel-track wagon road _....-..---.-.------ 292 XX. Fig. 1.—Horseless carriage propelled by electricity on steel-track wagon road. ig c.—1ne pteel trackas a-bieyele path 7-55. aoe eli. XXI. Fig. 1.—A group of White Oaks, Oakland, N. J. Fig. 2.—White and Black oaks UMC ROP G, MAIGIINe IN se Oa mn Fae = cue wowcte fo hee oe Shaan Seeker on teaceeue—, COL XXII. Fig. 1.—Black Oak, Oakland, N.J. Fig. 2.—Bliack Oak sprouts, about fifty years RE Ry: US eg 0 eS a ee ae ae XXIII. Fig. 1.—A group of Oaks, Oakland, N. J. Fig. 2.—Scattered Red Cedar on an ect Gas mrg Cs G OM OS ee a ie ee ee ee Re eee XXIV. Fig. 1.—An ideal gravel road in Soldiers’ Home grounds, Washington, D. C. Fig. 2.—United States object-lesson road at Geneva, N. Y_.-_._-. ._-.------ vr Geo XXYV. Fig. 1.—Surfacing a macadam road in Massachusetts. Fig. 2.—State road in PIRRTCUGO ULE noche ec e ah ene Ortee geen ban wo a Sete be cee chee cose neta ee XXVI. Improvement of sea island cotton by selection --.....-.._...-.-.--....------ et et 358 XXVII. Seeds of Klondike, sea island, and ordinary upland cotton - -..._.-.--..-...---..- 364 XXVIIL. Fig. 1.—Planting beach grass at Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Fig. 2.—Natural growth of beach grass at Cape Cod, Massachusetts... -.......-----..-- Jeane eee 405 XXIX. Fig. 1.—View at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, showing general appearance of the country. Fig.2.—View at Cape Cod, Massachus-tts, showing sand drifts bury- - Oy 2 TE Ree eee ig Sie oR aaa ees eo A eae XXX. ef? 1.—Saiid dune on the Pacific coast. Fig. 2.—Sand drifts along the Columbia eon orcmo:. on pench Orohanrd . 2.52.4 025206 ee ea ie ccccectee «13 XXXII. Fig. 1.—Angora kids. Fig. 2.—Going to pasture.....-.......--1...22 22-2 eee | XXXII. Fig. 1.—Young male goats, 8} months fleece. Fig. 1.—Female goats, 5 months ES. fhe teu ane Been ad Sek nanien Caeeas hse CU ne caneaetn acsccacan chunn cine” See XXXIUM. Seeds of Poas with impurities .........-............2..-.- So oer en eae 450 em Ve SeOLY GOO WG 166 TMPUPIVIOS .-....s Secs ocean co lek ts clean wcaeeecccctewct cee nescen | |= SBR co V..eed of orchard grass and ite impurities _ 2.2.22. 1..0 loc. lll. | 88 XXXVI, Seeds of Fescue and Brome grasses ..----- 22... 2-2. ne oe noe ene nnn eee eens -c------ 488 XXXVI. Fig. 1.—Seeds of Agrostis and Alopecurus with impurities. Fig. 2.—Seediings of creeping bent and Rhode Island bent... .... ...5.....0-....222-.ee----------- 498 Dee eve MO ARIE GE PON Us FOO so-so ccs oncsetge nabs eck Od woodacs ccmctcndccudadenncacseccvce 505 eo hs, A Ol AAAS sto och ace ood Una ae a peadeiaeckaks Ckwine sean Seca XL. Fig. 1.—Oats, barley, flax, potatoes, and clover grown by the Department of Agriculture at Sitka, Alaska, 1898. Fig. 2.—Silo, belonging to Baptist Orphan- gt TS a nS ee ee eee XLI. Fig. 1.—Cattle on Captain Feeney’s ranch, Kadiak, Alaska. Fig. 2.—Barn on Captain Feeney 's ranch, Kadiak, Alaska. ...- << i... 2... o..5 0.2. cc eee ccc... |=6R 7 ILLUSTRATIONS. TEXT FIGURES. Fic. Page. 1. Flying fox (Pteropus 8p.) \o22.<440.-22~-0 $7 2. Map showing spread of English spar- row in the United States...........- 99 3. Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) ....-----.-- 101 4. Mina ( Acridotheres tristis) ....-..-.... 103 5. Kohlmeise (Parus major)........---.-- 104 6. Chickadee (Parus atricapillus) -..-.--- 104 a. deDtTer DOTUUIG.. 5.2. seces Soles oe ware 123 8. Tobacco leaves damaged by Epitrix OPV occ ay aed ae oho 124 9. ‘Leaf spots of old tobacco leaf_-...---- 125 10. Northern tobacco worm, or ‘horn worm” (Protoparce celeus) -..------ 126 1l. Southern tobaceu worm (Protoparce Gy C1) Sn ea EE EE NRE 8 17 / 12. Southern tobacco worm dead and shriveled from bacterial disease -.. 128 13. Thetrue bud worm ( Heliothisrhexia). 132 14. False bud worm (Heliothisarmiger).-- 132 15. Work of full grown false bud worm... 183 16. Work of young false bud worm. .----- 133 17. Work of false bud worm in seed pods. 133 18. The “suck fly’ (Dicyphus mininus).- 135 19. Huschistus variolarius...........-.---- 137 A LODACCO SUUL WOM 2.2. s.s0n=s2ce—55--5 137 Sl. Work of Bplit worm... .+.-+225 40.440. 138 De ECR OTNUG SOUCIO cana a:00e dae dena ee 140 in MOTOSE UDSILON =~ s22~ 520-56 eared Sen 141 24. = pd BRUNET con comndsee Deepa os 141 25. The cabbage Plusia- =. 12 26. Mamestra legitima.....--..-----.-- « was ie Cn hrepe CAUACL. <-: 35 ssketadnesshs= sacs lee De AMO, CON PESUTIS Seaton ceo. sdaem ace 144 29. Work of cigarette beetle-.....-----.--- 145 30. The cigarette beetle.............---.-- 146 81. The drug-store beetle .......---.------ 148 32. Enlarged section of a Bartlett pear CHa) I ee ANE IL es ERT 168 33. Cluster of Bartlett pear blossoms -.-... 169 a4. Buds of Bartlett pear -_--..--..-.......- 170 35. Flower of the Bartlett pear---.-....---- 170 36. Bud of the Bartlett pear --.--.--.----- 170 37. Emasculated budofthe Bartlett pear. 171 38. Bartlett pear cross pollinated_-.-.---. lil 89. Self-pollinated Bartlett pear ---..---- - IR 40. Seeds from crossed and from self- polli- nated Bartlett pears...........--..--- 172 41. Section of an apple blossom. --....---- 173 42. Baldwin apple cross pollinated....-.-. 173 43, Large specimen of self-pollinated Bald- SPE MP lOsltce. oin ae sce dane eco se 174 44. Small specimen of self-pollinated Bald- MMMM. -utine coteke woavacionsucaante 174 45. Cocklebur (Xanthium canadense)....- 194 46. Tall ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) ..--.. 194 47. Fine-leaved sneezeweed (Helenium te- WE TATTUNE oo oresia oho a a weno Sous ee el PROD 48. Galinsoga (Galinsoga parviflora) 195 49. False ragweed (Iva xanthifolia) -- 196 50. Standard Weather Bureau kite. ---.--- 202 51. Standard Weather Bureau hand reel. 203 52. Automatic hand or steam reel housed. 205 53. Perspective view of a modern kite.... 208 Pee CSTE EYES = a ores 6 oo sne oeckapaew asm phe 55. Longitudinal corner spine.......------ 209 Di Ev OUN BUEUD. oon ncdacc cena nedknassano 210 Ba, Pires torm Of. bTidle. i caencevncens.vicces 211 58. Second form of bridle...........-..--s 211 59. Four common weeds, etc-.-.....-.---.-- 222 60. Weed seedscommonly eaten by birds. 228 61. Song sparrow (Melospiza fasciata)..-- 224 2. Goldfinch (Astragalinus tristis)....... 225 63. Dickcissel (Spiza americana) .......--. 227 64. Lark finch (Chondestes grammacus).. 228 65. Mourning dove (Zenaidura macroura) 231 66. Bruchus pisorum, adult beetle, ete.... 235 67. Bruchus pisorum, eggs on pod, etc.... 236 68. Bruchus obtectus, beetle, larva,ete.... 23% 69. Bruchus obtectus,beetlein profile, ete... 240 70. Bruchus obtectus, post-embryonic ROY 9G) O60) ends wo oa cncnan yunndeecnauaee 240 Ti, Bruchtis Chinen sis. .... > > suitable for pastures, lawns, woods, and sand are studied. Foreign > | fm] grasses are tried in congenial zones. Legumes are brought from abroad to meet peculiar conditions here. We have grass gardens in arid and semiarid regions, where varieties from similar conditions in the Old World are studied. The Department is endeavoring to find grasses and legumes for worn-out lands in the East and South, and binding grasses, to arrest sand drift, are getting attention. od ? > > = DIVISION OF BOTANY. The Division of Botany is at work to reduce our importations of the little things that have been costing us $8,000,000 annually. Western States are now growing chicory. In 1896 we imported 16,317,888 pounds; in 1898 we imported only 315,707 pounds of raw chicory. The farmers of Michigan, Nebraska, and other States will now furnish our supply. Ginseng is alsoa promising plant for cultivation. This Division will make tests to protect farmers and merchants against foul and fraudulently imported seeds, and test the importations of the Department before distribution. ECONOMIC CHEMISTRY. We are not giving economie chemistry the attention it deserves. We pay foreign countries very large sums for coal-tar products, for example, while we have skilled chemists, capital, and raw material in abundance at home. Our raw material is wasted along these lines, while we are content to buy abroad; we employ, indirectly, foreign chemists to work up for us foreign raw material. Attention to this by the law-making power will find the remedy. CROP STATISTICS. The reason for having a Division of Statisties is that it will collect and publish information regarding the condition, acreage, and tend- ency of production of the principal crops, and the number of farm 12 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. animals at home and abroad, so that the isolated producer may get notice of quantities and probable demand as soon as those who deal in these commodities. When this is well done, its value to the pro- ducer is inestimable. Strenuous efforts are being made to get the truth concerning production, and great care is taken to publish results for general information only. AGRICULTURE IN ALASKA. A practical scientist was sent to Alaska to select sites for experi- mental work—to test grains and grasses, legumes and vegetables, and study the possibilities of future production. He grew all of these crops with great success. Alaska will grow, along the coast, oats, barley, flax, rye, grasses, legumes, and vegetables of as good quality as many of our Northern States produce. All the conditions for mak- ing fine dairy products are favorable. We shall have the interior explored next summer, in order that its capacity to support population may be learned. ROAD INQUIRY. Good roads save time and expense. Steel rails are perhaps the coming material where hard rock is not convenient. EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The experiment stations are more effective than ever before. The annual appropriation by Congress of $720,000 is supplemented by $400,000 from the States, and the stations are doing more original work. The Department presents their results in Farmers’ Bulletins. The feeding of mankind is being studied in connection with State institutions, and information is distributed to form the basis of courses of instruction. All of our country west of the Missouri River is interested in irrigation, and facts are being collated regarding soil moisture, the supply and distribution of water, uniformity of laws and court decisions relating to irrigation, and the requirements of different crops in this regard. NATURE STUDY IN THE COMMON SCHOOLS. Congress endowed agricultural colleges that are revolutionizing methods of production. Nature studies, however, should be intro- duced into the common schools, so that the young farmer’s mind may be turned early to life-work studies. The teacher should get instrue- tion in the normal school or agricultural college. ANIMAL INDUSTRY. REMEDY FOR FEVER TICKS OF CATTLE, The Bureau of Animal Industry has continued its experiments in dipping cattle to destroy the fever ticks, and a substance has been found in which cattle may be dipped and which will destroy all the REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 13 ticks on an animal in a single dipping. This method has been in practical use for a short time only, and experiments are now in progress to perfect if, so that dipped cattle from the infected districts may be shipped north of the quarantine line during the entire year; heretofore they have been restricted by quarantine during ten months of the year. The value of this measure is beyond computation, both to the stockmen south of the quarantine line and to the cattle feeders and grain producers north of it. Demand is increasing at home and abroad for fine beef, and this discovery is destined to remove one of the impediments to its production. REMEDY FOR HOG CHOLERA. The Bureau has continued experimentation with antitoxin serum for the prevention and cure of hog cholera. Congress, at its last ses- sion, made an appropriation for this work, which became available at the beginning of the present fiscal year. Buildings were erected at our experiment station, and animals purchased to make the serum in sufficient quantities to conduct extensive research. The results of the previous year have been corroborated. Eighty per cent of the animals treated were saved, while a like per cent of the check herds not treated died. This justifies the Department in efforts to supply in future to herdsmen throughout the country such serum as can be made. It is for Congress to determine whether serum shall be given free or a charge be made covering the expense of manufacture, which would be about 15 cents for each animal. EMERGENCY APPROPRIATION. The nature of the work in the Department is such that future requirements can not all be anticipated specifically in an appropria- tion bill. Urgent needs of producers call for expenditures in special directions through some of our scientific Divisions; the sudden appear- ance of a bacteriological or insect pest; investigation of animal or crop conditions in some section of the country; inquiry into condi- tions in foreign countries where we sell or with whom we compete; assistance to a struggling scientist to complete work of general agri- cultural interest; exploration by scientists of islands coming into the possession of the United States, and such like, suggest the wisdom of appropriating a lump sum to be used by the Secretary of Agriculture, subject to the laws regarding vouchers and auditing. INSPECTION OF FOREIGN GOODS. There is an evident necessity for the inspection of many articles imported from foreign countries that contain substances injurious to the public health. The Department chemists are doing work along this line which suggests a more comprehensive inquiry. At present the Department buys samples for analysis in the open market. It 14 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. may be necessary, where there is ground for suspicion and a necessity for the identification of source, to open packages at ports of entry, as it is proposed in foreign countries to do with our exports in certain cases. BUTTER SHIPMENTS. The experimental exports of butter by this Department to Great ‘Britain, which were commenced in the spring of 1897 and partially reported upon a year ago, were continued until the close of the active creamery year of 1897 and resumed at the opening of the season of 1898 upon an enlarged seale. Without anticipating the results of the present (or second) season of these trial exports, it can now be confidently stated that much additional information has been obtained in the line desired, and a decided gain is evident in the favorable impression made by butter of the first quality from creameries in the United States upon the best class of the butter trade in London and Manchester. a THE DEPARTMENT LIBRARY. The books of the late Prof. F. von Baur, of Munich, have been added to the collection on forestry in the Department Library, mak- ing that collection very complete. The total number added during the year was nearly 5,000, bringing the whole number of volumes in the Library close to 65,000. This forms one of the largest collections of books on agricultural topies in the world. The Library is constantly used in the investigations conducted by the scientific Divisions, and is kept up to date in its various branches by the purchase and addition of the latest standard publications relat- ing to matters in which the Department is interested. It is also used to a considerable extent by persons not connected with the Depart- ment, especially by teachers in the public schools and by students in the science classes of the various educational institutions of the city. EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS. The distribution of young plants to various parts of the country was continued during the year, reaching a total of nearly 190,000, including bulbs. Among these were olive, fig, and camphor plants and cuttings. Attention is called to the fact that the growing of rub- ber plants even in the most favorable localities of Florida can hardly be commercially successful. The propagation of plants for general distribution has been con- tinued, resulting in the accumulation of many thousands of plants of various kinds, PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1900. Congress has imposed upon the Secretary of Agriculture the duty of preparing for the Paris Exposition in 1900 an exhibit covering the ee ee eee SC SUC REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 15 agricultural resources of the United States (Groups VII, VIII, and X—Agriculture, Horticulture, and Food Products). I am fully alive to the importance to American agriculture of this opportunity to enlarge the knowledge and appreciation of the people of the Old World of the extent and variety of the products which the bounty of nature enables the American farmer to draw from Earth’s prolific bosom. The first steps have been taken after consultation and in cooperation with the Commissioner-General, and every effort will be made to see that American agriculture is properly represented at this great celebration. Should the appropriations already provided prove inadequate, I feel confident Congress will not hesitate to enlarge them rather than to have this important exhibit lacking in any single respect. PRACTICABILITY OF EXPORTING DAIRY PRODUCTS. - Owing to better home demand for dairy products, it is not commer- cially profitable to send butter to Europe at the present time. The home demand for our best butters absorbs the supply. This is not always the case, however, and the Department regards it wise to obtain for dairymen all the facts relating to the export of this article to the several commercial centers of both continental and insular Europe. For this purpose the Department sent an agent to Paris to ascertain what encouragement there would be to ship butter to that point. It was found that no line of steamers sailing direct from the United States to French ports could furnish refrigerator space, and so shipments could not be made during the heated period. An agent was also sent to Hamburg, to ascertain for our people what the facts are regarding customs duties, as well as prohibitions and other diffi- culties that might meet exporters of butter to that country. Our finest butter can be profitably made and sent to both France and Germany whenever the home supply is greater than the home demand for first-class goods. The American farmer is selling cheap grains and mill feeds to European dairymen, who meet usin European markets with products made from raw material furnished by us. There is every reason to believe that the tendency is growing within our own country toward the consumption of grains and mill feeds at home, exporting the higher-priced products of skill. As our pro- ducers manufacture more and more on the farm and the great volume of raw materials is turned into the higher-selling articles, we can furnish fine dairy products to European countries at a lower rate than they can be produced under European conditions on dearer lands and with dearer feeds. The trade in American farm products is growing in the China seas. Scientific inquiry into the principles that underlie the making of fine dairy products is preparing our people to furnish butter in condition to be exported in air-tight packages, so that they will remain sweet for long periods in tropical countries. In order that markets may be 16 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. opened up in Japan, China, and other countries of the Pacific Ocean, an agent is now in that region establishing agencies to which the Department will make trial shipments with a view to ascertaining all the facts for the benefit of the dairymen. INSPECTION OF DAIRY PRODUCTS. The existing system of Government inspection and certification of meats and meat products for export may be extended (with suitable modifications) to include butter, cheese, and condensed milk for export from the United States. The combined efforts of the Government and of commercial enter- prise may succeed in the early establishment of a high reputation for American butter in desirable foreign markets. But as soon as accom- plished, this becomes liable to be destroyed by the cupidity of those who, trading on this reputation, flood the same market with butter of low grade, yet still entitled to export and sale as ‘‘ produce of the United States.” This will disgust merchants and consumers alike and reverse the reputation of our butter, just as the fine market in Great Britain for our cheese was recently ruined by the quantity of low-grade and counterfeit cheese which was exported without being marked to show its true character. The remedy seems to lie in extending and adapting the provisions of law regarding the inspection of meats exported from this country so as to make them apply to butter and cheese. The brandsof ‘‘pure butter” and ‘‘full-cream cheese” should then be affixed by United States inspectors to such products only as are of a fixed minimum standard of quality. Such precautions, duly legalized and properly executed, would place the good butter and cheese of this country in foreign markets under the identifying label and guaranty of the United States Government, leaving similar merchandise of lower grade to find a place for itself, upon its own merits. It should be borne in mind that dairy products of Denmark and Canada, which are the chief competitors of the United States in the markets of Great Britain, bear the inspection certificate and guaranty of quality from their respective Governments, and thereby maintain a great commercial advantage. Such a system of inspection is much desired by the most reliable exporters, and the proposition has met with decided approval wherever considered by fair-minded, interested parties. NATURE-TEACHING IN THE COMMON SCHOOLS. There is growing interest in education that relates to production. All classes of intelligent people favor it. Congress endowed colleges to teach it, and progress is being made, but not so rapidly as the growth of our country demands. More knowledge concerning what REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 17 the farmer deals with every day would enable him to control condi- tions, produce more from an acre, and contribute more to the general welfare. The education of our people in common school, high school, and college has not been designed to prepare them for producing from the soil, excepting the very few who have found their way into our agricultural colleges. It is evident to educators in agricultural science that elementary study should be introduced into the common schools to give direction early in life. Agriculture, horticulture, forestry, gardening, and landscaping are delightful studies that attract people in all walks of life, but there is enough to be learned regarding each of these to require the devotion of a lifetime. The colleges and experiment stations endowed by the . Federal Government provide for training along this line for longer or shorter periods at the institutions of the several States and Territories designed for this purpose; but while encouraging progress has been made in building up courses in these institutions that teach the sciences relating to production, instruction before going to college and after graduation is lacking. Nothing is being done in most of the common schools of the States to cultivate a taste for and lead the mind to inquire into and store up facts regarding nature, so that the young farmer may be directed into the path that leads to education concerning his future life work. The great prerequisite is the education of the teacher. Most of the States have institutes where teachers are required to assemble for instruction in their work; there they should be met by lecturers from the agricultural colleges who may be qualified to outline methods of nature studies in the common schools. The normal schools of the States could give courses of instruction along these lines to those who are fitting themselves for teaching in the high schools, so that instrue- tion of a more advanced character might be given their graduates, preparing them for and inclining them toward, the agricultural college. PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS IN NATURE TEACHING UNDER STATE AUTHORITY. In New York, the College of Agriculture of Cornell University has a special State appropriation of $25,000 per annum to be used in aid- ing the introduction of nature teaching into the common schools and the carrying on of simple agricultural experiments in different parts of the State. The plan followed has been to employ experts in the different sciences to prepare brief leaflets containing lessons on dif- ferent subjects for the use of teachers in the common schools. These leaflets are distributed to teachers throughout the State, and there has been such a !arge demand for them from teachers in other States that arrangements have been made to sell them at a nominal price. The professors and other agents of the university attend meetings. of teachers from time to time, to explain the scope of this work and to 1 A98 2 18 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. show the teachers how to earry out simple instruction on nature topics. Many of these leaflets relate directly to agricultural subjects. For example, in one leaflet the teacher is instructed to have the chil- dren plant squash seeds, take some of them up at intervals to learn how the seeds germinate, and watch what happens to the little plants as they grow. At another time the children are encouraged to plant little gardens and carefully watch some of the things that grow in them; or they study some insect which preys upon fruit, or make col- lections of the insects about their homes, or watch them to see whether they are doing things good or bad for the farmer. This movement has rapidly increased in popularity, and the leaflets are used in many city schools as well as in those in the country. Hundreds of simple experiments with fertilizers on potatoes have been carried on in differ- ent parts of the State with some of the money above referred to. For carrying on all this work the university has employed its teaching force and a small corps of special agents and clerks. In Indiana, Purdue University has undertaken a similar work, though its funds have not permitted it to make this very extensive. A number of leaflets have been prepared by different members of the faculty and have been sent out to teachers throughout the State. In a number of other States nature teaching has been introduced into the common schools, but for the most part in the schools in the larger towns and cities, where there were teachers who had had some train- ing in natural science. As a result of the widespread interest on this subject, teachers’ manuals and text-books for instruction in this branch are being prepared. Without doubt the greatest difficulties in this matter are to over- come the conservatism of local boards managing the country schools and to get competent teachers. FACILITIES OF THE DEPARTMENT FOR POST-GRADUATE INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. George Washington, by his will, left property to be devoted to university education in the District of Columbia. There is no uni- versity in the land where the young farmer may pursue post-graduate studies in all the sciences relating to production. The scientific Divi- sions of the Department of Agriculture can, to some extent, provide post-graduate facilities. Our chiefs of Divisions are Very proficient in their lines; our apparatus the best obtainable; our libraries the most complete of any in the nation. We can direct the studies of a few bright young people in each Division, and when the Department requires help, as it often does, these young scientists will be obtainable. They should be graduates of agricultural colleges and come to the Department of Agriculture through a system of examination that would bring the best and be fair to all applicants. The eapacity of the Department is limited, but something can be done that will indi- cate to Congress the value of the plan. The Department often needs REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 19 assistants to take the place of those who are tempted to accept higher salaries in State institutions. The opening of our laboratories to post-graduate work would provide an eligible list from which to fill vacancies as they occur, supply temporary agents, and be a source from which State institutions might get assistants in scientific lines. INVESTIGATION OF AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES OF INSULAR DEPENDENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES. In the territories recently brought under the control of the United States Government the agricultural interests urgently call for atten- tion by this Department. While in all countries the agricultural industry is admittedly of the first importance, this is especially true of Hawaii and the West India Islands, which depend almost exclu- sively for their prosperity upon their agricultural productions. It behooves the Department to place itself at the earliest moment pos- sible in a position to extend to the agriculturists of those territories which have, or may, come under the United States flag, the services and benefits which it renders to the farmers of the United States. The increased trade relations which may be looked for between the United States and its insular dependencies, moreover, render the con- ditiors of agriculture in the latter and the character and extent of their productions matters of profound interest to the people of the United States. In the interest of our own agriculture, not only must the agricultural resources of these islands then be studied closely and intelligently, but the dangers which threaten agriculture in these territories in the form of plant diseases or insect pests must be made the subject of special investigation with a view to providing agriculture there with preventive or remedial agencies, and also to securing our own agriculture from the possibility of their introduction into this country. It is urgently necessary, therefore, that Congress should as speedily. as possible provide a sufficient fund for the use of this Department in making such investigations as may be necessary into the agricultural resources and conditions in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines. WEATHER BUREAU. The presence of more than two hundred naval and transport ves- sels belonging to the United States in West Indian waters made it apparent during the latter part of the fiscal year that the methods of gathering information of the approach of West Indian hurricanes were wholly inadequate. The safety of the fleet during the time of severe atmospheric disturbances made it imperatiye that precaution- ary measures should be taken at once. OBSERVATION STATIONS IN WEST INDIES AND ON CARIBBEAN SEA, A bill was therefore drafted and submitted to Congress June 16, 1898, authorizing the establishment and operation of observation 20 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. stations throughout the West Indies and along the shores of the Caribbean Sea. The provisions of the measure were incorporated in the general deficiency bill, but did not become law until after the close of the fiscal year. Arrangements had already been made, however, to establish sta- tions for making meteorological observations and displaying hurricane signals at Kingston, Santiago de Cuba, Santo Domingo, St. Thomas, -Barbados, Dominica, Trinidad, Curagao, and Barranquilla. When the West Indian service is fully established twice-daily reports will be received, not only from the stations named, but also from Habana, Nassau, Vera Cruz, Tampico, Coatzacoaleos, and Merida. Although the primary object of the extension of the storm-warning system to the West Indies was the protection of our large naval force, other considerations of great importance make it a wise and benefi- eent undertaking, and the improved storm-warning service will largely benefit the commercial interests throughout the West Indies. The Central Meteorological and Magnetic Observatory of Mexico has begun the equipment of about thirty stations in the Mexican Republic, with the most approved meteorological instruments, and will establish a meteorological service similar to our own. When com- pleted, an exchange of reports, especially those relating to the approach of West Indian hurricanes and ‘‘northers” in the Gulf of Mexico, will be effected. NEW STATIONS IN ARID AND SUBARID REGIONS. Congress last session made an appropriation for the purpose of increasing the number of stations in the arid and subarid regions of the country, and provision has already been made to establish stations at Kalispel, Mont.; Boise, Idaho; Mount Tamalpais, Cal.; Flagstaff, Ariz., and Fort Worth, Tex. Additional stations will soon be located at Meridian, Miss.; Macon, Ga.; Lexington, Ky.; Elkins, W. Va.; Evansville, Ind., and Escanaba, Mich. These additional stations, besides assisting in the development of agricultural and industrial interests in the States in which they are located, will be of material benefit in improving the warnings and forecasts, especially for the regions west of the Rocky Mountains. AERIAL OBSERVATIONS. Aerial observations by means of kites were continued during the year. It was hoped to establish at least twenty stations, but it was found that only sixteen could be completely equipped. The observers chosen for the work were called to Washington and given a practical course of instruction in the art of flying and managing kites. It is too early to express an opinion regarding the value of the observa- tions already secured in the aerial work of the Bureau. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 21 LAKE CHARTS FOR VESSEL MASTERS. To increase the usefulness of the Bureau in the Great Lake region, a monthly chart was issued showing the lake ports at which storm warnings are displayed, the localities in ports where information respecting the weather can be obtained, the regions of fog, the pre- vailing winds, and other statistical information respecting the wind and weather on the lakes. LOSSES TO FARM PROPERTY BY LIGHTNING. The Bureau has begun the collection of statistics of loss to farm property, including live stock in the fields, by lightning, so as to determine the frequency of lightning stroke and the amount of prop- erty destroyed annually by that agency. EFFICIENCY OF THE BUREAU. The efficiency of the Bureau was fully equal to the high standard of the previous year. Four hurricanes which visited the Atlantic and Gulf coasts during the fall were duly announced. The most severe of these storms was that of October 25 to 26, which moved slowly from off the Florida coast to the vicinity of Hatteras. It there increased greatly in intensity, and caused violent northeast gales along the eoast as far north as New England. Owing to the duration of the storm in the vicinity of Hatteras, the Bureau was enabled to make a definite prediction with regard to the tide at Norfolk, Va., where, owing to the low level of the city, much valuable property is liable to damage by inundation. Cotton and other property valued at $850,000 were removed to places of safety. As a result of the warnings issued for this storm, between 800 and 900 vessels remained in port along the Atlantic coast. During the prevalence of one of three severe storms which passed from the interior to the eastern seaboard during November, 1897, the steamer Jdaho, with 19 of her crew of 21, was lost on Lake Erie. This vessel, disregarding the warnings of the Weather Bureau, left Buffalo during the afternoon of the 5th in the face of storm signals which had been flying since daybreak. A remarkably violent wind and snow storm swept over eastern New York and New England January 31 and February 1, 1898. The great- est violence of the storm was felt along the New England coast, where nearly two score mariners lost their lives and many vessels were wrecked. Warnings of this storm were sent out the morning of the 3lst and given the widest possible circulation. Early in January and February, 1898, forecasts of freezing weather in Florida were made in time to enable the residents of that State to protect their early vegetables and fruit trees. Similar notices were given regarding unusually low temperature in California. 22 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. There were five important floods during the year, and but. for the timely warnings given by the Bureau the losses would have been much greater than they were. Forecasts and warnings were at all times distributed with the utmost dispatch, and the daily press has not only greatly contributed to the suecess that has attended our efforts in circulating forecasts, but has rendered valuable aid in disseminating special warnings of . eold waves, storm winds, frosts, ete. There has been a great improvement in the instrumental equipment of the Bureau, and no other similar territory in the world is covered with such a complete equipment of instruments, recording climatic and meteorologic phenomena. CLIMATE AND CROP SERVICE IN ALASKA. An agricultural experiment station having been established in Alaska in April, 1898, an official of the Weather Bureau was sent there to organize a climate and crop service. The central station is located at Sitka, and continuous registers of wind velocity, sunshine, temperature, and pressure will be made there. TELEGRAPH SERVICE. At one time the Federal Government owned and operated about 5,000 miles of seacoast and frontier telegraph lines. In 1891, 633 miles of these lines, mainly on the seacoast, were turned over to the Weather Bureau. These lines enable the Bureau to receive early information of changes in weather at exposed points on the coast, to display storm warnings near several of the great highways of vessels eitering or leaving our ports, and also to contribute largely to the safety of vessels navigating our coasts. STUDY OF METEOROLOGY. The importance of the study of meteorology in the United States has been kept in mind, especially in the assignment of observers to duty at points where there are colleges or universities not already provided with instructors in meteorology, and during the past year the courses in meteorology have been strengthened in a large number of high schools and academies. NEED OF AN ASSISTANT CHIEF. Almost the entire time of the Chief of the Weather Bureau has during the year been consumed in executive work, leaving him but little time to attend to other duties. That work is constantly inereas- ing; therefore I recommend that an assistant chief of the Weather Bureau be provided for. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 23 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. MEAT INSPECTION. The Bureau maintains a system of thorough inspection of meat products at one hundred and thirty-five abattoirs in thirty-five cities. This is an increase of seven abattoirs and two cities over the fiscal year 1897. The work done has greatly exceeded any former year, especially in the matter of pork products. This necessitated a large increase in the force of employees, who were obtained through examination by the Civil Service Commission. Their service has been efficient and satisfactory. From the tables furnished by the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry it is learned that during the year there were 9,228,237 ante- mortem inspections of cattle, 10,028,287 of sheep, 468,199 of calves, and 31,610,675 of hogs, making a total of 51,335,398 inspections. This is a total gain over 1897 of 9,025,291 animals, divided as follows: Cat- tle, 1,178,212; sheep, 1,985,932; calves, 19,216; hogs, 6,043,931. The condemnations at abattoirs were 104 cattle, 741 sheep, 67 calves, and 9,679 hogs—a total of 10,591. The rejections in stock yards were 27,491 cattle, 9,594 sheep, 2,459 calves, and 66,061 hogs—a total of 105,585. The number of condemned animals at abattoirs was 3,275 fewer than in 1897, and the number rejected in stock yards was 27,247 greater. These differences show the careful work of the officials in detecting disease previous to the slaughter of the animals. The records for the post-mortem work show 4,433,181 inspections of cattle, 5,501,675 of sheep, 245,155 of calves, and 20,936,840 of hogs. Of the carcasses condemned, 10,018 were of cattle, 3,567 of Sheep, 344 of calves, and 77,579 of hogs; and of the parts of ear- casses condemned, 12,591 were of cattle, 287 of sheep, 52 of calves, and 35,250 of hogs. In addition to the above there were killed by city inspectors 1,785 cattle, 1,509 sheep, 192 calves, and 14,698 hogs which had been rejected in the stock yards by officers of the Bureau of Animal Industry. The meat-inspection tag, or brand, was placed on 14,815,753 quar- ters and 968,014 pieces of beef, 5,448,477 carcasses of sheep, 217,010 carcasses of calves, 680,876 carcasses of hogs, and 394,563 sacks of pork. The meat-inspection stamp was affixed to 4,433,569 packages of beef products, 5,163 packages of mutton, and 10,145,048 packages of hog products, of which 374,131 contained microscopically-examined pork. The number of cars sealed containing inspected meat for shipment to packing houses and other places was 18,631. There were issued 35,267 certificates for meat products which had received the ordinary inspection; these covered exports compris- ing 1,256,716 quarters, 67,120 pieces, and 735,814 packages of beef, 24 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. weighing 339,650,091 pounds; 5,163 packages of mutton, weighing 324,996 pounds; 39,212 hog carcasses and 653,564 packages of pork, weighing 244,956,482 pounds. The cost of this work was $409,158.09, which makes an average of 0.8 cent for each of the 51,335,398 ante-mortem inspections, besides covering all the subsequent work of post-mortem inspection, tagging, stamping, ete. The cost of inspection has been growing gradually less year by year. The average cost per head was 4} cents in 1895, 1$ cents in 1894, 1.1 cents in 1895, 0.95 cent in 1896, and 0.91 cent in 1897. The number of animals inspected before slaughter is shown in the statement below. The figures for 1897 are given also as a means of comparison. Animals inspected before slaughter for abattoirs, 1897 and 1898. Fiscal year. Cattle. | Calves. Sheep. Hogs. Total. “hp TM. = aS I ge og SE ee eee 4,289, 058:| 259,930 | 5,179,643 | 16,813,181 | 26,541,812 “oe a RDS porta tees. Merrie rs La 4,552,919 | 241,092 | 5,706,092 | 20,713,863 | 31,213, 966 Withonte, 1.048 2.8. Oe) 263,861 | 118,848 | 526,449 | 3,900,682 | 4, 672, 154 1 Decrease. MICROSCOPIC INSPECTION OF PORK. The examination of pork and pork products shows that better results are obtained by making the inspection in the eareass than when samples from cured meat are examined. The following table shows this fact quite clearly: Comparison of inspections from carcasses and from pieces. Samples. From carcasses. From pieces. Number. | Per cent.| Number.| Per cent. Risser eee eek econ ot eat Spas teh tes eee 1, $92, 131 98.148 |} 864,042 98. 747 Ce ee Ae ee ee eee ee ee 15, 729 . 816 5, 064 .579 lS Ae Se eee a ee eee Bee co ey ee Re 19,978 1. 086 5, 902 . 674 The samples of pork submitted for microscopic examination were classified as follows: Class A, samples in which no sign of trichinz, living or dead, or calcified cysts are found; Class B, samplesin which degenerate trichinz cysts are found, but in which the body of the parasite is not recognizable; Class C, samples in which recognizable bodies, living or dead, of trichine are found. All hogs belonging to the latter class must be condemned and disposed of according to sec- tion 20 of the regulations dated June 14, 1895, The number of certificates issued for microscopically examined pork REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 25 was 20,158, covering shipments aggregating 375,366 packages, weigh- ing 120,271,659 pounds. Of this quantity, 698 packages, weighing 161,303 pounds, were exported to countries not exacting a certificate of microscopie inspection. The cost of microscopic inspection was $171,040.94, an average per specimen examined of 6.1 cents, or an average of 0.142 cent for each pound exported. This cost per pound for the inspection of pork shows a remarkable reduction from the cost in 1897, when it was 0.256 cent. The cost in 1896 was 0.264 cent; in 1895, 0.2 cent; in 1894, 0.248 cent. The microscopically inspected pork for 1898 reached the enormous amount of 120,271,659 pounds. Only 161,303 pounds of this went to countries not requiring inspection. In 1897, 45,572,555 pounds of pork were inspected microscopically, 1,001,783 pounds of which went to countries not requiring inspection. These figures show that coun- tries requiring inspection received from us in 1898, 120,110,256 pounds of pork, as against 42,570,572 in 1897—an increase of 77,559,784 pounds. It is worthy of note here that the amount of pork microscopically inspected in 1898 exceeded the total amount of the three previous years by 18,705,906 pounds. The number of samples examined increased 49 per cent over last year, the expense increased 53 per cent, and the exports increased 176 per cent. INSPECTION OF VESSELS AND OF ANIMALS FOR EXPORT. The number of inspections of American cattle for export was 859,346, and 1,438 head were rejected; 297,719 inspections of Ameri- can sheep were made and 180 head rejected. The number of Cana- dian cattle inspected was 19,597, of which 5 were rejected; 29,497 Canadian sheep were inspected and 38 of them were rejected. The number of clearances of vessels carrying live stock was 971, as against 954 in 1897. Inspectors of the Bureau of Animal Industry in Great Britain inspected cattle from the United States to the number of 381,420 and sheep to the number of 151,863; cattle from Canada, 17,164; sheep from Canada, 27,912. This shows an increase of 20,898 cattle and a decrease of 9,408 sheep when compared with the report for 1897. The number of head of cattle lost in transit in 1897 was 2,323, or 0.61 per cent, as against 907 head or 0.23 per cent for this year. The number of sheep lost in transit in 1897 was 2,676, or 1.59 per cent, as against 1,618, or 0.89 per cent, for this year. The cost of the inspection of export animals, the supervision of Southern cattle transportation, and the inspection of animals imported from Mexico was $101,210.55. It is estimated that half of this expense is on account of the export inspection, and, with this as a basis, the cost of inspecting the 548,419 domestic cattle and sheep exported was 26 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. $50,605.28, or 9.2 cents per head. The number of inspections made of these animals in this country was 1,157,065, and in Great Britain 533,283, making a total of 1,690,348, the average cost of each inspec- tion being 2.99 cents. Following is a statement showing the inspection of domestic cattle and sheep for export, and number exported for 1898, compared with 1897: Inspections and exports of domestic cattle and sheep, 1897 and 1898. Cattle. Sheep. Year. Number Number Number - of i exported. | © jDSP©° | exported. MRE ro aa nas noe sb ero eee eee 348, 108 184, 596 BOG. eS 25 Bee Hi Sho ic 3 is ee ee : 297, 719 147, 907 Increase (++) or decrease (—) — 50,389 — 36, 689 SOUTHERN CATTLE INSPECTION. During the quarantine season of 1897 there were received and yarded in the quarantine division of the various stock yards 35,317 cars, containing 972,224 cattle; the number of cars cleaned and disin- fected was 35,280. In the noninfected area in Texas 225,096 cattle were inspected for the identification of brands, prior to removal to other States for grazing. INSPECTION OF IMPORTED ANIMALS. The number of animals imported from Mexico and inspected at the ports of entry along the boundary line comprised 177,772 cattle, 64,207 sheep, 104 swine, and 3,053 goats. There were imported from Canada for slaughter, milk production, grazing, feeding, etc., and not subject to quarantine detention, 79,907 cattle, 184,352 sheep, 374 swine, 2,998 horses, 2 goats, 8 mules, 1 deer, and 6 buffalo, of which 385 cattle, 6,867 sheep, and 217 swine were for breeding purposes. INSPECTION OF HORSES AND HORSE PRODUCTS. The appropriation bill for the fiseal year 1899 contains a provision ‘‘that live horses and the carcasses and products thereof be entitled to the same inspection as other animals, careasses, and products thereof” named in the bill. Two abattoirs have so far been estab- lished, one at Linnton, Oreg., and one at Brighton, Mass. The latter has been in operation but a fewdays. The former commenced opera- tions on August 1, and during that month 721 horses were inspected, 88 of which were condemned. In September there were 905 inspec- tions and 33 condemnations. The percentage of condemned animals REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 27 is large, and is an indication that no mistake is made in extending inspection to horses. These abattoirs slaughter horses exclusively. Regulations are being formulated for the inspection of live horses for export. It is believed such inspection will stimulate the demand abroad for our horses, especially in England, where the question of inspection of American horses has already been discussed to some extent. PAYMENT FOR MICROSCOPIC INSPECTION. While the work at the abattoirs becomes more thoroughly systema- tized from year to year and the cost of inspection per pound of meat has become gradually less, the great extension of the work necessa- rily increases the total expenditures. The question as to whether the Government should continue to pay the cost of this inspection, or whether the expense should be borne by the slaughterers, is one which, in my opinion, ought to receive early consideration. As bear- ing upon this feature of the question, I quote from my report for 1897: While I believe the general inspection of meat for sanitary purposes should be made by the Government, without charge to the slaughterers, the microscopic inspection to a great extent is a commercial inspection, and the cost of it could be more legitimately assessed against the trade which it benefits. If the packers paid the cost of the inspection there would be no longer any reason for declining to extend it to all who apply for it. EXPERIMENTS WITH HOG CHOLERA. The experiments conducted in the fall of 1897 upon hog cholera and swine plague proved so encouraging that Congress made a special appropriation for the purpose of continuing the work. The bill was late in passing, and further time was consumed in making the neces- sary preparations to carry on the work on a sufficiently practical scale. Material to inject about 1,000 animals was sent to the agent of the Bureau of Animal Industry in Iowa, where the first test is being made, and reports already received indicate that about 80 per cent of the animals treated were saved, while in the check herds barely 20 per cent were saved. On account of the time required to secure a supply of this serum, the quantity so far produced has not been adequate to give suflicient data upon which to base definite conclusions; but the results so far obtained are gratifying indeed, and it isdeemed advisable to continue the work another year. The production of serum is being steadily increased, and in a short time a large and regular output will be assured. It remains only to test the remedy upon a sufficient scale and to perfect the method of procedure. A graye question now presents itself in connection with this sub- ject. Irefer to the manufacture of the serum in quantities sufficient to supply the prospective demand. The necessity for its manufacture 28 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. without the temptation inseparable from purely commercial under- takings to cheapen the product is manifest. It is obviously of the utmost importance that this serum should be produced of the requisite strength and purity until the efficacy of the treatment is thoroughly understood and appreciated and a reliable standard is established, as in the case of other remedial agents, and the interest of the publie demands that this discovery, having been made by public officials at publie expense, should not be diverted to private profit. It must be supplied for the benefit of all at a minimum of cost; and, under the circumstances, I can see no alternative but that the manufacture should be continued under Government control, at least for some years to come. TUBERCULOSIS. The study of tubereulosis, with reference to both men and animais, has been continued, and the results so far obtained indicate that experiments already begun in this line should be continued, as there is a prospect of more satisfactory results. TEXAS FEVER. Experiments in dipping eattle to kill the ticks which eause Texas fever were continued, with the gratifying result that a substance has been found which will destroy all the ticks on an animal at a single dipping. In order to test the experiment on a large seale, about a thousand head of cattle were dipped at Fort Worth, Tex., and thence shipped to northern Illinois and placed in pastures with susceptible cattle. The ticks were all killed by the dipping and the cattle did not communicate the fever to the susceptible cattle. An equal num- ber were dipped at Mammoth Spring, Ark., with equally successful results. The importance of this measure can hardly be overestimated, and prominent stockmen consider that it is worth millions of dollars, both to cattle raisers below the quarantine line and to the feeders and grain producers north of the line. These encouraging results have led to a demand for dipping sta- tions at many other points, and arrangements are now being made for perfecting the dipping process and for securing the establishment of such stations before the next quarantine season at points convenient for shipment and inspection. INVESTIGATION IN BLACKLEG,. The demand for blackleg vaccine has increased very much during the year. More than 325,000 doses have been sent out. The results received from its use indicate that the percentage of loss in herds has been reduced from 10 to 20 per cent to less than 1 per cent. This means not only an immense saving to cattle raisers, but, if generally used, will tend to eradicate the disease completely. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 29 DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. The Division of Chemistry during the past year has continued its work on the composition and adulteration of foods. An elaborate bulletin, treating of the composition of cereals and all cereal products, represents the results of the principal amount of work in this diree- tion. Another bulletin is devoted to the composition and uses of Indian corn, and this bulletin was prepared especially for presenta- tion at the Third International Congress of Applied Chemistry in Vienna, which met in July, 1898. The bulletin has proved of such interest to Europeans that permission has been asked for its transla- tion both into Italian and French. OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS. The cooperation of the Division with the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists has continued with mutual benefit. As a result of the systematic study of methods of investigation of soils, fertilizers, and agricultural products, the United States has now a uniform method of research, everywhere practiced and recognized as official by both trade chemists and the courts of justice. European nations have been impressed with the value of this cooperative work, and are now organizing similar associations. In view of these facts, the propriety of recognizing in some official way the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists is evident. Congress should enact some special recognition of this association, so as to establish more fully its official character and render its proceedings more valuable, not only in scientific matters, but also in the courts. STREET SWEEPINGS, ETC. The importance of disposing of street sweepings, garbage, and other refuse of cities has engaged the attention of the Division, and a econ- siderable degree of progress was made in studying the agricultural value of these matters. STUDY OF TYPICAL SOILS. In the study of typical soils in the vegetation house it has been developed that meteoric influences other than those relating to pre- cipitation have a great influence on crop production. The solar influences are evidently of great importance, and the distribution of solar heat is a factor not to be neglected. Excessive or deficient temperatures at critical stages of the growth of a crop are factors of prime importance in final products. COOPERATIVE WORK. The Division has been engaged in important cooperative work with the Treasury Department and other Departments of the Government. 30 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The Chemist was appointed, with my approval, by the Secretary of the Treasury, chairman of a commission charged with the work of preparing the regulations for determining the amount of duty to be collected on imported sugars. The commission also instituted a series of investigations in the several ports of entry to investigate the man- ner in which the regulations were carried out. The Chemist, as a member of the international commission for unifying methods of sugar analysis, presented at the Vienna congress an important con- tribution in regard to this desirable agreement. A further cooperation of the Division with the Treasury Depart- ment resulted in obtaining data in the examinations which were con- ducted of a character that served to save the Treasury a very large sum of money claimed as rebates under a provision of the law per- mitting the repayment of taxes collected on alcohol which was used in certain arts. Important cooperation of the Division was also secured in connection with the Post-Office, State, and War Depart- ments. The Division of Chemistry holds itself in readiness to comply in the shortest possible time with all reasonable requests of the other Departments for chemical services. SUGAR-BEET AND FOOD INVESTIGATIONS. The Division continued during the year its investigations of the pos- sibilities of producing high-grade sugar beets in various parts of the United States. As a result of the extensive chemical studies con- ducted, the area suitable to the production of the best beets has been more definitely delineated. A few years more of studies of this kind will mark out in a practical manner the areas where beets of the highest grade can be produced. In the work on food adulteration interesting investigations have been instituted in the examination of food products imported from foreign countries. Critical studies of agricultural imports from the countries which exclude similar imports from our country on the ground of adulteration or unwholesomeness will be continued. NEW LABORATORY. The old quarters used by the Division of Chemistry haying proved inadequate for the rapidly increasing work of the Division, a new labo- ratory has been leased, where more ample facilities will be afforded. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. GENERAL INVESTIGATIONS. General investigations have been carried on in this Division through the year upon insects injurious to garden crops, to shade trees, and to citrus treesand fruits. The generalexperimental work, with remedies, REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 31 has comprised especially careful investigations of the availability of hydrocyanic-acid gas in the disinfection of seeds in bulk and of plants and nursery material, and further experiments with arsenicals and various oil mixtures in order to determine their effects on plants in dormant condition and in foliage. One of the expert assistants of the Division visited Europe for the purpose of studying the methods of controlling injurious insects in the Old World, with a view to deter- mining their value and applicability to our own country, and in order to study the conditions of climate, forest growth, and method of eul- ture in their bearing on the abundance or absence of injurious insects and the methods of prevention of insect injury. SPECIFIC INVESTIGATIONS. Specific investigations of importance may be mentioned under the following heads: WORK ON INSECTS FROM ABROAD, Careful investigation of the so-called Morelos orange fruit worm, a species which it is feared may be accidentally introduced into the orange groves of California and Florida, has been made. The distri- bution of this insect in Mexico was unknown even to Mexicans, and the fears of this country were considered by Mexicans to be largely imaginary. This season’s investigations, however, prove that this destructive fruit worm is distributed throughout all of Mexico east of the Sierra Madre Mountains, and that it may at any time be intro- duced into California in early fall oranges imported from that region. A preliminary attempt has been made to introduce from southern Europe into California an insect which is responsible for the fertiliza- tion of the Smyrna figs of commerce. The Entomologist visited Cali- fornia in the spring of 1898 and found that conditions were ripe for such an attempted introduction, and an agent in Europe will, during the coming year, endeavor to take the necessary steps to bring about this introduction, which, it is hoped, will result in the production by California of a fig equal to the Smyrna fig. A successful importation has been made of an important parasite of certain large scale insects. THE GIPSY MOTH. By direction of Congress, the Entomologist made a careful study of the work which has been done by the State of Massachusetts against this imported insect pest, and has reported that after careful field study extending over practically the whole summer, he is convinced that Massachusetts is taking the proper course in making large appro- priations to exterminate the insect, and that the work is being carried on in a manner worthy of all praise. 32 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. THE MEXICAN COTTON-BOLL WEEVIL. The work which has been carried on during the season has developed a new and important spring remedy against this insect, and this, together with earlier results achieved by this Division, have now put Texas cotton planters into possession of a knowledge of how to economically keep their fields free from this injurious species, which was recently thought to threaten the destruction of the entire crop of ‘the State. CHINCH BUG AND HESSIAN FLY. During the year investigations have been made upon these two well-known and very injurious insects, and a comprehensive bulletin upon each species has been completed and is now ready for the printer. OTHER INVESTIGATIONS. Other important work carried on under this Division during the year has included the sending successfully of beneficial species to foreign Governments suffering from outbreaks of the white or fluted seale, the preparation of an account of the work accomplished during the past two years against the San Jose scale, an investigation of the injurious grasshoppers of the Western States, work upon remedies to be used against the house fly, suggested by the growing belief in the importance of this insect as a carrier of disease, work upon the geo- graphic distribution of injurious insects of the United States, and experimental work in apiculture. BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. With a view to determining the areas best adapted for various crops, the Biological Survey has been engaged for several years in collecting data for mapping the natural life zones of the United States. A detailed study of the distribution of the native animals and plants has been made in the belief that areas inhabited by indig- enous species coincide with those most suitable for certain varieties of fruit and cereals and for breeds of domesticated animals. This investigation has now progressed far enough to permit the publica- tion during the past year of a revised map of the life zones of the United States and two reports containing the results, of more general interest to farmers and horticulturists. One of these reports comprised a description of the life zones and crop zones of the United States, with lists of the more important varie- ties of fruits and grains adapted to each area; the other an investi- gation of the geographic distribution of some of the more important cereals. The latter bulletin, based on reports from more than a thou- sand grain growers, showed the areas in which about thirty of the REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 33 more important varieties of corn, wheat, and oats are now profitably cultivated, and the regions where these varieties may be expected to succeed. Field work was continued during the year in Washing- ton, Oregon, California, Nevada, British Columbia, and northerm Mexico for the purpose of obtaining data for use in outlining the life zones with greater precision than had hitherto been possible in these regions. ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF MAMMALS AND BIRDS. The Biological Survey is often called upon to determine the value of birds and animals to practical agriculture. It is in effect a court of appeal in which complaints are investigated concerning those species which are considered injurious to crops. A careful study is- made of the food of useful and injurious birds and mammals, and thousands of stomachs of birds are examined in the laboratory. Two thousand three hundred and twenty-nine stomachs, mainly of spar-- rows, swallows, and woodpeckers, were examined during the year. A report has been prepared on the native cuckoos and shrikes, and& reports on flycatchers and native sparrows are in preparation. Sev- eral of the latter birds feed largely on weed seed during the winter, and it is a matter of no little interest to determine how far they cam aid the farmer in checking the increase of noxious weeds. The importance of this work is emphasized by the increasing demand made on the Department for information and publications on birds, in consequence of the recent widespread popular interest in orni- thology. FUTURE WORK. As the work of the Biological Survey becomes more generally known,. the demands for information, maps, and reports increase far mores rapidly than the means for meeting them. Biological maps of cer- tain States and maps showing the distribution of particular mam- mals or birds are sought not only for reference but for purposes of instruction. Local biological surveys have been planned or have: already been inaugurated in several of the States, and the Depart- ment has been appealed to for assistance in this work, but it has thus: far been unable to actively cooperate through lack of sufficient appro- priations for the purpose. The work for the immediate future comprises a combination of fiel@ work outlining the life zones of the Pacific coast, investigations om varieties of fruits, vegetables, and field crops similar to that already undertaken in the case of cereals. An investigation which is of spe- cial interest at this time is a thorough examination of the fauna and flora of the tropical region which lies along our southern border an@ enters the United States at several points. Our new island posses- sions are entirely within this region and present an inviting field for 1 Ads 3 34 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. expleration. As their resources become more generally known the question of what semitropical or tropical products can still be profit- ably grown in Florida and the Gulf States is likely to become a very important and practical one in several of the Southern States. DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY. The work of this Division is carried on with a view of obtaining ‘additional light on the conditions governing the growth and produc- tiveness of cultivated plants, with special reference to diseases, nutri- tion, and development of new and improved sorts by breeding and selection. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS. During the year valuable knowledge was obtained relative to increasing the sugar and starch producing power of plants and the effect of soil foods on their growth and productiveness. The study of diseases of truck and garden crops and of crops grown under glass has been continued, and methods of preventing several of the most destructive, such as black rot of the cabbage and the leaf- spot disease of melons, celery, and violets, given to growers of such crops through bulletins or by correspondence. Smuts and rusts of cereals have received much attention. The latest and best methods of preventing smut were given to the public through a l'armers’ Bulletin, and much valuable knowledge relative to rust was gained. In the study of diseases of citrus fruits and other subtropical plants special attention was given to sooty mold and blight of the orange and blight of the pineapple. On the Pacific coast peach-leaf curl, apple canker, a bacterial disease of English walnuts, and a new bacterial bulb disease have received especial attention. Important results have also been obtained from a study of other diseases prevalent in different parts of the country on the apple, pear, peach, plum, and other fruits, on crops of various kinds, and on forest and shade trees. HYBRIDIZING, The work of hybridizing the sweet orange with the hardy trifoliate, with a view of obtaining a variety resistant to cold, was pushed, and about one hundred and fifty hybrids obtained. In addition to this about one thousand hybrids of other citrus plants were obtained. Considerable work was done in crossing pineapples, and as a result two hundred and fifty-nine hybrid seedlings were secured. These produced plants of great vigor and confirmed the belief that by this means there may be produced fruits which will be larger, of better quality, better shippers, and more resistant to blight. Similar work was carried on with pears and with wheat and other crops. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 35 ROUTINE WORK. About six thousand letters relating to diseased plants and other lines of work were answered during the year, and about twelve thou- sand specimens of disease-producing fungi, representing six hundred different species, were prepared for distribution to the experiment stations. Much time was also devoted to the preparation of bulletins and papers on results of investigations. SEED DISTRIBUTION. Finding it desirable to separate the seeds to be distributed by the Department into three classes and to place the distribution of each class of seeds under the control of a Division or Section, which ina greater or less degree is interested in the character of the seeds dis- tributed, I assigned to the Seed Division the distribution of vegetable, flower, and field seeds; to the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction the collection and distribution of foreign seeds, and to the Division of Chemistry the distribution of sugar-beet seed, the entire work of seed distribution being placed in charge of the Assistant Secretary of Agriculture. Every effort is made to so place the seed that the best results may be obtained. Nearly all requests were complied with, none being refused when it was possible to send seed. In a number of cases special purchases of seeds not included in our contract were made for that purpose. With few exceptions the reports from persons who have received and planted the seed have been favorable. While it is too early to determine the value of the seeds introduced from foreign countries, Iam satisfied that some varieties will prove very desirable. The vegetable, flower, and field seeds were distributed by our con- tractor at Toledo, Ohio, under the supervision of the special agent and with the aid of clerical help sent from this Department. CONGRESSIONAL AND MISCELLANEOUS SEED DISTRIBUTION. The seeds distributed under direction of the Seed Division during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898, aggregated 15,702,914 papers and cloth bags, as follows: Vegetable, papers, 14,243,527; flower, papers, 1,254,037; field, papers and bags, 205,350. Of the 15,702,914 papers and bags of seeds distributed, 13,599,586 papers and cloth sacks of vegetable and field seed were distributed to Senators, Representatives, and Delegates in Congress (by their allotments); 751,170 papers of flower and vegetable seeds to corre- spondents of the Division of Statistics; and 889,460 papers and bags of vegetable, flower, and field seeds to the State granges. The re- mainder were distributed to Weather Bureau observers, experiment stations, ete. 36 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DISTRIBUTION OF FOREIGN SEEDS AND PLANTS. Prof. N. E. Hansen was appointed a special agent of the Depart- ment for the purpose of securing foreign seeds and plants valuable for introduction into this country. Under the direction of the See- tion of Seed and Plant Introduction, Professor Hansen during the past year visited portions of Russia and Siberia and succeeded in _eollecting 57 varieties of vegetable seed, 289 of melon, 75 of fruit and berry plants, 150 ornamental plants, 70 wheat, 14 barley, 20 oats, 6 rye, 70 forage plants, 5 oil-producing plants, and a large number of miscellaneous seeds of desert plants, ete. Upon arrival, these seeds and plants were put up into about 5,000 packages by the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction and sent out largely to State agricultural experiment stations, and to such reliable cultivators as had shown a willingness to cooperate with the Depart- ment by making reports as to the success of these imported plants. While it is too early to predict the value of most of the introduc- tions, the most promising are a variety of alfalfa, seedlings of the Siberian apple (imported for experimenting in the Dakotas), a new orange-fruited raspberry, and a Russian sand vetch. DISTRIBUTION OF SUGAR-BEET SEED. In the distribution of sugar-beet seed, they were sent to the sections that were thought best adapted to their use. The agricultural experi- ment stations were included in the distribution, and persons to whom sugar-beet seed were sent were advised that the State experiment stations would make analyses of the sugar beets grown in each State. Very cordial cooperation has been brought about between the Depart- ment and the State experiment stations. The sugar-beet seed were purchased from Vilmorin, Andrieux & Co., in Paris, and from Dippe Brothers, in Quedlinburg, Germany, and distributed by the Division of Chemistry. In all, 34,436 pounds of seed were purchased, and partly distributed in bulk and partly in packages containing about 18 ounces each. Large quantities were dis- tributed by Members of Congress, and 40 pounds of extra high-grade seed were distributed among experiment stations for use in the pro- duction of seed. SECTION OF FOREIGN MARKETS. In the Section of Foreign Markets a radical departure was made in the study of our relations with foreign markets by promptly diverting it to the field opened by the prospect of changes in Hawaii and the West Indies. The advantage of this was demonstrated by the demand for publications in that connection. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 37 REPORTS ON COMMERCE OF HAWATITI, SPAIN, AND PUERTO RICO. A report on the commerce of the Hawaiian Islands was issued dur- ing the discussion of annexation. It covered the past ten years and gave special attention to trade with the United States. When war with Spain was imminent, a rapid investigation of the extent and nature of the commerce of the people of that country was made. By quick and intelligent action information was obtained from Spanish official reports showing the foreign trade of Spain in detail, and the amount and direction of shipping under the Spanish flag. This information was made public at the critical moment, just preceding the declaration of war. It was followed a few days later by a more detailed statement of the trade befween Spain and the United States. The likelihood that Puerto Rico would become a possession of this Government called fora statement of the trade relations of that island, and it was made. Full details were presented of the exports and imports of theisland. These furnished a basis for estimating its pro- ductive capacity and its requirements from other places. The statis- tics were from Puerto Rican official sources, and as they were made public for the first time were particularly valuable as well as timely. REPORTS ON TRADE WITH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, Reports were issued during the year on the foreign trade of the United States in agricultural products and on the wheat production of Austria-Hungary. In the first of these the classification of agri- cultural imports and exports was carefully revised and a comprehen- sive and instructive presentation of the important facts was made. The demand for the report on foreign trade in agricultural products was so strong that the essential information was embodied in a cir- eular, of which 85,000 copies were distributed. In compliance with a request from the Secretary of State, much time was devoted to the compilation of information for the use of the special commissioner appointed to negotiate reciprocity treaties. OFFICE OF ROAD INQUIRY. EFFORTS FOR GOOD ROADS. The problem of securing good roads continues to be a very impor- tant branch of work. Publications upon the subject of the best methods for road improvement have been distributed freely. Care has been taken to send them where they would be most effective in stimulating activity in the movement. Representatives of the Office have attended many important meetings for the discussion of roads, and in this way valuable information has been both gathered and disseminated. 38 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. In localities where construction of roads according to the most approved methods has been in progress a representative of the Department has made a study of the operations and extended such assistanee as was possible. The Office of Road Inquiry has also actively cooperated with two of the State agricultural experiment stations in spreading the work of good roads. The road laws of sey- eral of the most progressive States have been collected and studied. These efforts have met with hearty appreciation in every direction, -and there has been a steady increase in the demand for assistance. Both country papers and the metropolitan dailies have become inter- ested in the movement and have printed very much upon the subject, in many instances reproducing Department circulars and bulletins in full. OBJECT-LESSON ROADS. The object-lesson road at the Rhode Island Agricultural College has been completed, and a report of the details of the work, along with the results of other inquiries, will be presented in the Yearbook fer 1898. Owing to lack of funds it has been impossible to comply with calls for similar aid elsewhere, and it has been necessary to dis- continue these object lessons in connection with agricultural colleges and experiment stations, although many of these institutions are still calling for aid. They are ready to bear most of the expense, asking of the Department only the payment of freight on machinery and of part of the salaries of experts. The help given from this Department usually proves sufficient to secure the financial support of the towns and farming communities in the vicinity of the experiment. Numer- ous letters received by the Office of Road Inquiry testify to the great value of these cooperative experiments. Everywhere the plan meets with the highest commendation, but it can not be extended without an additional appropriation. STEEL ROADS. The aim of the Office of Road Inquiry is to cooperate with people of the several States in making the best possible use of material within their reach in road making. Large areas in many of the States have no gravel, rock, or other hard material with which to make roads. I have had experiments made during the present year with steel as extensively as our means would permit. An experiment of this kind is being conducted at Cleveland, Ohio. A section of 500 feet of steel track has been laid on a street in the suburbs where the traffic is heavy, and its value is already generally acknowledged. A sample steel road 510 feet long has been laid upon the grounds of the exposition at Omaha. It is proposed to make traction tests upon this track to show how much less power is required to move a load over such a road, REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 39 The steel road is not excessively costly by comparison with other roads and will last much longer with less repair, and is probably the most economic road for localities where material is not obtainable for macadamizing. SENTIMENT IN FAVOR OF GOOD ROADS. The growth of sentiment in favor of good roads is shown by the passage of progressive laws in New York, Pennsylvania, and other States, and by the appointment of a highway commission in Maryland, and also by the reports of increased sales of road-making machinery. DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY. EXPERIMENTS IN THE GRASS GARDENS. Through the efforts of this Division we are learning the needs of the several sections of the country and the forage problems which they have to meet. We are acquiring a better knowledge of the distribu- tion and value of our native grasses and forage plants, as well as the peculiar conditions of soil and climate best suited to their growth. More than 500 varieties of grasses and forage plants valued for forage have been grown in the grass garden on the grounds of the Depart- ment during the past season. Visitors from all parts of the country have been much interested in this exhibition, which has afforded many lessons, not only of interest but of real practical value. The garden contains plats of grasses suitable for lawns, besides many species from the East and from the South, and especially from the West, all growing together with apparent success, and it is inter- esting to note the peculiar habits of the grasses of the moist and wooded regions of the East and those of the arid, treeless regions of the West as here displayed. A large number of leguminous plants have been given a place in the garden, and one of the most interest- ing experiments has been a trial of alfalfa grown from seed obtained from more than twenty different sources. Trial samples of these seeds were sent to a large number of experiment stations who volun- teered to undertake comparative experiments in their cultivation. Up to the present time it has not been possible to detect any marked variation in the plants grown. Turkestan alfalfa, the seed of which was introduced last year in large quantities from Russia, has made a remarkable growth in some of the experiments conducted in the West. At North Yakima, Wash., it made a growth of over 3 feet in seventy- nine days, sending up many stems from each root. It is believed that this alfalfa will prove to be more hardy than the ordinary sort, and it may be distinguished by minute hairiness on the under surface of the leaves. Many varieties of grasses and forage plants have been tested at the grass garden at Knoxville, Tenn., during the year. It has, however, 40 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. been thought best to discontinue official connection with this garden and select a station farther south, which shall be more typically Southern in its character, both in soil and climate. The problem in Tennessee is not so much what can be grown as how to grow the largest amount of the best quality with the least expense, problems which the agricultural experiment station at Knoxville is now well prepared to solve. INVESTIGATIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF FORAGE RESOURCES. In connection withthe investigations in the Southwest two stations have been established, one at Abilene and one at Channing, the former presenting conditions characteristic of the center of Texas and the latter of the great region of northwest Texas, known as the Panhandle. The experiments carried on at these stations were made with a view of determining how the cattle ranges may be improved by practical methods. At the station at Abilene more special lines of investigations and experiments are being carried on, especially in the way of testing varieties which may be suited to that region. Comparative work of the Division is being performed by many vol- unteer experimenters, especially among the more intelligent farmers in Colorado, Texas, Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. The object of these experiments is the introduction of new or little-known and desirable hay and pasture grasses, as well as soiling crops. A num- ber of the more progressive ranchmen and stockmen of the Northwest have agreed to devote from 1 to 5 acres of cultivated land to the more promising native grasses or those introduced from foreign countries, seed of which we may be able to furnish them. Seeds of grasses and alfalfa imported from Russian and eastern Asia were sent in amounts sufficient to sow from one-twentieth of an acre to an acre of each variety to 479 parties who had previously agreed to give them careful cultivation and report fully at the close of the season the results obtained. The data thus secured can not fail to be of great interest and value to all interested in the improve- ment of the forage resources of our country. Eleven hundred pack- ages of seeds of native grasses, salt. bushes, wild clovers, wild beans, and lawn grasses, mostly collected by the employees of the Division while in the field, were distributed to our correspondents, who expressed a desire to aid the Division in its investigations. Field investigations in the States along the Gulf coast have been carried on during the past two seasons and one report upon the work done in this section is now in the hands of the printer. Work, as already indicated, has been carried on in the Southwest, and in the Northwest investigations have been made by special agents, whose reports have already been published. The field work so far has been confined to the Atlantic slope, but there is being manifested among the farmers and ranchmen of the REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 41 Pacific coast a marked interest in grass and forage-plant questions, and a demand for an extension of our work along these lines in the States west of the Divide is now being made. THE GRASS COLLECTION. Over 5,000 specimens of American grasses have been identified during the year and nearly 3,000 sheets of herbarium specimens mounted and added to the National Herbarium. The grass collection now in the Department numbers over 30,000 sheets. DIVISION OF SOILS. The Division of Soils has continued the investigation of the physical properties of soils and their relation to crop production, and work has now been started upon the mapping of soils on a scale of 4 inches to the mile, to be published probably on a scale of 2 inches to the mile. These maps will show in great detail the soil areas adapted to the different agricultural crops. Considerable advance has also been made in devising methods of investigating soil conditions where crops suffer, or where the soil conditions are not well adapted to crops which the location and markets demand. RECORDS OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF SOILS. Records have been continued of the moisture content of some of the principal soil areas in the country with the electrical method of mois- ture determination. As the soil is the immediate source of the water supply of plants, this record becomes an essential part of climatology, and it seems probable that this work of the Division of Soils, in con- nection with the present work of the Weather Bureau and of the Division of Statistics, will develop a distinctively new line of agricul- tural climatology. This work is closely related to the work.of the Weather Bureau, but is supplementary to it. It includes the record of evaporation to which the plant is subjected, the water supply main- tained by the soil for supplying the loss due to this evaporation, and the intensity of the actinic and heat radiations which influence the physiological activities of the plant. Numerical values can be given to the evaporation and to the soil-moisture conditions, so that it is possible to express numerically the relative conditions of plant growth from day to day so far as these two important factors of evaporation and water supply are concerned. This will add greatly to the prac- tical value of our knowledge of climatology. INVESTIGATION OF ALKALI SOILS OF YELLOWSTONE VALLEY. The electrical method of salt determination in soils has been used in the exploration and investigation of the alkali soils of the Yellow- stone Valley. An examination was first made of the general conditions 42 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. in the valley, and then a very minute study of a section of land which was just being ruined by the rise of alkali. This examination amounted to an underground survey of the field, and maps have been made showing the distribution of alkali at different depths. b Db ’ = out most of India, except Kashmir and Petinmperins. » In its habits it ' Producers’ Gazette, Western Australia, V, January, 1898, p. 29. ® Agr. Gazette, Tasmania, V, November, 1897, p. 66; January, 1898, p. 103. wy 104 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. is somewhat like our native grackles or crow blackbirds, but seems to resemble the sparrow in its familiarity and partiality for human habitations. It was introduced more than thirty-five years ago into Mauritius to destroy grasshoppers, and is said to have become perfectly naturalized there.' It has also been introduced into the Andaman Islands (some time prior to th Ky | ge) Ae: 1873), the Hawaiian Cw YS yp NY Islands, New Zea- ie 27) Gee ae * land, and _ possibly cae . Australia. Cn IW It is said to have shee x reached the Hawai- é ian Islands by way of Fia. 5.—Kohlmeise ( Parus major). China. Dr. Finsch, an eminent ornitholo- gist, who visited Honolulu in 1879, found it very abundant, and de- scribes its habits as follows : The mainas are a great nuisance to the inhabitants, as they drive away the pigeons and fowls, and are said to destroy the nests and eggs of the domestic birds. That they do drive out the pigeons from their houses, I observed many times myself. * * * In Mr. Barning’s garden, where the finest trees, chiefly palm, abound, hundreds and thousands come to roost, and their inkarmonious concert lasts from 6 in the evening for an hour or more. The same is the case at daybreik, a little after 5 o’clock.? THE KOHLMEISE, OR GREAT TITMOUSE. ] ‘*Kohlmeise” is the German name of the great titmouse of Europe (Parus major), and this designation is used to some ex- tent in the United States. The kohlmeise (fig. 5) is common over the whole of Europe as far north as the Arctic Circle and also in Siberia. It is a handsome species, about the size of the common eastern chickadee ( Parus atricapillus, fig. 6), but may be readily distinguished from any American titmouse by the dull yellow on the sides of the body and the broad black stripe oe Fia. 6.—Chickadee ( Parus atricapillus). ' Jerdon, Birds of India, II, 1863, p. 326, ? Ibis, 1880, pp. 77, 78. DANGER OF INTRODUCING NOXIOUS ANIMALS AND BIRDS. 105 extending down the center of its breast (see fig. 5). Like other species of the genus, it is mainly insectivorous, but in winter is said to eat nuts and hard seeds. The kohlmeise has recently attracted attention on account of its alleged value as a destroyer of the codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella), particularly in Germany, where it is reported to protect apple trees in large measure from the attacks of this destructive insect. But although several German authors regard it as a most useful species, there seems to be no satisfactory evidence that it is partial to the codling moth, or in fact that it ever feeds on the moth to any great extent. In Great Britain where the kohlmeise is also a resident and generally distributed, its presence has not been sufficient to exterminate the codling moth or even to hold this pest in check. On the other hand, it is said to attack small and weakly birds, splitting open their skulls with its beak to get at the brains, and doing more or less damage to fruit, particularly pears. One English observer reported that all the pears in his garden had to be inclosed in muslin bags to protect them from the birds, which would otherwise eat a con- siderable part of the fruit before it was ripe. Another reported thatthe great titmouse spoiled most of a limited crop of apples, and then began on the pears, boring a small hole near the stem, and passing from one pear to another until every one of forty or fifty trees had been dam- aged. It also attacked figs, scooping them out before they were ripe. In the autumn of 1897 an article appeared in a paper in Idaho set- ting forth the great value of the bird to the fruit grower, and strongly advocating its importation into this country. The article attracted the attention of horticulturists throughout the Northwest, and gave rise to considerable discussion concerning the merits of the bird and the desirability of its introduction. While the kohlmeise might not develop its fruit-eating propensities in America, it should not be introduced until more definite information is available concerning its habits and until if has been shown beyond question that it will do no serious harm. Moreover, since there are already several titmice of the same genus in the United States, it seems entirely unnecessary to add another to the list, for it is hardly probable that the European bird would confine itself to the codling moth or be of more value to the horticulturist than the native species. It may be added that recent investigations seem to show that the common eastern chickadee feeds to some extent on the codling moth, as a few larvee, believed to be those of this insect, have been found in echickadee stomachs ecol- lected in New Hampshire during February and March.' It may be of interest also to recall the fact that the kohlmeise was actually introduced in 1874 at Cincinnati, Ohio, but the experiment failed, as neither this nor any of the other exotic species imported at the same time became naturalized. 1Weed, Bul. 54, N. H. Coll. Agr. Expt. Station, 1898, pp. 87, 94. 1 A98 8* 106 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. THE SKYLARK, GREEN LINNET, AND BLACK THRUSH. The skylark (Alauwda arvensis), the green linnet (Ligwrinus chloris), and black thrush, or black bird (Turdus merula), are all natives of Europe. They are chiefly of interest in this connection, because in their native home they are almost universally considered beneficial, but in New Zealand they have developed traits which render them far from desirable additions to the fauna of that island. They were introduced into New Zealand in 1867; in 1870 they had begun to breed in a wild state in the province of Auckland on the North Island, and the green linnet was reported as already becoming common.' At the present time they are common all over the colony and troublesome in certain districts. The skylark confines its injuries mainly to turnips, eating the secd soon after it is planted, and thus causing no small damage to the future crop. The green linnet is similarly injurious to grain, while the black thrush is accused of taking strawberries, cur- rants, raspberries, and other small fruits. As a fruit destroyer the black thrush is said to be worse than the English sparrow, and the pro- posal tointroduce itinto Western Australia elicited astrenuous protest. The skylark has béen introduced several times into the United States, especially in the vicinity of New York, and recently all three birds have been liberated in Oregon, but as yet they have not increased to any extent. Both the skylark and the black thrush are noted singers, but the charms of their song hardly compensate for damage to crops. NEED OF LEGISLATION. The examples already cited show the danger of introducing exotie species on large islands, particularly on those far distant from con- tinents, where the fauna is necessarily limited and predatory species practically absent. In such places introduced species are almost sure to increase very rapidly. The experience of New Zealand indi- cates the necessity of exercising unusual care in introducing birds and mammals into the islands recently acquired by the United States. Much remains to be learned about the fauna of these new possessions. Puerto Rico is less known than any of the larger islands of the West Indies, but it probably has no indigenous mammals except bats. About 150 species of birds have been recorded from the island,’ of which 20 are not found elsewhere. The fauna of the Hawaiian Islands is still more limited; indigenous mammals, except one bat (Lasiurus), are entirely wanting, but many of the birds are of great interest. Although no complete list of them has yet been published, about 100 species are known to oceur on theislands. The fauna of 'The green linnet has found its way to the Kermadec Islands, 600 miles to the northeast, and all three species are said to be now present on the Chatham Islands, nearly 500 miles east of the South Island of New Zealand. ?Gundlach, J. F. O., XX VI, 1878, p. 163. ne DANGER OF INTRODUCING NOXIOUS ANIMALS AND BIRDS. 107 the Philippines is much richer. The mammals are comparatively unknown, and until recently were supposed to be poorly represented, but at present the list includes some 50 species, of which about half are bats. The birds have received much more attention, and nearly 600 species have been recorded from the archipelago,! 286 occurring on Luzon alone. All of the islands have probably suffered more or less from the introduction of noxious species, especially rats and mice. In Hawaii rats have done so much damage that the sugar planters have imported the mongoose to destroy them, and this animal is now becoming a pest. The mina of India is also present in considerable numbers, and the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis) has been intro- duced, notwithstanding the fact that it is usually considered a great pest by fruit growers in California. During the last fifty years a number of acclimatization societies have been organized for the purpose of introducing animals and plants from foreign countries. Private individuals, too, have devoted both time and money to importing birds or mammals which they consider necessary or desirable additions to the native fauna. Four or five societies exist in New Zealand, and several have been formed in the United States. During the years 1872-1874 the Acclimatization Soci- ety of Cincinnati, Ohio, expended about $9,000 in the purchase and importation of European birds, and introduced some 4,000, belonging to about 20 species, at an average cost of about $4.50 a pair. These included several birds of doubtful value, such as the starling, skylark, and great titmouse or kohlmeise.? This experiment proved a failure. In 1888 the Society for the Introduction of European Song Birds was organized at Portland, Oregon, and imported two lots of birds in 1889 and 1892, at a cost of about $2,000. Among the number were 50 pairs of skylarks, 35 pairs of black thrushes, 35 pairs of starlings, 15 pairs of green linnets, and a number of others, representing in all some 20 species. Recently the introduction of the kohlmeise into the North- west has been seriously considered, and the spasmodie attempts to acclimatize the skylark and starling have been renewed. Whatever may be the difference of opinion concerning the desira- bility of introducing exotic species, it will be generally admitted that some restriction should be placed on the importation of birds and mammals which may become injurious. Since it has been found necessary to restrict immigration and to have laws preventing the introduction of diseases dangerous to man or domesticated animals, is it not also important to prevent the introduction of any species ‘This number includes the species found on Palawan. Worcester and Bourns class Palawan with Borneo on zoological grounds, giving for the Philippines proper 526 species; of these, 323 are confined to the group. (Proc. U.S, Nat. Museum, XX, 1898, pp. 564, 575.) * Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 1881, p. 342. 108 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. which may cause incaleulable harm? Experience with the English sparrow, the work of rabbits in Australia and of the mongoose in Jamaica, all these have abundantly shown the necessity of preventing the repetition of similar costly blunders in the future. Twelve years ago Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chief of the Biological. Survey, urged the necessity of restricting the importation of exotie species, as follows: ! It seems desirable that a law be enacted conferring upon the Commissioner [Secretary] of Agriculture the power of granting or withholaing permits for the importation of birds and mammals, except in the case of domesticated species, certain song and cage birds (to be specifically enumerated), and species intended for exhibition in zoological gardens, menageries, and museums, which may be brought in without special permits. The question of the desirability of importing species of known beneficial qualities in other lands is one which sooner or later must force itself upon our notice; and it is highly important that when such experiments are made they should be conducted by or under the control of the Department of Agriculture. Ten years later Mr. Alexander Craw, quarantine officer of the Cali- fornia State board of horticulture, again called attention to the need of legislation, and in his annual report for 1896 recommended the pas- sage by Congress of a stringent law preventing the introduction of noxious animals. At present there is no Federal statute on the subject, and appar- ently California is the only State which has given the matter serious attention or has taken steps to prevent thoughtless or intentional importation of injurious species. In the act creating the State board of horticulture, approved March 13, 1883, and amended March 8, 1889, authority was conferred on the board to make regulations for the pur- pose of preventing the spread of fruit pests. In accordance with this act, certain quarantine regulations were adopted on August 15, 1894, one of which, Rule XII, provides that ‘‘animals known as flying fox, Australian or English wild rabbit, or other animals or birds detri- mental to fruit or fruit trees, plants, ete., are prohibited from being brought or landed in this State, and if brought, they shall be destroyed.”* This law has resulted in the destruction of several flying foxes and, so far as known, every mongoose thus far brought to the port of San Francisco. It is, perhaps, not too much to say that to this regulation and to the vigilance of the quarantine officer at San Francisco the State owes its present freedom from the mongoose. The action of Cape Colony and Western Australia on this question stands out in marked contrast to the apathy of other countries. Cape Colony, in 1890, made if unlawful to introduce rabbits, either by land or sea, or to turn them loose within the colony;* required the rabbits ‘Annual Report Department of Agriculture for 1886, p. 258. * Fifth Biennial Report State Board of Horticulture, 1896, p. 8. ®* Under a penalty not exceeding 5 pounds for first offense or 10 pounds for sec- ond offense. (See Agr. Journ., Cape Town, III, January 8, 1891, p. 119.) DANGER OF INTRODUCING NOXIOUS ANIMALS AND BIRDS. 109 already in the colony to be confined in hutches or boxes constructed according to certain prescribed regulations, and authorized anyone to destroy rabbits found on his premises, on Crown lands, or along pub- lic roads. Western Australia, profiting by the experience of her sister colonies on the eastern side of the continent, has taken measures to secure protection from the evils of indiscriminate and ill-advised aceli- matization by the passage of the so-called ‘‘ Destructive birds and animals act” (57 Vie., No. 22). This law, passed in 1893, prohibits the introduction of all birds or animals which, in the opinion of the governor-in-council, are destructive to vineyards, orchards, fruit trees, or any agricultural produce. The act also prohibits the keeping of such birds or animals on private premises, authorizes the destruction of those already in the colony, prohibits the liberation of any destrue- tive bird or animal, and permits duly authorized officers to enter prem- ises for the purpose of seizing or destroying such birds or animals. The term ‘‘destructive” is interpreted to mean any species to which the governor-in-council may from time to time extend the provisions of the act by proclamation, and the selection of species is based mainly upon the recommendations of the bureau of agriculture.’ The law is therefore elastic and may be easily modified when necessary. Spar- rows and rabbits were originally included in 1893, flying foxes were added in December, 1895, and starlings, blackbirds, and thrushes in January, 1896. SUMMARY. (1) Acclimatization of plants differs from that of animals since plants are introduced for cultivation and thus kept to a certain extent within control, while animals are liberated and controlled only by natural enemies or unfavorable conditions. (2) Animals and birds are distributed from one continent to another, and to islands, either by accidental means or by the direct agency of man. Most animals are intentionally introduced into new regions, eases of accidental dispersion being comparatively rare except among rats and mice. (3) Domesticated animals, like plants, may run wild and become injurious, especially in regions where food is abundant and natural enemies are absent. Goats and cats on isolated islands are well- known examples. (4) The animals and birds which have thus far proved most inju- rious are the rabbit, mongoose, stoat, weasel, flying fox, English sparrow, starling,and mina. Theskylark, green linnet, black thrush, and great titmouse, or kohlmeise, are of doubtful value and likely to prove injurious. These species are all natives of the Old World, and with the exception of the mongoose, mina, and flying foxes, are inhab- itants of the temperate regions of Europe and western Asia. 1See Journ. Bureau Agr. Western Australia, I1, December 10, 1895, pp. 630-631; III, 1896, p. 676. 110 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. (5) Notwithstanding the object lessons afforded by the English sparrow in our own country, the rabbit in Australia, and the mon- goose in Jamaica, no steps have been taken to prevent the repetition — of similar costly mistakes in the future, and at present no restriction is placed on the indiscriminate importation of exotic species into the United States. (6) Reeent events have given new importance to this subject. The - gradual increase of the starling and the efforts to introduce the kohl- meise require prompt measures to prevent species of such doubtful value from gaining a foothold in this country. The acquisition of new territory has also brought us face to face with new problems. Not only should the mongoose be prevented from reaching the United States from Hawaii and Puerto Rico, but the native fauna of these islands should be preserved and all our island possessions protected from ill-advised acclimatization, which has caused so much loss in Australia and New Zealand. (7) The introduction of exotic birds and mammals should be restricted by law and should be under the control of the United States Department of Agriculture. Western Australia has already adopted this course, and under the ‘‘ Destructive birds and animals act” of 1893, prohibits the importation, liberation, or keeping of animals and birds which the colonial bureau of agriculture considers injurious to vineyards, orchards, or crops. THE PREPARATION AND USE OF TUBERCULIN. By E. A. DE SCHWEINITZ, Ph. D., M. D., Chief of Biochemie Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. INTRODUCTION. Tuberculin is a solution in glycerin and water of the products of the growth of the tubercle bacilli upon artificial media and the con- tents of their cells. Although it has been manufactured in quantity and used upon a large seale for some years, it may at the present time be of interest to give a brief sketch of the methods of manufacture of this material as followed in the Biochemie Division, and to note the advantages or objections to its use as a diagnostic agent for tubereu- losis in animals and men. 3 METHOD OF PREPARING TUBERCULIN. In the preparation of large quantities of tuberculin in the bio- chemie laboratory of the Bureau of Animal Industry during past years, the following method of procedure has been found to give the most satisfactory results: The fluid upon which the tubercle bacilli are allowed to grow is an extract made with distilled water from perfectly fresh meat which has been finely chopped. One pound of meat is used to a liter of water, to which is added 1 per cent of peptone, one- fourth of 1 per cent of salt, and 7 per cent of glycerin. The solution is heated to boiling, filtered, and placed in perfectly sterilized flasks. The medium is then sterilized for three successive days in a steam bath. After the cotton plugs of the flasks have become dry, they are removed, dipped in paraffin, and replaced in the flasks so as to make tight stoppers. When the culture medium so prepared is found to be thoroughly sterile, it is inoculated. The thorough sterilization of the media can be proved by allowing the flask to stand for some days in a warm place, during which time they should remain perfectly elear if there is no contamination with ordinary bacteria from the air. INOCULATING THE MEDIA. The inoculation of the media in the flasks is accomplished by taking up on the end of a platinum wire a small mass of tubercle bacilli obtained originally from an animal that has died of tuberculosis. The first cultures are made from dead animals, by transferring to a jelly made of glycerin and agar, or blood serum, or potato, pieces of the diseased organ, lung or spleen, of a guinea pig that has been 111 112 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. infected. by inoculation with tuberculosis. The germs, after four to six weeks, are found to have developed very readily, and to form a thick, spongy layer on the surface of the jelly or potato. It is a very easy matter to detach a small bit of this spongy growth from the sur- face of the jelly and transfer it to the flask containing the liquid media prepared in the manner already indicated. In order that the tubercle bacilli may grow readily, it is necessary that they shall have a free supply of oxygen; hence, the mass of bacteria that are transferred to the flask should be caused to float on the surface of the liquid. This can be readily accomplished by detaching a piece of the culture mass from the platinum needle and floating it upon the surface of the liquid without immersing it (Pl. IX, fig.1). If the inoculating piece is allowed to become wet with the culture media, it will sink to the bottom of the flask and the bacteria will not develop. The inoculated flasks are then placed in the ineu- bator, which is a double-walled copper box. The space between the copper walls of the incubator is filled with water. The incubator is kept at a constant temperature of about 98° F. After a week to ten days the tubercle bacilli will be seen spreading out in all directions from the particle with which the flask was inoeulated, and finally the surface of the liquid will be covered with a layer of tuberele bacilli (Pl. IX, fig. 2). When this is noted, the flask should be carefully shaken, so as to cause most of the growth upon the surface to be immersed in the culture liquid and to sink to the bottom of the flask. A small particle, however, should be left on the surface to serve as seed for a new surface growth. This shaking down of the surface growth can be readily accomplished by rotating the flask two or three times very gently, and after a little practice it will be found to be an easy matter to preserve the desired particle upon the surface. From this particle a new surface growth is developed, which should be shaken down as in the first instance, and a third growth allowed to form. This process will require six weeks to two months or more from the time that the flasks were first inoculated, and their con- tents are then in a condition to be further used for the preparation of tubereulin. When first obtained from the animal body, the tuberele bacillus grows best upon blood serum, or potato, or a liquid, such as has been already indicated, that has a faint alkaline reaction to litmus or is perfectly neutral. After a time, however, when the tuberele germ has become accustomed to its new food, just as a plant must adapt itself to a new soil, it can be caused to grow upon medium that has a slight acid reaction. When liquid cultures of the tubercle bacilli have been once inoculated and are growing well, if is very much easier to inoculate fresh culture media from liquid cultures rather than from the jelly cultures, with which it is always necessary to start. The transference of a particle containing large numbers of the germs elt PLATE Ix is | | / ! : YEARBOOK U.S.DEPT OF AGRICULTURE !898 Haines, Der 41a TUBERCLE CULTURE JUST INOCULATED. - FIG IL FIRST GROWTH TUBERCLE. CULTURE. FIG Ml, WELL GROWN TUBERCLE CULTURE, < -- - ee, — ss ee” 6. ee eo Ot Se ee ots Gabe a a eee ee ae) ee ee se PREPARATION AND USE OF TUBERCULIN. 113 from the surface of one flask to serve as seed upon the surface of another flask will give what is commonly called a new generation. As these transfers are usually made every month or six weeks, it is possible, in the course of a few years, to obtain a germ which is a direct descendant of the one originally used, but removed from it by many generations. This continued transference of the bacteria from one nutrient flask to another has the effect in many cases of changing some of the properties of the germ. In the laboratory of the Biochemie Division it has been found, in connection with the tubercle germ, that this fact can be utilized to great advantage. There are in the laboratory now, and have been for a number of years, the descend- ants of a tubercle germ which originally caused the death of guinea pigs in from four to five weeks after they had been inoculated. This germ, which is now perfectly harmless, was originally obtained from a specimen of tuberculous sputum. The guinea pigs inoculated with this sputum died in due time from tuberculosis, and the cultures made from the diseased organs served as a starting point for a large and prolific family. By aceustoming this germ gradually to liquid food which had a slight acid reaction, we eventually succeeded in eliminating its ability to produce tuberculosis when it was inoculated into animals. The germs, however, did not lose the property of pro- ducing or secreting their active poisons—those poisons which form the active principle of tuberculin. Cultures of this sort, which have been caused to lose their virulence or pathogenic properties, are called attenuated, and we have used these attenuated cultures to great advantage since 1893, both in preparing tuberculin and in treating animals, or injecting animals for the purpose of protecting them against an inoculation with virulent tuberculosis or producing in them a serum which may have curative properties. Virulent cultures are also used in preparing the tuberculin, and there are always a number of different generations of varying virulence of tubercle bacilli on hand in the laboratory. STERILIZING THE CULTURES. When the tuvercle cultures have grown sufficiently (Pl. LX, fig. 3), which requires from one month to three months, depending upon the readiness with which the growth begins (and this is always influenced by the reaction of the media and the condition of the culture from which the inoculations are made), the flasks with their contents are re- moved from the incubator and placed immediately in the sterilizing oven, which is kept at a temperature of about 125° C. The eul- tures are left in this oven until they begin to boil. In this way the germs are killed, and the plugs in the mouth of the flasks may be removed and the material filtered without any danger of infecting the workers. Of course, in handling tuberele cultures in such large quantities there is always some danger of infection for the people who ‘114 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. are doing the work. When proper care is used this danger is of practically no importance; but as accidents may occur (flasks be broken and their contents spilled upon tables or floor or in other places), it is a matter of impossibility to avoid all danger. But the discovery that the attenuated germs can be used to advantage for the preparation of tuberoulin materially reduces the possibility of danger to the workers in handling this material. After heating the flasks in - the sterilizer the cotton plugs are removed and the contents of the flask heated over a flame to boiling and immediately filtered. The germs, which are packed close together, remain upon the filter paper and are washed once or twice with a small amount of water. The filtrate, including the washings, is then evaporated, and may be con- centrated to any desired volume. As a rule, one-fifth of the quantity of the original culture is the most convenient point to be reached in the evaporation. Instead of filtering off the germs and then evapo- rating the filtrate, the entire contents of the flask may be concentrated by evaporation and the solution filtered after it has been concentrated. The results are the same, but the writer’s preference is for the first method. DILUTION OF TUBERCULIN. Instead of sending out concentrated tuberculin, it has been found advisable to dilute it to such a strength that 2 cubie centimeters will be a suitable dose for the purpose of diagnosing tuberculosis in cattle. To accomplish this dilution, there is added to the concentrated tuber- culin glycerin equal to one-fourth the original bulk of the culture liquid. This is then diluted with one-fourth of 1 per cent carbolie acid, so that the volume of the tuberculin usually obtained is one-fourth more than the original quantity of culture media used. In other words, 1,000 eubie centimeters of culture media, after the germ has been allowed to grow sufficiently long, diluted with the proper amount of glycerin and carbolie acid, should give 1,250 cubie centimeters of tuberculin of such a strength that 2 cubic centimeters would bea satisfactory dose for testing an animal of 1,000 pounds in weight. METHODS OF STANDARDIZING TUBERCULIN. Several methods of standardization of the tuberculin are adopted. The amount of the tuberculin required to produce a rise of 4° or 5° in temperature in tuberculous guinea pigs of 1 pound in weight is noted, or the quantity of tuberculin found necessary to kill a tuberculous guinea pig; or, again, a standard upon a chemical basis, depending upon the amount of acid which is produced by the growth of the bacilli, is used. All tuberele cultures after they are well grown show a decided acid reaction. If the reaction of the media is carefully noted before inoculation, and again after the growth of the germ, it is found that the amount of acid reaction is inereased proportionately to the quantity of the growth. By practice, it is also found that this PREPARATION AND USE OF TUBERCULIN. 115 is approximately constant. If the value of a tuberculin made from a culture in which the acid reaction has been carefully tested is once noted it serves as a guide for future work. In practice, it has been found that healthy animals do not give reac- tions with large doses of tuberculin, and that as a rule tuberculous animals do not show an appreciably higher reaction with large doses of tuberculin than with medium doses; hence, while the above methods of standardization are not so accurate as those which would have to be used in weighing out a very poisonous alkaloid, experience has shown that they are sufficiently accurate for ordinary work. If the tuberculin is intended for use upon man, it should, in addi- tion to the filtration through a fine filter paper, be filtered through porous porcelain, so as to remove the last possible germ. In the preparation of tuberculin, however, for use upon animals, especially when attenuated cultures are used as the source for the material, this filtration through porcelain is not necessary. LOSS IN PREPARING AND COST OF TUBERCULIN. In handling large amounts of culture media for the preparation of tuberculin there is always a certain amount of unavoidable loss. , Sometimes in the process of inoculation, even with the utmost care, the flasks will become contaminated by some foreign germ. Sometimes the contamination may not take place until the culture is pretty well grown. Then it is often due to an imperfect plug or unavoidable handling of the culture. The quantity of cultures lost depends, of course, upon the care of the individual in handling them, the eare in inoculation, and the locality in which this work is conducted. All inoculations of tubercle flasks, as well as other culture media, should be made in an air that is free from dust, and consequently free from dangers of contamination. When proper eare is used, possibly one- fourth of 1 per cent of the flasks are lost, but the writer has found that in the hands of inexperienced individuals 20, 30, and even 50 per cent of culture flasks may be contaminated. Frequently, as in the case of tubercle cultures, this contamination can be very readily detected. So long as the cultures are pure the germs will be found floating upon the surface of the liquid or at the bottom of the flask, while the rest of the media will be perfectly clear. The slightest contamination causes the media to become cloudy; and as soon as this is noted the flasks should be discarded, as tuberculin should be prepared only from perfectly pure cultures. In experienced hands the cost of the preparation of tuberculin is not great. It should be made and sold, giving a fair profit for the trouble connected with its manufacture, at not over 5 cents a dose. 116 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. THE METHOD OF USING TUBERCULIN. The regulations prescribed for many years by the Bureau of Animal Industry for the use of tuberculin in testing cattle are as follows: DIRECTIONS FOR USING TUBERCULIN AS PREPARED IN THE BIOCHEMIC LABORA- TORY OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCU- LOSIS IN CATTLE, The febrile reaction in tuberculous cattle following the subcutaneous injection of tuberculin begins from six to ten hours after the injection, reaches the maxi- mum nine to fifteen hours after the injection, and returns to normal eighteen to twenty-six hours after the injection. In conducting the test the following course is recommended to those who wish to obtain the most accurate results: (1) Begin to take the rectal temperature at 6 a. m., and take it every hour thereafter until midnight. (2) Make the injection at midnight. (3) Begin to take the temperature next morning at 6 o’clock, and continue as on preceding day. To those who have large herds to examine or who are unable to give the time required by the above directions, the following shortened course is recommended: (1) Begin to take the temperature at 8 a. m., and continue every two hours until 10 p. m. (omitting at 8 p. m. if more convenient). (2) Make the injection at 10 p. m. (3) Take the temperature next morning at 6 or 8 o’clock, and every two hours thereafter until 6 or 8 p. m. Each adult animal should receive 2 cubic centimeters (about 30 minims) of the undiluted tuberculin as it is sent from the laboratory. Yearlings and two-year- olds should receive 1 to 14 cubic centimeters, according to size. Bulls and very large animals may receive 3 cubic centimeters. The injection is made beneath the skin of the neck or shoulders. There is usually no marked local swelling at the seat of injection. There is, now and then, uneasiness, trembling, and the more frequent passage of softened dung. There may also be slight acceleration of the pulse and of the breathing. A rise in the temperature on the day following the injection of two or more degrees F, above the maximum observed on the previous day should be regarded as an indication of tuberculosis. For any rise less than this a repetition of the injection after three to six weeks is highly desirable. In rare cases the temperature may rise in the absence of any disease, or it may fail to rise when tuberculosis is present. It is hardly necessary to suggest that, for the convenience of the one making the test, the animals should not be turned out, but fed and watered in the stable. It is desirable to make note of the time of feeding and watering. Charts for reporting to the Bureau of Animal Industry results of tests are always forwarded with the material. It is not necessary that the temperature should be taken at the exact hour indicated upon these charts, but the hours selected have been considered the most conven- ient for the test. If the animal is diseased, from six to eight hours after the injection of the tubereulin the temperature begins to rise from the normal, which in eattle varies from 101° to 102° F., and should continue to rise until it has reached 105° to 107°. A reaction ie 2 Se PREPARATION AND USE OF TUBERCULIN. 14% of 2° F. above the normal may be considered as good evidence that the animal is infected with tuberculosis. When tuberculin is to be used upon dairy cattle, a test of the same herd should be made at least once every six months. Dairy cows should be carefully tested by means of tuberculin, and this is required at present by some of the States. Dairy herds once found free from disease should not be subjected to the danger of infection by the introduction of new animals that have not been previously tested and found perfectly sound. The health of animals and of men is very largely dependent upon the use of sanitary precautions and the enforcement of sanitary regulations, such as can be adopted by the aid of a definite diagnostic material like tuberculin. ABSENCE OF DANGER IN THE USE OF TUBERCULIN, As will readily be seen from the manner of preparation described, there is not the slightest possible danger of infecting animals or men with tuberculosis from the use of tubereulin. The cultures are heated several times to a temperature a great deal above that necessary to kill the tubercle bacillus, and, in addition, the tuberculin is diluted with earbolie acid, which is an excellent disinfectant and germicide. Again, there is no danger of injuring healthy animals even with quite large doses of tuberculin, as the tuberculin is apparently very readily eliminated in the feces and urine. When tuberculin is to be used for diagnosing disease in man, very much smaller doses are necessary than in the case of animals. From 1 to 3 milligrams are found sufficient in most cases. The method of injecting tuberculin upon man for diagnosis, as pre- scribed by Dr. Trudeau, one who has had a great deal of experience in its use, is as follows: In applying the tuberculin test, I take the temperature for several days before- hand, at 8 a.m.,3 p.m.,and8 p.m. For the first injection, I usually take 1 milligram of Koch’s original tuberculin [5 milligrams Bureau tuberculin], injected as late as possible at bedtime; then note the temperature every two hours the next day. If no reaction follows, after an interval of two days I usually inject 3 milligrams [15 milligrams Bureau tuberculin]. In suspected visceral tuberculosis I usually stop here, butif it isa surgical tuberculosis, where the amount of disease may be very slight, it is well, perhaps, to try another dose of 5 or 6 milligrams after another interval. The reaction usually begins from eight to twelve hours after the injection. THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF TUBERCULIN. One of the objections that has often been brought forward against the use of tuberculin upon eattle is that it is entirely too delicate; that by its aid disease is detected in animals which might not have been dangerous for very many years. It is, however, utterly impos- sible to tell how soon a very slight case of tuberculosis may develop into a very dangerous one, and during this time the animal is the best possible source of infection for other animals. The contagiousness 118 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. of tuberculosis both among animals and men is well established, and, this being known, animals which are found infected with tuberculosis in the slightest degree should either be slaughtered and the healthy portion of the animal used as food, if thoroughly cooked, or better still, such animals may be isolated and quarantined and used for breeding purposes, and the calves isolated and fed upon sterilized milk. By adopting a method of this sort, which is both economical ‘and practical, the objection so often made that tuberculin does not give an indication of the character of disease is easily dispensed with. The moment that the disease is found present, that moment the indi- vidual becomes dangerous to the rest of the cattle in the herd, and the necessary precautions should be taken. In Denmark and in several places in this country the method of isolating animals infected with tuberculosis and using them for breed- ing purposes has been pursued with excellent results, and there is no reason why the’same thing may not be done generally in this country. In some localities this method could not be carried out satisfactorily, and then, of course, it becomes necessary to destroy the animals that are infected with tuberculosis. Occasionally this may be a hardship for the owner of the animal, unless the city or State is willing to pay for the animal a price which would, at any rate, partially reimburse him for his loss. It is quite as legitimate for this to be done as for the adoption of any other sanitary regulations which are of importance for the health of the community. It occasionally happens that animals badly diseased or in an excited condition from various causes have a high temperature at the time of injection and will not give a satisfactory reaction to tuberculin. In these cases, however, the disease is usually so far advanced that it can be detected very readily upon physical examination. These exceptions can not be used as objections to the utility of tubereulin, and do not depreciate its value in the slightest degree. It also ocea- sionally happens that some animals but slightly affected with disease will not react or animals which upon post-mortem appear perfectly healthy have shown reaction. The eminent veterinarian Nocard and others, however, claim that, in all cases in which very careful post- mortem examinations have been made upon animals which had reacted to the tubereulin test but did not show marked post-mortem lesions, they have demonstrated that the germ of the disease was present in the system and had just begun its development. To prove this the most careful bacteriological examination and inoculation tests are necessary. The tuberculin test, it is true, is not infallible, but the mistakes that may occur from its use are so few and it is so much more nearly perfect than any other method that we have at hand that for practical purposes it may be considered sure. While it may be many years before tuberculosis can be practically eradicated from herds, and while it would require many stringent State and national regulations to sueceed in stamping it out, nevertheless by the use of PREPARATION AND USE OF TUBERCULIN. 119 tuberculin and proper methods of disinfection of stables and other localities which have been infected by diseased animals it will be pos- sible in a comparatively short time to greatly reduce the number of eases of this disease. Dr. Pearson’s report to the Pennsylvania board of health indicates a reduction of 33 per cent in cases of tuberculosis in that State. As tuberculosis in animals is reduced so will the disease in man be proportionately decreased. There is every evidence to prove conclu- sively that man may be infected with tuberculosis by drinking the milk from tuberculous animals. Recent work, combined with many experiments that have been conducted in past years, has shown that the tubercle germ of human origin or the tubercle germ of animal origin can adapt itself very readily to its surroundings and grow upon different varieties of media and at different temperatures without its pathogenic or disease-producing properties being destroyed. It was claimed for a long time that the human tubercle bacillus was not pathogenic for birds. Very recently, however, Nocard has shown that if a culture of the human bacillus be placed in a collodion sack and this sack introduced into the peritoneal cavity of a chicken, after four weeks or more the germ will have assumed the appearance of the avian bacillus and will have become pathogenic for chickens. Again, the tubercle germ has been recently isolated from carp. It was dem- onstrated very conclusively that these carp were infected from the sputum of a badly tuberculous individual, which sputum was thrown regularly into the pond occupied by the carp. The germ isolated from the carp grew at a very much lower temperature than the human germ, but its origin was undoubtedly human. All this work has proven very conclusively that the tubercle bacillus found in different animals may adapt itself very readily to different surroundings, may be accustomed to grow at lower or higher temperatures, and may eventually grow under conditions that would have been originally entirely destructive to it. This latter point has been very practically demonstrated in this laboratory, the experiments showing that the tubercle bacillus can be gradually accustomed to a nutrient liquid containing glycerin, sodium and potassium phosphate, and ammo- nium phosphate. When obtained directly from the animal the germ will not grow on this solution, but by cultivating it first upon a medium which more nearly produces the conditions that the germ finds in the animal body it can then be transferred to the solution of mineral salts and caused to grow rapidly and in great abundance. If such conditions can be produced artificially outside of the body there is certainly every reason to believe that the germ can very read- ily adapt itself to changes in temperature and nutrient conditions that are found in the bodies of different animals and still cause tuber- culosis. During the seven years that tubereulin has been prepared in this laboratory for distribution by the Bureau of Animal Industry to 120 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. various State officials and experiment stations, the results have been very generally satisfactory. Thousands of reports have been received, from nearly every State in the Union, from Canada and the West Indies, and from many different sources, and with one or two excep- tions (exceptions arising very probably from the fact that the users of the material were not experienced in handling it) all have realized the importance and usefulness of tuberculin. There have been one or two eases in which it was claimed that the tuberculin gave misleading results. One may be noted especially. A supply of tuberculin had been sent from this laboratory in the spring of the year to a certain State veterinarian who distributed it to some of his assistants. One of these assistants kept the bottles standing in his office for several months in the hot sun. He then used some of their contents to test an animal, which, according to report, passed the test, and was sold. Subsequently, with another lot of tuberculin, the animal showed the tuberculin reaction, which diagnosis was proved upon post-mortem examination. The doctor to whom this tubereulin had been sent was requested to forward the bottle from which the material had been used to this laboratory. He said that he could not get this, but sent another bottle from the same lot which had not been opened but kept under the same conditions. This latter bottle was kept for some six or eight months, untilan opportunity occurred to have the veterinarian of the District of Columbia use some of it. He was told that it was old tuberculin, and that nothing was known about its reliability, but that he could use it upon animals which showed signs of tuberculosis. This he did, and reported a very characteristic reaction. The writer feels sure that the failure reported in the first instance was due to a personal error and not to the tubereulin. . Contrary to the generally accepted statement, the diluted bottled tuberculin has often been kept in this laboratory for two or three years or more without its losing its active properties. In order, how- ever, to avoid all trouble, the usual recommendation is that the tuber- eculin sent out shall not be used more than six weeks after the date upon the bottle, which indicates the time when it was diluted in the laboratory. This may be an unnecessary precaution, but one which seems advisable when the material is placed with such a large number of people. CONCLUSIONS. In conelusion, it would seem that the preparation of tubereulin should always be conducted under experienced direction. It should be distributed through some central authority, so that the results from its use can be collected and tabulated and serve as a source of general information. It is an invaluable test, and by its use, as has been demonstrated by several of the States, especially Vermont, it is certainly possible to reduce very materially tuberculosis among cattle, and it may be possible to eventually exterminate it. THE PRINCIPAL INSECTS AFFECTING THE TOBACCO PLANT. By L. O. Howarp, Ph. D., Entomologist. INTRODUCTION. The tobacco plant, although indigenous to America, does not suffer so greatly from the attacks of insects in the United States as do others of our crop plants. It has no insect enemies peculiar to itself, but every season a certain amount of damage is done by insects, and in some years favorable to insect increase this damage may mean a serious loss to the planter. The most comprehensive work upon tobacco insects which has been published is in the Italian language, and includes a consideration of all species which affect this crop, both in the field and in the factory. But this work treats. largely of European insects, being a special report of the entomological agricultural experiment station at Flor- ence, entitled ‘‘Animals and insects of growing and dried tobacco,” by Prof. A. Targioni-Tozzetti. In this country there have been ocea- sional accounts of specific insects in the different agricultural reports and in the bulletins of the State experiment stations. Prof. H. Gar- man, of the Kentucky experiment station, in particular, has given the subject much attention, and has done admirable work in the important direction of proving the possibility of the practical use of arsenical mixtures on the tobacco plant. The most comprehensive article which has yet been prepared in this country is, at the time of this writing, being printed by the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station as Bulletin No. 48, with the title ‘‘A preliminary report upon the insect enemies of tobacco in Florida,” by A. L. Quaintance. The present paper contains accounts of several tobacco insects not included in the bulletin by the Florida author, who, as the title indi- cates, treats only of the species occurring in Florida, but the writer defers to Professor Quaintance in matters of actual field experience concerning several of the species, and wishes here to express his thanks for advance proof sheets of the bulletin in question, which have enabled him to make this paper more complete than it would otherwise have been. From the time when the seed is sown in the seed bed to the time when the tobacco field is plowed under to some late fall crop, the 121 122 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. tobacco plant is subject to the attacks of several species of insects. Throughout the tobacco-growing regions of the United States there is probably no one insect which does more damage to the marketed prod- uct than the tobacco flea-beetle, or ‘‘ flea bug,” as it is commonly known to growers (Hpitriz parvula). The large horn worms or ‘‘ horn- blowers,” also insects of wide’ distribution, tobacco growers must always fight. The bud worm, which may be either the larva of Helio- this rhexia or of the cotton boll worm or tomato fruit worm or corn- ear worm, as it is called according as it affects different plants (larva of Heliothis armiger), attacks and bores into the central leaf roll or ‘“bud” early in the summer, or later in the season into the seed pods or into the terminal flower stalk, and even feeds to a certain extent upon the leaves. Several species of cutworms are liable to occasion replanting in soil which has not been properly treated, and one or two of them rag the leaves late in the season. Certain wireworms also are liable to affect the young plant shortly after it is set out. Two or more species of plant bugs occasionally damage the leaves by inserting their beaks and sucking the juices, causing a drying and shriveling of the leaf in inuch the same way as the harlequin cabbage bug injures the leaves of cabbage. One of these plant bugs, a small species, insignificant in appearance, has recently proved to be a seri- ous enemy to tobacco culture in Florida. Another new insect, and one which may prove to be a very important factor in tobaeco eul- ture, is the so-called tobacco leaf-miner, or ‘‘ split worm,” an insect which although first found in North Carolina only two years ago has since made its appearance in Florida, South Carolina, and southern Virginia. These comprise the principal species damaging growing tobacco at the present time. There is always a chance, however, that new insect enemies may make their appearance just as two of those above mentioned have done in very recent times, and it is safe to say that many of the species which affect solanaceous plants, and especially the tomato, are liable to transfer their attentions to the tobacco crop under favorable conditions. After the tobacco has reached the factory, an insect enemy of impor- tance, and which is always to be feared, is the cigarette beetle (Lasi- oderma serricorne), a species which riddles the tobacco leaf, which bores into or out of manufactured cigarettes and cigars, and which, when once introduced into a not over cleanly factory, is very difficult to eradicate. Two or three other little beetles have been found in dried tobacco, namely, the drug-store beetle (Sitodrepa panicea) and the rice weevil (Calandra oryza), but they are not as important as the cigarette beetle. It is proposed to give in this paper a short account of these insects and other species of less importance, with some indication of the proper remedies under each, and a concluding paragraph on remedial work as a whole, ® PRINCIPAL INSECTS AFFECTING THE TOBACCO PLANT. 123 THE TOBACCO FLEA-BEETLE. ( Epitrix parvula Fabr. ) This active little insect (fig. 7) may be found in almost any tobacco field from Arkansas to Florida and north to Connecticut. It is a minute, oval, reddish-brown species, which occurs upon many sola- - naceous plants, feeding upon tomato, potato, horse nettle, and jimson weed (Datura stramonium). The beetles make their appearance in July, attacking first the lower and then the upper leaves. After they have fed for awhile the leaf becomes full of small, dry spots and then of holes about the size of a pin point, which later may become con- siderably enlarged (fig. 8). When the crop is cured it is poor and thin, and frequently full of small holes. While the main damage is done in the beetie condition, the insect feeds also, in its early stages, upon the tobacco. Its eggs being laid at the roots, hatch into minute, whitish larve, which feed upon the roots, and, in the course of about a month, as ascertained by Mr. Chittenden, reach full growth, transform to pupz, and again to adult beetles. The damage done to the roots in this way must affect Fic. 7.—Epitrix parvula : a, adult beetle; 5, thehealth of the plant toa certain MEya,lateral view; head of larva; dos extent, but it isnot appreciable in view: /, pupa—a,, f enlarged about fifteen comparison with the damage which Bee” ee eee Obit the adult beetles do to the leaves. The insect, in its early stages, is not confined ta tobacco, but feeds also upon the nightshade and the jimson weed, as also ascertained by Mr. Chittenden. It is not alone in the actual damage to the leaves done by the jaws of the beetle that this insect is injurious to the foliage of tobacco, but through the further fact that these little holes, even when the pune- fure is not through the entire thickness of the leaf, become the entrance points of fungous spores or bacteria, which start a disease of the leaf which frequently damages it much more than the insects themselves. In moist weather this disease, started by the flea-beetles, “may do considerable damage when the flea-beetles themselves are comparatively scarce. _ By some writers the round white spots in the leaves, which are illustrated in fig. 9, have been considered to result from the initial work of the tobacco flea-beetle; but, as reported by several workers pon fungous diseases, these spots have been shown to be invaded by 124 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. a species of fungus belonging to the genus Cercospora, members of which actually cause leaf diseases upon other plants, and which are certainly capable of damaging leaves in this way without the prelim- inary insect work. The commonest form of this damage seems to be caused by Cercospora nicotine, and is known as ‘‘frog eye” or ‘‘ white speck.” Another similar disease known by the same names occurs in Florida, and another in Europe, where it is known as ‘‘smallpox.” The ‘‘ white speck” of the North Carolina planters is said by Ellis and Everhart to be caused by a fungus knownas Macrosporium tabacinum. A\- though not proved, it is quite possible that the tobacco flea-beetle is more or less responsible for, if not the occurrence, at least the spread of these diseases. There is a fad for cigar wrappers spotted in this way. A patent on an artificial method of imitating these disease spots has lately been issued. The writer has visited tobacco fields in Virginia in which almost every plant was more or less affected by the tobacco flea- beetle. The upper leaves were spotted by their work, particularly near the edges, and the lower leaves were riddled with holes and almost covered with the white fungous spots. REMEDIES. Reference will be made later in this paper to the advantage of clean cultiva- tion in the tobacco fields. The destrue- tion of weeds, particularly solanaceous weeds, along the margins of the field, will be of positive benefit in reducing the num- bers of this insect, as well as other tobacco insects, unless (and this suggestion we makeas one of much possible value) it shall be found feasible to grow a few clumps of nightshade or jimson weed as trap crops for the beetles, the plants to be thoroughly poisoned in the early summer before the tobacco has been set out. The tobacco crop is one of a few which are peculiarly adapted to this kind of remedial treatment. In the ordinary course of tobacco culture the weeds are allowed to grow freely about the margins of the fields. Before the tobacco plants are set out, those Fic. 8.—Tobacco leaves damaged by Epitrix parvula (original). PRINCIPAL INSECTS AFFECTING THE TOBACCO PLANT. 125 weeds which are secondary food plants of tobacco insects, such as Solanum nigrum, Solanum carolinense, and Datura stramonium, act simply as concentrators and multipliers of the tobacco insects, so that the insects are already in force about the margins of the fields, ready to transfer their attentions to the young and succulent tobacco plants after they have been planted. From this it is plain that, if the mar- gins of the fields are kept free from such plants, the insects will not have as good a start, and will not be present in such great numbers. It also follows that, if a few attractive weeds are left in clumps, the flea-beetles and other tobacco insects of the immediate vicinity will concentrate upon these few weeds, where they can readily be killed, either by the application of an arsenical poison, if they are gnawing insects, or of a kerosene emulsion, if they are sucking insects. \\ NYY “ \ AeA NY ANY \ NNN \ \ WA Wa \ \ Wa AN N \ \ advo Fic. 9.—Leaf spots of old tobacco leaf—slightly reduced (original). Where preliminary work of this nature has been neglected, and it becomes necessary to treat the tobacco flea-beetle in the tobacco field, we are prepared to heartily recommend the use of arsenical poisons. Small as the insect is, and much as its initial work looks like the puncture of a beak rather than the nibbling of a pair of jaws, it isa true biting or gnawing insect; therefore, if the leaves be treated, even with a minute quantity of an arsenical poison, the insect will be reached by it in the act of eating the leaf, and will be destroyed. This is not as satisfactory a means of killing the insect as the pre- ventive mentioned above, for the reason that, in order to get its dose of the poison, the insect must damage the leaf to a certain extent, and as there is a constant succession of new beetles, the leaves will become damaged more or less, even though the insects be destroyed; 126 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. still, it prevents any great damage, and insects thus poisoned are out of the way for good, both as regards future damage by the individual and by its otherwise possible offspring. When the idea of poisoning the tobacco leaf was first suggested it met with considerable opposition. It was feared that the persistence of the poison might render the tobacco dangerous to the human con- sumer. This fear still exists in many quarters; in fact, the average smoker, and, still more, the average chewer, would hardly faney the Fic. 10.—Northern tobacco worm, or * horn worm” (Protopar ceceleus): a, adult moth; b, full- grown larva; c, pupa—natural size (original). idea that his tobacco had, at any time, been treated with arsenic. The same feeling, however, existed when Paris green was first used on the potato crop for the Colorado potato beetle. It was expressed when fruit growers began to spray apple trees for the codling moth, and it still remains in regard to the use of arsenicals upon cabbages, in spite of the fact that most cabbage growers are using them, and that it has been repeatedly shown that the quantity of poison which is effective is so infinitesimally small that not the least possible harm can result to the consumer. The same holds with regard to tobacco. PRINCIPAL INSECTS AFFECTING THE TOBACCO PLANT. 127 Careful experimentation by Professor Garman in Kentucky and the experience of practical tobacco growers in Kentucky and South Caro- lina have shown that, properly used, no possible harm can result from the application of an arsenical poison. Summarizing from the prac- tical experience on record, it is the opinion of the writer that Paris green, in the proportion of 1 pound to 125 gallons of water, is the proper mixture to apply to tobacco plants. Used at this strength, it will not kill all of the flea-beetles, but it will greatly reduce their numbers. It will also be efficacious at this strength against the young caterpillars of the horn worm, or hornblower, and against sun- ee ee Pe aa Fic 11.—Southern tobacco worm (Protoparce carolina): a, adult moth; 6, full-grown larva: c, pupa—natural size (original). dry other tobacco insects, as will later be shown. In the dry state, it may be mixed with twenty parts of spoiled flour or any fine dust, such as road dust, and dusted on the plants from one of the machines known as powder guns, or from a coarse cloth bag or sack. After the available portions of the plants are cut in the fall, and the planter is ready to plow his fields to small grain or some other erop, there will be a positive advantage in treating the portions of the plants left in the field with a considerably stronger arsenical mix- ture. This, in the warm days of autumn, will kill the insects remain- ing in the fields, many of which would otherwise have successfully hibernated and put in an appearance ready for destructive work the Oe iad, ie ee a ll 128 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. following season. The writer was particularly struck with this point the first week in November in southern Virginia The tobacco erop had been entirely harvested, but no killing frosts had occurred. The days were warm and sunny and the nights cold. On the remaining portions of the tobacco plants in the fields were many flea-beetles, bud worms, and cutworms, which, a week or so later, would have entered hibernating quarters. Justat this time, with a slight expend- iture of energy, the useless remnants of the tobacco plants could have been poisoned, and practically all of these insects destroyed, much to the advantage of next year’s crop. THE TOBACCO HORN WORMS, OR HORNBLOWERS. (Protoparce carolina Linn. and Protoparce celeus Hiibn.) There are two species of large sphinx moths whose larvee, or eater- pillars, eat the leaves of tobacco, tomato, and allied plants, inelud- ing, occasionally, the Irish potato. These caterpillars, from the fact that each bears upon one of the posterior segments of its body a rather stout, curved horn, have become F1G. 12.—Southern tobacco worm dead and shriveled from popabiely, xo eee? bacterial disease—natural size (original). worms. This term ‘‘ horn worm” has, in some incom- prehensible way, been corrupted into ‘‘hornblower” in Maryland and Virginia, where it is applied to the adult moth. Tobacco growers do not distinguish between the two different kinds of horn worms, and for practical purposes it is not in the least neces- sary that they should distinguish them. As a matter of general inter- est, however, it may be stated that the horn on the end of the body of carolina is red, while that of celeus is black. Both are green in color, with oblique white stripes on the sides of the body. These white stripes extend farther up on the back with the caterpillar of carolina than they do with the caterpillar of celeus. The curious brown pupa into which the caterpillar transforms, which is found under the surface of the ground, and which is at once recognized by the handle-shaped process which issues from the top of the head, is distinguished in the two species by the fact that the handle-shaped process, Which is really the tongue case, is much longer with the pupa of celeus than it is with the pupa of carolina.’ From these pupe, or chrysalids, issue the adult moths. The moths of the two species may be distinguished from the fact that carolina is darker, and the orange spots along the sides of the body are more vivid, while the center of the hind wings of celeus bears two distinet, zigzag lines, which in carolina become blurred, darkened, and indistinet. All of these points are plainly brought out in figs. 10 and 11, i The figures of both Harris and Glover are misleading on this point. PRINCIPAL INSECTS AFFECTING THE TOBACCO PLANT. 129 Both of these insects occur more or less abundantly in the tobacco fields over the entire tobacco-growing regions of the United States. In certain localities one species will be much more abundant than the other, and in other localities the numbers will be more evenly divided. In general, it may be said that celeus is the more northern species, and is found more abundantly in the more northern tobacco fields, while farther south carolina is apt to be much the more common. In the tobaeco-growing regions of Connecticut, for example, according to Professor Fernald, celews is the more common tobacco worm, while in _ Florida the reverse condition holds. Both species occur from Canada to Florida, and as the region of tobacco culture fails in the North, both species feed upon tomato. Carolina extends its range into the West Indies and South America, but celeus is not found south of Florida. The life histories of both species are practically identical. Vary- ing in date, according to the climate, the moths make their appear- ance, working their way out of the underground pupe, or chrysalids, from May 1 well on into June, pair, and lay their eggs singly on the undersides of the leaves. The young caterpillars hatch from these eggs, which, by the way, are laid in the dusk of the evening, in from four to eight days; according to Professor Alwood’s observation of carolina. In the course of their growth they cast their skin four times, and in less than a month become full grown, burrow into the soil, and transform to pupe. The number of generations in a year varies in different localities. In the greater part of the tobacco-growing region planters have recog- nized that there are two ‘‘crops” of the worms. This holds in por- tions of Maryland. At Blacksburg, Va., Professor Alwood has found that one ‘‘crop” is normal, and that there are occasional indications of a second ‘‘crop,” or generation. In Florida, where the moths make their appearance early in May, according to Professor Quaintance, the first generation of caterpillars is not particularly destructive, but the second generation, which appears during July, causes the most dam- age. A third generation is normal, and probably a fourth, although in July caterpillars of various sizes may be found in the fields at one time. The retardation of development in some individuals, and ae- celeration in others, bring about anintermingling of generations, which _ is always marked in insects in the South where the number of genera- tions exceeds three. In Cuba, where the carolina horn worm is said to be a severe pest to the tobacco industry, there is probably an even larger number of generations. Actual damage done by horn worms varies greatly in different Seasons. Frequently, for a number of years, they will not be too bundant to be kept down readily by hand picking, and then will come a season in which they are so numerous that it is very difficult 0 save the crop without incurring a prohibitive expense. Again, 1 A98 9 } 130 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. comparative immunity during one summer will be followed by con- siderable damage the next. Professor Garman, in Bulletin No. 66 of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, states that the sum- mer of 1896 was one of extraordinary abundance. The horn worms ‘“were present on both tobacco and tomato in myriads, and proved so destructive that some fields of tobacco were abandoned and in the fall presented only a wilderness of stems and midribs of leaves. In such fields as many as five worms, representing both species, were frequently observed on a single plant. Their advent was so sudden that before the seriousness of the outbreak was realized tobacco that had been the pride of the owner and showed scarcely a mutilated leaf was severely injured. It was near cutting time when they became most abundant, and some growers preferred to cut their tobacco as the best means of saving it. On suckers in fields and on abandoned tobacco the worms remained until frosts killed the plants. Large numbers of both species were colletted in October from such tobaeeo, and they were observed in fields until October 12.” Both kinds of horn worms are extremely subject to disease and to the attacks of natural enemies. Caterpillars which are observed to turn dark in color are attacked by a bacterial disease, which invariably results in their death (fig. 12). Certain parasitic insects attack others, and all tobacco growers are familiar with the appearance of a horn worm partly or entirely covered with little, white, oval cocoons. Such specimens should not be crushed, since the cocoons are made by one of the most important of the parasites of these larvee, which, if allowed to emerge undisturbed, will increase the mortality among the ecater- pillars. Others may occasionally be noticed bearing very minute, oval, white eggs sticking closely tothe skin. These are the eggs of a Tachina fly, and the maggots which hatch from these eggs bore into the eater- pillar and eventually destroy it. REMEDIES. It will be unnecessary to repeat what has been said under the head of ‘‘ The tobacco flea-beetle” concerning the use of arsenical poisons. When the first generation of horn worms appears (and each tobacco grower must determine the approximate date from observation in his . own fields), an application of Paris green, either dry or in the liquid form, as elsewhere described, is by far the best remedy when the insects are numerous. In ordinary seasons and in certain localities the tobacco crop will not suffer so severely that it can not be protected by the ordinary process of hand picking, or ‘‘ worming,” as it is ealled. Most conservative tobacco planters send their hands through the fields to pick off the caterpillars and crush them, and rely upon no other remedial work. The adult moth possesses a long beak, through which it sueks the nectar of flowers, being attracted especially to the sweetest flowers it, PRINCIPAL INSECTS AFFECTING THE TOBACCO PLANT. 131 and those possessing a long, tubular corolla, like the honeysuckle and the morning-glory and the flower of the Jamestown, or ‘‘jimson” weed. Many years ago it occurred to an observing planter that the jimson- weed flowers might be poisoned to advantage, and from this sugges- tion has grown up the custom in certain parts of the country of squirt- ing into the flowers of the jimson weeds growing in the immediate vicinity of the tobacco fields a certain amount of sweetened water poisoned with cobalt or ‘‘fly stone.” &> the country have been propagated E>E> from portions of the original Kieffer tree, which grew near Philadelphia <> E& from seed, and therefore, strictly speaking, they are all portions of é the same individual and of the same > E> original seedling. The same is true in case of the Bartlett, Anjou, and > Ep» all the other varieties, or, in other F1a. 40.—Seeds from crossed and from self- pollinated Bartlett pears: a, from crossed pears; b, from self-pollinated pears. b Gin ae | U words, our horticultural varieties of fruit trees propagated by budding or grafting or by cuttings are all parts of an original individual seedling and do not inherently differ from it. POLLINATION OF POMACEOUS FRUITS. 173 Among the sorts which were found to be more or less completely self- sterile are the Anjou, Bartlett, Boussock, Clairgeau, Clapps Favorite, Easter, Howell, Lawrence, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Sheldon, Souvenir de Congress, Superfin, and Winter Nelis; and among those more or less self-fertile are Angouleme, Bose, Buffum, Flemish Beauty, Heathcote, Mannings Eliza- beth, and Seckel, and, in the South, Kieffer and Le Conte. The two last varieties are especially inclined to self- sterility in the North, particu- larly in cold, wet springs, but in Southern locations they fruit heavily, even in large blocks where no other vari- eties are near. ‘The writer is not inclined to attach much importance to the strict classi- F 1G. 41.—Section of an apple blossom. fication of pears into self-sterile and self-fertile varieties, as the more he experimented along this line the more the results tended to run the two classes together. The kinds classed as self-sterile, like Anjou and Bartlett, yielded a small percent- age of fruit in favorable seasons with self-polli- nation where the trees were in good soil and were well pruned and well cultivated, while the sorts classed as self-fertile, like Angou- leme, Seekel, and Iief- fer, were almost self- sterile in unfavorable seasons. ‘The question therefore arises as to whether pears which grow to such perfec- tion in California, as Bartlett, Clapps Fa- vorite, and Clairgeau, ; do not find the eli- mate of that State so favorable as to be self-fertile. The crossed and self-pollinated fruits resulting from most of the experiments were collected and studied and quite perceptible differ- ences were found between them, consisting essentially in a better Pia. 42.—Baldwin apple cross pollinated with pollen of the Bellflower apple. 174 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. development of the blossom end of the crossed fruits, and narrower, slimmer, and less pyriform self-pollinated fruits. This is well illus- trated in figs. 38 and 39, which show a typical cross and a, self- pollinated Bartlett. Another interesting point brought out by these studies was that the self-pollinated fruits had only small, abortive seeds, or, incom- mon parlance, were seedless, while there was an abundance of seeds, often the full number, ten, in the crosses (fig. 40). In the self-pollinated fruits of late varieties there was a tendency to wither when ripen- ing, while the crossed fruits, : GE gathered at the same time, F1a.43.—Laree specimen of self-pollinated Baldwin ripened well. The fruits not epple. bagged on the trees were also carefully observed, and as arule were found to agree with the crosses rather than with the self-fertilized pears. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING CROSS POLLINATION OF PEARS. The following is a brief summary of the conclusions drawn from the experiments and already published in Bulletin No. 5 of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology: (1) Many of the common varieties of pears require cross pollination, be- ing partially or wholly ineapable of setting fruit when limited to their own pollen. (2) Some varieties are capable of self-fertilization. (3) Cross pollination consists in applying pollen from a distinct horti- cultural variety, that is, one which has grown from a distinct seed, and not in using pollen from another tree of the same grafted variety, which is = Fic 44.—Small specimen of self-pollinated no better than that from the same tree. Baldwin abies. (4) Self-pollination takes place no matter whether foreign pollen is present or not. The failure to fruit with self-pollination is due to sterility of the pollen and not to mechan- ical causes, the impotency being due to lack of affinity between the pollen and the ovules of the same variety. ae a POLLINATION OF POMACEOUS FRUITS. 175 (5) Varieties that are absolutely self-sterile may be perfectly cross fertile. (6) The condition of nutrition and the general environment affect the ability of the tree to set fruit either with its own pollen or with that from another variety. (7) Pollen is transported from tree to tree by bees and other insects and not by the wind. (8) Bad weather during flowering time has a decidedly injurious influence on fruitage by keeping away insect visitors and affecting the feeundation of the flowers, and, conversely, fine weather favors cross pollination and the setting of the fruit. (9) Pears resulting from self-fertilization are very uniform in shape. They differ from crosses not only in size and shape, but also, in some cases, in time of ripening and in flavor. (10) Among the crosses the differences were slight or variable, so that the variations can not be ascribed with certainty to differences in pollen. (11) Self-fecundated pears are deficient in seeds, and the seeds pro- duced are usually abortive. The crosses are well supplied with sound seeds. (12) Even with those varieties which are capable of self-fecunda- tion the pollen of another variety is prepotent, and unless the entrance of foreign pollen is prevented the greater number of fruits will be affected by it. (13) The normal typical fruits and in most cases the largest and finest specimens from both the so-called self-sterile and self-fertile varieties are crosses. CROSS POLLINATION OF APPLES. In connection with the experiments on pears, a large amount of work was done on apples, this being possible because of the apple blos- soms beginning to open just as the pears go out of flower. DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLE BLOSSOM, Apple blossoms are borne in somewhat smaller clusters than pear blossoms, there being usually only six flowers per cluster. The flow- ers also vary more in size than do those of the pear, the central one often being much larger, shorter stemmed, and earlier than the others. This is especially striking in the King apple and other early-blooming varieties. The apple blossom is more highly developed than the pear blossom, and on account of its delicate perfume, higher coloration, and larger size is more attractive to insects, especially to the larger bees. It is formed on the same general plan (fig. 41) as the pear flower, the only striking difference being that the bases of its stamens are enlarged and hairy, and instead of curving outward they all draw together toward the center, and fit closely around the styles. By this arrange- ment the nectar disk is completely covered, and hence only the larger 176 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. insects, such as bees and bumblebees, which can force the stamens apart and reach the honey with their mouth parts, can make use of the blossoms. Large bumblebees very seldom visit the pear, and when they do, they soon fly away; but they work continuously and in large numbers on the apple. In the writer’s opinion the honey from the apple blossoms is superior in flavor to that from pear blossoms. As apple blossoms are more attractive to insects than pear blossoms, it is probable that the latter, in the evolution of these plants, were forced to bloom earlier, so that the bees might not be attracted away from them. In fact, the pear blossom could not compete with the apple blossom for insect attention if obliged to open at the same time. Apple blossoms are certainly abundantly visited by insects, but in western New York the writer noticed that although the first trees to bloom were well covered with bees and bumblebees, yet when the main body of the orchards came into flower there were not enough for all the trees. This is liable to be the case where an orchard is very large and in sections where apple growing is the main industry. Notwithstanding the higher development of the apple blossom, more of the pear blossoms set fruit. A set of 5 or 6 per cent of an average bloom gives a heavy apple crop, 10 to 15 per cent being rare, while 13.3 per cent isthe average set for pear flowers, or one fruit per cluster, the latter averaging about seven and a half flowers each. The apple being ordinarily a larger tree and a more vigorous grower than the pear, it is usually less within the orchardist’s control by methods of cultivation and pruning; in other words, it is much better able to take care of itself than the pear. , EXPERIMENTS IN CROSSING. The methods followed in the work on the apple were the same as in the experiments with pears. Some of the flowers were emasculated with the scalpel and hand-pollinated by applying the open anthers to the pistils, while others were simply covered with bags made of paper, cheese cloth, or mosquito-net, from forty to sixty of the three kinds of bags being used on each tree. Ina general way the results were sim- ilar to those obtained in the experiments with pears. The division of the varieties into self-fertile and self-sterile sorts was not nearly so well marked. Crossing gave decidedly better results in all eases than self-pollina- tion. The Baldwin, which was experimented upon freely, may be cited as a variety that comes as near being self-fertile as any, and yet even this is far from being entirely so, for in the best trees the per- centage of fruit resulting from self-pollination was not more than one- fourth of that which resulted from crossing. Some of the Baldwin trees in fact seemed to be self-sterile, and trees of all the varieties occasionally set self-pollinated fruit. The few clusters of Nortons Melon experimented upon indicated POLLINATION OF POMACEOUS FRUITS. 177 that this variety, which produces the choicest apples as to quality, is quite inclined to be self-fertile. This was also found to be true in the case of Seckel pears, and indicates that high quality is not necessarily associated with self-sterility. On the other hand, Rhode Island Green- ing, Talman Sweet, Esopus Spitzenburg, and Twenty Ounce gave very poor results from self-pollination, but quite a number of the trees of these varieties experimented with refused to fruit even under the stimulus of cross pollination. This occurred but a few times in the experiments with pears, and in such cases the appearance of the foli- age and the growth of the tree usually indicated that something was wrong, but there was no apparent reason why the apple blossoms on these particular trees should refuse to set fruit. The apples resulting from some of the experiments were collected and studied, and the results were found to be parallel with those ob- tained in the experiments with pears, the crosses being larger, more highly colored, and better supplied with seed (fig. 42). For example, the hand-crossed Baldwin apples were highly colored, well matured, and contained abundant seeds, while the self-fertilized fruits were only slightly colored, were but one-fourth to two-thirds the regular size, and seedless. The crosses were, in other words, like the better specimens of apples, not bagged, from the same trees, and the self- fertilized fruits corresponded with the undersized, poorly-colored specimens. The unsatisfactory character of the fruits obtained from self-polli- nation (figs. 43 and 44) was more pronounced in the apples than in the pears, and gave still further evidence that self-pollination is not to be relied upon for apple production, especially in unfavorable seasons. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING CROSS POLLINATION OF APPLES. The practical conclusions drawn from the experiments with apples are the same as those from the work on pears. There are so many varie- ties of apples, and the conditions in different sections vary so much, that different sets of varieties are planted in different regions. All the work here described was done at Rochester, Brockport, and Geneva, N. Y., and as the natural conditions in that region are very favorable to the apple, any tendency to self-fertility was probably pretty well brought out. Although several orchards of single varieties of apples in Mis- souri have not yielded satisfactorily, yet the experience with large blocks of Ben Davis at the Olden fruit farmin that State, and in other extensive orchards in the West, where single varieties are planted in large blocks, shows that under certain circumstances crossing between different varieties is not necessary. 1 Ags 12 178 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CROSS POLLINATION OF QUINCES. DESCRIPTION OF THE QUINCE BLOSSOM, The quince flower is larger and more showy than that of the apple, but is not so delicately colored and is of much coarser texture. The stamens and pistils are fully twice as large as those of the apple, and are considerably thicker than those of the apple or pear. The ovary is also larger and each carpel contains a dozen or more seeds. The flowers bloom later than those of the apple or pear, and are much better adapted to self-pollination than either, the stamens being so arranged that the anthers often touch the stigmas. The large size of the flowers is doubtless due to the fact that each winter bud produces but one, instead of a cluster of six or eight, as in the ease of apples and pears. These buds grow on the sides of the shoots instead of at the tips of the fruit spurs or fruiting branches. The flowers are abundantly visited by insects. EXPERIMENTS IN CROSSING. Experiments in crossing were carried on with the quince at Roches- ter, N. Y., in 1892 and 1893. Pollen from Orange, Rea, Champion, and Meach was used, and the emasculated flowers were covered with paper bags or cheese-cloth bags. Both the crossed and self-pollinated flowers produced a fairly good percentage of fruit, no difference exist- ing between them that could not be readily attributed to accidental variation. The experiments showed no such striking benefits from insect visits, as did those with the pear and apple. MISCELLANEOUS FACTORS INFLUENCING FRUITFULNESS. Although the main purpose of this paper is to bring out the im- portance of cross pollination as a factor in fruit production, the importance of other well-known factors influencing fruitfulness must not be overlooked. To plant an orchard and give attention to this feature only would be to invite failure. Unless the other condi- tions are favorable, the orchard will not be a complete success even with abundant cross pollination. It is of vital importance to plant varieties naturally fruitful and adapted to the soil and elimate of the region. The Ben Davis and Winesap apples, and the Kieffer, Le Conte, and Duchess pears, for example, have an inherent tendency to bear fruit, and unless all odds are against them they will produce crops. However, it is only neces- sary to mention the subject of varieties here, as its importance is already well understood; in fact, horticulturists are inclined to let it overshadow all other factors. The vegetative vigor of the tree exerts a decided influence on its capacity for setting and maturing fruit. To be in good condition a tree must have a proper proportion of vegetative shoots. In the ease POLLINATION OF POMACEOUS FRUITS. 179 of young trees too much vigor of the vegetative parts tends to retard the formation of fruit spurs and blossom buds and prevents the fruit from setting on blossoms that have formed. On the other hand, when the tree has onee formed the bearing habit its capacity for fruit pro- duction is largely determined by the vigor of the tree. Declining vigor first renders the tree completely self-sterile and eventually sterile to cross pollination. There is an apparent exception to this general rule, however, in trees which have been severely injured or whick are about to die from disease, such trees loading themselves down with fruit. Under such circumstances the fruit is small and of inferior quality. The weather during the blooming period exerts both a direct and indirect influence on the setting of fruit. Even when not injured by frost the blossoms are often chilled by the cold to such an extent as to interfere with fecundation. Moderate cold renders the self-fertile trees self-sterile and severe cold renders them sterile to cross pollina- tion as well. Warm and sunny weather at this time indirectly aids the fertilization by favoring insects in their work of cross pollination. An excessive degree of humidity favors fungous diseases, which may destroy the blossoms or the young fruit. Dry winds, on the other hand, reduce the flow of honey to almost nothing and, the writer sus- pects, also cut down the stigmatic secretion and interfere with fecun- dation. Cold, rainy weather during the flowering period may be disastrous, the rains knocking off the pollen, washing away the secre- tion of the stigma, and preventing pollination by insects. Fruit will not set unless a reasonable amount of warm, sunny weather occurs during flowering time. The vitality of the tree is injured and the young fruit often killed by fungous diseases which destroy the foliage; hence, such diseases often exert sufficient influence to cause crop fail- ures. Again, the amount of fruit a tree bears one year generally deter- mines the yield the following year, and sometimes all possibility of a crop is cut off by the trees failing to bloom. The object in pointing out these various influences is to prevent too much importance being attached to cross pollination. It may also be well to caution the reader against laying too much stress on classifi- cation into self-fertile and self-sterile varieties. The experiments showed that self-fertility and self-sterility were not to be relied upon implicitly. The number of insect visitors in any orchard determines to a great extent the amount of cross pollination carried on. The pollen of the pear and the apple is not produced in sufficient quantity nor is it of the right consistency to be carried by the wind, and the pollination of these trees is therefore dependent on the activity of insects. In an ordinary spring there is usually an abundance of insects to thoroughly cross pollinate orchards of a few hundred trees, but in ihe case of large commercial orchards, especially where several are close to each 180 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. other, there is not a sufficient number of insects for cross pollination when the main body of the trees is in bloom. If there is no apiary in the neighborhood, therefore, each large orchardist should keep a number of hives of bees. Honey bees and other members of the bee family are the best workers in cross pollination. PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS. In order to insure cross pollination the following rules should be observed in planting orchards of pears or apples: (1) Use several varieties and plant not more than three or four rows of one kind together unless the variety is known to be perfectly self-fertile. If it is desired to grow one kind mainly, then every third tree in every third or fourth row should be of some other kind. (2) Where large blocks of trees of one variety have blossomed well for several years, but have failed to produce fruit without any apparent reason, graft in other varieties and supply foreign pollen, as the trouble is probably due to lack of cross pollination. (3) Be sure that there are sufficient bees in the neighborhood, or at least within 2 or 3 miles, to properly visit the blossoms. When possi- ble, endeavor to favor the bees by selecting sheltered situations for the orchard or by planting wind-breaks. NOTES ON SOME FOREST PROBLEMS. By Girrorp PINcHoT, Forester. THE PUBLIC STANDING OF FORESTRY. The meaning of the word ‘‘forestry ” changes in the public mind from decade to decade. The change is due not only toa better under- standing of the subjects with which forestry deals, but also toa radical difference in the way forestry is esteemed. The progress of the krowl- edge of any subject is almost always accompanied by a change in the point of view from which that subject is regarded. Thus, electricity, from being a matter of purely scientific curiosity, has made its way in public thought to the position of one of the foremost industrial forces of the time, with the promise of such future usefulness that whatever relates to it finds a ready hearing. In somewhat the same way forestry is gradually winning a better standing and a larger place in the consideration of the people. At first forestry was understood to relate to trees; and it was not until recently that it began to be seen that it has far less to do with individual trees than with forests. At that time landscape work and forestry were completely confounded, nor even at this day is the distinction always clearly made. Street trees were supposed to be the special province of the forester, and even yet one of the great Eastern cities has a city forester, whose duties are not concerned with any forest land. This point of view has served a most useful purpose, it is true, in enlisting the counte- nance and support of very many persons whose interest in forest matters, rightly so called, would have been small indeed, but it may fairly be questioned whether there has not been a counterbalancing loss of the good will and consideration of practical lumbermen and owners of forest land. Apart from the esthetic point of view just referred to, a serious check to the progress of forestry, or, as this side of it might well be called, of conservative lumbering, was the general praise given to European methods of forest management and the frequent and strenuous, but utterly impracticable, advice to apply them in the forests of North America. To very many of the men upon whom the introduction of forestry in the forest depended and still depends, this was a complete barrier, for it made forestry seem unworthy of even the most casual consideration. But these were mere temporary obstacles to a true understanding of forestry and marked what may have been inevitable stages of its progress. Another 181 182 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and a worthier point of view has been that of the effect of forests upon climate, a subject of which, it must be confessed, we know com- paratively little. To-day this subject is largely replaced in general discussion by the effect of forests on water supply, with which we are better acquainted. This, at last, is one of the real and vital issues with which true forestry is coneerned. THE TRUE CHARACTER OF FORESTRY. This brief mention of some of the phases through which the pub- lic estimate of forestry has passed or is passing is in no sense intended as a criticism. It is merely an introduction to a short description of what the writer believes to be the true character and right field of forestry in the United States. The subject may be described under two great divisions, as follows: FORESTRY IN THE WOODED REGIONS. In wooded regions forestry has to do with the protection and pres- ervation of forests, but most of all with their use. The prime object of the forester is to make his forest produce wood, and to do that trees must be cut down. But in order to continue producing wood the existence of the forest must be preserved, although the mature trees which help to compose it may be removed. Not only so, but the essential condition of the best health and productiveness of a forest is the timely removal of trees ripe for the ax. To put the statement of the same fact in different form, the lumberman and the forester both harvest the forest crop, with this difference: That in most cases the lumberman neither expects a second crop nor tries to provide for it, while the forester always does. Instead of being hostile or divided, as is sometimes mistakenly supposed, the forester and the lumberman are as necessary to each other as the ax and its helve. Without the ax the helve strikes but a weak blow; without the helve the ax is lacking in reach and in direction. In the same way the forester, without the special knowledge of the lumberman, can never do effective work in preserving the forests by using them nor succeed in a money way, while without the methods of the for- ester the lumberman will speedily exhaust his supplies of timber and disappear with the forests he has destroyed. But working together, lumberman and forester can perpetuate the supply of lumber whiie saving the forests, and so secure the essential objects of both. FORESTRY IN THE TREELESS REGIONS, In the drier regions of the West, where the timber is confined to the mountains and the river bottoms, the duties of the forester are somewhat different. There water is as important as wood, so that the protection of the mountain forests has a double use. In addition, there is the broad question of tree planting in the plains and the NOTES ON SOME FOREST PROBLEMS. 183 treeless valleys. At first blush such work might seem to fall outside the province of the forester, on the ground that it has to do with trees and not with forests. But when if is remembered that protec- tion and wood supply are the two objects of the work, and how important a public service may be rendered by the introduction of better trees and better ways of planting them, it appears at once that this also is one of the tasks of true forestry. GOVERNMENT FOREST WORK. The work of the Government in forestry is at present conducted by the General Land Office, the United States Geological Survey, and the Division of Forestry. The care of the reserved and unreserved forest lands of the United States falls to the General Land Office as custodian of the public domain. It is charged with the safety of the public timber, outside the boundaries of the forest reserves, through the medium of its corps of special agents. The protection of the timber within the reserves is intrusted to forest superintendents, supervisors, and rangers, whose duties are chiefly those of a forest police. The mapping and descrip- tion of the forest reserves and adjacent public lands are assigned to the United States Geological Survey. Both. the Land Office and the Geological Survey are in the Department of the Interior. The Division of Forestry of the Department of Agriculture is con- cerned chiefly with forest investigations of various kinds, such as those which relate to fire, to the growth of timber, and to better ways of handling forest lands—questions which affect the welfare of Govern- ment and private timber lands alike. It is the only Government agency directly related to the vast interests of private forest lands in the United States. How great these interests are will appear when it is known that the forest included in farms alone covers more than 200,000,000 acres—more than four times the area of all the forest reserves of the Government. This dispersion of the branches of a single subject among three separate organizations is trebly unfortunate. It involves a waste of energy, it conspires to prevent the attainment of results which might flow from united effort, and it forces each contributor to the general progress of forestry into comparatively narrow and imperfectly useful channels. The steps by which this separation developed were natural and perhaps inevitable, but as time goes on the essential need of united effort will continue to make itself increasingly felt. CONSERVATIVE LUMBERING. EFFECT OF HEAVY TAXES. Conservative lumbering is related to the matter of taxes in a very intimate way. The whole problem of private forest lands is summed up in the question, Can I afford to hold my land for a second crop? 184 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Every forest owner must answer this question before he begins to eut, even though he may never put it to himself in words. The first eon- sideration that arises is that of taxes. ‘‘What will it cost me,” reasons the forest owner, ‘‘to pay taxes on my land for the years which must elapse between this cut and the next? It will take so many years for the crop to ripen, and during that time I must pay yearly so much per acre in State and county taxes, without getting any return to offset the expense. I could bear the cost of protecting my timber from theft, and even from fire, but can I stand the taxes?” The general answer is ‘‘No.” Here is the key to much, if not most, of the destruction of forests by lumbering in this country—this and the fact that the methods of conservative lumbering are not yet well known among men interested in timber land. It is true that many other considerations have weight, such as the necessity or desire to take every stick that can be moved at a profit over an expensive rail- road, pole road, or slide, or driven with the help of a costly dam, none of which will ever be used again. But the reason why they can serve but once is not free from the taint of the tax question. It will not pay to hold the land for the second crop because of the taxes, and so all the improvements are put in with the intention of moving them away or abandoning them when the timber is cut. Hundreds of thousands of acres in the white-pine region, notably in Pennsyl- vania, and in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, have been cut over, abandoned, sold for taxes, and finally reduced by fire to a use- less wilderness because of the shortsighted policy of heavy taxation. To lay heavy taxes on timber land is to set a premium on forest destruction, a premium that is doing more than any other single fae- tor to hinder the spread of conservative lumbering among the owners of large bodies of timber land. Not only does this poliey lead to the destruction of the forest, but it reduces eventually the sums raised by taxation. Devastated lands are valueless, and therefore can not be assessed at anything like their former rates. Then follows a redue- tion in the sums raised, and then a higher tax rate for the rest of the real property in the region; and so, by a roundabout but certain road, the chickens come home to roost, and the men who invited the destrue- tion of the timber that should have made and kept them prosperous have to pay some part at least of the penalty of their shortsightedness. It does not change such facts as these to explain how the heavy taxes happened to be assessed. It is true that the temptation to tax nonresident owners is very great; that companies are often made to suffer for their local unpopularity, and that the burden of building and maintaining roads and bridges and court-houses in sparsely set- tled countries bears heavily on their people. But when every allow- ance has been made, the fact still remains that heavy taxes are respon- sible for the barrenness of thousands of square miles which should never have ceased to be productive, and which must now lie fallow NOTES ON SOME FOREST PROBLEMS. 185 for many decades before they can be counted again among the wealth- making assets of the nation. It is not greatly to the interest of any man to protect such wastes, and so fire runs over them year after year, and their possible utility recedes further and further into the future. One of the foremost objects of the advocates of better methods of lumbering should be to bring about a change in the tax rate of forest lands held chiefly for lumber. Farmers’ wood lots are far less apt to suffer. Until such agitation is followed by a modification of the tax rate, one of the most stubborn enemies of the forest will keep the field—alive and powerful for harm. The extent of its power will appear when it is stated that in Minnesota, for example, the aggregate State and county tax on forest land sometimes amounts to 6 per cent per annum on its actual market value. The best way to accomplish the reduction of taxes on timber land is still a matter for discussion. Perhaps the most promising sugges- tion is to allow a definite rebate so long as the land is covered with growing timber, as is done in Pennsylvania, coupled with a much higher rate for the years when the crop is harvested. In some such way the capital invested in forest should be relieved of heavy taxes until the harvest, or while it is not producing a money return. Very earefully drawn laws would be essential in the adjustment of this very delicate matter, for the merchantable forest crop is not always harvested in full at a single cutting. LACK OF KNOWLEDGE, Another of the strong reasons which conspire against the introdue- tion of better ways of lumbering is the general uncertainty among forest owners as to what the best methods are and what they cost. The lumberman who is disposed to consider whether he can not avoid the devastation of the region in which he is operating, or at least do as little harm as possible to its future productive power, is very often checked at the outset by his lack of knowledge. With all the good will in the world, in very many eases, and with a sincere desire to prevent the disastrous results which, within his own experience, have so often followed lumbering and fire, he is uncertain as to what he ean do. Two things are clear: The old way of lumbering is practical, familiar from end to end, and the risk of loss is no greater for him than for his competitors, while the way to go to work to get his logs out cheaply, and yet keep the productive power of the forest unharmed, is unfamiliar, full of uncertainties, and perhaps disered- ited by the remembered advice of some thoughtless lover of trees, to “plant a tree every time you cut one down, as the Germans do.” This proverbial remedy for all the forest evils that we deplore is, it may be said in passing, untrue in fact, impractical in operation, and wholly unsuited to bring about the end it seeks. It is therefore not 186 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. to be wondered at that it does not commend itself to the practical woodsman, already disposed to skepticism by not infrequent refer- ences to his own supposed vandalism and soulless greed. But the chief obstacle is his lack of information as to just what new methods of cutting or logging he should adopt, or, rather, how far the old methods require modification before they will secure the continued productive power of the forest without destroying the lumberman’s profit. This is the question in a nutshell. To put it in a slightly different form, How can the lumberman get out his logs without destroying the capital value of his land? It must be confessed that hitherto there has not been much done toward answering this vital question, although it lies at the foundation of the whole matter. Throughout by far the greater part of the United States the lumber- man will look in vain for actual examples of conservative lumbering in forests similar to his own, or for printed directions to guide him in his work. Methods of conservative lumbering have been devised for two important tracts in the Adirondack Mountains of New York, a description of which, together with their results in the first year’s cut, will be printed during the spring of 1899 as a bulletin of the Division of Forestry. The earlier work at Biltmore, N. C., is already well known among men interested in such matters. But in general there has been, until recently, no ready means by which practical information and assistance could be obtained by timber-land owners desirous of assuring a future value for their forests without sacrific- ing their present interests too much. Such information and assistance the Division of Forestry now undertakes to give. The general plan under which the Division cooperates with forest owners is as follows: When any forest owner makes known his desire to secure the assistance offered, the first step is a preliminary exami- nation of the land by an expert of the Division. That done, the owner and the Division are in a position to consult as to further work. If they are agreed upon the advisability of preparing a definite scheme or working plan for the handling of the forest, an agreement is signed by which the Division undertakes to conduct any investiga- tion that may be needed, such as careful cruising, or a study of the trees, or of methods of lumbering, while the owner agrees to pay the necessary traveling expenses and supply the woodsmen who may be required as assistants. Estimates upon these items are included in the agreement. Then, when the scheme of conservative lumbering has been worked out, and if it is approved by the owner, the Divi- sion, under the same conditions, will give practical assistance in put- ting it into effect, by marking the trees to fall, inspecting the work done, and in general contributing the same expert knowledge to the execution of the plan as it did to its preparation. Finally, the work- ing plans prepared in this way will be printed, with such fullness of detail as will not interfere with the business interests of the owners, NOTES ON SOME FOREST PROBLEMS. 187 but with sufficient exactness, on the other hand, to enable other for- est owners to examine, understand, and, whenever possible, to apply their methods. The fundamental idea of the whole arrangement is to provide successful examples of conservative lumbering, and by giving them wide publicity to acquaint forest owners with better ways of handling their timber lands. Applications have been received covering more than 1,000,000 acres, the plans for 100,000 acres of which have been prepared and are now in operation. FOREST GRAZING. The question of grazing has aroused more opposition to the forest reserves than perhaps any other single issue. For years the chief complaint was expressed by the determined opposition to the Cascade Range Forest Reserve in Oregon, maintained by the owners of large bands of sheep on the east side, which they had veen in the habit of summer grazing on the mountains. (See Pl. X, fig. 1.) It was con- tended by the sheep men that, as the price of wool was lowered by the charcoal stains which followed the passage of the sheep through burned timber, it was strongly to their interest to prevent the spread of forest fires in the mountains. On the other hand, it was thoroughly well established that in the past forest fires have followed sheep rang- ing in timbered regions; that by far the greater part of such ranging would be impossible except for the clearings made by fire (see Pl. X, fig. 2), and that, whether it was to the interest of the owner or not, the sheep herders, carelessly or by intention, have frequently set fire to the forest. A careful study of the whole question has been made on the ground by Mr. Frederick V. Coville, botanist of the Department of Agricul- ture, whose conclusions are to be trusted. His results are strictly applicable only to Oregon, but taken together with facts of wider range—on the one hand, the tramping out of young growth by the sharp. hoofs of passing sheep, and, on the other, the vast numbers of domestic animals annually grazed in the Government forests of British India without serious harm to their productiveness and general health—they point unmistakably to the following general conclusions: (1) To regulate pasturage, if it is rightly done, is usually far bet- ter than to prohibit it altogether. In the majority of cases the com- plete exclusion of grazing animals is not required. Throughout great stretches of open forest there is excellent grass and other forage, the harvesting of which by sheep, cattle, or horses will have little or no harmful effect, provided the ranges are not overstocked, and provided again (and this is of the first importance) that before cutting begins, or as soon as the reproduction of the forest is desired, grazing ani- mals of all kinds are completely excluded. When the reproduction is accomplished, and the young trees are old enough to be safe from harm, the animals may again be admitted, but never without careful 188 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. supervision and control. The length of time during which such for- ests should be protected will vary from about one-tenth to one-fifth of the time that is required to produce a merchantable tree. The regulation of pasturage should mean that each sheep owner should have the exclusive right to his range for a reasonable time and at a reasonable fee; that no range should be overstocked; that definite _rules should be made and enforced, and that serious breaches of them, or the continued occurrence of fire in any range, should forfeit the rights of the sheep man and the money he paid for them to the Government. (2) Many forest regions should be entirely protected against sheep. Such are mountains where the steepness and character of the ground and the importance of the water supply to the valleys below make the protection of the latter of vital consequence to the resident popula- tion. This is the ease, for example, throughout the greater part of the Sierra Nevada in California, and in the mountains in the southern part of that State, where pasturing animals have already done the most serious injury to the interests of the farmers in the valleys. TREE PLANTING IN THE PLAINS. Tree planting in the plains, where it has not been regarded merely as a method of acquiring land under the timber-culture act, has had a double purpose—protection from wind and a supply of wood for domestic consumption. Such planting has been carried out on avast scale during the past thirty years. Some of it has been successful, but much of it has failed to answer the purpose for which the time and money were expended. Failure and success alike have, how- ever, been useful in furnishing experience in the light of which old methods may be improved, new methods devised, and additional and better kinds of trees selected for the work in the future. As yet no comprehensive study has been made of the planting already accomplished, and the vast amount of experience aceumu- lated through the successes and failures of the past has not yet been made fully and easily accessible to those who would profit most by a knowledge of its results. Such a study the Division of Forestry is about to undertake as a first and necessary step in the preparation of a scheme of experimental planting at such places as will best rep- resent an average of the soils and climates of different parts of the treeless West. By far the greater number of available native trees, and especially such as can be supplied by commercial nurseries, have already been tested on the plains under such a variety of conditions of soil, moist- ure, and exposure that further experiments with them will, in very many cases, be rendered unnecessary by a thorough knowledge of what has already been done. To acquire such a knowledge, however, will involve long and careful work in the field. Forestry under this NOTES ON SOME FOREST PROBLEMS. 189 aspect, as in nearly all others, can best be studied where the trees grow. Since 1896 experimental planting by the Division of Forestry has been in progress in cooperation with various agricultural colleges and experiment stations in the treeless regions. ‘The work already done will be incorporated, so far as the circumstances will permit, in the new plan. FOREST FIRES. One of the first and most essential facts about forest fires is their commonness. Year by year they spread over vast stretches of coun- try, and every spring and every fall accounts of their ravages are brought to public attention. Few forest regions escape, and by far the greater part of the whole forest area of the United States bears the marks of fire. Yet, the forests have not disappeared. They have suffered enormously, and their losses from this cause increase rather than diminish as time goes on, but the forests are still standing in more or less health and value over great areas that have been burned over tens or hundreds of times. The explanation lies in two facts, each less generally appreciated than it should be, which have a vast influence on the present condition and value of North American for- ests. The first of these facts, established by the fire sears which mark the lower trunks of forest trees over so large a portion of our forests, is this: In most regions of the United States the fires that kill the old timber are the great exceptions. Ordinarily, fires simply run over the ground, burn the leaves and fallen twigs, or the grass where the trees stand far apart, kill a few or many or all of the young seedlings or sprouts, and leave the older trees scarred and blackened at the base, but alive. Where there is little combustible material on the ground, as gen- erally happens in very open forests, it is easy to understand that the fires are not fierce and the heat not great, so that the thicker bark of the old trees is usually a sufficient protection. Even here, however, the damage that fires do is sometimes very great, as shown in Pl. XI, where the effect of slight fire scars, at the base of a tree, upon its soundness and utility, is seen to have been most serious. But in dense forests, where the layer of inflammable material on the ground is often a foot or more in thickness, it is at first not easy to see why fire does not make the clean sweep that marks the exceptional devas- tating conflagration. Itis very common, in such a forest, to find every tree marked by fire, but not one killed. The reason is that only the upper layer of the litter, to the depth of an inch ora few inches at most, was dry enough to burn at the time the fire went through. Such an instance is shown in Pl. XII, fig. 1, together with an illustration (Pl. XII, fig. 2), drawn from the same region, in which the whole forest has succumbed. The second of the influential facts above referred to is that the 190 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. trees now on the ground are the successors of tens or hundreds, or, perhaps, of thousands of others which formerly occupied the surface of the country, and in due course grew old and died, or were killed by fire or thrown by the wind or the ax, and so have made room for their followers. In the same way present generations must eventu- ally be followed by others, whether deeay, wind, fire, or the ax be the final means of their taking off. The important point is that a forest once destroyed is rarely destroyed forever. If this were not true, it is safe to say that scarcely an acre of timber would now be standing on this continent. The home-coming of the forest to land from which it has disappeared is often a very slow and delicate proe- ess, but in the end some sort of forest cover may be counted on to take the place of that which has gone. Hence, it is that the devastat- ing fires which have swept over this country for centuries have not succeeded in leaving it barren of trees. Forests, like nations, endure only at the expense of a constant succession of births and deaths among the individuals which compose them. The question from a practical point of view, however, is not whether a given area will eventually grow trees again, but rather whether it can be of some practical use to mankind without prohibitory delay. Thus, a fire which may be only one of a long series of periodie devas- tations in the life history of a forest may mean the loss of all its value to humanity for so long a time that it is common to hear it Said that such and such a piece of forest land has been made desert forever. A typical illustration of the relation of fire to the existence of a great forest, and an indication of its power in determining the kinds of trees of which the forest is composed, is found on the north side of the Olympic Mountains of western Washington. The magnificent forest about the base of this range would seem at the first glanee to be wholly untouched and unaffected by any enemy except the wind and the ax. It has been deseribed as the one region in the United States where the forest is entirely unaffected by human action. Yet, a little study shows that great stretches of it, at least, have been burned over within a comparatively recent time. Underneath and among the roots of the standing trees there is a layer of charcoal left by the fire that cleared the ground for their oceupation, which may be brought to light by a little digging, or which can be seen with less trouble when the wind has overthrown the trees and exposed the ground in which they stood. But still more conelusive evidence is supplied by the rotting, fire-searred stubs of old trees standing in the midst of the young, unscorehed generation which followed the fire. (See Pl. XIII.) Ilere is a perfect example of the entire recovery of a forest after its apparent destruction by fire, but the ease has yet another interest. The Douglas Fir (Red Fir) is the most important timber tree of this forest, through which it is very widely scattered. It is a curious NOTES ON SOME FOREST PROBLEMS. 191 fact that during a trip of some length through the northern Olympie region the writer was unable to find a single seedling of this tree under the forest cover. Yet, wherever there was an opening cleared by fire they were plentiful. This seems to show, although further evidence must be gathered before the case can be fully established, that the composition of this great forest is largely determined by fire. We have already seen how intimately fire is related to its very existence. So much for some of the more obvious characteristics of forest fires. Yet, even such elementary facts as these are little known, and what scant knowledge has been gathered and printed regards only a very few of the forest types which are so numerous and so diverse over the vast wooded areas of this continent. As yet the study of forest fires in North America can hardly be said to have made more than the _most elementary progress. The broad and vital question of forest fires falls naturally into two parts, one largely statistical, the other dealing with the natural history of the fires. About neither of them has a satisfactory volume of facts been gathered, although much more is known of the damage they do and the area they cover than of the details of their behavior and the effect they have on the soil, the trees, and the general character of the forest. The records of fires, for the most part, are found only in the forests themselves, in the vast numbers of seattered references to them in the public press, and in the statistical files of those insur- ance companies whose policies, directly or indirectly, they affect. Hence, one of the most important pieces of work in regard to forest fires yet unaccomplished has recently been begun by the Division of Forestry. It is a study of the number, date, extent, and damage of the fires which, both before and since the advent of the white man, have swept from time to time through the forests of the United States; and already a classified list of over 1,200 fires has been made. Such a record will furnish the best available means for estimating the pro- digious loss yearly suffered by the country from this cause, and at the same time will show, more clearly than is possible at present, the dan- gerous zones, the centers from which fires spread, and the relative degree in which particular localities throughout the country have already been heavy losers in the past, or are likely to need special precautions in the future. Itis true, of course, that the great danger belts are already known, and that the people who live in places spee- ially exposed to fire are already acquainted with the risks they run; but until the record of fires is far more complete than it is at present, many of the facts essentially needed to provide against loss or to awaken public sentiment will remain out of reach of any but local inquiry. Beyond the somewhat trite fact that they burn and do indefinite damage, little is known about the real nature of forest fires in the 192 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. different regions and types of forest in the United States. How they move over the ground in wet and dry weather, how they are helped and hindered, how they affect the soil, what harm they do to the stand- ing trees and why, how they affect the reproduction of the forest and determine the kinds of trees of which it is made up—all these ques- tions have been left almost untouched except upon the surface. It is true that vague general answers can be given to most of them, but of real study of forest fires there has hitherto been very little. In this line also the Division of Forestry has recently undertaken to supply the lacking information. During the past season field work was begun in Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Wisconsin, and New York, chiefly in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey, and some progress has been made. It may fairly be asked what is the practical value of such studies of the history and nature of fires as those just described. The an- swer is that every kind of knowledge of an enemy may be used against him. Thus,if it is learned that in a certain region fire travels in a wedge-shaped mass, with the fiercest heat and the most rapid progress at the point, it follows that the place to attack it is at the point of the wedge, and that the very common method of attacking the wings is usually a waste of time. In a similar way an accurate knowledge of the great damage which follows hasty and unwise back- firing in any given region will be of use in suppressing it. — The study of how the fires burn yields direct assistance to the men whose homes lie in the threatened district. In a somewhat different way the historical study of fires will be of use, for whatever helps to call attention to the magnitude of an evil helps at the same time to weaken its capacity for harm. If the vast destruction fires have oceasioned can be brought thoroughly home to the publie mind in terms of lives lost, homes destroyed, and wealth gone up in smoke, a factor of notable power will be set to work in bringing about the final extinction of this gigantic leakage of the national resources. There is no friend of any public wrong so powerful as uncertainty or obscurity, and no foe to loss by fire so efficient as an awakened public sentiment. In these and many other ways a full and clear knowledge of forest fires under their various forms will help to rid the country of the immense and useless loss they bring from year to year. PLATE X. Yearbook U. S. Dept of Agriculture, 1898. 1.—BAND OF SHEEP GRAZING ON CASCADE RANGE FOREST RESERVE, WASCO COUNTY, Fic. OOO FEET.) 4, ALTITUDE, ’ (HIGH PRAIRIE; OREGON. Fic. 2.—SEVEN-YEAR-OLD BURN WITHOUT REPRODUCTION, ON CASCADE RANGE FOREST 500 FEET.) (ALTITUDE, 3 RESERVE, Wasco COUNTY, OREGON. q Yearbook U.S, Dept of Agriculture, 1898. PLATE XI. Fic. 1.—WESTERN YELLOW PINE SCARRED AT THE BASE BY FIRE, HAY CANYON, BLACK HILLS FOREST RESERVE, SOUTH DAKOTA. Fic. 2.—TIMBER RUINED BY FIRE SCARS MANY YEARS AFTER THE F!RE, NEAR HILL CiTy, S. Dak., BLACK HILLS FOREST RESERVE. (By permission of Henry Gannett, ge¢ ygrapher, U. S. Geological Survey.) Yearbook U. S. Dept of Agriculture, 1898. PLATE XIl. Fic. 1.—RooTS OF WESTERN HEMLOCK PARTLY EXPOSED BY FIRE, OLYMPIC FOREST RESERVE, WASHINGTON. (SOIL STILL COVERED WITH INFLAMMABLE WASTE, WHICH AT THE TIME OF THE FIRE WAS TOO WET TO BURN.) 7 Fic. 2.—MINERAL SOIL LAID BARE BY FIRE, WITH CHARRED FRAGMENTS OF DOUGLAS FIR (RED Fir), LAKE CRESCENT, OLYMPIC MOUNTAINS, WASHINGTON. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1898 PLATE XIll Fig. 1.—CHARRED STUB OF DOUGLAS Fir (YELLOW FIR), WITH YOUNG TREES OF DOUGLAS FiR (RED FIR) GROWN SINCE THE FIRE. SOLE- DUC VALLEY, OLYMPIC FOREST RESERVE, WASHINGTON. y He Fic. 2.—GENERAL VIEW OF OLD FIRE-KILLED STUBS (ON THE LEFT AND IN THE BACK- GROUND) AND YOUNG TREES GROWN SINCE THE FIRE, ALL OF DOUGLAS FIR (YELLOW AND RED FIR), SOLEDUC VALLEY, OLYMPIC FOREST RESERVE, WASHINGTON. | 4 ; = Ses. ‘ WEEDS IN CITIES AND TOWNS. By Lyster H. DEWEY, Assistant Botanist. GENERAL REMARKS. In all cities and villages there are vacant lots awaiting purchasers, and in many agricultural districts the unused land in towns often exceeds in proportion the unused land in the surrounding farms. These vacant lots are held in expectation that they will be used some time for building sites, and their value depends on their situation and adaptability for this purpose. Until buildings are erected upon them they are usually given up to whatever will grow. While unused land in the country is generally covered with native vegetation, chiefly perennial grasses and timber, that in cities and towns has usually at some time peen under cultivation, so that the native vegetation has been destroyed, and its situation is such that it is most readily seeded with migratory weeds. The seeds are introduced in the packing of crockery, the sweepings from stores, rubbish from yards, cleanings from stables and stock cars, and in various kinds of garbage and refuse, too commonly deposited on vacant lots. Sometimes lot owners encourage the dumping of all kinds of material on their land to bring it up to the grade of adjacent streets, and when the desired grade is obtained the made ground, full of weed seeds, is left untouched. The conditions for weed production have been most admirably prepared, and the natural result is a plentiful crop of weeds. - There is no direct pecuniary incentive to destroy the weeds, since no crops are injured by their presence. In fixing the value of a resi- dence site the distant view of mountain, lake, or river is an item of considerable importance, but a weed patch across the street or on the next lot is too often not taken into account. CHARACTERISTICS OF CITY WEEDS. The weeds of cities and villages are usually of the migratory class, cosmopolitan in character, and capable of thriving under a wide range of environment. According to the early European works on botany, plants from Asia, adventive in Europe, usually appeared first in cities. Many of these plants are now found about the cities and towns of this country. Others are native plants which have withstood the changed conditions due to cultivation and have acquired a weed-like habit. In the Eastern cities and in those on the Pacific coast Old 1 A98——13 193 194 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. World species predominate, while in the cities of the interior, espe- cially in those west of the Mississippi River, there is a larger propor- tion of native plants. The species vary in different cities, in different years, and in different seasons. In Washington, D. C., the wild onion of winter and early spring is followed by the dandelion and bulbous buttercup; then come the wild carrot, prickly lettuce, and sweet clover, and these in turn are ‘partly displaced in the fall by horseweed, ragweed, cocklebur (fig. 45), Mexican tea, slender pigweed, and jimson weed. Chicory, horse- Fiac.45.—Cocklebur (Xanthium canadense). Fic. 46.—Tall ragweed (Ambrosia trifida). nettle, burdock, and gum succory are in abundant evidence through- out the season. Some of the most prominent weeds in Boston are burdock, rough pigweed, chicory, and fall dandelion. In Chicago rough pigweed, tall ragweed (fig. 46), and cocklebur are abundant, while there are hundreds of acres within the city limits covered almost completely with Canada thistle, and in several places Russian thistle is rapidly increasing. In Denver false ragweed, squirrel-tail grass, and Russian thistle are among the most noticeable weeds, and in San Jose, Cal., the vacant lots are chiefly oeeupied by wild licorice, spiny es eee —" WEEDS IN CITIES AND TOWNS. 195 cocklebur, wild heliotrope, milk thistle, and tarweeds. In Atlanta, Augusta, Auburn, Mobile, and most of the cities of the Gulf States the weed that is by far the most injurious and the most prominent after midsummer is fine-leaved sneezeweed (fig. 47), a very bitter, yellow-flowered composite, which has been introduced during the past fifty years from west of the Mississippi. Among the most noticeable introductions in cities during the past ten years are galinsoga (fig. 48) in several cities of the Northeastern States; ‘?, \ gn AN \ 7 IAA KA 17. SA \ Mf Web TINS =) <' Fic. 47.—Fine-leaved sneezeweed (Helenium Fic. 48.—Galinsoga (Galinsoga parvi- tenuifolium), flora). Russian thistle, spreading eastward in cities from Michigan to Massa- chusetts; buffalo bur, also migrating eastward; wild carrot, migrating westward; false ragweed (fig. 49) in the valleys of the Missouri and Upper Mississippi, and prickly lettuce in all parts of the country. All methods of seed dispersion are represented in city weeds, but those weeds having seeds adapted for distribution by wind or by burs aremostabundant. In the vacant land about woolen mills bur-bearing weeds are especially abundant, while in the vicinity of grain elevators those weeds abound whose seeds are frequently found in grain. 196 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SOME GOOD EFFECTS OF WEEDS. The presence of weeds on vacant city lots is not quite an unmixed evil. While young and growing they are certainly more pleasing to the eye than the bare ground or the more unsightly rubbish which they conceal. Some species, such as oxeye daisy, wild carrot or ‘‘*Queen Anne’s lace,” and the wild asters, have very pretty flowers that would _be considered beautiful if they did not grow on common weeds. The pokeweed, with its bright red stems, variegated foliage, and shining purple-black berries, gives a My & touch of brilliant autumn color; Fy ea, and poison ivy, which is too P Nig m4 often retained in parks for the Ley aod 0 beautiful effect of its foliage in ie a es autumn, decorates as well many ) Bl. sp walls and fences about neg- aN : lected vacant lots. Bes The weeds growing within easy reach of pupils and teach- ers in city schools furnish some material for botanical studies, though this source of material does not seem to arouse botan- ical enthusiasm like a ramble in the woods. Birds find in weed seeds a considerable portion of their food supply, and sometimes make their nests in the larger weeds; but cockleburs, burdock, thistles, ragweeds, and other coarse species might well be re- placed by seed-bearing grasses Ne and clovers, which are better ” A’ liked by seed-eating birds. Asters, sweet clovers, this- tles, and some other weeds when in flower furnish honey bees with nectar, but if the coarse weeds were cut there would doubtless be plenty of honey-producing plants left for the few bees which are kept in cities and villages. Growing weeds, like other plants, purify the air, and herein lies the chief benefit conferred by their presence in cities, where numerous fires in dwellings, factories, and locomotives, and the breathing of the people continually rob the air of its oxygen and charge it with carbonic-acid gas. Growing plants, weeds as well as others, reverse this process. They withdraw from the air carbonic-acid gas and sometimes Other injurious gases, and give off oxygen, thus tending Fia. 49.—False ragweed (Iva xanthifolia). WEEDS IN CITIES AND TOWNS. 197 to purify the air and keep it supplied with the most essential element. A vacant lot covered with healthy growing weeds is better for the public health and is certainly more pleasing to the eye than the bare ground, SOME BAD EFFECTS OF WEEDS. The injuries resulting from the presence of weeds outweigh many times all the good that can be ascribed to them. They harbor inju- rious insects and fungous and bacterial diseases of cultivated plants. Many insects injurious to garden and field crops also live on weeds, upon which they thrive and multiply, and thus keep up their numbers ready to attack their favorite cultivated crop as soon as it is left unpro- tected. The control of insect enemies and fungous and bacterial dis- eases of field and garden crops is rendered much more difficult and their extermination, in some instances, is made practically impossible, because they exist on weeds that are not subject to the care bestowed on cultivated crops. While weeds are growing they aid in purifying the air, but when growth stops and they begin to decay their effect is just the opposite. They then absorb oxygen and give off carbonic-acid gas. A mass of rank vegetation decaying on vacant lots, such as is often seen even in the finest residence sections of large cities, can not be otherwise than unhealthful. Growing weeds also absorb and evaporate the surplus moisture from the soil, but when dead, absorption ceases and they shade the soil from the purifying and drying effects of sun and wind, and keep it damp and sour, a fit breeding place for malaria. Some of the most abundant and widely distributed species, as the ragweeds, produce immense quantities of pollen, which is extremely irritating to persons afflicted with hay fever and asthma. Several species of weeds produce very disagreeable odors, as the mayweed, stinkweed, and tarweed. Residents of Eastern cities com- plain bitterly of the flavor of garlic in the milk delivered to them, yet they allow the garlic to grow so abundantly in their own yards that the odor fills all the houses in the vicinity when the lawns are mowed. Plants that are dangerously poisonous are found in a large number of the cities and villages throughout the country. Henbane or deadly nightshade is found ina few localities. Jimson weed and purple thorn apple are common in most cities east of the Mississippi River. Their seeds, which are somewhat attractive, are very poisonous, and children fall victims to them every year. Nine cases of poisoning from this source were reported to the Department of Agriculture in 1897. Pokeweed, the root and seeds of which contain a virulent poison, is abundant in most of our cities. Poison ivy in the North, low poison ivy in the South, and poison oak on the Pacific coast, although not strictly weeds, deserve mention among the dangerous plants which are frequently allowed to grow in cities and villages. 198 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. There is usually very little space for children’s playgrounds in cities, and often the open places that might be used for such purposes, includ- ing the occasional vacant lots in sections where land is valued at from $10 to $50 per square foot, are covered with coarse weeds and poison- ous plants. In Washington, D. C., a vacant lot three blocks from the White House was covered during the summer of 1898 with a luxuriant growth of burdocks, even the signboard being hidden by the weeds. ‘Opposite a million-dollar mansion, in the same city, is a vacant lot, which, for five years, has been given up almost exclusively to Can- ada thistle, chicory, and ragweed. This weed patch, which would be a disgrace even in the back fields of a careless farmer, is practically all that can be seen, save the backs of houses, from the front windows of the mansion. Close by, in striking contrast with this neglected lot, is a beautiful public park with carefully trimmed green lawn and well-kept shrubbery. These two extremes are found in close prox- imity in many of our large cities, and from these must the children draw their daily lessons of nature. In one she is ugly and repellant with thistles and burs, and in the other she is too fine to be touched. In less valuable sections of the cities the children keep down weeds on parts of vacant lots by their constant tramping. Weed patches may be places of interest for the amateur botanist who watches the coming and going of the different species and notes the various adaptations of plants to city life, but for the majority of city dwellers they ruin what little taste may be left for the beautiful in nature. State weed laws are rendered ineffective by the unchecked produe- tion of weeds in cities. The Canada-thistle law in Illinois is probably better enforced in the country districts of that State than are the weed laws in any other section of the country, and the thistle could be easily kept in control there were it not allowed to grow undis- turbed in Chicago and other large cities, whence the seeds are carried by wind and railway cars to infest new areas. In many of the smaller villages the State weed laws are well enforced, or the weeds are kept down because of local pride in neatness, without recourse to the law, but this is seldom true in the larger cities. Injurious migratory weeds are usually first introduced into cities and spread from them to the farms. There are a dozen chances for the original introduction of a weed in cities to one upon the farm. Fine- leayed sneezeweed first appeared about cities in the South, and is now spreading to the grazing lands and cotton fields. The Canada thistle in its progress across the continent has been distributed by railways, first to the cities. Prickly lettuce has usually been first observed in cities and towns in its remarkably rapid spread over the country. The Russian thistle, indeed, was first introduced into the United States on a farm, but being taken to the cities, if now most frequently spreads from them to the farms. In many instances these —————————— _ ie WEEDS IN CITIES AND TOWNS. 199 introduced species could have been easily destroyed upon their first appearance in the cities and towns, and millions of dollars damage to the farmers thus averted. SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT. A vacant lot unused and given up to the growth of weeds is of very little benefit to anyone, and is, furthermore, a source of danger if not of certain injury to the community. The public welfare demands that all elements dangerous to life or health be removed. This would require the extermination of the jimson weed, pokeweed, and other poisonous plants. It would also require the removal or destruction by fire of all masses of coarse weeds as soon as they stop growing. These requirements are sometimes secured by the regulations of health officers. Something beyond mere sanitation should be demanded, however. A vacant lot should be made to yield its highest possible value in use to the people. There will then be greater incentive to keep it free from weeds. The vacancy of a lot, even though regarded as only a temporary condition, should not prevent it from being put to good use until needed for building purposes. In the crowded portions of cities its best possible use is doubtless to form a playground for chil- dren. These need not be elaborately fitted up with costly apparatus like the modern playgrounds in the parks. They need only to have the weeds removed and the surface made reasonably level, cleared of rubbish, and seeded to some hardy perennial grass. Many lots, long vacant, will be already partly covered with turf-forming grasses, and will require only the removal of the weeds, when the grasses already established will spread over the entire surface. Other lots having nothing but a growth of ragweeds and cockleburs will have to be plowed, harrowed, and seeded to grasses. Recently graded lots, or those with sterile soil, will not at first support a good growth of grass, but white melilot, the ‘‘ white sweet clover” so common on waste land, may be grown on them unless the soil is toosandy. This plant forms dense copses 3 to 6 feet in height, offering some of the bad features of tall weeds, but it is less objectionable than cockleburs, burdocks, and thistles, and it is rarely a troublesome weed on farms. It should be mowed or plowed under soon after flowering. This will rapidly improve the fertility of the soil so that grass may be grown. The grasses which survive best in waste land, unwatered lawns, or in parks may well be taken as an indication of those best adapted for seeding vacant lots. Soil, rainfall, and climate will determine which may be best in specifie cases, but in general the following kinds are recommended: For the South, Bermuda grass, St. Augustine grass, and carpet grass; for the North, Kentucky blue grass, various-leaved fescue, creeping bent, and smooth brome grass. Common white clover in the North and Japan clover in the South are recommended 200 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. for sandy soils. After the land has been leveled and covered with a turf it will require little further attention except an occasional mow- ing. The children, by their tramping, will keep down some of the weeds, and they may be encouraged to destroy others that appear. It is not expected that a fine, even turf will be maintained equal to that in the parks, nor is this essential for the purpose in view. The grass will remain green during most of the year, and when the leaves do turn yellow and deeay there will not be enough of them to pollute the air or induce disease. In the outskirts of cities or in villages where there is plenty of open space for the children, vacant lots may well be used by the needy or by people out of employment for the cultivation of vegetables, according to the plan tried in Detroit, Buffalo, Columbus, Brooklyn, and Chicago, which has generally proved very successful for the purpose intended. Besides supplying the immediate wants of the deserving poor and pro- viding healthful exercise, this work tends to give a wholesome taste for agricultural life. To obtain the highest benefit from vacant lots used for this purpose, and to prevent them from being overrun with autumn weeds, they should be cleared up and seeded either to crimson clover (where this will grow) early in the fall or later to rye. These plants will cover the naked ground and keep down weeds. Crimson clover will increase the fertility of the soil, and in the spring its bright flow- ers will repay many times the slight expense of growing it. Where there are large areas of partly improved parks or subdivi- sions not yet placed upon the market, the vegetation may be kept down at slight expense by pasturing sheep on them. This method is pursued in Druid Hill Park, Baltimore, and in Central Park, New York, and it is found that the sheep make very effective and very economical lawn mowers. The work of destroying the weeds and improving vacant lots can doubtless be done best by municipal direction under the immediate supervision of the park or street departments. In the larger cities it may be difficult to obtain the necessary municipal legislation. City authorities may wait to feel the pressure of public sentiment, and public sentiment may need to be educated to a just appreciation of the benefits to be gained. A few good examples, which may be pro- duced through individual effort or by the united action of a small community, will demonstrate the practical utility of the work and lead to its extension. Examples of this kind are now found in many villages and suburban towns. If the practice can be made general in the cities and towns throughout the country it will cut off one of the principal avenues for the introduction of foreign weeds. a THE USE OF KITES IN THE EXPLORATION OF THE UPPER AIR. By C. F. Marvin, Professor of Meteorology, Weather Bureau, HISTORICAL NOTES. Ever since man began to observe and measure the conditions of the atmosphere around him a good deal of effort has been expended to find out what sort of conditions prevail high up in the free air. From what is known at-present it seems that kites, which are so old that history does not tell us certainly of their origin, were the first things employed to gain this information. Nearly one hundred and fifty years ago Dr. Alexander Wilson, an astronomer in Edinburgh, Seotland, attached thermometers to kites which he flew to great heights, and thus ascertained the temperature in the clouds. Two years after this, but without any knowledge of Dr. Wilson’s work, our own Franklin drew the lightning from the thunder clouds by means of a kite, and demonstrated its likeness to the electrical sparks produced by the laboratory machines. Balloons were unknown at this time, and over fifty years elapsed before scientists began to use them for conducting researches in the upper air. In 1895 Prof. Willis L. Moore, the present Chief of the Weather Bureau, decided to undertake, by means of kites, the most complete survey of the free upper air ever before attempted. The plan adopted was to equip a number of stations distributed over the United States with kitesand to make daily ascensions, sending up automatic instru- ments to a nearly uniform height of a mile if possible, the object being to secure a record of the meteorological conditions in the free air. Prior experiments made at the Weather Bureau and by others else- where had demonstrated the possibility of using kites for such a pur- pose, but very much remained to be done to bring the whole kite apparatus to that state of efficiency required in securing a successful execution of so difficult an undertaking. While the Weather Bureau has been conducting this work, which comprises almost daily observations in a free horizontal air stratum about a mile high, independent kite ascensions have been made by several private individuals, the most important of which in the United States are the ascensions made at the Blue Hill Observatory, near Boston, under the direction of Mr. A. L, Roteh. The results from a single station of this sort serve to show only the 201 202 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. change in atmospheric conditions as the kites pass up or down through successive strata; or, if the kites are kept continuously at a fixed elevation, the observations show the change in conditions from hour to hour. In Europe small balloons, equipped with automatic instruments, have been cast free, from time to time, and have ascended to very great heights before losing their bouyancy, when, slowly falling to the ground, they have thus brought back records of the conditions at extreme heights in the atmosphere which were never reached before. Lately European meteorologists have employed both kites and bal- loons for atmospheric explorations, so that we may fairly say that kites are now no longer toys only, but are highly valuable pieces of scientific apparatus as well, the use of which will no doubt be greatly extended in the near future. out a Vi Tr AN SS A i =| az |! 1 = Fia. 50.—Standard Weather Bureau kite. STANDARD WEATHER BUREAU KITE AND APPARATUS. THE KITE, The modern scientific kite is a far more efficient structure than any of the well-known toys, but its construction is correspondingly com- plicated, and, in most eases, somewhat more than the average mechanical skill and facilities are required to build one. Fig. 50 is taken from a photograph of one of those used by the Weather Bureau in its aerial work. The oval object seen suspended between the cells is the automatic instrument which produces the desired record. This kite contains nearly 70 square feet of supporting surface, and, in a strong wind, will exert a pullamounting to from 60 to 100 pounds and over. Of course, such a kite can not be flown and managed directly from the hand. The line is carried upon substantial reeling apparatus, which, in turn, is securely anchored to the ground. USE OF KITES IN EXPLORATION OF UppER AIR, 203 DESCRIPTION OF REELS, One of the hand reels employed at kite stations is Shown in fig. 51, The large iron drum contains between 2 and 3 miles of fine steel music wire, joined in one continuous length. The greater part of this is often carried out by the kite in making a high ascension. i UMW | AN LITT TTTTT Fee SST LUM See eee ! ! WU AU UIT) HAAN NUN — ee Hii Winnnnaiiavvaasaceee UL basta SSSSSSSss ————= * Sn atte, “ rams tat a SN * : an Fia. 51.—Standard Weather Bureau hand reel. This wire is the lightest, and, relative] material known. The size employed in the Weather Bureau work is about the thickness of an ordinary pin, and yet has a tensile strength at the point of breaking of quite 200 pounds. The box containing the y, the finest and strongest 204 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. reel revolves upon the table beneath, thus permitting the wire to lead off to the kite in whatever direction it may take. The unwinding of the wire under the pull of the kite is perfectly and easily controlled by a brake, the lever of which is seen project- ing to the right in the figure. A spring attached to one of the crank handles enables the pull of the kite, in pounds, to be determined. Certain dials arranged on the axle of the drum give the amount of wire out to the kite, and finally, the inclination of the wire is shown by means of a graduated are and radius rod, seen over the drum in the figure. A matter of great importance in the construction of a kite reel is to secure sufficient strength in the rim to withstand the enormous cumulative pressure exerted by a large amount of wire wound in under great tension. A single turn of wire around the drum under a uniform strain of 50 pounds, for example, tends to produce a com- pressive stress of 50 pounds at every point around the rim. The next turn, at the same tension, adds 50 pounds to the preceding stress, and soon. Two thousand turns at this rate will, therefore, produce a pressure of 100,000 pounds, or 500 tons. The heavy rim of the cast- iron drum, shown in fig. 51, is caleulated to safely resist a crushing pressure of fully 1,000 tons. In actual practice the crushing pressure is not quite so great as that calculated by the process indicated above, because the material of the reel yields a little asthe pressure increases, and this lessens the tension on the turns of wire already wound on the drum. ‘The side flanges of the drum must also be very strong, as the wire crowds sidewise against these with great force. It is best on this account not to wind the wire on in smooth and even layers, but rather to crisscross the turns of wire slightly, but in a regular man- ner. Wound in this way, the wire tends to support itself, even with- out side flanges; at any rate, the lateral pressure is greatly reduced, and, moreover, the outside turns of wire are not able to squeeze down through what is already wound on the reel, as they tend to do when the wire is wound in an even manner like thread on a spool. When flying at an elevation of from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, one of the Weather Bureau kites, supporting its instrument, will pull from 60 to 80 pounds, if not more, and from 8,000 to 10,000 feet of wire will be out. To wind all this wire in under such conditions is really a very laborious operation, and generally requires two men at pretty hard work for from a half to three-quarters of an hour cr more. In fig. 52 the automatic hand or steam kite reel, designed by the writer for use at the central station just outside of Washington, D. C., is seen as it appears completely housed and not in use. The reel, witha portion of the engine arranged for service, is shown in Pl. XIV, fig. 1. The drum is of the same strength and construction as the one shown in fig. 51 and can be operated by hand by aid of cranks, which ean be applied or detached at any moment desired. One is seen in Pl. XIV, PLATE XIV. Yearbook U. S Dept. of Agriculture, 1898 Fie: 1. AUTOMATIC KITE REEL, ARRANGED FOR SERVICE. Fic. 2.—KiTE METEOROGRAPH (MARVIN). \ USE OF KITES IN EXPLORATION OF UPPER AIR. 205 fig. 1,on the end of the axis of the drum. It is usually employed in this position toaid in starting a kite in flight during light winds. The erank can also be operated on the end of the shaft, seen a little farther back in the same figure. In this position of the crank the drum is driven indirectly, but with increased power, by means of the gearing shown. In a favorable wind the tension on the line is more than sufficient to unwind the wire and the ascension of the kite is then controlled by means of the lever projecting upward at an angle in the rear of the drum. This operates the strap-iron brake fitted around the flange of the drum, and a very gentle pressure suffices to regulate the speed of the drum or to stop it completely even with the wire under the greatest tension. Ordinarily, the work of winding in the line is done with the engine, the main shaft of which is extended across the reel box close to the . =n = = eS | if SS Ws ——s poe ie NF A ae Tea Fia. 52.—Automatic hand or steam reel housed. floor. A belt from this runs the shaft carrying the small gear wheel. The large gear wheel runs loose on the axis of the drum, but when it is desired to wind in wire a lever at the back of ‘the reel, not seen in Pl. XIV, fig. 1, is gradually shifted, thereby slowly starting the drum into revolution by means of a friction-clutch connecting it to the large gear wheel. The arrangement of wheels seen in Pl. XTV, fig. 1, in front of the drum serves several purposes. The wire from the drum passes first down- ward and underneath the dynamometer and distributing wheel, thence up through the hollow support of the wheel seen at the top of the figure, over which the wire passes out to the kite. This latter wheel is free to turn, castor fashion, on ball bearings, about a vertical axis and align itself to the direction of the kite. The first wheel inside the box, around which the wire passes, is 906 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. mounted in a pivoted frame governed by springs. The pull of the wire stretches the springs more or less, and the corresponding motion of the pivoted frame is communicated to the index and recording pen of the dynamograph, the recording cylinder of which, with some of the details, can be seen in the front of the figure. By this arrange- ment the tension on the line is indicated and can be continuously recorded at all times, no matter whether the wire is in motion either way or standing still. Furthermore, this same wheel in its pivoted frame is so mounted as to oscillate laterally in a regular manner, thereby guiding and distri- buting the wire over the surface of the drum in a prescribed manner. The oscillating motion is given to the wheel by means of the cam, plainly seen in the figure. For the reasons already given, the guid- ing mechanisms distribute the wire in a crisscross fashion, so arranged that the turning point at the flanges of the drum occur successively at different points around the circumference, thus avoiding the heaping up of the wire at certain points. The wheel at the top of the figure is just 3 feet in circumference, and serves to indicate the length of wire out by means of-a suitable dial mounted at its axis. The length of the wire is also indicated by another set of dials operated directly from the axis of the main drum. The bent radial arm and graduated are, seen attached to the top wheel, are employed to measure the angular inclination of the wire as it leads off to the kite. THE METEOROGRAPH. The instrument sent up with the kite to secure the automatie record of the conditions of the air is called a meteorograph. It is quite a complicated and remarkable affair, and withal, is very light, weighing only about 2.1 pounds. The instrument is seen in fig. 50 as it appears attached to the kite and inclosed within its light, aluminum case. Pl. XIV, fig. 2, shows the mechanism inside the case. The sheet upon which the record is produced is wound around the cylinder seen at the bottom of the figure. A clock-work inside the cylinder causes it to revolve at a slow and uniform rate of one revolu- tion in twelve hours. Four different meteorological conditions are recorded by the four pens of this instrument. The pen on the right traces a line on the paper which shows the humidity of the air, the pen being actuated by astrand of human hairs stretched inside the long tube seen at the top of the figure. These hairs have the property of lengthening when subjected to moist air and shortening in dry air. The next pen toward the left traces a line upon the record sheet, which shows the pressure of the air, the pen being actuated by the gang of five round, thin, objects seen between the pressure and humidity pens in the figure. USE OF KITES IN EXPLORATION OF UPPER AIR. 207 The next pen in order traces a line showing the temperature of the air, which acts upon a special form of thermometer contained within the long tube at the top. When the instrument is attached to the kite the wind blows directly through this tube, thereby acting strongly upon both the thermometer and the hair hygrometer inside. The pen at the extreme left is designed to record, electrically, the velocity of the wind. For this purpose a small anemometer, not shown in any of the illustrations, is fixed to the kite and connected to the instrument by wires.) The pen will then make little marks on the record sheet corresponding to every 2 miles of wind movement. OBJECTS OF EXPLORATIONS. A very few remarks will show the great importance in meteorologi- eal studies and weather forecasting of such observations as can be obtained by means of kites. These give the conditions prevailing in the free atmosphere, often in and above the clouds themselves, at points far removed from the disturbing effects of great cities, forests, the earth’s surface, ete. In fact, observations thus obtained are truly characteristic conditions of great masses of the atmosphere, and when regularly and completely determined they afford far more exact and probably earlier indications of important forthcoming atmospheric changes than the most elaborate observations taken at the surface. The tops of our highest buildings are, after all, but an insignificant distance up in the free air, and all surface conditions are always modified as a result of the actual contact of the air with the earth and the immediate effect of the latter upon adjacent portions of the air. CONSTRUCTION OF A MODERN KITE. As some of the readers of this paper may desire to build and fly a good tailless kite of modern type, a simple method of constructing a small-sized cellular kite for pleasure purposes is given in detail. Fig. 53 shows a perspective view of the kite complete. THE STICKS. The sticks are best made of straight-grained spruce, but white pine also answers very weil. Either lonsdale cambrie or catico may be used for the covering. Some small tacks and coarse, waxed, linen thread are also required. The sticks should be eut to the following dimensions: Four longitudinal corner spines, one-fourth of an inch thick, five- eighths of an inch wide, and 40 inches long. Two central longitudinal spines, three-eighths of an inch square by 40 inches long. Two short vertical struts, one-fourth of an inch thick, 1 inch wide, and 112 inches long. Four diagonal struts, one-fourth of an inch thick, five-eighths of an inch wide, and 37} inches long. 208 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The real backbone of the kite consists of a central truss, which is made up as shown in fig. 54. The long sticks are three-eighths of an inch square. At 5} inches from each end a slight notch is formed on one side to receive the uprights. A notch is shown at n, and its depth should not exceed one- Fia. 53.—Perspective view of a modern kite. bi ( sixteenth of an inch. The notches may, indeed, be omitted entirely. The uprights must be cut perfectly square and true on the ends, and are then cut to the form shown at B. These are seated squarely in the notches of the long spines and firmly lashed in place with coarse, waxed, linen thread, as shown enlarged in fig. 57. Waxed shoe- Ye ee ns ee 40: -_ , K---—12%---3 ” ' B} oD gh gine 1 a | 5” | 16 | | us | | i ' > 4 Fia. 54.—Central truss. makers’ or harness makers’ twine is the best material for this pur- pose, but any coarse thread or fine string, thoroughly waxed, will suffice. Fig. 55 shows the form to which the corner longitudinal spines should be dressed, the long, straight edge being slightly rounded, as shown in the end view. Notice that the notches at the opposite ends are not at the same distance from the end. USE OF KITES IN EXPLORATION OF UPPER AIR. 209 THE CLOTH, THREAD, ETC. The covering of the kite is made of two long strips of cloth. Both edges of the strips should be hemmed, even if one edge has a selvage, and when so hemmed, the width should be just 12 inches. The total length of the strip, when stretched about as it will be on the kite, should be 963 inches, the half inch being allowed for the lap of the goods in sewing the twoends together. It may be remarked here that it is generally better to carefully tear the cloth to the proper length and width, rather than try to cut it, as more accurate results will be gained by the first method. The opposite ends of each cloth strip should be carefully and evenly lapped the one-half inch and strongly sewed together with a double seam, thus forming two endless bands. The next step is to mark the cloth bands at the places that are to be fastened to the frame. Stretch each cloth band out smooth and straight over two thin sticks run through inside the band. It is well to make the seam in the band come over or near the edge of one of the sticks. When the band is smooth and evenly stretched, draw a pencil line across the band exactly in the middle, where it turns around the edge of each stick. Let the line near the seam be marked ees ce ee = LL TT lee area al eee tar as > wee es * are se ae eee i Pet - +. ' #3 i i! = ado End view «----5g--- 7% 4. 44 65 % Fia. 55.—Longitudina_ corner spine. A and the opposite line B. Now shift the cloth around the sticks so that the lines A and B approach each other, but do not pass. .Care- fully adjust the band so that when evenly stretched the line A is just 12 inches from B, and mark the cloth, as before, where it passes over the edge of each stick. Shift the cloth again still farther around the sticks; this time let the line A and B pass each other, and, when they are again separated just 12 inches and the cloth evenly stretched, draw pencil lines at the edges of the sticks as before. Time and care spent in laying out these lines accurately on the cloth, so as to divide it into equal portions when stretched, will be well repaid in the even flying of the kite. The cloth bands are now ready to be tacked to the sticks. Put one of the bands over the central truss and tack the line A down with five or six small (2-ounce) tacks to one of the sticks; for example, as shown froma to 0, fig. 54. The opposite line, B, must be tacked to the opposite stick from ¢ to d. The remaining band is similarly tacked to the opposite end of the truss. Finally, the four corner longitudinal spines are passed within the bands and the appropriate lines of the cloth tacked to the sticks. The only point needing special attention at this step is to arrange the corner spines so that their 1 Ags 14 210 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. notches will stand in proper relation. Referring to fig. 55, it will be recalled that the small notch at one end of each spine is nearer the end than at the opposite end. In tacking the spines to the eloth, all that is necessary is that one pair of spines in opposite corners shall have the notches the shorter distance from the end and the notehes of the other pair be at the longer distance. In other words, for exam- ple, tack short-ended spines in the Cand D corners, as they appear in fig. 55; then the long ends of the remaining spines must oceupy the FE and F corners of fig. 53. When so arranged, one diagonal strut stepped in the notches will pass in front of and the other behind the uprights of the central truss. “ All that now remains to be done is to fit up the diagonal struts. Fig. 56 shows a finished diagonal strut. It is difficult to determine beforehand the exact length these should be, because the amount the cloth bands will stretch is uncertain. The length indicated in fig. 56 is about right, if all the other dimensions specified herein are care- fully adhered to. Make up a pair of the struts about a half inch too long at first, then, by trying them in the kite and cutting out the notches deeper and deeper, a perfectly satisfactory fit can be secured and the cloth braced out smooth and taut. Care must be taken to Fia. 56.—Diagonal strut. keep the two struts of the same pair the same length. This fitting had best be done before reducing the cross section of the sticks between the ends. The enlarged ends, when finished, should have about the dimensions shown in fig. 56; then, to prevent the forks from splitting off, it is quite necessary to lash the ends just back of the notch with a serving of good, waxed thread. Instead of cutting these struts out of a solid piece, as described above, some may prefer to build up the enlargements at the end by gluing on small cleats, finally lashing the waxed thread over all as before. It is understood, of course, that the diagonal struts are to be inserted within the cells of the kite, so that the notched ends enter the shal- low notches of the corner spines, shown ata and 0, fig. 55. One diago- nal strut passes in front of, and the other behind, the upright of the central truss in each cell, and the three sticks are firmly bound together at the point of crossing with waxed thread. METHODS OF BRIDLING, Two methods of bridling the kite will be deseribed. Cut off about 6 feet of stout cord and tie one end to the central truss at 4, as shown in fig. 54, the cord passing through small holes pierced in the cloth USE OF KITES IN EXPLORATION OF UPPER AIR. 211 eovering. The knot employed at this point is shown enlarged at A, fig. 57. The flying line should be tied to the free end of this cord by meansof bowline knots, as shownat B, fig.57. This knot is strong, Tagiecetieadnadl >) Sd) gl. x by 2 4 Fia. 57.—First form of bridle. never slips, and can be easily untied, no matter how much the line may have been strained. The one-point attachment of bridle, described above, is better suited to strong than light winds, and sometimes in lighter winds it may be Fa. 58.—Second form of bridle; c, enlarged knot (loosened). more satisfactory to employ the two-point attachment of bridle shown in fig. 58. In this the free end of the 6-foot piece of cord is shown tied to the central truss at b, thus forming the bridle, a, b, c; the 212 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, main line being attached at the point ¢ by a kind of knot shown enlarged at one side. This will not slip of itself, but the point of attachment can easily be adjusted as may be desired. To be perfectly safe, the flying line for this kite should have a ten- sile strength of from 50 to 60 pounds and be equally strong through- out.. During light winds a finer line will answer, but strong currents are frequently encountered as the kite ascends, and a weaker line ' than specified above is likely to be broken. FLYING THE KITE, If the wind is favorable for flying, the best way to start the kite in flight is to run out 150 feet or so of twine while the kite is held by an assistant. When all is ready, the assistant may toss the kite upward a little in the direction in which it is to go. It will take care of itself afterwards. It is important the kite be cast off directly in line with the wind, otherwise it may seem to dart badly. When fairly up the kite may sweep a little from side to side, but if it ever darts or turns over, there is something radically wrong, probably due to an uneven distribution of the cloth surface, or some permanent distortion of the framework. Sometimes the weight of the wood varies, and one side is heavier than the other. This should be corrected by weighting the light side with a small strip of sheet lead, or otherwise. If the wind is very light, a finer twine may be used in flying, and it may be necessary to run a little with a long string out, in order to get the kite into upper and more rapidly moving currents. When the wind is very strong, drop the ball of twine on the ground so that the cord can pay out rapidly, and let the kite go up directly and quickly from the hand. TANDEM KITES, Several kites can be sent up on the same line. When an additional kite is to be sent up, it must be first carried out, say, 100 feet, attached to a separate line of that length, the end being tied to a loop formed in the main line. When all is ready, the kite is tossed up, as already described. > sn. 2:8 UTILIZATION OF RESIDUES FROM BEET-SUGAR MANU- FACTURE IN CATTLE FEEDING. By GuILFoRD L., SPENCER, Assistant in Division of Chemistry. PULP FEEDING IN EUROPE. In visiting the sugar-beet farms of Europe, the excellent condition of the beef and dairy cattle is quite noticeable. This desirable result is in a large measure attributable to feeding the beet pulps from the sugar factories to the cattle. In addition to the pulps, a small proportion of molasses is also often fed. It is customary in Europe, especially in Germany, to guaranty a certain proportion of pulp to each farmer who is a shareholder in the factory, as part compensation for his beets, and to pay other farmers not receiving pulp a somewhat higher price, approximately 75 cents per ton. The shareholders contract to furnish the beets from a cer- tain area, and can depend upon receiving pulp in proportion to this acreage. The beet pulp is, moreover, in such demand that farmers not shareholders contract to plant a certain acreage to beets, and are then also supplied pulp as part compensation. The pulp is especially prized in the sugar-producing sections for feeding milch cows. The general results of such feeding are a large flow of rich milk and the production of butter of good flavor. RESIDUES FROM BEET-SUGAR MANUFACTURE. In the sugar-beet industry the roots are topped in the fields prior to transportation to the factory, and the crown of the beet is removed by means of a sharp, heavy knife applied at or near the lowest leaf sear. Experience and chemical tests have demonstrated that there is a ten- dency for various salts to accumulate in the crown of the beet in greater quantities than in other parts of the root. Many of the salts retard the crystallization of the sugar in the manufacturing processes, and increase the production of molasses. It is for this reason that the manufacturers are very strict in their specifications relative to topping. The tops, or crowns, may therefore be considered among the resi- dues of the manufacture. They may be fed to cattle, but with hardly as Satisfactory results as would be obtained by feeding the entire beet, owing to the large proportion of salts. In view of the necessity of 213 914 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. maintaining the fertility of the land, it is not usually advisable to feed the beet tops; they should be left in the fields to rot and be turned under in subsequent operations. However, where the manure from the cattle fed in part upon beet crowns and leaves is returned to the land such feeding is profitable. In the earlier days of the beet-sugar industry in this country diffi- culty was experienced in some localities in persuading the farmers to leave the beet tops upon the ground instead of feeding them or haul- ing them to the factory, thus increasing the tare, and special induce- ments were necessary to convince them of the advisability of so doing. ; The next important residue, and that which has been already briefly commented upon, isthe beet pulp. This pulpis the residue of the beet remaining after the removal of the juice, or, according to present prac- tice, after the removal of those parts readily soluble in water at mod- erate temperatures. PROCESSES FOR EXTRACTING SUGAR FROM BEETS. Until within the last decade three processes of extracting the sugar from the beet were in vogue, each producing characteristic pulps. These processes are termed the ‘‘hydraulic-press,” the *‘continuous- press,” and the ‘‘diffusion.” In the first two processes the roots were first reduced to a fine pulp by means of rasps. In the hydraulie proe- ess this pulp was placed in sacks and submitted to heavy pressure, then moistened with water, and again pressed. This method produced very dry pulps of great feeding value and in an excellent condition for conservation. In the continuous-press process the pulp was passed between rollers, the residue saturated with water, and again pressed. This process produced a pulp of greater humidity than the hydraulie pulps, and of less feeding value. These processes have disappeared from the sugar factories, and are probably used in few, if any, of the distilleries; therefore the character of the pulps produced need receive no further consideration. The process now employed by sugar factories in the extraction of the juice from the beet is termed ‘‘diffusion.” The beets, after being thoroughly washed, are sliced into long, grooved pieces, somewhat approximating the letter V, in cross section. These slices are trans- ferred to large iron vessels, and are treated with successive portions of hot water, heated to approximately 160° F. The vessels are closed and the water is under a few pounds’ pressure during the process. After the extraction of the juice the pulp is pressed in continuous apparatus, and is then ready for delivery to farmers. The pulp in this condition is quite moist, still retaining about 89 per cent. of water. Sil RESIDUES FROM BEET-SUGAR MANUFACTURE. 215 DIFFUSION PULPS. The following may be considered an average analysis of diffusion pulps:' Analysis of diffusion pulps. Ingredients. pul. | | atertel: | Per cent. | Per cent. CRUE THT) er O eine, | APeS. : Total . Total divi- Board |; Fire- 5 Annual Board Fire- sion. feet. |T!€S-| wood. pe growth. | feet. |T1€S+| wood. Poon yg Acres. Cords. Per ct.|Cu. ft. Cords. : ae 20.3 bak Oe ey ee au) een . <4 r a 6.2] 4,953| 4| 72 | 7,275; 22] 160| S42]... 2.9] 340 10 Lea a 9 wane-|seeeee-|-= ata eater a ee ee ia 1 ag 12 6,492 |, 94 | 218 21,401 2.2 471 80 | 33 7.6 863 25 ee ea 15.9 | 2,195 9 | 102 10, 347 2.2 227 | 4,236 | 284 | 151 17,445 523 ee ae 8:4 |. c..| aes 30 2,7 2.2 i eee ee 8 70 2 Wiinaee oo ey eee / 6 9.4 879 2.2 19 425 | 62] 39.5) 3,990 119 Total..| 70.3) 13,640 | 113 | 431.4 | 42,630 |... | 937 | 5,083 | 370 | 201.7 | 22,708 |.......] 679 1 Contained seven-year old sprouts. 2 Contained scattered Red Cedar, Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1898 PLATE XXI. "% Fig. 2.—WHITE AND BLACK OAKS AND HICKORY, OAKLAND, N. J. (BLACK OAK ON THE RIGHT WILL BE REMOVED.) te’ Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1898 PLATE XXil, Fic. 1.--BLACK OAK, OAKLAND, N. J. Fic. 2.—BLAcK OAK SPROUTS, ABOUT FIFTY YEARS OLD, OAKLAND, N. J. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agiiculture, 1898. PLATE XXIII. Fic. 1.—A Group OF OAKS, OAKLAND, N. J. (IMPROVEMENT CUTTING NEEDED.) Fic. 2,—SCATTERED RED CEDAR ON AN OLD PASTURE, OAKLAND, N. J. ” 7 ¥ WORK OF DIVISION OF FORESTRY FOR THE FARMER, 305 Estimated contents and annual growth of standing timber—Continued. HICKORY AND PINE. Hickory. Pine. Number of divi- oe ’ io i weng sion. Area. Board | Fire- po Annual Fire ome Annual feet. | wood. | fact, growth. wood. | feat growth. Acres. Cords Per ct. | Cu. ft. | Cords Per ct. | Cu. ft. Ll a ee ae ae are een ae acer eee ere | ee aa 2 ona onl oe eeaate fee ook Pree Val 6.2 900 50.4 | 1,843 1.9 71] [ae ee (ape el Cie, CORE el Eg Do 3 Oh Suet £ Be dl Me eR ES oS eae nore coer) Ree) a een! Lee ee ge meee Bee Ao. 2)) 12 392 70.6 | 6,465 1.9 27 22 2,013 1.9 38 ot. . a 15.9 270 2.6] 2,47 sa MED Nar coce oN one OS 3.4 140 8.7 505 1.9 10) (= se Se DE yee Sh cae ( {2 2 ay Eee 2.3 240 1.9 Te eres ol OSE Aare! ice RET E| ih. Due Total ......-.|- 70.3 | 1,702| 151.6 | 11,529 |........ 265 | 22.6 | ayer ae ; 8 OTHER TREES. = ass Yellow . Total Number of aivi- Bass- | Fire- * Annual sion. Area. | Maple. EOP Ash. | wood. | wood. | a growth | S Board | Board | Board | Board Per Cubic Acres. | feet. Seet. Feet. Feet. Cords. cent. | feet 1 TSE SS SS | ae Ea | Ee eee | | Sone, | eee EEE "> me. ~~ ie 6.2] 972] 408 | ares cole ee! | 53 | 4, 944 | 1.9 % Ll. tS ae (1) pel eet Es (ale aaa [enna nnnna|-omnannan|otes=nt-afan==-=--- PEAS SSA ee fe oe Lu 1 al Lape, Pie | 14 | he a ee 67 6,038 | 1.9 115 Co. Lahn ee a Used See eee 194 35 2,390 Le 45 CO. ida) Ae. Rees. | AOR ete: Josie ee Te 12 1,059 1.9 20 (io? GD Pesron eee. Besse | et SS Ea ee oe 8.5 763 1.9 15 i) 70.3 972 | 682 | 97 194 | " 175.5 | 15,194 | de Sel ge | 285 1 Contained seven-year-old sprouts. 2 Contained scattered Red Cedar. SUMMARY. [Average stand per acre for all divisions except 1 and 3.] Per acre. Serre Sete ee ee er ae Se SN ee Ee noes osu OREO LeCben OO RREMERT ER se as on eae ene oa adk oaneaamdaes anuecsdancusiecsenn do.... 1% IR es ee oes ot os te poe cee eai aeae npaeae ee cabl'S aan do... 4l Treats 955 et Se Obs Se he ee © Bi es os ban mabtes adetew Senses wus 2 NR se ee en Re he 8 hk tl Le chpeethercbanben niin apnniniared cords.. 24 GROWTH, The rate of growth wa3 determined by the measurement of the annual rings on sixteen stumps, carefully selected from different parts of the wood lot. If the number of rings is known in 1 inch next the bark, at a place where the rings are of average width, and the diameter is also known, the current annual rate of growth per cent can be calculated. For this purpose the following formula is employed: G=— nd G = the annual gr wth per cent. nm = number of yee*s in the last inch on an average radius. d = the diameter of the stump. 1 a9s 20 306 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. By this method the average annual growth was found to be: For Oak, 2.2 per cent; Chestnut, 3 per cent; Hickory, 1.9 per cent; Pine, 1.9 per cent; other trees, 1.9 per cent. These averages show the actual growth of the wood, and are used to determine how much can be cut without injury to the forest. They do not repre- sent the interest on the capital value of the land, for as the timber becomes of mer- chantable size its increase in value is greater than the growth in volume. If the above averages are applied to the total number of cubic feet on the wood lot, a3 is . done in the above table, which gives the estimate of the growing stock, it will be found that the wood lot is producing annually— Cubic feet. Of Oak .. 2-26. osteo Se. stan eed cca shee a =e eee 937 Of Chestnut | seco cen) ogee ok ee 2 Se, Ce 679 Of HigEory 2 2 2 eo ioe cd snes ee ee 265 Of other material...0.....2.4. .2204..3.t3. 2-25 ee 823 Doel. 2 eet ee ees 2, 204 The annual growth is, then, for the 41 acres on which the timber is of merchant- able size, 2,204 divided by 41, or 53.7 cubic feet of solid wood, or six-tenths of acord per acre. On the whole 41 acres the annual increase is 24.6, or,in round numbers, 25 cords. MARKET. The wood lot is situated about 14 miles from the railroad station and is connected with it by a good road. There is a constant market at and in the vicinity of Oak- land for cord wood, logs, ties, and hoop poles. Provided a sufficient amount of material is taken out at one time, there would be no difficulty in selling the tim- ber onthestump. The following average stumpage prices are quoted by operators at Oakland: wk logge). Js). 22s. a. pe per thousand board feet.. $6.00 Bickory logs ..5 202.402 02a on se ee do... 2 "G08 Chestnut logs. 2.20. 240)... ea ee do.... 4.00 Ties... 2s ccu2s teeidee cee ee ee each._ .25 GOD HOI. os Le aaa oe moe te sd eed -5 ee per hundred__ 1.00 Cord: Wood |. so 25. Ue eee a oe eee ...percord.. 1.00 It is customary to allow about 25 per cent for lapwood (branches), which will bring not over 50 cents per cord. OBJECT OF MANAGEMENT. The object to be reached in the management of the forest at Oakland is to make it yield a fair rate of interest on the capital invested through the use of methods of cutting by which its preservation, welfare, and increasing productiveness shall be secured. PRESENT METHODS OF CUTTING. ; At present woodlands in this neighborhood are cut in one of two ways: (1) The land is cleared; (2) trees are selected here and there for special purposes, , Under the first system not only the mature timber is cut, but with it a large number of young thrifty trees which make but little showing in the present product, yet in a comparatively short time would be large enough for logs and ties. The second growth consists largely of sprouts, and twenty-five to thirty years must elapse before the land will yield a crop of cord wood, or upward of sixty to eighty years for logs and ties. In the present instance the owner of the woodland does not desire to convert the standing timber into money at once at a sacrifice of the producing power of the forest. He prefers to hold a certain amount invested in standing timber in order WORK OF DIVISION OF FORESTRY FOR THE FARMER. 307 to utilize to its full extent the productive capacity of the land. The returns will be obtained at shorter intervals and will in the long run amount to much more than if the land is cleared under the ordinary system. The second method is similar to that recommended in this working plan, except that under the proposed system the thinnings will be made with special reference to improving the timber which is left on the ground and to seeding the openings to valuable species. METHODS OF CUTTING RECOMMENDED, Two kinds of cuttings will be used in harvesting the timber at Oakland. First, the old timber will be cut as soon as it is of merchantable size, but the trees will be selected so that the openings left by their removal shall be seeded to valuable species. This is called a reproduction cutting. Second, the whole wood lot will be thinned annually or periodically for the purpose of harvesting the increase and improving the timber which remains. This is called an improvement cutting. REPRODUCTION CUTTiNGS.—It has already been stated that there are large num- bers of small seedlings in the forest. The reproduction cuttings take advantage of this young growth, and when the merchantable timber is removed an opportu- nity is given for the seedlings to develop. Where the young growth is scanty the cuttings are located with reference to seed trees, so that young growth of valuable kinds may follow. (See Pl. XXI, fig. 2.) IMPROVEMENT CUTTINGS.-—There are in the forest many crooked and scrubby trees of valuable kinds and several species of little value, as well as the straight, thrifty Oaks, Hickory, Chestnut, and Ash. It is the purpose of the improvement cuttings to weed out the undesirable trees, so that the ground will eventually pro- duce only thrifty specimens of the most useful species. (See Pl. XXIII, fig. 1.) These trees in almost all cases can be cut at a profit. In practically all remain- ing cases they can be got rid of without loss. This working plan does not con- template any expenditure which will not be met, or more than met, by the return. The trees which should be removed in this way are: (1) Old, scrubby trees which have broad crowns and are crowding young, thrifty growth. (2) Defective and dying trees which will soon be past their usefulness. (3) Less desirable species, as Red Maple, Pepperidge, Beech, etc., which are crowding more valuable trees. (4) Dead trees; if not possible to sell this material, it is probable that some one could be found to cut it for the wood. DETAILS OF CUTTING PLAN. The working plan is made to cover a period of ten years. Those portions in which no cutting will be done during this time are left out of account in the schedule below. It may be said, however, that the timber on Division No. 1 will be large enough for cord wood in about twenty years, and it is estimated that at that time there will be between 25 and 30 cords per acre. The scattered Red Cedar on Division No. 3 will be large enough for posts in about thirty years. (See Pl. XXIII, fig. 2.) At that time the ground will probably be covered with young growth of other species, which is already beginning to come up in the open portions. It has been shown that the annual increase on the 41 acres covered with large timber is 24.6 cords, or the growth for ten years 246 cords. That amount may, therefore, be cut during this period without trenching on the producing capital of the forest. The owner of the forest desires to sell the timber, so far as possible, on the stump. Since a better contract can be made when a considerable amount of timber is 308 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. removed at one time, it is proposed to cut the majority of trees suitable for saw lumber in one year. This timber is to be removed in reproduction cuttings, and the total amount of it, including tops, is 135 cords. It is estimated that the sum total of the openings made by the removal of this timber would be 4 acres. If this system of cutting were extended indefinitely, and 4 acres were reproduced every ten years, the whole tract of 41 acres would have been cut over in about one hundred years. At that time the seedlings now established would be one -hundred years old. In other words, the rotation of the timber would be one hun- dred yezrs. The Chestnut and Ash would in many cases be ready for the ax in less than one hundred years, but they would be counterbalanced by other species which it would be advisable to leave longer than this period. It is proposed to cut 115 cords in the next ten years by improvement thinnings. The amount to be removed from each division is given in the schedule fol- lowing. The various amounts have been determined according to the needs of the forest. It would be most profitable to cut this material in one year, but for the good of the forest it will be better to thin twice during this period. In the latter case about one-half should be cut at the same time as the reproduction cutting and the remainder in about five years. Schedule, or special working plan, for ten years. Reproduction cutting. = Im- Total | prove- cords, | ment Number . includ-| cut- Remarks. of division.| Oak. Cuept Hickory. ae Ties. | ing | ting, ; 3 logs | total and | cords. ties. Board ft. Board ft.| Board ft.| Board ft. ieee aye hoe ree eee ered | ere Paes sece bo awcatnn=| =e we nem =| anna nama Leave untouched. Ah cree 5, 000 300 900 950 4 30 20 Be oe 52 west |Sechaee 25) Seeder ges leven aes |S uacen eee = eee eee coe Cut cedar posts for local uses. Bios ced LL UE) eeepc 300 200 14 30 45 Btn at 2, 000 4, 200 275 190 47 60 30 ye ee Laie meaeinesel [a 2 =e ee 140 160) ose eens oe 10 ( PR SER EE Eee re MOO MC Ss cus | Ss. cesuens 40 15 10 Total.| 1,200| 4,900]; 1,615| 1,500| 205, | 139 115 RULES FOR CUTTING. The following rules should be observed in cutting the timber: (1) No trees shall be cut which are not marked. (2) Whenever possible, trees standing over young growth must be felled toward or away from their longest and heaviest branches. In this way the space struck by the crown of the falling trees will be as narrow as possible, and but little young growth will be broken by the sideways sweep of the long branches. (3) Care must be exercised not to break or otherwise injure young growth. (4) All trees must be worked up at once after cutting. If the trees are left on the ground for some time, the injury to the young growth is greater than if they are removed quickly, for saplings which are bent will recover if they are released | quickiy, and many seedlings will be saved which would be broken or smothered. (5) The brush from the tops must be cut and scattered about. The danger from fire is lessened in this way, because the branches and twigs decay more rapidly when in contact with the ground; and an opportunity is given seedlings to ger- minate and develop, which under the piles of brush would be impossible. UTILIZING SURPLUS FRUITS. By G. B. BRACKETT, Pomologist. BEST DISPOSITION OF FRUIT AN IMPORTANT QUESTION. How best to dispose of a crop of fruit and prevent waste is a very important matter for the consideration of all practical fruit growers; and it means a great deal more than appears at first thought. When applied to our nation’s fruit industry, it presents for consideration the product of large areas, upon which large amounts of money and labor have been expended. Upon the economic and profitable dispo- sition of the product depends the financial success. It is well known to every culturist that a crop of fruit can not be grown that will be first class in its entirety. There always will be more or less of inferior product in all crops, which should never be placed on the market to compete with the higher grade fruit. Such a use causes a glut in the market, which depresses the price of both grades, and leaves no margin of profit on either; hence, the necessity of providing for the disposition of inferior grades in some other way to the best advantage possible. Again, markets may at times become glutted to such an extent as to afford no profitable sale for even first-class products in their natu- ral state, thereby resulting in more or less loss, unless they are prepared artificially in some other commercial form. The proper solution of this question has great weight in its relation to the early ripening products, and especially those of a quickly perishing character and which require immediate consumption or preservation to prevent loss. It always should be borne in mind by the producer that each bushel of apples, pears, peaches, etc., of the tree fruits, and each quart of blackberries, raspberries, strawberries, etc., of the class known as small fruit, represents a specific cost and outlay of money; hence, every measure of any kind of fruit product allowed to go to waste is a loss of just so much invested capital. Considering these matters in all their relations to the fruit industry from an economical standpoint, it is readily seen how important it is that provision for the utilization of the entire crop in some form or other should be at hand and ready for immediate use on all fruit plantations, more especially on those remotely situated or otherwise inconvenient to markets. 3809 310 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PROCESSES FOR SAVING THE CROP. The several processes which are now in use and regarded as effi- cient to preserve a crop and put it in commercial form are: (1) Sun drying or evaporation with artificial heat. (2) Canning. _ (3) Extracting of the juice. If a plantation is too remote from a market or a preserving factory to justify carriage of the fruit, it will be necessary to work the entire crop at the plantation into concentrated commercial form through the use of one or all of the processes above mentioned. In some localities all the product of an apple orchard, excepting the first-class fruit (which will generally find a ready sale), may be profit- ably worked into cider for beverage uses and into vinegar. The product of peach, pear, and plum orchards, in case the first grade does not find ready sale in its natural state, can be saved from waste through the processes of evaporation and canning. The product of small fruit plantations, being quickly perishable, requires immediate disposition, either in its natural state or preser- vation by evaporation and canning to prevent losses. In seasons of great fruitfulness there generally occurs a glutted market, and despite the best efforts of agents and commission houses some large shipments are lost in part or in whole which might be saved by evaporation and ranning. EVAPORATION. It is not the intention to go into details in this paper, but to treat the subject in a general way. Evaporation is the most economical and profitable process known for the preservation of fruits, and has almost wholly superseded the old process of sun drying. It is suitable for all kinds of orchard products and some classes of small fruits, and when properly conducted gives to the fruit the best conditions of a healthful food. Compared with sun-dried, the fruit preserved by evaporation will keep better, is more nutritious and digestible, less acid, and commands a better price in market. Evaporated fruit, by its cheapness, is within the reach of all the people, and thus is regarded as the most economical form for general use. The importance and economy of any process which will safely preserve the products of our orchards can hardly be estimated, but the one which will-give the best results with the least waste is the one that should receive the greatest attention. The changes that take place and the product resulting from those changes are the same in all slow processes of drying, whether in the sun or by some of the imperfect evaporators that have been in use. In order to secure the best results of evapora- tion it is necessary to run the temperature as high as possible without injury to the fruit and to keep the air in rapid circulation throughout the chamber. It is under these conditions that the slight chemical UTILIZING SURPLUS FRUITS. 311 changes in perfectly evaporated fruit take place, the albumen, instead of being slowly dried, will be coagulated, and greatly assist in the preservation of the fruit with all the richness and flavor it possessed in its natural state. TREATMENT OF THE FRUIT.—Apples are generally peeled, cored, and dried by the use of machines adapted to the purpose. They are put upon trays, submitted or not, according to choice, to the fumes of burning sulphur for a very few minutes for the purpose of bleaching, and are then passed to the evaporator, where the temperature is suffi- ciently high to produce the desired results. There are some who object to the bleaching process, and perhaps with justification, at least if the treatment is excessive, so that if the consumer consulted the sense of taste rather than the gratification of sight there would be less demand for the bleached product. Pears and peaches are usually cut in halves and evaporated with or without being peeled, and may or may not be submitted to the bleach- ing process, according to circumstances. Plums or prunes are treated somewhat differently from most other fruits, and especially is this true in regard to the ripeness of the fruit. For evaporating, it should be allowed to remain on the tree until ripe enough to fall to the ground of its own weight, and some even allow it to remain on the ground some time after it has fallen. It is then gathered and passed over graders, which separate it into several grades or sizes and at the same time remove leaves and all other foreign matter, after which it is placed in bins to remain a short time for further ripening. It is now ready for treatment and curing. There are two methods prac- ticed in curing prunes, about which there is a diversity of opinion. One is what is known as the dipping process, which consists in immersing the fruit for a few minutes in a solution of concentrated lye in the proportion of 1 pound of lye to 12 gallons of water heated to the boiling point and maintained at that point during the dipping. The fruit, having been placed in wire baskets, is dipped in the solu- tion, then taken out and rinsed in pure water to remove all traces of lye and other impurities, placed upon trays, and put into the evapo- rator. The advocates of this process claim that the fruit dries more quickly, thus causing a saving in expense. The other method is without dipping in the hot solution. The fruit is taken from the bins, each grade being kept separate, thoroughly rinsed to take away impurities, then spread uniformly on trays, and at once put into the evaporator. Those who advocate this method claim that the cured product is superior in all respects to the dipped fruit and commands a higher price in the market, more than enough to offset the extra expense of drying. The time of exposure of the fruit in the evaporator must be deter- mined by observation and experience and the degree of heat. From twenty to twenty-four hours is the average time required for drying. 312 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. If exposed too long it not only lessens the weight of the product, but injures the quality; if not long enough, the result will be fermenta- tion and mold. Grading.—After the trays are removed from the evaporator the fruit is put into bins, where it is stirred occasionally and allowed to remain until it has passed through the sweating process. In the case of prunes, they are passed over a grader, which separates them into the different grades, as 20’s to 30’s, 30’s to 40’s, and so on, according to size, the grades indicating the number of dried prunes to the pound. Evaporated apples are graded according to quality and are sold on the market under three different brands, the best as ‘‘ Faney ” second as ‘‘ Choice,” and third as ‘‘ Prime.” None but the best qual- ity of white-fleshed varieties should be used for the highest grade, ‘*Fancy.” Chops.—After using the main crop of apples for the three grades above mentioned, there still remains a lower grade that can not be worked into the above-mentioned class, but which can be profitably utilized by chopping the whole fruit without peeling or coring into coarse pieces and converting it by evaporation into what is known as “Chops.” This has a considerable commercial value for export purposes. Cores and skins.—In the preparation of apples for evaporation the Saving of the cores and skins is an additional source of profit aceru- ing from the commercial disposition of the orchard products. This may be accomplished by evaporation under the same treatment given to the solid parts of the fruit. When properly cured they become an article of commercial value in the home and foreign markets, and are used in the manufacture of jellies and wines. EVAPORATORS.—Many different kinds of evaporators are now offered for sale, and upon the right selection of one of the many suc- cess greatly depends. Careful investigation of the various machines should be made before purchasing, with a view to finding the one that will produce the best results at the least cost, and of such capacity as shall meet the wants of the purchaser. Great improvements have been made in evaporators since their first introduction; hence, the necessity of a thorough study of the latest and most improved. There are two principles or methods involved in the process of evaporation as now practiced; one is by the use of heated air made to circulate as rapidly as possible throughout the box or room in which the trays of fruit are placed, and the other is by means of steam pipes passing back and forth through the chamber of the evaporator. This latter method is of comparatively recent introduction, and is found to be the most economical and satisfactory where the business is carried on extensively. The heat is more evenly distributed to all parts of the room and the temperature is uniform, avoiding all danger of scorching UTILIZING SURPLUS FRUITS. 313 the fruit, which is liable to occur in the use of hot air, where some of the trays are in close proximity to the fire. The use of steam will no doubt in time supersede all other methods. But whichever method is used, if the heat is not sufficient or the circulation of air imperfect, the product will not be of the best quality of evaporated fruit, but will instead be more like the sun-dried article, dark colored, tough, with less of the natural flavor, and the juices may have undergone a slow process of fermentation. CANNING. The canning process is so simple and generally so well understood in its application to fruits and vegetables that it seems hardly neces- sary to go into extended details on the subject. The fundamental principle involved is that of sterilizing or destroying the microbes of fermentation by the application of heat. Fruits properly preserved in this manner retain much of the natural flavor and richness and are both healthful and nutritious. Almost every household in the rural districts may have at hand ready for use all the necessary can- ning material for putting up a sufficient supply of fruit for home consumption. With a little experience and study of the methods, every housewife may become a proficient canner, and thus be able to save much of the fruit that otherwise would be lost. Tin cans are much less expensive and surer of success than any other. They may be sealed with wax prepared for the purpose, but cans sealed in this way will only do for home use, as they will not stand transportation. The safe and only method for sealing cans for commercial purposes is by soldering the caps, by which more thorough sterilization may be effected. As heat is the all-important factor in destroying ferment germs, it is essential that these principles be understood in order to insure successful work. The fruit after being prepared substantially the same as for evaporation, and after the addition of a sufficient amount of sugar to sweeten to taste, should be submitted to a boiling beat until thoroughly sealded through, and put into the cans at once, filling them as full as possible and sealing immediately, making them absolutely air-tight. In canning, a lower degree than 212° F. is generally unreliable, and as this degree applied only for a sufficient length of time does not, as a rule, unduly cook ordinary fruit, it may be adopted as a safe standard. All classes of fruit may be preserved by this process, but it is especially satisfactory for such fruits as peaches, pears, and all kinds of small fruits. It is therefore a valuable aid in the absence of a convenient market in suving the surplus of a crop or any portion of it which may become overripe. 314 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 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ES opriojop eS £6 OF 068 ‘899 ‘OF 10°6S | S61 69°89 ce “OT OLU‘6FS ‘OT « | BL °@ i a An ieee eS oe = BIUAOBOD LT 16°88 06S FFR (66 €0 IL O16 ‘869 °S 10° O26 *T “O11 TRE, al OS | alee cians eae ee aaa ait see tas GN “* sesuByqiy £8°E 18°L CCF c39 G 6°86 GO ‘LOT “L9 GL IG C9 ‘C18 ‘ST 1 | LOT Gas Sel 1G. ini ae wee ce ke en. tt ee ee RuozLiy 2)"T | $L°86 188 “6F0 ‘28 98 'T €19 ‘809 92°0 OFS ‘98 09°T Cinta: Er no tee eee Se eee ee sere = -BULEQ Rly “Pua ad | "Salopy “pUao Lad "saloPy *JUa Ad “Salopy “puedo Lad "SIP *$9971S | poy, a jo Bale *s0.10V | ‘ i | j pur, 7 eATesoi0n « A da | poyerdoiddy QUOMIUADAOH [B}OY, peAresexy pure poquadosddedy) SOMOLIIG], PUB SATIS “T8OL ‘spun, paypradouddy pun ‘padasasas pupava fo spay THE PUBLIC DOMAIN OF THE UNITED STATES. 327 In the case of land grants in aid of railroad construction, lands within the limits of the grants are considered ‘‘ unappropriated and unreserved” until selected by the grantee, though it is not certain that the usage of the various land offices is uniform in this respect. It follows from this mode of classification that to ascertain the amount of land still available for entry a deduction should be made from the amount given as ‘‘unappropriated and unreserved ” to represent that portion of railroad grants not yet selected by the railroad companies. While no exact figures are available for this purpose, the General Land Office estimates the total amount of land granted to aid in rail- road construction at 156,893,468 acres, and as the amount patented up to July 1, 1898, was but 88,947,862 acres, the remainder is a little less than 68,000,000 aeres. It is, however, very unlikely that patents will actually issue to the grantees for half thai quantity of land, for some portions of the grants had been appropriated by settlers before the grants were made, and still larger areas are so mountainous and barren as to be scarcely worth selecting and patenting. A deduction of 25,000,000 acres from the area unappropriated and unreserved would probably be sufficient to cover future patents on account of railroad land grants. These grants consist of the alternate sections lying within wide strips of territory crossing the western part of the United States, and in some cases indemnity lands have been granted beyond the limits of the original grants. The Northern Pacifie Rail- road grant extends in a band 40 miles wide across Minnesota and 80 miles wide across North Dakota, Montana, the northern end of Idaho, and Washington; the Union Pacific and Central Pacifie Rail- road grants are in a strip 40 miles wide extending from the Missouri River across Nebraska, southern Wyoming, northwestern Utah, Nevada, and California, to San Francisco, with branches in Colorado and Kansas and northward through California and Oregon; the Atlan- tie and Pacific and Southern Pacifie Railroad grants extend from the Rio Grande in New Mexico across Arizona and California to San Jose, with a branch to the southeastern corner of California. There are also many smaller grants in the more easterly public-land States, besides several wagon-road grants in Oregon and elsewhere. PUBLIC LANDS FIT FOR PRODUCTIVE USES. Far more important than the exact area of the public domain legally open to settlement is the question how much of this public land is actually fit for cultivation or for other productive uses. Having regard to present conditions, if must be admitted that all the best parts of the public domain have been appropriated, and that compar- atively very little good agricultural land remains open to settlement; the mineral value of that which remains may be very great, but even of the nmiineral deposits it may be said that the most accessible and 328 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. most easily worked among them have probably been appropriated. Looking into the future, the question becomes much more difficult, for no one ean tell even approximately how much of the land now lying waste may be ultimately reclaimed to productive uses. The one thing needed, as far as concerns the greater part of the 573,995,000 acres of vacant public land in the United States proper, including nearly all west of the ninety-eighth or one hundredth meridian, is an adequate supply of water; and this applies to much of the mineral land, as well as to that which it is desired to reclaim for agricultural purposes. Vast tracts of arid land in the Western United States con- tain in an unusual degree all the elements of fertility except water, and with the aid of irrigation could be made to yield more abundantly than even the best land of the humid regions. It has been said that ‘‘sage- brush is unerring evidence of kindly soil and abundant sunshine.” Estimates of the amount of this land which can be irrigated with the water at command vary greatly, but there is none for the arid region as a whole more authoritative than those of Maj. J. W. Powell, formerly Director of the United States Geological Survey, and Mr. F. Hl. Newell, chief hydrographer of that Survey. Major Powell esti- mated that at least 150,000 square miles, or 96,000,000 acres, could be economically reclaimed by irrigation within the present generation; or, as he said before a Congressional committee in 1890, that about 100,000,000 acres could be reclaimed by the utilization of perennial streams alone.' Mr. Newell places the irrigable amount at 74,000,000 acres,” or about 7.6 per cent of the total area of the sixteen Western public-land States and Territories. This is a very conservative esti- mate, in which financial as well as engineering considerations are taken into account, and it looks not to the remote future, but only to what is likely to be profitable and therefore practicable within a generation. Future improvements in irrigation engineering and methods and dis- coveries of new underground water supplies, together with the inecreas- ing demand for agricultural products resulting from an increasing population, may in the course of time make it profitable to irrigate a much larger area; but any attempt to state the ultimate extent of irrigation would be only conjecture. The amount of land irrigated in 1889, the latest year for which census figures are available, was in most of the arid States so small in proportion to the estimated irrigable area as to be almost negligible in a rough caleulation, so that it will not be far from the truth to take Mr. Newell’s conservative figures as representing the probable future increase of the irrigated area. But it must be remembered that some part of the lands to be reclaimed will probably be lands now in private ownership. Although the area ' First Annual Report of the United States Irrigation Survey, 1888-89, pp. VII, 14; Second Annual Report ot same, 1889-90, p, 204. ’The Public Lands and their Water Supply. (Extract from the Sixteenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1894-95, p. 494.) THE PUBLIC DOMAIN OF THE UNITED STATES. 329 now irrigated is very small as compared with the total irrigable area, the canals and ditches already constructed take most of the water which is easily obtainable, and the future development of the West depends mainly upon the construction of storage reservoirs and large canals, or other difficult and expensive undertakings which are beyond the power of individuals or small groups of individuals. Much will therefore depend upon the policy adopted for attracting capital to the irrigation industry. Itisevident that the work of reclamation must be undertaken either by public agencies or by large corporations. PUBLIC RESERVATIONS. As shown by the table following, the land reserved from settlement consists mainly of Indian reservations and forest reserves; but there are also numerous military reservations and reservoir sites, seven national parks, some unconfirmed Spanish and Mexican private land grants in New Mexico and Colorado, and probably some unpatented portions of grants in aid of railroads, which are included in the area reserved. The figures given under the head of ‘‘ Forest reserves” include some small areas which do not really belong to the reserves, though included within their boundaries. The ‘‘ reservoir sites” do not include all sites selected by the United States Geological Survey, but only lands actually withdrawn from settlement. The area of the mnilitary reservations in the public-land States and Territories, as shown by the records of the General Land Office, is 786,838 acres; but accord- ing to a recent compilation made in the Judge-Advocate-General’s Office, which includes national cemeteries and military parks and reser- vations purchased by the Government as well as those reserved from the public domain, the total area for those States and Territoriesis more than 835,000 acres. The General Land Office figures are here given for the public-land States, however, as the areas of some of the smaller reser- vations are unobtainable from any source, and the figures are thus made comparable with those given in former General Land Office reports and in the Sixteenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey. The comparison shows that the area devoted to military reser- vations in the Western States has been diminished by one-half within three or four years. L[linois, which the General Land Office report still treats as a public-land State and eredits with 750 acres, is here included among ‘‘other States.” The table does not include grounds occupied by public buildings in the District of Columbia and elsewhere; nor does it include the Afognak Forest and Fish-Culture Reserve, the military reservation at Fort St. Michaels, or any of the other reserva- tions in Alaska. It isimpossible to make the total agree with the total ‘* area reserved ” as given in the General Land Office report, because in several Commonwealths the sum of the areas of the Indian, forest, and military reservations alone is greater than the area given by the General Land Office as reserved. 330 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ‘ Classification of lands reserved from settlement in the United States proper. : | Indian : Reser- | iitery | ‘Other Seatey and Ter s or reserves. | ‘parks, | Voir | reserva- i reserved | Total Acres Acres. Acres. Acres. | Acres. Acres. Acres. pe eee ee SORE MP ES TAR D MPT Sen barre. 11, 990 84, 290 86, 240 PPE GOTIR raise = a ase 15, 150, 757 4, 496, 000 2480 3, 960 10I, 443 {eee 19, 752, 609 APrensas. 2..2---.- ESAS tae ah pis Se 15 993 1,320 California -.-..-... | 406,556 | 8,571,794 | 41,130,240 3, 463 86,907 | 6,050,210 | 16,249,170 Colorado x33-4= 4,021, 230), 3;108, 360 1 - <- ncn acu B/C epee a 2, 067, 068 6, 225, 533 PRIOR IGR co a. oe fom tee See a SRR) ee ean roe ey Nr oe 15, 573 4, 267 19, 840 Idaho eed) 1, 364, 560 site) 538,400 | 1,561 1,925 |. ae 5, 415, 346 Indian Territory ._/°19, 575,040 |o-u2. 52222 foie ee ea Se 2 19, 575, 040 Kansas.......---- ech” | RBM ges ctl | hee be ce | pone hee 22,649 | 936, 947 987, 875 CP | a ane eee, fe ae bel Rae eas eal Po ee 1,515 | 1,473,319 1,474, 834 Michigan _.......-- Ai ee | Loe 2,728) 79,074 87,746 Minnesota --.-.---.. TidOe WO Nco se eee prcnote eo ades| eee eon 7 | 3,417, 796 4, 983, 409 Mississippi: ==. ~.---]- 2c. 2222-2 )wec- nde ob fanss a aacecal’s coos boc] or CU ae eee ee ee aan on ee | eae eee ee Se a ee | 0 ee se 1,000 |= eee | 1,000 Montana.-.-.--..-----| 9,382,400 | 5,640,000 5118, 400 33, 201. 251 SAL | 22. | 14, 831, 345 Nebraska ..........| 124,053 |--.....-.... Betta mia A at 56, 719 |. 1 ieee | 480,772 Méweda C2! = 1205 CE PEO tee 2h eis | see ee 5,029,274 | 5,983, 409 New Mexico -.--..- 1, 667,485 | .2, 758,080 |_-......--.-. 25,179 159,240 | 3,746,504 8, 356, 488 North Dakota --... Ot al nee a ne amnen feT a Se 3, 782, SAT Oklahoma .........| 6,949,715 |...-..------ eles Baas 26,380 | 230,565 | 7,207, 160 Gregson 2202. 252222 1,484,089 | 4,658,440 }.-.-._ ----..}---.. 222 1, 945 ‘f. 2 SBE 6, 139, 424 South Dakota---... 9, S85, 78E | $19 166, 080) pec 2. 32a ee 11,185 107,860 | 11,120,906 Tel ie aaa 3, 972, 480 | 943, 360) | 25-5225 os. 139, 712 8, 957 386, 798 5, 451, 307 Washington -...... 3, 874, 324 | 7,992, 720 201, OOF leer 18, G80, |o2canace ones 12, 008, 037 Wisconsin --...-.-. DOG; LET [ao ae eee Sess eee ee A 10862 2-255 Sane 394, 223 W yomimers..222545 3 1,810,000 | 3,241,760 | 51,897,000 bation tJ3 8, 458 1, “259, 425 8, 216, 643 Other States.......| 188, 853 jan enee en ceee |= neces ee eeee|--22----- 043) 200 | 5 hence 232,119 Total.........| 83, 536, 701 Kid 885,554 | 3, 302, 792. 792 “240, 951 820, 354 | 24,874,390 | 158, 759, 742 J Macladinis a a reservation partly in | Misétestppi” *Casa Grande Ruin. ; 3 Hot Springs Reservation. 4Sequoia, Yosemite, and General Gfant National parks. 5 Part of the Yellowstone National Park. ® Area according to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 19,822,888 acres. 7 Mount Ranier National Park, created by act of March 2, 1899. *New York, North Carolina, and Iowa. ® Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, entice: Meee 4 | Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Penn- sylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. THE CHARACTER OF THE PUBLIC LANDS. The table on page 331 gives approximately the areas of forest and woodland, grazing lands, and desert composing the publie domain in fifteen Western States and Territories. It is based upon the estimates of Mr. F. If. Newell,’ which show that of 609,000,000 acres of land vacant in these States and Territories in 1894 there were about 166,000,000 acres of forest and woodland, 374,000,000 aeres of grazing land, and 69,000,000 aeres of desert, or land too barren even for grazing. ‘Sixteenth Annnal Report of the United States Geological Survey (1894-95), p. 494. THE PUBLIC DOMAIN OF THE UNITED STATES. 331 Making allowance for the forest reserves which have been set aside since that time, and also for some areas which have been opened for settlement, and estimating the probable division of lands entered by settlers between timber and grazing land, the land now unappro- priated and unreserved is found to consist of about 124,300,000 acres of forest and woodland and 365,400,000 aeres of grazing land, with nearly or quite as much desert land as before. Character of the vacant public lands in fifteen Western States and Territories. States and Territories. ad poland Geese | Desert. | Total. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. EI os oo Sana wicca, aula meweenine as 6, 900, 009 29, 800, 000 15, 000, 000 : 51, 700, 000 7” be S S oo pe 900, 600 22, 500, 000 19, 000, 000 | 42, 400, 000 ee ee a 10, 500, 000 20: 200, O00). 22 5 Soe 39, 700, 000 Lo). ee ee eee ae 24, 600, 000 gE 1 ee ee | 44, 200, 000 ct ie 6 Stl Sosa ee een 19, 800, 000 SL, Ope, O00 |--- = 252 71, 609,000 a pee cesta ps ae IU as a ae pL le eee Se 5G S00; O08 f.. .2 oe as. 10, 500, 000 IR hpi et 800,000 | 40,600,000 | 20,000,000 | 61, 400, 000 CS, ee eras 8, 600, 000 AG O00 000. be 5 57a 54, 600, 000 5 ES SS oe rs eee ee eee 200, 000 AES UC Tat eae a 20, 600, 000 ER ees ree eee ee ape eT) es 7,000,000 |..........-..- | 7,000, 09 i ah Sa eS RE ees eee 19, 200, 000 26 200 OOD tS 35, 900, 000 eRe ee ee ae een See) eee Png to, SOO OND Fees 12, 800, 000 U5 eae 17,000,000 | 16, 900, 009 10, 000, 000 43, 900, 000 1. Si aa ela eee ef i a Se TOO | ROO OU Ie nn 13, 400, 000 Seen esi oul ad ey 8,700,000 | 35,300,000 | 5,000,000 | 49, 000, 000 eee hey Yard 124, 300, 000 365, 400, 000 68, 000, 000 538, 700, 000 — In the present paper the publie domain is briefly described by States and Territories (arranged in the order of the extent of public lands in each, except that Kansas is treated with the other Western States), with speeial reference to the amount of public land which can probably be made available for agricultural purposes. In dis- cussing the possibilities of the arid region, Mr. Newell’s estimates of the available water supply are adopted, but in some eases other esti- mates are given also for the sake of comparison. It will be observed that estimates made by local engineers are usually, though not in every case, considerably larger than those of Mr. Newell. The other data given are also taken almost wholly from official sources, including State and national publications. It should be borne in mind that the vaeant public lands are not wholly unused at the present time, for grazing is permitted upon them without restraint, and thus they fur- nish sustenance to a vast number of sheep, cattle, and horses; but the area of good grazing land belonging to the publie domain is in some localities being rapidly diminished by overstocking and too close grazing. MONTANA. About three-fourths of the total area of Montana, or 71,567,000 acres, is still vacant public land, mainly unsurveyed. Including res- ervations of all kinds, about 87 per cent of the State belongs to the 332 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. publiedomain. Little has been appropriated, except along the rivers, and even of the land so situated there is some still vacant. The greater part of the publie land consists of mountain ranges, partly covered with forests, and arid plains, useful in their present condi- tion only for grazing; but some vacant agricultural land is reported in nearly every section of the State except in the westernmost counties. More than 1,000,000 acres of ‘‘good farm land” are reported by the General Land Office in Carbon, Gallatin, and Park counties alone. Mr. Newell estimates that with the water supply now available a total area of about 11,000,000 acres can be irrigated. This is a little less than the amount already disposed of by the Government, but as much of the latter will probably remain unwatered, the area ultimately irri- gated will doubtless include large tracts of what is now public land. The amount of irrigable land might be considerably increased by the construction of large canals to take water from the Missouri and Yel- lowstone rivers, but these flow so far below the surface of the plains to be watered that the expense would be very great. Much will depend upon the possibility of storing the spring floods; but according to the most hopeful view of the case, about one-fifth of the State is reclaimable from its arid condition. The opportunity for irrigation seems especially favorable in the southeastern part of the State, in the Yellowstone basin, the Yellowstone and Big Horn rivers carrying an amount of water in excess of any probable demand. The greater part of the State, however, lies within the Missouri basin, where per- haps 1,000,000 acres may be irrigated by an economical use of the water supply. This central portion of the State is nearly all between 2,000 and 7,000 feet above the sea, the greater part having an altitude of about 3,000 or 4,000 feet. In the western end of the State are vast areas of forest and woodland, partly on the mountains. The climate of Montana is mild for the high latitude, and one of its features is an early spring. The agricultural products which are grown most extensively are hay, oats, wheat, barley, potatoes, and vegetables. Apples and other hardy fruits are also raised success- fully. The principal industries of the State thus far, however, are mining and stock raising. The mountains in the western part of the State are rich in both precious and base metals, while coal is found also in several places farther east. Transportation facilities are pro- vided by the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railroads, which traverse the State from east to west, with a few branch lines in the western half, and by a branch of the Union Pacific system from Idaho. The Northern Pacific Railroad land grant extends in a broad curve from the eastern boundary to the northwestern corner of the State. NEVADA, The vacant public land of Nevada amounts to about 61,358,000 acres, or very nearly seven-eighths of the total area—a larger proportion than in any other State. There are in addition nearly 6,000,000 acres THE PUBLIC DOMAIN OF THE UNITED STATES. 333 reserved from settlement. Of the 3,000,000 acres or less no longer in the hands of the National Government, by far the greater part is included in a 2,000,000-acre grant to the State for the support of common schools, and in minor grants for various other purposes. The amount taken up by individuals is therefore a very small pro- portion of the State’s surface, and it is scattered in small tracts along ' the borders of streams, the only considerable areas being in the western corner of the State, near Lake Tahoe. The vacant public land is described in the General Land Office report as mountainous, arid, grazing land, with little or no timber; but it appears to include also the greater part of numerous small valleys lying between the. mountain ranges. Nevada forms most of the western and central part of the Great Basin, and with the exception of small areas in the northeast and southeast, contributes no water to the ocean. The streams either flow into saline lakes or are dissipated by evaporation and by sinking into the ground before forming any considerable bodies of water. The surface of the State is a diversified plateau, and, exclusive of mountain peaks, ranges in altitude from 800 feet in the southeast to 7,000 feet in the northeast. The variations in altitude, together with the great length of the State from north to south, make the climate suitable for the production both of semitropical fruits and of the. grains and fruits of the temperate zone. As yet, however, Nevada’s agricultural possibilities have scarcely begun to be developed. Nevada is often referred to as the most arid State in the Union, yet the water supply will undoubtedly be found sufficient to reclaim a large extent of land near the streams and springs, but now forming part of the desert. The United States Geological Survey’s estimate of the amount of irrigable land in Nevada is only 2,000,000 acres. In 1889 the State board of reclamation and internal improvements estimated the amount at 12,000,000 acres. According to the estimate of the Nevada commission of the National Irrigation Congress, of which the State surveyor-general was chairman, Nevada has about 6,000,000 acres of arable land capable of irrigation, this estimate being made on the basis of 1 acre-foot of water to an acre, permitting the applica- tion of water amounting to 12 inches in depth each year. The pos- sible sources of this water supply are given as follows: Sources of water supply for irrigation. Acre-feet. iruckeo, Carson,.and Walker rivers, =... .--...--.-...5-- 1, 000, 600 RIE ER Pe Sa eet le en Kai «Sigs & os unin a 1, 000, 000 Salmon, Bruneau,-and Owyhee rivers ..........----.------ 400, 000 SPREP ane Gere epee SOY SP eee see ee Se SS 175, 000 pice enw Sos agile a2 uc eeeoee ds SLL PFet. VAS 100, 000 Penal sivoaine and Sprites od bids aes eek ohne see ckade 4 - \ Generaler crop oth year an uae ‘ a 5 Fia. 92.—Diagram illustrating method of selecting sea island cotton. FOURTH-YEAR SELECTION, The seed from the specially selected plant of the third year are planted, and from the resulting 500 or more seedlings a particularly fine individual is again carefully selected for further breeding, as in the preceding years. The seed of the plants descending from the individual specially selected the third year is sown to obtain suffi- cient seed to plant the general crop of the fifth year. The seed used to plant the general crop of the fourth year is that from plants of the third year grown from the unselected plants of the second year, and thus the general crop this year is derived directly from the first-year selection, and so on through succeeding generations. (See fig. 92.) PRACTICE OF GROWERS. The foregoing description and diagram show that after the selec- tion work is under way special selections are made each year from the small plats of very select seed, and that the general crop is 3862 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. continually grown from stock descending from a single selected indi- vidual plant. In the method of selection above outlined the seleetion of a single individual each year only is considered. In practice, each grower generally selects several plants each year from which to breed; for example, two being selected for superior excellence of staple, one or two for general vigor and productiveness, etc. Each of these, how- ever, is chosen froin Several selected individuals, the same care being exercised as in the first-year selection. It is always desirable to choose several special plants each year as breeders, as occasionally a selected plant may prove erratie and produce seedlings materially dif- fering from the type, even after the selection has been earried on for a number of years with the same ideal in view. Under this continuous painstaking selection the quality and length of the fiber has been gradually increased (Pl. X XVI) and the propor- tion of seed to lint gradually decreased. The fiber from unselected plants is only from 1? to 2 inches long, while that from the selected strain is about 2}inches long andis very strong and silky. The finest grades are used to adulterate silks. These high-bred strains are maintained only by continuous selection, and if for any reason the selection is interrupted, there is a general and rapid decline in the quality of the staple. The cotton produced by these rigidly selected plants commands a much higher price than the general crop and is sold direct to manufacturers for special purposes. The price of such cotton is governed entirely by the excellence of the crop, so no regular quotations for the product of the highly selected plants are given in trade journals. The finest grades from the selected plants, the writer is informed, sell for from 50 to 60 cents per pound, while the ordinary sea island cotton is quoted at from 15 to 30 cents per pound. Different growers select with different ideals in view, and the crop of each plantation may differ greatly in quality and value from that of adjoining plantations. Mr. Clark selects mainly with a view to increasing the fineness and length of the staple, and this is done at the expense of quantity. His fine product, however, commands the very highest price, and this compensates for the small yield. Mr. W. 4G. Hinson, another careful grower of sea island cotton, selects with a different ideal in view and has produced a strain with somewhat coarser fiber, but yielding heavier; and although the coarser grade may not bring so much per pound, yet it may prove fully as remuner- ative because of the greater productiveness of the strain. INFLUENCE OF MATURITY OF SEED. Gardeners believe that the maturity of the seed has considerable influence on the offspring, particularly as to time of ripening, plants grown from immature seed being said to ripen their fruit much earlier than those grown from mature seed. In 1885 Goodale and later IMPROVEMENT OF PLANTS BY SELECTION. 363 Goff observed that certain of the early sorts of market vegetables indieate that they may have originated in this way. Arthur, who has given this subject careful attention, says: ‘‘Another feature of impor- tance is the tendency to an increased earliness of ripening the fruit on plants raised from immature seeds. In the cumulative trials with tomatoes by Goff, the strain from green seed ripened from ten days to four weeks earlier in different years than the corresponding series from ripe seed.” According to C. L. Allen, specialists on Long Island who give careful attention to growing cabbage for seed, always examine each plant carefully before cutting it when harvesting their stock seed, and ‘‘if the seed is of large size it is rejected, because they hold that such seed will make leaves instead of heads. Besides that, these men will not use seed until it is at least three years old, for the same reason.” He states further that ‘‘ gardeners with keen observation note the fact that the older melon, cucumber, and squash seeds are, without having lost their germinating power, the better, as the proportion of flesh to the seed is greater and the vines are more productive of fruit and less inclined to throw ont branches.” From the evidence at the writer’s command it is not clear how great an influence the maturity of the seed may have in selection experiments for general features. From Arthur’s experience, how- ever, it is practically certain that while immature seed gives a tend- ency to earliness, its use commonly results in lessened vitality and smaller fruits, and therefore fully matured seed should commonly be used. SUITABLE LOCALITY FOR SELECTION EXPERIMENTS. It is very desirable that plants for selection purposes be grown in a region well suited to the crop under consideration and especially one having conditions of soil and climate favorable to the development of the feature which the selections are intended to accelerate and render stable. According to Allen, cabbage, which is particularly sensitive to changed conditions of growth, furnishes a good illustration of the necessity of giving attention to these points. ‘‘All our improved varieties of cabbage have come from careful selections in different localities. We have our best early types from light soils, which are favorable for early growths, and our large, late varieties from heavy soils, which encourage continuous growth, consequently a larger head and one better adapted to wintering over.” If it is desired to produce a bush bean from a twining or pole variety, the best place to conduct the selection experiment would be in some locality as far north as the sort will grow successfully, Burpee, Wood, and other seedsmen having observed that when seed pole beans for the trade are grown in the far North without poles, which is a common practice, they to a great extent lose their habit of sticking close to the poles. It must not be thought, however, that climatie conditions favorable to the best growth of the plant should always be secured, for in many cases 364 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. exactly the opposite is desirable. In selecting with a view to obtain- ing a sort suited to loeal conditions of soil or climate somewhat adverse to the best growth of all existing sorts, the plants for selection must be grown in that location in order that they may be subjected to the adverse conditions, and those individuals selected which sur- vive and prosper best. NECESSITY OF CLEARLY DEFINED IDEAL OF TYPE DESIRED. The most experienced seedsmen and plant breeders claim that a clearly defined ideal of the type desired is of the greatest importance, as is also a rigid adherence to this type year after year in making the selections. Mr. W. W. Tracy, who has had extensive experience both in selecting seed-bearing plants to keep the variety true to type and in orignating and improving new sorts by selection, says: ‘‘ My suc- cess in seed breeding has always been in direct proportion to the clear- ness of my conception of the ideal I was striving to produce and the persistency with which I adhered to that ideal in my annual selection of breeding stock.” Before beginning a selection experiment, the. variety from which the selection is to be made should he carefully studied and a definite _ ideal formed of a perfect type of the sort desired. Mr. Tracy described an interesting experiment in selecting corn, which forcibly illustrates the necessity of adhering to the type in such work: The result of the work was that the sixth year I had on that same 5-acre field acrop over 50 per cent of which was within the limits of the variation established for breeding six years before when not one plant in a thousand came within the limit. * * * In the fourth or fifth year of this selection one lot showed a very remarkable ability to resist drought. The plants were fairly true to type, and this new quality was so desirable that the seed breeder was tempted to save his “breeders” from that-lot, but resisted it, and saved them according to rule, but he also saved the ten best plants from the new departure and planted the seed in a lot by itself. The result was that only a very few of the plants showed the drought-resisting quality so noticeable the year before, and all of the ten blocks varied more and had a smaller proportion of plants true to type than had any single lot since the first year. FIXATION OF SEED RACES BY SELECTION. When a desirable variation of any race of plants is obtained by hybridization or by changed environment or otherwise it should be fixed, that is, it should be so stamped on the strain by selection as to render it hereditary and cause it to be produced true through the seed. Many of our most valuable sorts of vegetables and agricul- tural plants are developed from individuals in the general erop which exhibit marked differences from the normal type of the race to which they belong and from other known races. The plants from the seeds of such individuals usually in greater part resemble the type of the original race, but by selecting seed through several generations from Yearbook U. S. Dept of Agriculture 898 PLATE MXVII SEEDS OF KLONDIKE, SEA ISLAND, AND ORDINARY UPLAND COTTON C THE KLONDIKE, WITH AND WITHOUT LINT; .S, SEEDS OF SEA ISLANC Mss TUFTED SEEDS OF ORDINARY UPLAND (THE DIKE WAS FROM DEVELOPED), WITH AND VARIETY WITHOUT LINT WHICH NATURAL THE HELIOTYPE PR IMPROVEMENT OF PLANTS BY SELECTION. 365 individuals which most nearly resemble the original variation, the changed characters may be rendered hereditary and a new race created. In sorts propagated vegetatively by cuttings, suckers, slips, ete., such variations may be utilized without waiting for fixation, as in such cases simply the portions of the individual showing the variation are grown. ‘The original cause of these fortuitous variations, or ‘‘seminal sports,” as they are frequentiy called, is not definitely known, but many of them are probably chance hybrids of a first, second, or later generation, or cases of partial reversion to some ancestral type, while others may result from environmental conditions. It is difficult to trace any connection between such marked variations and the condi- tions of environment, however, while they are exactly what would be expected to occur in the markedly unlike progeny of a hybrid. All the fine races and strains of tomatoes originated by A. W. Livingston, such as Acme, Paragon, etc., were selected from accidental variations, being simply variations found in large fields of growing tomatoes and improved and fixed into stable races by selection. The smooth-seeded upland cotton Klondike is an interesting illus- tration of the fixation of seed races by selection. Some years ago Mr. W. A. Clark, whose methods of selection have been described, conceived the idea of producing a finer grade of upland cotton suit- able for the finer textiles. In view of the injurious effects of the saw gin upon a long-staple cotton and the difficulty of separating the lint from a tufted seed with the roller gin, he determined to produce by selection an upland cotton growing on a clean, black seed, which when once secured could be improved in length and quality of the staple by hybridization with the sea island cotton. In the ordinary sorts of upland cotton, smooth black seeds, similar to those of the sea island cotton (Pl. XX VII, 8), are occasionally found mixed with the ordinary tufted or green seeds (Pl. XXVII, U U). Originally, cer- tain upland sorts, such as Peterkin, had smooth seeds, and the pro- duction of such seeds in sorts commonly having tufted seeds may be due to hybridization of the ancestors of the plant with the sea island or some smooth-seeded sorts of the upland. Mr. Clark selected at random and planted a quantity of smooth black seeds from the ordinary upland cotton, and the great majority of the resulting plants produced the ordinary tufted seed, but a few had mainly smooth black seed like those from which the plants were grown. Seeds were selected from the few plants which produced mainly smooth black seed, and were planted the second year. This season a much larger proportion of the plants produced smooth black seed, but still many produced the ordinary tufted seed. Seeds were again selected from the plants producing smooth seed and planted the third year, and so on through five generations, when the character was fully fixed, and all the plants came true, producing only the smooth black seed (Pl. XXVIII, K K). 366 YEARBOOK OF 'THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. To avoid the introduction of any new disturbing elements in the fixation of hybrids it is usually necessary to inbreed or close fertilize them, and if this, together with careful selection, is carried on through several generations hybrids can usually be fixed so that they may be depended upon to reproduce themselves in the main true to seed, even under different conditions. Hybrids found to be sterile to their own pollen, which is not infrequently the case, should be fertilized with pollen from hybrids showing the same characteristics, and prefer- ably from the same parents. As generally understood, the so-called fixation of a seed race is simply the strengthening of the inherent. stability of the individual so that it will impress its characteristics more strongly and surely on its offspring. It may well be asked whether this does not also neces- sarily include the character of more or less marked prepotency to its own pollen. Most species and natural varieties are more stable than cultivated races, principally because they are markedly prepotent to their own pollen. It seems quite probable that in some of our most stable cultivated races prepotency has also been developed to some extent. If, during selection, prepoteney could be acquired, it would add greatly to the stability of the race. After a race is fairly well fixed, as generally understood, it is prob- able that the character of prepotency could be acquired by growing plants of the race in close proximity to plants of nearly related races or strains and planting the seeds of each individual the second year in separate plats or rows and again close to plants of related races. By carefully examining the plants grown the second season it could probably be determined which individuals grown the first year were least affected by crossing with the related races grown in connection with them, and in this way any tendency to prepoteney detected. The second year the seed to be used for further planting should be selected only from the plats of seedlings resulting from plants show- ing this tendency to prepotency. Furthermore, the seed from such plats should be selected only from individuals which eareful exami- nation has shown to be true to the type of the race. By continuing such selection through several generations it is probable that the race could be rendered largely prepotent to its own pollen. Selection experiments, as normally conducted, and the rigorous ‘‘roguing” practiced by all good seed firms, have a tendeney to pro- duce prepoteney, all individuals varying from the type (such varia- tion being caused largely by hybridization) being in this way rejected. The difficulty in such cases, however, is that no attention is given to the unity of the individual so far as prepotency is con- cerned. Belt says: ‘‘Artificial selection is more rapid in its results, but less stable than that of nature, because the barriers that man raises to prevent intermingling of varieties are temporary and par- tial, whilst that which nature fixes when sterility arises is permanent IMPROVEMENT OF PLANTS BY SELECTION 367 and complete.” By selection, man can render variations hereditary through the seed and establish new races as markedly different from each other in visible characters as different natural species, but unlike these they cross easily and thus are swamped immediately when abandoned by man’s fostering care. If some attention were given to securing prepotency in new races, before their introduction to the trade, it is probable that there would be less complaint of Jack of fixity of type. In sorts which present marked characteristic features of value even such an expensive way of securing stability might be justifiable, for by such care the culti- vated race could possibly be made to approach natural species and varieties in stability. EFFECT OF CROSS FERTILIZATION IN SELECTION. The effect of cross fertilization on plants grown for selection is a factor seldom carefully considered. It is well recognized that the greatest source of variation among plants is the crossing of individ- uals, which, though very similar, always show slight differences, and doubtless imperceptibly differ in constitution and structure also. In the fixation of hybrids inbreeding is apparently very necessary, but doubtless results in lessened vigor. In the case of the cotton selection described above, however, and in almost all similar cases of gradual improvement by selection, no attention is paid to the crossing of different individuals further than growing the selected seed by itself in a plat isolated from other plants of the same species, to prevent the selected individuals from crossing with the unselected. In cases of this sort, and in all cases of gradual improvement by selection of slightly superior individuals, it is probable that more is gained in vigor by allowing the free crossing of the different selected plants than is lost by the greater variation introduced thereby into the selected strain. Furthermore, in selecting cotton, as described above, it is impossible to decide at the time of flowering which of the 500 seedlings resulting from the single selected individual will prove the best, and it is obviously impracticable to carefully inbreed all the flowers on each plant, or even a small per cent of them. If ten to twenty plants having the best qualities could be selected from the 500 and bred together, it is probable, considering the greater vigor of cross-fertilized plants, that the result would be much better than that from the most careful inbreeding. The 500 seedlings resulting from the selected individual being planted together and allowed to cross freely, itis highly probable that some of the numerous seeds developed on the individual plant finally selected from them for further breed- ing will have been fertilized with pollen from some similar high-grade individual among the 500. In selection experiments of this nature, therefore, it seems desirable to plant the seedlings resulting from a single plant close together in a square plat, rather than in a single 3868 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. long row, as by so doing mixed cross fertilization is favored. It is of course highly desirable that plats of selected plants be some distance from the general crop to prevent crossing with unselected individuals. LIMITATIONS OF SELECTION. Many horticulturists believe that selection has had the greatest influence in the development of the various races and sorts of culti- vated plants, and some go so far as to assert that all other factors are of minor importance. The skillful plant breeder, however, takes all elements into consideration, in order to bring about the amelioration desired. Both hybridization and selection have their definite and dis- tinct places in every rational system of plant breeding. As explained above, hybridization and changing the environment artificially are the principal means of securing desired variations, and selection is the means by which a variation when once secured is augmented and fixed. When used alone in the improvement of plants, selection depends upon the adding up of small, unimportant variations through many generations, which in the end may possibly result in marvelous differences; but by’this method the breeder has no way to force the change, and must be satisfied with slight variation and long-continued selection. However, when marked changes and new creations are desired, it is to hybridization or to chance sports that attention must be turned. In the words of Henri de Vilmorin, ‘‘Cross breeding greatly increases the chance of wide variation, but it makes the task of fixation more difficult. It, however, gives the raiser the only means in his possession to unite in one the qualities of two different plants while discarding their weak points. All the different qualities of the two parents seem to unite in the most varied combinations in the crossbred products.” It would hardly be possible to obtain in a lifetime by selection a markedly hardy orange or rose, a fragrant pansy, or a new creation like Burbank’s hybrid walnut or raspberry- blackberry hybrid ‘‘ Primus,” ! although it is just possible that such changes could be ultimately secured by this means. The most feasi- ble and by far the quickest way to secure such decided variations and new creations is by hybridizing different species or sorts. Where it is desired to render a sort hardier, it should be crossed with a hardy relative, and where it is desired to render an odorless flower fragrant, it should be crossed with a scented related sort. DEVELOPMENT OF NEW RACES BY SELECTION. The improvements effected by selecting a variation may be slight in one generation, but, as before explained, if these slight improve- ments are continued year after year, very inarked improvements may result in the course of time. Bailey says: ‘‘It is the slow and patient 1 Yearbook for 1897, Pls. XVIII and XIX and fig. 12. IMPROVEMENT OF PLANTS BY SELECTION. 369 eare and selection day by day which permanently ameliorate and improve the vegetable world. Nature starts the work; man may complete it.” The origin of our various cultivated plants is doubtless due to the cumulative effects of more or less unconscious selection through cen- turies. The wild progenitors of important cultivated plants are in many instances unknown, and in but very few cases is~there any knowledge of the early stages in their development. They came down to historic times in an advanced stage of development. In some instances the fact of the development of cultivated forms from wild plants has been proved by experiment. The experiments of Buck- man in developing the wild parsnip, those of Louis de Vilmorin in developing the wild carrot, and those of Carriére in improving the wild radish have become classical. After several years of selection, Buckman developed from the wild parsnip an improved form which he called the Student. This was further improved by Messrs. Sutton & Son, and was finally sent out. According to Henslow, ‘‘it still remains, after more than forty years, the best parsnip in the trade.’” The changes effected by Louis de Vilmorin in the wild carrot clearly show what ean be accomplished in this manner. He sowed seed of wild plants, and found that the offspring flowered continually through the summer. By collecting seed from plants producing the latest flowers and sowing them late the following season he encouraged the enlarge- ment of the root. In this way the carrot was induced to flower uni_ formly in the second year of growth, and hence is now a bienniab instead of an annual, the acquired habit having become hereditary- The selection of wild radish or jointed charlock seeds, carried on for some time by Carriére, resulted in the production of several varieties of radish similar to those commonly cultivated. A still more interesting case of development from cultivation and selection is described by Henri de Vilmorin: I may relate here, in a few words, an unpublished experiment which I have been conducting for more than twenty years, from 1872 to the present year [1893]. It has consisted in cultivating one of our parsley-worts (Anthriscus sylvestris), am European weed, in order to change its slender and much-forked roots into fleshy, straight, and clean roots, say like those of the parsnip. Among the first batch of roots raised from wild seejs a dozen were selected with a tendency in their roots to larger and straighter bodies. Each root was planted separately and its seeds harvested separately. Of the dozen lots obtained eight or nine were discarded at once, and roots were selected only in such lots as exhibited some trace of varia- tion. Again, a dozen roots or so were chosen (a drawing made of each root), which were afterward planted separately. I have sketches of all the roots selected, so that it is possible to follow all the stages of variation of each plant living at this day. For the first ten years the changes were slight, but now they are more and more marked with every generation, and in some of the lots the straight and smooth roots are the most numerous, 1 Agvs—24 370 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SPECIAL FEATURES ACQUIRED BY SELECTION. IMPROVED QUALITY OF FRUIT. The improvement in the texture, shape, and flavor of the tomato wrought by selection is a good illustration of what ean be accomplished inthisdireetion. Livingston, who originated so many of our improved sorts of tomatoes, depended entirely on selecting from large fields of growing tomatoes certain individuals which showed desirable varia- tion and selecting from their progeny through several generations to improve and fix the variation. In deseribing the origin of the Perfec- tion tomato, Livingston says: ‘‘I selected a plant from a field of Aeme (a purple tomato) and secured what is known everywhere as Liying- stons Perfection tomato (a blood-red tomato), which I introduced in 1880. The stalks and foliage are lighter than those of Paragon, but stronger than those of Acme.” ” Food purchased ...|--....-- 113 156 463 3,810 Average of above fifty-three studies Pood Gate ee 103 | «138 438 3,500 Average of twelve laborers’ families) Food purchased -_..}-------- 103 119 356 2,950 in New York City. --------------.-SFood eaten....-...- 19 101 116 344 2,905 Average of cleven poor families in, Food purchased 4_.|-----.-- 95 98 414 3, 005 New York City---..---.--.-.--.--- ae eaten... .2u.n 15 93 95 407 2,915 Average of two laborers’ families, Food purchased ...]---.---- 81 98 311 2, 525 very poor, in Pittsburg, Pa -- jaltiend eaten.......-. 8 80 % 308 2, 485 Average of two laborers’ families. Rood shibehabed 25 yc 121 48 534 4, 055 more comfortable circumstances, RRL RN 19 120 M7 534 4. OS PU PitteDGT her is it~... sus eta j ae Pans ae . 7 Ararat treeoneeofamli ea prcasets.| 0] of] mk] a | arn fm Haan fe hyo yardtasen®.| | san] ak | am | A ree Pfeona yurcsea®| | as] | om] Average cf oar funlien of BURA. wcpaaed | 19] “90 a Averagsot ght Bohemian taal oo arcaseas.| 18) 18] | | a ! Including all food raised on the farm. 2 Average in nino studies. 9 Average in five studies. 4 Including some of the families in preceding average. *’ Waste not represented. —_— SOME RESULTS OF DIETARY STUDIES. 451 WAYS IN WHICH THE RESULTS OF DIETARY STUDIES MAY BE USED. _ Some of the more important and more noticeable results of dietary ‘studies have been noted in the preceding paragraphs. How can these results be applied to the benefit of the individual, the class, or the human race? There are many ways in which this can be done. Per- haps one of the most important of these is in instruction concerning the nutritive value of the different food materials and their pecuniary economy. People should be taught how to improve their dict by the economical purchase of those materials best adapted to their physical needs. It will be found that by exercising care in the purchase and preparation of food a palatable and relatively inexpensive diet may often be obtained. Much is already being done along this line in many of the large cities, where the cost of many food materials must always be relatively large. When the true character of the different kinds of food materials is more thoroughly understood diet will almost of necessity become more rational. With the advance of knowledge as to the physical requirements of the body it will become possible to establish stand- ards which shall indicate the approximate amount of the different nutrients required. By this it is not to be understood that any defi- nite rules for the consumption of food can be laid down, but simply that it will be possible to furnish a reliable guide for the purchase and use of foods. The proper nourishment of the inmates of institutions where large numbers must be fed, such as schools, reformatories, prisons, and hospitals, is a subject that is attracting no little attention at the pres- ent time. In several instances studies have been made of the actual food consumption in such institutions, and at the present time an extended study of the food requirements of the insane is being car- ried on by one of the States. In many instances dietary studies have been made in schools, college clubs, ete., and the information obtained has been of much use. That such studies have been found to havea practical value and that the interest in them is widespread is shown by the fact that a considerable number have been undertaken by instructors and others interested, aside from those carried on by the Department of Agriculture. When it so happens that large bodies of men are to be fed, as in the case of armies, or where the transportation of large amounts of food is difficult, the results obtained from dietary studies and similar investigations are of the utmost advantage in the selection of the food ration. It also becomes possible to select condensed rations which for emergencies shall furnish within the smallest space suffi- cient food for sustenance. These are some of the more important uses that can be made of the results of dietary studies and similar investigations. They are sufti- cient to show the advantage to be obtained from extended research 452 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. in this direction. At present only a beginning has been made, but every year adds to the data obtained. In general, the object of dietary studies is not to limit the amount or variety of food to be used by the people, but rather to discover ways and means in which their dietaries may be improved and the available food supply be most economically used to maintain the body in good health and to make it an efficient instrument for the different forms of labor required by our complex civilization. ; It is not the purpose of food chemists to prescribe weighed amounts of different foods as a physician prescribes medicines, but rather to show the actual nutritive value of different food materials and their relative economy as sources of nutrients, leaving the application of the knowledge to individuals. Although dietary standards are sug- gested, it is not necessary that the food each day should contain exactly the kind and amounts of the different nutrients required by the standards. A slight deficiency one day will be made good by an excess the next, the body serving as a storehouse for reserve mate- rial. Experience has, however, shown that the body is best nourished when through long periods the food approximates the requirements of the so-called standards. Individual requirements and individual peculiarities will always affect the choice of foods. In the purchase of other things their value for the purpose for which they are intended is considered as wellas their cost. Without doubt the same principle may be advantageously applied to the purchase of food. By the exercise of a wise economy, based on a knowledge of the real nutri- tive value of foods, a more satisfactory diet can be obtained for a less sum than is at present expended in many cases, or the cost of the diet ay be diminished without lessening its nutritive value. CATTLE DIPPING, EXPERIMENTAL AND PRACTICAL. By Victor A. NORGAARD, V. S. (Copenhagen), Chief of Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. INTRODUCTION. By the term cattle dipping is meant the immersion of cattle in solu- tions of various chemical preparations for the purpose of destroying parasites which infest their skin. The purpose of this paper is to consider the practice of cattle dipping, with particular reference to freeing the cattle of the parasites known as ticks, especially the Boophilus bovis, the tick which causes Texas, or Southern, fever. Southern, or splenetic, fever (usually called Texas fever) is an infectious disease caused by a microparasite. This parasite, when it enters the system of susceptible animals (those animals which have been reared in sections of the country where the tick is not indigenous), destroys the red corpuscles of the blood to such an extent that the blood becomes thin and watery. The disease is always accompanied by high fever, and the course is, as a rule, acute, reaching the climax on the fifteenth or sixteenth day after infection, when death generally results. Considered as a parasite, the Texas fever tick, so long as it is con- fined to cattle which are reared in sections of the country where the tick is native, is less injurious than those which are the cause of iteh, mange, and other cutaneous diseases. But when by any means, natural or artificial, the ticks come in contact with cattle from other parts of the country, they produce the fatal disease commonly known as Texas fever. Therefore, when cattle from a territory infected with these ticks are to be taken into a noninfected territory, it is of the greatest importance that they first be freed of all ticks. ‘So far as known at this time, the only remedy is to dip the cattle in a strong disinfecting solution. This is the process which will be discussed in this paper. ESTABLISHMENT OF QUARANTINE LINE. As early as 1889 Dr. D. E. Salmon demonstrated that the district from which cattle carried the contagion of Texas fever was identical with the territory in which the cattle tick was found, and although it was not until a few years later that the true relationship between the tick and Texas fever was finally established, a precautionary meas- ure against the spread of the disease was taken in the form of a rigid quarantine, which excluded all cattle of the Southern tick-infected 453 454 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. country from the uninfected district, where cattle were known to contract the fever and die when they came in contact with Southern cattle. As experience had proven that during cold weather the dan- ger of infection was greatly diminished, if not entirely eliminated, the quarantine regulations were suspended during the coldest part of the season, that is, from December 1 to February 15. This period, the so-called open season, was later changed to November 1 to December 31, during which time all cattle from the infected territory were allowed to pass into the uninfected territory without any restric- - tions whatever. During the remaining ten months, however, cattle from below the quarantine line could only be shipped north of it when intended for immediate slaughter, and rigid precautions were taken to prevent the spread of the disease from such animals. That these measures worked great hardships to the cattle raiser south of the quarantine line is evident. The Southwest is and always will be the breeding ground of the whole country, from which the great majority of stock cattle and feeders are furnished to the cen- tral grain-producing States, as well as to the vast maturing ranges of the Northwest. Cutting these cattle off from the market for ten months in each year naturally results in a glut during the open sea- son, with correspondingly lower prices. Furthermore, the cattle must be shipped North from the mild Southern climate at a season of the year when they are frequently exposed to extreme cold weather, for which they are entirely unprepared and which often causes heavy loss among them. On the other hand, the Northern buyer is com- pelled to purchase the feeders which are to consume his surplus of grain at a season when it is difficult to acclimate them, and which is always far behind the time when he is ready to receive them. In the immense pastures of the Northwest cattle develop to a greater size on the nutritious grass than anywhere else, but owing to the long and severe winters a sufficient number of calves can not be raised to keep these pastures stocked. Calves that are born late in the sum- mer and fall are difficult to winter, and the precautions necessary to bring them through are more costly than to purchase stock eattle from the South and mature them on the rich grass. In view of these important facts, all efforts were concentrated to devise some means whereby the Southern feeders and stock cattle might at all times of the year be brought to the large stock centers and feed lots in the grain-growing States or the maturing ranges of the Northwest. Experience soon showed that this object might be attained if a satisfactory dipping solution could be found. THE CATTLE TICK THE TRANSMITTER OF TEXAS FEVER. In a bulletin issued by the Bureau of Animal Industry in 1893 it was shown that the cattle tick is the sole transmitter of Texas fever, and that when Southern cattle had been completely freed from ticks they t CATTLE DIPPING, EXPERIMENTAL AND PRACTICAL. 45! might be brought into the noninfeeted territory without danger of communicating the disease to the Northern cattle. The same bulletin suggested a means to free the cattle from ticks, namely, to pass them through a disinfecting bath, or, as it is now termed, to dip them. THE FIRST DIPPING VAT. The first dipping vat to be built in this country was constructed by Mr. R. J. Kleberg, manager of the Santa Gertrude’s ranch, in Nueces County, Tex., who used it for treating his stock for mange and itch. For this purpose the eattle were dipped in a strong solution of car- bolic acid, and it was soon noticed that a large number of the ticks which infested the cattle became severely affected by the dip. Mr. Kleberg then placed his dipping vat and also his ticky cattle at the disposal of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and during the following five years, with the object of testing the tick-destroying properties of various disinfecting preparations, there were dipped at this ranch more than 25,000 cattle. The important fact was learned during these experiments that the ticks were better able to resist the effects of these preparations than the cattle. When the solution was strong enough to destroy all the ticks it injured the cattle, and when suf- ficiently diluted not to irritate the skin and eyes of the cattle the ticks would survive. As an instanee showing the resistance of the tick to strong disinfectants, it may be mentioned that a solution of corrosive sublimate in water (1 to 250) does not in the least affect the tick when left in it for several minutes. The same is true of car- bolie acid, arsenic, lime-and-sulphur, and a great number of proprie- tary sheep dips. THE OIL BATH. Dr. M. Francis, of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, was the first to suggest the use of an oil dip. It ts common experience that any kind of grease or oil will destroy the ticks when applied to eattle infested with these parasites. Dr. Francis suggested the use of erude cotton-seed oil. A layer of 2 or 3 inches was floated on water, which filled the dipping vat to a depth of about 5 feet. When eattle were immersed in such a bath they would, as a rule, come out well eovered with oil; but it was soon found that many ticks survived the dipping, even when 10 to 15 per cent of crude carbolie acid was added to the oil. Besides this drawback, the oil had a very heating effect on the eattle, especially during the hot summer months. Neverthe- less, the oil dip was a step in the right direction, and various kinds of oil and oil emulsions with soap and carbolic acid were tested at Santa Gertrude’s ranch; but none of them proved satisfactory. It was evident, also, that a lighter oil must be found in order to avoid the heating effect on the cattle, and one which at the same time would have a more decided effect on the ticks. Dr. Francis then 456 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. suggested crude black mineral oil, which also proved too severe on the animals, and, besides, a double dipping, with an interval of several days, did not destroy all the ticks. EXPERIMENTS AT FORT WORTH. About the middle of 1897 great interest was being taken in the dip- ping question in various States, and stockmen everywhere began to realize that it would be of immense economic importance if a satis- factory dip could be discovered. In August, 1897, the Fort Worth Stock Yards Company built a large dipping plant and placed it at the disposal of the Bureau of Animal Industry. The results previously obtained indicated that a light mineral oil would be most likely to have the desired effect on the ticks, and hence experiments were inaugurated at Fort Worth in order to test some of the so-called paraffin lubricating oils. These oils, which are derived from crude petroleum after the more volatile substances, as benzine, gasoline, and kerosene, have been distilled over, were used in a layer varying in depth from a few inches to 1 foot on water in the dipping vat, and it was found that their effect was superior to anything which had hitherto been tried. It was observed that while the vegetable oils, as well as the crude mineral oil, had merely a mechanical effect, in that it closed up the pores of the skin of the parasites, the paraffin oil had in addition a decided chemical action. After the cattle had passed through a paraffin-oil dip many of the ticks would immediately drop off and die. Within a few hours those that remained on the cattle showed violent contractions, changed in color,and shriveled up. These effects were produced insome cases in a few hours, but the majority of the ticks did not die until from twenty-four to forty-eight hours after dipping, and some after even alonger period. The effect on the cattle was less severe than was observed in the experiments with other oils. On warm days, when shelter from the sun was provided, the cattle did not pant as when dipped in black mineral oil or cotton-seed oil. It was only by use of a thermometer that a rise in temperature (from 2° to 5° F.) could be discovered. Some of the animals showed a stiffness and swelling of the legs and reddening of the skin, while the eyelids of some became slightly swollen. These effects, however, passed off in the course of a few days. These very encouraging results, which were given wide publicity through the press, caused a greater interest to be taken in the dip- ping question, especially by those States which were desirous of obtaining stock from Texas at all times of the year. The manage- ment of the Fort Worth Stock Yards, in reply to numerous inquiries, agreed to furnish the necessary cattle and oil to demonstrate to rep- resentatives of State live-stock sanitary boards the feasibility of em- ploying the dipping process for commercial purposes. A convention CATTLE DIPPING, EXPERIMENTAL AND PRACTICAL 457 was called in September, 1897, at Fort Worth, which was attended by delegates from Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma, and Indian Territory, as wellas from many parts of Texas. Anumber of cattle were dipped, 1 foot of paraffin oil being used on the water. Asmall amount of animal oil was added to the paraffin oil, as it was supposed that this would tend to allay the irritating effect on the eyes and skin, but no noticeable improvement was observed. The delegates were pleased with the manner in which the cattle were put through the vat, and the effect of the oil on the ticks was equally gratifying. However, a small number of ticks survived, and, the weather being extremely warm, the oil had a more severe effect on the cattle than had hitherto been experienced. For these rea- sons the experiments could not be considered an unqualified success. This convention commended the Bureau of Animal Industry for the work it had done, expressing the belief that the experiments carried out rendered ‘‘the transmission of Southern fever no longer a matter of dread,” and requested that the Bureau carry on the work another year, in the hope that the question might be brought to a successful conclusion as early as possible. It was of importance that the method should be perfected early enough the following spring to permit the dipped cattle to be exposed in the various States north of the quaran- tine line for a period of two months during the hottest part of the summer, in order to demonstrate that the dipping had deprived them of their ability to transmit the fever. The representatives from the various States signified their willingness to cooperate with the Bureau of Animal Industry in this exposure test, and the dipping vats at Santa Gertrude’s ranch and Fort Worth were placed at the disposal of the Bureau. EXPERIMENTS AT SANTA GERTRUDE’S RANCH. On the first of April, 1898, the experiments were therefore resumed at Santa Gertrude’s ranch, where it was less difficult to obtain ticky eattle. A paraffin oil lighter than the one which was used at Fort W orth the previous season was procured. This wasaclear lubricating oil of a slightly less specific gravity than the one used at Fort Worth. This lighter oil was considerably thinner than the kind used at Fort Worth, and it was believed that it would drain off the cattle more quickly than the latter, and perhaps also lessen the heating effect. Experiments were made with this oil in a layer of 6 inches on the water in the vat. As was expected, a number of cattle dipped in this bath emerged with a thinner coating of oil; otherwise there was not much difference in the effect on either the ticks or the cattle. Some of the animals beeame slightly stiff and others had swollen eyelids, and though the greater number of full-grown ticks were destroyed, a number of medium size survived. The ticks which were not killed were located principally on the lower parts of the body—the brisket, abdomen, 458 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. legs, ete. This fact gave rise to the suggestion that the ticks which became steeped in the water while the animal was swimming through the vat passed through oil only as the animal made the plunge and at the moment of leaving the vat, when oil and water as a rule are very much agitated, and consequently left these ticks covered with less oil than those on the upper parts of the animal. (See figs. 121 and 122.) It was therefore decided to make a test of dipping in a vat of oil alone. For this purpose a small vat was constructed, with a eapacity of 250 gallons, being large enough for the complete submer- sion of a good-sized yearling. A number of animals were then dipped &S S : SS Sr WN IW Fia. 121.—Steer in dipping vat. in this solid-oil bath, and it soon became evident that it had a more severe effect on the animals than when used with water. oe RR ek 6, 291 On an average two years are required to make a crop of sugar in Hawaii, while only one year is required in Louisiana, so that the sum of the Hawaiian yield requires to be cut in two in order to compare it more accurately with the annual production of Louisiana. The area of arable lands used in growing sugar in Hawaii may be deduced from the figures in the following table, which also shows the annual production of sugar: Annual production of sugar in Hawaii. rc — ~ aid wo ek Yield of Year. pee Sugar made. sugar per acre. | Tons (2,000 } : Acres. pounds). Pounds, (5. Pee aie Laie sea Byerh Re EE aed Te ees 47,399) | 153, 4194 6, 472 Lio See Eee ee ee ae MR oie pera 55, 729 227, 093 8,148 OS ae SS a ek See oe 53, 8254 251, 126 9,331 The average number of acres of cane manufactured for the three years given was 52,318. As the crop requires most of two years to mature, and as two crops are always in course of growth at the same time, it is seen that the acreage under cane is not less than 105,000 acres. Since some small areas of extreme uplandsare two and one-half years in reaching maturity, the above area must be considerably added to. Considering the further fact that some portion of the total area is always lying out for rest, we are justified in concluding that the land in use for cane growing is 125,000 acres. RICE, At the present time rice occupies the second place in the area of production and in the value of product. The total production can not be exactly estimated, since a part is consumed upon the islands. The exports of rice for 1897 were 5,499,499 pounds, valued at $225,575.52. The home consumption is large and would greatly augment the production indicated by the exports. The lands used for rice are chiefly the lowest flats found at the out- lets of valleys and close on the sea. These lands are generally fertile, 568 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. but often too low and swampy for cane eulture. These locations are favored with an abundance of sweet water, which is discharging to the sea, and this is a first essential condition in rice culture. During the growth of the crop and up to the time of maturity the lands bear- ing rice are held under water, which is kept gradually flowing and not allowed to stagnate and sour on the ground. The rice growers are almost wholly Chinamen. This race is able to work and thrive in conditions of location and climate which other peoples do not appear able to endure. From lowland climatic action, which is liable to induce low fever, especially among Japanese, the Chinaman is apparently immune. Certain small areas of low bog lands in and about the suburbs of Honolulu are being rapidly drained, cultivated, and planted with vegetables or fruits or overflowed with sweet running water to support the rice crop. The area of rice lands is not appreciably increasing. There is a tendency to use certain of these lands, which allow of it, for sugar growing, the present prices of sugar being very tempting. COFFEE, The coffee berry is a natural product of Hawaii. It is growing wild in locations upon several of the islands. These wild trees have reached a large growth, and they are still furnishing berries to the native Hawaiians. When the berry was first introduced into the country is not known. It passes as one of the growths native to the islands and their conditions. The interest taken in coffee to-day, however, with its prospective value, is lifting the question of production from a wayside matter into one of the most engaging industries of the islands. Coffee is being cultivated upon the four larger islands. On Maui and Kauai the work has not passed the experimenting stage in areas and results. On Oahu the production is, in one district, getting on to a commercial basis. It is to the island of Hawaii, however, that one must go in order to see what is being done and to estimate the possi- bilities of the industry. There are four main coffee districts on the island of Hawaii, namely, Puna, Olaa, Kona, and Hamakua. 2o 0s. ee widens ewes eee mn 5, 000 6, 0G) cence cue _ Agricultural experiment stations [$750,000, 1897; $755,000, 1898; FOO LBD] 2 2 2s eon cen bane wees ee eee eo 30, 000 35, 000 40,000 Nutrition investigations. .. .. 22.22.2265 .ss-cce. eee a sseeee : 15, 000 15, 000 15, 000 Public road inquiries. -...... .-<.--5- -.-.....ce2-n0=2-e0 8, 000 8, 000 8,000 — Publications, Department of Agriculture ~-....- 70, 000 65, 000 65, 000 Sugar investigations - ......-.---.--.------- .- +--+ 2 ++ 20+ 2-22 22+ +] ooo ee monn 5, 000 7,000 Purchase and distribution of valuable seeds ---.- ..- 150, 000 130, 000 130,000 | Salaries and expenses, Bureau of Animal Industry - 650, 000 675, 000 900, 000 Irrigation information. ...... 02.0020. scscenueanseus ges see 10,000 ID OUAL circus conte p hance a dadbecwes$ Sst qcansie llbs abe aoe e pees 1,564,760 | 1,584,200 1,814, 200 Weather Bureau, Salaries, Weather Bureau -......-.-.--- jo ahicaneaeae nae aera ane 150, 40 150, 40 153, 40 Fuel, lights, and repairs, Weather Bureau -.-......-.---.-.------- 8, 000 8, 000 8,000 © Contingent expenses, Weather Bureau -..-...--..----.---------- 8, 000 8, 000 8,000 General expenses, Weather Bureau ........-------------------- 717, 232 717, 162 765, 162 Meteorological observation stations ...... ....-..2-.-.2- 225 een] en seen en en | eens nneennee 75, 000 Erection of building at Sault Ste. Marie, Mich .....-....-....--|-------++++-|--<<---=-==+ 3,000 | Repairs to buildings and grounds, Bismarck, N. Dak.......-.--|-~----- ----+-|~----+---=-- 3,000 — Total for Weather Mureau 222. 261. .s..i65 ccd een a een 883, 772 883, 702 1,015, 502 Grand Gotal. coc cacti sacs ccune a adeicweesiel sibee a sekeeaeeeee 2,448,532 | 2,467,902 | 2, 829, 702 1Of these amounts $720,000 is annually paid directly to the experiment stations by the United States Treasury. -_ INSTITUTIONS HAVING COURSES IN AGRICULTURE. 597 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES HAVING COURSES IN AGRICULTURE. States and Terri- tories. Alabama Arkansas _....-..- California.-----..-- Colorado Connecticut Delaware Maryland----.---- Massachusetts ---- Minnesota Mississippi -------. Montana Nebraska Li New Hampshire-- New Jersey-.------ New Mexico-..-.-. New York North Carolina. -_ North Dakota-._. Ohio Pennsylvania. -.-. Rhode Island. ---- neering 0. Missouri. ‘incoln INStIbMte 2.25 25052256 The Montana College of Agricul- ture and Mechanic Arts. Industrial College of the Univer- sity of Nebraska. Nevada State University --....._- The New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. Rutgers Scientific School (The New Jersey State College for the Benefit of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts). the University of The New Mexico College of Agri- | culture and Mechanic Arts. Cornell University .............-.- The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. The Agricultural and Mechan- ical College for the Colored Race. ; North Dakota Agricultural Col- lege. Ohio State University ---.......-- Oklahoma Agricultural and Me- chanical College. Dragon State Agricultural Col- ege. The Pennsylvania State College. Rhode Island College of Agricul- ture and Mechanic Arts. Jefferson City Bozeman Lincoln Ithaca Name of institution. Location. President. State Agricultural and Mechan- | Auburn_----..------- W. L. Broun ical hhc (Alabama Poly- technical Institute). State Normal and Industrial | Normal -.-.--....---. W. H. Councill. School. University of Arizona -.-....------ TUCKOU E>... 4epe~| A. MA. Parker. Arkansas Industrial University-.| Fayetteville --.....-- J. L. Buchanan. University of California--_-._.-.-.- Berkeley =.=... 2022 M. Kellogg. The State Agricultural College | Fort Collins -.......- A. Ellis. of Colorado. Storrs Agricultural College ----.. Bieta estes oe. 55-5 G. W. Flint. Delaware College ...-..-...-.----- INGWAP 84 oo a5s G. A. Harter get Mega for Colored Stu- | Dover .-.-............. W. C. Jason ents. Florida Agricultural College --__-- Lake City... s-)-s2.. W.F. Yocum. Florida State Normal and Indus- | Tallahassee -__..-...- T. De S. Tucker. trial College. Georgia State College of Agricul- | Athens--__....-...---- H. C. White. ture and Mechanic Arts. Georgia State Industrial College_| College.--..........-- R. R. Wright. University of Idaho_-...---.--...- WMOREOWiss28222 2h ese J. P. Blanton. University of Illinois ---._.--...-- Dirbange =. s22s0-5= ‘ A. S. Draper Purdue University --....--....--- Lafayette... ..:..: J. H. Smart. Iowa State College of Agricul- | Ames --.....-......-- W. M. Beardshear. ture and Mechanic Arts. ee State Agricultural Col- | Manhattan -_-....__- T. E. Will. ege. | Agricultural and Mechanical | Lexington ___....___- J. K. Patterson. College of Kentucky. State Normal School for Colored | Frankfort --_....___- J. E. Givens. Persons. Louisiana State University and | Baton Rouge _____--- T. D. Boyd. Agricultural and Mechanical College. Southern University and Agri- | New Orleans ___--_-_- H. A. Hill. algae and Mechanical Col- ege. The University of Maine -__..-..- Dit Spee eee A. W. Harris. Maryland Agricultural College__| College Park -______- | R. W. Silvester. one g Agricultural Col- | Amherst -.......-.... | H. H. Goodell. ege. Michigan State Agricultural Col- | Agricultural College! J. L. Snyder. ege. The University of Minnesota _...| Minneapolis ...__....| C. Northrop. Mississippi Agriculturaland Me- | Agricultural College! S. D. Lee. chanical Co a, Alcorn Agricultural and Me- | Westside_--.......... E. H. Triplett. chanical College. School of Agriculture and Engi- | Columbia -_...._--... R. H. Jesse. J. H. Jackson. James Reid. G. E. MacLean. | J. E. Stubbs. C.'S. Murkland. Austin Scott. C. T. Jordan. J. G. Schurman. A. Q. Holladay. J. B. Dudley. Agricultural College J. H. Worst. Columbus<.........- Stillwater ag ss a se State College Kingston J. H. Canfield. G. E. Morrow. T. M. Gatch. G. W. Atherton. J. H. Washburn. a 598 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS IN! UNITED STATES, ETC.—Continued. a States and Terri- toewpay Name of institution. Location. President. Clemson College-.---- H. 8S. Hartzog. — Orangeburg --..----.- T. E. Miller. South Carolina...| Clemson Agricultural College-. The Colored Normal, Industrial, Agricuitural and "Mechanical College of South Carolina. South Dakota _...| South Dakota Agricultural Col- Brookings --.....-----| J. W. Heston. ege. University of Tennessee--_-_--.__-- Tennessee ---.--.-- Knoxville.:.2s-22 C.W. Dabney. Texas __...........| State Agricultural and Mechan- | College Station-.....- L. L. Foster. aS: ical College of Texas. vale s Prairie View State Normal School) Prairie View -------- L. C. Anderson. Uteh..2<3546 -t8-e The Agricultural College of Utah.| Logan----..--.---.--- J. M. Tanner. toa Vermont_--..J..- University of Vermontand State | Burlington --....-..- M. H. Buckham. = Agricultural College. Virginia _._........| Virginia Polytechnic Institute | Blacksburg ---.......- J. M. McBryde. (State Agricultural and Me- chanical College). The Hampton Normal and Agri- | Hampton ---.--------- H. B. Frissell. cultural Institute. f Washington .--.-- Washington Agricultural Col- | Pullman --.....---..-- E. A. Bryan. lege and School of Science. West Virginia_...| West Virginia University ---...-- Morgantown -.--.-.- J. #H. Ra en West Virginia Colored Insti- | Farm .--.-....-..---- J. MecH. ute. Wisconsin -------. University of Wisconsin--.-...-.... Madicon. .22202.54042 C. K. Adams. ; Wyoming.--_----- University of Wyoming -----..--- Laramie: 2... 522-8520 E. E. Smiiey. a Se 4S > AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, THEIR LOCATIONS, DIRECTORS, AND PRINCIPAL LINES — OF WORK. Number Stations, locations, - | of teach- a are J and directord yn = erator Principal lines of work. e staff. Alabama (College), Auburn: P. He Mell. 25-2.) 11 8 mer ri soils; analysis of fertilizers and food mate: field and pot experiments; horticulture; dise: plants; feeding experiments; of animals. Alabama (Cane- brake), Uniontown: Wis WOLDS 22-22, 3 2 Soil improvement; field experiments; horticultu | diseases of plants. 4 Arizona, Tucson: } C. 5. Parsons..... iL 3 | Chemistry; meteorology; field experiments; c: a investigations; diseases of plants. etre Fayette- | ville: R. L. Bennett... -. 8 4 | Chemistry of foods; field experiments; horticu tw ey a of plants; feeding experiments; diseases of © animals Zi California, Berkeley: S E. W. Hilgard —... 27 9 | Physics; chemistry and gecgrephinsS distribution soils; fertilizers; field 5 orticul eo bot: meteorology; tech ry of Yoods of _— = zymology; chemistry o t tomology; drainage and irri bere reclamation alkali lands; introduction and acclimation of fe culture plants. Colorado, Fort Col- lins: Alston Ellis. ...... 18 6 hippo f botany; meteorol field exp horticulture; entomology; ir ition. Connecticut (State), New Haven: S$. W. Johnson-.-.| dy (ONES Chemistry; analysis and inspection of Fredy seams J : foods; field an Per experiments; horticulture; seed tests; diseases o' — chemistry of feeding stuf and dair ry produc Connecticut (Storrs), as a Wo At 1 | Food and iti f d animals - 0. water _.. 6 ood and nutrition of man an of dairy products; field experiments; ise = is oemware Newark: T. Neale....... 6 1 | Chemistry; field experiments; horticulture; ¢ of plants feeding experiments; of entomology; dairying. EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 599 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, ETC.—Continued. Stations, locations, and directors. Florida, Lake City: Wiel. YOCuIm:.-... Georgia, Experiment: R. J. Reddi Idaho, Moscow: Num- ber in staff. Number of teach- ers on staff. Principal lines of work. Jos. P. Blanton--- Illinois, Urbana: E. Davenport. ---- Indiana, Lafayette: GCeeeeiimD. ..:-- Iowa, Ames: @. Curtiss... ---| Kansas, Manhattan: Thos. EB. Will..-.-- Kentucky, Lexing- ton: M. A. Scovell. ..-- Louisiana (Sugar), New Orleans: Wm. C. Stubbs--. Louisiana (State), Baton Rouge: Wm..C. Stubbs-__- Louisiana (North), Calhoun: Wm. C. Stubbs--. Maine, Orono: C.D. Woods ...... Maryland, College Park: H. J. Patterson--- Massachusetts, Am- herst: H. H. Goodell_.--- Michigan, Agricul- tural College: CeDshmith: 22: Minnesota, St. An- thony Park, St. aul: W. M. Liggett--. Mississippi, Agricul- tural College: W.L. Hutchinson. Missouri, Columbia: Hod. Wateravcuu. Montana, Bozeman: S. M. Emery ...... ~~ ~ 10 13 i 19 13 co | 17 ba | ~~ ll 1 Chemistry; field mology. experiments; horticulture; ento- Field experiments; horticulture; pig feeding; dairying. Physics; chemistry; botany; field experiments; horti- culture; entomology. Chemistry; bacteriology; field expériments; horticul- ture; forestry; diseases of plants; feeding experi- ments; entomology; dairying. Chemistry; pot and field experiments; horticulture; feeding experiments; diseases of animals. Chemistry: field experiments; horticulture; diseases of plants; feeding experiments; entomology; dairying. Soils; horticulture; seed breeding; diseases of plants; feeding experiments; diseases of animals; ento- mology. Chemistry; soils; fertilizer analysis; fieldexperiments; horticulture; diseases of plants; entomology; dairy- ing. Chemistry; bacteriology; soils and soil physics; field experiments; horticulture; sugar making; drainage; irrigation. Chemistry; geology; botany; bacteriology; soils; field experiments; horticulture; feeding experiments; entomology. Chemistry; soils; fertilizers; field experiments; horti- eulture; stock raising; dairying. Chemistry; botany; analysis and inspection of ferti- lizers and concentrated commercial feeding stuffs; horticulture; diseases of plants; seed tests: food and nutrition of man and animals; diseases of animals; entomology; dairying. Chemistry: soils; field experiments; horticulture; dis- eases of plants; feeding experiments; entomology. Chemistry; meteorology; analysis and inspection of fertilizers and concentrated commercial feedin stuffs; field experiments; horticulture; diseases o} plants; digestion and feeding experiments; diseases of animals; entomology. Botany and bacteriology; field experiments; horticul- ture; forestry; diseases of plants; feeding experi- ments; diseases of animals; entomology; dairying. Chemistry; field experiments; horticulture; forestry; plant diseases; food and nutrition of man; plant an animal breeding; feeding experiments; diseases of animals; entomology; dairying. Chemistry; soils; field experiments; horticulture; feed- ing experiments; dairying. Chemistry; field experiments; horticulture; diseases of plants; feeding experiments; diseases of animals; en- tomolegy; drainage. Field experiments; horticulture; diseases of plants; feediug experiments; diseases of animals; irrigation. 600 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE STATES, ETC.—Continued. Stations, locations, and directors. Nebraska, Lincoln: G. E. MacLear.-.-.-- Nevada, Reno: J. EB. Stubbs...:2-- New Hampskire, Durham: Cc. S. Murkland. -- New Jersey (State), New Brunswick: E. B. Voorhees -.--| New Jersey (Col- lege), New Bruns- wick: E. B. Voorhees --- New Mexico, Mesilla Park: Gf. JOragan.:-.-. New York (State), Geneva: W. H. Jordan.-...- New York (Cornell), Ithaca: I. P. Roberts--....- North Carolina, Ral- eigh: W. A. Withers. ---| North Dakota, Agri- | cultural College: | J. H. Worst..:...- Ohio, Wooster: ©. B. Thorne...... Oklahoma, Stillwater. G. E. Morrow ...-. Oregon, Corvallis: (ee; Gatenuio... Pennsylvania, State College: H. P. Armsby..--- Rhode Island, Kings- ton: A. A. Brigham... South Carolina, Clem- son College: H. 8. Hartzog...-. South Dakota, Brook- ings: . H. Shepard..... Tennessee, Knox- ville: 11 10 15) 11 il 12 10 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 10 wee wee ene Principal lines of work. Chemistry; botany: meteorology; field Bes apt ; horticulture; forestry; feeding and br g experi- ments: diseases of animals; entomology; irrigati Chemistry; botany; soils; field experiments; ture; forestry; entomology; irrigation. Chemistry; field experiments; diseases of plants; feed- _ ing experiments: diseases of animals; entomology; dairying; road experiments. Chemistry: biology: botany; analysis of fertilizers and foods; ee and field experiments; horticulture; dis- eases of plants; food and nutrition of man; of animals; entomology; dairy husbandry; bacteria of milk; irrigation. Chemistry; botany; field experiments; horticulture; diseases of plants; entomology; irrigation. ; Chemistry; meteorology; analysis and control of fer- tilizers; field experiments: horticulture; diseases of ae feeding experiments; poultry experiments; airying. Chemistry of soils and feeding stuffs and dairy products; soils; fertilizer invest field experiments; horticulture; diseases of plants; feeding sheep and swine: diseases of animals; poultry experiments; en- — tomology; dairying. ; iY Chemistry; analysis and control of fertilizers; field ex- periments; horticulture; food adulteration; com tion of feeding stuffs; digestion experiments; poultry experiments. Field experiments; horticulture; diseases of plants; — feeding experiments; diseases of animals; dairying. Soils; field experiments; horticulture; diseases of plants; breeding and feeding experiments; entomol- ogy. : Botany: soils; field experiments; horticulture; jo ma tion experiments; stock feeding; entomology; tion. ; ° Chemistry: soils; field crops; horticulture; disease A plants; digestion and feeding experiments; en ‘ ogy; dairying. “s Chemistry; meteorology: fertilizer analysis; field ex- — periments; feeding experiments; dairying. ee Chemistry: meteorology; soils; field and Pe a ments; horticulture; diseases of plants; experiments; oyster culture. Soils; analysis and control of fertilizers; field experi- ments; horticulture; dairying. i Bacteriology; chemistry of soils and soil physics; fleld experiments; forestry; diseases of plants; feeding experiments; entomology; irrigation. botany; fleld experiments; horticulture; > . ppresrese f entomolo CLASSES OF DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS, 601 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, ETC.—Continued. | Number 7 Num- eet etionsy ber in ys goon Principal lines of work. : staff Texas, College Sta- tion: J. H. Conne!l._--.- | 5 jl oe ae Seah Chemistry; soils; fertilizers; field experiments; horti- culture; feeding dairy cows; sheep husbandry; dis- eases of animals and plants; irrigation. Utah, Logan: Fe POster ....-<=.. 11 8 | Chemistry; meteorology; soils; field experiments; hor- ticulture; forestry; feeding experiments; poultry; dairying; irrigation. i eel Burling- on: ‘jy likeg s bs 13 6 | Chemistry; analysis and control of fertilizers; field ex- periments; horticulture; diseases of plants; feeding experiments; diseases of animals; dairying. ag Blacksburg: ; : . M. McBryde-..--- 1 7 | Chemistry; fertilizers; diseases of plants; diseases of animals; feeding experiments; entomology. Washington, Pull- “i man: HAL Bry anl..<--.. 0 eae Sea Chemistry: soils; bacteriology; field experiments; hor- ticulture; diseases of plants; feeding experiments; entomology. West Virginia, Mor- gantown: J. H. Stewart-.--- 13 4 | Chemistry; analysis and control of fertilizers; field ex- periments; horticulture; feeding experiments; poul- try experiments; entomology. Wisconsin, Madison: AS Henry ---.-. 18 11 | Chemistry; soils; field experiments: horticulture; feed- ing experiments; diseases of animals; dairying; drain- age and irrigation. Wyoming, Laramie: E. E. Smiley -----. 8 6") Geology; botany; meteorology; waters: soils: fertilizers; field experiments; food analysis; feeding experiments; entomology. NOTES REGARDING DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS. The publications of the U. 8. Department of Agriculture are of three classes: (1) Serial publications, (2) scientific and technical reports, and (3) popular bulle- tins. The first two classes are issued in limited editions and are distributed free only to persons cooperating with or rendering the Department some service. Sample copies will be sent if requested, but generally applicants must apply to the Superintendent of Documents, Union Building, Washington, D. C., to whom all publications not needed for official use, except circulars and bulletins printed by law for free distribution, are turned over. They are disposed of by him at cost of printing. The popular circulars and bulletins treat in a practical way of subjects of partic- ular interest to farmers, are issued in large editions, and are for free distribution. The Farmers’ Bulletins are of this class. Some of them are out of print. A list of such as are available for distribution at any time will be forwarded upon request. There is no list of persons to whom all publications aresent. The Monthly List of Publications, issued the 1st of each month, will be mailed regularly to all who apply for it. In it are given the titles of all publications issued during the previ- ous month, with a note explanatory of the character of each, thus enabling the reader to make intelligent application for such bulletins and reports as are likely to be of interest to him. For the maps and bulletins of the Weather Bureau, requests and remittances should be directed to the Chief of that Bureau. Also the index (card form) of experiment-station literature is sold direct to applicants by the Office of Experi- ment Stations. For all other publications to which a price is affixed, applica- tion must be made to the Superintendent of Documents, Union Building, Wash- ington, D. C., accompanied by the price thereof; and all remittances should be made to him, and notto the Department of Agriculture. Such remittances should be made by postal money order, and not by private check or postage stamps. The Superintendent of Documents is not permitted to sell more than one copy of any public document to the same person. The Public Printer may sell to one person any number not to exceed 250 copies, if ordered before the publication goes to press, 602 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PUBLICATIONS ISSUED JANUARY 1, 1898, TO DECEMBER 31, 1898. The following publications were issued by the United States Department of Agriculture during the year January 1, 1898, to December 31, 1898. Those to which a price is attached, with the exception of publications. of the Weather Bureau, must be obtained of the Superintendent of Documents, Union Bui Washington, D. C., to whom are turned over all copies not needed for official use, in compliance with section 67 of the act providing for the public printing and binding and the distribution of public documents. Remittances should be made to him by postal money order. Weather Bureau publications to whichapriceis attached must be obtained from the Chief of that Bureau. Applicationsforthose that are for free distribution should be made to me Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY. Copies. Report of the Secretary for 1898__. ....-...-.-. .<. -s)-- 5.0.52. sone 30, 000 Irrigation on the Great Plains. Reprint from Yearbook, 1896_.._...-_-. 1, 000 Sheep Feeding. Farm. Bul. 49. Reprint-....--.-.-----..---2.. 550m 20, 000 Marketing Farm Produce. Farm. Bul. 62......... ......-..-3222eeee 40, 000 Number, Status, and Compensation of Employees in the Department of Agr iculture. Cir.6. With two reprints... .....--..2 255 ee 3, 000 Sewage Disposal on the Farm, and the Protection of Drinking Water. Farm. Bul. 43. Reprint - ....-~2- -+. ««-==«-----. ----+_ <->) ae 10, 000 Beet-Sugar Industry in the United ‘States. Dene, of Special Agent. House Doc. 396, 55th Cong., 2d. sess....._-..--- aa ee noe eee 500 Farm Drainage. Farm.. Bul.40...-.--...)....< i-..---.---5._5 5503 10, 000 Cultivation of Tobacco in Sumatra. 5 cents _________._.._-..---.------- 4, Possible Influence of Importation of Hawaiian Sugar on Beet-Sugar Pro- duction in the United. States. Cir. 7.:...2.-...--< o_220ssee eee 2,000 CONGRESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS A Report to Congress on Agriculture in Alaska, including Reports by Walter H. Evans, Benton Killin, and Sheldon Jackson. House Doe. No. 160, 55th Cong. 2d sess 2. oS ess oe ee 17, 500 Adulteration of Wheat Flour. House Doc. No. 309, 55th Cong., 2d sess.” 1,722 Operations of the Bureau of Animal Industry. House Doc. No. 227, 55th Cong., 20 8088 ..-. ~~ 02-2 one coe eee pee eee a 1, 722 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1897. 60 cents_..........-. 500, 000 Analyses of Sugar Beets Grown in 1 Various States. From Special - on the Beet- Sugar Industry i in the United States. From House No. 896, 55th Cong., 2d sess. 2.2. D2 oe a 60,000 Bibliography of the More Important Contributions to American Economic Entomology. Part VI; June 30, 1888, to Dec. 30, 1896. ..._.-. -----2e , 1,000 Report of the Chief of the Weather Bur eau, 1996-97... 4,000 Fonrteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for the Fiscal Year 1897. 65 Cents... .... ./2.u..-.-..- 2-05 e See 30,000 DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS, Fiscal Regulations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, together with extracts from the Revised Statutes, Decisions of Cour ts, Rulings of the ~ Comptrollers, Opinions of the Attorney- -General, eto .._. .5..'. JD 8, 000 Report of the Chief for 1897. Reprint -........-.-....----..-- win 250 Report of the Chief for 1808... . 22 ..5.550- 22-0 J022.5 22. a 250 DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY. Cowpeas (Vigna catjang). Reprint from Yearbook, 1896........-..---.- 2, 000 American Grasses: 4 Bul. 7, revised. 20 cents ............) 0) see 1,000 A Report upon the Grasses and F orage Plants and Forage Conditions of the Eastern Rocky Mountain Region. Bul.12. With reprint. 5cents. 5,000 Sorghum as a Forage Crop. Farm. Bul. 50. Reprint..........--------- 10, 000 Studies on American Grasses: I. A Revision of the North American Species of Calamagrostis. IT. Descriptions of New or Little-Known Granses. Bul. 11. 10cente..........----------- 2 -2-4s0nen 1,500 Gram, Chick-Pea, or Idaho Pea. Cir. 7.......------ 0-02-2200. ooneneeene Oj 0UU PUBLICATIONS ISSUED JAN. 1 TO DEC. 31, 1898. Meadows and Pastures: Formation and Cultivation in the Middle Eastern Sor ett. t511), 667) MOULIN... -0-aeaati wo seen a weed 25s A Report upon the Forage Plants and Forage Resources of the Gulf States. Bul. 15. 5 PSA AAR SARE TT TEs OE RT RIE Grasses as Sand and Soil Binders. Reprint from Yearbook, 1894 __.___. The Renewing of Worn-Out Native Prairie Pastures. Cir. 4. Revised oe Be re ae eee oe ee Ch A OE Oe ee Rn ee ae Beeener ine Agrostologist tor 1896_...........---. shade -- snes. The Red Desert of Wyoming andits Forage Resources, Bul.13, 10 cents en Carne. — bend 14// 10 eeniets 22.) - 2.5 b000 bes ee noted oe Alfalfa or Lucern. Farm. Bul. 31. Revised edition -...........--..-..- erento Aerossolorist for 1807-2... ..-. nn. ses-s0------2--------- The Cultivated Vetches. Cir. 6, with two reprints VS eee ee Cattle Ranges of the Southwest. Farm. Bul. 72__.--.........--.----.--. A Report upon the Grasses and Forage Plants of Central Texas. Bul. 10. Cl a ES Se a eg es ee ee a Py Division of Agrostology. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897_..-...-...-.--.- Leguminous Forage Crops. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897--..__..---.... Lawns and Lawn “Making. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897__........._--. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Standard Varieties of Chickens, Farm. Bul.51. Reprints......-----... The Dairy Herd: Its Formation and Management. Farm. Bul. 55. Re- eR ID Seca tyshe es a vax Oe OS, ia Se Rte aot pete oe as 93 es iar ont Mik. Farm, Bul. 42. “Reprint... .2..2. 2.642425 -.2540% = Hog Cholera and Swine Plague. Farm. Bul. 24. Reprints Sitkn iY aeatert an Care of Milk on the Farm. “Farm. Bul. 63. FVOD PIN Dae sae 8g ee Ducks and Geese: Standard Breeds and Management. Farm. Bul. 64. ORT. 1 Da ane afar | EY Oe pe SAR we ee Per ane ae eee Butter Making on the Farm. Farm. Bul. 57. Reprints_-.-.----.__..--- Sheep Scab: Its Nature and Treatment. Bul. 21. 15 cents___._..__.__-- Proceedings of the Second Annual Meeting of the Association of Experi- ment Station Veterinarians at Omaha, September 8, 1898. 5 cents-_--_- NITIES BL TAAL LAER LINN cot 2 Do sd 5 he ae Se eases one National and State Dairy Laws. Reprinted from Fourteenth Annual Re- huh, TET pr ee a a gy re gS aS Se ee ery en pee erm mees State Standards for Dairy Products, 1898. Cir. 25, with reprint ____-_-__- Directions for the Pasteurization of Milk. Cir. 1. Revised reprint_____. Colored Spots in Cheese. Cir. 24, with reprint..._............-..------- The Inspection of Meats for Animal Parasites. Bul. 19. Reprints. 10cents- List of Officials and Associations Connected with the Dairy Interests in the United States and Canada for 1898. Cir. 22_...-.......-----....-- Blackleg: Its Nature, Cause, and Prevention. Cir. 23___._.....__.._-._- 0 Milk Supply of Boston and Other New England Cities. Bul. 2 | SS pele ate elie! eis gel saiee ee ae abahl Peete oeepgi dy SO = ar ee oe Some Essentials in Beef Production. Farm. Bul. 71 ---.....-.---.------ Bureau of Animal Industry. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897__._..___.-_-- Utilization of By-Products of the Dairy. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897_- DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. The Jack Rabbits of the United States. Bul.8. Revisedreprint. 10cents- Pamaran ta boo pehools: Cir, tr, Reprint 222 2.52 22.2... .-..------.. Birds that Injure Grain. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897 _._.........----. Some Common Birds in Their Relations to Agriculture. Farm. Bul. 54. LST eae te EI Rp? DS I i pa es ele a ee Cuckoos and Shrikes in Their Relation to Agriculture. Bul. 9. 5 cents- Life Zones and Crop Zones of the United States. Buli0. 10 cents__---- “a Geographical Distribution of Cereals in North America. Bul. 11 SLUGS eke Se ay na te -deietepe ys hy seg os Sabet Ree Elie ee ese ay: ye aap an lt A ee el DIVISION OF BOTANY. Principal Poisonous Plants of the United States. Bul. 20_._._......---. monn Gane, Hokimmint for ISOGisuGuls 62. LeeLee ese) Ala Weeds; and How to Kill Them. Farm. Bul. 28. Reprints 82 JETS. 603 Copies. 10, 000 5, 000 500 2, 500 500 3, 000 8, 000 20, 000 250 10, 000 20, 000 5, 000 604 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Observations on Recent Cases of Musnroom Poisoning in the District of Columbia. Cir.13. Revised edition--.-......... .i...>-.c50 Jaen Report of Botanist for 1897 . ... .-.-..-.'.....4.--2 .-1. 4.25... Se American Ginseng: Its Commercial History, Protection, and Cultivation. Bul.16. With reprint. S.cents_.2./.02.02.. 2.22202. Division of Botany. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897 .........-..--..-..--- Chicory Growing as an Addition to the Resources of the American Farmer. Bul. 19. 5:cents...:.: 2.2.22. .~22- <2. 12 1,000 Dodders Infesting Clover and Alfaifa. Cir. 14_._........_-._--_ 322333 5, 000 Additional Notes on Seed Testing. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897__---__- 500 Horse-Radish. Cir.15........2-22.222-1 2022 --t i se255. Dooe 5, 000 DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. The Sugar Beet: Culture, Seed Development, Manufacture, and Statistics. Farm, Bal, 52; (Reprints. -2..2-ss422e5- win sedeoe cee ose 75, 000 Composition of Maize (Indian Corn). Bul. 50 -....--.--.--....---------- 5, 000 Food Adulteration. Reprint from Bul, 61 ...................2.0033e 1, 000 Experiments with Sugar Beets in 1897. Bul. 52_.._.._...... --.-.-----.. 1,000 Foods and Food Adulterants. Cereals and Cereal Products: Bul. 13, Part 9; 15:cents -_._- - £2622 S522, a 1, 000 Mineral Phosphates as Fertilizers. From Yearbook, 1894, Reprint----- 200 Chemical Composition of the Carcasses of Pigs. Bul. 53. 5 cents __.._- 5, 000 Report on an Investigation of Analytical Methods for Distinguishing Between the Nitrogen of Proteids and That of the Simpier Amids or Amido-Acids. -Bul. 54. 6 cents ..52.._22...2......i2)5 2 2,000 The Fertilizing Value of Street Sweepings. Bul. 55, 5 cents_..-.....-- 6, Report of the Chief for 1898. =. _........-- 21.22... .-. 2 2 Changes in and Additions to Methods of Analysis Adopted at the Thir- teenth and Fourteenth Annual Meetings of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. Cir. 4......2.0..5.-2..222.4.-<-52 ese 1,500 Every Farm an Experiment Station. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897-_..__- 100 Division of Chemistry. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897.._._---.--------- 100 Report of Committee [chemists] on Standards for Volumetric Apparatus, Standard Temperatures for Specific Gravity Determinations, ete-.-._- 200 Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Convention of the Association of Agricultural Chemists, held at Washington, D, C., October 26, 27, and i z heehee torial Vile 28, 1897. Bul.51, with reprint.. 10 cents ........:.....0 2 eee 2,000 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, The Mexican Cotton-Boll Weevil in 1897. Cir. 27, second series .__._._-- 4,000 The Gipsy Moth in America. Bul. 11, new series. 5 cents -..._...-.--- 3, 500 The Box-Elder Plant-Bug (Lepticoris trivittatus). Cir. 28, second series. 2,500 The San Jose Scale: Its Occurrences in the United States, with a full account of its life history and the remedies to be used against it. Bul. 3, new series. Reprint. 10'cents:.-_-....-...-. nnn oe oe nee ee 8, 000 The Carpet Beetle, or ‘‘ Buffalo Moth” (Anthrenus scrophularie). Cir, 5, mew pores. eprint 01 2.° 83 ee a ee Se 2, 000 Some Miscellaneous Results of the Work of the Division of Entomology. Bul. 10, new series. 10 cents __.....-..............2..... 3g 8, 500 The San Jose Scale in 1896-97. Bul. 12, new series. 5 cents.........---- 5, 500 The Principal Insect Enemies of the Grape. Farm. Bul. 70....-...---.- 20, 000 Recent Laws Against Injurious Insects in North America, together with the Laws Relative to Foul Brood. Bul. 15, new series. 5 cents_.__-. . 8,000 The Fruit-Tree-Bark Beetle (Scolytus ragulosus Ratz.). Cir. 29, second BOTICS . 2.2.2. 22 on Rs on nnn ns ened eee eee he 5, 000 Insects Affecting the Cotton Plant. Farm. Bul. 47. Reprint .........-- 25, 000 The Periodical Cicada in 1898, Cir.30,second series. Withtworeprints. 7,000 The Larger Apple-Tree Borers. Cir. 32, second series............-.------ 5, 000 Report of the Entomologist for 1898................-.....-.sscseuneeee 500 The Periodical Cicada, An Account of Cicada Septendecim, its Natural Enemies and the Means of Preventing its Injury, together with a Sum- mary of the Distribution of the Different Broods. Bul. 14, new series. 15 conte 2... 2.2 cee eee sec ese cw enon oe ee al The Peach Twig Borer: An Important Enemy of Stone Fruits. Farm, Bal, 80 2.022202 22 keene dees ee cnae scenes we os cian use PUBLICATIONS ISSUED JAN. 1 TO DEC, 31, 1898. Remedial Work against the Mexican Cotton-Boll Weevil. Cir. 33, second nc 2 Ieee nade voces. oa. 2 pew e- sane one as . House Ants (Monomorium pharaonis et al.). Cir. 34, second series ._.__. House Mlies( Musca domestica etal.), Cir, 35.......--...-..-.-----.---- The True Clothes Moths (Tinea pellionella et al.). Cir. 36, second series - Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists at Boston, August 19-20, 1898. Bul. 17, new series. 10 cents. ..-- a ee SES ep The Chinch Bug: Its Probable Origin and Diffusion, ‘ete. Bul. 15, new se- een COLLET ee en at cee ree wo eee elec 2a) Sie Bee Keeping. Farm. Bul. 59. ISU UIntAe eee eerste i ee Important Insecticides: Directions for Their Preparation and Use. Farm. Pima HOUurbn xovised Caltlon.-— 2. PLease eels. The Striped Cucumber Beetle ( Diabrotica vittata). Cir. 31, second series_ Division of Entomology. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897__.-.._----._..__- Danger of Importing Insect Pests. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897___._._- OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, Experiment Station Record. Vol. VIII, No. 12, reprint; Vol. IX, Nos. 4 tee NOs. tJ, 1) CORI... a eran een oo Nutrition Investigations in New Mexico in 1897. Bul. 54, with reprint. RCM IC fo re et Re ee a se Sea aoe ee oe ee he en Experiment Station Work—I. Farm. Bul. 56. Reprints._..-..--.------. Experiment Station Work—III. Farm. Bul. 69__---_._--.-.-.--..------ A Report to Congress on Agriculture in Alaska, including Reports by Walter H. Evans, Benton Killin, and Sheldon Jackson. Bul. 48. 10 cater eee ey aie ete oe ue ade aoe Sweet Potatoes: Culture and Uses. Farm. Bul. 26. Reprint..--__--.-.. Fowls: Careand Feeding. Farm Bul. 41. Reprint_--.-.-...--.----.--- Barromeuicure, Barm, Bull 35. Reprints~- 2)... -s..2- 0... .. le a<-e Parnyard Manure.’ Farm. Bul. 2f. Reprint:-.. ....-..-.----..-.---..-- Commercial Fertilizers: Composition and Use. “Farm. Bul. 44. Reprint_ Peanuts: Culture and Uses. Farm. Bul.25. Reprint_.._.....-.-------- The Feeding of Farm Animals. Farm. Bul. 22. Reprints_..-.--..-.-_-- iter oot.. barn. bul, 04. IOprmts, 9 626-222 eee Corn Culture in the South. Farm. Bul. 81. With reprint ----....-.._-- =xperamont Station Work—VI. Warm. Bul. 79..--....-..-...-----..-.-- The Manuring of Cotton. Farm Bul. 48. Reprint___-..._..-.-.- Peek O Buosanaisilace.,. Parm. Bulijac.. ROprimte- 2-02. 5.2... ---..- Meats: Composition and Cooking. Farm. Bul. 34. Reprints___---_____. Some Books on Agriculture and Sciences Related to Agriculture, Pub- Manedievo—Lovs, Cir. o6,, Wabi TOPMMts ... os lose 8 Lo ee ne one - ona nike PALI. / PSUs OO. - aon ow gt ean oo a Soe ee ano sa nee en Seed-Control Stations. Reprint from spe aes Station a a altars Saale acts Experiment Station Work—IV. Farm. Bul. 73. "Reprint. ose ee Experiment Station Work—V. Farm. Bul. 78. Reprints_---_- mee Report of the Director of the Office of Experiment Stations for 1898_____. Foods: Nutritive Value and Cost. Farm. Bul. 23. Reprints_-----..-_.. Losses in Boiling Vegetables and the Composition and Digestibility of Potatoes and Eggs. Bul.43. Reprint. 5 cents_..........-...--.---:. Experiment Station Work—VII. Farm. Bul. 84--_._-_.-........-...-.. gon of Milk and Other Changes in Milk Products. Farm Bull. 29. GUUIUGI IE 2g BU oie i 2 ie BE ae Re Se, 9. ee a eee Third Report of Committee of Association of American Agricultural Col- ge and Experiment Stations on Methods of Teaching Agriculture. IG) nn RB ee AS A Se ee — Sa es SR Report of Preliminary Investigations on the Metabolism of Nitrogen and Carbon in the Human Organism, with a Respiration Calorimeter of Special Construction. Bul. 44. 5cents. Reprint -.-.-.........-....- Experiment Station Work—II. Farm. Bul. 65...._--_---.-.._.--.----..- The Aims and Tendencies of the German Agricultural Experiment Sta- tions. From Experiment Station Record ------..-...-..-.---..----.--- Dietary Studies in New York City in 1895 and 1896. Bul. 46. 10 cents ~~ Organization Lists of Agricultural Experiment Stations and Institutions with Courses in Agriculture in the United States. Bul. 47. 10 cents_- 605 Copies. 8,000 5, 000 7,000 3, 000 54, 500 3, 500 50, 000 30, 000 2, 500 10, 000 75, 000 25, 000 30, 000 3, 100 20, 000 200 30, 000 30, 000 2, 000 35, 000 1, 000 20, 000 20, 000 8,000 1, 000 40, 000 200 4, 000 3, 500 606 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. A Report on the Work and Expenditures of the Agricultural Experiment Stations for the year ended June 30, 1897. Bul. 50. 10 cents......___- A Digest of Metabolism Experiments in which the Balance of Income and Outgo was Determined. Bul. 45. 25 cents. With revised edition - Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, held at Min- neapolis, Minn., July 13-15, 1897. Bul. 49. 10 cents__.--..-......_--.. The Methods of Determining the Digestibility of Feeding Stuffs. From Experiment Station Record _ .....¢..2% sn. s.s0<-% 55 -~-50eeu-me . -____..-)-.-- .) eee e A Report on Flax Culture for Seed and Fiber in Europe and America. Report 10, 10 cents... 0222-02 nS eae See SECTION OF FOREIGN MARKETS. Agricultural Imports and Exports, 1893-1897. Cir. 20. Reprint. ...-.--- Our Foreign Trade in Agricultural Products during the five fiscal years 1898-1897.. Bul. 10. 6 cents. ................... 1.5.45 555 ee Spain's Foreign Trade. Bul. 11. 5 cents. With reprints_-...-...._---- Our Trade with Spain, 1888-1897. Bul. 12. 5 cents. With reprints ----- Section of Foreign Markets. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897. With reprint_ Hawaiian Commerce from 1887-1897. Cir.18. Revised edition. Reprint- Our Trade with Cuba from 1887-1897, Cir. 16. Reprimt.......... -.--- The World's Markets for American Products, Norway. Bul. 7. Revised edition. 5 cents..:..m-.-...- ao cde! be nial Sa ee ee So ‘The World’s Markets for American Products, Sweden. Bul. 8. Revised @dition. 6 cents... Fi... ncn ences ct ae nes oe Report of the Chief for 1808--..._..........--..--. .. 6 ...- ¥ 3, 000 3 1,000 es, 4, 000 * 200 500 2,50). 40,000 20, 2 1,000 == 1,000 e 4,000 * 200 x 15,000 500 500 e. 4,000 4,00 65,000 20,000 11,500 | 11,500 4,000 6,000 2, 000 4, 000 4, 000 13° 000 27000 2, 000 30,000 7, 500 ss PUBLICATIONS ISSUED JAN. 1 TO DEC. 31, 1898. 607 Copies. Experimental Tree Planting in the Plains. Bul. 18. 10 cents__......... 5,000 Osier Culture. By John M. Simpson. Bul. 19. 5 cents _.-...-.....__.. 4,000 Report of the Chief of the Division of Forestry for 1898__......._.......- 500 Practical Assistance to Farmers, Lumbermen, and Others in Handling TUS SSE LUREEESD AE). CTI. 1 | PS eR aS a a 15, 000 Check List of the Forest Trees of the United States, Their Names and REC OROMIBENEL ol (e APU CORERES Soe Sch a pleas DE rile wide made Seid ae 1,009 Systematic Plant Introduction; Its Purposes and Methods. Bul. 21. 5 ares eee PEN tir, 6 ee oS). = Ss SO i ev a ee pe a 8, 000 Measuring the Forest Crop. Bul. 20. 10cents......._. 4, 000 Timber Pines of the Southern United States. Bul. 13. Revised edition. OF In gaa SS Sea ee ane een er en Bene Oe 1, 000 Forest Growth and Sheep Grazing in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. MINI IGOUIE A ree Ne oS ei iio onic, Se eet ae Uses? ale 3 5, 000 Forest Conditions and Interests of Wisconsin. Bul. 16, 10 cents._.__._- 5, 000 Sm ratanore Nysics, , Cir. 162. ..: 2° ne gi-—. ng ecee.---- enn one 5, 000 Division of Forestry. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897 ___.._-.__..._____._.. 2,500 ineroasine the Durability of Timber. Cir. 20°... 2..-_......-.-.--..--- 2,500 Trees of the United States Important in Forestry. Reprint from Year- TL ISHUI | utleeuhs a tt ale la ea a a eR ash ogee ao 2,500 DIVISION OF GARDENS AND GROUNDS, An Experiment in Tea Culture. Cir.1. Reprint_.--_........._....-._-- 1, 000 Experimental Gardens and Grounds. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897 __.. - 300 LIBRARY. Reference List of Publications relating to Edible and Poisonous Mush- Pea PeeRIPIE ES TAO 08 wh COR ot her ben aia ye 3 a nee ae erigeeto ie 2,000 Accessions to the Department Librar y. October- December, 1897. 5 cents_ 850 Accessions to the Department Library. January-March, 1898. 5 cents__ 850 Accessions to the Department Library. April-June, 1898, Bul. 23. 5 area ne nt Se ere ee eee we ete Pe SS oes 1, 000 List of Publications Relating to Forestry in the Depar tment Library. Ch lL GAL LI -ore ya TS pgeelna as arpa aecepenact A I et bland gale a a a ey FO 1, 000 neerrary. eprint from Yearbook, 1697. --:: - .-..-. ....-....-..---- 500 Accessions to the Department Library. July-September. Bul. 25. 5 ae atari a ee eee eee Se oe a Am aly cement 1,000 DIVISION OF POMOLOGY. The Fruit Industry and Substitution of Domestic for Foreign-Grown Daa 7 RCRibne. Fe oi sk. do eee cee cy atebdint- i. a--+» 20,08 Notes on Peach Culture. Cir. 3. Reprint beh a ee ee cpa ee sige sor 2,500 Small Fruit Culture for Market. From Yearbook, 1895. Reprint___._-_. 5, 000 inenornotmine Lemolocistfor 1898 _ .s22ee208 sul ook oo hsewseseck Sane nee 300 Catalogue of Fruits Recommended for Cultivation in the Various Sections of the United States. Bul.3. 5 cents, imate 5 cise ME earl cS he 2, 000 een o.. the Pormologiat-for 1697220207. . 2. 2.22 <2 gos snocs nus. 400 _ Nut Culture in the United States, embracing Native and Introduced Spe- x cies. Special Report. Reprint. 30 rN? Bai ii a ea iain 1, 000 “Fig Culture. Edible Figs: Their Culture and Curing. Bul. 5. Reprint. TOMES 2 oy SR a SE CT 9 a Se er a ee ee ee 1, 000 Division of Pomology. Reprint from Yearbook for 1897_......_.-._.-.-- 200 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. Historical Sketch of the United States Department of Agriculture; Its Objects and Present Organization. Bul. 3, with revised edition--.-___- 8, 000 Division of Publications. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897. With reprint.. 1,000 Monthly list of Publications, January to December...__.....-.--. ------ 317, 000 Publications of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for sale by the Super- meendent, of Documents) No. 17% revised: 2. 2.. ..2gee. coe elec ke 5, 000 Report of the Chief of the Division of Publications for 1898_.__..._. ..__-- 1, 500 meparagus Culture. Farm. Bul. 61... Reprint................-.-..-s.-2. 10, 000 Index to Authors, Wear Titles of Their Publications appearing in the Doc- uments of the U. 8. Department of Agriculture, 1841-1897. Bul. 4. 20 Mn OE Dek com isch cee ae eet aW a cnbed wcUaeR. CReUe: Loe elas BOG 608 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. OFFICE OF ROAD INQUIRY. Copies Report of the Director of the Office of Road Inquiry for 1897-..........-- Repairs of Macadam Roads. Cir. 50...._........-_... 2)... .. Soe 10, 000 Notes on the Employment of Convicts in Connection with Road Building. Bul. 16. 6 cents... 2.2.3 252. ee Jace... 5, 000 Office of Road Inquiry. From Yearbook, 1897. Reprints............-.. 10,000 State Aid to Road Building in Minnesota. Cir. 32, with reprint_-__-._._.- 15, 000 Best Roads for Farms and Farming Districts. From Yearbook, 1894. Reprint .. ....-.--2- =. -+ «- «= en anne = See ee ee ee 1, 000 State Highways in Massachusetts. From Yearbook, 1894. Reprint-..-- 1, 000 Must the Farmer Pay for Good Roads? Cir. 31-...:.......-.--1_Jage 400, 000 Addresses on Road Improvement. Cir. 14. Reprint....----.-- pin 10, 000 Going in Debt for Good Roads. Cir. 26. Reprint.......-..--...-.-.--- 30, 000 Report of the Director for 1898_..-.. ..... 2. 5s = ee 500 Money Value of Good Roads to Farmers. Cir, 23........--...---------- 10, 000 DIVISION OF SOILS. Methods of Curing Tobacco. Farm. Bul. 60. Reprint.-.-.....--...---- 20, 000 The Mechanics of Soil Moisture. Bul.10. 5 cents_........._........_.. 2,000 Report of the Chief of Division of Soils for 1897.._._........--.--.....--- 250 Tobacco Soils of the United States. Bul. 11. 10 cents. With reprints... 4,000 The Electrical Method of Moisture Determination in Soils: Results and Modifications in 1897. Bul.12. 5.cents.........-... 37-2 2, 000 Division of Soils. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897..........-......---...-- 500 Some Interesting Soil Problems. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897___.__..-- 1, 500 A Preliminary Report on the Soils of Florida, Bul. 13. 5 cents.___.-_-. 5, 000 Tobacco Soils. . Farm. Bul. 83 ..-- 22. 22 2s Se 20, 000 Methods of Curing Tobacco. Farm. Bul. 60. Revised reprints-.----- -- .. 85,000 The Culture of Tobacco, Farm. Bul. 83........-.J.c 5s eee ee 30, 000 Report of the Chief for 1898 .-....... 2... 22-4. 5a nee 300 DIVISION OF STATISTICS, Crop Circular, May to December. -..-- - 40. 5+. 50-50 s ss eos eee 1, 270, 000 The Cotton Crop.of 1896-97. Cir. 8 _.- ... 222 22 ee 27,000 Changes in the Rates of Charge for Railway and Other Transportation Services. Bul. 15, misc. series, with reprint. 5 cents_-...-....--.-... 19, 000 The Cotton Crop of 1897-98. Cir. 92.2. ..2.-.. 292s See 20, 000 Report of the Statistician for 1898... .... .... .....2.-.2..-55s0eneeeee 500 Final Report on the Crops of 1897. Report No. 155, new series......-.. 100,000 The Fertilizer Industry: Review of Statistics of Production and Con- sumption, with abstracts of State Laws for Analysis and Sale. Misc. series 13, with reprint. 5 cents.................2) 222 2e2 ee 37, 000 Of What Service are Statistics to the Farmer? Reprint from Yearbook, 1897.. Bul. 14, misc. series. . 6 cents....... .....0 1.0.2. eee 15, 000 Publications of the Division of Statistics of the U. 8. Department of Agriculture: Reports Nos. 145 to 155: Circulars Nos. 5 to 8, 1897....... 12,000 Agricultural Production and Prices. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897...... 8, 500 ° DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY. Danger of Introducing a Central American Coffee Disease into Hawaii. 8 os Cpl RR Jie na he oo od ew en he ee ee A 2k en Water as a Factor in the Growth of Plants. From Yearbook, 1894, Reprint «25 ooo a cls As wend a'sinn spied’ eke wen elas Ee Report of the Acting Cifief for 1898 ...............2000s-s<-s0beee ee 800 The Grain Smuts: How They are Caused and How to Prevent Them, Farm. Bul. 75. Withireprint...............:.......: ..ssuen ee 70, 000 Olive Culture in the United States. From Yearbook, 1896. Reprint .... 500 The Black Rot of the Cabbage. Farm. Bul. 68...................--.2.c65 80, 000 Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology. Reprint from Year- WOOK, 1097 . .... 0... oon ne cnn dns weskdpadtet one ah nlaee aun 1, 000 Hybrids and Their Utilization in Plant Breeding. Reprint from Year- BOOK, 1607 5... 2220 tac ewersaln o tbistne cow bes sean sham ele ele 5, 000 Some Edible and Poisonous Fungi. Bul. 15..............--.--.-----.--- 15,000 STATE OFFICIALS IN CHARGE OF AGRICULTURE. 609 WEATHER BUREAU, Copies. Monthly Weather Review. 10c. Vol. XXV, 13; Vol. XXVI, 1 to 9__.__- 48, 125 Forest and Rainfall. Weather Bureau, No. 140_._.--.-...-..-..---2 222. 300 The Probable State of the Sky along the ye of Total 7 of the Sun, May 28, 1900. Weather Bureau, No. 142 .-_...- ac 300 Monthly Bulletin of the River and Flood panthae: Oct., 97, to Oct., 98 __- 8,175 Storm Bulletin No. 1, 1898. Rain, Snow, and Wind Storm of J: anuary a Eee a Oe pails SO PE. © EA, rs 3,000 Floods of the Mississippi River. Bul. 3. $1_..--..._- Bic keer ds eg A Winter Barograph Curve from the South Pacific Ocean__...--..__-__- 50 Paereovon GHunanine Recorder ..._..-..--..-ssi. ius 2-.---------2222- 300 The Highest Kite Ascensions at Blue Hill _.............-......----.----. 150 Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes. March to November~__--__-_-_- 24, 662 Abstract of a Report on Solar and Terrestrial Magnetism in Their Rela- PME MOLeoOrology, — bul, 21.—10 cents... 5. --e 5 Se ose een 1,000 The Weather Bureau. Reprint from Yearbook, 1897..... _.....-.-.---- 500 Normal Annual Sunshine and Snowfall. Weather Bureau, No. 166_____- 500 Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1896-97_____.___._._-___...-. 2, 200 Review of Weather and Crop Conditions, Season of 1897. Yearbook, 1897. Co LUT th geese Sip Se Ss en = ae ee ee 1, 200 Climate of Cuba; also a Note on the Weather of Manila. Bul. 22.. ____- 2, 000 Wrecks and Casualties on the Great Lakes during 1895, 1896, and 1897_.. 3,000 Investigation of the Cyclonic Circulation and the Translatory Movement Senn Iattite iritriGanes 6) --- 22622... Mh ree LS 20, 000 PME AOAC CH OPMS ooo = or eae oo ie ae See eek a ewne 5, 000 Physical and Meteorological Researches at Juvisy__.......-.......------ 200 Loos ink 1D TDG). nati! iS 2h ee eal age pda a 5 GE Se eA nt a le Sacer enao a 4 500 Rainfall in Nicaragua. Reprinted from Monthly Weather Review __-__- 100 Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1898________.._.._._.____- 5, 000 Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 32, 1897, and Nos, 1-30, 1898........_....- 126, 100 Toe nah Le COTE ripe lay ata et ti Cl en i lie aay West Comal: Delaware........-.-- Manlove Hay ec ae ae Dover. LNs a Ae WY ee ETO, ee eee oo Springfield. Indiana ........-..,. Chas. F. Kennedy. ST) 1 Indianapolis, meneae ..-o2-~- 5... et es eek Ge wohe w-v-.. SOPOREL eee Cosine rh) BW Ma Weti 4 oc)... .. ... ATOSER Massachusetts _......J. W. Stockwell...............-. ---Sutton. 1 A98——39 610 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Michigan ..........-.I. H. Butterfield. ..................--Agricultural College: WAT Sn ae Jatt: RiPPey-oe- esee eee ee Columbia. Wepreska 2 ee. R. W. Furnas_...0..- Wie Se eee New Jersey -_-----.--- Franklin Dyé.....-..2.0Us Sie Trem New Hampshire .....N. J. Bachelder =... 20. . J2022222 232 Concord. Gian 23) eth W...W... Miller _.. 365.0. seeps Columbus. Gragon | o22s82 5-22 C. D. Gabrieisom ). .s20 1 Guise Salem. Rhode Island ___.__-- George A. Stockwell_.........--.-.-. Providence. South Dakota-------- Walter 8. Dean eee aaa Yankton. a HH. P, Folsom. .3% 5. 5 ogeh eee Salt Lake. Wermont 252.2 _2 son O. Sell eae eae ee East Hardwick. West Virginia _......8. W. Atkinson.._-___._...1.)......_PGigaiay Seerciaries of State Agricultural Societies. Genewis 2c. o.. ..J. Pope Brown...-- pit Attica cc aeerac Hawkinsville. TRanO! oe ees eee T. J. Matthews, bureau of statistics, Blackfoot. agriculture, and immigration. Wied et P. Li. Powler.... ioe ek os Louisiana -..--..---- BL: WieeGeige es nat eee Baton Rouge. Minnesota... - 22. ~~ - hh. W. Ranger see ose ce eee Morris. WitiGktid sk eo. Frantis, Pope. ee 2 eee Helena. RENN Dyas s epbage mods cs C. .B. Stengagg ees see see ee Reno. Worry Ori fcr. James 5. W0charhy 5 2 ere ae Albany. North Carolina --_...-- EF’. B. ATengee se een ee eee Raleigh. North Dakota_-_.-_.._- H. U. Thomas, bureau of agriculture, Bismarck. labor, and statistics. Washington __.__---- W. P. C. Adams, bureau of statistics, Olympia. agriculture, and immigration. IWHIRCOUSIN 2 oer oe "Dds Te LEQIRUIST ee ce Madison. FARMERS’ INSTITUTE MANAGERS. President, John Hamilton, Harrisburg, Pa.; vice-president, W. C. Latta, Lafay- ette, Ind.; secretary-treasurer, F. W. Taylor, Lincoln, Nebr. Executive: com- mittee: President and secretary ex officio, K. L. Butterfield, Agricultural College, Mich.; W. W. Miller, Columbus, Ohio, and O. C. Gregg, Lynd, Minn. Mem- bers: G. Harold Powell, Newark, Del.; O. Clute, Lake City, Fla.; R. E. A. Leach, Brandon, Manitoba; W. L. Amoss, Benson, Md.; F, E. Dawley, Fayetteville, N. Y.; D. Reid Parker, West Raleigh, N. C.; Franklin Dye, Trenton, N. J.; F. W. Hodson, Guelph, Ontario; O. C. Brown, Charleston, W. Va.; George McKerrow, Madison, Wis. NATIONAL LIVE STOCK ASSOCIATION. [Organized January 25, 1898. ] President, John W. Springer, Denver; secretary, Arthur Williams, Denver. DAIRY OFFICIALS. National Dairy Union.—Secretary, Charles Y. Knight, 188 South Water street, Chicago, Ill. National Creamery Buttermakers’ Association.—Secretary, E. fudendorf, Elgin, Ml. New England Milk Producers’ Union.—Secretary, F. L. Hayward, Pomfret, Conn. Five States Milk Producers’ Association.—Secretary, H. T. Coon, Little York, ae # Columbia River Dairy Association.—Secretary, Harrison Allen, Astoria, Oreg. ALABAMA. Alabama Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, F. H. Bates, Hamburg. CALIFORNIA. State Dairy Bureau.—Secretary and agent, William Vanderbilt, 114 California street, San Francisco. oe Dairy Association.—Secretary, Samuel E. Watson, 1808 Eagle avenue, Alameda. Dairymen’s Association of Southern California.—Secretary, James R. Boal, Box 686, Los Angeles. DAIRY OFFICIALS. 611 COLORADO, State Dairy Commission.—Commissioner, H. B. Cannon, Denver. State Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, A. M. Hunter Boulder. CONNECTICUT. Dairy Commission.—Commissioner, John B. Noble, Hartford. Connecticut Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, F. H. Stadtmueller, Elmwood. Connecticut Creamery Association.—Secretary, Frank Avery, Wapping. GEORGIA, Georgia Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, M. L. Duggan, Sparta. ILLINOIS. Illinois State Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, Geo. Caven, 188 South Water street, Chicago. Chicago Milk Shippers’ Union.—Secretary;S. Hill, 94 La Salle street, Chicago. INDIANA. State Dairy Association.—Secretary, H. E. Van Norman, Lafayetie. IOWA. State Dairy Commission.—Commissioner, B. P. Norton, Des Moines. Iowa State Dairy Association.—Secretary, J. C. Daly, Charles City. KANSAS. Kansas State Dairy Association.—Secretary, W. F. Jensen, Beloit. MAINE, Maine Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, L. W. Dyer, Cumberland Center. MASSACHUSETTS. State Dairy Bureau.—Acting executive officer, George M. Whitaker, Boston. Massachusetts Creamery Association.—Secretary, A. W. Morse, Belchertown. MICHIGAN, State Dairy and Food Commission.—Commissioner, Elliot O. Grosvenor, Lansing. Michigan Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, 5. J. Wilson, Flint. MINNESOTA. State Dairy and Food Commission.—Commissioner, J. M. Bowler, St. Paul. Minnesota State Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, Robert Crickmore, Pratt. Minnesota State Butter and Cheese Makers’ Association.—Secretary, J. K. Bennett, Clinton Falls. MISSOURI, Missouri Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, Levi Chubbuck, Chemical Build- ing, St. Louis. NEBRASKA, Nebraska Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, F. H. Vaughan, Fremont. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Granite State Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, J. L. Gerrish, Contoocook,. NEW JERSEY. Dairy Commission.—Commissioner, George W. MacGuire, Trenton. New Jersey State Dairy Union.—Secretary, Geo. Gillinghast, Trenton. 612 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. NEW YORK. Department of Agriculture (including dairy ).—Commissioner, Charles A. Wiet- ing, Albany. New York State Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, W. W. Hall, Gouverneur, NORTH CAROLINA. North Carolina State Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, F. E. Emery, West Raleigh. NORTH DAKOTA. State Commission of Agriculture.—Commissioner, H. U. Thomas, Bismarck (and ex officio State dairy commissioner). North Dakota State Dairymen’s Association.— Secretary, E. E. Kaufman, Fargo. OHIO, Dairy and Food Commission.—Commissioner, Joseph E. Blackburn, Columbus. Ohio State Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, L. P. Bailey, Tacoma. Ohio Dairy Union.—Secretary, F. A. Stranahan, 30 Huron street, Cleveland. OREGON, State Dairy and Food Commission.—Commissioner, J. W. Bailey, Portland. Oregon Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, F. L. Kent, Corvallis. PENNSYLVANIA. Dairy and Food Commission (of State department of agriculture).—Commis- sioner, Levi Wells, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania State Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, J. C. McClintock, Box 92, Meadville. Pennsylvania Dairy Union.—fecretary, H. Hayward, State College. Creamery Association of Eastern Pennsylvania.—Secretary, Geo. R. Meloney, 1937 Market street, Philadelphia. SOUTH DAKOTA, South Dakota Dairy Association.—Secretary, C. P. Sherwood, Desmet. South Dakota State Buttermakers’ Association.—Secretary, R. K. Emily, Mis- sion Hill. TENNESSEE. East Tennessee Dairy Association.—Secretary, Paul F. Kefauver, Madisonville. TEXAS. Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, J. E. Maguire, Waco. UTAH. State Food and Dairy Commission.—Commissioner, H. J. Faust, jr., Salt Lake City. Utah Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, F, B. Linfield, Logan. VERMONT. Vermont Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, F. L. Davis, North Pomfret. Vermont Butter and Cheese Makers’ Association.—Secretary, Wm. Beach, Charlotte. WASHINGTON. State Dairy Commission.—Commissioner, E. A. McDonald, Seattle. Washington State Dairymen’s Association.—Secretary, Fred J. Cheal, North Yakima. WISCONSIN. Dairy and Food Commission.—Commissioner, H. C. Adams, Madison. Wisconsin Dairymen’s Association,—Secretary, George W. Burchard, Fort Atkinson. Wisconsin Cheese Makers’ Association.—Secretary, U. S. Baer, Madison. LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATIONS. 613 PROTECTION AGAINST CONTAGION FROM FOREIGN CATTLE. An act of Congress of August 28, 1894, prohibits the importation of cattle and cattle hides, but by the act of March 2, 1895, making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture, it is provided that the prohibition may be suspended by the President whenever the Secretary of Agriculture shall certify to the Presi- dent what countries or parts of countries are free from contagious or infectious diseases of domesticanimals. The President, by proclamation of November 8, 1895, lifted the embargo with reference to Norway, Sweden, Holland, Great Britain, Ireland, the Channel Islands, and the countries of North, Central, and South America so as to admit cattle under sanitary regulations prescribed by the Secre- tary of Agriculture; also from all countries so as to admit hides under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. CATTLE BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATIONS.' ~ American Aberdeen-Angus Breeders’ Association.— Thomas McFarlane, Harvey, Ill., secretary. American Devon Cattle Club.—L. P. Sission, Wheeling, W. Va., secretary. American Galloway Breeders’ Association.—Frank B. Hearne, Independence, Mo., secretary. American Guernsey Cattle Club.—Prof. William H. Caldwell, Peterboro, N. H., secretary. American Hereford Cattle Breeders’ Association.—C. R. Thomas, Independence, Mo., secretary. American Jersey Cattle Club.—J. J. Hemingway, No. 8 West Seventeenth street, New York, N. Y., secretary. American Polled Durham Breeders’ Association.—J, H. Miller, Mexico, Ind., secretary. American Shorthorn Breeders’ Association.—J. H. Pickrell, Springfield, Ill, secretary. American Sussex Association.—Overton Lea, Nashville, Tenn., secretary. Ayrshire Breeders’ Association.—C. M. Winslow, Brandon, Vt., secretary. Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders’ Association.—N.S. Fish, Groton, Conn., secretary. Dutch Belted Cattle Association.—H. B. Richards, Easton, Pa., secretary. Holstein-Friesian Association of America.—Frederick L. Houghton, Brattleboro, Vt., secretary. Red Polled Cattle Club of America (incorporated).—J. McLain Smith, Dayton, Ohio, secretary. HORSE BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATIONS. American Association of Importers and Breeders of Belgian Draft Horses.—J. D, Connor, jr., Wabash, Ind., secretary. American Breeders’ Association of Jacks and Jennets.—J. W. Jones, Columbia, Tenn., secretary. American Cleveland Bay Breeders’ Association.—R. P. Stericker, Janesville, Wis., secretary. American Clydesdale Association.—Alex. Galbraith, Janesville, Wis., secretary. American Hackney Horse Society.— William Seward Webb, 5! East Forty-fourth street, New York, N. Y., secretary. American Percheron Horse Breeders’ Association.—S. D. Thompson, Chicago, Ill., secretary. American Shetland Pony Club.—Mortimer Levering. Lafayette, Ind., secretary. American Shire Horse Breeders’ Association.—Charles Burgess, Wenona, IIl., secretary. American Stud Book. Thoroughbred.—James E. Wheeler, 173 Fifth avenue, New York, N. Y., registrar. 1 Under the provisions of paragraph 473 of the act of July 24, 1897, any animal imported specially for breeding purposes shall be admitted free, provided that no such animal shall be admitted free unless pure bred, of a recognized breed, and duly registered in the book of record established for that breed. The Secretary of the Treasury, upon the advice of the Secretary of Agriculture, issued, on August 19, 1898, regulations for the importation of animals under this oe and an ogg a the recognized breeds and the books of record established for these breeds. : 614 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. American Suffolk Punch Horse Association.—Alex. Galbraith, Janesville, Wis., secretary. 5 << American Trotting Registry Association.—J. H. Steiner, Room 1103, Ejlsworth Building, 355 Dearborn street, Chicago, Ill., secretary. ; French Coach Horse Society of America.—S. D., Thompson, Chicago, IIl., sacre- — tary. German Coach Horse Association of America.—J. Crouch, Lafayette, Ind., sec- retary. National French Draft Horse Association.—C. E. Stubbs, Fairfield, Iowa, sec- retary. : Select Clydesdale Horse Society of America.—Charles Irwin, Topeka, Kans., sec- retary. The Morgan Register.—Joseph Battell, Middlebury, Vt., editor. The National Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association.—I. B. Nall, Louisville, Ky., secretary. The Oldenburg Coach Horse Association of America.—C. E. Stubbs, Fairfield, Iowa, secretary. SHEEP BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATIONS. National Cheviot Sheep Society.—Howard H. Keim, Ladoga, Ind., secretary. American Cotswold Association.—George Harding, Waukesha, Wis., secretary. American Leicester Breeders’ Association.—A. J. Temple, Cameron, IIl., secre- tary. American Lincoln Breeders’ Association.—L. C. Graham, Cameron, Iil., secre- tary. American Merino Sheep Register.—A. H. Craig, Waukesha, Wis., secretary. American Oxford-Down Sheep Association.—W. A. Shafor, Middletown, Ohio, secretary. American South-Down Association.—John G. Springer, Springfield, Ill., secre- tary. American Shropshire Regisiry Association.—Mortimer Levering, Lafayette, Ind., secretary. American Rambouillet Sheep Breeders’ Association.—E. V. Burnham, Wood- stock, Ohio, secretary. American Suffolk Association.—George W. Franklin, Atlantic, lowa, secretary. Black Top Spanish Merino Sheep Breeders’ Association.—R. P. Berry, Clokey, Pa.. secretary. Delaine Merino Sheep Breeders’ Association.—J. C, McNary, Houstonville, Pa., recording secretary; J. H. Hamilton, Canonsburg, Pa., corresponding secre- tary. Dickinson Merino Sheep Record Company.—H. G. McDowell, Canton, Ohio, secretary. Dorset Horn Sheep Breeders’ Association of America.—M. A. Cooper, Washing- ton, Pa., secretary. Hampshire-Down Breeders’ Association of America.—John I. Gordon, Mercer, Pa., secretary. . § Improved Black-Top Merino Sheep Breeders’ Association.—L. M. Crothers, Crothers, Pa.. secretary. ' Improved Delaine Merino Sheep Breeders’ Association.—R. B. Barber, Cedar- ville, Ohio, secretary. Michigan Merino Sheep Breeders’ Association.—E. N. Ball, Hamburg, Mich., sec- retary. . National Improved Saxony Sheep Breeders’ Association.—John G, Clarke, Lagoniity Pa., secretary. ational Lincoln Sheep Breeders’ Association.—H. A. Daniells, Elva, Mich.,sec- — retary. 7 New York State American Merino Sheep Breeders’ Association.—J. Horatio Earll, Skaneateles, N. Y., secretary. ' Ohio Spanish Merino Sheep Breeders’ Association.—F. C. Stanley, Edison, Ohio, secretary. Pennsylvania and Ohio Improved Delaine Merino Sheep Breeders’ Association.— — S. M. Cleaver, East Bethlehem, Pa., secretary. fe American Merino Register Association.—John P. Ray, Hemlock Lake, . Y., secretary. The Continental Dorset Club.—J. E. Wing, Mechanicsburg, Ohio, ck United States Merino Sheep Breeders’ Registry Association.—J. A. B. W 4 Enon Valley, Pa., secretary. ‘ LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATIONS. 615 Vermont Atwood Club Register.—George Hammond, Middlebury, Vt., secre- tary. Vermont Merino Sheep Breeders’ Association.—L. H. Skiff, Middlebury, Vt., secretary. SWINE BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATIONS. American Berkshire Association.—Charles F. Mills, 512 East Monroe street, Springfield, Ill., secretary. American Duroc-Jersey Swine Breeders’ Association.—A. V. Bradrick, Conners- ville, Ind., secretary. American Essex Association.—F. M. Srout, McLean, Ill., secretary. American Small Yorkshire Club.—George W. Harris, 3409 Third avenue, New York, N. Y., secretary. Cheshire Swine Breeders’ Association.—E. W. Davis, Oneida, N. Y., secretary. Chester White Record Association.—W. H. Morris, Indianapolis, Ind., secretary. es Chester White Record Association.—Carl Freigau, Dayton, Ohio, editor. American Poland-China Record Company.—W. M. McFadden, West Liberty, Iowa, secretary. pee Poland-China Swine Association.—W.H. Morris, Indianapolis, Ind., sec- retary. Northwestern Poland-China Swine Association.—J. B. Besack, Washington, Kans., secretary. Ohio Poland-China Record Company.—Carl Freigau, Dayton, Ohio, secretary. Standard Poland-China Record Company.—Ira K. Alderman, Maryville, Mo., secretary. Victoria Swine Breeders’ Association.—H. Davis, Dyer, Ind., secretary. Suffolk Swine Association.—W. F. Watson, Winchester, Ind., secretary. National Duroc-Jersey Record Association.—Robert J. Evans, E] Paso, Il., sec- retary. : The American Tamworth Swine Record Association.—Edwin O. Wood, Flint, Mich., secretary. The American Yorkshire Club.—William F. Wilcox, Benson, Minn., secretary. ASSOCIATION OF BREEDERS OF DOGS. American Kennel Club.—A. P. Vredenburg, 55 Liberty street, New York, N. Y., secretary. POULTRY ASSOCIATIONS. National and interstate organizations. ] Name of association. Secretary. | Post-office. American Barred Plymouth Rock Club- --..-- F. J. Marshall . ..........-.| Middletown, Ohio. POT LCGNE PPOT RATE MAUD 2 on en nine mene F. H. Prentice--............| North Grafton, Mass. American Buff Leghorn Club..-...---.-.-.---. BK. Py Shepherd —.:.---___-. Croton Falls, N. Y. American Buff Plymouth Rock Club....-..---- W..C Denny’. .-2'.-2 -| Rochester, N. Y. American Black Minorca Club..-..-.---.---.--| John A. Gamewell . -| Hackensack, N. J. Iasmericdn COCMiN CID _. . <2 -na0<--n0senn.--4- Arthur R. Sharp - -| Taunton, Mass. American Cochin Bantam Club......-..------- 1: a eS -| Shrewsbury, Mass. American Dominique Club----..-..---- --.----- R. W. Roberts. ...-.-- Camroden, N. Y. American Exhibition Game and Game Ban- | S. Ward Doubleday-.--....! 44 Wall street, New tam Club. York City. American Langshan Club..-.....-..--...---.-- R. T. Nettle ..--....--....-| Peoria, Il. American Leghorn Club _........-..----------.| Ezra Cornell -...----.-.--..| Ithaca, N. Y. American Minorca Association ......----.-----| Ed Ellis -......-.-..-------- Santa Rosa, Cal. American Poultry Association ---....--.---.--- Theodore Sternberg --.---- Ellsworth, Kans. American White Wonder Club.......--.--.--- A. P. Roscoe. ...-...-------| Newhaven, Vt. Eastern White Wyandotte Club. .-....-.---..- WY dig MOE sooes coke en ebans Woodstock, Vt. Indian Game Club of America......-..-..--..- Adam Thompson........--. Amity, Mo. Minorca Club of Northwest-.-.....-..---------- pe ee eee peers lis, Minn. National Bantam Association-.-........-..-...- Ln oe ae yes Is- and, N. Y. National Bronze Turkey Club.........-...---- James Garvill 2.5 .-2 .. 2.25 Princeton, DL New England Light Brahma Club ...--.---..-- G. W. Cromack............| Stoneham, Mass. Boutuern Langshan:Club -....2.......s-..--2-.| J; Ee pave A ePoaa Hopeville, Ga. The Waterfowl Club of America........-.---- SAO ATWO RN. Sona 5 An ck Brookville, N. J. Pacific Poultry and Pigeon Association. .-...- WERT. GGG, o wrecccatn axmnn 417 Sacramento st., San Francisco, Cal. National Poultry and Pigeon Association - --.- George E. Howard ....--.. Washington, D.C National Fanciers’ Association .-.......-----.- (AS ne OWE. che Morgan Park, Ill. Western Poultry Fanciers’ Association.-......| Chas. H. Playter --......--.- Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 616 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. POULTRY ASSOCIATIONS—Continued. National and interstate organizations—Continued, Name of association. Secretary. Post-office. Sunflower Poultry Association - | J. a. Turner 5...-.23--eeeen Kansas Cit Kans. Interstate Poultry Association - {| Jas. Ey Hamilton... 2226 Arkansas City, Boston Poultry Association - CG. Minot Weld, .-..-2-c-0e0 13L Devonsh % oston, Mass. Wolverine P. P.and P.S. Association --.-...-.-- Gus Willlanis:0....2.c.20e" ogy peor Mich. St. Louis Fanciers’ Association ---...---.....-- Edw. Gay Martin---------- St. Louis, Mo. Mid Continental Poultry Association --...-..-.-. P.M. Slate 222 eee Kansas City, Mo. St. Louis Poultry Association -...........----- C. BR Crouse. ose. .200- eee Jefferson Tr ~ 0. Interstate Poultry Association ---------------- R. Horrocks 2-.223.5.-2 ge Falls City, Nebr. Buffalo Poultry Association - i. CVPOKSe 7.22306 Gath seeo ee Buffalo, Madison Square Garden (New York) Poultry H. ViCrawtord .-2222 2s Montclair, N.J. and Pig Association. Northern Ohio Poultry and Pet Stock Asso: | F. R. Hunt-.--...-.-.-------- Cleveland, Ohio. ciation. Buckeye Poultry Association ----...--.------- Geo. B. Wetzel .-....--.-<.- Dayton, Ohio. Tri-State Poultry Association......-.-.-----.- J, A. Meintosh 2. - 2 Sasa. East Liverpool, Ohio. Pittsburg Fanciers’ Club __....--.------------- a.P. Robinson... use. 110 Second avenue, Pia. urg, Pa. » Piedmont Poultry Association --.------------ B. W. Getsinger -.-.....---. Spartanburg, Nashville Poultry Association ----....-------- dM... Hopkins... soe aes ashville, thet Tacoma Poultry Association ---.--.--....--.--- Stephen Holbrooke-_-_..--..| Tacoma, Wash. Puget Sound Poultry Club -.:--. .-.. 32-522. J.B. Waltshaw, -2--222 suse Room 200, Burke Building, Seattle, Wash. La Crosse Poultry Association ---.--.---.----- i. B. Hoffman. .2..3lcaeeees La Crosse, Wis. Secretaries of State poultry associations. State. Secretary. Post-office. | PA TAB ONG. ono nee ooo com eee EiwA. Atarrs 215-0. tess sable ee ee Phenix. Arkansas - 22.02. 222-228. |W. Be Westbrook .2 15255 .-c 2. caen oes Little Rock Odiifornins.. S205: 2 ee W. E. Ladd .......1 30251. See eee Camiraio sobs. 2 es. Seat Oy A. Watson 2.5 J2i clues a) ded Denver (144 Lincoln avenue). Gonriscticut.:. <> -. 2 --. cos G@.P. Merritt, .: ~~ 22-2 ee Hartford. District of Columbia ---..-- Geo: E: Howard 22.2212 eee Washington. aorpia.= =... 5222.5 -=2522 J. W. Killingsworth.-...-...2.050.0s 2.5— eee ee CSC ee eae ea SS. Noble 2.5.2 csitews0dace.bidc ede eee Bloomington. Lith ae ie IS CT foro Cia bank yer fe Indianapolis. TSO Seco ea iwwat a Sus ous thaw J. M. Scurr..... Creston. LU OE eer Pere ae a D. A. Wise -...-- opeka. TECHGUY OE sae lich oactaae J. Montt=--- 2 rie ee 1 a a sae ls So Frank W. McKenz WRINONOLE v.15 4.6 -.0s-4- = ok F, X. Marzolf St. "Paul (1291 Lincoln avenue), PASTS ea. buch danas ms | pare Steinmesch Sutter. GUTOR one t ccoaskot coc-5-) bela ec pe a 2a aS pS ai oy ai oS Lincoln. IIGW WOLUCYy sudeewwke wo na sv est Os W.. OHIMSOD 2 ae cae cece nin ww win we San ae i ee ING WiMOSICO 20s. Wo oecn sso - W. Roberts. Se eh Ty on me os INGW, 2 ONG. Anes idha cette | J. B. Doc harty -- Sd dis ike eed een erin ae Alban North Carolina. ....... «+ a Bi, Heme. 5 cies 2 tis Hecate nau ween Raters f OMIGHOMIs Gers wes ees Leace. 3..D, Detierty 2b. obs 0-0 ee co eee cee Guthrie. ie ee ee ey eee @. Bo Bunt ooo. ic. tenn ak Ss eee ee Portland. Rhode Pots De pa | eB ye pataaas eek bn panel as sew aun ae clle ka Tennessee ....-..- eH ee M. P. Andes.. © Pea bites Oucara aula Gain wich ie Tera... J.ave cscs Woh ce lal Be A. Carathets 26.065. sackcceiaeGan eee Waco W OFIORG packe . bance. beeen alee eke emney == rey ee St. Johnsbury. WIIG. wisi sa abtcn serene R.JI.N Ngee STATE VETERINARIANS AND SECRETARIES OF SANITARY BOARDS. ALABAMA, Dr. Jerome Cochran, Montgonfery, secretary State board of health, ARIZONA. H. Harrison, Phenix, secretary live stock sanitary commission, Dr, J. C, Norton, Phenix, veterinarian. /, (ki , 4 Ia a - a STATE SANITARY OFFICIALS. 617 CALIFORNIA, Dr. J. R. Laine, Sacramento, secretary State board of health. Dr. R. A. Archibald, Oakland, veterinarian to city and county board of health. COLORADO, William H. Adams, Alamosa (office Denver), secretary State live stock board of inspection. Dr. Henry Sewall, 23 Eighteenth avenue, Denver, secretary State board of health, Dr. Charles Gresswell, Denver, State veterinary surgeon. CONNECTICUT, Dr. C. A. Lindsley, New Haven, secretary State board of health. George L. Fosket, Winsted, secretary of commissioners on diseases of domestic animals, DELAWARE. Dr. E. B. Frazer, Wilmington, secretary State board of health. FLORIDA. Dr. Joseph Y. Porter, Key West, secretary State board of health, ILLINOIS. Dr. J. W. Scott, Springfield, secretary State board of health. Dr. C. P. Lovejoy, Princeton, State veterinarian. C. P. Johnson, Springfield, secretary board of live stock commissioners, INDIANA, Dr. J. N. Hurty, Indianapolis, secretary State board of health. Dr. F. A. Bolser, Newcastle, State veterinarian. Mortimer Levering, Lafayette, secretary State live stock sanitary commission. IOWA. Dr. J. I. Gibson, Denison, State veterinary surgeon. Dr. J. F. Kennedy, Des Moines, secretary State board of health, KANSAS, Dr. H. Z. Giil, Topeka, secretary State board of health. Taylor Riddle, Marion, secretary live stock sanitary commission. KENTUCKY. Dr. J. N. McCormack, Bowling Green, secretary State board of health. Dr. F. T. Eisenman, Louisville, State veterinarian. A. G. Herr, St. Matthews, cattle commissioner. LOUISIANA. Dr. Will R. Harman, New Orleans, secretary State board of health. MAINE, Dr. A. G. Young, Augusta, secretary State board of health. Dr. George H. Bailey, Deering, State veterinarian. John M. Deering, Saco, and F. O. Beal, Bangor, cattle commissioners. MARYLAND. Dr. John S. Fulton, 10 South street, Baltimore, secretary State board of health, Dr. A. W. Clements, 916 Cathedral street, Baltimore, State veterinarian. C. W. Melville, Westminster, secretary live-stock sanitary board, MASSACHUSETTS, Dr. Samuel W. Abbott, Boston, secretary State board of health. _Dr. Austin Peters, Boston (Commonwealth Building), president cattle commis- sioners. 618 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MICHIGAN. By Dr. Henry B. Baker, Lansing, secretary State board of health. Dr. George W. Dunphy, Quincy, State veterinarian. Henry H. Hinds, Stanton, president State live stock sanitary commission. MINNESOTA, Dr. M. H. Reynolds, St. Anthonys Park, director veterinary department of — State board of health. ae H. M. Bracken, St. Paul (Pioneer Press Building), secretary State board of health. MISSISSIPPI. Dr. John F. Hunter, Jackson, secretary State board of- health. Dr. J. C. Robert, Agricultural College, professor of veterinary science. MISSOURI. " PR P. King, Kansas City (Fountain place), secretary State board of ealth. Dr. T. E. White, Sedalia, State veterinarian. J. R. Rippey, Columbia, secretary State board of agriculture. MONTANA, Dr. M. E. Knowles, Helena, State veterinarian. NEBRASKA, H. R. Corbet, Lincoln, secretary State board of health. Robert W. Furnas, Brownville, secretary State board of agriculture. NEVADA. Dr. J. A. Lewis, Reno, secretary State board of health. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Dr. Irving A. Watson, Concord, secretary State board of health. N. J. Bachelder, Concord, secretary board of cattle commissioners. NEW JERSEY. Dr. Henry Mitchell, Trenton, secretary State board of health. Franklin Dye, Trenton, secretary tuberculosis commission, NEW MEXICO, Dr. J. M. Cunningham, East Las Vegas, secretary State board of health, J. H. LaRue, East Las Vegas, secretary cattle sanitary board. NEW YORK, Dr. Baxter T, Smelzer, Albany, secretary board of health. _F. W. Smith, 700 South West street, Syracuse, secretary tuberculosis committee, NORTH CAROLINA, Dr. Richard H. Lewis, Raleigh, secretary board of health. NORTH DAKOTA, Dr. W. C. Langdon, Fargo, chief State veterinarian. Dr. John Montgomery, Ardoch, secretary board of health. STATE SANITARY OFFICIALS. 619 OH10. Dr. C. O. Probst, Columbus, secretary board of health. Dr. H. J. Detmers, Columbus, veterinary surgeon, State University. Dr. D. N. Kinsman, Columbus, secretary live-stock commission. OKLAHOMA, Dr. C. D. Arnold, Kingfisher, superintendent board of health. R. J. Edward, Oklahoma City, secretary live-stock sanitary commission. OREGON, Dr. William McLean, Portland, State veterinarian. PENNSYLVANIA. Dr. Benjamin Lee, 1532 Pine street, Philadelphia, secretary State board of health. Dr. Leonard Pearson, 3608 Pine street, Philadelphia, State veterinarian, RHODE ISLAND. Dr. Arthur L. Parker, Providence, veterinarian to State board of health. Dr. Gardner T. Swarts, Providence, secretary State board of health. SOUTH CAROLINA, Dr. James Evans, Florence, secretary board of health. Dr. W. E. A. Wyman, Clemson College, State veterinarian. SOUTH DAKOTA, J. L. Harris, Webster, secretary board of health. Dr. J. W. Ellicott, Aberdeen, State veterinarian. TENNESSEE, Dr. J. A. Albright, Somerville, secretary State board of health. Dr. J. W. Scheiber, Memphis, State veterinarian. TEXAS. Dr. R. M. Swearingen, Austin, State health officer. Robert J. Kleberg, Corpus Christi, secretary live-stock sanitary commission. VERMONT. Dr. J. H. Hamilton, Richford, secretary board of health. C. J. Bell, East Hardwick, secretary cattle commission. VIRGINIA, Dr. Paulus A. Irving, Richmond, secretary board of health. Dr. E. P. Niles, Blacksburg, State veterinarian. WASHINGTON, Dr. Elmer E. Heg. North Yakima, secretary board of health. Dr. 8. B. Nelson, Pullman, veterinarian agricultural experiment station. WEST VIRGINIA. Dr. A. R. Barbee, Point Pleasant, secretary State board of health. D. M. Sullivan, Charleston, secretary board of agriculture. WISCONSIN, Dr. H. P. Clute, Milton, State veterinarian. Dr. U. O. B. Wingate, Milwaukee, secretary board of health. WYOMING. Dr. A. A. Holcombe, Cheyenne, State veterinarian. George East, of board of live-stock commissioners. 620 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. NATIONAL LEAGUE FOR GOOD ROADS. States and Territories. | Committeemen. Post-office. _ Pe ee ee Maj. W. W.Screws.....--.----.-....-.-...... ..| Montgomengs Po cae s See heey chee Governor John G. Brady ---.........2..-.-...._| Sitka, Avisoni os. 22 eee Governor L. C.. Hughes... 2.5. cce lees Tucson. Apiannest: 352-73 23 oes GoW. Sappington 22.225) soo eee Little Rock. California... 22.50 2... S El a. A WOOd80n-S-< 5 ose ces n oe ace eee coe ee Sacramento. SOLGTHOG. oes. tee ee Louis G. Carpenter .......-...-.....-..-......-| POrs GOmeiae OConnecticut’:':.622 S2cs2 See Col. Chas: Li Bardsthos222 222 2 eel ee Hartford. Delaware .......<..---~.--..| William, Co0Ch).s.=. = stp wec =e Newark. District of Columbia . ...... Gen. Roy Stone, acting president of league --| Washington. Miorsdss 2.225525: ~<.. 2. 5e-nces Jd. W. White _£3. 45. .ces ie ose eee Jacksonville. Georgin= -o22 ese oe ae Col. G. W. Harrison (22 2222-22. eee Atlanta. JGBhG 242 ae coon ena James Mullany -......-..-..--.---..- --------=.| GUOnns Menees he K. Prime, general western secretary of | Dwight. eague. W. ©. Garrats c-. 2.56.05 s 05 eee ee Springfield. Mason’ J. NiDIGK < 35 22 £25. senna ees ae eee Vincenaeh E. H. Thayer, chairman conference com- | Clinton. mittee. B.D. Oobtitga! socenc o< 25 woes Topeka. 2 wsehccas wane) Mag uM Be Geng 22 2: o52seee oe aed eee Bowling Green. Gann <8 o5 ee Se Guy Samuels: - 7s... - 5.2 aoe ed sone Baton Rouge. rates ee Se ee oe BS: isley: 5 ee cee a eee Portland. Maryiana i... so... 6552 5-.. D. C. Wiarton Snel 22222222 oe ee Darlington. Massachusetts. -....-..--.--- Georpe"ARPerkins= 2<22sc 207-2 s- 2 eee ston. WELTER IAs coe, Ne. he W Webber 9.528556. 6 oto sceeeee Saginaw, East Side. Minnesota -- | AC BIGhBstS Bixee aos seks: a eee Minneapolis. Mississippi -- .| Capt, James Habake 2 ot... 5 in. cceanseeene Scooba. Missouri - --- JOT he elDDey sescs=+—a4>+ eo sccs>--- Sn seeee Columbia. Montana .- ae = Pac -6 5, ne ee Scammers Helena. Nebraska --- Hon. FE. Rosewater. 00522255 oi. eo. -ot eee Omaha. Nevada ....-..- Gén. John E, JonGss 2-25. - 2... 25 e eee Carson City. New Hampshire .. Ex-Governor David H. Goodell - .----.....-.-.- Antrim. New Jersey..-.----- z 7 = G. Harrison, general eastern secretary of | Asbury Park. eague. New Mexico ...- BBY StONer t soca. 2 Saco be ste Hansen see Albuquerque. New York .._... J: Ar OiWrightsest ele. o2. hick ee Rochester. North Carolina PORTA. Pi ptOls sec ack. 2 a. oon onsen Shelby. North Dakota -. WW Barrett. -ss2.2.6o3.5. 260k 2wenee eee Churches Ferry. (at oS By ei een Hon. Martin Dodge... 35 50.4. 3<6.an0sann eee Cleveland. Oklahoma. ..-...---- JA, IN -SPONCEM <<.) ooo eck. coho ee eee Yukon. jpn tej) ae ae Nee oe JetLerson: Wy Crs] cessc- =. 3. =~ Salem. Pennsylvania. -.---..-. _| Wm. H. Rhawn, treasurer of league Philadelphia. Bhotte Island ..... 022 Oa ie ete en a taco Warren. South Carolina W Dives 22 tha. oe oes Bennettsville. South Dakota 0.8. Basford... ...-. Redfield. Tennessee .---- Maj. C. A. Locke-. Naskville. Wexas 2 sec. ccheca| OB abourhonuy ess Dallas. Vermont..-----. FS. as A | Da We VOUGV oc2n.ce5ns= Burlington. DR iH ihes os oacds. valewoeeed Thomas Whitehead... ......------ Richmond. ESS rl gee) a ee pj iarinuny a ones (sa. ot es i . 15c oe 2 Nooksack. ECA fee 5 Otto Dorner, general press agent of league ..| Milwaukee. Why Oming. 25-222 --2 2255+] Orbs EU oecee green mns > on) Se = ae ee Cheyenne. STATES HAVING OFFICES FOR FOREST WORK. Kansas.—Forest commissioner, E. D. Wheeler, Ogallah. Maine.—Forest commissioner, Charles E. Oak, Augusta. Minnesota.—Fire warden, Gen. C. C. Andrews, St. Paul. New Hampshire.—Forest commission, George H. Moses, secretary, Concord. New Jersey.—-Geological survey, Prof. John C, Smock, director, Trenton. New York.—Fisheries, game, and forest commission, Col. William F. Fox, super- intendent, Albany. North Carolina.—Geological survey, Prof. J. A. Holmes, director, Chapelhill. — Pennsylvania. —Division of forestry, department of agriculture, Dr, J. T. Roth- rock, chief, Harrisburg. Wisconsin. —Forest commission, Ernest Bruncken, secretary, Milwaukee. West Virginia. —Geolog.c and economic survey, superintendent, Dr. I. C. White, Morgantown. FORESTRY ASSOCIATIONS. American Forestry Association.—President, James Wilson, Secretary of Agri- culture; secretary, F. H. Newell, United States Geo!ogical Survey. Colorado Forestry Association.—President, W. N. Byers, Denver; secretary, D. W. Wohring, Denver. FORESTRY AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 621 Connecticut Forestry Association.—President, Maj. Edward V. Preston, Tray- elers’ Insurance Company, Hartford; secretary (corresponding), Miss Mary W ins- low, Weatogue. Indiana Forestry Association.—President. John P. Brown, Connersville. Massachusetts Forestry Association.—President, Henry P. Walcott, Cambridge; secretary, Allen Chamberlain, Winchester. Minnesota State Forestry Association.—President, W. W. Prendergast, Hutchin- son; secretary, George W. Strand, Taylors Falls. New Jersey, Forestry Association of.—President, S. Bayard Dod, Hoboken, sec- retary-treasurer, J. F. Hall, Atlantic City. New York Forestry Association.—President, Morris K. Jesup, New York City; secretary, —_——. North Carolina Forestry Association.—President, W. E. Petty, Seaboard Air Line; secretary, W. W. Ashe, Chapel Hill. Pennsylvania Forestry Association.—President, John Birkinbine, 1012 Walnut street, Philadelphia; secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock, commissioner of forestry, Harrisburg; corresponding secretary, Mrs. John P. Lundy, 245 South Eighteenth street, Philadelphia. Utah Forestry Association.—President, Dr. J. R. Park; secretary, Prof. C. A. Whiting, Salt Lake City. Washington Forestry Association.—President, Edmond S. Meany; secretary, Albert Bryan. California Society for Conserving the Waters and Forests.—President, Hon. J. M. Gleaves; secretary, E. H. Benjamin. Chester County, S. C., The Forestry Association of.—President, Judge J. J. McClure; secretary and treasurer, Prof. H. A. Green. Kansas State Horticultural Society.—President, Hon. Fred. Wellhouse, Topeka; secretary, William H. Barnes, statehouse, ground floor, north wing, Topeka. Mazamas, The.—President, W. G. Steel, Portland, Oreg.; secretary, Frank E. Donaldson, 264 Stark street, Portland, Minnesota State Horticultural Society.—President, W. W. Prendergast, Lake City; secretary, A. W. Latham, 207 Kasota Block, Minneapolis. Sierra Club.—President, John Muir, Martinez, Cal.; secretary (corresponding), Prof. W.R. Dudley, OFFICERS OF HORTICULTURAL AND KINDRED SOCIETIES. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF NURSERYMEN, 1899. President, A. L. Brooke, North Topeka, Kans.; vice-president, E. Albertson, Bridgeport, Ind.; secretary, George C. Seager, Rochester, N. Y.; treasurer, C. L. Yates, Rochester, N.Y. . AMERICAN CARNATION SOCIETY, 1898. President, William Nicholson, Framingham, Mass.; vice-president, William P. Craig, Philadelphia, Pa.; secretary, Albert M. Herr, Lancaster, Pa.; treasurer, Fred Dorner, jr., Lafayette, Ind, AMERICAN CRANBERRY GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION, 1899. President, E. H. Durell, Woodbury, N. J.; vice-president, C. L. Holman, Lake- wood, N. J.; secretary and treasurer, A. J. Rider, Trenton, N. J. AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 1898-99. President, C. L. Watrous, Des Moines, Iowa; secretary, William A. Taylor, 55 @ street NE., Washington, D. C.; treasurer, L. R. Taft, Agricultural College, ichigan. CHRYSANTHEMUM SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 1899. President, Elijah A. Wood, West Newton, Mass.; vice-president, E. G. Hiil, Richmond, Ind.; secretary, Elmer D. Smith, Adrian, Mich.; treasurer, John N, May, Summit, N. J. CIDER AND CIDER-VINEGAR ASSOCIATION OF THE NORTHWEST, 1899. President. F. C. Johnson, Kishwaukee, Ill.; vice-president, Charles -C. Bell, Boonville, Mo.: secretary and treasurer, George Miltenberger, No. 213, North Second street, St. Louis, Mo. 622 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. EASTERN NURSERYMEN’S ASSOCIATION, 1898 AND 1899. President, W. C. Barry, Rochester, N. Y.; vice-president, R. G. Chase, Geneva, — N. Y.; secretary and treasurer, William Pitkin, Rochester, N. Y. MISSOURI VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1899. President, Homer Reed, Tenth and Broadway, Kansas City, Mo.; vice-president, Clarence V. Holsinger, Rosedale, Kans.; secretary, Clarence A. Chandler, Argen- tine, Kans.; treasurer, G. F. Espenlaub, Rosedale, Kans, NORTHWEST FROIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION, 1899. President, Dr. N. G. Blalock, Wallawalla, Wash.; vice-presidents, C, A. Porter, Lewiston, Idaho; E. L. Smith, Hood River, Oreg.; Frank L. Wheeler, Yakima, Wash.; secretary, C. A. Tonneson, 110 Twelfth street, Tacoma, Wash.; treasurer, W.S. Offner, Wallawalla, Wash. + sad oy i PENINSULA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1899. President, R. 5. Emory, Chestertown, Md.; vice-president, Joseph E. Carter, Smyrna, Del.; secretary-treasurer, Wesley Webb, Dover, Del. y Sto. bein on eee SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FLORISTS AND ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURISTS, 1898. President, W. N. Rudd, Chicago, Ill.; vice-president, Philip Breitmyer, Detroit, Mich.: secretary, William J. Stewart, Boston, Mass.; treasurer, H. N. Beatty, Oil City, Pa. , STATE SOCIETIES. ‘ Arkansas State Horticultural Society, 1899.— President Frank Hill, Little Rock; vice-president, A. W. Poole, Ozark; secretary, J. T. Stinson, Fayetteville; treas- urer, 5S. A. Williams, Fort Smith. California State Floral Society, 1899.—President, E. J. Wickson, Berkeley; secre- tary, Emory E. Smith, Palo Alto. Pomological Society of Southern California, 1898.—President, Abbot Kinney, Los Angeles; vice-president, D. Edson Smith, Santa Ana; secretary and treasurer, G. H. A. Goodwin, Los Angeles. Connecticut Pomological Society, 1898.—President, J. H. Hale, South Gilaston- bury; vice-president, J. H. Merriman, New Britain; secretary, H. C. C. Miles, Mil- * ford; treasurer, R. A. Moore, Kensington. Florida State Horticultural Society, 1898-99.—President, G. L. Taber, Glen St. re secretary, Stephen Powers, Jacksonville; treasurer, W. 8S. Hart, Hawks Park. Georgia State Horticultural Society, 1898-99.—President, P. J. Berckmians, Augusta; vice-president, First district, G. M. Ryals, Savannah; secretary, G. H. Miller, Rome; treasurer, Louis E. Berckmans, Augusta. Idaho State Horticultural Society, 1898-99.—President, A. McPherson, Boise; vice-president, Robert Schleicher, Lewiston; secretary, Robert Milliken, Nampa; treasurer, R. M. Gwinn, Caldwell. Illinois State Horticultural Society, 1898-99.—President, Henry M. Dunlap, Savoy; vice-president, H. A. Aldrich, Neoga; secretary, L. R. Bryant, Princeton; treasurer, I. W. Stanton, Richview. Horticultural Society of Northern Illinois, 1899.—President, J. L. Hartwell, Dixon; vice-president, O. W. Barnard, Manteno; secretary, A. W. Bryant, Prince- ton; treasurer, L. Woodard, Marengo. Horticultural Society of Southern Illinois, 1899.—President, J. W. Stanton, Richview; vice-president, N. L. Beal, Mount Vernon; secretary and treasurer, E, G. Mendenhall, Kinmundy. Indiana State Horticultural Society, 1898-99.—President, C. M. Hobbs, Bridge- port; secretary, James Troop, Lafayette; treasurer, Sylvester Johnson, Irvington. —_ Iowa State Horticultural Society, 1898-99.—President, Charles F. Gardner, Osage; vice-president, M. J.. Wragg, Waukee; secretary, George H. Van Houten, Des Moines; treasurer, W. M. Bomberger, Harlan. Northeastern lowa Horticultural Society, 1899.—President, Charles F. Gardner. Osage; vice-president, Elmer Reeves, Waverly; secretary, Charles H. True, Edge- wood; treasurer, G. A, Ivins, Iowa Falls. Northwestern lowa Horticultural Society, 1899.—President, M. E. Hinkley, Marcus; vice-president, C. W. Conner, Sac City; treasurer, Ben Shoultz, Corree- tionville; secretary, W. B. Chapman, Washta. f ‘4 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 623 Southeastern Iowa Horticultural Society, 1899.—President, W. S. Fultz, Mus- catine; vice-president, W. T. Richey, Albia; secretary, C. W. Burton, Cedar Rapids; treasurer, Wesley Greene, Davenport. Southwestern Iowa Horticultural Society, 1898-99.—President, D. W. Lotspeech, Woodbine; vice-president, J. P. Jackson, Glenwood; secretary, W. M. Bomberger, Harlan; treasurer, I. M. Needles, Atlantic. Kansas State Horticultural Society, 1898.—President, Fred Wellhouse, Topeka; vice-president, J. W. Robison, Eldorado; secretary, William H. Barnes, Topeka; treasurer, Frank Holsinger, Rosedale. Kentucky State Horticultural Society.—President, M. F. Johnson, Fern Creek; secretary, J. A. Hawes, Fern Creek. Maine State Pomological Society, 1899.—President, W. M. Munson, Orono: sec- retary, Elijah Cook, Vassalboro; treasurer, Charles S. Pope, Manchester. Maryland State Horticultural Society, 1899.—President, James S. Harris, Cole- man; vice-president, S. B. Loose, Hagerstown; secretary and treasurer, W. G. Johnson, College Park. Horticultural Association cf Western Maryland, 1898.--President, William D. Hughes, Smithsburg; vice-president, J. Pearson Loose, Hagerstown; secretary, Arthur Towson, Smithsburg; treasurer, Samuel Welty, Edgemont. Massachusetts Fruit Growers’ Association, 1898.—President, George Cruick- shanks, Fitchburg; vice-president, John W. Clark, North Hadley; secretary, Ss. T. Maynard, Amherst; treasurer, Ethan Brooke, West Springfield. Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 1898-99.—President, Francis H. Appleton, Boston; vice-president, Charles H. B, Breck, Boston; secretary, Robert Manning, 101 Tremont street, Boston; treasurer, Charles E. Richardson, 101 Tremont street, . Boston. Cape Cod Cranberry Growers’ Association, 1899.—President, Emulus Small, Harwick Port; vice-president, Luther Hall, Dennis; secretary and treasurer, Franklin Crocker, Hyannis. Michigan State Horticultural Society, 1899.—President, C. J. Monroe, South Haven; vice-president, R. D. Graham, Grand Rapids; secretary, Edwy C. Reid, Allegan; treasurer, Asa W. Slayton, Grand Rapids. West Michigan Horticultural Society, 1898.—President, Walter Phillips, Grand Haven; vice-president, N. P. Husted, Lowell; secretary, C. A. French, Grand Rapids; treasurer, A. Hamilton, Bangor. Minnesota State Horticultural Society, 1899.—President, W. W. Prendergast, Hutchison; vice-president, F. W. Kimball, Austin; secretary, A. W. Latham, 207 Kasota Block, Minneapolis; treasurer, C. W. Sampson, Eureka. Southern Minnesota Horticultural Society, 1898-99.—President, J. C. Hawkins, Austin; vice-president, Jonathan Freeman, Austin; secretary and treasurer, Roberts Parkhill, Chatfield. Missouri State Horticultural Society, 1898-99.—President, N. F. Murray, Ore- gon; vice-president, D. A. Robnett, Columbia; secretary, L. A. Goodman, West- port; treasurer, A. Nelson, Lebanon. Central Missouri Horticultural Association.—President, R. L. Moore, Boon- ville; vice-president, D. Edwards, Boonville; secretary, C. C. Bell, Boonville; treasurer, W. A. Smiley. Boonville. South Missouri Horticultural Association, 1899.—President, D. J. Nichols, West Plains; secretary and treasurer, J. T. Snodgrass, West Plains. Montana State Horticultural Society, 1498.—President, S. M. Emery, Bozeman; secretary, C. H. Edwards, Missoula; treasurer, A. Hollensteiner, Lolo. Nebraska State Horticultural Society, 1898-99.—President, George H. Marshall, Arlington; vice-president, J. H. Hadkinson, Omaha; secretary, C. H. Barnard, Table Rock: treasurer, Peter Youngers, jr., Geneva. New Hampshire Horticultural Society, 1899.—President, C. C. Shaw, Milford; vice-president, J. W. Farr, Littleton; secretary, W. D. Baker, Quincy; treasurer, T. E. Hunt, Lakeport. New Jersey State Horticultural Society, 1898-99.—President, S. B. Ketcham, Pennington; vice-president, David Baird, Baird; secretary, Henry I. Budd, Mount Holly; treasurer, Charles L. Jones, Newark. New Mexico Horticultural Society, 1898-99.—President, L. Bradford Prince, Santa Fe; vice-president, W. S. Harroun, Santa Fe; secretary, Jose D. Sena, Santa Fe; treasurer, Soloman Spiegelberg, Santa Fe. Eastern New York Horticultural Society, 1898.—President, James Wood, Mount Kisco; vice-president, W. F. Taber, Poughkeepsie; secretary and treasurer, E. Van Alstyne, Kinderhook. Western New York Horticultural Society, 189S-99.—President, W. C. Barry, Rochester; vice-president, S. D. Willard, Geneva: secretary and treasurer, John Hall, Rochester. 624 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. North Carolina State Horticultural Society, 1898-99.—President, J. Van Lind- ley, Pomona; secretary and treasurer, Thomas L. Brown, Greensboro. Ohio State Horticultural Society, 1898-99.—President, E. H. Cushman, Euclid; vice-president, W. N. Scarff, New Carlisle; secretary, W. W. Farnsworth, Water- ville: treasurer, N. Ohmer, Dayton. Oklahoma Agricultural, Horticultural, and Irrigation Association.—President, Cc. A. McNabb, Oklahoma City; vice-president, H. C. St. Clair, Kingfisher; secre- tary-treasurer, W. T. Little, Norman. Oregon State Horticultural Society, 1899.—President, H. B. Miller, Eugene; vice-president, L. T. Reyno'ds, Salem: secretary and treasurer, E. R. Lake, Corvallis. Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association, 1898-99.—President, 8. B. Heiges, York; secretary, Cyrus T. Fox, Reading. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1899.—President, James M. Rhodes, Phila- delphia; vice-president, Robert Craig, Philadelphia; secretary, David Rust, Hor- ticultural Hall, Philadelphia; treasurer, William F. Dreer, Philadelphia. Rhode Island Horticultural Society, 1898.—President, Levi W. Russell, Provi- dence; vice-president, R. H. I. Goddard, Providence; secretary and treasurer, Charles W. Smith, 61 Westminster street, Providence. South Dakota State Horticultural Society, 1899.—President, H. C. Warner, For- estburg; vice-president, C. W. Gurney, Yankton; secretary, N. E. Hansen, Brook- ings; treasurer, G. H. Whiting, Yankton. East Tennessee Horticultural Society, 1899.—President, J. R. Stradley, Hiwas- see College; vice-president, H. Lightfoot, Jersey; secretary and treasurer, Paul F. Kefauver, Madisonville, West Tennessee Horticultural Society, 1898.—President, J. W. Rosamon, Gads- den; secretary and treasurer, L. C. James, Gibson. Texas State Horticultural Society, 1898-99.—President, C. Falkner, Waco; vice- president, F. W. Malley, Hulen; secretary, E. L. Huffman, Fort Worth; treasurer, D. O. Lively, Fort Worth. Vermont Horticultural Society, 1898.—President, T. L. Kinney, South Hero; secretary and treasurer, F. A. Waugh, Burlington. Virginia State Horticultural Society, 1898-99.—President, Samuel B. Woods, Charlottesville; vice-president, W. H. Boaz, Covesville; secretary-treasurer, George E. Murrell, Colemans Falls. West Virginia State Horticultural Society, 1898-99.—President, R. C. Burkhart, Martinsburg; vice-president, J. H. Crawford, Organ Cave; secretary, L. C. Cor- bett, Morgantown. Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, 1898.—President, L. G. Kellogg, Ripon; vice-president, Franklin Johnson, Baraboo; secretary, A. J. Philips, West Salem; treasurer, R. J. Coe, Fort Atkinson. Wisconsin State Cranberry Growers’ Association, 1899.—President, Charles Briers, Grand Rapids; vice-president, 8. M. Whittlesey, Cranmoor; treasurer, Melvin Potter, Centralia. PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY. NATIONAL OFFICERS. Master, Aaron Jones, South Bend, Ind.; overseer, O. H. Hale, North Stock- holm, N. Y.; lecturer, Alpha Messer, Rochester, Vt.; treasurer, Mrs. E. 5. McDowell, Columbus, Ohio; secretary, John Trimble, No. 514 F street NW., Washington, D. C.; executive committee, N. J. Batchelder, Concord, N. H.; J. J. Woodman, Paw Paw, Mich.; 8S. H. Messick, Bridgeville, Del.; ex officio, Aaron Jones, South Bend, Ind, aye é ete 625 PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY. “required -oq ur Aupsony, pur |--""~~ PAOTTAL “1eqmed -eq ut Aupsony, puoosaeg |---~~ T9ysqo MA *19Q09 -99 ur Avpseny, puodag |-----~ Aqroquy “1equ1ed -eq ut Aupseny, puooag |----~- eq 0AB YT “p 00d ‘stjodveu daqye Awpsony, puooes | -urpl ‘1¢F Xog ‘od “-“loqay way ‘od uojseg T}Nog ‘eq ured -oq ut Awpsony, puooseg | purfoy oye] “laqmieo -oq urAepseny, par, ~-----~~ OSI ‘od THE qorngp ‘Ieqmied | -oq ut Avpseny, puooeg |------- eTIBLO *10qQ02900 ur Avpseny -puovaeg |------- xouo'yT ‘od *-= qaoyyuRe.ly Gaal no ejundg ‘od “Aria sodog “loqmmeleq ur Awpseny, puoosg |- uoysurarrwy ‘od ~AInquoysvpy “LOA ‘Aavenuve = |-ueq ‘400.148 ur Aupsony, puoves /q}UeessT Sevl *“1eqoy -990 ut ABpsony, ySangq |-----~ uopreys “A[ne uLABpUOy_ puo -oes Jeyjye ABpsoupaAy |----- > qgrmmbrop | “SurTjoour JO oyeq | “e0qjO-Jsog | ‘susttey Aq BIIOtYLYO puv toZ01g Aq popnyjout st ofepy ose !njosouurf_ 04 poxouny o “uosur “Woyny OH | Sle aomyes “UFUBD “YL | LOTINE “ysaneq Be 2 oa aan eS Aqtoquy “=== £09 “fA. |""~ Bagunetop ‘sumBpYy “f CV (SAW | uopsurmoolg “TONG eruuer SSI, | ~* Sanqsyord ‘pae -MOFPT*N ‘ULAA |* >> 109800.10 AA spueg ‘gq ‘ULM |""""">" Ao[sog quout ~AqaqryT i ‘a | Ted Lez Ue ‘Sut uUMOIg “y ‘¢ |-eT[TAsurydoyy CUES ORD os eqyelO IOUINT, UYOL | -LojysotouRyy *LOIZBA GT ‘cots Bin purpyy10p “ApEOsT SOUT, | 57 sar BSBIq a aOTA ROT | > cot uOSMEG SIOPIVS" MAA [777777 TOALNBT “SIMMOO'T "WT "ET |“ WeAB_T AON “mos STRAND TTEAN. |i ah weplop ‘OOSLOUBA “UILOT RIT URg ‘Joo748 aus SSI | PIULOFITBD ONE “al ‘ploy -eyouyg ‘“Wq |--opuersopv, “£18 yo.100g “e0Ugo-ysog saoqoy ‘Cf | T8(93H) “8 ‘A ‘ysneq 18H HO MM} ‘Koy LER, oor ‘SI “plegoras ULOLOH “SPL “Su0.14S “V ‘A “mOpsULt “IBA Vv ‘ua “rom AT -10J “H ‘00 ~ yank ‘a ~~ HBO WL ~- ATMOF “UTA T09STTIOH "H' AA “somo "Mf “107}0LL, °O'O “syoqoy A'S ti SI “H SOUL, ‘%ld Ss UBULLO NT *£OT “SBT, POOATH --ueso7T ‘qv ‘0014 “punoy "f° M ‘foINsBvaly, paoou0, | Sane a BUIODE A sSsu[y) “-- £410 Ysny “"-- MBg MET ~ eSpraqanys Fake vanyTyO ~~ OLOQTBSSB A ae, eae OSU ae ee eyodoy, nip ee ae xouoe'y a queysory “uogsUIT NOG “LOA -ueq ‘3909148 YIUoeoF jl VOCS e0Tyo-4s0g ‘T YOuv]y Uo pazoaja sp wwf os ‘gest 4of suaofo “ayzo pun saajspU JO JSVT “SHDNVUD ALVLS JO SUAOIAAO “JTVOJOW | "FH Laue |7-"*- paoouog | -aepreqoug ‘¢‘*N earqsdureyy Moy ““@0A0G “A “V | © W0sz10q[NY) |" SUIBITITA “Wf | VASvIqoN ““Ssuot “ti |= Upureuom |" -.- = Ses OD... 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President, Edward Furnas, Nevada, lowa; vice-presidents, E. J. Bye, West Branch, lowa; F. E. Fitch, Bellevue, Ohio; William Toole, Baraboo, Wis.; T. J. Meighen, Forestville, Minn.; A. 8. Brewer, Tampico, Ill.; W. A. Kelsey, Dunfee, Ind.; J. W. Arrasmith, Colfax, Wash.; T. Bedard, Frenchtown, Mont.; J. Bur- rows, Lincoln, Nebr.; secretary and treasurer, August Post, Moulton, Iowa: lec- turer, George E. Lawrence, Marion, Ohio. FARMERS’ NATIONAL CONGRESS. President, Hon. W. D. Hoard, Fort Atkinson, Wis.; secretary, John Stahl, No. 4328 Langley avenue, Chicago, Ill. REVIEW OF WEATHER AND CROP CONDITIONS, SEASON OF 1898. January averaged mild in all districts east of the Rocky Mountains with the exception of northern New England, where it was somewhat colder than usual. In the Ohio, Mississippi, and Missouri valleys the month was exceptionally mild, the average temperature excess amounting to 15° in the Dakotas and western Minnesota. It was colder than usual over the central and southern Rocky Moun- tain districts and in California. This month was characterized by exceptionally light precipitation in the Pacific coast districts and in the South Atlantic and East Gait States, while over the Lower Mississippi and Ohio valleys and New England the precipitation was much greater than usual. February was mild throughout the country except southward of the Ohio River and eastward of the Mississippi River, where it was much colder than usual, the month being decidedly mild over the eastern Rocky Mountain slope andin the Missouri and Red River of the North valleys. There was somewhat more precipi- tation than occurred in January in the Pacific coast districts, but in Oregon and California there was a marked deficiency as compared with the February average, which intensified the drought conditions prevailing over the greater part of Cali- fornia. February was also exceptionally dry in the central Mississippi and Ohio valleys, and generally throughout the Middle and South Atlantic and East Gulf States, with more than the usual amount of rain over the greater part of the Lake region, on the central Gulf coast, and in portions of the North Pacific coast region. East of the Rocky Mountains March averaged mild, with temperatures ranging from 3° to 12° per day above normal, the greatest excess occurring in the lower Lake region, while to the westward of the Rocky Mountains the month was unusu- ally cold, the average daily deficiency in temperature ranging from 3° to 9°. Throughout the Pacific coast region this month was exceptionally dry, and at its close the seasonal deficiency in portions of California was unprecedented. There was also a marked deficiency in the monthly precipitation in the East Gulf States and generally throughout the Atlantic coast districts, but in the lower Lake region, Ohio, central Mississippi, and Lower Missouri valleys the precipitation was unusually heavy. Upon the whole, the weather conditions during March were favorable to agri- cultural interests. At the close of the month farm work was exceptionally well advanced for the season in the Atlantic coast and Gulf States, though retarded by excessive rains in the Ohio and central Mississippi valleys and Lake region. Winter wheat made rapid growth and generally was reported in excellent condi- tion. Spring-wheat seeding was well advanced in Nebraska and Iowa and some had been sown in the southern portions of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and South Dakota. In California the outlook for wheat was very unpromising, except in irrigated districts. No torn had been planted northward of Tennessee, but a large part of the crop had been planted in the Gulf States, where early planted was up, with goodstands. Im Texascorn sustained some injury as a result of low temperatures during the latter part of March. Some cotton had been planted over the southern portion of the cotton belt, and preparations for planting were well advanced over the central and northern portions. SUMMARY OF THE SEASON, BY WEEKS. By weeks ending with Monday, from April 11 to September 26, the crop condi- tions may be summarized as follows: April 11.—The weather conditions of this week were very unfavorable for farm- ing operations, germination of seed, and growth of vegetation. Freezing tem- peratures occurred as far south as the northern portions of the Gulf States and the North Carolina coast, with damaging frosts generally throughout the Gulf States and light frosts as far south as central Florida. The conditions were espe- cially unfavorable for early planted corn in the Southern States, and in North 628 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Carolina, Georgia, and Arkansas some was killed by frost. In Alabama and — Mississippi nearly the whole corn crop was planted, but growth of the early — planted was checked by low temperatures. In Nebraska, Kansas, lowa, Illinois, — Indiana, and Ohio, plowing for corn progressed favorably, but in Missouri little progress was made. Winter wheat in the Atlantic coast and East Gulf States, Tennessee, Missouri, and Kansas was generally in excellent condition, and, while but slight growth was made in Illinois, the crop in that State was in thrifty con- dition. Cold weather affected the wheat crop unfavorably in West Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, Nebraska, and Washington. In Oregon the outlook for wheat was excellent, but in California drought injured the crop beyond recovery in many sections, but where irrigated it did well. Spring-wheat seeding was nearly completed in Nebraska, Iowa, and in the southern portion of South Dakota, and was well advanced in central South Dakota and southern Minnesota. Seeding had begun in the northern portion of South Dakota. In North Dakota frost was still in the ground and no seeding had been done. Oats were in excellent condi- tion in the Atlantic coast and East Gulf States, seeding nearly completed in Iowa, well advanced in Nebraska, and in progress in Illinois and Michigan. The oat crop was damaged to some extent by freezing weather and frosts in Kansas, Mis- souri, and Tennessee. The reports indicated that great damage had beendoneto fruit in the Middle Atlantic States as far north as southern New Jersey, and gen- erally from the Ohio River southward to the northern portion of the Gulf States. Much damage was also done in Oklahoma, Missouri, and Arkansas, and whilethe effects of the cold were less serious in the States north of the Ohio River, fruit sus- . tained more or less injury in Illinois,Ohio, and Pennsylvania. But little damage ia was done, however, in Indiana and New York; and in Michigan and New England f fruit buds had not been injured. Early-planted cotton was injured by frost in portions of Alabama, Mississippi,and Louisiana. In Texas planting progressed favorably over the southern and central portions, where, however, the early- planted came up to poor stands, requiring some replanting. Preparations for 5 planting were well advanced over northern Texas, where some planting was done. , Some planting also was done in southern Arkansas. Tobacco plants were seri- ously injured by frost in Kentucky, and sustained some damage in Virginia. >. April 18.—The general weather conditions were more favorable than in the / preceding week, and over the Northern, Central, and Western States were, upon the whole, very favorable. In Southern States the week was too cool and in some : sections too dry, while over portions of the Ohio, central Mississippi, and Lower Missouri valleys it was too wet. In California drought conditions were further intensified. Asa result of the cold weather of the previous week much replant- ing of corn was necessary in the Southern States. Corn planting was in progress as far north as the southern portions of Missouri and Illinois, and preparations for planting were well advanced in the more northeriy States. Im Kansas plant- ing was nearly completed in the southern part of the State and in progress in the central counties. In lowa a large area was prepared for corn, and conditions were favorable for early planting. The reports concerning winter wheat were gener- ally favorable, and a decided improvement, as compared with the conditions in the preceding week, was reported from Indiana and Ohio, while the crop was recover- ing from the effects of cold weather in Kentucky and Tennessee. In Michigan wheat was much in need of rain, while in California the crop was expected to prove a failure except in the northern coast counties and in limited areas in the interior valleys. Considerable wheat had been sown in the northern portion of the spring-wheat region and seeding nearly completed in the southern portions of Minnesota and South Dakota. In Oregon the wheat crop made good growth and was in promising condition. Oat seeding progressed satisfactorily in the more northerly States. The bulk of the crop was now sown in the States of the central valleys, and in Iowa and Nebraska early-sown fields were coming up nicely, and in Kentucky and Tennessee were recovering from the effects of freezing tempera- tures of the previous week. The outlook for fruit in the Northern and Western States was generally very favorable, the reports indicating that the effects of cold in the Middle Atlantic and Southern States would prove less serious than was expected. Tobacco plants were plentiful in the Carolinas, Kentucky, and Vir- ginia, and the condition of the beds in Maryland fair. In Indiana and North Carolina tobacco plants were injured lightly by frost. Some transplanting was done in South Carolina. Cool weather prevailed in the cotton region and was unfavorable for the germination of seed planted, especially in the central and eastern portions, where the crop came up slowly and in some sections to bad stands. In central and southern Texas the recently planted cotton came up well, and planting was well under way over the northern part of the State. Some cotton was planted in Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee. Z April 25.—This week was too cool for the best results in New England, the cen- ; WEATHER AND CROP CONDITIONS FOR 1898, 629 tral valleys and East Gulf States, while excessive moisture retarded farm work generally in the States northward of the Ohio River and in the East Gulf States. In the Middle and South Atlantic States, Texas, the Dakotas, generally throughout the Rocky Mountain region, and on the North Pacific coast the weather conditions were more favorable. No rain fell in California; consequently the severe drought continued unbroken. Droughtalsocontinuedin Florida, though partially relieved in localities in the northern portion of the State. The bulk of the corn crop was planted southward of the northern boundaries of Arkansas, Tennessee, and the Carolinas; but northward of this line, except in Kansas, s!ow progress was made, owing to excessive rains and cool weather. Nocorn had yet been planted in Indi- ana, but planting had begun in portions of Ohio, Virginia, Maryland, and Penn- sylvania. A little planting had also been done in Nebraska. Poor stands were reported from the South Atlantic States, and but slight growth made generally in the Southern States. In southern and central Texas, however, the corn crop was growing well and was receiving its second cultivation; over northern Texas it was late and irregular. The winter-wheat crop continued in promising condition in the principal wheax States of the central valleys. Further improvement in wheat was reported from Ohio, and in Michigan it was benefitec by rain. In the South- ern States wheat was heading. Asaresult of the severe drought in California, the grain crop was reported to be injured beyond recovery, except in the northern coast counties and in some foothill regions. Spring-wheat seeding was nearing completion in Minnesota, South Dakota, and over the southern portion of North Dakota, and seeding well advanced over the northern portion of North Dakota andin Montana. Slow progress was made with oat seeding where unfinished in the more northerly States. In the central and southern portions of the country the crop made favorable progress; the early sown was nearing maturity in some sections. Cotton planting was about completed over the southern section of the cotton region and well advanced over the northern portion. The early planted was making but slow growth over the central and eastern portion of the cotton belt, while poor stands were reported from Georgia, Florida, and Mississippi. There was an abundant supply of tobacco plants, and transplanting continued in South Carolina and commenced in North Carolina. Tobaccosuffered from drought th Florida. The general outlook for fruit in the Northern States continued promis- ing, and prospecis in the middle and southern sections appeared more favorable. May 2.—In the Atlantic Coast and East Gulf States this week was not favorable, being much too cool, with excessive moisture along the immediate coast from the Carolinas northward to southern New England; while high winds with freezing temperatures in the States of the Upper Missouri Valley were very unfavorable. In the Upper Mississippi, Lower Missouri, and Ohio valleys, Lake Region, and West Gulf States the conditions were more favorable, although excessive rains retarded farm work in Missouri and portions of Kansas, Illinois, and Arkansas. On the Pacific coast the week was especially favorable in Washington and Oregon, and beneficial showers fell over portions of southern California. Frosts occurred as far south as the Carolinas and northern Florida, and snow fell over a considerable portion of the Middle Atlantic States. Slow progress was made with corn plant- ing in the central valleys and Middle Atlantic States, and in the Southern States growth of corn was retarded, although its condition was improved somewhat by the end of the week. In Texas the conditions were more favorable, and the crop generally did well. Planting began in Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana, but was not gen- eral. Exceptin California the reportsconcerning winter wheat continued favorable and indicatedthat the general condition of thiscrop was most promising. Further improvement was reported from Ohio and Michigan, but in Virginia excessive rains and low temperatures caused it to turn yellow tosome extent. High winds caused damage to spring wheat in the Dakotas and Nebraska, but elsewhere in the spring- wheat region the reports indicated that the crop was doing well. In the central valleys and in theSouthern States the outlook for oats was generally favorable, but slow growth was reported over portions of the Ohio Valley and Central Gulf States. Seeding was delayed in Pennsylvania, but practically completed in Michigan and Wisconsin. Except in Texas, the reports concerning cotton indicated that it had come up to poor stands and that it had made siow growth, while in the Carolinas the crop suffered injury from frost. Considerable planting remained to be done in Mississippi, but in general the bulk of the crop was planted. In Texas cotton made rapid growth over the central and southern portions of the State and was coming up to good stands in the central and northern portions. Tobacco beds escaped injury from frost in North Carolina, and the outlook fora plentiful supply of plants continued favorable. Some transplanting was done in Tennessee. May 9.—This week was much too cool for best results over nearly the whole country. There was deficient sunshine with excessive moisture from the m:ddle Rocky Mountain slope eastward over the central portions of the country to the 630 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. middle Atlantic and southern New England coasts, while very heavy rainfall caused destructive freshets in Oklahoma and portions of Arkansas and retarded — farm work in southern Misscuri, Kentucky, the Middle Atlantic States, and New England. In the Southern States the first half of the week was very favor. but the latter part was much too cool, while in the States of the Upper Mississi ted River of the North, and Upper Missouri valleys the latter part of the week was more favorable than the first. In Texas and on the North Pacifie coast the week was favorable throughout, but in California severe and protracted dro: continued. As in the preceding week, slow progress was made with corn pla: in the Central and Northern sections; but little had been planted in Nebraska, — : Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan, while planting was much delayed over the northern portion of the Middle Atlantic States. Although somewhat improved in the Southern States, growth of corn was checked by cool weather of the latter part of the week, while complaints of rotting were received from portions of Kan- sas and southern Missouri. Considerable replanting was necessary in Arkansas and Oklahoma as a result of freshets. In Texas the crop was well cultivated and in a promising condition, except in some localities in the central portion where it was damaged by chinch bugs. The condition of winter wheat continued most promising, except in California, where the crop promised to be a failure in all but irrigated and foothill sections. Further improvement in wheat was reported from Ohio and Michigan, while in portions of Missouri and Virginia the crop deterio- rated to some extent as the resuit of excessive rains. In Washington and Oregon the outlook for wheat was most flattering. The general condition of spring wheat was also very promising, the reports indicating that it had largely recovered in those sections where damaged by high winds during the preceding week. Seed- ing was finished except over the northern portion of North Dakota. The condi- tion of oats in the Ohio Valley and Middle Atlantic States was generally favorable, but was less promising than previously reported in portions of the South Atlantic and East Gulf States, while in Nebraska the crop made but slow growth. Cot- ton was in need of warm sunshine throughout the cotton belt, and rain was needed over the eastern portions. Planting was now practically completed. Good stands were reported from Tennessee and Mississippi, variable from South Carolina and Louisiana, and poor from Georgia and Florida. In Texas cottor was generally well cultivated over the southern portion and came up to Leow stands in the northern sections, but the weather was too cool for growth, and the crop had been washed out in places by heavy rains. May 16.—Under the favorable weather conditions which prevailed throughout 4 nearly the whole country during this week farm work and growth of crops made exceptional progress. Farming operations, however, were interrupted by rains in portions of the Lower Missouri, Central Mississippi, and Upper Ohio valleys, and in the Middle Atlantic States, while frosts occurred in portions of the Lake ion, New England, and the Middle Atlantic States. Generous rains, renga 0.50 to 1.25 inches, fell over the greater part of California, where marked shortage in seasonal precipitation existed. These rains were the heaviest since February in California, and in some sections the heaviest of the season, and were beneficial to grass and that portion of the grain crop not permanently injured. Hay, however, sustained damage. Corn planting in the principal corn States of the central val- leys made rapid progress, notwithstanding the wet soil, resulting from excessive rains of this and the preceding week. Corn planting was nearing completion in Indiana, over the greater part of Iowa, and in central and western Kansas; in Hli- nois about one-half of the crop was planted, and planting was well advanced in — South Dakota, Minnesota, and Michigan, while but little had been done in Wis- consin, and considerable remained to be planted in the Middle Atlantic States. As a result of the excessive moisture and cool weather of the preceding week in the — central valleys, germination was slow, and in portions of Missouri some rotting re was reported. The general condition of the corn crop in the Southern States was e improved. The previously reported favorable condition of the winter-wheat _— continued. Some lowland wheat in Missouri, however, was unfavorably aff by heavy rains, and in Michigan the crop, although showing improvement, needed # rain. Wheat was now heading as far north as southern Kansas, the Ohio Valley, and the southern portion of the Middle Atlantic States and was ri gin Texas. In Oregon a full crop was practically assured. This week marked the completion of spring-wheat seeding. The early sown had made good growth, and its condi- tion was reported as generully promising in the States of the Upper Missouri, Red — River of the North, and Upper Mississippi valleys, but in Oregon and Washington it needed rain. Oat seeding continued in North Dakota, while the crop was near- ing maturity in the Southern States, and harvesting had begun in Texas. The condition of the crop was promising. Cotton made slow growth in the central and eastern portions of the cotton belt, although generally some improvement was WEATHER AND CROP CONDITIONS FOR 1898. 631 reported from these sections. In southern Texas the crop did well, except in the extreme eastern portion, where rain was needed, while over the central and north- ern portions of the State the weather wastoocool. Tobacco planting was in general progress in Tennessee and had begun in Maryland and Virginia, plants being ready to set in Ohio. In the Carolinas and Florida tobacco did well. The supply of plants was generally abundant. May 23.—The weather conditions of this week were most favorable for crop growth throughout the central valleys, Lake Region, Middle Atlantic States, New England, and on the north Pacific coast. The high average temperatures through- out all districts east of. the Rocky Mountains proved especially beneficial, but excessive rains in the central valleys and in portions of the lower Lake Region and Middle Atlantic States retarded farm work and caused rapid growth of weeds, while portions of the South Atlantic and East Gulf States suffered from drought. It was too cool forrapid growth of vegetation in the States of the Rocky Mountain region. Cloudy and wet weather in the central valleys and on the Middle Atlantic coast greatly delayed corn ping ES but was very favorable for germination and growth of the early planted. In the Southern States corn was in silk and tassel and generally doing well in the West Gulf States, but in the East Gulf States suffered from drought. Winter wheat made rapid growth and was generally in excellent condition. It continued to improve in Ohio and Michigan, but was injured by excessive rains on lowlands in Missouri. The crop was now heading as far north as the central portion of Kansas, Missouri, Dlinois, and Indiana, and harvesting had begun in Georgia and Texas. In Oregon and Washington the out- look was excellent, and rains of the two previous weeks in California improved the grain outlcok in that State. Spring wheat was mostly in fine condition in the Dakotas and Minnesota, and greatly improved in Wisconsin and eastern Wash- ington. The general condition of the oat crop was very good, although damaged to some extent by rains in lowlands in Missouri and by drought in the Carolinas and Alabama. Under favorable conditions cotton showed improvement, especially over the eastern portions of the cotton belt, excepting Florida, where its condition was poor. In Louisiana late planted cotton was not up and the ground was too dry for germination. In Texas the crop was Jate and in localities weedy, but improved generally, though needing sunshine. The greater part of the tobacco crop was planted as far north as Tennessee and North Carolina, and planting was well advanced in Kentucky, but north of the Ohio River and in the Middle Atlantic States little planting had been done. Plants were generally abundant. May 30.—As in the preceding week, the weather conditions were especially favorable for crops in the principal agricultural States, the high average temper- atures throughout the central valleys and Southern States having been decidedly beneficial. Rain, however, was needed in the Gulf States, while excessive mois- ture retarded farm work in New England and portions of the Middle Atlantic States, particularly in New England. Corn planting was vigorously pushed and was nearing completion in the more northerly sections, except in New York and New England. In the principal corn States of the central valleys corn was com- ing up well and cultivation of the early planted had begun. Excessive rains retarded cultivation in Missouri and western Kansas, while in portions of Nebraska the crop was badly washed. In the Southern States corn, especially the early planted, which was being laid by, needed rain. Winter wheat was heading in the more northerly States and maturing rapidly in the central-southern sections, while harvesting was general in the Gulf States. The outlook in Oregon and Washington never was better, the rains in Washington having greatly improved the prospects for an abundant crop in that State. All reports from the spring- wheat region indicated a rapid and healthy growth of spring wheat and showed this crop to bein a most promising condition. Oat harvest continued in the Southern States, the general condition of the crop being satisfactory, although the growth was too rank in Iowa, and it suffered on lowlands in Missouri from excessive rains. There was a general improvement in the condition of cotton, except in Florida, The crop was clean and well cultivated, and the early planted forming ‘* squares,” [American name for very young bolls.] Insouthern Louisiana cotton needed rain, and in localities of Texas insects were causing damage. In Kentucky about one-half of the tobacco crop had been planted, and much planting had been done in Virginia. Farther north but little planting had been done. Plants were abundant generally, but were backward in Wisconsin and New England. June 6.—Favorable weather conditions of the previous week continued in the States of the central valleys and on the Middle Atlantic coast, while in the east Gulf and South Atlantic States and southwest Texas drought became more pro- nounced. The temperature conditions to the eastward of the Rocky Mountains were highly favorable, but in the Rocky Mountain region and over the greater part of the Pacific coast it was too cool, freezing weather and frosts occurring in 632 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. portions of Idaho, Nevada, and eastern Oregon. Corn planting was now practi- cally completed in the more northerly sections, and the crop had received its last — cultivation in the Southern States, where it was suffering from drought. In the principal corn States of the central valleys this week was especially favorable for growth ana cultivation, and generally the crop was clean and in good condition, In Nebraska and portions of northern Missouri, however, cultivation was delayed by rains, and in North Dakota corn was backward and needed sunshine. e winter-wheat harvest had been completed in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, except in Texas, where it continued, and had begun in North Carolina and Ten- nessee. Winter wheat matured rapidly and in excellent condition in the central and northern sections, although some complaints of rust were reported from por- tions of New Jersey, Maryland, Tennessee, Missouri, and Kansas. Thrashing was in progress, with satisfactory results, in the South Atlantic and East Gulf States. The condition of the crop in Washington and Oregon continued most favorable, and in California a better yield than expected was promised. Spring wheat made rapid growth, and its condition was most promising generally throughout the spring-wheat region. The reports concerning oats were favorable, although some complaints of rust were received from New Jersey and Missouri, while growth was too rank in portions of Iowa and Nebraska. The absence of rain over the central and eastern portions of the cotton belt was favorable for the cultivation of cotton, and the crop was clean, except in portions of Arkansas and central Texas, where heavy rains favored the rapid growth of grass. The plant generally was small, but healthy and making steady growth. Tobacco did well in the Carolinas, and planting progressed under favorable conditionsin Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New England. Rain was needed for transplanting in the Ohio Valley, where but slow progress had yet been made, except in Kentucky, where it was nearly ecm- pleted. Cutting had begun in Florida. June 13.—Upon the whole, the weather conditions of this week were less favor- able to agricultural interests than in the preceding week, injury having resulted from excessive rains in portions of the Upper Mississippi Valley, in the Lower Missouri Valley,and in Oklahoma and Texas. while the absence of rain intensified the drought conditions in the Carolinas. In the principal corn-producing States of the central valleys corn generally made good growth, but owing to excessive rains cultivation was interrupted and the crop was generally weedy, especially in the Lower Missouri Valley, the weather conditions being exceptionally beneficial in the Lake region. Ohio Valley, Middle Atlantic States, and Texas. The gen- eral condition of winter wheat was less promising than at the close of the previous week, as a result of heavy rains in the Missouri and Upper Mississippi valleys, which tended to increase rust and caused some lodging in the Lower Missouri Valley. Some complaints of rust were also reported from Tennessee and the Mid- dle Atlantic States. Wheat ripened rapidly in the Ohio Valley, and harvesting was in progress in Virginia, Kentucky, and in the southern portions of Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas. Harvesting was delayed by rains in Oklahoma and Texas. The outlook in Oregon and Washington continued excellent, and in the first- named State the crop promised to be the largest ever produced. The condition of spring wheat in the Dakotas continued most promising. In Minnesota the crop made vigorous growth, but rust made its appearance, and some complaints of lodg- ing were reported, while unfavorable reports were received from Iowa, where the crop was in imminent danger from rust and lodging, a considerable area already being down. Oats suffered from the same conditions that injured wheat, namely, rust and lodging, in the Upper Mississippi and Lower Missouri valleys, but the general condition of the crop was favorable. Oat harvest was in progress in some of the Southern States. Over the eastern portion of the cotton belt cotton gener- ally was small, but healthy and well cultivated. In the central portion more rapid growth was reported, but in Arkansas it was grassy in some localities. In Texas cotton inade good growth in all sections, but continuous rains pete = cultivation. Tobacco planting progressed favorably in the more northerly sec- tions, but in Maryland, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee transplanting was slow, on account of lack of ‘‘seasons.” In Carolina tobacco suffered for rain. June 20,—With generally favorab!e temperature conditions and abundant rains over the greater part of the country east of the Rocky Mountains, more particu- larly the central and southern sections, crops made substantial progress. Culti- vation, however, was retarded in portions of the central valleys and in Texas, where continuous rains favored rank growth of grass and weeds. Except over southern Georgia, where rain was still needed, the previous drought conditions in the South Atlantic and East Gulf States were wholly relieved. Corn continued to make good growth and the general condition of the crop was promising although suffering from lack of cultivation in some of the principal corn States of the central valleys and in northern Texas. Owing to continuous rains slow prog- MOY epi | # > Aue '* o. = 4 ale care ial dy ak: Neh rete ha bed WEATHER AND CROP CONDITIONS FOR 18938. 633 ress was made with winter-wheat harvest in the central Mississippi and Lower Missouri valleys, in Virginia and North Carolina. Harvesting was in progress in southern portions of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, where the conditions were more favorable. In Kansas, Missouri, southern Illinois, Arkansas, and Tennessee more or less damage was reported from rust, and in Arkansas and Tennessee grain in shock was damaged. The outlook in Washington and Oregon continued most promising. Spring wheat continued in excellent condition in the Dakotas, but in lowa and portions of Minnesota there were complaints of rank growth and lodg- ing, particularly in Iowa. Oat harvest was in progress as far north as southern Missouri. Although complaints of lodging and rust were received from portions of the central valleys, the condition of the crop was promising. The week was exceptionally favorable for cotton, and the reports indicated a decided improve- ment in the condition of this crop throughout the cotton belt. In portions of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, however, it was grassy and in need of cultiva- tion, while some complaints of lice were received from North Carolina. Tobacco planting was completed in Virginia and Kentucky, and well advanced in more northerly sections. Except in Maryland and southern New England, where plant- ing was delayed and plants scarce, the general outlook was favorable. Cutting continued in Florida and had begun in South Carolina. June 27.—Upon the whole, the general weather conditions of this week were favorable to agricultural interests, the light rainfall with abundant sunshine in the Southern States being especially beneficial to cotton. Local storms, in places accompanied by hail, however, proved destructive in portions of New Jersey and over local areas in the Ohio and Upper Mississippi valleys, while heavy rains retarded cultivation of crops and caused some injury to grain in Missouri. Reports from the principal corn-producing States indicated that corn had made rapid growth and that generally the crop was in excellent condition. Notwith- standing the heavy rains in portions of the Lower Missouri and Upper Mississippi valleys, where the crop at the close of the previous week was grassy, cultivation was vigorously pushed and, except in Missouri, where much was still weedy, the fields were generally clean. The cultivation of a large part of the crop as far north as Kansas, Missouri, and central Dlinois was finished. Winter-wheat har- vest was nearing completion in southe:n Kansas, and was practically completed to the south of the Ohio River. Harvesting was now general in northern Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, and had begun in Nebraska. Considerable damage from rust was reported from Kansas, Nebraska, and Ohio, and similar complaints, in addition to injury from chinch bugs, were received from Missouri, central Illinois, and Virginia. The condition of.wheat in Oregon and Washing- ton continued very promising. Thrashing cont’nued in the Southern States generally with satisfactory yields. In Texas some injury was caused to grain in shock by rains of the previous week. The condition of spring wheat was less favorable than reported in the previous week. Rust began to appear in North Dakota, while hot and dry southerly winds proved injurious in portions of South Dakota and Nebraska. In Minnesota reports of lodging were less numerous, and favorable weather conditions checked rust, but reports of damage by rust and lodging in Iowa continued. Oat harvesting generally was completed in the Southern States, and was in progress in the central valleys and Middle Atlantic States with satisfactory results. The crop was maturing rapidly in the more northerly sections, where its general condition was promising, except in the Dako- tas, Iowa, and Missouri. In fowa and North Dakota rust was reported; in Mis- souri damage was caused by excessive rains in places, while hot winds proved injurious in South Dakota. Exceptin the Carolinas, cotton grew rapidly through- out the cotton belt, and in portions of the central section its growth was somewhat toorapid. Thecrop generally was well cultivated, exceptin limited areasin Texas, Louisiana, Tennessee, and South Carolina, where some fields were grassy. Com- plaints of lice also were received from the Carolinas. Conditions were unfavorable for transplanting tobacco in southern New England, Maryland, and Indiana. Planting in New York and Ohio practically was completed, but much replanting was necessary in the last-named State. In the Carolinas and Virginia the crop improved, and while the early planted in Kentucky made good growth, the late planted made slow progress. In Tennessee tobacco made good growth, but cut worms caused uneven stands. July 4.—In the Atlantic coast and East Gul: districts this week was hot, excess- ively so during the latter portion, and for the most part dry. In the Lake region, central vaileys, and west Gulf States the weather conditions were generally favor- able, although heavy rains retarded cultivation in portions of the central Gulf States. The absence of rain over a large portion of Illinois and Missouri, where crops were previously reported as very grassy, was particularly favorabie for cultivation. In the central and northern Rocky Mountain regions the week was 634 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. cool, with light to heavy frosts in Montana, Wyoming, and eastern Washi "i causing little or no damage, however, except in Washington, where corn vegetables were injured to a slight extent. A destructive ‘‘norther” occurred on — June 30 and July 1 in northern California, during which much fruit was blown ~ from trees and a large part of unharvested grain was shelled. Favorable reports — as to the condition of corn continued from nearly all sections, and in the principal corn-producing States of the central valleys the crop made splendid progress, the early planted being in silk and tassel as far north as the southern portions of Mis- souri, Kansas, and the Ohio Valley. In the Gulf States, especially in Texas, corn matured under favorable conditions. In portions of Maryland, South Carolina, and northern Georgia the condition of corn was not promising, owing to drought. Wheat harvest progressed under favorable weather conditions in the more north- erly winter-wheat States, and was practically completed as far north as Missouri and the central portionsof Illinois and Indiana. Harvesting commencedin Oregon, and grain was nearly ready for harvest in Washington. In the last-named State hi winds proved unfavorable to wheat. The condition of spring wheat generally was better than at the close of the previous week, rains and cool weather haying proved especially beneficial in the Dakotas. Cotton improved over the greater part of the cotton belt, but owing to continuous rains was badly in need of culti- vation in Mississippi, Louisiana, and portions of northeastern Texas and Alabama. Too rapid growth and rust were reported from Louisiana, while boll weevil and rust were reported from portions of Texas, where, however, the general condition of the crop was very promising. Reports concerning tobacco were favorable, except in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Carolina. In Maryland only about one-half the usual acreage at this date had been planted. July 11.—The dry weather over the northern districts, from the Missouri V to New England, proved exceptionally favorable for harvesting and cultivation of crops, but was not wholly favorable for crop growth, and in the Lake Region, Middle Atlantic States, and New England rain was much needed; rain also was needed, particularly for spring wheat, in western South Dakota, Montana, and Washing- ton. Some damage resulted from excessive rains in portions of Arkansas, Missouri, and Mississippi, and from local storms in Minnesota and Illinois, while high winds proved injurious to wheat in Washington. In the Southern States the week erally was favorable, except in portions of Mississippi, where damage resulted from heavy rains. With the exception of damage by chinch bugs in portions of — Missouri and Illinois, and the need of rain in southern Wisconsin, upper Ohio Val- ley, and Middle Atlantic States, corn continued to make favorable progress and the outlook was promising. Cultivation largely was finished, except in the more northerly sections, and the crop was in tassel as far north as Michigan and Wis- consin. Winter-wheat harvest was well advanced in the extreme northern dis- — tricts, and considerable thrashing done in the central valleys, Middle Atlantic and Southern States. Thrashing, however, was delayed by rains in portions of a = where grain in shock was damaged. Harvesting, with excellent results, contin 3 in Oregon, and was begun in Washington. In the last-named State the crop had — ripened rapidly, in some sections prematurely, and was damaged to some extent by high winds. In California harvesting was nearing completion—the summer fallow giving fair yields in some sections. In South Dakota spring wheat was — injured permanently by hot winds of the week ending June 27, and the previous excellent prospects were materially impaired. In Minnesota, however, lodged grain — improved, Spring wheat was heading in the extreme northern portion of the spring-wheat region, and on the North Pacific coast the crop was ripening rapidly, and an excellent yield promised, especially in Oregon. ith the exception ofa — few complaints of rust and shedding, the reports indicated an improvement in cotton over the eastern portion of the cotton belt. The crop was also doin in Missouri and Arkansas, and generally in Texas, where, however, rust and boll weevil were reported in some sections. In Louisiana and Mississippi dry weather — was needed, the first-named State reporting too rapid [abe and crop f geen 4 Tobacco generally was doing well, except in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and so ern New England, where, owing to lack of planting ‘‘ seasons,” less than the usual area had been planted. Light frosts occurred in northern New England on the 6th, causing but slight damage. July 18.—At the close of this week rain generally was needed in the Missouri, Upper Mississippi, and Ohio valleys, the Lake Region, and over the greater ; of New England and the Middle Atlantic States, especially in Missouri, O northern New England, and portions of the Middle Atlantic States, the drought — in Maryland and adjacent portions of Virginia being especially severe. Toomuch rain fell over a large part of the South Atlantic and East Gulf States, ca’ injury to and preventing the cultivation of crops. Along the immediate from southern New England to North Carolina, in West Virginia, Kentucky, — J ’ 4 7 = = ee a oF et att a) es! WEATHER AND CROP CONDITIONS FOR 1898. 635 Tennessee, the Centraland West Gulf States, and generally throughout the Rocky Mountain and North Pacific coast regions the weather conditions were favorable to crops. While rains would have proved beneficial to corn in the principal corn States of the central valleys, that crop was generally doing well, except in south- ern Missouri and Michigan, where rain was greatly needed. Although needing rain, the condition in Kansas was improved greatly, and rapid growth was made in Nebraska and South Dakota. Corn was injured materially by frost on the lith -and 12th in the northern portion of the lower Michigan peninsula, northwestern Ohio, and in portions of New York, New Jersey, and New England. In the Southern States corn was generally in excellent condition and a large part of the cropmade. Winter-wheat harvest continued where unfinished in a few of the more northerly States, but the bulk of the crop was harvested east of the Rocky Moun- tains and in California. Harvesting was in full progress in Oregon and well advanced in eastern Washington. A large yield, of excellent quality, was being harvested in Oregon, but while wheat turned out well in Washington, it had been somewhat injured by recent hot weather. Spring wheat ripened rapidly. As previously reported, it had been injured by hot windsin portions of South Dakota. Cotton made rapid growth generally throughout the cotton region, North Caro- lina reporting too rapid growth of stalk, but reports of rust and shedding greatly increased, especially over the central and eastern districts. In South Carolina, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi the crop needed cultivation and sunshine. In Texas it was very promising, except in a few localities, where boll weevil, rust, and shedding were reported, and growth was slightly checked by cool nights. Some early cotton was maturing in southwest Texas. Over the north central portion of the cotton belt the crop was well cultivated and generally in promising condi- tion. Tobacco on lowlands in Florida and in portions of northern Tennessee was injured by rains, while in Maryland drought greatly reduced the acreage, dam- aged the crop, and rendered further planting useless. Im Pennsylvania and Ohio tobacco made slow growth, but in the Carolinas, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, Wisconsin, and New England it was in promising condition. Cutting and cur- ing were in progress in Texas and the Carolinas, and topping in Virginia. July 25.—The drought conditions of the previous week in the States of the central valleys and Lake Region were relieved in sections only, and at the close of the week rain was needed over the greater part of the Lake Region, Ohio, Missis- sippi, and Missouri valleys, in portions of New England and the Middle Atlantic States, and the greater part of Texas, while portions of the East Gulf and South Atlantic States suffered from excessive rains. Comparatively few local storms of sufficient severity to damage crops were reported. Light frosts occurred on the 20th in North Dakota and extreme northern Minnesota, but caused no serious injury. The weather conditions on the Pacific coast generally were favorable, but in Washington the high temperatures of the previous week shrunk grain toa somewhat greater extent than previously reported. In the great corn States of the central valleys, Nebraska, Kansas, lowa, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and Oh‘o, which produce considerably more than half the entire product of the United States, corn was generally in need of rain, while in Iowa and portions of Missouri the crop was threatened with serious injury. In the Southern States continued favorable reports concerning corn were received. Winter-wheat harvest con- tinued on the North Pacific coast, having been practically completed during the previous week in all districts east of the Rocky Mountains. In Oregon wheat yielded better than expected. In portions of Washington, however, hot winds of the previous week caused the grain to shrink materially. Spring-wheat harvest was well advanced in the central portion of the spring-wheat region, and the crop matured rapidly and well in the northern portion. In Oregon spring wheat was reported nearly as good as winter, which was an unprecedentedly good crop. As tocotton, reports of rust and shedding, although probably somewhat less numerous than in the previous week, continued from the central and eastern portions of the cotton belt, where excessive rains in some sections caused too rapid growth of stalk. The crop was in need of cultivation in portions of South Carolina, Mississippi, and Louisiana, some fields on lowlands of Mississippi having been abandoned. In Texas the crop generally was promising, but boll weevil were increasing, and rain was needed in localities. Picking was in progress in southern Texas, and cotton beginning to open in southern Alabama. Reports concerning tobacco generally were favorable, except in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and portions of Ohio and Ken- tucky. Recent rains improved the condition of the crop in Maryland, where a comparatively small area was planted. In Kentucky tobacco was of poor color, slender stalk, and ‘‘frenching.” In Virginia the outlook was exceptionally favor- able. Cutting and curing progressed in the Carolinas, Florida, and Texas. Some plowing for fall seeding was done in Tennessee. Michigan, Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma. August 1.—Abundant rains during this week relieved the drought conditions 636 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. which threatened the States of the central valleys at the close of the previous — week. Drought, however, continued in Minnesota, over the northern portions of — the Lake Region and New England, in the western portions of Nebraska and Kansas, and in eastern Oklahoma. The week was hot and dry generally through- out the Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast regions, while excessive rains proved injurious, more particularly to cotton, in the central and East Gulf and South — Atlantic States. Upon the whole, the week was decidedly favorab!e for corn. In — the great corn States of the central valleys, with but few exceptions, the crop ~ made excellent progress and was also greatly improved in the Atlantic coast States. In the northern portions of Illinois and Wisconsin, in Minnesota, over the western portions of Nebraska and Kansas and eastern Oklahoma corn suffered from drought, and was injured by hot winds in Kansas and Ok!ahoma. In Iowa, where at the close of the previous week corn was threatened with serious injury, it was much improved and gave promise of an average yield. In Missouri corn did finely, and much of the early planted in the southern sections was safe. A good corn crop also was assured in southern Illinois, but much was permanently injured in the central portions of the State and the crop suffered for rain in the northern counties. In Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and generall throughout the Middle and South Atlantic States, the outlook for corn improv decidedly. Spring-wheat harvest continued under generally favorable conditions in the central and southern portions of the spring-wheat region. In the Red River Valley the crop was in promising condition, Harvesting began in Wash- ington and Oregon, and in the first-named State, while the grain was considerably shrive'ed in dry localities, it yielded a fair average crop. Cotton suffered from excess've rains and insufficient sunshine throughout the central and eastern por- tions of the cotton belt. Rust, shedding, and too rank growth of stalk were gen- eral in the sections named. Some cotton was picked in southwest Georgia, and picking continued in southern Texas. In the last-named State the crop was in a good state of cultivation, and generally looked well, but needed rain in some locali- ties. Tobacco greatly improved in the principal tobacco States. In Tennessee, however, the crop sustained injury as a result of wet weather, and while the crop in Indiana was still small it promised well. The outlook for a fine crop in Vir- ginia was very promising. The abundant rains of this week put the soil in excel- lent condition for plowing for fall seeding generally throughout the central valleys and Atlantic coast districts. August 8.—The favorable weather conditions of the previous week continued in the central valicys, Middle Atlantic States and New England, where the rainfall was ample, and in some sections excessive. In the Southern States the week was unfavorable for cotton, owing to insufficient sunshine and excessive rains. On the North Pacific coast the week was also unfavorable, being dry and exception- ally hot. In Washington wheat harvest was interrupted by intense heat, which caused the late grain to shrivel. Numerous complaints of damage to grain in shock by wet weather, which also interrupted thrashing, were received from tions of the Ohio, Upper Mississippi, and Missouri valleys. Corn continued to make excellent progress, and, except in portions of central Kansas, southern Nebraska, and central Illinois, the outlook materially improved. Some damage, however, from local storms was reported from portions of the Middle ‘Atlantic States and New England, and in Ohio the crop needed cultivation. In Nebraska corn suffered considerable permanent injury from the drought which prevailed in July. The early crop in Kansas was made and the late was promising, except in central counties, where much was cut for fodder. A marked improvement in the condition of corn was reported in Illinois, where a good crop seemed assured, except in central counties. In Minnesota and South Dakota the weather condi- tions were less favorable than in the previous week for spring-wheat harvest, which was in progress as far north as Norman County, in northern Minnesota. In Oregon and Washington excessive heat caused wheat to ripen rapidly—too rap- idly for harvesters in the latter State, where much grain was injured. Frequent heavy rains over the greater part of the cotton belt were unfavorable to cotton, causing too rapid growth of stalk, rust, and shedding to continue. Bollworms also were reported as numerous in the central and western portions, In Texas cotton was in a good state of cultivation, and as a rule the plant looked well. Cotton opened slowly throughout the central and eastern portions of the cotton region. Reports concerning tobacco indicated that it was in a very promisin condition generally, In Ohio, however, it needed cultivation, and complaints “frenching” continued from Kentucky. The outlook in Virginia was exception- ally promising. Cutting was about finished in North Carolina, and some of the early planted in Ohio and Pennsylvania was housed. Owing to abundant rains, the condition of the soil was most favorable for plowing for fall seeding, which work was unusually well advanced for the season, - eA e WEATHER AND CROP CONDITIONS FOR 1898, 637 August 15.—Although rather cool, the general weather conditions in the States of the central valleys were favorable for the growth and maturing of crops and for farm work. Inthe Atlantic Coast States south of New England and in the Central and East Gulf States, including Kentucky and Tennessee. there was too much rain except over limited areas, principally in the Southern States. In the Pacific Coast States the week was phenomenally hot, the temperatures in the interior of Cali- fornia and in the eastern portions of Oregon and Washington ranging from 100° to 112°, causinginjury to grain in the last-named States. The week generally was favorable to corn, although somewhat too cool in the northern portion of the Upper Mississippi Valley and too dry in portions of South Dakota and Kansas, while excessive rains caused injury on the lowlands in southern Ohio. Harvesting of spring wheat in the Dakotas and Minnesota was nearly finished, except in the northern portions. Cotton suffered injury from continuous excessive rains and lack of sunshine over the greater part of the central and eastern districts of the cotton belt, in which sections too rank growth, rust, and injury from insects were extensively reported. In Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma the crop did well, and some favorable reports were received from North Carolina and Mississippi. In northern and western Texas cotton deteriorated as a result of dry weather, and, while insects proved injurious over many parts of the State, the crop did well in some sections. Plowing for fall seeding made favorable progress in the Missouri and Upper Mississippi valleys, but this work was interrupted by excessive rains in the Ohio Valley and Middle Atlantic States. August 22.,—In the central valleys, New England, Middle Atlantic, and Central Gulf States the week generally was favorable, especially for cornin the great corn States. There was too much rain over the greater part of New York and gener- ally throughout the South Atlantic States. while the central and northern Rocky Mountain regions, including a portion of the Upper Missouri Valley, suffered from intense heat and dryness. Local storms proved destructive in portions of North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. The excessive heat of the previous week on the Pacific coast was followed by cooler weather, with light scattered showers in Oregon and Washington, the conditions in California being especially favorable forfruit drying. Corn suffered to some extent from excessive heat and drought in portions of Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri, and from heavy rains in the Carolinas, but elsewhere the week was very favorable to this crop, which was maturing rapidly in the principal corn States. Some cutting was done in southern Missouri. Thes;ring wheat harvest continued under generally favyor- able conditions in Washington and Oregon, where, owing to excessive heat for several weeks, the crop yielded less than was promised, especially in Washington. In the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida cotten continued to suffer injury from excessive rains and lack of sunshine, and complaints of shedding and rust were general in these States, premature opening being reported from Georgia. There was a decided improvement in the condition of cotton in the Central Gulf States as a result of fair weather and favorable temperature conditions. In Texascotton suffered from drought except in the southeast portion, the crop being irregular, generally late, and in many localities was shedding and suffering from the ravages of insects, while in other sections it was very promising. Picking was general over the southern portion of thecotton region. Reports respecting tobaccoshowed a general and decided improvement in this crop, except in North Carolina, where too much rain caused second growth. Cutting and housing werein progress gen- erally. Thecondition of soil continued very favorable for plowing for fall seeding. August 29.—Continued heavy rains proved unfavorable in the South Atlantic and East Gulf States, while drought prevailed in portions of Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri, and generally in the States of the castern Rocky Mountain slope. The week proved very favorable in the New England and Middle Atlantic States, the lake region, and throughout the central valleys, the high temperatures favoring the rapid maturing of crops. With the exception of portions of Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, and South Dakota, where the late crop was injured by drought and excessive heat, the week was very favorable for corn, which was maturing rapidly throughout the central and northern portions of the country. In the southern counties of Nebraska corn ripened too rapidly under the high tempera- tures of this and the preceding week. Some cutting was done in nearly all the principal corn States. Harvesting and thrashing of spring wheat continued in Oregon and Washington. In Washington thrashing showed good yields, which, however, were somewhat lessened by poor crops of late wheat in some sections as a result of the excessive heat of the first half of August, which alsoinjured the crop in Oregon. The week was very unfavorable for cotton, especially over the most of the eastern portion of the cotton belt. where it suffered from heavy rains, caus- ing rust, shedding, and too rapid growth of stalk. In portions of North Carolina and over the central part of the cotton region the conditions were somewhat more 638 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. favorable, and the crop improved in Tennessee, Missouri, and portions of Missis- sippi and Arkansas. Cotton also improved in central and northern Texas, but — insects caused damage in many localities, and premature cpening and sheddi were reported from the central and southern portions of the State. Picking was now general in the northern portion. Except in New England, where warm dry weather was needed, the week was favorable for tobacco, a general improvement being reported from all tobacco-producing States. Cutting was general in Kentucky, Virginia, and Maryland, a large part of the early crop being housed. September 5.—The abnormally high temperatures during this week were fayor- able for maturing crops, more particularly over the central and northern portions of the country from the Mississippi Valley eastward, while in Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and portions of Missouri hot winds proved injurious. In the Cen- tral and West Gulf States the week also was generally favorable, but in the South Atlantic and portions of the East Gulf States excessively heavy rains caused much damage. On the Pacific coast the conditions were favorable. Corn made rapid progress toward maturity under the abnormally high temperature conditions, a large part of the crop in States where usually exposed to danger from frost being safe, and the remainder promising to mature earlier than usual. Late corn was seriously injured by hot winds in South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri, while heavy rains caused rotting and sprouting in the South Atlantic and East Gulf States. Cotton suffered seriously from rust, shedding, and insects over the eastern portion cf the cotton belt, from which section numerous reports of rotting and sprouting also were received, especially in Georgia and the Carolinas, where the rainfall was exceptionally heavy. In Louisiana and Texas reportsof shedding and damage by insects were lessnumerous than in the preceding week. In Texasrain was needed for late cotton and the top crop. Cotton opened rapidly in all dis- tricts, and picking progressed favorably over the central and western portions, but was retarded by rains in parts of the eastern section. Most of the early tobacco was cut and housed under favorable conditions, the late crop being gen- erally promising. The soil over the central and northern districts of the country east of the Mississippi River continued favorable for plowing, but in Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska it was too dry. September 12.—The weather conditions of this week were favorable for farm work and the maturing of crops in the lower lake region, Middle Atlantic States, the Carolinas, Lower Mississippi Valley, Texas, and the Pacific Coast States, but were generally unfavorable in New England and the East Gulf States, including Georgia, while to the east of the Rocky Mountains and west of the Upper Missis- sippi Valley the week was marked by unseasonably low temperatures, heavy frosts, and in some instances snow, proving injurious to crops that were not fully matured. Light frosts occurred in Iowa, Ilinois, Indiana, and as far south as Kentucky, but with little or no damage to crops in these States. Reports from the principal corn- producing States indicated that the larger part of the early crop was practically safe, with much in shock. Late corn did well in the eastern portions of Nebraska and Kansas and in Jowa and Missouri. Considerable late corn was ——— by frosts in North Dakota and the extreme western portions of Kansas and Nebraska. In portions of Missouri the crop sustained great damage by hail and wind storms, and suffered injury from excessive rains in the South Atlantic States. There was apparently no material improvement in the condition of cotton in the eastern sec- tion of the cotton belt, where it was opening rapidly and picking was progressing. In the central section of the cotton belt the condition of cotton was somewhat more favorable, except in Mississippi, where it was seriously injured, In Texas the bulk of the crop was open, and picking progressed under favorable conditions, the staple beingclean. The soil conditions continued favorable for fall seeding in most sections, and the reports generally indicated this work to be well advanced except in Maine, New Jersey, Virginia, and Texas, where plowing had been delayed owing to lack of rain. Considerable fall wheat was sown in the States of the central valleys. September 19.—This week on the whole was favorable, except in portions of New En gan, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland, where the drought conditions previously reported continued, while in Mississippi, southwestern Texas, and some sections of Kansas and Missouri heavy rains retarded farm work. Killing frosts occurred in northern New England, Michigan, and Wisconsin, but with slight damage and light frosts occurred in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana, doing little or no damage. The absence of rain in Washington and Oregon was highly favorable for harvested and thrashed grain and for gathering hops, The weather was favorable for late corn, which was maturing rapidly, except in por- tions of Missouri and Illinois, where it needed sunshine and warmth. A slight improvement was noted in cotton in the eastern portion of the cotton region, where rotting and shedding were on the decrease. In the central portion of the cotton region, where about the same conditions prevailed as in the previous week, picking + a a < i ay 88 Wnt tp Ns WEATHER AND CROP CONDITIONS FOR 1898. 639 progressed as the weather permitted. Some damage resulted from heavy rains in Arkansas. In Texas picking was well advanced. The reports indicated short top crop in South Carolina, Georgia, Oklahoma, and Texas. Plowing and seeding fall grain progressed rapidly in all sections except New England, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Tennessee, where the work was delayed owing to dry-soil conditions. Wheat seeding also was delayed in portions of Missouri on account of heavy rains. Early-sown grain was coming up and ,rowing nicely in Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma. September 26.—This week was one of exceptionally favorable temperature con- ditions for the maturing of crops generally throughout the country. No frosts were reported from the States of the central valleys, but light frosts, causing no serious damage, occurred in portions of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania on the 21st. eavy rains delayed farm work in portions of the Lower Missouri and Lower Ohio valleys, and proved injurious in the central Gulf States, while drought continued unbroken in portions of Minnesota. On the Pacific coast the weather generally was favorable in Washington and Oregon, while rains ranging from one-fourth to more than one inch fell over the greater part of northern and cen- tral California, causing injury to raisins and unthrashed grain. Except in north- ern Missouri, where considerable late corn needed favorable weather to mature, the corn crop was now practically safe from frost and much had been cut. Heavy rains in the Lower Mississippi valley damaged open cotton and interfered with picking. Over the eastern portion of the cotton region the weather was more favorable and picking progressed rapidly. Picking also progressed rapidly in Texas, where the crop was reported as irregular, being good in places and poor in others. Reports throughout the cotton belt generally indicated that the top crop would be very inferior and in some places a total failure. The soil conditions throughout the ccuntry east of the Rocky Mountains were highly favorable for plowing and seeding, Minnesota being the only State in which the ground was too dry for this work. The reports generally indicated that fall-sown grain ger- minated quickly and was coming up to good stands. October, 1898.—The month of October averaged warmer than usual in the lake region, Upper Ohio valley, in the Atlantic coast districts. from western Texas to Arizona, and along the immediate Pacific coast; colder than usual in the Gulf States, and from the Upper Mississippi valley westward over the Rocky Mountain region, including the eastern portion of Washington and Oregon. The month was unusually wet throughout the central valleys and in the Atlantic coast and east Gulf States, while the greater part of Texas, and limited areas in the central Gulf and south Atlantic States, California, Oregon, southern Washington, and the southern Rocky Mountain region received less than the usual amount. The month was generally very favorable for germination and growth of fall-sown grain throughout the country east of the Rocky Mountains, but excessive moist- ure in the central valleys, east Gulf, and south Atlantic States interfered with farm work and caused much damage to crops remaining in the field. On the Pacific coast, in New England, and the middle Atlantic States the weather condi- tions were favorable for farming interests. Generally throughout the central val- leys and Southern States corn, both the uncut and that in shock, suffered great damage from excessive rains, which caused sprouting and rotting to a great extent and delayed husking and cribbing. Except in Texas and portions of the Carolinas, where cotton picking had progressed sat’sfactorily, the month was very unfavorable for gathering the late cotton, much of which in the central portion of the cotton belt was greatly damaged by heavy rains. The reports generally indicated that early- sown grain germinated quickly, made vigorous growth, and was in excellent con- dition at the close of the month. In Kentucky, tobacco in barns sustained injury from the effects of excessive moisture. The month was comparatively free from destructive frosts, although frosts occurred as far south as northern Florida. EXPLANATIONS OF DIAGRAMS AND TABLES. The diagrams (figs. 129 and 130) illustrate the conditions of temperature and pre- cipitation from January 1 to April 4, and subsequently for each seven-day period, ending at 8 a. m. Monday, to October 10. The heavy horizontal line indicates normal, and the solid and broken irregular lines show, respectively, the average departures from normal temperature (degrees per day) and precipitation (tenths of inches) for the several districts, as determined from the records of Weather Bureau stations. The number of records used in determining the average depar- tures for each district can be ascertained from the tables which supply data from which similar diagrams for individual stations may be constructed. The tables contain in detail the data upon which the diagrams are based, and it is believed that the explanation of the latter, together with the column heading of the former, render further explanation unnecessary. It should be borne in mind, a » in depar- f the total amount — y for the periods e dail tables, and that the precipitation g mparison o for each week with the normal for the corresponding period. avera arture is the P diagrams and letermined by aco ature de cated in headings of both orale tot ort ope ee 13 1/0 | [aa May .. | June | July |August _| Septbr |Oct.| xcess or deficiency ¢ that the temper YEARBOUK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ever, ture is the e 640 how HHH UTI eRe CATT TT e SCCUUUTUTUEUD SUETHEUUOUOTTOU OEE TOUTE EEO HNN ak CTT STOTT TT WT me Ht TT SEE TAHITI uti POMEUOTPONAMDNG SCS GOUTTUUUONY ane HAM Hitt cull CET TTT aul HNN innit a 1 EAIATUUGUATTOAHTUEAE HOLLER THROAT ETH cc i SM oS ARITA OTT TT UIADOQTOAEADOASSUOQU OAH QEQDUGHTEETT EOE OAAOO NER PERO ORE EEA eT TTITTTTT II 8 RT TT TTT TTT STE PUTTS TTT HA TAH WT [20127 EetvatiaVaC aa I HA TH ART ETT TTT TTT TT TTT STE TTT WATT ann TEE UUAN ERAT HG UTRNAOUUAMU ERTL eee TN fe aeeenaaee UOTE TONTE Dates ETT (CLC ET ot Rite a ‘SORDES OY UDI YPN PUD PY SUT TTT ss Pas HUH UITTUHU EAHA OLE PNT TTT SVU SRT HAUG céd ANU UEEDEOURA TED TAEU EOE OO ST seer ieekea ail il UP TTT SeOUUTAAT AREA TEER ATR AT AAT AGA TT hal oe aed al In a ITT TTT NTT TM STHTINID TT Sea UUATU GEER UONOUTAT IO OTAAY HVTOPAQDSSECUEAEOOURGTAOSUOCUOOGUONNEUT WS SOZOAS” 77222) TT AHS : TURAN FOOVOUEDOG YOR s Gega@ient CRONE Rance Re— |Get] FO+ | SIt | 19—| RS +| OF+ | Ft | O'B+ | L:O— | T+ | Z:O— | GO | OTH | WB bitte sdinbaetid ged Dasabies t) - mosey UpeyuNOy_ Get | SOrt] G+ | SIt+ | S'8— | GAIt+| 9'et | Ret | 9'e— | 8s— | TS | Sot [Goes eater | ac bey ras wie erent tae sfal[va Linossiiy puv tddississipy aedd Set (Be tH Let bet | Oem | OOH STE | RTE | OO | UTE | Bet RE CTH | oe | et eee eeeer To nnenensne geueetee® fii Rorhelt OnE 6+ (96+!) 80+ | Bet | Fe | O'R + E+ | Bet | eB— | Ot } O'R | SB | Boe 0 es | 0 Re pee” ee cdeadcaseseene oe oassouuey, pux AeT[vA O1GO SRt LUA LH OTHE | Te] O'S +] Sat | O'st | PI) 60 | 0 ost |S t—- | 0 0 bi epee deh nah Aciahetetbenlientinaline sy) Papa Forrie ACSI se7RIS JU) g8+ |9°9 4 L$+ | 90+ | 80 | 8'9 +] ost | BI+ ) TU— | st | 83+ | 18+ | 08 | Lee yer jo Mido «Wisi atan Make 2 "*"s09Uyg DIJUBITY GING puLv os pPHT | 2 — aes oe en = = 2 ee oo | 8 | ‘| CO | Bt ‘9 | ee | we | ‘oT | 8 I a bem | a ees | a —19q0290 —Lequieaydag —ysnsny —A[ne *sUOTIVEg | / | . 9°I+ o0— Pen 10 9" Ce Fe 10 ORT = Ree) Oe eae neil eae ae ad Sah Nee RA eat Bes Ma fal BITAIOTTB) 0'e— otT+ | eat | 8'2e— |8'0—- | 0'9— | 2et+ | set | L0- | Let Lot elisa setche oe hintehee ea Reet SES qsvoo oyrovd FON 80+ Oz+ |T'a— |FI— | F0— |8I— | 8 It | 99- | ott | eet 0°G+ “TP a2 tors oye. + one at uorseyy unoy Ayo eae loi | oot | eat LOet [ost |80t [9S — | FOE TPR PR Be Oa ee ec. cc cetaeeea sfa]]Va Linosstpy paw tddtss aeddQ L0- |2%— |g tt | 8'e+ | e+ | 98+ | Ost | O— | Ht | R'O- | O'Lt wad ba det Ee Sh ete ge yt 90— |TI— | tet |Get jOet | sot | SI+ | L9- | OT— | FE- | Pt “vc Trt rrr crt egsseuUaL paw SOTT8A OFIO 9°I+ 9'0-- |G'It+ |G'8t+ | 88+ | Sst | 0 ME casi We Sa ire SD dddd ten ccacw sage | (a bss. eee Dae 0 eat 0 PIt |OG+ | 90- | SE | So | St | QB aa | SQ a Oia — Pre Sa SO}VIS OJUBIPV TIVOS puv e[ppyy “| o | a]. | o | & | | * g w | er | ‘1 | -oap eee -nypoul —oun —AByt —[udy ‘po ady *StOTIVeg ae —| op Tue —ZuIpue syooM 10,7 WoL ‘sunoh hunu sof suorjpnasasgo uodn pasng [pUWLoU ay, WOLL SG8T JO WOsDas ay} LOf (JAyUaLYOT saauBap Ur) saunjundap aingoiadua) fippp ebp.eay 643 WEATHER AND CROP CONDITIONS FOR 1898. | | | Seas | 60° +) —| 40° —| 00° 00° | 00° | To" _| TO" =| 00" 00° on* TO” +} 20° _|--se020 tude awe jaupuda Lopouedes ooo ooo = comsemmEy, pas AeTTeA OFIO 1o° — | 68° +] 00 20" FOB! Bk: 188" +] BR" se) Oe aOR Teel eee Debate ee ee sezB49 JIN) 90°0— | IT‘0+| 0g '0—| 860+] 1F'0+ 99°0+| heh BOO) TOKO: | "OOS AO sari SB ORS S OF as So}V1H OfUviyy FNog puv e[ppiy OSS a a a | a 1. |e | | ee ee ee 2 ee ee) RE) i ale oy ee tee. | ob. |e Bb a} Wee here lh ite 7 | —18q0PO | —dtaquieydag —jsnsny —Alue *‘suoOT]OOg —Sulpuod syooM Ii, a =e am —— | Sar —= a j — ie — 1 A): — 1G). —-100- 0G th | ile Bi VE aed ft oe ) ilies it Aiea Ul © Real 174) beg an boar aeeeiecheniehpctric ear cneteriemss. ernie ye nt, eco tome live ct Bo Nee ty Be Wee a eT Ok BSE Sai Gee Sti, enh coc sr 2 nd aac pea 7 Ammen 4S¥o0 OMOVd YIAON Sea — ORs | Gee toe ED ee eet a LORS | ee On + | he ee Sec: atin aa uolsey UreyuNOW AHO enn ees ate bl cee ee tl ps — Rc Rt AT Sok! | Gp Timogete: || S-o 22 aare Ceo pare oes are sio[[VA Hnosstp puv tddisstssty seddQ eee torent eee RS et yee a OR ul GS ots | OP —-|(RR <= |cGpater: ||: tee cam ye oc ae ge Chdempe cure hp oil 5 ele Siang meee UoTsey oFV'T ee ee ea ee a WO em IN OO: — 1 We OR a GR AEe | Soot SS noe ans ety Ges oossounay, pus AaT[B A OTUO oF 1:00" i cccteaeeee see GR —alitte So STOP ee (IR — rer = apa r ge « mooe Saar no 5 st a eae een $0789 JIN OF 'O— | 2460+ | 8L°0— | GL°0— | FL0— | ¥'O— | 40°0— | 190+ | FO'O+ | GEO+ | GEO— | FT'O+ | CO'G— |r o mono s8789g OAUBTT VY UNOS Pus oTPPHAL ex 08 eh |. ©0: | 08 &@ “OL 6 % "GS ‘ST ‘Tr OAIs Pe FLL 2 a > Le a a -npouL —ounr —AIT [dy ‘p adyw *SUOTJVAG at ts ee Sa ee ——| 04 [uve —SuUIpuo SyooM 10,7 WO ‘supa Nhupw wof suorjpatasgo uodn pasng JpUmLou ay, WouLs SEsT fo UOsHnas ay} Los (SYJpaLpUNY PUY sayour U2) sanzundap Worpn)}LdIDALT x YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 644 is & - hy a =e © 4 ‘— 8 fat oF Page (6+. lo Sea & eet. ie : aaa é 8 + z oe I - é Wea & ls as J at 0 G+ L 0 Qa 9+ t Lo .— te g ees 0 : fine t (ea 0 "ip T e+ | Wg 0 & § + | i ¢ ie 0 es 9 { Mee aoe cots & Oe 0 ity & a+ o== 6 + £ ot 0 ‘ids 9 0 1s Lat € oor i) G+ ZL (Tg » ler aa T 0 0 he $ Le ort 0 t ¢— ae et I cs | G+ é g— |s— jit | g— |9- |g+ jo e— |t— |¢+ {1 5 ae Ca + + I I— |t— |e+ |g T— je— [6+ {Tt get+ |e— |#+ |g Ie De gr & T+ |t— |t-'|1 | ‘Le 0 | ‘EL —oune +) +4++ FH++t+++t+tse [+ +4+4+44444 aan J + ‘a —ulpue syooM 107 , 7 ot 9+ 7+ Oe ee et iE @+ = 1 Wn eS ao G+ (ies = "a gt ie 0 ie — t+ 9+ 0 Noa t+ i oa i Nes 9 Yh 0 Ss 9 + jf = 0 G+ OL+ t+ | ae a y+ oa a+ ,> dae g+ hoe ot a= a e+ O.+ 7 = s'— «Pi 0 ete : na er Lo @+ Bor 0 \ tae 6+ L+ » Fate ct oo ae 8 + bes vate ia 0 7 + G+ on C= eae a ect | Bes p= ae Rit 9 + 0 = oS 7 + Lor e+ eee aoe Cit ¢+ 0 | Som ‘a ' + 55 $+ c= ies @t+ Q+ hes lt + o — et ol Las La a a+ ee 0 oem YN #+ c+ 0 0 CG “chee 9+ = Gi Ri $+ oI+ | 0 Tek jig¢— a+ e+ 0 = Te ig o-r bee eae o> e+ G+ ecg ) ie = 6 Be (get ie ee G— 2+ Ei Cima, Nieves {<=> ote g=— = aie — 0 latest Pa See Be ete lS By pa t= $+ 0 La Ha “OS Bor7 ‘OL | 6:1 | a —AByT NAANSOAHAANNN OMMANAR oO AN FRNMOHDH DiHMone tails) 4 I+ Ue a ee +|++4++ |+++4++ 44+ 44+ 6+ ¢— 9+ |e- 9+ |o- 7+ |9- T+ -l6-— gt ss T+ | or 7—./e— s— |6— 0 8— @— |jz- ¢— |9-— ¢— |9- ge— |s-— @— |4-— ¢— |1- g— |6— 7+— |6- ; oom oS e— |6— ¢— |/@e- I- |s- 0 i a Sor ee ‘> Pas =, oo Chea e+ |2- tt o> fi aes gcse a L+ |*#— Meo See ocr Lo ¢+ |T— 7 Deg 0 ‘81 ‘I lady DSHOONGD BARROMOHINSH FSHRDHOE SH baa 7 : ; a ——= wore eeeeee naeaams : ceded wad ttt Ft+t+t+ Ft++H+t+ F+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+ 44444444 F4+ BANNMA Fadnacisaicaa sHodateded ey ‘suBetIO AGN ay is SOTA ) Seo saomMSo$ Not +mNAdoN ey ‘j40dysvq ;puypsug Aen ‘sUOTITIS ‘supah hunwu sof suoypasasqo uodn pasng joUutou ay) Wouf s6gr fo wosnas ay) Lof (ayuacyny seatbap UL) saunj4vdep aunjoied wa; fipop abpaeay 645 } | ID HOV ++++++4++ MHRO +++++] | - wea cere os WG Es A etl ++ /+ HHH CORA OR RH HOR HRMS = + +4++4++ +4 +/+ +4441 11 ed A apr a ial eal NNsoowvow ah) 1) b+++ SOO Hin Oe Co et AD OL =H B15 CD wt OB = A at ad a et +++++ ++ BDAC os Ht ete ++4+4+ | [+1 eer hal FY [+ FOR 1898, oO ASRSSSS ne og ag - j++tt+ +44 +4+4+44+444+/4+/4 1 |) | eeEE+++EE+ | by bbe eee |} +++] 4++4++4+4+ }+ +4+4+44444+4 =o Wo ed al el at oo) |S ie ir i oe }) ) ber +++ - NRA HOoOMOSoOHMO OOS i sa ec fe a Row osieS Git ates Rr AMMO ASH OR He ee St oH HOD ttt+t+t+t t+t++++t++ +4+++4+4+ F4++ 444+) p++ ++4+4+ +4+)4+)/+ +44] 144) ie OVO ROD ID OD CD ras t= It | RAS HHS Het SOs ee SOOM HH ONRH SCOWMSnAMotononw WD OVO rit | Ni ++ Soon = - = 4+ 1+ Dalish SSO MA rt ORO st st Ht ei WONNSsA ADR NOarmnon oon |) |+t++ + +1] isudsicl oy Tw aD NOWRA +++++ +4+4+4+++ +] DAMON t= Det i= a sae DNase fete DSkate) Bel ie el ve ol | +++ +4+/1 1) WEATHER AND CROP CONDITIONS +H+++ 4444+) 4+ DOM TFAdtoOoMigd Olt ROCs? IDA AI Nets A HONMSOH OCS BHOCSwIHSeEENAHAMO AHO ++) ++++ +4+++4++ +44 IDO i OH SHH se ra to Ko 8 ad DI-NNAe +H wists sods J++ | + die oil a +1+ tttt+++ t4++++4++ +4+++4++ +41 | MIQHRNOOS ONNNSSTH BASHA CMD HOD MOOS rare tt mt Ot et OR et . +H#+4+44+ ASMORNSH SHR SOOM HIS COO tt ORI OOO HOO RO ONO Ot OrUrsCoewsqaS AH O~roO MINH MOS OCPOowWMOONO OOD 1d Hii WHOM OMO st HO HS CARCI CI sH COMIC OOON +4+4++4+4++4+ +44 t+t+t+4+4+ +¢4+4+4+4+44+ SRQAAOoONS CS C6d10 HHH ++++44 | ere OMe Di~ | Pitt ++++++ | SRO HOw SOR Hs HOH 1 | OD Cot-t- Mi~ [pe a weiiswiiedis OSE ee eee on ee 189 ‘oFeIq uvg i ct a ihe ale ka lls totam gta ho [8 ‘se[esuy sory PRES SSR ANS RSSE SP ee ees ee es [8D ‘oospuBiy ug Bae SSE ae SA nes SER er ae [8D ‘OJUeUTBA.ONg agpiaghncmate ioe nba larergien dag samy cae ase 1®O ‘gud pew Se Oe Oe en ee Se ee ee Bolg ‘Aanqesoy BADSARRE RE MEE NEe SSSA e Sanne Ss See e eM Ran rR EPR te Bolg ‘purpyy40g SEVER ENS TES SSE SH REE ES ES Sew 4 Ve xtSS PEAS e ee YSBAA “epTIBeS :gsn0o Oye gure SESSLER CEE RSPR IPAS E AER See “TTT TtZEny “xpuetd a aha yatta hal xoy ‘osud [aq entge s+ thoes anche aR nese eee sen tea XO 'N ‘Og Biuaeg VA ENE APEOS eesti xo ‘ousIqy Die ia ATRGE NTS JE. oe suey ‘os poqd Te Oe RRS EES SS Sn eee ce 5 ee, eee O[OH “taaueqd ee ee ee nD > ene ee re “AQON *099¥[q WIION Ses oessscestyeyers=epaseh onasnces < oe a s Onnee ‘auuaseyy) WENT Leena Sr east PSD TB39 ‘ABD OFT IBS Stsacr en Rashes an sshwe ses = Seen ne aa ae eee Ysva ‘ousyodg ets Ro Ee ae ESS quolg “eue[oy, SSSA Qe SUNS Rene Se akene esse" eet ro eee quoyy ‘O1AREyy :edo]s ureyunoyy AYOoyy be ial deca a tee eae rata sie sae aha Sg HV “N “GOs! [LA ERR ES 9 SERS ees eee aE Ee Se ae AVq 'N ‘Ho.1easig oS eansn ek sagen haere as beta = SSS ee > ee UUL{T ‘pveTysooy :qsoMUQION OUleI xq kid Dh gin RORGCS LT GON Ee Sethe eas On suvy “eIp.oodo) SP Gish Give VERE eeen ee: op “AqID sesur Sesaky SeheSs SSNS ees nh 9 AUSks a 2 —No> eee oW “pleysunids :AQT[VA LIMOSsIt Seen Sao SSe aoa Seas E RE esta ene ye? ee a Gere OW ‘stno'y 4s Fe Re Ea eet eae ee ne Sea a ae II] “Ore PRRMUREA PHetae tt aa eke ~ IU ‘preysurids BSPT Ran Sc eer a aaa es aoe ee BAO] ‘SOUIOW Seq Rane SES Ss a6 Saas man aS Oe Bia neater Oe Been es BAO ‘QIodusaqd St i oe a ae SLM ‘OSSOID BT Fs So Sentinws a Reese ese Seno Sees ee ee ee “uUlyy ‘(ned “4 — TAOTIBA Tad SeISeTT qaidg ve . YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUR 646 no-oax + 1+ it I+ 6+ j|9+ Oe ied a git jst 6+ j2t+ 6+ | at at | 9+ et jet 01+ Qt 6+ |o+ At 1 ¥ct g+ [1+ b+ 1o+ 6+ |9+ 6+ |e+ $+ |o9+ es |.0F at jas 6+ |9+ tr [b+ ot+ | ot 6+ [2+ 9+ 8 + 4+ |st 9+ |o+ gt |'+ T+ |et oO | 8 — 18907299 Sots 2D SSH COOH HR eR ieee {eet 44444 64444444444 49 = hae fog ot 19 aa 19 es a fh i) e+ |2 +h Iz oe [8 = 0. es ot Li 0 = Sot ho ote ie = tr 13+ TS a i Se | Ha ik ae 0 5S 0 Cf 0) 0 Toe 0 i a he oe oT) 0 Gia IC Seve) wees 0 | 0 Lon Pies g@+ Sere Sot | 8+ Roe Waa te uk bes amd ee Lop Actor Neha (it ies 61 “OL — leq ureydag -oseoe fH FF44+4+ $+4+4++4++4+4+4+4+ $4444 CSRHODOVSUH = NR OAOD 4109 GS OS OD wt oI+ she it. tee c A et pee Ll rn p+ 1et+ [T-— Itt as | ee | ome + i¢+ |e-— |t+ Se (0 Sec Ws: ested 1a + |¢+ [@-— |t+ St aoe Hl ee eae + hee |t= | =F aa Nh gee a+ tat te Asie Wile se. | TA gees ae ee aD ee ie ie pee hi rae Ae (mt) So Mist 1 oe ep eee: Ace lees age Va ie 0 i ie 0 oa Ii a + |t+ |t-— {t+ eid! eae || aoe + |0 0 L+ |e Al 8s Keo 1 0 0 tes to 0) 0 6+ te 0 0 Soe wo eet eat toa ieee AD G4: St he th eo |e Goer eticr WSteas —lepets BE ey (i cae (aa FS Tho re 0 picts Ora’ Nee sth ib, es Pee SS: este eer Ls }0 0 Ler —jsnsny * a port ae C \ ’ we may. eae P Ot. tt |o4 ea ie ca a ae 0 9+ ot e+ [Gt ot PF er + 0 i 2 Boe bese aro arn se = ie eee ae eet ee Le at a toe Tore | Pe 10 oo 0 0 GCL Gt ae P= |S he ae 10 Pia Tis (Mee So td tee ae 7 fi ae ce roa | die Us A ( n 0 Gor. |) Qs ae 0 Deh: eet be fe .| Bae OS |) bie 0 Ce a) 8 SAA Sale Tt 1S ol PSs eo 5 eae a RSS ah ae a= a () + 0 Se ol Sa eee oe 0 Gs (P= fem fas 0 Se | Sell Aes 0 Cri eee Soa NS 0 Be HS 8 lie Hee Bar Sse oS |e ea *S9} BIS OUBIyV WyRoS Wg RO) es a a Hae | a *yJOJ40 Seedloe ie ee Poe oriras | Wa al GO. Te lie: elie Doct te MC Say ae tee Pet | Lon Oe Ses ei Ost | Be N.S ey, *$0783S OF UBITV SIPPHT 8 + | ie Sire [See + sstyq ‘uo sog Tt eo a Pe eo ae . Ye a eG 0 6+ est ‘st0diseg ipuylsag AON sng "SUOIIEIS s —SuUIpUe syooa 10, ‘ponuyu0) —s.uvali fiunw sof suoinasasgo wodn pasng Jousou ay, wou sgsT fo Uosnas ay} wof (playuasyng saatbap ur) saungundap ainjgosadmay pop ebpseay | -~ Iice-oe i G47 AO Ht OS Ot OR i — 1+ Fam) 3 +t rrria HASSE ES oF 2 Mpa t flo abel | | 1 Ccoonrnw Ol) aie 32° O03 ' cOc8 ++++4+ | ++ 7) tet CoN SS +++ 4+/4++ rm ORO. et oD HC ee ONHOAONAOS = MANDA RNO- oe WS HOAHORMHr~N aa - He - = = man — VOD me BOD prone +4+4+4+ | ++++4++ + Neal Ni- ~ > copie DHOoNesANO +4444 [+ =~ = Dr OVO ANNAANa +4+4+4++/4+/41 | B= PW) III HSIN OD [1 ))++++4++ Sa HOI Siw Wie +t Or tH 1D HD AD OS SHAD HOD et ++t+t++ +/+ +4+4+4+4+4+4+ +4+4+4+44+ 444+ $44+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+ oO Oi- DD — ws +++ +4+4+4+4+1/ 14) bers] Ss be cael al ol ed NAN |+++ = J++ +44+4+44+4+44+44 + Kero FOMOO Doi~ Ormioe Orin beet O91 fakcl Maro It ono ett ttt tt Ft ttt t4+ Ht tte tte -o OMe ore tele bela aD = NQRNRonro +++++44+ +4+44+4+4+ +o Ll) t t+ +++ 4+4+4+ SO O23? Had S I | pWat 14 NSONWA HH +t+1 1+ — = oi ee ees | | Y heels el Pad Pay fale teelebed Lede loal i! Pk) Ws a | MNO AHOD WHOHRNND OHDSD AaNMAoONOOCDBOHOD TACHI Ow t= Di~ NH i-H HOV Cream OOR COMODO O Cte OD +4+++44+4+ 444444 COMOROS WROWRr COCA ODCD OD SH = ONS HOD Oe SCNHOMSi~ OVO Ht OD OS OD t++++t+4+44+ 4444444 WEATHER AND CROP CONDITIONS FOR 1898. INNARNINsrs COND +++++4+++ | |+|4++++4++ ++ “ii on ie ONS Oomirt NOOO Wet OOo NRO HANe OerinstNRt BRNRAONN HOH OSOMwMOs RNIN H BOMRNND Oren FANNIN HHI It DOOreD CS VOB OVNI iI AN OH WWD Oiei~ Ot OHS DO HOO SH HO? ++++4++++4 | Hil HO HID OD =H GV OROD CD 4 OD HOD OR t++4t+ [+44 | NMHANNosAiwd Sr sAINRNeR DDNOwMIOMNNO ++t++4+44+ DU et st Rt +++44 | EE EE RE EEE EE EH he) ‘oR91q ung SRARAEROR SASHES CASRORD SEASONED EES Ea ae 18D ‘seleZuy sory rEndeme zeae PEKCn Anse a eaS ae ren eee ones ee ee ee el tached “tam aie pape ie seas alate alge = oh 189 ‘oJuewIL.0RBS Re yk wp cd yt «a ra 18) ‘BUI per en iste hag sm ae eel ies oh ily 5019 ‘Aanqesory tone cece meee nwen ee meen sees wees pone tann sens conns SAIC ‘puvyy1og a a a eh ie, lala aN aa lethal a fale Sak YSeA ‘e[iyBeS 748B0p9 oylorg pide Ren pies oo pre setae mesa 35 SiT OOD ‘1eaueq ne ae Fak ede Lin RE ies he Rela IQ@N ‘049R[q WI4ION ; Seger NGRaS EP ceases Ul: ie er o4 M ‘anuesogg pisses wereb oiph leeds rie asta a UPI “AIL oNv'T ag raaiakabh| Paltcdncis Atte os Crane da ia Ta! > Yse Ay ‘ouwyodg : erie riggiguine soca rics ead ee quo; ‘Buea See ee ee ee eee eee oy one ac gee ae quoyg ‘atany :edo[g ureyunow; Ayxo0y lh tutte g sade o's eee ee ee AVC “N “WOISTTITAL gigas ua tehbe adernimicia eink peas Sars a HPC ‘N ‘HOAvuIsig ari kt atte elaictat Tale ois tht i goa einige Zrassir UUI,L ‘pReT1ooyy 14SOMUIAON OULAAgXGT 5 daighwisbanda's Asie aiatrapinintete Stace Neale: SSE SS xVq ‘Ss ‘uoiny ARs Cia case a OL FE AQON ‘ourgueye A eae PET AE BERSE EMAL Sere OT AQON ‘BYBUO Pe he so ys We dk er A en suey “BIp1oon0g Sn aw eae Abd tae es ee SILA ‘OSSOID BT ah alah tain chie gS ha aaa eae ha iE UUI,, ‘Neg “9 :AOTIVA or a a zona alata taisatlgiaas tes minine pniniak ait wrr te a> aaieete T Ill ‘OsBoIqD Ree Sie tO een mee Pesan ey Ee te ee STAAL ‘OOFNBATIAL hy aia elect bah ldots thsch a etn dels puictaakre | ES pid Ge ae kee AUN ‘ojegng 2 ageiqae gite tag hee ceed cor Ses eer ae eR AN ‘o30MsQ ISUOLSOY OYE] +o Wee SEQ SSsesnes al fae ee i) YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 648 - n St om L110) ++ nA J+)4+ )+ san NESSRA SSESYSKSSRR ASARRSRS || | ++ +++4+4 |} = i- SRR Bo args roe | | ‘Ve de ++ 11 *s 58° 4 | ESINGESRRSE SHRSSTAT Se * han SNTSESRE RG [+4+14111 Seeeseek BS ++ 1 +4155 ee SERSRREE 85 Tilt i+e+ #4 LVF F++ 41. RESERESE BB HBSARAES 8B San] emis | L bebe lit) tesa SBE RRESLESE }+4++/11 11 rt taal Son S| 2 BSZSSRIR SB - aes a ae a Ba = or Art Ss — t-te Son kan! +) [+++ 44444] 14+ bel lee SSRESESESER BERRRSKA BH n RBERER eaease <4 1d laa Bearhirke emis 05 Oe eM oo xX os eee Ae al Pers lalla eS hs eee blebal_deil Ba i Wee ReEetE SRABSR =e etl el Dee eesks: i+414] aaanas F++ + Tye 477144 RSH —SuIpue syoomM 10,7 a4 “Soasise—t ei ~ ++ |) +++4++ 44+ ee ee eee ee ers ee ee we ee eee eee ee eee ae eee een eee enw ewe we one eee nee cece en eee es ceeew ne eeeene ee ee rrr = ia Ness! sae As ace orem ae lea oa ON 029012) s0q8}S ONUBIW TynoS fe Be ir, “ei COIS OGM IS SBHHNSHe AK SBRSAS wigicle hake aah eee) am i Sage ap oe et ‘310dyseq :puylsuq Aen paddy *suOT}BIg ‘supah fiumu wof suoripasasgo uodn pasng jouLou ay} WouLs gEsT fo UOSDaS ay} of (SYZpaLpUNY PUD seyour UL) sangundap UOYDRA WALT 649 | + | bel boleh 1 ear + Pie Ree ite a « . . “ * |+5 Pel S318 - ORT | rt e+ | WEATHER AND CROP CONDITIONS FOR 1298. Pia | + shel Sale at awe Rex 1g* 81° ith be fe) Ral Ral sk Pa lf PO eg iG a SS et a aN +++ | ++++| | cane eis aheh fh Eta | | [++] ++4it 4 =) am a ee cts Phe ade + ++) 444441111 +[+ +4+)4++4+4+4+1 | | hal | + | +|+ 1 | | Path ceean ae int renin re AP feet oes FREESE + [halk | | +++ | ot ited a 3 A4R2 +++ | | beets act: i |e [+++] 1+ Peek ts eli feared is bal bac) Loni “ot Pt b+ oe a Prine et 'l eteZesh Ln +++++ | | Pa fa a 2 2S ee lea ahaath lade aati abreast ecm hy ee Ser ee eee ee Sern ee re eee [8 ‘sepesuy soy ec cbeneaehibacrainbbisetcee deter baie | ify), Fee heehee Te Rn oe ROR renee cae ne i EME ate [Sere eas ake es Soo e ene 2 one aes ee Horo ‘Aanqesoy [SSShae Sos se se ene se = nth Saas Sane eg ee S19 ‘puvyy1og teats aac ae i ln ao ca een nh ha ra cd ae SBA ‘e[33Bveg 748B090 OY lOBg ee em Oe a ee i a ziay ‘xtueqd ine Ae ee ee a ae eae ae ee ee ne xoy ‘osvd 10 ie pein tia Mek okey eS ded tbe too ele xay “eueTIqy Se ea eae a a one suvy ‘espoq SORA SRST AT 0 ESR ee re See eS ee RST eee ee wes OPE AT Eee eee ee ee are AIQON *0939%[d WIAON seca ic Dates a eet) hoa ton Sh ag a I oAM ‘euuesoqD Sees eee ie ae W¥1 ‘AUD ONT IBS SER eT eee oT TRS a eae ee en ae a Lee eae ae Oe ae Benn eae eee eee quojy “BUeTe Fi oleae ta aaa ie nae a ala ae che eae quoyy ‘O1ARy :edojs ureqzunoyy AHO RH Maes ge Cat penn 2g 14 => eens ee ae He “N “WOISTTITA SESTAT QOS TINT has ake ts canoe aoe ae al Pietra alta i cia nian ical sited ciara caine 19SOMQIAON OMld13 xy cieg kd aici ninth goa Satoh Ck alk yeq “Ss ‘uo1ng ees a ae eae ee ee oe IqeN ‘eulue[eA Ramone £2 Sh 505s aa atrann “seo aera enn anaes ane oe eee ce apatite arity ai ee eh tat tt PE eh suvy ‘vIpsoou0p co tear rane 20. oy ogee pe gi aot) le, oy ‘AIID sesue CR ao Se sre a Sie a Ope aren ee ee eee oy ‘preysuridg :AoT[BA TMMOSST AL WEL REM TR SRE Pee Se STE eae OW ‘stno'y “99 ekichia hia mminiet nth air bacenork tat De nt ge aig Ty Il ‘oare TMP T ST PERLE STRAT s oS ee ie -proysurids Se ee eared ee ee BAO] ‘SeulOyT Seq SSUES oS Se ome Sear wee ane eae ee eee BACT ‘Jaoduaarq poker nas whe et Ree eT © ens eR Pre ee SLA ‘OSSOID BT Tinka ns che og ae erie Wik gs Pee gy war neg 38 :£OTIBA aid eect aeddQ pagan Sa a tale aaa ke ak nee ea uur ‘qgnrud ahs CCA? UNS POR, PERT AT Le Oe OLN se Ill ‘OSBoIqD Spar aoe ap Re aoe ere ae ee ee the SLA ‘OOFNVATIPT Retna A ORE co) tLe bo a ee ory “Wea pue.y Seb tet natal ob tll steps i eel nl a i ae tenn eo yor ‘eued,y Bor oases 5278 teen Ror meres eae ee tere eae TOU 4to1eq SE SSS C RROD RE SS? © eae ashes ae ek ne nas OlYO *puvlese[p I+ ++} 144+ + 22% T 9-8 1 $e" —) 19° +) FH +) OL" s + or LP-I+| 6F° Ser oe | ea er ¥L° +| 98° —| 19° —| BL" + $F I+] Ss" —| 88° —| 98° — eFT+| FO" +] 99° —| Ges + OL" +) 60° +/ 19° —) Se" — 68" +| 16° —| 16° —| 92°8+ ST'T+] ¢° —| 06° —| 1" + eg’ —| 8e° —| 84° +] 80° — *—| 6F° —| To° +| 98° —| 90° ig” —| Te°I—| SL $+] S9'T—| 08° *—| LE —| £2" —| 08° —| 20" 20°T+] 68°T+] 09 'F+| FO°T+] F8° "—|' 70° +] 98° —| 28°S+] 18° *—| 91° —| 92° —| 60°F+) 29° 98°S+| 69° +] 19° +) 2e°9+) ST RL I+] 2¢°@+| 99'T+| o8° —| OL 18° —| 9¢° —| 49° —| 2s° —| Fa" AU'S+] 9t'S+| 18° —| SFT+] 228° 6L’ +| 70° —| 16° —| 92° —| OF F+ 1st £0°I—| 00’e—| ee" —| 6F'I— €1 e+ 18 'I—| $8°I—| 20° —| 186+ 9° +) 18° —| 16" —| HH" —| 99°8 * +1 20°I—| 89°I—| 60°T— *—| 1¢° —| Tr'I—| 98°T—| 98 —| OT T+] T° —| To" | 22 ‘g “0G ‘Br | G a {+ a+ [+ +1] +| han +121 La “ot Waal Ba Bs =| Fe > SSSseeRae su [+ ]+++ . . 1) ) Ea yrs a om +++[/+/14+1++ +4 NAann QEg22se2 #ERSSERE 9A Foner a were s SBES2ERE BH FEEEHEH J Bi eer oe (LE S88 jie > ~ = 3Z82453 ‘Tiere S29R58S22 S2S25S2R 8B +++ 44 ara hater J+ TEE SABSeSaSs BSBEesas Se RESASRIAS BP ae ie I+}+1) 1411 nD o oD baal ee af DA ae le |. ot ni Lal [+++++ 47117 —| 66° +] ¢6° —| 90° +| 9% + 98°3+| 16° —| 52° —| 4 —| ¢T: —| 8h" —| 98° —| 6R —| 18: +) oF —| #8" —| 18° =| 00- 6 trl) BL" SOL. 108. —| $8" —| 9°] at" —| 2 | | — Oo —dequieydeg vali fiunwm wof sworn. —Surpus syooa 10.7 ry > 7 we ae 7 RS EES fn 7 “orn “=n She a ee ee ee ee en eee Re eR em areas enorent ater) te lteeda mire gO sig ys, “ery ‘suveTID AON Se a oe ken Pe aig) ae oo eee Se ele aS anne *S97BIS JINH Shee ee BLq ‘oT[TAuosyour sag ey) “YRuUuaHArg 5 Se ORE He SEER LE EP”, CRE STROSS Wi Ft, vy ‘vjsntny aime ay a ar a Rabe ai he ener ini ahaha at O's ‘u TIVyO ot Neelg tral dg sagen lg dhe tale oo eg inn ON ‘uo} Sura yy Ee ee ee ee ON ‘eq90],18q9 ‘SepBIg ONULIZV GINS Ss ae Mee rk ee ee eee “yqyOjao ‘suOTINIS Luasgo Uodn paspg [DULLOU ay? WOLL SEsT fo UWOSHaS ay} Los (SYIpaLPUNY PUD sayoUL UL) SatnptDdap WONDIVAWAMET a 651 CROP CONDITIONS FOR 1858. 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FB) eer | Dee Stl seete souk ie = seen errata Oe amt ue @ XoV{ “N ‘87 BURBS : EOF |e: | Oren) Rae) 0-168 rE: See Se: ae ere | TOE eee bites Capa: Toh. ee OPIN xOL ‘eueTIqy | Des | ne ee | ee ee OS OS P| Oe are a] OL ake et (Soo IPe S ee Wa. i) oo a een eevee eins Sine sury ‘ed poq | Gh a ep oe ele | ee See ORey tb Sb | Se ees ee LO, Sse 0 et oh c= reek Oe ane oan ees 0190 “teaueg SPL e ee |B a TO ha ol Pe 1 Be el SO ao i SO emmy GG ee VR ae Orne Oe ke: aca cae nek AQON (039¥[qd WIION eo° t) 20: | ge* —) 18°) $8" —) OF" +r) LEY) OF" —) 99: SHOR) GOT Brier? — te or ca 0 kc eeres chk ane Ee tamed o& A ‘outedoyy) = fae or ones ates —| Lat PL OL: BL SBL: a] 80 co GO sme nates PENI ge 0 day (Gc ce et ig a en nel APO XBT FES Tee mel tee ee | TE —| 60" tN 20) 80" Le Bc OR eerie ee | LO) cule Aue et tok ee ee Shoe cence aes sv ‘ouryodg mirter mente f-|aaer 1 TPT | BL “SRL a) BO | Po | LA Det | deen ci ee ne ee ce Set Geen ee quoyy ‘vueleH nal OES send et ata 9) | OP el GRY —— | TES =| (PS SR OBST Pe ea LRP ee] FQ) ey Tm PRS eno Ras oc Re ae er ee oer quoyg ‘o1AR : :edoy[s urequnopy A907 Hla, Web ale | We. SS Bas a] Ras Sa eek 00s | BSS an err = tae ee ee ee a Oetag 2c pate, Ome (Oi elie oF (atte —| Re in| 2G te nee elec ge eG Ge ee Dod EY eck: wee CN oe. 0 tess | Senn eee ne AUC “N “HOseUIsigT Sisk. 2-196 > =a, 802 | OL? =] 6a 1082 S60: 168 S160 sh OR =) OL Teaties se ons She ee eae et Pee eee ee UU peey..looyy | 2qSOM 3.10 N OUIAIZ XT] ses TEOQe oh | Re eel ee: | GR 2 I GO| TES Se OD Nal Oe te Baer GOT) LO sree cer oh ere eet ees oe Secca ee eee Ree Beg ed ira Ol A OF i eg eg dA a iam Cd: ly a a a IS neon ae IQON CUuruoleA SE Cs Oda =| MOLe |) bee Saya: — [he On bs ee | OD ST! 6° OP Rt) Ser bese ees se Ce Maal Ae Ue el an AMON “BYvuld cepa | OOM es! GG" =! 90s—a|/ Foy —| (Bao eae” | Ok. OL POO | Lei oP PR teo SoG ae iors eee eens oe suBy ‘BIpsoou0) piek [alder Leta e= —=|"ePre | G0. 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"PF 0'GE “STS ara Seige es ag gs Ay ‘ayasurydoy “MF 61S PPO) or BS | a Ss aaa PS eee Ay “uoySsutxey "P3661 SER | RST CE eon, (ee ae 4y ‘ortasurydoy ‘Pg'sT ELS en eae UR ee eee ene) eae suey *“A91D pag ‘FS8'9L eOnO ge tie eee OFSPUUs [TFSI | PH ‘puryyVo *P6°SI FL 61 AAS MG GOOG) oo a lt a oe eee A er ee ie ORF a. ee ee od “DS TL FE al ge er aa ht I aco oo0BqoT, |-------~ ASO ‘anOIsonin gy | 8 ee ed ‘Z11WT *pg'oL gi TVR) Wat ig se lt ace ie Wk Oc agen 9 eats Ween = PH ‘H1¥q vuroyey, | SE ln |e AMIR RT | ie< wee ae See | eee ee Age [pao = UrUO) SACTICAM "a> ea ee oq ie Gy Pe ee ie eee aia or aie al eS ODE women a fe UIBOT *STITG}JOO 4 [~~~ ~~~ ~~~ - quo], “uvutezog | ‘PF 9'FT FOF GLa «| et hed) eo See To TS AMOUIA. ia eS urvol ABii).|--"" =" 275757 XK ‘N ‘oaseues) APACE |e eae! |< ae ae) SEER BTS ae ee ae MESA A 37s UIBOT “STITYIOO |---- "77> quoyy ‘ueulezog SRG Fa SU 2 i et sea fC: pe a = FOOT M | ABO Pat *OIqqey) |-~-~ =~ PIC ‘Arejeq ‘DP ‘F8'8 “EDFA. | IB Pes | eae be el ae ee eee sit 3 hl inc ee ea gee RIGO AGI) le ee KN ‘ooseuar ‘DF ZL A (Gf al aes ste gd 2) yw (eo HODIRMIOT MES as oe cee al OF libatabe aces 5 PH “341Bq vuroyvzy, eS Ce eiOL| eee sd Ge, anes re eee SSBIP) |---- "~~ ABD pad ‘orqqey |--~~ ~~ === PH “Arered ‘P3621 SOS Cen Te PL) Cile, * loess semen OD a4 Sara SOT SRS he ee Ay ‘ettasunjdoy ‘FLO SSSaLe | a ethene me FBOTM [oT Worerme meen sees mee seer oes * SOL “STS SITTOL AA P “urvol ABO 38'L Ee ameatee sak oe sreeseeressse*Sd@O | pot ‘au0JSpuBS [[LYS}BD |---~*~- . ae oa PH ‘PUvyyVo ‘p29 RAGA Res eRe ce ee 8009840g |-""""""-"- -arvol, A[[oABay) |----- > 77" =o AN ‘Bovqgy FOOT | PIR ea el ae (oh Oe | laa aaa yonaz Apuwg |------ =~ vf N “pavjpeur, PP6 ‘Po'6 SPGOBrs nde. fer irks eee ake re | 6 NG lame ai aii OqOPYV |-~>> 77-7 7-"* "TBO *Woz4901g 36°8 ‘ps8 T2'B | -Q°% “qeenbs pussred [-----s7saeS OR aes aie os ee FL ‘P FL’8 foe |) ae, See al seme a BOUVET Ye eed yout} Apuweg |---- == vf NX ‘puvjeur, ‘MA 8'8 F'8 ee 2 Pa de oa oe ae L) Seeigat | iaiabaameaet bor a cy S| OD a) 8 are eee ee “M6 °C IgG SPS ied eee Op aise cee cee oo0Rqoy |--" "77" Apuves ‘yooururepy [--"" ">=" -* uly ‘epveyy og ‘DT PidicQi | ee oeephes cee Ot Oss ee qBveTM |-~~*~"7" “[LOS UBC] ‘BTBSeg | --~--""-- -YGseAA ‘UBONNg ‘POF ao i Agel pe a Lie laa SOPH Od) fi 05) Sa ee eat] RE ys Pee pee "‘PS's Bob a ae CL a ya aca sednoreyuey |------ yon.) Apuws yy Sry Ease aga PIT “eraanguepy Ajne ‘ouny ABIL : | 8681 | "{fos Jo zoqovaTyD “AqITROO'T ‘TIOS UI @.1N4SIOUT 4UeD 10g 654 “S6ST ranisnpour ‘ysniny 02 linyy ‘szios ~)\4u00 Jog | ULUMOLS dorp Jo 797 W0d aanjsroyy COMPOSITION OF FORAGE PLANTS. 655 COMPOSITION OF MILLETS AND OTHER FORAGE PLANTS. The millets are all very much alike in composition and digestibility, there being often more variation in the forage from a single variety, cut at different periods in the development of the plant, than between samples of different varieties, particularly when cut at about the same stage of growth. This shows the impor- tance of cutting at the proper time in order to obtain the richest, most palatable, and most digestible forage. The following tables, prepared in the Division of Agrostology. give the chemical composition and digestibility of the millets, as shown by various American analyses and digestion experiments. No data on the digestibility of broom-corn miliet are at present obtainable. To facilitate comparison and to furnish easily accessible data for use in arranging suitable feeding rations, the composition and digestibility of a number of the most common grasses and leguminous forage crops are added, Average chemical composition of millets and other grasses and forage plants. | Fresh or air-dry substance. Water-free substance. j 2 { i,/ 0 ‘ aq ° }2 | Sigs 5 3/2 Variety and kindof forage. | eo| | 2 bas og ee id othe ape og A | os 08 | & | Se (Pe EES) | o | ws of o | £5 Wes eee ie : 3 | 2H ; |S 3 | &u Louie be |} & |) Ble ie le lal ek ee | & : qq |o ica Oe 4/0 icy 01% / Foxtail millets: |p. COP Sct. |. Pact. | Pct ||P. ct.| P: ct. | Pct. 1 Pe. wa ct.| P. ct.| P. ct. Hungarian (hay) --..-...--- he 6.0 | 27.7] 2.1) 7.5) 49.0] 6.5] 30.0] 2.8] 8.1] 53.1 @ommion (hay:)'.:-.....-<.<. 15.0} 4.3] 28.3] 1.8] 6.6] 44.0 mo 33.3] 2.1] 7.8] 51.8 Japanese foxtail (hay) .---- 15.0} 4.7 | 30.1] 1.8] 5.1] 43.3 --| 35.4] 2.1] 6.0] 50.9 ‘Golden (hay)-...---...-- are ieee eo 2 ee metas Commies ears Early harvest! _.-....--.-.. 26.8} 5.11 26.9) 17! 43 | 35.2) 6.9) 36.7] 2.3] 6.0] 48.1 Milletmiresy ---.-...-..---2- 16.0) 5.8 | 35.5) 1.2 4.2] 38.387...._. {41.8} 1.4] 49] 45.1 Common (fresh) -_.....--.--- Sant | On ace | 2.64 18: Tae 31.4] 2.9] 7.4] 53.4 Japanese foxtail (fresh) -.-| 75.0) 1.5] 7.8] 0.5] 2.1] 13.1 ]_..... 31.2] 2.0] 8.2) 53.5 Hungarian (fresh) -.-.----- 74.0) 2.11 7.0) 0.5] 2.6 1S Bleek 2%.9} 1.9) 10.0} 53.1 Millet seed (variety un- E. : ge alain 12.8| 3.4] 7.8| 3.8/11.0/612] 3.9] 9.1] 45/125 le70.6 Millet seed (hulled, grown | 5 | | Li Ln aa 10 dee Same ice | 10 Bl Bok fon aloe eee RFE Golden wonder millet seed-' 9.3) 3.0) 9.1] 4.5) 13.8 | 60.5) 3.3/10.1] 4.9) 15.0) 66.7 Barnyard millets: Freshly cut (for soiling)... 73.1 | 2.0} 81] 0.8) 2.0) 14.0 ]___... 30.0] 3.0] 7.5] 52.0 Il) 6335 es 11.0} 8.9) 30.9} 2.2) 11.3 | 35.7 | 10.0{ 34.6} 2.5112.7] 40.2 arg Set oe 15.0] 4.6] 30.4) 2.1) 5.2) 42.7] 5.4) 35.81 2.5] 6.1] 502 liso i 1.8) 2.8] 96] 0.8) 1.7/138.3] 9.7) 34.0] 3.0) 62] 47.1 Ll oa 10.8) 31] 7.7] 5.7 | 12.3 | 60.9] 3.5] 8.6] 6.3] 13.7] 67.9 Broom-corn millets: : } Japanese broom-corn mil- : } | le aS ee 88.5) 3.7 )19.38| 1.0] 2.6) 34.9] 5.9131.8] 1.7] 43] 56.8 uo DLs ae see 6.0)" BS OTe | oT PIS | ORS 181.87) 383 Bet 44 Hog millet seed ---.....----- 10.2) 2.3) 66) 4.4] 13.5) 63.0] 2.6) 7.3] 5.0) 15.0] 70.1 Some common hay and forage } grasses: SEETOUNY (DAY). 202-5 nant 13.2 | 4.4] 29.0] 2.5] 5.9] 45.0] 5.1| 33.5] 2.91 65 51.7 Timothy (fresh) ..--.--=-.c. 61.6) 2.1} 11.8| 1.2] 3.1 | 20.2] 5.4130.7] 31] 8.0] 52.8 Redtop (hay) ..-...........- 8.9} 5.2/2.6] 19) 79/474] 67/314] 21) B87] 521 Redtop (fresh) ........-.-.- 64.8); 2.3) 9.4 | 1.2) 8.3/19.1) 6.6] 26.8] 33] 9.4] 53.9 Orchard grass (hay).-...... 9.9| 6.0) 32.4/ 26] 81/486] 6.7|36.0| 29! 9:0) 45.4 Orchard grass (fresh) --.._-| 73.0| 20/ 82| 09] 26) 1%3| 74/304) 33/ 96) 49:3 Kentucky blue grass (hay).| 11.9} 7.1) 80.4) 2.2] 7.6) 40.8) 82/344) 25/ 86) 46.3 Kentucky blue grass(fresh)) 65.1 | 2.8 | 9.1) 1.3) 41/17.6) 8.0 26.2) 3.7)11.8] 50.3 Western wheat g:ass(hay)| 8.1! 8.6 | 87.5 | 2.7] 9.5 | 33.6 | 10.6 | 40.7) 3.0] 10.4) 36:3 Western wheat grass | j | tind tS) SR 63.2) 1.71 12.9) 13] 45)16.4) 4.7) 385.0] 3.4)122] 44.7 Big blue stem (hay)........- 7.8| 6.7|38.0| 21] 53/411] 6.2/ 41.3 | 22/58) 45 Crab grass (hay) .-.-.......-.. 14.3 | 10.3 | 23.6] 2.6] 9.3 | 39.9 | 12.0) 27.6] 3.0] 10.8) 46.6 Corn fodder (cured)........| 42.2| 2:7|143] 16! 45/367) 47/267) 28] 78) 601 Corn fodder (fresh) ........ 79.3 | 12] 5.0) 0.5) 18/12.2| 5.6] 24.1] 2.6] 8.8) 58.9 ROU SIR Ss 2s Since enn ce cen 79.1) 1.4] 60) 0.8) 1.7/11.0] 6.6] 28.7] 38) 8.2) 8.7 Johnson grass (hay) -.-..-.- 9.6 6.5 | 32.8 | 1.8) 6.1] 43.2) 7.2 | 36.3] 2.0] 6.7! 47.8 Johnson grass (fresh) .---_. 78.8) 1.9] 56) 12) 3.0) 9.5 | 9.4) 25.6| 5.7/14.8) 44.4 Sorghum (cured). ....-.--.- 28.6 | 4.0) 24.0) 2.7) 4.0) 36.7) 5.7) 34.3) 3.9] 5.7) 504 Sorghum (fresh) ........-.. 71.4) 1.7) 82) 1.4) 1.6) 15.7] 6.0] 28.7] 49] 5.6) 548 Sorghum silage. ............ 5.6 | 1.6} 7.6] 1.0) 1.4]12.8] 65/3811] 4.1] 5.8! 625 Common leguminous forage crops: | Red clover (hay) - .-.--- ----| 15.8) 6.2 | 24.8] 8.3 | 12.8] 88.1] 7.3] 209.1] 3.9]14.5)| 45.2 Red clover (fresh)..........! 70.8! 211 811] 1.1 ) 4.41138.5 1 7.2 127.8! 3.9115.38! 45.8 1 Partially cured. Analyses of these and of silage of both barnyard and brvoom-corn millets furnished by Dr. J. B. Lindsey of the Massachusetts (Hatch) Experiment Station. 656 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Average chemical composition of millets and other grasses and forage plants— Continued. | Fresh or air-dry substance. Water-free substance. ae ae fe a \3 8 4 3 | Re = core) = & P Variety and kind of forage. / / @ $ z & 2 = $ ° D 8 | | of o | es os S| me 1 gee tore : 3 | 2h ,) get so ¥ \2lale 1a] 2°) 1a) ae |} EF} 4/0 |& |S |4% 14.10 4) see ees =, | 4 errs —_ |, —___— Common leguminous forage ) | crops—Continued. P. ct.| P. ct.1P. ct.| Pct. | P- et. | P. ct.| P.ct.| P. ct.|P ct.) P. ct.) P. ct. Crimson clover (hay)-.------ | 9.6) 8.6/ 27.2) 2.8 | 15.2) 36.6) 95/3801) 31/168) 40.5 Crimson clover (fresh) - ---- 80.9} 1.7] 5.2] 07) 8.1] 84) 8.9) 27.2) 36/168) 2.0 Alfalfa (hay) ........-------| 84] 74|25.0| 22/143) 427) 81 | 97:3] 2.41156] 46.6 Alfalfa (fresh)......----.--.| 11.8] 27] 74] 1.0 | 4.8] 12.3 | 9.41262) 6:4 |i7-4 | 43.9 Cowpea (hay)...-.....------| 10.7| 7.5 |20.1| 2.9/|16.6| 42.2] 85|225| 321186) 47.3 Cowpea (fresh). ------------ | 83.6] 1.7] 48] 0.41.2.4] 7.1) 10.5) 20.5) 26)148) 43.6 Soy bean (hay) ------------- 111.3] 7.2] 22.8] 5.2 | 15.4 | 88.6) 81/251] SO) 174) 435 Soy bean (fresh) --.-...--.--- 175.1] 2.6) 67] 1.0) 4.0] 10.6 | 10.5 | 26.9) 41/16.1| 4.4 Japan clover (hay).--------| 12.8 | 12.8 | 26.5 | 3.5 13.8 | 30.6 | 14.7 | 30.3) 4.0) 15.9) 85.1 Spring vetch (hay)--------- | 8%} 4.3] 24.6) 38.2 | 18.3 | 40.8 | 4.7) 27.0) SB) 207) 44.7 Spring vetch (fresh) ---- “* 81.0] 1.8) 35] 07) 45) 85) 9.5)183) 38) 244) 44.0 Digestibility of millets and other common grasses and forage plants. - s<) | s | ® H ~ les 2 me Vari aie Anton = =| 3 a8 ariety and kind of forage.) # 2 & ¢ ae Remarks. Rg 3 | 3/33 4 . »~ > LP) eld) 2) 3) 2 te A|ol4/o/8 | m& ie Foxtail millets: Pict.| P.ct.\ Poct.| Pict. |\ Pct. P chy Pee Hungarian (hay)----.--| 65 OO Raa! 68 | 64 60 67 | Experiments made with | ruminants in this and ! the next. Hungarian (fresh) --.--- 63 Ce 7 62 63 67 | Early to late bloom. “Golden” (hay) -.-.2---]--<-=-|---<]--=--- 58 41 60 65 Barnyard millets: | Freshfodder. -........--]-------| 65 53 63 | 72 47 68 | Bloom toearly seed; aver- | age of three trials with e E eee sheep. Freeh fodder? -=.--_...-|--=<... 13.3 16.0 11.0 17.0 21.4 MOMGATS <= 2.2=---- 10 Pee 081 (8 eee 22.4 120 years --...-. Sees eR 18.0 1 tN la 23.4 ; | (New Jersey).! | White Cedar F-| F-| be} F) Ss ye) he be Pap peie ate a We ae 7 pee Ain. ° “an = 2 = o ef | of | 44 | E> as AS ake Qa n An ae ny, Lae] qd A] nH ze | 26 | 25 | 2 2 E bas 5 ° a, Gi ) 4H nD n A Inches.| Inches.| Inches.) Inches. 8.4 SOU h e eeeee 1.9 5.6 NT I BER 2 4.2 7.8 1 HN ala eS 6.6 1 190 ee 4.0 9.0 I als | a See eee at Sy bee ae 71 15.4 18 7: | ee |. SSS 15.0 ive | ee 10.2 16.3 Nee | emacs | Saeco. 1 | eee ee eee ee POte | aawesses |S Sn tel Ce Sr rN anf 6 er SS 15 el ene Inches. Soomro got ele sherk oe ie £0) =" 1Figures obtained by Gifford Pinchot and Henry S. Graves. 2Figures obtained by Dr. Charles Mohr. 3Figures obtained by Dr. C. A. Schenck. Rate of growth in diameter of Red Spruce before and after lumbering. ' [Average of 1,593 trees on cut-over land at Santa Clara, N. Y. Number of trees showing increased growth, 294, or 18 per cent. | diameter. yee ‘ . |Number ILO. Diameter. | Gf trees.| Just be-| Since ting, fore first] first eut- as cutting.| ting. regular by a curve Inches. Inch. Inch. Inch 5 8 0.095 0. 095 0.09 6 158 . 080 . 100 .10 (f 829 -090 |> .110 . LOO 8 350 105 125 125 9 217 -120 . 140 140 10 226 135 . 150 150 ah! 135 . 130 145 . 160 12 64 165 sige 170 13 30 165 .170 .178 14 11 150 . 150 .185 15 1 O80 080 .192 16 4 . 200 200 . 200 Average.|......--.- -112 137 Mibeelrte fo eho of years to grow Panene sa eon seo eee = 1From The Adirondack Spruce, by Giffor Current annual growth in d Pinchot. Number |! Current of years pope se annual required showth growth to grow || S71 e)eas indiame i moh | 5 ead —— in diam- |) rst cut eter. || STOwth. | “ ting. Inch. 11 1 0.100 10 16 - 180 9 || 63 185 8 i7 205 7 59 205 “i 50 215 7 18 -210 6 7 - 240 6 2 .170 6) 1 . 200 ih | eee ee (ae aes [4 | [ees ER | RRS | to ieee eae 20 —| = ———~ — } - / - ’ || een wa q 666 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. — LEGAL STANDARDS FOR DAIRY PRODUCTS, 1898. The following table shows the requirements for articles sold under the n specified. States not named have no laws prescribing standards for dairy prod [Prepared by Dairy Division, B. A. I.] Milk. Sarg Cream.| Butter. Cheese. rs Total | Solid Total otal olids fo) : solids. {not fat. Fat solids. Fat. Fat. Fat. Per ct. | Per ct.| Per ct.| Perct. | Per ct.| Per ct. Californian ~ 226 = ooo sgn cee =~ Sonn ofl see dle oe oe a en, a Full Fol cxoaat ae p.c. fat. Skim, trun a Fo te oy Coloragdo-=..--+-.---|-2- 35 p.c. total solids to District of Columbia WC hha 1 Les SO ey I ara Tilineis aps es be tee eo TOW otdsaok ot sese.s itor (ee ee Sg ae Sareea pril-August--- Mrchigan -.--25 .f ..-< Minnesota .-....----. 45 Pie c. total solids tobe at. Missouri - 2-2 acct et ee ea ee From milk testing at ; least 3 p.c. fat. ( New Hampshire...--- 13 New Jersey ---------- 12 INSw Work 12222 2.225. | a | (ey 9. 3 hic. 24 ee a bap eee 3 Loe See 80 | 20 p. c. fat. May and June .- 11.5 WIERORSSshescsso 40s Le ewe oes 8 (|Sp.grav|..-.---- Not over 12 p. ce. 1.085 14 p. c. cream water. , by vol. ; Pennsylvania......-- tT Eppes ee 3 2. Opi Ca) ac aaa eee Full cream, & p.. c. fat (Milk and skim /Sp. grav. fat. Three-fourths milk standards | 1.029-33 6 p.c. 24 p. c. fat. refer to cities of cream One- cream, l6p.c. acy and third ey vol. 6 _ 8 . class. p. gray ne-fourth cream, 8 p 1. 032-37 c. fa’ skimmed, below 8 pe Rhode Island ---.-.-. 1 el ae 2.5 South’ Caroling. 22.22). s 08a 8.5 3 (Oo) «a eee | I te (ee ee oh Bs solids not fat Vermont......-- : 12.5 9.25 w scm and June - 12 5 - Fall 20 MONG CON con weds lata ane nite eweeencae| cone cenc|accawe cone) OP LL Chm ee skimmed, 15 p.c. Skimmed, from s miik. AVY AESOTUNSES ates he ee bene Yo] A a we 8 1 In New York and Ohio the milk solids of condensed milk shall be in quantity the equ of 12 per cent of milk sclids in crude milk, of which solids 25 per cent shall be fat. AGE OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 667 DETERMINATION OF AGE BY TEETH IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS.' Horse.—The horse has 24 temporary teeth. The male has 40 permanent teeth; the female 36 or 40. Thesmaller number is more usual in females, due to the lack of the tusks: The temporary teeth consist of 12 incisors and 12 molars; the 4 center front teeth, 2 above and 2 below, are called pinchers; the next 4 are called intermediate or lateral, and the next 4 corner teeth. The permanent teeth consist of 12 incisors, 4 tusks, and 24 molars. The dental star is a yellowish ring appear- ing next the enamel on the table or crown of the tooth. The following table shows approximately the changes of the teeth with age: 3 to 10 days: Temporary pinchers and 3 molars cut. 40 to 60 days: Temporary intermediates or laterals cut. 6 to 9 months: Temporary corner teeth cut. 19 to 25 months: Leveling of temporary corner teeth. 24 to 3 years: Pinchers replaced by permanent teeth. 3} to 4 years: Intermediates or laterals replaced. 4 to 4} years: Tusks cut. 44 to 5 years: Corner teeth replaced. 5 to 6 years: Leveling of lower pinchers. % years: Leveling of permanent intermediate. 8 years: Dental star and notches in pinchers. 9 years: Dental star in intermediates. 10 years: Dental star in corner teeth. Cattle.—Cattle have 20 temporary and 32 permanent teeth. The temporary are 8 incisors in the lower jaw and 12 molars. The permanent teeth are 8 incisors and rane Cattle have no incisors ia the upper jaw. The table for cattle is as ollows: At birth: Temporary incisors appear. 5 to 6 months: Teeth decayed on border. 6 to 7 months: Leveling of pinchers. 12 months: Leveling of first intermediates. 15 months: Leveling of the second intermediates. 18 months: Intermediate incisors become stumps, 2 years: Permanent pinchers cut. 24 to 3 years: Permanent first intermediates cut. 84 years: Second intermediates or latera!s cut. 4 years: Corner teeth replaced. 5 to 6 years: Leveling of permanent pinchers. 7 years: Leveling of first intermediates. 8 years: Leveling of second intermediates. 9 years: Leveling of corner teeth. 10 to 12 years: Dental star in pinchers and intermediates. 13 years: Dental star in corner teeth. Sheep.—Sheep have 20 temporary and 32 permanent teeth. The table for changes is as follows: 1 month: Milk incisors appear. 3 months: Milk incisors decayed on border, 15 months: Permanent incisors cut. 2 years: First permanent intermediates cut. 33 months: Second permanent intermediates cut. 40 months: Corner teeth cut. Hogs.—Hogs have 28 temporary and 44 permanent teeth, The table for changes is as follows: At birth: Temporary corner incisors cut. 1 to 2 months: Temporary central incisors cut. 8 months: Temporary lateral incisors cut. 9 to 12 months: Permanent corner incisors cut. 12 to 15 months: Permanent central incisors cut. 18 to 20 months: Permanent lateral incisors cut. 1Bxact correspondence of the condition of an animal’s teeth with its age is, of course, not to expected. It is only hoped that the tables here given, and approved by the Bureau of Animal Industry, will aid in forming a reasonably accurate opinion in any actual case. "668 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WEATHER BUREAU SIGNALS. The following illustrations (fig. 135) show how flags are used in the weather service to convey information of forecasts. They are self-explanatory. Fair; stationary tem- Rain or snow; station- Local rain or snow; Cold wave. perature. ary temperature. stationary tempera- ture. Fair; warmer. Fair; colder. Rain or snow; warmer. Rainor snow; colder. WHITE ‘ Local rain or snow; warmer. Local rain or snow; colder. Fig. 135.—Temperature and rainfall signals. Recent extension of the publication of United States weather forecasts has been largely through cooperation with the post-offices of the country. An arrange- ment was made in 1895 by which daily telegraph reports of weather forecasts began to be sent to postmasters at distributing offices. The forecasts were bul- letined in these offices and sent out by cards to outlying post-offices. This plan has been taken up extensively by postmasters and weather forecasts are now sent to several hundred post-offices that are reached by wire. Weather forecasts can be obtained anywhere that wires run by payment for transmission of dispatches and for material for signaling or other method of announcement. Where evidence is supplied that value of the service to the public will warrant the expense, flags will be supplied and telegraph service paid for by the Weather Bureau. Where such an extension of the service is desired a letter should be addressed to the Chief of the Weather Bureau in Washington or to the chief office of the section in which the new station is desired, and each case will be considered and disposed of on its merits. Another method of supplying information as to weather probabilities is by means of whistle signals. One long whistle, fifteen to twenty seconds, calls atten- tion to the fact that a weather signal is about to be given. Then very short blasts, one to three seconds each, indicate the probable change in temperature; while a series of longer whistles, four to six seconds each, tell whether it will be fair or ‘falling’ weather. One short blast means colder; two, warmer; three, cold wave. One long blast means fair weather; two, rain or snow’ three, local rain or snow. WEATHER BUREAU SIGNALS. 669 By repeating each combination a few times at intervals of ten seconds possibility of error from failure to hear the warning signal or other cause may be avoided. A system of whistle signals is in use at present by the Florida Central Railroad through the truck-growing section of that State. It has been found to be very useful in giving warning of cold waves and frosts. Warnings of wind storms are given on the sea coast and on the Gulf and the Great Lakes. The principal ports have a special service of this kind, and from these ports announcements are sent to minor stations in the vicinity. Practically there are no volunteer stations in the service. Displaymen are in the employ of the Weather Bureau, except in a few cases where they are connected with the Light-House and Life-Saving services under the Treasury Department. The following illustrations (fig. 136) show the warnings given by these flags: CECCCCR "4 RK ROK % ee werare: Storm with north- Storm with south- Storm with north- Storm with south- easterly winds; easterly winds; westerly winds; westerly winds; storm center ap- storm center ap- storm center storm center proaching. proaching. passed. passed. (Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf.) Dan- gerous winds; fur- ther information to be obtained by application to nearest station. Hurricane approaching. Fia. 136.—Storm information and hurricane signals for use on the coast. In addition to the display of flags as shown here, night signals are given by means of lanterns. A red light indicates easterly winds, and a white light above a red light westerly winds. No hurricane signal is displayed at night. When Weather Bureau flags are displayed side by side a streamer is added at the end, which is to be considered the top of the flagstaff. RECKONING OF AMOUNT AND VALUE OF HAY. Four hundred cubic feet of hay is roughly estimated as a ton. But there is great variation in the ratio of weight to volume, dependent upon the kind of hay, time of cutting, and treatment in storing. In general, the finer the stalk of the plant the heavier the hay; also, of course, the more closely packed in putting away and the nearer the bottom of the mow the heavier. Grass allowed to stand till nearly ripe before cutting will be the lighter. In estimating by measurement multiply together the figures representing the length, width, and height of hay, and divide the product by the number of feet in aton. For example, if the hay is 40 feet long, 16 feet wide, and 18 feet from the bottom to the top of the mow, and the bulk agreed is 400 feet to the ton, the mow will contain 40 times 16 times 18, which equals 11,520 cubic feet; 11,520 divided by 400 equals 28 tons and 320 cubic feet, or 284 tons. The table on the following page is from the American Agriculturist annual, 670 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Table for finding the value of hay. | B, Pounds.| $4. | $5 $6. | $7 $8. | $9. | $10. | $11. | $12. | $13. | $14. | $15. | $16. | $17. | $18. i / a 50...-| 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.45 WO. ch eA 28 yL} 6.25 | .28) .82| .35 .42| .46] .49| .53] 56) 60) 268 9). --| .18| .23] .27| .32] .86) .41| .45] .60) .58| .50) 1.63) .68)) J7a ee 100....} .20| .25] .30] .35|) .40] .45 | .50] .55] 60] .65| .70| 75) .80| 85) .90 300....| 160] °75| [90 | 105 | 1.20 | 1.35 | 1.50 | 1.65 | 1.70 | 1.95 | 2:10 | 2.25 | 2.40 | 2.55 | 2.70 400....} .80 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 1.40 | 1.60 | 1.80 | 2.00 | 2.20 | 2.40 | 2.60 | 2.80 | 8.00 | 8.25 | 3.40 | 3.60 500 -.| 1.00 1.25 | 1.50 | 1.75 | 2 00 | 2.25 | 2.50 | 2.75 | 3.00 | 3.25 | 3.50 | 3.75 | 4.00 | 4.25 | 4.50 700_..-| 1.40 | 1.75 | 2.10 | 2.45 | 2.80 | 3.15 | 3.50 | 3.85 | 4.20 | 4.55 | 4.90 | 5.25 | 5.60 | 5.95 | 6.30 900....| 1.80 | 2.25 | 2.70 | 3.15 | 3.60 | 4.05 | 4.50 | 4.95 | 5.40 | 5.85 | 6.30 | 6.75 | 7.20 | 7.65 | 8.10 1,000-_-_| 2:60 | 2.50 | 3.00 | 3.50 | 4:00 | 4.50 | 5.00 | 5.50 | 6.00 | 6.50 | 7.00 | 7.50 | 8.00 | 8.50 | 9.00 1, 200__..| 2.40 | 3.00 | 3.60 | 4.20 | 4.80 | 5.40 | 6.00 | 6.60 | 7.20 | 7.80 | 8.40 | 9.00 | 9.60 |10. 20 /10. 80 1,500-...| 3.00 | 3.75 | 4.50 | 5.25 | 6.00 | 6.75 | 7.50 | 8.25 | 9.00 | 9.75 |10.50 [11.25 {12.00 |12. 75 [13.50 1,600_...| 3.20 | 4.00 | 4.80 | 5.60 | 6.40 | 7.20 | 8.00 | 8.80 | 9.60 |10. 40 [11.20 |12. 00 |12. 80 |13. 60 |14. 40 1,700__...| 3.40 | 4.25 | 5.10 | 5.95 | 6.80 | 7.65 | 8.50 | 9.35 (10. 20 |11. 05 j11. 90 |12. 75 118. 60 114. 45 115. 30 1,800...-) 8.60 | 4.50 | 5.40 | 6,30 | 7.20 | 8.10 | 9.00 | 9.90 |10.80 |11.70 |12. 60 }13.50 |14. 40 115. 16. 20 1,900__..| 3.80 | 4.75 | 5.70 | 6.65 | 7.60 | 8.55 | 9.50 [10.45 |11.40 |12.35 |13.30 [14.25 |15. 20 |16. 15 |17.10 2,000....| 4.00 | 5.00 | 6.00 | 7.00 | 8.00 200 (10-00 Le 13.00 {14.09 |15.00 |16.00 |17.10 }18. 00 The price per ton of 2,000 pounds being known, it is very easy to find the value of any fraction of a ton at $4 to $18 perton. If a farmer has 1,565 pounds of hay on his wagon, and the dealer has bought it at $7 per ton, he finds, by looking across the table from 1,500 pounds to the column at the top of which is $7, that the value of 1,500 pounds at $7 per ton is $5.25, the value of 60 pounds 21 cents. and the value of 5 pounds 2 cents, making a total of $5.48. If the price was $7.50 per ton, be would also find the value of 1,565 pounds at 50 cents per ton, and add it to $5.48, the value at $7 per ton. To find the value at 50 cents, first find it at $5, and take one-tenth of thatsum. The value of 1,500 pounds at $5 per ton is $3.75, at 50 cents, 37.5 cents. The value of 60 pounds at $5 per ton is 15 cents, and at 50 cents it is 1.5 cents, making the value of 1,565 pounds at 50 cents per ton, 39 cents, which sum, added to $5.48, gives $5.87, the value of 1,565 pounds at $7.50 per ton, To find the value of any fraction of a ton at $7.40, $7.60, $7.70, $7.80, or $7.90, find the value at $7 and add to it one-tenth the value at $4, $6, $7, $8, or $9. To find the value at $7.30, add one-thirtieth of the value at $9 to the value at $7. To find the value at $7.25, add one-twentieth of the value at $5 to the value at $7; and to find it at $7.20, add one-twentieth of the value at $4 to the value at $7. To find the value at $7.10, add one-one-hundredth of the value at $10 to the value at $7. CUBA: ITS POPULATION AND RESOURCES. The island of Cuba, the largest of the West Indies, lies directly south of the State of Florida, between longitude 74° and 85° west of Greenwich and between 19° and 23° north latitude. From Key West, Fla., to the nearest point of the island is 86 miles; from Key West to each of the two principal seaports of Cuba— Havana and Matanzas, both situated on the north coast—95 miles. The island is 760 miles long and from 135 to 160 miles wide. Measuring from the extremities of the capes the coast line is about 2,200 miles, but including all indentations is about 6,500 miles. There are 32 harbors on the northern coast, of which Havana, Mariel, Cabanas, Bahia Honda, Matanzas, Cardenas, Sagua, Caibarien, Nuevitas, and Gibaraare the mostimportant. The southern coast has 12 important harbors, Guantanamo, Santiago de Cuba, and Cienfuegos being the best. Most of the important harbors of the island will admit vessels drawing 26 feet of water. The exact area of the island is not known; it has been estimated all the way from 35,000 to 72,000 square miles. A chain of mountains extends through the Eastern provinces, the highest of which is about 8,000 feet. The territory is well supplied with streams, there being more than 200 rivers, The Cauto River, in the province of Santiago de Cuba, is 150 miles long and is navigable for small craft for 50 miles, Another large stream is the Sagua, in Santa Clara province. This is 111 miles long and has a navigable channel for 12 miles. The climate of Cuba in the rural districts in the east and center of the island is considered healthful. Malarial fever prevails in some localities and yellow fever rs many cities, but this is believed to be due in large part to bad sanitary condi- ions. ; At Havana the maximum temperature occurs between noon and 2 o'clock p, m. and the minimum between dawn and sunrise. The averageannual temperatures at Havana during the last ten years have been as follows: Mean, 76.8°; highest, CUBA: POPULATION AND RESOURCES. 671 100.6°; lowest, 49.69. The temperature at Matanzas is slightly higher than at Havana, and the annual average is about 4° higher at Santiago de Cuba. There are only two seasons in Cuba, the dry and the rainy. The rainy season begins in May and ends with October, and two-thirds of the annual rainfall occurs during the months from June to October. The soil is very rich and fertilizers are seldom used. The mountains are of coral pean, and the lowlands in eastern Cuba are extremely rich in lime and phos- ates. The population of the six provinces of Cuba in 1890 was as follows: Petts a yEre Te Sg hg sce ta GI 2 et a eo 2 SAE eRe nE eee get eee a ee ee eter. 4; >) +) : 5) Ce EE CLUS Ge oan, : 3 P| BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE PHILIPPINES. 673 _ among them, and at present they number about 2,000,000, and are rapidly increas- ing. The Vicols, who occupy the Camarines Peninsula, with the islands of Catanduanes, Burias, Ticao, and half of Masbate, are next in point of intelligence, and, like the Tagals, have made considerable progress in civilization. They num- ber between 400,000 and 500,000. The Visayas occupy the islands between Luzon and Mindanao, and are estimated at 2,500,000. In addition to these are the Moors of the Sulu Archipelago, the Negritos, and some other families of the Malay race. The Negritos are a race of small blacks, believed to be the aborigines of the archi- pelago and are almost extinct. They are occasionally met in the mountains of Luzon, Negros, and Mindanao. Spanish rule in Mindanao was confined to narrow strips of territory along the coasts and the more important towns, and the Moslem population of Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi Tawi is virtually independent. Wild Malay tribes are found in some parts of Luzon, Negros, and Mindanao, and there are probably some in the moun- tainsof PanayandsSamar. They people the whole of Mindoro and Palawan, except a few points along the coast. The remainder of the important islands were, until recently, under Spanish control. The Mohammedan tribes of the southern islands are a brave, warlike people, well provided with excellent steel weapons. They are born pirates, and particu- larly in Sulu, have a fanatical hatred of all Christians. Pagan Malays form the wild population of the northern islands. Of the inde- pendent tribes inhabiting Mindanao, 17 are pagan and 6 Mohammedan, Chinese form an important and at present a necessary element in the population of the Philippines. In Manila alone they number 40,000. In some of the larger cities there are a few coolies, but the great majority of the Chinese are in business, and the retail business of the Philippines is almost entirely in their hands, The people of mixed blood and the civilized natives compose the bulk of the population of the islands. - The principal city is Manila. It is situated on the island of Luzon and hasa population of considerably over 300,000. The soil of the islands is remarkably fertile. The principal products are sugar, abaca or manila hemp, tobacco, rice, coffee, maize, cacao, yams, cocoanuts, and bananas. Gold mining is being carried on in the island of Luzon with favorab‘e prospects, and coal mining in Cebu. The extent of the trade of the Philippines can be approximated from the following statement, which presents the latest official figures. ‘The leading exports are manila hemp, sugar, leaf tobacco, cigars and cigarettes, coffee,and sapan wood. Leading imports are breadstuffs, meat products, canned goods, cotton manufactures, iron manufactures. Trade of the Philippine Islands, by countries, during the calendar year 1892. | Total imports Countries. Imports. | Exports. and exports. Pesos. | Dollars. | Per ct.| Pesos. | Dollars. | Fer ee | Dontors | Perel United Kingdom. .....--- 6, 929, 662) 4, 247,883) 26. 73/16, 247, 877| 9,959,949! 44.90/14, 207,832) 37.32 China (including Hong- | PI Raia a belt Tue Sao 3, 650, 340) 2, 237,471 14.08) 7,939,054) 4,866,640) 21.94) 7,104, 111, 18.66 Say ea 8,327,691] 5,104,875) 32.13) 3,180,919) 1,919, 253 8.65) 7,024,128) 18.45 nited States--....---.---] 1,560,695) 956, 706 6. 02) 4, 885, 639) 2,994, 897 13. 50) 3,951,608) 10.38 OPIMANY ..-..---2 22228 2,033, 081) 1, 246, 248 7. 84 82, 182 19, 728 - 09) 1,265, 976 3.82 Egypt (Port Said) ----...- 5,195 8, 185 . 02) 1, 887,055) 1, 156, 765 5.21) 1, 159, 950 8.05 Cie 2) aS a 778, 183 77, 026 3.00) 894,525) 241,844 1.09; 718,870 1.89 Singapore - .--.-- noe Re 254, 707| + =156, 185 .98} 831,831 509, 912) 2.30) 666,047 1.75 French Indo-Chinaa --.-| 844,915) 517,933 3. 26 9, 340 5, 725 .03) 523,658 1.38 Japan a a Saath wmenive 3 298,006) 182, 678 1.15} 498,666) 305,682 1.38) 488, 360 1.28 Russia 2 SS es Se 428, 965 32, 956 | a eo a SRS See 262, 956 . 69 Switzerland i A aEe 837, 357 206, 800 Se ee Ode oe ety coe 206, 800; 54 Belgium. a ee 127, 801 78, 342 49 74, OBA 45, 383 20, 23, 725 a Australasia - Beenie eae 106, 687 65, 399) -41 75, 985 46,579) 2]; 113,978 20 Dutch lpi Mate LY sp SiN Se a Soe ee peat (nee ae ee 154, 277 94, 572! 43 94, 572) 25 Austria-Hungary..-.....| 102,725) 62,970 40 350 214|........| 68,184 17 Watheriands:.... 2... s<-.- 66, 230 40, 599 26 18, 012 11, 041 . 05 51, 640 14 Paty ........ Re Ledkiht oteckn 52,831] 82,385] 20) ~—- 1, 150 A 33, 090 09 Low hihi) 4, 250 2, 605 02 6, 480 8, 972 . 02 6, 577 02 Sulu Islands ............- 8, 645 5, 299 Pues eet Inooco sp aclscna abe 5, 209) 01 Sweden and Norway -.-- 2,375 1, 456 Bt) | ee SS eee Pee Ea RREUINEY Ge occ cecsim nace ccas 2, 205 1, 352 1 ES, Eee eee ees eRe NUTR oe nc nwoisno ant as 825 i) ante ae 590 es Ne Ree: | ae ttle reeves, 25, 922, 515/15, 890, 502) 100. 00,06, 187, 960,22, 183, 23) 100. 00/38, 073, 725 ~ 100.00 a Through Saigon. 1 A98——43 674 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. POSTAL REGULATIONS. Domestic mail in the United States is divided into four classes. First classis — everything mailable which bears handwriting or typewriting other than the addresses of the sender and person addressed, except manuscript copy accompany- ing proof sheets and corrected proofs; also first class are all packages so sealed or otherwise closed as to prevent inspection, except merchandise sealed up in fixed quantities by manufacturers and so packed for mailing that each package of fixed quantity as sealed at factory may beexamined. The rate of postage for first-class matter is 2 cents an ounceor fraction thereof. But ‘* drop letters,” where carriers are not employed, pay 1 cent an ounce. One 2-cent stamp wiil carry any mailable package of the first class, and any additional postage required will be collected — from the recipient. Soldiers’ and sailors’ letters, properly certified by specified officers, go unpaid; but postage is coilected on delivery. Second-class mail consists of such newspapers and other periodicals as are approved as second class by the official of the Post-Office Department assigned to pass upon them. The rate of postage for second-class mail is 1 cent per pound or fraction thereof when sent by the publisher or news agents to subscribers or news agents. But one copy to each subscriber in the county of publication goes free, except where letter carriers are employed. Third-class matter consists of books, circulars, pamphlets, and other matter wholly in print (not included in the second class), manuscripts accompanying proof sheets and corrected proofs. The rate of postage is 1 cent an ounce or fraction thereof, and must be fully prepaid. Seeds, bulbs, roots, and plants, although called fourth-class mail, are mailable at the third-class rate. Fourth-class mail comprises everything mailable which is not included in another class. The rate of postage is 1 cent for each ounce or fraction thereof, and must be prepaid. y Nothing is mailable that weighs over 4 pounds or is liable to injure postal employees or to damage other mail. ; Much mail is sent free under the franking privilege on the ground thatits trans- mission does the public a service equivalent to the rate of postage. The application of the regulations for domestic mail is extended to new terri- tory of the United States as promptly as practicable. Information as to this extension must be obtained from local postmasters. FOREIGN MAILS. Mai! matter for or from foreign countries (except Canada and Mexico) is classi- fied as “letters,” ‘ post cards,” ‘‘newspapers and other printed matter,” ‘com- mercial or business papers,” and ‘‘ samples of merchandise.” The limit of weight fora single rate on letters for Canada and Mexico is 1 ounce, and on letters for other foreign countries is half an ounce. 3 Letters carried by vessels not regularly employedincarrying the mails (commonly ~ called ‘‘ship letters”) are subject to double rates of domestic postage (4 cents per ounce) on delivery. Postage can be prepaid upon articles (other than the ag half of double postal cards) only by postage stamps of the country in which the articles are mailed. Canada and Mexico are the only foreign countries to which second-class matter in domestic mails (periodicals) may be sent at the pound rate of postage. Periodicals for all other foreign countries, whether ‘* transient” or for regular subscribers, are required to be prepaid with postage stamps at the rate applicable to ‘‘ printed matter” for those countries. POSTAL REGULATIONS. 675 Rates of postage chargeable in the United States on mail matter for foreign countries. Post cards. i 1 Letters —__—__— ,., ph tee Commer! Samples Countries or places of Der 7 With OR IS | of all See. | aes Se grams or . : tration * papers | chandise destination. one-half Single, Bb eg = fee —_ per2 | per2 ounce. @ aa need ounces. | ounces. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. All of the countries and col- onies of the Universal Pos- tal Union (except Canada and Mexico) and countries and colonies not in the Uni- versal Postal Union -..---.- 5 2 4 8 i: Co ae ee ie At least one single rate of postage (2 cents) must be The same as for repaid on ordinary letters. “printed mat- lants and seeds are subject ter,” except to the rate of 1 cent per that the lowest “Printed matter” is 1 United States domestic rates -......|..-----..- ounce. charge on any subject to the domestic rate. package, what- Mexico. ever its weight, At least one single rate (2 is 5 cents. cents) must be prepaid on ordinary letters. On articles for the following places, countries, and colonies not in the Universal Postal Union, additional postage may be collected on delivery: Africa.—Abyssinia (articles may be registered for delivery at Djibouti, Somali coast); Bechuanaland Protectorate, including Kanye; Macloutsie, Molepolole, Palachwe; (Khamastown), Shoshong and Tati River: Rhodesia (British Central Africa) ,including Mashonaland, Matebeleland, British Nyasseland; Barotse, Lake Moero, Tanganyika and Upper Zambesi; Comoro Islands (Grand Comoro), Anjouan, Mohele; Morocco, except European post-offices; Niger Coast Protec- torate, including Benin, Bonny Brass, Calabar (new and old), Opobo and Warree, or Forcados; West Coast, native possessions. Asia.—Afghanistan, China,! Oceanica.—Cook Islands (Rarotonga), Friendly (Tonga) Islands, Navigators Islands or Samoa, Pitcairn Islands, Savage Islands, Society Islands; other islands in the Southern Pacific Ocean. Articles destined for the above-named places can not be sent under registration through to destination. Letters, postal cards, printed matter of all kinds, commercial papers and sam- ples of merchandise are transmissible in the mails for all foreign countries, whether said countries are embraced in the Postal Union or not. Packets of printed matter, commercial papers, and samples must not contain any letter or manuscript note having the character of an actual and personal corre- spondence, and must be made up in such manner as to admit of being easily exam- ined. Unpaid letters and postal cards received from foreign countries are chargeable with 10 cents per half ounce. Prepayment of postage upon ordinary letters is optional with senders. Full prepayment is required upon all registered articles, and postage upon all articles other than letiers is required to be prepaid, at least in part. Newspapers and other political publications of foreign origin are not allowed circulation in Russia by mail, except such as are addressed to members of the reigning imperial family, the minister of the empire, or members of the diplomatic corps. Nonpolitical publications and newspapers are only admitted to circulation 1Articles of every kind and nature which are admitted to the United States domestic mails are admitted to the mails exchanged between the United States and the United States Postal Agency at Shanghai, China; subject, however, to the following rates of postage, which must be prepaid by means of United States postage stamps: First-class matter, 5 cents for each half ounce or fraction of half ounce. Postal cards, single, 2 cents; double, 4 cents each. Second and third class matter, and samples of merchandise not exceeding 8 ounces, 1 cent for each 2 ounces or frac- tion of an ounce. Packages of third and fourth class matter must not exceed 4 ounces in weight. ‘ 676 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. by mail when addressed to the Public Imperial Library, the Academy of Sciences, the higher establishments of education and established bookstores, but any person in Russia may subscribe at the Russian post-offices for foreign newspapers and publications, whether political or not. COIN AND CURRENCY OF THE UNITED STATES. There are ten different kinds of money in circulationin the United States, namely, gold coins, standard silver dollars, subsidiary silver, gold certificates, silver certi- cates, Treasury notes, United States notes, national-bank notes, and nickle and bronze coins. The United States notes are commonly known as greenbacks, and also as legal tenders. While all these forms of money are available as money, they do not all possess the fulllegal-tender quality. When gold coin is not below the standard prescribed by law it is legal tender at its nominal or face value for all debts, public and pri- vate. When below the standard it is legal tender in proportion to its weight. Standard silver dollars are legal tender to any amount. Subsidiary silver is legal tender to the amount of $10 inany one payment. Treasury notes are legal tender for all debts, public and private. United States notes are legal tender for all debts except duties on imports and interest on the public debt. Gold certificates, silver certificates, and national-bank notes are not legal tender; but the certificates are receivable for all public dues. The national-bank notes are receivable for all public dues exceptsduties on imports. They may be paid out by the Government for salaries and other debts owing by the United States within the United States, except interest on the public debt and in redemption of the national currency. All national banks are by law required to receive the notes of national banks at par. The nickel and copper coinseare legal tender up to 25 cents. Gold is now coined in denominations of $2.50, $5, $10, and $20, called, respectively, quarter eagles, half eagles, eagle, and double eagles. The coinage of the $1 and $3 gold pieces was discontinued under the act of September 26, 1890, The gold unit of value is the dollar, which contains 23.22 grains fine gold and 2.58 grains of cop- per alloy. The weight of the quarter eagle is 67.5 grains; half eagle, 135 grains; eagle, 270 grains; double eagle, 516 grains. The silver now coined consists of the standard dollar, half dollar, quarter dollar, and dime. The coinage of the silver trade dollar, 20-cent, half-dime, and 3-cent piece have been discontinued. The silver unit is the dollar. It contains 371.25 grains of fine silver, and of copper alloy 41.25 grains. Other coins are: Five-cent (nickel), weight, 77.16 grains; composed of 75 per cent copper and 25 per cent nickel. Cent (bronze), weight, 48 grains; composed of 95 per cent copper and 5 per cent tin and zine. The first paper money issued by the United States Government was authorized by the acts of July 17 and August 5, 1861. The notes issued under these acts were called ‘* demand notes,” because they were payable on demand at certain desig- nated subtreasuries. The act of February 25, 1862, provided for the substitution of the United States notes for the demand notes, and they were therefore canceled when received. The following table presents a view of the currency circulation: Kinds and denominations of paper currency in circulation, Treasury National- Silver cer- |Gold certifi- per ng notes. bank notes. | tificates. cates. $1 al (eee ee $1 2 Bl pe ee SO he ES 2 5 i) $5 5 10 10 10 10 20 20 R20 20 5 50 5O 100 100 100 |. Oo ee 500 500 1, 000 1, 000 1, 000 1, 000 6 OG | cccews weccdecd| enavcnncusdene wasadu deanenee 1G CD) | nacwiste nat wemchaw a Tee ee The issue of the gold certificates was suspended under the act of April, 1893, and has never been resumed, but there are nearly $37,000,000 of these certificates outstanding. pete LEGAL HOLIDAYS. 677 Several years ago a very dangerous counterfeit of the $100 silver certificate appeared. All certificates of that denomination were called in, and they are can- celed when they reach the Treasury. ‘These certificates to the amount of nearly $7,000,000 are still outstanding, but no $100 silver certificates are now issued. LEGAL HOLIDAYS. January 1: All States except Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island; New Year’s. January 8: Louisiana only; Anniversary of Battle of New Orleans. January 19: Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia; Lee’s Birthday. February 12: Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, and Washington; Lincoln's Birthday, February 22: All States except Iowa, Mississippi, and New Mexico; Washing- ton’s Birthday. March 2: Texas; Texan Independence Anniversary. April, first Saturday: Utah; Arbor Day. April, first Wednesday: Rhode Island; Election Day. April 19: Massachusetts; Concord Day. April 21: Texas; Anniversary of Battle of San Jacinto. April 22: Nebraska; Arbor Day. April 26: Alabama, Fiorida, Georgia, and Tennessee; Memorial Day. May, first Friday: Rhode Island and Idaho; Arbor Day. May 10: North Carolina; Memorial Day. May 20: North Carolina; Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. May 30: All States except Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, New Mexico, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia; Memorial Day. June 3: Florida; Jefferson Davis's Birthday. July 4: All States; Independence Day. July 24: Utah; Pioneers’ Day. August 16: Vermont; Bennington Battle Day. September, first Monday: All States; Labor Day. September 9: California; Admission Day. October, first Monday: California, October 15: Connecticut; Lincoln Day. October 31: Nevada; Admission into the Union Anniversary. November, general election day (first Tuesday after first Monday): Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, Mis- souri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Ten- nessee, Texas, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. November, last Thursday: Thanksgiving Day; in all States, though not a statu- tory holiday in some, December 25: Ail States; Christmas Day. Arbor Day is a legal holiday in Idaho, Kansas, Rhode Is‘and, and Wyoming, the day being set by the governor. Mardi Gras (the last day before Lent) is observed as a holiday in Alabama and Louisiana. Good Friday is observed as a holiday in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. Every Saturday after 12 o’clock noon is a legal holiday in New York, New Jer- sey, and New Orleans; alsofrom June to September in Colorado and Pennsylvania. STRENGTH OF ROPES. Hemp rope 1 inch in circumference is calculated to sustain a weight of 200 pounds; 14 inches, 450 pounds; 2 inches. 800 pounds; 24 inches, 1,250 pounds; 3 inches, 1,800 pounds; 4 inches, 3,200 pounds; 5 inches, 5,000 pounds; 6 inches, 7,200 pounds. Hemp is considered twice as strong as manila and wire rope twice as strong as hemp. MIXTURE FOR CLEANING A PLOW. Pour slowly a half pint of sulphuric acid into a quart of water. Considerable heat will be generated, and it is not advisable to pour the water into the acid. Rub the mixture on the rusty parts, scour, and wash off with water, 678 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS AND FARM ANIMALS. Acreage, production, and value of the principal farm crops in the United States, 1866 to 1898.' [From Division of Statistics. ] | “ | Corn. | Wheat. Year. | Area. Production. Value. Area. Production. Value. Acres. Bushels. Acres. Bushels. 34, 306, 588 867, 946, 295 | $411, 450,830 | 15,424,496 | 151,999,906 | $232,109, 630 | 82, 520, 249 768,320,000 | 437,769,763 | 18,321,561 | 212,441,400 | 308, 387, 146 34, S87, 246 906, 527, 000 424, 056, 649 | 18,460,182 | 224,036,600 | 243, 052, 746 -| 387, 103, 245 874, 000 | 522,550,509 | 19,181,004 | 260,146,900 | 199, 024, 996 38, 646, 977 | 1,094, 255,000 | 540,420,456 | 18, 992,591 235, 884,700 | 222, 766, 969 84, 091, 137 991,898,000 | 430,355,910 | 19,943,893 | 230,722,400 | 264,075, 851 _| 35,526, 836 | 1,092,719,000 | 385,736,210 | 20,858,859 | 249,997,100 278, 522, 068 39, 197, 148 932,274,000 | 411,961,151 | 22,171,676 | 281,254,700 | 300,669,533 41, 086, 918 850, 148,500 | 496,271,255 | 24,967,027 | 308,102,700 | 265, 881, 167 44,841,371 | 1,321,069,000 | 484, 674, 804 | 26,381,512 | 292,136,000 | 261,396,926 | 49, 033, 364 | 1,283,827,500 | 436,108,521 | 27,627,021 | 289,356,500 | 278, 697, 238 | 50, 369, 113 1, 342,558,000 | 467,685,230 | 26,277,546 | 364,194,146 | 385,089, 444 51,585,000 | 1,388,218,750 | 440,280,517 } 32,108,560 | 420,122,400 | 325,814,119 53, 085,450 | 1,547,901,790 | 580,486,217 | 32,545,950 | 448,756,630 | 497,030, 142 62, 317, 842 | 1, 717,434,543 | 679,714,499 | 37,986,717 | 498, 549, 868 474, 201, 850 64, 262,025 | 1,194, 916,000 | 759,482,170 | 37,709,020 } 385,280,000 | 456, 880, 427 65, 659,545 | 1,617,025,100 | 783,867,175 | 37,067,194 | 504,185,470 | 445, 602,125 68, 301,889 | 1, 551,066,895 | 658,051,485 | 36, 455, 593 | 421,086,160 | 383,649, 272 69, 683, 780 | 1,795, 528,000 ! 640, 735,560 | 39,475,885 | 512,765,000 | 330, 862, 260 73, 130,150 | 1,936,176,000 | 635,674,680 | 34,189,246 | 357,112,000 | 275,320, 590 75, 694,208 | 1,665,441,000 | 610,311,000 | 36,806,184 | 457,218,000 | 3814, 226,020 72, 392, 720 | 1,456, 161,000 | 646,106,770 | 37,641,783 | 456,329,000 | 310,612, 960 “| 75, 672, 763 | 1,987,790,000 | 677,561,580 | 37,336,138 | 415,868,000 | 385, 248, 080 78,319,651 | 2,112,892,000 | 597,918, 829 | 38,123,859 | 490, 560, 000 | 342,491, 707 71, 970, 763 | 1,489,970,000 | 754,433,451 | 36,087,154 | 399,262, 000 | 384,773, 678 76, 204,515 | 2,060, 154,000 | 836, 439,228 | 39,916,897 | 611, 780, 000 | 513,472,711 70, 626,658 | 1,628, 464,000 | 642, 146, 630 | 38,554, 430 515, 949,000 | 822,111, 881 72, 086,465 | 1,619, 496,181 | 591,625,627 | 34,629,418 | 396,131,725 | 213,171, 381 62, 582, 269 | 1,212, 770,052 | 554, 719,162 | 34,882,436 | 460,267,416 | 225, 902, 025 82,075,880 | 2,151,138,580 | 544,985,534 | 34,047,382 | 467, 102, 947 237, 938, 998 81.027, 156 | 2,283,875,165 | 491,006,967 | 34,618,646 | 427, 684, 346 | 310,602, 539 80,095, 051 | 1,902, 967,933 | 501,072,952 | 39,465,066 | 530,149,168 | 428, 547, 121 77, 721, 781 | 1,924, 184,660 | 552,023,428 | 44, 055,278 | 675,148,705 | 392, 770,220 Year. Se or ae eo) Area. Production. Value. Area. Acres. Bushels. Acres. 5 TANS Bee os 6 ee 8, 864, 219 268,141,078 | $94,057,945 | 1,548, 083 20, 864, 944 ISO) Soak socest se oad 10, 746, 416 278, 698,000 | 123,902,556 | 1,689,175 23, 184, 000 TSB ees eae | 9,665, 736 254,960,800 | 106,355,976 | 1,651,321 22, 504, 800 THO 38 ee LD AL, Ae 288, 334,000 | 109,521,734 | 1,657, 584 22,527, 900 eS St ces aaa a 8, 792, 395 247, 277, 400 96, 443, 687 | 1,176, 187 15, 473, 600 ReMi shk pos we ass 8, 365, 809 255, 743, 000 92,591,359 | 1,069,531 15, 365, 500 cy je a 9, 000, 769 271, 747, 000 81, 308,518 | 1, 048, 654 14, 888, 600 re Gets. 2s. oes 9,751, 700 270, 340, 000 93,474,161 | 1,150,355 15, 142, 000 1 (eros 10, 897, 412 240, 369,000 | 113,133,934 | 1,116,716 14, 990, 900 1 ER 8A Ld 354,317,500 | 113,441,491 | 1,359, 788 17, 722, 100 ERAN oA hoo SR cht iar 13, 358, 908 320,884,000 | 103, 844, 896 1, 468, 874 20, 374, 800 1 aS ORNS IES 12, 826, 148 406,394,000 | 115,546,194 | 1,412,902 21,170, 100 V1 Se ee SP ee 13, 176, 500 413,578,560 | 101, 752, 468 1, 622, 700 25, 842, 790 DSTO 8 gan acainiwacianpn| Dee eet noe 363, 761, 320 | 120,533,294 | 1,625,450 23, 639, 460 SE wkd. wut 4 deen 16, 187, 977 417,885,380 | 150,243,565 | 1,767,619 24, 540, 829 cS.) Ae ee a 16, 831, 600 416,481,000 | 198, 198, 970 1, 789, 100 20, T04, 950 SLL Se Se 18, 494, 691 488, 250,610 182, 978,022 | 2,227, 804 29, 960, 037 OD aS Ga 20, B24, 962 571,302,400 | 187,040,264 | 2,314, 754 28, 058, 582 RE tir ds hare c donthhasive 21,300, 917 583,628,000 | 161,528,470 | 2,343, 968 28, 640, 000 ;. weet eae 22, 783, 680 629, 409,000 | 179,631,860 | 2,129,301 21, 756, 000 PO Se eee 23, 658, 474 624,134,000 | 186,187,930 | 2,129,918 24, 489, 000 (ype aad iby aes 25, 920, 906 659, 618,000 | 200,699,790 | 2,058, 447 20, 698, COO |. eee SC 701, 735,000 | 195,424,240 | 2,364, 805 28, 415, 000 NP ct dda adie chethad | 27,462, 316 751,515,000 | 171,781,008 | 2,171,493 28, 420, 209 || aa eT 523,621,000 | 222,048,486 | 2, 141, 853 25, 807, 472 (ae ee ee 738,304,000 | 232,312,267 | 2,176, 466 81, 751, 868 w ae 27, 063, 835 661,035,000 | 209,258,611 | 2, 163, 657 27,978, 824 i. 2 ye Se ae 27, 273, 033 638, 854,850 | 187,576,092 | 2,088, 485 26, 555, 446 CRE ree 27, 023, 553 662, 036,928 | 214,816,920 | 1, 944, 780 26, 727, 615 I a ti eet ach ai pin 27, 878, 406 824,443,537 | 163,655,068 | 1,890, 345 27, 210, 070 pt.) ren FA 707,346,404 | 132,485,033 | 1,831,201 24, 369, OAT | LR A ae I ae 25, 730, 875 698,767,809 | 147,974,719 | 1,708, 5A. 27, 363, 824 ee A eae ' 25,777,110 | 730,906,643 | 186,405,364 | 1, 643, 25, 657, 522 1 All values in this and the following tables are in gold. Spree SRSSEZE ~ o = 22 2: ee et et ee et ne gue: 59 SESEBSESSLEREASUEVERSESE BERSSRES Se ee et et BERSRPSREEE SR ene BESEUSES ad = - EEE aseFeR SReeSR= FR} ACREAGE, YIELD, AND VALUE OF PRINCIPAL CROPS. 679 Acreage, production, and value of the principal farm crops in the United States, 1866 to 1898—Continued. Barley. Buckwheat. Year. as ° Area. Production. Value. Area Production. Value. Acres. Bushels. Acres Bushels. 492, 532 11, 283, 807 $7,916,342 | 1,045, 624 22,791,839 | $15,415,160 1, 131, 217 25, 727, 000 18, 027,746 | 1,227,826 21, 359, 000 16, 812, 070 937,498 22, 896, 100 24, 948, 127 1, 113, 993 19, 863, 700 15, 490, 426 1, 025, 795 28, 652, 200 20,298,164 | 1,028, 693 17, 431, 100 12, 534, 851 1, 108, 924 26, 295, 400 20, 792, 215 536, 992 9, $41, 500 6,937,471 1,177, 735 26, 718, 20, 264, 015 413, 915 8, 328, 700 6, 208, 165 397, O82 26,846,400 | 18, 415,839 448, 497 8, 133, 500 5, 979, 222 1, 387, 106 32, O44, 491 27, 794, 229 454, 152 7, 837, 700 5, 878, 629 , 580, 6 82, 552, 500 27, 997, 824 452, 590 8, 016, 600 5, 843, 645 1,789, 902 36, 908, 600 27, 367, 522 575, 530 10, 082, 100 6, 254, 564 1, 766, 511 88, 710, 500 24, 402, 691 686, 441 9, 668, 800 6, 435, 836 1, 614, 654 34, 441, 400 21, 629, 130 649, 923 10,177,000 6, 808, 180 1, 790, 400 42, 245, 630 24, 454, 301 673, 100 12, 246, 820 6, 441, 240 , 680, 40, 283, 100 23,714, 444 639, 900 13, 140, 000 7, 856, 191 , 843, 3% 45, 165, 346 30, 090, 742 822, 802 14, 617, 535 8, 682, 488 1. 967,510 41, 161, 330 33, 862, 513 828, 815 , 486, 8, 205, 705 2, 272,103 48, 953, 926 30, 768, 015 847, 112 11, 019, 353 8, 038, 862 2,379, 009 50, 136, 097 29, 420, 423 857, 349 668, 954 6, 303, 980 , 608, 818 61, 203, 000 29, 779, 170 879, 403 11, 116, 000 6, 549, 020 , 129, 359 58, 360, 000 32, 867, 696 914, 394 626, 7, 057, 363 , 652, 957 59, 428, 000 81, 840, 510 917,915 11, 869, 000 6, 465, 120 2, 901, 953 56, 812, 000 29, 464, 910, 506 10, 844, 000 6, 122, 320 , 996, 382 63, 884, 000 37, 672, 032 912, 630 12,050, 000 7, 627, OAT 3, 220, 834 78, 332, 976 32, 614, 271 837, 162 12, 110, 329 6,113, 119 3, 135, 302 67, 168, 344 42,140, 502 844, 579 12, 432, 831 7, 132, 872 8, 352, 579 86, 839, 153 45, 470, 342 849, 364 12, 760, 932 7,271, 6 8, 400, 80, 096, 762 38, 026, 062 861, 451 12, 143, 185 6, 295, 643 3, 220, 371 69, 869, 495 28, 729, 386 815, 614 12, 122, 311 7, O74, 450 , 170, 602 61, 400, 465 27, 184, 127 789, 232 12, 668, 200 7, 040, 238 , 299, 973 87, 072, 744 29, 312, 413 763, 277 15, 341, 399 6, 936, 325 , 950, 539 69, 695, 223 2,491, 241 754, 898 14, 089, 783 5, 522, 339 , 719, 116 66, 685, 127 25, 142, 139 717, 836 14, 997, 451 6,319, 188 , 083, 125 55, 792, 257 23, 064, 678, 332 11, 721, 927 5, 271, 462 Potatoes. | Hay. Year. Ee SPELL ; 7 Area. Production. Vaiue. Area. Production. Value Acres Bushels Acres. Tons. SMM 8 5 Po iso 53 , 069, 381 107, 200, 976 17, 668, 904 21, 778, 627 | $220, 835, 771 Co Se 1, 192, 195 97, 783, 000 20, 020, 554 26,277,000 | 268, 300, 623 (oa 1, 131, 552 106, 090, 000 30 | 21,541,573 26,141,900 | 263,589, 235 Lisl S i aes 1, 222, 250 133, 886, 000 57,481,362 | 18,591, 281 26, 420,000 | 268, 933, 048 LUN eS 1,325, 119 114, 775, 000 74, 621,019 | 19,861, 805 24,525,000 | 305,743, 224 Li) po ee 1, 220, 915 120, 461, 700 64, 905, 189 | 19, 009, 052 22, 239,400 | 317,939, 799 Ul} 1,381, 331 113, 516, 000 60, 692,129 | 20,318, 936 23,812,800 | 308, 024, 517 Lb a 295, 1389 106, 089, 000 69, 153, 709 | 21, 894, O84 25,085,100 | 314, 241, 037 Li ee 1, 310, 041 105, 981, 000 65, 223, 314 | 21,769, 772 25, 133,900 | 300, 222, 454 i) a a 1,510, 041 166, 877, 000 57,357,515 | 23,507, 964 27,873,600 | 300,377,839 Li 2 1, 741, 983 124, 827, 000 77,319, 541 | 25, 282, 797 30, 867,100 | 276,991, 422 - ee 1, 792, 287 170, 092, 000 74, 272, 500 | 25, 367, 708 31, 629,300 | 264,879,796 Cf A eee 1, 776, 800 124, 126, 650 72, 923,575 | 26,931, 300 39, 608,296 | 285,015, 625 Oo ee 1, 836, 800 181, 626, 400 79, 153, 673 | 27,484, 991 35, 493,000 | 330, 804, 494 oe ease 1,842,510 167, 659, 570 81, 062, 214 | 25, 863, 955 81, 925, 233 71, 811, 084 1 | on a ee 2,041, 670 109, 145, 494 99, 291, 341 | 30,888, 700 35,135,064! 415, 131, 366 3 eee , 171, 635 170, 972, 508 95, 304, 844 | 32,339, 585 38, 138,049 | 371,170,226 i ee eee 2, 289, 275 208, 164, 425 87,849,991 | 35,515, 948 46, 864, 009 34, 834, 451 LoL 2, 220, 980 190, 642, 000 75, 524, 290 | 38,571, 593 48,470,460 | 396, 139,309 SSS 2, 265, 823 175, 029, 000 78, 153, 403 | 39,849, 701 44,731,550 | 889,752,873 rae 2, 287, 136 168, 051, 000 78, 441, 940 | 36,501, 685 41,796,499 | 353,437, 699 [| ee 2, 357, 322 134, 103, 000 91, 506, 740 | 37, 664, 739 41,454,458 | 413, 440, 283 Bees teen , 533, 280 202, 365, 000 81, 413, 589 | 38, 591, 903 46, 043.094 | 408, 499, 565 LO SS ae O 2, 647, 989 204, 990, 345 72, 704, 413 | 52, 947, 236 66,829,612 | 470,374, 948 ch a ee aoe) 2,651, 579 148, 078,945 | 112, 205, 235 | 50,712,513 60,197,589 | 473,569, 972 1 Sa See ee 2, 714, 770 254, 426, 971 91, 024,521 | 51, 044, 490 60,817,771 | 494,118,616 aS , 47, 962 156, 654,819 | 108, 567,5 50, 853, 061 59, 823,735 | 490, 427, 798 = CAS ea 2, 605, 186 183, 084,203 | 108,661,801 | 49,613, 469 65, 766,158 | 570,882, 872 oo) aaa ee eo 2, 737, 973 170, 787, 338 91, 526, 787 | 48, 321, 272 54, 874,408 | 468,578, 221 Li ees 2, 954, 952 297, 237, 370 78, 984,901 | 44, 206, 453 47,078,541 | 393,185, 615 a Bees 2, 767, 465 252, 234, 540 72, 182, 350 | 43,259, 756 59,282,158 | 388,145,614 ‘le = eae ee 2, 534, 577 164, 015, 964 89, 643, 059 | 42,426,770 60, 664, 876 | 401,390, Le ee eee 2,557, 729 192, 306, 338 79, 574, 772 | 42, 780, 827 66, 376, 398, 060, 647 680 YEARBOOK OF THE* DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Acreage, production, and value of the principal farm crops in the United States, 1866 to 1898— Continued, Tobacco. Cotton. Year Area, Production. Value. : Area, Production. Acres. Pounds. Acres Bales. FOG oa = emcee ote haere 520, 107 388, 125,684 | $37,398,393 |..........-- 2,097, 254 SOOT a eee 494, 333 313, 724, 000 ZO; isle, 0G0-|.... soeemene 2,519, 554 jt, ee RE Tees Ss Pods 427,189 320, 982, 000 PA Daeg OI tomes oe ee 2,366, 467 1869 - pcs 481, 101 273, 775, 000 25,520,065 | 7,933,000 3, 122, 551 1 epee Sein FO 330, 668 250, 628, 000 24,010,018 | 9,985,000 4,352,317 C1.) hea Bey 2K bes 350, 769 263, 196, 100 23, 292,645 | 8,911,000 2, 974, 351 1872 wa dats * 416, 512 342, 304, 000 31,647,817 | 9,560,000 3, 930, 508 1873 2 oe 480, 878 372,810, 000 28, 421, 703 | 10,816,000 4,170,388 TATA oe ees 281, 662 178, 355, 000 21,066,515 | 10,982,000 3, 832, 991 1875 oi ates ener 559, 049 379, 347, 000 26, 453, 851 | 11,635,000 4, 632, 313 $0716 2532-5 cee 540, 457 381, 002, 000 25, 923, 894 | 11,500,000 |- 4,474, 069 1/5 aa NE ee ES ees (Ee ea ea Be eos ake 11, 825, 000 4, 773, 865 cS 7p eine ene pes 542, 850 392, 546, 700 22, 093, 240 | 12, 266, 800 4, 694, 942 1879 ph ent MITE 492, 100 391, 278, 350 22, 727, 524 | 12,595, 500 4, 735, 082 DBRS Seca ieee es 602, 516 446, 296, 889 36, 414, 615 | 15,475,300 5, 708, 942 Bho lA RS mt BOR 646, 449, 880, 014 43, 372, 336 | 16, 851,000 5, 456, 048 Tees ie ete ke on wee 671, 522 513, 077, 558 43, 189, 950 | 16, 791,557 6, 957, 000 i) ae i ae 638, 739 451, 545, 641 40, 455, 362 | 16, 777, 993 5, 700, 600 5 es eS Bay eae} 724, 668 541, 504, 000 44,160,151 | 17,489,612 5, 682, 000 | CT Se aes 752, 520 562, 736, 0UO 43, 265,598 | 18, 300, 6,575, 300 Los 1 et I Rent erste 750, 210 532, 537, 000 39, 468,218 | 18, 454, 603 6, 254, 460 Ree tea oo site aie 598, 620 386, 240, 000 40,977, 259 | 18, 641, 067 7, 020, 209 Fe Sh ee 747, 326 565, 795, 000 43, 666,665 | 19,058,591 6, 940, 898 1 ce RRO Se PS Sea 695, 301 488, 256, 619 32,396, 740 | 20,171, 896 7,472,511 2D Ua et BER Set ee na 722, 198 522, 215, 116 43, 100, 532 , 809, 8, 652, 597 vA | botnet AGC Reh ah darts © 742, 945 556, 877, 039 47,492,584 | 20,714, 937 9,035, 379 1892 nid Le nde al 725, 195 498, 621, 686 46, 728,959 | 18, 067,924 6, 700, 365 1893 - a Ba 702, 952 483, 023, 963 39, 155, 442 | 19,525, 000 7, 493, 000 ny. gue Oe aneieiipat oo hairs 523, 103 406, 678, 385 27,760,739 | 23, 687, 950 9, 476, 435 jE nt AOS Seo Sega 9 633, 950 491, 544, 000 35, 574, 220 | 20, 184, 368 7,161, 094 TSOA hn ta 3 26 bo 594, 749 403, 004, 820 24, 258, 070 | 23,273, 209 8, 532, 705 tate a Ria S AG, PURE OP Re TER Pap yer Oye = 5 es 24, 319, 584 10, 897, 857 WEBEESEEE | BERBSEZE |e ~ — SX 8 S SRSERSSRERSERRZESEESSSS $ BS PRESRSSESEAE wewewewe eee ao 238 ~~” — RESSRUBZE! BNERSRSHSSASS SES BES RARS SEgESR & a Acreage, production, value, and disposition of the corn crop of the United States in 1898, by States. Crop of 1898. States and Ter- ritories. Acreage. Acres. pe ee 10, 893 New Hampshire-. 23, 82 VEPMIONG. <2 o00~-- 46, 142 Massachusetts. --- 39,091 Rhode Island --.--- 7, 730 Connecticut ---.-.- 44, 805 New York ...-..--- 474, 895 New Jersey --.---- 252, 293 Pennsylvania..... 1, 221, 355 Delaware .....---- 208, 784 Maryland...... -. 585, 935 WAP PINIG ss 2 ccktencs 1, 761, 662 North Carolina...| 2,433, 600 South Carolina...| 1,751,907 Georgia ........-.- 2, 954, O72 MEAD ialvn’ ate Attn 471, 608 Alabama ......---.| 2,645, 442 Mississippi-...-.-.-. 2,218, 393 Louisiana ........- 1,319, 915 DEBE ddvie cotdtdabi 4,213, 468 Arkansas ........-. 2, 268, 261 Tennessee ........ 2,941, 067 West Virginia .... 700, 994 Kentucky .........| 2,747, 653 Se ae 2,779, 147 Michigan ........-. 980, 606 Indiana ...........| 8,687, 627 Tilinois ............| 6,665, 327 Wisconsin ....... 1, 000, 355 Minnesota ........ 054, 125 DWE tgsconuneresse 7, 285, 710 Stock on hand March 1, 189. Production.| Value. Bushels. Bushels. |Perct. 435, 720 , 146 122,002 | 28 976, 743 449, 302 812,558 | 32 1, 984, 106 873, 007 694,437 | 25 1, 563, 640 766, 184 469,092 | 30 262, 820 168, 205 113,018 | 43 1, 657, 785 862, 048 547,069 | 33 15, 671,535 | 6,738,760 | 6,268,614} 40 9,334,841 | 3, 7338, 4,018,982 | 43 45,190, 135 | 18,076,054 | 18,527,955 | 41 5,219,600 | 1,618,076 | 2,557,604 , 49 18, 163,985 | 6,357,395 | 7,447,234 | 41 38, 756, 564 | 13,564,797 | 18,603,151 | 48 34,070, 400 | 14, 650,272 | 16,018,088 | 47 17,519,070 | 8,058,772 | 8,759,585 | 50 26,586,648 | 12,761,591 | 13,559,190 | 51 4,244,472 ] 2,122,286] 1,952,457) 46 39; 681, 630 | 16, 269,468 | 20,237,631 | 51 39,931, 074 | 15,573,119 | 20,364,848 ) 51 23,758,470 | 9,740,973 | 11,404,066 | 48 105, 336, 700 | 35,814,478 | 49,508,249 | 47 45, 365,220 | 13,155,914 | 19,960,697 | 44 76,467, 742 | 22,175, 645 | 34,410,484 | 45 20,328,826 | 7,521,666 | 8,334,819} 41 85, 177, 243 | 22, 997, 856 | 38,329,759 | 45 102, 828,439 | 27,763, 679 | 38,046,522 | 37 , B40, 11, 335, 11, 002,399 | 33 129, 154,572 | 82,288, 643 | 50,370,283 | 39 199, 959,810 | 49, 989,952 | 81,983,522) 41 85, 327,425 | 9,891,679 | 12,717,873 | 86 30,532,000 | 7,827,680 | 11,296,840 | 37 254, 999,850 | 58,649,966 '114, 749,932 | 45 Retained and con- sumed in county where grown. 720 976, 743 ee ae ERESRES pRSERR eRe ZSESSEZSZRES - ewwsesseeowwewu see ze = SERZESZESERSSESRESVCSESEZAEES — sss eee SSSPERRSUSS aR RSBASERSE! NBE SS $3 Shipped outof - county where grown. Bushels. BRES o Roster PRSEESEE SERS 582 Sr 3 SRSSES85 SSSSSEN SSSR eT Ree aS FAS EES Bosc] ACREAGE, YIELD, AND VALUE OF PRINCIPAL CROPS. 681 Acreage, production, value, and disposition of the corn crop of the United States in 1898, by States—Continued. Crop of 1598. | ; oe | Retained | shipped States and Ter- Stock on hand sumed in pat ritories. Acreage. | Production.| Value. March 1, 1899. ok ind where grown. eens Acres. Bushels. Bushels. |\Per ct.| Bushels. Bushels. MNSHOUT ....------ * 6,951,211 154, 731,486 | 41,777,501 | 55, 703, 335 36 143, 900, 282 | 10,831, 204 ete. once wo- === 8, 302, 628 132, 842,048 | 34,538,932 | 42,509,455 2 111, 587,320 | 21, 254, 728 Nebraska .--.--.-- 7,559,746 | 158,754,666 | 34,926,027 | 66,676, 960 2 107, 953, 173 | 50,801,493 South Dakota _----- 1, 003, 927 28,109,956 | 6,465,200 | 12,087,281 | 43 23,050,164 | 5,059, 792 North Dakota -..- 24) 308 461, 852 166, 267 64,659 | 14 461, 852 0 Montana .-......--- 1,598 44, 744 29) 531 4,474 | 10 44,744 0 Wyoming.-.-.--.- 2,477 89, 682 21, 798 8,963 | 10 89, 682 0 Mieiyeado.----.-.2. 172, 994 3, 13; 892 | 1,245, 557 467,084 | 15 2, 989, 336 124, 556 New Mexico ------ 24, 258 509, 418 285, 274 122,260 | 24 448, 288 61, 130 (tps cS 8,053 169, 113 101, 468 30,440 | 18 152, 202 16,911 Washington --.---- 5, 700 68, 400 28, 728 6, 156 9 68, 400 0 Miner... 6... 13, 656 827, 744 196, 646 86,052 | 11 317, 912 9, 832 Calitornia.......-- 45, 40 1, 184, 040 734, 105 142, 085 2 1, 041, 955 142, 085 PRObHI ..5<~ 2-2 77, 721, 781 1, 924, 184, 660 1552, 023,428 {800,533,109 | 41.6 |1, 528,179, 358 396, 05, 302 Acreage, production, value, and disposition of the wheat crop of the United States in 1898, by States. Crop of 1898. aine Same 2 ka ee Shipped States and Ter- Stock on hand sumed in pate a . > LOE r eich ual ala Acreage. | Production.| Value. March 1], 1899. 4 hab where grown. grown. Acres. Bushels. Bushels. |Perct.| Bushels. Bushels. MAING. .25.02-->--= 1, 808 35, 256 $31, 378 9,167 | 26 35, 256 0 New Hampshire-- 516 9, 804 9, 020 2,353 | 24 9, 804 0 Vermont....-...-.-- 3, 870 87,075 78, 368 82,218 | 37 87, 075 0 Connecticut ------ 300 6, O00 5, 280 2,400 | 40 6, 000 0 New York ----.--- 379, 069 8,036,263 | 5,786,109 | 1,848,340 | 23 6, 750,461 | 1,285, 802 New Jersey. ------ 124, 616 2,168,318 | 1,582, 872 542,080 | 25 1, 778, 021 390, 297 Pennsylvania ---- 1, 520, 568 26, 609, 940 | 18,094,759 | 10,111,777 | 38 18,094,759 | 8,515,181 Delaware --------- 74, 343 988, 762 682, 246 306,516} 31 415, 280 573, 482 Maryland. ...----- 767, 316 11, 739,935 | 8,217,954 | 2,118,188} 18 4,695,974 | 7,043, 961 Mirpinia,’ 2.25. --<- 753, 625 10, 626,112 | 7,013,234 | 3,400,356 | 32 5, 950,623 | 4,675,489 Novth Carolina. -- 573, 331 5, 274,645 | 4,114,223) 1,687,886 | 32 4, 852, 673 421, 972 South Carolina --- 111, 482 1,181,709 |} 1,110,806 212,708 | 18 1,181, 709 0 giant. oJk.2. 25. 260, 736 2,607,360 | 2,555, 213 651,840 | 25 2,398, 771 208, 589 Alabama ..:--.---- 43, 309 519, 708 467, 737 83,153 | 16 504, 117 15,591 Mississippi-.------- 2,165 80, 094 24, 97 6,019 | 20 30, O94 0 1 ee 631, 653 9,348,464 | 6,356,956 | 1, 495) 754} 16 6,917,863 | 2,430, 601 Arkansas ..-...--- 212, 276 2,335,086 | 1,854, 321 467, 007 20 1, 914, 730 420, 306 Tennessee ...----- 1, 059, 097 13, 980, aid 9,366, 654 | 3,355,219 | 24 8,388,048 | 5,592,032 West Virginia---- 421, 500 5, 816, 7 4, 129; 857 | 1,919,511] 33 4,013,523 | 1,803,177 gel eeee aes 939, 314 14, aoe 38 8,968, 570 | 8,616,359 | 25 8,968,570 | 5,496, 866 (otis) SS es ee 2,491,312 42,103,173 | 27, 788, 094 | 13, so 047 | 33 19, 367,460 | 22,735,713 Michigan .......-. 1, 637, 589 84,061, 851 | 21,799,585 | 11,921,648 | 35 11, 551, 029 | 22, 480, 822 irdiaria 2. 222-2 .2- 2,463, 207 88, 426, 029 | 24,208,898 | 10,759,288 | 28 13, 833, 370 | 24,592, 659 Lor 1, 757, 668 19, 834. 348 | 11,600,609 | 3,673,526 | 19 11, 793,952 | 7,540,396 Wisconsin ..------ 760, 554 13, 689,972 | 8,077,083 | 5,612,889] 41 10,678,178 | 3,011, 704 Minnesota, --.-.-.--- 4,963, 159 78,417,912 | 42,345, 672 | 24,309,553 | 31 20, 388, 657 | 58,029, 255 Towa: .....- 1, 328, 720 22, 189, 624 | 11,538,604 | 8,875,850 | 40 11, 094,812 | 11,094, 812 Missour 1, 439, 230 14, 104,454 | 8,321,628 | 8,102,980 | 22 11,001, 474 | 3,102, 980 Kansas.- -- 4,573, 198 64, 939, 412 | 82,469, 706 | 18,183,035 | 28 19; 481, 824 | 45,457,588 Nebraska 2, 114, 592 84, 679, 309 | 16,299,275 | 11,444,172 | 38 11, 790, 965 | 22, 888, B44 South Dakota 8, 390, 397 42, 040, 923 | 21,020,462 | 11,771,458 | 28 10, 089, 822 | 31,951,101 North Dakota 3, 864, 892 55, 654, 445 28, 383, 767 11, 687,433 | 21 6,121,989 | 49, 582, 456 Montana -.-.-. 71, 188 2,100,046 | 1,218,027 609,013 | 29 2, 100, 46 0 Wyoming. 22, 186 24, 623 861, 990 125,910 | 24 472,161 52, 462 Colorado. -.- 255, 877 6, 729,565 | 3,768,556 | 2,153,461 | 382 4,576,104 | 2,158, 461 New Mexico 192, 728 4,586,926 | 2,843, 894 825,647 | 18 4, 086, 495 550, 431 Arizona -. 24, 307 770, 5382 708, 889 223,454 | 29 693, 479 77, 053 Utah -- 182, 328 5,105,184 | 2,756,799 | 1,531,555 | 30 8, 369,421 | 1,735, 763 Nevada 36, 699 1,064,271 | 1,011, 057 893,780 | 37 691, 776 B72, 495 WOBHO< 505: 135, 384 4,196,904 | 2,140,421 | 1,678,762 | 40 1,049,226 | 3,147,678 Washington .....- 969, 134 23, 453, 043 | 12, 664, 643 | 11,022,930 | 47 4,925, 139 | 18, 527, 904 682 YEARBOOK OF THE ‘DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Acreage, production, value, and disposition of the wheat crop of the United States in 1898, by States—Continued. Cc f 1898. i rop © Retained Shipped and con onto States and Ter- Stock on hand sumed in county ritories, Acreage. |Production.| Value. March 1, 1899. cacao where grown. pst oh Bushels. Bushels. |Per ct.| Bushels. Bushels. Orepon....%. 2 24, 708, 260 | 15,319,121 | 7,659,561 | 31 6, 671, 230 | 18,037,030 California 222. 32: 12, 224,403 | 8,801,570 | 2,322,637 | 19 234, 5, 989, 957 Oklahoma .-.-.-..-.-. 14,176,799 | 7,371,935 | 2,410,056 | 17 7, 230,167 | 6,946, Total 2.%.2u2 44,055,278 | 675,148, 705 |392, 770, 320 {198,056,496 | 29.3 | 276, 266,573 , 882, 132 Acreage, production, value, and disposition of the oat crop of the United States in 1898, by States. Crop of 1898. Retained Shippea States and Terri- Stock on hand | sumed in Gente Ree Acreage. | Production.| Value. March 1, ca — where grown. | Stown- Bushels. Bushels. Acres. Bushels. Bushels. |\Per ct. MAING? 220225 ees." 140, 217 5, 047,812 | $1,716,256 | 2,069,603 | 41 4,795, 421 252, 391 New Hampshire-. 30, 538 1, 007, 754 382, 947 342,636 | 34 1, 007, 754 0 Vermont, :---2...2 108, 090 4,107,420 | 1,437,597 | 1,642,968 | 40 4, 107, 420 0 Massachusetts. --- 15, 121 483, S72 179, 083 154,839 | 32 483, 872 0 Rhode [sland - ---- 3, 653 98, 631 36, 493 45,370 | 46 96, 658 1,973 Connecticut ----.- 19, 949 562, 562 202, 522 157,517 | 28 562, 562 0 New York ....---- 1, 408, 238 88, 726,545 | 12,005,229 | 17,814,211 | 46 34, 853.891 | 3,872,654 New Jersey ...--- 98, 137 1, 923, 485 596, 280 788,629 | 41 1, 769, 506 153, 879 Pennsylvania-.---. 1, 168, 045 27,098,902 | 8,129,671 | 10,568,572 | 39 24, 660,001 | 2,438, 901 Delaware .....=--. 17, 587 386, 914 116, 074 193, 457 | 50 309, 531 77, 383 Maryland.- wees 78, 335 1, 527, 5382 442, 984 381,883 | 25 1, 206, 750 820, 782 Virginia _. as 427, 369 6,880,641 | 1,995,386 | 2,545,887 | 37 6, 330, 190 550, 481 North Carolina- -- 443, 260 6,338,618 | 2,345,289 | 1,711,427 | 27 6, 021, 687 316, 931 South Carolina - 244, 658 4,208,118 | 1,893, 653 547,055 | 13 4, 123, 956 84, 162 Gecrnis: 2555. 433, 521 7,196,449 | 3,454,296 | 1,295,361 | 18 7, 124, 485 71, 964 Florida --- A 40, 461 623, 099 336, 473 ,003 | 18 623, 099 0 Alabama -- 320, 4¢ 5, 383,274 | 2,207,142 968,989 | 18 5, 060, 278 322, 996 Mississippi 130, 070 2,406,295 | 1,010, 644 553,448 | 23 2, 406, 295 0 Louisiana. 36, 593 662, 333 251, 687 125,843 | 19 649, O86 13, 247 WexAs =... 711, 166 21,121,630 | 5,914,056 | 4,646,759 | 22 15, 841, 222 | 5,280, 408 Arkansas - .- 317, 089 7, 229,629 | 2,096,592 | 2,385,778 | 33 6, 868, 148 361, 481 Tennessee ....---- 361, 232 6,755,088 | 1,891,411 | 2,161,612 | 32 5, 876, 883 878, 155 West Virginia ---- 149, 265 2,910, 668 873, 200 931,414 | 32 2, 736, 028 174, 640 Kentucky. .:..---- 422, 592 9,466,061 | 2,555,836 | 3,502, 44: 37 8, 808, 437 662, 624 i 897, 222 27,724,160 | 6,653,798 | 9,980,698 | 36 20, 238, 637 | 7,485, 623 Michigan - 847, 032 27,782,650 | 7,501,316 | 10,557,407 | 38 21,114,814 | 6,667, 836 Indiana --- 1, 093, 790 31,938,668 | 7,345,894 | 8,942,827 | 28 21.079, 521 | 10,859, 147 Illinois -..... 8, 044, 951 88, 303,579 | 20,309,823 | 32,672,324 | 37 48, 566,968 | 39,736,611 Wisconsin -- --| 1,790,671 64, 643, 223 | 15,514, 874 | 28,443,018 44 47,189,553 | 17,458, 670 Minnesota -- ---| 1,550,925 56,298,578 | 11,822, 701 | 27,023,317 | 48 42, 228,934 | 14, O74, 644 EINNME shits Awe aes 3, 680, 239 | 123,428,126 | 29,622,750 | 50,605,532 | 41 78, 994, 001 | 44, 434, 125 1a ls 933, 304 15,566, 168 | 3,649,219 | 5,394,497 | 34 14, 755,536 | 1,110, 632 po oT ae 1, 482, 736 26,689,248 | 5,871,635 | 10,141,914 | 38 22,418,968 | 4,270, 280 Nebraska. ......-- 1, 752, 182 56, 245,042 | 11,249,008 | 23,060,467 | 41 33, 747, 025 | 22,498, 017 South Dakota .--- 601, 738 16,126,578 | 8,386,581 48 13, 385,060 | 2, 741,518 North Dakota -.-- 490, 573 15,060,591 | 3,915, 754 49 13, 554,582 | 1,506, 050 Montana .........- 61, O47 2,478, 508 867, 478 45 1, 858, 881 619, 627 Wyoming......-.- 18, 282 414, 398 165, 759 36 410, 254 4, 144 Colorado...... ...- 85, 54 8, 063, 191 1, 255, 908 33 2, 205, 498 857, 693 New Mexico ....-- 6, 998 271, 522 111, 824 15 263, 376 8, 146 ST ee ee 2A, 432 969, 950 868, 581 B4 824, 458 145, 492 Te ees ae 29, 411 1, 282, 320 461, 635 23 1, 282, 820 0 Washington .....- 78, 043 8, 270,002 | 1,308,001 30 1,929,801 | 1,840, 701 SIEMOLE 5 els atarar wah 183, 465 4,953,555 | 1,981,422 29 8, 269, 346 1, 684, 209 California ........ 58, 888 1, 943, 304 971, 652 sts 1, 748, 974 194, 330 38.7 | 537,879,217 |193, 527, 426 Total........ 2%, 777, 110 | 730, 906, 643 |186, 405, 364 |283, 208, 940. ACREAGE, YIELD, AND VALUE OF PRINCIPAL CROPS. 683 ‘ Cotton erop of 1897-98. {In commercial bales. ] Movement and mill purchases. | T@ken from other States and ports. States and Territo- p ries, a. Taken | Taken ‘ity pcr warded by ils Y) Total. othe from Total. rail, etc. ; States. ports. AtBDSING: — ...-=--—---- 1, 088, 181 97,404 | 1,135,585 20, 941 1, 963 22, 904 1, 112, 681 PEPERAMBAS o-2---5-~-s-- 963, 497 1, 645 965, 142 Co oy es 22, 875 942, 26 C713) a is Do GW foarete sae pe a hh eS eS | SS eens 53, 657 (Co a) 1, 24, 065 285,219 | 1,539,285 | 188, 004 500 | 188, 504 1,35), 781 Indian Territory. ..-- A CS ae 221, 998 ES 5 a 14, 612 207, 386 Lous a BS ee ears ss fe) PA Se ee = wb ieee Repeal (bem pbs 139 Bentucky. ==: -.- ..-..- 85 26,516 26, 551 Wd ee 26,516 35 Louisiana. --....-..--- 881, 987 16, 065 898, 052 93, 742 15,985 | 109, 727 788, 325 Pe NSS eee 1, 561, 529 20,508 | 1,582, 037 SoA ht sere ca 57, 266 1, 524, 771 wT is 1 22 eee lea 26, 848 4, 023 30, 871 4, pe eee et ee 4, 023 26, 848 North Carolina. ------ 367, 780 334, 873 702, 653 52,59 59 3, 331 55, 927 646, 726 @righome: ...:..-.-'2---- UN oat Ee eee STS. iS? Feeewere een ar Pees. Dre 110,175 South Carolina. ------ 636, 542 398, 456 | 1,034, 998 1,581 3, 332 4,913 1, 630, O85 eHMGESspe =..-..->---- 257, 960 35, 773 293, 733 PTET 2 5] jo aN 25, 098 268, 635 Wat 2,918, es 14,312 | 2,932,766 | 102,991 7,367 | 110,358 2, 822, 408 eee tetise Soccls.| | 60H eee 2t G00) =252 eet aire lee ee ee | 60 Ve i ee 12,878 42, 880 55, 758 pee: : 1 eae eS eo 42,880 12, 878 Ls 10, 305,786 | 1,277, 11, 583,460 | 653,125 82.478 | 685,603 | 10,897,857 Comparative acreage and production, 1896 and 189? Acres Bales Acres. Bales. Rieter one Terri- rs : ories. . = = e- e- 1895. 1897 1896. 1897. Increase. anata e Increase. pana 2, 656, 333 | 2,709,460 | 833,789 | 1, 112, 681 atdest is 2c 2) = 278, 892 1,542, 662 | 1,619,785 | 605, 645 942, 267 Cab a il OS 336, 624 |. 264, 325 251, 109 48, 730 53, Gor. feee ee 13, 216 4, 927 8, 468, 335 | 3,537, 702 |1, 299,340 | 1,350, 781 CRS 5 meee 51, 441 Indian Territory..| | 141,124 317, 992 87, 705 207, 386 176, 868 |_- 119, 681 eB SASy =o .-. ---- 150 285 61 139 HS yy (es eee 7 Kentucky -. 1, 200 105 414 Se fs eee PMN UY Meee ae Louisiana, -_- 1, 245, 399 | 1,245,399 | 567,251 788, 325 221, 074 Mississippi - 2, 835, 316 | 2,778,610 |1, 201,000 ; 1,524,771 |.-....--.-.- 56, 706 by 6 il ee 2 Wissouri- -- = -- 77, 868 , B19 24, 119 26, 848 5 able eee ae pe Aaa ae North Carolina -- .--| 1,228, 714 | 1,302,437 | 521, 795 646, 726 (oy os Ae 124, 931 ee Oklahoma. ....--..- 78, 550 216, 664 35, 251 110,175 sik CS) ae TA: OO4. lea ee South Carolina---.} 2,014,348 | 2,074,778 | 936,463 | 1,080,085 GO 480 le ea 9a Ce 1S Tennessee. ....---- 912, 337 967,077 | 236, 781 : ei ee C1 hl ct 8g pieeeborees (ooo 6, 758, 656 | 7,164,175 [2,122,701 | 2,822, 408 405; 519" { o>... =. Gag tee ee Wiel each s-------- 155 C31 123 (DS ieee meet mh eed 63 Waraintas....2. 2... 40,74 747 50, 612 11, 539 12, 878 —_ 2, 865 Salt ncg ts. js i ey Ss ce seowal .. 2. =_. 23, 273 273, 20 209 24, 319 319, 584 8, 532, 705 10, 897, 897, 857. al,046, O46, 375 |....-... 2,905 5152 |... ...< a Net increase. United States crops, exports, imports, and consumption of cotton, 1888-89 to 1897-98, | Average Consumed by Jnited States Exports F : Average {price (mid-| Imports crop eS a Coenen Ce ae net aise cht) dling Rt ¢ — pound cla. es les). a = per bale. jland), New es). a mercial bales). ore Pounds. Cents. 6, 938, 290 4, 818, 874 2,314, 091 470 10.71 10, 995 7,311, 322 4, 979, 412 2, 390, 959 471 11.53 15, 46 8, 652, 597 5,817, 990 2, 682, 023 473 9.08 17,212 9, 035, 879 5, 893, 868 2, 876, 846 473 7. 64 41,818 6, 700, 865 4, 473, 206 2,431, 134 475 8. 24 57, 828 7,549, 817 5, 300, 458 2,319, 688 474 7. 67 86, 7: 9,901, 251 6, 850, 327 2, 946, 677 484 6.50 55, 412 a 7,161, 094 4, 701, 791 2, 504, 972 77 8.16 98, 664 a 8, 5382, 075 6, 036, 713 2, 847, 351 477 7.72 110, 701 @ 10, 897, 857 7, 648, 699 38, 443, 581 482 6.22 108, 798 a Estimates of Department; all other figures are those of Latham & Co. 684 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. THE WORLD’S CONSUMPTION OF COTTON. There are no available statistics showing the annual production of cotton in the | various countries of the world except for the United States, India, and Egypt. India, next to the United States, is the largest producer of cotton, its crop in 1897-98 being estimated at 2,844,000 bales of 400 pounds each. The Indian mills consume a little over 1,000,000 bales, the remainder of the crop being exported. In 1897-98 about 641,000 bales were exported to Europe, 450,000 to Japan, and per- haps a small amount to China. China perhaps ranks third among the cotton-producing countries, ‘‘ but,” says United States Consul-General Goodnow, in a recent report, ‘‘no one can tell the annual production of cotton in China with any degree of accuracy. There are no statistics, either national or provincial, on such subjects.” He roughly estimates the crop at 660,000,000 pounds, or, say, 1,320,000 bales of 500 pounds each. The entire crop is consumed at home, with the exception of the exports to Japan, which Mr. Thomas Ellison estimated to be 70,467,000 pounds in 1897, or about 141,000 bales of 500 pounds each. Egypt follows China in cotton production, although it ranks third as an exporter of cotton. The crop of 1897-98 amounted to 843,211 bales of about 735 pounds each. There are very few mills in Egypt, and hence practically the entire crop is exported, most of it going to European countries, except about 61,000 bales to the United States and a small amount to Japan. The approximate production of all other countries, as estimated by this Depart- ment in 1896 (Circular No.1). is as follows, in bales of 500 pounds: Korea, 400,000; Asiatic Russia, 300,000; Brazil, 224,800; Africa, 100,000; Turkey, 93,600; Japan, 73,200; Mexico, 64,000; Peru and West Indies, 46,400; Persia, 32,800; Greece, 7,760; Java, 5,200; Malta, 3,680; Tahiti, 920; Italy, 456; Fiji Islands, 440. Siam is also a cotton-producing country, but to what extent is not known. In 1896, according to a report of the United States consul-general at Singapore, Mr. Pratt. Siam exported 115,536 pounds of raw cotton to Japan, and Korea exported to the same country 4.153 pounds. Anam and other French Indian provinces also produce cotton. United States Consul Lyon, at Hiogo, Japan, reports that in 1897 the imports into Japan from these possessions amounted to 2,191,200 pounds, or about 4,382 bales of 500 pounds. The following table, compiled by Messrs. Latham, Alexander & Co., of New York, gives the consumption of cotton (in 500-pound bales) in Great Britain, the European continent, the United States, and India, and indicates the progress of the cotton industry during the past ten years: Great |Continent} United : Years Britain. |of Europe.| States. India. Total Bales. Bales. Bales. Bales. Bales. ABBEAGO Sd sse Seas senses awn «deen tos kee 3, 016, 000 , 256,000 | 2,148, 000 697, 000 9, 117,000 TO i ae i ee se ete SES oe 3,227,000 | 3,482,000 | 2,185,000 791, 000 9, 635, 000 189-91 ‘f 8, 384,000 | 8,631,000 | 2,367,000 924,000 | 10,306,000 1891-92 3,181,000 | 3,619,000 | 2,576,000 914,000 | 10,290,000 1892-93 2 2,866,000 | 8,661,000 | 2,551, 000 918, 000 9, 996, 000 CL, eS Ee et SE See ee 3, 233,000 | 8,827,000 | 2,264, 000 959,000 | 10,283, 000 SR et a cal eoceke cae ob Gene neni 3, 250,000 | 4,030,000 | 2,743,000 | 1,052,000 | 11,075, 000 oY ee eee 8,276,000 | 4,160,000 | 2,572,000 | 1,105,000} 11,113,000 0 a eS SS Re oe Hy Se 3,224,000 | 4,368,000 | 2,738,000 | 1,004,000 | 11,384,000 Oe aE eS eae ee 8,380,000 | 4,576,000 | 2,962,000 | 1,058,000 | 11,976,000 SPINDLES IN OPERATION IN 1898, The Department is indebted to Mr. Thomas Ellison, of Liverpool, for the follow- ing estimate of the number of spindles in operation in 1898 in all countries of the world except the United States and Brazil. Mr. Ellison says that no reliable data as to the latter country, where a considerabie number of spindles have been put up in the past few years, are available; also that there are some spindles at work in Turkey and Egypt (Alexandria), but that they are not yet important. Greece .. 2.24. 4ewe is wwe iat wa ww eine ees a 70, 000 Portdival . 2:4 idee » ~a2 Kemeyessen ea aed eee ae aes oo 230, 000 RIOLMIBUG u.%:.' wk ata tase Sooke ventenstcé wes 2s aoe 290, 000 Sweden. 324. eectaan asece 18.4] 81.2} 30.5] 26.0] 3.0] 13.5] 23.0] 14.2] 13.0 15.8 nada wane feptaa oh earned 15.0 | 85.1] 39.0] 20.0} 85.0] 14.8] 19.5] 16.0] 13.0 16.7 SE RR PR Ea er ee “Wheat. aooocoooosoo Corn. Oats. Ra OSAANSaAavo YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 5 - gr Average yield per acre of the principal farm crops, 1894 to 1898—Continued, General average..-. rado . New Mexico . Arizona .. omin States and Territories. oO States and Territories. Cc fh California Oklahoma South Dakota- Oregon J. .=3i52--- 688 Missouri. ..-- Kansas -- Nebraska North Dakota- Montana ...-..-. Washington . Ww omecocomco“~esns iow 23.6] 24.5 ee! ees Cag ta ere ee ea oe OO CR ea ee 5 SRSBRRR MAING. occ sso. N Chih ge gee eh ee a 8 8 Ree oe eee ok kee oe DS wakes oe a ' 2 & = © ~ = o a ~ I 3 A pshire Washington....... Oregon .... General average -...... ew Ham irginia - North Dakota--.-...-. California ............ OL de Ss oe ae Michigan 4 Indiana-.-. Tilinois --.. Wisconsin. -.... Minnesota. -.... Nebraska South Dakota. .-.-.- West Virginia. ---- Kentucky ..-..- BT ne ee een eee Tennessee. ....-... 3 a a ° im Cs o~ = - 5 © Rn Pennsylvania -.:.-...... Delaware-. Maryland -.- Alabama ... Mississippi - Louisiana -. Texas 2.52.6 + Vermont .---- Massachusetts mhode slang = 5552 2s5055~0 Connecticut... 2.......2--.5 New Uri. <2 2 eee New Jersey..-.- AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE OF PRINCIPAL CROPS. 689 Average yield per acre of the principal farm crops, 1894 to 1898—Continued. Hay. Cotton. States and Territories ee Pe ee ee eB SR ee ee 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. | 1898. Tons.| Tons.; Tons.| Tons.\ Tons.| Bales.| Bales.| Bales.| Bales.| Bales. JG Soe, = ee 0.95 | 1.02] 1.00} 1.10} 1.20]. New Harapskire..- eee oe SD .95 Pr Jy Cates en Sh ee OT Vermont -........... Saas 1.20} 1.07) 1.25) 1.380] 1.45]. Massachusetts ...........---- 1.26} 1.11] 1.28] 1.40] 1.42 Brocco ieand ............-... Py (5) 91} 1.10] 1.15} 1.18 }- MOnneCHCuL..-.-.-.----..---- . 87 SB elses 1.20.) 18h I. RU MNAPE IE Go we caw oma 2-8 1.17 73 81} 1.35] 1.40 Mew dOUEGY-_..-..------ ---- Te ieee pskedoit, 2.26 |) DAs. |: PeDMSvLVANIA ....-....----- 1.18} 1.01] 1.06] 1.40] 1.45 PEREMAEEO =. 05 2-2 oem s—2- 1.80} 1.23} 1.10] 1.85} 1.88 |- Vi hs 1.03 | 1.25 -87 | 1.35] 1.20). ih) oS le ee ee ee 72) 1.18) 1.08] 1.08] 1.82 Worth Carolina ........-..<.- 14551) 2.68") 1.26], 1.26.) -t.70 South Carolina.........-.--- 63] 1.00] 1.33} 1.00] 1.60 Soa a Cte OO. A00)) ..80° |) 1%b COG a a er ior 1.28 | 1.58} 1.40| 1.00] 1.60 PUNE oe ok oe 2.68 | 1.56] 1.40] 1.45] 1.90 CTC i 1.84] 1.95 | 1.35] 1.48] 1.90 PROMISE 2. > nb - 20 2->--- 1.96 | 2.02] 1.90] 1.90] 2.10 Uli iv ea 1,83 | 1.48] 1.00] 1.40} 1.50 CoOL G07: Sa es Lede) s20)) 1.18} 1.30.) 1.54 IERMORA ES og) ic cssc- 2 =. -5-.- 1.18 | 1.89! 1.40] 1.45] 1.50 Meat WirPinig.- 5... --.3-- 1.02 -T11| 1.22) 1.35 | 1.54 Penodeky2----- 2. --..----: Meee! Lodi eis 20)) 217) 145 S.-i 1.27 68} 1.26 | 1.44) 1.89 |. VE 1.20 58] 1.16] 1.49| 1.36 Liisi i rr 1.27 ilafeetc ous] ae4o. |). d4b tse = a PEE joo. Lieb) eee 1.14 -66 |. 1.88 | 1.29 | 1.56 |.... S a wiewa icneees ee Maeeonein. 2-)5-20.-----2 rege es O30) (oP a Le is A se ee) i en ag Fe ae Lien. 7s) 7 ae ae ly at et bigs hq At Fatt psy ae a SR ba ES SRE iv) 2 Sa ae Tae UOrmietaale k.OO! || CLtal cascceiosson ole aoe 2 eee tT il pee ea a Spi Meee saa Lt AOD Soe hes oo ee eee (CPL pe sire \ pws! Pe! he Be ot es is I fl Re PS) ee Ne yin) a re .59 Oni aoe. 4.60") J G0u Ss) 222 Z by wood adi Sornowakota =... _....-.--- . 94 m0 et eh a a ae Mort Dakota. ....-- --.....- dP ea Ps 5 et Ml os RAMA ote ron a oo - ea 1.20 Get asaoot aeoonh, eds 2 2 ~ i en IRS Se iio (rr ieee E60) 108 be tL Gait 196 |. 2+... 2 2 peep | bis (6 a PaOMRAT Rodin tere lt ar eka Peet aceans| Soe orcle newcne lec aunot eee Bigw MexICO.....-.-_-..2--- PS ORa re ole | ae. OL tes: Oe Sth go, fone see ee Piers) (pre | agi. ae, SS. es (PE SOD RO PR ae Ce aL 2 rh i, iene ee eee Se CIN pte ae Sete Sa 2.02 | 2.06)) 2.70 | 2.95 | 3.26 [.-...-. foe ee ee a eee EES Bes ce oe BoE | uehclhe: [ac oee ti Nenatae | Lee AG, an cans eeen cs bocss tae ee Idaho. - be See eee ee Pn Eas len een ee I eI eth sein occa. paceeel eo a ncon beeen eee Washington. . AON: eh SOn | il GON evel eked te -<—— alo mseecs ee Pao recon... ..-.- UO fo Lektals AOS le dedO th 200 |25.-.-. z : Sones os California -----.- get set Cd ea is? 1 PC EE Re Ra) dy Dae Coo ites ed al lina Ra NS Aas Cgeee Net ad). 24 ee Gees 45 54 45 51 49 DPMPEUMEOECUUOUY 12 cance 2° 8|- aes oe foe awa fie ttn ewes [Shows 45 32 62 65 . 64 a ——— ——eEEE General average---..- . . 06 = A 1.55 40 35 37 45 | 43 Average value per acre of the principal farm crops, 1894 to 1898. {From Division of Statistics. } Corn. Wheat. States and Territories. |—— 1894. | 1895. 1897. | 1898. | 1894. | 1896. | 1896. | 1897. | 1898. 1896. Lolo SS ee $28.73 |$22.68 |$17.39 ate. 89 |$19. Pt $16.67 ($15.74 |$18.48 [$17.49 | $17.36 New Hampshire --..........} 26.07 | 20.50 | 18.90 | 15.30 | 18. 16.00 | 14.67 | 21.00 | 17.60 | 17.48 ATS ao a a ai 28.15 | 21.89 | 15.58 15. 05 18. eo 15.21 | 20.01 | 22.79 | 17.68 | 20.25 Massachusetts --...-..---.-- 21.05 | 22.83 | 19.78 | 15.28 | 19.60 |....... w ido win ie’ a Ziad erie fs hs PURO OUBIATIC . bop. -< eeu aos 8.98} 6.88] 6.88 | 6.84] 7.70] 5.32) 6.05) 7.44 | 11.04 9 31 importh Carolina... .:.-.... s-. 6.380 | 5.51] 4.44] 5.69) 6.02] 3.25] 4.97) 6.06) 7.62 7.18 Bouin Oaroling.... si. .23.<44- 7.28) 6.11} 4.14] 4.41] 4.60] 4.871 5.63) 6.05 | 10.27 9.96 PERO OT noes oot co ccUN a ceye eel) Ort 56.3838 | 4.738) 5.28 | 4.82) 5.24] 5.08] 7.12] 9.68 9. 80 SEIS be. Sd 52 Hs do santice cua TaL eth aaee ETO 1), ScAOl |) AvDO bec an 2) ncene fone amow|le Sammon lateeeiele 1 A98——44 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 690 Average value per acre of the principal farm crops, 1894 to 1898—Continued, W heat. Corn. States and Territories. o % | 1895 1894. 1995. | 1896. a 1894. RB ie Pepe ence BRS bhate RSSR SaRRaERSSERSSSISRITSSAS S| ESA | Zr SSK SHAS Arner dstooe worn - ig : pins ' RRSSLSSSABRARAKASSSILSANS |S | SRS} YBSreseaniassconsdtomsasnse 1S Hea ‘ Echt ‘ aang snee) AA saggnesn Bie | igad 123 Be eee erg ecacedncescedsgaradsior ag guguauuudaeqsczausavenaveeiez ® Milani RR iain BS} ge: SB |RSS SRRABS eh icp ta be eeercaeccceamee CS ce)! es 6 ie ele ee ON Oe Oe ee ee oe : RSSRSASRBRSSRSSZSSERS OA nT ane 50 |... 95 08 84 | 7. 52 29 ma ee |e sie sae | act ds as | g x aE Fc 6.7 6. 64 RSSSVRAASSSRASLRLSS IZ | ‘| pxssevssansqecsessdegansed (Sasc | « ‘ Be | Pex obo Veer CY Bi a eae OWES SE Ra es Ove es rs Bee PT et fe Pe Ae? te eR ak SO le a pe Vt es i et ee Sr ie a et, ‘ Pte PPh ehh | oo 8 37406 AOE are VELERCRENGLEMURREEROOEEEE ESS . ke cee ae. Ae Ue eee Bh eho oe ae ee Be tT Kies Teen to Nite Setuboe rsh a rt tee Lx cy amie “ae bee Sy ee ee red PRK Ra eee pha RS yee) cae - Siseid bye wea: foe hae ie ea A ee fee ee er pe I ; ABH ik © ie Ra FG ai i ee ear Oe hans Sorte e aR il ig tie & ‘ Fhe, | ‘ LARaS ' | a ae Bae ‘ eng igSbbia tiGS io igesatok ii bigs aT ere QO VR gs os: ‘ aa 2 BGs (4¢>o (hen ag igag eaeaa Bes & he ~ Se om SS ‘ SS CS 00 Epeds ave CHESS EAS ERASE OR, Rap oG bes sh J 4 One Bay n= =} b * : =a SeQgh oe Vanes BES a oSSohs cE Sos Ss pam qAAE SRE MOS ESSE Sa SSuaRaaboadbaseodo Oats. iSSSRSSESRELRESA |S iSssidccdccrrdcng } Sot dtentssersdes 13.75 | $15.12 13.50 | 13.63 | 10% 10.00 States and Territories. we. . ;| SARSe wimg iiii:ii:i is ig esesstaaseeee sx 5 ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ; ‘ . 2) gseen SiS tp tpt tt iS is nde eS ssw eg we . ry ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ g| BABE8 Bim iii i iii lg ig esessestaageee ie a) SIRI Se att oe ee eo iz we ‘ ‘ Pepe ' . 3 mpaee is iii i {i 11 Pig 18 eamenegsusces « ya Sseosn fee ba, Ai Rk aes Bs = ste SBYRVSSOBNSCHeHRAGES ‘= on ' ' ide ee ee at ‘ ‘ ‘ / 24 30 84 99 15 ateagkaneqesaaeeede SSI6RRS ae ae DS ee ee ae er Pe ee 1898. 30 56 56 | 11 85 86 37 50 61 06 6. 24 48 81 98 5 16 84 75 61 80 00 86 40 98 ». 74 76 46 sn 4 18 82 65 1 ~ 1897. i’ Wie woe 3 220 Bee + & Sf 8 MS 6 262 oe Se 2 ee See eo ee ee. Oe ee 40 1896. Boeas pebble A bebe rb reek SESRBSS2E5 gees 1895. Sebbtinnemb we eh Ste or oresescenen RABE STESAESSS nee 1894. ' ys. 2 ee oe eee: 8 RSe eS ee eee ie tat a - + - +f BECECECCOCC SEER! os. See R TER ee rere Mitre ae Gaal ere.) RI ee ae: Hh tee, itl ae 8 PP BP) 4 Ot BP eee 2 eee ee oe Pe , at ee te toe hy rr ee Se eaSe : te ee ee ee, ee ee OS! 2) Se eee 2 .4..6 2..8°8,. 9 0° B78 ’ ‘ : Ae Sa RS ee RS ee ee ee ee ‘ SERCO RED SPECS tT eee ORE EP ae Se GS 35 AN ok anche Ea ee eee ee es ee '. e79> Ss axe. a ot ORE? eee ee eee oe ee ee nee eer ee eee here ee ee ee oe ee So fF areraly Gao c RRRESEEOREERECOEEOS S08 ‘ ' ew. eS ie San « 8 ae ss . DS Pas tees se gtg ™ > ‘Hae Rw Oso ‘eet UR ‘so th rag see eg ‘ : c= oO. a 3 Pm: 4 +38 ww ET ECCRLTT ECEPBE EEE EERE PEE Paver CLEEE jaa ‘Ss = % ‘ ; ' n ‘fc = ra) COM ab— Aan tres een n eo” gc i! M8255 'ESa ese on egee Pep ess HS S22 esas CASS Scag ecseas es eb casebbeagnses Sasecess saccsteb eases ers iS owt on — ‘) -_— == -_ = = Bz) SROARLARDAROR. -----2.—.--- 13.54 | 13.68 | 15.74 : 6 Clo. ee 11.30 | 10.00 | 9.75 : . OF New Jersey -----.-----------} 16.34 | 15.29 | 16.50 8 ; Pennsylvania -.-..--...----- 18.35 | 12.42 | 12.88 , 3 Weeewes ose - t - 19.50 | 14.96 | 14.30 og . 66 TE soe ~~ == 5cu-- 5 el A ee DS) 17 6 2s. Le OCR Se ee 8.56 | 12.92 | 11.03 | 11.07 | 11.22 ! $5.94 | $7.31 | $8.07 | $8.68 | $8.50 Worth Carolina ~-.-..--....- 15. 85 | 16.53 | 18.55 | 12.19 | 15.81 | 10.00 | 15.52 | 14.45 | 12.88 | 13.39 Sanuncerolnar. .-.--25....- 16.45 | 7.62 | 15.06 | 11.50 | 15.20 | 10.44 | 17.26 | 15.97 | 13.04 | 13.72 Co Toso a es ae 14.36 | 17.44 | 15.25 | 17.55 | 20.56 | 9.10 | 14.25 | 12.71 | 11.98] 11.25 CCS a: a ee 19.99 | 20.24 | 18.20 | 14.25 | 22.56} 6.67 | 8.28) 7.92] 7.48 6.55 Cn, Dy Sea eS 25.49 | 15.93 | 13.72 | 13.86 | 17.57 | 8.97 | 11.47 | 10.65 | 10.39] 1.122 WASIBIDAL © (OE ..- |... --- 17.79 | 18.98 | 12.77 | 14.06 | 15.96 | 11.07 | 16.69 | 14.47 | 14.7 13.05 1. NT ie ae ae 28.85 | 19.47 | 16.63 | 16.62 | 19.74 | 15.41 18.42 | 15.40 | 16.42 | 15.50 104) 1) Se ee 10.13 | 9.52 | 7.20) 10.15 | 8.77 | 12.58 | 13.40 | 11.00 | 10.89 | 12.30 LoL | ee 11.66 | 11.12 | 8.90 | 11.25 | 10.39 | 11.17 | 17.98 | 12.71 | 13.98 | 16.82 MERAH! «Sob. 5a ~---2 13.30 | 15.05 | 18.54 | 15.59 | 14.25 7.61 | 9.92] 8.62) 8.71 10.32 Meet Virginia o=.-...-----.- OLB ia tee OSs le O41 9511 FP Oe 1s she eceeedwewe ee Conk a Sr 13.19 | 14.77 | 11.35 | 11.70 | 18.19 |-- 3 sw seas kee enchetnnlll a i nt + | ee eee ee 10.74 | 7.40) 9.99 | 9.00] 7.99 |-- Fy ese! eerie < Re Michigan Be a ae ee Wa eet aes. OO eee O41 ied, Bo 1 OB. T2120. oh. ce ecele ke nen | uae See Sn i ea 9.63 | 7.34] 9.33) 8.44 Ee Yh) eee Seapeeene.) epee | PESERNORT Lo Or Sia ee ee LRA 81 | Nese | te Obs] OD SOY | Simo wana amano commentna wen eens Cen OT LO es eS See PA Re eb Bea BAST BuBS AS - cnwa nc eenufivceant tle wsouienen nee WHTINOROIM. 252 - oas-- 8 B: Alario Ads) . C06 tan. 66:12 8h oaths os has oun eee (Sues. ee ES eS a. OoeD. 96190. 94:0) 8. 30)) 87. 08) 122... a. eyes vans ms het ee MESSI son ony eee 6.65} 7.96} 6.94). 7.07 | 9.28 ].- 10.13 | 9.96 | 7.04] 11.95 (init ee See 4.04) 4.04] 3.83) 4.42] 4.74 ].... rir arctnhce a sconateia et 6 tans eae eee LOS eee ae ie a ae SP a BR SEES Se ui BOR ICOU. cn ewe p eae A Ae ae BO Clots Ob OO bE Se stud 2 n0s5cPeowwacalp oaesdafe cneone North Dakota_.....-.-----.- oe a le Se pee Beas Soeee anon ae Loo i a 8360 10672 1 9947 1} 1168.1 8: BB p. 2.4}. . SO aE) Cee Se 16.10} 7.02 | 11.07 | 9.90] 11.40 }_--...Jo20-0- TL. ---|-- my tae Lol HR RN se SR A RE en a ee ane |e ae SOLUS MA oe ET a a lO a as ae Mere PRRPENOED o o. sons bo ceac no nccwas 21.84 | 16.65 | 28.00 | 15.00 | 42.00 |__.... s aoe) Epes) |e 2 RR ine Sein oon te 14.01 | 13.49 | 18.50 | 14.01 | 14.62 }.......]...... adi 18 7 oC: ae PTE Ta eee a ea Go Ce To a a a eS PS. Lipps oe res 10.98 | 16.06 | 12.25 | 12.08 | 18.37 |.....- Px ee en PrEeMIneLON 2 <--~. 40 -- -=-- 15.13 | 12.49 | 13.83 | 20.25 | 13.30 |.......|..-..--]---..- faceel aed eee 11.72 | 10.89 | 13.07 | 14.73 | 13.78 |.......|--- | ee OU O10 7h. bbe 10,40 4. 40 eee OOo, on Jt. ok CB acac chew nccen eee Re NOM ss 52225-0253 aan Sa ED ES S| (RE ae ek Sy | oes ee CT Ra 14. 44 NEN oo cece 8 a alepetat | doce lon ecna = |-o 00 =| pc once -ficccee 13.22 | 21.16 | 19.20} 18.85 a SS ES eee eee _ General average-....- 9.70} 8.89} 8.97 | 9. 46 | 9.30 | 10.94 | 14.53 | 12.54 | 12.17 | 12.48 692 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Prices of principal agricultural products on the farm December 1, 1894 to 1898. [From Division of Statistics.] Corn (per bushel). Wheat (per bushel). 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. | 1898. States and Territories. Maine ..--..--- se 72 54 47 47 48 | $0.79 | $0.82 | $0.84 | $1.06 | $0.89 New Hampshire --.- 76 51 45 45 46 80 «6 |. 1L.00it eae - 92 Vermont ........- 69 48 38 43 44 67 . 69 -93 | 1.04 . 90 Massachusetts --- . 61 52 46 47 49 | ...... -|-~ 2-4) - 0258 ee Hhode island | 25.2245 Ss28e25 75 56 49 54 64 |....22 -]..- 5.5] oa ee Gonnectitwt.s.1~.scccses ues 68 51 42 49 oe Perce ae Ai es 00 88. Now Wotkse>)-o as nasse 61 45 38 40 43 . 62 . 68 88 mt) .72 NeW JGrSG9 ceesen seo 54 42 36 38 40 61 a! .89 93 73 Pennsylvania -.--.----.----- 55 39 33 34 40 - 56 65 83 -91 68 Delawareso ccd see eee 45 3t 25 30 31 .55 . 64 . 87 94 . 69 May yintid mace sce nosis sock 50 37 32 30 35 54 - 64 88 93 -70 Virginia sos 4 io oes 3. sece-4 47 37 32 38 35 56 - 65 80 92 66 North Garolina -..---2...--5 47 38 37 43 43 . 65 72 .83 94 .78 South GarOUUe.-oo--beo con. 65 46 46 49 46 87 . 88 -89 | 1.18 OL Georbil i eics. cote 58 41 43 48 48 76 . 82 .89 | 1.08 .98 Wicnilar pee os od ce ad 71 47 53 55 50 j-.--..-)--4-.22|: 0.2 FUE or eee 53 37 45 46 41 78 .80 8 | 1.01 90 WIRSISHI GE .Gocs 5.5 5<55-55- 49 37 44 45 39 75 61 82 99 8&3 Pier risil fr) ee ee 62 40 45 45 |}- 41 }s.--22)c22.ct oh Se e Ue: oes eee 56 31 41 41 B4 54 . 66 .75 .89 .68 WIR HORR So ec cou ce ne doe 47 32 37 40 29 .55 .59 By || Bt .58 ONTIGSHEO . <. Les 6 cnckemcscee 39 27 28 36 | ~ 29 51 . 62 14 95 .67 West Vir Simla) 2-c55-bo+ ened 57 40 3B 40 37 . 60 . 69 .78 .89 1 Rest bGKY = as anc atte ee 44 27 25 35 a7 -50 61 -76 89 - 62 Tria aR NAS TENE Are 43 27 21 25 27 .49 . 60 .78 88 66 Miehipane sc: 2232S. 2a5.cS 2 50 32 24 27 34 52 . 60 84 87 64 Triciceniey ee 3 Ses ba ae eS 37 23 19 21 25 46 iy . 80 89 . 63 With Le, eee eee oe 39 22 18 PAL 25 45 53 4 89 60 Wisconsin 512 t8.0c 8-252 45 30 22 25 28 -b1 51 .70 84 .59 Minnesota... .3 2 = 2b 5055 43 20 19 24 24 .49 .44 . 68 ok 4 LO Webs ee Pee SE | 45 18 14 17 23 50 46 . 62 (5) 52 Missoarit. 33. 522 At. Lee AE 40 20 20 24 27 43 «Bi, .70 85 .59 Rnnens oe ae eee, oe es 43 19 18 22 26 44 45 63 74 .50 Nebraskans) i232 .bb p56 22 50 18 13 17 22 49 40 58 . 69 47 Boutin Dakota. o2 22 eet 46 23 18 21 23 46 38 . 62 . 69 50 North DarotA.2>4..-s2he-2- 44 24 25 32 36 43 .38 . 64 -74 51 Motivate ooo soa eS ee 2 75 60 65 66 54 73 . 66 . 68 .58 SVC ONMINS «Sede nap eee anne 65 57 78 50 55 - 63 - 64 - 62 -70 .69 OIGMARO 5. sascee ose ckues ced 61 41 36 38 40 65 56 mise .70 .56 Naw Maxicdse 25... sche ccres 15 56 55 58 56 . 88 .73 66 15 -62 Piste 1) | Se ES SS Ses 100 y (1 Reese Se eee I Bt oe 1.00 . 65 80 74 - 92 Utah... 58 49 51 55 60 .53 At . 68 .68 ot Nevada. skeen satare dae caie shew see aie 15 49 . 69 90 -95 {daho _...-. BO. | [68 TACs So ce a 46 AT . 65 .70 51 Washington 69 40 57 55 42 .39 41 74 . 68 4 Oregon ..-.- a 5b 55 56 53 60 43 47 -72 ~% . 62 CI TONSIA Soils aja nedeesmimanctd 57 53 53 56 62 57 . 60 .$3 883 7% QMIAN OMS 25 jowkoccccsaneeenladaasanpRenanes Maden detdduclaanuie el Maren 48 . 68 76 2 General average -....- 45.7 | 25.8] 21.5 | 26.3| 28.7] .491] .509] .726 z PRICES ON THE FARM OF PRINCIPAL CROPS, 693 Prices of principal agricultural products on the farm December 1, 1894 to 1898— Continued. Oats (per bushel). Barley (per bushel). States and Territories. ——————_—_——>—_—_—_———_ $$$ 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1894. | 1895. 1896. | 1897. | 1898. Cents.| Cents.) Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents. Cents. Cents. Wl SE eee! 44 34 81 32 34 66 52 43 5D New Hampshire ----...-..-- 49 35 35 38 38 63 56 53 60 58 2 FA 33 31 32 35 wo | 47 41 46 7 Massachusetts --.--------- a 43 34 35 33 * F 5 5 66 HPORGNeIANG -...22-4-02<<--- 47 39 BL 34 61 Ppanecricnt.~.=--.---«-4-a< 43 3l 3l 34 2 Ey re ne 28 26 27 48 LSS (20: Ci a re 38 29 28 30 oft Pennsylvania ----..-- -------- 38 27 24 27 44 LGU ta ee 35 29 21 ye ee | ee ee ees ee ee LOU a Sea es 39 27 P33} 6 rs oneinits 25-2. - +-2--..--2 37 30 26 29 | Ech North Carolina. ..-......-...- 44 38 35 37 | 5 South Carolina...........-.- 53 49 48 45 | my coo Te eee 51 46 41 42 rp. FL a Se eee 61 65 53 53 aS Das Se 1 42 41 43 m3 PRRIREHEO ooo as oo<2--=5 47 39 At tt ae MBIA 25 co So 5 2-3-.5---- 47 36 34 38 re Le ee 39 26 34 27 50 10 UP a 40 32 31 83 see peeINOREOGY 2 252-'--.2\.2-.-- 35 27 26 28 56 RVenD WaTeinia: ........----- 39 32 28 30 Save LU G9 ieee een 36 26 24 27 0 31 22 17 20 44 34 23 19 23 44 30 20 16 19 44 29 17 15 18 39 30 18 17 19 40 30 14 15 19 33 28 14 12 16 34 29 18 17 19 36 31 17 16 18 27 36 14 ll 15 25 35 17 13 18 27 29 16 18 26 29 31 44 31 33 57 48 39 53 35 eens fee 46 28 30 82 46 50 45 40 41 55 34 30 39 33 47 32 29 30 32 48 PRUE CON... ~~ I< ana a5 31 2 40 35 45 ES ee ee eee 28 27 33 35 49 ReIPOMIIE o ance we x aman ona 44 39 44 49 65 General average--.... 32.4 | 19.9} 18 21.2 41.3 694 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Prices of principal agricultural products on the farm December 1, 1894 to 1898— Continued. Hay (per ton). Cotton (per pound). States and Territories... |(——— > OO OOO—Eeo—DT—EOE—E—E=Eo . 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. | 1898. Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents. Maine - Ae... 26h. eee . 68 ($10, 25 | 90.751 SF.'60 22... Jae New Hampshire-.---..-....- 10.50 | 12.50 | 12.90 | 11.50 | 9.25 |.-..-.-}......- Wernicne: 9226-2 9.94 | 12.25 | 10.28 | (9.25 | 6.85.) .--- Wp o ccc ko Massachusetts ..-....------- 15.50 | 17.50 |<36. 40 |) 23.90 | £2.10 | 22.. 2 rte Rhode Taland. Joss. ee 3 16.33 | 17.25 |°16.60 | 14.50 | 12.65 | ...... .).5.2545}inaenk epee Connecticut. :.2cic. kako 15.56 | 16. 10°} 24.711) 28, 00)| G1. 16)| 5... licens Row York... 27424 9.66 | 13.70\| 12.04} 8.25 | 6.75 [222-22 a) 22h ce New JQrsey.ssccss cocsouisnes 14.09 | 12.64 | 14.35 | 10.75 | 9.60 |...----}......}.. Pennsylvania 222-5. 3% ---5 £1.31 | 12. 30/) 12. 154) 0. 1b FSD See Delaware 15.00 | 12.16 | 138.00 | 10.00 | 8.45 |.. obama > Maryland ... = = 11.55 | 11.85.) 10.50} 9.80 )...... .).2. 122) Virginia Jess oes 11.43 | 10.21 | 10.25] 8.50 5.0 7.8 7.1 6.9 5.9 North Carolina - 10.14 | 10.75 | 9.75 | 9.30 4.8 8.2 6.7 7.0 5.9 South Carolina. . 7.62 | 11.32 | 11.50} 9.50 5.0 8.8 6.8 6.9 5.6 Georgia ---- 10.90 | 11.05 | 13.00 | 11.75 4.5 7.0 7.0 6.7 5.6 Florida --.. 13.23 | 13.00 | 14.25 | 14.10 4.8} 11.5 8.7 6.8 5.6 Alabama - 10.21 | 9.80 | 10.25 | 9.25 4.8 7.8 6.5 6.7 5.7 Mississippi 9.70 | 9.46 | 9.50] 8.40 4.1 7.5 6.7 6.7 5.7 Louisiana 9.64 | 8.75] 8.75] 9.40 4.3 7.8 6.7 6.7 5.7 yo bt ee ee 6.43 | 7.20] 7.25) 5.85 4.5 7.3 6.5 6.6 5.8 Arkansas : 9.27 | 7.541 8.65] 6.75 4.8 7.6 6.4 6.5 5.8 nS ae ee eee 11.27 | 10.83 | 9.67 | 10.75 | 9.50 4.5 7.3 6.2 6.6 5.7 West Virginia ...... 2:2... 10. 66 | 32. 73°)“. 791} 58.85 ||, °B.40'| 23.2 eee : Rontucky 2s Re 10. 47 | 10.94'] ‘9.46 | 10.00 | 9.10 | 20... tcc GHi0. 2s 5 .3-Base see eS 8.46 | 12.76.)°°9.98 | 6.25] &.75.|s..-.- oo Michipnt.;- = 265c-sct sents 24 9. 04) 23. 00)| 98.4851 7.75.) 7.15202 ee Pndiang SS... 3-We a 7.58 [92.083] P18 316/904) “6. 60 lie. see Mlingis Lhe) ee ae 8.33 | 10.255} 6.89]. 6.15 | 6.90) |:2_.. _)c.L lo Wisconsie: 24: co. 5. aeons 7.96.1) O63.) 96.60"| 6.250 08. Folic. 2 as Minnesota. . 60885. 4 %..:.2 6.30) OS. 12 Set OO 8.0 a ee Sd ee ee ee SS 7.39 | 6.45:| 3.99) 4.25 | 4.05 [2.... Jbl. cS MissOabises. 3 70c..4 2:4 Hees. 7.82 | 6.80 | 4.85] 6.15] 5.80 4.6 7.4 Ramnivas 2605; 56a o tae 6.25 | 8.28 | 2.70 | 8.40 | 8.20 |...) osc ah ca Nobraska,...2..< J--- 24127) “8. 4 8S. 00 See par South Dakotas: 2. os. 52 4.28) 3.29} 3.12) 2.95] 8.00°|.....- 1). l LUN North Dakota. ..2. ...2....-<] "8/87 |S. 48:3] B. 89 See OB. Se oa ee Mipnitehatern 24-05. 2--b sees. 2 7.17) 1.40) 6.86 | 7.75) 6.80 )...... 2)... 2 Mio a ae ya 10.00 | 6.50] °7. 14] 6.00% 6.90!) 22.223) Coloradéa..- 008-2 <-bs0h 222 7.64] 6.87) 6.22} 5.50'| 6.40 |... |)... 822) 2c ee New WMAGEACO 4..66-<26b see 11.50} 8.00:| 5.70) 7.00) 9. &5 |20..2. 1). oe ae AME cusnsd menioak Loe 5 bea 12.00} 9:00. 8.75'| '6.00') 12.00")... ee i oe Sees Se aa 5.56 | 6.27] 5.00) 4.75 | 4.50 |......).. col Bie Cerny ee 7.2 6.9%) 4.82") 6.00)) 700 See Manns: PASS) os 3 ls eh os 4.384] 6.25 | 4.71) 6.25 | -4.90 [00.2 iecicielpia alae Washhigton. ie... :::28t-203 7.38 1) 6.76} “7.09-1'D. One 00 9 ae 2 ae Oregon B22 eben ae dae 2224 5.86") 6.12 }°°6.604} @%. 76) V7. 25 || Sie r i ice |} ae ee a 9.50 | 7.06} 6.85 | 9.00.) 14.26 |......c). cee EGR iiss is assoc ccmiealeoens sib yesseeulecsce bevsncoaleesess ap eee 7.5 Indian Detritory:.. 2. fse2 4] cides Hows ewe 2] sewed] decane J] dirswe a al eertens ae General average...... 8.54] 8.35] 6.55] 6.62] 6.00 4.6 7.6 695 WHOLESALE PRICES OF PRINCIPAL CROPS. eo’ tug: itce’ He" | FB" ve" 19%" {2c ts" tle" | 68" a tee" ee’ |fee’ = fag" || aoquteoeqy f8L'T OL'T jite: wwe) lca" ¥o° iReS" "ies ae OF" 6° tog’ os’ =| Ts" 18 1g" tog’ | tequieaon Ot'1 f20°L |f9e° fog" jhe" 92° | 93° 13° «EBS $12° |fo8" 3 iia gg" reg" +g" | #88" ““"" T 1aqoq00) Olt GO'T [#28° Tae foe" | 9B" fog" /FTS" 0g" Te" rs cm 88° fue° te" tog: It’ for’ |" T aequregdeg 00'T 96° «ite ve" tea° | 9a" ve" =| tsa" 8" =| 6s" #86" | 8B" tog" 8" tee" fgg" tee" | fae" te" |" -g asnany “10 -phi neti “L681 fig os fz 4 $e" 6U" fel° : |fe¢ 82 £00" a ce te 8% #2g° 462° 782° og” ““T daqulesaqy #18 Fe: ited oe hare? 6L’ tS vw «| 8S 1 cgi FTg Tg’ tI" 18° 8° “@ AOqUIe@AON 08 ty tie 13 03° = =«|80e" 03" «(| #88 fee" faz" 62" ge 66° 8o°1t6a" RB* Ié° ““~* T 40q0790 O8 #LL {RI Ts 0% 61° {#8 8t° 0% 0G" | Ge" $98" 66" 86" Ra" 196" $0% ° 0g tee" |" T aoqureydag 188 08 te ¥é $8 a" ti Cae ba it 9%" ee ae fg 18° 18° 40g" tee" "97 gengny “9681 #18" cg: (ltFe" j 2 di O° RNS" 19% 0g" 18° 98" ge" se" ““T doquteoeq 06° #19" |#9g" fos 0g 18%" F $6" a6a° ee" 6g ° 98° 418° 68° 6€° | T teyureao fe0'T OL'T jt96° ee f1e° 89S" #9" |TTE toe" |fee" ge” 6a" TLE" ia oe fF | [> LT 40qoq009 4 OI'T |tse- ge" Foe fee" | 08" 498° tog’ fue" 18°) 4pGRe It ica 40F° =| OF’ 0% GOS |g toquIeydeg OL #0'1r | 68" SF pea 38° 88° «thr ts Ab 2 7g" ec’ | 6F° 16F° ISP" *2° “—"“T 4snsny “C68T (iss Gn che ict ea" 1S° ELF TIF a Top’ | OF #9 eo’ | er’ | BS #g° “"T taquis.eqT feel OS'T |tSt: gt og: $#g rd Loh Fag" eg feo 1g Ge 09 t19° “[T daqulesao N 12e'T LT | too" 16h fe" #9 oF h6h° 466° = (|FFG ay 1 Ts 6g fe igc’ =| 09° “"""T 19q0490 £22 'T Get | FS ¥g¢ 8g" 1g fag Hg" tec 9¢ OL ra!) 19° =| 9 g9° | Feo" “T tequreqdag #18'T cel | fr (R9F° $Gp rad Tr’ |f9r° 49F 0g Lg 9¢ eg og" | «Fg Tee SM yy ae Tysnsny “FOST 426" 06° | 8° 18" ee" | Fos’ og’ jigs’ Bee" | OF 6r" ¥F" a bs) i 1 4 ~“T aoqumo0eq, #13" Gg" elfce" 8g" 48° | @g° «(94 «F18"0$ |fee- 188° | 68° eg° 0% TS'0$ | LF tOF igh’ =| os" T 10qmleAON 96° 426° 98° fee" 88" 18° 8° TOF" 468" eh’ 07 FeF'0S | eg" 1g° 0g” 6R Ig" 77" % 40qQ0990 cB" 06° |e" "1:98" ce’ fog" he #18" ETE: 0g" Lt Cp" cr’ | OS" “T aaqutaydog FQ 1$04 00'S |i "007 tHE 0S | 98°0$07 GE ‘0S |Fsz'0$ 5880S 88 °0$ | IF 0S 1908 SF '0S01 LF OS |f9F 0S 07 f9F ‘OS | BF" “"T 4snsny 9224 T ONT “6 ONT “mojjali g “ON 6 ONT ‘6 ONT ‘O ON ‘Oo ONT ‘So -ONT 6 ON “paxtu LIUDaS “681 "(Teueo 46d) ‘sIno’yyT 49 [neg 49 “AYO sesuRy ‘OS BIITO “TyeuUloUrl, “SUBOLIDQ MO *puoulyor “yao X AO *T10}SO “938 OOSTOUBL YT ues : , . Yy foul) 1 O NC P UY tee YAIOX N + £3 f da (IGHSOd UAd) NUOD [So1qSI}B}g JO WOISTATG, U01\7] “S68T 0} S68T ‘saznys' pazzug ay} fo sarjv0 Buyppa) u2 sponpoud jounynarwby podraurd fo sanpad aynsajoyM YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 696 ee ee ee fu’ 401 . ch ghana it f0L° sheacoumeiate $60° 290° SSR rae as cere 19° #e9° OTS eae ats fey" cL" yo ak areata ae ay 319° 709° ime eae 1g: foc” Sore tigre #1¢° 9¢° pane remenin 58G° $1¢° Cage ap ae eee ee #g¢° jeg: ¥20'l = #0. 8¢ ig" _ |teg¢ 0 CERO Se 8D" HN” . eSBs? Allee syn peat aie 69° #99" S0'T f20'T | F8g 6g go" | Ig 09408 08 pe maeieeiaed Fast R90" 429° COT ¥0'T |#2z9° 6¢ aa ageing. | sh aed CSR learn iain = 5 sae i 161° . #20°T. F10°T_ |feg" 1g" ¥I¢" tg" SC0ee SOs Oh Arto oe cee 469° OL T$0F4L0 TS HE “0F09 HE “Os 208 03 44-08 t9F “0S ¥6G 0$ 03 429 08 fe 0g03 #26 “08 SMES TORS #18 08 03 +008 #89 ‘0$03 490-08 "agrym [ “ONT “4OJUIN Pad Seeing ON | “ptDYy & "ON “daquyn Pat "Pat & it “pat & ON “pat & ON & "ON @ ON (IRHSOG Yad) LVAHA eee wee we wen wen nto ee tet aad e | 5 J teqmie0eq ep fos. T 4t9quI8098q COT = #20'T feg- tee" ee" itIe° 419° |e" tee" is el Clegg eter = TF’ 88° fog" 90 °T 00°T Ze" Te ‘0$ = 08 08 tne" stag" #2e° Sogo Gare os eee ae OF" 6s feeo$ = tse" #10'T Wiis 1080S" “SOG Le Se t9%° 196° 46a" 63" i hen See se fog" $¢g° se 410°1T$ §=_SO'T 1s. ek ee 8a" te" ‘|tT8" tg 1g" 08%? (Sat 9g" ce" fon° | iat} CONOR eae Sa figs Te 08 [tee 0S = SE 0S | BES — GEOS If'0$ = 6g "0$ ig 0g “peril & ON § ON ‘SON & ON ‘SON "ON ‘SON SON ) Stnend aes “‘stno’yy "4S [neg 49 “AYID SBSUR ST “Os BOITD IyeuuLlouL) |'suBetIO MeN | “puoMIyOI Ry E "yAOK MON | ‘penunu0p)—(THHSAG Wid) NAOO ta = aieq m1e08q ior |- T 20qureAoN Pweie L3snsny “m0} Jaf sauipajs “SBST uo3sog ) eqVq *ponulyuo0pO—sesl 07 SE8T ‘sang paywug ay2 Jo sarjio burppa) wr sjyonpoad poungynowbn podiwurid fo said aypseyey AA 697 WHOLESALE PRICES OF PRINCIPAL CROPS. Ost ft2I'T | 6T fgI | Mai #11" |8T 02" fer" fe" o° | 8s" 112° |8ez° tez° fgg’ ~"T leq uia90(T eat. Tee. Pat Yor’ tZ1° 20°. | OT: fST° ¥et' {f6L" 6L° | 96" Gc" tag" 02" me 13° lf9e" %° «| % deqmesoNn C6" 436° | 9" 6" "St" | ST" ast” jan FL GB 7 | tole am cg" “""" [ 40q' 06" #28" | AT lt21° 1 pam 1B 7 ) 4oT° 421° 9%" 1S) ne oe tees 9%" “T tequieydog oR" 08 6L tL FAL 0% 81 t1Z° #O% £€% &% % IB’ tte aT ok T ysnany “968T #19" cg" yo :) TOT tele pA $12" +I" 9%" fee" Ne eee ¥ee° jt" ~“[ aoqurieoeqd #19° go" ALT (t2T" Uae St" OL. eR" iO3" Og") | 28" t€2" S|" 1a" %° «=| | 4oqmeaoN $81" OL° | 6I° 6L° f8I° | 61° Sl’ EST" igt’ |f Ie" en Ce fig" |.98° f¥g° | fF" va". | $8" #13" |"--" [ 40qQ0790 ¢g° #38". | Te" St’ | 6r° #St° #21" t0z° Get. lees 41Z° | 83° HZ" Fe. We ‘ws ile’ |"g aoquieydeg 06 #18" ie" fe" cae 42g" 4Ga= NES ge“ | ee" 63° Tea> 86? igs: a ale T ysn2ny peafT ‘ON ‘aq1ym ¢ ‘ON | “C68T F " #16" $6" | 08" ha te 18 ite fog ¥6¢ 163 i 18 fe 8 ce re° tee" age" OF T tequ1eseq 16° G6" i f6a" 18° fos" | 08° Ge. 068" te¢° |fog" 88° £¢" feg’ tae" ize" | 88" tg" | [ tequieaon 420 °T 00'T |tea" 193° | 88° fe’ fee" #83" #86" tea": tTE" 88° +8 es" tee" ize* jt" 1g" |"-77 1 40q0990 GOT = f20'T_— «i t0e fee woe” | Tee {08 462 Te 68 fge° lite 8 FE tee" fge sg° | T aoqureydag CIT f20'T fez &&€ g8°-7")).82 £12 63 49% 1g foe" | 68 se" FE OF oF in are [ ysnany “F68T #10'T COT [Eis" a. 1 oT te Teo tRes eg" Te" 8g" ge" tre" «| fe" a ~“T doquisoeq OUT GOT (393° #7g° 18g" 408" - lugee 462° 8g cg" #e° ite" 478° ‘|#18° “| loquieson ter'T OL'T ita" He: fog" fea" 8 TZ" fe. > — {NOR Gg" eo" iE" #8" (|t1¢° “-"" % 40q030O Set 420° ti - 48608 [422° 490° | 66" OF 26°08 Tez" He: #e° ge" Te’ 0g" 408° jfgg* 09 os “08 “T aoquieydag sa £0 ‘0$ 09 #63 “0S 08 st8-08 09 15 08 "0g 09 1-08 t88'08 09 88°08 ge 0S 09 ze'0S | 98 0SOFfGe'OS | BeOS [ysnany ONT 4 “ON ‘aqaym & ‘ON *“PacvUl & “OAT “Pax & “OAT ON ‘pari GON | “‘paxvu g ‘ON “ayy & ON "S68 (CIR HSNd UTd) SLVO TOT T QT'T Hox" Yo" 9° : 20° 1.0L" igo- RRO" qlactcucee: > saa k gL" fgy* jo7r TTT TTT TT cequaeseg 423 'T 02'T | 69° ig9° | e90$ 09 0 ‘0$ he: 9° |£29° 8 SOM dia wpaaaeerer acs We £12: coamaaee “ [ sequreaoNn FLT GT'T jfg9° oe F* > ee si £9" 69° 60% ae lerat eases pee [ve Tik:.: Jae 57 oe et Wee ee ta tro" 409° 09° NER OP OVERS Te eas es OL ERS ae T doquieydeg ¥SLT$ OF STIS |8e9 08 09 e9°0S |~---- #19 0802 tag “0S 19 ‘0809 #6008 Oe ho oe re EL 08 03 GL “08 Rf eames cg Tqsnsny ‘Burddryg “ULIYILOU SON | “PADY J “ON “S68 OST fF /t26 406° 68° $96 6 Res ete se SOAS 166 ae ae TF Sepa cites T toquieseq, GGT 69°L | 00°T £F6° $6" 166° 96° | 96" Renae Sena ae NOU ¥0'T £0°L [TTL sequaeson OST t2y'T |f26° foe" ftz8" 16° it a a Dg Ne el a 06" EIS, eae reas aire T 10qoqo9 oT feo | 96° te" FTO'T 16" ices iemohs Sits MMI se." 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(TERE, CURL ncce See oan ck Pl rs a OF" 7 Ttequresecy 426° TIS" GE aah NGS). ite Ia coos sree = $e" Va “a eS OSG, uae oo ae Cea See oF OF’ = | 6 JoquIeaoN’ fas" HE ° : a Mergen ae 3 a 92° RPG a. ete 9 eer ease aaa ore toon ea i GF or ~-- [ 19q0}9O FL e- "HOGBOR TOU) Fe° ta Goo = eee seas = = ere pee Gree ewes ol. 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New Cincin- : Date. Boston. New York. Orleann. nati. St. Louis. Middling. | Middling. | Middling.| Middling. err $0. 08 . 08 $0. 07% $0. £0 07% OTHE OTe O74 Oe . 08 - 085 - O74; . 084 ra - BY, - Br, 07% 08 . 07 3 - 0875 . O74 .O7F OT $5 0635 0648 - 06% O74 . 06% el Bee . 6%, - O6F 05} 05 OB 05% “Oet 0548 0548 05's 054 - 054 O7L - O74 07 F ae Le ee ee ee ee - 083 O7+4 07% “One 09% - 09s -08§ 08% 08} 0S OL RES oe eee ee appa ee .09 .09 - 086 .09 . OBE ce Lt Lu) Le iy - 08y% - 08 084, . 08 US sy 07 07% 0643, O07 - 06 on "08% ote (7$ “Oh te . 08% 08% 078 -08 - OTF CO a Se see - 084 - 08 ys) - 07 fs 07% 07 #5 (Lilt ET ee © ae 0744 U7 OTE 07% .074 1897. ee ees a oe 8 08 08 O7tE 084 074 Chai PEiLh) Cin) 2) pe eR a a a DTG 08 . O73 O725| O84 : ort Cc OL he ee ey ee O64 - 064 | 06 25! 068 - O84 MPEMEATHIRISTGNS 8 2S. 5 5 Oe ons is eae 06 06 | 054 05% 059s IEEE RE fo) ao, 3. LAS ee 0533 - OEE, 05} 052 - 5 1898. | TES ie oA ee ps ee 06 - 06-75) . 05 . 06 4 Sectember ee ee ee ee eee ‘oF - 0543) ‘er . O54 ‘ee wo ar So ee ee - 0x5 05% 04; 054 05 [GG iin) od |e a ee Se ae ts - 05 ¥| - Ody) - 0433 . 05} - 0448 Li ce) hy |S a ee oe os as 05% - 055 | 05 . O55 - 05 y5 a I ' Number and value of farm animals in the United States, 1880 to 1899, [From Division of Statistics. ] Horses. Mules. Milch cows. January { a Number. Value. Number. Value. Number. Value. bo i a 11,201, 800 $613, 296, 611 1, 729, 500 $105, 948, 319 12, 027, 000 $279, 899, 420 i 11,429, 626 667, 954, 325 1, 720, 731 120, 096, 164 12, 368, 653 296, 277, 060 Cae ia 10, 521, 554 615, 824, 914 1, 835, 166 130, 945. 378 2,611, 682 326, 480,310 i 10, 838, 111 765, 041, 308 1, 871, 079 32, 13, 125, 685 896, 575, 405 iS eee 11, 169, 683 833, 734, 400 1, 914, 126 161, 214, 976 13, 501, 206 423, 486, 649 I aes Bac 11, 564, 572 852, AT 1, 972, 569 497, (07 13, 904, 722 412, 908, 093 pte 12, 077, 657 860, 823, 2, 052, 5 163, 096, 14, 235, 388 889, 985, 523 ee 2,496, T44 901, 685, 755 2,117, 141 167, 057, 538 14, 522, 083 378, 789, 589 18682... 13,172,936 946, 096, 154 2,191, 727 74, 853, 563 14, 856, 414 366, 252,173 SRE aaa = oom 204 982, 194, 2, 257, 574 179, 444, 481 15, 208, 625 966, 226, 376 RE 14, 213, $37 978, 516, 562 2,331, 027 182, 394, 099 15, 952. 352, 152, 138 1) Sa , 056, 750 1, 823, 2, 296, 532 178, 847, 370 16, 019, 591 346, 397, 900 ae 15,498,140 | 1,007,593, 2,314, 699 174, 882, 070 16, 416, 351 351, 378, 182 ID os ni 6, 206, 802 992, 225, 185 2,331, 128 164, 763, 751 16, 424, 357, 209, 785 0 16, 081, 139 769, 224, 799 2, 352, 231 146, 282, 811 16, 487, 400 358, 998, 661 1 15, 893, 318 576, 730, 580 2, 333, 108 110, 927, 834 . OA, 362, 601, 729 1500 322-32. , 124, 500, 140, 186 2, 278, 946 103, 204, 457 16, 137, 586 363, 955, 45 ern SP ooo, 14, 364, 667 452, 649, 396 2, 215, 654 92, 302, 090 15, 941, 727 369, 239, 993 1898 .....-..| 13,960,911 478, 362, 407 2, 257, 665 99, 082, 062 15, 840, 886 434, 813, 826 a | 138, 665, 307 511, 074, 813 2,134, 213 95, 963, 261 15, 990, 115 474, 233, 925 702 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Number and value of farm animals in the United States, 1880 to 1899—Cont'd. Cattle, other than 7 January we milah cows. Sheep. Swine. Total value as: ae eee ot farm ani- Number. Value. Number. Value. Number. Value. : 1880__.......] 21,231,000 |$341, 761, 1: 40, 765,900 | $90,230,537 | 34,034,100 ($145,781, 515 |$1, 576, 917, 556 1 eS, 20, 937, 702 | ¢ 43, 576, 899 | 104,070, 759 | 36,247,603 | 170,535,435 | 1,721, 795, 252 1[8BFs 25S SS , 238 45,016, 224 | 106,594,954 | 44,122,200 | 263,543,195 | 1,906, 459, 250 2 ee 28, 046, O77 49, 237,291 | 124,365,835 | 43,270,086 | 291,951,221 | 2, 338, 215, 268 1884_._- .| 29,046, 101 50, 626, 626 | 119, 902, 7 44, 200, 893 | 246,301,139 | 2, 467, 868, 924 |. eee 29, 866, 57: , 360, 243 | 107, , 650 | 45,142, 657 | 226,401, 683 | 2, 456, 428, 380 ee 31, 275, 242 48, 322,331 | 92,443, 867 | 46,092,043 | 196,569,894 | 2,365, 159, 862 | 33, 511, 750 759,314 | 89,872,839 | 44,612; 836 | 200,043,291 | 2; 400; 586; 938. 1888 _.| 34,378, 363 544,755 | 89,279,926 | 44,346,525 | 220,811,082 | 2, 409, 043, 418 1889 _--.| 35, 082, 417 42,599,079 | 90, 50, 301, 592 | 291, 307,193 | 2,507, 050, 058 T8002. oes 36, 849, 024 , 336, 072 | 100, 659, 764i | 51, 602, 780 |. 248, 418,336 | 2,418, 766, 028 |, eee 36, 875, 648 27 43, 431,136 | 108,397,447 | 50,625,106 | 210,193,923 | 2,329, 787, 770 18s 37, 651, 239 | 57 44, 938, 116, 121, 290 | 52,398,019 | 241,031, 415 | 2, 461, 755, 698 16 2 35, 954, 196 47, 273,553 | 125, 909, 264 , 094, 807 | 295, 426,492 | 2, 483, 506, 681 1908 2 3 36, 608, 168 45,048,017 | 89,186,110 | 45,206,498 | 270,384,626 | 2,170, 816, 754 1895....--.--| 34,364,216 42,294,064 | 66,685, 767 | 44,165,716 | 219,501,267 | 1,819, 446, 306 1896. ........| 32, 085, 409 928, 38,298,783 | 65,167,735 | 42,842,759 | 186,529, 745 | 1, 727, 926, 084 SOOT esd 30, 508, 408 | 507,929,421 | 36,818,643 | 67,020,942 | 40,600,276 | 166,272,770 | 1, 655, 414, 612 SS eee J 29, 264,197 | 612, 296, 634 | 37,656,960 | 92,721,133 | 39,759,993 | 174,351,409 | 1,891, 577,471 a 27, 994, 225 | 637,931,135 | 39,114,453 | 107,697,530 | 38,651,631 | 170,109,743 | 1,997, 010, 407 Average value of farm animais in the United States on January 1, 1880 to 1899. [From Division of Statistics. ] Mules. Milch awe: Swine. Years. Horses. mM im” 8 3 ——_— | — _q]| | ml qooque—| |... $54. 75 $61. 26 $23. 27 $2. 21 $4. 28 58. 44 69. 79 23.95 2. 89 4.70 58. 53 71.35 25. 89 2.37 5.97 70. 59 79.49 30. 21 2.53 6.75 74. 64 84. 22 31.37 2.37 5.57 73.70 82.38 29.70 2.14 5.02 71.27 79. 60 27. 40 1.91 4.26 72.15 78.91 26.08 2.01 4,48 71. 82 79.78 24. 65 2.05 4.98 71.89 79.49 23. 94 2.13 5.79 68. 84 78. 25 22. 14 2.27 4.72 67. 00 77.88 21. 62 2.50 4.15 65. OL 75.55 21.40 2.58 4.60 61. 22 70. 68 21.75 2. 66 6. 41 7.83 62.17 21.77 1.98 5.98 36. 29 47.55 21.97 1.58 4.97 33.07 45.29) + 22.55 1.70 4.35 31.51 41. 66 23.16 1.82 4.10 34. 26 43. 88 27.45 2. 46 4.39 387. 40 44, 96 29. 66 2.75 4.40 Number, average price, and total value of farm animals in the United States on January 1, 1899, by States. Horses. Mules. States and Territories. oii Number. Averee? Value. Number, |AVerage| — vaiue. price price. pe ae oe ee 111, 987 $52. 29 95, 8B5, TBR |. cece a cnds pe wneeeelitel eeee New Hampshire --.....-..... 55, 028 50. 48 Py Se ees en Bi 5 0 ae 84, 812 48.16 4,064, 800 | eo weck sense) scenuuue| see Pe Massachusetts .............. 63, 478 71.95 4,506, 086 |. owcdc vec cen fu umn enel one Rhode Island ............-..- 10, 281 79. 84 ls RES TS eo ae eae 43, 682 71.01 8, 101, 988 |....000 = 25.50) seuss oun] seeeneeeene RN ao wc ween gereabtan 596, 738 58. O4 34, 634, 083 4,421 $62. 87 $277, 960 De Pr tee) ee 79, 180 67.10 5, 313, 028 7, 269 82. 95 602, 968 Pennsylvania ............... BAS, 747 53. 56 29, 390, 858 87, 053 66.99 2, 482, 216 ae ae 30, 883 55.49 1, 713, 722 4,928 67.05 330, 427 1 EE a 129, 662 48.50 6, 289, 047 12, 638 64.06 . 809, 577 WiPMnEe tlds tic hss. ~ o.se cute 233, 940 39. G4 9, 272, 222 35, 998 51.34 1, 848, 026 NUMBER AND VALUE OF FARM ANIMALS. 703 Number, average price, and total value of farm animals in the United States on . January 1, 1899, by States—Continued, States and Territories. Average Number price Value North Carolina -.-.......... 146, 697 $47. 96 $7, 035, 577 BoupeOsrolina. .2:...-...--.~ 66, 97 51.45 8, 446, 020 20 SS DS ete eee 110, 266 46. 09 5, 082, 38 ot ee eee oP ee 37, 673 39. 54 1, 489, 735 2. 0 > ee eee 132, 39. 86 5, 270, 259 Merrett = 2-2 hs san 201, 477 37.25 7,504,111 SRHEERRE 5 oe. ois 5, OSs 143, 593 82. 48 4, 663, 985 oi a ae Se oe 1,187,015 17. 67 20, 088, 788 es ee 234, 596 29.13 6, 833, 080 pu: [oa es es 317, 601 36. 35 11, 544, 013 WesnV reinin.. .2:.-.---:--- 151, $47 36. 64 5, 563, 827 emmy 252-2 6286-6 oho 365, 602 34. 41 12,581, 471 (oo, 7 === 708 088 "Cretan LOB ‘OAT |--"-="""""""""| 68 ‘806 or =*"""epndo “sop PuE S10 BET 8210'S | BIE ‘99 | oon'y __| 189 “089 89°88 CEL L46 MEL FE zo coL*% 98S "66 _| O€F T6L'T s3aq eben —[sse-°°° I One ape t:. 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I AS OTN SO ca a aaa 7 14 Pelee eat ata A8t COL eases. sal SREN ORL.” Gir ea 9 og ON Sn ee aes hw A cctihaadlsn cede ee 419490 118 ‘OST OLE ‘CFT FSF ‘LES GOP ‘GOT OLS “FAT 068 *E8 919 F6T £89 ‘28 GEL “606 Ge ‘08 at "Nala aa a quyutieddeg —[UVIJUNSSO 10 B[TVBIOA OCF Se #20 ‘06 OOL ‘EF 696 ‘TIT 096 ‘ee 69T 19 ee "26 RTL ‘29 099 '8F 198 ‘26 ~ "OD. i oeencuke ore peoesul'T GI9'LET‘OL | FRL‘OSS ‘OF 198 ‘268 ‘9 | @eR‘sel'ze | OTS‘oLF‘'S | sFe‘GHP‘OL | STE‘EI8‘9 | SeL‘Z8T ‘Te | SOP*B00'9 | BOR S&B FT |--" "Op p998-1109405 949 “eLg ape (ft ee TSeee es ce: A ee nee) te | ee ee WOU TOS ARES Fe sr rer""" TIO U10) — ——= — —————h- — ————— | ———————— | — —_— a | ee 201(VIVBOA ‘sto OBS *TO9'ST | GOL ‘OSL ‘See'l| HO'TTN'G | 980 ‘S6F ‘990 I] 2F9‘GFG'L | GeL‘oe's6L | L8G‘SOT'L | GeF‘eco'se, | 96'208'S | Gas‘S00'FRL |-~-~Opo--~ ooo omen omen TeI0L FES ‘OFS'F | Tee “HOS ‘NEF | HS‘C6O'F | SEP‘OOT'SEh | STF ‘GOG'F | SEP zh 'R68 | BP CESS | SH ‘986 ‘Ete Soca ‘208 '8 210 C00 “FEL { mel) ape poasul] 10 poosxul OL ‘OFO'S =| TOL “2a ‘616 | OO8‘GIS‘s | seo‘ose'szo | Gea‘OL'S | 16c‘286 ‘FOF | SeL‘OIe'’ | S90 ‘OTL ‘68F ‘eg: = ati | lege) Xap cca cea poes-10}30) 98S “OS choot 1 Ry WBE Reece inkeicieie | Iepaemametaioteieantaty| bia sin . || eae SGNOSh Lilie anes tar» CHUL ORO 0 Aioontns (eons MOU ERO Oe = | ce ay ae, Ls Lcd See Ee ARS CAA cael (amas Wb tak SUT PUB SPINA [VOT SEF TOL saat ae a neh ao eee hea €8g'86 SA Do eg RCL Ath voltage wee GES ‘C21 COCR eae a par en eater aia eras 870N 818198 8 AOA? 2 ae ea Oe a eee cea nae Pe SO TOES Soa ete Eh 6 edie omen eens S}naJ [BIOL ye a) 6.) |e ea 66 SLT'S [--7-~ Be eS yo.cuy Lifer eee Oo? OesL |e ee £68 S10'T. | o> Tee Wee Jraaaaese SR RE ae SCS sjinay pop ao ‘edra ‘users z08q40 I[V WC‘ ete ases ch BER begat RE ahaa DMPTL.< ins. c- ceucsoe SIGS... lect ae ac He. a es De eae 1030 Trl ‘¥69‘L rics betel Th he aaa aia OS ate ae OPE conyfe PE ESSES hs eee (ras Seas goo ore id able ae peuuey —poajosaid ‘Syma | | 61z‘g0g's | SFL'TOF _—_| F29‘z0F'S Tro'Tre =| cee‘zer's = | ecu ‘och | ce ‘90T 6 noe‘ce =| F9R‘LOL‘T = | 6se‘oL ~— | $96 “968 OTF ‘S22 FT 080 ‘069 em ff | | 6SE ‘CBE ‘6 "| S88 882 0&8 ‘E16 ‘8 O18 “LEL LO8 ‘E96 ‘9 00F “0¢8 TLL ‘SFT ‘6 089 ‘880 “T “suoT[es---"--~--~ dns puv sesse[oyy ee | ee ee eee [Re la aay [ales be Rae SessE[OUl pus 1Bsng 699 'S ae ence 6636'S Pier iaee fee 669 °S iy wee Bears Ter. 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Te GLO LT Qi feiec eke ts OER eA IGh ‘Ger STP 69S 9€6 “181 998 “6ET CEG ‘ESF ‘TL | S89°et T QD rari Gon aacwee MESES ane 198 ‘GOTT | 68 ‘808 £60 ‘FLATT | SF9 ‘C98 C96 FEIT | EST ‘618 is Re eS urnyy OF9 ‘CT 18 ‘IL F636 18 696 68 ¥e6 F6 612 “001 io: ees Re Bares OE Apuvig 9F0 ‘OFT CSL ‘OLF 26S °S8 LOF ‘TES £68 ‘TST GE8 ‘919 --suo][vs Jooid-----~ s}iaids euzso0joo Io ‘[eajneu ‘e1nd Zurpnyout ‘joyoory > POTIHISID ‘S}Idg praseges necs= ripe Zee (eR aoe eae es BEST STATED Sa ont ae nas se ———— Cis Sees: (1D) a. = lneeeeaene aeons a Nae Sy Mec ns | hy ans | RS caae Eq. a---oprrtttt inns AqqOuILL, et‘2te | ogz‘ses‘or | zcr‘re | soo‘eex‘or | ges‘sts | geo‘fas‘IT | o9T‘222, | Lea‘eeo'h =| 20g '6tF | 298 “SCT ‘OT Tor'e6s't | ise‘ser‘te | ter‘eoo't | Feo‘zto‘er | eer‘zer | Leh '6ea's §— | L66‘FST'S | BL9'006‘cS | TSB ‘OFS | GOO'STF Gh | ~SpuMOd=--me=--rmmemnnnn JEA0T) oe hy Sle ae te 2 eee el Be 2 of oe —poos ssbip) lea‘Tez | 82 ‘19% Ges'ocs's | LEL‘GIL‘F | 20682 SCF ‘08 eet‘ 'T Fee‘eet's | ges'z10'2 = |"“sfemsng"--~~--~- peesuT] 10 peesxvly Sca'L6I$ | Isz‘Fon‘ee | FO9'OLIS | Fe0'99e'9e | Te9‘eLTS | CLL‘O86'9G | S6o‘98$ | SIS*TSOTT | 998TH 9068'S. | aee eee eS “‘penutjyuOo—UALLVN WIAVIANIA sontvA | ‘sommurne | ‘sone, | ‘soymuent | ‘sonreA | ‘soryguend | ‘sonteA | ‘sorqtuend | ‘sented | ‘sermuend 2 —_ YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ‘poqiodxe sepnay "2681 “268 “9681 “6ST “6ST 716 ‘panuyuog—sesl ‘og aunge papua suvah aay ay, burunp saynjig pazug ayz fo (oysewop) s,10dxa pounjnowb y 717 EXPORTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. ToooTS Poows BuyMISTEION @ “poqeys JON D eve ‘soc ‘age |°7--777-77777- | ent ‘een 630 ip ame i 198 ‘one ggg|" “77777717 LBL ‘egg ‘geg) 777777777777 |- “os syaodxe peangmnonse [POL 93 600 or [=-------------| @u6'sey Too) ~~~ "| oF ‘eer “Teg £9 8a 19 Gat WIA ee eee ee qoqquur 01q%70394 [VIO, a ee eee Tk eed eae anit Fp ——,-|-<5-recce nay lire — nats tate aerysiren imp biar ais seen asvoR eee ee ees Cel yee Tl) ee eee ee a eT Deke a pA CR 5 18304, sco‘eso | sor‘eso'T | orz'ezo | eetese't | zee‘tee | oso‘eee't | sou‘cre =| zex‘cer‘T | sac‘ose =| cor‘zog =| -"suoqpes----"---- sojovjdooed 10730 UY Teoh =| 196 WG) | HOLST ovr 69 | LPL ‘AT w0e'9S | G16 ET oos'eo | £18 ‘ET Ba ee eae a oy eee‘at_ | zco‘sor if @ug'Tt —*| ae‘es =| cxe‘or =| eot‘eet | ext | sea‘08 1896 _| @ea's9 +key -¢--. --.5-> 2... eee do...-| 551.55 330.17 196. 34 138. 8 181.82 Horses; Gutiable =< 55225020265 2c -= ce ee do...-| 103.96 53. 88 50. 72 58.38 117. 92 Note Ot sest se Geass = ee > soot se ee eee do.-...| 214.01 80.56 66. 32 66.42 134. 49 Sheep, freer duty. <-.... =. -.--2.-.-s2<2 8 do....| 24.84 15. 90 10. 85 13.70 14.05 Seep, GUIs le fa. ..0ot 22-5 2- Se eee 6 oma 3.02 a oe 2.54 2.45 2.73 Tidtal BHOGD - Lecwdk 2 cen eee ape ee aps 3.25 2. 34 2. 65 2.51 2.82 BOOS WK 26 dba = P= sa hese aawtee Pecos oRe pound-- 251 274 278 249 266 Bristles, crude, not sorted, bunched, or pre- pert ott On See ee or eee eae poumdl-|——- 5. . 899 2.281 -611 346 Bristles, sorted, bunched, or prepared -...do----.|...-.--..- . 958 .912 . 903 .8l4 Total DrIsties pce. 5 on -eese eek ee ee dou. 1.041 . 956 913 . 908 814 Batter: 2 oss aeeen aw De ee . 162 .179 . 164 . 160 S371 OCHepRe Le at ae ee oe ee ee do... 143 -141 . 139 .135 . 134 Eggs IRE a. ENR Pat ERE ERS NOES dozen lil 120 . 094 . 082 - O49 Silk: MOPROOTIE 2 os—.5.coe Acs aoe fae oe pound 618 434 «MOS ects . 381 Raw, or as reeled from the cocoon----- Gol... 3.15 2.76 3.28 2. 84 3.05 WV OSbG he coon sonacet Gees eens 4 sae toe ao..—- . 647 . 449 312 «285 B74 Tobit Give ssoge ssc nse stew ones ae ee ae do... 2.75 2.43 2.86 2.37 2.66 Wool, class 1, clothing: [ECHO ROCESS. 22. Lake ony oe tee ee Go: -2-|-.-.2ae |e) nee wee| 158 #o. SCOUPEUE. 5. ne enone coe ne oe oe see ae need ele on ree se 265 5 ‘Total WOOL, Glase | . /-252--- = Shoko oe cn ee . 164 . 153 . 166 vet 1% Wool, class 2, combing: In the grease -.- .-.do ; : . 189 - 199 Scoured -.--...-- : 211 .210 Total wool, class 2 --- 189 ~199 Wool, class 3, cerpet: Tar thé @TOHRS . <= 2h 8 - . O31 021 | 020 O24 027 + -ecce - SE ee es eee ao... . 049 . 050 . O54 . 060 - 055 PeMPUNHIICY ParsgNOS 2. 2622 2- ==) --a5- 2-5 one Mmoz..- . 042 . 087 .142 103 .130 Lor SSL 2 ASS Ue eR eee Setar ae pe Go:... . 040 . O41 - 043 . O45 . 058 wo GUS 5. i a: a eee Go-.... . 103 103 098 . O91 115 [20 2... 2 oe oe ee ee ae ton... 8.78 7.10 9.16 8.59 8. 92 os aoc.) en ee eee pound... 585 -191 217 209 27 ii. 22, ee ee ee M0... . 709 | . 509 501 . 482 586 Maiusvarloy.--..---..--.--- ae bs 22 shee bushel-- 1.13 677 856 - 847 925 Malt liquors in bottles or jugs..--.... ....gallon-- 951 - 953 970 . 978 48 Malt liquors in other receptacles.-_-_.--.-.- do.-.- - 316 - 303 | 293 .279 . 285 dive culec@ hl ab 6 (ey f= eeaae gee a ee ea go-2:- .519 510 | 507 526 -479 OUT Gots > eas Sr a oe pound... - 005 007 . 006 - 007 - O04 Sota LSS 2S, 5a ee a eee gallon-- 1.20 1.238 LIT 1.22 1.25 Volatile or essential oil_-._--..-.-..--..-- pound... a a oi al ee eee ee ee) Np Opium, crude or unmanufactured ----.--. doers. 2.36 2. 04 1.87 2. 04 2.14 Wmtturppared -..2=25.---.. be... f_-2 doz:-- 6.20 6.58 7.44 7.21 6.51 Lig 100s hl a ee a eee ee Ol eee 2.61 3.31 3. 2.70 4.10 (fi te Jt 5). ee See eee aoe -018 | O17 - 016 | .019 022 Rice flour, rice meal, and broken rice ----- doses O15 | O14 - 013 | -015 016 Total rice and rice meal-_.........-.-......- do-- 2. O17 016 O15 | 018 020 Pam. Or Hasveed . 22. =). = 252. ..+..... bushel. - 1.18 1.09 1.08 1.68 Lu Spices, unground: GES a ae pound.- dT 311 . 820 .270 273 Pepper, black and white -.............-. €0* 2.2 . 052 039 . 039 . O47 5 Ohi Sel aes ae See . 063 059 - 052 | . 053 065 Spices, ground, etc . 155 132 .118 11 100 otal spices. O74 063 | . 060 O64 076 Spirits, distilled: Of domestic manufacture, returned, proof SNP sis es pert sg ee oo CR eee oe 858 . 870 . 91é . 903 . 860 Brandy --- -proof gallon-- 2 82 2 60 2. 66 2.70 2.87 Gi) 22 Ee a er nee Greet 1. 04 1.09 1.16 1,20 1.30 NapMLISilOG Spirits. ou... ..-20.4-.--.... Os 25. 1.12 1.23 1.21 La 1.21 (i lt) ee --pound.. 02 .019 O18 01s O17 0 6 ae eee ae ee ton-- 3.28 3.17 3.95 3.38 3.08 se oe gallon _. 101 086 157 158 151 Beet sugar, not above No. 16 Dutch standard, 7 Se 9 eee a een oer 081 . 020 02: OL | og Sugar, other than beet, not above No. 16 Dutch emnig@amawee. =... /-<....--4 fines en ceek ae 029 02 022 021 023 Sugar, above No. 16 Dutch standard -.....d . 088 028 029 025 On4 . 029 .OR1 023 .0R0 O22 11 . 135 | 135 11 140 Suitable for cigar wrappers ........... - ? . 985 981 ther 2 oct... -. is . 506 551 Total leaf tobacco - . 694 -715 Vanilla beans --..-... 5. 36 4. 37 1.01 .912 MIGROS is tends 2s— a> Sach wick ashes ceae CO ese hes: ERIE ona cea teed oe Suan a Dee caw’ 1.12 . 878 PERN OB an dia oo aw tsa ce tea wochee 591 404 OL ee eee a ees ga a 270 261 cn he eg and other sparkling wines, dozen re LOT Co of SS a Sa. eS «ee 14. 7. 14.77 14.73 14.64 14.58 till wines: stop: Co: See SLE es oe, dozen... 4.81 4. 82 4.86 4.77 4.88 DONTE 2 Gu Sao ae Se SRO ey Cena gallon... . 699 . 697 . 688 : 721 720 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Average export price of agricultural products exported from the United States during each of the five fiscal years 1894-1898. Years ended June 30— Articles exported. - 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. ANIMAL MATTER. Cattle... Licas «ns -0ded pas Sheer epee Cae « = oe $92. 26 $92. 79 $92.70 12 120 2 en eee: SL. ES he eS de. 2. 9.50 10.16 10. 80 10.30 ot IOP BS 22-6 iwc Sees aes See eee. ake eed eee 157. 99 140. 52 120. 64 120.75 Mules ....- 2225 i8ec dee 3 5 ee 74.14 68. 63 42.97 82.09 GOOD - 2.252522 ee Se ee ee sn ee wos 6.29 6.48 6. 26 6.27 6.08 Beeswax ..--disasi.shense aes 25 ee pound 251 294 . 296 289 277 Batter |... 20065) 2~ fee tht ose i fe ee 176 164 . 152 . 143 .150 Cheese «... 2.2 Senses = eee de as - 2 Se do::.. . 097 O91 - O84 . 091 - 086 Eggs-- -.-- ----dozen- - 169 - 168 147 139 163 Feathers, crude and prepared, cther than os trich and egret: = ses... . 52.228 pound... . 154 . 168 . 166 fl Ree ree Glue oss See aweee i ee wp eae aos. 101 . 097 - 095 . 095 . 090 Hides and skins, other than furs- -------.-- GON a Eres ae . O84 . 098 O17 . 088 Boal, cainigi ss te oe eet oe os aa nn oe eee Gots.2 . O91 . 089 . 088 - 086 . 088 Beek, TNOSn as ee eta ae os oto ee oo ee . O86 . O88 . O84 .078 - O84 Beet, salted or pickled 7.<-... {.".22=--=--5-5 A sons - 057 057 . 056 - 052 ~ 053 Boat; Other cured 2.22255 222 5525-2--2 ee do.--2 . 083 . 090 15 . 089 094 | Rallinw gna eeoes «tenant 5 5a eee do-_--- 051 050 - O44 . 037 - 088 jah ee Be PRS Ss a eS OS i ees 092 . 083 .079 - 068 071 a or OL eee Pe Be ee oe Gos--2 -113 104 . 098 - 097 095 gies ee a re ese ei ee . 079 07 . 059 . 073 - 067 Pork, re bel 3 2: a Se SI Ana mpeewes ks Ree) . O80 .071 . 057 . 049 - 056 La bs oe eee yd ery ee i . 090 078 . 066 - 051 056 - Mutton... 5s 55. ee 079 081 . 075 . 078 085 Olep-aal) Feet eee d0s.u3 . 097 . 091 . 078 . 059 - 060 Secret garin (imitation butter) ---..----- go 2 . 122 . 098 - 097 - 097 - 089 CP 1 a) aa ae TS De gk gallon _- . 660 549 511 . 437 . 395 Other animal oils. except whale and fish..do---- . 553 . 523 . Ut - 425 ~ 409 Total animal oils, except whale and fish-..do---- . 630 . 544 .510 435 . 397 Silk waste id: 295 356 . BOL PAS , eee Bteavitle<.5-- fer] een ee JOO cae . 056 059 051 . 051 - O47 Wool, raw 174 113 1233 .i18 .149 Dawley Ps..t30 de ok ave er a> cae aed 43 . 456 491 - 404 882 «493 Bran, ghee eee atid mill teed:..U2 3. Lee £00. -|oo5n 8 Pe So . 681 681 . 635 .612 107 Malt liquors in bottles...... ....-.-------- dozen... 1.34 1.15 1.20 1,16 L2 Malt liquors in other receptacles... .--- gallon... 252 256 240 223 226 OS Sto a 8a eg) t Pen een os ee 009 Oil che and oil-cake meal, cotton-seed....do-_...|.......... . 009 . 009 . 009 . 009 Oil cake and oil-cake meal, flaxseed... .--. 7 eS ae 012 O11 . 009 - 010 Total oil cake and oil-cake meal .-..-.-.-... do.... 012 010 . 010 . 009 - 009 - | ere Ss ee ey el ee a! ee -218 es” -. eae Heer ao... 402 . 822 . 282 «254 252 oN 7) are «Tere do...i% . 623 596 495 B84 427 POTTING GL oc cen cedpwnbenccunsad pound.. 2.61 2.22 2.05 1.58 1.24 MMC Es i Pihane nansdécnietine dcithian duBiceot * Tange d 026 . 088 OL ‘a - O43 Rice bran, meal, and polish. ................ ao.... 008 008 . 008 Pp - 006 a SS aes Pee Fee OC ace 100 . 098 079 077 061 eS ee ee ee ee ee ee . 008 008 . 007 . 006 006. [7 ae WEEE whade aaa bushel. . 1.18 1.17 910 . 820 . 899 Timothy seed. ..----.pound.. O44 . 056 04 - 08+ OBL Alcohol, including pure, “neutral, ete., proof PENRO MEE sedcdls i6dudsiehnenewntsad shbehi ata . B58 268 267 . 336 . 286 QUANTITY OF SUGAR IMPORTED. 721 Average export price of agricultural products exported from the United States during each of the five fiscal years 1894-1898—Continued. Years ended June 30— Articles exported. = 1304. | 1895, 1896. | 1897. | 1898 VEGETABLE MATTER—continued. / ii) Gases) ise proof gallon__| $0. 805 $0. 942 | 40. 978 $1. 07 $1.59 on ae noc enam. anaes aoe! anes ota 1 1.29 36 1.36 1.39 PPEUOTUINOUSICY oo 2.05 2 o-oo a masa eee wns - dor: 906 1.03 1 34 . T42 841 Loss STORES (2 Se ee ee ee. Oo eee donee. 1. 04 1.97 1.70 1.80 1.78 Distilled s Pits, n. 6. 8- SE ts ae .431 . B89 . 450 451 .818 Rows) distilled spirits. .-... -=:-...---.-.-.-- ado..*2 . 878 914 - 967 . 834 . 637 Sir Lae) eae ee ee ee eer --- pound... . 032 - O81 . 028 021 019 Beis SGIET) SS 2G WET he a en gallon 11 093 | 106 O88 093 REID POW Tr. 22. ccteawas oe 4 -20dsCsenne pound. 038 032 . 035 032 038 a DiS SS a a ne oO O44 O46 - 049 O47 050 UDP SL (STA Te Sa ee 2 See ee ree ea dos O44 045 - 049 O45 O49 MEMENTO eS on oe See c oot soe waseea ul ans ee elec Joe] See omens OUT: c= 66 = eee REET intra c= pu wo a2 wo eee cee wa- = do.--- . O85 O87 . O85 . 080 | OST Tobacco, stems and trimmings... --.--.---- Bons. . 052 . 025 021 . 022 . 023 Total tobacco, unmanufactured--_-....-.--- do; .-. . 083 . O86 . 083 078 . OB4 IBBEIME AMO GHA. 5 <.0000s.-------eenceace bushel... 1.76 Lag 1.33 1.23 1.2 Pera - E . . Seaemens oo O~--- 1.01 . 876 . 738 .817 . 907 ib itt 2. Ly a Se ee Mp>-<- . 812 . 730 46 556 761 Dr eeepitieets See cao ne. --- co aoseis)- SP AUOD.. . 140 -141 138 1% .119 PEERS LOOMOLULGS: . ..-.-2-.=- ----.sceen ns-- dozen... 4.62 4. 04 4.05 4.14 4.83 Wine in other receptacles ..-....-.--..-.gallon.. AT4 485 484 . 453 - 420 SUGAR STATISTICS. Quantity of sugar imported into the United States from the principal countries of supply during each fiscal year from 1894 to 1898, inclusive. [From Section of Foreign Markets. ] i Years ended June 30— oo aaa 2 = Annual average, ported. 1804. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1894-1808. : Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. \Per ct. Ciibaeecss-.-- 2. 2,127, 502, 319.1, 845, 763, 398/1, 093,171,212) 577,790,173 440, 225, 1111, 216, 890, 463) 31.32 Germany .------ 358, 649,535, 311, 182) 968 525, 991, 6571, 604, 233; 071| 175, 2 75,440) 595, 066,534) 15.32 Dutch East In- Ci a see 288, 013,620} 280,464,270) 567,670,780) 634,171,629) 621,731,462} 478,410,352) 12.31 atwati. -...-..- 826,574,584] 274.385, 228 352, 175,269| 431,217,116) 499,776,895; 376,825,819, 9.70 British West Tndies)..-..-.. 256, 821,752} 193,498,287) 217,421,118) 322,103,866) 231,401,746) 244,249,344) 6.29 mess 6 522 258, 447,122} 180,262,039) 191,457,878} 140,773,692] 139, 426,285) 182,073,403) 4.69 British Guiana_| 134,455,359] 110,848,960] 146) 433,256] 175,639,179) 139,145,520| 141,304,457) 3. 64 SantoDomingo| 89,421,821) 66,492,169) 116, 972, 841 131, 279,582| 94,336,444 99,700,572} 2.57 Philippine Is- lands.........| 124,052,343) 68,770,492] 145,075,344, 72,463,577] 29,489,600) 87,970,271) 2.26 Porto Rico_...- 75,546,030] 56,352,954} 81,582,810} 86,607,317| 98,452,421] 79,708,306) 2.05 ioe ------.| 80,479,170) 24,338, 189 2) 721,186) 130, 423, 987 1, 366,370) 61,865,770) 1.59 ee elias ees etecdas 28, 250,815} 100,335,317; 124,055,211) 52,354,144) 59,999,097) 1.54 United King- ee 58,241,416} 40,610,295) 56,992,162) 68,250,019) 21,106,706) 49,040,120) 1.26 Austria Hun- FRE 44, 536, 822 7,411, 234) 40,708,929) 105,138, 128 2,788,767; 40,114,776) 1.08 ee in da:<. 23, 829, 548 2,600, 203} 40,965,863) 82,248,664) 388,659,827) 39, 660, 821 1.0 PPANCe: ~~. ..2. 13,909) 622 35,832} 34,810,370} 92,169, 241 17,781) 28, 188, 569) Ay: Chima 2-2 /...... 21,189, 075) 23,696,923] 31,827,859 11, 487, 760 7, 161, 664) 19. 062, 656) .49 Dutch Guiana - 12) 787, 452 8, 794, 544 12, 299, 609 18, 043, 883 25,636,341) 15,512, 356) 40 British Africa - 8, 595, B45 3, 776, 030) 26, 564, 115) 25, 895, 460 12,081,142) 15, 382, 418 40 Danish West Indies 15, 558, 546 9, 131,589! 12,202,619) 16,999,347) 14,832,991) 13,745,018 3 Hongkong - 11, 203,629} 8,351,495) 12,046,973) 3,243,630) 4,183,246) = 7,805,795) 20 Canada 3, 846, 249 8, 329; 961 1, 304, 887 1, 098, 880 717, 532 3, 059, 392 . 08 Other coun- OLE Seale See 11, 582,522) 16,162,679) 15,611,403) 63,622,921) 39,753,407) 29, 336, 586 ae CaS at es Caress. Ba Total. ...- i 345, 193, pall , 574, 510, lH 896, 338, 507 4,018, 918, 905, i 920, 8515, 8S4, 973, 895) 100. 00 1 asian 722 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. y Value of sugar imported into the United States from the principal countries of supply during each fiscal year from 1894 to 1898, inelusive. _ [From Section of Foreign Markets. ] Years ended June 30— Countries from _ | Aeeleere, which imported. 1894. 1895. | 1896. 1897. 1898. 1804-1806, ~~ Dollars. | Dollars. Doliars. | Dollars. Doliars. | Dollars. | Perct. Cuba ...-...---------| 68, 147, 745 | 40,100,204 | 24, 102,835 | 11,982,473 | 9,828,607 | 29,832,373 32.99 Germany ----------.| 11,198,222 | 6,332,916 | 12,528, 755 | 29,844,019 | 3,520,796 | 12, 684, 942 14.03 Winwadl (cso e ane 9,461,857 | 7,403,658 | 11,336,796 | 13,165,084 | 16,660,412 | 11,605,562 | 12.84 Dutch East Indies.-| 7,808,871 | 5,759,436 | 11,388,487 | 13,090,323 | 11,250,181 | 9,859, 460 10.90 British WestIndies.| 6,890,949 | 3,989,614 | 4,700,527 | 5,893,877 | 4,552,454 | 5,205, 484 5.76 British Guiana .---- 4,216,414 | 2,517,726 | 3,414,368 | 3,657,025 | 3,045,666 | 3,370,240 3.73 Brasil .-22t cesses , 688,714 | 2,701,287 | 3,776,486 | 2,136,989 | 2,317,990 | 3,324,293 3.68 Santo Domingo-.---- 2,875,810 | 1,188,951 | 2,459,302 | 2,059,169 | 2,030,239 | 2, 122,694 2.35 Philippine Islands--| 3,655,627 | 1,111,006 | 2,270,902 | 1,199, 202 381,279 | 1,723, 603 1.91 Porto Rico.-<---..-- 2, 394, 051 994,084 | 1,707,308 | 1,577,911 | 1,913,742] 1,717,419 1.90 Beypt. {tee oe le, CARS ete 596,277 | 2,657,425 | 2,616,423} 1,230,071 | 1,420,039 1.57 Belgium ......------| 2,357, 754 458,779 | 1,771,980 | 2,311,309 31,909 | 1,386, 346 1.53 United Kingdom...) 1,824, 072 976,266 | 1,402,694 | 1,452,004 504,714 | 1,231,950 1.36 Netherlands ---.-.-- 789, 668 296,761 | 1,182,605 | 1,916,933 957,908 | 1,028, 775 1.14 Austria-Hungary --| 1,423,083 178, 472 958,402 | 1,957,027 67, 831 916, 963 1.01 China 800, 218 668, 287 920, 301 313, 803 176, 751 575, 872 . 64 France ---- : 428, 506 1,412 859, 359 | 1,421,317 480 542, 215 . 60 Dutch Guiana -.--.-- 426,541 195, 589 289, 243 380, 959 585, 326 oF os 41 Danish West Indies- 473, 153 205, 333 261, 728 316, 781 312, 446 888 3D Hongkong .--... ---- 435, 7. 236, 292 353, 610 87, 465 107, 295 244, 080 -27 British Africa --.--- 134, 514 49,725 461, O54 417, 850 131, 469 238, 922 26 Carkidn = 22 ie 193, 476 289, 060 92, 692 74,191 32,589 136, 402 15 Other countries ---.| 246, 906 211, 701 322,914 | 1,194, 047 832, 594 561, 632 -62 Gta toes ced se 871,889 | 76, 462,836 | 89,219, 773 99, 066, 181 | WA, 749 | 90, 418,686 | 100.00 Average price per pound of ‘Standard A” sugar in the New York market and average consumption of sugar of all grades, per capita of population, in the United States from 1878 to 1898. (From Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department. } | Consump- Consump- proms tion per | —— tion per Calendar year— | yoae capita of |) Calendar year— ‘an capita of pound. ba Fo | pound. | P® pom | Cents. Pounds. |, Cents. | Pounds. 8.94 84.3 |) 1800 2... owas andes See 7.59 61.8 8.53 40.7 || 18005... 2234.00 = cee 6.00 62.8 9.48 43.9. || 1890 2... co .ennaee oe 4.47 66.1 9. 84 44:31) 1808 «.. cnc. sce caren Cone 4,21 63.5 8.87 46:4 || 1808 2... cause oes ee 4,72 . 6.9 8.14 Bi JL, |) 1808 20. cated o Sale cee 4.00 66.0 6. 37 5B.4 || 1806... cee wea aan 4.00 62.6 6. 06 61,8: |). 1806... sccscsseseee eee 4.41 61.6 5.81 B69: 1) ARF i. ase adc wo iawn change 4.38 64.5 5. 66 52.7 |} 1008 cus dep tedencnceseeeien 4.84 61.1 6. 69 56.7 : FREIGHT RATES ON GRAIN, ETC. 723 TEA, COFFEE, AND LIQUORS. Consumption of tea, coffee, wines, distilled spirits, and malt liquors in the United States, per capita of population, 1870 to 1898. {From Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department. ] . : ; Year ending June 30— | Tea. Coffee. | Wines. pig iqeand | Pounds. Pounds. | Gallons. | Proof gals.| Gallons. 1.10 6.00 0.32 | 2.07 | 5.31 1.14 7.91 40 | 1. 62 | 6.10 1.46 7.28 41 | 1.68 | 6.66 1.53 6.87 | 45 1. 63 | 7.24 1.27 6.59 48 | 1.51 | 7.00 1.44 7.08 45 1.50 | 6.71 1.35 7.33 45 | 1.33 | 6.83 1.23 6. 94 47 1.28 | 6.58 1.33 6. 24 47 | 1.09 6. 68 1.21 7.42 . 50 | 1,11 | 7.06 1.39 8.78 56 1,27 | 8. 26 1.54 8.25 47 1.38 | 8. 65 1.47 8.30 -49 1.40 | 10.6 1.30 8.91 48 1.46 — 10. 27 1.09 9.26 .37 1.48 ! 10. 74 1.18 9.60 .39 1.26 | 10. 62 1.37 9.36 5 1.26 | 11.20 1.49 8.53 -55 1.21 | 11.23 1.40 6.81 -61 1.26 | 12. 80 1.29 9.16 -56 1.32 12. 72 1.33 7.83 46 1.40 13. 67 1.29 7.99 45 1.42 15. 28 1.37 9.61 44 1.50 15.10 1.32 8.24 48 1.51 16. 08 1.34 8.01 31 1.33 15.18 1.38 9.22 28 1.12 14.95 1.31 8.04 26 1.00 15. 16 1.55 9.95 .53 1.01 14.69 91 11. 45 28 1.10 15. 64 TRANSPORTATION RATES. Grain in sacks by steamers. {Rates, in cents, per 100 pounds. ] [Compiled for Bulletin No. 14, Miscellaneous Series, of the Division of Statistics from reports of the St. Louis Merchants’ Exchange. } From St. Louis, Mo., to— a Memphis, Tenn. Vicksburg, Miss. New Orleans, La. ! | Highest.| Lowest. pon 4 Highest.| Lowest. ineffect| Highest.) Lowest. | Nags — 24 11.9 14.3 33 19 19 : 33 14 | 19 50 7.4 7.4 50 10 10 35 10 10 20 10 12.5 35 15 17.5 30 10 12.5 51 12.5 20 80 20 20 25 15 20 22.5 15 15 30 20 30 25 15 22.5 17.5 12.5 12.5 30 20 20 25 20 | 20 17.5 12.5 17.5 25 20 25 22.5 ) 12.5 20 ; 15 13 1 22.5 20 20 7.5 12.5 2.5 15 15 15 22.5 22.5 22.5 17.5 15 17.5 15 10 10 20 17.5 17.5 | 17.5 15 17.5 20 10 10 20 17.5 20 20 15 17.5 15 10 10 20 17.5 17.5 17.5 12.5 12.5 17.5 10 1L 25 17.5 17.5 20 17.5 17.5 12.5 10 10 17.5 15 17.5 17.5 15 15 20 10 10 25 17.5 17.5 20 b 1h) 20 10 — 10 25.5 17.5 17.5 20 1B 17.5 12 12 12 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 15 17.5 15 12 12 20 17.5 17.5 20 12.5 20 15 10 10 20 12.5 15 20 Ww ; 10 12.5 10 10 17.5 15 15 15 10 15 8 8 8 15 15 15 1 ih 1 10 10 10 1 15 724 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Miscellaneous commodities, New York to Chicago by rail. AVERAGE RATES FOR LESS THAN Aaa QUANTITIES, IN CENTS, PER 100 {From Bulletin No. 14, Miscellaneous Series, of the Division of Statistics. ] Agri- ee co ‘ Furni-| ,Co* Bag-| and | Cof- 3, | Sug-| Molas-|,; Year. ture, | tural |Lead.| -ing.| earth-| fee. Starch.|",~ |" ses, | Bice.| Castile) 4... imple pe and ments Picante fancy 137 137 60} 117 7} 17 lz 60 60 60 17 122 22 56 | 105 CL 3 erie oy fe pes Pn 56 103 99 99 54 ee epee (yt 16:'|s2<.=2| cosouee 54 92 115 115 61 GB tac ete Ohman 18") .....]-Denoeen eee 98 81 81 39 71 49 36 58 36 46 46 71 105 105 45 93 81 43 7 55 51 93 60) | Eae sees 31 2 31 31 50] 381 40] 31 62 io) ee 37 i4 7 37 2 37 49 37 74 oe en ee 25 48 29 24 40 24 41 25 48 Oy) eeaceee 20 37 20 20 32 20 23 20 37 MeN ses septes||) 13S: | ano 33 | 33 50 | 33 40 | 33 65 (el Rae ee SS 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 62 (5) EB SS 40 | 40 40 | 40 40} 40 40 | 40 60 (2) Eee 2a 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 60 (se) PRE ea 33. | 33 33 | 33 33 | 33 33 | 33 51 i eS oe 26 | 26 26 | 26 26| 24 2%] 2 4t (fg) ee Pe 35 35 35 35 35 30 30 35 60 (ig eae 30 35 35 35 35 25 25 35 60 i Bee 27 | 27 27 | 27 27 | 20 20) 27 45 Y fy eerie eked 35 35 35 35 35 25 25 35 60 VES aS 2 ee 35 | 46 35 | 35 35 | 33 33] 35 64 73 49| 35] 49 35 | 35 35 | 35 35 | 35 63 75 50 35 50 35 35 35 35 35 35 65 75 50 35 50 3d 35 35 35 35 35 65 75 50 35 50 35 35 35 35 35 35 49 75 50 | 35 50 35 | 35 35 | 35 . 8} 35 35 75 50 | 35 50 35 | 35 35 | 35 35 | 35 35 75 50 | 35] 50 35 | 35 35 | 35 35 | 35 35 75 50 35 50 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 75 50 35 50 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 75 50 35 50 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 75 50 Bo) 50 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 ; . Soa Agri- ig Pp Faorni-| ,°O7 Bag-| and | Cof- Sug- | Molas-|,,; | ging. fee. Starch. ar. ses. Rice. bi scto Com- fancy mon 117 117 60 60 60 117 93 Pepe 87 | eee 56 103 56 te St A ee 15 |x cnace| seee seen 92 54 Fe cdn eAleeees 78 |) so ng08 Sco eee eee 98 60 36 58 46 46 71 46 43 12 43 55 51 93 55 31 50 31 40 81 62 40 37 62 37 49 74 49 24 40 24 41 25 48 33 20 82 20 P] 20 37 23 33 50 33 40 33 65 40 41 41 41 41 41 62 41 40 40 40 40 60 40 40 40 40 40 60 40 33 83 33 33 51 33 26 26 24 26 44 26 Bs) 35 30 35 60 35 35 35 25 35 60 35 27 27 20 27 45 27 é 35 35 25 Bo 60 35 § 27 27 29 ss) 64 81 i 25 25 30 25 63 30 : 25 2 80; 2 65 30 | a se 5 30 25 35 30 25 25 30 25 65 30 7 65 30| 2%| 35 30} 2 25 80} 2 44 26 eae 65 oO 25 35 80 25 25 30 25 25 25 OL a ae 65 30| 2 | 35 80| 2% 25 30 | 2 25 25 1) aa 65 30 25 35 30 25 baa) 80 2 25 25 JC Sa 65 80| 2 | 3 80 | 25 25 80| 2 . 4 oS 65 30 25 35 30 25 25 80 25 25 1807 65 30 25 35 30 25 25 30 25 | ..25 yi. ee ee 65 a) P25) 35 30 | * 25 25 30 25 25 25 AVERAGE FREIGHT RATES ON STOCK AND MEATS. 725 Miscellaneous commodities, New York to Chicago by rail—Continued. AVERAGE RATES, REGARDLESS heaeae SHIPPED, IN CENTS, PER 10 Yy Dry Cotton = - D ear. ies piece an ea. rugs. / Bo0ds. | goods. | shoes 137 137 137 137 137 122 Iz 22 22 122 99 99 99 99 113 113 113 113 113 81 81 SL &l &L 105 105 105 105 105 69 69 69 69 69 81 81 81 81 81 53 53 53 53 53 é 39 39 39 39 72 72 72 72 72 7 77 77 77 7 15 75 | 75 vf; 75 75 75 75 75 75 65 65 65 65 65 56 56 56 56 56 15 75 75 75 75 75 15 75 6 75 56 56 56 ab 56 Lol os +6... SS eee eee 75 66 75 75 7% ° i 2. i ER ee eS eee 75 50 75 7 75 (tase An. 5: Ee ee 73 49 73 73 73 (a ie ee ee eee 75 50 75 75 75 ol). tl 6 Se ee eee eee 75 50 75 75 75 LO ae ll a ae eee 75 50 75 75 v6) en rea ee ee 8 oe oo ced donaaacece~ 75 50 75 75 5 i). £3. ee ee eee 75 50 75 75 75 be ee eee 75 50 75 75 75 bo... 1 tL i SS ee eee 75 50 75 75 75 colt 1.2 pl ee ee ee eee 75 50 75 75 75 1) Se ep TREE ee 2 a ae : 75 50 75 6 5 LO. obo. ke er ee ee eee 75 50 75 75 75 Live stock and dressed meats, Chicago to New York, AVERAGE RATES, IN CENTS, PER 100 POUNDS. {From Bulletin No. 14, Miscellaneous Series, of the Division of Statistics. } | Dressed hogs. Horses at Dressed . Year. Cattle.| Hogs. | Sheep. and | Refrig- Bs sates beef. erator Common cars. | tern ea an ae sakes Se eCe Re eS Ee a et eC ees eae CG ERS (Sete | SS Se es Sea Seay SCS G. Sheed Sp ER ee Ee a ee AA (Sao He See a (Rees eee el ee eS ea 0 TS a Sas a eS) ee aed cain ieee Cr) Poe (ee ie es ke Se |S OCR See ea) eee pee A ii ES See 1 ites 22 eas a ee es! ee aes meaner 4 (Fe pean | See SE ae (UE SE ERS a SNES iat ie Bat | CONN ETRE Sd Me ey |e ee (6 eee eeepc 1 og ae Nie ae ee ae ae 47 45 61 60 fl SRE Ta Seo oe we wok Gaenan savant mn am 55 43 65 60 il Se ieee) STE i 2s, SSE SBS A Sener 35 81 61 60 56 Sees pee LLL) eS a ee ee eer 36 29 53 60 (gy) ERR) es al 40) 32 50 60 RRP RR SpE UES ae ee 3l 28 AA 60 51 |-----22-2-|---- enews A ene ae 31 26 43 6 Bt | Ren ee (eee Se ee ne 33 30 42 60 61 53 48 NT a eg he atc dS gaa aba 33 82 40 60 62 59 bt Ve oe ee ee eee 22 26 31 60 46 46 44 Ol) ae ee 2 30 30 60 47 47 45 _ 1. 2 Eee ee ee 23 28 30 60 39 39 39 Oo EE Re ae ee ee ee om 27 30 30 60 45 45 45 pL ae eee | bs © wis q 2A | @ oa] oO 3 Oo | | © nm | Fr o- Ad S a Ba] o B oS ome oy 73 s a = ° on i a o = q A=} a a a 5 i) =| a maim | A, | Ay 6) SS, 1S) .é) P iv 4 1867....| 1.603} 1.955|_..... 1. 641|......] 2.074 798) 3. 1.994 1868 2 2 }-so pS) Sees A 1 74 | ee Hs) if 2. 2.164 1869....| 1.696) 1.974|_....- | 2.324). _....| 1.872 914) 3. 2. 2.144 1870....| 2.945] 2.843) 1.770) 2.470) 2.204) 2.167 3. j 426) 3. 2.392 1871_...} 2.010} 2.517) 1.920} 2.896) 2. 508) 2.322 ‘ F 3. 3. 2.632 1872....| 1.923] 2.275} 1.863) 1.904) 2.321) 2.379 3. 3. 3. 3. 2.521 1873._..| 1.820} 2.176) 1.799) 1.927) 2.221) 2.317 6 a : 3. 2.486 1874._..| 1.984) 2.229] 1.929) 2.088) 2.214) 2.349] 2. h . 966) 8. 2. if 2.544 1875 ....| 1.910! 2.180} 1.885! 1.955) 2.088! 2.259) 2. y P 4 12. 2 2.378 1876...-| 1.864| 2.099) 1.693, 1.859, 1.846, 1.819) 1. 4 . 2. 2. p 2.183 1877....| 1.947) 2.174! 1.958) 1. 772) 2.182) 2.185) 2. : 2. 2. 2.458 1878 ....| 1.969} 2.217| 1.978) 2.158) 2.255) 2.277) 2. 3. 738) 3. 2. 3. 2. 2.573 1879__..| 1.888) 2.187) 2.044; 2.090) 2.221) 2.258) 2. 3. 3. 066) 2. 2. 417 2.484 1880_...| 1.885) 2.096) 1.995) 2.041) 2.135) 2.222) 2.156) 2.§ 2.8 A 2. 868) 2.076 5 2. 442 1 1881 ...-| 1.820) 1.970) 1. 862) 2.016) 1.988) 2.152) 1. 2. 2. z 2. 856) 1. 828) ‘ 2. 446 7 1882__..| 1.715) 1.993) 1.808) 1.948) 2.156) 2.249] 2.024) 2. 605] 2.388) 2.505) 2.579) 1.951 t 2.391 1883 .- 1. 790) 2.088} 1.986) 1.673) 2.196) 2.297) 2.193) 2.373) 2.424) 2.504) 2.516} 2.141 2 2. 402 1884_- 1.651) 1.908} 1.942) 2. 189) 2.170 2.258) 2.222) 2.379) 2.225) 2.572) 2.553) 1. 900 2. 2.323 1885 _- 1.833) 1.838) 1.419 pee 2. 058] 1.950) 1.569) 2.270) 2.211) 2.466) 2.563) 2. 026 2. 2.216 1886___.| 1.756) 1.853} 1.845) 1.890) 2.098) 2.114) 2.180) 2.131) 2.208) 2.420 2.415) 2.023 2. 2.142 1887 _ - 1.89 | 1.880) 1.989) 2. 039) 2.260) 2.125) 2.255) 2.074) 2. 268) 2.¢ 2.538) 2.062 2. 2. 245 | 1888____| 1.978] 1.976) 1. 967) 1.851) 2.280) 2.111} 2.10 | 2.025) 2.197) 2.312) 2.445) 2.123 2. 2.349 1889_...| 1.957) 1.869) 1.932) 1.722) 2.286 2. 076) 2.18 | 1.709) 1.927) 2. 285) 2. 415) 2. 128 2. 2.165 1890....| 1.915) 1. 858) 1.910) 1.584) .2. 254) 2.094) 2.25 | 2.056) 2.022) 2.149) 2.359) 2. 004 2. 2.167 1891_...| 1.869] 1.818) 1.905) 1.601) 2.105) 2.070) 2.23 | 2.155) 2.073) 2.322 2. 408) 2. 205 2. 2.142 1892_...} 1.916) 1.828) 1.887) 1.589) 2.183) 2.028] 2.00 | 2.181} 2.101) 2.308) 2. 464) 2.043 2. 2.126 1893___.| 1.869) 1.835) 1.832) 1.551) 5 $8} 1.98 | 1.989) 1.999) 2.095) 2.414] 1.981 2. 2.108 1894.__.| 1.851) 1.794) 1.857) 1.509) 2. 1.905} 1.925) 1.891) 2.191) 1. 776 2. 1. 986 1895_...| 1.819) 1.770) 1.837) 1.560) 2. 1.980} 1.995) 2.146) 2.411) 2.119 2.318) 2.040 1896....| 1.769) 1.752) 1.838) 1. 641! 1. 952) 1.979) 2.108) 2.375} 2.117 2.187) 2.019 1897 _...| 1.811) 1. 754) 1, 842) 1.543) 1.980] 1.979) 2. 153) 2, 289) 2. 116 2. 254) 2.022 INDEX. Page. Abilene, Tex., note on station for study of forage resources._-._._--. ----. 2 40 Abortion in mares and.cows, millet.as cause ___.._.....--..---.----.---.--- 290 meme yaornesnana, use for perfumery. .-.-...-...-=---.2-.2 222-2220 4-4-2222 394 Weclimatization of animals and plants, notes......--....-.--.---.--..--.-. 87 Accounts and Disbursements Division, observations by the Secretary. _.__- 61 organization and duties. __._..._._- 596 Adulteration, food, investigation in imports -_-.......-.---..-.-:---------- 30 wimmuerations of prass seeds, notes.” ___. __-_-...-----...-------------«-- 482-494 Aerial observations by means of kites in weather service_.-._-...--....---- 20 stations,-new, list-for Weather Bureau. ..-:-..--------------.--.--- 83 Age of domestic animals, determination by teeth.......-.---.-.----------- 667 Agricultural and mechanical colleges, common features. -_----...--..----- 73 sketchess: 22 4 Ae eee 67-74 chemists, official, cooperation of Department_-__--.------. .--- 29 colleges and other institutions having courses in agriculture. 597 note on experimental tree planting_--_.--.-.---.------ 189 some terms of admission _-_-- ~~. . 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 79 types of American, article by A. C. True ___.__- 63-80 education, extension and popularization__-____._.._.--------- 48,49 experiment stations, organization and lines of work____--.. 598-601 experiments in Alaska, article by C. C. Georgeson--_-_.-_.-- 515-524 products, average prices of exports and imports .___-__-__-- 718-721 Pe POL tS AAO MOR OL USE. eee ata oe ee eo oa 705-717 prices on the farm, 1894 to 1898 _.. -._...--...-.. 692-694 wholesale prices on leading United States markets, PSUS! COs LOUR ee tee eae ne eee aoa ee 695-701 resources of insular dependencies of United States, investiga- MO ne + fetes ves Pye ey Se Foe ns SO os en a 19 science, facilities of Department for post-graduate instruction 18 BUCIDLICR, mbalOnSeOGTOLAEIOS =.= 2 5a0429 02 2ST Ee soe. 610 Society, United States, report in 1856 on Angora goats _..-... 435 Agriculture, colleges and other institutions having courses _-..-... _.----- 597 dependence of Hawaiian Islands _.--.---........--..-.-.----. 566 in ‘Puerto. Rico, article by Roy Stone: --. ..----.-..-..22--.- 505-514 Secretary. (See Secretary of Agriculture. ) State oncials Mm charee, Uabo os) Sisco esl. 2k Lk age Fa” 609 Agrostis species, notes on usefulness and seed_-____.-----.-.-. ..-.-------- 493, 494 ypsilon and annexa as cutworms in tobacco, figures __---.-..----. 141 Agrostology, Division, observations by Secretary.........---- -.---------. 39-41 OFPanization we GuLlos.c soe... i) S22) 595 wunlios tio, Tees. 2/6 oiwaSs. - 2. i. See 602 note on studies of Division_- _------- Peg 2 1 Se 11 Air, movement, and appearance of the sky in relation to winds. ._... ....-- 526 note ou purifying effect of weeds-.-......_--.-.---..- || er. 196 upper, use of kites in exploration, article by C. F. Marvin -.---~.--- 201-213 fuaneamna chavacter Of public lands... <2: ......2--.-... 22 Veos- seas 347 note on possibility of production of lavender oil ............--..- 390 ‘Puskeges colored institution... .-.2---.. -... .-...f se 64 Perstechnic mmptyeee; skotelt. 2... 205 F 2. aoe os 7 72 Sane TOTP tre SGC ore cate ies Co Oe. 2. 25. od 729 730 INDEX. Page. Alaska, agricultural experiments, article by C. C. Georgeson.._.......-- 515-524 investigations... 2.) Svs S\eel: 2 eee ee application of United States land laws ...-...-.--.---------- ----- 354, character of public lands ...... 2.222. 2. - = 0 note on climate and crop service... .......- .<2.<2- 2 1ien de establishment of climate and crop service ..2-<2t.J.ae problem in cattle raising 2... .. 222. .-..<...22 52. 2 eee 522 public lands .....-...-..--..2<--2+--te2 oe 2 Se 877, 378 Aleyrodes tabaci, damage to tobaceo ..........~..-<- ..---~=+ 0 143 Alfalfa, germination in ‘alkali soil... .......-.-20.2..22 4222 ee 536 Turkestan, note on experiments _-.....-22.45 022252 42. oe Algeria, injury to tobacco by Gelechia .......2...2.-4 2.2 ee Alkali, effect on plant growth ..-.....2...2.-+:1-1.;..-33 ee 502, 586 lands, drainage _._~..2..--s522-euece) .f- 25. ee 502 preparation for cereals by planting saltbush. .vi ..0:senennae 539 suggestion as to reclamation. ._ ..-. :- =<... 2 . 540 da RE ns ee eee De eer iain | i 326, 330 public lands, character; water supply; irrigation oh See 335 Arkansas, character of public Monit 6.3... .cibesk ae ee 346 Pine eer” Shee So. Ss: 2: Jee ees 2 ee ae 326, 330 River, usefulness of Redfield’s grass as sand binder _-_-___- eee 417 Aromatics, MMR ucten soc... Se 393 Arsenical poi.on, use against insect enemies of UOMO Ne 125 spray, use against tobacco insects_--_--.-..-----------.-.-- 139, 142, 150 Arsenicals, preparation and use as insecticides -.-----.----....-.---.------ 659 use against bean and pea beetles_-._....._...-._.---- 250, 252, 254, 255 meechices, Se againstcaterpillars. ..-...-.-.-...-- 2222-272. ~2 2 ~~ anne 258 Artesian wells for irrigation, notes_..-..--..---- + 338, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346 Arthur, remarks on ripening from immature AECUR RS he IO Bae 363 Ash-gray blister beetle, injury, life history, and remedies -_----------.---- 249 in saltbushes, WObeH NS Ue eo os secon nc 5 ee ae 538 Asia, experiments with grass seeds______.--.----- Se SER rey ee es 40 BAG OL mallets as f00d =.) 2... 2 ete Se ee ee ee eee eee 277 jeer conters, valuc Of root pruning. ...__ .:---. .---222- 22.22 --22_ sie 157 laborers in Hawaiian Islands, conditions...._._.......-.-.----.---- 579 Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, direction of seed distribution--..__-___- 3 75.) Le a pe iy ah Lap leah pepe 593 Astragalinus tristis. (See Goldfinch. ) Atkinson, George F., observations of cigarette beetle. 2. -.:-.----2-.-.25 8 145 Professor, "note on experiments in steaming tobacco___-.......-- 147 Airiplex semibaccata, Gcsenigteas mem ase S222. i) Eo 2 eee cee 539 species, OE ae eT ns Sie tdetial nV tine 538, 541, 542, 544, 546, 547 Sitar of roses, value and manufacture _--.-. 1-2... 22 2k ie 381 Attenuated cultures of tuberculin, note on production; importance. ---.- 113, 114 Atwater, W. O., inauguration of work in dietary studies.-.-...-....-..--- 440 Pasian. destructivencess Of frail. bat 22.2.8 oe a i Sse le eee. 7 Dad teloey DN SEARM Te oreo tse oo ee) See ee ee 102 ingeoaduchion OL ENelisi Sparrows .2..---.. 2-2 Sl eee 100 Ler RACY LBM sae ee on Sas SA A SO ee ot ee 539 DGtGS Oa ODL GE BCRU fo nos. ose ea eR PS Loy r ies ee 93 Western, notes on law against destructive animals ___.________. 109 Australian saltbush, description and use; value for allali soils__________- 537, 539 Austria-Hungary, note on reports of trade with United States __...---__-.- 37-39 Awnless brome, notes on grass and seed, description of seed... ...-..---.- 491 Awns, distinction of ed SEARS ROGUE) I 55 so Ye tes Vu, ee eee CBee 490 Of grass seed, notes.............. ee eee tle eta ee amet ae 75 Bacteria, manipulation in preparation of tubereulin.__-._._-- Bsns oes sete 112 PM LENLGAIG HUE Van Sn eee ee, ts ee sees bl Se ees 264 Bailey, C. P., statement as to improvement of pastures by goats_-_-_._.-.-_- 437 L. H., remark on changes in apple produced by climatic condition - 373 development of new races of plants -.....-....--. 368 Bait, arsenic, preparation and use as insecticide...._-.-.-...--..------.-..- 659 Balbi, Joseph F., statement as to Malta goats -_.__....- Ee ne 432 Baldwin apple, increase of fruit Dy Gem Dorinatim: 2... 2.2 Soe 17 Baltimore oriole as enemy of pea weevil._.._.._.___..-.--_----.----.---.--- 237 Bamboo, suggestion as sand binder..........-...--..-.---.---.---- States 420 Banana cultivation in Puerto Rico, observations of Puerto Riwan 236 2%. 508 Bananas in Hawaiian Islands, . quantity ONG ames: 34 20° Se ere eee ne 571 Barley, rere value and yield per acre, 1894 to 1898_....__......-.-.-..-.- 690 Tire WAR, MOUOILG Ge cneted one conis, ood owas wk piu nb anhe tenage eens 518 tides on the farm, December 1, 1894 to 1898.............-.-------- 693 statistics of acreage, production, and value, 1866-1898 ..-_....-.-... 679 wholesale prices on leading United States markets, 1893-1898 ..___. 698 BaRNES, ALMONT, article on ‘* Keeping goats for profit’. ..........-. ..-- 421~438 732 INDEX. Page. Barnwell, J. S., statement as to injuries to tobacco by bud worm. __----- . ans Barnyard manure, use for millets. .--. .2..5.0.--2.b22.5 --2ee sos 284 millets, discussion. «<0 42.66 -cd nce deeetel-+ abeec byes ?*6-281 Barometer, action in hurricane: .. 642... 22s okies 2 28 oes Se 531 Bayberry, use in binding sands . -_.--- -- es Beach grass, extensive growth at Cape OC a use in sand binding. --._. ..- wow ash's Stee 2S Beal, F. E. L., estimate of amount of weed seed eaten by birds 2 22.22 ae 225 Bean, ladybird, description, distribution, remedies ..............-...-----. 261 leaf beetle, description, distribution, life history, and remedies.__._- 253 roller, notes ._---. Cee en decane acess weetet bins. Bee 258 weevil, -common,. discussion =... ..-._.-. .-.-..-22. 24 -o--- 289-242 four-spotted, distribution and history -..-.....------.---.--. 245 remedies ...-.-.-.-5. so 2526 32-52) ee 247 life history and habits ..... ..-s-s<0-2 220-25 6ee- oe 241 Mexican, notes .... -. ---s4s64 <0 23 -. eens 248 Beans and peas, insec ts injurious, article by F. H. Chittenden _.......... 233-260 attacks of boll or corn-ear worm and flea beetles..........--.------- 255 weeviled, reason against planting -........--2.-<.-s=. 42.555 40eeeee 242 Bee, pollination of flowers «2: 2... -2-- ---- 222. -vale 169 Beef cattle, experiment in feeding with beet pulp__....---.------.--------. 216 statistics of inspection in 1898.._..- See 23 Bees, necessity to orchardist ---. ...-.--.-- seeedts- ++. eee 180 note on transportation of pollen.-..--..2.2:-...<...--3- === 175 use of weeds on vacant city lots .... .......21 52. So2e eee 196 Beet pulp, experiments in feeding; cost and feeding value....--..-........ 217 sugar, and food investigations . ..2..--.J2...-. « s.wse5 ose 30 industry, value to farmer......2. ..«.-.... 4 ee 220 manufacture residues, utilization in cattle feeding, article by . Spencer ..2-.-...-.72.2-.6.0¢ oes eee 213-220 note on distribution of seed - be. www. Sa22 ih Uae 36 Beetle, flea, description; injuries to tobacco; " remedies ::-..10. uetaneeeeeae 123-128 Beetles, blister, notes on history and remedies. ...:....04 soles 249-251 genus injurious to legumes__).....--.-------1----.¢5=)_ 233 injuries by several species to drieditobacco....... ...wssl cee 148 Beets, improvement of sugar content by breeding -.--.---.---------------- 370 Belt, remark on artificial selection in plant breeding ain sae ee 2 366 Ben Davis apple, note on crossing with other varieties .._._.-...--...-.--- 177 Bent grasses, notes on seed ...-..-$25.2..--. 5-22-50 l 2 ee 494 Benzine, use against cigarette beetle _..-..... 2.2). <2. he See 147 Berckmans, P. od statement as to rose for manufacture of attar_......---- 383 Bergamot, notes on extractiou, prices, and adulteration of oil -.......-.-.- 386 Bermuda grass, germinating power of seed -....-----.-------.-.-.2... 22. 479 Betula lenta, use for wintergreen oil... .....-...--2.5:.s0e. eee 396 Bicycle, note as to diminution of w C1 Db sacs de os jesus’. opt vied eee 295 usefulness of steel-track wagon road.o.........<.. sneee eee BicELow, F. H., article on ‘* Cyclones, hurricanes, and tornadoes”... _- 525-534 Billings, Mont., note on drainage of alkali lands. ...... 2.224 Sage 502 Biochemic Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, method of preparing tuber- CUMIN ina aie i i ws ssw ota og ew iyo ls Sere ee 111 Biological Survey, Division, organization and duties . -_- & is ow note on study of life zones and of animal habits ee Ee oe 10 observations by Secretary on work............-.--..--- 32-34 publications, 1898. - ' woe Ss ek ae ea Birch, sweet, use for production of wintergreen Ol... catdeasenueneeee 396 Birds and mammals, study by Biological Survey -. =. eee 83 as weed destroyers, article by Sylvester D. Judd)... : shes ae 221-232 destruction by mongoose in JaMAICa.. <... .os2 26. 5 cade - he 94 wild house cats .....5 25. Jb 45. see es Se 90 game, discussion of use of weed seed as food...........--..----.-..-. 2381 note on immunity of ladybirds from attack....__._. 252 noxious, and animals, danger of introducing, article by T. S. Palmer. 87-110 sumuinary of observations on destruction of weed seeds__...........-- 232 use of seed of weeds on vacant city lots............2s..2--s--ce-seee- 196 Bird-seed mixtures, use of millet seed. ee ee Bisulphide of carbon, fumigation for weevil (see also Carbon) - «> Radebiaees 237 lime, use.as insecticide...c...c «scar scar asacsebe ales Se 662 INDEX. t3é Page. Bitter almond, imports, prices, varieties, extraction of oils, ete ..____.____. 392 panic grass, description; suggestion for binding sands_--.--.-._.__- 414 mem Alkals.in soil. effect on. plants.....-.... 2.202002. - seein de sole Quen 501 Col. William L., estimate of number of Angora goats___..-_...-._-. 436 rat, notes on history ard Cistribublon. > 2. sese=5ss — ae See eee wee 92 Blackberries and raspberries, uses and methods of pruning-----.---.-----. 161 Suaenird, note on eating of weed seed_._... ...- .. 02 --osaende didec ese ewe 222 Blackbirds and their allies, eating of weed seed_......-..--.-........-.--- 230 aeaonmiog, investigation -_--....-...----s-2---s.- oa stele ae Aneta et 28 Blights of fruit and FOE, pA OM APUR ese cP eA Die n> ow 5h wor no oan 652 Blister beetles, notes on history and remedies_..._.._...._-...._.--.---- 249-251 Blizzard, effect on development of Texas fever in cattle__........_.-.------ 466 EEE MI RRTONINIOS = 2572) SOS Sas be soe sc. n--- ars-oceeene 175 Cis EOMOCRORIILOn es: <=> iss) Le ee Se 2 me we eee 178 cS ee rar ae 2 ee pe Me 168 Bine grass, sand, usefulness as.sand binder..._.......--.......-------.-- * ae seaside, description; usefulness for binding sands___._--. ._____ 416 seed, Kentucky, description and yield ____..__.___._- sete 482, 483 oc) ee emer ats Are eer es ye 483 DEE tete. On USC OM FOROS... —— _. . ... .- we Te eee 321 i cpservatory, kite ascensions. ; - . .- 2 2.0. '//aebeeu-Gws-leeeewee bee 201 RDG SEIS 5. Seis on ong UE ees Wace eweueee a 543 Bobwhite, Geeetuction of mend pead... ....-....2 scascicesen! awa utes Ueoowes 231 Bogart, Eugene R., growing of vegetables in Aleiled Jatehty creche, 55 axe 519 Bollworm or corn-ear worm, description and remedies .._...._.-2.._-..--_- 255 Bordeaux mixture as remedy for blister bectile....2)..23 =. eee ee eee ee 250 Bortnoysky, Rev. Ivan, observations on stock raising in Alaska____--_-___- 521 iperanical studies, usefulness of weeds,...... oo... -looss ace eoe cesses 196, 198 survey at Sitka and: Cook Inlet, Alaska... ...<2-2-2.--+.---2-- 50 Botany, Division, observations of Secretary ........-.-.-.-..--------.------ 54-56 organization and an tiedsesv: io soit oe eee 595 DUblicahONsetSIS Mt... 29. ees eg See 603 note on work in introduction of plants and in seed testing.______. 11 Bounties for mongoose in Hawaiian Islands, failure_____.__...._....------ 95 Bounty for destruction of English sparrow in Bermuda -_--.--.-_-.-.-...- 100 BRACKETT, G. B., article on ‘‘ “Utilizing surplus-fruite sc. %) 2 netten bes at 309-316 Brady. J ohn G.; note on garden in Maal rides. actexs cps antaads Sie Ezeth 516 Bran-arsenic bait, Preparation) ands Gser. 16 Wore s Sheen coca. whe 3d 659 mash, use against cutworms in tobacco.___.._--_----...-.--- 141 Brandy, orchard, manufacture from pomace _.-...............----.------- 315 production in California, growth...._......------- ee pen grag ee er: Serr -BHOLGCO DORN. WOOWM 22 ps 2 a dscds a teks ee eee oe Ue 246 Bread, relative cost of homemade and baker's ___.___..-._.--.-..--.-------- 447 Suate, cheapness, and nutritive. value:-2. tices in os ates oc cee oe 449 Breadstuffs, imports and exports for five years ended June 30, 1899______- 707, 714 Brecksville, experimental] steel-track wagon road._..........-------------- 292 REET APSOCIRMONS ROCTOUATICN | 5.022005 os pk oo oo Ee eS ok 613-616 Breeding of plants, need of clearly defined ideal of type..-.-.---------.-.-- 364 DLOCORRES Se 25 eek. es ooo bs Sao ie > esulbenk Ras a 355 SORES EINE. ANG OTAN POS: HOLS si. ok. use. See Se we ek 376 plant. work of Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology - 264 ne Cae TTT SN Grd 0k aL ease oo < catlcw'od ve ccheavay 118 Breeds of cattle in Hawaiian Islands, notes: .___............--..---.---.--- 576 Bremen and Hamburg, shipment of California TNs wi ass sck ease dasleaed oe 145, 146 Cinchona barks, possibility of production in Hawaii............-....--.--- 572 Citrus culture, problems under investigation..-... ................-----... 265 fruits, extraction of oils for perfumery .... 4. ...c.\). -.c ao eee 379 trees, use for production of perfumery ........... .....c..seeaneeeee B85 City. weeds, characteristics... ....<) . sv sndus sho uohea eee Me 193 ——————— INDEX. 137 . Page. Civil Service Commission, examination for Bureau of Animal Industry-- -- 23 Claret, deficiencies of early California product ........---..--------------- 552 Clark, W. A., method of improvement of cotton.....-.-...-...----.------- 359 production of smooth-seeded upland cotton ........-..------- 365 Clarke, Ernest, remarks as to improvement of sugar beets. -..-.-..-.-..--- 371 Clay soil, curvature and pressure of water content -.......-.-.------------ 402 Cleveland, experimental steel-track wagon road....-...--..-.------------- 292 Climate and crops service in Alaska, note 52s ioe Ria fee Aegis : 22 Gie Crilafr aoe ie ae Cae a lee ee are eae ee Bam. Sa ts 671 npine ange 08s 25S. 2 sk ee a a 672 (Prertoricos aise am pressions) 2s. 2.) 7 seo 2. 2a eo ee 511 Nosy. LOUSLOAL> Hill. 22 25 320 eee fe SOE (of United States), suitability to growing goats.-......---.-.--.---- 424 relation of growth of trees in transplanting -----.--.------.------- 155 PEnoUMmOLAOIDle salis:s: “UcL ee seat eat pao ew one 499 Somatic conditious:for public lands... ...--...2.---24 ss2s.--..----- 832, 333, 335 ot tie Hawatuarl Islandse >. 22 gies pete ee ee 363 Climatology, relations of work of Division of Soils_.........--.-.----------- 41 Denne IOUNLOeY ClONG Secs ae es. la. Sol.c Beene ee ee eee ee 527 Clover, notes on usefulness on vacant lobe: sco. Gee ere 199 EIR Ten ist HO LOS oe te 8 5 amen me nea aee ae eae oa ose 518 Permiaannor Alaska, note oni stock raising _._. 2 225 s282.a8-2220e ee oe. - 522 lands, public, notes on laws; prices. ._---- £63 ee eee... ia oll use against blister beetle (see also ‘Kerosene) $s... 251 Gopalt, mixture for.use:against tobacco worms :. 2: -.2-..- Lf 2-s5s-2sss22-- BS Cocoanut husks, note on shipments from Puerto Rico 0. .iate eae 509 Codling moth, alleged destruction by kohlmeise (titmouse) ---------------- 105 Coffee crop, time of ripening in-Puerto Rico <1 2. = 2s. 4.02.0. tee6. es 507 aeowie. pubvic lands. im Mawall -. -. 22... foul...) ah ede ce.cook. 2 Wilding law aie sae oe eC OU ee eS See eee 568 penn UNAM a2: fo RR Oo See I a A 569 imports and exports for five years ended June 30, 1899 .-.-..-.---- 707,714 notes on growing in Bucrioibieon. 29s 2s enti Gee ee 506 planting in Hawaiian Islands, problems __-.---..-.----------------- 570 possibility of extension of production i im Puerto hidets 2 ee 510 Puerto Rican, lack of market in United States. .-.---.--..--.-----. 514 tea, and liquors, consnmipione S70! to: 1606 soos C2675. See 723 Gmin-and- currency of the United States 22. 225-22) 22 S28. -8 we ee sl 676 SeCmNtGite Or PRINCES 2) coe Cos CaaS kh asa Se oe 27 waves in California fruit districts, discussion .-.--...-...--..-.-.------ 81 weather, development of Texas fever .............--.-.-.-:------ «-- 466 diminution of infection with Texas fever..........--.------ 454 effect on cattle after dipping for ticks _-............----.--- 465 Colleges, agricultural, admission of graduates to study in Department_. 18 American agricultural, some types, article by A. C. True____.___- _ 63-80 Colorado, character of public lands, their water supply and irrigation __.-- 340 eR = Ors. Ons Ds ae ha Sear e ae aed oe 326, 330 Colored students, industrial and agricultural schools --_.--.-..-.-.--.------- 64, 69 Columbia River, ‘drifting of sands_. a 2 Pees fee ee 9 ec oe (> Columbian Exposition, four- spotted bean weevil _- A: eet RS, Ce Commerce, notes on benefits from West Indian weather service... _. urs 84 Commissioners of agriculture, State, list-.......---2222.-. ...----.---22. 5. 609 Cuajerosalaramspelahove) (Aba Kipp aie str sl0 25010]: i ee 12 observations by Secretary on nature teaching Dike ee 16 Condiments, notes.on plants in Puerto Rico -......-2....-----------.45-- 512, 513 Congress, appropriation for extension of weather service in arid regions-- -- 2 West Indian weather service - see 84 bill authorizing Weather Bureau stations in W est Indies_...-.-- 19 calls of members for additional Farmers’ Bulletins._.......-_--- 58 first appropriation for study of food and nutrition of man....... 440 prohibition of importation of foreign cattle_..---.-.-.--- Lunt outos 613 Geer easiOngl DUDNCALIONG) $00.02... 25. 2<- -. ncaa seen tele seeews owee 602 Connecticut, dietary studies in farmers’ families ..-......-.-. sin way A ae a eee Contagion from foreign cattle, protection, law.......-... -..--..----.---- 613 Contagiousness of tuberculosis, notes__.._....----- - bee UR a ae 117,118 Corbett, L. C., statement as to breeding roses .............------- Pepe, pS 376 Sere wood. miermec mr Claman. IN. Jos. coc. coc ce oe cc ce nee dees 306 1 Ags 47 738 INDEX. e Page. Corean foxtail millets, notes. .--...---..-4-)..2.-0..2.tis. ee Corimelena extensa, injuries to tobaceo... 4. 22-2... 2 Le ee Corn, acreage, production, value, and disposition im 1008... Loser 678, 780 American, possibility of production i in Hawail. >... Cee 572 average yield and value per acre, 1894 to 1898___...-_.._.---.-....- 687,689 Indian, and other cereals, study by Chemist_____.........2.2.2...-22. 29 selection of seed_..2. 2. .2.+.0--2 -ulsuuua aloes 356 meal, poisoned, use against bud wormis------ -- - 2.2... ee prices on farm December 1, 1894, to December 1, 1898. _.., oleae 615 Dog’s-tail grass, crested, adulteration of seed ._-_. ....-.---22.-.--2.222-.22. 480 Domestic animals, determination of age by teeth.......-.....--....--.-... 667 goats, statistics on number in. United States: 2._ 2222.0 Bee 422 Domesticated animals, danger of becoming injurious._-_..__....-----____.. 88 Dorsett, P. H. , experiments with.violet cuttings... ....i:22) Soa ee 373 observation on heading of letttce..u.. ... 520252 ee 372 Douglas Fir, observations on growth in Washington State___.._____....___ 190 Dove, mourning, consumption of weed seed ....._-.-_.----..-.---.---..-..- 232 Downing on fermentation. of cider .¢s2. 223. - UL sss5.00_ 314 Drainage, necessity in case of overirrigation..........--...-- ees 504 of alkali lands... 2... ..5.02.0WseL Soca UL 2. SE roads, discussion ... .. s2.220-bis le ec ee 319 Drains, notes on use on country roads’: 2. s--..01 .. 2) 2 Se . 318 Dried fruit, comparison of sun drying with evaporation ...__.-...___..- cited HERG Drought, endurance:of barnyard millet .22._..»i0 2 cS. eee 278 observations on eftect on soil moisture_-_..........-.---..-..-.--- 403 resistance of inillofsstughJ 2s 62.0. nee ee wae 2738, 274 Drug-store beetle, injury to dried tobaccOu.0y 222.6. se eee 148 Dry wine grapes, varieties .2..2.-.......--.5.-24ls_ dl. 559 Durum and Poulard wheats, resistance to leaf rust..............---------- 262 Dwarfing, processes..: - - 22. l= Uwessc se bese lee ie 153 Dymond, Hon. John, statement on wages in Louisiana ___-....--_.---.---- 580 Dynamite, attempts to destroy fruit bats in Australia -__........------...- 98 Dynamo oil and sulphur, conclusions as to use for dipping for cattle ticks. 471 success of dipping for cattle ticks.........-.--- 460-464 Earth roads, construction. ... .2/..cst2c. svi desedulee.. ool 320 Edueation, agricultural colleges and relations to other schools__.____..- 63, 74, 75 extension and popularization -...... ..........-.. 48,49 Educational institutions, note on effect on diet ........-. .-.-..--....-...- 445 Edwards, R. J., statement as to success of dipping cattle for ticks _._. . ___- 70 E_pripGe, Maurice O., article on ‘‘ Construction of good country roads”_ 817-824 E'ectric roads, preference to wagon roads for Puerto Rico....-............ 510 Elymus arenaria, use in binding sands ......- isicc.... 2s sR 412 darenicolus, usefulness as sand binder___. --_.-....--.-.--..--.---- 419 flavescens, description; usefulness as sand binder ..............-... 418 Emulsions, kerosene, preparation and use for insects ..........-.----..-..- Endowments and other support of agricultural schools- .--. 64, 69, 70, 74, 75, 77, 79 Engineer, road, note on need in country work.....: ,.-...-...-.-..-..--..- 3: 8 England, conditions on ihdividtal farms -.. :20l. 220. 1s 22s See ee 585 superiority of @il of lavender...... .....wi.22.51 iso 889 English farms and farmers, notes, article by Geo. Wm. Hill......-...-.. 583-589 conclusions from review of conditions ...........--------...- 589 notes. on length of tenancy iisc20es ay. souk .. co rye-grass seed, notes on harvesting, etc.........:.....-.--.--....- 490 sparrow, introduction and injuries in United States ............. 98-100 Mosilage, use of milletad vw wes bees PPR ey Entomology, Division, observations by Secretary -- wie Jes. a See 30 organization and duties i: 1. dave ee Seen 594 publications, 1990. . 2. .suisvusuess bet ~~ ¢ ed e el INDEX. : 741 Page ena) COMET EO WORM re 28 Eat Us SU a 28 A 251 Epitrix parvula (flea beetle), description; injuries to tobacco; remedies. 123-128 RCT TLE ILE TONER eee SOs ols Sek Sais ae A 258 Europe, note on adulteration of Kentucky blue-grass seed .____..._- - Aco 482 PICS: L CRU pete ets 0s Per AB ple ie ee ee eS Pe eras European bean weevil, importation, life history Sarees C2 Ce be atl ot 247 markets, canning rabbit meat _ _..____- a 93 song birds, mistaken efforts of society for introduction _..._.__.. 107 Erie Ce) MHOLER El LSU BG) ej eo OSes ea ele ek 547 Euschistus variolarius, injuries to tobacco - SER. be aes 136 Evaporation as process for saving fruit_......-.-...02.222.... 202222 ee ele 310 of fruit, time of — Sti. USS ore DAA ele Bae Evaporators, Miammaniwe i leindet coos ec 2 de Le 312 Expenditures and receipts, general statements. _--_..____.__.-.--- eae et a 61 meperiment station for Alaska, site ....... ...2 5.2.50. eels eec eel eke 50, 523 officers, remarks by Secretary on choice --. ...._.----- 47 stations, agricultural, organization, and lines of work___-_-- 598-601 need in Puerto Rico - é OL fee 5..[3 2 ee » note on experimental planting - oR Pe SPL foe ne ae 189 neasnease (of Avorn 1. Lee 12 work with leguminous plants----_--__.__--_- 39 notes on connection with agricultural colleyes..._ 70,72,73 Office, observations by Secretary...............-..--- 46-54 otpanization and ‘duties? 22+ 228 22 ke ee 594 Publications 198ne lhe sss 01 S61 soe 605 State, cooperation with Department _..___. nae? 5S oe 36, 38 nsefulness.and: needs: S22e2 seus 20 Sek eee 46 Experimental gardens, distribution of plants____._.__...-.-.--..--- be 14 worm, 40 Alaska: Horthiting <: 2252-3 eee 516 Experiments in selection for impr ovement of plants; notes £22242 J. 366 Pn eenE wal IiLOS; ObIeCia YE 6 22o oe ee 207 meyers, productions of Puerto Ricot-. --. .1. 5201 2s ees ie ee 508 Exports, average prices of agricultural products. - -. 720-721 of agricultural products, for five years ended June 30, "1898... 712-717 dairy products, statement of Secretary on practicability _-.-_-. 15 Dare ee Tae LEP Ie. es eee oe AL LL ee 513 Fall plowing, remedy against bud worms in tobacco field____.-.....--..--- 134 Farm animals, number and value in United States, 1880 to 1899. __________- 701 average price and total value, January 1, 1899 _.__- 702 conditions.in two; English counties: :.21.05 32.22 222. ul 584, 585 Crops 200 animale atatintieso)o.euLo Need 8 Dah SS og Se 67 average yieid and value per acre, 1894 to 1898 _............ - 687,689 in connection with agricultural colleges, size, etc_.__. -. 64, 68, 69, 70, 74, 76 lands and negro population in relation to goat raising .-._.--.-.---- 428 Pam eaiatinie tor Mosmteny en Cine ev o.oo. es Se Doe. 332 RE nTNCR LOS 5. Sat RUAS Se Cite VR cae 267 products, prices on farm December 1, 1894 to 1898._.........-..--_-- 692 PLOVGtMLORReHUD yale Tt INip: ek tS ee es tre! SOLU coset . 21 study of loss by lightning. .___-_- Paes. 85 Farmer, work of Division of Forestry, ar ticle by Gifford Pinchot..._.... 297-908 Farmers” eihanee; Naionnly omieerssy 02 eee! lid 2... one 627 American, establishment of chicory- -growing industry SUL uae S 55 and ranchmen, volunteer experiments with grasses __..__--_..--- 40 Bulletins, need of additional Bppropriswomeses 1s. [ep eres 58 popular résumés of experiment-station work ____..--.--- 48 Secretary’s statement as to usefulness_-_____..-...-..--- 10 TEMES ROLECALY BbUGIOR Et ddets re POU See eS aees Te Pek 61S a heece 444 growth of competition.___-....__- love. eo ee institute managers, officers, committees, etaciivc ss iasgpeeinnis 610 institutes as part of university work in Wisconsin _-..-- Hentai 7 National Gonereess officereeiect clio ht tc IE 627 need of adjustment of water rights in irrigated regions. __.___--- 53 note on practical assistance in handling forest lands_..... _._--- 45 plan and object of wood-lot agreement of Division of Forestry... 800 VAIN OMiDEO Ese AT INGNAty yell... ce SSeS Les 2. cd Ree 220 woodilotsymoteon relation:to taxeas est 224s. CU oe ee 185 o 742 INDEX. Page. Farming an aid to settlers and natives in Alaska .---_- 523 perfumery, in the United States, article by Edward: s. Steele... 377-398 Puerto Rican, future... =... -2.---.cce-ses.-.2 eee 512 Farms and farmers, some English, notes, article by Geo. Wm. Hill_-__-_-- 583-589 Fauvel, M. A., opinion as to origin of bean weevil-.--.-.---.--.----..----. 240 Feeding beet pulp i in the United States... 2... us. 2020420). 217 cattle, beet sugar residues, article by G. L. Spencer_...._._._.-- 213-220 experiments with beet pulp waa be 2a 4 le stedest eb ee 215, on English: farms, notes..=. =--2:-.--0. 2:2. oe 585, 587, 588 value.and use of millets....~ 2.22.0. 4.\..15.2521_ co 287 Fees for public-land entries... .-.-----...-..60-4.04+-.-55 ane 350, 351 Feldspar,.effect of weathering .._....-....-s 02-0222 2 2 ee 495 Feltia subgothica,, note. 2... ~.-~-220s=Sc = bse se see eee 257 Fence, wattle, use in arresting sands .-..-..- +2254. 25 220025 406 Fennel, culture.and use for perfumery... -.---2.22-222c.2. 22. Se 393 Fermentation and curing of tobacco, statement by Secretary__._....-....- 43 of cider, Downing’s method 2. 2: -.22:242.beb._ sone 314 Fernald, H. T., observation en damage to tobacco-plant bed by slugs ---_-_- 144 Ferrets, stoats,and weasels, introduction into New Zealand against rabbits- 96 Fertilization, cross, effect in selection for improvement of plants._.2..__.. 367 Fertilizers for millets_ 02. 2.2222 s2ese 32 2s oe 283 Fertilizing valneof millets. ...0.2. . 222552245 6.+.4i5 2 289 Fescue, meadow, seed, notes; yield... 2 2 sesGoei-ul = 2a i a 488 seed, notes on sheep’s; notes on red_---_------.-..-----.----------- Festuca pratensis and ovina, notes on seed .-..._.-....-..-.---.---.lises 488, 489 Fever in Hawaiian lowlands, note: ¢. 2) 221202063) 2 eee Texas, dipping 85 & CHTe. 2225 5-lius) Snke 2 468 2 28 ticks of cattle, note on remedy.u.:_- .-. 22... Lae SS 12 Fiber Investigations, Office, publications, 1898_.......------.--------.----. 606 Fibers, imports for five years ended June 30, 1898_.__......--...-------- 706, 708 Field sparrow, food_.-.-2- =22- 22-2 2525520-2. 42 ete 228 Figs, Smyrna, problem of introduction of insect for fertilizingels) 22a 31 Finch, house, note on reputation among California fruit growers__.--...-. 207 lark, * i cnc rm 228 Fires, forest, discussion. ...... 2/2 .26.221 Jo. ies.c8i 24 2 189-192 study. by. Division of Forestry ...... 1o22.2.2.29 2. eee 191 Fish in Alaska, note<:<-c: :-ssasceeats 22 bE Seen oe 524 oil, use: as insecticide: -.229ad.d- a2 esate Li ee 661 Flax, forage plants, and cereals in Alaska, notes ........--..-------.-----. 518 Flea- beetle, tobacco, description; injuries "to tobacco; remedies.__._....- 123-128 Fleece products, breeds of goats of value ..- 22.2.2. 2252205) eee 432 Fletcher, James, note on test of peas.-.-......-.--.----.-+--4-.4.-25 2 236 Floods, saving by means of Weather Bureau warnings --.-..-...-..---.--- 22 Florida, character of public lands__ 2. 2... tof ee Se B47 injury to tobacco by budworms; remedies against budworms ---. - 134 note on growth of rubber plants..eJs- S20 b.-21 see ee 14 operations of leaf-miners on tobacco.... ........---.--is ies 139 perfumery farm at San Mateo . 2. ..0225.1.2.u.l a a 386 possibility of rose farming ...<.. 5.1. .2s025 00.0. OU 382 probable success of tuberose for perfume _..... ...-...-.-.-...---- 894 public lands... .... 02.5 .25:..i.5,.4Jse0t04 Loa 3826, 330 saving from loss by freezing by meansof Weather Bureau forecasts_ 21 Flower buds, relation to luxuriance of growth of plant .....-..-.-..---..-- 156 Flowering shrubs, pruning... ..2 2.202 22. 2.2 UUs. LO 160 Flying foxes, or fruit bats, danger of importation from Australia ._...___.-. 90, 97 Food and sugar-beet investigations by Chemist, note. ---_.--........-.. -- 30 consumption, average, for people of different occupations -_.......-- 450 differences with occupation .................1..0.4...- 443 for cattle, orange MP... 2s... .2-tklw.s ac ee -u..coobeae 885 importance of avoiding waste .2..25.. 260.542. Loe 449 materials, understanding from dietary studies -................-...... 451 note on consideration of nutritive value in purchase ___.....-.---.-.- 448 notes On Cost... 2.22. sces-02.c. cb. ends debe 446, 447 of family, observation in dietary studies.... ...........2. 1.22.50 1.2 441 some effects of different combinations on dietary .......... ......... 447 ataples for Puerto. Rico ......../52...t5i10) Uc eee 512 use of millets in Asia. ._.. adweesdbbacaeckts dst Ju 277 aa paar INDEX. 743 Page nn ao Uak Tate it Tad. hee Seles es ot whuis Ue ain S ee 280 Forage, millet, reputed injuriousness -__-_--. - Ue Ne etary ae of broom-corn millets, yield and qualities _- 0 Ua DUDES Se Se 283 plants amd iliote, composition... sth. PU eels need eae 655 Percais and flax: in Alaska. notes. 52630 usu. se kee 518 for alkali soils, conclusions and recommendations __.. _____- 549 cultivation on alkali soils, article by Jared G. Smith_._ 535-550 resources, investigations for improvement ._..__.......----...-..- 40 value of seaside blue grass._-.-...-.-.----.--.- patie aces) Bs 416 Forecasting, weather, note on usefulness of kites........---.------....-... 207 Forecasts, relation of "information collected by useiokikitess 22 oul seen 83 Foreign cattle, protection against contagion, law..--....--.---.----...----- 613 goods, note on necessity of inepection 3 20k. iil es SE 13 Mankeie SaChon. OieBs Ce. 28254) 92 eee eter uve Se 594 note:on publications# 20 15 -8osS cc. ete ek. ae 9 observations by Secretary ._......-.-...--.-.-.. 36 puisientions; 1008 3 2.23. 0am tigen) ssa es 606 seeds and plants, note on work for introduction-._.___._--...___-- 36 Foresi at Oakland, N. J., object of management _____..-._......_-- pusaes 306 Mev uLcnial, CREOTARACRGNG! =... ...... soso ed. Lu 184 pete See Anne Meese ey oc 2. OSL. sco eee tok eS 307 ines; CIACUSSION seme el tr. lol ae See ntee eat 189-192 punayubyy Diss of Foresiry . .22cteu sv ec ee! 191 pear general coneiisions.......00). iLesustls ween eae 187 planting experiments, statement by Secretary _.-..__.._...--__-._-. 44 problems, notes, article by Gifford Pinchot.............-...-.--- 181-192 regions, need of protection from sheep in some cases_.______..___-. 188 reserves, note on control and survey. .)._-......--....-..-.... eee investigation of sheep grazing____.__.-. cn ree 54 Witiineni eta: NOLS nee tae sous Jiibereions cee ul 7 ee 71 Wop COnGnCL under. Govermments:200.0- 05. 2.0L) ASA Aiea 183 Bistes Rewing oleeseoss yscs Sie Lek os ee 620 Pee noten er Cities 28- Lower (lo. ee LL Ua 6 ce beet ae 182 rn ner Man mond, Cioemta 20 tesla. OAS. ono one ew nn ee nee see 620 Baange: in‘chiel pf Divisions .).5. 5.24.0 UA ROS 44 giscnasion. of meaning of term): 222.0. s. of... . J 181, 182 Division, form of wood-lot agreement with farmers _._._____..__. 299 general plan of cooperation with forest owners_.__..--. 186 observations by the Secretary.-............ .....-.--_. 44-46 oresmzationanid dutiestes Bo cert 22 eR 595 NN 1 Slt oo Soa Te a) ASL . WUE gE 45 proposal for experimental planting of trees in plain .... 188 prplecmiagns 109: ob ot 0, Su Sve 606 SCOpelOl Works ote 2 nek Re, ops ih coe 183 work for the farmer, article by Gifford Pinchot___._- 297-308 lack of knowledge among lumbermen_--_---. -....------------.--- 185 work of Forester for improvement of methods-_-__.._.._____- Meeks 10 Forests, grazing of sheep and other domestic animals _...-.-......-.-.-.-.- 187 i2.o0 Helenay destruction by goate ioe tuist. ieee tee 89 ot Wirwaiini Idlunda.. xocea tosh Pee seo ec ai cook. 572 Fort Worth, cattle convention and dipping of cattle ........_..........-. 28, 457 experiments against Texas fever ticks..................-.--- 456, 460 Foxtail, meadow, notes on use and on seed.._-.....2......--.---.--- -- ..- 492 Mmiuliens, diackssion a ..o. bese REE eos ols. AO 268-276 Lint ofarariation- cesses : ware ee Cs il SOR 270 France, center of perfumery industry. _.._._..-...........---. LATRECA OM 381 note on shipment of butter from United States _................-. 15 notes on commission for study of beet pulp feeding..____._.__... .- 215 Francis, Dr. M., first suggestion of oil bath for Texas fever ticks. .....___- 455 Freezing of peach trees, need of pruning......-...-.-- = 6 hp a ROP 165 Freight : TAIBA. 2 oto oh eno Ee Soe Je OA as See es 10 2 ee 723-728 average: periton :perimile: 320. Levonueie ce aa ea ee: 727 Groat, cause.in fruit district.of California: Ed INDEX. 745 Page. Goats number in the world, discussion; table _....-.....---..------- 428, 429, 430 SO LECRS: OsGtihosie Supply... 22a". See Oe ee ee oe ee 422 mee. 9.-statementasita Angora goats ....-..-.----2.-2ce0+--ill eeedanc- 435 Gold coins cf United States, notes ...-_....._____- 3 Pee eee 676 emermininic im emiipnime lelands: : ~ 24.52.52 Siebel eee ae eee ees 67 Golden-rod, sweet, note on use for perfume .................--.. -.------- 396 wonder millet, description, yield of seed, character of forage, etc 273 Goldfinch, eating of wood miedo.) 262 i546 oes k So Sos ae 229 Pricunches aestruction. of: dandelions... Sots. 2s. coe eee eee 225 Good roads, note on growth of public sentiment .......-__--_. ----_______- 3 Goose, Hawaiian, note on destruction by mongoose __-._._._... ...______- 95 Gooseberries and currants, uses and methods of pruning -_-__...__._._____- 161 PAGO eNOSASGINCUIASION San ees Pe sk Saw Se ce be ne oe 318 Grain and cattle, note.on English market 2c. --2-..2 2.2 e eZ ek 384 Chicago to New York, rail and water freight rates___.__......-.___- 726 cotton, and vegetables, diseases in 1898 __ eer J. elevators, note on relation to distribution of weed seeds_.._________- 195 in sacks by menmon treeae ht ratesv=s 5.1. 22.2 bteeee 5 at pyseee eee 723 Pepemunn eG TIOUCNs sors Se es BL i 476 eesti oy On les aninGs, OC... = 4... 2S BSE SEES... a 262 Bitsy TOLES Oni destructiveness,. tes ous swen 24Gb se 261 Geand tsiand,. Nebr., feedingiof beet pulp... _. 2222. Lsesgus ees ee ee 218 SEE ELO OIMICOES TOLSIGO OE o) ica oh a oe ee i 2 ee 625 mepero. beserwianis to states. 92.2. si22- c2cuees WU eee e ade ae 351 Grape culture and wine making, second era in California. __. . 552 in California, pr esent condition, article by George Husmann 551-562 European, note on investigation in Southeastern States ____._._____- 57 fruit, pomelo, or shaddock, usefulness for perfumery ______._..___-- 385 penwere position ani@ahirernig, |... 2. 220i. ~c0 2. seh oee eee 557 industry in California, conclusion as to present condition_.._-....._. 561 GCLROMON | 2665 W252 auc os a se ee 554 objects, time, and methods of pruning--.---.-........-.----..---.-- 165 Paper, ana wines, prices in California. -. 22. ..21.0-o2.../-. 20. eb le ae best varieties for raisins; table and Hatt. c.5.).0.1:: 2 saa 560 Parana wines: West Varinteest fii Socket Soto Se 559 influence of locality on apesety BS AI ASE, EER rh Se 561 faveewemon OL ceulurearr si 2UE 225i oe See eel i ne 265 ripened fruit not obtained from unripe shoots -____...--.....-._--- 166 Blocks tesisvant.to.Phyllomerasestt see ae ee Jo Sees _& 2 Se 557 Grass, beach, or marram, description; use in binding sands_______._... ___- 409 eollection,extent.in.Doepartmentsss26 9s e225. ee ec — 41 Mistinetion OL SPOCless by Awe ae oe Seis Pe Se es JI ee 475 RatdGne, Noles: Cmexperiinents ...ci 2h seoc. Sue's coe) eas See 39 seed and its impurities, article by Gilbert H. Hicks____-__._.____- 473-494 ClASSGS OMIM PMEIbICN sy hata Pee re On Ses oan et 480 Pmenig in diswuneton Of spectods: sivugt Jocvie sess Sb Soi 2ec. 2s. oe 474 DU RSnEeN SWrateit ate oh) Stas anit) tao. oa ee eee ok 478 suggestion for inspection of imports.._.........-....---..-.-.-- 482 ie picEu esos OL poor sipelk. 2S lee ee Wao ok ee oe 480 variation of weight with cleaning; vitality __.._...........___- 478 weight as related to CUAL yt ee Bee rhe, 1 be oe aoe 476 SPECS. ONCEUNLIONS ==. a. > ik ea Rom rete SE esl Can ee 482-494 upright or sea lyme, aa eer he use in binding nands.iiy eer des 412 Grasses for binding sands on fresh water, discussion ___._........... -____- 417 millets and other forage plants, composition ..............-....... 655 native, adaptation to soil and climate -._............-.-.-....--... 409 note on study by Division of Agrostology ._...............---.-- : 11 sand-binding, article by F. Lamson-Scribner----.._...-.---_.... 405-420 (easshopper,. blister beetle. as cheekiw....- 2. ccd. ee 250 Tg iy ge Ee ly te 228 ieeevel roads, discussion of construction «2... 2... ..<.s.802ci0l 2. cL 321 Graves, Henry 8., report on plan for wood lot at Oakland, N. J-....._.-- 301 Gray bush, species in Australia and use by stock .-.....................-.- 544 saltbush, notes __. --- ee erro rey ee Be Grazing of sheep in forests, ‘general conclusions... .. 20.1 Jo. 2eeseeees 187 Greasewood and saltbushes, BnaelyARBe GaGa: wee g onset JRL ees 538 winterfat, discussion as forage plants for alkali lands_-__- 547 746 INDEX. Page. Greasewood description, absorption of soda salts, ete... sie ac. 2k 548 growth in alkali soil _.._-....... 1.2.0. .2esel. 2 ee 535 Great Britain, farm conditions (see also English) -..-.-. -.---.----------. 583-589 inspection of cattle from United States_-_........-....------ 25 Green bait, preparation and use__._..........-------- ris sight os i 659 Greenhouse plants, notes on treatmente2s-22. Ls. do 26. le oe 264 Guinea pig, inoculation with tuberculin -_-_--.....-...---+..-.--.----..2.- 113 Gulf coast, note on field investigations of forage resources_-..-----..---- peal 40 States, east, note.on hurricanes.._.-225225.i2_.. 15-42 See 530 occurrence of tornadoes -_._-.------ 02h 5 38002.25 See 5383 rain with cyclones .-~222--2.2--2-2+----.2--25-02268 Peg Fo = x 529 Gum exudation, danger in pruning plum and cherry trees__.......---...-- 163 Haines, Alaska, note on cattle raising- -.....02 255. .52. 2220 521 Hall, Maxweil, note on effort to establish West Indian weather service... - 84 Halticus uhleri, notes... .-..- 2. 22528202002 22.2. 2.5 eee 260 Hamburg and Bremen, shipments of California brandy --.-.....-.----.----- 561 inquiry as to exports:of butter .2.:.-.:.-..--L20see0, jo 15 Hand picking of beetles, notes...=--.0.....-..-...--.. -< 23 Dae 251, 252 Hansen, Prof. N. E., work as agent for introduction of seed_.__........---- 36, 55 Haraszthy, Col. Agoston, introduction of European grapes in California... 552 Harvest of geraniums for oil, time --.--.--.--.----..----------.-2--22-428- 383 rose, time in Bulgaria ..._.........--.-3-1. 2 ee 381 Harvesting and storing, influence on grass seed__.-. .<-_. 2... 52. Aa 477 of millets, ‘time and mManner-.... 22.-.----.+.2s)\--. ee Hawaii and Louisiana, comparison of wages. 2.022. =: 205222222 ee 581 annual production of sugar... ....--.---..---~.4- 32 567 character of public lands.-_..----- ~ So cee See importance of agriculture and need ‘of investigation .. 204 2 eee 19 island, coffee districts ___.. .. 5/220. 220s .suue Ud 568 public lands _..- . ~~ -- .--s2ssn-e-s Uses a eee. oe 326 relation to United States land laws ._-. 0 s-..-..-.. 5. See 304 Spain and Puerto Rico, note on reports of commerce--__-.-.-...--.-- 37 Hawaiian Islands, classification of aoils_......4..-2u2.c1.cik cou 565 danger of importation of fruit bats: -..:...c.ale ae 98 injuries by mina... 2... 22280. 2.409.012 eee 104 introduction of English sparrow. -..--_.2_. Uae 100 mongoose and consequent losses _._...-- 95 new cultures and industries_--.-.-....-..2.2-... 52208 571 production of coffee ... ...-..32.5 2 Sen 569 the, article by Walter Maxwell._..-.. 10.32, 00s 563-582 Hay, acreage, production and value, 1866-1898--.-......-.------------.----- 679 advantage of early cutting of millet -.........2..0.c) 200.2 ie 286 average yield and value per acre, 1894 to 1898...........-....-.-...-- 691 from German millet, character ../. 22s... 2. Ryo C RS ee 273 millet, composition and digestibility_-.......-..-.-..-----.-.-- 287, 288, 289 effect of time of cutting on quality... J. 202 =. (See 285 of millets and other forage plants, composition ..---.........---.--- 655, 656 prices on the farm, December 1, 1894, $0: 1806:n05.-2 Sooace UL aS 694 reckoning of amount and value._..._........-2.--..-.s0u-dubeeuaeeen 669 timothy, reduction of value by removal of seed « wa dee asec 486 use as bedding for cattle after dipping. .....<.....40. a0 461 wholesale prices in leading United States markets, 1893 to 1898______- 699 yield of barnyard millet. .o22.:'i0...3 ...2- 55.4) 2 279 Heading down of trees, objectionable features_-..........-....----------.-- 159 Health officers, note on regulation as to weeds_......-...----.---+.--.22.-- 199 Heat, endurance by millets --..-...----- ---- 2 see eens e ede 5 eae eae 270 for destroying insects in stored material ..............-----.---..-.-- 238 summer, effect on dipped cattle in transport . 2... )0....2. ae Hedges, pruning. ... .. -. 2a. «aon deen ws sbbene cde nucwwe eens nnn 157 Helianthus. (See Sunflower. ) Heliothis rhexia and armiger, description; injury to tobacco... ..-.....-- 132, 255 Helms, R., opinion against starling OO ee 102 Henderson, J. T., statement as to raising Angora goats in Georgia......... 424 Hens, laying, use of millet... .../.2s1.2ie1: 15 9.0L eee nu eae Herd’s-grass or red top, note on usefulness and seed __... -.-. 2.2222 .2.22--- 493 Hessian fly and chinch bug, investigations and bulletins. .................. 32 LOE a — INDEX. 747 Page. Hickory and pine, annual growth at Oakland, N. J__..-.._..-.._.__-- rote in Hicks, GILBERT H., article on ‘‘ Grass seed and its impurities ”__.__..__. 473-494 Hides and skins, imports and exports for five years ended June 30, 1898__ 706-712 Hilgard and Loughridge, report on moisture content of soilsin drought _._ 403 E. W., statement as to failure of perfumery making in California. 387 HILx, Gro. WM., article on ‘‘ Notes on some English farms and farmers”_ 583-589 Robert T.,-observations on Puerto Rico. ....2..2..5.22. 202220222... 511 Hinehauch, Dr., conclusion as to injury to horses from millet hayes cui: 290 Hinson W. G. uf method of selection in improvement of Sea Island cotton. 862 Hoerle. G. A., observations on climate for Angora goats.__.___._..._..___- 424 Hog cholera, note on remedy; experiments with serum.._-....._...--.-_.. 13, 27 Hogs, class subject to condemnation (see also see yr jo ceiiee A 24 determination of age by teeth ---.-----.-.- Sua. J6oca La i Bee 667 Seabiaucs GL. Inspection:1)1908'. 2.) 252 eases ce ae 23 Geo getiolon Gees: Meee: Fb. een oe ee A UNE AER IN RS ete a ee OU St 2 677 Home markets in Puerto Rico, notes _______- i LD Se Sehr ee eee 509 pemmesteads, land laws (2.2... .- i ot HERE CINS. -22 eee 349 - Honey bees, value in cross pollination in orchard ____..__...-..2- Paes oe 2 180 Honolulu, character and control of milk and meat supply _...._.-_-.---..-. 577 gies on catie papper’ 2 285224 2osl SN le Ra 575 madn ie. i 38 Se ee eR a_i SS ee ee 564 maa OL VOPONMIIOS oo... ee ne 571 Wardaons 1h. temiparavands.... 22.2. Ui a eee ise) Se Hoop poles, ties, etc., market at Oakland, N.J__...-...-...---. 2-2-2222... 306 Hérnblowers, larvee as tobacco Worms _........-..-..-------------------.. 128 Horned larks, Saline Ol Wed SOONSHe G2 2U 222. Lei bow eee eee 230 Horse breeders’ associations, secretaries s/c 1.0 eleven eer eee 613 HoLermination ol ‘ageiby teeth: 2 2. eck eos JO eee ae 667 wild, instances of shooting as pests -____._.-__...----.----- ice Horseless carriage, use on steel-track wagon road ______.__-._--_._.....--- 294 Horses and horse products, inspection __.._.....-.-..._...----2+--2 2222222. 26 number, price, and value in United States, 1880 to 1899- ~occn oO Lome on English (EES DA DENG PF Bt ONE. xe _ 585, 586, 587, 588 Horticultural and kindred societies, Gitiebree be yoe_ 0cee a _ 621-624 grounds at agricultural colleges, GN T1452 BAGH JRE 65, 67 Hospitals, relation to dietary studies, note_.._............-..2--2--2. 22-24. 451 House mouse and house rat, notes on history and distribution ___._________ 92 Howarp, L. O., article on “The principal insects affecting the tobacco eS ni Ee iE rie ae IEE EE Let PL 121-150 Human food, note on danger of use of weeviled peas as foodies ..2vde ie 233 Humid and arid regions compared a8 'to soils. and) rainfall). 22. ee Sect Ses 500 Hungarian hay, digestibility Be eet oN pS 2 89s WD ed oot WEE SEES es Me” 288 millet, description, introduction, and value._._..............-- - 274 (eens) Cortiieiaw weleoe foo ee we . 289 Hunt, Dr. J. Sidney, statement on preventive inoculation for Texas fever 468 Hurricane in Windward Islands, Sept. 11, 1898. warning by Weather Bureau. 85 West Indian, study of Tesion of formation oC 200eL eee). . 83 Hurricanes, cyclones, and tornadoes, article by F. H. Bigelow__. _._...__- 525-534 Pe et eee reine? SS aha RUINED Os Lea, ... oS 530 eeey tte) emhnl rie st See ne vies. ML SIS Oh ee 531 successful prediction by Weather Bureau. ...__..--...-.-...- 21 West Indian, preparation for observations _.................-- 20 HUSMANN, GEORGE, article on ‘‘ The present condition of grape culture in (UCT ihc A Ge a a Sep = Se See Hybridizing, experimental work in Department._......................-.-- 34 a prige, akawon by selection, NOt... 2. o- oe Cl Ue ee 366 production for improvement of grapes and oranges Lid AMARA eed 265 Hydrocyanic-acid gas, preparation and use as insecticide ._.-.._.........-- 660 use againat tobacco insects. ..: 220... LL 147 on greehhouse planta. 2.4 siet her kOe 264 Idaho, character of public lands and their water supply and irrigation... .. 8338 [rats Dees Aas setae! AR STEER BREET 326, 330 PHO, Muning Cr Cane 2 207GR SN ACRE Lk aL Doce 461, 465, 464, 465 Imports and exports, average prices of agricultural products ___._.._..-. 718-721 of agricultural products for five | years ended June 30, 1898... __.- 705-712 748 INDEX. Page. India, British, grazing of domestic animals in government forests - __---_--- 187 growing of millet ..... 022. 2iu. Sau etek bs clei 270 production of cotton .....-.-..-- on Dad aS ist wae dee eee dn use of millet as food _.....-....- .LSJo2eLbess. 22 1 Indian corn, selection of seed (see also Corn) - sUivl stl ss.beeGesk. kc 356 lands, allotment by.President... 2. 2:. 2922 7.2 22. soa ee 352 Ocean, spread of English sparrow to islands__.. ......--.--.--.----- 100 Territory and Oklahoma, dipping of cattle_..........-.....-----.-. 470 public lands.: s2:2205--02 0 4b 2 eee 326, 330 Indiana, note on development of nature teaching in common schools- .__-_-_- 18 Infection with tuberculosis, danger to persons handling tuberculin-_-___- 113,114 Inflowering in manufacture of perfumery ele ~-<4 0225 Se Inoculation for tick fever, statement of Dr. J. Sidney ‘Hunt. 2<.2..ceaeee 468 Insect pests and plant diseases in Hawaiian Islands.. .........----.------- 574 in Hawaii and West Indies, need of investigation __...____..-- 19 powder, use as insecticide._...-..-..-..-.---. --.02eee 661 Insecticides, preparation and use...._........2.----------ns0 ene. eoneneee 659-662 Insects, injurious, methods of control: ._.-.._._- ------- 657-659 to beans and peas, article by F. H. Chittenden _____-_- 233-260 . in stored material; note on use of heat for destruction_....__..---. 238 multiplication among weeds on vacant lots. -.. .....-.-...--------- 197 note on importance in cross pollination of fruit.............----.-- 179 investigations -=......-.--2 25.2... 4.505522 6eee 30 principal, affecting the tobacco plant, article by L.O. Howard... 121-150 Inspection in Bureau of Animal Industry, decrease of cost_._..-...---..--- 24 of dairy products, observations by Secretary -.-----.---- nae eee 16 foreign goods; note on necessity. _.-.-.-22-..s3. 055 eee 13 vessels and animals for export... :..:..22. 3.22252 25 Inspectors for Division of Statistics, recommendation __._.......--..-.---- 60 Insular dependencies of United States, investigation of agricultural re- Bourcess 2035-22 seu6 1. W26028.52 2 19 Inv estigations, agricultural, in Alaska... 0: ..t.Jc.1..ult soe 49 original, need in irrigation work. ..022 2... 22290. 22eeeeeeee 53 remarks by “Secretary on importance dees See 48 Iowa, estimate of amountof weed seed destroyed by birds_......-----.---- 226 State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, work.-.--..---. Ps 70 Iris root, imports; species for production of perfumes --...-.-------------- 391 Iron mining in Cuba, note ___._._- ed ofs outta se Irrigation and transportation facilities in Puerto Rico__.........-----.---- 510 care necessary in alkali lands... ...........--.-..-2-. .25seeeeee effect upon location of soluble galte. 2. 232.02 «dc ae 501 estimates of fit lands-.. 2.2 s.2254 25. Loves. 2k... bo 328 expenditures required on purchase of desert lands__..........-.- 350 for public lands, notes . 2. ..2.2 220.0l202..4) ee 332, 333, 335, 336, 338, 339, 340, 342, 348, 344, 345, 346 inv estigations, general lines. 2.225022 fo. ios: ete ee 52, necessity of under drainage in case of excess --.- a. oe need of investigation of use of water for different soils___. ._.-_- 53 no‘e on work by experiment stations._..............-..-.------- 12 relation to orange-flower growing for perfume.._.........--..-- 387 use with millets_- PP en Island possessions, field for biological survey bw. den. 2.205 So 33 Italian families in Chicago, retention of forms of food........--.---------- 443 rye grass, adulteration of seed... .. 2.2... 5.1.12 2 480 Jamaica, introduction of mongoose for destruction of rats. ........-.-..... 93 orange extracts _.__.- aces. lee Linh ee relation to Puerto Rican trade and conditions.........-..---. .--- 512 Japan, note on prospect for market for dairy products. -.-......-........-.- 15 plum, note un dis@hwe ..... wiss sisvns les sp wdslees We ienne eee = Japanese foxtail millets, motes .........-.. ........ oa te aaede ae cesar Jasmine, culture and use for perfume. ...._.._- cadiale cin haa 306 Jellies, notes on usefulness and extent of manufacture...........-.. ....-- 816 ‘ Jimson”’ weed, poisoning of flowers as measure against tobacco worms... 181 Johnson grass, suggestion for use in holding sands ...............--.-...- Johnson, Rev. Aibin, note on cattle at Yakutat, Alaska ...._............-- 521 W. G., experiment for destruction of moths of tobacco worms... 181 = ee ee ae ae INDEX. 749 Page, Johnson, W. G., recommendation for use of bran mash against cut worms. 142 JUDD, SYLVESTER D., article on *‘ Birds as weed destroyers” san Sakae a Juice of fruits, extracting ....-.-_.- mati g by bie Sinaloa Sie Sle, eee eee June grass seed, description of seed; (anv od: ...<.--. +See ene 482, 483 Juneau, notes on cultivation of vegetables bese Sohal es ae et eee 519 Jungle rice, Grmenawmia millet, Notes _.... ..-.ssendees isthe aaah OEE oarethoe 279 Kadiak, Alaska, cattle growing, note; experiment station. ............_.. 522,523 italm Pehr, note on account of pea weevil....._...--.-.----..-----seececne 234 Kansas, character of public lands, their water supply and irrigation_______ 345 Experiment Station, test of Sanwa millet __..._..-.-2. 222. Jee Lele. 281 Io ol on Ss a oop ee Se ewe a wg ae a 326, 330 State Agricultural College, organization and work ._..--_________. 69 Kearney, Theodore, president of California Raisin Grow ers’ Association_._. 560 Kenai, Alaska, note on growing vegetables; stock raising....._.... ..___- 519, 521 Kentucky blue-grass seed, description_____.-.. --._.....-- = 5 ia! oko 482 percentage of germination......-........-..-... 479 Experiment Station, observations on tobacco worms _____. 1 21, 130, 137 note on raising of Angora SORI8 tahoe ces oes St ee et ee 434 Kerosene emulsion as standard remedy for plant lice, ete ......-.-.-..---.. 260 use acainst.pean lady bird» 900s isc se es 252 insect enemies of tobacco ...-........-.---- 125 preparation and use as insecticide -..-. -.........-..-....-------- 660 use against cigarette beetles -.......---.----21s.-.sns--2eene one 147 EME eOLe OT OFICIN 6.7. 5s = 12a nes dan peas sane babeeee eee 172 Kiernan, report on trip with cattle after dipping ........_-.-............... 464 Kite, bridling POeecioniGe Mm yestieation .... <. 22055 2.0 weet aoe es See 210 method of flying for scientific observations -......................... 212 PAOmetib CONSTEUCHON == : 3002. 40-+ 24 et ee ee ee ee 584 Marram grass, or beach grass, description; distribution and propagation_.. 410 MARVIN, Cc, F., article on ‘*The use of kites in the ae 6 of the upper air” Ey a tek Pek. Mas . 201-212 Maryland, destruction of weed seed by teirdiag EC yo aia a 226 Massachusetts Agricultural College, support, organization, and work__--_-. 64-67 description and work upon sand dunes on prairie lands___-_- 405 indorsement of work apainst sipsy motn. 2627. le Lee 31 MAXWELL, WALTER, article on ‘‘ The Hawaiian Islands”... ._............ 563-582 Meadow fescue seed, notes...........-....----------------- diprhiitie ane 487, 488 FOZ tA MOLee OMe Rap ANG SaeG == 222 i= Pst Ti eo See 492 quantity to sow per acre. ...._........._-- Pet ete eee 493 eed acubvereliiot ~ 2.2 = aes) 2 Re ee eres ag Ena GRcenEpurons OF HEGUa! . = oh tee eet ec ee ee ee 484 lark, notes on food_.-_- i £2 i Sah eee een ee ate Aer ee 230 Mealy bug, damage to tobacco - >, MEANS, THOMAS H., article on “The soluble mineral matter of soils ” 495-504 Meat cattle slaughtered at Honolulu, table showing condition........_..__- 578 inspection, work of Bureau of Animal Industry Meee. cetneb esa ke 23 Saat SOG “MOU G Leal t Seema ns tenn av oedapenceaal 576 Meats, dressed, live stock, Chicago to New York freight Yates 2: *! ee Mechanical, agricultural colleges, premarremticn ote 2 eee oes 63 Medicinal plants in Puerto Rico, BUGOS LG. Sst on ge) ees 912, 513 Melilot, white, note on use on vacant lots _____...__...._.....-. Tree Gade 199 Melons, advantage of old seed___.......-......-----.----.- pe eS 5 Melospizia fasciata. (See Song sparrow.) MERRIAM, C. HART, recommendation of law against noxious animals. .... 108 Merrill, Dr. George P., result of examination of rocks and soils___________. 495 nomen rmmenmemee bas hs Fo Oi. Soe ee ee ee 83 used with kite, description. .__. .. Sos tan aan ee Meteorologic equipment of Weather Bureau, ‘impr overtiont 1. soe eo 23 Meteorological conditions recorded by instrument with kite_.............._2 data, collection at high altitudes.-..-....22...--..-........ 83 752 INDEX. Page. Meteorologists, European, atinospheric explorations - ............------.--- 202 Meteorology, study, encouragement by aid of Weather Bureau observers_-- 22 Mexican bean weevil, notes <.2..44 5c. --s-Jatendnen~4---= +e a f cotton-boll weevil, work of Entomologist.< 4... ..-1-=---seeee 32 Mexicans and negroes, dietary Cl i 445 Mexico, distribution of Morelos orange fruit worm .__.....-...-.-.....---- 81 equipment of meteorological stat:ons -.....-...--.--------------.- 20 inspection of imported animals. ....--.._.--.2.. 1 26 Mice and rats, historical notes on common species- ._-..------------..----- 91, 92 Michigan, character of public lands pl es pen kp me mip pe loss by ‘‘little peach” in 1898... . ......--+-.-. wane 525 cattle, greater virulence of Texas fever ..........-...---------- 468 character of pmblic lands ,.........-..~<0ses<5h5) See public lands... 2... i ..nceessatundtce » «ump eames nO enn 326, 330 Modestoff, Rev. V. V., note on gardening at Nushagak, Alaska .........-.. 520. Moisture content of soils at several places in 1896, ... .cicns+as-eakeneeeee 654 note ON records... . .«-si=0¥5-—sde=nsy eae 41 Molaases.as food for cattle on 266 oon cena cunee'~sabncwe mk en aaeeleeeee 218, 219 Mold, sovty, of orange, note... <... 2sce... +. Jb soa, Sk DO 15 Parsley worts, improvement by Vilmorin -.-..--...-.-..........2..----- 2) a Parsnip, note on improvement by Buckman and others_-.......-.--------- 369 eae rates on railroads, average per mile_---._ ....--.........------- 728 asturage, advantage of regulation im forest reservess 122. 25. i72ee ose . foe improvement by grazing of goats-_--...-._-----.---..- S weed 436 in United States available for goats_..............---..--..---- 425 Pathology and physiology, vegetable, work, article by Albert F. Woods._ 261-266 Patrons of Husbandry, national and Biate officers.walssl2. t2..ee. A 624, 625 SEAIECIULD EREIGOS OP a Agee eg OES 2 eae. Se On Th 257 weevil, appearance, method of sana history, and remedies-.- ---- 234, 236, 237 Peach and nectarine, objects and methods of pruning .._--...--..-...----- 164 RISC CRRDREMIRINS Sh. 3 wo 55 SOG SE 652 Peaches, treatment for evaporation _._. o.....----.....--.-- isenee oe ogee © Su 811 Pear and apple, note on tendency to self-sterility ......-...........--.-...- 167 Se ENETT, IIA is 0s PS ae es 652 plum, cherry, and apple, objects and methods of pruning. ---_.------- 162 varieties not fruiting when flowers are covered __-......-.-.---------- 171 Pear] Is!and, Alaska, note on growing of vegetables__--.-........----.-- . 820 Pears and apples, especially Cruitiul warigeeet ieee ete es esac... 178 AEN ER So LES | as med eaten eu wade JUS Ja. edge Uae 168-175 Gp SAes) £Oe i DRO veMmionl be soe YE eae od a Ue ee 266 izcatment)/ for evapuratiemus!< 52. si see leen eis il Sal eb aud em 811 varieties more or less completely self-sterile ...._____..__.-..-.----.- 273 Pearson, Gardner W., observation on conditions in Puerto Rico __.__.____- 513 Peas and beans, insects injurious, article by F. H. Chittenden ______._._- 233-260 BisG6Re OF boll or GormOnr WONMAS 22. cc ek bia de AK 255 iO Peary LOY tv OOWIbs es Sills, De ot Se Sac ne Le 238 Pediculoides ventricosus, parasite of weevil - 2. 10. Re Pelargonium, species for manufacture of oil of geranium. a ods SC ee 383 Pennsylvania, note on raising of Angora goats.._______._.- . eer Geese 435 rebate of taxes on forest land___........-..-..-.-. , 1 report of reduction of tuberculosis... .............-.....-... 119 State College, organization and work___._.......-.-.-.-.-..- 7 Perfumery, economic considerations in establishment of industry___-... _-- 396 farming in the United States, article by Edward 8. Steele .._ 377-398 mmeinoGs Gl extraction its) SN bcuseae so. teas a ie 379 756 INDEX. Page. Peridromia saucia, as cutworm injurious to tobacco, figure._.-_........__- 140 Peters, R., premium for Angora goats; raising goats. ...........-...... 433, 4385 Petit grain oil, production ..... 20. vs2eus Busesli fines. ce. 2. Jo 385 Petroleum, laws for public lands... -2uc) selec bone Us 852 Philippine Islands and Puerto Rico, public lands.................---.------ 349 brief account - nteeh ace oe One Philippines, note on fauna and introduction of noxious animals._..__-_..-- 107 Phieum pratense, notes on seed... . .-... 2. +--+ -.5. -42.------ 05. 485 - Phosphoric acid, "retention by soil by filtering of solution_........--....... 497 Phylioxera, destruction of vines in California__............---. ..--------. 554 Physical absorption of salts by soils..........--.../2.5s-s042. ee 497 Physiology and pathology, vegetable, work, article by A. F. Woods .__.-_- 261-266 Piesse, remark on value of orange to flower farmer___._ ___.....-......... 385 Pigs, wild, destruction as pests... 2222... -. 4.25. see oes 838 - Pinching and disbudding for apple and other fruits. ... -i.cu+2 age 162 as method of pruning -_-_-_- ala eae PINCHOT, GIFFORD, article on *‘ Notes on some forest. problems » nee ‘*Work of the Division of Forestry for the farmer? s.) ccc sb. 2) a eee 297-308 Pine and oak, annual growth at Oakland, N. J_...-..--..----- i203 ee ee 305 on public lands; notes. ._....-.2.-..+2. ---dab«o. ee) ee 335, 847, 348 use:in binding sands... 22: 22. 222- Leslee bau, Yo 411 Pineapple blight, cause. and cure........:.2 +224. 32-225 -b 2. ee experiments: with: spike disease. 22./-22.2:.32- 2126: ee ee 875 Pineapples, crosses for.improvement.........iuLvele! 2422 ee 266 note on improvement by crossing -. --. tatuad Jone quality and quantity in Hawaiian Islands -.2i -. as. pou ae sf Placer mineral claims) notes on:la ws oss se esesc ee St eee i. 23. oe 352 Plains, discussion of tree planting’. Jepion ed 22h bea 188 Plant breeding, effect of locality ..-..._........---. 221 22b SS 363 limitation of selection. 2: 2- 2-2: 220 22S B ee 368 methods of selection ¢.;.u.22+22.-22.Lasee 2 oa 357 special features acquired by selection ___._. .......-...----- 370 work of Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology .. 264 diseases and insect pests in Hawaiian Islands.___. .....--.--.-.--... 574 in Hawaii and West Indies, need of investigation bed 2 Segeky ee 19 the United States in 1898, review _..... won. Seep eeee 652 growth; effect of alkalies 22s. 2 2.225.576 s ou. 536 lice, damage to tobacco.__. ._- © ooo. aetna sheen eee plant ‘bugs and leaf hoppers, notes... .2d.t.ac «See 259 Plantation labor by races in Hawaiian Islands --......-........-... wie ae 578 Plants as perfumery sources, list..2 5.22..<.<=4-2s4n 02 378 change in time and uniformity of ripening as result of breeding - + eee cultiv vated, note on Origin 2. 20228224 81d ee et 369 dangerous, notes on poisoning ~:-)-. -...,..-..14.2-. Sig 197 effect of cross fertilization in selection for improvement ............ 367 endurance of black alkali in soils. 22...) ova2h. 22 ee 501 improvement by selection, article by Herbert J. Webber --------- 855-376 of sorts by cuttings, slips, buds, etc ..........-- -...2 872 ative; on alkalimoils oo Loe ee ee . . Jui oa 537 that grow in alkali soils, notes _ . , Jd a ee trees, and other, pruning. article by ‘William Saunders _.......... 151-166 Platanus (buttonw 00d) , satisfactory results from cutting back -........... 159 Playground children, suggestion for use of vacant lot.........-.-...--..--- 199 Plow, mixture for cleaning... ....s0-4..-00.8 J225 0 677 Plum, pear, apple, and cherry, objects and method of pruning.----..-...-. 162 Plums, treatment for evaporation. ... 22... ..".s. 225.20 cee B11 Plusia brassiea, injuries t tobacco ... 5.0... .. 2c cee 142 Bod species, Notes .. 2... Be awce vet bee ee seco ee 416, 419, beaphis 484, 485 Peectlocystus diffusus, injuty to tobacco.s..... .. 1s .22.) See 136 Poison, note on danger from bitter almond. ........... .....-.-.. ~.------- B92 safety from injury in use against insects on tobacco: 1x0. eee 126 Poisoning by weeds, cases reported to Department ...............--------- 197 Polianthes tuberosa, growth and use for nee er Pollen, prepotency in cross fertilization... - .. rer ee Pollination, hand, note on experiments with pears. eer ee of pomaceous fruits, article by M. B, Waite ...: cama 167-180 2 ew eat INDEX. T57 Page. Pomace, manufacture of orchard brandy... .-..-....---- Cus hei waives 315 Pomaceous fruits, pollination, article by M. B. Waite... gust dts wa 167-180 Pomelo, shaddock or grape fruit, usefulness for | aie aaa 4 Ue) he ays Sa 385 Pomology, Division, observations by Secretary -. Sahh.. ULE OARS 56 organization: and duties: .5dso53 0 kk. is 2 ee pabmenkions, 1600.~ 6... 2b sl aes ieee 607 Popenoe, E. A., experiments with peas and beans .__.._.....-_.-. . 2...» 285; 242 Population and area of the Hawaiian Islands..__.._...--...---.--.-------- 563 CEO A TOLO amis: Mitre hn Santee telat asalt. atta de culled > eee acct Oa Ebilippine.Jcslands: 222222: <,-<. wavoetoee Jee eso 672 Pork, classification for inspection__ —._. ne LL Pe OS AUS ek 2 24 OSMIUM BAP OCOLOUCIGo Oe 2 2h. Ue 2S PPOs U So ea oa cee 24, 25 products, statistics of inspection in 1898 .__.___- whe. cece aan 2% aE ING Var lOLIOn OL CTaneseen.. vo. ol Geno. lo. Vee. oo ee 559 Portuguese, position in industry of Hawaiian Islands.___._.-.--. .- 2 Te Post-graduate study, suggestion for opening Divisions of Department _- Pa 11 Postal regulations of United SERLOS i 4° tes Haale awd cacao ees. ee eee 674 Potassium, retention by soil in filtering solution.__-_.- SEO OT EE OE eo 497 Potato, notes on disease in 1898___.__. 2h yh BY oe Pa a 2 ee 652 Potatoes, eee a Ce nh re i Re Jie statistics of acreage, production and value, 4866-1606)... wREG 679 Poulard and durum wheats, resistance to leaf rusts_._____.__. -----_--_--- 262 Peep eUBOGIALIONS, SOCTOLATICS ............2.- 252. .--2L 2) ello 615 Tega os STi COT | oe 2 ee oo es oan eee i 288 Powell, J. W., estimates of arid lands and of irrigable lands_____-_-- ef es: 328 Power for vehicles, substitution of inanimate for animal form_.___.__. -. -- 295 Prairie soils in West, content of soluble salts - jist eS eS 499 Precipitation and temperature, diagrams and tables.___. __- Ere _ 640-651 study in connection with climate and crop service.. ._....-. 82 Preemption laws for public lands, repeal........-....-----.-..------------ 351 Paoeioiay In plant breeding: Motes. 222 22.2. Pt keen Sool fy RUE 366 Peedi. suotmont of Indian lands. .....:..20<. 00) 2b. bo ple a 352 letter of Secretary of Agriculture subm tting report. __.___-.--- 9 proclamation under act of Congress on importation of cattle.... 613 relation to inauguration of weather service in West Indies. ---- 84,85 reservation of town sites on — lands. f.27. cel Se. eee Pressure in, water in soil_.._....._-.. Bah cee Lee RUMI) 2 a Se sae 401, 402 Prisons, relation to dietary studies, Agte. ib eben te hee Ce 451 Productiveness and size of plants, increase by bree spe euiny ju 2/2 ee Products of. Hawaiian: Islands, discussion... 2222.20.20 20 2 Jl sence lee [06 #6Ga Puerto Rico, distribution ...._..-_- Vito: DS Proteid content of plants and fruits, increase by bree. ling. Soil Seo) a Protein, veal, chickens, and fish as source. .__-- yee cet 446 Protopar ce, carolina, and P. cel eus, description, life history, injuries.._.. 128-132 Provincetown, Mass., description and work upon sand) dunes 5 ic U5 fb Prunes, grading after BROVOI OMG So so fo team a= =24 =.0k> mace 560 injury by overproduction _.......-....--.--- 554 Rancheg, cattle, in Hawaiian Islands. . 2c S2ce. | 4s: 05-28 See 57 Ranchmen and far mers, volunteer experiments with grasses _ alt ae 40 Ranges for stock in forest reserves, suggestions for regulation_-__--...----- 188 Raspberries and blackberries, uses and methods of pruning iin de eee 161 Rations, condensed, relation to dietary studies, note_........-...----.----.- 451 Rats and mice, historical notes on common species ------..---.--..-----.-- 91, 92 Receipts and expenditures, general statement -....-....-.--..---...------. 6 Red fescue, seed, notes... - us. - 2c Seessow laa: le cee 489 spruce, rate of growth before and after lumbering.-......-.--..-...-. 665 Redfield’s grass, description, use as sand binders -..-.-..-..--..-.....----- 417 Redtop or herd’s grass, notes on usefulness and peed... ows + Janis 493 seed, adulteration _. >. .35.- 2 ben ct ics neha oe oe 481 Reed, suggestion for use in holding sands _.___- ~ = wile pic «ithe 420 Reformatories, relation to dietary studies, note. 2... .<..4. ee aan ae 585, 586, 587, 388 Residues from beet-sugar manufacture as cattle feed, article by Gs. ti 0) ee ee 213-220 Resin wash, preparation and use as insecticide -.........-.--.-....-..----. 661 Rhagodia hastata and R.@arabolica, notes. ...- ....2..s Sa 543 ‘* Rhode Island bent ” grass, adulteration of seed.................-.----.-. 481 notes On BOCG « . ... = -:5 02 \wa's'n\nuth Gin a eee le a 404 Rice, lands in Hawaii, public .. . .....65 sds dsh0<00 ncn seeseee sees ne eee 349 production in Hawaiian Islands...........-..----..+---------+-+-+-- 567 ‘weevil, injury to toMBeco:. ..Jccwews- cn. od 35 bb a wai Slate 148 Ripening, change of time and uniformity by breeding. ...---.-......--.---- B72 Ripley spike, disease of pineapple, experiments.........-..-.-.-..--.-.+-s5 B75 Road conference, national, plans for steel-track wagon roads -._-.......--- 291 inquiries, public, Office, duties... ..... 4: .: dsc .sab sua puebee eee 595 inquiry, note on material for roads ....... «..2c ssdon-4sud.c eee 12 Office, observations by Secretary _..........-..-..-.+-....-. 37 publications, 1806 ....cnssés edn dine dp (he sie 608 9 re q 4 INDEX. 759 Page. Road laws, note on study in Department ...._.........--............--.--- 38 WARM PMONGG; GINOUMNON os2 25 5 on on onde eae dean ee SE 324 Roads, advantages of steel track for wagon _..__-._._..-..-.....--..-.-..- 293 and vehicles, suggestions for new constructions.____._____.____.__. 295 discussion of proper construction... ......:..2..2.-.220..2. 222... marta ess: AIS Ut Shorr. Bie, Se eae 320 for Puerto Rico, preference for electric over wagon roads _.____.__. 510 good country, construction, article by Maurice O. Eldridge___.... 317-824 National League, State committeemen-..-.....-.---.-.-....-.. 620 steel-track wagon, article by Martin Dodge _...._.._._.._.._. __-- 291-296 Rock, notes on efféct of weathering ..._..........--....---..--..------ he ae Rockford, Ill., experiments against cattle ticks _.._.......-.....-.-.. .. 461-466 Rocky Mountain region, improvement of weather serv ice - welche eo tee regions, freedom from tornadoes..:_./....-..--.2.2._..J5 See Roof rat, notes on history and distribution...._.................-.---. 22... 92 Root mutilation, relation to need of pruning at transplanting ......_....__- 155 Roots, formation on trees transplanted in fall after loss of leaves ___.______ 156 pruning, usefulness to promote fruit bearing -....-.-............. 156-157 een MOG. 22 FG OLS SS. os es eee Le ae 77 Rose farming in United States, probable success _____ ereres . te See 381, 382 varieties used in making attar Baa ote Be Ueno ee ee ee ee 482 Poseiiary, use and effect me perfume ...... 2. 2... 2 ase nec enc eee 390 Seeeuem on nglish farme,notes......-.....'...225.2.2-. 2.221710 AL Ba ee Rotch, A. L., direction of kite ascensions at Blue Hill ___-.--__._......_____- 201 Round-leafed pulcmphiy moh. 2.2 S222 So ol ae ee 541 Royal Agricultural Society, note on visits of members to English farm - 583 Rubber plants, note on growth gp Ploridas..-. 2 ice. cle! 2. a. ee 14 Rural industries, advantage of diversification by goat raising OS de ae 438 Rush, W. B.. statement on odor of orange-flowers at New Or leans... 2.3 Se Russia, introduction of seedsinto) nited States. .o6 5 clus til ie ee 55 Russian Jews in America, retention of forms of food_-..-.. __..._...__..- 444 ies, SpTOne Gems ere Se LS uk ee, Ae = 68 Russians, introduction of cattle into Alaska....__ -- VS SGeaY Ae eee 520 nen motes Tor Wem n cs fl. Fe8 22 2 Ss ah sats lucivetk ea 652 On ipeninds, ote... IE A ee ee 262 Rutland County. England, note on farm conditions _._.-____.-....._...__. 584 Rye grass seed, English, notes on harvesting, etc _-_-......_.-.-.-.__..-.-. 490 statistics of acreage, production and value, 1866-1898 __.__._.._._..____- 678 Same island, destruction-of rabbits: by cats_.-....202.0..--.....-...-...-23 90 St. Anthony’s Park, Minnesota, steel-track wagon road _.........._._____. 293 St. Louis, note on RMN Sree. <1 seed eas 534 rnin nnMNCNCTEY 2 6001/7 Oo UT poh 2 leh too. eee rae 536 Saline lands, public, notes on laws, price..._.. _.....__--.-.-.-.-...- 353 Satmon, Dr. D. E., note on establishment of quarantine against Texas nest kaa OCU UPS ES 2G So DASYENT Se FY 453 Pee OWN Ott Mier COLL... cu Geet J ee See ee ole oe Se 536 Bete anaomutE notes: >. 22.5 este es yet hb Seki) 646 Bae Been tines, ATiennentt. GISCUSBION os s2 See went la wee eR 544-549 aud geome, amalyues 23155 2 cobee i 2A oo eee ec le 538 saltsages, recommendations for alkali soils__..___..__. .__- 550 SRPCTAMeITe en eee BONUS.) 209 Peo oad: . hee 537 ative to Anstralinus 925 Ua ee ob eek, 539 usefulness on alkali soils, conclusions ............... ...-.---- 49 DOTUMLIO?: THIRORS OCUEN ace. wd as nebo wens onde clccucbwuntedeba 258 sage, Nuttall’s and spiny, description, usefulness, ctc..__..... .. .. 545,546 tumbling, notes-- PP mete: sages and saltbushes, recommendations for alkalisoils......... ._.... 550 Salts, absorption by soils... - canwy opal SUS) 2H Le eee in soil, relative time of washing abe: 2k Ses he bad Tuy eco 498 percentage, table showing relation to texture of soils. ....-.-....-.-- 499 removed from soil by irrigation ditch, table_._-..-....-..--..-....-. 503 soluble, effect of irrigation upon location_............ .....--...---- 501 Salt-spring lands, public, notes on laws; price_...........---.-. Et Pg No 353 Samphire, note on growth on alkali soil. ._..............-...----.. hs Adee 536 Sand-binding grasses, article by F. Lamson-Scribner ____...--.-- ~~... 405-420 blue grass, description; usefulness as sand binder... .....-. ..-.....- 419 760 INDEX. Page. Sand-drifting on Columbia River... ..- ...i.s2s tbuess-_ 2c. sic ee 418 dunes, ‘discussion of formation... .---.-i--.-2«.<20e2ne-cceunael aie 405 grass, distribution, description, and usefulness as sand binder. .---. 417,418 use for bedding for cattle after dipping ....- 22-:. 2. 22+2.--s:+l ieee 461 Sands, work for holding in place... .2. .-2.Wl29 4-02. -caescalk. ee 406 Sandy soil, curvature and pressure of water content. .bsckc. ss sksc ee 402 soils in vacant lots, use of clovers ... 2.22245 2525 25-682 552 eee 199 San Francisco Harbor, meteorological station. 2:2. 22.22.25 3eeeoeee 82 prices of California wWimes. .<~ 22-4. ..1: 352.) Jaen Sanitary boards, secretaries, and State veterinarians ..........--------. 616-619 State, withdrawal from dipping experiments....._....... 461 Santa Barbara Islands, danger to vegetation from goats... .-..---.-------- 89 Gertrude’s ranch, experiments in dipping cattle for ticks.__..-_.__-- 457 Sarcobatus vermicutatus, notes . 22222 2. Ss). sso ses. Sas Ce ee 548 Sassafras, notes on distillation and use of oil ..!_....-.-52.2222 2s eee 395 SAUNDERS, WILLIAM, article on ‘‘ Pruning of trees and other plants”__.. 151-166 Seale insects, large, note on introduction of parasite_...-....---.---.-----. 31 Scheele’s green, preparation and use as insecticide_-_-...-------.---.---.---- 659 Scholarships at agricultural colleges..-......--.--....+--...4as6esn eee 66 Schools, city, use of weeds on vacant lots_..22s. =. ...2:<- 235522 ee 196 common, note on nature: study -.___. --. 22... 1 ee 12 observations by Secretary on nature teaching_.__.__-_-- 16 relation to dietary studies, note... .. .... ...-». =. 2345 223 451 ScHWEINITZ, E. A. DE, article on *' The preparation and use of tuberculin”_ 111-120 Scientific and technical reports, distribution ...... ......--.-522--27e03 57 exploration, note on work of Department.-_...-.-.--.----------- 10 Scotch broom, use in binding sands_-_..-...-._-. --v.ssedne oe Scott, Col. R. H.. statement as to raising Angora. goats .. 2 Sees 434 SCRIBNER, F. LAMSON, article on ‘‘Sand binding grasses” _..-.------... 405-420 Sea island cotton, improvement by selection... .. =.-<:29eJch eee 358 practice of growers in improvements. ---------.----.--- 362 Sea lyme grass, description; use in binding sands; seeds -_.._...--..----. 412, 413 Seaside blue grass, description; use in binding sands ...... ws2ikeeieee 416 oats, description; use in binding sands .... ........ sec. een Secretary of Agriculture, duties ....-...-..-953. 2. c8:1 22sec eee 598 ofter to test grass and clover seed.__.....-.- .--- 482 office publications, 1898 __ z connote ee orders for West Indian weather service_... ..-.-- 84 relation to importation of cattle ..-.-.-.--_.....- 613 report... . sist. 2 elude See 9-62 the Interior, duties and powers as to public lands__ ~---- 2 abhor B54 Seed beds of tobacco, protection from cutworms...... ----.----.--...--.-- 142 distribution, observations by Secretary on work in Department. -_-_.- 35 eating birds, discussion of benefits .2:--..2. 21-25. .--sh.30 02 3. a effect of age for melons ...223e: Lu disu. Loe Se . oe 363 farms as source of variation of cultivated plants. ... .2:.: see 857 grass, and its impurities, article by Gilbert H. Hicks .............-- 473-494 classes of impurities_....-..--..- ote. dudes (ca 480 harvest of millete.../ 2... uc.) Se eee ns thea Sa 287 influence of maturity as factor in improvement of plants ............- 362 of barnyard millet, note ...-2..-s0..s...case 17 eo5- 2 279 beach grass, possible supply from: Cape Cod ........---.-..2..----2 411 grain, treatment to kill smut spores - wis ics cine, Ca grass, distinctions of glume, awn, and stem wi. «4: aeeeeee .... 474, 475 millete, noted << ee . =... 2 oa Penn = wes Uw 72, 273, 274, 275 seaside oats, suggestion for securing... ...4. ..2.0.-d.us ae 415 production of saltbushes, note ...-.-......- 2... -. 2 -eee eee e eee n eee 538 propagation of heachiigrass ............. .....) sect -iiseee oe 410 races, fixation by selection. - inne s Sas As a ee substitution of inferior varieties in distribution; + testing . ~ Jee dee 55 Seeds, Division, duties .._. - Pr i eer in pears, re ‘lation to form of pollination Pet 175 of corn, wheat, etc., effect of soda salte...... 22. ..0.25.u2css. ee sea lyme grass, use for food by Indians. . 14.2.0. 45..40..deene 418 weeds, note on method of introduction _.. ........--......-....--- 193 practice of Long Island specialistsin selection.... .............-.--- 363 size, as related to weight and quality..........-.-.-..2..22--.cseseee v7 —s INDEX. 761 Page. Selection, improvement of plants, article by Herbert J. Webber _.._____- 355-376 in plant. beseding,limitations= <2 22 Soss22s Lee eee 368 Self-pollination and cause of sterility in pears .___._.......--.-2-..-- 483 sterility, difficulty of classification of varieties of pears ._.._. ..____ __- 173 Semasia nigricana, notes... .-.- -. LINERS Oe ee 257 Serum for hog cholera, problem of production. Soto AP es, Pe ee 27 Shad scale, desc ription end oualities:...<....~. sn eee suyaels ae ese 544 Shaddock, ‘pomelo, or grape fruit, usefulness for perfumery LY Dee . 885 Shama millet, or jungle rice, notes on appearance and value_._______.__.-. 279 Sheep and goats, danger of injury by running wild_ .2: tO). i oe 89 breeders’ associations, secretaries ...-...........--..-.---.----2--2-2 614 Gcremination' of age by teeth ds e.2u-.2 el bade. Ll a, ee 667 LOUGHOSS LOM AR WUUSNE adete Ss OTe S20) Se ALU ee eee 540 general conclusions as to grazing in forests_____.___- iif eee 187 grazing in forest reserves, investigation. ...................--.------ 54 on gray bush_.......--- ie Tee inspections from United States and Canada for Great Britain________ 25 number and value in United States, 1880 to 1899____-__.__...-. 22 222 702 average price and total value, January 1, 1899, by States _- 704 CoremoMiIshfarmonnopness 220 322 NSSe LSS EL J fy BBR i 586, 587, — Sunesiice oO: nspectron-m 1898 _. 2). sol vl ek die ei De reso Lteeoine With Deeb PUlp. oT tlle ees. cel SR eee O17 use of goats as protection from wolves, dogs, and coyotes_..___.____- 423 Snadsca ous pasburages. 28k. fee! Ree alee 545 neep’s fescue seed, notes __.-..-....--.-...-+--- JJivs C2 eee 489 Papiiya wine, Valichles Of prapest! /l Avis. i2. Si bls A ae 559 PMVEEeRLOCal | CONGMOUR-.. Looe sJ2 lle Le Se eee ee 532 Shrubs, flowering, useful and harmful pruning-__-_-.._...._. -.-_..---L__. 160 Signals of Weather Bureau. notes and diagram .-.____.__.. 22... 22-22-22 --- 668 @uage from broom-corn millet, quality... -.-........-.2-05...2.80..--ccke. 289 Pimon cutie MIUeHMlOSs. 20.23.2298, eee 286 Silver coins of United States................-.... etd ee 676 PES rit eNOLe Ol GHtini Weed SOE. ooccie ol oe eoc J Oe ee 229 Sitka, agricultural investigations by Prof. C. C. Georgeson_......__. .____- 50 Expenmonh stabiomes. 2° SheS IL 00s sth. ee ee ge 523 Paeraten ts I premrbitie elon Je ecu Lee BRE SPs 516 locauion of Weather Bureau stations s/.. el eecll.d..2t ee 2 La 22 Serene mniices Pingury to tobacco... 2... foe oes od 148 note on position as injurious to tobacco___.________..._. 122 Skagway, Alaska, experiments in planting _._. - SRE SS ee 516 mins Of Soats, notesion.importation and value... 2.0.29. g2225 2 2. 421 rabbit, note on export from New Zealand _.___.............---....-- 93 hEvialiin eosin New 2ealand ..2.0Sb.225c Cle ael Le ee ee 106 Slender saltbush, notes on growth, appearance, and usefulness - -3i-Fo20 Slips, improvement of sorts of plants by selection .__.__.._______- PS ee Slugs, damage to tokacco-plant beds - 144 SMITH, JARED G., article on ‘‘ Forage plants for cultivation on alkali soils”. 535-550 Smut diseases in grain, hot water as remedy, note--__.- OREE CLE Be oe 652 Smuts, grain, notes on destructiveness, etc ..............--..-.2..----.---- 261 ees Diy: igh Reve GUY. SS. Os. GURL ee LOK J Ra Ke 82 Snowflake, note on weed seed found in stomach .__.___.___..-.-......---.- 222 ee SemMIBOGNICLIGY, SSS ORS... 5s. -- - SES Pe eek eA bubble, use in illustrating movement of water in soll) Eenee 399, 400 formula for kerosene emulsion Orinssctses sc f= VE A . ee 660 Soda salts, absorption by greasewood ...._........-.....-....--- Pe MA Pe: 548 experiments on seeds of corn, wheat, ete _.............-.... -.. 886 removal by round-leafed saltbush ............---.-.. 42 Soil and season, effect on grass seed _---. _- mes tt oi Ste ATT PISTIGI EE ACNELLO CS Oe oa a owe wwe wren asmas ah sensei te eee ne ene 27 conditionsof Pucrto* Rico; notesicc yu) eee oo. Cae 506 grains, dependence of soluble salts on size ---.-.....-.-.-.-.-.-.----- 499 Rind and:préparation for milletesrecsep a Vesdsek 1 eS. SR . 288 maps of tobacco districts . . - . - PCA eet LOA sia dS Os. Gea eee 48 MIOISCUPEI LGN8s DOVES oooh wus cnn OSC. ROR SoU See 652-654 GT COTS Ci Boos Coen cucusaeu: FEU ween SUVS Cucsel eee 71 Philippine | gintide; note Jvstut anes ve. cic matted ae eed RCN 673 relation of texture to content of soluble matter ............2.-.-..-- . 499 762 INDEX. Page. Soiling, use:of millet) s2.22 CU Staten. 2 ee eee oor Sy 286 Soi's, alkali, forage plants, article by Jared G. Smith.-_-.,-...-.-...--.-.- 535-550 classification of soluble. matter. 2.6. J.e0. Mit: DJae tke > ee 497 different, need of investigation of use of water for irrigation_._.. ~~. 53 Division, observations by the Secretary .. .--...-..c.255..-.2e 41-44 organization and duties... .- 2... 222.0 >i... eae, SE publications, 1898 .....~=.....-d0i. .o9..)... 4 608 effect of dryness on pressure in water content -...-........--..----.. 402 influence of texture on movement of water. -_........---..----...1--- 403 methods of removing alkalies:2 22 22+ 2c) 20). etl o. A eee 502 movement and retention of water, article by Lyman J. Briggs----_- 399-404 note on work of Division, for tobacco and for irrigation .._...--.. ..-- 11 of the Hawaiian Islands; adaptation to sugar growing ------_.-._-- 564, 566 relation of fineness of texture to capillary spaces _--_._...... ....-.-- 402 relative time of washing out salts - S010 ol. ee a 498 soluble mineral matter, “article by Thomas H. Means. _...-.-___-- - 495-504 table showing relation of soil grains and percentage of salt 2c dene 499 typical, study by experiment:_.....:2: 2...-....-.. . 7 eae 29 Solanella, synonymy of Gelechia solanella . . oat et re Solanum carolinense, and S. nigrum, harbor for tobacco insects..-..___-- 125, 150 Solidago odorata, note on use for perfume OP Soluble matter in soils. Jocbs../i Lee Det ge aa Song sparrow, ratio of weed seed to total food ._..-.....---22--eeee enna 227 Sooty mold of the orange in 1898, notes... s2ioei2s 3. Sa 652 South Atlantic permanent anticyclone, note ......-....us228. See 530 Carolina, first importation of Angora goats_-_..-.----.-....---.---- 433 possibility of rose farming -_--- - o. Jo ea Dakota, character of public land; water supply; irrigation ena ee growth of saltbush 2022222. .4e. ce. eis ee see 540 public lands)... . 22. 1 2e abe os eee 326, 330 Southern cattle fever. (See Texas fever.) increased thriftiness in Illinois after dipping ..._.._---___- 463 inspection ~.....-2: 2. 1-2 s+ls-.-. 2655s 26 tick-infested cattle, development of Texas fever __.._._.._._.-_-- 466 ioatie) change of duties for Puerto Rican products -..---....-......-2----- 514 Sparrows and finches, discussion of food and usefulness of varieties _ .___- 222, 223 SPENCER, GUILFORD a article on ‘‘Utilization of residues from beet-sugar manufacture in cattle feeding”? 2ct2iste ae aio. 208) 2 eee 213-220 Spermophagus pectoralis, notes «2 vtwsui Los. bedews be uo 248 Sphinx moths, larvz as tobaccovinsects: -.-/2...- 2) -L 4. 2 128 Spilosoma virginica, notes .2...2 226.2 a 2 Se 257 Spinus pinus. (See Siskin. ) Spiny salt sage, description, usefulness, etc _..._..--..---2. se. es ls le 546 Spitzli, G. H., note on experiments in feeding beet pulp ----...-...--.-.--. 218 Spizella socialis. (See Chipping sparrow. ) Splenetic fever of cattle. (See Texas fever.) ‘*Split worm,” description; injuries to tobacco; remedies __...........-- 137-140 Sporobolus atroides, note .. 2. 2252.6 .--52ios. a eee aie Serie Sprengel, note on book on pollination of flowers. ...cc0:. 0... ev 167 Squash, advantage of old seed............- 4... 20. Siucu. 863 Standardization of tuberculin, methods... J.cu.c Loos oes Be oe Standards of weight of grass seed...... 2... 0.0. J. Jon. cn ene 478 Stanford, Senator, notes on Vina vineyard...__.........-.-...--.-. ahd iad pos Starch and sugar, increase in plants by breeding .._............----.-....- Starling, notes; importation prohibited in Australia -.........-.---- 101, 102, 108 State agricultural societies; secretaries... ....2..2 ss 00. Lo. el eu. cua 610 boards of a; gric ulture, list of secretaries ....2. Jc. ce 605 experiment ; stations, extent and usefulness of work_...........-.---- 46 granges, officers for 9B09_.. 2... ese ee oe cee ns wn 625 horticultural societies, list of officers 22.2.5. 2ts2l Ulu, 622-624 poultry associations, secretaries.................2..cbeslllsel. saebee 616 universities, general status of agriculture 246 22. Gee SO veterinarians and secretaries of sanitary boards _.___...........-.- 616-619 States having offices for forest work _...............-...-- . / 0. Cee 620 Stations, new, list for Weather Bureau ..-..-.- Bes 81 Statistics, Division, collection and publication of information about: crops. i! observations by the Secretary ......... ............... organization and duties......:....---2 ss2eceun sas See 723 Teacher, observations by Secretary on preparation for teaching nature studies 17 Teeth, determination of age of domestic animals ._.____-....---.---------- 667 Telegraph service of Weather Bureau. <22.6.--<-.3-4:54isuee ee eee Telford foundation for road. -..-2 . ss2234,-<. agen) e.2. J. ee 322, 323 Temperature and precipitation, diagrams and tables ._...-.....----.--.-- 640-651 study of vertical distribution in storms ...._----- -- = aoe 83 Tennessee, problem in growing of grasses and forage plants -......-..----- 40 Texas blue-grass seed, notes... .- --==- -- .--422e58 5 Joe Shs Se 485 establishment of stations for study of forage resources ._.....-----. = 40 Experiment Station, use of oil against Texas fever ticks. ...._..-..-- 455 fever, conclusion as ‘to cause of loss of cattle from dipping. 2....-7--7; 182 Trees and other plants, pruning, article by William Saunders -...--- .--- 151-166 vegetables, some diseases and Pomedion: 3.05. ccalWt Ise ake annual growth at Oakland, N. J -.--------.----------------------- 304, 305 for the plains, proposed study ----.----.-.-------------+--»---------- 297 native, proposed study of experiments in plains -. -. .-.------------- 188 need of training from nursery - -------------------------------------- 158 note on time of cutting - ..---..-----.------- ------------------ eee notes on marking, cutting, and working up - -------------------+--- 308 preservation of shape in pruning at transplanting . ---.--. .-.--.----.- 155 Patirot growth)... 20-2. .wudteseese- -=- seeds Sob as Foe ae nS wanes 664 reproduction cuttings. -.--.---------------0- +--+ -------- 02 rr rrr 307 standing, measurement ---....-.----------- -----------------7-++--> 662 Trichinze, microscopic inspection of pork---.-.---..------------------- Se 24 Trudeau, Dr., directions for use of: taberculin for man 2.....05. 5 leks SJucee 117 True, A. C., article on ** Some types of American Agricultural Colleges” .. 63-80 Tuberculin, conclusions as to preparation and use_...--. .-----.----------- 120 ihm 8 ck bahRs wn sCiaw aids 21S, o Mees Carew for human use, filtration. .-.---- PR Cre eee Tt 115 note on distribution and usefulness; keeping ----~----------- 119, 120 preparation and use, article by KE. A. de Schweinitz_ -. .-. .. 111-120 regulations of Bureau of Animal Industry for testing cattle... 116 Tuberculosis, evidence of infection in cattle. ......----.~.--~. .---------- 117,118 name of disease of olive. -.-.-..-.---.-------------------+--+---- 652 766 INDEX. Page. Tuberculosis, statement by Secretary as to experiments_---..------.-.-..-- 28 Tuberose, growth and use for perfume ...... 2.122. .2-. 22220. Jes ose seaecaee 394 Unalaska, note on hay and stock raising. J02s02 ss5o bes 2s ao §22 Under drains for country roads, notes on construction __._--.---..-..----. 820 Unfermented wine, note.-.....---.-.-..----++-. +++. +--+ +2 + 20-2202 -seeee. 315 Uniola, use of species in binding sands ---.--..-..--..--..-+.-.-+-+-------. 415 Universities, State, courses in agriculture__--.--------.-------.--- 3s 74-80 . Upper air, use of kites in exploration, article by C. F. Marvin.._-. -.... 201-212 Utah, character of public lands, their water supply and irrigation.._ 326, 330, 336 saltbush, notes... 5... cee won Gon eoolt GNECL SSS. Se 547 Vaccine for blackler,. demand. .. 22. 22250.028 Jos20s sue ee oe 28 Vacuum tube, relation to destructiveness of tornado ._...--....-. ----.---- 532 Vegetable and animal foods in dietaries, discussion __---_.....--.---------- 446 Physiology and Pathology, Division, observations by Secretary -- 34 organization and duties.... 595 improvement of tropical fruit... -_- 9 publications, 1896. v_ . -.22.2.2abs0aes 608 work, article by Albert F. Woods. 261-266 seed, note On gTOWINg ...- ---2.-. 2 hdsi =) 2. ea 473 Vegetables and tr ees, some diseases o. .-.). (20 520) 222. ees ee 263 attacks of beetles and worms /22: 220.222..Ji2_ sed Se 255 cotton and grain, notes on diseases in 1898 ____-.-....----....-. 652 note on cultivation on vacant lots........--..-----------+---es- 200 production in Hawaiian Islands. 02.) 2.22.2 .225 21. 2 ae 571 relations to.diet and nutrients = .._...-......2: 2a Se 446 success in raising in Alaska 2 i2ns 2. -92 75-2 SS 516 Vehicle, relations of height, width of tire, and strength.---..-.------..---- 296 Vehicles and roads, suggestions for new constructions_..-.-..-.--------... 295 Verbena, lemon, extraction of oil... 222029.2: 242-2544 oo eee ee 388 Vermont, dietary studies . 2/229. vs.c2ell oc eee eee 444 Vessel masters, lake charts from “Weather Bureau .._:../2cs 2h Jgudec see 21 Vessels and animals for export, inspection. .--. -- 4S 5 25 Veterinarians, State, and secretaries of sanitary boar ds, list. ese 616-619 Vilmorin Henri de, observation on grade breeding of plants 22h. eee 356 remark on cross breeding in improvement of plants._.. 368 Vine, grape, best method of pruning. . 250s 2. .2i 2.0 0.te.22 5.1 2 165 Vinegar, manufacture from apples and grape juice_.--._--------- 22 315 Viney ard planting in California, furore -.-.-........i. +... 5008S. 553 Sound, note on photographs of waterspout ............- --.-...- 534 Violet ( Viola odorata), culture for perfumery 2i2i.: 22. 22-4 Sele 393 cuttings, improvements by selection ...-........---.. Nt aye Sees 37 yield per month in breeding experiment -.--......-...---..---+-----. 3875 Violets, prevention of leaf-spot disease ...........-...-------..-2--.+-2-2-- 264 Virginia, note on raising of Angora goats -._--- Rens ne, tobacco fields, observation of injuries by flea beetle_......... ..-. 124 Viticulture, State board in California, creation_-__.....2...2.2...02.c al 553 Wages and laborers in sugar industry in Hawaiian Islands ..............-. 580 Wagon road, cost of construction with steel track ._.........22..2..2..-..- 294 Wagon roads, steel-track, article by Martin Dodge ______.__...-.-.-..... 291-296 Waiter, M. B., article on * Pollination of pomaceous fruits”. .-.......... 167-180 Walker, John, statement as to raising Angora goats_..._.-............---- 435 Wallace, Henry, experiments in harvesting timothy seed._.........-....--- 486 Walsingham, Lord, identification of tobacco leaf-miner_..........--..---- 138 Warne, W. W., note on cattle raising at Haines, Alaska __.__...-...-...--. 521 Washington and Oregon, note on sandy areas and sand binders_... ....... 418 character of public lands, their water supply and irrigation... 342 D. C., note onPornado. isis 46 os. ee 534 observation of goldfinch..... ....2.....scseeneneeeeuee - 229 observations on sparrows .......2.. 22 Jebel es ee 223 weeds 2..5..350/J:0. GO ee 194, 198 effect of fires in Olympic Mountains............ 4.....12.-.--- 190 ublic lands 5 22. unl 0 bbws. bs couse 2 ee 326, 330 Waste of food, importance of avoidanes.... 2i-. c.Jud.s1.0i Seed ee 449 W ater, influence of texture of soil on movement. -.. Wwiedis. SA ee 403 INDEX. 767 Page Water in soils, movement and retention, article by Lyman J. Briggs .... 899-404 need of investigation of practical use for irrigation._............-.- 5 notes on destructiveness to roads ............-.-----..--.-----.---. 319 poser. in Puerto asownotes: 5000s. 0-2 2 RC A ae 510 rights, need of adjustment in irrigated regions__-..-_---_-...._..--- 53 supply: for irrigatign.in Nevada.,....... s/ssd:. 222.15 a, See note. on relamon’te-forestry ist LS a 5 gh, Watermelon wilt, notes on disease in 1898... ..........+-..---------.--2-5 652 Seemrceronce, use in arresmng SANGS*)... 5. 2 vy eesee. 2 SL... . Le 406 Watts, J. W., statement as to value of Angora goat industr SOAs ae Weasels, stoats, and ferrets, introduction into New Z dt 0.0. SS 96 Weather and crop conditions, review for season of 1898._..._.....-..._---. 627 651 soil, effect on quality Of prans seea i502 752222 | SRE 477 Bureau, note on statistics on losses of property by lightning____- ; 21 extension Garserviceele: Siiek De eer inh 8 9 kites; pountser pulbtern. trie! RC ee 204 map, explanation of high and low pressure areas_____. i> eae need. Of -assuant chiefs 24 <2: 34h Re 22 stguons in, West Indies...) 252.) 5. 2) ee A 19 new work, article by Willis L. Moore __.._._____..__...... 81-86 notes on saving of property by warnings._.__._______.__- 21 ObservalennIn Upper air Vs... 2082-22 -Slac cL Pe PL 201 ofganization and duties: 22% Yi.) 2.0 YL ae ee 593 PuUbLeHMONE Toes {O_o Le ee eee 609 signals, notes and diagram: J... 202. 2025.61. 2 668 usefulness of telegraph service...................--..--- 22 diagrams and tables of temperature and precipitation...__.____ 640-651 during blooming, effect on setting of fruit and fruitage __.____- 175, 179 effect in development of Texas fever_-__----.........--....-2.---- 466 Seeordsin Philippine Isignds .325i.2)63. 5 2A SS ee 672 Service in Alaska, provision at Sitka. -._...-..-------..-.---. vey 50 West Indian, relation to naval operations. 2214 .2278 2 84 Weathering of rocks and formation of soluble matter_____________._____.. 495 WEBBER, HERBERT J., article on ‘‘ Improvement of plants by selection”__ 355-376 Weed destroyers, birds, articie by Sylvester D. Judd_____. _._--__.-_.___- 221-232 eens. diner nenrigeages field) uit Sr es. Sle eeu. 2 ee 150 in cities and towns, article by Lyster H. Dewey.-_-..--_...__.__-. 193-200 seed from Russia, note on prevention of spread___..__.. ___.___- 56 Tigtenoe HestrnCHON,: DyLOSth os.) - os.s5i5 e205 se 25 oss 1 gee 431 noxious, note on check by birds_.__- PTE eee Beg) oon. a De 33 some good effects and some bad effects in cities._.._____._______- 196, 197 suggestion of destruction as measure against tobacco insects_..__.. 124 summary of observations on destruction by birds_____._-._-_._- 232 Weevil, bean, description and distribution; remedies_._____._._.____. _.. 289,242 cowpea. appearance, origin, and distribution; parasites._.._...._ 243,245 Pema o LOlepmIOs. ._. . 5. eee Se lr So. Pe PE 2d 233 Mexican cotton-boll, work of Entomologist... _..........__..._.- 82 SeeitlEO Ot. 1 ees POAS: >.) IEE MAS Oa. ZR Dern fees jet 235 Weevils, foreign bean and lentil, observations_______........._..__.__---- 247 Wesleyan University, cooperation in dietary studies_.........-_.._-..----- 440 West and South, additional Weather Bureau stations__.__.____.._.-_..--- 81 George, warning of overproduction in raisin industry -__....._..--- 554 India Islands, importance of agriculture and need of investigation - 19 Indian cablegraphic service, inauguration..............-.....--.--.-- _ 83-85 Indies, daily synoptic chart of weather conditions....__....------.-. S4 Max, article on ‘‘ The public domain of the United States”. _.___- 325-354 Wetmore, Charles A, aid in development of California wine industry _--- -- 553 Wheat, acreage, production, value, and disposition of crop of 1898__.. __- 681 average yield and value per acre, 1894 to 1898 _...._............- 687, 68g basis of sliding scale for rent on English De yt) ee en oe ee . 885 reo Tor Tesiswance towust 2 v.22 sans Wesel bane bag ees ani GLOpmIE, UNO WOLlG, L604—1Ge0: 2 25h ek